CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 89th Edition

CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Editor-in-Chief David R. Lide Former Director, Standard Reference Data National Institute of Standards and Technology

Editorial Advisory Board

Grace Baysinger Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library Stanford University

Henry V. Kehiaian ITODYS University of Paris VII

Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science

Kozo Kuchitsu Department of Chemistry Josai University

Robert N. Goldberg National Institute of Standards and Technology, retired

Dana L. Roth Millikan Library California Institute of Technology

William M. Haynes National Institute of Standards and Technology, retired

Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

FOREWORD As a young teenager, I was crazy about chemistry and with my student pass on Cleveland’s public transportation system I was able to visit any place in town, including the Chemical Rubber Company’s retail outlet. While purchasing chemicals for my own use I noticed a CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics on sale for $0.25. It was a defective copy but the clerk mentioned that the missing pages might be available from the gentleman whose office was up one flight of stairs. There, I met Charles D. Hodgman, the CRC Handbook’s Editor-in-Chief. In addition to getting the missing pages, I also received some rare and welcome encouragement toward a career in chemistry. I enjoyed repeating that sort of experience several more times when obtaining CRC Handbooks for friends. After that I always had my CRC Handbook with me in my book bag as I traveled around Cleveland. After high school I proceeded to college where I studied chemical engineering (though I later dropped out due to boredom). Nevertheless, during World War II I served as a chemist in the U.S. Army Ordnance Bomb Disposal School’s research and development unit. With little to do as a chemist while I was there, I was able to pick up a practical education in machine shop techniques. At the time I was discharged from the Army, I was married and had a family to support. Happily, I was able to put my army shop experience to use by hiring on as a machinist for the “Welds Works” of the Lamp Division of General Electric. I had the opportunity in that position to develop several exotic “welds,” mass packaging machines.

After about four years of quite interesting and educational service, I was extremely fortunate to receive a recommendation that promoted me to the professional staff of the Lamp Development Laboratory. It was there that I was assigned to a group working on the development of the quartz heat lamp. While working there, I happened to read about the van Arkel cycle that involved a regenerative iodine cycle in a metal purification system. This knowledge, coupled with my familiarity with the CRC Handbook, enabled me to see a new possible application for that process. This is essentially the story of my invention of the quartz halogen lamp, the incandescent lamp that does not blacken. It is still my hope that an A-line type, quartz halogen lamp will become the lamp of choice where compact fluorescent lamps are not suitable. In my attempt to extend the halogen cycle principle to arc lamps my CRC Handbook really got a workout. The search led to the use of indium iodide in an arc at moderate pressure, producing a brilliant white light. This is the principle employed in the Marc300 Lamp. The Marc Lamp was designed for use in 16mm movie projectors, now passé, but it is possibly the first example of a useful, continuous radiation, molecular arc lamp. Although now long retired, I still refer frequently to the CRC Handbook. If you would accompany me on a Friday night you would probably find me discussing lamps with friends, a CRC Handbook within arm’s reach. Elmer G. Fridrich January 2008

PREFACE Version 2009 of the Internet Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, which corresponds to the 89th Edition of the printed book, features new and updated tables in several areas of science. Significant additions include: Basic constants – The new CODATA recommended values of the Fundamental Physical Constants (2006) and the most recent changes in IUPAC Standard Atomic Weights (2007). Molecular structure – A completely revised and expanded table of interatomic distances and bond angles in gas phase molecules and a new table of barriers to internal rotation in molecules. The table of bond dissociation energies has also been updated and a table of atomic radii has been added. Biochemistry – A new table on the Composition and Properties of Common Oils and Fats, as well as an expanded table on Properties of Fatty Acids and their Methyl Esters. Global climate change and energy supplies – Several new tables in areas such as: • Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases • Weather Related Scales • Energy Content of Fuels • Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates Other new tables include the Melting Curve of Mercury, Enthalpy of Hydration of Gases, and Electrical Resistivity of Graphite Materials. Several other tables have been updated with recently reported data. This version continues the tradition of providing broad coverage of all types of physical science data commonly encountered by scientists and engineers. Notwithstanding the growing availability of specialized databases on the Internet, we feel there is still a need for a concise, reliable reference source spanning the full range of the physical sciences and focusing on key data that are frequently needed by R&D professionals, engineers, and students. The CRC Handbook, in its print, CD-ROM, and Internet formats, is aimed at serving these needs. The data contained in the Handbook have been carefully evaluated by experts in each field; quality control is a high priority and the sources are documented. The annual updates make it possible to add new and improved data in a timely fashion. In addition to offering the full text of the print edition in searchable pdf format, the Internet Version 2009 presents the major tables of numerical data in the form of interactive tables that can be sorted, filtered, and combined in various ways. Substances in these tables can be retrieved by searching on name, formula, or CAS Registry Number, and such a search can be combined with a request for a desired property. Thus one can request a specific property of a specific substance (for example, viscosity of benzene) and receive a customized table with exactly that information. Inverse searches can also be done, in which one asks for all substances that have a set of properties falling within specified ranges. The Foreword to this edition has been contributed by Elmer G. Fridrich, who is probably among the oldest living users of the CRC Handbook. He describes his interactions, while a teenager, with Charles D. Hodgman, who edited the Handbook from 1915 to 1951, and his use of the Handbook in his subsequent career in industrial R&D. Mr. Fridrich’s invention of the quartz halogen lamp has been recognized by the Smithsonian Institution in its “Lighting a Revolution” exhibition. I am sorry to report the death of Hans Pieter Roetert Frederikse, who served as Associate Editor of the CRC Handbook from 1993 to 1998. Dr. Frederikse was a distinguished solid state physicist who revised and expanded the section on Properties of Solids during his tenure.

The Editor appreciates suggestions on new topics for the Handbook and notification of any errors. Input from users plays a key role in keeping the book up to date. Address all comments to Editor-in-Chief, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487. Comments may also be sent by electronic mail to [email protected]. The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dependent on the efforts of many contributors throughout the world. The list of current contributors follows this Preface. Valuable suggestions have been received from the Editorial Advisory Board and from many users. The assistance and support of Dr. Fiona Macdonald, Chemistry Publisher for CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Books, is greatly appreciated. Finally, I want to thank Mimi Williams, Pam Morrell, James Yanchak, and Theresa Delforn for their excellent work in production of the book and Ronel Decius, Robert Morris, and Megan Eisenbraun for producing the Internet version.

David R. Lide June 2008

This edition is dedicated to my granddaughter, Zoë Barrett Lide

How To Cite this Reference The recommended form of citation is: David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 89th Edition (Internet Version 2009), CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL. If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds", in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 89th Edition (Internet Version 2009), David R. Lide, ed., CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL.

This work contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Best efforts have been made to select and verify the data on the basis of sound scientific judgment, but the author and the publisher cannot accept responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.

© Copyright Taylor and Francis Group LLC 2009

CURRENT CONTRIBUTORS Robert A. Alberty Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science 2115 Flame Tree Way Hemet, California 92545 A. K. Covington Department of Chemistry University of Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU England K. Fischer LTP GmbH Oppelner Strasse 12 D-26135 Oldenburg, Germany Jean-Claude Fontaine ITODYS CNRS, University of Paris VII 1 rue Guy de la Brosse 75005 Paris, France J. R. Fuhr Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 J. Gmehling Universität Oldenburg Fakultät V, Technische Chemie D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany Robert N. Goldberg Biotechnology Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Norman E. Holden National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973 Henry V. Kehiaian ITODYS University of Paris VII 1 rue Guy de la Brosse 75005 Paris, France Carolyn A. Koh Center for Hydrate Research Colorado School of Mines 1600 Illinois St. Golden, Colorado 80401

William H. Koppenol Dept CHAB Lab. f. Anorg. Chemie, HCI H211 Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10 ETH Hönggerberg CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland

Cedric J. Powell Surface and Microanalysis Science Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

J. Krafczyk DDBST GmbH Industriestrasse 1 D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany

Joseph Reader Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Frank J. Lovas 8616 Melwood Rd. Bethesda, Maryland 20817 Yu-Ran Luo School of Chemistry and Material Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026, China William C. Martin Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 J. Menke DDBST GmbH Industriestrasse 1 D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany Thomas M. Miller Air Force Research Laboratory/VSBP 29 Randolph Rd. Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010 N. Moazzen-Ahmadi Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada Peter J. Mohr Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 I. Ozier Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia 6224 Agricultural Road Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada

E. Dendy Sloan Center for Hydrate Research Colorado School of Mines 1600 Illinois St. Golden, Colorado 80401 Lewis E. Snyder Astronomy Department University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801 Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Petr Vanýsek Department of Chemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb, Illinois 60115 Wolfgang L. Wiese Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Christian Wohlfarth Martin Luther University Institute of Physical Chemistry Mühlpforte 1 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York 12180 Piotr Zyla Particle Data Group Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720

CODATA RECOMMENDED VALUES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS: 2006 Peter J. Mohr, Barry N. Taylor, and David B. Newell These tables give the 2006 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use. Further, it describes in detail the adjustment of the values of the constants, including the selection of the final set of input data based on the results of least-squares analyses. The 2006 adjustment takes into account the data considered in the 2002 adjustment as well as the data that became available between 31 December 2002, the closing date of that adjustment, and 31 December 2006, the closing date of the new adjustment. The new data has led to a significant reduction in the uncertainties of many recommended values. The 2006 set replaces the previously recommended 2002 CODATA set and may also be found on the World Wide Web at physics.nist.gov/constants. This report was prepared by the authors under the auspices of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants. The members of the task group are: F. Cabiati, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Italy K. Fujii, National Metrology Institute of Japan, Japan S. G. Karshenboim, D. I. Mendeleyev All-Russian Research Institute for Metrology, Russian Federation ¨ I. Lindgren, Chalmers University of Technology and Goteborg University, Sweden B. A. Mamyrin (deceased), A. F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Federation

W. Martienssen, Germany

¨ Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat,

P. J. Mohr, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America D. B. Newell, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America F. Nez, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, France B. W. Petley, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom T. J. Quinn, Bureau international des poids et mesures B. N. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America ¨ W. Woger, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany B. M. Wood, National Research Council, Canada Z. Zhang, National Institute of Metrology, China (People’s Republic of)

References 1. Yao, W.-M., C. Amsler, D. Asner, R. M. Barnett, J. Beringer, P. R. Burchat, C. D. Carone, C. Caso, O. Dahl, G. DAmbrosio, A. De Gouvea, M. Doser, et al., 2006, J. Phys. G 33(1), 1. 2.

TABLE I: An abbreviated list of the CODATA recommended values of the fundamental constants of physics and chemistry based on the 2006 adjustment. Quantity

Symbol

speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant

c, c0 µ0

electric constant 1/µ0 c2 Newtonian constant of gravitation

�0 G

Planck constant h/2π elementary charge magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/ h

h h¯ e

electron mass proton mass proton-electron mass ratio fine-structure constant e2/4π�0h¯ c inverse fine-structure constant Rydberg constant α 2 me c/2h Avogadro constant

Numerical value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

299 792 458 4π × 10−7 = 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 8.854 187 817... × 10−12 6.674 28(67) × 10−11

m s−1 N A−2 N A−2 F m−1 m3 kg−1 s−2

(exact)

6.626 068 96(33) × 10−34 1.054 571 628(53) × 10−34 1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19 2.067 833 667(52) × 10−15 7.748 091 7004(53) × 10−5

Js Js C Wb S

5.0 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 6.8 × 10−10

me mp mp /me α α −1

9.109 382 15(45) × 10−31 1.672 621 637(83) × 10−27 1836.152 672 47(80) 7.297 352 5376(50) × 10−3 137.035 999 679(94)

kg kg

R∞ NA , L

10 973 731.568 527(73) 6.022 141 79(30) × 1023

m−1 mol−1

5.0 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 4.3 × 10−10 6.8 × 10−10 6.8 × 10−10

F0

G0

(exact) (exact) 1.0 × 10−4

6.6 × 10−12 5.0 × 10−8

1-1

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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

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TABLE I: (Continued.) Quantity Faraday constant NA e molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π2 /60)k4/¯h3 c2 Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI electron volt: (e/C) J (unified) atomic mass unit 1 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA 1 u = mu = 12

Relative std. uncert. ur

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

F R k σ

96 485.3399(24) 8.314 472(15) 1.380 6504(24) × 10−23 5.670 400(40) × 10−8

C mol−1 J mol−1 K−1 J K−1 W m−2 K−4

2.5 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 7.0 × 10−6

eV

1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19

J

2.5 × 10−8

u

1.660 538 782(83) × 10−27

kg

5.0 × 10−8

TABLE II: The CODATA recommended values of the fundamental constants of physics and chemistry based on the 2006 adjustment. Quantity

Symbol

speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant

c, c0 µ0

electric constant 1/µ0 c2 characteristic√impedance of vacuum µ0 /�0 = µ0 c

�0

Newtonian constant of gravitation

Numerical value UNIVERSAL 299 792 458 4π × 10−7 = 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 8.854 187 817... × 10−12

Relative std. uncert. ur

m s−1 N A−2 N A−2 F m−1

(exact) (exact) (exact)

Z0

376.730 313 461...

�

(exact)

G G/¯hc h

6.674 28(67) × 10−11 6.708 81(67) × 10−39 6.626 068 96(33) × 10−34 4.135 667 33(10) × 10−15 1.054 571 628(53) × 10−34 6.582 118 99(16) × 10−16 197.326 9631(49)

m3 kg−1 s−2 (GeV/c2 ) −2 Js eV s Js eV s MeV fm

1.0 × 10−4 1.0 × 10−4 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

2.176 44(11) × 10−8 1.220 892(61) × 1019 1.416 785(71) × 1032 1.616 252(81) × 10−35 5.391 24(27) × 10−44

kg GeV K m s

5.0 × 10−5 5.0 × 10−5 5.0 × 10−5 5.0 × 10−5 5.0 × 10−5

C A J−1

2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

Planck constant in eV s h/2π in eV s h¯ c in MeV fm

h¯

Planck mass (¯hc/G) 1/2 energy equivalent in GeV Planck temperature (¯hc5 /G) 1/2 /k Planck length h¯ /mP c = (¯hG/c3 ) 1/2 Planck time lP /c = (¯hG/c5 ) 1/2

mP mP c2 TP lP tP

elementary charge

Unit

ELECTROMAGNETIC e 1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19 e/ h 2.417 989 454(60) × 1014

magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/ h inverse of conductance quantum Josephson constant1 2e/ h von Klitzing constant2 h/e2 = µ0 c/2α

F0

G0 G−1 0 KJ

2.067 833 667(52) × 10−15 7.748 091 7004(53) × 10−5 12 906.403 7787(88) 483 597.891(12) × 109

Wb S � Hz V−1

2.5 × 10−8 6.8 × 10−10 6.8 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8

RK

25 812.807 557(18)

�

6.8 × 10−10

Bohr magneton e¯h/2me in eV T−1

µB

927.400 915(23) × 10−26 5.788 381 7555(79) × 10−5 13.996 246 04(35) × 109

J T−1 eV T−1 Hz T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.4 × 10−9 2.5 × 10−8

µB / h 1 See 2 See

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Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect. Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.

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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

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TABLE II: (Continued). Quantity

nuclear magneton e¯h/2mp in eV T−1

Symbol

Numerical value

Rydberg constant α 2 me c/2h R∞ hc in eV Bohr radius α/4πR∞ = 4π�0h¯ 2/me e2 Hartree energy e2/4π�0 a0 = 2R∞ hc = α 2 me c2 in eV quantum of circulation

Fermi coupling constant3 weak mixing angle4 θW (on-shell scheme) 2 sin2 θW = sW ≡ 1 − (mW /mZ ) 2 electron mass in u, me = Ar (e) u (electron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV

Relative std. uncert. ur

µB / hc µB /k

46.686 4515(12) 0.671 7131(12)

m−1 T−1 K T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6

µN

5.050 783 24(13) × 10−27 3.152 451 2326(45) × 10−8 7.622 593 84(19) 2.542 623 616(64) × 10−2 3.658 2637(64) × 10−4

J T−1 eV T−1 MHz T−1 m−1 T−1 K T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.4 × 10−9 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6

µN / h µN / hc µN /k

fine-structure constant e2/4π�0h¯ c inverse fine-structure constant

Unit

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR General α 7.297 352 5376(50) × 10−3 −1 α 137.035 999 679(94)

6.8 × 10−10 6.8 × 10−10

R∞ R∞ c R∞ hc

10 973 731.568 527(73) 3.289 841 960 361(22) × 1015 2.179 871 97(11) × 10−18 13.605 691 93(34)

m−1 Hz J eV

6.6 × 10−12 6.6 × 10−12 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

a0

0.529 177 208 59(36) × 10−10

m

6.8 × 10−10

Eh

4.359 743 94(22) × 10−18 27.211 383 86(68) 3.636 947 5199(50) × 10−4 7.273 895 040(10) × 10−4

J eV m2 s−1 m2 s−1

5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9

GeV−2

8.6 × 10−6

h/2me h/me

Electroweak GF /(¯hc) 3 1.166 37(1) × 10−5 sin2 θW me

0.222 55(56)

Electron, e− 9.109 382 15(45) × 10−31

me c2

5.485 799 0943(23) × 10−4 8.187 104 38(41) × 10−14 0.510 998 910(13)

electron-muon mass ratio electron-tau mass ratio electron-proton mass ratio electron-neutron mass ratio electron-deuteron mass ratio electron to alpha particle mass ratio

me /mµ me /mτ me /mp me /mn me /md me /mα

4.836 331 71(12) × 10−3 2.875 64(47) × 10−4 5.446 170 2177(24) × 10−4 5.438 673 4459(33) × 10−4 2.724 437 1093(12) × 10−4 1.370 933 555 70(58) × 10−4

electron charge to mass quotient electron molar mass NA me Compton wavelength h/me c λC /2π = αa0 = α 2/4πR∞ classical electron radius α 2 a0 Thomson cross section (8π/3)re2

−e/me M(e), Me λC λC re σe

−1.758 820 150(44) × 1011 5.485 799 0943(23) × 10−7 2.426 310 2175(33) × 10−12 386.159 264 59(53) × 10−15 2.817 940 2894(58) × 10−15 0.665 245 8558(27) × 10−28

2.5 × 10−3 kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

4.2 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 4.3 × 10−10 6.0 × 10−10 4.3 × 10−10 4.2 × 10−10

C kg−1 kg mol−1 m m m m2

2.5 × 10−8 4.2 × 10−10 1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9 2.1 × 10−9 4.1 × 10−9

3 Value

recommended by the Particle Data Group (Yao et al., 2006). on the ratio of the masses of the W and Z bosons mW /mZ recommended by the Particle Data Group (Yao et al., 2006). The value for they recommend, which is based on a particular variant of the modified minimal subtraction ( MS) scheme, is sin2 θˆ W ( MZ ) = 0.231 22(15).

4 Based

sin2 θW

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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

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TABLE II: (Continued). Quantity electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio electron magnetic moment anomaly |µe |/µB − 1 electron g-factor −2(1 + ae ) electron-muon magnetic moment ratio electron-proton magnetic moment ratio electron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C) electron-neutron magnetic moment ratio electron-deuteron magnetic moment ratio electron to shielded helion magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25◦ C) electron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µe |/¯h

muon mass in u, mµ = Ar (µ) u (muon relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

µe µe /µB µe /µN

−928.476 377(23) × 10−26 −1.001 159 652 181 11(74) −1838.281 970 92(80)

ae ge

1.159 652 181 11(74) × 10−3 −2.002 319 304 3622(15)

6.4 × 10−10 7.4 × 10−13

µe /µµ

206.766 9877(52)

2.5 × 10−8

µe /µp

−658.210 6848(54)

8.1 × 10−9

µe /µ�p

−658.227 5971(72)

1.1 × 10−8

µe /µn

960.920 50(23)

2.4 × 10−7

µe /µd

−2143.923 498(18)

8.4 × 10−9

µe /µ�h

864.058 257(10)

1.2 × 10−8

γe γe /2π

1.760 859 770(44) × 1011 28 024.953 64(70) Muon, µ− 1.883 531 30(11) × 10−28

mµ

J T−1

Relative std. uncert. ur 2.5 × 10−8 7.4 × 10−13 4.3 × 10−10

s−1 T−1 MHz T−1

2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

kg

5.6 × 10−8

u J MeV

2.5 × 10−8 5.6 × 10−8 3.6 × 10−8

2

0.113 428 9256(29) 1.692 833 510(95) × 10−11 105.658 3668(38)

muon-electron mass ratio muon-tau mass ratio muon-proton mass ratio muon-neutron mass ratio muon molar mass NA mµ

mµ /me mµ /mτ mµ /mp mµ /mn M(µ), Mµ

206.768 2823(52) 5.945 92(97) × 10−2 0.112 609 5261(29) 0.112 454 5167(29) 0.113 428 9256(29) × 10−3

muon Compton wavelength h/mµ c λC, µ /2π muon magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio

λC, µ λC, µ µµ µµ /µB µµ /µN

11.734 441 04(30) × 10−15 1.867 594 295(47) × 10−15 −4.490 447 86(16) × 10−26 −4.841 970 49(12) × 10−3 −8.890 597 05(23)

aµ gµ

1.165 920 69(60) × 10−3 −2.002 331 8414(12)

5.2 × 10−7 6.0 × 10−10

µµ /µp

−3.183 345 137(85)

2.7 × 10−8

muon magnetic moment anomaly |µµ |/(e¯h/2mµ ) − 1 muon g-factor −2(1 + aµ ) muon-proton magnetic moment ratio tau mass5 in u, mτ = Ar ( τ) u (tau relative atomic mass times u)

mµ c

mτ

Tau, τ− 3.167 77(52) × 10−27 1.907 68(31)

kg mol−1 m m J T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 3.6 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

kg

1.6 × 10−4

u

1.6 × 10−4

5 This and all other values involving m are based on the value of m c2 in MeV recommended by the Particle Data Group (Yao et al., 2006), but τ τ with a standard uncertainty of 0.29 MeV rather than the quoted uncertainty of −0.26 MeV, +0.29 MeV.

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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

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TABLE II: (Continued). Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

mτ c2

2.847 05(46) × 10−10 1776.99(29)

tau-electron mass ratio tau-muon mass ratio tau-proton mass ratio tau-neutron mass ratio tau molar mass NA mτ

mτ /me mτ /mµ mτ /mp mτ /mn M(τ), Mτ

3477.48(57) 16.8183(27) 1.893 90(31) 1.891 29(31) 1.907 68(31) × 10−3

tau Compton wavelength h/mτ c λC, τ /2π

λC, τ λC, τ

0.697 72(11) × 10−15 0.111 046(18) × 10−15

proton mass in u, mp = Ar (p) u (proton relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV proton-electron mass ratio proton-muon mass ratio proton-tau mass ratio proton-neutron mass ratio proton charge to mass quotient proton molar mass NA mp proton Compton wavelength h/mp c λC,p /2π

mp

energy equivalent in MeV

proton rms charge radius proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton g-factor 2µp /µN proton-neutron magnetic moment ratio shielded proton magnetic moment (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton magnetic shielding correction 1 − µ�p /µp (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C) proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µp /¯h shielded proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µ�p /¯h (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C)

neutron mass in u, mn = Ar (n) u (neutron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV neutron-electron mass ratio

6679X_S01.indb 5

mp c

Proton, p 1.672 621 637(83) × 10−27 2

mp /me mp /mµ mp /mτ mp /mn e/mp M(p), Mp λC,p λC,p

1.007 276 466 77(10) 1.503 277 359(75) × 10−10 938.272 013(23) 1836.152 672 47(80) 8.880 243 39(23) 0.528 012(86) 0.998 623 478 24(46) 9.578 833 92(24) × 107 1.007 276 466 77(10) × 10−3 1.321 409 8446(19) × 10−15 0.210 308 908 61(30) × 10−15

Unit J MeV

kg mol−1

Relative std. uncert. ur 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4

m m

1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

1.0 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 4.3 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 4.6 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8 1.0 × 10−10 1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9

C kg−1 kg mol−1 m m

Rp µp µp /µB µp /µN gp

0.8768(69) × 10−15 1.410 606 662(37) × 10−26 1.521 032 209(12) × 10−3 2.792 847 356(23) 5.585 694 713(46)

µp /µn µ�p

−1.459 898 06(34) 1.410 570 419(38) × 10−26

µ�p /µB µ�p /µN

1.520 993 128(17) × 10−3 2.792 775 598(30)

1.1 × 10−8 1.1 × 10−8

σp�

25.694(14) × 10−6

5.3 × 10−4

γp γp /2π

2.675 222 099(70) × 108 42.577 4821(11)

s−1 T−1 MHz T−1

2.6 × 10−8 2.6 × 10−8

γp�

2.675 153 362(73) × 108

s−1 T−1

2.7 × 10−8

γp� /2π

42.576 3881(12)

MHz T−1

2.7 × 10−8

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

4.3 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

mn

Neutron, n 1.674 927 211(84) × 10−27

mn c2

1.008 664 915 97(43) 1.505 349 505(75) × 10−10 939.565 346(23)

mn /me

1838.683 6605(11)

m J T−1

JT

−1

7.8 × 10−3 2.6 × 10−8 8.1 × 10−9 8.2 × 10−9 8.2 × 10−9 2.4 × 10−7 2.7 × 10−8

6.0 × 10−10

4/11/08 10:53:14 AM

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-6

TABLE II: (Continued). Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

neutron-muon mass ratio neutron-tau mass ratio neutron-proton mass ratio neutron molar mass NA mn

mn /mµ mn /mτ mn /mp M(n), Mn

8.892 484 09(23) 0.528 740(86) 1.001 378 419 18(46) 1.008 664 915 97(43) × 10−3

neutron Compton wavelength h/mn c λC,n /2π neutron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio

λC,n λC,n µn µn /µB µn /µN

1.319 590 8951(20) × 10−15 0.210 019 413 82(31) × 10−15 −0.966 236 41(23) × 10−26 −1.041 875 63(25) × 10−3 −1.913 042 73(45)

neutron g-factor 2µn /µN neutron-electron magnetic moment ratio neutron-proton magnetic moment ratio neutron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C) neutron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µn |/¯h

gn

−3.826 085 45(90)

2.4 × 10−7

µn /µe

1.040 668 82(25) × 10−3

2.4 × 10−7

µn /µp

−0.684 979 34(16)

2.4 × 10−7

µn /µ�p

−0.684 996 94(16)

2.4 × 10−7

γn γn /2π

1.832 471 85(43) × 108 29.164 6954(69)

deuteron mass in u, md = Ar (d) u (deuteron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV

md

Deuteron, d 3.343 583 20(17) × 10−27

kg mol−1 m m J T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 4.6 × 10−10 4.3 × 10−10 1.5 × 10−9 1.5 × 10−9 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7

s−1 T−1 MHz T−1

2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

3.9 × 10−11 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

md c2

2.013 553 212 724(78) 3.005 062 72(15) × 10−10 1875.612 793(47)

deuteron-electron mass ratio deuteron-proton mass ratio deuteron molar mass NA md

md /me md /mp M(d), Md

3670.482 9654(16) 1.999 007 501 08(22) 2.013 553 212 724(78) × 10−3

deuteron rms charge radius deuteron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio

Rd µd µd /µB µd /µN

2.1402(28) × 10−15 0.433 073 465(11) × 10−26 0.466 975 4556(39) × 10−3 0.857 438 2308(72)

deuteron g-factor µd /µN deuteron-electron magnetic moment ratio deuteron-proton magnetic moment ratio deuteron-neutron magnetic moment ratio

gd

0.857 438 2308(72)

8.4 × 10−9

µd /µe

−4.664 345 537(39) × 10−4

8.4 × 10−9

µd /µp

0.307 012 2070(24)

7.7 × 10−9

µd /µn

−0.448 206 52(11)

2.4 × 10−7

triton mass in u, mt = Ar (t) u (triton relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV triton-electron mass ratio triton-proton mass ratio

6679X_S01.indb 6

mt

Triton, t 5.007 355 88(25) × 10−27

mt c2

3.015 500 7134(25) 4.500 387 03(22) × 10−10 2808.920 906(70)

mt /me mt /mp

5496.921 5269(51) 2.993 717 0309(25)

kg mol−1 m J T−1

4.3 × 10−10 1.1 × 10−10 3.9 × 10−11 1.3 × 10−3 2.6 × 10−8 8.4 × 10−9 8.4 × 10−9

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

8.3 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 9.3 × 10−10 8.4 × 10−10

4/11/08 10:53:15 AM

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-7

TABLE II: (Continued). Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

triton molar mass NA mt

M(t), Mt

3.015 500 7134(25) × 10−3

kg mol−1

8.3 × 10−10

triton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio

µt µt /µB µt /µN

1.504 609 361(42) × 10−26 1.622 393 657(21) × 10−3 2.978 962 448(38)

J T−1

2.8 × 10−8 1.3 × 10−8 1.3 × 10−8

triton g-factor 2µt /µN triton-electron magnetic moment ratio triton-proton magnetic moment ratio triton-neutron magnetic moment ratio

gt

5.957 924 896(76)

1.3 × 10−8

µt /µe

−1.620 514 423(21) × 10−3

1.3 × 10−8

µt /µp

1.066 639 908(10)

9.8 × 10−9

µt /µn

−1.557 185 53(37)

2.4 × 10−7

Helion, h 5.006 411 92(25) × 10−27

helion (3 He nucleus) mass in u, mh = Ar (h) u (helion relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV

mh mh c2

3.014 932 2473(26) 4.499 538 64(22) × 10−10 2808.391 383(70)

helion-electron mass ratio helion-proton mass ratio helion molar mass NA mh shielded helion magnetic moment (gas, sphere, 25◦ C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio shielded helion to proton magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25◦ C)

mh /me mh /mp M(h), Mh µ�h

5495.885 2765(52) 2.993 152 6713(26) 3.014 932 2473(26) × 10−3 −1.074 552 982(30) × 10−26

µ�h /µB µ�h /µN

−1.158 671 471(14) × 10−3 −2.127 497 718(25)

1.2 × 10−8 1.2 × 10−8

µ�h /µp

−0.761 766 558(11)

1.4 × 10−8

µ�h /µ�p

−0.761 786 1313(33)

4.3 × 10−9

γh�

2.037 894 730(56) × 108

s−1 T−1

2.8 × 10−8

γh� /2π

32.434 101 98(90)

MHz T−1

2.8 × 10−8

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

1.5 × 10−11 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

shielded helion to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (gas/H2 O, spheres, 25◦ C) shielded helion gyromagnetic ratio 2|µ�h |/¯h (gas, sphere, 25◦ C)

alpha particle mass in u, mα = Ar (α) u (alpha particle relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV alpha particle to electron mass ratio alpha particle to proton mass ratio alpha particle molar mass NA mα Avogadro constant atomic mass constant 1 m( 12 C) = 1 u mu = 12

6679X_S01.indb 7

Alpha particle, α 6.644 656 20(33) × 10−27 mα mα c2

4.001 506 179 127(62) 5.971 919 17(30) × 10−10 3727.379 109(93)

mα /me mα /mp M(α), Mα

7294.299 5365(31) 3.972 599 689 51(41) 4.001 506 179 127(62) × 10−3

PHYSICOCHEMICAL 6.022 141 79(30) × 1023 NA , L mu

1.660 538 782(83) × 10−27

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

8.6 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

kg mol−1 J T−1

kg mol−1

9.5 × 10−10 8.7 × 10−10 8.6 × 10−10 2.8 × 10−8

4.2 × 10−10 1.0 × 10−10 1.5 × 10−11

mol−1

5.0 × 10−8

kg

5.0 × 10−8

4/11/08 10:53:16 AM

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-8

TABLE II: (Continued). Quantity

Symbol

= 10−3 kg mol−1/NA energy equivalent in MeV Faraday constant6 NA e

mu c2

J MeV C mol−1

5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

3.990 312 6821(57) × 10−10 0.119 626 564 72(17) 8.314 472(15) 1.380 6504(24) × 10−23 8.617 343(15) × 10−5 2.083 6644(36) × 1010 69.503 56(12)

J s mol−1 J m mol−1 J mol−1 K−1 J K−1 eV K−1 Hz K−1 m−1 K−1

1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6

Vm n0 Vm

22.413 996(39) × 10−3 2.686 7774(47) × 1025 22.710 981(40) × 10−3

m3 mol−1 m−3 m3 mol−1

1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6

S0 /R

−1.151 7047(44) −1.164 8677(44)

σ c1 c1L c2

5.670 400(40) × 10−8 3.741 771 18(19) × 10−16 1.191 042 759(59) × 10−16 1.438 7752(25) × 10−2

W m−2 K−4 W m2 W m2 sr−1 mK

7.0 × 10−6 5.0 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6

b � b

2.897 7685(51) × 10−3 5.878 933(10) × 1010

mK Hz K−1

1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6

NA h NA hc R k

molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA in eV K−1

k/ h k/ hc molar volume of ideal gas RT/ p T = 273.15 K, p = 101.325 kPa Loschmidt constant NA /Vm T = 273.15 K, p = 100 kPa Sackur-Tetrode constant (absolute entropy constant)7 5 + ln[(2πmu kT1 / h2 ) 3/2 kT1 / p0 ] 2 T1 = 1 K, p0 = 100 kPa T1 = 1 K, p0 = 101.325 kPa Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π2 /60)k4/¯h3 c2 first radiation constant 2πhc2 first radiation constant for spectral radiance 2hc2 second radiation constant hc/k Wien displacement law constants b = λmax T = c2 /4.965 114 231... b� = νmax /T = 2.821 439 372... c/c2

Relative std. uncert. ur

Unit

1.492 417 830(74) × 10−10 931.494 028(23) 96 485.3399(24)

F

molar Planck constant

Numerical value

3.8 × 10−6 3.8 × 10−6

TABLE III: The variances, covariances, and correlation coefficients of the values of a selected group of constants based on the 2006 CODATA adjustment. The numbers in bold above the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative covariances; the numbers in bold on the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative variances; and the numbers in italics below the main diagonal are the correlation coefficients.1 α α h e me NA me /mµ F

0.0047 0 .0005 0 .0142 −0 .0269 0 .0269 −0 .0528 0 .0679

h 0.0002 24.8614 0 .9999 0 .9996 −0 .9996 0 .0000 −0 .9975

e 0.0024 12.4308 6.2166 0 .9992 −0 .9991 −0 .0008 −0 .9965

me −0.0092 24.8611 12.4259 24.8795 −1 .0000 0 .0014 −0 .9990

NA 0.0092 −24.8610 −12.4259 −24.8794 24.8811 −0 .0014 0 .9991

me /mµ −0.0092 −0.0003 −0.0048 0.0180 −0.0180 6.4296 −0 .0036

F 0.0116 −12.4302 −6.2093 −12.4535 12.4552 −0.0227 6.2459

1

The relative covariance is ur (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/(xi xj ), where u(xi , xj ) is the covariance of xi and xj ; the relative variance is u2r (xi ) = ur (xi , xi ); and the correlation coefficient is r (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/[u(xi )u(xj )]. 6 The numerical value of F to be used in coulometric chemical measurements is 96 485.3401(48) [5.0 × 10−8 ] when the relevant current is measured in terms of representations of the volt and ohm based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects and the internationally adopted conventional values of the Josephson and von Klitzing constants KJ−90 and RK−90 given in Table IV. 7 The entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass A is given by S = S + 3 R ln A − R ln( p/ p ) + 5 R ln(T/K). r r 0 0 2 2

6679X_S01.indb 8

4/11/08 10:53:18 AM

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-9

TABLE IV: Internationally adopted values of various quantities. Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

relative atomic mass1 of 12 C molar mass constant molar mass of 12 C conventional value of Josephson constant2 conventional value of von Klitzing constant3 standard atmosphere

Ar ( 12 C) Mu M( 12 C) KJ−90 RK−90

12 1 × 10−3 12 × 10−3 483 597.9 25 812.807 101 325

kg mol−1 kg mol−1 GHz V−1 � Pa

Relative std. uncert. ur (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact)

1 The relative atomic mass Ar ( X) of particle X with mass m( X) is defined by Ar ( X) = m( X)/mu , where mu = m( 12 C)/12 = Mu /NA = 1 u is the atomic mass constant, Mu is the molar mass constant, NA is the Avogadro constant, and u is the unified atomic mass unit. Thus the mass of particle X is m( X) = Ar ( X) u and the molar mass of X is M( X) = Ar ( X) Mu . 2 This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect. 3 This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.

TABLE V: Values of some x-ray-related quantities based on the 2006 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants. Relative std. uncert. ur

Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Cu x unit: λ(CuKα1 )/1 537.400 Mo x unit: λ(MoKα1 )/707.831 ˚ angstrom star: λ(WKα1 )/0.209 010 0

xu(CuKα1 ) xu(MoKα1 ) ˚∗ A

m m m

lattice parameter1 of Si (in vacuum, 22.5◦ C) √ {220} lattice spacing of Si a/ 8 (in vacuum, 22.5◦ C) molar volume of Si M(Si)/ρ(Si) = NA a 3/8 (in vacuum, 22.5◦ C)

a

1.002 076 99(28) × 10−13 1.002 099 55(53) × 10−13 1.000 014 98(90) × 10−10

543.102 064(14) × 10−12

m

d220

192.015 5762(50) × 10−12

m

2.6 × 10−8

Vm (Si)

12.058 8349(11) × 10−6

m3 mol−1

9.1 × 10−8

2.8 × 10−7 5.3 × 10−7 9.0 × 10−7 2.6 × 10−8

1 This is the lattice parameter (unit cell edge length) of an ideal single crystal of naturally occurring Si free of impurities and imperfections, and is deduced from measurements on extremely pure and nearly perfect single crystals of Si by correcting for the effects of impurities.

TABLE VI: The values in SI units of some non-SI units based on the 2006 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants. Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI electron volt: (e/C) J (unified) atomic mass unit: 1 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA 1 u = mu = 12

eV

1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19

J

2.5 × 10−8

u

1.660 538 782(83) × 10−27

kg

5.0 × 10−8

Natural units (n.u.) n.u. of velocity: speed of light in vacuum n.u. of action: reduced Planck constant (h/2π) in eV s in MeV fm

6679X_S01.indb 9

c, c0

299 792 458

m s−1

(exact)

h¯

1.054 571 628(53) × 10−34 6.582 118 99(16) × 10−16 197.326 9631(49)

Js eV s MeV fm

5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

h¯ c

4/11/08 10:53:19 AM

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-10

TABLE VI: (Continued.) Quantity n.u. of mass: electron mass n.u. of energy in MeV n.u. of momentum in MeV/c n.u. of length (¯h/me c) n.u. of time

Relative std. uncert. ur

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

me me c2

9.109 382 15(45) × 10−31 8.187 104 38(41) × 10−14 0.510 998 910(13)

kg J MeV

5.0 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

me c

2.730 924 06(14) × 10−22 0.510 998 910(13) 386.159 264 59(53) × 10−15 1.288 088 6570(18) × 10−21

kg m s−1 MeV/c m s

5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9

λC h¯ /me c2

Atomic units (a.u.) a.u. of charge: elementary charge a.u. of mass: electron mass a.u. of action: reduced Planck constant (h/2π) a.u. of length: Bohr radius (bohr) (α/4πR∞ ) a.u. of energy: Hartree energy (hartree) (e2/4π�0 a0 = 2R∞ hc = α 2 me c2 )

6679X_S01.indb 10

e

1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19

C

2.5 × 10−8

me

9.109 382 15(45) × 10−31

kg

5.0 × 10−8

h¯

1.054 571 628(53) × 10−34

Js

5.0 × 10−8

a0

0.529 177 208 59(36) × 10−10

m

6.8 × 10−10

Eh

4.359 743 94(22) × 10−18

J

5.0 × 10−8

2.418 884 326 505(16) × 10−17 8.238 722 06(41) × 10−8 2.187 691 2541(15) × 106 1.992 851 565(99) × 10−24 6.623 617 63(17) × 10−3 1.081 202 300(27) × 1012

s N m s−1 kg m s−1 A C m−3

6.6 × 10−12 5.0 × 10−8 6.8 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u.

of time of force of velocity (αc) of momentum of current of charge density

h¯ /Eh Eh /a0 a0 Eh /¯h h¯ /a0 eEh /¯h e/a03

a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u.

of electric potential of electric field of electric field gradient of electric dipole moment of electric quadrupole moment

Eh /e Eh /ea0 Eh /ea02 ea0 ea02

a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u.

of electric polarizability of 1st hyperpolarizability of 2nd hyperpolarizability of magnetic flux density of magnetic dipole moment (2µB ) of magnetizability of permittivity (107 /c2 )

e2 a02 /Eh e3 a03 /Eh2 e4 a04 /Eh3 h¯ /ea02 h¯ e/me e2 a02 /me e2 /a0 Eh

27.211 383 86(68) 5.142 206 32(13) × 1011 9.717 361 66(24) × 1021 8.478 352 81(21) × 10−30 4.486 551 07(11) × 10−40

1.648 777 2536(34) × 10−41 3.206 361 533(81) × 10−53 6.235 380 95(31) × 10−65 2.350 517 382(59) × 105 1.854 801 830(46) × 10−23 7.891 036 433(27) × 10−29 1.112 650 056 . . . × 10−10

V V m−1 V m−2 Cm C m2 C2 m2 J−1 C3 m3 J−2 C4 m4 J−3 T J T−1 J T−2 F m−1

2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.1 × 10−9 2.5 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 3.4 × 10−9 (exact)

4/11/08 10:53:20 AM

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-11

TABLE VII: The values of some energy equivalents derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT, and based on the 2006 1 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA , and CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = 12 2 2 Eh = 2R∞ hc = α me c is the Hartree energy (hartree). Relevant unit J

kg

m−1

Hz

1J

(1 J) = 1J

(1 J)/c2 = 1.112 650 056 . . . × 10−17 kg

(1 J)/hc = 5.034 117 47(25) × 1024 m−1

(1 J)/h = 1.509 190 450(75) × 1033 Hz

1 kg

(1 kg)c2 = 8.987 551 787 . . . × 1016 J

(1 kg) = 1 kg

(1 kg)c/ h = 4.524 439 15(23) × 1041 m−1

(1 kg)c2 / h = 1.356 392 733(68) × 1050 Hz

1 m−1

(1 m−1 )hc = 1.986 445 501(99) × 10−25 J

(1 m−1 )h/c = 2.210 218 70(11) × 10−42 kg

(1 m−1 ) = 1 m−1

(1 m−1 )c = 299 792 458 Hz

1 Hz

(1 Hz)h = 6.626 068 96(33) × 10−34 J

(1 Hz)h/c2 = 7.372 496 00(37) × 10−51 kg

(1 Hz)/c = 3.335 640 951 . . . × 10−9 m−1

(1 Hz) = 1 Hz

1K

(1 K)k = 1.380 6504(24) × 10−23 J

(1 K)k/c2 = 1.536 1807(27) × 10−40 kg

(1 K)k/ hc = 69.503 56(12) m−1

(1 K)k/ h = 2.083 6644(36) × 1010 Hz

1 eV

(1 eV) = 1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19 J

(1 eV)/c2 = 1.782 661 758(44) × 10−36 kg

(1 eV)/ hc = 8.065 544 65(20) × 105 m−1

(1 eV)/ h = 2.417 989 454(60) × 1014 Hz

1u

(1 u)c2 = 1.492 417 830(74) × 10−10 J

(1 u) = 1.660 538 782(83) × 10−27 kg

(1 u)c/ h = 7.513 006 671(11) × 1014 m−1

(1 u)c2 / h = 2.252 342 7369(32) × 1023 Hz

1 Eh

(1 Eh ) = 4.359 743 94(22) × 10−18 J

(1 Eh )/c2 = 4.850 869 34(24) × 10−35 kg

(1 Eh )/ hc = 2.194 746 313 705(15) × 107 m−1

(1 Eh )/ h = 6.579 683 920 722(44) × 1015 Hz

K

eV

u

Eh

1J

(1 J)/k = 7.242 963(13) × 1022 K

(1 J) = 6.241 509 65(16) × 1018 eV

(1 J)/c2 = 6.700 536 41(33) × 109 u

(1 J) = 2.293 712 69(11) × 1017 Eh

1 kg

(1 kg)c2 /k = 6.509 651(11) × 1039 K

(1 kg)c2 = 5.609 589 12(14) × 1035 eV

(1 kg) = 6.022 141 79(30) × 1026 u

(1 kg)c2 = 2.061 486 16(10) × 1034 Eh

1 m−1

(1 m−1 )hc/k = 1.438 7752(25) × 10−2 K

(1 m−1 )hc = 1.239 841 875(31) × 10−6 eV

(1 m−1 )h/c = 1.331 025 0394(19) × 10−15 u

(1 m−1 )hc = 4.556 335 252 760(30) × 10−8 Eh

1 Hz

(1 Hz)h/k = 4.799 2374(84) × 10−11 K

(1 Hz)h = 4.135 667 33(10) × 10−15 eV

(1 Hz)h/c2 = 4.439 821 6294(64) × 10−24 u

(1 Hz)h = 1.519 829 846 006(10) × 10−16 Eh

1K

(1 K) = 1K

(1 K)k = 8.617 343(15) × 10−5 eV

(1 K)k/c2 = 9.251 098(16) × 10−14 u

(1 K)k = 3.166 8153(55) × 10−6 Eh

1 eV

(1 eV)/k = 1.160 4505(20) × 104 K

(1 eV) = 1 eV

(1 eV)/c2 = 1.073 544 188(27) × 10−9 u

(1 eV) = 3.674 932 540(92) × 10−2 Eh

1u

(1 u)c2 /k = 1.080 9527(19) × 1013 K

(1 u)c2 = 931.494 028(23) × 106 eV

(1 u) = 1u

(1 u)c2 = 3.423 177 7149(49) × 107 Eh

1 Eh

(1 Eh )/k = 3.157 7465(55) × 105 K

(1 Eh ) = 27.211 383 86(68) eV

(1 Eh )/c2 = 2.921 262 2986(42) × 10−8 u

(1 Eh ) = 1 Eh

6679X_S01.indb 11

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STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2007) This table of atomic weights includes the changes made in 2007 by the IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights. Those changes affected the following elements: Lu, Mo, Ni, Yb, and Zn. The Standard Atomic Weights apply to the elements as they exist naturally on Earth, and the uncertainties take into account the isotopic variation found in most laboratory samples. Further comments on the variability are given in the footnotes. The number in parentheses following the atomic weight value gives the uncertainty in the last digit. An atomic weight entry in brackets indicates that the element that has no stable isotopes; the

Name Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium

Symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H In

Atomic no. 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 110 105 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 2 67 1 49

value given is the atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the mass is not accurately known) for the isotope of longest half-life. Thorium, protactinium, and uranium have no stable isotopes, but the terrestrial isotopic composition is sufficiently uniform to permit a standard atomic weight to be specified.

References 1. Weiser, M. E., “Atomic weights of the elements 2005,” Pure Appl. Chem. 78, 2051, 2006; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 36, 485, 2007. 2. Chemistry International, Vol. 29, No. 6, p. 18, 2007.

Atomic weight

Footnotes

Name

[227.0277] 26.9815386(8) [243.0614] 121.760(1) 39.948(1) 74.92160(2) [209.9871] 137.327(7) [247.0703] 9.012182(3) 208.98040(1) [264.12] 10.811(7) 79.904(1) 112.411(8) 40.078(4) [251.0796] 12.0107(8) 140.116(1) 132.9054519(2) 35.453(2) 51.9961(6) 58.933195(5) 63.546(3) [247.0704] [271] [262.1141] 162.500(1) [252.0830] 167.259(3) 151.964(1) [257.0951] 18.9984032(5) [223.0197] 157.25(3) 69.723(1) 72.64(1) 196.966569(4) 178.49(2) [277] 4.002602(2) 164.93032(2) 1.00794(7) 114.818(3)

a

Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium

a g gr a a

a gmr g g a gr g gmr

r a a a g a g g a a g

a gr gmr

Symbol I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rg Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg

Atomic no. 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 109 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 111 37 44 104 62 21 106

Atomic weight 126.90447(3) 192.217(3) 55.845(2) 83.798(2) 138.90547(7) [262.1097] 207.2(1) 6.941(2) 174.9668(1) 24.3050(6) 54.938045(5) [268.1388] [258.0984] 200.59(2) 95.96(2) 144.242(3) 20.1797(6) [237.0482] 58.6934(4) 92.90638(2) 14.0067(2) [259.1010] 190.23(3) 15.9994(3) 106.42(1) 30.973762(2) 195.084(9) [244.0642] [208.9824] 39.0983(1) 140.90765(2) [144.9127] 231.03588(2) [226.0254] [222.0176] 186.207(1) 102.90550(2) [272.1535] 85.4678(3) 101.07(2) [261.1088] 150.36(2) 44.955912(6) [266.1219]

Footnotes

gm g a gr bgmr g

a a g g gm a

gr a g gr g

a a g a a a

a g g a g a

1-12

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Standard Atomic Weights (2007) Name Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium

Symbol Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm

Atomic no. 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69

Atomic weight 78.96(3) 28.0855(3) 107.8682(2) 22.98976928(2) 87.62(1) 32.065(5) 180.94788(2) [97.9072] 127.60(3) 158.92535(2) 204.3833(2) 232.03806(2) 168.93421(2)

1-13 Footnotes

Name

r r g

Tin Titanium Tungsten Ununbium Ununhexium Ununquadium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

gr gr a g

g

Symbol Sn Ti W Uub Uuh Uuq U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr

Atomic no. 50 22 74 112 116 114 92 23 54 70 39 30 40

Atomic weight

Footnotes

118.710(7) 47.867(1) 183.84(1) [285] [289] [289] 238.02891(3) 50.9415(1) 131.293(6) 173.054(5) 88.90585(2) 65.38(2) 91.224(2)

g

a a a gm gm g

g

No stable isotope exists. The atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the mass is not accurately known) is given in brackets for the isotope of longest half-life. Commercially available Li materials have atomic weights that range between 6.939 and 6.996; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material. g Geological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for the normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed the stated uncertainty. m Modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has been subject to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the table can occur. r Range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise atomic weight being given; the tabulated value should be applicable to any normal material. a

b

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ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES This table lists the mass (in atomic mass units, symbol u) and the natural abundance (in percent) of the stable nuclides and a few important radioactive nuclides. A complete table of all nuclides may be found in Section 11 (“Table of the Isotopes”). The atomic masses were taken from the 2003 evaluation of Audi, Wapstra, and Thibault (References 2, 3). The number in parentheses following the mass value is the uncertainty in the last digit(s) given. An asterisk * after an entry indicates the mass value was derived not purely from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Natural abundance values were taken from the IUPAC Technical Report “Atomic Weight of the Elements: Review 2000” (Reference 4); these entries are also followed by uncertainties in the last digit(s) of the stated values. This uncertainty includes both the estimated measurement uncertainty and the reported range of variation in different terrestrial sources of the element (see Reference 4 for full Z 1

2 3 4 5 6

7 8

9 10

11

12

13 14

15 16

Isotope 1 H 2 H 3 H 3 He 4 He 6 Li 7 Li 9 Be 10 B 11 B 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 14 N 15 N 16 O 17 O 18 O 18 F 19 F 20 Ne 21 Ne 22 Ne 22 Na 23 Na 24 Na 24 Mg 25 Mg 26 Mg 27 Al 28 Si 29 Si 30 Si 31 P 32 P 32 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 S

Mass in u 1.00782503207(10) 2.0141017778(4) 3.0160492777(25) 3.0160293191(26) 4.00260325415(6) 6.015122795(16) 7.01600455(8) 9.0121822(4) 10.0129370(4) 11.0093054(4) 11.0114336(10) 12.0000000(0) 13.0033548378(10) 14.003241989(4) 14.0030740048(6) 15.0001088982(7) 15.99491461956(16) 16.99913170(12) 17.9991610(7) 18.0009380(6) 18.99840322(7) 19.9924401754(19) 20.99384668(4) 21.991385114(19) 21.9944364(4) 22.9897692809(29) 23.99096278(8) 23.985041700(14) 24.98583692(3) 25.982592929(30) 26.98153863(12) 27.9769265325(19) 28.976494700(22) 29.97377017(3) 30.97376163(20) 31.97390727(20) 31.97207100(15) 32.97145876(15) 33.96786690(12) 34.96903216(11) 35.96708076(20)

Abundance in % 99.9885(70) 0.0115(70) 0.000134(3) 99.999866(3) 7.59(4) 92.41(4) 100 19.9(7) 80.1(7) 98.93(8) 1.07(8) 99.636(7) 0.364(7) 99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14) 100 90.48(3) 0.27(1) 9.25(3) 100 78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3) 100 92.223(19) 4.685(8) 3.092(11) 100

details and caveats regarding elements whose abundance is variable). The absence of an entry in the Abundance column indicates a radioactive nuclide not present in nature or an element whose isotopic composition varies so widely that a meaningful natural abundance cannot be defined.

References 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 2005. 2. Audi, G., Wapstra, A. H., and Thibault, Nucl. Phys., A729, 336, 2003. 3. Audi, G., and Wapstra, A. H., Atomic Mass Data Center, World Wide Web site, 4. de Laeter, J. R., Böhlke, J. K., De Bièvre, P., Hidaka, H., Peiser, H. S., Rosman, K. J. R., and Taylor, P. D. P., Pure Appl. Chem. 75, 683, 2003. Z 17 18

19

20

21 22

23 24

25 26

94.99(26) 0.75(2) 4.25(24) 0.01(1)

27

Isotope 35 Cl 37 Cl 36 Ar 38 Ar 40 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K 42 K 43 K 40 Ca 42 Ca 43 Ca 44 Ca 45 Ca 46 Ca 47 Ca 48 Ca 45 Sc 46 Ti 47 Ti 48 Ti 49 Ti 50 Ti 50 V 51 V 50 Cr 51 Cr 52 Cr 53 Cr 54 Cr 54 Mn 55 Mn 52 Fe 54 Fe 55 Fe 56 Fe 57 Fe 58 Fe 59 Fe 57 Co

Mass in u 34.96885268(4) 36.96590259(5) 35.967545106(29) 37.9627324(4) 39.9623831225(29) 38.96370668(20) 39.96399848(21) 40.96182576(21) 41.96240281(24) 42.960716(10) 39.96259098(22) 41.95861801(27) 42.9587666(3) 43.9554818(4) 44.9561866(4) 45.9536926(24) 46.9545460(24) 47.952534(4) 44.9559119(9) 45.9526316(9) 46.9517631(9) 47.9479463(9) 48.9478700(9) 49.9447912(9) 49.9471585(11) 50.9439595(11) 49.9460442(11) 50.9447674(11) 51.9405075(8) 52.9406494(8) 53.9388804(8) 53.9403589(14) 54.9380451(7) 51.948114(7) 53.9396105(7) 54.9382934(7) 55.9349375(7) 56.9353940(7) 57.9332756(8) 58.9348755(8) 56.9362914(8)

Abundance in % 75.76(10) 24.24(10) 0.3365(30) 0.0632(5) 99.6003(30) 93.2581(44) 0.0117(1) 6.7302(44)

96.941(156) 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3) 0.187(21) 100 8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2) 0.250(4) 99.750(4) 4.345(13) 83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7) 100 5.845(35) 91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4)

1-9

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Atomic Masses and Abundances

1-10 Z

28

29

30

31

32

33 34

35 36

37

38

39 40

HC&P_S01.indb 10

Isotope 58 Co 59 Co 60 Co 58 Ni 59 Ni 60 Ni 61 Ni 62 Ni 63 Ni 64 Ni 63 Cu 64 Cu 65 Cu 64 Zn 65 Zn 66 Zn 67 Zn 68 Zn 70 Zn 67 Ga 68 Ga 69 Ga 71 Ga 68 Ge 70 Ge 72 Ge 73 Ge 74 Ge 76 Ge 75 As 74 Se 75 Se 76 Se 77 Se 78 Se 79 Se 80 Se 82 Se 79 Br 81 Br 78 Kr 80 Kr 82 Kr 83 Kr 84 Kr 86 Kr 85 Rb 86 Rb 87 Rb 84 Sr 85 Sr 86 Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 89 Sr 90 Sr 89 Y 90 Zr 91 Zr 92 Zr 94 Zr

Mass in u 57.9357528(13) 58.9331950(7) 59.9338171(7) 57.9353429(7) 58.9343467(7) 59.9307864(7) 60.9310560(7) 61.9283451(6) 62.9296694(6) 63.9279660(7) 62.9295975(6) 63.9297642(6) 64.9277895(7) 63.9291422(7) 64.9292410(7) 65.9260334(10) 66.9271273(10) 67.9248442(10) 69.9253193(21) 66.9282017(14) 67.9279801(16) 68.9255736(13) 70.9247013(11) 67.928094(7) 69.9242474(11) 71.9220758(18) 72.9234589(18) 73.9211778(18) 75.9214026(18) 74.9215965(20) 73.9224764(18) 74.9225234(18) 75.9192136(18) 76.9199140(18) 77.9173091(18) 78.9184991(18) 79.9165213(21) 81.9166994(22) 78.9183371(22) 80.9162906(21) 77.9203648(12) 79.9163790(16) 81.9134836(19) 82.914136(3) 83.911507(3) 85.91061073(11) 84.911789738(12) 85.91116742(21) 86.909180527(13) 83.913425(3) 84.912933(3) 85.9092602(12) 86.9088771(12) 87.9056121(12) 88.9074507(12) 89.907738(3) 88.9058483(27) 89.9047044(25) 90.9056458(25) 91.9050408(25) 93.9063152(26)

Abundance in %

Z

100

41 42

68.0769(89) 26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9) 69.15(3)

43

30.85(3) 48.268(321)

44

27.975(77) 4.102(21) 19.024(123) 0.631(9)

60.108(9) 39.892(9) 20.38(18) 27.31(26) 7.76(8) 36.72(15) 7.83(7) 100 0.89(4)

45 46

47 48

9.37(29) 7.63(16) 23.77(28) 49.61(41) 8.73(22) 50.69(7) 49.31(7) 0.355(3) 2.286(10) 11.593(31) 11.500(19) 56.987(15) 17.279(41) 72.17(2)

49

50

27.83(2) 0.56(1) 9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1)

100 51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28)

51 52

Isotope 96 Zr 93 Nb 92 Mo 94 Mo 95 Mo 96 Mo 97 Mo 98 Mo 99 Mo 100 Mo 97 Tc 98 Tc 99 Tc 96 Ru 98 Ru 99 Ru 100 Ru 101 Ru 102 Ru 104 Ru 106 Ru 103 Rh 102 Pd 104 Pd 105 Pd 106 Pd 108 Pd 110 Pd 107 Ag 109 Ag 106 Cd 108 Cd 110 Cd 111 Cd 112 Cd 113 Cd 114 Cd 116 Cd 111 In 113 In 115 In 112 Sn 113 Sn 114 Sn 115 Sn 116 Sn 117 Sn 118 Sn 119 Sn 120 Sn 122 Sn 124 Sn 121 Sb 123 Sb 120 Te 122 Te 123 Te 124 Te 125 Te 126 Te 128 Te

Mass in u 95.9082734(30) 92.9063781(26) 91.906811(4) 93.9050883(21) 94.9058421(21) 95.9046795(21) 96.9060215(21) 97.9054082(21) 98.9077119(21) 99.907477(6) 96.906365(5) 97.907216(4) 98.9062547(21) 95.907598(8) 97.905287(7) 98.9059393(22) 99.9042195(22) 100.9055821(22) 101.9043493(22) 103.905433(3) 105.907329(8) 102.905504(3) 101.905609(3) 103.904036(4) 104.905085(4) 105.903486(4) 107.903892(4) 109.905153(12) 106.905097(5) 108.904752(3) 105.906459(6) 107.904184(6) 109.9030021(29) 110.9041781(29) 111.9027578(29) 112.9044017(29) 113.9033585(29) 115.904756(3) 110.905103(5) 112.904058(3) 114.903878(5) 111.904818(5) 112.905171(4) 113.902779(3) 114.903342(3) 115.901741(3) 116.902952(3) 117.901603(3) 118.903308(3) 119.9021947(27) 121.9034390(29) 123.9052739(15) 120.9038157(24) 122.9042140(22) 119.904020(10) 121.9030439(16) 122.9042700(16) 123.9028179(16) 124.9044307(16) 125.9033117(16) 127.9044631(19)

Abundance in % 2.80(9) 100 14.77(31) 9.23(10) 15.90(9) 16.68(1) 9.56(5) 24.19(26) 9.67(20)

5.54(14) 1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14) 18.62(27) 100 1.02(1) 11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3) 26.46(9) 11.72(9) 51.839(8) 48.161(8) 1.25(6) 0.89(3) 12.49(18) 12.80(12) 24.13(21) 12.22(12) 28.73(42) 7.49(18) 4.29(5) 95.71(5) 0.97(1) 0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9) 7.68(7) 24.22(9) 8.59(4) 32.58(9) 4.63(3) 5.79(5) 57.21(5) 42.79(5) 0.09(1) 2.55(12) 0.89(3) 4.74(14) 7.07(15) 18.84(25) 31.74(8)

5/2/05 8:33:35 AM

Atomic Masses and Abundances Z 53

54

55

56

57 58

59 60

61 62

63 64

HC&P_S01.indb 11

Isotope 130 Te 123 I 125 I 127 I 129 I 131 I 124 Xe 126 Xe 128 Xe 129 Xe 130 Xe 131 Xe 132 Xe 134 Xe 136 Xe 129 Cs 133 Cs 134 Cs 136 Cs 137 Cs 130 Ba 132 Ba 133 Ba 134 Ba 135 Ba 136 Ba 137 Ba 138 Ba 140 Ba 138 La 139 La 136 Ce 138 Ce 140 Ce 141 Ce 142 Ce 144 Ce 141 Pr 142 Nd 143 Nd 144 Nd 145 Nd 146 Nd 148 Nd 150 Nd 145 Pm 147 Pm 144 Sm 147 Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 152 Sm 154 Sm 151 Eu 153 Eu 152 Gd 154 Gd 155 Gd 156 Gd 157 Gd

Mass in u 129.9062244(21) 122.905589(4) 124.9046302(16) 126.904473(4) 128.904988(3) 130.9061246(12) 123.9058930(20) 125.904274(7) 127.9035313(15) 128.9047794(8) 129.9035080(8) 130.9050824(10) 131.9041535(10) 133.9053945(9) 135.907219(8) 128.906064(5) 132.905451933(24) 133.906718475(28) 135.9073116(20) 136.9070895(5) 129.9063208(30) 131.9050613(11) 132.9060075(11) 133.9045084(4) 134.9056886(4) 135.9045759(4) 136.9058274(5) 137.9052472(5) 139.910605(9) 137.907112(4) 138.9063533(26) 135.907172(14) 137.905991(11) 139.9054387(26) 140.9082763(26) 141.909244(3) 143.913647(4) 140.9076528(26) 141.9077233(25) 142.9098143(25) 143.9100873(25) 144.9125736(25) 145.9131169(25) 147.916893(3) 149.920891(3) 144.912749(3) 146.9151385(26) 143.911999(3) 146.9148979(26) 147.9148227(26) 148.9171847(26) 149.9172755(26) 151.9197324(27) 153.9222093(27) 150.9198502(26) 152.9212303(26) 151.9197910(27) 153.9208656(27) 154.9226220(27) 155.9221227(27) 156.9239601(27)

1-11 Abundance in % 34.08(62)

100

0.0952(3) 0.0890(2) 1.9102(8) 26.4006(82) 4.0710(13) 21.2324(30) 26.9086(33) 10.4357(21) 8.8573(44) 100

Z

65 66

67 68

69 70

0.106(1) 0.101(1) 2.417(18) 6.592(12) 7.854(24) 11.232(24) 71.698(42) 0.090(1) 99.910(1) 0.185(2) 0.251(2) 88.450(51) 11.114(51) 100 27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1) 17.2(3) 5.7(1) 5.6(2)

3.07(7) 14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1) 26.75(16) 22.75(29) 47.81(6) 52.19(6) 0.20(1) 2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2)

71 72

73 74

75 76

77 78

79 80

Isotope 158 Gd 160 Gd 159 Tb 156 Dy 158 Dy 160 Dy 161 Dy 162 Dy 163 Dy 164 Dy 165 Ho 162 Er 164 Er 166 Er 167 Er 168 Er 170 Er 169 Tm 168 Yb 169 Yb 170 Yb 171 Yb 172 Yb 173 Yb 174 Yb 176 Yb 175 Lu 176 Lu 174 Hf 176 Hf 177 Hf 178 Hf 179 Hf 180 Hf 180 Ta 181 Ta 180 W 182 W 183 W 184 W 186 W 185 Re 187 Re 184 Os 186 Os 187 Os 188 Os 189 Os 190 Os 192 Os 191 Ir 193 Ir 190 Pt 192 Pt 194 Pt 195 Pt 196 Pt 198 Pt 197 Au 198 Au 196 Hg

Mass in u 157.9241039(27) 159.9270541(27) 158.9253468(27) 155.924283(7) 157.924409(4) 159.9251975(27) 160.9269334(27) 161.9267984(27) 162.9287312(27) 163.9291748(27) 164.9303221(27) 161.928778(4) 163.929200(3) 165.9302931(27) 166.9320482(27) 167.9323702(27) 169.9354643(30) 168.9342133(27) 167.933897(5) 168.935190(5) 169.9347618(26) 170.9363258(26) 171.9363815(26) 172.9382108(26) 173.9388621(26) 175.9425717(28) 174.9407718(23) 175.9426863(23) 173.940046(3) 175.9414086(24) 176.9432207(23) 177.9436988(23) 178.9458161(23) 179.9465500(23) 179.9474648(24) 180.9479958(19) 179.946704(4) 181.9482042(9) 182.9502230(9) 183.9509312(9) 185.9543641(19) 184.9529550(13) 186.9557531(15) 183.9524891(14) 185.9538382(15) 186.9557505(15) 187.9558382(15) 188.9581475(16) 189.9584470(16) 191.9614807(27) 190.9605940(18) 192.9629264(18) 189.959932(6) 191.9610380(27) 193.9626803(9) 194.9647911(9) 195.9649515(9) 197.967893(3) 196.9665687(6) 197.9682423(6) 195.965833(3)

Abundance in % 24.84(7) 21.86(19) 100 0.056(3) 0.095(3) 2.329(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54) 100 0.139(5) 1.601(3) 33.503(36) 22.869(9) 26.978(18) 14.910(36) 100 0.13(1) 3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92) 12.76(41) 97.41(2) 2.59(2) 0.16(1) 5.26(7) 18.60(9) 27.28(7) 13.62(2) 35.08(16) 0.012(2) 99.988(2) 0.12(1) 26.50(16) 14.31(4) 30.64(2) 28.43(19) 37.40(2) 62.60(2) 0.02(1) 1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8) 16.15(5) 26.26(2) 40.78(19) 37.3(2) 62.7(2) 0.014(1) 0.782(7) 32.967(99) 33.832(10) 25.242(41) 7.163(55) 100 0.15(1)

5/2/05 8:33:37 AM

Atomic Masses and Abundances

1-12 Z

81

82

83 84 85 86

87 88

89 90

91 92

HC&P_S01.indb 12

Isotope 197 Hg 198 Hg 199 Hg 200 Hg 201 Hg 202 Hg 203 Hg 204 Hg 201 Tl 203 Tl 205 Tl 204 Pb 206 Pb 207 Pb 208 Pb 210 Pb 207 Bi 209 Bi 209 Po 210 Po 210 At 211 At 211 Rn 220 Rn 222 Rn 223 Fr 223 Ra 224 Ra 226 Ra 228 Ra 227 Ac 228 Th 230 Th 232 Th 231 Pa 233 U 234 U 235 U

Mass in u 196.967213(3) 197.9667690(4) 198.9682799(4) 199.9683260(4) 200.9703023(6) 201.9706430(6) 202.9728725(18) 203.9734939(4) 200.970819(16) 202.9723442(14) 204.9744275(14) 203.9730436(13) 205.9744653(13) 206.9758969(13) 207.9766521(13) 209.9841885(16) 206.9784707(26) 208.9803987(16) 208.9824304(20) 209.9828737(13) 209.987148(8) 210.9874963(30) 210.990601(7) 220.0113940(24) 222.0175777(25) 223.0197359(26) 223.0185022(27) 224.0202118(24) 226.0254098(25) 228.0310703(26) 227.0277521(26) 228.0287411(24) 230.0331338(19) 232.0380553(21) 231.0358840(24) 233.0396352(29) 234.0409521(20) 235.0439299(20)

Abundance in % 9.97(20) 16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26)

Z

93 94

6.87(15) 29.52(1) 70.48(1) 1.4(1) 24.1(1) 22.1(1) 52.4(1)

100

95 96

97 98

99 100 101

100 100 0.0054(5) 0.7204(6)

102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

Isotope 236 U 238 U 237 Np 239 Np 238 Pu 239 Pu 240 Pu 241 Pu 242 Pu 244 Pu 241 Am 243 Am 243 Cm 244 Cm 245 Cm 246 Cm 247 Cm 248 Cm 247 Bk 249 Bk 249 Cf 250 Cf 251 Cf 252 Cf 252 Es 257 Fm 256 Md 258 Md 259 No 262 Lr 261 Rf 262 Db 263 Sg 264 Bh 265 Hs 268 Mt 281 Ds 272 Rg

Mass in u 236.0455680(20) 238.0507882(20) 237.0481734(20) 239.0529390(22) 238.0495599(20) 239.0521634(20) 240.0538135(20) 241.0568515(20) 242.0587426(20) 244.064204(5) 241.0568291(20) 243.0613811(25) 243.0613891(22) 244.0627526(20) 245.0654912(22) 246.0672237(22) 247.070354(5) 248.072349(5) 247.070307(6) 249.0749867(28) 249.0748535(24) 250.0764061(22) 251.079587(5) 252.081626(5) 252.082980(50) 257.095105(7) 256.094060(60) 258.098431(5) 259.10103(11)* 262.10963(22)* 261.108770(30)* 262.11408(20)* 263.11832(13)* 264.12460(30)* 265.13009(15)* 268.13873(34)* 281.16206(78)* 273.15362(36)*

Abundance in % 99.2742(10)

5/2/05 8:33:38 AM

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND IONIZATION ENERGY OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN THE GROUND STATE William C. Martin The ground state electron configuration, ground level, and ionization energy of the elements hydrogen through rutherfordium are listed in this table. The electron configurations of elements heavier than neon are shortened by using rare-gas element symbols in brackets to represent the corresponding electrons. See the references for details of the notation for Pa, U, and Np. Ionization energies to higher states (and more precise values of the first ionization energy for certain elements) may be found in the table “Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions” in Section 10 of this Handbook. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru

Element Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium

References

1. Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Kotochigova, S., and Sansonetti, J. E., NIST Physical Reference Data Web Site, , October 2004. 2. Martin, W. C., and Wiese, W. L., “Atomic Spectroscopy”, in Atomic, Molecular, & Optical Physics Handbook, ed. by G.W.F. Drake (AIP, Woodbury, NY, 1996) Chapter 10, pp. 135-153.

Ground-state configuration 1s 1s2 1s2 2s 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2 2p 1s2 2s2 2p2 1s2 2s2 2p3 1s2 2s2 2p4 1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 [Ne] 3s [Ne] 3s2 [Ne] 3s2 3p [Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p6 [Ar] 4s [Ar] 4s2 [Ar] 3d 4s2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2 [Ar] 3d3 4s2 [Ar] 3d5 4s [Ar] 3d5 4s2 [Ar] 3d6 4s2 [Ar] 3d7 4s2 [Ar] 3d8 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s [Ar] 3d10 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 [Kr] 5s [Kr] 5s2 [Kr] 4d 5s2 [Kr] 4d2 5s2 [Kr] 4d4 5s [Kr] 4d5 5s [Kr] 4d5 5s2 [Kr] 4d7 5s

Ground level 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 4 F3/2 7 S3 6 S5/2 5 D4 4 F9/2 3 F4 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 6 D1/2 7 S3 6 S5/2 5 F5

Ionization energy (eV) 13.5984 24.5874 5.3917 9.3227 8.2980 11.2603 14.5341 13.6181 17.4228 21.5645 5.1391 7.6462 5.9858 8.1517 10.4867 10.3600 12.9676 15.7596 4.3407 6.1132 6.5615 6.8281 6.7462 6.7665 7.4340 7.9024 7.8810 7.6398 7.7264 9.3942 5.9993 7.8994 9.7886 9.7524 11.8138 13.9996 4.1771 5.6949 6.2173 6.6339 6.7589 7.0924 7.28 7.3605

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Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State

1-14 Z 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

HC&P_S01.indb 14

Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf

Element Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium

Ground-state configuration [Kr] 4d8 5s [Kr] 4d10 [Kr] 4d10 5s [Kr] 4d10 5s2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 [Xe] 6s [Xe] 6s2 [Xe] 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f3 6s2 [Xe] 4f4 6s2 [Xe] 4f5 6s2 [Xe] 4f6 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f9 6s2 [Xe] 4f10 6s2 [Xe] 4f11 6s2 [Xe] 4f12 6s2 [Xe] 4f13 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 [Rn] 7s [Rn] 7s2 [Rn] 6d 7s2 [Rn] 6d2 7s2 [Rn] 5f2(3H4) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f3(4Io9/2) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f4(5I4) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f6 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f9 7s2 [Rn] 5f10 7s2 [Rn] 5f11 7s2 [Rn] 5f12 7s2 [Rn] 5f13 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p? [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 ?

Ground level 4 F9/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 1 o G4 4 o I 9/2 5 I4 6 o H 5/2 7 F0 8 o S 7/2 9 o D2 6 o H 15/2 5 I8 4 o I 15/2 3 H6 2 o F 7/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 4 F3/2 5 D0 6 S5/2 5 D4 4 F9/2 3 D3 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 (4,3/2)11/2 (9/2,3/2)o6 (4,3/2)11/2 7 F0 8 o S 7/2 9 o D2 6 o H 15/2 5 I8 4 o I 15/2 3 H6 2 o F 7/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 ? 3 F2 ?

Ionization energy (eV) 7.4589 8.3369 7.5762 8.9938 5.7864 7.3439 8.6084 9.0096 10.4513 12.1298 3.8939 5.2117 5.5769 5.5387 5.473 5.5250 5.582 5.6437 5.6704 6.1498 5.8638 5.9389 6.0215 6.1077 6.1843 6.2542 5.4259 6.8251 7.5496 7.8640 7.8335 8.4382 8.9670 8.9588 9.2255 10.4375 6.1082 7.4167 7.2855 8.414 10.7485 4.0727 5.2784 5.17 6.3067 5.89 6.1941 6.2657 6.0260 5.9738 5.9914 6.1979 6.2817 6.42 6.50 6.58 6.65 4.9? 6.0?

5/2/05 8:33:40 AM

INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 (ITS-90) B. W. Mangum A new temperature scale, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), was officially adopted by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM), meeting 26—28 September 1989 at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The ITS-90 was recommended to the CIPM for its adoption following the completion of the final details of the new scale by the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT), meeting 12—14 September 1989 at the BIPM in its 17th Session. The ITS-90 became the official international temperature scale on 1 January 1990. The ITS-90 supersedes the present scales, the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68) and the 1976 Provisional 0.5 to 30 K Temperature Scale (EPT-76). The ITS-90 extends upward from 0.65 K, and temperatures on this scale are in much better agreement with thermodynamic values that are those on the IPTS-68 and the EPT-76. The new scale has subranges and alternative definitions in certain ranges that greatly facilitate its use. Furthermore, its continuity, precision, and reproducibility throughout its ranges are much improved over that of the present scales. The replacement of the thermocouple with the platinum resistance thermometer at temperatures below 961.78°C resulted in the biggest improvement in reproducibility. The ITS-90 is divided into four primary ranges: 1. Between 0.65 and 3.2 K, the ITS-90 is defined by the vapor pressure-temperature relation of 3He, and between 1.25 and 2.1768 K (the λ point) and between 2.1768 and 5.0 K by the vapor pressure-temperature relations of 4He. T90 is defined by the vapor pressure equations of the form: Defining Fixed Points of the ITS-90 Materiala He e-H2 e-H2 (or He) e-H2 (or He) Nec O2 Ar Hgc H2O Gac Inc Sn Zn Alc Ag Au Cuc a

b

c

Equilibrium stateb VP TP VP (or CVGT) VP (or CVGT) TP TP TP TP TP MP FP FP FP FP FP FP FP

T90 (K) 3 to 5 13.8033 ≈17 ≈20.3 24.5561 54.3584 83.8058 234.3156 273.16 302.9146 429.7485 505.078 692.677 933.473 1234.93 1337.33 1357.77

Temperature t90 (°C) –270.15 to –268.15 –259.3467 ≈ –256.15 ≈ –252.85 –248.5939 –218.7916 –189.3442 –38.8344 0.01 29.7646 156.5985 231.928 419.527 660.323 961.78 1064.18 1084.62

9

T90 / K = A0 + ∑ Ai ( ln( p / Pa) − B ) / C 

i

i =1

The values of the coefficients Ai, and of the constants Ao, B, and C of the equations are given below. 2. Between 3.0 and 24.5561 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of a 3He or 4He constant volume gas thermometer (CVGT). The thermometer is calibrated at three temperatures — at the triple point of neon (24.5561 K), at the triple point of equilibrium hydrogen (13.8033 K), and at a temperature between 3.0 and 5.0 K, the value of which is determined by using either 3He or 4He vapor pressure thermometry. 3. Between 13.8033 K (–259.3467°C) and 1234.93 K (961.78°C), the ITS-90 is defined in terms of the specified fixed points given below, by resistance ratios of platinum resistance thermometers obtained by calibration at specified sets of the fixed points, and by reference functions and deviation functions of resistance ratios which relate to T90 between the fixed points. 4. Above 1234.93 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of Planck’s radiation law, using the freezing-point temperature of either silver, gold, or copper as the reference temperature. Full details of the calibration procedures and reference functions for various subranges are given in: The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia, 27, 3, 1990; errata in Metrologia, 27, 107, 1990. Values of Coefficients in the Vapor Pressure Equations for Helium Coef. or constant A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B C

3 He 0.65—3.2 K 1.053 447 0.980 106 0.676 380 0.372 692 0.151 656 –0.002 263 0.006 596 0.088 966 –0.004 770 –0.054 943 7.3 4.3

4 He 1.25—2.1768 K 1.392 408 0.527 153 0.166 756 0.050 988 0.026 514 0.001 975 –0.017 976 0.005 409 0.013 259 0 5.6 2.9

4 He 2.1768—5.0 K 3.146 631 1.357 655 0.413 923 0.091 159 0.016 349 0.001 826 –0.004 325 –0.004 973 0 0 10.3 1.9

e-H2 indicates equilibrium hydrogen, that is, hydrogen with the equilibrium distribution of its ortho and para states. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% para hydrogen and 75% ortho hydrogen. VP indicates vapor pressure point; CVGT indicates constant volume gas thermometer point; TP indicates triple point (equilibrium temperature at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases coexist); FP indicates freezing point, and MP indicates melting point (the equilibrium temperatures at which the solid and liquid phases coexist under a pressure of 101 325 Pa, one standard atmosphere). The isotopic composition is that naturally occurring. Previously, these were secondary fixed points.

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CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES FROM THE 1948 AND 1968 SCALES TO ITS-90 This table gives temperature corrections from older scales to the current International Temperature Scale of 1990 (see the preceding table for details on ITS-90). The first part of the table may be used for converting Celsius temperatures in the range -180 to 4000°C from IPTS-68 or IPTS-48 to ITS-90. Within the accuracy of the corrections, the temperature in the first column may be identified with either t68, t48, or t90. The second part of the table is designed for use at lower temperatures to convert values expressed in kelvins from EPT-76 or IPTS-68 to ITS-90. t/°C –180 –170 –160 –150 –140 –130 –120 –110 –100 –90 –80 –70 –60 –50 –40 –30 –20 –10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280

t90–t68

0.008 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 –0.002 –0.005 –0.007 –0.010 –0.013 –0.016 –0.018 –0.021 –0.024 –0.026 –0.028 –0.030 –0.032 –0.034 –0.036 –0.037 –0.038 –0.039 –0.039 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.039 –0.039

t90–t48

0.020 0.017 0.007 0.000 0.001 0.008 0.017 0.026 0.035 0.041 0.045 0.045 0.042 0.038 0.032 0.024 0.016 0.008 0.000 –0.006 –0.012 –0.016 –0.020 –0.023 –0.026 –0.026 –0.027 –0.027 –0.026 –0.024 –0.023 –0.020 –0.018 –0.016 –0.012 –0.009 –0.005 –0.001 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.018 0.021 0.024 0.028 0.030

t/°C

290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750

t90–t68 –0.039 –0.039 –0.039 –0.039 –0.040 –0.040 –0.041 –0.042 –0.043 –0.045 –0.046 –0.048 –0.051 –0.053 –0.056 –0.059 –0.062 –0.065 –0.068 –0.072 –0.075 –0.079 –0.083 –0.087 –0.090 –0.094 –0.098 –0.101 –0.105 –0.108 –0.112 –0.115 –0.118 –0.122 –0.125 –0.11 –0.10 –0.09 –0.07 –0.05 –0.04 –0.02 –0.01 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03

t90–t48

0.032 0.034 0.035 0.036 0.036 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.000 –0.001 –0.002 –0.001 0.000 0.002 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.025 0.035 0.047 0.060 0.075 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.56

The references give analytical equations for expressing these relations. Note that Reference 1 supersedes Reference 2 with respect to corrections in the 630 to 1064°C range.

References 1. Burns, G. W. et al., in Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6, Schooley, J. F., Ed., American Institute of Physics, New York, 1993. 2. Goldberg, R. N. and Weir, R. D., Pure and Appl. Chem., 1545, 1992.

t/°C

760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300

t90–t68

0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 –0.02 –0.03 –0.05 –0.06 –0.08 –0.10 –0.11 –0.13 –0.15 –0.16 –0.18 –0.19 –0.20 –0.22 –0.23 –0.23 –0.24 –0.25 –0.25 –0.25 –0.26 –0.26 –0.26 –0.30 –0.35 –0.39 –0.44 –0.49 –0.54 –0.60 –0.66 –0.72 –0.79 –0.85 –0.93

t90–t48 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1

t/°C 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000

t90–t68 –1.00 –1.07 –1.15 –1.24 –1.32 –1.41 –1.50 –1.59 –1.69 –1.78 –1.89 –1.99 –2.10 –2.21 –2.32 –2.43 –2.55

t90–t48

T/K 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

T90–T76 –0.0001 –0.0002 –0.0003 –0.0004 –0.0005 –0.0006 –0.0007 –0.0008 –0.0010 –0.0011 –0.0013 –0.0014 –0.0016 –0.0018 –0.0020 –0.0022 –0.0025 –0.0027 –0.0030 –0.0032 –0.0035 –0.0038 –0.0041

T90–T68

3.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.8

–0.006 –0.003 –0.004 –0.006 –0.008 –0.009 –0.009 –0.008 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.005 –0.004 –0.004 –0.005 –0.006 –0.006 –0.007 –0.008

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Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90 T/K 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

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T90–T76

T90–T68 –0.008 –0.008 –0.007 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.007 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.005 –0.005 –0.004 –0.003 –0.002 –0.001

T/K 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008

T/K 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140

T90–T76

1-17 T90–T68 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.014

T/K 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 273.16 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.000 –0.006 –0.031 –0.040 –0.040 –0.055 –0.089 –0.124

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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) The International System of Units, abbreviated as SI (from the French name Le Système International d’Unités), was established in 1960 by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) as the modern metric system of measurement. The core of the SI is the seven base units for the physical quantities length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. These base units are: Base quantity length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity

SI base unit Name Symbol meter m kilogram kg s second ampere A kelvin K mole mol candela cd

candela: The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540∙1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.

SI derived units Derived units are units which may be expressed in terms of base units by means of the mathematical symbols of multiplication and division (and, in the case of °C, subtraction). Certain derived units have been given special names and symbols, and these special names and symbols may themselves be used in combination with those for base and other derived units to express the units of other quantities. The next table lists some examples of derived units expressed directly in terms of base units: Physical quantity area volume speed, velocity acceleration wave number density, mass density specific volume current density magnetic field strength concentration (of amount of substance) luminance refractive index

The SI base units are defined as follows: meter: The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. kilogram: The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. second: The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. ampere: The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2∙10–7 newton per meter of length. kelvin: The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. mole: The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.

Physical quantity plane angle solid angle frequency force pressure, stress energy, work, quantity of heat power, radiant flux electric charge, quantity of electricity electric potential difference, electromotive force capacitance electric resistance electric conductance magnetic flux

(a)

SI derived unit Name square meter cubic meter meter per second meter per second squared reciprocal meter kilogram per cubic meter cubic meter per kilogram ampere per square meter ampere per meter

Symbol m2 m3 m/s m/s2 m-1 kg/m3 m3/kg A/m2 A/m

mole per cubic meter candela per square meter (the number) one

mol/m3 cd/m2 1(a)

The symbol “1” is generally omitted in combination with a numerical value.

For convenience, certain derived units, which are listed in the next table, have been given special names and symbols. These names and symbols may themselves be used to express other derived units. The special names and symbols are a compact form for the expression of units that are used frequently. The final column shows how the SI units concerned may be expressed in terms of SI base units. In this column, factors such as m0, kg0 ..., which are all equal to 1, are not shown explicitly.

Name radian(a) steradian(a) hertz newton pascal joule watt coulomb volt farad ohm siemens weber

Symbol rad sr(c) Hz N Pa J W C V F Ω S Wb

SI derived unit expressed in terms of: Other SI units SI base units m ∙ m-1 = 1(b) m2 ∙ m-2 = 1(b) s-1 m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N/m2 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 J/s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 s∙A W/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-1 C/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 V/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-2 A/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s3 ∙ A2 V∙s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1

1-18

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International System of Units (SI) magnetic flux density inductance Celsius temperature luminous flux illuminance activity (of a radionuclide) absorbed dose, specific energy (imparted), kerma dose equivalent, ambient dose equivalent, directional dose equivalent, personal dose equivalent, organ equivalent dose catalytic activity

1-19 tesla henry degree Celsius(d) lumen lux becquerel gray sievert

T H °C

Wb/m2 Wb/A

kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1 m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-2 K

lm lx Bq Gy Sv

cd ∙ sr(c) lm/m2

m2 ∙ m–2 ∙ cd = cd m2 ∙ m–4 ∙ cd = m–2 ∙ cd s-1 m2 ∙ s-2 m2 ∙ s-2

katal

kat

J/kg J/kg

s–1 ∙ mol

The radian and steradian may be used with advantage in expressions for derived units to distinguish between quantities of different nature but the same dimension. Some examples of their use in forming derived units are given in the next table. (b) In practice, the symbols rad and sr are used where appropriate, but the derived unit “1” is generally omitted in combination with a numerical value. (c) In photometry, the name steradian and the symbol sr are usually retained in expressions for units. (d) It is common practice to express a thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, in terms of its difference from the reference temperature T0 = 273.15 K. The numerical value of a Celsius temperature t expressed in degrees Celsius is given by t/°C = T/K-273.15. The unit °C may be used in combination with SI prefixes, e.g., millidegree Celsius, m°C. Note that there should never be a space between the ° sign and the letter C, and that the symbol for kelvin is K, not °K. (a)

The SI derived units with special names may be used in combinations to provide a convenient way to express more complex physical quantities. Examples are given in the next table: Physical Quantity dynamic viscosity moment of force surface tension angular velocity angular acceleration heat flux density, irradiance heat capacity, entropy specific heat capacity, specific entropy specific energy thermal conductivity energy density electric field strength electric charge density electric flux density permittivity permeability molar energy molar entropy, molar heat capacity exposure (x and γ rays) absorbed dose rate radiant intensity radiance catalytic (activity) concentration

SI derived unit Name Symbol As SI base units pascal second Pa ∙ s m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-1 newton meter N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 newton per meter N/m kg ∙ s-2 radian per second rad/s m ∙ m-1 ∙ s-1 = s-1 2 radian per second rad/s m ∙ m-1 ∙ s-2 = s-2 squared watt per square W/m2 kg ∙ s-3 meter joule per kelvin J/K m-3 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 joule per kilogram J/(kg ∙ K) m2 ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 kelvin joule per kilogram J/kg m2 ∙ s-2 watt per meter W/(m ∙ K) m ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ K-1 kelvin joule per cubic J/m3 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 meter volt per meter V/m m ∙ kg ∙ s-3∙ A-1 coulomb per cubic C/m3 m-3 ∙ s ∙ A meter m-2 ∙ s ∙ A coulomb per C/m2 square meter farad per meter F/m m-3 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 henry per meter H/m m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-2 joule per mole J/mol m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ mol-1 joule per mole J/(mol ∙ K) m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 ∙ mol-1 kelvin coulomb per C/kg kg-1 ∙ s ∙ A kilogram gray per second Gy/s m2 ∙ s-3 watt per steradian W/sr m4 ∙ m-2∙ kg∙ s-3 = m2 ∙ kg∙ s-3 2 watt per square W/(m ∙ sr) m2 ∙ m-2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 meter steradian = kg ∙ s-3 katal per cubic kat/m3 m-3 ∙ s-1 ∙ mol meter

In practice, with certain quantities preference is given to the use of certain special unit names, or combinations of unit

HC&P_S01.indb 19

names, in order to facilitate the distinction between different quantities having the same dimension. For example, the SI unit of frequency is designated the hertz, rather than the reciprocal second, and the SI unit of angular velocity is designated the radian per second rather than the reciprocal second (in this case retaining the word radian emphasizes that angular velocity is equal to 2π times the rotational frequency). Similarly the SI unit of moment of force is designated the newton meter rather than the joule. In the field of ionizing radiation, the SI unit of activity is designated the becquerel rather than the reciprocal second, and the SI units of absorbed dose and dose equivalent the gray and sievert, respectively, rather than the joule per kilogram. In the field of catalysis, the SI unit of catalytic activity is designated the katal rather than the mole per second. The special names becquerel, gray, sievert, and katal were specifically introduced because of the dangers to human health which might arise from mistakes involving the units reciprocal second, joule per kilogram and mole per second.

Units for dimensionless quantities, quantities of dimension one Certain quantities are defined as the ratios of two quantities of the same kind, and thus have a dimension which may be expressed by the number one. The unit of such quantities is necessarily a derived unit coherent with the other units of the SI and, since it is formed as the ratio of two identical SI units, the unit also may be expressed by the number one. Thus the SI unit of all quantities having the dimensional product one is the number one. Examples of such quantities are refractive index, relative permeability, and friction factor. Other quantities having the unit 1 include “characteristic numbers” like the Prandtl number and numbers which represent a count, such as a number of molecules, degeneracy (number of energy levels), and partition function in statistical thermodynamics. All of these quantities are described as being dimensionless, or of dimension one, and have the coherent SI unit 1. Their values are simply expressed as numbers and, in general, the unit 1 is not explicitly shown. In a few cases, however, a special name is given to this unit, mainly to avoid confusion between some compound derived units. This is the case for the radian, steradian and neper.

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International System of Units (SI)

1-20

SI prefixes The following prefixes have been approved by the CGPM for use with SI units. Only one prefix may be used before a unit. Thus 10-12 farad should be designated pF, not μμF. Factor 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101

Name yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka

Symbol Y Z E P T G M k h da

Factor 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24

Name deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto

Symbol d c m μ n p f a z y

The kilogram Among the base units of the International System, the unit of mass is the only one whose name, for historical reasons, contains a prefix. Names and symbols for decimal multiples and submultiples of the unit of mass are formed by attaching prefix names to the unit name “gram” and prefix symbols to the unit symbol “g”. Example : 10-6 kg = 1 mg (1 milligram) but not 1 μkg (1 microkilogram).

Units used with the SI Many units that are not part of the SI are important and widely used in everyday life. The CGPM has adopted a classification of non-SI units: (1) units accepted for use with the SI (such as the traditional units of time and of angle); (2) units accepted for use with the SI whose values are obtained experimentally; and (3) other units currently accepted for use with the SI to satisfy the needs of special interests.

(2) Non-SI units accepted for use with the International system, whose values in SI units are obtained experimentally Name electronvolt(b) dalton(c) unified atomic mass unit(c) astronomical unit(d)

Symbol Value in SI Units eV 1 eV = 1.602 176 53(14) ∙10-19 J(a) Da 1 Da = 1.660 538 86(28) ∙ 10-27 kg(a) u ua

1 u = 1 Da 1 ua = 1.495 978 706 91(06) ∙ 1011 m(a)

For the electronvolt and the dalton (unified atomic mass unit), values are quoted from the 2002 CODATA set of the Fundamental Physical Constants (p. 1-1 of this Handbook). The value given for the astronomical unit is quoted from the IERS Conventions 2003 (D.D. McCarthy and G. Petit, eds., IERS Technical Note 32, Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, 200). The value of ua in meters comes from the JPL ephemerides DE403 (Standish E.M. 1995, “Report of the IAU WGAS SubGroup on Numerical Standards”, in “Highlights of Astronomy”, Appenlzer ed., pp 180-184, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht). It has been determined in “TDB” units using Barycentric Dynamical Time TDB as a time coordinate for the barycentric system. (b) The electronvolt is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 V in vacuum. (c) The Dalton and unified atomic mass unit are alternative names for the same unit, equal to 1/12 of the mass of an unbound atom of the nuclide 12C, at rest and in its ground state. The dalton may be combined with SI prefixes to express the masses of large molecules in kilodalton, kDa, or megadalton, MDa. (d) The astronomical unit is a unit of length approximately equal to the mean Earth-Sun distance. It is the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with a mean motion of 0.017 202 098 95 radians/day (known as the Gaussian constant). (a)

(3) Other non-SI units currently accepted for use with the International System Name nautical mile

Symbol Value in SI Units 1 nautical mile = 1852 m 1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s 1 a = 1 dam2 = 102 m2 ha 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 104 m2 bar 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa = 105 Pa Å 1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10-10 m b 1 b = 100 fm2 = 10-28 m2

knot are hectare bar ångström barn

(1) Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System Name minute hour day degree minute second liter metric ton neper(a) bel(b)

Symbol min h d ° ’ ” l, L t Np B

Value in SI units 1 min = 60 s 1 h= 60 min = 3600 s 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s 1° = (π/180) rad 1’ = (1/60)° = (π/10 800) rad 1” = (1/60)’ = (π/648 000) rad 1L= 1 dm3= 10-3 m3 1 t = 103 kg 1 Np = 1 1 B = (1/2) ln 10 Np

The neper is used to express values of such logarithmic quantities as field level, power level, sound pressure level, and logarithmic decrement. Natural logarithms are used to obtain the numerical values of quantities expressed in nepers. The neper is coherent with the SI, but is not yet adopted by the CGPM as an SI unit. In using the neper, it is important to specify the quantity. (b) The bel is used to express values of such logarithmic quantities as field level, power level, sound-pressure level, and attenuation. Logarithms to base ten are used to obtain the numerical values of quantities expressed in bels. The submultiple decibel, dB, is commonly used. (a)

HC&P_S01.indb 20

Other non-SI units The SI does not encourage the use of cgs units, but these are frequently found in old scientific texts. The following table gives the relation of some common cgs units to SI units. Name erg dyne poise stokes gauss oersted maxwell stilb phot gal

Symbol Value in SI units erg 1 erg = 10–7 J dyn 1 dyn = 10–5 N P 1P = 1dyn∙ s/cm2 = 0.1 Pa∙∙ s St 1 St = 1 cm2/s = 10–4 m2/s G 1G  10–4 T Oe 1 Oe  (1000/4π) A/m Mx 1Mx  10–8 Wb 1 sb = 1 cd/cm2 = 104 cd/m2 sb ph 1 ph = 104 lx Gal 1 Gal = 1 cm/s2 = 10–2 m/s2 Note: The symbol  should be read as “corresponds to”;

these units cannot strictly be equated because of the different dimensions of the electromagnetic cgs and the SI.

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International System of Units (SI) Examples of other non-SI units found in the older literature and their relation to the SI are given below. Use of these units in current texts is discouraged. Name Symbol curie Ci roentgen R rad rad rem rem X unit gamma γ jansky Jy fermi metric carat torr Torr standard atmosphere atm cal calorie(a) micron μ (a)

Value in SI units 1 Ci = 3.7 ∙ 1010 Bq 1 R = 2.58 ∙ 10–4 C/kg 1 rad = 1 cGy = 10–2 Gy 1 r e m = 1 cSv = 10–2 Sv 1 X unit ≈ 1.002 ∙ 10–4 nm 1 γ =1 nT = 10–9 T 1Jy = 10–26 W ∙ m–2 ∙ Hz–1 1 fermi = 1 fm = 10–15 m 1 metric carat = 200 mg = 2 ∙ 10–4 kg 1 Torr = (101325/760) Pa 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 cal = 4.184 J 1 μ = 1 μm = 10–6 m

1-21

References 1. Taylor, B. N., The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2001. 2. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Le Système International d’Unités (SI), 7th French and English Edition, BIPM, Sèvres, France, 1998; 8th Edition to be published 2006. 3. Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1995. 4. NIST Physical Reference Data web site, , October 2004.

Several types of calorie have been used; the value given here is the so-called “thermochemical calorie”.

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Conversion Factors The following table gives conversion factors from various units of measure to SI units. It is reproduced from NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). The table gives the factor by which a quantity expressed in a non-SI unit should be multiplied in order to calculate its value in the SI. The SI values are expressed in terms of the base, supplementary, and derived units of SI in order to provide a coherent presentation of the conversion factors and facilitate computations (see the table “International System of Units” in this section). If desired, powers of ten can be avoided by using SI prefixes and shifting the decimal point if necessary. Conversion from a non-SI unit to a different non-SI unit may be carried out by using this table in two stages, e.g.,

1 calth = 4.184 J



1 BtuIT = 1.055056 E+03 J

Thus,

1 BtuIT = (1.055056 E+03 ÷ 4.184) calth = 252.164 calth

Conversion factors are presented for ready adaptation to computer readout and electronic data transmission. The factors are written as a number equal to or greater than one and less than ten with six or fewer decimal places. This number is followed by the letter E (for exponent), a plus or a minus sign, and two digits that indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value. For example:

3.523 907 E-02 is 3.523 907 × 10–2

or

0.035 239 07

A factor in boldface is exact; i.e., all subsequent digits are zero. All other conversion factors have been rounded to the figures given in accordance with accepted practice. Where less than six digits after the decimal point are shown, more precision is not warranted. It is often desirable to round a number obtained from a conversion of units in order to retain information on the precision of the value. The following rounding rules may be followed: 1. If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit less than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is not changed. Example:  6.974 951 5 rounded to 3 digits is 6.97 2. If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit greater than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is increased by one. Example:  6.974 951 5 rounded to 4 digits is 6.975 3. If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and at least one of the following digits is greater than 0, the digit preceding the 5 is increased by 1. Example:  6.974 851 rounded to 5 digits is 6.974 9 4. If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and all of the following digits are 0, the digit preceding the 5 is unchanged if it is even and increased by one if it is odd. (Note that this means that the final digit is always even.) Examples:  6.974 951 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 952 6.974 950 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 950

Similarly: 3.386 389 E+03 is 3.386 389 × 103

or

3 386.389

Reference Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 1995.

Factors in boldface are exact To convert from to Multiply by abampere..................................................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 abcoulomb.................................................................. coulomb (C)............................................................................................1.0 E+01 abfarad......................................................................... farad (F)...................................................................................................1.0 E+09 abhenry........................................................................ henry (H).................................................................................................1.0 E–09 abmho.......................................................................... siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.0 E+09 abohm.......................................................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................1.0 E–09 abvolt........................................................................... volt (V).....................................................................................................1.0 E–08 E+00 acceleration of free fall, standard (gn).................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................9.806 65 E+03 acre (based on U.S. survey foot)9........................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................4.046 873 E+03 acre foot (based on U.S. survey foot)9................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.233 489 ampere hour (A ∙ h)................................................... coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.6 E+03 ångström (Å).............................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 E–10 ångström (Å).............................................................. nanometer (nm).....................................................................................1.0 E–01 E–01 apostilb (asb).............................................................. candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................3.183 098 E+02 are (a)........................................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 E+11 astronomical unit (ua or AU)................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.495 979 E+05 atmosphere, standard (atm).................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.013 25 atmosphere, standard (atm).................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.013 25 E+02 E+04 atmosphere, technical (at)10.................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 atmosphere, technical (at)10.................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................9.806 65 9

The U.S. survey foot equals (1200/3937) m. 1 international foot = 0.999998 survey foot. One technical atmosphere equals one kilogram-force per square centimeter (1 at = 1 kgf/cm2).

10



1-23

1-24

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by bar (bar)....................................................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.0 E+05 bar (bar)....................................................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.0 E+02 E–28 barn (b)........................................................................ square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl)...... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.589 873 E–01 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl)...... liter (L).....................................................................................................1.589 873 E+02 biot (Bi)........................................................................ ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 E+03 British thermal unitIT (BtuIT)11................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 056 British thermal unitth (Btuth)11................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 350 E+03 British thermal unit (mean) (Btu).......................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 87 E+03 British thermal unit (39 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.059 67 E+03 British thermal unit (59 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 80 E+03 British thermal unit (60 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 68 E+03 British thermal unitIT foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ ft/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]............................................ watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.730 735 E+00 British thermal unitth foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ ft/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.729 577 E+00 British thermal unitIT inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ in/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.442 279 E–01 British thermal unitth inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ in/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.441 314 E–01 British thermal unitIT inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ in/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]............................................ watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................5.192 204 E+02 British thermal unitth inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit E+02 [Btuth ∙ in/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................5.188 732 British thermal unitIT per cubic foot (BtuIT /ft3)............................................................... joule per cubic meter (J/m3)................................................................3.725 895 E+04 British thermal unitth per cubic foot (Btuth /ft3)............................................................... joule per cubic meter (J/m3)................................................................3.723 403 E+04 British thermal unitIT per degree Fahrenheit (BtuIT / ºF).............................................................. joule per kelvin (J/ k)............................................................................1.899 101 E+03 British thermal unitth per degree Fahrenheit (Btuth / ºF)............................................................... joule per kelvin (J/ k)............................................................................1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unitIT per degree Rankine E+03 (BtuIT / ºR).............................................................. joule per kelvin (J/ k)............................................................................1.899 101 British thermal unitth per degree Rankine (Btuth / ºR).............................................................. joule per kelvin (J/ k)............................................................................1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unitIT per hour (BtuIT /h).............. watt (W)..................................................................................................2.930 711 E–01 British thermal unitth per hour (Btuth /h).............. watt (W)..................................................................................................2.928 751 E–01 British thermal unitIT per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................ watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................5.678 263 E+00 British thermal unitth per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................ watt per square meter kelvin E+00 [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................5.674 466 E+01 British thermal unitth per minute (Btuth /min)..... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.757 250 British thermal unitIT per pound (BtuIT /lb).......... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................2.326 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound (Btuth /lb).......... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................2.324 444 E+03 British thermal unitIT per pound degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(lb ∙ ºF)]...................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin (J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(lb ∙ ºF)]...................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 E+03 British thermal unitIT per pound degree Rankine E+03 [BtuIT /(lb ∙ ºR)]...................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 British thermal unitth per pound degree Rankine E+03 [Btuth /(lb ∙ ºR)]...................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 British thermal unitIT per second (BtuIT /s).......... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.055 056 E+03 British thermal unitth per second (Btuth /s)........... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.054 350 E+03 The Fifth International Conference on the Properties of Steam (London, July 1956) defined the International Table calorie as 4.1868 J. Therefore the exact conversion factor for the International Table Btu is 1.055 055 852 62 kJ. Note that the notation for the International Table used in this listing is subscript “IT”. Similarily, the notation for thermochemical is subscript “th.” Further, the thermochemical Btu, Btuth, is based on the thermochemical calorie, calth, where calth = 4.184 J exactly.

11

Conversion Factors

1-25

To convert from to Multiply by British thermal unitIT per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................2.044 175 E+04 British thermal unitth per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................2.042 808 E+04 British thermal unitIT per square foot (BtuIT /ft2)............................................................... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unitth per square foot (Btuth /ft2)............................................................... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unitIT per square foot hour [(BtuIT /(ft2 ∙ h)]..................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................3.154 591 E+00 British thermal unitth per square foot hour [Btuth /(ft2 ∙ h)]....................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................3.152 481 E+00 British thermal unitth per square foot minute [Btuth /(ft2 ∙ min)].................................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.891 489 E+02 British thermal unitIT per square foot second [(BtuIT /(ft2 ∙ s)]...................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unitth per square foot second [Btuth /(ft2 ∙ s)]........................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unitth per square inch second [Btuth /(in2 ∙ s)]....................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.634 246 E+06 bushel (U.S.) (bu)....................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.523 907 E–02 E+01 bushel (U.S.) (bu)....................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................3.523 907 calorieIT (calIT)11. ........................................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 calorieth (calth)11.......................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 calorie (cal) (mean)................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 calorie (15 ºC) (cal15)................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.185 80 calorie (20 ºC) (cal20)................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.181 90 calorieIT, kilogram (nutrition)12.............................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 calorieth , kilogram (nutrition)12.............................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 calorie (mean), kilogram (nutrition)12. ................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 calorieth per centimeter second degree Celsius [calth /(cm ∙ s ∙ ºC)]................................................ watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram (calIT /g)....................................... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram (calth /g)....................................... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram degree Celsius [calIT /(g ∙ ºC)]........................................................ joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram degree Celsius [calth /(g ∙ ºC)]........................................................ joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram kelvin [calIT/(g ∙ K)].................. joule per kilogram kelvin [J /(kg ∙ K)]................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram kelvin [calth / (g ∙ K)]................. joule per kilogram kelvin [J /(kg ∙ K)]................................................4.184 calorieth per minute (calth /min).............................. watt (W)..................................................................................................6.973 333 calorieth per second (calth /s).................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................4.184 calorieth per square centimeter (calth/cm2)........... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................4.184 calorieth per square centimeter minute [calth /(cm2 ∙ min)]................................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................6.973 333 calorieth per square centimeter second [calth /(cm2 ∙ s)]....................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................4.184 candela per square inch (cd/in2)............................. candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................1.550 003 carat, metric............................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................2.0 carat, metric............................................................... gram (g)...................................................................................................2.0 centimeter of mercury (0 ºC)13............................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.333 22 centimeter of mercury (0 ºC)13............................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.333 22 centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)13..pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.333 224

E+00 E+00 E+00 E+00 E+00 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E–02 E+00 E+04 E+02 E+04 E+03 E–04 E–01 E+03 E+00 E+03

The kilogram calorie or “large calorie” is an obsolete term used for the kilocalorie, which is the calorie used to express the energy content of foods. However, in practice, the prefix “kilo” is usually omitted. 13 Conversion factors for mercury manometer pressure units are calculated using the standard value for the acceleration of gravity and the density of mercury at the stated temperature. Additional digits are not justified because the definitions of the units do not take into account the compressibility of mercury or the change in density caused by the revised practical temperature scale, ITS-90. Similar comments also apply to water manometer pressure units. Conversion factors for conventional mercury and water manometer pressure units are based on ISO 31-3. 12

1-26

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)13..kilopascal (kPa).......................................................................................1.333 224 E+00 E+01 centimeter of water (4 ºC)13.................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 38 centimeter of water, conventional (cmH2O)13..... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 centipoise (cP)............................................................ pascal second (Pa ∙ s).............................................................................1.0 E–03 centistokes (cSt)......................................................... meter squared per second (m2/s).......................................................1.0 E–06 chain (based on U.S survey foot) (ch)9............................... meter (m)................................................................................................2.011 684 E+01 circular mil................................................................. square meter (m2)..................................................................................5.067 075 E–10 circular mil................................................................. square millimeter (mm2)......................................................................5.067 075 E–04 clo................................................................................. square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.55 E–01 cord (128 ft3)............................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.624 556 E+00 cubic foot (ft3)............................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.831 685 E–02 cubic foot per minute (ft3 /min)............................. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................4.719 474 E–04 cubic foot per minute (ft3 /min)............................. liter per second (L/s).............................................................................4.719 474 E–01 cubic foot per second (ft3/s).................................... cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................2.831 685 E–02 cubic inch (in3)14........................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.638 706 E–05 cubic inch per minute (in3 /min)............................ cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................2.731 177 E–07 cubic mile (mi3).......................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.168 182 E+09 cubic yard (yd3).......................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................7.645 549 E–01 cubic yard per minute (yd3/min)............................ cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................1.274 258 E–02 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.365 882 E–04 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................2.365 882 E–01 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................2.365 882 E+02 curie (Ci)..................................................................... becquerel (Bq)........................................................................................3.7 E+10 E–13 darcy15. ........................................................................ meter squared (m2)................................................................................9.869 233 day (d).......................................................................... second (s)................................................................................................8.64 E+04 day (sidereal).............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................8.616 409 E+04 debye (D)..................................................................... coulomb meter (C ∙ m).........................................................................3.335 641 E–30 degree (angle) (°)........................................................ radian (rad).............................................................................................1.745 329 E–02 degree Celsius (temperature) (ºC).......................... kelvin (K).................................................................................................T/ K = t / ºC+273.15 degree Celsius (temperature interval) (ºC)........... kelvin (K).................................................................................................1.0 E+00 degree centigrade (temperature)16......................... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................t / ºC ≈ t / deg.cent. degree centigrade (temperature interval)16.......... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................1.0 E+00 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (ºF)...................... degree Celsius (ºC)....................................................................................t / ºC = (t / ºF –32)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (ºF)...................... kelvin (K)......................................................................................................T/ K = (t / ºF + 459.67)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)(ºF)..... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval) (ºF).... kelvin (K).................................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ h/BtuIT)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................1.895 634 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ h/Btuth)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................1.896 903 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2 /BtuIT)..................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.761 102 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2 /Btuth)..................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.762 280 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT inch [ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2 /(BtuIT ∙ in)]........................................... meter kelvin per watt (m ∙ K/W)........................................................6.933 472 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth inch E+00 [ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2 /(Btuth ∙ in)]........................................... meter kelvin per watt (m ∙ K/W)........................................................6.938 112 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ s /BtuIT)............................................................ kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................5.265 651 E–04 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ s /Btuth)................................................................ kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................5.269 175 E–04 degree Rankine (ºR).................................................. kelvin (K).................................................................................................T/ K = (T/ ºR)/1.8 degree Rankine (temperature interval) (ºR)......... kelvin (K).................................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 denier........................................................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.111 111 E–07 denier........................................................................... gram per meter (g/m)...........................................................................1.111 111 E–04 dyne (dyn)................................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................1.0 E–05 dyne centimeter (dyn ∙ cm)..................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)..........................................................................1.0 E–07 dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm2)................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.0 E–01 The exact conversion factor is 1.638 706 4 E–05. The darcy is a unit for expressing the permeability of porous solids, not area. 16 The centigrade temperature scale is obsolete; the degree centigrade is only approximately equal to the degree Celsius. 14 15

Conversion Factors

1-27

To convert from to Multiply by electronvolt (eV)......................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.602 177 E–19 EMU of capacitance (abfarad)................................ farad (F)...................................................................................................1.0 E+09 EMU of current (abampere)................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 EMU of electric potential (abvolt)......................... volt (V).....................................................................................................1.0 E–08 EMU of inductance (abhenry)................................ henry (H).................................................................................................1.0 E–09 EMU of resistance (abohm).................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................1.0 E–09 erg (erg)....................................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.0 E–07 erg per second (erg/s)............................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.0 E–07 erg per square centimeter second E–03 |1obrktl1ru|/(cm2 ∙ s)]............................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.0 ESU of capacitance (statfarad)................................ farad (F)...................................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 ESU of current (statampere)................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 ESU of electric potential (statvolt)......................... volt (V).....................................................................................................2.997 925 E+02 ESU of inductance (stathenry)............................... henry (H).................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 ESU of resistance (statohm).................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 faraday (based on carbon 12).................................. coulomb (C)............................................................................................9.648 531 fathom (based on U.S survey foot)9 ...................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.828 804 fermi............................................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 fermi............................................................................. femtometer (fm)....................................................................................1.0 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz)........................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.957 353 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz)........................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................2.957 353 foot (ft)........................................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................3.048 foot (U.S survey ft)9. ................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................3.048 006 footcandle................................................................... lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.076 391 footlambert................................................................. candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................3.426 259 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)13. ................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................4.063 666 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)13. ................ kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................4.063 666 foot of water (39.2 ºF)13............................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.988 98 foot of water (39.2 ºF)13............................................ kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................2.988 98 foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)13.................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.989 067 foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)13.................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................2.989 067 foot per hour (ft/h)................................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................8.466 667 foot per minute (ft/min).......................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................5.08 foot per second (ft/s)................................................ meter per second (m/s)........................................................................3.048 foot per second squared (ft/s2)............................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................3.048 foot poundal............................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.214 011 foot pound-force (ft ∙ lbf )........................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................1.355 818 foot pound-force per hour (ft ∙ lbf/h).................... watt (W)..................................................................................................3.766 161 foot pound-force per minute (ft ∙ lbf/min)........... watt (W)..................................................................................................2.259 697 foot pound-force per second (ft ∙ lbf/s)................. watt (W)..................................................................................................1.355 818 foot to the fourth power (ft4)17. .............................. meter to the fourth power (m4)..........................................................8.630 975 franklin (Fr)................................................................ coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.335 641

E+04 E+00 E–15 E+00 E–05 E+01 E–01 E–01 E+01 E+00 E+04 E+01 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E–05 E–03 E–01 E–01 E–02 E+00 E–04 E–02 E+00 E–03 E–10

gal (Gal)....................................................................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................1.0 gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (gal)......... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.546 09 gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (gal)......... liter (L).....................................................................................................4.546 09 gallon (U.S.) (gal)....................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.785 412 gallon (U.S.) (gal)....................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................3.785 412 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d).................................... cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................4.381 264 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d).................................... liter per second (L/s).............................................................................4.381 264 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal / (hp ∙ h)]........................................................ cubic meter per joule (m3/J)................................................................1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal / (hp ∙ h)]........................................................ liter per joule (L/ J)................................................................................1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min).............. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................6.309 020 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min).............. liter per second (L/ s)............................................................................6.309 020 gamma (γ)................................................................... tesla (T)...................................................................................................1.0 gauss (Gs, G).............................................................. tesla (T)...................................................................................................1.0 gilbert (Gi).................................................................. ampere (A)..............................................................................................7.957 747

E–02 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–08 E–05

17

E–09 E–06 E–05 E–02 E–09 E–04 E–01

This is a unit for the quantity second moment of area, which is sometimes called the “moment of section” or “area moment of inertia” of a plane section about a specified axis.

1-28

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by gill [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (gi)................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.420 653 E–04 E–01 gill [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (gi)................. liter (L).....................................................................................................1.420 653 gill (U.S.) (gi).............................................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.182 941 E–04 gill (U.S.) (gi).............................................................. liter (L).....................................................................................................1.182 941 E–01 gon (also called grade) (gon)................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................1.570 796 E–02 gon (also called grade) (gon)................................... degree (angle) (°)....................................................................................9.0 E–01 grain (gr)..................................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................6.479 891 E–05 grain (gr)..................................................................... milligram (mg).......................................................................................6.479 891 E+01 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal)................................ kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.711 806 E–02 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal)................................ milligram per liter (mg/L)....................................................................1.711 806 E+01 gram-force per square centimeter (gf /cm2)........ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)......................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.0 E+03 hectare (ha)................................................................. square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 horsepower (550 ft ∙ lbf/s) (hp)............................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.456 999 horsepower (boiler).................................................. watt (W)..................................................................................................9.809 50 horsepower (electric)................................................ watt (W)..................................................................................................7.46 horsepower (metric)................................................. watt (W)..................................................................................................7.354 988 horsepower (U.K.)..................................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.4570 horsepower (water)................................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.460 43 hour (h)........................................................................ second (s)................................................................................................3.6 hour (sidereal)............................................................ second (s)................................................................................................3.590 170 hundredweight (long, 112 lb).................................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................5.080 235 hundredweight (short, 100 lb)................................ kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................4.535 924

E+04 E+02 E+03 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+01 E+01

inch (in)....................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 inch (in)....................................................................... centimeter (cm).....................................................................................2.54 inch of mercury (32 ºF)13......................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.386 38 inch of mercury (32 ºF)13......................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.386 38 inch of mercury (60 ºF)13......................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.376 85 inch of mercury (60 ºF)13......................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.376 85 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)13................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.386 389 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)13................ kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.386 389 inch of water (39.2 ºF)13. .......................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.490 82 inch of water (60 ºF)13. ............................................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.4884 inch of water, conventional (inH2O)13................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.490 889 inch per second (in/s)............................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................2.54 inch per second squared (in/s2).............................. meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................2.54 inch to the fourth power (in4)17.............................. meter to the fourth power (m4)..........................................................4.162 314

E–02 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+02 E+02 E+02 E–02 E–02 E–07

E+02 kayser (K).................................................................... reciprocal meter (m–1)..........................................................................1.0 kelvin (K)..................................................................... degree Celsius (ºC).................................................................................t / ºC = T/ K – 273.15 kilocalorieIT (kcalIT)................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 E+03 kilocalorieth (kcalth).................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 E+03 kilocalorie (mean) (kcal).......................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 E+03 E+01 kilocalorieth per minute (kcalth /min).................... watt (W)..................................................................................................6.973 333 kilocalorieth per second (kcalth /s).......................... watt (W)..................................................................................................4.184 E+03 E+00 kilogram-force (kgf )................................................. newton (N)..............................................................................................9.806 65 kilogram-force meter (kgf ∙ m)............................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2)................................................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+04 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2)................................................................. kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 kilogram-force per square meter (kgf/m2)........... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2)................................................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+06 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2)................................................................ megapascal (MPa).................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force second squared per meter (kgf ∙ s2/m)............................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilometer per hour (km/h)....................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................2.777 778 E–01 kilopond (kilogram-force) (kp)............................... newton (N)..............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilowatt hour (kW ∙ h).............................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................3.6 E+06 kilowatt hour (kW ∙ h).............................................. megajoule (MJ).......................................................................................3.6 E+00

Conversion Factors

1-29

To convert from to Multiply by E+03 kip (1 kip=1000 lbf ).................................................. newton (N)..............................................................................................4.448 222 E+00 kip (1 kip=1000 lbf ).................................................. kilonewton (kN).....................................................................................4.448 222 E+06 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2).......................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 E+03 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2).......................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 E–01 knot (nautical mile per hour).................................. meter per second (m/s)........................................................................5.144 444 lambert18..................................................................... candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................3.183 099 langley (calth/cm2)...................................................... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................4.184 light year (l.y.)19.......................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................9.460 73 liter (L)20...................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.0 lumen per square foot (lm/ft2)................................ lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.076 391

E+03 E+04 E+15 E–03 E+01

maxwell (Mx)............................................................. weber (Wb).............................................................................................1.0 E–08 E+00 mho.............................................................................. siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.0 E–08 microinch.................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 E–02 microinch.................................................................... micrometer (µm)...................................................................................2.54 E–06 micron (µ)................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 E+00 micron (µ)................................................................... micrometer (µm)...................................................................................1.0 E–05 mil (0.001 in).............................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 E–02 mil (0.001 in).............................................................. millimeter (mm)....................................................................................2.54 E–04 mil (angle)................................................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................9.817 477 E–02 mil (angle)................................................................... degree (º).................................................................................................5.625 E+03 mile (mi)...................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.609 344 E+00 mile (mi)...................................................................... kilometer (km).......................................................................................1.609 344 E+03 mile (based on U.S survey foot) (mi)9................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.609 347 E+00 mile (based on U.S survey foot) (mi)9................... kilometer (km).......................................................................................1.609 347 E+03 mile, nautical 21. ........................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................1.852 E+05 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal).................... meter per cubic meter (m/m3)............................................................4.251 437 E–01 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal).................... kilometer per liter (km/L)....................................................................4.251 437 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal)22. ................ liter per 100 kilometer (L/100 km)..........................................divide 235.215 by number of miles per gallon E–01 mile per hour (mi/h)................................................. meter per second (m/s)........................................................................4.4704 E+00 mile per hour (mi/h)................................................. kilometer per hour (km/h)..................................................................1.609 344 E+01 mile per minute (mi/min)........................................ meter per second (m/s).........................................................................2.682 24 E+03 mile per second (mi/s)............................................. meter per second (m/s).........................................................................1.609 344 E+02 millibar (mbar)........................................................... pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.0 E–01 millibar (mbar)........................................................... kilopascal (kPa).......................................................................................1.0 E+02 millimeter of mercury, conventional (mmHg)13 pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.333 224 E+00 millimeter of water, conventional (mmH2O)13 ...pascal (Pa).................................................................................................9.806 65 E–04 minute (angle) (')....................................................... radian (rad)..............................................................................................2.908 882 E+01 minute (min).............................................................. second (s).................................................................................................6.0 E+01 minute (sidereal)....................................................... second (s).................................................................................................5.983 617 nit................................................................................. candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................1.0 nox................................................................................ lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.0

E+00 E–03

oersted (Oe)................................................................ ampere per meter (A/m).......................................................................7.957 747 ohm centimeter (Ω ∙ cm).......................................... ohm meter (Ω ∙ m).................................................................................1.0 ohm circular-mil per foot........................................ ohm meter (Ω ∙ m).................................................................................1.662 426 ohm circular-mil per foot........................................ ohm square millimeter per meter (Ω ∙ mm2 /m)............................................................................................1.662 426 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz).......................................... kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................2.834 952 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz).......................................... gram (g)....................................................................................................2.834 952 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz).............................. kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................3.110 348 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz).............................. gram (g)....................................................................................................3.110 348 ounce [Canadian and U.K fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz)....................................................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................2.841 306

E+01 E–02 E–09 E–03 E–02 E+01 E–02 E+01 E–05

The exact conversion factor is 104/π. This conversion factor is based on 1 d = 86 400 s; and 1 Julian century = 36 525 d. (See The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1995, page K6, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994). 20 In 1964 the General Conference on Weights and Measures reestablished the name “liter” as a special name for the cubic decimeter. Between 1901 and 1964 the liter was slightly larger (1.000 028 dm3); when one uses high-accuracy volume data of that time, this fact must be kept in mind. 21 The value of this unit, 1 nautical mile = 1852 m, was adopted by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference, Monaco, 1929, under the name “International nautical mile.” 22 For converting fuel economy, as used in the U.S., to fuel consumption. 18 19

1-30

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by ounce [Canadian and U.K fluid (Imperial)] E+01 (fl oz)......................................................................... milliliter (mL)..........................................................................................2.841 306 ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz)........................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................2.957 353 E–05 ounce (U.S fluid) (fl oz)............................................ milliliter (mL)..........................................................................................2.957 353 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois)-force (ozf )............................. newton (N)...............................................................................................2.780 139 E–01 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ∙ in).............. newton meter (N ∙ m)............................................................................7.061 552 E–03 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ∙ in).............. millinewton meter (mN ∙ m)................................................................7.061 552 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic inch (oz/ in3)....... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................1.729 994 E+03 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (oz/gal)....................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................6.236 023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and E+00 U.K (Imperial)] (oz/gal)....................................... gram per liter (g/L).................................................................................6.236 023 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz/gal)...... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................7.489 152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz/gal)...... gram per liter (g/L).................................................................................7.489 152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per square foot (oz/ ft2)....... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................3.051 517 E–01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square inch (oz/ in2)..... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................4.394 185 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square yard(oz/yd2)...... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................3.390 575 E–02 parsec (pc).................................................................. meter (m).................................................................................................3.085 678 peck (U.S.) (pk).......................................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................8.809 768 peck (U.S.) (pk).......................................................... liter (L)......................................................................................................8.809 768 pennyweight (dwt).................................................... kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................1.555 174 pennyweight (dwt).................................................... gram (g)....................................................................................................1.555 174 perm (0 ºC)................................................................. kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m2)].................................................................................5.721 35 perm (23 ºC)............................................................... kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m2)]..................................................................................5.745 25 perm inch (0 ºC)........................................................ kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m)]...................................................................................1.453 22 perm inch (23 ºC)...................................................... kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m)]..................................................................................1.459 29 phot (ph)..................................................................... lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.0 pica (computer) (1/6 in)........................................... meter (m)................................................................................................4.233 333 pica (computer) (1/6 in)........................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................4.233 333 pica (printer’s)............................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................4.217 518 pica (printer’s)............................................................ millimeter (mm)....................................................................................4.217 518 pint (U.S dry) (dry pt)............................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................5.506 105 pint (U.S dry) (dry pt)............................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................5.506 105 pint (U.S liquid) (liq pt)............................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.731 765 pint (U.S liquid) (liq pt)............................................ liter (L).....................................................................................................4.731 765 point (computer) (1/72 in)...................................... meter (m)................................................................................................3.527 778 point (computer) (1/72 in)...................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................3.527 778 point (printer’s).......................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................3.514 598 point (printer’s).......................................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................3.514 598 poise (P)...................................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.0 pound (avoirdupois) (lb)23....................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................4.535 924 pound (troy or apothecary) (lb)............................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................3.732 417 poundal....................................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................1.382 550 poundal per square foot........................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.488 164 poundal second per square foot............................. pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.488 164 pound foot squared (lb ∙ ft2).................................... kilogram meter squared (kg ∙ m2).......................................................4.214 011 pound-force (lbf )24.................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................4.448 222 pound-force foot (lbf ∙ ft)......................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................1.355 818 pound-force foot per inch (lbf ∙ ft/in)................... newton meter per meter (N ∙ m/m)...................................................5.337 866 pound-force inch (lbf ∙ in)....................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................1.129 848 pound-force inch per inch (lbf ∙ in/in).................. newton meter per meter (N ∙ m/m)...................................................4.448 222 pound-force per foot (lbf/ft)................................... newton per meter (N/m).....................................................................1.459 390 pound-force per inch (lbf/in).................................. newton per meter (N/m).....................................................................1.751 268 pound-force per pound (lbf/lb) (thrust to mass ratio)............................. newton per kilogram (N/kg)...............................................................9.806 65 23 24

The exact conversion factor is 4.535 923 7 E–01. All units that contain the pound refer to the avoirdupois pound unless otherwise specified. If the local value of the acceleration of free fall is taken as gn=9.806 65 m/ s2 (the standard value), the exact conversion factor is 4.448 221 615 260 5 E+00.

E+16 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–11 E–11 E–12 E–12 E+04 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–01 E–01 E–01 E–01 E+00 E+00 E–02 E+00 E+00 E+01 E–01 E+00 E+01 E+02 E+00

Conversion Factors

1-31

To convert from to Multiply by pound-force per square foot (lbf/ft2)..................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................4.788 026 E+01 E+03 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2).......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2).......... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 E+00 pound-force second per square foot (lbf ∙ s/ft2)............................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.788 026 E+01 pound-force second per square inch E+03 (lbf ∙ s/in2)............................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................6.894 757 pound inch squared (lb ∙ in2)................................... kilogram meter squared (kg ∙ m2).......................................................2.926 397 E–04 pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3)................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.601 846 E+01 pound per cubic inch (lb/in3).................................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................2.767 990 E+04 pound per cubic yard (lb/yd3)................................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................5.932 764 E–01 pound per foot (lb/ft)............................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound per foot hour [lb/(ft ∙ h)]............................. pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.133 789 E–04 pound per foot second [lb/(ft ∙ s)].......................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (lb/gal)....................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................9.977 637 E+01 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (lb/gal)....................................... kilogram per liter (kg/L).......................................................................9.977 637 E–02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal).............................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.198 264 E+02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal).............................. kilogram per liter (kg/L).......................................................................1.198 264 E–01 pound per horsepower hour [lb/(hp ∙ h)]............. kilogram per joule (kg/J)......................................................................1.689 659 E–07 pound per hour (lb/h).............................................. kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................1.259 979 E–04 pound per inch (lb/in).............................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.785 797 E+01 E–03 pound per minute (lb/min)..................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................7.559 873 pound per second (lb/s)........................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................4.535 924 E–01 pound per square foot (lb/ft2)................................. kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)....................................................4.882 428 E+00 pound per square inch (not pound-force) (lb/in2)..................................................................... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)....................................................7.030 696 E+02 E–01 pound per yard (lb/yd)............................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................4.960 546 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2).......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 E+03 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2).......... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 E+00 quad (1015 BtuIT)11...................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 056 quart (U.S dry) (dry qt)............................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.101 221 quart (U.S dry) (dry qt)............................................ liter (L).....................................................................................................1.101 221 quart (U.S liquid) (liq qt)......................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................9.463 529 quart (U.S liquid) (liq qt)......................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................9.463 529

E+18 E–03 E+00 E–04 E–01

rad (absorbed dose) (rad)........................................ gray (Gy)..................................................................................................1.0 rem (rem).................................................................... sievert (Sv)..............................................................................................1.0 revolution (r).............................................................. radian (rad).............................................................................................6.283 185 revolution per minute (rpm) (r/min).................... radian per second (rad/s).....................................................................1.047 198 rhe................................................................................ reciprocal pascal second [(Pa ∙ s)–1]...................................................1.0 rod (based on U.S survey foot) (rd)9. .................... meter (m)................................................................................................5.029 210 roentgen (R)................................................................ coulomb per kilogram (C/kg).............................................................2.58 rpm (revolution per minute) (r/min).................... radian per second (rad/s).....................................................................1.047 198

E–02 E–02 E+00 E–01 E+01 E+00 E–04 E–01

second (angle) (")....................................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................4.848 137 second (sidereal)........................................................ second (s)................................................................................................9.972 696 shake............................................................................ second (s)................................................................................................1.0 shake............................................................................ nanosecond (ns).....................................................................................1.0 skot............................................................................... candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................3.183 098 slug (slug).................................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.459 390 slug per cubic foot (slug/ft3).................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................5.153 788 slug per foot second [slug/(ft ∙ s)]........................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.788 026 square foot (ft2).......................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................9.290 304 square foot per hour (ft2/h)..................................... square meter per second (m2/s)..........................................................2.580 64 square foot per second (ft2/s).................................. square meter per second (m2/s)..........................................................9.290 304 square inch (in2)......................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................6.4516 square inch (in2)......................................................... square centimeter (cm2).......................................................................6.4516 square mile (mi2)....................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................2.589 988 square mile (mi2)....................................................... square kilometer (km2).........................................................................2.589 988

E–06 E–01 E–08 E+01 E–04 E+01 E+02 E+01 E–02 E–05 E–02 E–04 E+00 E+06 E+00

1-32

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by square mile E+06 (based on U.S survey foot) (mi2)9...................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................2.589 998 square mile (based on U.S survey foot) (mi2)9...................... square kilometer (km2).........................................................................2.589 998 E+00 square yard (yd2)........................................................ square meter (m2)..................................................................................8.361 274 E–01 statampere.................................................................. ampere (A)..............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 statcoulomb................................................................ coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 statfarad....................................................................... farad (F)...................................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 stathenry..................................................................... henry (H).................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 statmho........................................................................ siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 statohm........................................................................ ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 statvolt......................................................................... volt (V).....................................................................................................2.997 925 E+02 stere (st)....................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.0 E+00 stilb (sb)....................................................................... candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................1.0 E+04 stokes (St).................................................................... meter squared per second (m2/s).......................................................1.0 E–04 tablespoon.................................................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.478 676 tablespoon.................................................................. milliliter (mL).........................................................................................1.478 676 teaspoon...................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.928 922 teaspoon...................................................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................4.928 922 tex................................................................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.0 therm (EC)25............................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 06 therm (U.S.)25............................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 804 ton, assay (AT)........................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................2.916 667 ton, assay (AT)........................................................... gram (g)...................................................................................................2.916 667 ton-force (2000 lbf )................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................8.896 443 ton-force (2000 lbf )................................................... kilonewton (kN).....................................................................................8.896 443 ton, long (2240 lb)..................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.016 047 ton, long, per cubic yard.......................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.328 939 ton, metric (t).............................................................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.0 tonne (called “metric ton” in U.S.) (t).................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.0 ton of refrigeration (12 000 BtuIT /h)..................... watt (W)..................................................................................................3.516 853 ton of TNT (energy equivalent)26.......................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 ton, register................................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.831 685 ton, short (2000 lb).................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................9.071 847 ton, short, per cubic yard......................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.186 553 ton, short, per hour................................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................2.519 958 torr (Torr)................................................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.333 224

E–05 E+01 E–06 E+00 E–06 E+08 E+08 E–02 E+01 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+09 E+00 E+02 E+03 E–01 E+02

unit pole...................................................................... weber (Wb).............................................................................................1.256 637

E–07

watt hour (W ∙ h)....................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................3.6 watt per square centimeter (W/cm2)..................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.0 watt per square inch (W/in2).................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.550 003 watt second (W ∙ s).................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.0

E+03 E+04 E+03 E+00

yard (yd)...................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................9.144 year (365 days)........................................................... second (s)................................................................................................3.1536 year (sidereal)............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................3.155 815 year (tropical)............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................3.155 693

E–01 E+07 E+07 E+07

The therm (EC) is legally defined in the Council Directive of 20 December 1979, Council of the European Communities (now the European Union, EU). The therm (U.S.) is legally defined in the Federal Register of July 27, 1968. Although the therm (EC), which is based on the International Table Btu, is frequently used by engineers in the United States, the therm (U.S.) is the legal unit used by the U.S natural gas industry. 26 Defined (not measured) value. 25

CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES From Celsius

Fahrenheit

Kelvin Rankine

To Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine Celsius Kelvin Rankine Celsius Rankine Fahrenheit Kelvin

tF/˚F = (9/5) t/˚C + 32 T/K = t/˚C + 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) (t/˚C + 273.15) t/˚C = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] T/K = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] + 273.15 T/˚R = tF/˚F + 459.67 t/˚C = T/K - 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) T/K tF/˚F = T/˚R - 459.67 T/K = (5/9) T/˚R

Definition of symbols: T = thermodynamic (absolute) temperature t = Celsius temperature (the symbol θ is also used for Celsius temperature) tF = Fahrenheit temperature Designation of Large Numbers U.S.A.

Other countries

6

million

million

109

billion

milliard

10

1012

trillion

billion

1015

quadrillion

billiard

1018

quintillion

trillion

100100

googol

10googol

googolplex

1-33

HC&P_S01.indb 33

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ENERGY UNITS If greater accuracy is required, use the Energy Equivalents section of the Fundamental Physical Constants table.

‒

Wavenumber v cm–1 v: 1 cm–1 1 v: 1 MHz  3.33564 × 10–5 1 aJ  50341.1 E: 1 eV  8065.54 Eh  219474.63 Em: 1 kJ/mol  83.5935 1 kcal/  349.755 mol T: 1 K  0.695039

‒

Frequency v MHz 2.997925 × 104 1 1.509189 × 109 2.417988 × 108 6.579684 × 109 2.506069 × 106 1.048539 × 107

Energy E aJ 1.986447 × 10–5 6.626076 × 10–10 1 0.1602177 4.359748 1.660540 × 10–3 6.947700 × 10–3

Energy E eV 1.239842 × 10–4 4.135669 × 10–9 6.241506 1 27.2114 1.036427 × 10–2 4.336411 × 10–2

Energy E Eh 4.556335 × 10–6 1.519830 × 10–10 0.2293710 3.674931 × 10–2 1 3.808798 × 10–4 1.593601 × 10–3

2.08367 × 104 1.380658 × 10–5 8.61738 × 10–5 3.16683 × 10–6

Molar energy Em kJ/mol 11.96266 × 10–3 3.990313 × 10–7 602.2137 96.4853 2625.500 1 4.184

Molar energy Em Temperature T kcal/mol K 2.85914 × 10–3 1.438769 9.53708 × 10–8 4.79922 × 10–5 143.9325 7.24292 × 104 23.0605 1.16045 × 104 627.510 3.15773 × 105 0.239006 120.272 1 503.217

8.31451 × 10–3

1.98722 × 10–3

1

Examples of the use of this table: 1 aJ  50341 cm–1 1 eV  96.4853 kJ mol–1 The symbol  should be read as meaning corresponds to or is equivalent to.

‒

E = hv = hcv = kT; Em = NAE; Eh is the Hartree energy

1-34

HC&P_S01.indb 34

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PRESSURE UNITS Pa kPa MPa bar atmos Torr µmHg psi

Pa 1 1000 1000000 100000 101325 133.322 0.133322 6894.757

kPa 0.001 1 1000 100 101.325 0.133322 0.000133322 6.894757

MPa 0.000001 0.001 1 0.1 0.101325 0.000133322 1.33322 × 10–7 0.006894757

bar 0.00001 0.01 10 1 1.01325 0.00133322 1.33322 × 10–6 0.06894757

To convert a pressure value from a unit in the left hand column to a new unit, multiply the value by the factor appearing in the column for the new unit. For example: 1 kPa = 9.8692 × 10–3 atmos 1 Torr = 1.33322 × 10–4 MPa

atmos 9.8692 × 10–6 0.0098692 9.8692 0.98692 1 0.00131579 1.31579 × 10–6 0.068046

Torr 0.0075006 7.5006 7500.6 750.06 760 1 0.001 51.7151

µmHg 7.5006 7500.6 7500600 750060 760000 1000 1 51715.1

psi 0.0001450377 0.1450377 145.0377 14.50377 14.69594 0.01933672 1.933672 × 10–5 1

Notes: µmHg is often referred to as “micron” Torr is essentially identical to mmHg psi is an abbreviation for the unit pound–force per square inch psia (as a term for a physical quantity) implies the true (absolute) pressure psig implies the true pressure minus the local atmospheric pressure

1-35

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY UNITS MULTIPLY ↓ by appropriate factor to OBTAIN→ BtuIT h–1 ft–1 °F–1 BtuIT in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1 Btuth h–1 ft–1 °F–1 Btuth in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1 calIT s–1 cm–1 °C–1 calth s–1 cm–1 °C–1 kcalth h–1 m–1 °C–1 J s–1 cm–1 K–1 W cm–1 K–1 W m–1 K–1 mW cm–1 K–1

BtuIT h–1 ft–1 °F–1

BtuIT in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1

Btuth h–1 ft–1 °F–1

Btuth in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1

calIT s–1 cm–1 °C–1

calth s–1 cm–1 °C–1

kcalth h–1 m–1 °C–1

J s–1 cm–1 K–1

W cm–1 K–1 W m–1 K–1

mW cm–1 K–1

1

12

1.00067

12.0080

4.13379×10–3

4.13656×10–3

1.48916

1.73073×10–2

1.73073×10–2 1.73073

17.3073

8.33333×10–2

1

8.33891×10–2

1.00067

3.44482×10–4

3.44713×10–4

0.124097

1.44228×10–3

1.44228×10–3 0.144228

1.44228

0.999331

11.9920

1

12

4.13102×10

4.13379×10

1.48816

1.72958×10

1.72958×10

17.2958

8.32776×10–2

0.999331

8.33333×10–2

1

3.44252×10–4

3.44482×10–4

0.124014

1.44131×10–3

1.44131×10–3 0.144131

2.41909×102

2.90291×103

2.42071×102

2.90485×103

1

1.00067

3.60241×102

4.1868

4.1868

4.1868×102 4.1868×103

2.41747×102

2.90096×103

2.41909×102

2.90291×103

0.999331

1

3.6×102

4.184

4.184

4.184×102

4.184×103

0.671520 57.7789 57.7789 0.577789 5.77789×10–2

8.05824 6.93347×102 6.93347×102 6.93347 0.693347

0.671969 57.8176 57.8176 0.578176 5.78176×10–2

8.06363 6.93811×102 6.93811×102 6.93811 0.693811

2.77592×10–3 0.238846 0.238846 2.38846×10–3 2.38846×10–4

2.77778×10–3 0.239006 0.239006 2.39006×10–3 2.39006×10–4

1 86.0421 86.0421 0.860421 8.60421×10–2

1.16222×10–2 1 1 1×10–2 1×10–3

1.16222×10–2 1 1 1×10–2 1×10–3

1.16222 1×102 1×102 1 0.1

11.6222 1×103 1×103 10 1

–3

–3

–2

–2

1.72958

1.44131

1-36

HC&P_S01.indb 36

5/2/05 8:33:55 AM

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY UNITS To convert FROM ↓ multiply by appropriate

factor to OBTAIN →

abohm centimeter microohm centimeter ohm centimeter statohm centimeter (esu) ohm meter ohm circular mil per foot ohm inch ohm foot

abΩ cm

1 103 108 8.987 × 1020 1011 1.662 × 102 2.54 × 109 3.048 × 1010

µΩ cm 1 × 10–3 1 106 8.987 × 1017 108 1.662 × 10–1 2.54 × 106 3.048 × 107

Ω cm

10–9 10–6 1 8.987 × 1011 102 1.662 × 10–7 2.54 3.048 × 10–1

StatΩ cm 1.113 × 10–21 1.113 × 10–18 1.113 × 10–12 1 1.113 × 10–10 1.850 × 10–19 2.827 × 10–12 3.3924 × 10–11

Ωm

10–11 10–8 1 × 10–2 8.987 × 109 1 1.662 × 10–9 2.54 × 10–2 3.048 × 10–1

Ω cir. mil ft–1 6.015 × 10–3 6.015 6.015 × 106 5.406 × 1018 6.015 × 108 1 1.528 × 107 1.833 × 108

Ω in. 3.937 × 10–10 3.937 × 10–7 3.937 × 10–1 3.538 × 1011 3.937 × 101 6.54 × 10–6 1 12

Ω ft 3.281 × 10–11 3.281 × 10–6 3.281 × 10–2 2.949 × 1010 3.281 5.45 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–2 1

1-37

HC&P_S01.indb 37

5/2/05 8:33:56 AM

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR CHEMICAL KINETICS Equivalent Second Order Rate Constants B A 1 cm3 mol-1 s-1 = 1 dm3 mol-1 s-1 = 1 m3 mol-1 s-1 = 1cm3 molecule -1s-1 = 1 (mm Hg)-1 s-1 = 1 atm-1 s-1 1 ppm-1 min-1 = at 298 K, 1 atm total pressure 1 m2 kN-1s-1 =

cm3 mol-1s-1 1 103 106 6.023 × 1023 6.236 × 104 T 82.06 T 4.077 × 108

dm3 mol-1s-1 10-3 1 103 6.023 × 1020 62.36 T 8.206 × 10-2 T 4.077 × 105

m3 mol-1s-1 10-6 10-3 1 6.023 × 1017 6.236 × 10-2 T 8.206 × 10-5 T 407.7

cm3 molecule-1s-1 1.66 × 10-24 1.66 × 10-21 1.66 × 10-18 1 1.035 × 10-19 T 1.362 × 10-22 T 6.76 × 10-16

(mm Hg)-1s-1 1.604 × 10-5 T-1 1.604 × 10-2 T-1 16.04 T-1 9.658 × 1018T-1 1 1.316 × 10-3 21.93

atm-1s-1 1.219 × 10-2 T-1 12.19 T-1 1.219 × 104 T-1 7.34 × 1021 T-1 760 1 1.667 × 104

ppm-1min-1 2.453 × 10-9 2.453 × 10-6 2.453 × 10-3 1.478 × 1015 4.56 × 10-2 6 × 10-5 1

m2 kN-1s-1 1.203 × 10-4 T-1 1.203 × 10-1 T-1 120.3 T-1 7.244 × 1019T-1 7.500 9.869 × 10-3 164.5

8314 T

8.314 T

8.314 × 10-3 T

1.38 × 10-20 T

0.1333

101.325

6.079 × 10-3

1

To convert a rate constant from one set of units A to a new set B find the conversion factor for the row A under column B and multiply the old value by it, e.g.. to convert cm3 molecule-1 s-1 to m3 mol-1 s-1 multiply by 6.023 × 1017. Table adapted from High Temperature Reaction Rate Data No. 5, The University, Leeds (1970). Equivalent Third Order Rate Constants B A 1 cm6 mol-2 s-1= 1 dm6 mol-2 s-1 = 1 m6 mol-2 s-1= 1cm6 molecule –2s-1= 1 (mm Hg)-2 s-1 = 1 atm-2 s-1 = 1 ppm-2 min-1= at 298K, 1 atm total pressure 1 m1 kN-2s-1=

cm6 mol-2s-1 1 106 1012 3.628 × 1047 3.89 × 109 T2 6.733 × 103 T2 9.97 × 1018

dm6 mol-1s-1 10-6 1 106 3.628 × 1041 3.89 × 103 T2 6.733 × 10-3 T2 9.97 × 1012

m6 mol-2 s-1 10-12 10-6 1 3.628 × 1035 3.89 × 10-3 T2 6.733 × 10-9 T2 9.97 × 106

cm6 molecule-2 s-1 2.76 × 10-48 2.76 × 10-42 2.76 × 10-36 1 1.07 × 10-38T2 1.86 × 10-44T2 2.75 × 10-29

6.91 × 107 T2

6.91 T2

69.1 × 10-5 T2

1.904 × 10-40 T2 0.0178

(mm Hg)-2 s-1 2.57 × 10-10T-2 2.57 × 10-4T-2 257 T-2 9.328 × 1037T-2 1 1.73 × 10-6 2.89 × 104

atm-2 s-1 1.48 ×10-4 T-2 148 T-2 1.48 ×108T-2 5.388 × 1043T-2 5.776 × 105 1 1.667 × 1010

ppm-2 min-1 1.003 × 10-19 1.003 × 10-13 1.003 × 10-7 3.64 × 1028 3.46 × 10-5 6 × 10-11 1

m4 kN-2s-1 1.477 × 10-8T-2 1.477 × 10-2T-2 1.477 × 104T-2 5.248 × 1039T-2 56.25 9.74 × 10-5 1.623 × 106

1.027 × 104

6.16 × 10-7

1

From J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 470, 1980, by permission of the authors and the copyright owner, the American Institute of Physics.

1-38

HC&P_S01.indb 38

5/2/05 8:33:57 AM

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION Conversion Between SI and Other Units

Quantity Activity Absorbed dose Absorbed dose rate Average energy per ion pair Dose equivalent Dose equivalent rate Electric current Electric potential difference Exposure Exposure rate

Symbol for quantity Expression in SI units A 1 per second D joule per kilogram · joule per kilogram D second W joule H ˙ H I U, V X X

Expression Special in symbols name for for SI units SI units s–1 becquerel J kg–1 gray J kg–1 s–1

J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

coulomb per kilogram coulomb per kilogram second 1 per meter squared

C kg–1 C kg–1 s–1

φ

Fluence rate

Φ

Kerma Kerma rate

K  K

Lineal energy

y

1 per meter squared second joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second joule per meter

Linear energy transfer

L

joule per meter

A W A–1

J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

Mass energy transfer coefficient

µtr/ρ

meter squared per kilogram

m2 kg–1

Mass energy absorption coefficient Mass stopping power

µen/ρ

meter squared per kilogram

m2 kg–1

joule meter squared per kilogram

J m2 kg–1

Specific energy

1.602 × 10–19 J

sievert

rem rem per second

rem rem s–1

0.01 Sv 0.01 Sv s–1

volt

ampere volt

A V

1.0 A 1.0 V

roentgen roentgen

R R s–1

2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 s–1

cm–2

1.0 × 104 m–2

cm–2 s–1

1.0 × 104 m–2 s–1

Gy Gy s–1

1 per centimeter squared 1 per centimeter squared second rad rad per second

rad rad s–1

0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1

keV µm–1

1.602 × 10–10 J m–1

keV µm–1

1.602 × 10–10 J m–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

MeV cm2 g–1

1.602 × 10–14 J m2 kg–1

W Pa

kiloelectron volt per micrometer kiloelectron volt per micrometer centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram MeV centimeter squared per gram watt torr

W torr

1.0 W (101325/760)Pa

molecules (100 eV)–1

1.04 × 10–7 mol J–1

Gy

molecules per 100 electron volts rad

rad

0.01 Gy

Sv Sv s–1 V

gray

J m–1 m2 kg–1

Radiation chemical yield

eV

J m–1

meter squared per kilogram

P p

electronvolt

m–2 s–1

µ/ρ

Power Pressure

Value of conventional unit in SI units 3.7 × 1010 Bq 0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1

m–2

Mass attenuation coefficient

S/ρ

Symbol for conventional unit Ci rad rad s–1

J

joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second ampere watt per ampere

Fluence

Symbols using special Conventional names units Bq curie Gy rad Gy s–1 rad

G

joule per second newton per meter squared mole per joule

J s–1 N m–2 mol J–1

z

joule per kilogram

J kg–1

watt pascal

gray

1-39

HC&P_S01.indb 39

5/2/05 8:33:58 AM

Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation

1-40

Conversion of Radioactivity Units from MBq to mCi and µCi MBq 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 900 800

mCi 189. 162. 135. 108. 81. 54. 27. 24. 21.6

MBq 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 90 80

mCi 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7 2.4 2.16

MBq 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 9 8

mCi 1.89 1.62 1.35 1.08 810 540 270 240 220

MBq 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.9 0.8

mCi 189 162 135 108 81 54 27 24 21.6

MBq 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

mCi 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7

Conversion of Radioactivity Units from mCi and µCi to MBq mCi 200 150 100 90 80 70 60 50

MBq 7400 5550 3700 3330 2960 2590 2220 1850

MBq 1480 1110 740 370 333 296 259 222

mCi 40 30 20 10 9 8 7 6

5 4 3 2 1

mCi

MBq 185 148 111 74.0 37.0

µCi 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300

MBq 37.0 33.3 29.6 25.9 22.2 18.5 14.8 11.1

MBq 7.4 3.7 3.33 2.96 2.59 2.22 1.85 1.48

µCi 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40

µCi 30 20 10 5 2 1

MBq 1.11 0.74 0.37 0.185 0.074 0.037

Conversion of Radioactivity Units 100 TBq (1014 Bq) 10 TBq (1013 Bq) 1 TBq (1012 Bq) 100 GBq (1011 Bq) 10 GBq (1010 Bq) 1 GBq (109 Bq) 100 MBq (108 Bq) 10 MBq (107 Bq) 1 MBq (106 Bq)

= = = = = = = = =

2.7 kCi (2.7 × 103 Ci) 270 Ci (2.7 × 102 Ci) 27 Ci (2.7 × 101 Ci) 2.7 Ci (2.7 × 100 Ci) 270 mCi (2.7 × 10–1 Ci) 27 mCi (2.7 × 10–2 Ci) 2.7 mCi (2.7 × 10–3 Ci) 270 µCi (2.7 × 10–4 Ci) 27 µCi (2.7 × 10–5 Ci)

100 kBq (105 Bq) 10 kBq (104 Bq) 1 kBq (103 Bq) 100 Bq (102 Bq) 10 Bq (101 Bq) 1 Bq (100 Bq) 100 mBq (10–1 Bq) 10 mBq (10–2 Bq) 1 mBq (10–3 Bq)

= = = = = = = = =

2.7 µCi (2.7 × 10–6Ci) 270 nCi (2.7 × 10–7 Ci) 27 nCi (2.7 × 10–8 Ci) 2.7 nCi (2.7 × 10–9 Ci) 270 pCi (2.7 × 10–10 Ci) 27 pCi (2.7 × 10–11 Ci) 2.7 pCi (2.7 × 10–12 Ci) 270 fCi (2.7 × 10–13 Ci) 27 fCi (2.7 × 10–14 Ci)

Conversion of Absorbed Dose Units SI Units 100 Gy (102 Gy) 10 Gy (101 Gy) 1 Gy (100 Gy) 100 mGy (10–1 Gy) 10 mGy (10–2 Gy) 1 mGy (10–3 Gy)

= = = = = =

Conventional 10,000 rad (104 rad) 1,000 rad (103 rad) 100 rad (102 rad) 10 rad (101 rad) 1 rad (100 rad) 100 mrad (10–1 rad)

SI Units 100 µGy (10–4 Gy) 10 µGy (10–5 Gy) 1 µGy (10–6 Gy) 100 nGy (10–7 Gy) 10 nGy (10–8 Gy) 1 nGy (10–9 Gy)

= = = = = =

Conventional 10 mrad (10–2 rad) 1 mrad (10–3 rad) 100 µrad (10–4 rad) 10 µrad (10–5 rad) 1 µrad (10–6 rad) 100 nrad (10–7 rad)

= = = = = =

10 mrem (10–2 rem) 1 mrem (10–3 rem) 100 µrem (10–4 rem) 10 µrem (10–5 rem) 1 µrem (10–6 rem) 100 nrem (10–7 rem)

Conversion of Dose Equivalent Units 100 Sv (102 Sv) 10 Sv (101 Sv) 1 Sv (100 Sv) 100 mSv (10–1 Sv) 10 mSv (10–2 Sv) 1 mSv (10–3 Sv)

HC&P_S01.indb 40

= = = = = =

10,000 rem (104 rem) 1,000 rem (103 rem) 100 rem (102 rem) 10 rem (101 rem) 1 rem (100 rem) 100 mrem (10–1 rem)

100 µSv (10–4 Sv) 10 µSv (10–5 Sv) 1 µSv (10–6 Sv) 100 nSv (10–7 Sv) 10 nSv (10–8 Sv) 1 nSv (10–9 Sv)

5/2/05 8:33:59 AM

VALUES OF THE GAS CONSTANT IN DIFFERENT UNIT SYSTEMS 1 torr (mm Hg) = 133.322 Pa [at 0°C] 1 in Hg = 3386.38 Pa [at 0°C] 1 in H2O = 249.082 Pa [at 4°C] 1 ft H2O = 2988.98 Pa [at 4°C]

In SI units the value of the gas constant, R, is: R

= 8.314472 Pa m K mol = 8314.472 Pa L K-1 mol-1 = 0.08314472 bar L K-1 mol-1 3

-1

-1

This table gives the appropriate value of R for use in the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT, when the variables are expressed in other units. The following conversion factors for pressure units were used in generating the table: 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 psi = 6894.757 Pa Units of V, T, n T n K mol lb·mol °R mol lb·mol K mol cm3 lb·mol °R mol lb·mol L K mol lb·mol °R mol lb·mol K mol m3 lb·mol °R mol lb·mol

V ft3

kPa 0.2936228 133.1851 0.1631238 73.99170 8314.472 3771381 4619.151 2095211 8.314472 3771.381 4.619151 2095.211 0.008314472 3.771381 0.004619151 2.095211

atm 0.00289784 1.31443 0.00160990 0.730242 82.0574 37220.6 45.5875 20678.1 0.0820574 37.2206 0.0455875 20.6781 0.0000820574 0.0372206 0.0000455875 0.0206781

Reference Mohr, P. J., and Taylor, B. N., “The 2002 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 1, 2005. See also

psi 0.0425864 19.3168 0.0236591 10.7316 1205.91 546993 669.951 303885 1.20591 546.993 0.669951 303.885 0.00120591 0.546993 0.000669951 0.303885

Units of P mmHg 2.20236 998.973 1.22353 554.984 62363.8 282878000 34646.5 15715400 62.3638 28287.8 34.6465 15715.4 0.0623638 28.2878 0.0346465 15.7154

in Hg 0.0867070 39.3296 0.0481706 21.8498 2455.27 1113690 1364.03 618717 2.45527 1113.69 1.36403 618.717 0.00245527 1.11369 0.00136403 0.618717

in H2O 1.17881 534.704 0.654900 297.058 33380.4 15141100 18544.7 8411730 33.3804 15141.1 18.5447 8411.73 0.0333804 15.1411 0.0185447 8.41173

ft H2O 0.0982351 44.5587 0.0545751 24.7548 2781.71 1261760 1545.39 700979 2.78171 1261.76 1.54539 700.979 0.00278171 1.26176 0.00154539 0.700979

1-41

HC&P_S01.indb 41

5/2/05 8:34:00 AM

S01_17.indd 1

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 1 Group IA

1 H

2

13 IIIB IIIA

New Notation Previous IUPAC Form CAS Version

IIA

14 IVB IVA

15 VB VA

16 VIB VIA

17 VIIB VIIA

18 VIIIA

+1 -1

2 He

1.00794 1

3 Li

4.002602 2 +1

6.941 2-1

11 Na

4 Be

+2

+1

12 Mg

5 B

Key to Chart Atomic Number Symbol 2001 Atomic Weight

9.012182 2-2

22.989770 2-8-1

+2 +4

50 Sn

Oxidation States

118.710 -18-18-4

3 IIIA IIIB

24.3050 2-8-2

4 IVA IVB

5 VA VB

6 VIA VIB

7 VIIA VIIB

8

10.811 2-3

Electron Configuration

+2

9 VIIIA VIII

10

11 IB IB

+3

13 Al

12 IIB IIB

6 C

+2 +4 -4

12.0107 2-4 +3

26.981538 2-8-3

14 Si

7 N 14.0067 2-5

+2 +4 -4

28.0855 2-8-4

15 P 30.973761 2-8-5

+2 26 +2 24 +2 25 +2 27 +2 28 +2 29 +1 30 +2 31 +3 32 +2 33 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 Co Ni Cu +2 Zn Ga Ge +4 As +4 Fe +4 Cr +6 Mn +7 +5 39.0983 40.078 44.955910 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.92160 58.933200 58.6934 54.938049 55.845 -8-8-1 -8-8-2 -8-9-2 -8-10-2 -8-11-2 -8-13-1 -8-14-2 -8-16-2 -8-18-1 -8-18-2 -8-18-3 -8-18-4 -8-18-5 -8-13-2 -8-15-2 +1 +2 +3 +4 +3 +6 +3 +3 +2 +1 +2 +3 +2 +4 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 +3 +6 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb +5 Mo Tc Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn +4 Sb +7 Ru

19 K

+1

85.4678 -18-8-1

55 Cs

(223) -18-8-1

20 Ca

+2

87.62 -18-8-2 +1

132.90545 -18-8-1

87 Fr

Shell 0

+1

56 Ba

(226) -18-8-2

* Lanthanides

+3

88.90585 -18-9-2 +2

137.327 -18-8-2

88 Ra

21 Sc

57* La

+3

138.9055 -18-9-2 +2

89** Ac

+3

(227) -18-9-2

58 Ce

** Actinides

+2 +3 +4

91.224 -18-10-2

72 Hf

+4

178.49 -32-10-2

104 Rf

+3 +4

59 Pr

+4

+3

140.90765 -21-8-2 +4

232.0381 -18-10-2

91 Pa

23 V

92.90638 -18-12-1

(261) -32-10-2

140.116 -19-9-2

90 Th

22 Ti

+5 +4

231.03588 -20-9-2

73 Ta

+5

95.94 -18-13-1

74 W

(98) -18-13-2 +6

75 Re

101.07 -18-15-1 +4 +6 +7

102.90550 -18-16-1 +3 +4

76 Os

77 Ir

+3 +4

106.42 -18-18-0

78 Pt

107.8682 -18-18-1 +2 +4

79 Au

+1 +3

112.411 -18-18-2

80 Hg

114.818 -18-18-3 +1 +2

81 Tl

118.710 -18-18 -4 +1 +3

+2 +4

52 Te

+3 +5

190.23 -32-14-2

192.217 -32-15-2

195.078 -32-17-1

196.96655 200.59 -32-18-1 -32-18-2

105 Db

106 Sg

107 Bh

108 Hs

109 Mt

110 Ds

111 Rg

112 Uub

114 Uuq

116 Uuh

(262) -32-11-2

(266) -32-12-2

(264) -32-13-2

(277) -32-14-2

(268) -32-15-2

(271) -32-16-2

(272)

(285)

(289)

(289)

144.24 -22-8-2

+3

(145) -23-8-2

92 +3 93 +4 U +5 Np +6 238.02891 (237) -21-9-2 -22-9-2

62 Sm

+2 +3

150.36 -24-8-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

94 Pu (244) -24-8-2

63 Eu

+2 +3

151.964 -25-8-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

95 Am (243) -25-8-2

64 Gd

+3

157 .25 -25-9-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

96 Cm (247) -25-9-2

65 Tb

+3

158.92534 -27-8-2 +3

97 Bk

+3 +4

(247) -27-8-2

66 Dy

+3

162.500 -28-8-2

98 Cf (251) -28-8-2

67 Ho

+3

68 Er

+3

164.93032 167.259 -29-8-2 -30-8-2 +3

99 Es (252) -29-8-2

+3

100 Fm (257) -30-8-2

69 Tm

+3

208.98038 -32-18-5

84 Po

70 Yb

168.93421 173.04 -31-8-2 -32-8-2 +3

101 Md (258) -31-8-2

+2 +3

102 No (259) -32-8-2

+2 +4

(209) -32-18-6

+2 +3

71 Lu

35 Br 79.904 -8-18-7

+4 +6 -2

127.60 -18-18-6

186.207 -32-13-2

61 Pm

+4 +6 -2

78.96 -8-18-6 +3 +5 -3

121.760 -18-18-5

83 Bi

34 Se

183.84 -32-12-2

+3

207.2 -32-18-4

+3 +5 -3

180.9479 -32-11-2

60 Nd

204.3833 -32-18-3

82 Pb

103 Lr

Metallic solids Non-metallic solids 4/29/05 3:00:36 PM

Liquids Gases

36 Kr

86 Rn

(210) -32-18-7

(222) -32-18-8

K-L

K-L-M

0

83.798 -8-18-8

85 At

-L-M-N

-M-N-O

0

-N-O-P

-O-P-Q +3

174.967 -32-9-2 +2 +3

+1 +5 -1

+1 54 0 53 +5 I +7 Xe -1 126.90447 131.293 -18-18-7 -18-18-8

-N-O-P +3

(262) -32-8-3

The new IUPAC format numbers the groups from 1 to 18. The previous IUPAC numbering system and the system used by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) are also shown. For radioactive elements that do not occur in nature, the mass number of the most stable isotope is given in parentheses. Elements 112, 114, and 116 have been reported but not confirmed. References 1. G. J. Leigh, Editor, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. 2. Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985. 3. Atomic Weights of the Elements, 2001, Pure & Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003.

K

+1 8 -2 9 -1 10 0 +2 F Ne +3 O +4 +5 -1 18.9984032 20.1797 -2 15.9994 2-7 2-8 -3 2-6 +3 16 +4 17 +1 18 0 +5 +6 +5 -3 S -2 Cl +7 Ar -1 32.065 35.453 39.948 2-8-6 2-8-7 2-8-8

-O-P-Q

UNITS FOR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES Quantity Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction Magnetic flux Magnetic potential difference, magnetomotive force Magnetic field strength, magnetizing force (Volume) magnetization g (Volume) magnetization Magnetic polarization, intensity of magnetization (Mass) magnetization Magnetic moment Magnetic dipole moment (Volume) susceptibility (Mass) susceptibility (Molar) susceptibility Permeability Relative permeabilityj (Volume) energy density, energy product k Demagnetization factor a. b. c.

d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.

Symbol

Gaussian & cgs emu a

Conversion factor, C b

SI & rationalized mks c

gauss (G) d maxwell (Mx), G ⋅ cm2

10-4 10-8

tesla (T), Wb/m2 weber (Wb), volt second (V ⋅ s)

U, F

gilbert (Gb)

10/4π

ampere (A)

H M 4πM

oersted (Oe),e Gb/cm emu/cm3 h G

103/4π 103 103/4π

A/mf A/m A/m

J, I σ, M

emu/cm3 emu/g

4π × 10-4 1 4π × 10-7 10-3 4π × 10-10 4π (4π)2 × 10-7

T, Wb/m2 i A⋅m2/kg Wb⋅m/kg A ⋅m2, joule per tesla (J/T) Wb⋅mi dimensionless henry per meter (H/m), Wb/(A⋅m) m3/kg H⋅m2/kg m3/mol H⋅m2/mol H/m, Wb/(A⋅m) dimensionless

B Φ

m j χ,κ χρ,κρ

emu, erg/G emu, erg/G dimensionless, emu/cm3 cm3/g, emu/g

χmol, κmol cm3/mol, emu/mol µ µr

dimensionless not defined

W D, N

erg/cm3 dimensionless

4π × 10-3 (4π)2 × 10-10 4π × 10-6 (4π)2 × 10-13 4π × 10-7 10-1 1/4π

J/m3 dimensionless

Gaussian units and cgs emu are the same for magnetic properties. The defining relation is B = H + 4πM. Multiply a number in Gaussian units by C to convert it to SI (e.g., 1 G × 10–4 T/G = 10–4 T). SI (Système International d’Unités) has been adopted by the National Bureau of Standards. Where two conversion factors are given, the upper one is recognized under, or consistent with, SI and is based on the definition B = µ0(H + M), where µ0 = 4π × 10–7 H/m. The lower one is not recognized under SI and is based on the definition B = µ0 H + J, where the symbol I is often used in place of J. 1 gauss = 105 gamma (γ). Both oersted and gauss are expressed as cm–1/2⋅g1/2⋅s–1 in terms of base units. A/m was often expressed as “ampere–turn per meter” when used for magnetic field strength. Magnetic moment per unit volume. The designation “emu” is not a unit. Recognized under SI, even though based on the definition B = µ0H + J. See footnote c. µr = µ/µ0 = 1+χ, all in SI. µris equal to Gaussian µ. B⋅H and µ0 M⋅H have SI units J/m3; M⋅H and B⋅H/4π have Gaussian units erg/cm3.

R. B. Goldfarb and F. R. Fickett, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303, March 1985, NBS Special Publication 696. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

1-22

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SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) have jointly developed a set of recommended symbols for physical and chemical quantities. Consistent use of these recommended symbols helps assure unambiguous scientific communication. The list below is reprinted from Reference 1 with permission from IUPAC. Full details may be found in the following references: 1. Ian Mills, Ed., Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 2. E. R. Cohen and P. Giacomo, Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, and Fundamental Constants in Physics, Document IUPAP–25, 1987; also published in Physica, 146A 1–68, 1987. 3. ISO Standards Handbook 2: Units of Measurement, International Organization of Standardization, Geneva, 1982.

GENERAL RULES The value of a physical quantity is expressed as the product of a numerical value and a unit, e.g.: T = 300 K V = 26.2 cm3 Cp = 45.3 J mol-1 K-1

Name Space and Time cartesian space coordinates spherical polar coordinates generalized coordinate position vector length special symbols: height breadth thickness distance radius diameter path length length of arc area volume plane angle solid angle time period frequency circular frequency, angular frequency characteristic time interval, relaxation time, time constant angular velocity velocity

Symbol x, y, z r, θ, φ q, qi r l h b d, δ d r d s s A, As, S V, (υ) α, β, γ, θ, φ… ω, Ω t T v, f ω τ, T ω υ, u, w, c, r˙

The symbol for a physical quantity is always given in italic (sloping) type, while symbols for units are given in roman type. Column headings in tables and axis labels on graphs may conveniently be written as the physical quantity symbol divided by the unit symbol, e.g.: T/K V/cm3 Cp/J mol-1 K-1 The values in the table or graph axis are then pure numbers. Subscripts to symbols for physical quantities should be italic if the subscript refers to another physical quantity or to a number, e.g.: Cp – heat capacity at constant pressure Bn – nth virial coefficient Subscripts which have other meanings should be in roman type: mp – mass of the proton Ek – kinetic energy The following tables give the recommended symbols for the major classes of physical and chemical quantities. The expression in the Definition column is given as an aid in identifying the quantity but is not necessarily the complete or unique definition. The SI Unit gives one (not necessarily unique) expression for the coherent SI unit for the quantity. Other equivalent unit expressions, including those which involve SI prefixes, may be used.

Definition

r = xi + yj + zk

SI unit m m, 1, 1 (varies) m m

T = t/N v = 1/T ω = 2πv

m2 m3 rad, 1 sr, 1 s s Hz rad s–1, s–1

τ = |dt/dlnx| ω= dφ/dt υ = dr/dt

s rad s–1, s–1 m s–1

α = s/r ω = A/r2

2-1

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2-2 Name speed acceleration Classical Mechanics mass reduced mass density, mass density relative density surface density specific volume momentum angular momentum, action moment of inertia force torque, moment of a force energy potential energy kinetic energy work Hamilton function Lagrange function pressure surface tension weight gravitational constant normal stress shear stress linear strain, relative elongation modulus of elasticity, Young’s modulus shear strain shear modulus volume strain, bulk strain bulk modulus, compression modulus viscosity, dynamic viscosity fluidity kinematic viscosity friction coefficient power sound energy flux acoustic factors reflection factor acoustic absorption factor transmission factor dissipation factor Electricity and Magnetism quantity of electricity, electric charge charge density surface charge density electric potential electric potential difference electromotive force electric field strength electric flux electric displacement capacitance permittivity permittivity of vacuum relative permittivity dielectric polarization (dipole moment per volume) electric susceptibility electric dipole moment

S02_01.indd 2

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol υ, u, w, c a, (g) m µ ρ d ρA, ρS υ p L I, J F T, (M) E Ep, V, Φ Ek, T, K W, w H L p, P γ, σ G, (W, P) G σ τ ε, e E γ G θ K η, µ φ v µ, (f ) P P, Pa ρ αa, (α) τ δ Q ρ σ V, φ U, ∆V, ∆φ E E Ψ D C ε ε0 εr P χe p, µ

Definition v = |υ| a = dυ/dt

SI unit m s–1 m s–2

Ep = ∫F ∙ ds Ek = 1/2mv2 W = ∫F ∙ ds H(q, p) = T (q, p) + V(q) L(q, ˙q) = T (q, ˙q) – V (q) p = F/A y = dW/dA G = mg F = Gm1 m2/r2 σ = F/A τ = F/A ε = ∆l/l E = σ/ε γ = ∆x/d G = τ/γ θ = ∆V/V0 K = – V0(dp/dV) τx,z = η(dvx/dz) φ = 1/η v = η/ρ Ffrict = µFnorm P = dW/dt P = dE/dt

kg kg kg m–3 1 kg m–2 m3 kg–1 kg m s–1 Js kg m2 N Nm J J J J J J Pa, N m–2 N m–1, J m –2 N N m2 kg –2 Pa Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa Pa s m kg –1 s m2 s–1 1 W W

ρ = Pr/P0 αa = 1 – ρ τ = Ptr/P0 δ = αa – τ

1 1 1 1

ρ = Q/V σ = Q/A V = dW/dQ U = V2 – V1 E = ∫(F/Q) ∙ ds E = F/Q = – grad V Ψ = ∫D ∙ dA D = εE C = Q/U D = εE ε0 = µ0–1 c0–2 εr = ε/ε0 P = D – ε0E

C C m–3 C m–2 V, J C–1 V V V m–1 C C m–2 F, C V–1 F m–1 F m–1 1 C m–2

χe = εr – 1 p = Qr

1 Cm

µ = m1m2/(m1 + m2) ρ = m/V d = ρ/ρ ρA = m/A υ = V/m = 1/ρ p = mv L=r×p I = Σmiri2 F = dp/dt = ma T=r×F

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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name electric current electric current density magnetic flux density, magnetic induction magnetic flux magnetic field strength permeability permeability of vacuum relative permeability magnetization (magnetic dipole moment per volume) magnetic susceptibility molar magnetic susceptibility magnetic dipole moment electrical resistance conductance loss angle reactance impedance (complex impedance) admittance (complex admittance) susceptance resistivity conductivity self–inductance mutual inductance magnetic vector potential Poynting vector

Symbol I j, J B Φ H µ µ0 µr

Definition I = dQ/dt I = ∫j ∙ dA F = Qv × B Φ = ∫B ∙ dA B = µH B = µH µr = µ/µ0

SI unit A A m–2 T A m–2 A m–2 N A–2, H m–1 H m–1 1

M χ, κ, (χm) χm m, µ R G δ X Z Y B ρ κ, γ, σ L M, L1 2 A S

M = B/µ0 – H χ = µr – 1 χm = Vmχ Ep = – m ∙ B R = U/I G = 1/R δ = (π/2) + φI – φU X = (U/I)sin δ Z = R + iX Y = 1/Z Y = G + iB ρ = E/j κ = 1/ρ E = – L(dI/dt) E1 = L1 2(dI2 /dt) B=∇×A S=E×H

A m–1 1 m3 mol–1 A m2, J T–1 Ω S 1, rad Ω Ω S S Ωm S m–1 H H Wb m–1 W m–2

Quantum Mechanics momentum operator

p˙

p˙ = – ih∇

m–1 J s

kinetic energy operator

Tˆ

Tˆ = –(h2/2m)∇2

J

Ĥ = Tˆ + V Ĥψ = Eψ P = ψ*ψ ρ = – eP S = – iћ(ψ*∇ψ – ψ∇ψ*)/2me j = – eS Aij = ∫ψi*Âψjdτ 〈A〉 = ∫ψ*ÂΨdτ (†)ij = (Aji)*

J (m–3/2) (m–3) (C m–3) (m–2 s–1) (A m–2) (varies) (varies) (varies)

Hamiltonian operator wavefunction, state function probability density charge density of electrons probability current density electric current density of electrons matrix element of operator  expectation value of operator  hermitian conjugate of Â

ˆ commutator of  and B anticommutator spin wavefunction coulomb integral resonance integral overlap integral Atoms and Molecules nucleon number, mass number proton number, atomic number neutron number electron rest mass mass of atom, atomic mass atomic mass constant mass excess elementary charge, proton charge Planck constant Planck constant/2π Bohr radius Hartree energy Rydberg constant fine structure constant

S02_01.indd 3

2-3

Ĥ Ψ, ψ, φ P ρ S j Aij, 〈i|Â|j〉 〈A〉, Ā †

ˆ ], [Â, Bˆ ]– [Â, B ˆ ]+ [Â, B α; β HAA HAB SAB

A Z N me ma , m mu ∆ e h ћ a0 Eh R∞ α

ˆ ] = Â Bˆ – Bˆ Â [Â B

(varies)

ˆ ] = Â Bˆ + Bˆ Â [Â, B +

(varies) 1 J J 1

HAA = ∫ψA*ĤψAdτ HAB = ∫ψA*ĤψBdτ SAB = ∫ψA*ψBdτ

N=A–Z

mu = ma(12C)/12 ∆ = ma – Amu ћ = h/2π a0 = 4πε0ћ2/mee2 Eћ = ћ2/mea02 R∞ = Eh/2hc α = e2/4πε0ћc

1 1 1 kg kg kg kg C Js Js m J m–1 1

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2-4 Name ionization energy electron affinity dissociation energy from the ground state from the potential minimum principal quantum number (H atom) angular momentum quantum numbers magnetic dipole moment of a molecule magnetizability of a molecule Bohr magneton nuclear magneton magnetogyric ratio (gyromagnetic ratio) g factor Larmor circular frequency Larmor frequency longitudinal relaxation time transverse relaxation time electric dipole moment of a molecule quadrupole moment of a molecule quadrupole moment of a nucleus electric field gradient tensor quadrupole interaction energy tensor electric polarizability of a molecule activity (of a radioactive substance) decay (rate) constant, disintegration (rate) constant half life mean life level width disintegration energy cross section (of a nuclear reaction) Spectroscopy total term transition wavenumber transition frequency electronic term vibrational term rotational term

Symbol Ei Eea Ed, D D0 De n see under Spectroscopy m,µ ξ µB µN γ g ωL vL T1 T2 p, µ Q; Θ eQ q χ α A λ t1/2, T1/2 τ Γ Q σ T ~ v, (v) v Te G F

Definition

E = – hcR/n2 Ep = – m ∙ B m = ξB µB = eћ/2me µN = (me/mp)µB γ = µ/L ωL = (e/2m)B vL = ωL/2π Ep = – p ∙ E Ep = 1/2Q: V˝ = 1/3Θ: V˝ eQ = 2 ∙ 〈ΘZZ 〉 qαβ = – ∂2V/∂α∂β χαβ = eQqαβ p (induced) = αE A = – dNB/dt A = γNB Γ = ħ/τ

T = Etot /hc ~ v = T´ – T˝ v = (E´ – E˝)/h Te = Ee/hc G = Evib/hc F = Erot/hc

J J J J J 1

SI unit

J T–1 J T–2 J T–1 J T–1 C kg–1 1 s –1 Hz s s Cm C m2 C m2 V m–2 J C m2 V–1 Bq s –1 s s J J m2 m–1 m–1 Hz m–1 m–1 m–1

spin orbit coupling constant principal moments of inertia rotational constants,

A I A; IB; IC

Ts.o. = A〈 Lˆ ∙ Ŝ〉 I A ≤ IB≤ IC

m–1 kg m2

in wavenumber in frequency inertial defect asymmetry parameter

; B  ; C A A; B; C ∆ κ

à = h/8π2cI A A = h/8π2I A ∆ = IC – I A – IB

m–1 Hz kg m2 1

centrifugal distortion constants, S reduction A reduction harmonic vibration wavenumber vibrational anharmonicity constant vibrational quantum numbers Coriolis zeta constant angular momentum quantum numbers degeneracy, statistical weight electric dipole moment of a molecule transition dipole moment of a molecule molecular geometry, interatomic distances, equilibrium distance zero–point average distance

S02_01.indd 4

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities

DJ ; DJK ; DK ; d1 ; d2 ∆J ; ∆JK ; ∆K ; δJ ; δK ωe ; ωr ωexe ; xrs ; gu’ υr ; lt ζrsα see additional information below g, d, β p, µ M, R re rz

κ=

(2B − A − C ) (A − C)

m–1 m–1 m–1 m–1 1 1

Ep = – p ∙ E M = ∫ψ´pψ˝dτ

1 Cm Cm m m

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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name ground state distance substitution structure distance vibrational coordinates, internal coordinates symmetry coordinates normal coordinates mass adjusted dimensionless vibrational force constants, diatomic polyatomic, internal coordinates symmetry coordinates dimensionless normal coordinates nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetogyric ratio shielding constant chemical shift, δ scale (indirect) spin–spin coupling constant direct (dipolar) coupling constant longitudinal relaxation time transverse relaxation time electron spin resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR, EPR), magnetogyric ratio g factor hyperfine coupling constant, in liquids in solids Angular momentum electron orbital one electron only electron spin one electron only electron orbital + spin

Symbol r0 rs

2-5 Definition

SI unit m m

Ri , ri , θj , etc. Si

(varies) (varies)

Qr qr

kg1/2 m 1

f, (k) fij Fij φrst…, krst… γ σA δ JAB DAB T1 T2 γ g a, A T Operator symbol

f = ∂2V/∂r2

J m–2

fij = ∂2V/∂ri∂rj Fij = ∂2V/∂Si∂Sj

(varies) (varies) m–1

γ = µ/Iħ BA = (1 – σA)B δ = 106(v – v0)/v0 Ĥ/h = JAB Î A ∙ ÎB

C kg–1 1 1 Hz Hz s s

γ = µ/sħ hν = gµBB

C kg–1 1

Ĥhfs /h = aŜ ∙ Î Ĥhfs /h = Ŝ ∙ T ∙ Î

Hz Hz

Quantum number symbol Total Z–axis

Lˆ lˆ Ŝ ŝ

L

ML

Л

l S s

ml MS ms

λ Σ σ

Lˆ + Ŝ

Ω=Л+∑

nuclear orbital (rotational)

Rˆ

R

nuclear spin internal vibrational

Iˆ

I

lˆ

l(lζ)

spherical top other

z-axis

KR, kR MI Kl

ĵ, πˆ

l(lζ)

sum of R + L(+ j) sum of N + S

Nˆ Ĵ

N J

sum of J + I

Fˆ

MJ

F

MF

Symbol λ

Definition

K, k K, k

Electromagnetic Radiation Name wavelength speed of light in vacuum in a medium wavenumber in vacuum wavenumber (in a medium) frequency circular frequency, pulsatance refractive index Planck constant

S02_01.indd 5

c0 c v~ σ v ω n h

c = c0/n v~= v/c0 = 1/nλ σ = 1/λ v = c/λ ω = 2πv n = c0/c

SI unit m m s–1 m s–1 m–1 m–1 Hz s–1, rad s –1 1 Js

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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities

2-6 Name Planck constant/2π radiant energy radiant energy density spectral radiant energy density in terms of frequency

Symbol ħ Q, W ρ, w

Definition ħ = h/2π

ρv , wv

ρv , wv

ρ = dρ/dv ρν = dρ / dν

J m–2

in terms of wavelength Einstein transition probabilities spontaneous emission

ρλ , wλ

ρλ = dρ/dλ

J m–4

dNn/dt = – AnmNn

s–1

stimulated emission stimulated absorption radiant power, radiant energy per time radiant intensity radiant exitance (emitted radiant flux) irradiance, (radiant flux received) emittance Stefan–Boltzmann constant first radiation constant second radiation constant transmittance, transmission factor absorptance, absorption factor reflectance, reflection factor (decadic) absorbance napierian absorbance absorption coefficient (linear) decadic (linear) napierian molar (decadic) molar napierian

Bnm Bmn Φ, P I M E, (I) ε σ c1 c2 τ, T α ρ A B

dNn/dt = – ρ v (vnm ) × BnmNn dNn/dt = – ρ v (vnm ) BmnNm Φ = dQ/dt I = dΦ/dΩ M = dΦ/dAsource E = dΦ/dA ε = M/Mbb Mbb = σT4 c1 = 2πhc02 c2 = hc0/k τ = Φtr /Φ0 α = Φabs /Φ0 ρ = Φrefl /Φ0 A = –lg(1 – αi) B = –ln(1 – αi)

s kg–1 s kg–1 W W sr–1 W m–2 W m–2 1 W m–2 K–4 W m2 Km 1 1 1 1 1

a, K α ε κ

a = A/l α = B/l ε = a/c = A/cl κ = α/c = B/cl

m–1 m–1 m2 mol–1 m2 mol–1

in terms of wavenumber

J m–3 Hz–1

absorption index

k

k = α/4π v

1

complex refractive index

nˆ

nˆ = n + ik

1

molar refraction angle of optical rotation Solid State lattice vector fundamental translation vectors for the crystal lattice (circular) reciprocal lattice vector (circular) fundamental translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice lattice plane spacing Bragg angle order of reflection order parameters short range long range Burgers vector particle position vector equilibrium position vector of an ion displacement vector of an ion Debye–Waller factor Debye circular wavenumber Debye circular frequency Grüneisen parameter

S02_01.indd 6

Anm

ρ = Q/V

SI unit Js J J m–3

R, Rm

R=

(n − 1) Vm (n 2 + 2 ) 2

α R, R0 a1 ; a2 ; a3 , a; b; c

m3 mol–1 1, rad

R = n1a1 + n2 a2 + n3 a3

m m

G b1 ; b2 ; b3 , a*; b*; c*

G ∙ R = 2πm ai ∙ bk = 2πδik

m–1 m–1

d θ n

nλ = 2d sin θ

m 1, rad 1

σ s b r, Rj R0 u B, D qD ωD γ, Γ

γ = αV/κCv

Madelung constant

α, M

Ecoul =

density of states (spectral) density of vibrational modes

NE Nω, g

NE = dN(E)/dE Nω = dN(ω)/dω

u = R – R0

αN A z + z _ e 2 4 πε 0 R0

1 1 m m m m 1 m–1 s–1 1 1 J–1 m–3 s m–3

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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name resistivity tensor conductivity tensor thermal conductivity tensor residual resistivity relaxation time Lorenz coefficient Hall coefficient thermoelectric force Peltier coefficient Thomson coefficient work function number density, number concentration gap energy donor ionization energy acceptor ionization energy Fermi energy circular wave vector, propagation vector Bloch function charge density of electrons effective mass mobility mobility ratio diffusion coefficient diffusion length characteristic (Weiss) temperature Curie temperature Néel temperature

Symbol ρik σik λik ρR τ L AH , RH E Π µ, (τ) Φ n, (p) Eg Ed Ea EF , εF k, q uk(r) ρ m* µ b D L

Definition E=ρ∙j σ = ρ–1 Jq = – λ ∙ grad T

µ = υdrift/E b = µn/µp dN/dt = – DA(dn/dx)

SI unit Ωm S m–1 W m–1 K–1 Ωm s V2 K–2 m3 C–1 V V V K–1 J m–3 J J J J m–1 m–3/2 C m–3 kg m2 V–1 s–1 1 m2 s–1

L = Dτ

m

τ = l/υF L = λ/σT E = ρ ∙ j + RH(B × j)

Φ = E∞ – EF

k = 2π/λ ψ(r) = uk(r) exp(ik · r) ρ(r) = – eψ*(r)ψ(r)

θ, θw TC TN

K K K

N

1

Statistical Thermodynamics number of entities number density of entities, number concentration Avogadro constant Boltzmann constant gas constant (molar) molecular position vector molecular velocity vector molecular momentum vector velocity distribution function (Maxwell)

n, C L, NA k, kB R r (x, y, z) c(cx , cy , cz), u(ux , uy , uz ) p(px , py, pz ) f(cx )

speed distribution function (Maxwell– Boltzmann)

F(c)

average speed generalized coordinate generalized momentum volume in phase space probability statistical weight, degeneracy density of states partition function, sum over states, for a single molecule

2-7

c , u , 〈c〉, 〈u〉 q p Ω P g, d, W, ω, β ρ(E) q, z

n = N/V

R = Lk c = dr/dt p = mc f(cx ) = (m/2πkT)1/2 × exp ( – mcx2/2kT) F(c) = (m/2πkT)3/2 × 4πc2exp ( – mc2/2kT) c = ∫cF(c)dc p = ∂L/∂q Ω = (1/h)∫pdq

ρ(E) = dN/dE q = ∑ g i exp( – ε i /kT )

m–3 mol–1 J K–1 J K–1 mol–1 m m s–1 kg m s–1 m–1 s m–1 s m s–1 (m) (kg m s–1) 1 1 1 J–1 1

i

for a canonical ensemble (system, or assembly) microcanonical ensemble grand (canonical ensemble) symmetry number reciprocal temperature parameter characteristic temperature

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Q, Z Ω Ξ σ, s β Θ

β = 1/kT

1 1 1 1 J–1 K

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2-8 Name General Chemistry number of entities (e.g. molecules, atoms, ions, formula units) amount (of substance) Avogadro constant mass of atom, atomic mass mass of entity (molecule, or formula unit) atomic mass constant molar mass relative molecular mass (relative molar mass, molecular weight) molar volume mass fraction volume fraction mole fraction, amount fraction, number fraction (total) pressure partial pressure mass concentration (mass density) number concentration, number density of entities amount concentration, concentration solubility molality (of a solute) surface concentration stoichiometric number extent of reaction, advancement degree of dissociation Chemical Thermodynamics heat work internal energy enthalpy thermodynamic temperature Celsius temperature entropy Helmholtz energy, (Helmholtz function) Gibbs energy, (Gibbs function) Massieu function Planck function surface tension molar quantity X specific quantity X pressure coefficient relative pressure coefficient compressibility, isothermal isentropic linear expansion coefficient cubic expansion coefficient heat capacity, at constant pressure at constant volume ratio of heat capacities Joule–Thomson coefficient second virial coefficient compression factor (compressibility factor) partial molar quantity X chemical potential (partial molar Gibbs energy) absolute activity

S02_01.indd 8

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol

Definition

N

SI unit 1

mu = ma(12C)/12 MB = m/nB Mr,B = mB /mu

mol mol–1 kg kg kg kg mol–1 1

Vm w φ

Vm ,B = V/nB wB = mB /Σmi φB = VB /ΣVi

m3 mol–1 1 1

x, y p, P pB γ, ρ

xB = nB /Σni

1 Pa Pa kg m–3

n L, NA ma, m mf , m mu M Mr

C, n c s m, (b) Γ v ξ α

nB = NB /L

pB = yB p γB = mB /V CB = NB /V cB = nB /V sB = cB (saturated solution) mB = nB /mA ΓB = nB/A ∆ξ = ∆nB /vB

m–3 mol m–3 mol m–3 mol kg–1 mol m–2 1 mol 1

q, Q w, W U H T θ, t S A G J Y γ, σ Xm x β αp

θ/ºC = T/K – 273.15 dS ≥ dq/T A = U – TS G = H – TS J = – A/T Y = – G/T γ = (∂G/∂As )T , p Xm = X/n x = X/m β = (∂p/∂T)v αp = (1/p)(∂p/∂T)V

J J J J K ºC J K–1 J J J K–1 J K–1 J m–2, N m–1 (varies) (varies) Pa K–1 K–1

κT κS αl α, αV , γ

κT = – (1/V)(∂V/∂p)T κS = – (1/V)(∂V/∂p)S αl = (1/l)(∂l/∂T) α = (1/V)(∂V/∂T)p

Pa–1 Pa–1 K–1 K–1

Cp CV γ, (κ) µ, µJT B Z XB, (X´B ) µ

Cp = (∂H/∂T)p CV = (∂U/∂T)V γ = Cp/CV µ = (∂T/∂p)H pVm = RT(1 + B/Vm + …) Z = pVm /RT XB = (∂X/∂nB )T, p, nj ≠ B µB = (∂G/∂nB ) T, p, nj ≠ B

J K–1 J K–1 1 K Pa–1 m3 mol–1 1 (varies) J mol–1

λB = exp (µB /RT)

1

λ

∆U = q+ w H = U + pV

5/3/05 10:57:33 AM

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities standard chemical potential

Symbol µ , µo

Definition

SI unit

J mol–1

φ

Name

2-9

standard partial molar entropy

SB

SB = – (∂µB /∂T)p

J mol–1 K–1

standard reaction enthalpy

∆ rH

standard reaction entropy

∆rS

equilibrium constant equilibrium constant,

K ,K

φ

φ

φ

A, (A)

A = −(∂G / ∂ξ) p ,T = − ∑ νB µ B

J mol–1

∆ r H = ∑ νB H B

J mol–1

∆ r S = ∑ ν B SB

J mol–1 K–1

B

φ

B

φ

φ

φ

φ

B

φ

φ

φ

J mol–1

B

φ

affinity of reaction

∆ r G* = ∑ νB µ B φ

φ

∆rG

φ

standard reaction Gibbs energy (function)

φ

J mol–1

φ

HB = µB + TSB φ

HB

φ

standard partial molar enthalpy

K = exp( – ∆rG /RT)

1

pressure basis

Kp

K p = ∏pB νB

PaΣv

concentration basis

Kc

K c = ∏cB νB

(mol m–3)Σv

molality basis

Km

K m = ∏mB νB

(mol kg–1)Σv

f, p~

f B = λ B lim ( pB / λ B )T

Pa

fugacity coefficient activity and activity coefficient referenced to Raoult’s law, (relative) activity activity coefficient activities and activity coefficients referenced to Henry’s law, (relative) activity, molality basis

B

B

p→0

φ a

φB = fB /pB

1 1

f

fB = aB/xB

1

 µ − µB  am,B = exp  B  RT 

1

am

 µ − µB *  aB = exp  B  RT 

φ

fugacity

B

ac

 µ − µB *  ac,B = exp  B  RT 

1

mole fraction basis

ax

 µ − µB *  ax ,B = exp  B  RT 

1

γm

am, B = γm, BmB/m

γc γx

ac, B = γc, BcB/c ax, B = γx, BxB

1 1

Im , I Ic , I

Im = ½ ΣmBzB2 Ic = ½ ΣcBzB2

mol kg–1 mol m–3

φm = (µA* – µA )/(RTMAΣmB) φx = (µA – µA *)/(RT1nxA) Π = cBRT (ideal dilute solution)

1 1

φ

φ

concentration basis

concentration basis mole fraction basis ionic strength, molality basis concentration basis osmotic coefficient, molality basis mole fraction basis osmotic pressure

φm φx Π

φ

molality basis

φ

activity coefficient,

(i) Symbols used as subscripts to denote a chemical process or reaction These symbols should be printed in roman (upright) type, without a full stop (period). vaporization, evaporation (liquid → gas) sublimation (solid → gas) melting, fusion (solid → liquid) transition (between two phases) mixing of fluids solution (of solute in solvent) dilution (of a solution) adsorption displacement immersion

S02_01.indd 9

1

Pa

vap sub fus trs mix sol dil ads dpl imm

5/3/05 10:57:39 AM

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities

2-10

(ii) Recommended superscripts

Symbol reaction in general atomization combustion reaction formation reaction

Definition

SI unit

r at c f ,º * ∞ id ‡

standard pure substance infinite dilution ideal activated complex, transition state excess quantity

φ

Name

E

Chemical Kinetics rate of change of quantity X

(varies)

ξ

ξ = dξ/dt

mol s–1

rB,vB

rB = dcB/dt

mol m–3 s–1

v nB n k k, kB t1/2 τ Ea , E A ∆‡V d σ ZA ZAB, ZAA zAB, zAA

 v = ξ /V = vB–1dcB/dt v = kΠcBnB n = ΣnB v = kΠcBnB c(t1/2) = c0/2 τ = 1/(k1 + k–1) Ea = RT2 d ln k/dT k = A exp( – Ea /RT) ∆‡V = – RT × (∂ln k/∂p)T dAB = rA + rB σAB = πdAB2

∆ H , ∆H

standard entropy of activation standard Gibbs energy of activation quantum yield, photochemical yield

∆ S , ∆S ∆‡G , ∆G‡ φ

Electrochemistry elementary charge (proton charge) Faraday constant charge number of an ion ionic strength

e F z Ic , I

zAB = ZAB/LcAcB

mol m–3 s–1 1 1 (mol–1 m3)n – 1 s–1 J K–1 s s J mol–1 (mol–1 m3)n – 1 s–1 m3 mol–1 m m2 s–1 m–3 s–1 m3 mol–1 s–1 J mol–1 J mol–1 K–1 J mol–1 1

‡

C C mol-1 1 mol m–3

F=eL zB = QB/e Ic = ½ Σcizi2

1 mol kg–1 1 1

∆V, E, U

∆V = VR – VL

V

E

E = lim ∆V

V

E E

I →0

= – ∆rG /nF = (RT/nF) ln K

pH φ

E=E

φ

φ

E

φ

standard electrode potential emf of the cell, potential of the electrochemical cell reaction pH

φ

E

φ

a± = m±γ±/m m±(v+ + v–) = m+v+m–v– γ±(v+ + v–) = γ+v+γ–v–

φ

a± m± γ± n, (z)

standard emf, standard potential of the electrochemical cell reaction

inner electric potential

‡

φ

‡

φ

‡

φ

standard enthalpy of activation

mean ionic activity mean ionic molality mean ionic activity coefficient charge number of electrochemical cell reaction electric potential difference (of a galvanic cell) emf, electromotive force

S02_01.indd 10

X = dX/dt

φ

rate of conversion rate of concentration change (due to chemical reaction) rate of reaction (based on amount concentration) partial order of reaction overall order of reaction rate constant, rate coefficient Boltzmann constant half life relaxation time energy of activation, activation energy pre–exponential factor volume of activation collision diameter collision cross–section collision frequency collision number collision frequency factor

X

– (RT/nF) × Σviln ai

V V V

 c(H + )  pH ≈ − lg  −3   mol dm 

1

∇φ = –E

V

5/3/05 10:57:41 AM

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name outer electric potential surface electric potential Galvani potential difference volta potential difference

Symbol ψ χ ∆φ ∆ψ

2-11 Definition ψ = Q/4πε0r χ=φ–ψ ∆αβφ = φβ – φα ∆αβψ = ψβ – ψα

V V V V

µ α = (∂G/∂n α) B B I = dQ/dt j = I/A σ = Q/A

J mol–1 A A m–2 C m–2

electrochemical potential electric current (electric) current density (surface) charge density

µ

electrode reaction rate constant mass transfer coefficient, diffusion rate constant thickness of diffusion layer

k kd δ

kd,B = |vB|II,B/nFcA δB = DB/kd,B

transfer coefficient (electrochemical)

α

αc =

I j σ

SI unit

n

i

− | v | RT ∂ ln| I c | ∂E nF

η = EI – EI = 0 – IRu

(varies) m s–1 m 1

overpotential electrokinetic potential (zeta potential) conductivity conductivity cell constant molar conductivity (of an electrolyte) ionic conductivity, molar conductivity of an ion electric mobility transport number reciprocal radius of ionic atmosphere

η ζ κ, (σ) Kcell Λ

κ = j/E Kcell = κR ΛB = κ/cB

V V S m–1 m–1 S m2 mol–1

λ u, (µ) t κ

λB = |zB|FuB uB = vB/E tB = jB/Σji κ = (2F2I/εRT)1/2

S m2 mol–1 m2 V–1 s–1 1 m–1

Colloid and Surface Chemistry specific surface area surface amount of B, adsorbed amount of B surface excess of B surface excess concentration of B

a, as, s nBs, nBa nBσ ΓB, (ΓBσ)

a = A/m

m2 kg–1 mol mol mol m–2

ΓB = nBσ/A Γ = ∑ Γi

total surface excess concentration

Γ, (Γ σ)

area per molecule area per molecule in a filled monolayer surface coverage contact angle film thickness thickness of (surface or interfacial) layer surface tension, interfacial tension film tension reciprocal thickness of the double layer average molar masses number–average mass–average Z–average sedimentation coefficient van der Waals constant retarded van der Waals constant van der Waals–Hamaker constant surface pressure

a, σ am, σm θ θ t, h, δ τ, δ, t γ, σ Σf κ

aB = A/NBσ am,B = A/Nm,B θ = NBσ/Nm,B

Mn Mm MZ s λ β, B AH π s, π

Mn = ΣniMi/Σni Mm = ΣniMi2/ΣniMi MZ = ΣniMi3/ΣniMi2 s = v/a

π s = γ0 – γ

JX , J

JX = A–1 dX/dt

(varies)

qv = dV/dt

m3 s–1

qm = dm/dt

kg s–1 m s–1 W W m–2 W K–1 K W–1

Transport Properties flux (of a quantity X) volume flow rate mass flow rate mass transfer coefficient heat flow rate heat flux thermal conductance thermal resistance

S02_01.indd 11

k ox = I a /(nFA∏ ci i )

qV, V  qm , m kd φ Jq G R

i

γ = (∂G/∂As )T,p Σf = 2γf κ = [2F2Ic/εRT]1/2

φ = dq/dt Jq = φ/A G = φ/∆T R = 1/G

mol m–2 m2 m2 1 1, rad m m N m–1, J m–2 N m–1 m–1 kg mol–1 kg mol–1 kg mol–1 s J J J N m–1

5/3/05 10:57:44 AM

2-12 Name thermal conductivity coefficient of heat transfer thermal diffusivity diffusion coefficient

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol λ, k h, (k, K, α) a D

Definition λ = Jq/(dT/dl) h = Jq/∆T a = λ/ρcp D = Jn/(dc/dl)

SI unit W m–1 K–1 W m–2 K–1 m2 s–1 m2 s–1

The following symbols are used in the definitions of the dimensionless quantities: mass (m), time (t), volume (V), area (A), density (ρ), speed (v), length (l), viscosity (η), pressure (p), acceleration of free fall (g), cubic expansion coefficient (α), temperature (T), surface tension (γ), speed of sound (c), mean free path (λ), frequency (f), thermal diffusivity (a), coefficient of heat transfer (h), thermal conductivity (k), specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), diffusion coefficient (D), mole fraction (x), mass transfer coefficient (kd), permeability (μ), electric conductivity (κ), and magnetic flux density (B).

S02_01.indd 12

Name Reynolds number Euler number Froude number Grashof number Weber number Mach number Knudsen number Strouhal number Fourier number Péclet number Rayleigh number Nusselt number Stanton number Fourier number for mass transfer Péclet number for mass transfer

Symbol Re Eu Fr Gr We Ma Kn Sr Fo Pe Ra Nu St Fo* Pe*

Grashof number for mass transfer

Gr*

Nusselt number for mass transfer Stanton number for mass transfer Prandtl number Schmidt number Lewis number magnetic Reynolds number Alfvén number Hartmann number Cowling number

Nu* St* Pr Sc Le Rm, Rem Al Ha Co

Definition Re = pvl/η Eu = ∆p/ρv2 Fr = v/(lg)1/2 Gr = l3gα∆Tρ2/η2 We = ρv2l/γ Ma = v/c Kn = λ/l Sr = lf/v Fo = at/l2 Pe = vl/a Ra = l3gα∆Tρ/ηa Nu = hl/k St = h/ρvcp Fo* = Dt/l2 Pe* = vl/D

SI unit 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 ∂ρ   ∆xρ  Gr * = l 3 g     ∂x  T , p  η 

1

Nu* = kdl/D St* = kd/v Pr = η/ρa Sc = η/ρD Le = a/D Rm = vµκl Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B Ha = Bl (κ/η)1/2 Co = B2/µρv2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5/3/05 10:57:45 AM

Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) maintains several commissions that deal with the naming of chemical substances. In general, the approach of IUPAC is to present rules for arriving at names in a systematic manner, rather than recommending a unique name for each compound. Thus there are often several alternative “IUPAC names”, depending on which nomenclature system is used, each of which may have advantages in specific applications. However, each of these names will be unambiguous. Organizations such as the Chemical Abstacts Service and the Beilstein Institute that prepare indexes to the chemical literature must adopt a system for selecting unique names in order to avoid excessive cross referencing. Chemical Abstracts Service uses a system which groups together compounds derived from a single parent compound. Thus most index names are inverted (e.g., Benzene, bromo rather than bromobenzene; Acetic acid, sodium salt rather than sodium acetate). Recommended names for the most common substituent groups, ligands, ions, and organic rings are given in the two following tables, “Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands” and “Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems”. For the basics of macromolecular nomenclature, see “Nomenclature for Organic Polymers” in Section 13. Some of the most useful recent guides to chemical nomenclature, prepared by IUPAC and other organizations such as the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and the American Chemical Society are listed below . These books contain citations to the more detailed nomenclature documents in each area. Two very useful web sites providing links to nomenclature documents are: www.iupac.org/publications/index.html www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/

Inorganic Chemistry

Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry - IUPAC Recommendations 2005. Connelly, N.G., Damhus, T., Hartshorn, R. M., and Hutton, A. T. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005. Block, B. P., Powell, W. H., and Fernelius, W. C., Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature, Principles and Practice, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1990.

Organic Chemistry

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure, Moss, G. P., Smith, P. A. S., and Tavernier, D., Eds., Pure & Appl. Chem, 67, 1307, 1995. Rhodes, P. H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry, Moss, G. P., Ed., Pure & Applied Chemistry, 68, 2193, 1996.

Macromolecular Chemistry

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Metanomski, W. V., Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, Jenkins, A.D., Kratochvil, P., Stepto, R. F. T., and Suter, U. W., Eds., Pure & Appl. Chem, 68, 2287, 1996.

Biochemistry

International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2nd Edition, 1992, Portland Press, London, 1993; includes recommendations of the IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1992. IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Nomenclature of Carbohydrates, Recommendations 1996, McNaught, A. D., Ed., Pure & Appl. Chem., 68, 1919, 1996.

General

Principles of Chemical Nomenclature: a Guide to IUPAC Recommendations, Leigh, G. J., Favre, H. A. and Metanomski, W. V., Blackwell Science, 1998. Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1994 Index Guide.

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Recommendations 1993, Panico, R., Powell, W. H., and Richer, J.-C., Eds., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993.



487_S02.indb 13

2-13

4/10/06 9:49:47 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands Willem H. Koppenol The entries below were selected from Table IX of Connelly, N. G., Damhus, T., Hartshorn, R. M. and Hutton, A. T., Eds., Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005. Two changes were made: in the case of the hypohalides, the oxidohalogenate names are listed, not the new halooxygenate names. Thus, for BrO− the still acceptable name “oxidobromate(1−)” is listed, not the more correct, but less palatable, “bromooxygenate(1−)”. Similarly, and for reasons of consistency, ClO• is not named oxygen (mono)chloride, but chlorine mono(o)oxide. The symbol ' ’ is used for dividing names when this is made necessary by a line break. When the name is reconstructed

from the name given in the table, this symbol should be omitted. Thus, all hyphens in the table are true parts of the names. The symbols ‘>’ and ‘<’ placed next to an element symbol both denote two single bonds connecting the atom in question to two other atoms. For a given compound, the various systematic names, if applicable, are given in the order: stoichiometric names, substitutive names, additive names and hydrogen names. Acceptable names which are not entirely systematic (or not formed according to any of the systems mentioned above) are given at the end after a semicolon. No order of preference is implied by the order in which formulae and names are listed. Reprinted by permission of IUPAC.

Formula for uncharged atom or group

Name Uncharged atoms or molecules (including zwitterions and radicals) or substituent groupsa

Cations (including cation radicals) or cationic substituent groupsa

Anions (including anion radicals) or anionic substituent groupsb

Ligandsc

hydrogen H•, hydrogen(•), monohydrogen (natural or unspecified isotopic composition) 1 • H , protium(•), monoprotium 2 • H = D•, deuterium(•), monodeuterium 3 • H = T•, tritium(•), monotritium

hydrogen (general) H+, hydrogen(1+), hydron (natural or unspecified isotopic composition) 1 + H , protium(1+), proton 2 + H = D+, deuterium(1+), deuteron 3 + H = T+, tritium(1+), triton

hydride (general) H−, hydride (natural or unspecified isotopic composition) 1 − H , protide 2 − H = D−, deuteride 3 − H = T−, tritide

hydrido

H2, dihydrogen D2, dideuterium T2, ditritium

H2•+, dihydrogen(•1+) 1 H2•+, diprotium(•1+) D2•+, dideuterium(•1+) T2•+, ditritium(•1+)

F

fluorine F•, fluorine(•), monofluorine −F, fluoro

fluorine (general) F+, fluorine(1+)

fluoride (general) F−, fluoride(1−); fluoride

fluorido (general) F−, fluorido(1−); fluorido

F2

F2, difluorine

F2•+, difluorine(•1+)

F2•−, difluoride(•1−)

F2, difluorine

Cl

chlorine (general) Cl•, chlorine(•), monochlorine −Cl, chloro

chlorine (general) Cl+, chlorine(1+)

chloride (general) Cl−, chloride(1−); chloride

chlorido (general) Cl−, chlorido(1−); chlorido

Cl2

Cl2, dichlorine

Cl2•+, dichlorine(•1+)

Cl2•−, dichloride(•1−)

Cl2, dichlorine Cl2•−, dichlorido(•1−)

Br

bromine (general) Br•, bromine(•), monobromine −Br, bromo

bromine (general) Br+, bromine(1+)

bromide (general) Br−, bromide(1−); bromide

bromido (general) Br−, bromido(1−); bromido

Br2

Br2, dibromine

Br2•+, dibromine(•1+)

Br2•−, dibromide(•1−)

Br2, dibromine

I

iodine (general) I•, iodine(•), monoiodine −I, iodo

iodine (general) I+, iodine(1+)

iodide (general) I−, iodide(1−); iodide

iodido (general) I−, iodido(1−); iodido

I2

I2, diiodine

I2•+, diiodine(•1+)

I2•−, diiodide(•1−)

I2, diiodine

H

H2

protido deuterido tritido

D, see H D2, see H2 T, see H T2, see H2

2-14

487_S02.indb 14

4/10/06 9:49:48 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

487_S02.indb 15

2-15 ClO−, oxidochlorate(1−); hypochlorite

ClO−, oxidochlorato(1−); hypochlorito

ClO2+, dioxidochlorine(1+) (not chloryl)

ClO2−, dioxidochlorate(1−); chlorite

ClO2−, dioxidochlorato(1−); chlorito

ClO3+, trioxidochlorine(1+) (not perchloryl)

ClO3−, trioxidochlorate(1−); chlorate

ClO3−, trioxidochlorato(1−); chlorato

ClO4−, tetraoxidochlorate(1−); perchlorate

ClO4−, tetraoxidochlorato(1−); perchlorato

IO+, oxidoiodine(1+) (not iodosyl)

IO−, oxidoiodate(1−); hypoiodite IO•2−, oxidoiodate(•2−)

IO−, oxidoiodato(1−); hypoiodito

IO2, iodine dioxide IO2•, dioxidoiodine(•) −IO2, dioxo-λ5-iodanyl; iodyl −OIO, oxo-λ3-iodanyloxy

IO2+, dioxidoiodine(1+) (not iodyl)

IO2−, dioxidoiodate(1−); iodite

IO2−, dioxidoiodato(1−); iodito

IO3

IO3, iodine trioxide IO3•, trioxidoiodine(•) −IO3, trioxo-λ7-iodanyl; periodyl −OIO2, dioxo-λ5-iodanyloxy

IO3+, trioxidoiodine(1+) (not periodyl)

IO3−, trioxidoiodate(1−); iodate

IO3−, trioxidoiodato(1−); iodato

IO4

IO4, iodine tetraoxide IO4•, tetraoxidoiodine(•) −OIO3, trioxo-λ7-iodanyloxy

IO4−, tetraoxidoiodate(1−); periodate

IO4−, tetraoxidoiodato(1−); periodato

O

oxygen (general) O, monooxygen O2•, oxidanylidene, monooxygen(2•) >O, oxy, epoxy (in rings) =O, oxo

oxygen (general) O•+, oxygen(•1+)

oxide (general) O•−, oxidanidyl, oxide(•1−) O2−, oxide(2−); oxide −O−, oxido

O2−, oxido

O2

O2, dioxygen O22•, dioxidanediyl, dioxygen(2•) −OO−, dioxidanediyl; peroxy

O2•+, dioxidanyliumyl, dioxygen(•1+) O22+, dioxidanebis(ylium), dioxygen(2+)

O2•−, dioxidanidyl, dioxide(•1−); superoxide (not hyperoxide) O22−, dioxidanediide, dioxide(2−); peroxide

dioxido (general) O2, dioxygen O2•−, dioxido(•1−); superoxido O22−, dioxidanediido, dioxido(2−); peroxido

O3

O3, trioxygen; ozone −OOO−, trioxidanediyl

O3•−, trioxidanidyl, trioxide(•1−); ozonide

O3, trioxygen; ozone O3•−, trioxido(•1−); ozonido

HO

HO•, oxidanyl, hydridooxygen(•); hydroxyl −OH, oxidanyl; hydroxy

HO+, oxidanylium, hydridooxygen(1+); hydroxylium

HO−, oxidanide, hydroxide

HO−, oxidanido; hydroxido

HO2

HO2•, dioxidanyl, hydridodioxygen(•) hydrogen dioxide −OOH, dioxidanyl; hydroperoxy

HO2+, dioxidanylium, hydridodioxygen(1+)

HO2−, dioxidanide, hydrogen(peroxide)(1−)

HO2−, dioxidanido, hydrogen(peroxido)(1−)

S

sulfur (general) S, monosulfur =S, sulfanylidene; thioxo −S−, sulfanediyl

sulfur (general) S+, sulfur(1+)

sulfide (general) S•−, sulfanidyl, sulfide(•1−) S2−, sulfanediide, sulfide(2−); sulfide −S−, sulfido

sulfido (general) S•−, sulfanidyl, sulfido(•1−) S2−, sulfanediido, sulfido(2−)

ClO

ClO, chlorine mon(o)oxide ClO•, oxidochlorine(•); chlorosyl −ClO, oxo-λ3-chloranyl; chlorosyl −OCl, chlorooxy

ClO2

ClO2, chlorine dioxide ClO2•, dioxidochlorine(•) ClOO•, chloridodioxygen (O−O) (•), −ClO2, dioxo-λ5-chloranyl; chloryl −OClO, oxo-λ3-chloranyloxy

ClO3

ClO3, chlorine trioxide ClO3•, trioxidochlorine(•) −ClO3, trioxo-λ7-chloranyl; perchloryl −OClO2, dioxo-λ5-chloranyloxy

ClO4

ClO4, chlorine tetraoxide ClO4•, tetraoxidochlorine(•) −OClO3, trioxo-λ7-chloranyloxy

IO

IO, iodine mon(o)oxide IO•, oxidoiodine(•); iodosy l −IO, oxo-λ3-iodanyl; iodosyl −OI, iodooxy

IO2

4/10/06 9:49:49 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

2-16 S2, disulfur −SS−, disulfanediyl >S=S, sulfanylidene-λ4sulfanediyl; sulfinothioyl

S2•+, disulfur(•1+)

S2•−, disulfanidyl, disulfide(•1−) S22−, disulfide(2−), disulfanediide −SS−, disulfanidyl

S22−, disulfido(2−), disulfanediido

HS

HS•, sulfanyl, hydridosulfur(•) −SH, sulfanyl

HS+, sulfanylium, hydridosulfur(1+)

HS−, sulfanide, hydrogen(sulfide)(1−)

HS−, sulfanido, hydrogen(sulfido)(1−)

SO

SO, sulfur mon(o)oxide [SO], oxidosulfur >SO, oxo-λ4-sulfanediyl; sulfinyl

SO•+, oxidosulfur(•1+) (not sulfinyl or thionyl)

SO•−, oxidosulfate(•1−)

[SO], oxidosulfur

SO2

SO2, sulfur dioxide [SO2], dioxidosulfur >SO2, dioxo-λ6-sulfanediyl; sulfuryl, sulfonyl

SO2•−, dioxidosulfate(•1−) SO22−, dioxidosulfate(2−), sulfanediolate

[SO2], dioxidosulfur SO22−, dioxidosulfato(2−), sulfanediolato

SO3

SO3, sulfur trioxide

SO3•−, trioxidosulfate(•1−) SO32−, trioxidosulfate(2−); sulfite −S(O)2(O−), oxidodioxo-λ6-sulfanyl; sulfonato

SO4

−ΟS(O)2Ο−, sulfonylbis(oxy)

SO4•−, tetraoxidosulfate(•1−) SO42−, tetraoxidosulfate(2−); sulfate

S2

S 2O 3

selenium

SO42−, tetraoxidosulfato(2−); sulfato

S2O3•− = SO3S•−, trioxido-1κ3Odisulfate(S−S)(•1−), trioxidosulfidosulfate(•1−) S2O32− = SO3S2−, trioxido-1κ3Odisulfate(S−S)(2−), trioxidosulfidosulfate(2−); thiosulfate, sulfurothioate

S2O32− = SO3S2−, trioxido-1κ3Odisulfato(S−S)(2−), trioxidosulfidosulfato(2−); thiosulfato, sulfurothioato

selenide (general) Se•−, selanidyl, selenide(•1−) Se2−, selanediide, selenide(2−); selenide

selenido (general) Se•−, selanidyl, selenido(•1−) Se2−, selanediido, selenido(2−)

Se

Se (general) Se, monoselenium >Se, selanediyl =Se, selanylidene; selenoxo

SeO

SeO, selenium mon(o)oxide [SeO], oxidoselenium >SeO, seleninyl

SeO2

SeO2, selenium dioxide [SeO2], dioxidoselenium >SeO2, selenonyl

SeO22−, dioxidoselenate(2−)

[SeO2], dioxidoselenium SeO22−, dioxidoselenato(2−)

SeO3

SeO3, selenium trioxide

SeO3•−, trioxidoselenate(•1−) SeO32−, trioxidoselenate(2−); selenite

SeO32−, trioxidoselenato(2−); selenito

SeO42−, tetraoxidoselenate(2−); selenate

SeO42−, tetraoxidoselenato(2−); selenato

telluride (general) Te•−, tellanidyl, telluride(•1−) Te2−, tellanediide, telluride(2−); telluride

tellurido (general) Te•−, tellanidyl, tellurido(•1−) Te2−, tellanediido, tellurido(2−)

[SeO], oxidoselenium

SeO4

487_S02.indb 16

SO32−, trioxidosulfato(2−); sulfito

Te

tellurium >Te, tellanediyl =Te, tellanylidene; telluroxo

CrO2

CrO2, chromium dioxide, chromium(IV) oxide

UO2

UO2, uranium dioxide

tellurium

UO2+, dioxidouranium(1+) [not uranyl(1+)] UO22+, dioxidouranium(2+) [not uranyl(2+)]

4/10/06 9:49:50 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

487_S02.indb 17

2-17

NpO2

NpO2, neptunium dioxide

NpO2+, dioxidoneptunium(1+) [not neptunyl(1+)] NpO22+, dioxidoneptunium(2+) [not neptunyl(2+)]

PuO2

PuO2, plutonium dioxide

PuO2+, dioxidoplutonium(1+) [not plutonyl(1+)] PuO22+, dioxidoplutonium(2+) [not plutonyl (2+)]

N

nitrogen N•, nitrogen(•), mononitrogen −N<, azanetriyl; nitrilo −N=, azanylylidene ≡N, azanylidyne

nitrogen (general) N+, nitrogen(1+)

nitride (general) N3−, nitride(3−), azanetriide; nitride =N−, azanidylidene; amidylidene −N2−, azanediidyl

N2

N2, dinitrogen =N+=N−, (azanidylidene)azaniu mylidene; diazo −N=N−, diazane-1,2-diylidene; hydrazinediylidene =NN=, diazene-1,2-diyl; azo

N2•+, dinitrogen(1+) N22+, dinitrogen(2+) −N+≡N, diazyn-1-ium-1-yl

N22−, dinitride(2−) N24−, dinitride(4−), diazanetetraide; hydrazinetetraide

N2, dinitrogen N22−, dinitrido(2−) N24−, dinitrido(4−), diazanetetraido; hydrazinetetraido

N3

N3•, trinitrogen(•) −N=N+=N−, azido

N3−, trinitride(1−); azide

N3−, trinitrido(1−); azido

NH

NH2•, azanylidene, hydridonitrogen(2•); nitrene >NH, azanediyl =NH, azanylidene; imino

NH+, azanyliumdiyl, hydridonitrogen(1+) NH2+, azanebis(ylium), hydridonitrogen(2+)

NH−, azanidyl, hydridonitrate(1−) NH2−, azanediide, hydridonitrate(2−); imide −NH−, azanidyl; amidyl

NH2−, azanediido, hydridonitrato(2−); imido

NH2

NH2•, azanyl, dihydridonitrogen(•); aminyl −NH2, azanyl; amino

NH2+, azanylium, dihydridonitrogen(1+)

NH2−, azanide, dihydridonitrate(1−); amide

NH2−, azanido, dihydridonitrato(1−), amido

NH3

NH3, azane (parent hydride name), amine (parent name for certain organic derivatives), trihydridonitrogen; ammonia

NH3•+, azaniumyl, trihydridonitrogen(•1+) −NH3+, azaniumyl; ammonio

NH3•−, azanuidyl, trihydridonitrate(•1−)

NH3, ammine

NH4

NH4•, λ5-azanyl, tetrahydridonitrogen(•)

NH4+, azanium; ammonium

H2NO

H2NO•, aminooxidanyl, dihydridooxidonitrogen(•); aminoxyl HONH•, hydroxyazanyl, hydridohydroxidonitrogen(•) −NH(OH), hydroxyazanyl, hydroxyamino −ONH2, aminooxy −NH2(O), oxo-λ5-azanyl; azinoyl

HONH−, hydroxyazanide, hydridohydroxidonitrate(1−) H2NO−, azanolate, aminooxidanide, dihydridooxidonitrate(1−)

NHOH−, hydroxyazanido, hydridohydroxidonitrato(1−) H2NO−, azanolato, aminooxidanido, dihydridooxidonitrato(1−)

N2H2

HN=NH, diazene N=NH2+, diazen-2-ium-1-ide H2NN2•, diazanylidene, hydrazinylidene =NNH2, diazanylidene; hydrazinylidene • ΗΝNH•, diazane-1,2-diyl; hydrazine-1,2-diyl −ΗΝNH−, diazane-1,2-diyl; hydrazine-1,2-diyl

HNNH2−, diazane-1,2-diide, hydrazine-1,2-diide H2NN2−, diazane-1,1-diide, hydrazine-1,1-diide

HN=NH, diazene N=NH2+, diazen-2-ium-1-ido HNNH2−, diazane-1,2-diido, hydrazine-1,2-diido H2NN2−, diazane-1,1-diido, hydrazine-1,1-diido

−

HNNH2+, diazynediium

N3−, nitrido(3−), azanetriido

−

4/10/06 9:49:51 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

2-18

487_S02.indb 18

N2H3

H2NNH•, diazanyl, trihydrido dinitrogen(N−N)(•); hydrazinyl −NHNH2, diazanyl; hydrazinyl 2− NNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1,1-diide

H2N=NH+, diazenium

N2H4

H2NNH2, diazane (parent hydride name), hydrazine (parent name for organic derivatives) − NHNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1-ide

H2NNH2•+, diazaniumyl, bis(dihydridonitrogen) (N−N)(•1+); hydraziniumyl H2N=NH22+, diazenediium

NO

NO, nitrogen mon(o)oxide (not nitric oxide) NO•, oxoazanyl, oxidonitrogen(•); nitrosyl −N=O, oxoazanyl; nitroso >N(O)−, oxo-λ5-azanyl; azoryl =N(O)−, oxo-λ5-azanylidene; azorylidene ≡N(O), oxo-λ5-azanylidyne; azorylidyne −Ο+=Ν−, azanidylideneoxidaniumyl

NO+, oxidonitrogen(1+) (not nitrosyl) NO•2+, oxidonitrogen(2+)

NO−, oxidonitrate(1−) NO(2•)−, oxidonitrate(2•1−)

NO, oxidonitrogen (general); nitrosyl = oxidonitrogen-κN (general) NO+, oxidonitrogen(1+) NO−, oxidonitrato(1−)

NO2

NO2, nitrogen dioxide NO2• = ONO•, nitrosooxidanyl, dioxidonitrogen(•); nitryl −NO2, nitro −ONO, nitrosooxy

NO2+, dioxidonitrogen(1+) (not nitryl)

NO2−, dioxidonitrate(1−); nitrite NO2•2−, dioxidonitrate(•2−)

NO2−, dioxidonitrato(1−); nitrito NO2•2−, dioxidonitrato(•2−)

NO3

NO3, nitrogen trioxide NO3• = O2NO•, nitrooxidanyl, trioxidonitrogen(•) ONOO•, nitrosodioxidanyl, (dioxido)oxidonitrogen(•) −ONO2, nitrooxy

NO3−, trioxidonitrate(1−); nitrate NO3•2−, trioxidonitrate(•2−) [NO(OO)]−, (dioxido)oxidonitrate(1−); peroxynitrite

NO3−, trioxidonitrato(1−); nitrato NO3•2−, trioxidonitrato(•2−) [NO(OO)]−, oxidoperoxidonitrato(1−); peroxynitrito

N2O

N2O, dinitrogen oxide (not nitrous oxide) NNO, oxidodinitrogen(N—N) −Ν(Ο)=N−, azoxy

N2O•−, oxidodinitrate(•1−)

N2O, dinitrogen oxide (general) NNO, oxidodinitrogen(N—N) N2O•−, oxidodinitrato(•1−)

N2O3

N2O3, dinitrogen trioxide O2NNO, trioxido-1κ2O,2κOdinitrogen(N−N) NO+NO2−, oxidonitrogen(1+) dioxidonitrate(1−) ONONO, dinitrosooxidane, µ-oxidobis(oxidonitrogen)

N2O32− = [O2NNO]2−, trioxido-1κ2O,2κOdinitrate(N−N)(2−)

N2O4

N2O4, dinitrogen tetraoxide O2NNO2, bis(dioxidonitrogen) (N−N) ONOONO, 1,2-dinitrosodioxidane, 2,5-diazy-1,3,4,6-tetraoxy[6]catena NO+NO3−, oxidonitrogen(1+) trioxidonitrate(1−)

N2O5

N2O5, dinitrogen pentaoxide O2NONO2, dinitrooxidane, NO2+NO3−, dioxidonitrogen(1+) trioxidonitrate(1−)

NS

NS, nitrogen monosulfide NS•, sulfidonitrogen(•) −N=S, sulfanylideneazanyl; thionitroso

NS+, sulfidonitrogen(1+) (not thionitrosyl)

H2NNH−, diazanide, hydrazinide

2−

NNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1,1-diido H2NNH−, diazanido, hydrazinido

H2NNH2, diazane, hydrazine NHNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1-ido

−

NS−, sulfidonitrate(1−)

NS, sulfidonitrogen, sulfidonitrato, thionitrosyl (general) NS+, sulfidonitrogen(1+) NS−, sulfidonitrato(1−)

4/10/06 9:49:52 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands P

phosphorus (general) P•, phosphorus(•), monophosphorus >P−, phosphanetriyl

phosphorus (general) P+, phosphorus(1+)

phosphide (general) P−, phosphide(1−) P3−, phosphide(3−), phosphanetriide; phosphide

PO

PO•, oxophosphanyl, oxidophosphorus(•), phosphorus mon(o)oxide; phosphoryl >P(O)−, oxo-λ5-phosphanetriyl; phosphoryl =P(O)−, oxo-λ5-phosphanylidene; phosphorylidene ≡P(O), oxo-λ5-phosphanylidyne; phosphorylidyne

PO+, oxidophosphorus(1+) (not phosphoryl)

PO−, oxidophosphate(1−)

PO2

−P(O)2, dioxo-λ5-phosphanyl

P3−, phosphido, phosphanetriido

PO2−, dioxidophosphate(1−)

PO2−, dioxidophosphato(1−)

PO3

PO3−, trioxidophosphate(1−) PO3•2−, trioxidophosphate(•2−) PO33−, trioxidophosphate(3−); phosphite (PO3−)n = (P(O)2O) nn−, catena-poly[(dioxidophosphateµ-oxido)(1−)]; metaphosphate −P(O)(O−)2, dioxidooxo-λ5phosphanyl; phosphonato

PO3−, trioxidophosphato(1−) PO3•2−, trioxidophosphato(•2−) PO33−, trioxidophosphato(3−); phosphito

PO4

PO4•2−, tetraoxidophosphate(•2−) PO43−, tetraoxidophosphate(3−); phosphate

PO43−, tetraoxidophosphato(3−); phosphato

AsO3

AsO33−, trioxidoarsenate(3−); arsenite, arsorite −As(=O)(O−)2, dioxidooxo-λ5-arsanyl; arsonato

AsO33−, trioxidoarsenato(3−); arsenito, arsorito

AsO4

AsO43−, tetraoxidoarsenate(3−); arsenate, arsorate

AsO43−, tetraoxidoarsenato(3−); arsenato, arsorato

CO•−, oxidocarbonate(•1−)

CO, oxidocarbon, oxidocarbonato (general); carbonyl = oxidocarbon-κC (general) CO•+, oxidocarbon(•1+) CO•−, oxidocarbonato(•1−)

CO2•−, oxidooxomethyl, dioxidocarbonate(•1−)

CO2, dioxidocarbon CO2•−, oxidooxomethyl, dioxidocarbonato(•1−)

CO3•−, trioxidocarbonate(•1−), OCOO•−, (dioxido)oxidocarbonate(•1−), oxidoperoxidocarbonate(•1−) CO32−, trioxidocarbonate(2−); carbonate

CO32−, trioxidocarbonato(2−); carbonato

CS•−, sulfidocarbonate(•1−)

CS, sulfidocarbon, sulfidocarbonato, thiocarbonyl (general); CS•+, sulfidocarbon(•1+) CS•−, sulfidocarbonato(•1−)

CS2•−, sulfidothioxomethyl, disulfidocarbonate(•1−)

CS2, disulfidocarbon CS2•−, sulfidothioxomethyl, disulfidocarbonato(•1−)

PS

PS•, sulfidophosphorus(•); −PS, thiophosphoryl

PS+, sulfidophosphorus(1+) (not thiophosphoryl)

VO

VO, vanadium(II) oxide, vanadium mon(o)oxide

VO2+, oxidovanadium(2+) (not vanadyl)

CO

CO, carbon mon(o)oxide >C=O, carbonyl =C=O, carbonylidene

CO•+, oxidocarbon(•1+) CO2+, oxidocarbon(2+)

CO2

CO2, carbon dioxide, dioxidocarbon

CO3

487_S02.indb 19

2-19

CS

carbon monosulfide >C=S, carbonothioyl; thiocarbonyl =C=S, carbonothioylidene

CS2

CS2, disulfidocarbon, carbon disulfide

CS•+, sulfidocarbon(•1+)

4/10/06 9:49:53 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

2-20 CN

CN•, nitridocarbon(•); cyanyl −CN, cyano −NC, isocyano

CN−, nitridocarbonate(1−); cyanide

nitridocarbonato (general) CN−, nitridocarbonato(1−); cyanido = [nitridocarbonato(1−)-κC]

CNO

OCN•, nitridooxidocarbon(•) −OCN, cyanato −NCO, isocyanato −ONC, λ2-methylidene azanylylideneoxy −CNO, (oxo-λ5azanylidynemethyl

OCN−, nitridooxidocarbonate(1−); cyanate ONC−, carbidooxidonitrate(1−); fulminate OCN•2−, nitridooxidocarbonate(•2−)

OCN−, nitridooxidocarbonato(1−); cyanato ONC−, carbidooxidonitrato(1−); fulminato

CNS

SCN•, nitridosulfidocarbon(•) −SCN, thiocyanato −NCS, isothiocyanato −SNC, λ2-methylidene azanylylidenesulfanediyl −CNS, (sulfanylidene-λ5azanylidynemethyl

SCN−, nitridosulfidocarbonate(1−); thiocyanate SNC−, carbidosulfidonitrate(1−)

SCN−, nitridosulfidocarbonato(1−); thiocyanato SNC−, carbidosulfidonitrato(1−)

CNSe

SeCN•, nitridoselenidocarbon(•) −SeCN, selenocyanato −NCSe, isoselenocyanato −SeNC, λ2-methylidene azanylylideneselanediyl −CNSe, (selanylidene-λ5azanylidynemethyl

SeCN−, nitridoselenidocarbonate(1−); selenocyanate SeNC−, carbidoselenidonitrate(1−)

SeCN−, nitridoselenidocarbonato(1−); selenocyanato SeNC−, carbidoselenidonitrato(1−)

CN+, azanylidynemethylium, nitridocarbon(1+)

Where an element symbol occurs in the first column, the unmodified element name is listed in the second and third columns. The unmodified name is generally used when the element appears as an electropositive constituent in the construction of a stoichiometric name (Sections IR-5.2 and IR-5.4). Names of homoatomic cations consisting of the element are also constructed using the element name, adding multiplicative prefixes and charge numbers as applicable (Sections IR-5.3.2.1 to IR-5.3.2.3). The sections mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. b Where an element symbol occurs in the first column, the fourth column gives the element name appropriately modified with the ending ‘ide’ (hydride, nitride, etc.). The ‘ide’ form of the element name is generally used when the element appears as an electronegative constituent in the construction of a stoichiometric name (Sections IR-5.2 and IR-5.4). Names of homoatomic anions consisting of the element in question are also constructed using this modified form, adding multiplicative prefixes and charge numbers as applicable (Sections IR-5.3.3.1 to IR-5.3.3.3). Examples are given in the Table of names of some specific anions, e.g. chloride(1−), oxide(2−), dioxide(2−). In certain cases, a particular anion has the 'ide' form itself as an accepted short name, e.g. chloride, oxide. If specific anions are named, the ‘ide’ form of the element name with no further modification is given as the first entry in the fourth column, with the qualifier ‘(general)’. The sections mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. c Ligand names must be placed within enclosing marks whenever necessary to avoid ambiguity, cf. Section IR-9.2.2.3. Some ligand names must always be enclosed. For example, if ‘dioxido’ is cited as is, it must be enclosed so as to distinguish it from two ‘oxido’ ligands; if combined with a multiplicative prefix it must be enclosed because it starts with a multiplicative prefix itself. A ligand name such as ‘nitridocarbonato’ must always be enclosed to avoid interpreting it as two separate ligand names, ‘nitrido’ and ‘carbonato’. In this table, however, these enclosing marks are omitted for the sake of clarity. Note that the ligand names given here with a charge number can generally also be used without if it is not desired to make any implication regarding the charge of the ligand. For example, the ligand name ‘[dioxido(•1−)]' may be used if one wishes explicitly to consider the ligand to be the species dioxide(•1−), whereas the ligand name '(dioxido)' can be used if no such implications are desirable. The section mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. a

487_S02.indb 20

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ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS The first part of this table lists substituent groups and their line formulas. A substituent group is defined by IUPAC as a group that replaces one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a parent structure. Such groups are sometimes called radicals, but IUPAC now reserves the term radical for a free molecular species with unpaired electrons. IUPAC does not recommend some of these names, which are marked here with asterisks (e.g., amyl*), but they are included in this list because they are often encountered in the older literature. Substituent group names which are formed

by systematic rules (e.g., methyl from methane, ethyl from ethane, etc.) are included here only for the first few members of a homologous series. In the second part of the table a number of common organic ring compounds are shown, with the conventional numbering of the ring positions indicated. The help of Warren H. Powell in preparing this table is greatly appreciated. Pertinent references may be found in the table “Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds.”

Substituent Groups acetamido (acetylamino) acetoacetyl acetonyl acetyl acryloyl* (1-oxo-2-propenyl) alanyl (from alanine) β-alanyl allyl (2-propenyl) allylidene (2-propenylidene) amidino (aminoiminomethyl) amino amyl* (pentyl) anilino (phenylamino) anisidino anthranoyl (2-aminobenzoyl) arsino azelaoyl (from azelaic acid) azido azino azo azoxy benzal* (benzylidene) benzamido (benzoylamino) benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl) benzoxy* (benzoyloxy) benzoyl benzyl benzylidene benzylidyne biphenylyl biphenylene butoxy sec-butoxy (1-methylpropoxy) tert-butoxy (1,1-dimethylethoxy) butyl sec-butyl (1-methylpropyl) tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl) butyryl (1-oxobutyl) caproyl* (hexanoyl) capryl* (decanoyl) capryloyl* (octanoyl) carbamido (carbamoylamino) carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) carbamyl (aminocarbonyl) carbazoyl (hydrazinocarbonyl) carbethoxy (ethoxycarbonyl) carbonyl carboxy cetyl* (hexadecyl) chloroformyl (chlorcarbonyl)

CH3CONHCH3COCH2COCH3COCH2CH3COCH2=CHCOCH3CH(NH2)COH2N(CH2)2COCH2=CHCH2CH2=CHCH= H2NC(=NH)H2NCH3(CH2)4C6H5NHCH3OC6H4NH2-H2NC6H4COAsH2-OC(CH2)7CON3=N-N= -N=N-N(O)=NC6H5CH= C6H5CONH(C6H5)2CHC6H5COOC6H5COC6H5CH2C6H5CH= C6H5C= C6H5C6H5-C6H4-C6H4C4H9OC2H5CH(CH3)O(CH3)3COCH3(CH2)3CH3CH2CH(CH3)(CH3)3CCH3(CH2)2COCH3(CH2)4COCH3(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)6COH2NCONHH2NCOH2NCOH2NNHCOC2H5OCO=C=O HOOCCH3(CH2)15ClCO-

cinnamoyl cinnamyl (3-phenyl-2-propenyl) cinnamylidene cresyl* (hydroxymethylphenyl) crotonoyl crotyl (2-butenyl) cyanamido (cyanoamino) cyanato cyano decanedioyl decanoyl diazo diazoamino disilanyl disiloxanyloxy disulfinyl dithio enanthoyl* (heptanoyl) epoxy ethenyl (vinyl) ethynyl ethoxy ethyl ethylene ethylidene ethylthio formamido (formylamino) formyl furmaroyl (from fumaric acid) furfuryl (2-furanylmethyl) furfurylidene (2-furanylmethylene) glutamoyl (from glutamic acid) glutaryl (from glutaric acid) glycylamino glycoloyl; glycolyl (hydroxyacetyl) glycyl (aminoacetyl) glyoxyloyl; glyoxylyl (oxoacetyl) guanidino guanyl (aminoiminomethyl) heptadecanoyl heptanamido heptanedioyl heptanoyl hexadecanoyl hexamethylene (1,6-hexanediyl) hexanedioyl hippuryl (N-benzoylglycyl) hydrazino hydrazo hydrocinnamoyl

C6H5CH=CHCOC6H5CH=CHCH2C6H5CH=CHCH= HO(CH3)C6H4CH3CH=CHCOCH3CH=CHCH2NCNHNCONC-OC(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)8CON2= -NHN=NH3SiSiH2H3SiOSiH2O-S(O)S(O)-SSCH3(CH2)5CO-OCH2=CHHC≡CC2H5OCH3CH2-CH2CH2CH3CH= C2H5SHCONHHCO-OCCH=CHCOOC4H3CH2OC4H3CH= -OC(CH2)2CH(NH2)CO-OC(CH2)3COH2NCH2CONHHOCH2COH2NCH2COHCOCOH2NC(=NH)NHH2NC(=NH)CH3(CH2)15COCH3(CH2)5CONH-OC(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)6-OC(CH2)4COC6H5CONHCH2COH2NNH-HNNHC6H5(CH2)2CO-

2-16

HC&P_S02.indb 16

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Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems hydroperoxy hydroxyamino hydroxy imino iodoso* (iodosyl) iodyl isoamyl* (isopentyl; 3-methylbutyl) isobutenyl (2-methyl-1-propenyl) isobutoxy (2-methylpropoxy) isobutyl (2-methylpropyl) isobutylidene (3-methylpropylidene) isobutyryl (2-methyl-1-oxopropyl) isocyanato isocyano isohexyl (4-methylpentyl) isoleucyl (from isoleucine) isonitroso* (hydroxyamino) isopentyl (3-methylbutyl) isopentylidene (3-methylbutylidene) isopropenyl (1-methylethenyl) isopropoxy (1-methylethoxy) isopropyl (1-methylethyl) isopropylidene (1-methylethylidene) isothiocyanato (isothiocyano) isovaleryl* (3-methyl-1-oxobutyl) lactoyl (from lactic acid) lauroyl (from lauric acid) lauryl (dodecyl) leucyl (from leucine) levulinoyl (from levulinic acid) malonyl (from malonic acid) mandeloyl (from mandelic acid) mercapto mesityl methacryloyl (from methacrylic acid) methallyl (2-methyl-2-propenyl) methionyl (from methionine) methoxy methyl methylene methylthio myristoyl (from myristic acid) myristyl (tetradecyl) naphthyl naphthylene neopentyl (2,2-dimethylpropyl) nitramino (nitroamino) nitro nitrosamino (nitrosoamino) nitrosimino (nitrosoimino) nitroso nonanoyl (from nonanoic acid) oleoyl (from oleic acid) oxalyl (from oxalic acid) oxo palmitoyl (from palmitic acid) pentamethylene (1,5-pentanediyl) pentyl tert-pentyl phenacyl phenacylidene phenethyl (2-phenylethyl) phenoxy phenyl

HC&P_S02.indb 17

HOOHONHHOHN= OIO2I(CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2C=CH(CH3)2CHCH2O(CH3)2CHCH2(CH3)2CHCH= (CH3)2CHCOOCNCN(CH3)2CH(CH2)3C2H5CH(CH3)CH(NH2)COHON= (CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2CHCH2CH= CH2=C(CH3)(CH3)2CHO(CH3)2CH(CH3)2C= SCN(CH3)2CHCH2COCH3CH(OH)COCH3(CH2)10COCH3(CH2)11(CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)COCH3CO(CH2)2CO-OCCH2COC6H5CH(OH)COHS2,4,6-(CH3)3C6H2CH2=C(CH3)COCH2=C(CH3)CH2CH3SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COCH3OH3CH2C= CH3SCH3(CH2)12COCH3(CH2)13(C10H7)-(C10H6)(CH3)3CCH2O2NNHO2NONNHONN= ONCH3(CH2)7COCH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO-OCCOO= CH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)5CH3(CH2)4CH3CH2C(CH3)2C6H5COCH2C6H5COCH= C6H5CH2CH2C6H5OC6H5-

2-17 phenylene (benzenediyl) phosphino* (phosphanyl) phosphinyl* (phosphinoyl) phospho phosphono phthaloyl (from phthalic acid) picryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) pimeloyl (from pimelic acid) piperidino (1-piperidinyl) pivaloyl (from pivalic acid) prenyl (3-methyl-2-butenyl) propargyl (2-propynyl) 1-propenyl 2-propenyl (allyl) propionyl* (propanyl) propoxy propyl propylidene pyrryl (pyrrolyl) salicyloyl (2-hydroxybenzoyl) selenyl* (selanyl; hydroseleno) seryl (from serine) siloxy silyl silylene sorboyl (from sorbic acid) stearoyl (from stearic acid) stearyl (octadecyl) styryl (2-phenylethenyl) suberoyl (from suberic acid) succinyl (from succinic acid) sulfamino (sulfoamino) sulfamoyl (sulfamyl) sulfanilyl [(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl] sulfeno sulfhydryl (mercapto) sulfinyl sulfo sulfonyl (sulfuryl) terephthaloyl tetramethylene thienyl (from thiophene) thiocarbonyl (carbothionyl) thiocarboxy thiocyanato (thiocyano) thionyl* (sulfinyl) threonyl (from threonine) toluidino [(methylphenyl)amino] toluoyl (methylbenzoyl) tolyl (methylphenyl) α-tolyl (benzyl) tolylene (methylphenylene) tosyl [(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl)] triazano trimethylene (1,3-propanediyl) trityl (triphenylmethyl) valeryl* (pentanoyl) valyl (from valine) vinyl (ethenyl) vinylidene (ethenylidene) xylidino [(dimethylphenyl)amino] xylyl (dimethylphenyl) xylylene [phenelenebis(methylene)]

-C6H4H2PH2P(O)O2P(HO)2P(O)1,2-C6H4(CO-)2 2,4,6-(NO2)3C6H2-OC(CH2)5COC5H10N(CH3)3CCO(CH3)2C=CHCH2HC´CCH2-CH=CHCH2 CH2=CHCH2CH3CH2COCH3CH2CH2OCH3CH2CH2CH3CH2CH= C3H4N2-HOC6H4COHSeHOCH2CH(NH2)COH3SiOH3SiH2Si= CH3CH=CHCH=CHCOCH3(CH2)14COCH3(CH2)17C6H5CH=CH-OC(CH2)6CO-OCCH2CH2COHOSO2NHH2NSO24-H2NC6H4SO2HOSHSOS= HO3S-SO21,4-C6H4(CO-)2 -(CH2)4(C4H3S)=CS HOSCNCS-SOCH3CH(OH)CH(NH2)COCH3C6H4NHCH3C6H4COCH3C6H4C6H5CH2-(CH3C6H3)4-CH3C6H4SO2H2NNHNH-(CH2)3(C6H5)3CCH3(CH2)3CO(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COCH2=CHCH2=C= (CH3)2C6H3NH(CH3)2C6H3-CH2C6H4CH2-

5/2/05 2:50:39 PM

Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems

2-18

Organic Ring Compounds 5 4

1 3 2

Cyclopropane N 1

5 4

1 2

3

1 4

5 4

Cyclobutane

Spiropentane H N

2 3

2 3

1

O

H N

5 4

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

Furan

Thiophene

Pyrrole (Azole)

2 3

Cyclopentane

H N

S

S

S

5 1 2S 4 3

H N

2 3

3H-Pyrrole (3H-Azole)

Pyrazole (1,2-Diazole)

O

O

N

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

2H-Pyrrole (2H-Azole)

S

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2S 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

N 1

O

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2N 5 1 2N N N N S 4 3 4 3 2H-Imidazole Isoxazole Thiazole Oxazole N N (1,3-Diazole) 1,2,3-Triazole 1,2,4-Triazole 1,2-Dithiole 1,3-Dithiole 3H-1,2-Oxathiole (1,2-Oxazole) (1,3-Thiazole) (1,3-Oxazole)

S

O

O

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

N 1,2,4-Oxadiazole

N 1,2,3-Oxadiazole

Isothiazole (1,2-Thiazole)

O

O

O

5 1 2O 4 3

5 1 2O 4 3

N5

1 2N 4 3

O

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

1,2,5-Oxadiazole (Furazan)

N N 1,3,4-Oxadiazole

O

H

5 1 2N 4 3

O

O

H

5 1 2 4 3

N5

O

1 2S 3

1 2N 3

N 1,2,3,5-Oxatriazole

1

6 5

5 1 2 4 3

O

4

N N 1,2,3,4-Oxatriazole

O

4

N5

4

1

6 5

2 3

2 3

4

N N O O S H 1,2,4-Dioxazole 1,3,2-Dioxazole 1,3,4-Dioxazole 5H-1,2,5-Oxathiazole 1,3-Oxathiole Benzene Cyclohexane 3H-1,2,3-Dioxazole N

O

O

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-Pyran

4H-Pyran

6 5

H N 1

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-Pyran-2-one (2-Pyrone)

N

6 1 2 5 3 N 4 N

2 3

6 5

N 1

O

O

O

O

O

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2O 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4 O

O 4H-Pyran-4-one (4-Pyrone)

1,2-Dioxin

1,3-Dioxin

2N 3

6 5

N 1

N 1 4

6 1 2N 5 3 4

2 3

6 5

N 1 4

2N 3

6 5

O

4

N 1

6 5

2 3

N

4

2 3

N Pyrazine

O

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4 N

6 1 2 5 3 4 N

N 1

Pyrimidine

Pyridazine

Pyridine

O

O

2N 3

6 5

6 1 2 5 3 4

4 4 N N N 1,3,5-Triazine 1,2,4-Triazine 1,2,3-Triazine 4H-1,2-Oxazine 2H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,2-Oxazine 1,4-Oxazine (s-Triazine) (as-Triazine) (v-Triazine) Piperazine 4

N H

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

O

Oxepin

6 5

7 4

N6 5

O

O

O

1 2S 3 4

6 1 2N 5 3 4

H N

O

7 1 2 3 5 4

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2 N5 4 3N

6

N N N 1,2,5-Oxathiazine 1,3,5-Oxadiazine 1,2,6-Oxathiazine H Morpholine Azepine 1,2,4-Oxadiazine 4H-1,4-Oxazine

S

N

7 1 2N 6 3 5 4

7 1 2 6 3 5 4

1 2S 3

6 5

6 5

7 4

H N

1 2 3

Indole

6 5

7 4

N

1 2 3

3H-Indole

7

1

4

2 3

6 5

7 4

1

6 5

1 2 3

7 4

6 5

2H-Indene (Isoindene)

Indene

4H-1,2-Diazepine

Thiepin

Benzo[c]thiophene

HC&P_S02.indb 18

6 1 2S N5 4 3

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-1,2-Oxazine

7 1 2 6 3 5 4

O

O

H

2N 3

1H-Indole

3 2

4 1

7 4

O

1 2 3

Benzofuran

5

6 7

N Cyclopenta[b]pyridine

O6 5

7 4

6 5

7 4

1 2O 3

6 5

Isobenzofuran

N 1

2 3

Pyrano[3,4-b]pyrrole

6 5

7 4

S

7

1 2 3

4

Benzo[b]thiophene

H N

1 2N 3

Indazole

6 5

7 4

O

1 2N 3

Benzisoxazole (Indoxazene)

5/2/05 2:51:05 PM

Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems

6 5

O

7

1 2 3

6 5

N

4

N 1

7 4

2O 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

2-19

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

8

1 4

5

2 3

O

8

7 6

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

O

8

O

1 2 3 4

5

Octahydronaphthalene 2H-1-Benzopyran 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one 1,2,3,4-Tetra(Decalin) hydronaphthalene (2H-Chromene) (Coumarin) (Tetralin)

Benzoxazole 2,1-Benzisoxazole Naphthalene

O 7 6

O

8

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

O 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one (Chromen-4-one)

N 7 6

N

8

5

6

1,8-Naphthyridine

7 6

8

1

5

4

4

5

2O 3

1 2 3 4

5

2O 3

7 6

N

1H-2,3-Benzoxazine

8

1

5

4

5

N

8

7 6

1 2 3 4

5

N

1,7-Naphthyridine

1

7 6

N

7 6

N

4H-3,1-Benzoxazine

O

1 2N 3 4

8 5

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

8

1

5

4

N

8

1 2 3 4

5

H 7 6

7 6

N

4

5

2N 3

5

1 9 8

7

2

7 6

3

6

4 5

8

9

5

1 4

Fluorene

2 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

8

9

1

5

10

4

Carbazole

O

Xanthene

2 3

6 7

5 8

N

4

9

1

3 2

Acridine

1 2 3 4 N

5

O

8

1 2 3 4

5

N

2H-1,4-Benzoxazine

8

9

1

5

10

4

4

2 3

Anthracene

10

N

8

Quinazoline

7 6

4H-1,4-Benzoxazine

H N 9

7 6

Cinnoline

1 2 3 4 N

7 6

N H

2H-1,2-Benzoxazine

1

2H-1,3-Benzoxazine

1 2 3 4

5

N

8

7 6

O

8

O

8

2N 3

Isoquinoline

Quinoline

1,6-Naphthyridine

1,5-Naphthyridine

2O 3

N

8

7 6

O 3H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isochromen-3-one)

N

8

2O 4 3

8

7 6

1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isocoumarin)

N7

1 2 3 4

1

8

6 7

3 2 1

5 8

9

10

Phenanthrene

2 1 3 4 7 6 5

Norpinane (Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane)

N1

2

6 3

N

H N 5 4

7 8 9

N

7H-Purine

Phenalene

R' R 2 3

1 4

H 11 12 13

10 5

14

R'' 17

16 15

9

8 H 6 7H

H

R = Nearly always methyl R' = Usually methyl R'' = Various groups

Steroid ring system

HC&P_S02.indb 19

5/2/05 2:51:19 PM

SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS This table lists some abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols encountered in the physical sciences. Most entries in italic type are symbols for physical quantities; for more details on these, see the table “Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities” in this section. Additional information on units may be found in the table “International System of Units” in Section 1. Many of the terms to which these abbreviations refer are included in the tables “Definitions of Scientific Terms” in Section 2 and “Techniques for Materials Characterization” in Section 12. Useful references for further information are given below. Publication practices vary with regard to the use of capital or lower case letters for many abbreviations. An effort has been made to follow the most common practices in this table, but much variation is found in the literature. Likewise, policies on the use of periods in an abbreviation vary considerably. Periods are generally omitted in this table unless they are necessary for clarity. Periods should never appear in SI units. The SI prefixes (m, k, M, etc.) are included here, but they should never be used alone. Selected combinations of these prefixes with SI units (e.g., mg, kV, MW) are also included. Abbreviations are listed in alphabetical order without regard to case. Entries beginning with Greek letters fall at the end of the table. A Å A AH Ar a a a0 A/D AAA AAO AAS ABA Abe ABL abs Ac ac, AC Aces ACT ACTH Ad Ada Ade ADI Ado ADP ads ae AEP AES AF AFM AI



ampere; adenine (in genetic code) ångström absorbance; area; Helmholtz energy; mass number Hall coefficient atomic weight (relative atomic mass) atto (SI prefix for 10–18) absorption coefficient; acceleration; activity; van der Waals constant Bohr radius analog to digital acetoacetanilide acetaldehyde oxime atomic absorption spectroscopy abscisic acid abequose α-acetylbutyrolactone absolute acetyl; acetate alternating current 2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid activated complex theory adrenocorticotropic hormone adamantyl [(carbamoylmethyl)imino]diacetic acid adenine acceptable daily intake adenosine adenosine diphosphate adsorption eon (109 years) 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine atomic emission spectroscopy; Auger electron spectroscopy audio frequency atomic force microscopy artificial intelligence

References 1. Mills, Ian, Ed., Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 2. Kotyk, A., Quantities, Symbols, Units, and Abbreviations in the Life Sciences, Humana Press, Totawa, NJ, 1999. 3. Rhodes, P. H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995. 4. Minkin, V., Glossary of Terms used in Theoretical Organic Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 71, 1919–1981, 1999. 5. Brown, R. D., Ed., Acronyms Used in Theoretical Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 68, 387–456, 1996. 6. Quantities and Units, ISO Standards Handbook, Third Edition, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1993. 7. Cohen, E. R., and Giacomo, P., Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, and Fundamental Constants in Physics, Physica 146A, 1–68, 1987. 8. Chemical Acronyms Database, Indiana University, < www.oscar.chem. indiana.edu/cfdocs/ libchem/acronyms/ acronymsearch.html>. 9. Acronyms and Symbols, <www3.interscience.wiley.com/stasa/>. 10. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (Gold Book), .

AIBN AICA AIM AIP Al Ala alc ALE aliph. alk. All Alt AM Am am AMP AMPD AMTCS amu AN anh, anhyd ANOVA antilog ANTU AO AOM APAD Api APM APS APW aq Ar Ara Ara-ol

2,2′-azobis[isobutyronitrile] 5-amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide atoms in molecules (method) aluminum isopropoxide Alfén number alanine alcohol atomic layer epitaxy aliphatic alkaline allose altrose amplitude modulation amyl amorphous solid adenosine monophosphate 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol amyltrichlorosilane [trichloropentylsilane] atomic mass unit (recommended symbol is u) acetonitrile anhydrous analysis of variance antilogarithm 1-naphthalenylthiourea atomic orbital angular overlap model 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide apiose atomic probe microanalysis appearance potential spectroscopy; adenosine phosphosulfate augmented plane wave aqueous aryl arabinose arabinitol

2-25

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols

2-26 Arg ARPES ASC ASCII ASE Asn Asp at ATEE ATLC atm ATP ATR at.wt. AU av avdp B B b b BA BAL BAP, BaP bar bbl BBP BCB bcc BCF BCG BCNU BCP BCPB BCS BDE BDEA BDMA Bé BEBO BEI BEM Bes BET BeV BGE BHA BHC Bhn BHT Bi Bicine Bistris Bistrispropane BLO BN BNS BO

arginine angular resolved photoelectron spectroscopy 4-(acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride American National Standard Code for Information Interchange aromatic stabilization model asparagine aspartic acid atomization N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester adsorption thin layer chromatography standard atmosphere adenosine triphosphate attenuated total internal reflection atomic weight astronomical unit (ua is also used) average avoirdupois bel magnetic flux density; second virial coefficient; susceptance barn van der Waals constant; molality benzyladenine British anti-Lewisite [2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol] benzo[a]pyrene bar (pressure unit) barrel benzyl butyl phthalate bromocresol blue body centered cubic bioconcentration factor bromocresol green N,N′-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea bromocresol purple bromochlorophenol blue Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (theory) bond dissociation energy butyldiethanolamime benzyldimethylamine Baumé bond energy bond order (method) biological exposure index biological effect monitoring 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (isotherm) billion electronvolt (GeV) butyl glycidyl ether tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole benzene hexachloride [hexachlorobenzene] Brinell hardness number butylated hydroxytoluene [2,6-di-tert-butyl-4methylphenol] biot N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol 1,3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane γ-butyrolactone bond number; benzonitrile nuclear backscattering spectroscopy Born-Oppenheimer (approximation); bond order

BOD BON bp BPB BPG bpy Bq Br BRE BrUrd BSE BSSE BTMSA Btu BTX Bu bu Bz Bzl C °C C c c c0 ca. CADD cal calc cAMP CAN CARS CAS CASRN CAT CBE CBS CC cc CCD CD cd CDNO CDP CDT CDTA CDW CEM CEP CEPA cf. cfm cgs Chaps Ches CHF Chl Cho CHT Ci

biochemical oxygen demand β-hydroxynaphthoic acid boiling point bromophenol blue 2,3-bis(phospho)-D-glycerate 2,2′-bipyridine becquerel butyryl bond resonance energy 5-bromouridine back scattered electron(s) basis set superposition error 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene British thermal unit benzene, toluene, and xylene butyl bushel benzoyl benzyl coulomb; cytosine (in genetic code) degree Celsius capacitance; heat capacity; number concentration centi (SI prefix for 10–2); combustion reaction amount concentration; specific heat; velocity speed of light in vacuum approximately computer-assisted drug design calorie calculated adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-(hydrogen phosphate) ceric ammonium nitrate coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy complete active space Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number computerized axial tomography; clear air turbulence chemical beam epitaxy complete basis set (of orbitals) coupled cluster cubic centimeter (mL) charge-coupled device circular dichroism candela; condensed (phase) complete neglect of differential overlap cytidine 5′-diphosphate 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene (1,2-cyclohexylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid monohydrate charge density waves channel electron multiplier counter electrophoresis coupled electron-pair approximation compare cubic feet per minute centimeter-gram-second system 3-[3-(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1propanesulfonic acid 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid coupled Hartree-Fock (method) chlorophyll choline 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene curie

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols CI CID CIDEP CIDNP CIE cir CKFF CL cm c.m. c.m.c. CMO CMP CN CNDO Co COD conc const COOP cos cosh COSY COT cot coth CP Cp cP cp CPA CPC cpd CPL CPR cps CPT CPU cr, cryst CRU CSA csc CT ct CTEM CTP CTR cu CV CVD cw cwt Cy Cyd cyl Cys Cyt D

configuration interaction; chemical ionization, color index charge-injection device chemically induced dynamic electron polarization chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis circular Cotton-Kraihanzel force field cathode luminescence (spectroscopy) centimeter center of mass critical micelle concentration canonical molecular orbital cytidine 5′-monophosphate; chemical measurement process coordination number complete neglect of differential overlap Cowling number chemical oxygen demand; 1,4-cyclooctadiene concentrated; concentration constant crystal orbital overlap population cosine hyperbolic cosine correlation spectroscopy 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene cotangent hyperbolic cotangent chemically pure cyclopentadienyl centipoise candle power coherent potential approximation centrifugal partition chromatography contact potential difference circular polarization of luminescence chlorophenol red cycles per second charge conjugation/space inversion/time inversion (theorem) central processing unit crystalline (phase) constitutional repeating unit (in polymer nomenclature) camphorsulfonic acid cosecant charge transfer carat conventional transmission electron microscopy cytidine 5′-triphosphate controlled thermonuclear reaction cubic cyclic voltammetry chemical vapor deposition continuous wave hundredweight (112 pounds) cyclohexyl cytidine cylinder cysteine cytosine debye unit

2-27 D d d 2,4-D D/A Da DA da DAA DAB DACH DAP dB DBA DBCP DBMS DBP DBPC dc, DC DCB DCEE DCHA DCM DCPD DE Dec dec DEET deg den det dev DFT dGlc DHU diam dil DIM dm DMA DMAC DMF DMP DMS DMSO DMT DN DNA DNase DNMR DNP Dod DOP DOS doz d.p. dpl dpm dps dr DRE

diffusion coefficient; dissociation energy; electric displacement day; deuteron; deci (SI prefix for 10–1) distance; density; dextrorotatory 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid digital to analog dalton donor-acceptor (complex) deka (SI prefix for 101) diacetone alcohol 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane diammonium phosphate decibel dibenz[a,h]anthracene 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane database management system dibutyl phthalate 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol direct current dicyanobenzene dichloroethyl ether dicyclohexylamine dichloromethane dicyclopentadiene delocalization energy decyl decomposes diethyltoluamide [N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide] degree density determinant deviation density functional theory 2-deoxyglucose dihydrouridine diameter dilute; dilution diatomics in molecules (method); digital imaging microscopy decimeter N,N-dimethylaniline N,N-dimethylacetamide N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl phthalate dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfoxide dimethyl terephthalate; dimethyl tartrate donor number deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribonuclease dynamic NMR spectroscopy dinitropyrene dodecyl dioctyl phthalate density of states; digital operating system dozen degree of polymerization displacement disintegrations per minute disintegrations per second dram Dewar resonance energy

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols

2-28 dRib DRIFT DRP DRS DSC DTA DTBP DVB dyn DZ E E Eh e e EA EAN ECP ECR ED EDAX EDB EDC EDI EDS EDTA EEL EELS EES EFF EFFF EGA EHMO, EHT EIS ELS EM emf EMPA, EMA emu en ENDOR EOS EPR EPT-76 EPTC EPXMA eq, eqn eqQ erf erg ESCA ESD e.s.d. ESR est esu ET Et Etn

2-deoxyribose diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform dynamic reaction path diffuse reflectance spectroscopy differential scanning calorimetry differential thermal analysis di-tert-butyl peroxide divinylbenzene dyne double-zeta (type of basis set) exa (SI prefix for 1018) electric field strength; electromotive force; energy; modulus of elasticity; entgegen (trans configuration) Hartree energy electron; base of natural logarithms elementary charge; linear strain electron affinity effective atomic number effective core potential electron cyclotron resonance electron diffraction energy dispersive analysis by x-rays ethylene dibromide [1,2-dibromoethane] ethylene dichloride [1,2-dichloroethane] estimated daily intake energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid environmental exposure level electron energy loss spectroscopy excitation-emission spectrum empirical force field energy factored force field evolved gas analysis extended Hückel molecular orbital (theory) electron impact spectroscopy; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy energy loss spectroscopy extended molarity; electron microscopy electromotive force electron probe microanalysis electromagnetic unit system ethylenediamine electron-nuclear double resonance equation of state electron paramagnetic resonance provisional low temperature scale of 1976 dipropylcarbamothioic acid, S-ethyl ester electron probe x-ray microanalysis equation quadrupole coupling constant error function erg (energy unit) electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis electron stimulated desorption estimated standard deviation electron spin resonance estimated electrostatic unit system ephemeris time; electron transfer ethyl ethanolamine

ETS Eu e.u. eV EXAFS EXELFS exp expt ext F °F F f f FAD fcc FEL FEM FEMO FET fid FIM FIR fl FM Fo fp fpm fps Fr Fr Fru FSGO FT ft ft-lb FTIR FTMS FTNMR fus FVP FWHM G G g g GABA Gal gal GalN GC GC-MS GDMS GDP gem GeV GIAO gl GLC Glc

electron tunneling spectroscopy Euler number entropy unit electronvolt extended x-ray absorption fine structure (spectroscopy) extended energy loss fine structure exponential function experimental external farad degree Fahrenheit Faraday constant; force; angular momentum formation reaction; femto (SI prefix for 10–15) activity coefficient; aperture ratio; focal length; force constant; frequency; fugacity flavine adenine dinucleotide face centered cubic free electron laser field emission microscopy free electron molecular orbital field effect transistor free induction decay field ion microscopy far infrared fluid (phase) frequency modulation Fourier number freezing point feet per minute feet per second; foot-pound-second system franklin Froude number fructose floating spherical gaussian orbitals Fourier transform foot foot pound Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform mass spectrometry Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance fusion (melting) flash vacuum pyrolysis full width at half maximum gauss; guanine (in genetic code); giga (SI prefix for 109) electrical conductance; Gibbs energy; gravitational constant; sheer modulus gram; gas (phase) acceleration due to gravity; degeneracy; Landé g-factor; statistical weight γ-aminobutyric acid gal; galactose gallon galactosamine gas chromatography gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy glow discharge mass spectroscopy guanosine 5′-diphosphate geminal (on the same carbon atom) gigaelectronvolt gauge invariant atomic orbital glacial gas-liquid chromatography glucose

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols GlcA GlcN GlcNAc GlcU Gln GLP Glu Gly GMP GMT GPC gpm gps Gr gr Gra Gri Grn Gro GTO GTP Gua Gul Guo GUT GVB GWS Gy H H H0 h h Ha ha HAM hav Hb HBA HCA hcp HDL HEIS HEP Hepes Hepps HF HFA HFO hfs His HMO HMX HN1 HOAc HOC HOMAS HOMO HOSE Hp hp HPLC

gluconic acid glucosamine N-acetylglucosamine glucuronic acid glutamine good laboratory practice glutamic acid glycine guanosine 5′-monophosphate Greenwich mean time gel-permeation chromatography gallons per minute gallon per second Grashof number grain glyceraldehyde glyceric acid glycerone [dihydroxyacetone] glycerol gaussian-type orbital guanosine 5′-triphosphate guanine gulose guanosine grand unified theory generalized valence bond (method) Glashow-Weinberg-Salam (theory) gray; gigayear henry enthalpy; Hamiltonian function; magnetic field Hubble constant helion; hour; hecto (SI prefix for 102) Planck constant Hartmann number hectare hydrogenic atoms in molecules haversine hemoglobin hydrogen bond acceptor heterocyclic amine hexagonal closed packed high-density lipoprotein high-energy ion scattering high energy physics 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulfonic acid high frequency; Hartree-Fock (method) hexafluoroacetone Hartree-Fock orbital hyperfine structure histidine Hückel molecular orbital cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine 2-chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethylethanamine acetic acid halogenated organic compound(s) harmonic oscillator model of aromatic stabilization highest occupied molecular orbital harmonic oscillator stabilization energy heptyl horsepower high-performance liquid chromatography

2-29 HQ hr HRE HREELS HREM HSAB HSE HWHM Hx Hyp Hz I I i i I/O IAT IC ICD ICP ICR ICVTST ID id Ido IdoA IDP IE i.e.p. IEPA IF Ig IGLO Ile IM Im IMFP imm IMP IMPATT in. INDO Ino INS Ins int IP IPA IPMA IPN IPR IPTS IQ IR IRAS IRC IRS isc ISE ISS ITP

p-hydroquinone hour Hückel resonance energy high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy high resolution electron microscopy hard-soft acid-base (theory) homodesmotic stabilization energy half width at half maximum hexyl hypoxanthine hertz inositol electric current; ionic strength; moment of inertia; nuclear spin angular momentum; radiant intensity square root of minus one electric current input/output international atomic time integrated circuit; ion chromatography induced circular dichroism inductive-coupled plasma ion cyclotron resonance improved canonical variational transition-state theory inside diameter ideal (solution) iodose iduronic acid inosine 5′-diphosphate ionization energy isoelectric point independent electron pair approximation intermediate frequency immunoglobulin individual gauge for localized orbitals isoleucine intermedicate modulus imaginary part inelastic mean free path (of electrons) immersion inosine 5′-monophosphate impact ionization avalanche transit time inch immediate neglect of differential overlap inosine inelastic neutron scattering; ion neutralization spectroscopy myo-inositol internal ionization potential isopropyl alcohol ion probe microanalysis interpenetrating polymer network isotope perturbation of resonance International Practical Temperature Scale 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo(4,5-f )quinoline infrared infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy intrinsic reaction coordinate infrared spectroscopy intersystem crossing ion-selective electrode; isodesmic stabilization energy ion scattering spectroscopy inosine 5′-triphosphate

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols

2-30 ITS-90 IU J J j JD JT K K k k kat kb kcal KE keV kg kgf KIE kJ km Kn kPa kt kV kva kW kwh L L l l Lac LAH LAMES lat. LB lb lbf LC lc LCAO LD LDA LDL LDV Le LE LEC LED LEED LEIS LEP Leu LFER LFL lim

International Temperature Scale (1990) international unit joule angular momentum; electric current density; flux; Massieu function angular momentum; electric current density Julian Day (Date) Jahn-Teller (effect) kelvin absorption coefficient; bulk modulus; equilibrium constant; kinetic energy kilo (SI prefix for 103) absorption index; Boltzmann constant; rate constant; thermal conductivity; wave vector katal (unit of catalytic activity) kilobar; kilobases (DNA or RNA) kilocalorie kinetic energy kiloelectronvolt kilogram kilogram force kinetic isotope effect kilojoule kilometer Knudsen number kilopascal karat kilovolt kilovolt ampere kilowatt kilowatt hour liter; lambert Avogadro constant; inductance; Lagrange function; angular momentum liter; liquid (phase) angular momentum; length; mean free path; levorotatory lactose lithium aluminum hydride laser micro emission spectroscopy latitude Langmuir-Blodgett (membrane) pound pound force liquid chromatography; lethal concentration liquid crystal (phase) linear combination of atomic orbitals lethal dose local density approximation; lithium diisopropylamide low-density lipoprotein laser-Doppler velocimetry Lewis function localization energy liquid exchange chromatography light emitting diode low-energy electron diffraction low-energy ion scattering London-Eyring-Polanyi (method) leucine linear free energy relationships lower flammable limit limit

LIMS liq LLCT LM lm LMCT LMO LMR ln LNDO log LOMO long. LRMA LSFE LST LT LTE LUMO LV lx ly l.y. Lys Lyx M M Mr m m Ma MA MAbs Mal Man MASNMR max Mb MBE MBER MBPT MC MCAA MCD MCPA MCPF MCSCF MD Me MeCCNU MeIQ MeIQx MEK MEL MEP MERP

laser ionization mass spectroscopy; laboratory information management system liquid ligand to ligand charge transfer low modulus lumen ligand to metal charge transfer localized molecular orbital laser magnetic resonance logarithm (natural) local neglect of differential overlap logarithm (common) lowest occupied molecular orbital longitude laser Raman microanalysis linear field stabilization energy local sidereal time local time local thermodynamic equilibrium lowest unoccupied molecular orbital limit value lux langley light year lysine lyxose molar (as in 0.1 M solution); mega (SI prefix for 106) magnetization; molar mass; mutual inductance; torque; angular momentum component; median molecular weight (relative molar mass) meter; molal (as in 0.1 m solution); metastable (isotope); milli (SI prefix for 10–3) magnetic dipole moment; mass; molality; angular momentum component; meta (locant on aromatic ring) Mach number maleic anhydride monoclonal antibodies maltose mannose magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance maximum myoglobin molecular beam epitaxy molecular beam electron resonance many body perturbation theory Monte Carlo (method) monochloroacetic acid magnetic circular dichroism (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid modified coupled pair functional multiconfigurational self-consistent field (approximation) molecular dynamics (method) methyl 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1nitrosourea 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoxaline methyl ethyl ketone maximum exposure limit molecular electrostatic potential minimum energy reaction path

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols Mes MESFET Met MeV meV MF mg MHD mi min MINDO MIPK MIR misc MJD MKS MKSA mL, ml MLR MM mm MMDR mmf mmHg MNDO MO MODR mol mol.wt. mon Mops MOS MOSFET mp MPa MPA Mpc MPTP MR MRD MRI mRNA MS ms MSA MSDS MSL MTBE MTD Mur mV MVK MW mW Mx N N NA n n NAA

4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor methionine megaelectronvolt millielectronvolt molecular formula milligram magnetohydrodynamics mile minimum; minute modified INDO (method) methyl isopropyl ketone mid infrared miscible Modified Julian Day (Date) meter-kilogram-second system meter-kilogram-second-ampere system milliliter multiple linear regression molecular mechanics millimeter microwave-microwave double resonance magnetomotive force millimeter of mercury modified neglect of diatomic overlap molecular orbital; methyl orange microwave-optical double resonance mole molecular weight monomeric form 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid metal-oxide semiconductor metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor melting point megapascal Mulliken population analysis megaparsec 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine methyl red multireference double substitution (method) magnetic resonance imaging messenger RNA mass spectroscopy millisecond methanesulfonic acid Material Safety Data Sheet mean sea level methyl tert-butyl ether maximum tolerable dose muramic acid millivolt methyl vinyl ketone megawatt; microwave; molecular weight milliwatt maxwell newton angular momentum; neutron number; number density Avogadro constant neutron; nano (SI prefix for 10–9) amount of substance; number density; principal quantum number; refractive index; normal (in chemical formulas) nuclear activation analysis

2-31 NAAD NAD NADH NADP NANA NAO NBO nbp NEDOR Neu NEXAFS ng NHO NHOMO NICS NIR nm NMN NMR Nn NNDO NO NOE NOEL NOx NP NPA NQR NRA ns NSE NTP Nu Nu o obs, obsd Oc OD ODMR Oe OFGF ORD Oro oz P P p p Pa PA PABA PAH PAM PAN PAR PAS PBA PBB PBD PBMA PBT

nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced NAD NAD phosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid natural atomic orbital natural bond orbital normal boiling point nuclear electron double resonance neuraminic acid near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure nanogram natural hybrid orbital next-to-highest occupied molecular orbital nuclear independent chemical shift near infrared; ribosylnicotinamide nanometer β-nicotinamide mononucleotide nuclear magnetic resonance nonyl neglect of nonbonded differential overlap natural orbital nuclear Overhauser effect no-observed-effect level nitrogen oxides nitropyrene natural population analysis nuclear quadrupole resonance nuclear reaction analysis nanosecond neutron spin echo normal temperature and pressure nucleophile Nusselt number ortho (locant on aromatic ring) observed octyl optical density; outside diameter optically detected magnetic resonance oersted outer valence Green’s function (method) optical rotatory dispersion orotate; orotidine ounce poise; peta (SI prefix for 1015) power; pressure; probability; sound energy flux proton; pico (SI prefix for 10–12) dielectric polarization; electric dipole moment; momentum; pressure; bond order; para (as aromatic ring locant) pascal proton affinity p-aminobenzoic acid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(s) polyacrylamide 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol; polyacrylonitrile 4-(2′-pyridylazo)resorcinol photoacoustic spectroscopy poly(butyl acrylate) polybrominated biphenyl poly(1,3-butadiene) poly(butyl methacrylate) poly(butylene terephthalate)

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols

2-32 PC pc PCM PCR PD pdl PDMS Pe Pe pe PEA PEG PEL PES PET peth pf PFOA pg Ph pH Phe PhIP pI PIB PIN Pipes PIV PIXE pK PLM PLOT PLS pm PMA PMMA PMO PNDO PNO PNRA POAV pol POx ppb ppm PPO PPP ppt Pr Pr PRDDO Pro PS ps PSD psi psia psig PT pt PTFE

paper chromatography parsec polarizable continuum model polymerase chain reaction potential difference poundal poly(dimethylsiloxane) pentyl Péclet number probable error poly(ethyl acrylate) poly(ethylene glycol) permissible exposure limit photoelectron spectroscopy; potential energy surface positron emission tomography; poly(ethylene terephthalate) petroleum ether power factor perfluorooctanoic acid picogram phenyl negative log of hydrogen ion concentration phenylalanine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine isoelectric point polyisobutylene p-intrinsic-n (diode) 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid particle-image velocimetry particle induced x-ray emission negative log of ionization constant principle of least motion porous-layer open-tabular (column) partial least squares picometer poly(methyl acrylate) poly(methyl methacrylate) perturbation MO (theory) partial neglect of differential overlap pair natural orbitals prompt nuclear reaction analysis π-orbital axis vector polymeric form phosphorus oxides parts per billion parts per million poly(phenylene oxide) Pariser-Parr-Pople (method) parts per thousand; precipitate propyl Prandtl number partial retention of diatomic differential overlap proline photoelectron spectroscopy picosecond photon stimulated desorption pounds per square inch pounds per square inch absolute pounds per square inch gage perturbation theory pint poly(tetrafluoroethylene)

PTMS Pu PVA PVAc PVC PVD PVDF PVME PVT Py p.z.c. Q q QCD QCI QCT QED Q.E.D. QMRE QSAR QSO qt quad Qui q.v. R °R R r r RA rad RAIRS RAM RBS Rbu, Rul RCI RDA Re RE REELS RED REM rem REPE RF Rha RHEED RHF RIA Rib Ribulo rms RNA RNase ROHF ROM RPA RPH RPLC

propyltrimethoxysilane purine poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(vinyl acetate) poly(vinyl chloride) physical vapor deposition poly(vinylidene fluoride) poly(methyl vinyl ether) pressure-volume-temperature pyrimidine point of zero charge electric charge; heat; partition function; quadrupole moment; radiant energy; vibrational normal coordinate electric field gradient; flow rate; heat; wave vector (phonons) quantum chromodynamics quadratic configuration interaction quasi-classical trajectory (method) quantum electrodynamics quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be proved) quantum mechanical resonance energy quantitative structure-activity relations quasi-stellar object quart quadrillion BTU (=1.055•1018 joules) quinovose quod vide (which you should see) roentgen; alkyl radical (in chemical formulas) degree Rankine electrical resistance; gas constant; molar refraction; Rydberg constant; coefficient of multiple correlation reaction (as in ∆rH) position vector; radius right ascension radian reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy random access memory Rutherford back scattering ribulose ring current index rubidium dihydrogen arsenate real part resonance energy reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy radial electron distribution reflection electron microscopy roentgen equivalent man resonance energy per electron radiofrequency rhamnose reflection high-energy electron diffraction restricted Hartree-Fock (theory) radioimmunoassay ribose ribulose root-mean-square ribonucleic acid ribonuclease restricted open shell Hartree-Fock read only memory random phase approximation reaction path Hamiltonian reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols rpm rps RRK RRKM rRNA RRS RS Ry S S s s SAED SALC SALI SAM SAMS SANS SAR Sar sat, satd SAXS Sc SC SCD SCE SCF SCP SCR SCRF sd SDW SE SEC sec sec SECSY Sed SEELFS SEM sepn Ser SERS SET SEXAF SFC Sh Shy SI SILAR SIMS sin sinh SIPN SLAM SLUMO SMILES SMO SMOW

revolutions per minute revolutions per second Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (theory) Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (theory) ribosomal RNA resonance Raman spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy rydberg siemens area; entropy; probability current density; Poynting vector; symmetry coordinate; spin angular momentum second; solid (phase) path length; spin angular momentum; symmetry number; sedimentation coefficient; solubility; symmetrical (as stereochemical descriptor) selected area electron diffraction symmetry adapted linear combinations surface analysis by laser ionization scanning Auger microscopy self-assembled monolayers small angle neutron scattering structure-activity relationship sarcosine saturated small angle x-ray scattering Schmidt number spin-coupled (method) state correlation diagram saturated calomel electrode self-consistent field (method) single-cell protein silicon-controlled rectifier self-consistent reaction field (method) standard deviation spin density wave strain energy size exclusion chromatography secant; second secondary (in chemical name) spin-echo correlated spectroscopy sedoheptulose surface extended energy loss fine structure scanning electron microscopy; standard error of the mean separation serine surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy single electron transfer surface extended x-ray absorption fine structure supercritical fluid chromatography Sherwood number thiohypoxanthine International System of Units successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction secondary-ion spectroscopy sine hyperbolic sine semi-interpenetrating polymer network scanning laser acoustic microscopy second lowest unoccupied molecular orbital simplified molecular input line entry system semiempirical molecular orbital Standard Mean Ocean Water (Vienna)

2-33 SNMS Sno SNU SOJT sol soln, sln SOMO Sor sp gr SPM sq Sr sr Srd SSMS St St std, stnd STEL STEM STM STO STP sub, subl Suc, Sac Sur Sv T T t t TAC TAI Tal tan tanh Taps TBE TBP TCA TCE TCG TCNQ TCP TCSCF TDI tDNA TE TEA TED TEELS TEM temp tert Tes TFD TGA Thd

sputtered neutral mass spectroscopy thiouridine solar neutrino unit second-order Jahn-Teller (effect) soluble; solution solution singly occupied molecular orbital sorbose specific gravity scanned probe microscopy square Strouhal number steradian 6-thioinosine source spark mass spectroscopy stoke Stanton number standard (state) short-term exposure limit scanning transmission electron microscope scanning tunneling microscopy Slater-type orbital standard temperature and pressure sublimes; sublimation sucrose thiouracil sievert tesla; tera (SI prefix for 1012); thymine (in genetic code) kinetic energy; period; term value; temperature (thermodynamic); torque; transmittance metric tonne; triton Celsius temperature; thickness; time; transport number time-to-amplitude converter International Atomic Time talose tangent hyperbolic tangent 3-{[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino}-1propanesulfonic acid 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane tributyl phosphate trichloroacetic acid trichloroethylene Geocentric Coordinated Time tetracyanoquinodimethane tricresyl phosphate two configuration self-consistent field toluene diisocyanate transfer DNA transverse electric triethanolamine; triethylamine transferred electron device; transmission electron diffraction transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy transverse electromagnetic; transmission electron microscope temperature tertiary (in chemical name) 2-{[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino}-1propanesulfonic acid Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (method) thermogravimetric analysis ribosylthymine

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols

2-34 THEED theor thf, THF Thr Thy TL TLC TLV TM TMAB TMS tol TOPO Torr Tre TRE Tricine Tris TRMC tRNA Trp trs TS TSS TST Tyr U U u u ua UBFF UDMH UDP UHF UMP uns, unsym UPS, UPES Ura Urd USP UT UTC UTP UV V V v v/v Val vap VAT VB VCD VDW VHF vic VIS vit VOC

transmission high energy electron diffraction theoretical tetrahydrofuran threonine thymine thermoluminescence thin-layer chromatography threshold limit value transverse magnetic tetrabutylammonium bromide tetramethylsilane tolyl trioctylphosphine oxide torr (pressure unit) trehalose topological resonance energy N-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]glycine 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol time-resolved microwave conductivity transfer RNA tryptophan transition transition state transition state spectroscopy generalized transition-state theory tyrosine uracil (in genetic code) electric potential difference; internal energy unified atomic mass unit Bloch function; electric mobility; velocity astronomical unit (AU is also used) Urey-Bradley force field 1,1-dimethylhydrazine uridine 5′-diphosphate ultrahigh frequency; unrestricted Hartree-Fock (method) uridine 5′-monophosphate unsymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy uracil uridine United States Pharmacopeia universal time coordinated universal time uridine 5′-triphosphate ultraviolet volt electric potential; potential energy; volume reaction rate; specific volume; velocity; vibrational quantum number; vicinal (as chemical descriptor) volume per volume (volume of solute divided by volume of solution, expressed as percent) valine vaporization vibration assisted tunneling valence band; valence bond (theory) vibrational circular dichroism van der Waals interaction very high frequency vicinal (on adjacent carbon atom) visible region of the spectrum vitreous (phase) volatile organic compound(s)

VOFF VPC VSEPR VSIP VSLI VSMOW VUV W W w w/v w/w WAXS Wb We WKB WLF wt X X x XAFS Xan XANES Xao Xlu, Xul XPS, XPES XRD XRF XRS Xyl Y Y y y y, yr YAG yd Z Z z z ZDO ZINDO ZPE, ZPVE ZULU α α β β γ γ Γ δ

valence orbital force field vapor phase chromatography valence shell electron-pair repulsion (method) valence state ionization potential very large scale integrated (circuit) Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water vacuum ultraviolet watt radiant energy; statistical weight; work energy density; mass fraction; velocity; work weight per volume (mass of solute divided by volume of solution, usually expressed as g/100 mL) weight per weight (mass of solute divided by mass of solution, expressed as percent) wide angle x-ray scattering weber Weber number Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (approximation) Williams-Landel-Ferry (equation) weight X unit; halogen (in chemical formula) reactance mole fraction x-ray absorption fine structure xanthine x-ray absorption near-edge structure xanthosine xylulose x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy x-ray diffraction x-ray fluorescence x-ray spectroscopy xylose yotta (SI prefix for 1024) admittance; Planck function; Young’s modulus yocto (SI prefix for 10–24) mole fraction for gas (when x refers to liquid phase) year yttrium-aluminum garnet (laser) yard zetta (SI prefix for 1021) atomic number; compression factor; collision number; impedance; partition function; zusammen (cis-configuration) zepto (SI prefix for 10–21) charge number (of an ion); collision frequency factor zero differential overlap Zerner’s INDO method zero point vibrational energy Greenwich mean time alpha particle absorption coefficient; degree of dissociation; electric polarizability; expansion coefficient; fine structure constant beta particle reciprocal temperature parameter (= 1/kT) photon; gamma (obsolete mass unit = µg) activity coefficient; conductivity; magnetogyric ratio; mass concentration; ratio of heat capacities; surface tension Grüneisen parameter; level width; surface concentration chemical shift; Dirac delta function; Kronecker delta; loss angle

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols ∆ ε ζ η κ λ Λ µ µ

µF µg µm µs ν νe

inertial defect; mass excess emittance; Levi-Civita symbol; linear strain; molar absorption coefficient; permittivity Coriolis coupling constant; electrokinetic potential overpotential; viscosity compressibility; conductivity; magnetic susceptibility; molar absorption coefficient absolute activity; radioactive decay constant; thermal conductivity; wavelength angular momentum; ionic conductivity muon; micro (SI prefix for 10–6) chemical potential; electric dipole moment; electric mobility; friction coefficient; Joule-Thompson coefficient; magnetic dipole moment; mobility; permeability microfarad microgram micrometer microsecond frequency; kinematic velocity; stoichiometric number neutrino

2-35 ν π Π ρ σ τ φ Φ χ χe ψ ω Ω Ω

wavenumber pion osmotic pressure; Peltier coefficient density; reflectance; resistivity electrical conductivity; cross section; normal stress; shielding constant (NMR); Stefan-Boltzmann constant; surface tension; standard deviation transmittance; chemical shift; shear stress; relaxation time electrical potential; fugacity coefficient; osmotic coefficient; quantum yield; wavefunction magnetic flux; potential energy; radiant power; work function magnetic susceptibility electric susceptibility wavefunction circular frequency; angular velocity; harmonic vibration wavenumber; statistical weight ohm axial angular momentum; solid angle

GREEK, RUSSIAN, AND HEBREW ALPHABETS The following table presents the Hebrew, Greek, and Russian alphabets, their letters, the names of the letters, and the English equivalents. Hebrew1,3

1 2 3

4 5 6

‫א‬

aleph

’2

‫ב‬

beth

b, bh

‫ג‬

gimel

g, gh

‫ד‬

daleth

d, dh

‫ה‬

he

h

‫ו‬

waw

w

‫ז‬

zayin

z

‫ח‬

heth

‫ט‬

h.

teth

‫י‬

t.

yodh

y

‫ךכ‬

kaph

k, kh

‫ל‬

lamedh

l

‫םמ‬

mem

m

‫ןנ‬

nun

n

‫ס‬

samekh

s

‫ע‬

ayin

‘

‫ףפ‬

pe

p, ph

Αα

Greek4

alpha

a

Ββ

beta

b

Γγ

gamma g, n

∆δ

delta

Εε

epsilon e

Ζζ

zeta

z

Ηη

eta

ē

Θθ

theta

th

d

Ιι

iota

i

Κκ

kappa

k

Λλ

lambda l

Μµ

mu

m

Νν

nu

n

Ξ ξ

xi

x

Οο

omicron o

Ππ

pi

Ρρ

rho

p r, rh

Σ σ ς sigma

s

Tτ

tau

t

ϒ υ

upsilon y, u

‫ץצ‬

sadhe

‫ק‬

s.

qoph

q

‫ר‬

resh

r

Φφ

‫שׂ‬

phi

ph

sin

ś

Χχ

‫שׁ‬

chi

ch

shin

sh

Ψψ

‫ת‬

psi

ps

taw

t, th

Ωω

omega

ō

Russian

Аа Бб Вв Гг Дд Ее Жж Зз ИиЙй Кк Лл Мм Нн Оо Пп Рр Cс Тт Уу Фф Хх Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъ ъ5 Ыы Ь ь6 Ээ Юю Яя

a b v g d e zh z i, ĭ k l m n o p r s t u f kh ts ch sh shch ” y ’ e yu ya

Where two forms of a letter are given, the second one is the form used at the end of a word. Not represented in transliteration when initial. The Hebrew letters are primarily consonants; a few of them are also used secondarily to represent certain vowels, when provided at all, by means of a system of dots or strokes adjacent to the consonated characters. The letter gamma is transliterated “n”only before velars; the letter upsilon is transliterated “u”only as the final element in diphthongs. This sign indicates that the immediately preceding consonant is not palatized even though immediately followed by a palatized vowel. This sign indicates that the immediately preceding consonant is palatized even though not immediately followed by a palatized vowel.

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS Brief definitions of selected terms of importance in chemistry, physics, and related fields of science are given in this section. The selection process emphasizes the following types of terms: d d d d

Physical quantities Units of measure Classes of chemical compounds and materials Important theories, laws, and basic concepts.

Individual chemical compounds are not included. Definitions have taken wherever possible from the recommendations of international or national bodies, especially the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For physical quantities and units, the recommended symbol is also given. The source of such definitions is indicated by the reference number in brackets following the definition. In many cases these official definitions have been edited in the interest of stylistic consistency and economy of space. The user is referred to the original source for further details. An asterisk (*) following a term indicates that further information can be found by consulting the index of this handbook under the entry for that term.

Ab initio method - An approach to quantum-mechanical calculations on molecules which starts with the Schrödinger equation and carries out a complete integration, without introducing empirical factors derived from experimental measurement. Absorbance (A) - Defined as -log(1-α) = log(1/τ), where α is the absorptance and τ the transmittance of a medium through which a light beam passes. [2] Absorbed dose (D) - For any ionizing radiation, the mean energy imparted to an element of irradiated matter divided by the mass of that element. [1] Absorptance (α) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux in a given spectral interval absorbed in a medium to that of the incident radiation. Also called absorption factor. [1] Absorption coefficient (a) - The relative decrease in the intensity of a collimated beam of electromagnetic radiation, as a result of absorption by a medium, during traversal of an infinitesimal layer of the medium, divided by the length traversed. [1] Absorption coefficient, molar (ε) - Absorption coefficient divided by amount-of-substance concentration of the absorbing material in the sample solution (ε = a/c). The SI unit is m2/mol. Also called extinction coefficient, but usually in units of mol–1dm3cm–1. [2] Acceleration - Rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity (g)* - The standard value (9.80665 m/s2) of the acceleration experienced by a body in the earth’s gravitational field. [1] Acenes - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement. [5] Acid - Historically, a substance that yields an H+ ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH<7. In the Brönsted definition, an acid is a substance that donates a proton in any type of reaction. The most general definition, due to G.N. Lewis,

References 1. ISO Standards Handbook 2, Units of Measurement, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1992. 2. Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Second Edition, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 3. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 4. A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 5. Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 67, 1307, 1995. 6. Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 7. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. 8. Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 68, 2287, 1996. 9. The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia, 27, 107, 1990. 10. Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1990. 11. ASM Metals Reference Book, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1983.

classifies any chemical species capable of accepting an electron pair as an acid. Acid dissociation constant (Ka)* - The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an acid HA through the reaction HA + H2O  A– + H3O+. The quantity pKa = -log Ka is often used to express the acid dissociation constant. Actinides - The elements of atomic number 89 through 103, e.g., Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr. [7] Activation energy* - In general, the energy that must be added to a system in order for a process to occur, even though the process may already be thermodynamically possible. In chemical kinetics, the activation energy is the height of the potential barrier separating the products and reactants. It determines the temperature dependence of the reaction rate. Activity - For a mixture of substances, the absolute activity λ of substance B is defined as λB = exp(µB/RT), where µB is the chemical potential of substance B, R the gas constant, and T the thermodynamic temperature. The relative activity a is defined as aB = exp[(µB-µB°)/RT], where µB° designates the chemical potential in the standard state. [2] Activity coefficient (γ)* - Ratio of the activity aB of component B of a mixture to the concentration of that component. The value of γ depends on the method of stating the composition. For mole fraction xB, the relation is aB = γB xB; for molarity cB, it is aB = γB cB/c°, where c° is the standard state composition (typically chosen as 1 mol/L); for molality mB, it is aB = γBmB/m°, where m° is the standard state molality (typically 1 mol/kg). [2] Activity, of radioactive substance (A) - The average number of spontaneous nuclear transitions from a particular energy state occurring in an amount of a radionuclide in a small time interval divided by that interval. [1]

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Acyl groups - Groups formed by removing the hydroxy groups from oxoacids that have the general structure RC(=O)(OH) and replacement analogues of such acyl groups. [5] Adiabatic process - A thermodynamic process in which no heat enters or leaves the system. Admittance (Y) - Reciprocal of impedance. Y = G + iB, where G is conductance and B is susceptance. [1] Adsorption - A process in which molecules of gas, of dissolved substances in liquids, or of liquids adhere in an extremely thin layer to surfaces of solid bodies with which they are in contact. [10] Albedo* - The ratio of the light reflected or scattered from a surface to the intensity of incident light. The term is often used in reference to specific types of terrain or to entire planets. Alcohols - Compounds in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom. [5] Aldehydes - Compounds RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group. [5] Aldoses - Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxyaldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n>1) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. [5] Aldoximes - Oximes of aldehydes: RCH=NOH. [5] Alfvén number (Al) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] Alfven waves - Very low frequency waves which can exist in a plasma in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. Also called magnetohydrodynamic waves. Alicyclic compounds - Aliphatic compounds having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system. [5] Aliphatic compounds - Acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, excluding aromatic compounds. [5] Alkali metals - The elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Alkaline earth metals - The elements calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. [7] Alkaloids - Basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom (but not excluding those of animal origin). Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and amino sugars are not normally regarded as alkaloids. [5] Alkanes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. [5] Alkenes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc. [5] Alkoxides - Compounds, ROM, derivatives of alcohols, ROH, in which R is saturated at the site of its attachment to oxygen and M is a metal or other cationic species. [5] Alkyl groups - Univalent groups derived from alkanes by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom: CnH2n+1-. The groups derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from a terminal carbon atom of unbranched alkanes form a subclass of normal alkyl (n-alkyl) groups. The groups RCH2-, R2CH-, and R3C- (R not equal to H) are primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl groups, respectively. [5]

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2-29 Alkynes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n–2, RC≡CR´. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one triple bond are known as alkadiynes, alkatriynes, etc. [5] Allotropy - The occurrence of an element in two or more crystalline forms. Allylic groups - The group CH2=CHCH2- (allyl) and derivatives formed by substitution. The term ‘allylic position’ or ‘allylic site’ refers to the saturated carbon atom. A group, such as OH, attached at an allylic site is sometimes described as “allylic”. [5] Amagat volume unit - A non-SI unit previously used in high pressure science. It is defined as the molar volume of a real gas at one atmosphere pressure and 273.15 K. The approximate value is 22.4 L/mol. Amides - Derivatives of oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. [5] Amine oxides - Compounds derived from tertiary amines by the attachment of one oxygen atom to the nitrogen atom: R3N+O–. By extension the term includes the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines. [5] Amines - Compounds formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and having the general structures RNH2 (primary amines), R2NH (secondary amines), R3N (tertiary amines). [5] Amino acids* - Compounds containing both a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2). The most important are the α-amino acids, in which the -NH2 group in attached to the C atom adjacent to the -COOH group. In the β-amino acids, there is an intervening carbon atom. [4] Ampere (A)* - The SI base unit of electric current. [1] Ampere’s law - The defining equation for the magnetic induction B, viz., dF = Idl × B, where dF is the force produced by a current I flowing in an element of the conductor dl pointing in the direction of the current. Ångström (Å) - A unit of length used in spectroscopy, crystallography, and molecular structure, equal to 10–10 m. Angular momentum (L) - The angular momentum of a particle about a point is the vector product of the radius vector from this point to the particle and the momentum of the particle; i.e., L = r × p. [1] Angular velocity (ω) - The angle through which a body rotates per unit time. Anilides - Compounds derived from oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) by replacing the -OH group by the -NHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution. Also used for salts formed by replacement of a nitrogen-bound hydrogen of aniline by a metal. [5] Anion - A negatively charged atomic or molecular particle. Antiferroelectricity* - An effect analogous to antiferromagnetism in which electric dipoles in a crystal are ordered in two sublattices that are polarized in opposite directions, leading to zero net polarization. The effect vanishes above a critical temperature. Antiferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two antiparallel aligned sublattices. Antiferromagnets are characterized by a zero or small positive magnetic susceptibility. The

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2-30 susceptibility increases with temperature up to a critical value, the Néel temperature, above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Antiparticle - A particle having the same mass as a given elementary particle and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Appearance potential* - The lowest energy which must be imparted to the parent molecule to cause it to produce a particular specified parent ion. This energy, usually stated in eV, may be imparted by electron impact, photon impact, or in other ways. More properly called appearance energy. [3] Appearance potential spectroscopy (APS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Are (a) - A unit of area equal to 100 m2. [1] Arenes - Monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. See aromatic compounds. [5] Aromatic compounds - Compounds whose structure includes a cyclic delocalized π-electron system. Historical use of the term implies a ring containing only carbon (e.g., benzene, naphthalene), but it is often generalized to include heterocyclic structures such as pyridine and thiophene. [5] Arrhenius equation - A key equation in chemical kinetics which expresses the rate constant k as k = Aexp(-Ea/RT), where Ea is the activation energy, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. A is called the preexponential factor and, for simple gas phase reactions, may be identified with the collision frequency. Arsines - AsH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. [5] Aryl groups - Groups derived from arenes by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. Groups similarly derived from heteroarenes are sometimes subsumed in this definition. [5] Astronomical unit (AU)* - The mean distance of the earth from the sun, equal to 1.49597870 × 1011 m. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic mass* - The mass of a nuclide, normally expressed in unified atomic mass units (u). Atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10–27 kg. Also called the unified atomic mass unit. [1] Atomic number (Z) - A characteristic property of an element, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic weight (Ar)* - The ratio of the average mass per atom of an element to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. An atomic weight can be defined for a sample of any given isotopic composition. The standard atomic weight refers to a sample of normal terrestrial isotopic composition. The term relative atomic mass is synonymous with atomic weight. [2] Attenuated total reflection (ATR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Auger effect - An atomic process in which an electron from a higher energy level fills a vacancy in an inner shell, transferring the released energy to another electron which is ejected. Aurora - An atmospheric phenomenon in which streamers of light are produced when electrons from the sun are guided into the thermosphere by the earth’s magnetic field. It occurs in the polar regions at altitudes of 95—300 km. Avogadro constant (NA)* - The number of elementary entities in one mole of a substance. Azeotrope - A liquid mixture in a state where the variation of vapor pressure with composition at constant temperature (or, alternatively, the variation of normal boiling point with composition) shows either a maximum or a minimum. Thus when an azeotrope boils the vapor has the same composition as the liquid. Azides - Compounds bearing the group -N3, viz. -N=N+=N–; usually attached to carbon, e.g. PhN3, phenyl azide or azidobenzene. Also used for salts of hydrazoic acid, HN3, e.g. NaN3, sodium azide. [5] Azines - Condensation products, R2C=NN=CR2 , of two moles of a carbonyl compound with one mole of hydrazine. [5] Azo compounds - Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g., PhN=NPh, azobenzene or diphenyldiazene. [5] Balmer series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 2 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1/4 - 1/n2), where n = 3,4,... and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series (n = 2  3), which is often called the Hα line, falls at a wavelength of 6563 Å. Bar (bar) - A unit of pressure equal to 105 Pa.´ Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory - A theory of superconductivity which is based upon the formation of electron pairs as a result of an electron-lattice interaction. The theory relates the superconducting transition temperature to the density of states and the Debye temperature. Barn (b) - A unit used for expressing cross sections of nuclear processes, equal to 10–28 m2. Barrel - A unit of volume equal to 158.9873 L. Baryon - Any elementary particle built up from three quarks. Examples are the proton, neutron, and various short-lived hyperons. Baryons have odd half-integer spins. Base - Historically, a substance that yields an OH– ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH>7. In the Brönsted definition, a base is a substance capable of accepting a proton in any type of reaction. The more general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of donating an electron pair as a base. Becquerel (Bq)* - The SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to s–1. [1] Beer’s law - An approximate expression for the change in intensity of a light beam that passes through an absorbing medium, viz., log(I/I0) = -εcl, where I0 is the incident intensity, I is the final intensity, ε is the molar (decadic) absorption coefficient, c is the molar concentration of the absorbing substance, and l is the path length. Also called the Beer-Lambert law Binding energy* - A generic term for the energy required to decompose a system into two or more of its constituent parts. In nuclear physics, the binding energy is the energy differ-

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Definitions of Scientific Terms ence between a nucleus and the separated nucleons of which it is composed (the energy equivalent of the mass defect). In atomic physics, it is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Biot (Bi) - A name sometimes used for the unit of current in the emu system. Birefringence - A property of certain crystals in which two refracted rays result from a single incident light ray. One, the ordinary ray, follows the normal laws of refraction, while the other, the extraordinary ray, exhibits a variable refractive index which depends on the direction in the crystal. Black body radiation* - The radiation emitted by a perfect black body, i.e., a body which absorbs all radiation incident on it and reflects none. The wavelength dependence of the radiated energy density ρ (energy per unit volume per unit wavelength range) is given by the Planck formula ρ=

8πhc λ 5 (e hc/λkt − 1)

where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Black hole - A very dense object, formed in a supernova explosion, whose gravitational field is so large that no matter or radiation can escape from the object. Bloch wave function - A solution of the Schrödinger equation for an electron moving in a spatially periodic potential; used in the band theory of solids. Bohr magneton (µB)* - The atomic unit of magnetic moment, defined as eh/4πme, where h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is the moment associated with a single electron spin. Bohr, bohr radius (a0)* - The radius of the lowest orbit in the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, defined as εoh2/πmee2, where εo is the permittivity of a vacuum, h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is customarily taken as the unit of length when using atomic units. Boiling point - The temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Boltzmann constant (k)* - The molar gas constant R divided by Avogadro’s constant. Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the equilibrium distribution of molecules as a function of their energy, in which the number of molecules in a state of energy E is proportional to exp(-E/kT), where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. Bond strength - See Dissociation energy. Born-Haber cycle* - A thermodynamic cycle in which a crystalline solid is converted to gaseous ions and then reconverted to the solid. The cycle permits calculation of the lattice energy of the crystal. Bose-Einstein distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribution which applies to a system of particles that are bosons. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E–µ)/kT-1]–1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Boson - A particle that obeys Bose-Einstein Statistics; specifically, any particle with spin equal to zero or an integer. This includes

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2-31 the photon, pion, deuteron, and all nuclei of even mass number. Boyle’s law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature. Bragg angle (θ) - Defined by the equation nλ = 2dsinθ, which relates the angle θ between a crystal plane and the diffracted x-ray beam, the wavelength λ of the x-rays, the crystal plane spacing d, and the diffraction order n (any integer). Bravais lattices* - The 14 distinct crystal lattices that can exist in three dimensions. They include three in the cubic crystal system, two in the tetragonal, four in the orthorhombic, two in the monoclinic, and one each in the triclinic, hexagonal, and trigonal systems. Breakdown voltage - The potential difference at which an insulating substance undergoes a physical or chemical change that causes it to become a conductor, thus allowing current to flow through the sample. Bremsstrahlung - Electromagnetic radiation generated when the velocity of a charged particle is reduced (literally, “braking radiation”). An example is the x-ray continuum resulting from collisions of electrons with the target in an x-ray tube. Brewster angle - The angle of incidence for which the maximum degree of plane polarization occurs when a beam of unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a medium of refractive index n. At this angle, the angle between the reflected and refracted beams is 90°. The value of the Brewster angle is tan–1n. Brillouin scattering - The scattering of light by acoustic phonons in a solid or liquid. Brillouin zone - A region of allowed wave vectors and energy levels in a crystalline solid, which plays a part in the propagation of waves through the lattice. British thermal unit (Btu) - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 1055 J. Several values of the Btu, defined in slightly different ways, have been used. Brownian motion - The random movements of small particles suspended in a fluid, which arise from collisions with the fluid molecules. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Buffer* - A solution designed to maintain a constant pH when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added. Buffers usually consist of a fairly weak acid and its salt with a strong base. Suitable concentrations are chosen so that the pH of the solution remains close to the pKa of the weak acid. Calorie (cal) - A non-SI unit of energy, originally defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C. Several calories of slightly different values have been used. The thermochemical calorie is now defined as 4.184 J. Candela (cd)* - The SI base unit of luminous intensity. [1] Capacitance (C) - Ratio of the charge acquired by a body to the change in potential. [1] Carbamates - Salts or esters of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH, or of N-substituted carbamic acids: R2NC(=O)OR´, (R´ = hydrocarbyl or a cation). The esters are often called urethanes or urethans, a usage that is strictly correct only for the ethyl esters. [5] Carbenes - The electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univa-

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2-32 lent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state). [5] Carbinols - An obsolete term for substituted methanols, in which the name carbinol is synonymous with methanol. [5] Carbohydrates - Originally, compounds such as aldoses and ketoses, having the stoichiometric formula Cn(H2O)n (hence “hydrates of carbon”). The generic term carbohydrate now includes mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, as well as their reaction products and derivatives. [5] Carboranes - A contraction of carbaboranes. Compounds in which a boron atom in a polyboron hydride is replaced by a carbon atom with maintenance of the skeletal structure. [5] Carboxylic acids - Oxoacids having the structure RC(=O)OH. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)OH group including its carbon atom. [5] Carnot cycle - A sequence of reversible changes in a heat engine using a perfect gas as the working substance, which is used to demonstrate that entropy is a state function. The Carnot cycle also provides a means to calculate the efficiency of a heat engine. Catalyst - A substance that participates in a particular chemical reaction and thereby increases its rate but without a net change in the amount of that substance in the system. [3] Catenanes, catena compounds - Hydrocarbons having two or more rings connected in the manner of links of a chain, without a covalent bond. More generally, the class catena compounds embraces functional derivatives and hetero analogues. [5] Cation - A positively charged atomic or molecular particle. Centipoise (cP) - A common non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to mPa s. Centrifugal distortion - An effect in molecular spectroscopy in which rotational levels are lowered in energy, relative to the values of a rigid rotor, as the rotational angular momentum increases. The effect may be understood classically as a stretching of the bonds in the molecule as it rotates faster, thus increasing the moment of inertia. Ceramic - A nonmetallic material of very high melting point. Cerenkov radiation - Light emitted when a beam of charged particles travels through a medium at a speed greater than the speed of light in the medium. It is typically blue in color. Cgs system of units - A system of units based upon the centimeter, gram, and second. The cgs system has been supplanted by the International System (SI). Chalcogens - The Group VIA elements (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium). Compounds of these elements are called chalcogenides. [7] Chaotic system - A complex system whose behavior is governed by deterministic laws but whose evolution can vary drastically when small changes are made in the initial conditions. Charge - See Electric charge. Charles’ law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure. Charm - A quantum number introduced in particle physics to account for certain properties of elementary particles and their reactions. Chelate - A compound characterized by the presence of bonds from two or more bonding sites within the same ligand to a central metal atom. [3]

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Chemical potential - For a mixture of substances, the chemical potential of constituent B is defined as the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy G with respect to the amount (number of moles) of B, with temperature, pressure, and amounts of all other constituents held constant. Also called partial molar Gibbs energy. [2] Chemical shift* - A small change in the energy levels (and hence in the spectra associated with these levels) resulting from the effects of chemical binding in a molecule. The term is used in fields such as NMR, Mössbauer, and photoelectron spectroscopy, where the energy levels are determined primarily by nuclear or atomic effects. Chiral molecule - A molecule which cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. A common example is an organic molecule containing a carbon atom to which four different atoms or groups are attached. Such molecules exhibit optical activity, i.e., they rotate the plane of a polarized light beam. Chlorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of chlorine and carbon. [5] Chromatography* - A method for separation of the components of a sample in which the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves. In gas chromatography the gas moves over a liquid or solid stationary phase. In liquid chromatography the liquid mixture moves through another liquid, a solid, or a gel. The mechanism of separation of components may be adsorption, differential solubility, ion-exchange, permeation, or other mechanisms. [6] Clapeyron equation - A relation between pressure and temperature of two phases of a pure substance that are in equilibrium, viz., dp/dT = ∆trsS/∆trs V, where ∆trs S is the difference in entropy between the phases and ∆trsV the corresponding difference in volume. Clathrates - Inclusion compounds in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules. [5] Clausius (Cl) - A non-SI unit of entropy or heat capacity defined as cal/K = 4.184 J/K. [2] Clausius-Clapeyron equation - An approximation to the Clapeyron equation applicable to liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibrium, in which one assumes an ideal gas with volume much greater than the condensed phase volume. For the liquid-gas case, it takes the form d(lnp)/dT = ∆vap H/RT2, where R is the molar gas constant and ∆vap H is the molar enthalpy of vaporization. For the solid-gas case, ∆vap H is replaced by the molar enthalpy of sublimation, ∆sub H. Clausius-Mosotti equation - A relation between the dielectric constant εr at optical frequencies and the polarizability α: ε r − 1 ρN A α = εr + 2 3 M ε0 where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Clebsch-Gordon coefficients - A set of coefficients used to describe the vector coupling of angular momenta in atomic and nuclear physics. Codon - A set of three bases, chosen from the four primary bases found in the DNA molecule (uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine), which specifies the production of a particular amino

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Definitions of Scientific Terms acid or carries some other genetic instruction. For example, the codon UCA specifies the amino acid serine, CAG specifies glutamine, etc. There are a total of 64 codons. Coercive force - The magnetizing force at which the magnetic flux density is equal to zero. [10] Coercivity* - The maximum value of coercive force that can be attained when a magnetic material is symmetrically magnetized to saturation induction. [10] Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Colloid - Molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium that have, at least in one direction, a dimension roughly between 1 nm and 1 µm. [3] Color center - A defect in a crystal that gives rise to optical absorption, thus changing the color of the material. A common type is the F-center, which results when an electron occupies the site of a negative ion. Compressibility (κ)* - The fractional change of volume as pressure is increased, viz., κ = -(1/V)(dV/dp). [1] Compton wavelength (λC)* - In the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free particle (e.g., electron, proton), λC = h/mc is the increase in wavelength, at a 90° scattering angle, corresponding to the transfer of energy from radiation to particle. Here h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and m the mass of the particle. Conductance (G)* - For direct current, the reciprocal of resistance. More generally, the real part of admittance. [1] Conductivity, electrical (σ)* - The reciprocal of the resistivity. [1] Conductivity, thermal - See Thermal conductivity. Congruent transformation - A phase transition (melting, vaporization, etc.) in which the substance preserves its exact chemical composition. Constitutional repeating unit (CRU) - In polymer science, the smallest constitutional unit, the repetition of which constitutes a regular macromolecule, i.e., a macromolecule with all units connected identically with respect to directional sense. [8] Copolymer - A polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. [8] Coriolis effect - The deviation from simple trajectories when a mechanical system is described in a rotating coordinate system. It affects the motion of projectiles on the earth and in molecular spectroscopy leads to an important interaction between the rotational and vibrational motions. The effect may be described by an additional term in the equations of motion, called the Coriolis force. Cosmic rays* - High energy nuclear particles, electrons, and photons, originating mostly outside the solar system, which continually bombard the earth’s atmosphere. Coulomb (C)* - The SI unit of electric charge, equal to A s. [1] Coulomb’s law - The statement that the force F between two electrical charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is F = (4πε0)–1 q1q2/r2, where ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Covalent bond - A chemical bond between two atoms whose stability results from the sharing of two electrons, one from each atom. Cowling number (Co) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Co = B2/µρv2, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] CPT theorem - A theorem in particle physics which states that any local Lagrangian theory that is invariant under proper

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2-33 Lorentz transformations is also invariant under the combined operations of charge conjugation, C, space inversion, P, and time reversal, T, taken in any order. Critical point* - In general, the point on the phase diagram of a two-phase system at which the two coexisting phases have identical properties and therefore represent a single phase. At the liquid-gas critical point of a pure substance, the distinction between liquid and gas vanishes, and the vapor pressure curve ends. The coordinates of this point are called the critical temperature and critical pressure. Above the critical temperature, it is not possible to liquefy the substance. Cross section (σ)* - A measure of the probability of collision (or other interaction) between a beam of particles and a target which it encounters. In rough terms it is the effective area the target particles present to the incident ones; however, the precise definition depends on the nature of the interaction. A general definition of σ is the number of encounters per unit time divided by nv, where n is the concentration of incident particles and v their velocity. Crosslink - In polymer science, a small region in a macromolecule from which at least four chains emanate, and formed by reactions involving sites or groups on existing macromolecules or by interactions between existing macromolecules. [8] Crown compounds - Macrocyclic polydentate compounds, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species. [5] Crust* - The outer layer of the solid earth, above the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Its thickness averages about 35 km on the continents and about 7 km below the ocean floor. Cryoscopic constant (Ef )* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the freezing point Tf of a solvent is lowered by a non-dissociating solute, through the relation ∆Tf = Ef m, where m is the molality of the solute. Curie (Ci) - A non-SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to 3.7 × 1010 s–1. Curie temperature (TC)* - For a ferromagnetic material, the critical temperature above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Also applied to the temperature at which the spontaneous polarization disappears in a ferroelectric solid. [1] Cyanohydrins - Alcohols substituted by a cyano group, most commonly, but not limited to, examples having a CN and an OH group attached to the same carbon atom. They are formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by the addition of hydrogen cyanide. [5] Cycloalkanes - Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains). See alicyclic compounds. Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons having one endocyclic double or one triple bond are called cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes, respectively. [5] Cyclotron resonance - The resonant absorption of energy from a system in which electrons or ions that are orbiting in a uniform magnetic field are subjected to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. The resonance frequency is given by ν = eH/2πm*c, where e is the elementary charge, H is the magnetic field strength, m* is the effective mass of the charged particle, and c is the speed of light. The effect occurs in both solids (involving electrons or holes) and in low pressure gasses (involving ions)

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Definitions of Scientific Terms

2-34 Dalton (Da) - A name sometimes used in biochemistry for the unified atomic mass unit (u). De Broglie wavelength - The wavelength associated with the wave representation of a moving particle, given by h/mv, where h is Planck’s constant, m the particle mass, and v the velocity. De Haas-Van Alphen effect - An effect observed in certain metals and semiconductors at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, characterized by a periodic variation of magnetic susceptibility with field strength. Debye equation* - The relation between the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) εr, polarizability α, and permanent dipole moment µ in a dielectric material whose molecules are free to rotate. It takes the form ε r − 1 ρN A = εr + 2 3 Mε0

 µ2   α + 3kT 

where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Debye length - In the Debye-Hückel theory of ionic solutions, the effective thickness of the cloud of ions of opposite charge which surrounds each given ion and shields the Coulomb potential produced by that ion. Debye temperature (θD)* - In the Debye model of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θD = hνD/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and νD is the maximum vibrational frequency the crystal can support. For T << θD, the heat capacity is proportional to T3. Debye unit (D) - A non-SI unit of electric dipole moment used in molecular physics, equal to 3.335641 × 10–30 C m. Debye-Waller factor (D) - The factor by which the intensity of a diffraction line is reduced because of lattice vibrations. [1] Defect - Any departure from the regular structure of a crystal lattice. A Frenkel defect results when an atom or ion moves to an interstitial position and leaves behind a vacancy. A Schottky defect involves either a vacancy where the atom has moved to the surface or a structure where a surface atom has moved to an interstitial position. Degree of polymerization - The number of monomeric units in a macromolecule or an oligomer molecule. [8] Dendrite - A tree-like crystalline pattern often observed, for example, in ice crystals and alloys in which the crystal growth branches repeatedly. Density (ρ)* - In the most common usage, mass density or mass per unit volume. More generally, the amount of some quantity (mass, charge, energy, etc.) divided by a length, area, or volume. Density of states (NE, ρ) - The number of one-electron states in an infinitesimal interval of energy, divided by the range of that interval and by volume. [1] Dew point* - The temperature at which liquid begins to condense as the temperature of a gas mixture is lowered. In meteorology, it is the temperature at which moisture begins to condense on a surface in contact with the air. Diamagnetism - A type of magnetism characterized by a negative magnetic susceptibility, so that the material, when placed in an external magnetic field, becomes weakly magnetized in the direction opposite to the field. This magnetization is independent of temperature.

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Diazo compounds - Compounds having the divalent diazo group, =N+=N–, attached to a carbon atom, e.g., CH2=N2 diazomethane. [5] Dielectric constant (ε)* - Ratio of the electric displacement in a medium to the electric field strength. Also called permittivity. [1] Dienes - Compounds that contain two fixed double bonds (usually assumed to be between carbon atoms). Dienes in which the two double-bond units are linked by one single bond are termed conjugated. [5] Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Diffusion* - The migration of atoms, molecules, ions, or other particles as a result of some type of gradient (concentration, temperature, etc.). Diopter - A unit used in optics, formally equal to m–1. It is used in expressing dioptic power, which is the reciprocal of the focal length of a lens. Dipole moment, electric (p,µ)* - For a distribution of equal positive and negative charge, the magnitude of the dipole moment vector is the positive charge multiplied by the distance between the centers of positive and negative charge distribution. The direction is given by the line from the center of negative charge to the center of positive charge. Dipole moment, magnetic (m,µ) - Formally defined in electromagnetic theory as a vector quantity whose vector product with the magnetic flux density equals the torque. The magnetic dipole generated by a current I flowing in a small loop of area A has a magnetic moment of magnitude IA. In atomic and nuclear physics, a magnetic moment is associated with the angular momentum of a particle; e.g., an electron with orbital angular momentum l exhibits a magnetic moment of -el/2me where e is the elementary charge and me the mass of the electron. [1] Disaccharides - Compounds in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond. [5] Dislocation - An extended displacement of a crystal from a regular lattice. An edge dislocation results when one portion of the crystal has partially slipped with respect to the other, resulting in an extra plane of atoms extending through part of the crystal. A screw dislocation transforms successive atomic planes into the surface of a helix. Dispersion - Splitting of a beam of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) of mixed wavelengths into the constituent wavelengths as a result of the variation of refractive index of the medium with wavelength. Dissociation constant* - The equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction in which a compound dissociates into its constituent parts. Dissociation energy (De)* - For a diatomic molecule, the difference between the energies of the free atoms at rest and the minimum in the potential energy curve. The term bond dissociation energy (D0), which can be applied to polyatomic molecules as well, is used for the difference between the energies of the fragments resulting when a bond is broken and the energy of the original molecule in its lowest energy state. The term bond strength implies differences in enthalpy rather than energy.

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Domain - A small region of a solid in which the magnetic or electric moments of the individual units (atoms, molecules, or ions) are aligned in the same direction. Domain wall - The transition region between adjacent ferromagnetic domains, generally a layer with a thickness of a few hundred ångström units. Also called Bloch wall. Doppler effect - The change in the apparent frequency of a wave (sound, light, or other) when the source of the wave is moving relative to the observer. Dose equivalent (H) - The product of the absorbed dose of radiation at a point of interest in tissue and various modifying factors which depend on the type of tissue and radiation. [1] Drift velocity - The velocity of charge carriers (electrons, ions, etc.) moving under the influence of an electric field in a medium which subjects the carriers to some frictional force. Dyne (dyn) - A non-SI (cgs) unit of force, equal to 10–5 N. Ebullioscopic constant (Eb)* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the boiling point Tb of a solvent is raised by a non-dissociating solute, through the relation ∆Tb = Eb m, where m is the molality of the solute. Eddy currents - Circulating currents set up in conducting bulk materials or sheets by varying magnetic fields. Effinghausen effect - The appearance of a temperature gradient in a current carrying conductor that is placed in a transverse magnetic field. The direction of the gradient is perpendicular to the current and the field. Eigenvalue - An allowed value of the constant a in the equation Au = au, where A is an operator acting on a function u (which is called an eigenfunction). In quantum mechanics, the outcome of any observation is an eigenvalue of the corresponding operator. Also called characteristic value. Einstein - A non-SI unit used in photochemistry, equal to one mole of photons. Einstein temperature (θV) - In the Einstein theory of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θV = hν/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and ν is the vibrational frequency of the crystal. Einstein transition probability - A constant in the Einstein relation Aij + Bijρ for the probability of a transition between two energy levels i and j in a radiation field of energy density ρ. The Aij coefficient describes the probability of spontaneous emission, while Bij and Bji govern the probability of stimulated emission and absorption, respectively (Bij = Bji). Elastic limit - The greatest stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain remaining after complete release of the stress. [10] Elastic modulus - See Young’s modulus. Electric charge (Q) - The quantity of electricity; i.e., the property that controls interactions between bodies through electrical forces. Electric current (I) - The charge passing through a circuit per unit time. [1] Electric displacement (D) - A vector quantity whose magnitude equals the electric field strength multiplied by the permittivity of the medium and whose direction is the same as that of the field strength. Electric field strength (E) - The force exerted by an electric field on a point charge divided by the electric charge. [1] Electric potential (V) - A scalar quantity whose gradient is equal to the negative of the electric field strength.

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2-35 Electrical conductance - See Conductance Electrical resistance - See Resistance Electrical resistivity - See Resistivity. Electrochemical series* - An arrangement of reactions which produce or consume electrons in an order based on standard electrode potentials. A common arrangement places metals in decreasing order of their tendency to give up electrons. Electrode potential* - The electromotive force of a cell in which the electrode on the left is the standard hydrogen electrode and that on the right is the electrode in question. [2] Electrolysis - The decomposition of a substance as a result of passing an electric current between two electrodes immersed in the sample. Electromotive force (emf) - The energy supplied by a source divided by the charge transported through the source. [1] Electron* - An elementary particle in the family of leptons, with negative charge and spin of 1/2. Electron affinity* - The energy difference between the ground state of a gas-phase atom or molecule and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron spin (s) - The quantum number, equal to 1/2, that specifies the intrinsic angular momentum of the electron. Electron stimulated desorption (ESD) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron volt (eV)* - A non-SI unit of energy used in atomic and nuclear physics, equal to approximately 1.602177 × 10–19 J. The electron volt is defined as the kinetic energy acquired by an electron upon acceleration through a potential difference of 1 V. [1] Electronegativity* - A parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the power of an atom or group of atoms to attract electrons from the same molecular entity. [3] Electrophoresis - The motion of macromolecules or colloidal particles in an electric field. [3] Emissivity (ε)* - Ratio of the radiant flux emitted per unit area to that of an ideal black body at the same temperature. Also called emittance. [1] Emu - The electromagnetic system of units, based upon the cm, g, and s plus the emu of current (sometimes called the abampere). Enantiomers - A chiral molecule and its non-superposable mirror image. The two forms rotate the plane of polarized light by equal amounts in opposite directions. Also called optical isomers. Energy (E,U)* - The characteristic of a system that enables it to do work.

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Definitions of Scientific Terms

2-36 Energy gap* - In the theory of solids, the region between two energy bands, in which no bound states can occur. Enols, alkenols - The term refers specifically to vinylic alcohols, which have the structure HOCR´=CR2. Enols are tautomeric with aldehydes (R´ = H) or ketones (R´ not equal to H). [5] Enthalpy (H)* - A thermodynamic function, especially useful when dealing with constant-pressure processes, defined by H = E + PV, where E is energy, P pressure, and V volume. [1] Enthalpy of combustion* - The enthalpy change in a combustion reaction. Its negative is the heat released in combustion. Enthalpy of formation, standard* - The enthalpy change for the reaction in which a substance is formed from its constituent elements, each in its standard reference state (normally refers to 1 mol, sometimes to 1 g, of the substance). Enthalpy of fusion* - The enthalpy change in the transition from solid to liquid state. Enthalpy of sublimation - The enthalpy change in the transition from solid to gas state. Enthalpy of vaporization* - The enthalpy change in the transition from liquid to gas state. Entropy (S)* - A thermodynamic function defined such that when a small quantity of heat dQ is received by a system at temperature T, the entropy of the system is increased by dQ/T, provided that no irreversible change takes place in the system. [1] Entropy unit (e.u.) - A non-SI unit of entropy, equal to 4.184 J/K mol. Ephemeris time - Time measured in tropical years from January 1, 1900. Epoxy compounds - Compounds in which an oxygen atom is directly attached to two adjacent or non-adjacent carbon atoms of a carbon chain or ring system; thus cyclic ethers. [5] Equation of continuity - Any of a class of equations that express the fact that some quantity (mass, charge, energy, etc.) cannot be created or destroyed. Such equations typically specify that the rate of increase of the quantity in a given region of space equals the net current of the quantity flowing into the region. Equation of state* - An equation relating the pressure, volume, and temperature of a substance or system. Equilibrium constant (K)* - For a chemical reaction aA + bB  cC + dD, the equilibrium constant is defined by: K=

aC c ⋅ aD d aA a ⋅ aB b

where ai is the activity of component i. To a certain approximation, the activities can be replaced by concentrations. The equilibrium constant is related to ∆rG°, the standard Gibbs energy change in the reaction, by RT lnK = –∆rG°. Equivalent conductance - See Conductivity, electrical Erg (erg) - A non-SI (cgs) unit of energy, equal to 10–7 J. Esters - Compounds formally derived from an oxoacid RC(=O)(OH) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking, with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter. [5] Esu - The electrostatic system of units, based upon the cm, g, and s plus the esu of charge (sometimes called the statcoulomb or franklin). Ethers - Compounds with formula ROR, where R is not equal to H. [5]

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Euler number (Eu) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Eu = ∆p/ρv2, where p is pressure, ρ is density, and v is velocity. [2] Eutectic - The point on a two-component solid-liquid phase diagram which represents the lowest melting point of any possible mixture. A liquid having the eutectic composition will freeze at a single temperature without change of composition. Excitance (M) - Radiant energy flux leaving an element of a surface divided by the area of that element. [1] Exciton - A localized excited state consisting of a bound electronhole pair in a molecular or ionic crystal. The exciton can propagate through the crystal. Exosphere - The outermost part of the earth’s atmosphere, beginning at about 500 to 1000 km above the surface. It is characterized by densities so low that air molecules can escape into outer space. Expansion coefficient - See thermal expansion coefficient. Extended electron energy loss fine structure (EXELFS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Extinction coefficient - See Absorption coefficient, molar F-Center - See Color center Fahrenheit temperature (°F) - The temperature scale based on the assignment of 32°F = 0°C and a temperature interval of °F =(5/9)°C; i.e., t/°F = (9/5)t/°C + 32. Farad (F)* - The SI unit of electric capacitance, equal to C/V. [1] Faraday constant (F)* - The electric charge of 1 mol of singly charged positive ions; i.e., F = NAe, where NA is Avogadro’s constant and e is the elementary charge. [1] Faraday effect* - The rotation of the plane of plane-polarized light by a medium placed in a magnetic field parallel to the direction of the light beam. The effect can be observed in solids, liquids, and gasses. Fatty acids - Aliphatic monocarboxylic acids derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil, or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids. [5] Fermat’s principle - The law that a ray of light traversing one or more media will follow a path which minimizes the time required to pass between two given points. Fermi (f) - Name sometimes used in nuclear physics for the femtometer. Fermi level - The highest energy of occupied states in a solid at zero temperature. Sometimes called Fermi energy. The Fermi surface is the surface in momentum space formed by electrons occupying the Fermi level. Fermi resonance - An effect observed in vibrational spectroscopy when an overtone of one fundamental vibration closely coincides in energy with another fundamental of the same symmetry species. It leads to a splitting of vibrational bands. Fermi-Dirac distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribution which takes into account the Pauli exclusion principle. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E–µ)/kT+1]–1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the temperature. The distribution is applicable to a system of fermions.

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Fermion - A particle that obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics. Specifically, any particle with spin equal to an odd multiple of 1/2. Examples are the electron, proton, neutron, muon, etc. Ferrimagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two nonequivalent sublattices with unequal magnetic moments, leading to a nonzero magnetic susceptibility. Ferrite - A ferrimagnetic material of nominal formula MFe2O4, where M is a divalent metal; widely used in microwave switches and other solid state devices. Ferroelectricity* - The retention of electric polarization by certain materials after the external field that produced the polarization has been removed. Ferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are aligned within domains which can in turn be aligned with each other by a weak magnetic field. Some ferromagnetic materials can retain their magnetization when the external field is removed, as long as the temperature is below a critical value, the Curie temperature. They are characterized by a large positive magnetic susceptibility. Fick’s law - The statement that the flux J of a diffusing substance is proportional to the concentration gradient, i.e., J = -D(dc/dx), where D is called the diffusion coefficient. Field - A mathematical construct which describes the interaction between particles resulting from gravity, electromagnetism, or other physical phenomena. In classical physics a field is described by equations. Quantum field theory introduces operators to represent the physical observables. Field emission microscopy (FEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Field ion microscopy (FIM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Fine structure - The splitting in spectral lines that results from interactions of the electron spin with the orbital angular momentum. Fine structure constant (α)* - Defined as e2/2hcε0, where e is the elementary charge, h Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and ε0 the permittivity of a vacuum. It is a measure of the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between particles. First radiation constant (c1)* - Constant (= 2πhc2) in the equation for the radiant excitance Mλ of a black body: Mλ =

c1 λ −5 ∆λ e c2 /λT − 1

where λ is the wavelength, T is the temperature, and c2 = hc/k is the second radiation constant. Flash point - The lowest temperature at which vapors above a volatile combustible substance will ignite in air when exposed to a flame. [10] Fluence (F) - Term used in photochemistry to specify the energy per unit area delivered in a given time interval, for example by a laser pulse. [2] Fluorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of fluorine and carbon. [5] Fluxoid - The quantum of magnetic flux in superconductivity theory, equal to hc/2e, where h is Planck’s constant, c the velocity of light, and e the elementary charge. Force (F) - The rate of change of momentum with time. [1]

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2-37 Force constants (f, k)* - In molecular vibrations, the coefficients in the expression of the potential energy in terms of atom displacements from their equilibrium positions. In a diatomic molecule, f = d2V/dr2, where V(r) is the potential energy and r is the interatomic distance. [2] Fourier number (Fo) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Fo = at/l2, where a is thermal diffusivity, t is time, and l is length. [2] Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) - A technique for obtaining an infrared spectrum by use of an interferometer in which the path length of one of the beams is varied. A Fourier transformation of the resulting interferogram yields the actual spectrum. The technique is also used for NMR and other types of spectroscopy. Fractals - Geometrical objects that are self-similar under a change of scale; i.e., they appear similar at all levels of magnification. They can be considered to have fractional dimensionality. Examples occur in diverse fields such as geography (rivers and shorelines), biology (trees), and solid state physics (amorphous materials). Franck-Condon principle - An important principle in molecular spectroscopy which states that the nuclei in a molecule remain essentially stationary while an electronic transition is taking place. The physical interpretation rests on the fact that the electrons move much more rapidly than the nuclei because of their much smaller mass. Franklin (Fr) - Name sometimes given to the unit of charge in the esu system. Fraunhofer diffraction - Diffraction of light in situations where the source and observation point are so far removed that the wave surfaces may be considered planar. Fraunhofer lines - Sharp absorption lines in the spectrum of sunlight, caused by absorption of the solar blackbody radiation by atoms near the sun’s surface. Free radical - See Radicals. The term “free radical” is often used more broadly for molecules that have a paramagnetic ground state (e.g., O2) and sometimes for any transient or highly reactive molecular species. Freezing point - See Melting point Frequency (ν)* - Number of cycles of a periodic phenomenon divided by time. [1] Fresnel diffraction - Diffraction of light in a situation where the source and observation point are sufficiently close together that the curvature of the wave surfaces must be taken into account. Froude number (Fr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Fr = v/(lg)1/2, where v is velocity, l is length, and g is acceleration due to gravity. [2] Fugacity (fB) - For a gas mixture, the fugacity of component B is defined as the absolute activity λB times the limit, as the pressure p approaches zero at constant temperature, of pB/λB. [2] Fullerenes - Compounds composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The archetypal example is [60]fullerene, where the atoms and bonds delineate a truncated icosahedron. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms. [5] Fulvalenes - The hydrocarbon fulvalene and its derivatives formed by substitution (and by extension, analogues formed

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2-38 by replacement of one or more carbon atoms of the fulvalene skeleton by a heteroatom). [5] Fulvenes - The hydrocarbon fulvene and its derivatives formed by substitution (and by extension, analogues formed by replacement of one or more carbon atoms of the fulvene skeleton by a heteroatom). [5] Fundamental vibrational frequencies* - In molecular spectroscopy, the characteristic vibrational frequencies obtained when the vibrational energy is expressed in normal coordinates. They determine the primary features of the infrared and Raman spectra of the molecule. γ - Name sometimes used for microgram. γ-rays* - Electromagnetic radiation (photons) with energy greater than about 0.1 MeV (wavelength less than about 1 pm). g-Factor of the electron* - The proportionality factor in the equation relating the magnetic moment µ of an electron to its total angular momentum quantum number J, i.e., µ = -gµBJ, where µB is the Bohr magneton. Also called Landé factor. Gal - A non-SI unit of acceleration, equal to 0.01 m/s. Also called galileo. Gallon (US) - A unit of volume equal to 3.785412 L. Gallon (UK, Imperial) - A unit of volume equal to 4.546090 L. Gauss (G) - A non-SI unit of magnetic flux density (B) equal to 10–4 T. Gaussian system of units - A hybrid system used in electromagnetic theory, which combines features of both the esu and emu systems. Gel - A colloidal system with a finite, but usually rather small, yield stress (the sheer stress at which yielding starts abruptly). [3] Genetic code* - The set of relations between each of the 64 codons of DNA and a specific amino acid (or other genetic instruction). Gibbs energy (G)* - An important function in chemical thermodynamics, defined by G = H-TS, where H is the enthalpy, S the entropy, and T the thermodynamic temperature. Sometimes called Gibbs free energy and, in older literature, simply “free energy”. [2] Gibbs phase rule - The relation F = C - P + 2, where C is the number of components in a mixture, P is the number of phases, and F is the degrees of freedom, i.e., the number of intensive variables that can be changed independently without affecting the number of phases. Glass transition temperature* - The temperature at which an amorphous polymer is transformed, in a reversible way, from a viscous or rubbery condition to a hard and relatively brittle one. [10] Glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GDMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Gluon - A hypothetical particle postulated to take part in the binding of quarks, in analogy to the role of the photon in electromagnetic interactions. Glycerides - Esters of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids, widely distributed in nature. They are by long-established custom subdivided into triglycerides, 1,2- or 1,3-diglycerides, and 1- or 2-monoglycerides, according to the number and positions of acyl groups. [5] Glycols - Dihydric alcohols in which two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent. Also called diols. [5] Grain (gr) - A non-SI unit of mass, equal to 64.79891 mg.

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Grain boundary - The interface between two regions of different crystal orientation. Grashof number (Gr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Gr = l3gα∆Tρ2/η2, where T is temperature, ρ is density, l is length, η is viscosity, α is cubic expansion coefficient, and g is acceleration of gravity. [2] Gravitational constant (G)* - The universal constant in the equation for the gravitational force between two particles, F = Gm1m2/r2, where r is the distance between the particles and m1 and m2 are their masses. [1] Gray (Gy)* - The SI unit of absorbed dose of radiation, equal to J/kg. [1] Gregorian calendar - The modification of the Julian calendar introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XII which specified that a year divisible by 100 is a leap year only if divisible by 400. Grignard reagents - Organomagnesium halides, RMgX, having a carbon-magnesium bond (or their equilibrium mixtures in solution with R2Mg + MgX2). [5] Gruneisen parameter (γ) - Defined by γ = αV/κ cV ρ, where αV is the cubic thermal expansion coefficient, κ is the isothermal compressibility, cV is the specific heat capacity at constant volume, and ρ is the mass density. γ is independent of temperature for most crystalline solids. [1] Gyromagnetic ratio (γ) - Ratio of the magnetic moment of a particle to its angular momentum. Also called magnetogyric ratio. Hadron - Any elementary particle that can take part in the strong interaction. Hadrons are subdivided into baryons, with odd half integer spins, and mesons, which have zero or integral spin. Hall effect* - The development of a transverse potential difference V in a conducting material when subjected to a magnetic field H perpendicular to the direction of the current. The potential difference is given by V = RH BJt, where B is the magnetic induction, J the current density, t the thickness of the specimen in the direction of the potential difference, and RH is called the Hall coefficient. Halocarbon - A compound containing no elements other than carbon, hydrogen, and one or more halogens. In common practice, the term is used mainly for compounds of no more than four or five carbon atoms. Halogens - The elements F, Cl, Br, I, and At. Compounds of these elements are called halogenides or halides. [7] Hamiltonian (H) - An expression for the total energy of a mechanical system in terms of the momenta and positions of constituent particles. In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian operator appears in the eigenvalue equation Hψ= Eψ, where E is an energy eigenvalue and ψ the corresponding eigenfunction. Hardness* - The resistance of a material to deformation, indentation, or scratching. Hardness is measured on various scales, such as Mohs, Brinell, Knoop, Rockwell, and Vickers. [10] Hartmann number (Ha) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Ha = Bl(κ/η)1/2, where B is magnetic flux density, l is length, κ is electric conductivity, and η is viscosity. [2] Hartree (Eh)* - An energy unit used in atomic and molecular science, equal to approximately 4.3597482 × 10–18 J. Hartree-Fock method - A iterative procedure for solving the Schrödinger equation for an atom or molecule in which the equation is solved for each electron in an initial assumed po-

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Definitions of Scientific Terms tential from all the other electrons. The new potential that results is used to repeat the calculation and the procedure continued until convergence is reached. Also called self-consistent field (SCF) method. Heat capacity* - Defined in general as dQ/dT, where dQ is the amount of heat that must be added to a system to increase its temperature by a small amount dT. The heat capacity at constant pressure is Cp = (∂H/∂T)p; that at constant volume is CV = (∂E/∂T)V , where H is enthalpy, E is internal energy, p is pressure, V is volume, and T is temperature. An upper case C normally indicates the molar heat capacity, while a lower case c is used for the specific (per unit mass) heat capacity. [1] Heat of formation, vaporization, etc. - See corresponding terms under Enthalpy. Hectare (ha) - A unit of area equal to 104 m2. [1] Heisenberg uncertainty principle - The statement that two observable properties of a system that are complementary, in the sense that their quantum-mechanical operators do not commute, cannot be specified simultaneously with absolute precision. An example is the position and momentum of a particle; according to this principle, the uncertainties in position ∆q and momentum ∆p must satisfy the relation ∆p∆q ≥ h/4π, where h is Planck’s constant. Heitler-London model - An early quantum-mechanical model of the hydrogen atom which introduced the concept of the exchange interaction between electrons as the primary reason for stability of the chemical bond. Helicon - A low-frequency wave generated when a metal at low temperature is exposed to a uniform magnetic field and a circularly polarized electric field. Helmholz energy (A) - A thermodynamic function defined by A = E-TS, where E is the energy, S the entropy, and T the thermodynamic temperature. [2] Hemiacetals - Compounds having the general formula R2C(OH)OR´ (R´ not equal to H). [5] Henry (H)* - The SI unit of inductance, equal to Wb/A. [1] Henry’s law * - An expression which applies to an ideal dilute solution in which one or more gasses are dissolved, viz., pi = Hixi, where pi is the partial pressure of component i above the solution, xi is its mole fraction in the solution, and Hi is the Henry’s law constant (a characteristic of the given gas and solvent, as well as the temperature). Hermitian operator - An operator A that satisfies the relation ∫ um*Aundx = (∫ un*Aum dx)*, where * indicates the complex conjugate. The eigenvalues of Hermitian operators are real, and eigenfunctions belonging to different eigenvalues are orthogonal. Hertz (Hz) - The SI unit of frequency, equal to s–1. [1] Heterocyclic compounds - Cyclic compounds having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements, e.g., quinoline, 1,2-thiazole, bicyclo[3.3.1]tetrasiloxane. [5] Heusler alloys - Alloys of manganese, copper, aluminum, nickel, and sometimes other metals which find important uses as permanent magnets. Holography - A technique for creating a three-dimensional image of a object by recording the interference pattern between a light beam diffracted from the object and a reference beam. The image can be reconstructed from this pattern by a suitable optical system.

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2-39 Homopolymer - A polymer derived from one species of (real, implicit, or hypothetical) monomer. [8] Hooke’s law - The statement that the ratio of stress to strain is a constant in a totally elastic medium. Horse power - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 746 W. Hubble constant - The ratio of the recessional velocity of an extragalactic object to the distance of that object. Its value is about 2 × 10–18 s–1. Huckel theory - A simple approximation for calculating the energy of conjugated molecules in which only the resonance integrals between neighboring bonds are considered. Also called CNDO method (complete neglect of differential overlap). Hume-Rothery rules - A set of empirical rules for predicting the occurrence of solid solutions in metallic systems. The rules involve size, crystal structure, and electronegativity. Hund’s rules - A series of rules for predicting the sequence of energy states in atoms and molecules. One of the important results is that when two electrons exist in different orbitals, the state with their spins parallel (triplet state) lies at lower energy than the state with antiparallel spins (singlet). Hydrazines - Hydrazine (diazane), H2NNH2, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. When one or more substituents are acyl groups, the compound is a hydrazide. [5] Hydrocarbon - A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen. [5] Hydrolysis - A reaction occurring in water in which a chemical bond is cleaved and a new bond formed with the oxygen atom of water. Hyperfine structure - Splitting of energy levels and spectral lines into several closely spaced components as a result of interaction of nuclear spin angular momentum with other angular momenta in the atom or molecule. Hysteresis* - An irreversible response of a system (parameter A) as a function of an external force (parameter F), usually symmetric with respect to the origin of the A vs. F graph after the initial application of the force. A common example is magnetic induction vs. magnetic field strength in a ferromagnet. Ideal gas law - The equation of state pV = RT, which defines an ideal gas, where p is pressure, V molar volume, T temperature, and R the molar gas constant. Ideal solution - A solution in which solvent-solvent and solventsolute interactions are identical, so that properties such as volume and enthalpy are exactly additive. Ideal solutions follow Raoult’s law, which states that the vapor pressure pi of component i is pi = xipi*, where xi is the mole fraction of component i and pi* the vapor pressure of the pure substance i. Ignition temperature* - The lowest temperature at which combustion of a material will occur spontaneously under specified conditions. Sometimes called autoignition temperature, kindling point. [10] Imides - Diacyl derivatives of ammonia or primary amines, especially those cyclic compounds derived from diacids. Also used for salts having the anion RN2–. [5] Impedence (Z) - The complex representation of potential difference divided by the complex representation of current. In terms of reactance X and resistance R, the impedance is given by Z = R + iX. [1] Index of refraction (n)* - For a non-absorbing medium, the ratio of the velocity of electromagnetic radiation in vacuo to the phase velocity of radiation of a specified frequency in the medium. [1]

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2-40 Inductance - The ratio of the electromagnetic force induced in a coil by a current to the rate of change of the current. Inductive coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Inertial defect - In molecular spectroscopy, the quantity Ic-Ia-Ib for a molecule whose equilibrium configuration is planar, where Ia, Ib, and Ic are the effective principal moments of inertia. The inertial defect for a rigid planar molecule would be zero, but vibration-rotation interactions in a real molecule lead to a positive inertial defect. Insulator - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (valence band) is completely filled with electrons, while the next higher band (conduction band) is empty. Solids with an energy gap of 5 eV or more are generally considered as insulators at room temperature. Their conductivity is less than 10–6 S/m and increases with temperature. Intercalation compounds - Compounds resulting from reversible inclusion, without covalent bonding, of one kind of molecule in a solid matrix of another compound, which has a laminar structure. The host compound, a solid, may be macromolecular, crystalline, or amorphous. [5] International System of Units (SI)* - The unit system adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960. It consists of seven base units (meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela), plus derived units and prefixes. [1] International Temperature Scale (ITS-90)* - The official international temperature scale adopted in 1990. It consists of a set of fixed points and equations which enable the thermodynamic temperature to be determined from operational measurements. [9] Ion - An atomic or molecular particle having a net electric charge. [3] Ion exchange - A process involving the adsorption of one or several ionic species accompanied by the simultaneous desorption (displacement) of one or more other ionic species. [3] Ion neutralization spectroscopy (INS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Ionic strength (I) - A measure of the total concentration of ions in a solution, defined by I = 1/2Σi zi2mi, where zi is the charge of ionic species i and mi is its molality. For a 1-1 electrolyte at molality m, I = m. Ionization constant* - The equilibrium constant for a reaction in which a substance in solution dissociates into ions. Ionization potential* - The minimum energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule (in its vibrational ground state) in the gaseous phase. More properly called ionization energy. [3] Irradiance (E) - The radiant energy flux incident on an element of a surface, divided by the area of that element. [1] Isentropic process - A thermodynamic process in which the entropy of the system does not change. Ising model - A model describing the coupling between two atoms in a ferromagnetic lattice, in which the interaction energy is proportional to the negative of the product of the spin components along a specified axis. Isobar - A line connecting points of equal pressure on a graphical representation of a physical system. Isochore - A line or surface of constant volume on a graphical representation of a physical system.

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Isoelectric point* - The pH of a solution or dispersion at which the net charge on the macromolecules or colloidal particles is zero. In electrophoresis there is no motion of the particles in an electric field at the isoelectric point. Isomers - In chemistry, compounds that have identical molecular formulas but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangement of their atoms in space. In physics, nuclei of the same atomic number Z and mass number A but in different energy states. [3] Isomorphs - Substances of different chemical nature but having the same crystal structure. Isotactic macromolecule - A tactic macromolecule, essentially comprising only one species of repeating unit which has chiral or prochiral atoms in the main chain in a unique arrangement with respect to its adjacent constitutional units. [8] Isotherm - A line connecting points of equal temperature on a graphical representation of a physical system. Isothermal process - A thermodynamic process in which the temperature of the system does not change. Isotones - Nuclides having the same neutron number N but different atomic number Z. [3] Isotopes - Two or more nuclides with the same atomic number Z but different mass number A. The term is sometimes used synonymously with nuclide, but it is preferable to reserve the word nuclide for a species of specific Z and A. [3] Jahn-Teller effect - An interaction of vibrational and electronic motions in a nonlinear molecule which removes the degeneracy of certain electronic energy levels. It can influence the spectrum, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of the substance. Johnson noise - Electrical noise generated by random thermal motion of electrons in a conductor or semiconductor. Also called thermal noise. Josephson effect - The tunneling of electron pairs through a thin insulating layer which separates two superconductors. When a potential difference is applied to the superconductors, an alternating current is generated whose frequency is precisely proportional to the potential difference. This effect has important applications in metrology and determination of fundamental physical constants. Joule (J)* - The SI unit of energy, equal to N m. [1] Joule-Thomson coefficient (µ) - A parameter which describes the temperature change when a gas expands adiabatically through a nozzle from a high pressure to a low pressure region. It is defined by µ = (∂T/∂p)H, where H is enthalpy. Julian calendar - The calendar introduced by Julius Caeser in 46 B.C. which divided the year into 365 days with a leap year of 366 days every fourth year. Julian date (JD) - The number of days elapsed since noon Greenwich Mean Time on January 1, 4713 B.C. Thus January 1, 2000, 0h (midnight) will be JD 2,451,543.5. This dating system was introduced by Joseph Scaliger in 1582. Kaon - One of the elementary particles in the family of mesons. Kaons have a spin of zero and may be neutral or charged. Kelvin (K)* - The SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature. [1] Kepler’s laws - The three laws of planetary motion, which established the elliptical shape of planetary orbits and the relation between orbital dimensions and the period of rotation.

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Kerr effect* - An electrooptical effect in which birefringence is induced in a liquid or gas when a strong electric field is applied perpendicular to the direction of an incident light beam. The Kerr constant k is given by n1-n2 = kλE2, where λ is the wavelength, E is the electric field strength, and n1 and n2 are the indices of refraction of the ordinary and extraordinary rays, respectively. Ketenes - Compounds in which a carbonyl group is connected by a double bond to an alkylidene group: R2C=C=O. [5] Ketones - Compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R1R2C=O (neither R may be H). [5] Kilogram (kg)* - The SI base unit of mass. [1] Kinetic energy (Ek, T) - The energy associated with the motion of a system of particles in a specified reference frame. For a single particle of mass m moving at velocity v, Ek = 1/2mv2. Kirchhoff’s laws - Basic rules for electric circuits, which state (a) the algebraic sum of the currents at a network node is zero and (b) the algebraic sum of the voltage drops around a closed path is zero. Klein-Gordon equation - A relativistic extension of the Schrödinger equation. Klein-Nishima formula - An expression for the scattering cross section of a photon by an unbound electron, based upon the Dirac electron theory. Knight shift - The change in magnetic resonance frequency of a nucleus in a metal relative to the same nucleus in a diamagnetic solid. The effect is due to the polarization of the conduction electrons in the metal. Knudsen number (Kn) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Kn = λ/l, where λ is mean free path and l is length. [2] Kondo effect - A large increase in electrical resistance observed at low temperatures in certain dilute alloys of a magnetic metal in a nonmagnetic material. Kramers-Kronig relation - A set of equations relating the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction of a medium Lactams - Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. [5] Lactones - Cyclic esters of hydroxy carboxylic acids, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. [5] Lagrangian function (L) - A function used in classical mechanics, defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy for a system of particles. Lamb shift - The small energy difference between the 2S1/2 and 2 P1/2 levels in the hydrogen atom, which results from interactions between the electron and the radiation field. Laminar flow - Smooth, uniform, non-turbulent flow of a gas or liquid in parallel layers, with little mixing between layers. It is characterized by small values of the Reynolds number. Landé g-factor - See g-Factor of the electron Langevin function - The mathematical function L(x) = (ex+e–x)/ (ex-e–x)-1/x, which occurs in the expression for the average dipole moment of a group of rotating polar molecules in an electric field: µav = µL(µE/kT), where µ is the electric dipole moment of a single molecule, E is the electric field strength, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature.

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2-41 Lanthanides - The elements of atomic number 57 through 71, which share common chemical properties: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu. [7] Larmor frequency (νL) - The precession frequency of a magnetic dipole in an applied magnetic field. In particular, a nucleus in a magnetic field of strength B has a Larmor frequency of γB/2π, where γ is the magnetogyric ratio of the nucleus. Laser* - A device in which an optical cavity is filled with a medium where a population inversion can be produced by some means. When the resonant frequency of the cavity bears the proper relation to the separation of the inverted energy levels, stimulated emission occurs, producing a highly monochromatic, coherent beam of light. Laser ionization mass spectroscopy (LIMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Lattice constants* - Parameters specifying the dimensions of a unit cell in a crystal lattice, specifically the lengths of the cell edges and the angles between them. Lattice energy* - The energy per ion pair required to separate completely the ions in a crystal lattice at a temperature of absolute zero. Laue diagram - A diffraction pattern produced when an x-ray beam passes through a thin slice of a crystal and impinges on a detector behind the crystal. Lenz’s law - The statement that the current induced in a circuit by a change in magnetic flux is so directed as to oppose the change in flux Leonard-Jones potential - A simple but useful function for approximating the interaction between two neutral atoms or molecules separated by a distance r by writing the potential energy as U(r) = 4ε{(r0/r)12 - (r0/r)6}, where ε and r0 are adjustable parameters. In this form the depth of the potential well is ε and the minimum occurs at 21/6r0 . The (1/r)12 term is often replaced by other powers of 1/r. Lepton - One of the class of elementary particles that do not take part in the strong interaction. Included are the electron, muon, and neutrino. All leptons have a spin of 1/2. Lewis number (Le) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Le = a/D, where a is thermal diffusivity and D is diffusion coefficient. [2] Ligand field theory - A description of the structure of crystals containing a transition metal ion surrounded by nonmetallic ions (ligands). It is based on construction of molecular orbitals involving the d-orbitals of the central metal ion and combinations of atomic orbitals of the ligands. Light year (l.y.) - A unit of distance used in astronomy, defined as the distance light travels in one year in a vacuum. Its approximate value is 9.46073 × 1015 m. Lignins - Macromolecular constituents of wood related to lignans, composed of phenolic propylbenzene skeletal units, linked at various sites and apparently randomly. [5] Ligroin - The petroleum fraction consisting mostly of C7 and C8 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 90-140°C; commonly used as a laboratory solvent. Lipids - A loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. [5] Lipoproteins - Clathrate complexes consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding, in such a way that

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2-42 the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids. [5] Liter (L)* - A synonym for cubic decimeter. [1] Lithosphere* - The outer layer of the solid earth, extending from the base of the mantle to the surface of the crust. Lorentz contraction - The reduction in length of a moving body in the direction of motion, given by the factor (1-v2/c2)1/2 , where v is the velocity of the body and c the velocity of light. Also known as the FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction. Lorentz force - The force exerted on a point charge Q moving at velocity v in the presence of external fields E and B. It is given (in SI units) by F = Q(E + v × B). Loss angle (δ) - For a dielectric material in an alternating electromagnetic field, δ is the phase difference between the current and the potential difference. The function tan δ is a measure of the ratio of the power dissipated in the dielectric to the power stored. Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Lumen (lm)* - The SI unit of luminous flux, equal to cd sr. [1] Luminous flux (Φ) - The intensity of light from a source multiplied by the solid angle. The SI unit is lumen. [1] Lux (lx)* - The SI unit of illuminance, equal to cd sr m–2. [1] Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation - A relation between the phonon frequencies and dielectric constants of an ionic crystal which states that (ωT/ωL)2 = ε(∞)/ε(0), where ωT is the angular frequency of transverse optical phonons, ωL that of longitudinal optical phonons, ε(0) is the static dielectric constant, and ε(∞) the dielectric constant at optical frequencies. Lyman series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the ground state (principal quantum number n = 1) and successive excited states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1-1/n2), where n = 2,3,4,… and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series (n = 1↔2), which is often called the Lyman-α line, falls at a wavelength of 1216 Å, and the series converges at 912 Å, the ionization limit of hydrogen. Mach number (Ma) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Ma = v/c, where v is velocity and c is the speed of sound. [2] Macromolecule - A molecule of high relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass [8] Madelung constant* - A constant characteristic of a particular crystalline material which gives a measure of the electrostatic energy binding the ions in the crystal. Magnetic field strength (H) - An axial vector quantity, the curl of which is equal to the current density, including the displacement current. [1] Magnetic induction (B) - An axial vector quantity such that the force exerted on an element of current is equal to the vector product of this element and the magnetic induction. [1] Magnetic moment - See Dipole moment, magnetic. Magnetic susceptibility (χm, κ)* - Defined by χm = (µ-µ0)/µ0, where µ is the permeability of the medium and µ0 the permeability of a vacuum. [1] Magnetization (M) - Defined by M = (B/µ0)-H, where B is magnetic induction, H magnetic field strength, and µ0 the permeability of a vacuum. [1]

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Magnetogyric ratio (γ) - Ratio of the magnetic moment of a particle to its angular momentum. Also called gyromagnetic ratio. Magneton - See Bohr magneton, Nuclear magneton. Magnetostriction* - The change in dimensions of a solid sample when it is placed in a magnetic field. Magnon - A quantum of magnetic energy associated with a spin wave in a ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic crystal. Mantle - The layer of the earth between the crust and the liquid outer core, which begins about 2900 km below the earth’s surface. Maser - A device in which a microwave cavity is filled with a medium where a population inversion can be produced by some means. When the resonant frequency of the cavity bears the proper relation to the separation of the inverted energy levels, the device can serve as an amplifier or oscillator at that frequency. Mass (m)* - Quantity of matter. Mass can also be defined as “resistance to acceleration”. Mass defect (B) - Defined by B = Zm(1H) + Nmn - ma, where Z is the atomic number, m(1H) is the mass of the hydrogen atom, N is the neutron number, mn is the rest mass of the neutron, and ma is the mass of the atom in question. Thus Bc2 can be equated to the binding energy of the nucleus if the binding energy of atomic electrons is neglected. [1] Mass excess (∆) - Defined by ∆ = ma - Amu, where ma is the mass of the atom, A the number of nucleons, and mu the unified atomic mass constant (mu = 1 u). [1] Mass fraction (wB) - The ratio of the mass of substance B to the total mass of a mixture. [1] Mass number (A) - A characteristic property of a specific isotope of an element, equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Mass spectrometry - An analytical technique in which ions are separated according to the mass/charge ratio and detected by a suitable detector. The ions may be produced by electron impact on a gas, a chemical reaction, energetic vaporization of a solid, etc. [6] Massieu function - A thermodynamic function defined by J = -A/ T, where A is the Helmholz energy and T the thermodynamic temperature. [2] Matthiessen’s rule - The statement that the electrical resistivity ρ of a metal can be written as ρ = ρL+ρi, where ρL is due to scattering of conduction electrons by lattice vibrations and ρi to scattering by impurities and imperfections. If the impurity concentration is small, ρi is temperature independent. Maxwell (Mx)* - A non-SI unit of magnetic field strength (H) equal to 10–8 Wb. [1] Maxwell’s equations - The fundamental equations of electromagnetism. In a form appropriate to SI units, they are: curl H = ∂D/∂t + j div B = 0 curl E = -∂B/∂t div D = ρ where H is the magnetic field strength, B the magnetic induction, E the electric field strength, D the electric displacement, j the current density, ρ the charge density, and t is time. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the fraction of molecules f(v) in a gas that have velocity v within a specified interval. It takes the form 2

f (v) = 4 π( M/2 πRT )3/2 v 2 e − Mv /2 RT

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Definitions of Scientific Terms where M is the molar mass, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. Mean free path* - The average distance a gas molecule travels between collisions. Meissner effect - The complete exclusion of magnetic induction from the interior of a superconductor. Melting point* - The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure (normally taken to be atmospheric unless stated otherwise). Mercaptans - A traditional term abandoned by IUPAC, synonymous with thiols. This term is still widely used. [5] Meson - Any elementary particle that has zero or integral spin. Mesons are responsible for the forces between protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Mesosphere - The part of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the stratosphere (about 50 km above the surface) to 80-90 km. It is characterized by a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude. Metal - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (conduction band) is only partially filled with electrons. The electrical conductivity of metals generally decreases with temperature. Metallocenes - Organometallic coordination compounds in which one atom of a transition metal such as iron, ruthenium or osmium is bonded to and only to the face of two cyclopentadienyl ligands which lie in parallel planes. [5] Meter (m)* - The SI base unit of length. [1] Methine group - In organic compounds, the -C= group. [5] Mho - An archaic name for the SI unit siemens (reciprocal ohm). Micelle - A particle formed by the aggregation of surfactant molecules (typically, 10 to 100 molecules) in solution. For aqueous solutions, the hydrophilic end of the molecule is on the surface of the micelle, while the hydrophobic end (often a hydrocarbon chain) points toward the center. At the critical micelle concentration (cmc) the previously dissolved molecules aggregate into a micelle. Micron (µ) - An obsolete name for micrometer. Mie scattering - The scattering of light by spherical dielectric particles whose diameter is comparable to the wavelength of the light. Milky way - The band of light in the night sky resulting from the stars in the galactic plane. The term is also used to denote the galaxy in which the sun is located. Miller indices (hkl) - A set of indices used to label planes in a crystal lattice. [2] Millimeter of mercury (mmHg) - A non-SI unit of pressure, equal to 133.322 Pa. The name is generally considered interchangeable with torr. Mobility (µ)* - In solid state physics, the drift velocity of electrons or holes in a solid divided by the applied electric field strength. The term is used in a similar sense in other fields. Molality (m) - A measure of concentration of a solution in which one states the amount of substance (i.e., number of moles) of solute per kilogram of solvent. Thus a 0.1 molal solution (often written as 0.1 m) has m = 0.1 mol/kg. Molar mass - The mass of one mole of a substance. It is normally expressed in units of g/mol, in which case its numerical value is identical with the molecular weight (relative molecular mass). [1]

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2-43 Molar quantity - It is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g., volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value divided by amount of substance (number of moles). The resulting quantity is called molar volume, molar enthalpy, etc Molar refraction (R) - A property of a dielectric defined by the equation R = Vm[(n2-1)/(n2+2)], where n is the index of refraction of the medium (at optical wavelengths) and Vm the molar volume. It is related to the polarizability α of the molecules that make up the medium by the Lorenz-Lorentz equation, R = NAα/3ε0 , where NA is Avogadro’s constant and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Molarity (c) - A measure of concentration of a solution in which one states the amount of substance (i.e., number of moles) of solute per liter of solution. Thus a 0.1 molar solution (often referred to as 0.1 M) has a concentration c = 0.1 mol/L. Mole (mol)* - The SI base unit of amount of substance. [1] Mole fraction (xB) - The ratio of the amount of substance (number of moles) of substance B to the total amount of substance in a mixture. [1] Molecular orbital - See Orbital. Molecular weight (Mr)* - The ratio of the average mass per molecule or specified entity of a substance to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. Also called relative molar (or molecular) mass. [1] Moment of inertia (I) - The moment of inertia of a body about an axis is the sum (or integral) of the products of its elements of mass and the squares of their distances from the axis. [1] Momentum (p) - The product of mass and velocity. [1] Monomer - A substance consisting of molecules which can undergo polymerization, thereby contributing constitutional units to the essential structure of a macromolecule. [8] Monosaccharides - A term which includes aldoses, ketoses, and a wide variety of derivatives. [5] Mössbauer effect - The recoilless emission of γ-rays from nuclei bound in a crystal under conditions where the recoil energy associated with the γ emission is taken up by the crystal as a whole. This results in a very narrow line width, which can be exploited in various types of precise measurements. Muon* - An unstable elementary particle of spin 1/2 and mass about 200 times that of the electron. Naphtha - The petroleum fraction consisting mostly of C6 to C8 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 80-120°C. Solvents derived from this fraction include ligroin and petroleum ether. Nautical mile - A non-SI unit of length, equal to exactly 1852 m. Navier-Stokes equations - A set of complex equations for the motion of a viscous fluid subject to external forces. Néel temperature (TN)* - The critical temperature above which an antiferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic. [1] Nernst effect - The production of an electric field in a conductor subject to an applied magnetic field and containing a transverse temperature gradient. The electric field is perpendicular to the magnetic field and the temperature gradient. Network - In polymer science, a highly ramified macromolecule in which essentially each constitutional unit is connected to each other constitutional unit and to the macroscopic phase boundary by many permanent paths through the macromolecule, the number of such paths increasing with the number of intervening bonds. The paths must on the average be coextensive with the macromolecule. [8]

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Definitions of Scientific Terms

2-44 Neutrino - A stable elementary particle in the lepton family. Neutrinos have zero (or at least near-zero) rest mass and spin 1/2. Neutron* - An elementary particle on spin 1/2 and zero charge. The free neutron has a mean lifetime of 887 seconds. Neutrons and protons, which are collectively called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Neutron number (N) - A characteristic property of a specific isotope of an element, equal to the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Newton (N)* - The SI unit of force, equal to m kg s–2. [1] Nitriles - Compounds having the structure RC≡N; thus C-substituted derivatives of hydrocyanic acid, HC≡N. [5] Nitrosamines - N-Nitroso amines: compounds of the structure R2NNO. Compounds RNHNO are not ordinarily isolatable, but they, too, are nitrosamines. The name is a contraction of N-nitrosoamine and, as such, does not require the N locant. [5] Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)* - A widely used technique in which the resonant absorption of radiofrequency radiation by magnetic nuclei in a magnetic field is measured. The results give important information on the local environment of each nucleus. Nuclear magneton (µN)* - The unit of nuclear magnetic moment, defined as eh/4πmp, where h is Planck’s constant, mp the proton mass, and e the elementary charge. Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Nuclear spin (I) - The quantum number that specifies the intrinsic angular momentum of a particular nucleus. The magnitude of the angular momentum is given by [I(I+1)]1/2 h/2π, where h is Planck’s constant. Nucleic acids* - Macromolecules, the major organic matter of the nuclei of biological cells, made up of nucleotide units, and hydrolyzable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose. [5] Nucleon - A collective term for the proton and neutron. Nucleosides - Ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivatives (rarely, other glycosyl derivatives) of certain pyrimidine or purine bases. They are thus glycosylamines or N-glycosides related to nucleotides by the lack of phosphorylation. [5] Nucleotides - Compounds formally obtained by esterification of the 3´ or 5´ hydroxy group of nucleosides with phosphoric acid. They are the monomers of nucleic acids and are formed from them by hydrolytic cleavage. [5] Nuclide - A species of atoms in which each atom has identical atomic number Z and identical mass number A. [3] Nusselt number (Nu) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Nu = hl/k, where h is coefficient of heat transfer, l is length, and k is thermal conductivity. [2] Nyquist theorem - An expression for the mean square thermal noise voltage across a resistor, given by 4RkT∆f where R is the resistance, k the Boltzmann constant, T the temperature, and ∆f the frequency band within which the voltage is measured.

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Octanol-water partition coefficient (P)* - A measure of the way in which a compound will partition itself between the octanol and water phases in the two-phase octanol-water system, and thus an indicator of certain types of biological activity. Specifically, P is the ratio of the concentration (in moles per liter) of the compound in the octanol phase to that in the water phase at infinite dilution. The quantity normally reported is log P. Oersted (Oe) - A non-SI unit of magnetic field (H), equal to 79.57747 A/m. Ohm (Ω)* - The SI unit of electric resistance, equal to V/A. [1] Ohm’s law - A relation among electric current I, potential difference V, and resistance R, viz., I = V/R. The resistance is constant at constant temperature to high precision for many materials. Olefins - Acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic compounds. The class olefins subsumes alkenes and cycloalkenes and the corresponding polyenes. [5] Oligomer - A substance consisting of molecules of intermediate relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. In contrast to a polymer, the properties of an oligomer can vary significantly with the removal of one or a few of its units. [8] Oligopeptides - Peptides containing from three to nine amino groups. [5] Onsager relations - An important set of equations in the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. They express the symmetry between the transport coefficients describing reciprocal processes in systems with a linear dependence of flux on driving forces. Optical rotary power - Angle by which the plane of polarization of a light beam is rotated by an optically active medium, divided by path length and by concentration of the active constituent. Depending on whether mass or molar concentration is used, the modifier “specific” or “molar” is attached. [2] Orbital - A one-electron wavefunction. Atomic orbitals are classified as s-, p-, d,- or f-orbitals according to whether the angular momentum quantum number l = 0, 1, 2, or 3. Molecular orbitals, which are usually constructed as linear combinations of atomic orbitals, describe the distribution of electrons over the entire molecule. Oscillator strength (f) - A measure of the intensity of a spectroscopic transition, defined by f =

8π 2 Mev µ ij 3he 2

2

where ν is the frequency, µij the transition dipole moment, me the mass of the electron, e the elementary charge, and h Planck’s constant. Osmosis - The flow of a solvent in a system in which two solutions of different concentration are separated by a semipermeable membrane which cannot pass solute molecules. The solvent will flow from the side of lower concentration to that of higher concentration, thus tending to equalize the concentrations. The pressure that must be applied to the more concentrated side to stop the flow is called the osmotic pressure.

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Osmotic coefficient (φ) - Defined by φ = ln aA/(MAΣmB), where MA is the molar mass of substance A (normally the solvent), aA is its activity, and the mB are molalities of the solutes. [1] Osmotic pressure (Π) - The excess pressure necessary to maintain osmotic equilibrium between a solution and the pure solvent separated by a membrane permeable only to the solvent. In an ideal dilute solution Π = cBRT , where cB is the amountof-substance concentration of the solute, R is the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. [1,2] Ostwald dilution law - A relation for the concentration dependence of the molar conductivity Λ of an electrolyte solution, viz., Λc 1 1 = + Λ Λ ° K ( Λ ° )2 where c is the solute concentration, K is the equilibrium constant for dissociation of the solute, and Λ° is the conductivity at cΛ = 0. Ounce (oz) - A non-SI unit of mass. The avoirdupois ounce equals 28.34952 g, while the troy ounce equals 31.10348 g. Overpotential (η) - In an electrochemical cell, the difference between the potential of an electrode and its zero-current value. Oximes - Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes. [5] Oxo compounds - Compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element. The term thus embraces aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ketones, sulfonic acids, amides and esters. [5] Ozonides - The 1,2,4-trioxolanes formed by the reaction of ozone at a carbon-carbon double bond, or the analogous compounds derived from acetylenic compounds. [5] Pair production - A process in which a photon is converted into a particle and its antiparticle (e.g., an electron and positron) in the electromagnetic field of a nucleus. Paraffins - Obsolescent term for saturated hydrocarbons, commonly but not necessarily acyclic. Still widely used in the petrochemical industry, where the term designates acyclic saturated hydrocarbons, and stands in contradistinction to naphthenes. [5] Paramagnetism* - A type of magnetism characterized by a positive magnetic susceptibility, so that the material becomes weakly magnetized in the direction of an external field. The magnetization disappears when the field in removed. In the simplest approximation (Curie’s law) the susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature. Parity - The property of a quantum-mechanical wave function that describes its behavior under the symmetry operation of coordinate inversion. A parity of +1 (or even) is assigned if the wave function does not change sign when the signs of all the coordinates are changed; the parity is -1 (or odd) if the wave function changes sign under this operation. Parsec (pc) - A unit of distance defined as the distance at which 1 astronomical unit (AU) subtends an angle of 1 second of arc. It is equal to 206264.806 AU or 3.085678 × 1016 m. Particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.

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2-45 Partition function (q, z) - For a single molecule, q = Σi giexp(εi/kT), where εi is an energy level of degeneracy gi, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the absolute temperature; the summation extends over all energy states. For a system of N non-interacting molecules which are indistinguishable, as in an ideal gas, the canonical partition function Q = qN/N!. Pascal (Pa)* - The SI unit of pressure, equal to N/m2. [1] Paschen series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 3 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1/9-1/n2), where n = 4,5,6,… and RH is the Rydberg constant. The first member of the series (n = 3↔4), which is often called the Pα line, falls in the infrared at a wavelength of 1.875 µm. Paschen-Back effect - In atomic spectroscopy, the decoupling of electron spin from orbital angular momentum as the strength of an external magnetic field is increased. Pauli exclusion principle - The statement that two electrons in an atom cannot have identical quantum numbers; thus if there are two electrons in the same orbital, their spin quantum numbers must be of opposite sign. Pearson symbol - A code for designating crystallographic information, including the crystal system, the lattice type, and the number of atoms per unit cell. Péclet number (Pe) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Pe = vl/a, where v is velocity, l is length, and a is thermal diffussivity. [2] Peltier effect - The absorption or generation of heat (depending on the current direction) which occurs when an electric current is passed through a junction between two materials. Peptides - Amides derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. [5] Permeability (µ) - Magnetic induction divided by magnetic field strength; i.e. µ = B/H. The relative permeability µr = µ/µ0, where µ0 is the permeability of a vacuum. [1] Permittivity (ε) - Ratio of the electric displacement in a medium to the electric field strength. Also called dielectric constant. [1] Peroxides - Compounds of structure ROOR in which R may be any organic group. In inorganic chemistry, salts of the anion O2–2 [5] Peroxy acids - Acids in which an acidic -OH group has been replaced by an -OOH group; e.g. CH3C(=O)OOH peroxyacetic acid, PhS(=O)2OOH benzeneperoxysulfonic acid. [5] Petroleum ether - The petroleum fraction consisting of C5 and C6 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 35-60°C; commonly used as a laboratory solvent. pH* - A convenient measure of the acid-base character of a solution, usually defined by pH = -log [c(H+)/mol L–1)], where c(H+) is the concentration of hydrogen ions.The more precise definition is in terms af activity rather than concentration. [2] Phenols - Compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring. [5] Phonon - A quantum of energy associated with a vibrational mode of a crystal lattice. Phosphines - PH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.

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Definitions of Scientific Terms

2-46 RPH2, R2PH and R3P (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. [5] Phosphonium compounds - Salts (and hydroxides) [R4P]+X– containing tetracoordinate phosphonium ion and the associated anion. [5] Phosphonium ylides - Compounds having the structure R3P+C–R2  R3P=CR 2. Also known as Wittig reagents. [5] Phosphoresence - The process by which a molecule is excited by light to a higher electronic state and then undergoes a radiationless transition to a state of different multiplicity from which it decays, after some delay, to the ground state. The emitted light is normally of longer wavelength than the exciting light because vibrational energy has been dissipated. Photoelectric effect - The complete absorption of a photon by a solid with the emission of an electron. Photon - An elementary particle of zero mass and spin 1/2. The photon is involved in electromagnetic interactions and is the quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photon stimulated desorption (PSD) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Pinacols - Tetra(hydrocarbyl)ethane-1,2-diols, R2C(OH)C(OH)R2, of which the tetramethyl example is the simplest one and is itself commonly known as pinacol. [5] Pion - An elementary particle in the family of mesons. Pions have zero spin and may be neutral or charged. They participate in the strong interaction which holds the nucleus together. pK* - The negative logarithm (base 10) of an equilibrium constant K. For pKa, see Acid dissociation constant. Planck constant (h)* - The elementary quantum of action, which relates energy to frequency through the equation E = hν. Planck distribution - See Black body radiation Planck function - A thermodynamic function defined by Y = -G/T, where G is Gibbs energy and T thermodynamic temperature. [2] Plasma - A highly ionized gas in which the charge of the electrons is balanced by the charge of the positive ions, so that the system as a whole is electrically neutral. Plasmon - A quantum associated with a plasma oscillation in the electron gas of a solid. Point group* - A group of symmetry operations (rotations, reflections, etc.) that leave a molecule invariant. Every molecular conformation can be assigned to a specific point group, which plays a major role in determining the spectrum of the molecule. Poise (P) - A non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to 0.1 Pa s. Poiseuille’s equation - A formula for the rate of flow of a viscous fluid through a tube: dV ( p12 − p2 2 )πr 4 = 16l ηp0 dt where V is the volume as measured at pressure p0; p1 and p2 are the pressures at each end of the tube; r is the radius and l the length of the tube; and η is the viscosity. Poisson ratio (µ) - The absolute value of the ratio of the transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit (i.e., where Hooke’s law is valid). [10] Polariton - A quantum associated with the coupled modes of photons and optical phonons in an ionic crystal.

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Polarizability (α)* - The change in dipole moment of a molecule produced by an external electric field; specifically, αab = ∂pa/ ∂Eb, where pa is the dipole moment component on the a axis and Eb is the component of the electric field strength along the b axis. [2] Polymer - A substance composed of molecules of high relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. A single molecule of a polymer is called a macromolecule. [8] Polypeptides - Peptides containing 10 or more amino acid residues. See also Peptides. [5] Polysaccharides - Compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. Also called glycans. [5] Porphyrins - Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the α-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure (porphyrin is designated porphine in Chemical Abstracts indexes). [5] Positron - The antiparticle of the electron. It has the same mass and spin as an electron, and an equal but opposite charge. Positronium - The hydrogen-like “atom” formed from a positron nucleus and an electron. Its lifetime is very short because of annihilation of the positron and electron. Potential - See Electric potential Potential energy (Ep, V, U) - The portion of the energy of a system that is associated with its position in a force field. Pound (lb) - A non-SI unit of mass, equal to 0.4535924 kg. Power (P) - Rate of energy transfer. For electrical circuits, this is equal to the product of current and potential difference, P = IV. [1] Poynting vector (S) - For electromagnetic radiation, the vector product of the electric field strength and the magnetic field strength. [1] Prandtl number (Pr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Pr = η/ρa, where η is viscosity, ρ is density, and a is thermal diffusivity. [2] Pressure* - Force divided by area. [1] Proteins - Naturally occurring and synthetic polypeptides having molecular weights greater than about 10,000 (the limit is not precise). See also Peptides. [5] Proton* - A stable elementary particle of unit positive charge and spin 1/2. Protons and neutrons, which are collectively called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus. Pulsar - A neutron star which rotates rapidly and emits electromagnetic radiation in regular pulses at a frequency related to the rotation period. Purine bases* - Purine and its substitution derivatives, especially naturally occurring examples. [5] Pyrimidine bases* - Pyrimidine and its substitution derivatives, especially naturally occurring examples. [5] Q-switching - A technique for obtaining very high power from a laser by keeping the Q factor of the laser cavity low while the population inversion builds up, then suddenly increasing the Q to initiate the stimulated emission. Quad - A unit of energy defined as 1015 Btu, equal to approximately 1.055056 × 1018 J.

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Quadrupole moment - A coefficient of the third term (after monopole and dipole) in the power series expansion of the electric potential of an array of charges. A nucleus of spin greater than 1/2 has a non-vanishing nuclear quadrupole moment which can interact with the electric field gradient of the surrounding electrons. Molecular quadrupole moments have an influence on intermolecular forces. Quality factor (Q) - The ratio of the absolute value of the reactance of an electrical system to the resistance; thus a measure of the energy stored per cycle relative to the energy dissipated. Quantum yield - In photochemistry, the number of moles transformed in a specific process, either physically (e.g., by emission of photons) or chemically, per mole of photons absorbed by the system. [3] Quark - An elementary entity which has not been directly observed but is considered a constituent of protons, neutrons, and other hadrons. Quasar - An extragalactic object emitting electromagnetic radiation at a very high power level and showing a very large red shift, thus indicating that the object is receding at a speed approaching the speed of light. Quasicrystal - A solid having conventional crystalline properties but whose lattice does not display translational periodicity. Quaternary ammonium compounds - Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y–, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. Compounds having a carbon-nitrogen double bond (i.e. R2C=N+R2Y–) are more accurately called iminium compounds. [5] Quinones - Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds. [5] Racemic mixture - A mixture of equal amounts of a pair of enantiomers (optical isomers); such a mixture is not optically active. Rad - A non-SI unit of absorbed dose of radiation, equal to 0.01 Gy. Radiance (L) - The radiant intensity in a given direction from an element of a surface, divided by the area of the orthogonal projection of this element on a plane perpendicular to the given direction. [1] Radiant intensity (I) - The radiant energy flux leaving an element of a source within an element of solid angle, divided by that element of solid angle. [1] Radicals - Molecular entities possessing an unpaired electron, such as ·CH3, ·SnH3, ·Cl. (In these formulas the dot, symbolizing the unpaired electron, should be placed so as to indicate the atom of highest spin density, if this is possible). [5] Raman effect - The inelastic scattering of light by a molecule, in which the incident photon either gives up to, or receives energy from, one of the internal vibrational modes of the molecule. The scattered light thus has either a lower frequency (Stokes radiation) or higher frequency (anti-Stokes radiation) than the incident light. These shifts provide a measure of the normal vibrational frequencies of the molecule. Rankine cycle - A thermodynamic cycle which can be used to calculate the ideal performance of a heat engine that uses a condensable vapor as the working fluid (e.g., a steam engine or a heat pump).

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2-47 Rankine temperature - A thermodynamic temperature scale based on a temperature interval °R = (5/9) K ; i.e., T/°R = (9/5)T/K = t/°F + 459.67. Raoult’s law - The expression for the vapor pressure pi of component i in an ideal solution, viz., pi = xi pi0, where xi is the mole fraction of component i and pi0 the vapor pressure of the pure substance i. Rare earth elements - The elements Sc, Y, and the lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). [7] Rayleigh number (Ra) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Ra = l3gα∆Tρ/ηa, where l is length, g is acceleration of gravity, α is cubic expansion coefficient, T is temperature, ρ is density, η is viscosity, and a is thermal diffusivity. [2] Rayleigh scattering - The scattering of light by particles which are much smaller than the wavelength of the light. It is characterized by a scattered intensity which varies as the inverse fourth power of the wavelength. Rayleigh wave - A guided elastic wave along the surface of a solid; also called surface acoustic wave. Reactance (X) - The imaginary part of impedance. For an inductive reactance L and a capacitive reactance C in series, the reactance is X = Lω-1/(Cω), where ω is 2π times the frequency of the current. [1] Red shift - A displacement of a spectral line toward longer wavelengths. This can occur through the Doppler effect (e.g., in the light from receding galaxies) or, in the general theory of relativity, from the effects of a star’s gravitational field. Reflectance (ρ) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux at a given wavelength that is reflected to that of the incident radiation. Also called reflection factor. [1] Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Relative humidity* - The ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in air to the saturation vapor pressure of water at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage. [10] Relative molar mass - See Molecular weight. Rem - A non-SI unit of dose equivalent, equal to 0.01 Sv. Resistance (R) - Electric potential difference divided by current when there is no electromotive force in the conductor. This definition applies to direct current. More generally, resistance is defined as the real part of impedance. [1] Resistivity (ρ) - Electric field strength divided by current density when there is no electromotive force in the conductor. Resistivity is an intrinsic property of a material. For a conductor of uniform cross section with area A and length L, and whose resistance is R, the resistivity is given by ρ = RA/L. [1] Reynolds number (Re) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Re = ρvl/η, where ρ is density, v is velocity, l is length, and η is viscosity. [2] Rheology - The study of the flow of liquids and deformation of solids. Rheology addresses such phenomena as creep, stress relaxation, anelasticity, nonlinear stress deformation, and viscosity. Ribonucleic acids (RNA) - Naturally occurring polyribonucleotides. See also nucleic acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, ribonucleotides. [5] Ribonucleotides - Nucleotides in which the glycosyl group is a ribosyl group. See also nucleotides. [5]

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Definitions of Scientific Terms

2-48 Roentgen (R) - A unit used for expressing the charge (positive or negative) liberated by x-ray or γ radiation in air, divided by the mass of air. A roentgen is defined as 2.58 × 10–4 C/kg. Rotational constants - In molecular spectroscopy, the constants appearing in the expression for the rotational energy levels as a function of the angular momentum quantum numbers. These constants are proportional to the reciprocals of the principal moments of inertia, averaged over the vibrational motion. Rutherford back scattering (RBS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Rydberg constant (R∞)* - The fundamental constant which appears in the equation for the energy levels of hydrogen-like atoms; i.e., En = hcR∞ Z2µ/n2, where h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, Z the atomic number, µ the reduced mass of nucleus and electron, and n the principal quantum number (n = 1, 2, …). Rydberg series - A regular series of lines in the spectrum of an atom or molecule, with the spacing between successive lines becoming smaller as the frequency increases (wavelength decreases). The series eventually converges to a limit which usually corresponds to the complete removal of an electron from the atom or molecule. Sackur-Tetrode equation* - An equation for the molar entropy Sm of an ideal monatomic gas: Sm = Rln(e5/2 V/NAΛ3), where R is the molar gas constant, V is the volume, and NA is Avogadro’s number. The constant Λ is given by Λ = h/(2πmkT)1/2, where h is Planck’s constant, m the atomic mass, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the temperature. Salinity (S)* - A parameter used in oceanography to describe the concentration of dissolved salts in seawater. It is defined in terms of electrical conductivity relative to a standard solution of KCl. When expressed in units of parts per thousand, S may be roughly equated to the concentration of dissolved material in grams per kilogram of seawater. Salt - An ionic compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base. Scanned probe microscopy (SPM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning laser acoustic microscopy (SLAM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Schiff bases - Imines bearing a hydrocarbyl group on the nitrogen atom: R2C=NR´ (R´ not equal to H). Considered by many to be synonymous with azomethines. [5] Schmidt number (Sc) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Sc = η/ρD, where η is viscosity, ρ is density, and D is diffusion coefficient. [2] Schottky barrier - A potential barrier associated with a metalsemiconductor contact. It forms the basis for the rectifying device known as the Schottly diode. Schrödinger equation - The basic equation of wave mechanics which, for systems not dependent on time, takes the form: −(/2 m)∇ 2 ψ + V ψ = E ψ

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where ψ is the wavefunction, V is the potential energy expressed as a function of the spatial coordinates, E is an energy eigenvalue, ∇2 is the Laplacian operator, ћ is Planck’s constant divided by 2π, and m is the mass. Second (s)* - The SI base unit of time. [1] Second radiation constant (c2)* - See First radiation constant. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Seebeck effect - The development of a potential difference in a circuit where two different metals or semiconductors are joined and their junctions maintained at different temperatures. It is the basis of the thermocouple. Selenides - Compounds having the structure RSeR (R not equal to H). They are thus selenium analogues of ethers. Also used for metal salts of H2Se. [5] Semicarbazones - Compounds having the structure R2C=NNHC(=O)NH2, formally derived by condensation of aldehydes or ketones with semicarbazide [NH2NHC(=O)NH2]. [5] Semiconductor - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (valence band) is completely filled with electrons at T = 0 K, and the energy gap to the next highest band (conduction band) ranges from 0 to 4 or 5 eV. With increasing temperature electrons are excited into the conduction band, leading to an increase in the electrical conductivity. Semiquinones - Radical anions having the structure -O-Z-O· where Z is an ortho- or para-arylene group or analogous heteroarylene group; they are formally generated by the addition of an electron to a quinone. [5] SI units* - The International System of Units adopted in 1960 and recommended for use in all scientific and technical fields. [1] Siemens (S)* - The SI unit of electric conductance, equal to Ω–1. [1] Sievert (Sv)* - The SI unit of dose equivalent (of radiation), equal to J/kg. [1] Silanes - Saturated silicon hydrides, analogues of the alkanes; i.e. compounds of the general formula SinH2n+2. Silanes may be subdivided into silane, oligosilanes, and polysilanes. Hydrocarbyl derivatives are often referred to loosely as silanes. [5] Silicones - Polymeric or oligomeric siloxanes, usually considered unbranched, of general formula [-OSiR2-]n (R not equal to H). [5] Siloxanes - Saturated silicon-oxygen hydrides with unbranched or branched chains of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms (each silicon atom is separated from its nearest silicon neighbors by single oxygen atoms). [5] Skin effect - The concentration of high frequency alternating currents near the surface of a conductor. Slater orbital - A particular mathematical expression for the radial part of the wave function of a single electron, which is used in quantum-mechanical calculations of the energy and other properties of atoms and molecules. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Snell’s law - The relation between the angle of incidence i and the angle of refraction r of a light beam which passes from a medium of refractive index n0 to a medium of index n1, viz., sin i/sin r = n1/n0. Solar constant* - The mean radiant energy flux from the sun on a unit surface normal to the direction of the rays at the mean

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Definitions of Scientific Terms distance of the earth from the sun. The value is approximately 1373 W/m2. Solar wind - The stream of high velocity hydrogen and helium ions emitted by the sun which flows through the solar system and beyond. Soliton - A spatially localized wave in a solid or liquid that can interact strongly with other solitons but will afterwards regain its original form. Solubility* - A quantity expressing the maximum concentration of some material (the solute) that can exist in another liquid or solid material (the solvent) at thermodynamic equilibrium at specified temperature and pressure. Common measures of solubility include the mass of solute per unit mass of solution (mass fraction), mole fraction of solute, molality, molarity, and others. Solubility product constant (Ksp)* - The equilibrium constant for the dissolution of a sparsely soluble salt into its constituent ions. Space group* - A group of symmetry operations (reflections, rotations, etc.) that leave a crystal invariant. A total of 230 space groups have been identified. Spark source mass spectroscopy (SSMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Specific gravity - Ratio of the mass density of a material to that of water. Since one must specify the temperature of both the sample and the water to have a precisely defined quantity, the use of this term is now discouraged. Specific heat - Heat capacity divided by mass. See Heat capacity. Specific quantity - It is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g., volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value divided by mass. The resulting quantity is called specific volume, specific enthalpy, etc. Specific rotation [α]θλ- For an optically active substance, defined by [α]θλ = α/γl, where α is the angle through which plane polarized light is rotated by a solution of mass concentration γ and path length l. Here θ is the Celsius temperature and λ the wavelength of the light at which the measurement is carried out. Also called specific optical rotatory power. [2] Spin (s, I)* - A measure of the intrinsic angular momentum of a particle, which it possesses independent of its orbital motion. The symbol s is used for the spin quantum number of an electron, while I is generally used for nuclear spin. Spiro compounds - Compounds having one atom (usually a quaternary carbon) as the only common member of two rings. [5] Stacking fault - An error in the normal sequence of layer growth in a crystal. Standard mean ocean water (SMOW) - A standard sample of pure water of accurately known isotopic composition which is maintained by the International Atomic Energy Agency. It is used for precise calibration of density and isotopic composition measurements. Standard reduction potential (E°) - The zero-current potential of a cell in which the specified reduction reaction occurs at the right-hand electrode and the left-hand electrode is the standard hydrogen electrode. Also called Standard electrode potential. Standard state - A defined state (specified temperature, pressure, concentration, etc.) for tabulating thermodynamic functions and carrying out thermodynamic calculations. The standard

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2-49 state pressure is usually taken as 100,000 Pa (1 bar), but various standard state temperatures are used. [2] Stanton number (St) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by St = h/ρvcp, where h is coefficient of heat transfer, ρ is density, v is velocity, and cp is specific heat capacity at constant pressure. [2] Stark effect - The splitting of an energy level of an atom or molecule, and hence a splitting of spectral lines arising from that level, as a result of the application of an external electric field. Statistical weight (g) - The number of distinct states corresponding to the same energy level. Also called degeneracy. Stefan-Boltzmann constant (σ)* - Constant in the equation for the radiant exitance M (radiant energy flux per unit area) from a black body at thermodynamic temperature T, viz. M = σT4. [1] Stibines - SbH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: R3Sb. RSbH2, R2SbH, and R3Sb (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary stibines, respectively. [5] Stochastic process - A process which involves random variables and whose outcome can thus be described only in terms of probabilities. Stoichiometric number (ν) - The number appearing before the symbol for each compound in the equation for a chemical reaction. By convention, it is negative for reactants and positive for products. [2] Stokes (St) - A non-SI unit of kinematic viscosity, equal to 10–4 m2/s. Stokes’ law - The statement, valid under certain conditions, that the viscous force F experienced by a sphere of radius a moving at velocity v in a medium of viscosity η is given by F = -6πηav. Strain - The deformation of a body that results from an applied stress. Stratosphere - The part of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the troposphere (typically 10 to 15 km above the surface) to about 50 km. It is characterized by an increase in temperature with increasing altitude. Stress - Force per unit area (pressure) applied to a body. Tensile stress tends to stretch or compress the body in the direction of the applied force. Sheer stress results from a tangential force which tends to twist the body. Strong interaction - The short range (order of 1 fm) attractive forces between protons, neutrons, and other hadrons which are responsible for the stability of the nucleus. Strouhal number (Sr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Sr = lf/v, where l is length, f is frequency, and v is velocity. [2] Structure factor - In x-ray crystallography, the sum of the scattering factors of all the atoms in a unit cell, weighted by an appropriate phase factor. The intensity of a given reflection is proportional to the square of the structure factor. Sublimation pressure - The pressure of a gas in equilibrium with a solid at a specified temperature. Sulfides - Compounds having the structure RSR (R not equal to H). Such compounds were once called thioethers. In an inorganic sense, salts or other derivatives of hydrogen sulfide. [5] Sulfones - Compounds having the structure, RS(=O)2R (R not equal to H), e.g. C2H5S(=O)2CH3, ethyl methyl sulfone. [5]

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2-50 Sulfonic acids - HS(=O)2OH, sulfonic acid, and its S-hydrocarbyl derivatives. [5] Sulfoxides - Compounds having the structure R2S=O (R not equal to H), e.g. Ph2S=O, diphenyl sulfoxide. [5] Superconductor - A material that experiences a nearly total loss of electrical resistivity below a critical temperature Tc. The effect can occur in pure metals, alloys, semiconductors, organic compounds, and certain inorganic solids. Superfluid - A fluid with near-zero viscosity and extremely high thermal conductivity. Liquid helium exhibits these properties below 2.186 K (the λ point). Supernova - A star in the process of exploding because of instabilities which follow the exhaustion of its nuclear fuel. Surface analysis by laser ionization (SALI) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Surface tension (γ,σ)* - The force per unit length in the plane of the interface between a liquid and a gas, which resists an increase in the area of that surface. It can also be equated to the surface Gibbs energy per unit area. Surfactant - A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and accordingly is positively adsorbed at the liquid-vapor or other interfaces. [3] Susceptance (B) - Imaginary part of admittance. [1] Svedberg - A non-SI unit of time, used to express sedimentation coefficients, equal to 10–13 s. Syndiotactic macromolecule - A tactic macromolecule, essentially comprising alternating enantiomeric configurational base units which have chiral or prochiral atoms in the main chain in a unique arrangement with respect to their adjacent constitutional units. In this case the repeating unit consists of two configurational base units that are enantiomeric. [8] Tacticity - The orderliness of the succession of configurational repeating units of a macromolecule or oligomer molecule. In a tactic macromolecule essentially all the configurational repeating units are identical with respect to directional sense. See Configurational repeating unit, Isotactic, Syndiotactic. [8] Tautomerism - Isomerism of the general form G-X-Y=Z  X=YZ-G, where the isomers (called tautomers) are readily interconvertible; the atoms connecting the groups X, Y, Z are typically any of C, H, O, or S, and G is a group which becomes an electrofuge (i.e., a group that does not carry away the bonding electron pair when it leaves its position in the molecule) or nucleofuge (a group that does carry away the bonding electrons when leaving) during isomerization. The commonest case, when the electrofuge is H+, is also known as prototropy. A common example, written so as to illustrate the general pattern given above, is keto-enol tautomerism, such as H-O-C(CH3)=CH-CO2Et (enol)  (CH3)C(=O)-CH2-CO2Et (keto) In some cases the interconversion rate between tautomers is slow enough to permit isolation of the separate keto and enol forms. [5] Tensile strength* - In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load a body can bear before breaking to original cross-sectional area. Also called ultimate strength. [11] Terpenes - Hydrocarbons of biological origin having carbon skeletons formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2]. [5]

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Terpenoids - Natural products and related compounds formally derived from isoprene units. They contain oxygen in various functional groups. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a methyl (or other) group. [5] Tesla (T)* - The SI unit of magnetic flux density (B), equal to V s/m2. [1] Thermal conductivity* - Rate of heat flow divided by area and by temperature gradient. [1] Thermal diffusivity - Thermal conductivity divided by density and by specific heat capacity at constant pressure. [1] Thermal expansion coefficient (α)* - The linear expansion coefficient is defined by αl = (1/l)(dl/dT); the volume expansion coefficient by αV = (1/V)(dV/dT). [1] Thermionic emission - The emission of electrons from a solid as a result of heat. The effect requires a high enough temperature to impart sufficient kinetic energy to the electrons to exceed the work function of the solid. Thermodynamic laws - The foundation of the science of thermodynamics: First law: The internal energy of an isolated system is constant; if energy is supplied to the system in the form of heat dq and work dw, then the change in energy dU = dq + dw. Second law: No process is possible in which the only result is the transfer of heat from a reservoir and its complete conversion to work. Third law: The entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the thermodynamic temperature approaches zero. Thermoelectric power - For a bar of a pure material whose ends are at different temperatures, the potential difference divided by the difference in temperature of the ends. See also Seeback effect. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Thermosphere - The layer of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the mesosphere (typically 80–90 km above the surface) to about 500 km. It is characterized by a rapid increase in temperature with increasing altitude up to about 200 km, followed by a leveling off in the 300–500 km region. Thiols - Compounds having the structure RSH (R not equal to H). Also known by the term mercaptans (abandoned by IUPAC); e.g. CH3CH2SH, ethanethiol. [5] Thomson coefficient (µ, τ) - The heat power developed in the Thomson effect (whereby heat is evolved in a conductor when a current is flowing in the presence of a temperature gradient), divided by the current and the temperature difference. [1] Tonne (t) - An alternative name for megagram (1000 kg). [1] Torque (T) - For a force F that produces a torsional motion, T = r × F, where r is a vector from some reference point to the point of application of the force. Torr - A non-SI unit of pressure, equal to 133.322 Pa. The name is generally considered interchangeable with millimeter of mercury. Townsend coefficient - In a radiation counter, the number of ionizing collisions by an electron per unit path length in the direction of an applied electric field. Transducer - Any device that converts a signal from acoustical, optical, or some other form of energy into an electrical signal (or vice versa) while preserving the information content of the original signal.

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Transistor - A voltage amplifier using controlled electron currents inside a semiconductor. Transition metals - Elements characterized by a partially filled d subshell. The First Transition Series comprises Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu. The Second and Third Transition Series include the lanthanides and actinides, respectively. [7] Transition probability* - See Einstein transition probability. Transmittance (τ) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux at a given wavelength that is transmitted to that of the incident radiation. Also called transmission factor. [1] Tribology - The study of frictional forces between solid surfaces. Triple point* - The point in p,T space where the solid, liquid, and gas phases of a substance are in thermodynamic equilibrium. The corresponding temperature and pressure are called the triple point temperature and triple point pressure. Troposphere - The lowest part of the earth’s atmosphere, extending to 10-15 km above the surface. It is characterized by a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude. The exact height varies with latitude and season. Tunnel diode - A device involving a p-n junction in which both sides are so heavily doped that the Fermi level on the p-side lies in the valence band and on the n-side in the conduction band. This leads to a current-voltage curve with a maximum, so that the device exhibits a negative resistance in some regions. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Umklapp process - A process involving the interaction of three or more waves (lattice or electron) in a solid in which the sum of the wave vectors does not equal zero. Unified atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10–27 kg. [1] Universal time (tU , UT) - Mean solar time counted from midnight at the Greenwich meridian. Also called Greenwich mean time (GMT). The interval of mean solar time is based on the average, over one year, of the time between successive transits of the sun across the observer’s meridian. Vacancy - A missing atom or ion in a crystal lattice. Van Allen belts - Two toroidal regions above the earth’s atmosphere containing protons and electrons. The outer belt at about 25,000 km above the surface is probably of solar origin. The inner belt at about 3000 km contains more energetic particles from outside the solar system. Van der Waals’ equation* - An equation of state for fluids which takes the form:  1 a  pVm = RT  −  Vm − b Vm 2  where p is pressure, Vm is molar volume, T is temperature, R is the molar gas constant, and a and b are characteristic parameters of the substance which describe the effect of attractive and repulsive intermolecular forces, respectively. Van der Waals’ force - The weak attractive force between two molecules which arises from electric dipole interactions. It can lead to the formation of stable but weakly bound dimer molecules or clusters.

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2-51 Van’t Hoff equation - The equation expressing the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant K of a chemical reaction: d ln K ∆ r H ° = dT RT 2 where ∆rH° is the standard enthalpy of reaction, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. Also called van’t Hoff isochore. Vapor pressure* - The pressure of a gas in equilibrium with a liquid (or, in some usage, a solid) at a specified temperature. Varistor - A device that utilizes the properties of certain metal oxides with small amounts of impurities, which show abrupt nonlinearities at specific voltages where the material changes from a semiconductor to an insulator. Velocity (v) - Rate of change of distance with time. Verdet constants (V)* - Angle of rotation of a plane polarized light beam passing through a medium in a magnetic field, divided by the field strength and by the path length. Virial equation of state* - An equation relating the pressure p, molar volume Vm, and temperature T of a real gas in the form of an expansion in powers of the molar volume, viz., pVm= RT(1+BVm–1+CVm–2+ …), where R is the molar gas constant. B is called the second virial coefficient, C the third virial coefficient, etc. The virial coefficients are functions of temperature. Viscosity (η)* - The proportionality factor between sheer rate and sheer stress, defined through the equation F = η A(dv/dx), where F is the tangential force required to move a planar surface of area A at velocity v relative to a parallel surface separated from the first by a distance x. Sometimes called dynamic or absolute viscosity. The term kinematic viscosity (symbol ν) is defined as η divided by the mass density. Volt (V)* - The SI unit of electric potential, equal to W/A. [1] Volume fraction (φj) - Defined as Vj/ΣiVi, where Vj is the volume of the specified component and the Vi are the volumes of all the components of a mixture prior to mixing. [2] Watt (W)* - The SI unit of power, equal to J/s. [1] Wave function - A function of the coordinates of all the particles in a quantum mechanical system (and, in general, of time) which fully describes the state of the system. The product of the wave function and its complex conjugate is proportional to the probability of finding a particle at a particular point in space. Weak interaction - The weak forces (order of 10–12 of the strong interaction) between elementary particles which are responsible for beta decay and other nuclear effects. Weber (Wb)* - The SI unit of magnetic flux, equal to V s. [1] Weber number (We) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by We = ρv2l/γ, where ρ is density, v is velocity, l is length, and γ is surface tension. [2] Weight - That force which, when applied to a body, would give it an acceleration equal to the local acceleration of gravity. [1] Wiedeman-Franz law - The law stating that the thermal conductivity k and electrical conductivity σ of a pure metal are related by k = LσT, where T is the temperature and L (called the Lorenz ratio) has the approximate value 2.45 × 10–8 V2/K2. Wien displacement law - The relation, which can be derived from the Planck formula for black body radiation, that

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2-52 λmaxT = 0.0028978 m K, where λmax is the wavelength of maximum radiance at temperature T. Wigner-Seitz method - A method of calculating electron energy levels in a solid using a model in which each electron is subject to a spherically symmetric potential. Wittig reagents - See phosphonium ylides. Work (W) - Force multiplied by the displacement in the direction of the force. [1] Work function (Φ)* - The energy difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the Fermi level in the interior of a substance. It is thus the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the interior of a solid to a point just outside the surface. [1] X unit (X) - A unit of length used in x-ray crystallography, equal to approximately 1.002 × 10–13 m. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Yield strength - The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation (often chosen as 0.2% for metals) from proportionality of stress and strain. [11] Young’s modulus (E) - In tension or compression of a body below its elastic limit, the ratio of stress to corresponding strain. Since strain is normally expressed on a fractional basis, Young’s modulus has dimensions of pressure. Also called elastic modulus. [11]

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Zeeman effect - The splitting of an energy level of an atom or molecule, and hence a splitting of spectral lines arising from that level, as a result of the application of an external magnetic field. Zener diode - A control device utilizing a p-n junction with a well defined reverse-bias avalanche breakdown voltage. Zeotrope - A liquid mixture that shows no maximum or minimum when vapor pressure is plotted against composition at constant temperature. See Azeotrope. Zero-point energy - The energy possessed by a quantum mechanical system as a result of the uncertainty principle even when it is in its lowest energy state; e.g., the difference between the lowest energy level of a harmonic oscillator and the minimum in the potential well. Zeta potential (ζ) - The electric potential at the surface of a colloidal particle relative to the potential in the bulk medium at a long distance. Also called electrokinetic potential. Zwitterions - Neutral compounds having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign. Some chemists restrict the term to compounds with the charges on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer). [5]

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THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS p = pressure V = volume T = temperature ni = amount of substance i xi = ni/Σj nj = mole fraction of substance i Energy

U

Entropy

S

Enthalpy

H = U + pV

Helmholtz energy

A = U – TS

Gibbs energy

G = U + pV –TS

Isobaric heat capacity

Cp = (∂H/∂T)p

Isochoric heat capacity

CV = (∂U/∂T)V

Isobaric expansivity

α = V–1(∂V/∂T)p

Isothermal compressibility

κT = –V–1(∂V/∂p)T

Isentropic compressibility

κS = –V–1(∂V/∂p)S κT –κS = Tα2V/Cp Cp – CV = Tα2V/κT

Gibbs-Helmholtz equation

H = G – T(∂G/∂T)p

Maxwell relations

(∂S/∂p)T = –(∂V/∂T)p (∂S/∂V)T = –(∂p/∂T)V

Joule-Thomson expansion

µJT = (∂T/∂p)H = –{V – T(∂V/∂T)p}/Cp φJT = (∂H/∂p)T = V – T(∂V/∂T)p

Partial molar quantity

Xi = (∂X/∂ni)T,p,nj≠i

Chemical potential

µi = (∂G/∂ni)T,p,nj≠i

Perfect gas [symbol pg]

pV = (Σi ni)RT µi pg = µiθ + RT ln(xi p/pθ)

Fugacity

fi = (xip)exp{(µi – µi pg)/RT}

Activity coefficient

γi = fi/(xifiθ)

Gibbs-Duhem relation

0 = SdT – Vdp + Σinidµi

[Superscript θ in above equations indicates standard state] Notation for chemical and physical changes (X = H, S, G, etc.): Chemical reaction

∆rX

Formation from elements

∆fX

Combustion

∆cX

Fusion (cry→liq)

∆fusX

Vaporization (liq→gas)

∆vapX

Sublimation (cry→gas)

∆subX

Phase transition

∆trsX

Solution

∆solX

Mixing

∆mixX

Dilution

∆dilX

2-53

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PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The basic physical constants and structure diagrams for about 10,900 organic compounds are presented in this table. An effort has been made to include the compounds most frequently encountered in the laboratory, the workplace, and the environment. Particular emphasis has been given to substances that are considered environmental or human health hazards. In making the selection of compounds for the table, added weight was assigned to the appearance of a compound in various lists or reference sources such as: • •

• • •

•

• •

Laboratory reagent lists, e.g., the ACS Reagent Chemicals volume (Ref. 1) The DIPPR list of industrially important compounds (Ref. 2) and the (much larger) TSCA inventory of chemicals used in commerce The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (Ref. 3) The UNEP list Persistent Organic Pollutants (Ref. 4) Chemicals on Reporting Rules (CORR), a database of about 7500 regulated compounds prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency (Ref. 5) The EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), a database of human health effects of exposure to chemicals in the environment (Ref. 6) Compendia of chemicals of biochemical or medical importance, such as The Merck Index (Ref. 10) Specialized tables in this Handbook

It should be noted that the above lists vary widely in their choice of chemical names, and even in the use of Chemical Abstracts Registry Numbers. To the extent possible, we have attempted to systematize the names and registry numbers for this table. Clearly, criteria of this type are somewhat subjective, and compounds considered important by some users have undoubtedly been omitted. Suggestions for additional compounds or other improvements are welcomed. The data in the table have been derived from many sources, including both the primary literature and evaluated compilations. The Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition (Ref. 7) and the Chapman & Hall/CRC Combined Chemical Dictionary (Ref. 8) were important sources. Other useful compilations of physical property data for organic compounds are listed in Refs. 9–19. Many boiling point values (and some melting point and density values) were taken from recent physical chemistry literature dealing with fluid properties. Where conflicts were found, the value deemed most reliable was chosen. The table is arranged alphabetically by substance name, which generally is either an IUPAC systematic name or, in the case of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and other complex compounds, a simple trivial name. Names in ubiquitous use, such as acetic acid and formaldehyde, are adopted rather than their systematic equivalents. Synonyms are given in the column following the primary name, and structure diagrams are given on the page facing the data listing. The explanation of the data columns follows: • • • •

No.: An identification number used in the indexes. Name: Primary name of the substance. Synonym: A synonym in common use. When the primary name is non-systematic, a systematic name may appear here. Mol. Form.: The molecular formula written in the Hill convention.

• • •

•

•

•

•

•

CAS RN: The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number for the compound. Mol. Wt: Molecular weight (relative molar mass) as calculated with the 2001 IUPAC Standard Atomic Weights. Physical Form: A notation of the physical phase, color, crystal type, or other features of the compound at ambient temperature. Abbreviations are given below. mp: Normal melting point in ˚C. A value is sometimes followed by “dec,” indicating decomposition is observed at the stated temperature (so that it is probably not a true melting point). The notation “tp” indicates a triple point, where solid, liquid, and gas are in equilibrium. bp: Normal boiling point in ˚C, if it is available. This is the temperature at which the liquid phase is in equilibrium with the vapor at a pressure of 760 mmHg (101.325 kPa). A notation “sp” following the value indicates a sublimation point, where the vapor pressure of the solid phase reaches 760 mmHg. When a notation such as “dec” or “exp” (explodes) follows the value, the temperature may not be a true boiling point. A simply entry “sub” indicates the solid has a significant sublimation pressure at ambient temperatures. The boiling point at reduced pressure is listed in some cases, with or without the normal boiling point. Here the superscript indicates the pressure in mmHg. den: Density (mass per unit volume) in g/cm3. The temperature in ˚C is indicated by a superscript. Values refer to the liquid or solid phase, and all values are true densities, not specific gravities. The number of decimal places gives a rough estimate of the accuracy of the value. nD: Refractive index, at the temperature in ˚C indicated by the superscript. Unless otherwise indicated, all values refer to a wavelength of 589 nm (sodium D line). Values are given only for liquids and solids. Solubility : Qualitative indication of solubility in common solvents. Abbreviations are: i sl s vs msc dec

insoluble slightly soluble soluble very soluble miscible decomposes

Abbreviations for solvents are given below. In order to facilitate the location of compounds in the table, three indexes are provided: • • •

Synonym Index: Includes common synonyms, but not the primary name by which the table is arranged. Molecular Formula Index: Lists compounds by molecular formula in the Hill Order (see Preface to this Handbook). CAS Registry Number Index: Lists compounds by Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number. Note there is some redundancy in this index, because many compounds have several Registry Numbers associated with them. Thus the CAS RN in a table entry may differ from the CAS RN that points to it in the index. For example, CAS RN 1319-77-3 in the index points to all three cresol isomers, each of which has its own specific CAS RN.

3-1

3-2

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

The assistance of Fiona Macdonald in checking names and formulas is gratefully acknowledged, as well as the efforts of Janice

Shackleton, Trupti Desai, Nazila Kamaly, Matt Griffiths, and Lawrence Braschi in preparing the structure diagrams.

List of Abbreviations Ac Ac2O AcOEt ac ace al alk amor anh aq bipym bl blk bp br bt Bu BuOH bz chl col con, conc cry ctc cy, cyhex dec den dil diox dk DMF DMSO efflor Et EtOH eth exp fl flr fum gl gr gran grn hex HOAc hp hx hyd hyg i iiso lf lig liq lo

acetyl acetic anhydride ethyl acetate acid acetone alcohol (ethanol) alkali amorphous anhydrous aqueous bipyramidal blue black boiling point brown bright butyl 1-butanol benzene chloroform colorless concentrated crystals carbon tetrachloride cyclohexane decomposes density dilute dioxane dark dimethylformamide dimethyl sulfoxide efflorescent ethyl ethanol diethyl ether explodes flakes fluorescent fumes, fuming glacial gray granular green hexagonal acetic acid heptane hexane hydrate hygroscopic insoluble isoisooctane leaves ligroin liquid long

References 1. American Chemical Society, Reagent Chemicals, Ninth Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 2000. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Com-

mcl Me MeCN MeOH misc, msc mp n nd oct oran orth os pa peth Ph PhCl PhNH2 PhNO2 pl pow Pr PrOH pr purp py pym reac rhom s sat sc sl soln sp stab sub sulf syr tab tcl tetr tfa thf, THF tol tp trg unstab vap viol visc vol vs w wh xyl ye

monoclinic methyl acetonitrile methanol miscible melting point refractive index needles octahedra, octahedral orange orthorhombic organic solvents pale petroleum ether phenyl chlorobenzene aniline nitrobenzene plates powder propyl 1-propanol prisms purple pyridine pyramids, pyramidal reacts rhombic soluble saturated scales slightly soluble solution sublimation point stable sublimes sulfuric acid syrup tablets triclinic tetragonal trifluoroacetic acid tetrahydrofuran toluene triple point trigonal unstable vapor violet viscous volatile very soluble water white xylene yellow

pilation, extant 2002 (core with supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 3. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank, . 4. United Nations Environmental Program, Persistent Organic Pollutants, .

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds 5. Environmental Protection Agency, Chemicals on Reporting Rules, . 6. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, . 7. Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Editors, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. 8. Macdonald, F., Editor, Chapman & Hall/CRC Combined Chemical Dictionary, . 9. Linstrom, P. J., and Mallard, W. G., Editors, NIST Chemistry WebBook , NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, July 2001, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, . 10. Thermodynamics Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, TRC Thermodynamic Tables , . 11. O’Neil, M. J., Editor, The Merck Index, Thirteenth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 2001.

3-3 12. Stevenson, R. M., and Malanowski, S., Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds , Elsevier, New York, 1987. 13. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 14. Physical Constants of Hydrocarbon and Non-Hydrocarbon Compounds, ASTM Data Series DS 4B, ASTM, Philadelphia, 1988. 15. Beilstein Database, . 16. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, . 17. Vargaftik, N.B., Vinogradov, Y. K., and Yargin, V. S., Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Third Edition, Begell House, New York, 1996 18. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 19. Lide, D. R., Editor, Properties of Organic Compounds , .

3-4

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name 1 Abate 2 Abietic acid

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

Temephos

C16H20O6P2S3 C20H30O2

3383-96-8 514-10-3

466.469 302.451

30 mcl pl (al-w) 173.5

C15H20O4

21293-29-8

264.318

C16H12O5

480-44-4

284.263

cry (chl160 peth) ye nd (95% 263 al)

C18H28N2O4 C16H16N2O4S

37517-30-9 77-46-3

336.426 332.374

3 Abscisic acid 4 Acacetin

5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4methoxyphenyl)-4H-1benzopyran-4-one

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

2509 sub 120

vs EtOH

7 Acenaphthene

1,2-Dihydroacenaphthylene

C12H10

83-32-9

154.207

8 Acenaphthylene

Acenaphthalene

C12H8

208-96-8

152.192

91.8

280

0.898716

C12H6O2

82-86-0

182.175

sub

1.480020

C19H15NO6 C4H10NO3PS

152-72-7 30560-19-1

353.325 183.166

ye nd 261 (HOAc) cry (ace aq) 198 88

61-00-7 33665-90-6 75-07-0

326.455 163.153 44.052

oran oil nd (bz) 123.2 vol liq or gas -123.37

2300.5

nd

9 1,2-Acenaphthylenedione 10 Acenocoumarol 11 Acephate

Nicoumalone Phosphoramidothioic acid, acetyl-, O,S-dimethyl ester

12 Acepromazine 13 Acesulfame 14 Acetaldehyde

Ethanal

C19H22N2OS C4H5NO4S C2H4O

15 Acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone 16 Acetaldoxime

Acetaldehyde oxime

C8H10N2 C2H5NO

935-07-9 107-29-9

134.178 59.067

17 Acetamide

Ethanamide

C2H5NO

60-35-5

59.067

18 Acetanilide

N-Phenylacetamide

C8H9NO

103-84-4

19 Acetazolamide

N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4thiadiazol-2-yl]acetamide

C4H6N4O3S2

sl H2O

279

1.22220

1.604895

0.783418

1.331620

99.5 45

15040, 13521 115

0.965620

1.426420

80.16

222.0

0.998685

1.4278

135.163

114.3

304

1.219015

59-66-5

222.246

260.5

C8H17O4PS2 C2H4O2

919-54-0 64-19-7

272.322 60.052

liq

1371.5 117.9

1.1820 1.044625

1.372020

22 Acetic acid, 2-phenylhydrazide

C8H10N2O

114-83-0

150.177

hex pr (eth)

130.0

23 Acetic anhydride

C4H6O3

108-24-7

102.089

liq

-74.1

139.5

1.08220

1.390120

24 Acetoacetanilide

C10H11NO2

102-01-2

177.200

pr or nd (bz 86 or lig)

25 Acetoacetic acid

C4H6O3

541-50-4

102.089

cry (eth)

C10H14O5

21282-97-3

214.215

liq

1.122

1.456020

27 Acetochlor 28 Acetohexamide

C14H20ClNO2 C15H20N2O4S

34256-82-1 968-81-0

269.768 324.396

ye liq cry (EtOH aq)

29 Acetohydrazide

C2H6N2O

1068-57-1

74.081

C2H5NO2 C12H10O

546-88-3 941-98-0

75.067 170.206

hyg cry

C12H10O

93-08-3

170.206

C3H6O

67-64-1

58.079

nd (lig, dil al) liq

34 Acetone cyanohydrin

C4H7NO

75-86-5

85.105

35 Acetone (2,4-dinitrophenyl) hydrazone

C9H10N4O4

1567-89-1

238.200

ye nd or pl (al)

128

C6H12N2

627-70-3

112.172

liq

-12.5

C4H9N3S

1752-30-3

131.199

ye cry

176

20 Acethion 21 Acetic acid

26 2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate

30 Acetohydroxamic acid 31 1-Acetonaphthone

Ethanoic acid

2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl acetoacetate

N-Hydroxyacetamide

32 2-Acetonaphthone 33 Acetone

36 Acetone (1-methylethylidene) hydrazone 37 Acetone thiosemicarbazide

2-Propanone

Dimethyl ketazine

16.64

36.5

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs bz; s HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, HOAc; s lig i H2O

1.3520

20.1

trg mcl (aleth)

Solubility vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, chl

cry 121 pa ye nd 290 (eth) lf (dil al) 93.4

5 Acebutolol, (±) 6 Acedapsone

nD

1.32

sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, s bz, tol sl H2O

dec 100 1000.8 1340.4

s bz, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl vs EtOH s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH

msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl, CS2 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl, tfa; s bz vs H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, acid, lig vs H2O, eth, EtOH

1.527220

sl H2O i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl; s py s H2O, EtOH; sl eth

1.117121

1.628022

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl EtOH, ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl; i peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, AcOEt msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace s ace

188 67

13725

90 34

297

56

302

-94.7

56.05

0.784525

1.358820

-19

8223

0.93219

1.399220

133

0.839020

1.453520

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-5 OH O

S O P O O

S O O P O

S Abate

N H

O

O

O O

OH

Abscisic acid

Acacetin

O

O O

OH

O

Abietic acid

H N

HO

OH

H COOH

HN

O

S

NH

O

O

Acebutolol, (±)

O

O

Acedapsone

Acenaphthene

Acenaphthylene

1,2-Acenaphthylenedione

O OH

N O

O

O

N O

O

O P

H N

N

H N

O OH Acetic acid

H N

Acetamide

Acetanilide

O O

N H

Acetic acid, 2-phenylhydrazide

H

O

Acetaldehyde

S O P S O

O

N N N H

S

O O

Acetazolamide

Acethion

O

H N

O

O

O

Acesulfame

O H2N S O

O

NH2

OH

Acetaldoxime

S

O

Acepromazine

O

Acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone

N

S

Acephate

N

O H

O

S

Acenocoumarol

O N

H N

O

O

O

O

Acetic anhydride

Acetoacetanilide

O

O OH

O O

Acetoacetic acid

O

2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate

O Cl

N

O

H N O

Acetochlor

O H N S O

O O

O

O N H

Acetohexamide

NH2

Acetohydrazide

N

NH O N

O

N H

OH

Acetohydroxamic acid

O

OH O N 2-Acetonaphthone

Acetone

Acetone cyanohydrin

O

N

1-Acetonaphthone

O

Acetone (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazone

N

N

Acetone (1-methylethylidene)hydrazone

N HN

S NH2

Acetone thiosemicarbazide

3-6

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

38 Acetonitrile

Methyl cyanide

C2H3N

75-05-8

41.052

liq

-43.82

81.65

0.785720

1.344230

39 Acetophenone

Methyl phenyl ketone

C8H8O

98-86-2

120.149

mcl pr or pl 20.5

202

1.028120

1.537220

msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, con sulf, chl

40 Acetophenone azine 41 Acetoxon 42 N-Acetylacetamide

Methylphenyl ketazine Acetophos

C16H16N2 C8H17O5PS C4H7NO2

729-43-1 2425-25-4 625-77-4

236.311 256.257 101.105

liq nd (eth)

C5H9NO3 C8H8ClNO3S

97-69-8 121-60-8

131.130 233.673

C9H9NO3

89-52-1

C9H9NO3 N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine

No. Name

43 N-Acetyl-L-alanine 44 4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride 45 2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

Acetylsulfanilyl chloride

46 4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid 47 2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-Dglucose 48 2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-Dmannose 49 2-(Acetylamino)fluorene 50 4-(Acetylamino)fluorene 51 6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acid 52 4-Acetylanisole

ε-Acetamidocaproic acid

120 79

730.005 223.5

s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig

125 149

179.172

nd (bz), pr (bz-chl) nd (HOAc)

187.5

556-08-1

179.172

nd (HOAc)

256.5

C8H15NO6

7512-17-6

221.208

205

C8H15NO6

3615-17-6

221.208

cry (ace aq) 128

dec alk

C15H13NO

53-96-3

223.270

cry (dil al)

193

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc

C15H13NO C8H15NO3 C9H10O2

28322-02-3 57-08-9 100-06-1

223.270 173.210 150.174

br cry (bz) cry (ace) pl (peth)

200 104.5 38.5

53 2-Acetylbenzoic acid

C9H8O3

577-56-0

164.158

54 3-Acetylbenzoic acid

C9H8O3

586-42-5

164.158

nd (w), pr (bz)

vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, tfa

258

1.081841

1.54741

2

114.5

111

172

1112

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH vs H2O vs eth msc eth, bz, chl; s ace msc eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; i eth

55 4-Acetylbenzoic acid 56 Acetyl benzoylperoxide 57 Acetyl bromide

Acetozone Ethanoyl bromide

C9H8O3 C9H8O4 C2H3BrO

586-89-0 644-31-5 506-96-7

164.158 180.158 122.948

nd (w) wh nd (lig) liq

208 37 -96

sub 13019 76

1.662516

1.448620

58 Acetyl chloride

Ethanoyl chloride

C2H3ClO

75-36-5

78.497

liq

-112.8

50.7

1.105120

1.388620

59 Acetylcholine bromide 60 Acetylcholine chloride

C7H16BrNO2 C7H16ClNO2

66-23-9 60-31-1

226.112 181.661

hyg cry

146 150

61 62 63 64 65 66

2260-50-6 874-23-7 1670-46-8 616-91-1 517-23-7 490-78-8

273.112 140.180 126.153 163.195 128.126 152.148

hyg

163 -11

11218, 10114 7320

1.078225 1.043125

1.513820 1.490620

s ctc

Acetylcysteine α-Acetylbutyrolactone 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone

C7H16INO2 C8H12O2 C7H10O2 C5H9NO3S C6H8O3 C8H8O3

1075

1.184620

1.458520

Ethyne

C2H2

74-86-2

26.037

-84.7 sp

C4H9NO2

142-26-7

103.120

1668

0.37725 (p>1 atm) 1.107925

1.467420

20.8

1.03225

vs H2O sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, CS2; s ace, bz, chl msc H2O; s ace; sl bz, lig msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl CS2 s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O, MeOH

Acetylcholine iodide 2-Acetylcyclohexanone 2-Acetylcyclopentanone N-Acetyl-L-cysteine 3-Acetyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone 1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene

67 Acetylene

68 N-Acetylethanolamine

cry (w)

109.5

ye grn nd (dil 205.3 al or w) col gas -80.7 (triple point) 63.5

69 Acetyl fluoride

Ethanoyl fluoride

C2H3FO

557-99-3

62.042

vol liq or gas -84

70 N-Acetylglutamic acid 71 N-Acetylglycine

Aceturic acid

C7H11NO5 C4H7NO3

1188-37-0 543-24-8

189.166 117.104

72 trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-Lproline 73 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole

Oxaceprol

C7H11NO4

33996-33-7

173.167

pr (w) lo nd (w, MeOH) cry (Ac)

C5H6N2O

2466-76-4

110.114

74 75 76 77 78 79

Ethanoyl iodide

Methionamine Aspidospermine

C2H3IO C3H3NOS C8H16N2O3 C7H13NO3S C7H13NO3S C22H30N2O2

507-02-8 13250-46-9 692-04-6 1115-47-5 65-82-7 466-49-9

169.948 101.127 188.224 191.248 191.248 354.485

Dehydroacetic acid

C5H9NO2 C8H15NO C8H8O4

1113-68-4 4593-16-2 520-45-6

115.131 141.211 168.148

Acetyl iodide Acetyl isothiocyanate N6-Acetyl-L-lysine N-Acetyl-DL-methionine N-Acetyl-L-methionine 1-Acetyl-17methoxyaspidospermidine 80 N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide 81 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine 82 3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran2,4(3H)-dione

199 206 132 104.5 108 132.5

265 dec 114.5 105.5 nd or pr (al) 208 nd (peth) liq -25 liq -13.6 109

2.067320 1.152313

1.549120 1.523118

2202 195; 114.561 239 270

1.066325 0.968425

1.450225 1.473125

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, THF vs eth s eth, CS2

sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl msc H2O; i eth vs H2O vs H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-7

O O P S O

O N

N

N

O

O

Acetonitrile

Acetophenone

Acetophenone azine

Acetoxon

O O S Cl

HO

O

H N

O

O

N-Acetylacetamide

O

HO HO

OH

O

NH

O

4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-mannose

N H

HO

4-(Acetylamino)fluorene

OH

H N

O

O

2-(Acetylamino)fluorene

HO HO

O

OH

O

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose

O HN

NH

HO O

O 2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

HO

HN

NH

O 4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride

O

OH

HO

H N

O

N-Acetyl-L-alanine

O HO

OH

N H

O

O

O O

O

O

6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acid

4-Acetylanisole

2-Acetylbenzoic acid

3-Acetylbenzoic acid

O

O O O

O

O

Br

O

4-Acetylbenzoic acid

Acetyl benzoylperoxide

Br N

O Cl

Acetyl bromide

Acetyl chloride

O

Cl N

O

Acetylcholine bromide

O

O

Acetylcholine chloride

O O O

O I N

O

O

HS

O

OH

O

O

O

Acetylcholine iodide

2-Acetylcyclohexanone

OH

NH

2-Acetylcyclopentanone

O

O

N-Acetyl-L-cysteine

3-Acetyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone

HO 1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene

HO O H

N H

H Acetylene

O HO

O

OH

F

N-Acetylethanolamine

NH

O

Acetyl fluoride

H N

OH O

OH

O

N-Acetylglutamic acid

COOH

N

O O

N-Acetylglycine

trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-L-proline

O N

O O

N

I

O 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole

O N

Acetyl iodide

NH2

Acetyl isothiocyanate

N H

OH

OH HN O

N6-Acetyl-L-lysine

N-Acetyl-DL-methionine

N

O S

C

HO

S

S

O

N

HN O N-Acetyl-L-methionine

OH O

H

OH O

H O

1-Acetyl-17-methoxyaspidospermidine

N O

N O

N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide

O 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine

O

O

3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dione

3-8

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C6H11NO2

1696-20-4

Acetylsalicylic acid

C11H19NO9 C2H3NO4 C9H8O4

5-Bromoacetylsalicylic acid

Synonym

83 4-Acetylmorpholine 84 N-Acetylneuraminic acid 85 Acetyl nitrate 86 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 87 4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 88 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid 89 4-(Acetyloxy)-3methoxybenzaldehyde 90 2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone

Aceneuramic acid

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

129.157

14.5

15250, 11812

1.114520

1.482720

msc H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc

131-48-6 591-09-3 50-78-2

309.271 105.050 180.158

186 exp 60; 2270

1.2415

C9H8O4 C9H7BrO4

2345-34-8 1503-53-3

180.158 259.054

C10H10O4

881-68-5

194.184

C10H10O3

2243-35-8

178.184

nd (w), mcl tab (w) nd (al)

orth pl

Acetoxyacetone

C5H8O3

592-20-1

116.116

92 93 94 95 96

Tributyltin acetate Triphenyltin acetate

C14H30O2Sn C20H18O2Sn C10H10O3 C11H13NO3 C13H17NO3

56-36-0 900-95-8 13031-43-1 2018-61-3 2361-96-8

349.097 409.066 178.184 207.226 235.279

C12H15NO3

3618-96-0

221.252

C2H5O5P

590-54-5

140.032

C7H13NO C7H11NO2 C22H28N6O14P2

618-42-8 32161-06-1 86-08-8

127.184 141.168 662.436

C9H10OS C7H16INOS C13H14N2O3

1778-09-2 1866-15-5 1218-34-4

166.239 289.177 246.261

105 N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine

C11H13NO4

537-55-3

223.226

106 107 108 109

C13H17NO4 C7H13NO3 C20H17N3Na2O9S3 C14H7ClF3NO5

840-97-1 96-81-1 3244-88-0 50594-66-6

251.279 159.183 585.539 361.658

C25H41NO9

509-20-6

499.596

amor

98 Acetyl phosphate 99 1-Acetylpiperidine 100 1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone 101 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide 102 4-Acetylthioanisole 103 Acetyl thiocholine iodide 104 N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester N-Acetyl-L-valine Acid Fuchsin Acifluorfen

3-Acetyl NAD

Fuchsin, acid 5-[2-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid

110 Aconine

s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl bz

188.5 60 78

91 1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone (Acetyloxy)tributylstannane (Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane 4-Acetylphenyl acetate N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester 97 N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester

135

49

270

1.116965

1.503665

171; 6311

1.075720

1.414120

84.7 121.5 s ctc, CS2 s EtOH

173.5 93

cry (EtOH aq) nd (peth) or 91 visc oil (chl) unstab in soln liq -13.4

226.5 218; 1240.2

1.0119 1.14625

1.479025 1.502620

nd (dil MeOH) cry (w); pl (diox)

81.5 205 189.5

s H2O, EtOH, alk

153 80.5 164 sl H2O, EtOH 150 132

Aminacrine

C34H47NO11 C13H10N2

302-27-2 90-45-9

645.737 194.231

orth lf 204 ye nd (ace or 241 al)

113 Acridine

Dibenzo[b,e]pyridine

C13H9N

260-94-6

179.217

1.00520

114 3,6-Acridinediamine

Proflavine

C13H11N3

92-62-6

209.246

C13H9NO

578-95-0

195.216

orth nd or pr 106(form a); 344.86 (al) 110(form b) ye nd (al or 285 w) ye lf (al) >300

0.84020

1.401720

116 Acrolein

2-Propenal

C3H4O

107-02-8

56.063

liq

-87.7

52.6

117 Acrylamide

2-Propenamide

C3H5NO

79-06-1

71.078

lf (bz)

84.5

192.6

118 Acrylic acid

2-Propenoic acid

C3H4O2

79-10-7

72.063

12.5

141

1.051120

1.422420

119 Acrylonitrile

Propenenitrile

C3H3N

107-13-1

53.063

liq

-83.48

77.3

0.800725

1.391120

120 Acyclovir 121 Adenine

1H-Purin-6-amine

C8H11N5O3 C5H5N5

59277-89-3 73-24-5

225.205 135.128

225 360 dec

sub 220

β-D-Ribofuranoside, adenine-9 C10H13N5O4 cAMP C10H12N5O6P

58-61-7 60-92-4

267.242 329.206

cry (EtOH) orth nd (+3w) n(w+3/2) cry

3’-Adenylic acid, 5’-(dihydrogen C10H15N5O10P2 phosphate)

1053-73-2

427.202

amor pow

122 Adenosine 123 Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate) 124 Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate

vs H2O, EtOH

solid

111 Aconitine 112 9-Acridinamine

115 9(10H)-Acridinone

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, lig vs H2O, eth, EtOH

235.5 219

s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth, lig vs bz, EtOH, chl s EtOH, ace; sl DMSO; vs dil HCl i H2O; sl ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz i H2O, eth, bz; sl EtOH; s HOAc, alk vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-9 O

OH

O

O

NH

N O

HO

O COOH OH OH CH2OH OH

O O

OH

4-Acetylmorpholine

N-Acetylneuraminic acid

O N

HO

O O

O

O

O

O 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

O

Br

O

Acetyl nitrate

O

4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid

O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O 4-(Acetyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

OH

(Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane

4-Acetylphenyl acetate

O O

O

O

(Acetyloxy)tributylstannane

O

O

O

O N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester

O P OH OH

O

HN

HN

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine

O O

1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone

O

HN

O

O

O

2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone

O

Sn O

Sn O

O

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester

N

N

1-Acetylpiperidine

1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone

O

Acetyl phosphate

O

NH2 N

N

N N O O P OCH2 O OH COCH3

O CH2O P O

O HN

S

OH

OH OH

O N

O

O O S

O

OH OH 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide

4-Acetylthioanisole

H2N

I N

N H

O

OH

O N-Acetyl-L-valine

OH O

O S OH O

O S NaO O

HN

O N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester

OH

NH

O S NaO O

O HN

HO

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine

O O

HN

HO

N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan

Acetyl thiocholine iodide

O OH

HO O O N O

Cl F F

NH2

O F

Acid Fuchsin

H

N HO

Acifluorfen

OH H

O O

H H

N

OH H

O

O

OH

HO

O

O H

O

O

O

Aconine

O OH

Aconitine

O

NH2

O N

N

9-Acridinamine

Acridine

H2N

N

N H

NH2

3,6-Acridinediamine

O

9(10H)-Acridinone

Acrolein

NH2

H H2N

N

N N

NH2

N O

N Acrylonitrile

OH Acyclovir

HO N

N

NH2

O

N

N O

Adenine

N H

N

N O

N

N

HO P O

O

OH

O

O

O P N

Acrylic acid

N

N

N

N

OH

NH2 Acrylamide

NH2 N

N

O

O

OH OH Adenosine

HO

HO P O

O

OH

Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate)

OH

OH Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate

3-10

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name 125 Adenosine 5’methylenediphosphonate 126 127 128 129

Adenosine 3’-phosphate Adenosine 5’-triphosphate S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine 5’-Adenylic acid

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Adenosine, 5’-[hydrogen (phosphonomethyl) phosphonate] 3’-Adenylic acid ATP

C11H17N5O9P2

3768-14-7

425.229

cry (w)

204

C10H14N5O7P C10H16N5O13P3 C14H20N6O5S C10H14N5O7P

84-21-9 56-65-5 979-92-0 61-19-8

347.222 507.181 384.411 347.222

col nd

195 dec 144 dec 210 dec 195 dec

C6H11NO3 C20H26ClNO2

334-25-8 50-42-0

145.156 347.879

nd (w) cry

Adenosine 5’-monophosphate

130 Adipamic acid 131 Adiphenine hydrochloride

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

vs H2O; s EtOH, 10% HCl

161.5 113.5 25

1,6-Hexanedioic acid

C6H10O4

124-04-9

146.141

mcl pr (w, ace, lig)

152.5

337.5

1.360

133 Adiponitrile

Hexanedinitrile

C6H8N2

111-69-3

108.141

nd (eth)

1

295

0.967620

C9H11NO3

99-45-6

181.188

nd

235 dec

C14H23NO

25394-57-4

221.339

ye oil

23

C17H12O6 C17H14O6 C17H12O7 C12H17N3O4

1162-65-8 7220-81-7 1165-39-5 2757-90-6

312.273 314.289 328.273 267.281

cry

268 287.5 245 207 dec

C20H26N2O2

4360-12-7

326.432

sub sub 250

135 Affinin 136 137 138 139

Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B2 Aflatoxin G1 Agaritine

N-(2-Methylpropyl)-2,6,8decatrienamide

cry cry (dil al)

140 Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α)

L-Glutamic acid, 5-[2-[4(hydroxymethyl)phenyl] hydrazide] Ajmaline

141 Alachlor 142 DL-Alanine

DL-2-Aminopropanoic acid

C14H20ClNO2 C3H7NO2

15972-60-8 302-72-7

269.768 89.094

143 D-Alanine

2-Aminopropanoic acid, (R)

C3H7NO2

338-69-2

89.094

pl (+3.5w) 206 (aq AcOEt) 40 orth pr or nd 300 dec (w) nd (w, al) 314 dec

144 L-Alanine

2-Aminopropanoic acid, (S)

C3H7NO2

56-41-7

89.094

orth (w)

297 dec

145 β-Alanine

3-Aminopropanoic acid

C3H7NO2

107-95-9

89.094

200 dec

146 Alantolactone

C15H20O2

546-43-0

232.319

nd, orth pr (al) nd

147 148 149 150

C7H14N2O2S C21H28O5 C7H14N2O4S C12H8Cl6

116-06-3 52-39-1 1646-88-4 309-00-2

190.263 360.444 222.262 364.910

Aldicarb Aldosterone Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide Aldrin

cry (HOAc) cry

76

1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

C14H8O4

72-48-0

240.212

152 Alizarin Red S 153 Alizarin Yellow R

Sodium alizarinesulfonate

C14H7NaO7S C13H9N3O5

130-22-3 2243-76-7

342.257 287.227

154 Alizurol purple

1-Hydroxy-4-[(4-methylphenyl) C21H15NO3 amino]-9,10-anthracenedione C16H16O5 Bis[(aminocarbonyl)amino] C4H8N4O4 acetic acid C4H6N4O3

81-48-1

329.349

oran-br nd 253 dec (dil HOAc) flat viol nd

23444-65-7 99-16-1

288.295 176.132

br-red pr (bz) 149 nd 170 dec

97-59-6

158.116

mcl pl or

239

col gas

-136.6

155 Alkannin 156 Allantoic acid 157 Allantoin

C3H4

463-49-0

40.064

159 Allethrin 160 Allicin 161 Allopregnane-3β,21-diol-11,20dione

C19H26O3 C6H10OS2 C21H32O4

584-79-2 539-86-6 566-02-9

302.407 162.272 348.477

5α-Pregnan-20β-ol-3-one C21H34O2 1,5-Dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d] C5H4N4O pyrimidin-4-one C6H12O6 C4H4N2O5 C8H6N4O8

516-58-5 315-30-0

318.494 136.112

cry (aq, ac, 190 +w) nd (bz, ac) 185 cry 350

2595-97-3 470-44-0 76-24-4

180.155 160.085 286.156

cry (w) 128 tcl pr (eth) 162 dec orth pr (w+2) 254 dec

164 D-Allose 165 Alloxanic acid 166 Alloxantin

1.438020

1.513425

vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i HOAc, lig sl H2O, eth; s chl, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O

vs H2O

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz 1000.02 sub 250

1.13325 1.42425

s H2O; vs EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth, ace s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

1.43222 1.43719

275 1.19525

sl H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i chl vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

oran or red 289.5 tcl nd or pr (al)

158 Allene

162 Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one 163 Allopurinol

1620.5

99 166.5 141 104

151 Alizarin

Solubility s H2O

132 Adipic acid

134 Adrenalone

nD

s H2SO4 sub 140

-34.4

dec

0.58425 (p>1 atm) 1.01020 1.11220

1.4168

vs EtOH sl H2O, os, dil acid sl H2O; s EtOH, NaOH; i eth, MeOH vs bz, peth

1.56120

vs H2O

vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-11

NH2 NH2 N

N

HO

N

N

O O HO P P O OH OH

O

O

O

OH

HO P O

OH

Adenosine 5’-methylenediphosphonate

O

O

O

HO P

O

NH2 HO

HO

OH

Adenosine 5’-triphosphate

HO

OH

S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine

H N

O O

HO

N

O Adipamic acid

O

O

O

Adiponitrile

O

O

O

H

O

O Affinin

O

NH2

Aflatoxin B1

H O

O

O

Aflatoxin B2

OH

H N

HO

O

H O

O

Adrenalone

O

O

H

O

H O

OH

Adipic acid

O

H

HO

N

O

Adiphenine hydrochloride

H N

N

OH

OH

5’-Adenylic acid

O

NH2 O

O

OH

OH

Adenosine 3’-phosphate

O

N

N

O

HCl HO

N

N

N

N S

OH

OH

OH

OH

N

N

HO P O P O P O

O

HO

O

O

N

N

N

N

N

N

NH2

NH2

NH2

N

N

N H

O

O

Aflatoxin G1

Agaritine

HO O N

N H Me

H

O

Cl

N

O

O

O

O

OH OH

OH

Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α)

Alachlor

O

NH2

NH2

NH2

DL-Alanine

D-Alanine

L-Alanine

H2N

OH β-Alanine

OH OH

O

O

O

OH

Alantolactone

Cl

O

OH

Cl O

O N

S

O

N H

N

S O O

O

Aldicarb

Aldosterone

O

Cl

Cl

Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide

Aldrin

O SO3Na

N

OH

H2N

N H

N H

NH2

Allantoic acid

O

O

O H2N

N H

N H

O O

H

H

Allethrin

OH H O HN

H

H Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one

O S

O

C

H

O

H

H

Allene

H

Allopregnane-3β,21-diol-11,20-dione

Alkannin

H

OH

O

OH

OH O

N

O

HO

OH O

Alizurol purple

Allantoin

H

OH

O HN

OH

Alizarin Yellow R

COOH O

Alizarin

O

N

Alizarin Red S

O

O

HO

O N O

OH O

Cl

N H

O

OH

Cl

N N

N H

Allopurinol

H H H H

CHO OH OH OH OH CH2OH D-Allose

S

Allicin

O OH H N HO O O N H Alloxanic acid

H N

O O OH

H N

N H

HO O O

N H

O

O

Alloxantin

3-12

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

167 Allyl acetate

C5H8O2

591-87-7

100.117

168 Allyl acetoacetate

C7H10O3

1118-84-9

142.152

169 Allyl acrylate

C6H8O2

999-55-3

112.127

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

liq

mp/˚C

-85

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

103.5

0.927520

1.404920

196; 66.514

1.036620

1.439820

121

0.944120

1.432020

sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, lig; msc EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc

170 Allyl alcohol

2-Propen-1-ol

C3H6O

107-18-6

58.079

liq

-129

97.4

0.854020

1.413520

171 Allylamine

2-Propen-1-amine

C3H7N

107-11-9

57.095

liq

-88.2

53.3

0.75820

1.420520

172 N-Allylaniline

Allylphenylamine

C9H11N

589-09-3

133.190

219; 10612

0.973625

1.56320

173 Allylbenzene

2-Propenylbenzene

C9H10

300-57-2

118.175

156

0.892020

1.513120

174 α-Allylbenzenemethanol 175 Allyl benzoate

C10H12O C10H10O2

936-58-3 583-04-0

148.201 162.185

228.5

1.00418 1.056915

1.528921 1.517820

176 Allyl butanoate

C7H12O2

2051-78-7

128.169

142; 44.515

0.901720

1.415820

177 178 179 180

Allyl carbamate Allylchlorodimethylsilane Allyl chloroformate Allyl trans-cinnamate

C4H7NO2 C5H11ClSi C4H5ClO2 C12H12O2

2114-11-6 4028-23-3 2937-50-0 1866-31-5

101.105 134.680 120.535 188.222

111 0.896420 109.5 1.136 dec 268; 16317 1.04823

1.419520 1.422020 1.53020

181 182 183 184 185 186

1-Allylcyclohexanol 1-Allylcyclohexene Allylcyclopentane Allyldiethoxymethylsilane Allyldiethylamine Allyldimethylamine

C9H16O C9H14 C8H14 C8H18O2Si C7H15N C5H11N

1123-34-8 13511-13-2 3524-75-2 18388-45-9 5666-17-1 2155-94-4

140.222 122.207 110.197 174.314 113.201 85.148

190 156 125 155 110 63.5

0.934122

1.475622

0.79325 0.857225 0.747725 0.709425

1.441220 1.410420 1.420920 1.401020

s chl

187 Allyl ethyl ether

C5H10O

557-31-3

86.132

67.6

0.765120

1.388120

188 Allyl formate

C4H6O2

1838-59-1

86.090

83.6

0.946020

4208-49-5 106-92-3 123-68-2 24935-97-5 1476-23-9 57-06-7 96-05-9 97-53-0

152.148 114.142 156.222 131.130 83.089 99.155 126.153 164.201

207.5 154 186

1.11525 0.969820 0.886920

1.494520 1.433220

Eugenol

C8H8O3 C6H10O2 C9H16O2 C5H9NO3 C4H5NO C4H5NS C7H10O2 C10H12O2

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s eth, ace; sl ctc

1.012620 0.933520 1.065220

1.530620 1.436020 1.540520

197 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate

1,3,4-Eugenol acetate

C12H14O3

93-28-7

206.237

198 Allyl 3-methylbutanoate 199 Allylmethyldichlorosilane 200 2-(Allyloxy)ethanol

C8H14O2 C4H8Cl2Si Ethylene glycol monoallyl ether C5H10O2

2835-39-4 1873-92-3 111-45-5

142.196 155.099 102.132

201 2-Allylphenol 202 4-Allylphenol

Chavicol

C9H10O C9H10O

1745-81-9 501-92-8

134.174 134.174

C9H10O

1746-13-0

C6H10O2 C6H11N C6H12S2 C6H11NO3S C4H8N2S C3H5Cl3Si C9H20O3Si C6H14Si C4H8N2O

189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196

Allyl 2-furancarboxylate Allyl glycidyl ether Allyl hexanoate Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate Allyl isocyanate Allyl isothiocyanate Allyl methacrylate 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol

Allyl trans-3-phenyl-2propenoate 1-(2-Propenyl)cyclohexene

N,N-Diethyl-2-propen-1-amine N,N-Dimethyl-2-propen-1amine

Allyl 2-furanoate

203 Allyl phenyl ether 204 205 206 207 208

Allyl propanoate N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine Allyl propyl disulfide 3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S) Allylthiourea

209 210 211 212

Allyltrichlorosilane Allyltriethoxysilane Allyltrimethylsilane Allylurea

2-Propenyl propanoate Diallylamine Alliin Thiosinamine Trichloro-2-propenylsilane

liq

-40

hyg liq

liq liq

-110.7

cry (tol)

57

liq

-80

liq

-7.5

88 152 6750, 5530 253.2

pr (al)

30.5

281; 1276

1.080620

1.520520

154 119.5 158.5

1.075820 0.958020

1.441920 1.435820

220 238

1.024615 1.020315

1.518120 1.544118

134.174

191.7

0.981120

1.522320

2408-20-0 124-02-7 2179-59-1 556-27-4 109-57-9

114.142 97.158 148.289 177.221 116.185

123 111 7913

0.914020

1.410520 1.438720 1.521920

1.21720

1.593678

107-37-9 2550-04-1 762-72-1 557-11-9

175.517 204.339 114.261 100.119

1.201120 0.903020 0.715825

1.446020 1.407220 1.407420

liq

nd (dil ac) mcl or orth pr (w)

-6 15.8

165 78 35

nd (al)

85

117.5 10050, 8228 85

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, MeOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl ctc

i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc, oils i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc

msc H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, ctc, MeOH vs eth vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, eth vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz

i H2O msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; i peth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

O

O

H N

O O

O Allyl acetate

3-13

OH

NH2

OH

O

Allyl acetoacetate

Allyl acrylate

Allyl alcohol

Allylamine

N-Allylaniline

Allylbenzene

O O

O

O

H2N

O α-Allylbenzenemethanol

Allyl benzoate

O

Allyl butanoate

O

Allyl carbamate

HO

1-Allylcyclohexanol

1-Allylcyclohexene

O

O

O

Allyldiethoxymethylsilane

N

Allyldiethylamine

O

HO O

O

Allyl 2-furancarboxylate

Allyl glycidyl ether

O O

C

N

Allyl isocyanate

C

S

O O O

O

Allyl isothiocyanate

O

Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate

O N

H N O

Allyl hexanoate

OH

O

Allyldimethylamine

O O

Allyl formate

O

Allyl chloroformate

N

O

O Allyl ethyl ether

Allylcyclopentane

Cl

Allylchlorodimethylsilane

O Si O

O Allyl trans-cinnamate

O

Si Cl

O

Allyl methacrylate

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate

Allyl 3-methylbutanoate

OH

OH Cl Si

O Cl

Allylmethyldichlorosilane

O

2-(Allyloxy)ethanol

2-Allylphenol

O S

HO S

Allyl propyl disulfide

4-Allylphenol

S S

H2N

O

OH

O

3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S)

N H Allylthiourea

NH2

Allyl phenyl ether

Cl Cl Si Cl Allyltrichlorosilane

O O Si O Allyltriethoxysilane

O

N H

Allyl propanoate

N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine

O Si Allyltrimethylsilane

N H Allylurea

NH2

3-14

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3-(Ethenyloxy)-1-propene

C5H8O

3917-15-5

84.117

214 Aloin A

C21H22O9

1415-73-2

418.395

215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222

C16H23NO2 C22H24N2O4 C21H20N2O3 C6H12O6 C12H27AlO3 C36H71AlO5 C6H15AlO3 C9H21AlO3

15867-21-7 25394-75-6 642-18-2 1990-29-0 2269-22-9 300-92-5 555-75-9 555-31-7

261.360 380.437 348.395 180.155 246.322 610.928 162.163 204.243

cry cry (eth) ye nd (ace) pr (MeOH,al)

wh pow 145 liq/wh solid 140 hyg wh solid 119

2007 13510, 940.5

C20H27N

150-59-4

281.435

oil

1660.3

C39H54N10O14S C20H11N2Na3O10S3 C9H17N5S C3H12BN C20H31N C2H6N2O

23109-05-9 915-67-3 834-12-8 1830-95-1 1446-61-3 598-41-4

918.970 604.472 227.330 72.945 285.467 74.081

nd dk red pow

88 73.5 cry 44.5 hyg nd (chl) 67.5

C2H4N2 C2H5ClN2

540-61-4 6011-14-9

56.066 92.527

hyg cry (al)

C8H10ClNO

5468-37-1

171.624

Adamantanamine hydrochloride C10H18ClN

665-66-7

187.710

cry (al-eth)

360 dec

vs H2O, EtOH

C6H11NO4

626-71-1

161.156

pl (w)

207.0

sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, chl sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i lig s eth, acid s H2O, EtOH, eth, acid s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; vs AcOEt sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s alk; sl os i H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH

No. Name 213 Allyl vinyl ether

Alphaprodine Alstonidine Alstonine D-Altrose Aluminum 2-butoxide Aluminum distearate Aluminum ethanolate Aluminum isopropoxide

223 Alverine 224 225 226 227 228 229

2-Butanol, aluminum salt Hydroxyaluminum distearate Aluminum ethoxide

N-Ethyl-bis(3-phenylpropyl) amine

α-Amanitin Amaranth dye Ametryn Amminetrimethylboron 19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene 2-Aminoacetamide

230 Aminoacetonitrile 231 Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride 232 α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride 233 1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride 234 2-Aminoadipic acid

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

66

0.790020

1.406220

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz; i chl

149.3

103 189 207 dec 103.5

vs ace, EtOH vs H2O 19720

254 dec s H2O

5815

194 dec

2,3-Diaminopropionic acid 1-Aminoanthraquinone

C3H8N2O2 C14H9NO2

515-94-6 82-45-1

104.108 223.227

hyg rosettes 110 red nd (al) 253.5

237 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

2-Aminoanthraquinone

C14H9NO2

117-79-3

223.227

red nd (al, HOAc)

238 4-Aminoazobenzene

C12H11N3

60-09-3

197.235

oran mcl nd 127 (al)

>360

239 2-Aminobenzaldehyde

C7H7NO

529-23-7

121.137

silv lf

40.5

802

240 3-Aminobenzaldehyde 241 4-Aminobenzaldehyde

C7H7NO C7H7NO

1709-44-0 556-18-3

121.137 121.137

nd (AcOEt) pl (w)

29 71.5

242 2-Aminobenzamide

C7H8N2O

88-68-6

136.151

243 4-Aminobenzamide

C7H8N2O

2835-68-9

136.151

C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2

2835-06-5 1197-55-3

151.163 151.163

ye cry (+1/ 4w) pl pl (w)

C8H7NO4

99-31-0

181.147

pr(al), pl(w) 360

C8H11NO C7H10N2 C7H9NO

104-10-9 4403-69-4 5344-90-1

137.179 122.167 123.152

nd (al)

α-Phenylglycine p-Aminophenylacetic acid

246 5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid 247 4-Aminobenzeneethanol 248 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine 249 2-Aminobenzenemethanol

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s ace, chl vs EtOH

165 dec

235 3-Aminoalanine 236 1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

244 α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±) 245 4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid

i H2O dec H2O; sl xyl reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth, chl

304.5

sub sub

110.5 dec

183 292 dec 200 dec

108 61 83.5

250 4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

Sulfanilamide

C6H8N2O2S

63-74-1

172.205

lf (dil al)

165.5

251 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

Orthanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

88-21-1

173.190

pr (+ 1/2w)

>320 dec

252 3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

Metanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

121-47-1

173.190

nd, pr (w +1) dec

253 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

Sulfanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

121-57-3

173.190

orth pl or mcl (w+2)

254 4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride

p-Sulfanilyl fluoride

C6H6FNO2S

98-62-4

175.181

288 68.5

sub 255

sub

269 273

1.0825

1.48525

vs EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl, peth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; i eth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds OH O

3-15

OH

OH O

HO

O

N H

N

O

OH

N

N

HO H H H

H

O OH

O

HO O Allyl vinyl ether

O

N

OH

O Al

Aloin A

OH

H3C(CH2)16

O

Al

O

Aluminum 2-butoxide

(CH2)16CH3

O

Aluminum distearate

O Al

O

O

Alstonidine

O O

O

O O

Alphaprodine

O

H

Alstonine

O

O Al

CHO H OH OH OH CH2OH

D-Altrose

N

O

O

Aluminum ethanolate

Aluminum isopropoxide

Alverine

OH

HN H

CONH H

CONH

O OH

H OH

S

N NHCO

N H

ONa

S

OC

CO

OC H

O

S

O

CONH

O HO

O

NaO

CH2OH

N

N

NH

HN

NHCO

N

H

O S O ONa

CONH2 α-Amanitin

S

N N

Amaranth dye

N H

B NH3

Ametryn

Amminetrimethylboron

NH2

O NH2

O

H H 2N

H2N 19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene

2-Aminoacetamide

O

2-Aminoadipic acid

H2N

NH2 NH2

O

3-Aminoalanine

1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O O

2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

O NH2 O

NH2 2-Aminobenzamide

4-Aminobenzamide

NH2 NH2

H2N

α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±)

NH2 O S O OH

OH O S O

O

OH O S O

H2N 4-Aminobenzeneethanol

F O S O

NH2

NH2 2-Aminobenzenemethanol

OH

OH

5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid

OH O S O

3-Aminobenzaldehyde

OH

H2N

O

4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid

NH2

NH2 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine

2-Aminobenzaldehyde

OH

OH

NH2 4-Aminobenzaldehyde

NH2

4-Aminoazobenzene

NH2

NH2

O NH2

N N

O

NH2

1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride

O

NH2

O

OH

NH2

α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

O

OH

O

HCl

HCl

Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride

NH2

HCl

N

H2N

Aminoacetonitrile

O OH

N

H2N

NH2

4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

NH2 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

NH2 4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride

3-16

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

255 2-Aminobenzenethiol 256 4-Aminobenzenethiol 257 2-Aminobenzonitrile

C6H7NS C6H7NS C7H6N2

137-07-5 1193-02-8 1885-29-6

125.192 125.192 118.136

258 3-Aminobenzonitrile

C7H6N2

2237-30-1

118.136

259 4-Aminobenzonitrile

C7H6N2

873-74-5

260 4-Aminobenzophenone

C13H11NO

261 N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid 262 N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine 263 2-Aminobiphenyl

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

ye pr (CS2) nd (peth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

26 46 51

234 14317 263

289

118.136

nd (dil al or 54.3 CCl4) pr or pl (w) 87.0

1137-41-3

197.232

lf (dil al)

124

24613

C12H14N2O5

4271-30-1

266.249

cry (w)

173

C9H10N2O3 C12H11N

61-78-9 90-41-5

194.186 169.222

pr or nd (w) 198.5 lf (dil al) 51

C12H11N

2243-47-2

169.222

nd

31.5

C12H11N

92-67-1

169.222

lf (dil al)

53.5

266 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid 5-Bromoanthranilic acid 267 1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro- 1-Amino-49,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic bromoanthraquinone-2acid sulfonic acid 268 DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C7H6BrNO2 C14H8BrNO5S

5794-88-7 116-81-4

216.033 382.187

nd red nd (w)

219.5

C4H9NO2

2835-81-6

103.120

lf (w)

304 dec

269 L-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

1492-24-6

103.120

270 DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

2835-82-7

103.120

lf (dil al), cry 292 dec (al) nd (al) 194.3

C4H9NO2

56-12-2

103.120

272 2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)

C4H11NO

13054-87-0

89.136

273 4-Amino-1-butanol

C4H11NO

13325-10-5

89.136

C11H17N3O3S

339-43-5

271.336

C11H16N2O2 C3H6N2O2

2032-59-9 591-07-1

208.257 102.092

cry

p-Aminohippuric acid

264 3-Aminobiphenyl 265 4-Aminobiphenyl

271 4-Aminobutanoic acid

p-Biphenylamine

γ-Aminobutyric acid

pr or nd (al) 203 dec lf (MeOHeth) liq -1.0

Carbutamide

277 [4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino] phenyl]arsonic acid

Carbarsone

C7H9AsN2O4

121-59-5

260.079

nd (w)

174

278 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2ethylbutanamide 279 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3methylbutanamide 280 [2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid 281 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid 282 1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10anthracenedione 283 4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3benzenedisulfonamide 284 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid 285 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid 286 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid 287 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone

Carbromal

C7H13BrN2O2

77-65-6

237.094

orth (dil al)

118

Bromisovalum

C6H11BrN2O2

496-67-3

223.067

nd or lf (to)

154

Salicylamide O-acetic acid

C9H9NO4

25395-22-6

195.172

C10H12N2O5S 1-Amino-5-chloroanthraquinone C14H8ClNO2

957-68-6 117-11-3

272.277 257.673

Chloraminophenamide

C6H8ClN3O4S2

121-30-2

285.729

6-Chlorometanilic acid

C6H6ClNO3S

88-43-7

207.635

2-Benzoyl-4-chloroaniline

C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C13H10ClNO

635-21-2 89-54-3 719-59-5

Glucamine D-Glucosamine

94 218

Solubility

1.460620

s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth, HOAc

vs ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO, peth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl s DMSO

299

302

sub

1.230020

178

0.916220

1.448925

205; 12534

0.96712

1.462520

sub 180

1.54425 sub

1.5615

221

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth, bz msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH; i eth

sl H2O, bz; s ace sl H2O, eth; s EtOH sl H2O, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, chl; s alk sl H2O, chl; s ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s alk

cry 212 254.5 nd (w)

280 dec

171.582 171.582 231.677

ye nd

211 188 100.5

88-51-7

221.662

short nd (w)

95-85-2 52-52-8

143.571 129.157

cry (al-w)

C8H10N2O3S

22252-43-3

214.241

C6H15NO5 C6H13NO5

488-43-7 3416-24-8

181.187 179.171

2-Chloro-p-toluidine-5-sulfonic C7H8ClNO3S acid 2-Hydroxy-5-chloroaniline C6H6ClNO Cycloleucine C6H11NO2

nD

144.5

274 4-Amino-N-[(butylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide 275 Aminocarb 276 N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide

288 2-Amino-4-chloro-5methylbenzenesulfonic acid 289 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol 290 1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid 291 7Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid 292 1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol 293 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose

den/ g cm-3

140 330 dec

1.51915

vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, peth, chl

sl DMSO

241 dec

cry (MeOH)

127

vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-17 N

SH

N

N

O

SH NH2

NH2 NH2

2-Aminobenzenethiol

NH2

4-Aminobenzenethiol

2-Aminobenzonitrile

O

O

H2N

OH O

H2N

NH2 NH2

NH2

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid

HO

4-Aminobenzophenone

O

OH

N H

NH2

4-Aminobenzonitrile

OH

H N

O

NH2

3-Aminobenzonitrile

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine

O

O

NH2

NH2

2-Aminobiphenyl

3-Aminobiphenyl

O S OH O

4-Aminobiphenyl

O

O

O

Br 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid

NH2

NH2

DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

L-2-Aminobutanoic acid

Br

1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid

NH2 O

OH

OH

O H N

OH DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid

H N

O S

O

H2N

N

O

OH

OH

4-Aminobutanoic acid

OH

H2N

NH2

O

2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)

N H

NH2

4-Amino-1-butanol

O

4-Amino-N-[(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide

Aminocarb

OH O As OH

O H2N

Br

O

HN

N H

O

O

N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide

[4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]phenyl]arsonic acid

O O

H

H2N OH

HO

[2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid

HO

H2N

S

O

S

O

1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10-anthracenedione

4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide

O

NH2

Cl

5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid

H2N

H

H HO H H

S

O HO

1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid

Cl

2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone

N

O

Cl

OH O S O

NH2

Cl H2N

HO H2N

NH2

O

O

NH2

2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid

O

NH2 O

Cl

HO

O

OH

2-Amino-4-chlorophenol

NH2 O S O

NH2 Cl

Cl

NH2

O

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3-methylbutanamide

O

7-Aminocephalosporanic acid

Cl

5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid

O

O

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2-ethylbutanamide

NH2

O

O

OH O S O

H N

NH2

O

N

NH2

Br

H N

NH2

O

7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid

2-Amino-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

CH2NH2 OH H OH OH CH2OH

1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol

H HO H H

CHO NH2 H OH OH CH2OH

2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose

3-18

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

294 1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10anthracenedione 295 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid Chloramben 296 2-Amino-2’,5dichlorobenzophenone 297 2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol

C14H7Br2NO2

81-49-2

381.020

red nd (xyl)

226

C7H5Cl2NO2 C13H9Cl2NO

133-90-4 2958-36-3

206.027 266.122

C6H5Cl2NO

527-62-8

178.016

298 4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol

C6H5Cl2NO

5930-28-9

178.016

7-Methylguanine

C6H7N5O

578-76-7

165.153

Luminol

C8H7N3O2

521-31-3

177.161

Thioguanine

C5H5N5S

154-42-7

167.193

>360

Isoguanine

C5H5N5O

3373-53-3

151.127

>360

Me-IQ

C12H12N4

77094-11-2

212.250

cry

Picramic acid

C6H5N3O5

96-91-3

199.121

Taurine Acetaldehyde ammonia Diglycolamine

C2H7NO3S C2H7NO C4H11NO2 C4H10N2O

107-35-7 75-39-8 929-06-6 1001-53-2

125.147 61.083 105.136 102.134

dk red nd (al) 169 pr (chl) mcl pr (w) 328 orth (eth-al) 97 -12.5 51

C9H13N3O2

642-44-4

195.218

cry (+1w, w) 143

C5H14N2O

123-84-2

118.177

C8H12ClNO2

62-31-7

189.640

nd (w)

241 dec

vs H2O, MeOH

C9H13NO

492-39-7

151.205

pl(MeOH)

77.5

C9H14ClNO

53631-70-2

187.666

vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O

C4H12N2O

111-41-1

104.150

No. Name

299 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl6H-purin-6-one 300 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4phthalazinedione 301 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6 H-purine6-thione 302 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2 H-purin-2one 303 2-Amino-3,4dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline 304 2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol 305 306 307 308

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid 1-Aminoethanol 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide

Synonym

Aminometradine 309 6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 310 1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) propanol ethylenediamine 311 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2Dopamine hydrochloride benzenediol, hydrochloride 312 α-(1-Aminoethyl) benzenemethanol, [ S-(R*,R*)]313 α-(1-Aminoethyl) benzenemethanol, hydrochloride 314 N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine

bp/˚C

long nd (CS2) nd or lf (w, bz)

95.5

sub 70

168

sub

ye nd (al)

330.5

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs alk; s HOAc

i H2O

297 vs bz, EtOH

dec 110 221

943

239; 10510

N-(3-Aminopropyl) ethylenediamine

C5H15N3

13531-52-7

117.193

C5H13NO2 C6H11NO4

115-70-8 542-32-5

119.163 161.156

37.5 cry (EtOH, w) 205 dec

15210

2-Aminoadipic acid

319 6-Aminohexanenitrile 320 6-Aminohexanoic acid

5-Cyano-1-pentylamine ε-Aminocaproic acid

C6H12N2 C6H13NO2

2432-74-8 60-32-2

112.172 131.173

liq lf (eth)

11816

C6H15NO C14H9NO3

4048-33-3 116-85-8

117.189 239.226

C6H7NO4S

98-37-3

189.190

orth (w+1)

>300

6946-29-8

167.165

nd (al)

195

C7H7NO3

548-93-6

153.136

lf (w)

253.5

C7H7NO3

65-49-6

153.136

nd, pl (aleth)

150 dec

89-57-6 589-44-6

153.136 119.119

C4H9NO3

924-49-2

119.119

C8H11NO3

138-65-8

169.178

C15H11NO4

2379-90-0

269.253

C5H7N3O2

1123-95-1

141.129

329 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 330 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2benzenediol, (±) 331 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy9,10-anthracenedione 332 4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)5-Hydroxymethylcytosine 2(1H)-pyrimidinone

0.983725

1.473820

pl or nd (bz, 164.5 w), cry (al)

1.028620

873

205 57 216.5

pr pr (w), cry (dil al)

283 216 218

1.486320

20625

316 N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3propanediamine 317 2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 318 L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid

Mesalamine C7H7NO3 γ-Hydroxy-β-aminobutyric acid C4H9NO3

1.057220

198.5

137.179

327 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 328 3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid

vs H2O s H2O; sl eth s H2O, EtOH, bz; i eth

51-67-2

p-Aminosalicylic acid

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl bz, HOAc

370

C8H11NO

326 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Solubility

sl DMSO

Tyramine

p-Aminosalicylic acid hydrazide C7H9N3O2

nD

200 ≈80

315 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

321 6-Amino-1-hexanol 322 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 323 3-Amino-4hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 324 4-Amino-2hydroxybenzohydrazide 325 2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid

den/ g cm-3

msc H2O, EtOH; s ace; sl bz, lig sl H2O, bz, DMSO; s EtOH, xyl; i tol

1.480525 1.09920

1.49020

msc H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; i EtOH; sl MeOH

13730 s EtOH, ace sl H2O; i EtOH, eth vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, peth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, chl, eth, AcOEt vs H2O

189 dec sl chl >300 dec

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

NH2

O

Br

3-19 Cl

OH

O

NH2

OH

OH Cl

Cl

NH2

Cl

Cl O

NH2

Cl

Br

1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10-anthracenedione

Cl

3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid

NH2

Cl

2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenone

2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol

4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol

NH2

NH2 O O H H2N

N N

N

N

N

N

H H

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl-6H-purin-6-one

H2N

5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione

NH2 O

N

O N

N

6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-purin-2-one

NH2

O

N

O S OH O

O

2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol

NH2 H2N

OH

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid

1-Aminoethanol

NH2 N

O H2N

N H

N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide

N

H2N

O

6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

OH

NH2

HCl 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, hydrochloride

NH2 H2N

OH

HO

N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine

OH

OH

NH2

O

OH

NH2

N

L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid

O

4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

O

NH2

2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol

HO

N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine

NH2

O

NH2

OH

N H

NH2 α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, hydrochloride

HO

H2N

6-Aminohexanenitrile

O 6-Aminohexanoic acid

OH O S O

H N

O

NH2 OH

NH2

H2N

OH 6-Amino-1-hexanol

3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

OH

HO

O OH

NH2 NH2

OH

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide

O

OH

2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid

NH2

OH

1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

HO O

OH OH

OH

α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, [S-(R*,R*)]-

N H

HO N H

1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanol

HCl

H2N

OH

O

2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol

O

H2N

H N N

N H

O

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

H2N

N

N

N

OH

N

2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline

H N

N

H

O

S

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

OH

H2N 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

O

OH

1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)

NH2

HO 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, (±)

OH

3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid

O

O

H2N

NH2

NH2

HO

OH O

NH2 O HO

N

HO N H

O

4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(1H)-pyrimidinone

3-20

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H9NO7S2

90-20-0

319.311

C10H9NO4S

116-63-2

239.248

gray nd

C6H5N5O C4H6N4O

2236-60-4 360-97-4

163.137 126.117

ye cry cry (EtOH)

C5H12N4O3

543-38-4

176.174

cry (al)

C2H6N4O

141-83-3

102.095

pr

339 2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid

C7H6INO2

5326-47-6

263.033

220 dec

340 4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione 341 4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, ( R) 342 1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10anthracenedione 343 α-(Aminomethyl) benzenemethanol 344 β-(Aminomethyl) benzenepropanoic acid 345 2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid 346 trans-4-(Aminomethyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 347 4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone

C8H6N2O2

2518-24-3

162.146

269.5

No. Name

Synonym

333 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,71-Naphthol-8-amino-3,6naphthalenedisulfonic acid disulfonic acid 334 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-11-Amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic naphthalenesulfonic acid acid 335 2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine 336 5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4carboxamide 337 O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]- L- Canavanine homoserine 338 (Aminoiminomethyl)urea

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O, EtOH, bz; s alk >360 170 vs H2O 105

dec 160

s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz

Cycloserine 1-Amino-2methylanthraquinone Phenylethanolamine

C3H6N2O2 C15H11NO2

68-41-7 82-28-0

102.092 237.254

155 dec 205.5

C8H11NO

7568-93-6

137.179

56.5

4-Amino-3-phenylbutyric acid

C10H13NO2

1078-21-3

179.216

252 dec

C7H9NO3S

88-44-8

187.216

Tranexamic acid

C8H15NO2

1197-18-8

157.211

Diacetonamine

C6H13NO

625-04-7

115.173

348 2-Amino-4-methylphenol

C7H9NO

95-84-1

123.152

349 4-Amino-2-methylphenol

C7H9NO

2835-96-3

123.152

350 4-Amino-3-methylphenol

C7H9NO

2835-99-6

123.152

351 (Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid 352 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3propanediol 353 L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid 354 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 355 4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1 H)pyrimidinone 356 3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5trimethylcyclohexanol 357 3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid 358 2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione

CH6NO3P C4H11NO2

1066-51-9 115-69-5

111.038 105.136

pr (dil al) cry 179 (bz) cry 309 110

C4H9NO2

144-90-1

103.120

cry (w)

182

2-Aminoisobutanol 5-Methylcytosine

C4H11NO C5H7N3O

124-68-5 554-01-8

89.136 125.129

25.5 270 dec

165.5

0.93420

1.44920

pr (w+1/2)

1-Hydroxy-3-aminomethyl3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane 3-Amino-2-naphthoic acid

C10H21NO

15647-11-7

171.280

45.5

265

0.96925

1.490420

C11H9NO2

5959-52-4

187.195

C10H7NO2

2348-81-4

173.169

lt ye nd

s H2O; sl MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth vs H2O; s EtOH

16017

132 dec

vs H2O

>300

vs H2O 250.14

cry (w), orth 136 (bz), lf or nd nd or lf (bz) 176.5

ye lf (dil al)

Solubility

s H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s DMSO

sub

sub

15110

vs H2O; s EtOH

msc H2O; s ctc s H2O, acid; sl EtOH; i eth

216.5

s EtOH, eth

207

i H2O, alk; s EtOH, eth, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH

359 7-Amino-1,3naphthalenedisulfonic acid 360 2-Amino-1,5naphthalenedisulfonic acid 361 4-Amino-1,6naphthalenedisulfonic acid 362 4-Amino-1,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 363 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 364 4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

Amido-G-Acid

C10H9NO6S2

86-65-7

303.311

mcl pr or nd 274 (w+4) >300

2-Naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4,7-disulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4,6-disulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid

C10H9NO6S2

117-62-4

303.311

C10H9NO6S2

85-75-6

303.311

vs H2O

C10H9NO6S2

85-74-5

303.311

vs H2O, EtOH

C10H9NO3S

81-16-3

223.248

sc(hot w)

C10H9NO3S

84-86-6

223.248

365 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 366 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 367 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 368 8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 369 6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

1-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid Badische acid

C10H9NO3S

84-89-9

223.248

wh nd (w+1/ dec 2) red-br cry wh cry

C10H9NO3S

81-05-0

223.248

nd(w)

i H2O, EtOH, eth

C10H9NO3S

86-60-2

223.248

vs HOAc

1-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid Bronner acid

C10H9NO3S

82-75-7

223.248

nd (w+1), pl (aq ace) nd

C10H9NO3S

93-00-5

223.248

lf

i cold H2O; sl hot H2O

s DMSO 1.670325

i H2O; sl EtOH; s MeOH, py s H2O; i eth

vs gl HOAc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

HO

O

O S

3-21 OH O S O

OH

S

OH 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

HO O

NH O

HO NH2

N H

H2N

NH2

H N

N

N H

2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine

N H

5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide

O H2N

N H

NH2

O

NH2

I

(Aminoiminomethyl)urea

H2N

NH2

O

NH2

NH O

O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]-L-homoserine

O

N

NH2

OH NH2

H2N N

O

O

O

O N

2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid

4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, (R)

NH2 H2N

OH O S O

O

NH2

N H

O

4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

OH

O

NH2

OH

O α-(Aminomethyl)benzenemethanol

1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

β-(Aminomethyl)benzenepropanoic acid

2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

OH

OH

OH

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

4-Amino-2-methylphenol

4-Amino-3-methylphenol

NH2 O

trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone

2-Amino-4-methylphenol

NH2

H2N

N

O

O OH P OH

H2N HO

(Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid

H2N

OH

2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol

OH

OH

L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid

2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol

4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone

OH O S O

O

OH

OH

O

N H

NH2

NH2

H2N O

O S NH2

NH2

3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanol

OH O S O

OH O S O

NH2

HO

2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

S

OH O S O

OH O S O

NH2

NH2 4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

OH O S O

NH2 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH H2N O S O

O S

H2N NH2 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH

7-Amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

NH2 O

4-Amino-1,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

O

2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione

O

O O S O OH

HO

O

O

3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid

H2N 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH O

H 2N 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

3-22

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

370 8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 371 5-Amino-1-naphthol 372 1-Amino-2-naphthol

1,7-Cleve’s acid

C10H9NO3S

119-28-8

223.248

nd or pr (w)

sl EtOH; s eth

1-Amino-6-hydroxynaphthalene C10H9NO C10H9NO

83-55-6 2834-92-6

159.184 159.184

170 silvery lf (bz, 150 dec eth)

373 8-Amino-2-naphthol

8-Amino-β-naphthol

C10H9NO

118-46-7

159.184

nd (w, al)

374 2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H6N2O4

619-17-0

182.134

375 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H6N2O4

616-79-5

182.134

oran pr (dil 269 al) lf (al), ye nd 269 (w, dil al)

376 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile 377 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine 378 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol

C7H5N3O2 CH5N5O2 C6H6N2O3

17420-30-3 18264-75-0 99-57-0

163.134 119.084 154.123

203.5 187.8 oran pr (+w) 146

379 2-Amino-5-nitrophenol 380 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol

C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O3

121-88-0 119-34-6

154.123 154.123

381 2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)

C8H17NO2

644-90-6

159.227

205.8 dk red pl or 131 nd (w, al) lf (w) 270

sl DMSO sl H2O, eth; s EtOH; vs dil alk, acid s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s xyl i H2O, bz, chl, xyl; s EtOH, eth sl DMSO sl H2O sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO sl H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; vs alk, acid vs H2O, EtOH

No. Name

mp/˚C

206

382 Aminooxoacetohydrazide

Semioxamazide

C2H5N3O2

515-96-8

103.080

383 cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid 384 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid 385 (Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1) 386 6-Aminopenicillanic acid 387 5-Aminopentanoic acid

Maleamic acid

C4H5NO3

557-24-4

115.088

cry (al)

172.5

5-Aminolevulinic acid

C5H9NO3 C4H11ClN2O6

106-60-5 2921-14-4

131.130 218.592

cry (EtOH)

118 152.5

Penicin

C8H12N2O3S C5H11NO2

551-16-6 660-88-8

216.257 117.147

cry (w) lf (dil al)

208 157 dec

388 5-Amino-1-pentanol

C5H13NO

2508-29-4

103.163

389 2-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

95-55-6

109.126

390 3-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

591-27-5

391 4-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

392 N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

sub

11012 sub

221 dec

dec 17

38.5

221.5

0.9488

1.32825

174

sub 153

109.126

wh orth bipym nd (bz) pr (to)

123

16411

123-30-8

109.126

wh pl (w)

187.5

1100.3

C8H10N2O

102-28-3

150.177

nd or pl (bz) 88

1.4618

17

s H2O, tol; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH; i bz, chl; s alk vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; sl EtOH, DMSO; i ace, bz vs eth, EtOH

393 N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide

p-Aminoacetanilide

C8H10N2O

122-80-5

150.177

nd (w)

166.5

394 (4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid

Arsanilic acid

C6H8AsNO3

98-50-0

217.055

mcl nd (w, al)

232

395 N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4benzenediamine 396 2-Amino-1-phenylethanone

4,4’-Diaminodiphenylamine

C12H13N3

537-65-5

199.251

lf (w)

158

dec

Phenacylamine

C8H9NO

613-89-8

135.163

ye cry

20

251

397 1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone

m-Aminoacetophenone

C8H9NO

99-03-6

135.163

398 1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone 399 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone

p-Aminoacetophenone

C8H9NO C11H15NO

99-92-3 38237-74-0

135.163 177.243

pa ye pl (al), 98.5 lf (eth) ye mcl pr (al) 106 cry (bz-peth) 74.5

400 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone

p-Aminopropiophenone

C9H11NO

70-69-9

149.189

401 N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl] acetamide

Sulfacetamide

C8H10N2O3S

144-80-9

214.241

pl (al, w), nd 140 (w) 183

402 5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2thiazolamine 403 4-Aminophthalimide

Thiazolsulfone

C9H9N3O2S2

473-30-3

255.316

nd (al)

3676-85-5

162.146

2240.5

13552-31-3

91.109

dec 265; 1459 1.175220

1.491025

151-18-8 6168-72-5

70.093 75.109

185; 8820 174.5

1.439620 1.450220

404 3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±) 405 3-Aminopropanenitrile 406 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)

5-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)- C8H6N2O2 dione C3H9NO2 3-Aminopropionitrile

C3H6N2 C3H9NO

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, lig msc H2O, EtOH, ace s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, tfa

267 1.957110

1.616020

289.5 294; 19515 1613

i H2O; s eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth s DMSO sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth; vs ace, alk vs ace, eth, EtOH, diox

220 dec

0.958420

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-23 O

OH

OH NH2

O

OH

S

OH

NH2

8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

O

5-Amino-1-naphthol

1-Amino-2-naphthol

N

OH

8-Amino-2-naphthol

OH

O

N O

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid

H2N

N O

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile

H N

N

O O

3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine

N

O

2-Amino-4-nitrophenol

O

NH2 H 2N

OH 2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)

N O

O

NH2

2-Amino-5-nitrophenol

4-Amino-2-nitrophenol

O O

N H

O

O

OH O N

NH2

O

N NH2 O

N

2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid

OH

NH2

NH2

NH2 O

NH2 OH

O

O

NH2 NH2

O

NH2

O

HO

Aminooxoacetohydrazide

H2N

HO

OH

NH2

O

O

cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid

5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid

O 0.5 HCl NH2

(Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1)

OH H2N

H

OH

S

5-Aminopentanoic acid

O

OH

H2N

O

COOH

6-Aminopenicillanic acid

O

NH2

OH

H2N

N O

OH

NH2

NH2

5-Amino-1-pentanol

2-Aminophenol

3-Aminophenol

4-Aminophenol

OH O As OH

NH

NH

O NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide

H2N

N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide

(4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid

NH

NH2

N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine

2-Amino-1-phenylethanone

O NH O S O

O O

O

NH2

NH2

1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone

O

H2N

1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone

NH2

H2N

1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone

1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone

N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]acetamide

O H2N

O S O

H2N NH

N S

HO NH2

O

5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-thiazolamine

4-Aminophthalimide

NH2

NH2 OH

3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±)

N 3-Aminopropanenitrile

NH2 OH 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)

3-24

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Propanolamine Isopropanolamine

C3H9NO C3H9NO

156-87-6 1674-56-2

75.109 75.109

α-(α-Aminopropyl)benzyl 409 α-(1-Aminopropyl) benzenemethanol alcohol 410 N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3propanediamine 411 Aminopropylon 412 4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±) Hydroxyamphetamine

C10H15NO

5897-76-7

165.232

C7H19N3

105-83-9

145.246

C16H22N4O2 C9H13NO

3690-04-8 1518-86-1

302.372 151.205

413 N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3propanediamine 414 Aminopterin 415 4-Amino-Npyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide

Bis(3-aminopropyl)amine

C6H17N3

56-18-8

131.219

Sulfapyrazine

C19H20N8O5 C10H10N4O2S

54-62-6 116-44-9

440.413 250.277

ye cry nd (PhNO2)

262 dec 251

416 3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4carbonitrile 417 2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 418 6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

3-Amino-4-cyanopyrazole

C4H4N4

16617-46-2

108.102

cry (w)

173

C6H6N2O2

5345-47-1

138.124

6-Aminonicotinic acid

C6H6N2O2

3167-49-5

138.124

419 4-Amino-N-2pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide 420 5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 421 6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 422 4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione 423 5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 424 4-Amino-N-2pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide 425 Aminopyrine

Sulfapyridine

C11H11N3O2S

144-83-2

5-Aminouracil

C4H5N3O2

No. Name 407 3-Amino-1-propanol 408 1-Amino-2-propanol

Physical Form

pl (bz-eth)

pr (bz) cry (bz)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

12.4 0.9

187.5 159.4

0.982426 0.961120

1.461720 1.447920

s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

232.5; 1126

0.902320

1.470525

79.5

181 125.5 -14

15150

0.93825

1.481020

vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl, AcOEt s chl

i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s py; sl ace

296 dec

sl H2O

249.289

cry (dil HOAc, +2w) ye oran (al)

192

932-52-5

127.102

nd (w)

dec

i H2O, bz, ctc; s EtOH i H2O; s alk, acid

C4H5N3O2

873-83-6

127.102

cry (w)

dec

vs H2O

2-Thiocytosine Uramil

C4H5N3S C4H5N3O3

333-49-3 118-78-5

127.168 143.101

nd or pl (w) >400

Sulfadiazine

C10H10N4O2S

68-35-9

250.277

C13H17N3O

58-15-1

231.293

Sulfaquinoxaline 426 4-Amino-N-2quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide 427 4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid Carzenide

C14H12N4O2S

59-40-5

300.336

C7H7NO4S

138-41-0

201.201

pr or lf (w)

291 dec

Acetylsulfanilamide 428 N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)phenyl] acetamide 429 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3 H)thione 430 2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone

C8H10N2O3S

121-61-9

214.241

nd (HOAc)

219.5

C2H3N3S2

2349-67-9

133.195

C3H4N2OS

556-90-1

116.141

pr or nd (w) 256 dec

431 N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamide

Acetylthiourea

C3H6N2OS

591-08-2

118.157

pr (w), orth (al)

432 N-Amino-2-thioxo-4thiazolidinone 433 1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol 434 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2pyridinecarboxlic acid 435 11-Aminoundecanoic acid 436 Amiton 437 Amitraz

3-Aminorhodanine

C3H4N2OS2

1438-16-0

148.206

Chloral ammonia Picloram

C2H4Cl3NO C6H3Cl3N2O2

507-47-1 1918-02-1

164.418 241.459

C11H23NO2 C10H24NO3PS C19H23N3

2432-99-7 78-53-5 33089-61-1

201.307 269.342 293.406

C20H23N C6H12FeN3O12 C8H4F15NO2 C3H9NO2 C11H18N2O3

50-48-6 14221-47-7 3825-26-1 17496-08-1 57-43-2

277.404 374.017 431.100 91.109 226.272

C20H23NO2

76-65-3

309.403

cry (peth)

444 Amoxicillin 445 Amphecloral 446 Amphotericin B

C16H19N3O5S C11H12Cl3N C47H73NO17

26787-78-0 5581-35-1 1397-89-3

365.404 264.579 924.080

cry (w) ye pr (DMF) 170 dec

447 Ampicillin 448 Ampyrone

C16H19N3O4S C11H13N3O

69-53-4 83-07-8

349.405 203.240

cry 200 dec pa ye cry (bz) 109

438 439 440 441 442

Amitriptyline Ammonium ferric oxalate Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium propanoate Amobarbital

443 Amolanone

N-Methylbis(2,4xylyliminomethyl)amine

5-Ethyl-5-isopentyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 3-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]-3phenyl-2(3H)-benzofuranone

cry (w), wh pow pr or pl (lig or AcOEt)

312

sl DMSO s H2O, chl; i eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, ace, DMSO vs H2O, bz, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, ace; s aq alk i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth; i bz s H2O, EtOH, ace

255 dec 134.5 247.5

243.0 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; s DMSO, EtOH s DMSO

165 101.5

nd (al)

73 218.5

dec 100

vs bz, eth, EtOH

189.0 760.01

liq

cry solid hyg cry

1.465527

86

1.12820

196 (HCl) 165 dec

1.7817.5

vs H2O; i EtOH

45 157

43.4

s H2O vs bz, EtOH, chl

1932.0

1.561425

96.0.5

1.530

s H2O i H2O; sl DMF; s DMSO sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-25 N

H N

OH

O

O OH H2N

OH

NH2

NH2

3-Amino-1-propanol

α-(1-Aminopropyl)benzenemethanol

1-Amino-2-propanol

O NH2

H2N

N

O

NH2 O S NH O

H2N

N N H

N

4-Amino-N-pyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide

N

NH

N

O N

O

5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N H

NH2

2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

NH2

NH

O

N H

4-Amino-N-2-pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide

N

NH2

H2N

O S NH O

OH

3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile

O

OH

6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±)

N

O

N H

H2N

NH2

HO Aminopropylon

OH

Aminopterin

O

N

N

NH2

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine

N

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine

H2N

N

OH

N H

N

N NH2

N H

H2N

H2N

N

O

N H

6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

S

4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione

NH2

O O H2N

N NH

O

N H

O S NH O

H2N

O

5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

OH

O S HN O

O

N

N N

N

N

O S O

N

NH2

4-Amino-N-2-pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide

Aminopyrine

4-Amino-N-2-quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide

4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid

O HN

H

O N N

O S O S

NH2 N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)phenyl]acetamide

NH2

S

5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)-thione

H2N

NH2

S

O

S

N 2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone

OH

NH2 N

N H

O

S

S

N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamide

Cl Cl

N-Amino-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

NH2 Cl

1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol

N

NH2 Cl

Cl

Cl

H2N

OH

N

N

N

N N

O

O 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxlic acid

11-Aminoundecanoic acid

Amiton

Amitraz

HO

O O

O

O

O

O

Fe O

F F F F F F

O

F

O

Ammonium ferric oxalate

NH

O O

NH4

O

F F F F F F F F Ammonium perfluorooctanoate

Ammonium propanoate

OH

HO

O

O

NH4

OH OH

OH

CH3

O O

N

NH2 OH

O

Amolanone

O NH NH2

Amphotericin B

H

H2N

S

O

N O

HO Amphecloral

Amoxicillin

OH O

S

O

O

OH

H

H N

O

H

Amobarbital

OH OH O

Cl

N H

NH2

N

NH

O

Cl Cl

O

O

3NH4

O

O

Amitriptyline

3

O O

O O P S O

OH

O Ampicillin

OH

N

N

Ampyrone

OH

3-26

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

449 Amygdalin

C20H27NO11

29883-15-6

457.428

450 Anacardic acid

C22H32O3

11034-77-8

344.487

cry (ace)

451 Anagyrine

C15H20N2O

486-89-5

244.332

pe ye glass

26512, 2124

452 Androstane

C19H32

24887-75-0

260.457

600.003

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

Etiocholanic acid

C20H32O2

438-08-4

304.467

Epiandrostanediol

C19H32O2

1852-53-5

292.456

nd (ace aq)

4-Androstene-3,17-dione

C19H28O2 C19H28O2 C19H26O2

846-46-8 1229-12-5 63-05-8

288.424 288.424 286.408

458 Androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione

Adrenosterone

C19H24O3

382-45-6

300.392

cry (MeOH) 135 cry (ace-hx) 135 143(form a); 173(form b) nd (al) 222 sub

459 Anemonin

trans-1,7-Dioxadispiro[4.0.4.2] dodeca-3,9-diene-2,8-dione

C10H8O4

508-44-1

192.169

460 Anhalamine 461 Anhalonidine

C11H15NO3 C12H17NO3

643-60-7 17627-77-9

209.242 223.268

462 Anhalonine

C12H15NO3

519-04-0

221.252

104-80-3

C9H5Cl3N4

464 Anilazine

2,4-Dichloro-6-(ochloroanilino)-s-triazine

orth pl (chl) nd (al or bz) nd (al) oct cry (bz, eth) rhom nd

sub 160

223

158

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs chl

187.5 160.5

vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

86

1400.02

132.157

<-50

265

101-05-3

275.522

160

1.820

Benzenamine

C22H28N2O2 C6H7N

144-14-9 62-53-3

352.469 93.127

cry oily liq

83 -6.02

184.17

1.021720

467 Aniline-2-carboxylic acid

o-Anthranilic acid

C7H7NO2

118-92-3

137.137

lf (al)

146.5

sub

1.41220

468 Aniline-3-carboxylic acid

m-Anthranilic acid

C7H7NO2

99-05-8

137.137

469 Aniline-4-carboxylic acid

p-Anthranilic acid

C7H7NO2

150-13-0

137.137

470 Aniline hydrobromide 471 Aniline hydrochloride

Benzenamine hydrochloride

C6H8BrN C6H8ClN

542-11-0 142-04-1

472 Aniline nitrate

C6H8N2O3

473 Aniline sulfate (2:1)

173

1.5125

mcl pr (w)

188.2

1.37420

174.039 129.588

lf or nd

286 198

1.22154

542-15-4

156.139

orth

190 dec

1.3564

C12H16N2O4S

542-16-5

284.331

Methoxybenzene

C7H8O

100-66-3

108.138

liq

475 Anisotropine methylbromide 476 Antazoline 477 Anthra[9,1,2-cde]benzo[rst] pentaphene-5,10-dione

Octatropine methylbromide

C17H32BrNO2 C17H19N3 C34H16O2

80-50-2 91-75-8 116-71-2

362.346 265.353 456.490

cry (ace) 329 cry 122 viol-bl or blk 492 dec nd (PhNO2)

478 2-Anthracenamine

C14H11N

613-13-8

193.244

ye lf (al)

479 Anthracene

C14H10

120-12-7

178.229

tab or mcl pr 215.76 (al)

480 9-Anthracenecarbonitrile 481 9-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde

C15H9N C15H10O

1210-12-4 642-31-9

203.239 206.239

177.5 oran nd (dil 104.5 HOAc) ye nd 251.5 (HOAc) ye pr (al) ye lf (al) nd, 281 lf (sub) 217 dec 337 dec br or ye nd 180

C15H10O2

607-42-1

222.239

483 2-Anthracenecarboxylic acid

2-Anthroic acid

C15H10O2

613-08-1

222.239

484 9-Anthracenecarboxylic acid 485 9,10-Anthracenedicarbonitrile 486 9,10-Anthracenediol

9-Anthroic acid

C15H10O2 C16H8N2 C14H10O2

723-62-6 1217-45-4 4981-66-2

222.239 228.248 210.228

1.586320

1.3774

474 Anisole

1-Anthroic acid

vs EtOH, bz, chl, eth, peth vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH

1.15420

465 Anileridine 466 Aniline

482 1-Anthracenecarboxylic acid

Solubility vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl vs eth, EtOH, peth s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl; i lig vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth

35.5

453 Androstane-17-carboxylic acid, (5β,17β) 454 Androstane-3,17-diol, (3α,5α,17β) 455 5α-Androstane-3,17-dione 456 5β-Androstane-3,17-dione 457 Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione

Tetrahydro-2,5-furandimethanol C6H12O3

nD

224.5

lf (ace50 MeOH) nd (gl HOAc) 228.5

463 2,5-Anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhexitol

den/ g cm-3

-37.13

238.8

153.7

0.994020

sub 339.9

1.2825

1.517420

s H2O s H2O, ctc, lig; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, tfa; vs chl, py sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, tfa; vs ace; i bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace; i bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, chl; sl DMSO vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, tfa; i eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace, bz

i EtOH, bz, HOAc; s xyl, py, sulf i H2O; s EtOH; i con sulf i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc

1.300020

sub

i H2O; s bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl

sub

vs HOAc

sub

i H2O; s EtOH vs eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-27

N

O

OH

O O

O

O HO OH

HO

O

H

HO

O

H

Androstane

O

H

Androstane-3,17-diol, (3α,5α,17β)

H

H Anagyrine

OH

H

H

H

O

COOH

O

H

O

H 5α-Androstane-3,17-dione

H

H

O

5β-Androstane-3,17-dione

Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione

O

O O

O

O

H O

NH

O

O

O

Androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione

N

Anacardic acid

Androstane-17-carboxylic acid, (5β,17β)

H

N

OH

HO HO HO

Amygdalin

O

OH

Anemonin

O NH

O

NH O

HO

OH O

O

OH

OH

Anhalamine

Anhalonidine

Anhalonine

2,5-Anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhexitol

NH2 Cl

HO

O N

N

N

NH2

O Cl

N

HO

HO

O

N H

O

O

NH2 NH2

Cl Anilazine

Anileridine

Aniline

Aniline-2-carboxylic acid

NH2

Aniline-3-carboxylic acid

Aniline-4-carboxylic acid

Br N NH2

HBr

NH2

HCl

NH2 HNO3

NH2 0.5 H2SO4 O

O O

Aniline hydrobromide

Aniline hydrochloride

Aniline nitrate

Aniline sulfate (2:1)

Anisole

Anisotropine methylbromide

N N

NH2

N N H

O Antazoline

O

Anthra[9,1,2-cde]benzo[rst]pentaphene-5,10-dione

2-Anthracenamine

Anthracene

9-Anthracenecarbonitrile

N OH O

HO

O

OH

HO

O

O N 9-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde

1-Anthracenecarboxylic acid

2-Anthracenecarboxylic acid

9-Anthracenecarboxylic acid

9,10-Anthracenedicarbonitrile

OH 9,10-Anthracenediol

3-28

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

Anthraquinone

C14H8O2

84-65-1

208.213

ye orth nd (al, bz)

488 9-Anthracenemethanol 489 1,4,9,10-Anthracenetetrol 490 1,2,10-Anthracenetriol

Anthrarobin

C15H12O C14H10O4 C14H10O3

1468-95-7 476-60-8 577-33-3

208.255 242.227 226.227

491 1,8,9-Anthracenetriol

Anthralin

C14H10O3

1143-38-0

226.227

160.5 148 ye lf, nd (al- 208 w) ye pl or nd 179 (lig)

C14H10O

610-50-4

194.228

No. Name 487 9,10-Anthracenedione

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

286

377

1.43820

Anthranol

C14H10O

529-86-2

194.228

494 9(10H)-Anthracenone

Anthrone

C14H10O

90-44-8

194.228

495 Antimony potassium tartrate trihydrate 496 Apholate 497 Aphylline

Tartar emetic

C8H10K2O15Sb2

28300-74-5

667.873

C12H24N9P3 C15H24N2O

52-46-0 577-37-7

387.300 248.364

cry

498 Apigenin

5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1benzopyran-4-one

C15H10O5

520-36-5

270.237

ye nd (aq py) 347.5

499 Apoatropine

C17H21NO2

500-55-0

271.355

pr (chl)

62

500 Apocodeine

C18H19NO2

641-36-1

281.350

pr (MeOH)

123.5

501 Apomorphine

C17H17NO2

58-00-4

267.323

502 Apomorphine, hydrochloride

C17H18ClNO2

314-19-2

303.784

C10H14N2O3

77-02-1

210.229

hex pl (chl- 195 dec peth) rods (eth) grn in air mcl 205 dec pr cry 141

C5H12O5

7643-75-6

152.146

C5H10O5 C11H20O10

608-45-7 14116-69-9

150.130 312.271

cry (MeOH) nd (dil al)

155.5 210 dec

1.58525

C5H10O5

20235-19-2

150.130

pr, nd (al)

164.5

1.58520

503 Aprobarbital

5-Isopropyl-5-allyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione

504 L-Arabinitol 505 α-D-Arabinopyranose 506 6-O-α-L-Arabinopyranosyl- DGlucose 507 DL-Arabinose

Vicianose

s ace, bz, con sulf, dil alk sl H2O

2.6

2004

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, py; vs dil alk sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, alk

vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

102.5

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth vs H2O

508 α-D-Arabinose

C5H10O5

31178-68-4

150.130

156

1.585

509 β-D-Arabinose

C5H10O5

31178-69-5

150.130

156

1.62525

510 Aramite

C15H23ClO4S

140-57-8

334.860

-37.3

C7H11NO2

499-04-7

141.168

512 Arecoline

C8H13NO2

63-75-2

155.195

513 D-Arginine

C6H14N4O2

7200-25-1

174.201

217 dec

514 L-Arginine

C6H14N4O2

74-79-3

174.201

244 dec

C6H15ClN4O2 C15H18O4

1119-34-2 481-05-0

210.662 262.302

cry

219 203

liq

3.3

511 Arecaidine

515 L-Arginine, monohydrochloride 516 Artemisin

1,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-3pyridinecarboxylic acid

8-Hydroxysantonin

517 Ascaridole

1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-2,3dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene

C10H16O2

512-85-6

168.233

518 L-Ascorbic acid

Vitamin C

C6H8O6

50-81-7

176.124

519 Ascorbyl palmitate 520 L-Asparagine

6-Hexadecanoylascorbic acid α-Aminosuccinamic acid

C22H38O7 C4H8N2O3

137-66-6 70-47-3

414.533 132.118

521 D-Asparagine, monohydrate

C4H10N2O4

5794-24-1

522 L-Asparagine, monohydrate

C4H10N2O4

5794-13-8

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl

23413

493 9-Anthracenol

148 52.5

25

1952

1.14320

1.510020

209

1.048520

1.486-20

pl (dil al) tab 232 dec (dil al +1w)

2600.1 exp; 11515, 390.2

1.010320

191 dec

1.6525

112 235

1.54315

150.133

215

1.52315

150.133

234

1.54315

orth (w+1)

Solubility

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl eth; vs py i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s NaOH

cry (bz), br 158 nd or lf (al) ye red lf (dil 152 al) nd (bz-lig, 155 HOAc) col cry

492 1-Anthracenol

nD

1.476920

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, MeOH vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, MeOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O, chl; s AcOEt; i peth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, tol; sl chl vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl, peth s H2O; i EtOH, eth, MeOH sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

3-29 OH

OH OH OH

OH

O 9-Anthracenemethanol

1,4,9,10-Anthracenetetrol

1,2,10-Anthracenetriol

O OH

Sb

O

O O

O

Sb

O O

9(10H)-Anthracenone

1-Anthracenol

N N N P N N P N N P N N

2K 3H2O

O O

O 9-Anthracenol

1,8,9-Anthracenetriol

2

O

O

O

OH

OH

OH OH

9,10-Anthracenedione

OH OH OH

Antimony potassium tartrate trihydrate

H

N

N

H O

Apholate

Aphylline

N OH O

HO

Apigenin

H HO HO

H

N H

HO

O

Aprobarbital

O

CH2OH OH H H CH2OH

O OH HO

O O

HO

HO

Apomorphine

O OH OH

OH HO OH

α-D-Arabinopyranose

O

O S

β-D-Arabinose

Aramite

NH

O H2N

N

N

OH

α-D-Arabinose

O OH

HO

Arecaidine

O

N H

Arecoline

OH NH2 D-Arginine

CH2OH OH O

OH

N H

O

NH

O

NH

OH NH2 L-Arginine

H2N

N H

O

O OH

OH OH

DL-Arabinose

O Cl

HO OH

6-O-α-L-Arabinopyranosyl-D-Glucose

O

O HO

OH

OH

OH OH

Apomorphine, hydrochloride

O

CH2

OH

OH

O

HO

Apocodeine

O HO

L-Arabinitol

H2N

N H

HO

HO

Apoatropine

O

O

N H

HCl O

OH

N

HO

O

O

N H

HCl

O

O

O

NH2

O

L-Arginine, monohydrochloride

HO

Artemisin

Ascaridole

OH

L-Ascorbic acid

O O OH O

O

O HO

H2N

OH O

OH Ascorbyl palmitate

O

NH2

L-Asparagine

H2N

O H2N

OH O

NH2

H 2O

D-Asparagine, monohydrate

OH O

H2O

NH2

L-Asparagine, monohydrate

3-30

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name 523 Aspartame

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

L-α-Aspartyl-L-phenylalanine, 2-methyl ester

C14H18N2O5

22839-47-0

294.303

nd (w)

246.5

C4H7NO4

617-45-8

133.104

mcl pr (w)

277.5

524 DL-Aspartic acid 525 L-Aspartic acid

C4H7NO4

56-84-8

133.104

orth lf (w)

270

C12H20N2O2 C28H31FN4O C8H10N2O4S

490-02-8 68844-77-9 3337-71-1

224.299 458.570 230.241

pa ye rods wh cry

98 149.1 144

C14H22N2O3

29122-68-7

266.336

cry (AcOEt)

147

C22H33NO2

466-43-3

343.503

orth bipym

58.5

531 Atrazine 532 Atropine

C8H14ClN5 C17H23NO3

1912-24-9 51-55-8

215.684 289.370

533 Auramine hydrochloride 534 Aureothin

C17H24ClN3O C22H23NO6

2465-27-2 2825-00-5

321.845 397.421

535 Aurin

C19H14O3

603-45-2

290.312

dk red lf or orth red-br pow

526 Aspergillic acid 527 Astemizole 528 Asulam

L-Aminosuccinic acid

Methyl [(4-aminophenyl) sulfonyl]carbamate

529 Atenolol

530 Atisine

Anthorine

orth nd (dil al) ye nd (w) ye pr

173 118.5

C22H23N3O9

569-58-4

473.433

Abamectin

C48H72O14 C8H15N C7H13N

71751-41-2 283-24-9 100-76-5

873.078 125.212 111.185

cry (eth)

158

540 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol 541 Azacitidine

3-Quinuclidinol 4-Amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl1,3,5-triazine-2(1H)-one

C7H13NO C8H12N4O5

1619-34-7 320-67-2

127.184 244.205

cry (bz) cry

221 229

C12H23NO C4H4N6O C5H7N3O4

947-04-6 134-58-7 115-02-6

197.317 152.114 173.128

C9H7N7O2S

446-86-6

277.263

C8H11N3O6

54-25-1

245.189

547 Azetidine

C3H7N

503-29-7

57.095

liq

-70.0

548 2-Azetidinecarboxylic acid

C4H7NO2

2517-04-6

101.105

cry (95% MeOH)

217 dec

549 2-Azetidinone

C3H5NO

930-21-2

71.078

550 Azidobenzene

C6H5N3

622-37-7

119.124

551 552 553 554

1-Azido-4-chlorobenzene 2-Azidoethanol 1-Azido-4-methylbenzene (Azidomethyl)benzene

C6H4ClN3 C2H5N3O C7H7N3 C7H7N3

3296-05-7 1517-05-1 2101-86-2 622-79-7

153.569 87.080 133.151 133.151

555 556 557 558

Azinphos ethyl Azinphos-methyl 1-Aziridineethanol trans-Azobenzene

trans-Diphenyldiazene

C12H16N3O3PS2 C10H12N3O3PS2 C4H9NO C12H10N2

2642-71-9 86-50-0 1072-52-2 17082-12-1

345.377 317.324 87.120 182.220

cis-Diphenyldiazene

C12H10N2

1080-16-6

182.220

C12H8Cl2N2O4S2

104115-88-0 379.239

C14H20N4

2094-98-6

244.336

C8H12N4

78-67-1

164.208

C8H18N2 C6H14N2 C12H10N2O

2159-75-3 821-67-0 21650-65-7

142.242 114.188 198.219

545 Azathioprine 546 6-Azauridine

559 cis-Azobenzene

560 3,3’-Azobenzenedisulfonyl chloride 561 1,1’Azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile 562 2,2’-Azobis[isobutyronitrile] 563 Azobutane 564 Azopropane 565 cis-Azoxybenzene

6-[(1-Methyl-4-nitro-1Himidazol-5-yl)thio]-1H-purine 2-β-D-Ribofuranosyl-1,2,4triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione

2,2’-Azobis[2methylpropionitrile]

Diphenyldiazene 1-oxide, (E)

nD

1.662213 1.6603

Solubility

sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, py sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz; s dil HCl, py vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s os

13

sl H2O, diox, ace; i chl; s MeOH, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, chl sub 95

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl chl sl H2O vs ace, EtOH, chl i H2O, bz; s EtOH, alk; sl eth, chl s H2O; sl EtOH; i peth

309 dec

Aluminon

542 Azacyclotridecan-2-one 543 8-Azaguanine 544 Azaserine

den/ g cm-3

267 158

536 Aurin tricarboxylic acid, triammonium salt 537 Avermectin B1a 538 3-Azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane 539 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

Quinuclidine

bp/˚C

152 166500

ye-grn orth cry ye cry

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s ace

sub 120

152.5 300 150 dec

vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace, MeOH sl H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O

243 dec 158

pa ye oil

1.428725

10615

-27.5

7011

1.086020

1.558925

20

9620 7540 dec 180; 8010 10823, 7812

1.263425 1.14624 1.052723 1.073019

1.534125

1110.001

1.28420 1.4420 1.08825 1.20320

1.456020 1.626678

53 73

oran-red mcl 67.88 lf (al) oran-red pl (peth)

0.843620

73.5

-29.0

nd

63

168 293

71

red nd (eth) 166.5 100

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth vs H2O vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth reac alk

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs py sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc, lig vs eth i H2O; s lig i H2O; sl EtOH, eth

6018 114 87

1.16620

1.63320

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-31 N NH

O

NH2

HO

H N

N

N

O O

O

HO

O

HO

NH2 OH

NH2 OH Aspartame

DL-Aspartic acid

O O S N O O H

OH O N

O

O

O

O

H2N

F

N

L-Aspartic acid

Aspergillic acid

Astemizole

Asulam

N

O

HN

O

OH

H N

O

H

N

H2N

N

OH Cl

H Atenolol

O

N

Atisine

N H

N

O

Atrazine

HO

OH

OH

O O O

N O

Auramine hydrochloride

O

O

O

O

H

O

O O OH H

O NH4 O

O

O

O Aureothin

Aurin

O

H

O

O O

O

O

O O NH4

ClH

N

Atropine

HO

HO

NH

OH N

H

O NH4

Aurin tricarboxylic acid, triammonium salt

OH

Avermectin B1a

NH2 N

N

O HO

N O

O

OH N H

N

3-Azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane

N HO

N

1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol

OH

H

H

H2N

O

Azacitidine

H N N N

N

Azacyclotridecan-2-one

O

O

HO

N

O

N

NH2

8-Azaguanine

Azaserine

O H N

N

S O N O N N

N

O HO

N N H

N N

HO

O N

N HO

Azathioprine

O

O OH

Azetidine

O N N N

N

(Azidomethyl)benzene

N N

S

N

N

N N

N H

H

6-Azauridine

N

N

N

2-Azetidinone

O

S O P O

N

Azinphos ethyl

N N

S

N

Cl

H

2-Azetidinecarboxylic acid

Azidobenzene

1-Azido-4-chlorobenzene

S O P O N

Azinphos-methyl

N

N

N

OH

N

2-Azidoethanol

1-Azido-4-methylbenzene

N N

N N

trans-Azobenzene

cis-Azobenzene

OH

1-Aziridineethanol

N HO O O S

O OH S O N N

3,3’-Azobenzenedisulfonyl chloride

N N N 1,1’-Azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile

O N N N

N

N

N

2,2’-Azobis[isobutyronitrile]

N

N

Azobutane

N

N

Azopropane

cis-Azoxybenzene

3-32

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

566 trans-Azoxybenzene

Diphenyldiazene 1-oxide, ( Z)

C12H10N2O

20972-43-4

198.219

567 Azoxyethane 568 Azulene

Diethyldiazine 1-oxide Bicyclo[5.3.0]decapentaene

C4H10N2O C10H8

16301-26-1 275-51-4

102.134 128.171

liq bl or gr-blk lf 99 (al)

569 Balan

N-Butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4(trifluoromethyl)aniline

C13H16F3N3O4

1861-40-1

335.279

66

C11H9Cl2NO2 C8H12N2O3

101-27-9 57-44-3

258.101 184.192

C4H4N2O3

67-52-7

128.086

orth pr (w +2)

C14H16ClN3O2 C36H38N2O6

43121-43-3 477-60-1

293.749 594.696

C20H25NO3 C20H26ClNO3

302-40-9 57-37-4

327.418 363.878

82 cry (bz, eth, 221 chl-MeOH) cry 51 177.5

C20H23NO3 C11H13NO4

71626-11-4 22781-23-3

325.402 223.226

579 Bendroflumethiazide

C15H14F3N3O4S2

73-48-3

421.415

580 581 582 583 584 585

C14H18N4O3 C16H18N4O7S C14H24NO4PS3 C10H12N2O3S C17H11N C7H6O

17804-35-2 83055-99-6 741-58-2 25057-89-0 225-51-4 100-52-7

C7H8N2 C7H7NO C7H7NO

589 Benzaldehyde, phenylhydrazone

590 Benzaldehyde, (phenylmethylene) hydrazone

No. Name

570 Barban 571 Barbital

5,5-Diethylbarbituric acid

572 Barbituric acid 573 Bayleton 574 Bebeerine

Triadimefon

575 Benactyzine 576 Benactyzine hydrochloride

2-(Diethylamino)ethyl benzilate 2-Diethylaminoethyl benzilate hydrochloride

577 Benalaxyl 578 Bendiocarb

Benomyl Bensulfuron-methyl Bensulide Bentazon Benz[c]acridine Benzaldehyde

586 Benzaldehyde hydrazone 587 cis-Benzaldehyde oxime 588 trans-Benzaldehyde oxime

1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2dimethyl-, methylcarbamate

12-Azabenz[a]anthracene Benzenecarboxaldehyde

Benzylidene hydrazine

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

1.22025

1.2220 s EtOH, MeOH, eth; vs ace, chl s H2O; i eth 1.2725 1.2520

cry

225

i H2O, bz, eth; s EtOH, ace

290.318 410.402 397.514 240.278 229.276 106.122

nd (dil al) liq

dec 187 34.4 138 132 -57.1

178.8

1.040125

1.546320

5281-18-5 622-32-2 622-31-1

120.152 121.137 121.137

lf pr nd (eth)

16 36.5 35

14014 200 11910

1.111120 1.14520

1.590820

C13H12N2

588-64-7

196.247

nd (lig), pr

157.0

C14H12N2

588-68-1

208.258

ye pr (al)

93

1.0792130

1.22420

Benzoic acid amide

C7H7NO

55-21-0

121.137

mcl pr or pl 127.3 (w)

290

592 Benz[a]anthracene 593 Benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione

1,2-Benzanthracene

C18H12 C18H10O2

56-55-3 2498-66-0

228.288 258.271

lf (al)

438

594 Benzanthrone 595 Benzene

[6]Annulene

C17H10O C6H6

82-05-3 71-43-2

230.260 78.112

170 orth pr or liq 5.49

596 Benzeneacetaldehyde

Phenylacetaldehyde

C8H8O

122-78-1

120.149

33.5

597 Benzeneacetamide

α-Phenylacetamide

C8H9NO

103-81-1

135.163

157

598 Benzeneacetic acid

Phenylacetic acid

C8H8O2

103-82-2

136.149

lf, pl (peth)

Benzyl cyanide Phenylacetyl chloride

C8H10N2O C16H14O3 C8H7N C8H7ClO C6H7AsO3 C6H7BO2

937-39-3 1555-80-2 140-29-4 103-80-0 98-05-5 98-80-6

150.177 254.280 117.149 154.594 202.040 121.930

115.5 pr or nd (eth) 73.3 liq -23.8 cry (w)

158 dec 219

C10H12O2 C10H14O C7H6O3

1821-12-1 3360-41-6 93-59-4

164.201 150.217 138.121

lf (w)

52

C7H7NS

2227-79-4

137.203

Benzeneacetic acid, hydrazide Benzeneacetic anhydride Benzeneacetonitrile Benzeneacetyl chloride Benzenearsonic acid Benzeneboronic acid

605 Benzenebutanoic acid 606 Benzenebutanol 607 Benzenecarboperoxoic acid 608 Benzenecarbothioamide

Perbenzoic acid

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, lig, tfa s H2O, eth; sl EtOH

dec 260

591 Benzamide

599 600 601 602 603 604

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, acid; sl chl

1210.5, 1487

79 130

160.5 170.5

76.5

mcl pl (peth) 42 117

Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, eth

46 dec 270; 12510

75 190

248

nD

1.159026

34.6

nd (w)

den/ g cm-3

80.09

0.876520

1.501120

195

1.027220

1.525520

265.5

1.2286

19512 233.5 170250, 10524

1.020515 1.168220

290 14014 10014

vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz s EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, liq NH3 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, ctc, CS2 i H2O; vs EtOH sl EtOH, eth, lig; s ace; vs bz, chl sl bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl; s ctc sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; i lig vs eth, chl

1.521125 1.532520

vs eth vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth

1.521420 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-33

O N

O N N O N trans-Azoxybenzene

O N

O N

N

O

O H N

Cl F

Azoxyethane

Azulene

F

F

N

Cl

O

O

N H

O

Balan

O H

Barban

N

O

O

Barbital

N H

H O

Barbituric acid

O O

Cl

N

O

N H

O

OH

N

O

O HCl

HO

O

Bebeerine

O

O

N

N H

O

O O

Benalaxyl

Benactyzine

F F F O S H 2N O

O

Bendiocarb

N

N

OH

Bayleton

HO

O

O N

O

H N

O

O

H N S O

Benactyzine hydrochloride

N

N H H

N H

O

Bendroflumethiazide

O

O

N

H N

S

O

O

H N

O O

O

N N

O

O

Benomyl

Bensulfuron-methyl

O O O S N H

S

O

N S O N O H

O P O S

Bensulide

N

Bentazon

N

Benz[c]acridine

Benzaldehyde

NH2

N OH

Benzaldehyde hydrazone

N

cis-Benzaldehyde oxime

OH

trans-Benzaldehyde oxime

O

N

O

H N

N

N

NH2 O

O Benzaldehyde, phenylhydrazone

Benzaldehyde, (phenylmethylene)hydrazone

O

NH2

O As OH OH Benzenearsonic acid

Benzeneacetamide

Benz[a]anthracene

H N

OH Benzeneacetic acid

Benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione

Benzeneacetic acid, hydrazide

Benzene

Cl

O

N

O

Benzeneacetic anhydride

Benzeneacetonitrile

O

OH B OH

Benzanthrone

O

NH2

O

O

O Benzeneacetaldehyde

Benzamide

OH

OOH

O Benzeneacetyl chloride

S

NH2

OH

O Benzeneboronic acid

Benzenebutanoic acid

Benzenebutanol

Benzenecarboperoxoic acid

Benzenecarbothioamide

3-34

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

609 Benzenecarbothioic acid

C7H6OS

98-91-9

138.187

610 Benzenecarboximidamide, monohydrochloride 611 1,2-Benzenediamine

C7H9ClN2

1670-14-0

156.612

o-Phenylenediamine

C6H8N2

95-54-5

108.141

612 1,3-Benzenediamine

m-Phenylenediamine

C6H8N2

108-45-2

108.141

613 1,4-Benzenediamine

p-Phenylenediamine

C6H8N2

106-50-3

108.141

C6H10Cl2N2

615-28-1

181.062

C6H10Cl2N2

541-69-5

181.062

s H2O

C6H10Cl2N2

624-18-0

181.062

s H2O

C8H4Cl2O2 C8H4Cl2O2

88-95-9 99-63-8

203.023 203.023

No. Name

614 1,2-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride 615 1,3-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride 616 1,4-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride 617 1,2-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride 618 1,3-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride

Synonym

Phthaloyl chloride

619 1,4-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride 620 1,2-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde

C8H4Cl2O2 C8H6O2

100-20-9 643-79-8

203.023 134.133

621 1,3-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde

C8H6O2

626-19-7

622 1,4-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde

C8H6O2

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

ye pl (HOAc) 24

8610

1.2820

1.604020

orth pr (w 169 +2) brsh ye lf (w) 102.1 pl (chl) orth (al) 66.0

257 1.009658

1.633958

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl tfa s H2O, eth, bz, chl; vs EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl

wh pl (bz, eth)

mp/˚C

141.1

285 267

250 dec

pr(eth)

15.5 43.5

1.408920 1.388017

281.1 276 9

134.133

nd or pl (lig) 83.5 ye cry or nd 55.8 (lig) nd (dil al) 89.5

246; 13613

623-27-8

134.133

nd (w)

117

246

C8H8N2O2

88-96-0

164.162

cry

222

dec

C8H8N2O2

3010-82-0

164.162

nd (w), pl (HOAc)

322.3

Bis(2-butoxyethyl) phthalate

C20H30O6

117-83-9

366.448

Bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate

C14H18O6

117-82-8

282.289

Diallyl phthalate

C14H14O4

131-17-9

246.259

Dipropyl phthalate

C14H18O4

131-16-8

250.291

m-Xylene diamine

C8H12N2

1477-55-0

136.194

630 1,2-Benzenedimethanol

C8H10O2

612-14-6

138.164

pl (eth, peth) 64.8

1453

631 1,3-Benzenedimethanol

C8H10O2

626-18-6

138.164

nd (bz)

57

15613

632 1,4-Benzenedimethanol

C8H10O2

589-29-7

138.164

nd (w)

117.5

1401

633 1,2-Benzenediol, diacetate

C10H10O4

635-67-6

194.184

nd (al)

64.5

1429

634 1,4-Benzenediol, diacetate

C10H10O4

1205-91-0

194.184

pl (w, al)

123.5

635 636 637 638

C13H10O3 C6H6O6S2 C6H4Cl2O4S2 C6H6S2

136-36-7 98-48-6 585-47-7 17534-15-5

214.216 238.238 275.130 142.242

C6H6S2 C8H11N

626-04-0 64-04-0

142.242 121.180

641 Benzeneethanamine, hydrochloride 642 Benzeneethanol Phenethyl alcohol

C8H12ClN C8H10O

156-28-5 60-12-8

643 Benzenehexacarboxylic acid

C12H6O12

623 1,2-Benzenedicarboxamide

Phthalamide

624 1,4-Benzenedicarboxamide 625 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-butoxyethyl) ester 626 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methoxyethyl) ester 627 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diallyl ester 628 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dipropyl ester 629 1,3-Benzenedimethanamine

1,3-Benzenediol, monobenzoate 1,3-Benzenedisulfonic acid 1,3-Benzenedisulfonyl dichloride 1,2-Benzenedithiol

639 1,3-Benzenedithiol 640 Benzeneethanamine

1-Amino-2-phenylethane

Mellitic acid

644 Benzenemethanamine, hydrochloride 645 Benzenemethanesulfonyl chloride

270 -60.0

23010

1.159620

1614 liq

-31.0

304.5

1.076720

247

1.05220

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl bz vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s peth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, lig

1.161018

0.873125

134.5 hyg cry 19510.5 238.5

lf liq

27 <0

245 195

0.964025

1.529025

157.641 122.164

pl or lf (al) liq

218.5 -27

218.8

1.020220

1.532520

517-60-2

342.169

nd (al)

287 dec

C7H10ClN

3287-99-8

143.614

C7H7ClO2S

1939-99-7

190.648

Thiobenzyl alcohol

C7H7FO2S C7H8S

329-98-6 100-53-8

174.193 124.204

648 Benzenepentanoic acid

5-Phenylvaleric acid

C11H14O2

2270-20-4

178.228

C11H16O

10521-91-2

164.244

sl H2O, EtOH; s eth s eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; s ace, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth

61.8 28.5

646 Benzenemethanesulfonyl fluoride 647 Benzenemethanethiol

649 Benzenepentanol

258; 125 830.8

1.568420 1.57047

pr (eth), nd (bz) liq

pl (w), pr (peth)

258.3

vs EtOH, eth, bz; s AcOEt vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, sulf vs H2O, EtOH

93

vs eth, bz

92.0 -30

194.5

57.5

19030 15520, 15018

1.05820

1.515120

0.972520

1.515620

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s CS2 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s os vs eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-35 NH2

OH

O

NH2

NH2

S

SH

NH2

NH

NH2

HCl Benzenecarbothioic acid

1,2-Benzenediamine

1,3-Benzenediamine

Cl

NH2 Cl

O

Cl

Cl

1,2-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride

1,3-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride

H2N

O

O

O Cl

O

1,4-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride

O O

NH2

1,3-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride

1,2-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride

O Cl

2HCl

2HCl

1,4-Benzenediamine

O

2HCl NH2

NH2

NH2

Benzenecarboximidamide, monohydrochloride

NH2

NH2

NH2

O

1,4-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride

1,2-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde

O O

O

H 2N

O NH2

O

O

O

1,3-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde

1,4-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde

1,2-Benzenedicarboxamide

O O O

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-butoxyethyl) ester

NH2 OH

O O

OH NH2

O

O

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methoxyethyl) ester

O

O

O O O

O

NH2

1,4-Benzenedicarboxamide

O O O

O

O O

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diallyl ester

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dipropyl ester

1,3-Benzenedimethanamine

1,2-Benzenedimethanol

O O

OH OH

O Cl S O

O HO S O

O

O O

O O

O

O

OH 1,3-Benzenedimethanol

HO

O

1,4-Benzenedimethanol

1,2-Benzenediol, diacetate

1,3-Benzenediol, monobenzoate

NH2

NH2

Benzeneethanamine

Benzeneethanamine, hydrochloride

Benzeneethanol

Cl

O

1,3-Benzenedisulfonyl dichloride

COOH COOH

HOOC

NH2

COOH COOH

HCl

SH 1,3-Benzenedithiol

OH

S

O

1,3-Benzenedisulfonic acid

HOOC

SH

1,2-Benzenedithiol

O

OH

1,4-Benzenediol, diacetate

SH

SH

O

OH S

Benzenehexacarboxylic acid

HCl Benzenemethanamine, hydrochloride

O O S O Cl Benzenemethanesulfonyl chloride

O S O F Benzenemethanesulfonyl fluoride

OH

SH Benzenemethanethiol

Benzenepentanoic acid

OH Benzenepentanol

3-36

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

650 Benzenepropanal

Hydrocinnamic aldehyde

C9H10O

104-53-0

134.174

mcl

47

224; 11728

1.019020

651 Benzenepropanenitrile

Hydrocinnamonitrile

C9H9N

645-59-0

131.174

liq

-1

261; 14125

1.001620

1.526628

652 Benzenepropanethiol 653 Benzenepropanoic acid

C9H12S C9H10O2

24734-68-7 501-52-0

152.256 150.174

nd (w)

48

12123, 10910 279.8

1.0125 1.071249

1.549420

Hydrocinnamic acid

654 Benzenepropanol

Hydrocinnamyl alcohol

C9H12O

122-97-4

136.190

<-18

235

0.99525

1.535725

655 Benzenepropanol carbamate

Phenprobamate

C10H13NO2

673-31-4

179.216

102

656 Benzenepropanoyl chloride 657 Benzeneseleninic acid

Phenylseleninic acid

C9H9ClO C6H6O2Se

645-45-4 6996-92-5

168.619 189.07

124.5

658 Benzeneselenol

C6H6Se

645-96-5

157.07

659 Benzenesulfinic acid

C6H6O2S

618-41-7

142.176

pr (w)

84

dec

660 Benzenesulfinyl chloride 661 Benzenesulfonamide

C6H5ClOS C6H7NO2S

4972-29-6 98-10-2

160.621 157.191

pl (peth) lf, nd (w)

38 156

711.5

1.346925

nd (bz)

65

dec 251

1.347015

203.5

1.328620

1.493218

1.077520

1.589320

No. Name

dec 225; 10510 1.13521 1.9320 183.6; 8425

662 Benzenesulfonic acid

Besylic acid

C6H6O3S

98-11-3

158.175

663 Benzenesulfonyl chloride

Phenylsulfonyl chloride

C6H5ClO2S

98-09-9

176.621

664 Benzenesulfonyl fluoride 665 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid 666 Benzenethiol

Phenylsulfonyl fluoride Pyromellitic acid

C6H5FO2S C10H6O8

368-43-4 89-05-4

160.166 254.150

tcl pr (w+2)

276

Phenyl mercaptan

C6H6S

108-98-5

110.177

liq

-14.93

169.1

C9H3Cl3O3

4422-95-1

265.477

36.3

18016

C9H6O6 C9H6O6

569-51-7 528-44-9

210.140 210.140

C9H6O6

554-95-0

210.140

C9H3ClO4

1204-28-0

210.571

66

C18H18O6

2694-54-4

330.332

<-30

667 1,3,5-Benzenetricarbonyl trichloride 668 1,2,3-Benzenetricarboxylic acid 669 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid

Hemimellitic acid Trimellitic acid

670 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid

14.5

pr (al) nd (w) cry (al) cry (HOAc) pr or nd (w+1)

1.486515

C6H6O3

87-66-1

126.110

lf or nd (bz) 133

309

1.4534

674 1,2,4-Benzenetriol

Hydroxyhydroquinone

C6H6O3

533-73-3

126.110

675 1,3,5-Benzenetriol

Phloroglucinol

C6H6O3

108-73-6

126.110

pl (eth), lf or 140.5 pl (w) lf or pl (w +2) 218.5

sub

1.4625

676 1,2,4-Benzenetriol triacetate

C12H12O6

613-03-6

252.219

677 Benzestrol

C20H26O2

85-95-0

298.419

cry (al)

164

678 Benzethonium chloride

C27H42ClNO2

121-54-0

448.081

pl (chl/eth)

165 (hyd)

300

3,3’-Dicarboxybenzidine [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine

C14H12N2O4 C12H12N2

2130-56-5 92-87-5

272.256 184.236

nd nd (w)

300 dec 120

401

681 Benzil

Diphenylethanedione

C14H10O2

134-81-6

210.228

ye pr (al)

94.87

347

C7H7N3

934-32-7

133.151

pl (w)

224

C7H6N2

51-17-2

118.136

orth bipym pl (w)

170.5

C9H7N3 C12H7NO2

4414-88-4 81-83-4

157.172 197.190

nd (chl-al)

208.4 300

C22H14 C22H14

194-69-4 196-78-1

278.346 278.346

nd (AcOH) nd (AcOH)

126.5 114.5

684 1H-Benzimidazole-2-acetonitrile 685 1H-Benz[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)dione 686 Benzo[c]chrysene 687 Benzo[g]chrysene Benzo[a]triphenylene

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc, CS2; vs bz s H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, chl s eth, CS2 sl H2O; i bz; vs alk i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; i peth s eth, chl sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl bz; s HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc s chl

1.16420

679 Benzidene-3,3’-dicarboxylic acid 680 p-Benzidine

N,N’’-Methenyl-ophenylenediamine

i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth s EtOH, eth; sl chl

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth

Pyrogallol

99

Solubility

vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

380

4-(Chloroformyl)phthalic anhydride

683 1H-Benzimidazole

1.347025

1.54620

200 219

671 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid 1,2-anhydride, 4-chloride 672 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid, triallyl ester 673 1,2,3-Benzenetriol

682 1H-Benzimidazol-2-amine

nD

>360

1.084102

1.561134

vs H2O, EtOH, eth, NH3; s ace; i bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s ace s EtOH, chl, MeOH vs ace, eth, EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; s ace, chl, EtOH sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, DMSO sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; i bz; s dil alk

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-37

OH

SH

O Benzenepropanal

Benzenepropanenitrile

O

O

Se

O

O

N

Benzenepropanethiol

OH

Benzenepropanoic acid

O

SeH

S

O

OH Benzenepropanol

OH

O

S

NH2

Benzenepropanol carbamate

NH2 O S O

Cl

OH O S O

Cl Benzenepropanoyl chloride

Benzeneseleninic acid

Cl O S O

Benzeneselenol

Benzenesulfinic acid

O

OH O

OH

O

Benzenethiol

OH OH

Cl O

1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid

HO

O

Cl COOH

Benzenesulfonyl fluoride

O

Benzenesulfonic acid

SH

HOOC Benzenesulfonyl chloride

Benzenesulfonamide

Cl

COOH COOH

F O S O

Benzenesulfinyl chloride

O

O

1,3,5-Benzenetricarbonyl trichloride

1,2,3-Benzenetricarboxylic acid

O

O

O

O

O O

OH HO HO

O

Cl

OH O

1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid

O O

O

O

1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid

O

1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid 1,2-anhydride, 4-chloride

O

1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid, triallyl ester

HO O O O

OH OH

OH

OH OH

O

OH

HO

OH

1,2,3-Benzenetriol

1,2,4-Benzenetriol

O

OH

O N

1,2,4-Benzenetriol triacetate

Benzestrol

O

O

HO

OH

H 2N

NH2

Benzethonium chloride

HO

O

1,3,5-Benzenetriol

Cl O

O

H2N

Benzidene-3,3’-dicarboxylic acid

O

NH2 p-Benzidine

Benzil

O N

N

N

N H

N H

NH2 N H 1H-Benzimidazol-2-amine

1H-Benzimidazole

NH O N

1H-Benzimidazole-2-acetonitrile

1H-Benz[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione

Benzo[c]chrysene

Benzo[g]chrysene

3-38

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H2O6

89-32-7

218.119

285.3

C6H5BO2 C7H7NO2 C7H6O2 C8H6O3

274-07-7 14268-66-7 274-09-9 120-57-0

119.914 137.137 122.122 150.132

12 42

693 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxylic Piperonylic acid acid 694 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-ethanamine 695 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanamine 696 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanol

C8H6O4

94-53-1

166.132

229

C9H11NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H8O3

1484-85-1 2620-50-0 495-76-1

165.189 151.163 152.148

697 1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ol 698 trans,trans-5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5- Piperinic acid yl)-2,4-pentadienoic acid 699 7,8-Benzoflavone 2-Phenyl-4H-naphtho[1,2-b] pyran-4-one 700 Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benz[e]acephenanthrylene 701 Benzo[j]fluoranthene Dibenzo[a,jk]fluorene

C7H6O3 C12H10O4

533-31-3 136-72-1

138.121 218.205

C19H12O2

604-59-1

272.297

C20H12 C20H12

205-99-2 205-82-3

252.309 252.309

702 Benzo[k]fluoranthene

C20H12

207-08-9

252.309

C17H12

238-84-6

216.277

C17H12 C8H6O

243-17-4 271-89-6

216.277 118.133

Benzoic acid, hydrazide

C9H6O3 C8H6O2 C8H6O2 C10H8O2 C6H4N2O2 C7H8N2O

496-41-3 553-86-6 7169-34-8 1646-26-0 480-96-6 613-94-5

162.142 134.133 134.133 160.170 136.108 136.151

pl (w)

Benzenecarboxylic acid

C7H6O2

65-85-0

122.122

mcl lf or nd 122.35

249.2

1.265915

1.504132

C14H10O3

93-97-0

226.227

pr (eth)

42.5

360

1.98915

1.576715

C14H12O2

579-44-2

212.244

137

344; 19412

1.31020

715 Benzonitrile

2-Hydroxy-1,2diphenylethanone, (±) Phenyl cyanide

C7H5N

100-47-0

103.122

liq

-13.99

191.1

1.009315

1.528920

716 Benzo[ghi]perylene 717 Benzo[c]phenanthrene

1,12-Benzperylene Tetrahelicene

C22H12 C18H12

191-24-2 195-19-7

276.330 228.288

ye-grn lf (bz) 272.5 68

718 Benzophenone

Diphenyl ketone

C13H10O

119-61-9

182.217

305.4

1.11118

1.607719

719 Benzophenone hydrazone 720 Benzophenone, oxime

Diphenyl ketoxime

C13H12N2 C13H11NO

5350-57-2 574-66-3

196.247 197.232

(α) orth pr 47.9 (α); (al); (β) mcl 26 (β) pr 97.3 nd (al) 144

C17H6O7

2421-28-5

322.226

C13H12N2O

No. Name

Synonym

688 1H,3H-Benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c’]difuran1,3,5,7-tetrone 689 1,3,2-Benzodioxaborole 690 1,3-Benzodioxol-5-amine 691 1,3-Benzodioxole 692 1,3-Benzodioxole-5Piperonal carboxaldehyde

2,3,1’,8’-Binaphthylene

703 11H-Benzo[a]fluorene 704 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene 705 Benzofuran 706 707 708 709 710 711

2-Benzofurancarboxylic acid 2(3H)-Benzofuranone 3(2H)-Benzofuranone 1-(2-Benzofuranyl)ethanone Benzofurazan, 1-oxide Benzohydrazide

712 Benzoic acid

Coumarone Coumarilic acid

713 Benzoic anhydride

714 Benzoin

721 3,3’,4,4’Benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride 722 Benzo-2-phenylhydrazide

4,4’-Carbonyldiphthalic anhydride

532-96-7

212.246

723 Benzopurpurine 4B

C.I. Direct Red 2, disodium salt C34H26N6Na2O6S2 992-59-6

724 2H-1-Benzopyran 725 [2]Benzopyrano[6,5,4-def][2] benzopyran-1,3,6,8-tetrone

C9H8O C14H4O6

726 1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one

1,2-Chromene 1,4,5,8Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride Isocoumarin

727 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one

Coumarin

Physical Form

mp/˚C

37

nd (peth)

58

64.9 nd (al), ye nd 215.8 (sub) ye pl (al) 157 nd (bz) 168 ye pl (al) nd 166 (HOAc) pa ye nd (bz) 217 pl (ace or HOAc)

nd (w) red nd (al)

den/ g cm-3

nD

88156, 5050 14416 172.5; 7727 263

1.270020

1.507020

1.06425

1.539820

16620, 1011 13913, 1000.07 15716

1.22520 1.21425

bp/˚C

sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace, chl

1.562020 1.563520 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig

sub

vs EtOH

480

189.5

405

212 <-18

401 174

192.5 50 102.5 76 71.5 115

312.5 249 15215 12611

Solubility

1.091325

1.561517

sl EtOH, chl; s sulf i H2O; msc bz i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH

1.223614 vs bz s H2O 1.28080

dec 267

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl i H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; s ctc i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, ace; s bz

22755 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, ace; s bz

216

168

314

724.716

pr (al), nd (w) br pow

254-04-6 81-30-1

132.159 268.178

nd (al)

450

132102, 9113 sub 320

C9H6O2

491-31-6

146.143

pl (bz)

47

286

C9H6O2

91-64-5

146.143

orth pym (eth)

71

301.7

1.099316

0.93520

1.586924

sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, ac, H2SO4 i H2O i H2O; s Na2CO3, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 s H2O, EtOH, alk; vs eth, chl, py

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

3-39

O

O

O

H2N

O

O

O

O

O

O

1H,3H-Benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c’]difuran-1,3,5,7-tetrone

O

O

1,3,2-Benzodioxaborole

O

O

B H 1,3-Benzodioxol-5-amine

O

1,3-Benzodioxole

1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxaldehyde

O H2N

O

HO

O

O

H2N

O

O

O 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid

1,3-Benzodioxole-5-ethanamine

HO

O

HO

O

O

1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanamine

O

1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanol

1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ol

O O O

HO

O

O trans,trans-5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2,4-pentadienoic acid

7,8-Benzoflavone

Benzo[b]fluoranthene

Benzo[j]fluoranthene

O

Benzo[k]fluoranthene

11H-Benzo[a]fluorene

11H-Benzo[b]fluorene

O O

O

O

O

O N H

N O

O

3(2H)-Benzofuranone

O

2-Benzofurancarboxylic acid

O

O 2(3H)-Benzofuranone

Benzofuran

N

O

1-(2-Benzofuranyl)ethanone

Benzofurazan, 1-oxide

OH

OH

O

O

OH

NH2

Benzohydrazide

Benzoic acid

N

O O Benzoic anhydride

Benzoin

Benzonitrile

NH2 N

O

Benzo[ghi]perylene

Benzo[c]phenanthrene

O

OH N

O

O

O O

O

O Benzophenone

Benzophenone hydrazone

Benzophenone, oxime

3,3’,4,4’-Benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride

NH2

NH2 H N

N

O N H

N

N

N

SO3Na

Benzo-2-phenylhydrazide

SO3Na

O

Benzopurpurine 4B

O

O

O

O

O

O

[2]Benzopyrano[6,5,4-def][2]benzopyran-1,3,6,8-tetrone

2H-1-Benzopyran

O O 1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one

O

O

2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one

3-40

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

728 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

C9H6O2

491-38-3

146.143

nd (peth w)

59

sub

1.290020

181.1 pa ye nd (bz- 181.4 MeOH) lf (peth or w) 94

729 Benzo[a]pyrene 730 Benzo[e]pyrene

2,3-Benzopyrene 1,2-Benzpyrene

C20H12 C20H12

50-32-8 192-97-2

252.309 252.309

731 Benzo[f]quinoline

β-Naphthoquinoline

C13H9N

85-02-9

179.217

C13H9N

230-27-3

179.217

lf (eth), pl (peth)

732 Benzo[h]quinoline

52

nD

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; vs chl i H2O

311 352; 2038 339; 23347

1.234020

1.31820

Solubility

sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, chl

733 p-Benzoquinone

2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

C6H4O2

106-51-4

108.095

ye mcl pr (w) 115

sub

734 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole 735 2-Benzothiazolamine

C6H4N2S C7H6N2S

273-13-2 136-95-8

136.174 150.201

43 pl (w), lf (w) 132

206

2-Aminobenzothiazole

736 6-Benzothiazolamine

6-Aminobenzothiazole

C7H6N2S

533-30-2

150.201

pr (w)

737 Benzothiazole

Benzosulfonazole

C7H5NS

95-16-9

135.187

738 2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione

2-Mercaptobenzothiazole

C7H5NS2

149-30-4

167.252

739 2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione, sodium salt 740 2(3H)-Benzothiazolone

C7H4NNaS2

2492-26-4

189.234

C7H5NOS

934-34-9

151.186

pr (dil al), nd 139

741 2(3H)-Benzothiazolone, hydrazone 742 2-(2-Benzothiazolyl)phenol 743 Benzo[b]thiophene Thianaphthene

C7H7N3S C13H9NOS C8H6S

615-21-4 3411-95-8 95-15-8

165.216 227.281 134.199

nd or lf (al) lf

202.8 131 32

744 Benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid 745 1H-Benzotriazole

C9H6O2S

6314-28-9

178.208

nd (w)

240.5

C6H5N3

95-14-7

119.124

nd (chl or bz) 100

20415

746 Benzo[b]triphenylene

C22H14

215-58-7

278.346

747 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-one 1,1dioxide 748 2H-3,1-Benzoxazine-2,4(1 H)dione

C7H4O4S

81-08-3

184.170

nd (al, 205 HOAc) nd or pr (bz) 129.5

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, tol, DMF i H2O; vs bz

18418

vs bz, chl

C8H5NO3

118-48-9

163.131

C7H5NO

273-53-0

750 2(3H)-Benzoxazolethione

C7H5NOS

751 2(3H)-Benzoxazolone

Thionaphthene-2-carboxylic acid 1,2,3-Triaza-1H-indene

87 1.0

pa ye mcl nd(al, MeOH)

231

sl H2O 360

1793 221

119.121

31

2382-96-9

151.186

nd (w)

196

C7H5NO2

59-49-4

135.121

752 2-(2-Benzoxazolyl)phenol

C13H9NO2

835-64-3

211.216

753 N-Benzoyl-DL-alanine

C10H11NO3

1205-02-3

193.199

Benzoylpas

C14H11NO4

13898-58-3

257.242

260.5

Benzazide

C7H5N3O C14H10O3

582-61-6 85-52-9

147.134 226.227

pl (ace) 32 tcl nd (w+1) 129.0

exp

757 4-Benzoylbenzoic acid

C14H10O3

611-95-0

226.227

sub

758 2-Benzoylbenzoic acid, hydrazide

C14H12N2O2

787-84-8

240.257

nd (HOAc), 199 pl (al) mcl lf (w) nd (al) 242.3

liq liq

754 4-(Benzoylamino)-2hydroxybenzoic acid 755 Benzoyl azide 756 2-Benzoylbenzoic acid

1-Oxa-3-azaindene

759 4-Benzoylbiphenyl 760 Benzoyl bromide 761 Benzoyl chloride

4-Phenylbenzophenone Benzoic acid, bromide Benzoic acid, chloride

C19H14O C7H5BrO C7H5ClO

2128-93-0 618-32-6 98-88-4

258.313 185.018 140.567

762 763 764 765

Cyclohexyl phenyl ketone

C13H16O C16H19NO4 C17H14FeO C7H5FO

712-50-5 519-09-5 1272-44-2 455-32-3

188.265 289.327 290.137 124.112

Benzoyl cyclohexane Benzoylecgonine Benzoylferrocene Benzoyl fluoride

Benzoic acid, fluoride

1.637920

1.4220

181

pr (al, gl HOAc) cry (al) pr (dil al)

749 Benzoxazole

1.246020

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, con HCl i H2O, eth; s EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS2; s ace i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, DMSO

pink nd (al, HOAc) pl, pr or lf (eth)

nd (peth) nd (w) liq

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

1.148432

1.637437

243 dec

182.5

138

335; 23030

123.5

338

165.5

dec

101.5 -24 -0.4

420; 1560.1 218.5 197.2; 719

59.5 195 110.0 -28

16418

1.175420

1.559420

1.168035

1.57015 1.212020

s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl vs eth

sl H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, sulf sl H2O, ace, EtOH; vs eth, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, tfa sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, DMSO

vs eth, EtOH vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl chl sl H2O, tfa, bz; s EtOH, eth, HOAc sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl; s MeOH 1.586825 1.553720

msc eth msc eth; s bz, ctc, CS2 vs bz, EtOH

154.5

1.140020

vs EtOH, eth; s ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-41 O

O N N

O 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one

Benzo[a]pyrene

Benzo[e]pyrene

N S

2-Benzothiazolamine

S N Na

SH S

S 2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione

S

6-Benzothiazolamine

Benzothiazole

H N

S

N S

OH

2(3H)-Benzothiazolone

HO

S

2-(2-Benzothiazolyl)phenol

Benzo[b]thiophene

O

NH NH2

2(3H)-Benzothiazolone, hydrazone

N

O

N

S

S

S

S

N

N O

2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione, sodium salt

S

N

S

H2N

S

S

p-Benzoquinone

N NH

NH2

2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole

H N

Benzo[h]quinoline

H N

N

N

O

Benzo[f]quinoline

N N H

OH

Benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid

1H-Benzotriazole

N

H N

Benzo[b]triphenylene

O O

O S O O

N H

3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-one 1,1-dioxide

N SH

S

O

O

2H-3,1-Benzoxazine-2,4(1H)-dione

O

O

Benzoxazole

2(3H)-Benzoxazolethione

HO HO

H N

N OH

N

O

O

2(3H)-Benzoxazolone

2-(2-Benzoxazolyl)phenol

O

OH

N H

O

O

O

O

O OH

N H

O

N-Benzoyl-DL-alanine

4-(Benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

OH O

HO

O N

N

O

O

O

N H

O N

Benzoyl azide

2-Benzoylbenzoic acid

4-Benzoylbenzoic acid

H N O

2-Benzoylbenzoic acid, hydrazide

4-Benzoylbiphenyl

O O Br

OH

O

O

N

Cl

O Fe

O

O F

O Benzoyl bromide

Benzoyl chloride

Benzoyl cyclohexane

Benzoylecgonine

Benzoylferrocene

Benzoyl fluoride

3-42

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Hippuric acid

C9H9NO3

495-69-2

179.172

pr (w or al)

191.5

767 Benzoyl iodide Benzoic acid, iodide 768 2-Benzoylmethyl-6(2-hydroxy-2phenylethyl)-1-methylpiperidine, hydrochloride Cocaethylene 769 3-(Benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2carboxylic acid, ethyl ester, [1R(exo,exo)] 770 Benzoyl peroxide

C7H5IO C22H28ClNO2

618-38-2 63990-84-1

232.018 373.916

nd

1.5 183.5

C18H23NO4

529-38-4

317.381

pr (eth)

109

C14H10O4

94-36-0

242.227

orth (eth), pr 105

exp

771 1-Benzoylpiperidine

C12H15NO

776-75-0

189.253

tcl

320.5

772 N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester 773 Benzphetamine

C18H19NO4 C17H21N

3483-82-7 156-08-1

313.349 239.356

774 775 776 777 778

C22H25N3O C22H32N2O5 C15H14ClN3O4S3 C9H11NO C9H10O2

53-89-4 63-12-7 91-33-8 588-46-5 140-11-4

347.453 404.499 431.938 149.189 150.174

C10H10O2

2495-35-4

162.185

No. Name 766 N-Benzoylglycine

Benzpiperylon Benzquinamide Benzthiazide N-Benzylacetamide Benzyl acetate

779 Benzyl acrylate 780 Benzyl alcohol

Benzenemethanol

C7H8O

100-51-6

108.138

781 Benzylamine

Benzenemethanamine

C7H9N

100-46-9

107.153

782 4-(Benzylamino) benzenesulfonamide 783 2-[Benzylamino]ethanol 784 4-Benzylaniline 785 N-Benzylaniline 786 α-Benzylbenzenepropanoic acid

N4-Benzylsulfanilamide

C13H14N2O2S

104-22-3

262.327

C9H13NO C13H13N C13H13N C16H16O2

104-63-2 1135-12-2 103-32-2 618-68-8

151.205 183.249 183.249 240.297

787 2-Benzyl-1H-benzimidazole

Bendazol

C14H12N2

621-72-7

788 Benzyl benzoate

C14H12O2

789 4-Benzyl-1,1’-biphenyl 790 Benzyl butanoate 791 792 793 794

Benzyl butyl phthalate Benzyl chloroacetate Benzyl chloroformate Benzyl trans-cinnamate

N-Phenylbenzenemethanamine

Butyl benzyl phthalate

49

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

1.37120

12820

Solubility s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl; i peth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs chl

1.74618

vs eth, EtOH

1.543

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc

1.551519

vs eth, EtOH, MeOH, chl

119.5 1270.02 cry (al) cry cry (EtOH) liq

liq

182 dec 131 236 61 -51.3

-15.4

1572 213

1.055020

1.523220

228

1.057320

1.514320

205.31

1.041924

1.539620

185; 9012

0.981320

1.540120

225; 15412 300 306.5 23518

1.06525 1.03825 1.029865

1.543020

i H2O; s alk vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, MeOH, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz; sl chl

171

208.258

mcl (lig) pr pl (peth HOAc) nd (w) nd (bz)

34.5 37.5 90

187

120-51-4

212.244

nd or lf

21

323.5

1.112125

C19H16

613-42-3

244.330

lf

85

285110

1.1710

C11H14O2

103-37-7

178.228

239

1.011120

1.492020

C19H20O4 C9H9ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C16H14O2

85-68-7 140-18-1 501-53-1 78277-23-3

312.360 184.619 170.594 238.281

1.11925 1.22234 1.19525 1.10915

1.542618 1.519020

39

370 1479, 850.4 10320 dec 350; 2445

C19H30O2

140-25-0

290.440

8.5

21012

0.942925

1.481224

194

0.934217

1.511720

288; 18522

1.00155

1.594323

liq oily liq pr

1.611825

1.568020

795 Benzyl dodecanoate

Carbobenzoxy chloride Benzyl trans-3-phenyl-2propenoate Benzyl laurate

796 Benzylethylamine

N-Ethylbenzenemethanamine

C9H13N

14321-27-8

135.206

797 N-Benzyl-N-ethylaniline

Ethylbenzylaniline

C15H17N

92-59-1

211.303

798 Benzyl ethyl ether

C9H12O

539-30-0

136.190

186

0.947820

1.495520

799 Benzyl formate

C8H8O2

104-57-4

136.149

203; 8410

1.08120

1.515420

800 Benzyl fumarate

C18H16O4

538-64-7

296.318

cry pow

59

2105

801 Benzylidene diacetate Toluene-α,α-diol, diacetate 802 Benzylimidobis(p-methoxyphenyl) methane 803 2-Benzyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione

C11H12O4 C22H21NO2

581-55-5 524-96-9

208.211 331.408

pl (eth) pa ye cry

46 90

220

C15H11NO2

2142-01-0

237.254

ye nd (al)

116

pa ye oil

35

1.1120

1.34318

vs eth, EtOH, lig vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH

vs bz, EtOH, gl HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, MeOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O vs eth, EtOH s eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, chl s EtOH, HOAc; sl DMSO

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-43

O

O

OH

OH

N H

O

I

N

ClH

O

N-Benzoylglycine

Benzoyl iodide

2-Benzoylmethyl-6(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-1-methylpiperidine, hydrochloride

O O O O

O N

O

O

N

O

O O

HN

HO

O

O 3-(Benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester, [1R-(exo,exo)]

Benzoyl peroxide

1-Benzoylpiperidine

N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester

O O

O

O N CH3

N H

Benzphetamine

N O

N N

Cl

N

H2N

O

S NH

S O O

O

Benzpiperylon

N

N H

S O O

Benzquinamide

Benzthiazide

N-Benzylacetamide

NH2 O S O O

O O

O

NH2

OH

Benzyl acetate

Benzyl acrylate

Benzyl alcohol

Benzylamine

4-(Benzylamino)benzenesulfonamide

2-[Benzylamino]ethanol

N H N O

4-Benzylaniline

O

N H

NH2 N-Benzylaniline

OH

N H

HN

O

OH

α-Benzylbenzenepropanoic acid

2-Benzyl-1H-benzimidazole

Benzyl benzoate

O O

O

O O

O

O Cl

O

O

Cl

O 4-Benzyl-1,1’-biphenyl

Benzyl butanoate

O

Benzyl butyl phthalate

O

Benzyl trans-cinnamate

Benzyl dodecanoate

Benzylethylamine

O O

O

O

O

Benzyl fumarate

N-Benzyl-N-ethylaniline

Benzyl ethyl ether

N

O O Benzylidene diacetate

O

O

N

O Benzyl formate

N

N H

O O

Benzyl chloroformate

O

O

O

Benzyl chloroacetate

O

Benzylimidobis(p-methoxyphenyl)methane

O 2-Benzyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

3-44

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name 804 Benzylisopropylamine 805 Benzyl isothiocyanate

Synonym

Mol. Form.

NC10H15N Isopropylbenzenemethanamine (Isothiocyanatomethyl)benzene C8H7NS

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

102-97-6

149.233

622-78-6

149.214

Physical Form

mp/˚C

ye oil

2495-37-6 103-38-8 538-86-3

176.212 192.254 122.164

liq

C8H12N2

10309-79-2

136.194

liq

C11H14O2 C7H7NO2 C22H24N2O7 C13H16N2O5 C10H11NO4 C16H22N2O5

103-28-6 935-05-7 33605-72-0 2650-64-8 1138-80-3 1421-69-8

178.228 137.137 428.435 280.276 209.199 322.356

C19H20N2O5

1170-76-9

356.372

C9H12O2

622-08-2

152.190

oil

<-75

C16H17N2NaO4S

69-57-8

356.372

nd (BuOH aq)

215

C13H12O C13H12O

28994-41-4 101-53-1

184.233 184.233

821 Benzyl phenyl ether 822 1-Benzylpiperazine

C13H12O C11H16N2

946-80-5 2759-28-6

184.233 176.258

823 1-Benzylpiperidine 824 4-Benzylpiperidine

C12H17N C12H17N

2905-56-8 31252-42-3

175.270 175.270

825 Benzyl propanoate 826 2-Benzylpyridine

C10H12O2 C12H11N

122-63-4 101-82-6

164.201 169.222

827 4-Benzylpyridine

C12H11N

2116-65-6

C13H11NO2 C11H11N

809 1-Benzyl-2-methylhydrazine 810 811 812 813 814 815

Benzyl 2-methylpropanoate Benzyl nitrite N-Benzyloxycarbonylaspartame Benzyloxycarbonyl- L-glutamine Benzyloxycarbonylglycine Benzyloxycarbonylglycyl- Lleucine 816 Benzyloxycarbonylglycyl- Lphenylalanine 817 2-(Benzyloxy)ethanol

1-Methyl-2phenylmethylhydrazine Benzyl isobutyrate

Ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether

818 Benzylpenicillin sodium

819 2-Benzylphenol 820 4-Benzylphenol

o-Benzylphenol p-Benzylphenol

828 Benzyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate 829 1-Benzyl-1H-pyrrole

Benzyl nicotinate

830 Benzyl 1,2pyrrolidinedicarboxylate, ( S) 831 Benzyl salicylate

N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)- Lproline

832 O-Benzyl-L-serine 833 Benzylsulfonic acid 834 4-[(Benzylsulfonyl)amino]benzoic acid 835 (Benzylsulfonyl)benzene

3-(Benzyloxy)-L-alanine p-(Benzylsulfonamido)benzoic acid

836 (Benzylthio)benzene 837 Benzyl thiocyanate

α-Thiocyanatotoluene

1.502520

243

1.124616

1.604915

oil cry

-52.6

0.998315 0.963420

1.488420 1.500820

1.015918 1.07525

1.488320 1.498925

144 245; 13625 170

228; 11420 8135 122 134.5 121 100

lf (al)

1.064020

256

1.523320

1.41

1.599420

21 84

312 322

40

286.5 14612

1.543028

221 277; 14916

1.033520 1.0670

1.578520

169.222

12.4

288; 18031

1.061220

1.581820

94-44-0 2051-97-0

213.232 157.212

15

1703 247

1.018320

1.565524

C13H15NO4

1148-11-4

249.263

78.5

C14H12O3

118-58-1

228.243

C10H13NO3 C7H8O3S C14H13NO4S

4726-96-9 100-87-8 536-95-8

195.215 172.202 291.323

hyg cry

C13H12O2S

3112-88-7

232.298

nd (al)

nd

1.531020

229.5 1.1261153

146

lf (al)

43.5

197

C8H7NS

3012-37-1

149.214

pr (al)

43

232

C20H22ClNO6 C14H16O9 C10H14BeO4 C5H11NO2

633-65-8 477-90-7 10210-64-7 107-43-7

407.845 328.272 207.228 117.147

C5H12ClNO2 C22H29FO5 C10H15N3

590-46-5 378-44-9 55-73-2

153.608 392.460 177.246

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

vs EtOH

200.299

842 843 844 845

1.580520

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s MeOH; i ace, eth, chl vs ace, bz, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc, chl

218 dec

831-91-4

150.177 291.816 353.369

1.179920

320

C13H12S

538-32-9 13928-81-9 2086-83-1

i H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth; s bz

126

12.5

C8H10N2O C17H22ClNO C20H19NO5

i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth

s DMSO s ace

1.522720 1.533725

185.694

Solubility

11720

0.962516 0.997020

56-93-9

846 Betaine, hydrochloride 847 Betamethasone 848 Bethanidine

0.89225

245 270; 15017

C10H16ClN

Beryllium acetylacetonate 1-Carboxy-N,N,Ntrimethylmethanaminium, inner salt

nD

200; 9310

16.8

838 Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride 839 Benzylurea 840 Bephenium chloride 841 Berberine

Berberine chloride dihydrate Bergenin Beryllium 2,4-pentanedioate Betaine

den/ g cm-3

50

C11H12O2 C12H16O2 C8H10O

806 Benzyl methacryalate 807 Benzyl 3-methylbutanoate 808 Benzyl methyl ether

bp/˚C

27

243 nd (al) cry (ace) red-ye nd (w+6) cry (chl) ye cry cry (MeOH) pr or lf (al)

148 135 145

238 108 293 dec

mcl cry (al) 227.5 cry (AcOMe) 232 dec cry (aq 196 MeOH)

dec 200

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, con sulf i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, CS2 vs H2O; s ace vs ace, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

vs H2O, EtOH 270

1.16820 vs H2O, MeOH; s EtOH; sl eth, chl vs H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-45 O

N H

N

Benzylisopropylamine

O

O

C

O

N H

O

S

Benzyl isothiocyanate

Benzyl methacryalate

Benzyl 3-methylbutanoate

Benzyl methyl ether

H N

1-Benzyl-2-methylhydrazine

O O O

HN H N

O O

O

Benzyl 2-methylpropanoate

N

O

O

Benzyl nitrite

O O

H N

N H

O

O

OH O

O

N-Benzyloxycarbonylaspartame

O

O O

OH

H N

N H

OH

O NH2

N H

O

N H

O

Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutamine

H OH

O

OH

O

S

N O O Na

O Benzyloxycarbonylglycyl-L-leucine

Benzyloxycarbonylglycyl-L-phenylalanine

O HO

Benzyloxycarbonylglycine

O

O

O

O

2-(Benzyloxy)ethanol

Benzylpenicillin sodium

H N OH

O

N

N O

2-Benzylphenol

4-Benzylphenol

O

N H

HO Benzyl phenyl ether

1-Benzylpiperazine

1-Benzylpiperidine

4-Benzylpiperidine

Benzyl propanoate

OH O

O

O

O

N

N 2-Benzylpyridine

OH S

OH O

NH2

OH

Benzyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate

H N

O-Benzyl-L-serine

O

O

N

4-Benzylpyridine

O O

O

N

N

O

HO

O

1-Benzyl-1H-pyrrole

S

Benzyl 1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylate, (S)

O O S

O

4-[(Benzylsulfonyl)amino]benzoic acid

(Benzylsulfonyl)benzene

N O

Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride

S

(Benzylthio)benzene

O

Cl

N

S

O

Benzylsulfonic acid

N

Benzyl salicylate

N H

O

N

O

Cl

O

Benzyl thiocyanate

O

Cl N

O O

NH2

Benzylurea

Bephenium chloride

O 2H2O

O Berberine

Berberine chloride dihydrate

O HO

O

O HO

H

O

HO Bergenin

O H

OH OH

HO O O Be O O Beryllium 2,4-pentanedioate

OH OH N

H O

O N

O Betaine

O

N

HCl

Betaine, hydrochloride

F O Betamethasone

N H Bethanidine

N H

3-46

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

849 Betonicine 850 Betulaprenol 9 851 9,9’-Bianthracene 852 Δ2,2’(3H,3’H)-Bibenzo[b] thiophene-3,3’-dione

Nonaisoprenol Durindone Red

853 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864

Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2carbonitrile Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2carboxaldehyde Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2methanol [1,1’-Bicyclohexyl]-2-one 1,1’-Bicyclopentyl [1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-ol [1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-one Bifenox

Norcarane

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C7H13NO3

515-25-3

159.183

C45H74O C28H18 C16H8O2S2

13190-97-1 1055-23-8 522-75-8

631.069 354.443 296.364

pr (dil al, +1w) oil or cry

C7H12

279-23-2

C7H12 C7H10O C7H10 C8H9N

bp/˚C

nD

Solubility vs EtOH

41 321.3 359

s chl sub

96.170

87.5

105.3

286-08-8 497-38-1 498-66-8 95-11-4

96.170 110.153 94.154 119.164

116.5 170 96 8410

0.85325

1.456420

89.5 45 13

0.99925

1.488520

C8H10O

5453-80-5

122.164

7120

1.01825

1.489320

C8H12O

95-12-5

124.180

10320

90-42-6 1636-39-1 4884-25-7 4884-24-6 42576-02-3

180.286 138.250 154.249 152.233 342.131

liq

-32

264

0.969625

1.487725

liq

20 -13 85

235.5 232.5

0.978515 0.974521

1.488417 1.4763

82657-04-3 56-03-1

422.868 101.111

69 pr or nd (al) 136

C36H51NO11

6078-26-8

673.790

164

C33H36N4O6

635-65-4

584.662

865 Bifenthrin 866 Biguanide

C12H20O C10H18 2-Hydroxybicyclopentyl C10H18O C10H16O Methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) C14H9Cl2NO5 -2-nitrobenzoate C23H22ClF3O2 Imidodicarbonimidic diamide C2H7N5

867 Bikhaconitine

3-Deoxypseudaconitine

869 Biliverdine

Dehydrobilirubin

C33H34N4O6

114-25-0

582.646

870 Binapacryl 871 1,1’-Binaphthalene

1,1’-Binaphthyl

C15H18N2O6 C20H14

485-31-4 604-53-5

322.313 254.325

872 2,2’-Binaphthalene

C20H14

612-78-2

254.325

873 [1,1’-Binaphthalene]-2,2’-diol

C20H14O2

602-09-5

286.324

br nd (xyl) red mcl nd (bz)

i H2O, EtOH; sl chl, CS2; s bz, xyl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

s ctc, CS2

1.2125 dec 142

vs H2O; s EtOH; i bz, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz; sl eth, chl, CS2

red mcl pr or pl (chl) dk grn pl or >300 pr (MeOH) 70 (i) pl(HOAc) 160 (ii) orth (peth) bl flr pl (al) 187.9

874 Biotin

Coenzyme R

C10H16N2O3S

58-85-5

244.310

nd (al), cry (w) nd (w)

875 2,2’-Bioxirane 876 Biphenyl

Diepoxybutane Diphenyl

C4H6O2 C12H10

1464-53-5 92-52-4

86.090 154.207

lf (dil al)

877 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-acetic acid 878 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile

Felbinac

C14H12O2 C13H9N

5728-52-9 2920-38-9

212.244 179.217

>360; 24012

220 232 dec 2.0 68.93

144 256.1

160.5 88

19020

14002-51-8

216.662

111

160

C12H12N2 C12H12N2

1454-80-4 492-17-1

184.236 184.236

pr or nd (al) 81 nd (dil al) 54.5

1624 363

882 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, dihydrochloride 883 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid

C12H14Cl2N2

531-85-1

257.158

>300

C14H10O4

482-05-3

242.227

884 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diol

C12H10O2

1806-29-7

186.206

885 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,5-diol 886 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diol

C12H10O2 C12H10O2

1079-21-6 92-88-6

186.206 186.206

nd (dil al)

97.5 278 dec

887 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-disulfonic acid 888 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,4,4’-tetramine, tetrahydrochloride 889 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,5,5’-tetrol Diresorcinol

C12H10O6S2

5314-37-4

314.333

pr

72.5

C12H18Cl4N4

7411-49-6

360.110

C12H10O4

531-02-2

218.205

233.5

sub

109

320

1.11320 1.0420

1.43520 1.58877

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk; sl chl s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs bz, ctc, MeOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

2

C13H9ClO

mcl pr or lf (w) cry (HOAc)

1.2720 1.300020

452

879 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonyl chloride 880 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diamine 881 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,4’-diamine

o,o’-Diphenic acid

den/ g cm-3

252 dec

2-Cyclohexylcyclohexanone

868 Bilirubin

mp/˚C

>200

1.309020

s H2O, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth

i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.342020

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl peth, chl vs EtOH sl H2O, bz, DMSO; s EtOH, eth vs H2O

245 dec pl or nd (w+2)

310

vs H2O, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-47 O

HO S O

N

OH

H O

S O

9

Betonicine

Betulaprenol 9

Δ2,2’(3H,3’H)-Bibenzo[b]thiophene-3,3’-dione

9,9’-Bianthracene

Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane

O O

OH

H N

Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carbonitrile

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxaldehyde

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-methanol

O O

OH H

Cl

O Cl

[1,1’-Bicyclohexyl]-2-one

1,1’-Bicyclopentyl

[1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-ol

OH O

O

H

N H

NH2

H O

O

Bifenox

Bifenthrin

OO

OO

NH HN

NH HN

NH HN

NH N

O O N

O O

O

O Bikhaconitine

HO

O

HO

OH

Biliverdine

Binapacryl

H H N O

S O

N H H

O

[1,1’-Binaphthalene]-2,2’-diol

Biotin

N

O [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-acetic acid

HO

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonyl chloride

O HO S O

H2N

HO

OH [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-disulfonic acid

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,4’-diamine

HO OH

2HCl

O S OH O

H2N

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diamine

OH OO

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, dihydrochloride

Biphenyl

H2N NH2

O

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile

O

2,2’-Bioxirane

Cl OH

H H

OH 2,2’-Binaphthalene

NH2

O

N O O

O

HO

O

Bilirubin

OH OH

H2N

O

O

Biguanide

1,1’-Binaphthalene

O

F3C

NO2

O

N

H2N

O

[1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-one

O

O H

NH NH

Cl

O

H

H2N H 2N

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diol

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,5-diol

HO

OH [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diol

HO

OH

HO

OH

NH2 NH2

4HCl

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,4,4’-tetramine, tetrahydrochloride

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,5,5’-tetrol

3-48

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

890 N-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylacetamide

C14H13NO

4075-79-0

211.259

891 1-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylethanone

C14H12O

92-91-1

196.244

326

892 2-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-yl-5-phenyl1,3,4-oxadiazole 893 2,2’-Bipyridine

C20H14N2O

852-38-0

298.337

cry (dil 172.8 MeOH) pr (ace), cry 121 (al) 168

α,α’-Dipyridyl

C10H8N2

366-18-7

156.184

pr (peth)

273.5

894 2,3’-Bipyridine

2,3’-Bipyridyl

C10H8N2

581-50-0

156.184

895 2,4’-Bipyridine

2,4’-Bipyridyl

C10H8N2

581-47-5

156.184

61.5

281

896 3,3’-Bipyridine

3,3’-Bipyridyl

C10H8N2

581-46-4

156.184

68

291.5

897 4,4’-Bipyridine

γ,γ’-Dipyridyl

C10H8N2

553-26-4

156.184

nd (w+2)

114

305

C18H12N2

119-91-5

256.301

pl or lf (al)

196

C22H24N2O4

91-96-3

380.437

212

C22H19NO4 C13H12Cl2N2

603-50-9 101-14-4

361.391 267.153

133.5

Diethylenetriamine

C13H26N2 C4H13N3

1761-71-3 111-40-0

210.358 103.166

Triethylenetetramine

C6H18N4

112-24-3

C12H12N2S2

No. Name

Synonym

898 2,2’-Biquinoline 899 4,4’-Bis(acetoacetamido)-3,3’dimethyl-1,1’-biphenyl 900 Bisacodyl 901 Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl) methane 902 Bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane 903 Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine

N,N’-Bis(acetoacetyl)-3,3’dimethylbenzidine 4,4-Methylene-bis(2chloroaniline)

mp/˚C

72

bp/˚C

295.5

320 207

146.234

12

266.5

1141-88-4

248.366

93

C12H12N2S2

722-27-0

248.366

85

C14H16N2 C12H12N2O2S

621-95-4 80-08-0

212.290 248.300

pl (w) 137 cry (95% al) 175.5

C12H12N2OS C10H24N2O2

119-59-5 7300-34-7

232.300 204.310

pr (w, al) liq

C10H26N4

71-44-3

202.340

29

C10H30Cl4N4

306-67-2

348.184

301.5

C4H8Br2O C8H8Br2

5414-19-7 91-13-4

231.914 263.958

915 1,3-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene

C8H8Br2

626-15-3

263.958

916 1,4-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene

C8H8Br2

623-24-5

263.958

C5H10Br2O2

3296-90-0

261.940

C6H16Br2OSi2

2351-13-5

320.169

C12H8Br2O

2050-47-7

327.999

lf (al)

C22H42O8

141-17-3

434.563

liq

C20H34O4

2781-00-2

338.482

cry

79

C25H36O2

88-24-4

368.553

cry

123

C14H8Cl2O4 C6H12Cl2O2 C5H10Cl2O2 C10H13Cl2N

94-17-7 112-26-5 111-91-1 553-27-5

311.118 187.064 173.037 218.123

pr cry (bz)

141

C5H8Cl2O3 C6H12Cl3O3P

623-97-2 6294-34-4

187.021 269.490

906 Bis(4-aminophenyl)disulfide

907 1,2-Bis(4-aminophenyl)ethane 908 Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfone 909 Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfoxide 910 1,4-Bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane 911 N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4butanediamine 912 N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4butanediamine, tetrahydrochloride 913 Bis(2-bromoethyl) ether 914 1,2-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene

917 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3propanediol 918 1,3-Bis(bromomethyl) tetramethyldisiloxane 919 Bis(4-bromophenyl) ether

920 Bis(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl) adipate 921 1,4-Bis(α-(tert-butyldioxy) isopropyl)benzene 922 Bis(3-tert-butyl-5-ethyl-2hydroxyphenyl)methane 923 Bis(4-chlorobenzoyl) peroxide 924 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane 925 Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane 926 N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)aniline 927 Bis(2-chloroethyl) carbonate 928 Bis(2-chloroethyl) 2chloroethylphosphonate

Dapsone 4,4’-Sulfinyldianiline 1,4-Butanediol bis(3aminopropyl) ether Spermine

Bromex

Pentaerythritol dibromide

Aniline mustard

nD

i H2O; vs EtOH, ace, MeOH i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; sl chl

1.25100

1.14020

Solubility

1.622320

1.161420

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s eth i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz sl DMSO

s ctc 15 -39

904 N,N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2ethanediamine 905 Bis(2-aminophenyl)disulfide

den/ g cm-3

ye hyg liq

orth (chl)

1.481025 1.497120

sub

175 dec 1353

95

nd (chl), pr 77 (ace) mcl pr (al), 144.5 cry (chl, bz) nd (bz) 113

pr

0.9275 0.956920

60.5

0.9620

msc H2O, EtOH; i eth; s lig s H2O, EtOH, acid i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, lig i H2O; vs EtOH s EtOH; sl DMSO s H2O, EtOH

1.461920

1505 s H2O

11532, 9212 1294.5

1.845220 1.98825

13720

1.95925

245

2.01225

233; 10315

1.391825

339

1.825

1.513127 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl, peth, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; sl eth; s bz

1.471925 i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth; sl chl

1.125

45 8

232 215.0 16414

1.19520

241 170.25

1.350620

1.459225

1.46120 1.48825

s ctc sl eth; s EtOH, MeOH i H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-49 N N

NH

O

O

N

O

N-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylacetamide

N

1-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylethanone

2-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-yl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole

N

N

2,2’-Bipyridine

N

N

2,3’-Bipyridine

2,4’-Bipyridine

O O

N

HN

N

N

N

O

N

3,3’-Bipyridine

NH

N

4,4’-Bipyridine

N

O

O

O

2,2’-Biquinoline

Cl

Cl H2N

Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane

H N

H 2N

NH2

H2N

NH2

Bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane

H2N

Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine

S S Bis(4-aminophenyl)disulfide

H N

1,4-Bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane

S S Bis(2-aminophenyl)disulfide

NH2 H2N

Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfone

N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine

NH2 Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfoxide

H N

H 2N

NH2

N H

NH2

O

NH2

H2N

O S

O S O

1,2-Bis(4-aminophenyl)ethane

H2N

O

H2N

NH2

N,N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine

H2N

NH2

NH2

Bisacodyl

H N

N H

NH2

H2N H2N

O

O

4,4’-Bis(acetoacetamido)-3,3’-dimethyl-1,1’-biphenyl

NH2

N H

4HCl

N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine, tetrahydrochloride

Br Br

Br

Br Br

Br

Br

O

Br

Br

Bis(2-bromoethyl) ether

1,2-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene

1,3-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene

Si

O

Si

Br

O

O

Br

1,3-Bis(bromomethyl)tetramethyldisiloxane

2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol

O

O

Bis(4-bromophenyl) ether

O

Bis(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl) adipate

O OH O O

O

Cl

Cl O O

1,4-Bis(α-(tert-butyldioxy)isopropyl)benzene

Bis(3-tert-butyl-5-ethyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)methane

Bis(4-chlorobenzoyl) peroxide

N O

O

Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane

Cl

Cl

O

O

1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

O O

Br

OH

O

OH

1,4-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene

O

O Br

OH

Br

O O P O Cl

N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)aniline

O Cl

O

O

Bis(2-chloroethyl) carbonate

Cl

Cl Cl Bis(2-chloroethyl) 2-chloroethylphosphonate

Cl

3-50

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

929 Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

Dichloroethyl ether

C4H8Cl2O

111-44-4

143.012

liq

-51.9

178.5

1.2220

1.45120

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz

930 Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine hydrochloride 931 N,N’-Bis(2-chloroethyl)- Nnitrosourea 932 Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide 933 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfonyl) ethane 934 1,2-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene

Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride C5H12Cl3N

55-86-7

192.515

hyg nd

111.5

Carmustine

C5H9Cl2N3O2

154-93-8

214.049

lt ye pow

31

Mustard gas

C4H8Cl2S C6H12Cl2O4S2

505-60-2 3944-87-4

159.078 283.193

C8H8Cl2

612-12-4

935 1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene

C8H8Cl2

936 1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene

937 Bis(chloromethyl) ether 938 3,3-Bis(chloromethyl)oxetane 939 2,2-Bis(chloromethyl)-1,3propanediol 940 1,3-Bis(chloromethyl) tetramethyldisiloxane 941 Bis(4-chlorophenoxy)methane 942 Bis(4-chlorophenyl) disulfide 943 Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanedione 944 1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol

No. Name

vs H2O, EtOH

13.5 205

216

1.274120

175.056

cry (MeOH/ HOAc) mcl (lig)

55

239.5

1.39325

626-16-4

175.056

cry

34.2

251.5

1.30220

C8H8Cl2

623-25-6

175.056

pl (al)

100

dec 245; 13516 1.41725

C2H4Cl2O C5H8Cl2O C5H10Cl2O2

542-88-1 78-71-7 2209-86-1

114.958 155.022 173.037

liq liq cry

-41.5 18.7 83

106 10127 15912

1.32315 1.29525

1.43521

C6H16Cl2OSi2

2362-10-9

231.267

liq

-90

204; 9221

1.04520

1.439820

C13H10Cl2O2 C12H8Cl2S2 C14H8Cl2O2 C14H12Cl2O

555-89-5 1142-19-4 3457-46-3 80-06-8

269.123 287.228 279.119 267.150

cry (peth)

70.5 72.8 197.8 70

1916

945 1,2-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)-hydrazine 2,2’-Dichlorohydrazobenzene 946 Bis(4-chlorophenyl)methane 947 Bis(4-chlorophenyl) sulfone

C12H10Cl2N2 C13H10Cl2 C12H8Cl2O2S

782-74-1 101-76-8 80-07-9

253.126 237.124 287.162

948 N,N’-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea Di(p-chlorophenyl)thiourea 949 1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2trichloroethanol 950 Bis(3-chloropropyl) ether 3-Chloropropyl ether 951 Bis(2-cyanoethyl) ether 952 Bis(2-cyanoethyl) sulfide 953 Bis(η-cyclopentadienyl)titanium chloride 954 Bis(η-cyclopentadienyl)zirconium chloride 955 1,2-Bis(dibromomethyl)benzene

C13H10Cl2N2S C14H9Cl5O

1220-00-4 115-32-2

297.202 370.485

C6H12Cl2O C6H8N2O C6H8N2S C10H10Cl2Ti

629-36-7 1656-48-0 111-97-7 1271-19-8

171.064 124.140 140.206 248.959

C10H10Cl2Zr

1291-32-3

292.316

C8H6Br4

13209-15-9

421.750

956 Bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide 957 1,3-Bis(dichloromethyl) tetramethyldisiloxane 958 Bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ether 2,2’,4,4’-Tetrachlorodiphenyl ether 959 4,4’-Bis(diethylamino) Michler’s ethyl ketone benzophenone 960 Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)nickel 961 Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)zinc 962 Bis(difluoromethyl) ether Difluoromethyl ether 963 Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether 2,2’-Oxybis[N,Ndimethylethanamine] 964 Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl] Michler’s Base methane

C14H6Cl4O4 C6H14Cl4OSi2

133-14-2 2943-70-6

380.008 300.157

C12H6Cl4O

28076-73-5

307.987

cry (eth)

71

C21H28N2O

90-93-7

324.459

lf (al)

95.3

C10H20N2NiS4 C10H20N2S4Zn C2H2F4O C8H20N2O

14267-17-5 14324-55-1 1691-17-4 3033-62-3

355.232 361.948 118.030 160.257

C17H22N2

101-61-1

254.370

pl or tab (al, 91.5 lig) pl

Pentaerythritol dichlorohydrin

Di(4-chlorophenoxy)methane

nd cry (petr)

red cry

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl HOAc msc EtOH, eth

vs ace, bz s chl i H2O, EtOH; s eth, bz

87 55.5 147.9

18818 25010

176 77.5

1800.1

289

216; 90.511 1615, 1110.5 1631.5 25810

1.36517

s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O, os

1.13620 1.050420

1.415820 1.440520 1.504720

1.60

s EtOH, eth

sl H2O, bz; s chl, EtOH, tol

1800.5 mcl

116.5

sl H2O; vs chl; i lig

106 14950, 11711

2020.02 1780.05 2 8015

col gas liq

1.221320

1.466020

1.4320

dec 390; 1833

965 Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl] methanethione

4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino) thiobenzophenone

C17H20N2S

1226-46-6

284.419

966 Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl) methanol

4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino) benzhydrol

C17H22N2O

119-58-4

270.369

C7H18N2O

5966-51-8

146.230

C23H26N2

129-73-7

330.465

C6H12CuN2S4

137-29-1

303.978

2060.01

C6H12N2NiS4

15521-65-0

299.125

2080.002

967 1,3-Bis(dimethylamino)-2propanol 968 4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino) triphenylmethane 969 Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) copper 970 Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) nickel

1.531320

204

102.0

181.5 nd or lf (al, bz)

102

0.878820

1.441820

i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz; s acid i H2O, EtOH, lig; sl eth; s bz, chl, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc vs H2O vs bz, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-51 O Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

HCl

Cl

N

N H

Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine hydrochloride

N N

Cl

Cl Cl

O

N,N’-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea

S O O

Cl

S

Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide

O O S

Cl

1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfonyl)ethane

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl 1,2-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene

Cl

1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene

Cl

1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene

O

Cl

Cl

Bis(chloromethyl) ether

O

3,3-Bis(chloromethyl)oxetane

Cl Cl

OH

Cl Si

Cl

OH 2,2-Bis(chloromethyl)-1,3-propanediol

O

Si

O

Cl

O

1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)tetramethyldisiloxane

Cl

H N

O S O

Cl

Cl

1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol

Cl

Cl3C

S

Cl

Bis(4-chlorophenyl) sulfone

Cl

1,2-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)-hydrazine

H N Cl

Cl Bis(4-chlorophenyl)methane

OH

Cl

N,N’-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea

Cl

Cl

Bis(3-chloropropyl) ether

Br O

S N

N

Cl Zr Cl

Cl

O

1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol

Ti

Cl

Bis(4-chlorophenyl) disulfide

H H N N

Cl O

S S

Cl

Cl

Cl

Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanedione

Cl

Bis(4-chlorophenoxy)methane

OH

O

Cl

Br

Cl

Br Br

Cl

N

N

Bis(2-cyanoethyl) ether

Bis(2-cyanoethyl) sulfide

Bis(η-cyclopentadienyl)titanium chloride

Bis(η-cyclopentadienyl)zirconium chloride

1,2-Bis(dibromomethyl)benzene

O Cl

Cl O O

Cl

Cl

Si

Cl

O O

O

Cl

Bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide

S S

N Cl

Cl

S

S

O

S

S

Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)nickel

F

N

Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)zinc

N

N

Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methane

N

N

Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methanethione

N

4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino)triphenylmethane

N

N

O

Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether

OH

OH

N

N

Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methanol

S N

F F

Bis(difluoromethyl) ether

S

N

4,4’-Bis(diethylamino)benzophenone

O F

S

N

Cl

Bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ether

S Zn

N

N

Cl

Cl

1,3-Bis(dichloromethyl)tetramethyldisiloxane

Ni

N

Cl

Si

S Cu

N S

S N

S

Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)copper

N

1,3-Bis(dimethylamino)-2-propanol

S Ni

N S

N S

Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)nickel

3-52

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name 971 2,5-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-1,4benzenediol 972 2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl) phenol 973 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane 974 1,3-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy) benzene 975 Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) phthalate 976 Bis(ethoxymethyl) ether 977 N,N’-Bis(4-ethoxyphenyl) ethanimidamide monohydrochloride 978 Bis(ethylenediamine)copper dichloride 979 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2,5-Di-tert-pentylhydroquinone

C16H26O2

79-74-3

250.376

180

C16H26O

120-95-6

234.376

26.0

16922

Diphos Diglycidyl resorcinol ether

C26H24P2 C12H14O4

1663-45-2 101-90-6

398.417 222.237

143.5 42.5

605-54-9 5648-29-3 620-99-5

310.342 134.173 334.841

34

Phenacaine hydrochloride

C16H22O6 C6H14O3 C18H23ClN2O2

cry (w+1)

15243-01-3

254.649

dk bl cry

C22H42O4

103-23-1

370.566

-67.8

2145

0.92225

1.447420

vs ace, eth, EtOH

C16H35N C25H48O4

106-20-7 103-24-2

241.456 412.647

-78

16121 2375

0.91525

1.44625

C16H34O C16H35O4P C16H35O3P C16H35O2PS2

10143-60-9 298-07-7 3658-48-8 5810-88-8

242.440 322.420 306.421 354.552

269; 14413 1550.015 1501

0.97525 0.9325

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc sl ctc sl H2O; s bz, hx

C24H38O4 C26H50O4 C20H37NaO7S

117-81-7 122-62-3 577-11-7

390.557 426.673 444.559

C24H38O4 C8H18O4S2 C24H34N2O3

6422-86-2 76-20-0 2587-42-0

390.557 242.357 398.538

C16H16N2O2

94-93-9

268.310

C23H32O2

119-47-1

340.499

Fenticlor

C12H8Cl2O2S

97-24-5

287.162

Triethanolamine hydrochloride

C6H16ClNO3

637-39-8

185.649

Butylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine

C8H19NO2

102-79-4

161.243

C4H10O2S2 C16H33NO3

1892-29-1 120-40-1

154.251 287.438

26 38.7

1603.5

waxy solid

C6H15NO2

139-87-7

133.189

ye liq

-50

247

C6H16N2O2

4439-20-7

148.203

97.5

1361

C6H13NO4 C5H13NO2 C11H17NO2

150-25-4 105-59-9 91-99-6

163.172 119.163 195.259

194 dec -21 64.5

247 1601

3-(Aminopropyl)diethanolamine C7H18N2O2

4985-85-7

162.230

2,2’-Thiodiethanol

C4H10O2S

111-48-8

122.186

liq

-10.2

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) 1,4benzenedicarboxylate

C12H14O6

959-26-2

254.235

cry (w)

109.5

C6H14O2S2

5244-34-8

182.304

64.8

2,2’-Dihydroxy-4,4’dimethoxybenzophenone 1,3-Dimethylolethyleneurea

C15H14O5

131-54-4

274.269

139.5

C5H10N2O3

136-84-5

146.144

cry (MeOH)

101

Bisphenol C

C17H20O2

79-97-0

256.340

nd (xyl)

140

Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate

C17H20O8

4986-89-4

352.336

Pentaerythritol triacrylate

C14H18O7

3524-68-3

298.289

Cupriethylenediamine dichloride C4H16Cl2CuN4

980 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine 981 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) azelate 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphonate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphorodithioate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate 2,2-Bis(ethylsulfonyl)butane Bis[4-(hexyloxy)phenyl]diazene, 1-oxide N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)1,2-ethylenediamine Bis(2-hydroxy-3-tert-butyl-5methylphenyl)methane Bis(2-hydroxy-5-chlorophenyl) sulfide 2-[Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino] ethanol hydrochloride N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) butylamine Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylamine N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamine N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3methylaniline N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3propanediamine Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide

1006 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate

2,2’-Diethyldihexyl ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite

Di-sec-octyl phthalate Docusate sodium

Sulfonethylmethane

Disalicylidene-1,2ethanediamine

N-Ethyldiethanolamine

Bicine Methyldiethanolamine Diethanol-m-toluidine

1007 1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane 1008 Bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) methanone 1009 1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2imidazolidone 1010 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxy-3methylphenyl)propane 1011 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3propanediol, tetra(2-propenoyl) ester 1012 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3propanediol, tri(2-propenoyl) ester

Physical Form

mp/˚C

nD

1470.4

1.218330

1.540820

345 140.6

1.122921

191

vs H2O, EtOH, chl

1.432520 1.442020

s bz, hp, chl -55 -48

384 2565

0.98125 0.91225

76

383 dec

1.19985

1.485320 1.45125

waxy solid

pl (w)

sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl

131 174

cry (al)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, gl HOAc vs H2O

179.5 275; 8035

nd (al) liq

sl ctc vs ace, bz, EtOH s peth, ctc, eth, ace s chl s chl

125.5 nd (peth)

Solubility

s EtOH

visc liq liq cry liq

den/ g cm-3

bp/˚C

0.968120

1.462520

s chl

1.013520

1.466320

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth s H2O

1.04325

1.468520

1.179325

1.521120

vs H2O; i EtOH vs H2O sl chl

1601

17.3

282

1700.5

msc H2O, EtOH, chl, AcOEt; s eth; sl bz

s H2O, EtOH, bz, peth

1.18525

1.18020

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-53

OH OH

O

O P

O

P

O

H N

O

N,N’-Bis(4-ethoxyphenyl)ethanimidamide monohydrochloride

O

1,3-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzene

O

Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) phthalate

O

O

Bis(ethoxymethyl) ether

2

H H N N Cu N N H H

N

O

1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane

O

O

O

OH 2,5-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-1,4-benzenediol 2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenol

O

O O

O

2Cl O

O

H N

O

Bis(ethylenediamine)copper dichloride

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine

O O

O

O O

O

O

OH

O

P

P O

O

O

O

H

O

P

S

O O

SH O

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) azelate

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) ether

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphorodithioate

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

O Na OO S O

O O

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphonate

O

O

O

O

O Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate

O

O

O

O

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate

O

O S O

S O O

O

OH

N N

HO

N

N

OH

OH

OH

O 2,2-Bis(ethylsulfonyl)butane

OH S

Cl

Bis[4-(hexyloxy)phenyl]diazene, 1-oxide

N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-1,2-ethylenediamine

Bis(2-hydroxy-3-tert-butyl-5-methylphenyl)methane

Cl

Bis(2-hydroxy-5-chlorophenyl) sulfide

O OH N

HO

N

HCl

OH

OH

HO

2-[Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanol hydrochloride

N

OH

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)butylamine

HO

S

S

OH

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dodecanamide

O HO

H N

N H

S

N

OH

HO

N

OH OH

OH

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine

OH

HO

N

H2N

OH

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamine

O

O

O

O

HO

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide

OH

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylamine

OH

N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine

HO

HO

N

HO

OH

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylaniline

N

OH O

OH

HO

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate

S

S

OH

1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane

OH

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-propanediamine

OH

O

O

Bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methanone

O

O O

O

O

O

OH

O O

N N

O

O OH

1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-imidazolidone

O HO

OH

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propane

O

O

O

OH

O 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, tetra(2-propenoyl) ester

2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, tri(2-propenoyl) ester

3-54

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1013 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane 1014 Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane

Bisphenol B Bisphenol AD

C16H18O2 C13H12O2

77-40-7 620-92-8

242.313 200.233

1015 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane Bisphenol A

C15H16O2

80-05-7

228.287

1016 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane Bisphenol A dimethacrylate dimethacrylate 1017 Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone Bisphenol S

C23H24O4

3253-39-2

364.435

C12H10O4S

80-09-1

250.270

nd (w), orth 240.5 bipym

1018 Bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfide 1019 Bis(2-methallyl) carbonate 1020 Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amine

C4H10S3 C9H14O3 C6H15NO2

3570-55-6 64057-79-0 111-95-5

154.317 170.205 133.189

-11 201.3

C14H14N2O3

1562-94-3

258.272

C16H14O4 C16H14N2O2

1226-42-2 2475-44-7

270.280 266.294

C12H14 C14H14S2

3748-13-8 103-19-5

158.239 246.391

liq nd or lf (al)

47.5

231 21220

cry (EtOH)

51 40

285 1000.2

2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl sulfide 2-Methoxy-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ethanamine

1021 Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, 1oxide 1022 Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanedione 1023 1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10anthracenedione 1024 1,3-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene 1,3-Diisopropenylbenzene 1025 Bis(4-methylphenyl) disulfide Di-p-Tolyl disulfide

Physical Form

cry or fl

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

120.5 162.5

sub

153

2204, 2223

13518 663

Di-p-tolylmercury 2,2’-p-Phenylenebis(4-methyl5-phenyloxazole) Di-p-tolyl sulfide

C14H14Hg C26H20N2O2

537-64-4 3073-87-8

382.85 392.449

C14H14S

620-94-0

214.326

nd (al)

57.3

>300; 17516

1031 Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone

Di-p-tolyl sulfone

C14H14O2S

599-66-6

246.325

pr(bz), nd(w,al)

159

406

1032 N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea 1033 1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl) propane 1034 Bis(methylthio)methane 1035 1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane

C15H16N2S C15H30N2

137-97-3 64168-11-2

256.366 238.412

nd (al, sub) 13.7

21550

C3H8S2 C10H20N2O2

1618-26-4 1723-94-0

108.226 200.278

75

148 285; 16025

1036 Bismuth acetate 1037 Bismuth subsalicylate

C6H9BiO6 C7H5BiO4

22306-37-2 14882-18-9

386.111 362.093

1038 Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide

C12H8N2O4S2

1155-00-6

308.333

198.5

84

wh-ye (eth,lig) col tablets pr

C12H8N2O4S2

537-91-7

308.333

1040 Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide 1041 1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane

4,4’-Dinitrobibenzyl

C12H8N2O4S2 C14H12N2O4

100-32-3 736-30-1

308.333 272.256

C13H10N4O5 C10H14CoO4 C16H19N C14H8Br6O2

587-90-6 14024-48-7 10024-74-5 37853-59-1

302.242 257.149 225.329 687.637

C5H6Cl6N2O3

116-52-9

354.831

196

C8H4Cl6 C3Cl6O3

68-36-0 32315-10-9

312.836 296.748

cry (bz, eth) 109 cry (eth, 79 peth)

C32H62O4S C8H5F6N C8H4F6 C8H4F6 C2F6S2 C8H18Si2 C12H4N6O12S C8H14O3 C12H6Cl4O2S

10595-72-9 328-74-5 402-31-3 433-19-2 372-64-5 14630-40-1 2217-06-3 764-99-8 97-18-7

542.897 229.123 214.108 214.108 202.141 170.400 456.258 158.195 356.052

Dipicryl sulfide Diethylene glycol divinyl ether

1.557020 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth vs bz, eth, EtOH

182 ye nd (al,bz) 181.8

bl-viol cry

sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; sl chl sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl, CS2 vs bz, EtOH, chl 0.896225

1.480425

vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i H2O i H2O, EtOH; reac alk i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc sl EtOH, chl; s eth sl EtOH, HOAc i EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, HOAc

250

Nitrophenide

Ditridecyl thiodipropionate

0.925 1.11451

245.7 232

1039 Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide

Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether Bithionol

s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl sl EtOH, chl sl chl

133

198.260 270.367

1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057

1.598220 1.437120

1.171111

ye nd (al)

1579-40-4 80-43-3

Triphosgene

1.18325 0.94325

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO

s ctc

C14H14O C18H22O2

4,4’-Dinitrocarbanilide Cobalt(II) bis(acetylacetonate)

Solubility vs ace, MeOH s EtOH, eth, chl, alk; sl DMSO; i CS2 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, alk; s HOAc

1.366315

p-Tolyl ether Dicumyl peroxide

N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane 1046 N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1hydroxyethyl)urea 1047 1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene 1048 Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate

nD

73

1026 Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether 1027 Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) peroxide 1028 Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury 1029 1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol2-yl)benzene 1030 Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide

1042 1043 1044 1045

den/ g cm-3

2550.1

312 dec 167 296.5

1.01815

1.573

nd (bz/EtOH) 222

liq

ye cry

26 230 188

vs ace, EtOH s chl 203 2650.25 8515, 7610 116 115 34.6 134 exp 8110

1.629080 vs EtOH 1.48725 1.379025

1.433520 1.391625

0.77020

1.41320

i H2O vs EtOH, peth

1.7325

vs ace

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-55

O HO

OH

HO

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane

OH

HO

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane

O O

OH

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane

O

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane dimethacrylate

O O O S

O

HO

HS

OH Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone

O

SH

S

Bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfide

O

O

Bis(2-methallyl) carbonate

N N

O

O

N H

O O O

O

Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amine

O

Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, 1-oxide

Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanedione

O HN

O

S O HN 1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione

1,3-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene

Hg

N

N

O

O

Bis(4-methylphenyl) disulfide

O

O

S Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether

Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)peroxide

S

O O S

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone

H N

H N S

Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury

1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene

O

O N

N S

1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)propane

O O N

N

N Bis(methylthio)methane

O N O

O N O

S S Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide

O

O

S

O N O

S

O O

O

Bismuth acetate

O Bi

OH

Bismuth subsalicylate

Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide

H N

O N O

Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide

O N O O O N S S

O

O

1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane

S

O Bi

N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea

O N O

O

H N O

N O

1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane

N O

N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea

Cl Br O

O Co

O

Br

N H

O

Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt

Cl

Cl

Br O

Br

Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine

O

O

Cl Cl

Br

Cl

Br

H N OH O

1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane

Cl Cl

F

NH2

F

Cl

OH

N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)urea

O O

Cl

H N

Cl

Cl

1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene

F

F

F

F

S Cl Cl

Cl

O O

Cl O

O Cl Cl

F F

O

Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate

Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate

F

F

F F

3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

F F

F

1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F

F

1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

O O N OO N F F F

S

S

F F

F

Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide

O N O Si

Si

1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene

S N OO N O O Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide

OH HO

O N O

Cl O

O

O

Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether

Cl

S Cl

Cl

Bithionol

3-56

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1058 2,2’-Bithiophene

C8H6S2

492-97-7

166.264

1059 Bixin

C25H30O4

6983-79-5

394.504

viol pr (ace) 198

C19H26O2 C19H21NO4 C9H15O8P

846-48-0 476-70-0 122-10-1

286.408 327.375 282.184

cry (eth) ye oil

1063 Borane carbonyl 1064 Borneol, (±)

CH3BO C10H18O

13205-44-2 6627-72-1

41.845 154.249

col gas lf (lig)

1065 l-Bornyl acetate

C12H20O2

5655-61-8

1066 Bornylamine

C10H19N

No. Name

1060 Boldenone 1061 Boldine 1062 Bomyl

Synonym

Dehydrotestosterone

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

33

260

den/ g cm-3

nD

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, HOAc

165 163 16017 -137 208

-64 sub

1.01120

196.286

27

223.5

0.98225

1.462620

32511-34-5

153.265

163

464-41-5

172.695

53022-14-3 353-42-4

238.366 113.874

C4H10BF3O

109-63-7

141.927

liq

1071 Brilliant Green

C27H34N2O4S

633-03-4

482.635

1072 Brilliant Yellow

C26H20N4Na2O8S2 3051-11-4

626.569

small gold cry ye cry (w)

1073 Brodifacoum

C31H23BrO3

56073-10-0

523.417

off-wh pow

C9H13BrN2O2

314-40-9

261.115

C30H23BrO4

28772-56-7

527.406

ye-wh pow

C2H3Br3O2 C15H12Br4O2

507-42-6 79-94-7

298.756 543.871

mcl pr (w+1) 53.5 179

1078 N-Bromoacetamide 1079 Bromoacetic acid

C2H4BrNO C2H3BrO2

79-15-2 79-08-3

137.963 138.948

nd (chl-hx) hex or orth cry

1080 Bromoacetone

C3H5BrO

598-31-2

136.975

liq

nd (al) orth 50.5 pr (al) pl(peth) nd (95% al) 127

1067 Bornyl chloride

1068 Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1 R) 1069 Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex 1070 Boron trifluoride etherate

1074 Bromacil

C10H17Cl 2-Chloro-1,7,7trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, endo d-Bornyl isovalerate C15H26O2 C2H6BF3O

5-Bromo-3-sec-butyl-6methyluracil

1075 Bromadiolone

1076 Bromal hydrate 1077 Bromdian

Tetrabromobisphenol A

nd

132

207.5

-14

257.5 dec 127

0.95525 1.241020

1.30220

-60.4

125.5

1.12525

1.34820

1.5525

158 205

dec

2.566140

103.5 50

208

1.933550

1.480450

-36.5

138; 31.58

1.63423

1.469715

13518

1.64720

148.5 4.7

2.31222

ω-Bromoacetophenone

C8H7BrO

70-11-1

199.045

1082 4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl

2-Bromo-4’phenylacetophenone

C14H11BrO

135-73-9

275.140

Butallylonal

C2H2Br2O C2HBr C11H15BrN2O3

598-21-0 593-61-3 1142-70-7

201.844 104.933 303.152

Propallylonal

C10H13BrN2O3

545-93-7

289.125

1087 2-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

615-36-1

172.023

32

229

1.57820

1.611320

1088 3-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

591-19-5

172.023

18.5

251

1.579320

1.626020

1089 4-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

106-40-1

172.023

dec

1.4970100

1090 2-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

578-57-4

187.034

orth bipym 66.4 nd (60% al) 1.3

216

1.501820

1091 3-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

2398-37-0

187.034

1092 4-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

104-92-7

187.034

13.5

215

1093 2-Bromobenzaldehyde

C7H5BrO

6630-33-7

185.018

21.5

230

1.592520

1094 3-Bromobenzaldehyde

C7H5BrO

3132-99-8

185.018

234

1.593520

1095 4-Bromobenzaldehyde

C7H5BrO

1122-91-4

185.018

1.544920

131.5 cry (dil HOAc, dil al)

181

211; 10516

lf (dil al)

58

dec H2O; vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl ace i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl

230

col gas

vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; vs ace, EtOH, xyl dec H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth vs eth, EtOH

1081 α-Bromoacetophenone

1083 Bromoacetyl bromide 1084 Bromoacetylene 1085 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-secbutylbarbituric acid 1086 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5isopropylbarbituric acid

Solubility

672

1.572720 1.563520

1.456420

1.564220

vs DMF; sl ace, chl, EtOH, eth; i hx vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, peth; vs eth, bz, chl

s ace, ctc vs eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-57 HO OH O

H

O S

S

OH

O

O

O

O

2,2’-Bithiophene

O

N H

O

OH

Bixin

Boldenone

Boldine

O P O

O H 3B

O Bomyl

O

OH

Borane carbonyl

Borneol, (±)

Cl

NH2

O l-Bornyl acetate

Bornylamine

Bornyl chloride

N

O Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1R)

HO

F O B F F

F O B F F

O

N

Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex

HSO4

Boron trifluoride etherate

Brilliant Green

N N

O

N N

S O O O O S Na O O Na

OH

OH

Br

O

N H

O

Brilliant Yellow

Brodifacoum

Br O

HO Br

Bromacil

Br

Br

HO

OH

O

Br Br

OH

Bromadiolone

Br

Bromal hydrate

N H

Br Bromdian

Br

N-Bromoacetamide

O Br

O Br

OH

Bromoacetic acid

Bromoacetone

O

O O O

Br α-Bromoacetophenone

4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl

Br

O Br

Br

Br

Bromoacetyl bromide

Bromoacetylene

NH2

3-Bromoaniline

2-Bromoanisole

N H

O

5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-isopropylbarbituric acid

O

Br Br

Br 4-Bromoaniline

NH O

O

O

O

Br

O

5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-sec-butylbarbituric acid

Br Br

2-Bromoaniline

N H

O O

Br

NH O

Br

NH2 NH2

O

OH

OH

O

N

Br

3-Bromoanisole

Br 4-Bromoanisole

Br 2-Bromobenzaldehyde

3-Bromobenzaldehyde

Br 4-Bromobenzaldehyde

3-58

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1096 Bromobenzene

Phenyl bromide

C6H5Br

108-86-1

157.008

liq

-30.72

156.06

1.495020

1.559720

C8H7BrO2

1878-68-8

215.045

nd (w)

116

sub

C8H6BrN C8H6BrN

16532-79-9 5798-79-8

196.045 196.045

pa ye cry (al) 48.0 ye cry (dil al) 29

1100 2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol

C6H5BrO2

583-69-7

189.007

lf (lig), cry (chl)

1101 4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride p-Brosyl chloride

C6H4BrClO2S

98-58-8

255.517

1102 4-Bromobenzenethiol

C6H5BrS

106-53-6

189.073

tcl or mcl pl 76 (eth) lf (al) 73

1103 2-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

88-65-3

201.018

mcl pr (w), nd

1104 3-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

585-76-2

201.018

1105 4-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

586-76-5

201.018

1106 2-Bromobenzonitrile

C7H4BrN

2042-37-7

182.018

mcl nd (dil 155 al) nd (eth), lf 254.5 (w), mcl pr nd (w) 55.5

1107 3-Bromobenzonitrile

C7H4BrN

6952-59-6

182.018

1108 4-Bromobenzonitrile

C7H4BrN

623-00-7

182.018

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, lig; s HOAc i H2O; vs eth; s chl sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH; sl chl vs EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

1109 6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene

C20H11Br

21248-00-0

331.205

1110 2-Bromobenzoyl chloride 1111 4-Bromobenzoyl chloride

C7H4BrClO C7H4BrClO

7154-66-7 586-75-4

219.463 219.463

1.596320

1112 2-Bromobiphenyl 1113 3-Bromobiphenyl 1114 4-Bromobiphenyl

C12H9Br C12H9Br C12H9Br

2052-07-5 2113-57-7 92-66-0

233.103 233.103 233.103

pl (al)

0.932725

1115 1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) benzene 1116 1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl) benzene 1117 1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl) benzene

C7H6Br2

3433-80-5

249.931

C7H6Br2

823-78-9

sl ctc vs EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl vs eth, EtOH, HOAc s chl

C7H6Br2

42165 101.6

1.39720 1.275820

1.498820 1.440120

91.3

1.258520 2.07325

1.436620

206 1.496720 dec 217; 12725 1.564120 14225, 1257 3611 86.1 1.326515

1.481820

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth, CS2 i H2O; vs ace, bz, DMF i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc; s chl vs ace, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl HOAc s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth

1097 4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid 1098 4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile 1099 α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

1118 2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) pentanedinitrile 1119 2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl) ethanone 1120 2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene 1121 1-Bromobutane

α-Bromobenzyl cyanide

p-Bromobenzyl bromide

1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane C6H6Br2N2

111.5

150

dec 242; 13312 1.53929

sub

15315 230.5

1.526083

sub

1.92925

>280

1.84520 1.89420

252

39.5

225

nd (w, al)

114

236

cry (ace/ MeOH) nd nd (peth)

223 11 42

243 246; 181125

0.8 91.5

297 300; 17117 310

cry (al, lig)

31

12919

249.931

nd or lf

42

12212

589-15-1

249.931

nd (al)

63

35691-65-7

265.933

1.217526

1.624825 1.641120

52

p-Bromophenacyl bromide

C8H6Br2O

99-73-0

277.941

nd (al)

111

Butyl bromide

C4H5Br C4H9Br

1822-86-2 109-65-9

132.987 137.018

liq

-112.6

(±)-sec-Butyl bromide Bromosuccinic acid

C4H9Br C4H5BrO4

5787-31-5 584-98-5

137.018 196.985

liq

-112.65 161

C4H6BrN C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO C4H7Br

5332-06-9 2385-70-8 2623-87-2 814-75-5 31849-78-2

148.002 167.002 167.002 151.002 135.003

1129 trans-1-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

32620-08-9

135.003

liq

-100.3

94.7

1.320915

1.452720

1130 2-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

23074-36-4

135.003

liq

-133.4

88

1.320915

1.452720

1131 4-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

5162-44-7

135.003

98.5

1.323020

1.462220

1132 1-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

4784-77-4

135.003

104.5

1.337125

1.482220

1133 cis-2-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

3017-68-3

135.003

93.9

1.341615

1.463119

1122 2-Bromobutane, (±) 1123 Bromobutanedioic acid, (±) 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128

4-Bromobutanenitrile 2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±) 4-Bromobutanoic acid 3-Bromo-2-butanone cis-1-Bromo-1-butene

DL-α-Bromobutyric acid

-2.0 33

liq

-111.5

1.453620

i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-59 OH

Br

Br

Br

OH N O

Br Bromobenzene

4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid

Cl O S O

N

Br

OH

α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

HO

SH HO

HO

O

2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol

O N

O

Br

Br Br

Br

Br

4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride

4-Bromobenzenethiol

2-Bromobenzoic acid

Br

3-Bromobenzoic acid

4-Bromobenzoic acid

N

Cl

N Cl

2-Bromobenzonitrile

O

O Br

Br Br

Br 3-Bromobenzonitrile

Br

4-Bromobenzonitrile

Br

6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene

2-Bromobenzoyl chloride

4-Bromobenzoyl chloride

2-Bromobiphenyl

Br Br

Br

Br Br

Br 3-Bromobiphenyl

Br

4-Bromobiphenyl

1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene

O N

Br

1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl)benzene

1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl)benzene

Br

N Br

Br Br 2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile

2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone

2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene

1-Bromobutane

2-Bromobutane, (±)

Br

OH O O

Bromobutanedioic acid, (±)

O O

OH Br

Br Br

Br

Br

N

O Br

OH

4-Bromobutanenitrile

2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±)

Br

OH

4-Bromobutanoic acid

3-Bromo-2-butanone

Br Br cis-1-Bromo-1-butene

Br trans-1-Bromo-1-butene

Br Br

2-Bromo-1-butene

4-Bromo-1-butene

Br 1-Bromo-2-butene

cis-2-Bromo-2-butene

3-60

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1134 trans-2-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

3017-71-8

135.003

liq

-114.6

85.6

1.332315

1.460216

1135 (4-Bromobutoxy)benzene 1136 1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene

C10H13BrO C10H13Br

1200-03-9 3972-65-4

229.113 213.114

cry (al)

41 19

15418 231.5

1.228620

1.543620

C8H6BrClO C6H4BrCl

41011-01-2 694-80-4

233.490 191.453

nd liq

40 -12.3

397.5 204

1.638725

1.580920

1139 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

108-37-2

191.453

liq

-21.5

196

1.630220

1.577120

1140 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

106-39-8

191.453

nd or pl (al, 68 eth)

196

1.57671

1.553170

1141 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane

C4H8BrCl

6940-78-9

171.464

175; 6310

1.48920

1.488520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz sl EtOH, ctc i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs EtOH i H2O; vs bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc

CBrClF2 C5H6BrClN2O2

353-59-3 126-06-7

165.365 241.471

C2H4BrCl C2H4BrCl

593-96-4 107-04-0

CHBrClF

No. Name

1137 2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone 1138 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene

1142 Bromochlorodifluoromethane 1143 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin 1144 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane 1145 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

Synonym

3-Chlorophenacyl bromide

Halon 1211

1146 Bromochlorofluoromethane

col gas

-159.5 162

-3.7

143.410 143.410

liq

-16.7

83 107

1.66710 1.739220

1.466020 1.490820

593-98-6

147.374

liq

-115

36

1.97710

1.414425

-87.9

68.0

1.934420

1.483820

118

1.53120

1.474520

143.3

1.596920

1.486420

1147 Bromochloromethane

Halon 1011

CH2BrCl

74-97-5

129.384

liq

1148 1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl) benzene 1149 2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethanone 1150 1-Bromo-2-chloropropane

p-Bromobenzyl chloride

C7H6BrCl

589-17-3

205.480

nd (al, peth) 50

p-Chlorophenacyl bromide

C8H6BrClO

536-38-9

233.490

nd

C3H6BrCl

3017-96-7

157.437

1151 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

109-70-6

157.437

1152 2-Bromo-1-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

3017-95-6

157.437

117

1.53720

1.479520

1153 2-Bromo-2-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

2310-98-7

157.437

95

1.49520

1.457520

1154 1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2trifluoroethane 1155 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane 1156 Bromocresol Green

C2HBrClF3

354-06-3

197.381

52.5

1.857425

1.373820

Halothane

C2HBrClF3

151-67-7

197.381

50.2; 20243

1.856325

1.36970

Bromcresol Green

C21H14Br4O5S

76-60-8

698.014

1157 Bromocresol Purple 1158 Bromocycloheptane

Bromcresol Purple Cycloheptyl bromide

C21H16Br2O5S C7H13Br

115-40-2 2404-35-5

540.222 177.082

1159 Bromocyclohexane

Cyclohexyl bromide

C6H11Br

108-85-0

163.055

liq

-56.5

C6H11BrO C6H9BrO C6H9Br

32388-22-0 822-85-5 1521-51-3

179.054 177.038 161.039

pl (hx)

81.5

C5H9Br C10H21Br

137-43-9 112-29-8

149.029 221.178

liq

1165 2-Bromodecanoic acid 1166 1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene

C10H19BrO2 C6H3BrCl2

2623-95-2 19752-55-7

251.161 225.898

1167 4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene

C6H3BrCl2

18282-59-2

CBrCl2F CHBrCl2

1160 trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol 1161 2-Bromocyclohexanone 1162 3-Bromocyclohexene 1163 Bromocyclopentane 1164 1-Bromodecane

1168 Bromodichlorofluoromethane 1169 Bromodichloromethane

Cyclopentyl bromide

Halon 1121

1170 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol 1171 2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane 1172 4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline 1173 Bromodifluoromethane 1174 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)furanone

α-Bromo-γ-butyrolactone

liq

wh or red (+7w) ye (HOAc)

236

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth

96.5

-58.9

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

sl H2O; s peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, AcOEt; s bz

218.5

241.5 10140, 7512

1.308020

1.499620

166.2

1.335920

1.495720

11432, 9014 8140, 5611

1.34025 1.389020

1.508525 1.532020

-29.2

137.5 240.6

1.387320 1.070220

1.488620 1.455720

2.0 83

1402 232

1.191224

1.459524

pr (al)

225.898

pr

25

237

353-58-2 75-27-4

181.819 163.829

liq liq

-57

52.8 90

1.9522 1.98020

1.496420

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc

C6H3BrCl2O C6H13BrO2 C10H14BrN

1940-42-7 2032-35-1 2052-06-4

241.897 197.070 228.129

nd

71.5 1.438720

38

170; 6618 270

1.28320

nd or pr

CHBrF2 C4H5BrO2

1511-62-2 5061-21-2

130.920 164.986

-14.6 13020

1.5516 1.820

s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH

1.505920

-145

i H2O; vs eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl sl ctc i H2O; vs eth, chl; s ctc vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-61 Br O

Br

O

Br

Br Cl

Br Cl

trans-2-Bromo-2-butene

(4-Bromobutoxy)benzene

1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene

2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone

1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene

Br

O

Br

Br N

Cl Cl 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene

F

Cl

Cl 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene

1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane

Br

O

F

N Cl

Bromochlorodifluoromethane

3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin

Br

Br

Br

Cl Br 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane

O

Cl

Cl

Cl H

H

F

Br

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

H Br

Bromochlorofluoromethane

Br

Cl Br

2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone

Cl

1-Bromo-2-chloropropane

Cl

Br

1-Bromo-3-chloropropane

Br

Br F

Cl F

1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Br

Br

O

O

S O O

S O O

Bromocresol Green

Bromocresol Purple

F F

2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

OH

Br

Br

Br

2-Bromo-2-chloropropane

HO

OH

Br Cl

Br Cl

2-Bromo-1-chloropropane

Br

HO

F

1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)benzene

Br

Cl

F

Cl

Bromochloromethane

Bromocycloheptane

OH Br

O

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Bromocyclohexane

trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol

2-Bromocyclohexanone

3-Bromocyclohexene

Bromocyclopentane

1-Bromodecane

Cl Br

O

Cl Br

OH

Cl

Br 2-Bromodecanoic acid

Cl

Cl

1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene

Br F

Cl

Cl

Br 4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene

H Cl

Bromodichlorofluoromethane

Bromodichloromethane

N

OH Cl

F

Cl Br 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol

O

Br

Br

Br O

2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane

H

Br

F

4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline

Bromodifluoromethane

O

O

3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone

3-62

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

5798-94-7

232.032

cry (al)

232 dec

C8H9BrO2 C8H9BrO2 C4H9BrO2 C8H10BrN

25245-34-5 2859-78-1 7252-83-7 586-77-6

217.060 217.060 169.017 200.076

oil

55

262; 13010 254.5 149 264

1.445 1.570020 1.70225 1.574320 1.43020 1.445020 1.3220100

1180 1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene

C8H9Br

583-70-0

185.061

liq

-17

205

1.341920

1.550120

1181 1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1182 2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene 1183 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene

C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br

556-96-7 576-22-7 553-94-6

185.061 185.061 185.061

1.36220

lf or pl

9

204 203.5; 10020 199; 8813

1.358218

1.546222 1.555220 1.551418

1184 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene

C8H9Br

583-71-1

185.061

liq

-0.2

214.5

1.370820

1.553020

C10H17Br

6138-90-5

217.146

10112, 470.005

1.094022

1.502720

C5H11Br

630-17-1

151.045

106

1.199720

1.437020

1187 2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline

C6H4BrN3O4

1817-73-8

262.018

1188 1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1189 α-Bromodiphenylmethane

C6H3BrN2O4 C13H11Br

584-48-5 776-74-9

247.003 247.130

C12H25Br

143-15-7

249.231

C12H23BrO2

111-56-8

No. Name

Synonym

1175 5-Bromo-N,2dihydroxybenzamide 1176 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene 1177 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene 1178 2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane 1179 4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline

5-Bromosalicylhydroxamic acid C7H6BrNO3

1185 trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6octadiene 1186 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

1190 1-Bromododecane

trans-Geranyl bromide

Lauryl bromide

1191 2-Bromododecanoic acid

Mol. Form.

ye nd (al or HOAc) ye nd (al)

sub

75 45

18420, 1522

liq

-9.5

276

1.039920

1.458320

279.214

pl

32

1582

1.147474

1.458524

liq

-118.6

38.5

1.460420

1.423920

150; 514

1.762920

1.491520

15.8

1.493320

1.438020

1.422320 1.407125

1.551720

Ethyl bromide

C2H5Br

74-96-4

108.965

1193 2-Bromoethanol

Ethylene bromohydrin

C2H5BrO

540-51-2

124.964

1194 Bromoethene

Vinyl bromide

C2H3Br

593-60-2

106.949

1195 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene 1196 1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene

C8H9BrO C8H9BrO

583-19-7 588-96-5

201.060 201.060

2.0

223 231

1197 (2-Bromoethoxy)benzene

C8H9BrO

589-10-6

201.060

39

dec 240; 12820 1.355520

C4H9BrO

592-55-2

153.017

1199 2-Bromoethyl acetate

C4H7BrO2

927-68-4

167.002

1200 2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide 2-Bromoethanamine hydrobromide 1201 (1-Bromoethyl)benzene 1202 (2-Bromoethyl)benzene

C2H7Br2N

2576-47-8

204.892

C8H9Br C8H9Br

585-71-7 103-63-9

185.061 185.061

2-Bromoethyl ethyl ether

Solubility

153.5

1192 Bromoethane

1198 1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane

nD

vol liq or gas -139.54

liq

-13.8

127.5

1.38520

1.444720

162.5

1.51420

1.45723

219; 9211 219; 10518

1.353525 1.364320

1.554325 1.537220

20

20

liq

-55.9

C8H9Br

1973-22-4

185.061

liq

-67.9

199.3

1.3548

1204 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene 1205 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene

C8H9Br C8H9Br

2725-82-8 1585-07-5

185.061 185.061

liq

-43.5

202 204

1.349320 1.342320

1.546520 1.544520

1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211

C8H15Br C10H8BrNO2 C8H5Br C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF

1647-26-3 574-98-1 766-96-1 1072-85-1 1073-06-9 460-00-4

191.109 254.081 181.030 174.998 174.998 174.998

liq nd (w)

-57 83 64.5

212

1.235720

1.489920

1212 1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane 1213 Bromofluoromethane 1214 2-Bromofuran

C2H4BrF CH2BrF C4H3BrO

762-49-2 373-52-4 584-12-3

126.955 112.929 146.970

1215 3-Bromofuran

C4H3BrO

22037-28-1

146.970

1216 5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde 1217 1-Bromoheptadecane 1218 1-Bromoheptane

C5H3BrO2 C17H35Br C7H15Br

1899-24-7 3508-00-7 629-04-9

174.981 319.364 179.098

Heptyl bromide

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs EtOH, ace; s HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, chl; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; msc ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth

174.0

1203 1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene

(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene

s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace vs eth; s ace, bz vs eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

liq

-17.4

vol liq or gas

cry (50% al) 83.5 29.6 liq -56.1

8916 154 150 151.5

1.5472

i H2O; s eth, bz; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth; sl chl s chl

1.073821 1.708120 1.59315

1.533720 1.525720 1.531015

71.5 19 103

1.704425

1.423620

1.650020

1.498020

103

1.660620

1.495820

201; 11216 349 178.9

0.991620 1.140020

1.462520 1.450220

s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds H N

O

3-63

O

N

O Br

OH OH

O Br

O

Br 5-Bromo-N,2-dihydroxybenzamide

Br

2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene

O

4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene

Br

O

2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane

4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline

Br Br

Br Br Br

1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene

1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene

2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene

O Br

NH2

1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

O N

Br Br

O

Br trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene

O N

2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene

N

O

O

2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline

N

4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene

O

Br

O α-Bromodiphenylmethane

1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene

Br

O

O

OH Br

Br

1-Bromododecane

Br

2-Bromododecanoic acid

Br

Bromoethane

OH

2-Bromoethanol

Br Bromoethene

1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene

Br Br O

O

Br

O

O

1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene

(2-Bromoethoxy)benzene

Br

O

1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane

Br

Br

HBr H2N

2-Bromoethyl acetate

2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide

(1-Bromoethyl)benzene

Br Br

O

Br

Br

N

Br

Br O (2-Bromoethyl)benzene

1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene

1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene

Br

1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene

(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane

N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide

Br Br

Br

F

F F 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene

1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene

1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene

F 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene

F

H Br

1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane

H Br

O

Bromofluoromethane

Br O 3-Bromofuran

Br

O Br

O

5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde

1-Bromoheptadecane

Br 1-Bromoheptane

Br

2-Bromofuran

3-64

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1219 2-Bromoheptane

2-Heptyl bromide

C7H15Br

1974-04-5

179.098

1220 4-Bromoheptane

4-Heptyl bromide

C7H15Br

998-93-6

179.098

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

47

166

1.127720

1.450320

161; 8472

1.135120

1.449520

336

0.999120

1.461825

i H2O; vs bz; s ctc, chl i H2O; s bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s eth

Hexyl bromide

C16H33Br C16H31BrO2 C6H13Br

112-82-3 18263-25-7 111-25-1

305.337 335.320 165.071

155.3

1.174420

1.447820

1224 2-Bromohexane

C6H13Br

3377-86-4

165.071

143; 7890

1.165820

1.483225

1225 3-Bromohexane

C6H13Br

3377-87-5

165.071

142

1.179920

1.447220

1226 1227 1228 1229 1230

C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H10BrClO C12H17BrO C7H5BrO2

2681-83-6 4224-70-8 22809-37-6 30752-19-3 1761-61-1

195.054 195.054 213.499 257.166 201.018

240; 14023 16720 1016 15613

1.281033

C8H7BrO3

7021-04-7

231.044

C7H7BrO2

2316-64-5

203.034

lf (bz)

C7H5BrO3

89-55-4

217.017

nd (w, dil al) 169.8

1234 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde

C8H7BrO3

2973-76-4

231.044

pl (HOAc), nd, pl (al)

1235 1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

583-55-1

282.904

1236 1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

591-18-4

282.904

liq

1237 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

589-87-7

282.904

pr or pl (eth- 92 al)

CH2BrI C7H4BrNO C9H11Br

557-68-6 2493-02-9 586-61-8

220.835 198.017 199.087

nd liq

-22.5

139.5 226 218.7

C9H6BrN CH3Br

1532-97-4 74-83-9

208.055 94.939

cry (peth) col gas

41.5 -93.68

1243 1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane 1244 Bromomethoxymethane 1245 2-Bromo-4-methylaniline

C3H7BrO C2H5BrO C7H8BrN

6482-24-2 13057-17-5 583-68-6

138.991 124.964 186.050

lf

1246 4-Bromo-2-methylaniline

C7H8BrN

583-75-5

186.050

C7H7Br

100-39-0

171.035

C8H7BrO2 C8H6BrN C8H6BrN C5H11Br

6232-88-8 28188-41-2 17201-43-3 5973-11-5

215.045 196.045 196.045 151.045

1221 1-Bromohexadecane 1222 2-Bromohexadecanoic acid 1223 1-Bromohexane

2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±) 6-Bromohexanoic acid 6-Bromohexanoyl chloride 1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

1231 4-Bromo-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic p-Bromomandelic acid acid, (±) 1232 5-Bromo-2Bromosaligenin hydroxybenzenemethanol 1233 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

1238 Bromoiodomethane 1239 1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene 1240 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene 1241 4-Bromoisoquinoline 1242 Bromomethane

1247 (Bromomethyl)benzene

1248 1249 1250 1251

p-Bromophenyl isocyanate

Methyl bromide

Benzyl bromide

4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid 3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL

Physical Form

liq

cry (peth)

nd (al), lf (eth)

18 52.8 -83.7

2.0 35

1.230620

1.526220

105.5 119 113 sub 100

167.0

9.5

257; 12015

-9.3

252; 12018

1.661825

2.92617

1.641020

1.314520

1.556920

282.5 3.5

1.675520

1.421820

26

110 87 240

1.462320 1.597620 1.51020

cry (al)

59.5

240

liq

-1.5

201

1.4475320 1.456220 1.599920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH; vs eth, HOAc 20 1.5752 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

226.3 96.5 114

1304

252

119

1.438025

1.220520

1.445220

20

20

Isopentyl bromide

C5H11Br

107-82-4

151.045

liq

-112

1253 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane 1254 3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid 1255 1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene

tert-Pentyl bromide β-Bromoisovaleric acid

C5H11Br C5H9BrO2 C5H9Br

507-36-8 5798-88-9 870-63-3

151.045 181.028 149.029

nd (lig)

74

C7H6BrCl

611-17-6

205.480

10910

C3H8BrClSi

16532-02-8

187.539

131

1.37525

1.463025

C7H13Br

13905-48-1

177.082

181; 6011

1.267615

1.497920

C7H13Br C7H6BrF C8H17Br

2550-36-9 456-41-7 18908-66-2

177.082 189.025 193.125

7626 8820 6710

1.28320

1.490730 1.547420

1259 (Bromomethyl)cyclohexane 1260 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene 1261 3-(Bromomethyl)heptane

3-Methylcyclohexyl bromide

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth vs chl vs eth i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl, CS2

2.257025

1252 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane

1256 1-(Bromomethyl)-2chlorobenzene 1257 (Bromomethyl) chlorodimethylsilane 1258 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth vs peth

120.4

1.2071

108

1.19718

dec 131; 5040 1.293015

1.4420

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; vs chl

1.4421 1.493015

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; vs eth; s bz vs bz, eth, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-65 Br O

Br

Br

Br

2-Bromoheptane

4-Bromoheptane

OH

1-Bromohexadecane

2-Bromohexadecanoic acid

Br O Br

Br

Br

1-Bromohexane

2-Bromohexane

OH

Br

2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±)

O

O

Br

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

O OH

Br

4-Bromo-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)

Br

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanol

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Br

O

Br Br

Br O

HO

OH

OH

Br

1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene

6-Bromohexanoyl chloride

OH

OH OH

O

6-Bromohexanoic acid

Br O

Cl

O

OH

3-Bromohexane

Br

Br

I

Br

I

OH 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene

1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene

H

I

H

1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene

Bromoiodomethane

I

Br

O

C

N

1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene

NH2 Br

Br

H H N

1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene

Br H

4-Bromoisoquinoline

O

Br

O

Bromomethane

Br

1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane

OH

O

Bromomethoxymethane

2-Bromo-4-methylaniline

N

N

NH2 Br

Br

Br 4-Bromo-2-methylaniline

(Bromomethyl)benzene

Br

Br

Br

4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid

3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile

4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile

1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL

Br Br

Br

Br

Cl

OH Br

O 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane

2-Bromo-2-methylbutane

3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid

Br

Br

1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene

Br Br

Br

Si

Cl

(Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane

F 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane

(Bromomethyl)cyclohexane

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene

3-(Bromomethyl)heptane

3-66

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C8H9Br

89-92-9

185.061

pr

21

217; 10816

1.381123

1.573020

C8H9Br

620-13-3

185.061

212.5

1.371123

1.566020

C8H9Br

104-81-4

185.061

nd (al)

220

1.32425

C11H9Br

3163-27-7

221.093

cry (peth, al) 56

18318, 16710

1266 2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

C11H9Br

939-26-4

221.093

lf (al)

213100, 16714

1267 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene 1268 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

C7H6BrNO2 C7H6BrNO2

3958-57-4 100-11-8

216.033 216.033

nd or pl (al) 59.3 nd (al) 99.5

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc

1269 2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol 1270 (Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)

C7H6BrNO3 C3H5BrO

772-33-8 82584-73-4

232.032 136.975

liq

C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C7H7BrO

25346-33-2 626-88-0 4283-80-1 25346-31-0 6627-55-0

165.071 165.071 165.071 165.071 187.034

nd (peth)

C13H11BrO

51632-16-7

263.129

oil

C9H9BrO

619-41-0

213.070

2-(Bromomethyl)-1 H-isoindole- C9H6BrNO2 1,3(2H)-dione Isobutyl bromide C4H9Br

5332-26-3

tert-Butyl bromide α-Bromoisobutyric acid

No. Name

Synonym

1262 1-(Bromomethyl)-2methylbenzene 1263 1-(Bromomethyl)-3methylbenzene 1264 1-(Bromomethyl)-4methylbenzene 1265 1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

35

56

16213

148 -40

137

1.61514

1.484120

1.162420 1.168320

56.5

141 145 142.5; 70100 130; 76100 213.5

1.449520 1.4490 1.44223 1.452520 1.577220

nd or lf (al)

51

15714

240.054

pr (chl, bz)

151.5

78-77-3

137.018

liq

-119

91.1

1.27215

1.434820

C4H9Br C4H7BrO2 C4H6Br2O

507-19-7 2052-01-9 20769-85-1

137.018 167.002 229.898

liq cry (peth)

-16.2 48.5

73.3 199; 11524 163

1.427820 1.496960 1.406714

1.427820

C4H7Br C4H7Br C5H9BrO C4H11BrSi C10H7Br

3017-69-4 1458-98-6 1192-30-9 18243-41-9 90-11-9

135.003 135.003 165.028 167.120 207.067

1.33620 1.31320 1.467920 1.17025 1.478520

1.485020 1.446020 1.65820

1288 2-Bromonaphthalene

C10H7Br

580-13-2

207.067

1.60525

1.638260

1289 4-Bromo-1,8naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride 1290 1-Bromo-2-naphthol

C12H5BrO3

81-86-7

277.070

C10H7BrO

573-97-7

223.066

1291 4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline

C6H5BrN2O2

875-51-4

217.020

1292 1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene

C6H4BrNO2

577-19-5

1293 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene

C6H4BrNO2

1271 1272 1273 1274 1275

1-Bromo-2-methylpentane 1-Bromo-4-methylpentane 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane 3-Bromo-3-methylpentane 2-Bromo-4-methylphenol

1276 1-(Bromomethyl)-3phenoxybenzene 1277 2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl) ethanone 1278 N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide 1279 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane

1280 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1281 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid 1282 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide 1283 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene 1284 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene 1285 2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran 1286 (Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane 1287 1-Bromonaphthalene

2-Methylpentyl bromide

3-Phenoxybenzyl bromide

1-Naphthyl bromide

oily liq

6.1

91 95 170; 7022 116.5 281

pl or orth lf (al)

55.9

281.5

202.006

585-79-5

202.006

C6H4BrNO2

586-78-7

202.006

CH2BrNO2 C3H6BrNO4 C9H19Br C18H37Br

563-70-2 52-51-7 693-58-3 112-89-0

139.937 199.989 207.151 333.391

C8H17Br

111-83-1

193.125

1300 2-Bromooctane, (±)

C8H17Br

60251-57-2

193.125

1301 8-Bromooctanoic acid 1302 1-Bromopentadecane

C8H15BrO2 C15H31Br

17696-11-6 629-72-1

223.108 291.311

1294 1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene 1295 1296 1297 1298

Bromonitromethane 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol 1-Bromononane 1-Bromooctadecane

1299 1-Bromooctane

p-Nitrobromobenzene

Bronopol

Octyl bromide

vs eth, EtOH s ace; sl bz, chl; vs AcOEt i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl, bz; s ctc i H2O; sl ctc vs ace, CS2

s EtOH, eth s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc

222

orth pr (bzlig) nd (HOAc) oran-ye nd (w) pa ye (al)

1-Bromo-β-naphthol

1.183520 1.542225

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH

84

130

111.5

sub

43

258

1.624580

orth

56

265

1.703620

orth or mcl pr (al)

127

256

1.94825

149; 7140

1.597920

1.488020

liq cry (al)

131.5 -29.0 28.2

221.4; 884 362; 21010

1.084525 0.984820

1.452225 1.463120

liq

-55.0

200.8

1.107225

1.450325

188.5

1.087825

1.444225

1472 322

1.067520

1.461120

nd (peth)

38.5 19

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl vs EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s ace; vs chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-67 Br

Br

Br

Br Br

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzene

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-methylbenzene

Br

Br

1-(Bromomethyl)-4-methylbenzene

1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

OH Br

N O

O O

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene

N

O

N

O

1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

Br

2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol

(Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)

OH

Br

Br

O

O

1-Bromo-2-methylpentane

1-Bromo-4-methylpentane

O

O

Br

Br Br Br

Br 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane

3-Bromo-3-methylpentane

2-Bromo-4-methylphenol

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxybenzene

2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethanone

O Br

Br

N

OH

Br O N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide

Br

Br

Br

O

1-Bromo-2-methylpropane

2-Bromo-2-methylpropane

O

2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid

2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide

Br Br Br

Br 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene

O

O

3-Bromo-2-methylpropene

2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran

O

O

Si

Br

NH2 O N

Br

Br

(Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane

O N

Br

O

Br

O N

1-Bromo-2-naphthol

Br O

Bromonitromethane

O

Br

Br

HO

2-Bromonaphthalene

Br

Br

OH

4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride

1-Bromonaphthalene

4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline

NO2 OH

1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene

N O

O

1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene

O

Br

2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

N

O

1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene

Br

1-Bromononane

1-Bromooctadecane

OH Br 1-Bromooctane

Br 2-Bromooctane, (±)

Br

O 8-Bromooctanoic acid

Br 1-Bromopentadecane

3-68

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

Pentyl bromide

C6BrF5 C2BrF5 C5H11Br

344-04-7 354-55-2 110-53-2

246.960 198.917 151.045

liq col gas liq

-31

1.98125 1.809825 1.218220

1.449020

-88.0

137 -21 129.8

1306 2-Bromopentane

C5H11Br

107-81-3

151.045

liq

-95.5

117.4

1.207520

1.441320

1307 3-Bromopentane

C5H11Br

1809-10-5

151.045

liq

-126.2

118.6

1.21420

1.444120

1308 1309 1310 1311

C5H8BrN C5H9BrO2 C5H9Br C14H9Br

5414-21-1 2067-33-6 1119-51-3 573-17-1

162.029 181.028 149.029 257.125

1.398920

1.478020

1.258120 1.409310

1.464020

64.5

11112, 10310 14213 125.5 >360

1312 2-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

95-56-7

173.007

5.6

194.5

1.492420

1.58920

1313 3-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

591-20-8

173.007

33

236.5

1314 4-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

106-41-2

173.007

66.4

238

1.84015

1263.5 12625

1.608820 1.261920 1.71725

No. Name 1303 Bromopentafluorobenzene 1304 Bromopentafluoroethane 1305 1-Bromopentane

5-Bromopentanenitrile 5-Bromopentanoic acid 5-Bromo-1-pentene 9-Bromophenanthrene

9-Phenanthryl bromide

1315 Bromophenol Blue

Bromphenol Blue

C19H10Br4O5S

115-39-9

669.960

1316 1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene 1317 (4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane 1318 N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide

4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether p-Bromoacetanilide

C12H9BrO C9H13BrOSi C8H8BrNO

101-55-3 17878-44-3 103-88-8

249.102 245.188 214.060

1319 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone 1320 1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone

p-Bromoacetophenone

C8H7BrO C8H7BrO

2142-63-4 99-90-1

199.045 199.045

1321 (4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

(p-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

C6H7BrN2

589-21-9

187.037

1322 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1 H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 1323 (4-Bromophenyl) phenylmethanone 1324 2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone

Bromindione

C15H9BrO2

1146-98-1

C13H9BrO

1325 Bromophos

40.0 pr (al)

hex pr 279 dec (HOAc-ace) 18.72 nd (60% al) 168

lf (al)

7.5 50.5

13319 257; 13011

301.135

nd (w), lf (lig), cry (al) cry (lig)

138

90-90-4

261.113

lf (al)

82.5

C9H9BrO

2114-00-3

213.070

C8H8BrCl2PS

2104-96-3

317.999

ye cry

54

1410.01

nD

Solubility

1.444720

s chl

1.64725

1.608420 1.514520

1.575520 1.647

108

350 247.5

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc; msc eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl

1.429820

1.572020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2; sl chl sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, alk sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, alk s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc i H2O; s eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, lig

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; s eth, ctc, tol

1326 Bromophos-ethyl 1327 1-Bromopropane

Propyl bromide

C10H12BrCl2O3PS 4824-78-6 C3H7Br 106-94-5

394.049 122.992

pale-ye liq liq

-110.3

1220.004 71.1

1.353720

1.434320

1328 2-Bromopropane

Isopropyl bromide

C3H7Br

75-26-3

122.992

liq

-89.0

59.5

1.314020

1.425120

1329 3-Bromopropanenitrile

C3H4BrN

2417-90-5

133.975

9225, 697

1.615220

1.480020

1330 2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)

C3H5BrO2

10327-08-9

152.975

pr

25.7

203.5

1.700020

1.475320

C3H5BrO2

590-92-1

152.975

pl (CCl4)

62.5

14145

1.4825

1332 3-Bromo-1-propanol

C3H7BrO

627-18-9

138.991

105185, 8022

1.537420

1.483425

1333 1-Bromo-2-propanol

C3H7BrO

19686-73-8

138.991

146.5

1.558530

1.480120

1334 2-Bromopropanoyl bromide 1335 2-Bromopropanoyl chloride 1336 cis-1-Bromopropene

C3H4Br2O C3H4BrClO C3H5Br

563-76-8 7148-74-5 590-13-6

215.871 171.420 120.976

liq

-113

153 132 57.8

2.061116 1.69711 1.429120

1.478020 1.456020

s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, chl

1337 trans-1-Bromopropene 1338 2-Bromopropene

C3H5Br C3H5Br

590-15-8 557-93-7

120.976 120.976

liq

-126

63.2 48.4

1.396516

1.446716

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc, chl, CS2 vs EtOH vs eth

1331 3-Bromopropanoic acid

1339 3-Bromopropene

1340 (3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene 1341 (3-Bromopropoxy)benzene 1342 3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide

β-Bromopropionic acid

Allyl bromide

3-Bromo-1-propanamine hydrobromide

20

C3H5Br

106-95-6

120.976

liq

-119

70.1

1.398

C9H9Br C9H11BrO C3H9Br2N

4392-24-9 588-63-6 5003-71-4

197.071 215.086 218.918

nd (al, eth)

34 10.7 171.5

13010 12718

1.342830 1.36416

1.4697

20

1.61320

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl s H2O; msc EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-69

F F

Br

F

F F

F

F

Br

F Bromopentafluorobenzene

F F

Br

Br

Br

Br

Bromopentafluoroethane

N

1-Bromopentane

2-Bromopentane

3-Bromopentane

5-Bromopentanenitrile

OH Br Br

OH

OH Br

O Br

OH 5-Bromopentanoic acid

Br

5-Bromo-1-pentene

9-Bromophenanthrene

2-Bromophenol

Br

3-Bromophenol

4-Bromophenol

OH Br

Br

O Br O

Si

HN

O

OH O S O O

O

Br

Br

Bromophenol Blue

Br

1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene

O

HN

Br

Br

(4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane

N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide

1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone

NH2 O

O

O

Br Br

O

Br

1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone

(4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

(4-Bromophenyl)phenylmethanone

Br

Cl

Cl

Br

Br Bromophos-ethyl

1-Bromopropane

O OH

Br

Br

3-Bromopropanenitrile

1-Bromo-2-propanol

Br

Br

O

2-Bromopropanoyl bromide

Br

2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)

Cl

Br Br

OH

3-Bromo-1-propanol

OH

Br

Br 2-Bromopropane

OH

Br trans-1-Bromopropene

O

N

Br Bromophos

3-Bromopropanoic acid

2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone

S O P O O Cl

S O P O O Cl

Br

Br

Br

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

O

2-Bromopropanoyl chloride

O

Br H2N

Br 2-Bromopropene

3-Bromopropene

Br cis-1-Bromopropene

(3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene

(3-Bromopropoxy)benzene

Br

HBr

3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide

3-70

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1343 Bromopropylate

4,4’-Dibromobenzilic acid isopropyl ester

C17H16Br2O3

18181-80-1

428.115

C9H11Br C3H3Br

637-59-2 106-96-7

199.087 118.960

1346 2-Bromopyridine

C5H4BrN

109-04-6

157.997

liq

1347 3-Bromopyridine

C5H4BrN

626-55-1

157.997

liq

C5H4BrN C4H3BrN2O2

1120-87-2 51-20-7

157.997 190.983

C9H6BrN C9H6BrN

5332-24-1 5332-25-2

208.055 208.055

1352 N-Bromosuccinimide

C4H4BrNO2

128-08-5

177.985

1353 1354 1355 1356

C14H29Br C3H2BrNS C6H5BrOS C4H3BrS

112-71-0 3034-53-5 5370-25-2 1003-09-4

277.284 164.024 205.072 163.036

C4H3BrS

872-31-1

163.036

C27H28Br2O5S C7H7Br

76-59-5 95-46-5

624.381 171.035

liq

1360 3-Bromotoluene

C7H7Br

591-17-3

171.035

1361 4-Bromotoluene

C7H7Br

106-38-7

1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368

CBrCl3 C13H27Br C6H15BrSi C2H2BrF3 C2BrF3 CBrF3 C7H4BrF3

1344 (3-Bromopropyl)benzene 1345 3-Bromo-1-propyne

1348 4-Bromopyridine 1349 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 1350 3-Bromoquinoline 1351 6-Bromoquinoline

Propargyl bromide

5-Bromouracil

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

i H2O; vs eth s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s ace, bz

1.5920

77 219.5; 11725 89

1.310625 1.57919

1.544025 1.492220

-40.1

193; 7513

1.633720

1.573420

-27.3

173; 6918

1.6450

1.569420

0.5 310

290.4

1.64500

1.569420

ye oil

13.3 24

275 281

cry (bz)

174

1.664120

2.09825

307 171 1034 150

1.017020 1.8225

1.460320 1.592720

1.68420

1.586820

159.5

1.73520

1.591920

201 -27.8

181.7

1.423220

1.556520

liq

-39.8

183.7

1.409920

1.551020

171.035

cry (al)

28.5

184.3

1.395935

1.547720

75-62-7 765-09-3 1112-48-7 421-06-7 598-73-2 75-63-8 392-83-6

198.274 263.257 195.173 162.936 160.920 148.910 225.006

liq

105 292 163; 6624 26 -2.5 -57.8 167.5

2.01225 1.023425 1.14320 1.788120

1.506520 1.457425 1.456120 1.333120

1.580020 1.65225

1.481720

C7H4BrF3

401-78-5

225.006

151.5

1.61325

1.471620

C7H4BrF3

402-43-7

225.006

160

1.60725

1.470525

C9H11Br

576-83-0

199.087

CBrN3O6 C19H15Br C11H23Br C11H21BrO2

560-95-2 596-43-0 693-67-4 2834-05-1

229.931 323.226 235.205 265.188

1376 (1-Bromovinyl)benzene 1377 (cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene 1378 (trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7Br

98-81-7 588-73-8 588-72-7

183.046 183.046 183.046

1379 1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene 1380 1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene 1381 1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene

C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7Br

2039-88-5 2039-86-3 2039-82-9

183.046 183.046 183.046

liq

1382 Brompheniramine 1383 Brucine

C16H19BrN2 C23H26N2O4

86-22-6 357-57-3

319.239 394.463

ye oily liq mcl pr (w +4) 178

2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10one, monohydrochloride 2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10one, sulfate, heptahydrate

C23H27ClN2O4

5786-96-9

430.924

pr

C46H68N4O19S

60583-39-3

1013.113 nd (w)

5-Butyl-1-cyclohexyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione

C14H22N2O3

841-73-6

266.336

1-Bromotetradecane 2-Bromothiazole 1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone 2-Bromothiophene

2-Thienyl bromide

1357 3-Bromothiophene 1358 Bromothymol Blue 1359 2-Bromotoluene

Bromthymol Blue

Bromotrichloromethane 1-Bromotridecane Bromotriethylsilane 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Bromotrifluoroethene Bromotrifluoromethane 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1369 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1370 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1371 2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

1372 1373 1374 1375

Bromotrinitromethane Bromotriphenylmethane 1-Bromoundecane 11-Bromoundecanoic acid

1384 Brucine hydrochloride 1385 Brucine sulfate heptahydrate

1386 Bucolome

Triphenylmethyl bromide

5.6 nd (al)

94.5

-5.65 6.2 liq -49.3 vol liq or gas -93.9 col gas col gas -172

1

-1

225

1.319110

1.551020

5610 23015 258.8 18818

2.031220 1.550020 1.049425

1.480820

liq nd (liq)

17.5 153 -9.7 57 -44 -7 7

8614, 713 1.402523 552 1.432210 dec 219; 10820 1.426916

1.588120 1.599022 1.609320

-52.8

209.2; 9820 9220 212; 10320

1.592720 1.593320 1.594720

7.7

nd (MeOH)

1500.5

sl EtOH; s ctc i H2O; vs eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; s ace, bz; sl chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; msc ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs chl

i H2O; vs chl

liq

1.416020 1.405920 1.398420

s chl; vs HOAc s EtOH, eth, acid sl H2O, AcOEt, eth; vs ace; i hx vs ace, bz, EtOH

1.455225

i H2O; vs eth; s bz; sl ctc vs EtOH, chl sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

i H2O; vs chl; s HOAc s dil acid sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, chl, tfa; vs MeOH; i bz

84

1860.8

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-71

O HO

Br

O

Br Br

Br

Br

Br Bromopropylate

(3-Bromopropyl)benzene

N

3-Bromo-1-propyne

Br

N

2-Bromopyridine

N

3-Bromopyridine

4-Bromopyridine

O Br

H

N

Br

N H

Br O

O

5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

3-Bromoquinoline

6-Bromoquinoline

O

N Br

N

N

Br

N-Bromosuccinimide

HO

OH

Br

Br

Br N S

Br

S

Br

O

2-Bromothiazole

Br

S

1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone

Br

O S O O

S

2-Bromothiophene

1-Bromotetradecane

3-Bromothiophene

Bromothymol Blue

Br

2-Bromotoluene

3-Bromotoluene

Br Br Si

Br Cl

Cl Br

Cl 4-Bromotoluene

Br

Bromotrichloromethane

F

1-Bromotridecane

Bromotriethylsilane

F F

2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

F

F

F

Br

Bromotrifluoroethene

Br Br F

Br

Br F

F

F F

F

F

Bromotrifluoromethane

1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Br

F F

F

1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F

F

1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

Br Br

Br O 2N

O

NO2 NO2

Br

Bromotrinitromethane

Bromotriphenylmethane

Br

OH

1-Bromoundecane

11-Bromoundecanoic acid

(1-Bromovinyl)benzene

N

Br Br

Br

N

Br Br

Br

(cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

(trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene

1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene

1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene

Brompheniramine

O H

O

N

NH

O H

O

N

H H

Brucine

NH

O

H H

O

HCl

O

O

N O

H O

H H

O

Brucine hydrochloride

N O

N

H2SO4.7H2O O

N

H H

O

Brucine sulfate heptahydrate

Bucolome

H O

3-72

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

1387 Bufotalin

C26H36O6

471-95-4

444.560

cry (+1 al)

223 dec

1388 Bulbocapnine

C19H19NO4

298-45-3

325.359

pr (al)

199.5

C10H19N5O

26259-45-0

225.291

C9H6N2S3

21564-17-0

238.352

liq

dec

No. Name

1389 sec-Bumeton

1390 BUSAN 72A

Synonym

N-sec-Butyl-N’-ethyl-6methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs chl

87

1391 Butachlor 1392 1,2-Butadiene

Methylallene

C17H26ClNO2 C4H6

23184-66-9 590-19-2

311.847 54.091

<-5 vol liq or gas -136.2

156.5 10.9

1.07025 0.6760

1393 1,3-Butadiene

Divinyl

C4H6

106-99-0

54.091

col gas

-108.91

-4.41

C6H8O2 C10H10

1515-76-0 16939-57-4

112.127 130.186

2.3

5840 7611

0.614925 1.4292-25 (p>1 atm 0.94525 1.469020 0.928620 1.608925 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 0.73640 1.41895 vs H2O, eth, ace; s chl, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; i lig 0.801620 1.384320 s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl 0.92320 vs H2O, ace, bz; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 0.8850120 1.4087130 sl H2O, eth; i bz; s EtOH 0.57325 1.332620 i H2O; vs EtOH, (p>1 eth, chl atm) 1.06520 1.426218 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 0.87725 1.496920 s H2O vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, MeOH 1.002420 1.437820 s H2O, EtOH, ace 1.005320 1.440120 1.017120 1.446020 msc H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth 1.003320 1.431025 msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, chl 1.047915 1.425115 1.10525 1.125 1.461120

1394 1,3-Butadien-1-ol acetate 1395 (trans)-1,3-Butadienylbenzene 1396 1,3-Butadiyne

Diacetylene

C4H2

460-12-8

50.059

vol liq or gas -36.4

1397 Butalbital

5-Isobutyl-5-allyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Butyraldehyde

C11H16N2O3

77-26-9

224.256

pr

138.5

C4H8O

123-72-8

72.106

liq

-96.86

74.8

C4H9NO

110-69-0

87.120

liq

-29.5

154

C4H9NO

541-35-5

87.120

lf (bz)

114.8

216

1401 Butane

C4H10

106-97-8

58.122

col gas

-138.3

-0.5

1402 Butanedial

C4H6O2

638-37-9

86.090

C4H12N2 C4H14Cl2N2

110-60-1 333-93-7

88.151 161.073

C4H10O2

26171-83-5

90.121

C4H10O2 C4H10O2

107-88-0 110-63-4

90.121 90.121

1408 2,3-Butanediol

C4H10O2

6982-25-8

90.121

1409 1,4-Butanediol diacetate 1410 1,4-Butanediol diacrylate 1411 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether

C8H14O4 C10H14O4 C10H18O4

628-67-1 1070-70-8 2425-79-8

174.195 198.216 202.248

C12H18O4

1189-08-8

226.269

1398 Butanal

1399 Butanal oxime

1400 Butanamide

Butyramide

1403 1,4-Butanediamine 1404 1,4-Butanediamine dihydrochloride 1405 1,2-Butanediol, (±)

Putrescine

1406 1,3-Butanediol 1407 1,4-Butanediol

1,3-Butylene glycol Tetramethylene glycol

1,4-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy) butane

1412 1,3-Butanediol dimethacrylate

dec 170; 589 lf nd or lf (al, w)

21.91 280 dec

158.5 sub 190.5

cry (eth)

<-50 20.4

207.5 235

7.6

182.5

12

229 830.3 266; 15511

1.449525

290 1334, 760.027

1.02520

1.456020

-1.2

88

0.980818

1.395120

76.8

185.5

20 -53.9

193.3 195.5

1.374820 1.00210

1.468320 1.529020

-111.9

117.6

0.793620

1.384220

7510 1354

1.33120

1.455920 1.464020

1413 1,4-Butanediol dimethacrylate 1414 1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate

Busulfan

C12H18O4 C6H14O6S2

2082-81-7 55-98-1

226.269 246.301

liq cry

116

1415 2,3-Butanedione

Diacetyl

C4H6O2

431-03-8

86.090

liq

C4H7NO2

57-71-6

101.105

1417 Butanedioyl dichloride 1418 1,4-Butanedithiol

Succinyl chloride Tetramethylenedithiol

C4H4Cl2O2 C4H10S2

543-20-4 1191-08-8

154.980 122.252

pr (chl), lf (w) pl or lf liq

1419 Butanenitrile

Propyl cyanide

C4H7N

109-74-0

69.106

liq

1420 1-Butanesulfonyl chloride 1421 1,4-Butane sultone 1,2-Oxathiane 2,2-dioxide 1422 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid

C4H9ClO2S C4H8O3S C8H10O8

2386-60-9 1633-83-6 1703-58-8

156.631 136.170 234.160

1423 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol 1424 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol tetranitrate, (R*,S*) 1425 1-Butanethiol

Erythritol Erythrityl tetranitrate

C4H10O4 C4H6N4O12

149-32-6 7297-25-8

122.120 302.111

liq 13.5 lf (w) cry 236.5 (ace) bipym tetr pr 121.5 61

Butyl mercaptan

C4H10S

109-79-5

90.187

liq

1416 2,3-Butanedione monooxime

10.3

1.42051

-115.7

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace

vs ace, eth, EtOH, lig sl H2O i H2O; sl EtOH, ace vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s alk s eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s bz

vs H2O, EtOH 330.5

1.45120

98.5

0.841620

s H2O; i eth, bz vs EtOH 1.444020

sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-73

O O O H

HO

OH HO

HN

N H

O

O

N

N

O

O

H Bufotalin

N

Bulbocapnine

N

N

O

S

N H

S

sec-Bumeton

S

BUSAN 72A

O Cl

N

O

O C Butachlor

O

1,2-Butadiene

1,3-Butadiene

1,3-Butadien-1-ol acetate

(trans)-1,3-Butadienylbenzene

1,3-Butadiyne

O N O

N H

H O

O

N

O

Butalbital

Butanal

O

NH2

OH

Butanal oxime

Butanamide

Butane

NH2

H2N

O Butanedial

1,4-Butanediamine

OH OH

NH2 2HCl

H2N

OH

1,4-Butanediamine dihydrochloride

O

O

O

OH OH

1,2-Butanediol, (±)

O

O

1,3-Butanediol

1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether

S O O

O

2,3-Butanedione

2,3-Butanedione monooxime

1-Butanesulfonyl chloride

1,4-Butane sultone

HOOC

COOH COOH

1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid

Cl Cl

N OH

COOH O S O O

O

O

O

1,4-Butanediol dimethacrylate

O

O

Cl O S O

1,3-Butanediol dimethacrylate

O

1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate

1,4-Butanediol diacetate

O

O

O

O

O

O O S O

2,3-Butanediol

O

O

O

O O

O

O

OH

1,4-Butanediol

O

O

1,4-Butanediol diacrylate

OH

HO

Butanedioyl dichloride

H H

CH2OH OH OH CH2OH

1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol

HS

N

SH 1,4-Butanedithiol

H H

CH2ONO2 ONO2 ONO2 CH2ONO2

1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol tetranitrate, (R*,S*)

Butanenitrile

SH 1-Butanethiol

3-74

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1426 2-Butanethiol

sec-Butyl mercaptan

C4H10S

91840-99-2

90.187

liq

-165

85.0

0.829520

1.436620

C4H10O3 C13H19ClN2O

3068-00-6 3785-21-5

106.120 254.755

1.1820

1.468820

cry

46

19018, 17212 1450.001

s EtOH, eth, bz, peth; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH

C4H8O2

107-92-6

88.106

liq

-5.1

163.75

0.952825

1.398020

1427 1,2,4-Butanetriol 1428 Butanilicaine 1429 Butanoic acid

2-(Butylamino)-N-(2-chloro-6methylphenyl)acetamide Butyric acid

1430 Butanoic anhydride 1431 1-Butanol

Butyric anhydride Butyl alcohol

C8H14O3 C4H10O

106-31-0 71-36-3

158.195 74.121

liq liq

-75 -88.6

200 117.73

0.966820 0.809520

1.407020 1.398820

1432 2-Butanol

sec-Butyl alcohol

C4H10O

78-92-2

74.121

liq

-88.5

99.51

0.806320

1.397820

1433 2-Butanone

Methyl ethyl ketone

C4H8O

78-93-3

72.106

liq

-86.64

79.59

0.799925

1.378820

C8H16N2

5921-54-0

140.226

171.5

0.840420

1.451120

C4H9NO

96-29-7

87.120

liq

-29.5

152.5

0.923220

1.441020

C8H16O4 C4H7ClO C24H31N3OS C6H10N4O3S2

1338-23-4 141-75-3 653-03-2 16790-49-1

176.211 106.551 409.587 250.298

col liq liq

-89

exp 110 102 2750.05

1.027720

1.412120

cry

261 dec

C4H6O

123-73-9

70.090

liq

-76

102.2

0.851620

1.436620

C4H8

106-98-9

56.107

col gas

-185.34

-6.26

1.396220

1442 cis-2-Butene

C4H8

590-18-1

56.107

col gas

-138.88

3.71

1443 trans-2-Butene

C4H8

624-64-6

56.107

col gas

-105.52

0.88

1444 trans-2-Butenedinitrile

C4H2N2

764-42-1

78.072

nd (bz-peth) 96.8

0.58825 (p>1 atm) 0.61625 (p>1 atm) 0.59925 (p>1 atm) 0.9416111

1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450

Fumaric acid dichloride Isocrotononitrile Crotononitrile Allyl cyanide

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H2Cl2O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N

6117-80-2 821-11-4 627-63-4 1190-76-7 627-26-9 109-75-1

88.106 88.106 152.964 67.090 67.090 67.090

1451 cis-2-Butenoic acid

Isocrotonic acid

C4H6O2

503-64-0

86.090

1452 trans-2-Butenoic acid

Crotonic acid

C4H6O2

107-93-7

86.090

C4H6O2

625-38-7

86.090

C8H10O3 C4H8O C4H8O

623-68-7 4088-60-2 504-61-0

154.163 72.106 72.106

C4H8O

627-27-0

C4H8O C4H6O

1460 2-Butenoyl chloride 1461 (trans-1-Butenyl)benzene 1462 1463 1464 1465

1434 2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene) hydrazone 1435 2-Butanone oxime 1436 1437 1438 1439

2-Butanone peroxide Butanoyl chloride Butaperazine Butazolamide

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide n-Butyryl chloride

1440 trans-2-Butenal

N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4thiadiazol-2-yl]butanamide trans-Crotonaldehyde

1441 1-Butene

1-Butylene

cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride cis-2-Butenenitrile trans-2-Butenenitrile 3-Butenenitrile

1453 3-Butenoic acid 1454 2-Butenoic anhydride 1455 cis-2-Buten-1-ol 1456 trans-2-Buten-1-ol

Crotonic acid anhydride cis-Crotyl alcohol trans-Crotyl alcohol

1457 3-Buten-1-ol

1458 3-Buten-2-ol 1459 3-Buten-2-one

2-Butenylbenzene 3-Butenylbenzene 1-Buten-3-yne Butethamine hydrochloride

Methyl vinyl ketone

Vinylacetylene 2-Isobutylaminoethyl 4aminobenzoate

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc s eth; sl ctc s H2O, bz; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; misc os msc eth

s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz

1.3931-25 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 1.3848-25 s bz

235 13113 159 107.4 120 119

1.069820 1.070020 1.40820

1.4349111 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl peth 1.478220 s H2O; vs EtOH 1.475520 vs H2O, EtOH 1.500418

0.823920 0.834120

1.422520 1.406020

169

1.026720

1.445020

184.7

0.960477

1.424977

169

1.009120

1.423920

247; 12919 123 121.2

1.039720 0.866220 0.852120

1.474520 1.434225 1.428820

72.106

113.5

0.842420

1.422420

598-32-3 78-94-4

72.106 70.090

97 81.4

0.86420

1.408120

C4H5ClO C10H12

10487-71-5 1005-64-7

104.535 132.202

liq

-43.1

124.5 198.7

1.090520 0.901920

1.46018 1.542020

C10H12 C10H12 C4H4 C13H21ClN2O2

1560-06-1 768-56-9 689-97-4 553-68-4

132.202 132.202 52.075 272.771

liq col gas cry

-70

176 177 5.1

0.883120 0.883120 0.70940

1.510120 1.505920 1.41611

2.0 25 pa ye lig liq liq liq

-51.5 -87

nd or pr 15 (peth) mcl pr or nd 71.5 (w, lig) liq -35

<-30

194

186

s eth, ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, lig s H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth s H2O vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; s bz s H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl; i eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-75 Cl

HO

H N

OH

SH

O

OH

2-Butanethiol

1,2,4-Butanetriol

OH

N H

O

Butanilicaine

OH

1-Butanol

Butanoic anhydride

N

N

O

2-Butanol

2-Butanone

O O

Butanoic acid

N OH

O

2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene)hydrazone

OH

2-Butanone oxime

N

O O O

Cl O

O O 2-Butanone peroxide

H N

N S

Butanoyl chloride

O Butaperazine

S

O

S

O NH2

N N

O

Butazolamide

trans-2-Butenal

N N 1-Butene

cis-2-Butene

trans-2-Butene

HO

trans-2-Butenedinitrile

HO

OH

cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol

OH

trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol

Cl O

O

O

N

Cl

O

N

N

trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride

cis-2-Butenenitrile

O

O OH

3-Butenoic acid

OH

HO trans-2-Butenenitrile

3-Butenenitrile

cis-2-Butenoic acid

trans-2-Butenoic acid

O O

2-Butenoic anhydride

OH

OH

cis-2-Buten-1-ol

trans-2-Buten-1-ol

OH 3-Buten-1-ol

OH 3-Buten-2-ol

O O 3-Buten-2-one

Cl 2-Butenoyl chloride

(trans-1-Butenyl)benzene

2-Butenylbenzene

3-Butenylbenzene

H2N O O

N H

Butethamine hydrochloride

HCl

1-Buten-3-yne

3-76

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C11H15N2NaO2S

510-90-7

262.304

2043-38-1 51308-54-4 126-22-7 3329-56-4 4344-55-2 5736-88-9 111-76-2

353.846 372.590 327.527 98.142 165.232 178.228 118.174

C10H22O4

143-22-6

206.280

C9H17NO2S

112-56-1

203.302

liq

C9H20O3 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether C8H16O3 acetate 2,4-D 2-Butoxyethyl ester C14H18Cl2O4

124-16-3 112-07-2

176.253 160.211

col liq liq

1929-73-3

2,4,5-T Butoxyethyl ester

C14H17Cl3O4

Bufexamac

Synonym

1466 Buthalital sodium 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473

Buthiazide Buthiobate Butonate Butoxyacetylene 4-Butoxyaniline 4-Butoxybenzaldehyde 2-Butoxyethanol

1474 2-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxy] ethanol 1475 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate 1476 1-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-2-propanol 1477 2-Butoxyethyl acetate

C11H16ClN3O4S2 C21H28N2S2 C8H14Cl3O5P C6H10O C10H15NO C11H14O2 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether C6H14O2 Denmert

Lethane 384

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz

ye oil

liq

221.5 32

-74.8

1290.5 104 1324 14810 168.4 278

1.086525

1.59626

i H2O; s os

0.820020

1.4067

vs eth, EtOH

0.901520

1.419820

0.989020

1.438920

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs EtOH, MeOH

1220.25

i H2O; vs os

230 192

0.93120

321.197

1591

1.23220

2545-59-7

355.642

1641

1.28020

C12H17NO3

2438-72-4

223.268

C11H16O C10H14O2

10519-06-9 122-94-1

164.244 166.217

229.5 1254

0.920525

1.497020

s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

C17H27NO3

140-65-8

293.401

1966

C7H16O2

5131-66-8

132.201

171.5; 7120

0.88220

1.416820

s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, MeOH

C14H21N3O4

33629-47-9

295.335

1486 N-Butylacetamide 1487 Butyl acetate

C6H13NO C6H12O2

1119-49-9 123-86-4

115.173 116.158

1488 sec-Butyl acetate

C6H12O2

105-46-4

116.158

1489 tert-Butyl acetate

C6H12O2

540-88-5

116.158

1490 tert-Butylacetic acid 1491 Butyl acetoacetate

C6H12O2 C8H14O3

1070-83-3 591-60-6

116.158 158.195

1492 Butyl acrylate

C7H12O2

141-32-2

128.169

1478 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4dichlorophenoxy)acetate 1479 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4,5trichlorophenoxy)acetate 1480 4-Butoxy-Nhydroxybenzeneacetamide 1481 1-Butoxy-4-methylbenzene 1482 4-Butoxyphenol 1483 4-[3-(4-Butoxyphenoxy)propyl] morpholine 1484 1-Butoxy-2-propanol

Pramoxine

1485 Butralin

4-tert-Butyl-N-sec-butyl-2,6dinitroaniline

nd (ace)

-90

s ctc

154

65.5

60

1350.5

liq

-78

229 126.1

0.896025 0.882520

1.438825 1.394120

liq

-98.9

112

0.874820

1.388820

95.1

0.866520

1.385520

6.5 -35.6

190 12750, 858

0.912420 0.967125

1.409620 1.413720

liq

-64.6

145

0.889820

1.418520

liq liq

-49.1

120; 6260 77.00

0.87925 0.741420

1.411020 1.403120

<-72

62.73

0.724620

1.393220

-66.94

44.04

0.695820

1.378420

1493 tert-Butyl acrylate 1494 Butylamine

1-Butanamine

C7H12O2 C4H11N

1663-39-4 109-73-9

128.169 73.137

1495 sec-Butylamine

2-Butanamine, (±)-

C4H11N

33966-50-6

73.137

1496 tert-Butylamine

2-Methyl-2-propanamine

C4H11N

75-64-9

73.137

liq

1497 Butylamine hydrochloride 1498 Butyl 4-aminobenzoate

1-Butanamine hydrochloride Butamben

C4H12ClN C11H15NO2

3858-78-4 94-25-7

109.598 193.243

213 cry (al or bz) 58

1499 2-(Butylamino)ethanol

C6H15NO

111-75-1

117.189

1500 2-(tert-Butylamino)ethanol 1501 N-tert-Butylaminoethyl methacrylate 1502 2-(tert-Butylaminothio) benzothiazole 1503 2-sec-Butylaniline

C6H15NO C10H19NO2

4620-70-6 3775-90-4

117.189 185.264

44

C11H14N2S2

95-31-8

238.372

108

C10H15N

55751-54-7

149.233

1504 4-Butylaniline 1505 4-sec-Butylaniline 1506 4-tert-Butylaniline

C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N

104-13-2 30273-11-1 769-92-6

149.233 149.233 149.233

pa ye ye rd (peth)

17

1507 N-Butylaniline 1508 N-tert-Butylaniline

C10H15N C10H15N

1126-78-9 937-33-7

149.233 149.233

liq

-14.4

1509 2-tert-Butyl-9,10-anthracenedione

C18H16O2

84-47-9

264.319

N-tert-Butyl-2benzothiazolesulfenamide

s H2O

99

0.98220 1738 199; 9111

0.890720

176.5; 7214 10212

0.881820

12016

0.957420

261 238; 11815 241

0.94520 0.94915 0.952515

243.5 215; 9519

0.932320

1.443720

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc s EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc msc H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth s chl

1.536029 1.538020

1.534120 1.527020

s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc sl ctc vs bz, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz; s ctc vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; vs ace, bz, chl s ctc, CS2

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-77 N S

N O

O

N H

Cl

H N

Cl

Na+

NH

O

O

S

H2N

S

S

NH

S O

O

Buthalital sodium

O

O

O

Buthiazide

Buthiobate

NH2 Cl Cl

P O O

O

Butonate

O

Butoxyacetylene

4-Butoxyaniline

O

O

OH

O

4-Butoxybenzaldehyde

2-Butoxyethanol

O

O

O

2-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol

O

O

O

O

O

2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate

O

Cl

O H N

2-Butoxyethyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate

OH O

O N

O

O O

O

O

NH2 HCl

tert-Butylamine

Butylamine hydrochloride

S

O

O

O

Butyl acetate

O O

NH2

O

Butyl acrylate

tert-Butyl acrylate

Butylamine

NH2 sec-Butylamine

O

H N

NH2 Butyl 4-aminobenzoate

NH2

H N OH

2-(Butylamino)ethanol

H N

OH

2-(tert-Butylamino)ethanol

O H N

S HN

O O

N-tert-Butylaminoethyl methacrylate

NH2

NH2

2-(tert-Butylaminothio)benzothiazole

O

N-Butylacetamide

O

Butyl acetoacetate

NH2 N

O

Butralin

O

tert-Butylacetic acid

1-Butoxy-4-methylbenzene

H N

1-Butoxy-2-propanol

OH

tert-Butyl acetate

NH2

NH O N

OH 4-[3-(4-Butoxyphenoxy)propyl]morpholine

O

sec-Butyl acetate

4-Butoxy-N-hydroxybenzeneacetamide

O

O

4-Butoxyphenol

O

O N

OH

O

O

Cl

2-Butoxyethyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate

O

1-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-2-propanol

O

Cl

2-Butoxyethyl acetate

O

O

N

Cl

O

O

S

O

O Cl

O

O

OH

O

H N O

2-sec-Butylaniline

4-Butylaniline

4-sec-Butylaniline

4-tert-Butylaniline

N-Butylaniline

N-tert-Butylaniline

2-tert-Butyl-9,10-anthracenedione

3-78

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

1510 1511 1512 1513

tert-Butyl carbonazidate

C5H9N3O2 C11H14O C11H14O C10H14

1070-19-5 1200-14-2 939-97-9 104-51-8

143.144 162.228 162.228 134.218

unstab >80

nD

liq liq

-87.85

7370 1237 10711, 13025 183.31

0.970 0.860120

1.5265 1.527020 1.489820

C10H14

36383-15-0

134.218

liq

-82.7

173.3

0.862120

1.490220

1515 tert-Butylbenzene

C10H14

98-06-6

134.218

liq

-57.8

169.1

0.866520

1.492720

1516 1517 1518 1519 1520

C10H14O2 C10H14O2 C11H17N C11H16O C11H14O2

98-29-3 1948-33-0 3378-72-1 877-65-6 136-60-7

166.217 166.217 163.260 164.244 178.228

54.3 128

285; 16022

liq

-22.4

0.92825 1.00020

1.495125 1.517920 1.494025

1521 2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 1522 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 1523 4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid

C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2

1077-58-3 7498-54-6 98-73-7

178.228 178.228 178.228

pl (dil al) nd (peth) nd (dil al)

80.5 128.8 164.5

1524 1525 1526 1527 1528

4-Butylbenzoyl chloride 4-tert-Butylbenzoyl chloride 2-Butyl-1,1’-biphenyl tert-Butyl bromoacetate Butyl butanoate

C11H13ClO C11H13ClO C16H18 C6H11BrO2 C8H16O2

28788-62-7 1710-98-1 54532-97-7 5292-43-3 109-21-7

196.673 196.673 210.314 195.054 144.212

1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534

Butyl cis-2-butenedioate Butyl carbamate Butyl chloroacetate tert-Butyl chloroacetate Butylchlorodimethylsilane Butyl chloroformate

C8H12O4 C5H11NO2 C6H11ClO2 C6H11ClO2 C6H15ClSi C5H9ClO2

925-21-3 592-35-8 590-02-3 107-59-5 1000-50-6 592-34-7

172.179 117.147 150.603 150.603 150.722 136.577

C11H14ClNO2

575-74-6

227.688

C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C8H18CrO4

54819-86-2 27387-79-7 1189-85-1

164.630 164.630 230.223

C18H32O7 C7H11NO2 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H18O C10H21N

77-94-1 5459-58-5 1678-93-9 7058-01-7 3178-22-1 13491-79-7 937-05-3 21862-63-5 98-53-3 10108-56-2

360.443 141.168 140.266 140.266 140.266 156.265 156.265 156.265 154.249 155.281

C18H24O4 C9H18

84-64-0 2040-95-1

304.382 126.239

2,4-D Butyl ester

C6H10Cl2O2 C12H14Cl2O3

29003-73-4 94-80-4

185.048 277.143

N,N-Dimethyl-1-butanamine

C8H14O2 C6H15N

104-50-7 927-62-8

142.196 101.190

Musk ketone

C12H18 C14H18N2O5

98-19-1 81-14-1

162.271 294.303

C12H18O C12H18O C12H18O C12H15N3O6

1879-09-0 17696-37-6 879-97-0 81-15-2

C10H12N2O5

1420-07-1

tert-Butyl azidoformate 4-Butylbenzaldehyde 4-tert-Butylbenzaldehyde Butylbenzene

1514 sec-Butylbenzene, (±)

4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol N-tert-Butylbenzenemethanamine 4-tert-Butylbenzenemethanol Butyl benzoate

1535 N-Butyl-4-chloro-2hydroxybenzamide 1536 Butyl 2-chloropropanoate 1537 Butyl 3-chloropropanoate 1538 tert-Butyl chromate 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548

2-Phenylbutane

Butyl citrate Butyl cyanoacetate Butylcyclohexane sec-Butylcyclohexane tert-Butylcyclohexane 2-tert-Butylcyclohexanol cis-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol trans-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol 4-tert-Butylcyclohexanone Butylcyclohexylamine

Monobutyl maleate

Buclosamide

N-Butylcyclohexanamine

1549 Butyl cyclohexyl phthalate 1550 Butylcyclopentane 1551 Butyl dichloroacetate 1552 Butyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetate 1553 5-Butyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone 1554 Butyldimethylamine 1555 1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1556 4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5dinitroacetophenone 1557 2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol 1558 4-tert-Butyl-2,5-dimethylphenol 1559 4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol 1560 1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6trinitrobenzene 1561 2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

liq

-9.65

liq

-91.5

oil pr

53

755 236; 14020 250.3

15526 266; 13520 291.2 7325 166

1.05125 1.00725 0.967620 0.870020

1.535120 1.536420 1.560420 1.443020 1.407520

1.0925 dec 204; 10814 183 1.070420 150; 5010 139 0.87620 142 1.07425

1.429720 1.426020 1.514520 1.411420

184 10422, 926

1.025320 1.037020

1.426320 1.432120

23322 231; 11515 180 179.3 171.5 13995 11215 11215 909

1.04320 1.001020 0.790220 0.813120 0.812720 0.90225

1.446020 1.420020 1.440820 1.446720 1.446920

Solubility

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz s tfa

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc vs EtOH vs EtOH, peth i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s chl

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs EtOH; sl chl vs eth, EtOH dec H2O msc eth; s ace; sl ctc

91.5

red cry (peth)

-5 -20

liq

-74.73

liq

-41.2 45 83 83 48 208.3

col liq liq

vs eth vs H2O, eth reac H2O

i H2O i H2O; s ace i H2O

sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; misc os vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

-108

≈2055 156.6

1.07625 0.784620

1.431620

193.5 1331

1.182020

1.442020

9

13220 95

0.979619 0.720620

1.445119 1.397020

s EtOH; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz s ctc vs chl

1.518320 1.531120

i alk s alk s alk i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl

liq ye cry

-18 135.5

207

0.866820

178.270 178.270 178.270 297.263

249 264 248

0.91780 0.93980 0.91680

pl, nd (al)

22.3 71.2 82.4 110

240.212

ye solid

126

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-79

O

O

OH

OH

OH O O

N

N

N

OH

tert-Butyl azidoformate

4-Butylbenzaldehyde

4-tert-Butylbenzaldehyde

Butylbenzene

sec-Butylbenzene, (±)

tert-Butylbenzene

4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol

OH

HO HO HO

O N H 4-tert-Butylbenzenemethanol

O

Cl

O

Butyl benzoate

2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid

3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid

4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid

O

O

4-Butylbenzoyl chloride

Cl

O Br 4-tert-Butylbenzoyl chloride

2-Butyl-1,1’-biphenyl

O O

HO O O

O

tert-Butyl bromoacetate

Butyl butanoate

OH O O

tert-Butyl chloroacetate

Cl

Butylchlorodimethylsilane

O O

O

O

N-Butyl-4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide

O O Cr O O

Butyl 2-chloropropanoate

O Butyl 3-chloropropanoate

tert-Butyl chromate

OH O

N

O

O

Butyl citrate

OH

Cl

Cl

Cl

Butyl chloroformate

Butyl cyanoacetate

OH

Butylcyclohexane

O

sec-Butylcyclohexane

tert-Butylcyclohexane

2-tert-Butylcyclohexanol

O O

O O

H N

Cl

trans-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol

4-tert-Butylcyclohexanone

Butylcyclohexylamine

O Cl

O cis-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol

O Butyl chloroacetate

O

O O

O

OH

O Butyl carbamate

O

O

Cl Si

H2N

Butyl cis-2-butenedioate

O Cl

H N

O

Cl

O

O

O

N-tert-Butylbenzenemethanamine

O

2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol

Butyl cyclohexyl phthalate

Butylcyclopentane

Butyl dichloroacetate

O O O Cl

O

O O

Cl Butyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate

O

5-Butyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone

OH

N Butyldimethylamine

1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene

OH

OH

O

4-tert-Butyl-2,5-dimethylphenol

4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol

O N

N

N O

O

4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone

O N

O 2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol

N O

O

O

1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene

O

O N

OH

O

N

O

2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

3-80

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

N-Ethyl-1-butanamine

C26H54 C26H54 C16H32O2 C6H15N

55282-16-1 13475-76-8 106-18-3 13360-63-9

366.707 366.707 256.424 101.190

1566 1-tert-Butyl-4-ethylbenzene 1567 Butyl ethyl ether

C12H18 C6H14O

7364-19-4 628-81-9

162.271 102.174

1568 sec-Butyl ethyl ether

C6H14O

2679-87-0

102.174

C6H14O

637-92-3

102.174

liq

1570 2-tert-Butyl-4-ethylphenol 1571 2-Butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol

C12H18O C9H20O2

96-70-8 115-84-4

178.270 160.254

wh cry

1572 5-Butyl-5-ethyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)- Butethal pyrimidinetrione 1573 Butyl ethyl sulfide 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol 1574 tert-Butyl ethyl sulfide 1575 N-tert-Butylformamide 1576 Butyl formate

C10H16N2O3

77-28-1

212.245

C6H14S C6H14S C5H11NO C5H10O2

638-46-0 14290-92-7 2425-74-3 592-84-7

118.240 118.240 101.147 102.132

1577 sec-Butyl formate

C5H10O2

589-40-2

102.132

762-75-4 2426-08-6 5454-28-4

102.132 130.185 186.292

liq liq liq

No. Name 1562 1563 1564 1565

5-Butyldocosane 11-Butyldocosane Butyl dodecanoate Butylethylamine

1569 tert-Butyl ethyl ether

Ethyl tert-butyl ether

liq liq

den/ g cm-3

nD

0.805820 0.804120

1.450320 1.449920

0.739820

1.404020

msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz

211 92.3

0.864120 0.749520

1.381820

81

0.750320

1.380220

-94

72.6

0.73625

1.375620

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

23 43.8

250 262

0.92750

1.458725

sl H2O, ace; s EtOH

vs EtOH; s chl

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

208

24410 242.510 18018 107.5

-38.4 -124

liq liq liq liq

144.3 120.4; 56109 202 106.1

0.837620

1.449210

0.903 0.895820

1.433020 1.388720

97

0.884620

1.386520

0.872 0.91820 0.863820

1.379020

-67.5

82 169; 7526 226.2

-64.3

208

0.865320

1.415220

192.5 8.6 6

136.53 dec 89; 3617

1.073220 0.896020

1.436020 1.401520

-95.1 -88.9 16 -91.5

Butyl enanthate

C5H10O2 C7H14O2 C11H22O2

1581 Butyl hexanoate

Butyl caproate

C10H20O2

626-82-4

172.265

1582 tert-Butylhydrazine hydrochloride 1583 Butyl hydrogen succinate 1584 tert-Butyl hydroperoxide

Monobutyl succinate

C4H13ClN2 C8H14O4 C4H10O2

7400-27-3 5150-93-6 75-91-2

124.612 174.195 90.121

1585 tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole

Butylated hydroxyanisole

C11H16O2

25013-16-5

180.244

wax

51

268

1586 Butyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 1587 Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

C11H14O3 C11H14O3

2052-14-4 94-26-8

194.227 194.227

liq

-5.9 68.5

271

1.072820

1.511520

Butylparaben Butyl ricinoleate

C22H42O3

151-13-3

354.566

27513

0.905822

1.456622

C4H9ClO

507-40-4

108.566

ye liq

77.5

0.958318

1.40320

C8H18O

17071-47-5

130.228

liq

151

0.76315

1.407721

C8H18O C5H9NO C5H9N C7H16O C5H9NS C5H9NS C5H9NS

33021-02-2 111-36-4 2769-64-4 17348-59-3 592-82-5 116724-11-9 590-42-1

130.228 99.131 83.132 116.201 115.197 115.197 115.197

liq

0.88020 0.7820 0.736525 0.954620 0.94412 0.918710

1.406020

10.5

112.0 115 120 87.6 168 159.5 140

C7H14O3 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C11H16O C12H16N2O5

34451-18-8 97-88-1 585-07-9 5396-38-3 83-66-9

146.184 142.196 142.196 164.244 268.265

19.0 85

7710 160 135.2 238 18516

1590 Butyl isobutyl ether 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597

tert-Butyl isobutyl ether Butyl isocyanate Butyl isocyanide tert-Butyl isopropyl ether Butyl isothiocyanate sec-Butyl isothiocyanate, (±) tert-Butyl isothiocyanate

1598 1599 1600 1601 1602

Butyl lactate Butyl methacrylate tert-Butyl methacrylate 1-tert-Butyl-4-methoxybenzene 1-tert-Butyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl3,5-dinitrobenzene 2-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol 3-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol Butylmethylamine N-Methyl-1-butanamine 1-tert-Butyl-2-methylbenzene 2-tert-Butyltoluene

1603 1604 1605 1606

1-Isothiocyanatobutane 2-Isothiocyanatobutane, (±) 2-Isothiocyanato-2methylpropane

Solubility

128.5

1578 tert-Butyl formate 1579 Butyl glycidyl ether 1580 Butyl heptanoate

1588 Butyl cis-12-hydroxy-9octadecenoate, (R) 1589 tert-Butyl hypochlorite

1,1-Dimethylethyl formate

Physical Form

liq

pa ye lf (al)

-88

184

1.420420

1.50120

0.974427 0.893620

1.424020

0.938320

1.503920

sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc, chl i H2O; s peth, EtOH sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH vs eth i H2O; vs eth, bz; s ace vs ace, eth, EtOH

vs eth, EtOH s chl vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl

50

C11H16O2 C11H16O2 C5H13N C11H16

121-00-6 88-32-4 110-68-9 1074-92-6

180.244 180.244 87.164 148.245

liq

-50.3

91 200.4

0.763715 0.889720

1.507620

65

1607 1-tert-Butyl-3-methylbenzene

3-tert-Butyltoluene

C11H16

1075-38-3

148.245

liq

-41.4

189.3

0.865720

1.494420

1608 1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene

4-tert-Butyltoluene

C11H16

98-51-1

148.245

liq

-52

190

0.861220

1.491820

1609 Butyl 2-methylbutanoate 1610 Butyl 3-methylbutanoate

Butyl o-toluate Butyl p-toluate

C9H18O2 C9H18O2

15706-73-7 109-19-3

158.238 158.238

179

0.862020

1.413520 1.405825

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, chl; s ace, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-81

5-Butyldocosane

11-Butyldocosane

O

O

H N

O Butyl dodecanoate

O

Butylethylamine

1-tert-Butyl-4-ethylbenzene

OH

OH HO

O

O

H N

sec-Butyl ethyl ether

O N

tert-Butyl ethyl ether

Butyl ethyl ether

2-tert-Butyl-4-ethylphenol

2-Butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol

N H

H S

O S

5-Butyl-5-ethyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

Butyl ethyl sulfide

tert-Butyl ethyl sulfide

O

O O

O N-tert-Butylformamide

O

O

Butyl formate

O

sec-Butyl formate

O

O

O

tert-Butyl formate

O

Butyl glycidyl ether

Butyl heptanoate

OH O H N

O O Butyl hexanoate

O

O

O

tert-Butylhydrazine hydrochloride

O

OH

O

NH2 HCl

Butyl hydrogen succinate

OH

O

tert-Butyl hydroperoxide

O

tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole

O

O

O OH

O OH

OH Butyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

Butyl cis-12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoate, (R)

O

N

O Butyl isobutyl ether

tert-Butyl isobutyl ether

Butyl isocyanate

O N

C

N S

sec-Butyl isothiocyanate, (±)

C

C

O N

O

O

Butyl lactate

tert-Butyl isopropyl ether

C

S

Butyl isothiocyanate

O O

OH

tert-Butyl isothiocyanate

N

C

Butyl isocyanide

O S

Cl

tert-Butyl hypochlorite

O

Butyl methacrylate

OH

OH

O

O

O

tert-Butyl methacrylate

1-tert-Butyl-4-methoxybenzene

O O

N O

N O

O

1-tert-Butyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene

2-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol

H N

3-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol

O

1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene

1-tert-Butyl-2-methylbenzene

O O

1-tert-Butyl-3-methylbenzene

Butylmethylamine

Butyl 2-methylbutanoate

O Butyl 3-methylbutanoate

3-82

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1611 Butyl methyl ether

C5H12O

628-28-4

88.148

liq

-115.7

70.16

0.739225

1.373620

1612 sec-Butyl methyl ether

C5H12O

116783-23-4 88.148

59.1

0.741520

1.368025

1613 2-tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol

C11H16O

2409-55-4

164.244

51.5

237

0.924775

1.496975

1614 2-tert-Butyl-5-methylphenol

C11H16O

88-60-8

164.244

46.5

12711

0.92280

1.525020

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

1615 2-tert-Butyl-6-methylphenol 1616 4-tert-Butyl-2-methylphenol

C11H16O C11H16O

2219-82-1 98-27-1

164.244 164.244

31 27.5

230 237; 13220

0.924080 0.96520

1.519520 1.523020

1617 Butyl methyl sulfide 1618 tert-Butyl methyl sulfide 1619 4-Butylmorpholine

C5H12S C5H12S C8H17NO

628-29-5 6163-64-0 1005-67-0

104.214 104.214 143.227

liq liq liq

-97.8

0.842620

1.447720

-57.1

123.4 98.9 213.5

0.906820

1.445120

1620 1-Butylnaphthalene

C14H16

1634-09-9

184.277

liq

-19.8

289.3

0.973820

1.581920

1621 2-Butylnaphthalene 1622 Butyl nitrate

C14H16 C4H9NO3

1134-62-9 928-45-0

184.277 119.119

liq

-2.5

292 133

0.967320 1.022830

1.577720 1.401323

1623 Butyl nitrite 1624 tert-Butyl nitrite

C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2

544-16-1 540-80-7

103.120 103.120

78 63

0.911425 0.867020

1.376220 1.36820

1625 sec-Butyl nitrite

C4H9NO2

924-43-6

103.120

68.5

0.872620

1.371020

C8H18N2O2

3817-11-6

174.241

1150.01

C13H28 C13H26O2 C12H24O2

17312-63-9 50623-57-9 589-75-3

184.361 214.344 200.318

217.5 12320 240.5

0.763518 0.852025 0.862820

1.427318 1.426225 1.423225

C12H26O C22H42O2 C8H14O3 C9H16O3 C20H40O2

3913-02-8 142-77-8 1694-31-1 2052-15-5 111-06-8

186.333 338.567 158.195 172.221 312.531

246.5; 13215 22715 71.511 237.5

0.89120 0.870415 0.975620 0.973520

1635 Butyl pentanoate

C9H18O2

591-68-4

158.238

185.8

0.871015

1.412820

1636 sec-Butyl pentanoate

C9H18O2

116836-32-9 158.238

174.5

0.860520

1.407020

C14H23N C11H14O3 C10H14O

2961-47-9 614-45-9 3180-09-4

205.340 194.227 150.217

liq

-20

265; 18150 750.2 235

0.887825 1.02125 0.97520

1.484625 1.499020 1.518025

1640 2-sec-Butylphenol 1641 2-tert-Butylphenol

C10H14O C10H14O

89-72-5 88-18-6

150.217 150.217

liq

16 -6.8

228; 11621 223

0.980425 0.978320

1.520025 1.516020

1642 3-Butylphenol 1643 3-tert-Butylphenol

C10H14O C10H14O

4074-43-5 585-34-2

150.217 150.217

42.3

248 240

0.97420

nd (peth)

1644 4-Butylphenol

C10H14O

1638-22-8

150.217

22

248

0.97622

1.516525

C10H14O

99-71-8

150.217

61.5

241

0.98620

1.518221

1646 4-tert-Butylphenol

C10H14O

98-54-4

150.217

98

237

0.90880

1.4787114

1647 4-tert-Butylphenol, phosphate (3:1) 1648 [(4-tert-Butylphenoxy)methyl] oxirane 1649 N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide 1650 1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)ethanone 1651 Butyl phenyl ether 1652 N-Butylpiperidine 1653 Butylpropanedioic acid

C30H39O4P

78-33-1

494.602

C13H18O2

3101-60-8

206.281

16714, 1450.5

1.03625

1.514520

91-49-6 943-27-1 1126-79-0 4945-48-6 534-59-8

191.269 176.254 150.217 141.254 160.168

liq

24.5 17.7 -19.4

281 263; 13720 210 176

0.991220 0.963520 0.935120 0.824520

1.514620 1.51815 1.496920 1.446720

Butylmalonic acid

C12H17NO C12H16O C10H14O C9H19N C7H12O4

pr (w)

104.5

1654 Butyl propanoate

Butyl propionate

C7H14O2

590-01-2

130.185

liq

-89

1655 sec-Butyl propanoate 1656 N-tert-Butyl-2-propenamide

N-tert-Butylacrylamide

C7H14O2 C7H13NO

591-34-4 107-58-4

130.185 127.184

cry (bz)

128

No. Name

1626 4-(Butylnitrosoamino)-1-butanol 1627 5-Butylnonane 1628 Butyl nonanoate 1629 Butyl octanoate 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634

2-Butyl-1-octanol Butyl oleate tert-Butyl 3-oxobutanoate Butyl 4-oxopentanoate Butyl palmitate

1637 4-(1-Butylpentyl)pyridine 1638 tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate 1639 2-Butylphenol

1645 4-sec-Butylphenol

Synonym

N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine Butyl pelargonate

Butyl cis-9-octadecenoate Butyl levulinate Butyl hexadecanoate

Benzoyl tert-butyl peroxide

4-(1-Methylpropyl)phenol

Butoxybenzene

pa ye liq

liq

-38 -42.9

ye cry

-26.4

cry (dil al)

16.9

liq

-92.8

nd (lig)

1.448025 1.418020 1.429020 1.431250

146.8

0.875420

1.401420

133

0.865720

1.395220

i H2O; s eth, ace, bz vs EtOH, MeOH vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, CS2 vs eth, EtOH, chl

vs ace, eth, EtOH vs EtOH sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, py, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk s EtOH, ctc, alk; vs eth vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, alk; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, alk; vs eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, alk i EtOH; sl eth, bz

sl chl s eth, ace vs H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth sl H2O; i peth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-83 OH

OH

O

OH

OH

2-tert-Butyl-5-methylphenol

2-tert-Butyl-6-methylphenol

S

O

Butyl methyl ether

sec-Butyl methyl ether

2-tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol

N

O

S O tert-Butyl methyl sulfide

O

N

4-Butylmorpholine

N N

O

sec-Butyl nitrite

1-Butylnaphthalene

2-Butylnaphthalene

N O

4-tert-Butyl-2-methylphenol

O O

Butyl nitrate

O

Butyl methyl sulfide

N

O

Butyl nitrite

O O

OH 5-Butylnonane

O

Butyl nonanoate

Butyl octanoate

O

O O

O

OH

O

O O

2-Butyl-1-octanol

O

tert-Butyl nitrite

O

4-(Butylnitrosoamino)-1-butanol

N

O

Butyl oleate

O

tert-Butyl 3-oxobutanoate

O

O

O O

O

O Butyl palmitate

Butyl 4-oxopentanoate

Butyl pentanoate

N

sec-Butyl pentanoate

4-(1-Butylpentyl)pyridine

OH OH

OH OH

O O

HO

OH

OH

O

tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate

OH

2-Butylphenol

2-sec-Butylphenol

2-tert-Butylphenol

3-Butylphenol

3-tert-Butylphenol

O O P O O

4-Butylphenol

4-sec-Butylphenol

O O

O

O

N 4-tert-Butylphenol

4-tert-Butylphenol, phosphate (3:1)

O

[(4-tert-Butylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane

N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide

1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)ethanone

Butyl phenyl ether

OH OH

N O N-Butylpiperidine

O

Butylpropanedioic acid

H N

O

O O Butyl propanoate

O sec-Butyl propanoate

O N-tert-Butyl-2-propenamide

3-84

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

1657 Butyl propyl ether

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C7H16O

3073-92-5

116.201

C9H13N C10H13NO2 C22H44O2

3978-81-2 536-69-6 123-95-5

135.206 179.216 340.583

Physical Form

den/ g cm-3

118.1

0.77720

196.5

nD

Solubility

0.91525

1.495820

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s ctc, CS2

343

0.85425

1.432850

Fusaric acid

1661 Butyl thiocyanate

1-Thiocyanobutane

C5H9NS

628-83-1

115.197

186

0.956315

1.436020

1662 2-Butylthiophene 1663 Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate 1664 Butyl 4-toluenesulfonate

C8H12S C9H12O2S C11H16O3S

1455-20-5 56053-84-0 778-28-9

140.246 184.255 228.308

181.5 580.15 1656

0.953720

1.509020

Butyl 2-thiophenecarboxylate

1.131920

1.505020

C6H9Cl3O2 C12H13Cl3O3

3657-07-6 93-79-8

219.493 311.588

204 337

1.277820

1.452525

2,4,5-T Butyl ester Trichlorobutylsilane

C4H9Cl3Si

7521-80-4

191.559

148.5

1.160620

1.436320

C6H9F3O2 C5H12N2O

367-64-6 592-31-4

170.129 116.161

102

1.026822

1.35322

C5H12N2O C5H12N2O

689-11-2 1118-12-3

116.161 116.161

C12H16 C6H12O

1746-23-2 111-34-2

160.255 100.158

liq liq

-36.9 -92

9914 94

0.8920 0.788820

1.402620

926-02-3 107-00-6

100.158 54.091

liq col gas

-112 -125.7

75 8.08

0.769120 0.67830

1.392220 1.396220

26.9

0.691020

1.392120

20.5 183 dec

76.5

0.970825

1.464725

50

238

1668 Butyl trifluoroacetate 1669 Butylurea

-41 97 27

bp/˚C

1658 4-tert-Butylpyridine 1659 5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid 1660 Butyl stearate

1665 Butyl trichloroacetate 1666 Butyl (2,4,5trichlorophenoxy)acetate 1667 Butyltrichlorosilane

liq

mp/˚C

28.5

tab (w), nd (bz) pr (w)

97.0

1670 sec-Butylurea 1671 tert-Butylurea

(1-Methylpropyl)urea

1672 1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylbenzene 1673 Butyl vinyl ether

p-tert-Butylstyrene 1-(Ethenyloxy)butane

1674 tert-Butyl vinyl ether 1675 1-Butyne

2-(Ethenyloxy)-2-methylpropane C6H12O Ethylacetylene C4H6

1676 2-Butyne

Dimethylacetylene

C4H6

503-17-3

54.091

vol liq or gas -32.2

1677 2-Butynediamide

Cellocidin

C4H4N2O2

543-21-5

112.087

cry (dil MeOH)

C4N2 C4H2O4

1071-98-3 142-45-0

76.056 114.057

1678 2-Butynedinitrile 1679 2-Butynedioic acid

217 dec

1.480420

Bis(hydroxymethyl)acetylene

C4H6O2

110-65-6

86.090

1681 2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate 1682 2-Butynoic acid

1,4-Diacetoxy-2-butyne

C8H10O4 C4H4O2

1573-17-7 590-93-2

170.163 84.074

pl (eth, peth) 78

12210 203

0.964120

C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O

764-01-2 927-74-2 2028-63-9

70.090 70.090 70.090

liq liq liq

-1.1 -63.6 -1.5

148 129 106.5

0.937020 0.925720 0.861820

1.453020 1.440920 1.420720

C4H4O C10H10 C4H6O2

1423-60-5 16520-62-0 96-48-0

68.074 130.186 86.090

liq

-43.61

84 190 204

0.879320 0.925820 1.129620

1.407020 1.520820 1.434120

C21H21N3O7 C15H24 C10H20CdN2S4

561-20-6 39029-41-9 14239-68-0

427.408 204.352 408.950

ye cry

>300 12612

0.918215

1.316620

wh cry

255

C8H10N4O2

58-08-2

194.191

sub 90

1.2319

C29H40O9

20304-47-6

532.623

1694 Calcium ascorbate

C12H14CaO12

5743-27-1

390.310

wh nd (w+1), 238 hex pr (sub) small pr 271 (ace) tricl cry (w)

1695 Calcium citrate

C12H10Ca3O14

7693-13-2

498.433

cry (w)

CCaN2 C12H24CaN2O6S2 C12H22CaO14 C44H84CaI2O4

156-62-7 139-06-0 299-28-5 1319-91-1

80.102 396.535 430.373 971.023

col hex cry cry cry wh-ye pow

C6H10CaO6 C10H14CaO4

814-80-2 19372-44-2

218.217 238.294

wh pow (w) col cry (MeOH)

1686 3-Butyn-2-one 1687 3-Butynylbenzene 1688 γ-Butyrolactone

Ethynyl methyl ketone Oxolan-2-one

1689 Cacotheline 1690 γ-Cadinene 1691 Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) 1692 Caffeine

1693 Calactin

1696 1697 1698 1699

Calcium cyanamide Calcium cyclamate Calcium gluconate Calcium iodobehenate

1700 Calcium lactate 1701 Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate

19-Oxogomphoside

Calcium carbimide

Iododocosanoic acid, calcium salt Calcium acetylacetonate

≈100 dec (hyd) ≈1340

dec

i H2O; s eth; sl ctc s ctc

s eth, bz, tol, AcOEt s chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl chl s H2O; vs EtOH; sl bz

1680 2-Butyne-1,4-diol

1683 2-Butyn-1-ol 1684 3-Butyn-1-ol 1685 3-Butyn-2-ol

pl (bz, AcOEt)

169 176 dec

i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth

1.461120

i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth, gl HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth; i bz, peth s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O

sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, ctc; s chl, py

s H2O; i MeOH, EtOH sl H2O; i EtOH sub

2.29

dec H2O vs H2O i EtOH, os i H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; i EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-85

N

Butyl propyl ether

S

C

O

O O S O

Cl Cl

O

2-Butylthiophene

Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate

Cl

Butyl 4-toluenesulfonate

O Cl Cl Si Cl

Cl

O

Butyl stearate

O

S

Cl O

5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid

S

Butyl thiocyanate

O

O

4-tert-Butylpyridine

N

O

OH

N O

O Butyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate

F F

Butyltrichlorosilane

H N

O

Butyl trichloroacetate

H N

NH2

Butyl trifluoroacetate

H N

NH2 O

O

F

O Cl

Butylurea

O

sec-Butylurea

O

NH2

tert-Butylurea

O

O O 1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylbenzene

HO

OH

H2N

Butyl vinyl ether

tert-Butyl vinyl ether

HO

1-Butyne

O

2-Butyne

NH2

N

N

2-Butynediamide

2-Butynedinitrile

OH

O

OH OH

O

O

O

OH

2-Butynedioic acid

2-Butyne-1,4-diol

O

H

O

2-Butynoic acid

O

O O

3-Butyn-2-one

N

γ-Butyrolactone

3-Butynylbenzene

3-Butyn-2-ol

O

H S

O

O O

3-Butyn-1-ol

H

N H H

O

2-Butyn-1-ol

N H

O

OH

O

2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate

N

H

OH

Cacotheline

S

S

N

O

S

N

N

Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)

γ-Cadinene

N

N

Cd

Caffeine

O O CH2O HO

OH H O

OH O

O

H

Ca2

O OH

O

H

O

O

O

OH

O

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

Calcium ascorbate

H N

2

3Ca

O S

O

O

2

Calactin

H HO H H

O

HO HO H

O

2

2

Ca

Calcium citrate

N

N

2

Ca2

O 2

Calcium cyanamide

Calcium cyclamate

2

Ca

O

O I

O

2 Calcium gluconate

2

Ca 2

Calcium iodobehenate

HO

Ca

O 2 Calcium lactate

2

O

O Ca

O

O

Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate

3-86

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C4H6CaO4S2

814-71-1

222.297

pr (w)

220 dec

C29H40O10

20304-49-8

548.622

cry (EtOH)

268

C29H40O9

1986-70-5

532.623

pl (EtOH)

221

C28H48O 2,2-Dimethyl-3C10H16 methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptan e, (1R)C10H16 2,2-Dimethyl-3methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptan e, (1S)C11H16O3

17021-26-0 5794-03-6

400.680 136.234

cry (ace) nd

157.5 52

161

0.895050

1.457025

vs eth

5794-04-7

136.234

52

158

0.844650

1.456454

vs eth

18530-30-8

196.243

1,7,7Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-one, (±) 1,7,7Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-one, (1R) 1,7,7Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-one, (1S) 1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, (1RS, 3SR)

C10H16O

21368-68-3

152.233

C10H16O

464-49-3

152.233

C10H16O

464-48-2

152.233

C10H16O4

5394-83-2

200.232

C10H16O4S

3144-16-9

C20H21NO4 C21H30O2

Synonym

1702 Calcium thioglycollate 1703 Calotoxin

4’β-Hydroxy-19oxogomphoside

1704 Calotropin 1705 Calusterone 1706 Camphene, (+)

1707 Camphene, (-)

1708 d-Camphocarboxylic acid 1709 Camphor, (±)

1710 Camphor, (+)

pr (eth, 50% 127.5 al) wh rhom cry 178.3 (EtOH) pl

178.8

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

s H2O, EtOH; i eth

vs bz, eth, EtOH sub

207.4

0.99025

0.985318

pr, lf

202

1.186

232.297

pr (HOAc)

195 dec

29074-38-2 13956-29-1

339.386 314.462

mcl nd (al) rods (peth)

134 67

1882

C21H26O2

521-35-7

310.430

pl, lf (peth)

77

1850.05

C22H28O3 C10H12O4

976-71-6 56-25-7

340.455 196.200

cry (AcOEt) orth pl

150 218

sub 84

C6H11NO

105-60-2

113.157

lf (lig)

69.3

270

C18H27NO3

404-86-4

305.412

mcl pl or sc 65 (peth)

C40H56O3

465-42-9

584.871

C10H9Cl4NO2S C9H8Cl3NO2S C9H15NO3S

2425-06-1 133-06-2 62571-86-2

349.061 300.590 217.285

1725 Carbachol

C6H15ClN2O2

51-83-2

182.648

1726 Carbamic chloride Carbamyl chloride 1727 Carbamodithioic acid 1728 Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate

CH2ClNO CH3NS2 CH4NO5P

463-72-9 594-07-0 590-55-6

79.486 93.172 141.021

1729 Carbaryl 1730 Carbazole

C12H11NO2 C12H9N

63-25-2 86-74-8

201.221 167.206

pl or lf

145 246.3

C14H11NO2

524-80-1

225.243

lf (AcOEt)

215

C9H9N3O2

10605-21-7

191.186

300 dec

C20H31NO3 C11H9NO4 C9H8O3

77-23-6 22509-74-6 129-64-6

333.465 219.194 164.158

91 164.5

C7H10N2O2S C8H10N2O2 C12H15NO3 CHF2N

22232-54-8 5331-43-1 1563-66-2 2712-98-3

186.231 166.177 221.252 65.023

1712 Camphoric acid, (±)

1713 d-Camphorsulfonic acid 1714 Canadine, (±) 1715 Cannabidiol

DL-Tetrahydroberberine

1716 Cannabinol

6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-pentyl-6Hdibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol

1717 Canrenone 1718 Cantharidin

1719 Caprolactam

6-Hexanelactam

1720 Capsaicin

1721 Capsanthin 1722 Captafol 1723 Captan 1724 Captopril

3,3’-Dihydroxy-β,κ-caroten-6’one, (3R,3’S,5’R)

1-(3-Mercapto-2-methyl-1oxypropyl)proline

Dibenzopyrolle

1731 9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid 1732 Carbendazim

1733 Carbetapentane 1734 N-Carbethoxyphthalimide 1735 Carbic anhydride 1736 1737 1738 1739

Carbimazole Carbobenzoxyhydrazine Carbofuran Carboimidic difluoride

Carbamic acid, 1Hbenzimidazol-2-yl-, methyl ester Pentoxyverine N-(Ethoxycarbonyl)phthalimide

Benzyl carbazate

Solubility s H2O, chl; sl EtOH; i eth, bz

178.6

1711 Camphor, (-)

nD

1.04040

1.5462

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace, bz sl H2O; s chl, eth, EtOH

1.540420

vs H2O; i eth; sl HOAc vs EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, alk i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s HOAc vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, peth; sl con HCl

2150.01

176 cry cry (CCl4) cry (AcOEt)

161 172.5 105

1.7425

210 dec

vs chl s H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, MeOH; sl EtOH; i eth, chl

dec 62 vs EtOH, eth unstab in soln 1.22825 354.69

vs ace, DMF i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s ace vs eth, EtOH, chl, HOAc

1.45

1650.01 orth cry (peth) cry, pow

gas

123.5 69.5 151 -90

1.41725

1.18 -13 dec

vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl vs ace, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-87 O

O O

O

HO

OH H O

HO

O

HO

H

O HS

Ca

O

OH

O

OH H O

H OH

OH

2

O

H

2

O

Calcium thioglycollate

O

H

O

H

Calotoxin

O

H Calotropin

Calusterone

O

COOH

d-Camphocarboxylic acid

O O S O OH

OH

HO

O

O Camphene, (-)

Camphene, (+)

O

Camphor, (±)

O

O

Camphor, (+)

Camphor, (-)

Camphoric acid, (±)

d-Camphorsulfonic acid

O O O

N

O

OH

O

OH

O

O HO

O Canadine, (±)

O

O Cannabidiol

Cannabinol

Canrenone

O

Caprolactam

O N S

N H

OH

HO Capsaicin

Cl

O Cl Cl Cl

Capsanthin

Captafol

O

O

OH

N

N S H

Cantharidin

O

HO

H

N H

O

O O

O

Cl

O

Cl O Cl Cl

O

Captan

O N

SH

H2N

O

Captopril

O

NH2

O Carbachol

S Cl

H2N

Carbamic chloride

O SH

H2N

Carbamodithioic acid

Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate

Carbaryl

O

N H

O

Carbazole

9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid

O

O S

N

O O

Carbimazole

O

O

N H

NH2

Carbobenzoxyhydrazine

O

N

N

O O

O

O

Carbendazim

N

O O

NH

OH N H

O

N

N

Carbetapentane

O

N-Carbethoxyphthalimide

Carbic anhydride

O

H N

O O Carbofuran

N H

O OH P O OH

F F

N

F NH

Carboimidic difluoride

N H γ-Carboline

3-88

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

1740 γ-Carboline

5H-Pyrido[4,3-b]indole

C11H8N2

244-69-9

168.195

nd

225

1741 Carbon dioxide

Carbonic anhydride

CO2

124-38-9

44.010

col gas

-56.56 tp

-78.5 sp

1742 Carbon diselenide 1743 Carbon disulfide

Carbon selenide Carbon bisulfide

CSe2 CS2

506-80-9 75-15-0

169.93 76.141

ye liq col liq

-43.7 -112.1

125.5 46

0.72025 (p>1 atm) 2.682320 1.263220

1744 Carbonic acid 1745 Carbonic dihydrazide 1746 Carbon monoxide

Carbohydrazide Carbon oxide

CH2O3 CH6N4O CO

463-79-6 497-18-7 630-08-0

62.025 90.085 28.010

nd (dil al) col gas

154 -205.02

-191.5

1.61620 0.7909-19

C7H4ClNO4

7693-46-1

201.565

80

16019

C8H6ClNO4

4457-32-3

215.592

32.8

C3H2Cl4O2

17341-93-4

211.859

bp/˚C

Thiophosgene

CCl2S

463-71-8

114.982

red liq

73

1751 Carbonothioic dihydrazide

1,3-Diamino-2-thiourea

CH6N4S

2231-57-4

106.151

1752 Carbon oxyselenide

Carbonyl selenide

COSe

1603-84-5

106.97

-21.5

1753 Carbon oxysulfide

Carbonyl sulfide

COS

463-58-1

60.075

nd, pl (w) nd, 170 dec pl (w) col gas; -122 unstab col gas -138.8

1754 Carbon suboxide 1755 Carbonyl bromide 1756 Carbonyl chloride

1,2-Propadiene-1,3-dione Bromophosgene Phosgene

C3O2 CBr2O CCl2O

504-64-3 593-95-3 75-44-5

68.031 187.818 98.916

col gas

-107

col gas

1757 Carbonyl chloride fluoride 1758 Carbonyl dicyanide

Carbonic chloride fluoride

CClFO C3N2O

353-49-1 1115-12-4

82.461 80.044

C7H6N4O CF2O C11H16ClO2PS3 C20H32N2O3S C12H13NO2S C9H8O4

530-62-1 353-50-4 786-19-6 55285-14-8 5234-68-4 89-51-0

C9H18N4O4 C6H9NO6 C5H9NO4S C14H10O5

N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole Carbonyl fluoride Carbophenothion Carbosulfan Carboxin 2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid

1765 1766 1767 1768

N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine 2-Carboxyphenyl 2hydroxybenzoate 1769 3-Carene, (+) 1770 Carisoprodol 1771 Carminic acid

1772 Carnitine 1773 Carnosine 1774 α-Carotene

Octopine Carbocysteine Salsalate

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid trimethylbetaine N-β-Alanyl-L-histidine

1775 β-Carotene

nD

1.352

1747 Carbonochloridic acid, 4nitrophenyl ester 1748 Carbonochloridic acid, (4nitrophenyl)methyl ester 1749 Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2trichloroethyl ester 1750 Carbonothioic dichloride

1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764

den/ g cm-3

sl H2O, bz; vs MeOH; s EtOH sl H2O

1.845420 1.631920

1.50815

1.544220

-127.78

6.8 64.5 8

1.1140 1.45380 2.5215 1.371925 (p>1 atm

col gas liq

-148 -36

-47.2 65.5

1.12420

162.149 66.007 342.866 380.544 235.302 180.158

cry (bz) col gas

119 -111.2

-84.5 820.01 126

1.13925 1.27120 1.05620

34522-32-2 53861-57-7 638-23-3 552-94-3

246.264 191.138 179.195 258.226

nd (w) cry nd

C10H16 C12H24N2O4 C22H20O13

498-15-7 78-44-4 1260-17-9

136.234 260.330 492.386

C7H15NO3

541-15-1

161.199

C9H14N4O3 C40H56

305-84-0 7488-99-5

226.232 536.873

C40H56

7235-40-7

536.873

C40H56

472-93-5

536.873

1777 ψ,ψ-Carotene

trans-Lycopene

C40H56

502-65-8

536.873

1778 β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)

Zeaxanthin

C40H56O2

144-68-3

568.872

1779 β,ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)

Xanthophyll

C40H56O2

127-40-2

568.872

1780 β,β-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

Cryptoxanthin

C40H56O

472-70-8

552.872

94 184.5

1.24-87

1.391920

1.410020

sl H2O; s EtOH; vs KOH s eth, bz, CS2 s bz, ctc, chl, tol, HOAc reac H2O s eth, ace, ctc, chl

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl

281 167 206 147

sl ace 171; 123200

cry 92 red mcl pr 136 dec (aq, MeOH) cry (al-ace), 197 dec hyg 260 red pl or pr 187.5 (peth, bzMeOH) red br hex pr 183 (bz-MeOH)

0.854930

1.0020

1.0020

red pr (bz- 153 MeOH), viol pr (eth) red pr or nd 175 (peth) ye pr 215.5 (MeOH) orth (chleth) ye or viol pr 196 (ethMeOH) garnet red pr 160 (bz-MeOH)

dec H2O, EtOH; s eth vs H2O dec H2O

1.02817

γ-Carotene

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth Aq. soln. of CO2 vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s bz, HOAc

6311

-50

1776 β,ψ-Carotene

Solubility

2270.06

1.4693

vs ace, bz, eth s os s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O vs bz, eth, chl

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ace, bz i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, peth; s bz, chl sl EtOH, peth; s eth; vs bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, py, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth vs bz, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-89 Cl O

O

O

Cl O

O

O O C O

Se C Se

S C S

Carbon dioxide

Carbon diselenide

Carbon disulfide

HO

H2N OH

Carbonic acid

N H

N H

O

Cl

Cl

Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl ester

F

H2N Cl

Carbonothioic dichloride

Cl

N

Carbonyl dicyanide

N

N

O

O

Carbonochloridic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester

N H

N H

Carbonothioic dihydrazide

N

N

N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole

O C S

O C C C O

Carbon oxyselenide

Carbon oxysulfide

Carbon suboxide

S

Cl

F

F

O

O

O O C Se

S N

N

Carbonochloridic acid, (4-nitrophenyl)methyl ester

NH2

O

N

Carbonyl chloride fluoride

Carbon monoxide

O

O

O

O

S

S

Cl

C O

Carbonic dihydrazide

O Cl Cl

NH2

Carbonyl fluoride

Br

O

O H N

S

N

S

Cl

Carbonyl chloride

O N

Carbophenothion

Br

Carbonyl bromide

O

S O P O

Cl

O

Carbosulfan

Carboxin

HO OH O

O OH

OH O

O

N H

HO 2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid

OH

OH

NH2

H N

NH

H 2N

O

N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine

OH

O

O O

OH O

O

S NH2

OH

L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid

O

O

OH

S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine

2-Carboxyphenyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

3-Carene, (+)

HO O OH

OH O

OH H2N

O

H N

O

O

O

O

O

OH HO

O

OH

OH

Carminic acid

Carnitine

α-Carotene

N

H2N N

O

OH O

Carisoprodol

OH

OH

NH O

N H

Carnosine

β-Carotene

β,ψ-Carotene

ψ,ψ-Carotene

OH

OH

H HO

HO β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)

HO

β,ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)

HO β,β-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

β,ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

3-90

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

1781 β,ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

Rubixanthin

C40H56O

3763-55-1

552.872

1782 ψ,ψ-Caroten-16-ol

Lycoxanthin

C40H56O

19891-74-8

552.872

1783 Caroverine 1784 Carpaine

C22H27N3O2 C28H50N2O4

23465-76-1 3463-92-1

365.468 478.708

1785 Cartap hydrochloride

C7H16ClN3O2S2

22042-59-7

273.804

dk red nd (bz-MeOH) oran-red (bz-peth) red pl (bzMeOH) cry mcl pr (al, ace) cry

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

sl EtOH, peth; s bz, chl

168

i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, CS2 sl i-PrOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH i H2O; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz sl chl

69 121

2020.01

180

1786 Carvenone, (S) 1787 (R)-Carvone

p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, ( R)

C10H16O C10H14O

10395-45-6 6485-40-1

152.233 150.217

25.2

233 231

0.928920 0.959320

1.480520 1.498820

1788 (S)-Carvone

p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, ( S)

C10H14O

2244-16-8

150.217

<15

231

0.96520

1.498920

1789 Caryophyllene 1790 Casimiroin

C15H24 6-Methoxy-9-methyl-1,3C12H11NO4 dioxolo[4,5-h]quinolin-8(9 H)one C24H39NO4

87-44-5 477-89-4

204.352 233.220

12213.5

0.907520

1.498620

468-76-8

405.572

fl (eth)

1792 Caulophylline

C12H16N2O

486-86-2

204.267

1793 α-Cedrene 1794 Cedrol 1795 Cefazolin

C15H24 C15H26O C14H14N8O4S3

469-61-4 77-53-2 25953-19-9

204.352 222.366 454.508

cry (w+2), nd 137 (al, bz) oil 86 nd (ace aq) 200 dec

1796 β-Cellobiose

C12H22O11

13360-52-6

342.296

cry (dil al)

1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805

C18H32O16 C16H17N3O4S C18H19N3O6S C19H17N3O4S2 C16H16N2O6S2 C17H17N3O6S2 C37H38N2O6 C16H19N3O4S C12H17NO3

33404-34-1 15686-71-2 3577-01-3 50-59-9 153-61-7 21593-23-7 481-49-2 38821-53-3 17397-89-6

504.437 347.389 405.425 415.486 396.437 423.463 606.707 349.405 223.268

1806 Cevadine 1807 Chavicine

C32H49NO9 C17H19NO3

62-59-9 495-91-0

591.733 285.338

flat nd (eth)

1808 Cheirolin 1809 Chelerythrine

C5H9NO2S2 C21H19NO5

505-34-0 34316-15-9

179.261 365.380

C20H19NO5

476-32-4

353.369

cry (eth) cry (chlMeOH) mcl pr (al)

C10H6N2OS2 C2H3Cl3O2

2439-01-2 302-17-0

234.297 165.403

C14H19Cl2NO2 C6H5ClNNaO2S

305-03-3 127-52-6

304.213 213.618

pr (w)

65 190

C7H7ClNNaO2S

127-65-1

227.645

pr (hyd)

180 (hyd)

C11H12Cl2N2O5

56-75-7

323.129

150.5

530-43-8 87-88-7

561.537 208.984

pa ye pl or nd (w) cry (bz) red lf (w+2)

103-17-3

269.189

2550-75-6 13360-45-7

397.768 293.544

pow

1967-16-4

223.656

cry

82-93-9 57-74-9

300.826 409.779

oil

1791 Cassaine

Cellotriose Cephalexin Cephaloglycin Cephaloridine Cephalothin Cephapirin Cepharanthine Cephradine Cerulenin

1810 Chelidonine

Kafocin

2,3-Epoxy-4-oxo-7,10dodecadienamide, (2R,3S)-

Stylophorine

1811 Chinomethionat 1812 Chloral hydrate 1813 Chlorambucil 1814 Chloramine B 1815 Chloramine T

1816 Chloramphenicol 1817 Chloramphenicol palmitate 1818 Chloranilic acid 1819 Chlorbenside

1820 Chlorbicyclen 1821 Chlorbromuron 1822 Chlorbufam 1823 Chlorcyclizine 1824 Chlordane

N-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide sodium N-Chloro-4methylbenzenesulfonamide sodium

C27H42Cl2N2O6 2,5-Dichloro-3,6-dihydroxyC6H2Cl2O4 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 1-Chloro-4[[(4C13H10Cl2S chlorophenyl)methyl]thio]benz ene C9H6Cl8 N’-(4-Bromo-3-chlorophenyl)- C9H10BrClN2O2 N-methoxy-N-methylurea 1-Methyl-2-propynyl(3C11H10ClNO2 chlorophenyl)carbamate C18H21ClN2 C10H6Cl8

Solubility

160

142.5

s EtOH, ace, chl, eth, bz, MeOH vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH 262.5; 12512 0.947990

1.482490 s DMF, py; sl MeOH; i chl, bz, eth s H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz

225 dec 208

cry cry (w) cry

≈220 dec s H2O

160 cry (ace aq) 155 ye amor pow 150 col cry (w) 141 dec wh nd 94

sl H2O; s bz, EtOH, ace; i peth

213 dec

47.5

2003 207

135.5

2200.002

170 57

dec 96

vs eth, EtOH, peth vs EtOH, chl vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 1.908120

sl EtOH; i chl, eth s H2O; i bz, chl, eth sub

vs ace, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O

90 283.5 1.421020

75

105 96

1742 1.6920

45.5

106

vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH

sl H2O; s MeOH, EtOH, ace 1400.12 1751

1.6025

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-91 N

H N

O

N

O

O

O

O

HO

N H

N ψ,ψ-Caroten-16-ol

Carpaine

O O S N

O O

NH2

S

O

Caroverine

O

N

O

O

H

N

H

HCl

NH2

N

O H

O Cartap hydrochloride

Carvenone, (S)

(R)-Carvone

(S)-Carvone

O

O

Caryophyllene

N

H HO

O

H

Casimiroin

H

O

Cassaine

α-Cedrene

Caulophylline

HO

HO N N N N

O HO

O OH NH H O

OH

S

O

O S

N

S

O

HO

OH

O

H Cedrol

OH

OH

NH2 O

H

S

S

N

NH

S

S

N

O

N

O

Cephaloglycin

N

O

H

O

O

Cephaloridine

H N

O

O O

OH

S

N H

O

O

OH

S

S

N

HO

Cephalothin

Cephapirin

O

O

N H

O

H

NH2

H

S O

O

N

NH2

O

O

O

O Cepharanthine

OH

O

Cephradine

O

OH OH OH

H

O O

OH

H OH

Cerulenin

Cevadine

HO

O

O H

O

O

O

O

O

N

S

O

Chavicine

N

C

O H

N

O

N

Cheirolin

O

Na O N S Cl

O

Chelerythrine

O N S Cl

Na

Chelidonine

OH

O N

Cl

Chlorambucil

Chloramine B

N O

S

Chloranilic acid

O

O

Cl Cl

Cl O

N O

O

Cl

Cl

Chlorbenside

Chloramphenicol palmitate

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

Cl

H N Cl Cl

N

H N

O

Br

Cl

Cl

Chlorbicyclen

O O

O Chlorbromuron

Chlorbufam

Cl H

N

N

Cl

Cl Cl Cl Cl H

Cl Chlorcyclizine

N Cl

O

Cl H Chlordane

O

N S Cl

Chlordantoin

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl H N Cl

Cl H

Chlordene

Cl Cl

OH Cl

Chloral hydrate

Cl

H N

Chloramphenicol

Cl O

S

O

Chloramine T

Cl

Cl

N

Chinomethionat

Cl

H N

HO

O HO

S O

O

OH

O

OH

N

O O

S

OH

Cl

H

OH

NH

N H

O

O

O

N

O

OH

Cephalexin

O H

HN

O O

O Cellotriose

O H

N

OH

β-Cellobiose

O NH

S

O

HO

Cefazolin

O

NH2

OH

OH

H

HN

O

O

HO

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

OH

HO

N N

OH

Cl Chlordimeform

N

3-92

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name 1825 1826 1827 1828

Chlordantoin Chlordene Chlordimeform Chlorendic acid

1829 Chlorendic anhydride 1830 Chlorfenvinphos 1831 Chlorflurecol 1832 Chloridazon 1833 Chlorimuron-ethyl 1834 Chlormephos 1835 Chlormequat chloride 1836 Chlormezanone 1837 Chlornaphazine

Synonym

1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-5norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C11H17Cl3N2O2S C10H6Cl6 C10H13ClN2 C9H4Cl6O4

5588-20-5 3734-48-3 6164-98-3 115-28-6

347.689 338.873 196.676 388.844

C9H2Cl6O3 C12H14Cl3O4P C14H9ClO3

115-27-5 470-90-6 2464-37-1

370.828 359.569 260.672

235

1698-60-8

221.643

205

90982-32-4 24934-91-6

414.821 234.705

oil

999-81-5 80-77-3 494-03-1

158.069 273.736 268.182

cry pl (peth)

9H-Fluorene-9-carboxylic acid, 2-chloro-9-hydroxy3(2H)-Pyridazinone, 5-amino-4- C10H8ClN3O chloro-2-phenylC15H15ClN4O6S C5H12ClO2PS2 Chloromethyl O,O-diethyl dithiophosphate C5H13Cl2N C11H12ClNO3S C14H15Cl2N

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

cry (EtOH) cry (w)

155 35 232

1560.4

1.10525

1.588525

vs bz, eth, EtOH

1.5244

sl H2O; misc os

1700.05 1.49620

186 830.1 239 dec 117 55

2105

1838 Chloroacetaldehyde 1839 2-Chloroacetamide

C2H3ClO C2H4ClNO

107-20-0 79-07-2

78.497 93.512

liq

-16.3 121

85.5 225

1.19

1840 Chloroacetic acid

C2H3ClO2

79-11-8

94.497

mcl pl

63

189.3

1.404340

C4H4Cl2O3 C10H10ClNO2 C3H5ClO

541-88-8 101-92-8 78-95-5

170.979 211.645 92.524

pr (bz)

46 132 -44.5

203

1.549720

119

1.1520

C2H2ClN C8H7ClO

107-14-2 532-27-4

75.497 154.594

126.5 247

1.193020 1.32415

1.420225

56.5

1846 4-(2-Chloroacetyl)acetanilide 1847 Chloroacetyl chloride

C10H10ClNO2 C2H2Cl2O

140-49-8 79-04-9

211.645 112.942

liq

218 -22

106

1.420220

1.453020

1848 Chloroacetylene 1849 9-Chloroacridine 1850 2-Chloroaniline

C2HCl C13H8ClN C6H6ClN

593-63-5 1207-69-8 95-51-2

60.482 213.663 127.572

col gas nd (al) liq

-126 121 -1.9

-30 sub 208.8

1851 3-Chloroaniline

C6H6ClN

108-42-9

127.572

liq

-10.28

230.5

1.216120

1.594120

1852 4-Chloroaniline

C6H6ClN

106-47-8

127.572

orth pr

70.5

232

1.42919

1.554687

1853 2-Chloroaniline hydrochloride 1854 3-Chloroaniline hydrochloride 1855 2-Chloroanisole

1-Chloro-2-methoxybenzene

C6H7Cl2N C6H7Cl2N C7H7ClO

137-04-2 141-85-5 766-51-8

164.033 164.033 142.583

pl (w, aq al) 235 pl 222 liq -26.8

1856 3-Chloroanisole

1-Chloro-3-methoxybenzene

C7H7ClO

2845-89-8

142.583

1857 4-Chloroanisole

1-Chloro-4-methoxybenzene

C7H7ClO

623-12-1

142.583

1858 1-Chloroanthracene

C14H9Cl

4985-70-0

212.674

lf (HOAc)

1859 1-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H7ClO2

82-44-0

242.658

ye nd (to or 163 al)

sub

1860 2-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H7ClO2

131-09-9

242.658

pa ye nd (al, 211 HOAc)

sub

1861 2-Chlorobenzaldehyde

C7H5ClO

89-98-5

140.567

nd

12.4

211.9

1.248320

1.566220

1862 3-Chlorobenzaldehyde

C7H5ClO

587-04-2

140.567

pr

17.5

213.5

1.241020

1.565020

1863 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde

C7H5ClO

104-88-1

140.567

pl

47.5

213.5

1.19661

1.55561

C7H6ClNO C6H5Cl

609-66-5 108-90-7

155.582 112.557

orth nd (w) liq

141.8 -45.31

131.72

1.105820

1.524120

1841 Chloroacetic anhydride 1842 4-Chloroacetoacetanilide 1843 Chloroacetone

N-Acetoacetyl-4-chloroaniline

1844 Chloroacetonitrile 1845 α-Chloroacetophenone

Chloromethyl cyanide ω-Chloroacetophenone

1864 2-Chlorobenzamide 1865 Chlorobenzene

Phenyl chloride

Solubility s CS2

liq

pl(dil al), rhom, lf (peth)

<-18

1.435155

1.589520

1.50518 198.5

1.191120

1.548020

193.5

1.175912

1.536520

197.5

1.20120

1.539020

1.1707100 1.6959100

83.5

sl EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s eth s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc

s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, peth msc eth; s ace, ctc sl EtOH vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; msc eth; s bz i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, bz; vs tol; s PhNO2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, ace, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz, ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Cl Cl O Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl O Cl

OH OH

Cl

Cl

3-93

Cl

O Cl

O

Chlorendic acid

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Chlorendic anhydride

Cl O

O O P O O

HO

Chlorfenvinphos

H2N OH

O

Cl

N

Chlorflurecol

N

Chloridazon

O

S O

O H N

O H N

O O

N

Cl

N

S O P O S

N

Cl

Cl

Chlormephos

O O

Cl

Cl

Chloroacetaldehyde

Cl

2-Chloroacetamide

O Cl

OH

Chloroacetic acid

Cl

H N

O Cl

O

O

Cl

O

O

Cl

4-Chloroacetoacetanilide

Chloroacetone

O

Cl Cl

Cl α-Chloroacetophenone

Chlornaphazine

O

N

Chloroacetonitrile

Chlormezanone

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Chloroacetic anhydride

H N O

O O

Chlormequat chloride

O NH2

Cl

N

O Chlorimuron-ethyl

Cl N

S

4-(2-Chloroacetyl)acetanilide

Cl

Cl

Chloroacetyl chloride

N

Chloroacetylene

9-Chloroacridine

NH2 NH2

NH2

Cl Cl

2-Chloroaniline

NH2 HCl

NH2

Cl

Cl

Cl

3-Chloroaniline

O

O

HCl

Cl

Cl

4-Chloroaniline

2-Chloroaniline hydrochloride

O

O

Cl

3-Chloroaniline hydrochloride

2-Chloroanisole

3-Chloroanisole

O

O

O

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl 4-Chloroanisole

O 1-Chloroanthracene

Cl

O

1-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedione

2-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedione

2-Chlorobenzaldehyde

3-Chlorobenzaldehyde

O O

NH2

OH

Cl

OH

Cl Cl 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde

Cl 2-Chlorobenzamide

Chlorobenzene

O

2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid

O Cl 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid

3-94

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

1866 2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 1867 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid

C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2

2444-36-2 1878-65-5

170.594 170.594

1868 4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid

C8H7ClO2

1878-66-6

170.594

nd (w) 96 pl (dil al), nd 77.5 (lig) nd (w) 105.5

1869 1870 1871 1872 1873

C8H6ClN C8H6ClN C8H6ClN C8H6Cl2O C7H5ClO3

2856-63-5 1529-41-5 140-53-4 2912-62-1 937-14-4

151.594 151.594 151.594 189.039 172.566

C6H7ClN2

95-83-0

142.586

C6H7ClN2 C6H7ClN2 C6H5ClO2 C6H5ClO2

5131-60-2 615-66-7 4018-65-9 2138-22-9

142.586 142.586 144.556 144.556

1879 4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediol

C6H5ClO2

95-88-5

144.556

1880 2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediol

C6H5ClO2

615-67-8

144.556

1881 1882 1883 1884 1885

C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H7ClS C7H7ClO

89-97-4 4152-90-3 104-86-9 6258-66-8 17849-38-6

141.599 141.599 141.599 158.649 142.583

1886 4-Chlorobenzenemethanol

C7H7ClO

873-76-7

142.583

1887 2-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide 1888 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide 1889 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid

C6H6ClNO2S C6H6ClNO2S C6H5ClO3S

6961-82-6 98-64-6 98-66-8

191.636 191.636 192.620

1890 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride 1891 2-Chlorobenzenethiol 1892 3-Chlorobenzenethiol

C6H4Cl2O2S C6H5ClS C6H5ClS

98-60-2 6320-03-2 2037-31-2

211.066 144.622 144.622

51

1893 4-Chlorobenzenethiol

C6H5ClS

106-54-7

144.622

1894 Chlorobenzilate 1895 2-Chloro-1,3,2benzodioxaphosphole 1896 2-Chlorobenzoic acid

C16H14Cl2O3 C6H4ClO2P

510-15-6 1641-40-3

325.186 174.522

C7H5ClO2

118-91-2

156.567

1897 3-Chlorobenzoic acid

C7H5ClO2

535-80-8

1898 4-Chlorobenzoic acid

C7H5ClO2

1899 2-Chlorobenzonitrile

No. Name

2-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile 3-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile 4-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile α-Chlorobenzeneacetyl chloride 3-Chlorobenzenecarboperoxoic acid 1874 4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediamine

1875 1876 1877 1878

4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediamine 2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediamine 3-Chloro-1,2-benzenediol 4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediol

Synonym

4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine

2-Chloro-p-phenylenediamine

2-Chlorobenzenemethanamine 3-Chlorobenzenemethanamine 4-Chlorobenzenemethanamine 4-Chlorobenzenemethanethiol 2-Chlorobenzenemethanol

p-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid

mp/˚C

24 11.5 29

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

251 261; 13510 265.0 12023, 11014

1.173718 1.180630 1.177830 1.19625

1.543720 s ctc 1.544020

92 dec pl (bz-lig) lf (w) pl or nd nd cry (lig) lf (bz-peth)

76 91 64 48.5 90.5

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, lig vs EtOH 11011 13910.5

vs lig vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz

257

red lf (chl), nd (bz)

lf or nd (dil al) nd (w), pl (bz or bz-lig) lf (al) pr or pl (eth) nd (w+1)

108

263

19.5 73

722 892 10913 11317 230

75

235

188 146 67

1.20225

1.559425 1.557025 1.556625 1.589320 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, lig vs bz, eth, EtOH

14725 14115 205.5 206

1.275210 1.263713

61

206

1.191120

1.548020

37 30

1570.07 8020

1.281620 1.465020

1.571220

mcl pr (w)

140.2

sub

1.54420

156.567

pr (w)

158

sub

1.49625

74-11-3

156.567

tcl pr (al-eth) 243

C7H4ClN

873-32-5

137.567

nd

1900 3-Chlorobenzonitrile

C7H4ClN

766-84-7

137.567

1901 4-Chlorobenzonitrile

C7H4ClN

623-03-0

137.567

C13H9ClO C7H5ClN2S C7H5ClN2S C7H4ClNS

5162-03-8 19952-47-7 95-24-9 615-20-3

216.662 184.646 184.646 169.632

C6H4ClN3 C8H4ClNO3

94-97-3 4743-17-3

153.569 197.576

C7H5ClN2O C7H4ClNO C7H4ClNO2 C7H4Cl2O

61-80-3 615-18-9 95-25-0 609-65-4

168.580 153.566 169.566 175.012

1902 1903 1904 1905

2-Chlorobenzophenone 4-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamine 6-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamine 2-Chlorobenzothiazole

1906 5-Chloro-1H-benzotriazole 1907 6-Chloro-2H-3,1-benzoxazine2,4(1H)-dione 1908 5-Chloro-2-benzoxazolamine 1909 2-Chlorobenzoxazole 1910 5-Chloro-2(3H)-benzoxazolone 1911 2-Chlorobenzoyl chloride

2-Chlorophenyl phenyl ketone

5-Chloroisatoic anhydride Zoxazolamine Chlorzoxazone

Solubility sl H2O; vs EtOH sl H2O, bz, ctc, EtOH; msc eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz

46.3

232

41

10015

nd (al)

95

223; 955

pl (chl-lig)

54 204 200 24

330

vs EtOH vs bz, eth s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz vs eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, peth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl

s H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, ace; sl CS2 sl H2O, bz, ctc, CS2; s EtOH, eth i H2O, bz, ctc; vs EtOH; sl eth, ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl

1.113317

248

1.371510

1.633810

201.5

1.345318

1.567820

vs ace, eth, EtOH

158 280 dec pl (bz) cry (ace) liq

184.5 7 191.5 -4

vs EtOH

238

1.572616

vs EtOH, MeOH s ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-95

OH Cl

4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid

O

O

3-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile

NH2

Cl

Cl

Cl

2-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile

OH

O

N

N

O

Cl

Cl

N

α-Chlorobenzeneacetyl chloride

4-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile

NH2

NH2

OH Cl

NH2

OH

OH OH

NH2 Cl

Cl

3-Chlorobenzenecarboperoxoic acid

4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediamine

OH

NH2

Cl 4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediamine

Cl

2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediamine

Cl

3-Chloro-1,2-benzenediol

4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediol

OH Cl

NH2 NH2

NH2

OH Cl

Cl

OH

4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediol

2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediol

OH

OH

3-Chlorobenzenemethanamine

O O S NH2

O O S NH2 Cl

2-Chlorobenzenemethanol

4-Chlorobenzenemethanamine

4-Chlorobenzenemethanol

2-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide

Cl

4-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid

4-Chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride

O

SH

SH

O O S Cl

Cl

4-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide

SH

4-Chlorobenzenemethanethiol

O O S OH

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

2-Chlorobenzenemethanamine

SH

HO

O

O

OH

O

Cl

Cl P Cl

Cl 2-Chlorobenzenethiol

O O

Cl

Cl

3-Chlorobenzenethiol

O

Cl

4-Chlorobenzenethiol

Chlorobenzilate

2-Chloro-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphole

2-Chlorobenzoic acid

N

OH

N

N

OH

O

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

NH2 Cl

Cl

3-Chlorobenzoic acid

Cl

Cl

4-Chlorobenzoic acid

2-Chlorobenzonitrile

3-Chlorobenzonitrile

S

4-Chlorobenzonitrile

2-Chlorobenzophenone

4-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamine

O Cl N

N H

S

6-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamine

O

Cl

N Cl

S

Cl

N

N

NH2

Cl

2-Chlorobenzothiazole

N H

5-Chloro-1H-benzotriazole

O

Cl

N

2-Chlorobenzoxazole

Cl

5-Chloro-2-benzoxazolamine

Cl

Cl

Cl O

Cl O

O

H N

NH2 O

6-Chloro-2H-3,1-benzoxazine-2,4(1H)-dione

O

N

O

O 5-Chloro-2(3H)-benzoxazolone

Cl 2-Chlorobenzoyl chloride

3-Chlorobenzoyl chloride

Cl 4-Chlorobenzoyl chloride

Cl 1-Chloro-4-benzylbenzene

3-96

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C13H11Cl C10H5ClN2

618-46-2 122-01-0 831-81-2 2698-41-1

175.012 175.012 202.679 188.613

1916 2-Chlorobiphenyl

C12H9Cl

2051-60-7

188.652

1917 3-Chlorobiphenyl

C12H9Cl

2051-61-8

188.652

1918 4-Chlorobiphenyl

C12H9Cl

2051-62-9

188.652

1919 4’-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-amine 4-Amino-4’-chlorodiphenyl 1920 3-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-2-ol 2-Phenyl-6-chlorophenol

C12H10ClN C12H9ClO

135-68-2 85-97-2

203.667 204.651

1921 4-Chloro-1,2-butadiene 1922 1-Chloro-1,3-butadiene

C4H5Cl C4H5Cl

25790-55-0 627-22-5

88.536 88.536

C4H5Cl

126-99-8

88.536

C4H7ClO

6139-84-0

106.551

No. Name 1912 1913 1914 1915

Synonym

3-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 4-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 1-Chloro-4-benzylbenzene o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile

1923 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene

Chloroprene

1924 4-Chlorobutanal

Physical Form

den/ g cm-3

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

1.377020 1.124720

wh cry

16 7.5 96

225 222 299; 1478 312

mcl (dil al)

34

274

1.149932

16

284.5

1.157925

1.618125

lf (lig or al)

78.8

292.9; 14610

cry (peth)

134 6

dec 317

1.2425

1.623730

88 68

0.989120 0.960620

1.477520 1.471220

59.4

0.95620

1.458320

5113

1.1068

1.44668

liq

-130

nD 1.567720 1.575620

Solubility sl chl vs ace sl H2O; s bz, diox, EtOAc, ace i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, lig vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, lig vs ace, bz, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; msc eth, ace, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth

1925 1-Chlorobutane

Butyl chloride

C4H9Cl

109-69-3

92.567

liq

-123.1

78.4

0.885720

1.402320

1926 2-Chlorobutane

(±)-sec-Butyl chloride

C4H9Cl

53178-20-4

92.567

liq

-131.3

68.2

0.873220

1.397120

1927 4-Chlorobutanenitrile

C4H6ClN

628-20-6

103.551

192

1.093415

1.441320

1928 2-Chlorobutanoic acid

C4H7ClO2

4170-24-5

122.551

189627, 10115

1.179620

1.44120

1929 3-Chlorobutanoic acid

C4H7ClO2

625-68-3

122.551

16

11622

1.189820

1.422120

1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935

C4H7ClO2 C4H9ClO C4H9ClO C4H7ClO C4H6Cl2O C4H7Cl

627-00-9 928-51-8 1873-25-2 4091-39-8 4635-59-0 2211-70-3

122.551 108.566 108.566 106.551 140.996 90.552

16

19622, 680.2 8416 141 115 173.5 58.5

1.223620 1.088320 1.06825 1.055425 1.258120 0.910715

1.464220 1.451820 1.440020 1.421920 1.461620 1.416521

1936 3-Chloro-1-butene 1937 4-Chloro-1-butene 1938 cis-1-Chloro-2-butene

C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl

563-52-0 927-73-1 4628-21-1

90.552 90.552 90.552

64.5 75 84.1

0.897820 0.921120 0.942620

1.414920 1.423320 1.439020

1939 trans-1-Chloro-2-butene 1940 cis-2-Chloro-2-butene

C4H7Cl C4H7Cl

4894-61-5 2211-69-0

90.552 90.552

liq

-117.3

85 70.6

0.929520 0.923920

1.435020 1.424020

1941 trans-2-Chloro-2-butene

C4H7Cl

2211-68-9

90.552

liq

-105.8

62.8

0.913820

1.419020

1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947

C10H13Cl C6H15ClSi C16H19ClSi C10H13ClO C4H5Cl C4H10Cl3N

3972-56-3 18162-48-6 58479-61-1 98-28-2 21020-24-6 821-48-7

168.663 150.722 274.861 184.662 88.536 178.488

213 125 1200.06 1148 68.5

1.007518

1.512320

1.0720

1.567520

1.421825

1.421825

HN1

C6H13Cl2N

538-07-8

170.080

-34

6612

1.086123

1.465325

i H2O

Mechlorethamine

C5H11Cl2N

51-75-2

156.053

-60

8718, 645

2-Chlorobenzyl chloride

C7H6Cl2

611-19-8

161.029

-17

217

1.26990

1.553020

3-Chlorobenzyl chloride

C7H6Cl2

620-20-2

161.029

216; 11025

1.269515

1.555420

sl H2O; msc ctc, DMF i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; vs eth, bz vs EtOH

4-Chlorobenzyl chloride

C7H6Cl2

104-83-6

161.029

C3H8Cl2Si

1719-57-9

143.088

C4H6Cl2

1871-57-4

124.997

1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

4-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chloro-1-butanol 1-Chloro-2-butanol 3-Chloro-2-butanone 4-Chlorobutanoyl chloride 2-Chloro-1-butene

1-Chloro-4-tert-butylbenzene Chloro-(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane Chloro(tert-butyl)diphenylsilane 2-Chloro-4-tert-butylphenol 3-Chloro-1-butyne 2-Chloro-N-(2chloroethyl)ethanamine, hydrochloride 2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-Nethylethanamine 2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-Nmethylethanamine 1-Chloro-2(chloromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-3(chloromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-4(chloromethyl)benzene Chloro(chloromethyl)dimethylsila ne 3-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)-1propene

α-Butylene chlorohydrin

cry (eth)

89.5

s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, ace; s chl vs ace, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl i H2O; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH; s ace, chl

215.0

col liq

liq

nd (dil al)

liq

31

-14

223

sl ctc

115.5

1.086520

1.436020

138

1.178220

1.4753

vs EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-97

N

N

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile

HO

2-Chlorobiphenyl

3-Chlorobiphenyl

Cl

4-Chlorobiphenyl

NH2 4’-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-amine

Cl Cl

3-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-2-ol

C

Cl

4-Chloro-1,2-butadiene

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-1,3-butadiene

2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene

Cl

O 4-Chlorobutanal

1-Chlorobutane

O

2-Chlorobutane

Cl

OH

Cl

Cl

N

4-Chlorobutanenitrile

O

O Cl

OH

Cl 2-Chlorobutanoic acid

3-Chlorobutanoic acid

Cl

OH

4-Chlorobutanoic acid

OH 4-Chloro-1-butanol

Cl O

Cl

Cl 1-Chloro-2-butanol

Cl

Cl

O

OH

3-Chloro-2-butanone

Cl

Cl

4-Chlorobutanoyl chloride

2-Chloro-1-butene

3-Chloro-1-butene

Cl

4-Chloro-1-butene

cis-1-Chloro-2-butene

Si

Cl

Cl trans-1-Chloro-2-butene

cis-2-Chloro-2-butene

Si Cl

Cl

Cl

trans-2-Chloro-2-butene

1-Chloro-4-tert-butylbenzene

Chloro-(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane

Chloro(tert-butyl)diphenylsilane

OH Cl

Cl Cl 2-Chloro-4-tert-butylphenol

H N

Cl

N

Cl

HCl

3-Chloro-1-butyne

2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)ethanamine, hydrochloride

Cl

2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethylethanamine

Cl Cl

Cl

N

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-methylethanamine

1-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)benzene

1-Chloro-3-(chloromethyl)benzene

Cl 1-Chloro-4-(chloromethyl)benzene

Cl O

Cl

Cl Si

Chloro(chloromethyl)dimethylsilane

Cl Cl

Cl

3-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)-1-propene

Cl

S

Cl

1-Chloro-4-[(chloromethyl)thio]benzene

Cl 2-Chloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone

3-98

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1955 1-Chloro-4[(chloromethyl)thio]benzene 1956 2-Chloro-1-(4chlorophenyl)ethanone 1957 3-Chlorocholest-5-ene, (3 β)

C7H6Cl2S

7205-90-5

193.094

C8H6Cl2O

937-20-2

189.039

C27H45Cl

910-31-6

405.099

1958 trans-o-Chlorocinnamic acid 1959 trans-m-Chlorocinnamic acid 1960 trans-p-Chlorocinnamic acid

C9H7ClO2 C9H7ClO2 C9H7ClO2

939-58-2 14473-90-6 940-62-5

182.604 182.604 182.604

C6H11Cl

542-18-7

118.604

1962 2-Chlorocyclohexanone

C6H9ClO

822-87-7

132.587

1963 1-Chlorocyclohexene

C6H9Cl

930-66-5

C5H9Cl

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

21.5

12812

1.34625

1.605520

nd (al)

101.5

270

nd (al, ace)

96

212 165 249.5 -43.81

142

1.00020

1.462620

23

8215

1.16020

1.482520

116.588

142.5

1.036119

1.479720

930-28-9

104.578

114

1.005120

1.451020

C5H7ClO C5H7Cl

694-28-0 96-40-2

118.562 102.563

8719, 7312 4040, 2730

1.18525 1.038825

1.475020 1.470826

C11H13ClO C10H21Cl

13347-42-7 1002-69-3

196.673 176.727

18318 225.9

0.869620

1.438020

C10H21ClO C8H12ClNO C16H14ClN3O CHBr2Cl

51309-10-5 93-71-0 58-25-3 124-48-1

192.726 173.640 299.754 208.280

18715 1161, 920.7

0.963025 1.08825

1.457820 1.493225

liq

236.2 -20

120

2.45120

1.548220

1973 Chloro(dichloromethyl)dimethylsil (Dichloromethyl)dimethylchloro C3H7Cl3Si ane silane 1974 5-Chloro-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)- 3’,4’,5-Trichlorosalicylanilide C13H8Cl3NO2 2-hydroxybenzamide 1975 2-Chloro-1,1-diethoxyethane C6H13ClO2

18171-59-0

177.533

liq

-48

149

1.236920

1.46120

642-84-2

316.568

621-62-5

152.619

157.4

1.018020

1.417020

C7H15ClO2 C6H12ClNO C6H15Cl2N

35573-93-4 2315-36-8 869-24-9

166.646 149.618 172.096

8425 19225

0.995119

1.426820

76-04-0 75-68-3 338-65-8 359-10-4 75-45-6

130.478 100.495 100.495 98.479 86.469

hyg col gas

25 -130.8

1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethylene Refrigerant 22

C2HClF2O2 C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClF2 C2HClF2 CHClF2

col gas col gas

-138.5 -157.42

Chlorindanol

C9H9ClO

145-94-8

168.619

nd (peth)

92

Phenarsazine chloride

C12H9AsClN

578-94-9

277.581

ye cry

195

C8H10ClNO2 C4H9ClO2

97-50-7 97-97-2

187.624 124.566

91

C12H14ClNO4

4433-79-8

271.697

107

1961 Chlorocyclohexane

1964 Chlorocyclopentane

Cyclohexyl chloride

Cyclopentyl chloride

1965 2-Chlorocyclopentanone 1966 3-Chlorocyclopentene 1967 4-Chloro-2-cyclopentylphenol 1968 1-Chlorodecane 1969 1970 1971 1972

10-Chloro-1-decanol 2-Chloro-N,N-diallylacetamide Chlorodiazepoxide Chlorodibromomethane

1976 3-Chloro-1,1-diethoxypropane 1977 2-Chloro-N,N-diethylacetamide 1978 2-Chloro-N,N-diethylethanamine, hydrochloride 1979 Chlorodifluoroacetic acid 1980 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1981 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1982 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1983 Chlorodifluoromethane 1984 7-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden4-ol 1985 10-Chloro-5,10dihydrophenarsazine 1986 5-Chloro-2,4-dimethoxyaniline 1987 2-Chloro-1,1-dimethoxyethane

Dowicide 9

Allidochlor

Refrigerant 142b

liq

liq

-31.3 12.5

liq

s EtOH, bz, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; vs CS2 vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl s eth, bz, diox; sl ctc s eth, ace, ctc, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs eth, chl; s ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

247

200 122 -9.1 35.1 -18.5 -40.7

1.355920 1.10725

sl H2O; s eth, ace, chl

1.65

i H2O; sl ctc, bz, xyl

127.5

1.06820

126

0.996

205 232

1.106720

1184-58-3 69-09-0

92.504 355.325

C8H10ClN C8H10ClN

698-01-1 6848-13-1

155.625 155.625

1993 4-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline 1994 2-Chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene

C8H10ClN C8H9Cl

698-69-1 95-72-7

155.625 140.610

nd (al)

35.5 0.8

231 187

1.0480100 1.058915

1995 4-Chloro-1,2-dimethylbenzene

C8H9Cl

615-60-1

140.610

liq

-6

194

1.068215

1996 2-Chloro-N,Ndimethylethanamine, hydrochloride 1997 (2-Chloro-1,1dimethylethyl)benzene

C4H11Cl2N

4584-46-7

144.043

C10H13Cl

515-40-2

168.663

223; 10518

1.04720

-21 195 dec

s chl i H2O; s bz

1.4909-69

C2H6AlCl C17H20Cl2N2S

hyg liq

sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, bz sl H2O

1988 N-(4-Chloro-2,5dimethoxyphenyl)-3oxobutanamide 1989 Chlorodimethylaluminum Dimethylaluminum chloride 1990 2-Chloro-10-(3Aminazin hydrochloride dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazi ne monohydrochloride 1991 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline 1992 3-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline

Neophyl chloride

Solubility

1.415020

sl EtOH, eth, bz, ctc s chl

reac H2O; s hx s H2O; i eth, bz; vs chl, EtOH 1.557820

vs bz, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz s EtOH i H2O; s ace, ctc; vs bz i H2O; s ace, ctc; vs bz sl H2O

1.524720

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

201.0

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-99 O O

O

OH OH Cl

Cl

Cl 3-Chlorocholest-5-ene, (3β)

trans-o-Chlorocinnamic acid

O

Cl

Cl

trans-m-Chlorocinnamic acid

Cl

Cl

Cl OH

trans-p-Chlorocinnamic acid

Chlorocyclohexane

O

HO Cl Cl

2-Chlorocyclohexanone

1-Chlorocyclohexene

Chlorocyclopentane

2-Chlorocyclopentanone

Cl

3-Chlorocyclopentene

4-Chloro-2-cyclopentylphenol

H N

N Cl

N

Cl

O

O Cl

Cl

10-Chloro-1-decanol

2-Chloro-N,N-diallylacetamide

H

Cl Si

Cl

Cl

N H

Br

Cl

Chlorodibromomethane

Chloro(dichloromethyl)dimethylsilane

O

Cl O

5-Chloro-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide

Cl

N

N

2-Chloro-N,N-diethylacetamide

Cl

Cl

Cl

F

OH

F

O

2-Chloro-N,N-diethylethanamine, hydrochloride

2-Chloro-1,1-diethoxyethane

F

Cl

Chlorodifluoroacetic acid

O

3-Chloro-1,1-diethoxypropane

Cl

F

F F 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

Cl

1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethane

NH2

H N

O

H

F

F

Cl

F

Chlorodifluoromethane

7-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-ol

10-Chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine

O

5-Chloro-2,4-dimethoxyaniline

N

H N

Cl

O

2-Chloro-1,1-dimethoxyethane

O

Cl

OH

O

Cl

Cl

As

Cl F

1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene

O

Cl O

O

Cl

HCl

Chlorodiazepoxide

Cl

OH O Br

N

OH

1-Chlorodecane

N O

Cl Al

O

N-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide

Cl

HCl

S

Chlorodimethylaluminum

2-Chloro-10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazine monohydrochloride

N N

N

Cl

Cl Cl 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline

3-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline

Cl

Cl 4-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline

2-Chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene

4-Chloro-1,2-dimethylbenzene

OH

Cl Cl

N

HCl

2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylethanamine, hydrochloride

Cl (2-Chloro-1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene

4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol

3-100

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

1998 4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol

C8H9ClO

1124-06-7

156.609

1999 4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol

C8H9ClO

1123-63-3

156.609

silv-grn nd (lig) nd (w)

C8H9ClO

88-04-0

156.609

2001 Chlorodimethylphenylsilane 2002 1-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-2propanamine, hydrochloride 2003 1-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane

C8H11ClSi C5H13Cl2N

768-33-2 17256-39-2

170.712 158.069

C5H11Cl

753-89-9

106.594

2004 3-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid 2005 Chlorodimethylsilane 2006 2-Chloro-4,6-dinitroaniline

C5H9ClO2

13511-38-1

136.577

C2H7ClSi C6H4ClN3O4

1066-35-9 3531-19-9

94.616 217.567

2007 4-Chloro-2,6-dinitroaniline

C6H4ClN3O4

5388-62-5

217.567

No. Name

2000 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol

Synonym

Chloroxylenol

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

74.5

sl H2O; vs bz, EtOH, peth sl H2O; vs bz, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, bz, peth; s EtOH, eth

83 115

246 195; 8216

1.03220

1.508220 s chl

liq

liq ye cry (DMF aq) oran-ye nd (al) ye orth (eth) nd (al) ye cry ye nd (al, HOAc) ye nd (bz) pa ye cry

-20

84.3

41.5

11010

-111 157

34.7

0.866020

1.404420

0.852

1.383020

147

s EtOH 75

60

2008 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

C6H3ClN2O4

97-00-7

202.552

2009 2-Chloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene

C6H3ClN2O4

606-21-3

202.552

2010 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitronaphthalene 2011 4-Chloro-2,6-dinitrophenol

C10H5ClN2O4 C6H3ClN2O5

2401-85-6 88-87-9

252.611 218.551

2012 2-Chloro-3,5-dinitropyridine 2013 2-Chloro-1,3-dinitro-5(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2014 4-Chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one 2015 2-Chloro-1,2-diphenylethanone

C5H2ClN3O4 C7H2ClF3N2O4

2578-45-2 393-75-9

203.541 270.550

C3H3ClO3 C14H11ClO

3967-54-2 447-31-4

122.507 230.689

liq nd (al)

110 68.5

213; 12218 dec

1.504

16 -9.3

1403 263.2

1.14025 0.867320

0.890225 1.367620 (p>1 atm 1.55520 1.492020 1.201920 1.441920

Chloroethylene carbonate

1.4982

88

315

1.686716

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, tol; sl chl

1.7422

vs eth, EtOH, chl

146.5 81 66.5 57

C13H11Cl C12H25Cl

90-99-3 112-52-7

202.679 204.780

liq

2018 Chloroethane

Ethyl chloride

C2H5Cl

75-00-3

64.514

vol liq or gas -138.4

12.3

2019 2-Chloroethanesulfonyl chloride 2020 2-Chloroethanol

Ethylene chlorohydrin

C2H4Cl2O2S C2H5ClO

1622-32-8 107-07-3

163.023 80.513

liq

201.5 128.6

C9H11ClO3S

80-41-1

234.699

C2H3Cl

75-01-4

62.498

2023 1-Chloro-4-ethoxybenzene

C8H9ClO

622-61-7

2024 (2-Chloroethoxy)benzene

C8H9ClO

2025 1-Chloro-1-ethoxyethane 2026 2-(2-Chloroethoxy)ethanol 2027 2-Chloroethyl acetate

β-Chloroethyl acetate

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS2

315

Lauryl chloride

Vinyl chloride

1.5857

53

2016 Chlorodiphenylmethane 2017 1-Chlorododecane

2021 2-Chloroethanol, 4methylbenzenesulfonate 2022 Chloroethene

vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs ctc

-67.5

1.454020

1.595120 1.443420

21021 -153.84

-13.8

0.910620

1.370020

156.609

21

213

1.125420

1.525220

622-86-6

156.609

28

218.5

C4H9ClO C4H9ClO2

7081-78-9 628-89-7

108.566 124.566

93.5 180; 805

0.965520 1.1825

1.405320 1.452920

C4H7ClO2

542-58-5

122.551

145

1.17820

1.423420

198; 12019

1.205521

1.443020

10550 197.5; 9220

1.06925

1.527620

col gas

2028 2-Chloroethyl acetoacetate 2029 2-Chloroethylamine hydrochloride 2-Chloroethanamine hydrochloride 2030 (1-Chloroethyl)benzene 2031 (2-Chloroethyl)benzene

C6H9ClO3 C2H7Cl2N

54527-68-3 870-24-6

164.586 115.990

C8H9Cl C8H9Cl

672-65-1 622-24-2

140.610 140.610

2032 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene

C8H9Cl

89-96-3

140.610

liq

-82.7

178.4

1.056920

1.521820

2033 1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene

C8H9Cl

620-16-6

140.610

liq

-55

183.8

1.052920

1.519520

2034 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene

C8H9Cl

622-98-0

140.610

liq

-62.6

184.4

1.045520

1.517520

2035 2-Chloroethyl chloroformate

C3H4Cl2O2

627-11-2

142.969

155

1.384720

1.448320

146.3

s EtOH; sl chl; i alk s chl i H2O; vs EtOH; msc ace, ctc; s bz sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH; msc eth msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s chl i H2O; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 i H2O; s ace, bz, ctc, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, peth; s HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-101

OH

OH

Si Cl

Cl

4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol

4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol

Cl

N

Chlorodimethylphenylsilane

Cl

Cl 1-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane

Cl

N

O

O N

O

N

O

N O

O

N

O

N

O N

NH2 O N

O

Cl

O

OH O N

4-Chloro-2,6-dinitroaniline

O

O N

O N

O

Cl

N

4-Chloro-2,6-dinitrophenol

2-Chloro-3,5-dinitropyridine

O

Cl

Cl

O

Cl O O

O Cl

Cl O

Cl

4-Chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one

2-Chloro-1,2-diphenylethanone

Chlorodiphenylmethane

1-Chlorododecane

O O S O

Cl

O S

Cl

Cl

2-Chloroethanesulfonyl chloride

O

O

1-Chloro-2,4-dinitronaphthalene

Cl

Chloroethane

N

2-Chloro-4,6-dinitroaniline

O O

O

2-Chloro-1,3-dinitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl

O

O N

O

N O

F

Cl

O

2-Chloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene

Cl F F

O N

Cl

NH2

O

Chlorodimethylsilane

Cl

1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

O

OH

O

O N

H Si Cl

3-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid

HCl

1-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-2-propanamine, hydrochloride

O O

Cl

Cl

2-Chloroethanol, 4-methylbenzenesulfonate

Chloroethene

Cl

1-Chloro-1-ethoxyethane

O

2-Chloroethyl acetate

Cl

O

Cl

O

OH

2-(2-Chloroethoxy)ethanol

1-Chloro-4-ethoxybenzene

O

O

Cl O

(2-Chloroethoxy)benzene

O

Cl

OH

2-Chloroethanol

O

Cl

2-Chloroethyl acetoacetate

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

NH2 HCl

2-Chloroethylamine hydrochloride

(1-Chloroethyl)benzene

(2-Chloroethyl)benzene

1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene

1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene

Cl

O Cl 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene

N N

H N O

Cl

2-Chloroethyl chloroformate

O

N Cl

O 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea

Cl N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine

3-102

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C9H16ClN3O2

13010-47-4

233.695

ye pow

90

C16H18ClN C16H19Cl2N

51-50-3 55-43-6

259.774 296.235

oily liq cry

194

C4H11ClSi C4H9ClO

6917-76-6 628-34-2

122.669 108.566

Semustine

C3H4ClNO C10H18ClN3O2

1943-83-5 13909-09-6

105.523 247.722

cry

Clomethiazole

C6H8ClNS

533-45-9

161.653

oil

C6H12ClNO C6H13Cl2NO

3240-94-6 3647-69-6

149.618 186.079

C4H9ClS C4H7ClO

693-07-2 110-75-8

124.632 106.551

Synonym

2036 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1- Lomustine nitrosourea 2037 N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine Dibenamine 2038 N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine Dibenamine hydrochloride hydrochloride 2039 Chloroethyldimethylsilane 2040 2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether 2041 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate 2042 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea 2043 5-(2-Chloroethyl)-4methylthiazole 2044 N-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine 2045 4-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine, hydrochloride 2046 1-Chloro-2-(ethylthio)ethane 2047 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

i H2O; s EtOH 1693 i H2O; s EtOH, dil acid 89.5 107.5

0.867520 0.989520

1.410520 1.411320

4417

927

1.23325

421 185

liq

-70

liq

45.0 -43

liq

-26.8

157 108

1.066325 1.049520

1.437820

vs EtOH, eth; sl chl

227.0 137.6 127.6 130

1.223330 1.22125 1.499015

1.491830 1.4911 1.499015

i H2O; s ace, bz

1.174720

1.377520

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs chl

1.19125

1.502620

229.5 1366

1.2225

1.525520

3-Chloro-4-fluoroaniline 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene

C6H5ClFN C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C6H4ClF

367-21-5 348-51-6 625-98-9 352-33-0

145.562 130.547 130.547 130.547

2052 2053 2054 2055

1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1-Chloro-2-fluoroethane Chlorofluoromethane 1-Chloro-3-fluoro-2methylbenzene 2-Chloro-1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene 3-Chloro-4-fluoronitrobenzene 4-Chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1butanone 3-Chloro-2,5-furandione 1-Chloro-1,2,2,3,3,4,4Refrigerant C317 heptafluorocyclobutane 1-Chloroheptane Heptyl chloride

C2H4ClF C2H4ClF CH2ClF C7H6ClF

1615-75-4 762-50-5 593-70-4 443-83-4

82.504 82.504 68.478 144.574

C6H3ClFNO2 C10H10ClFO

350-30-1 3874-54-2

175.545 200.636

C4HClO3 C4ClF7

96-02-6 377-41-3

132.502 216.485

33 -39.1

196 25

1.537525 1.60215

1.498020

liq or gas

C7H15Cl

629-06-1

134.647

liq

-69.5

160.4

0.876220

1.426420

2061 2-Chloroheptane

C7H15Cl

1001-89-4

134.647

6132, 4619

0.867220

1.422120

2062 2063 2064 2065 2066

Hexyl chloride

C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15ClO C16H33Cl C6H13Cl

999-52-0 998-95-8 55944-70-2 4860-03-1 544-10-5

134.647 134.647 150.646 260.886 120.620

144; 4820 144 15020 326.6 135.1

0.869020 0.871020 0.999815 0.863520 0.873825

1.422820 1.423720 1.453725 1.450320 1.420020

2067 2-Chlorohexane

2-Hexyl chloride

C6H13Cl

638-28-8

120.620

122.5

0.869421

1.414222

2068 3-Chlorohexane

3-Hexyl chloride

C6H13Cl

2346-81-8

120.620

123

0.868420

1.416320

C6H13ClO

2009-83-8

136.619

10712

1.024120

1.455020

C19H27ClO2

1093-58-9

322.869

C7H5ClO2

635-93-8

156.567

2072 4-Chloro-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid 2073 3-Chloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid

C8H7ClO3

492-86-4

186.593

C7H5ClO3

3964-58-7

172.566

nd (w)

171

2074 5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H5ClO3

321-14-2

172.566

nd (w, al)

174.8

2075 2-Chloro-5-hydroxybenzophenone 2076 3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde 2077 1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene

C13H9ClO2 C8H7ClO3

85-19-8 19463-48-0

232.662 186.593

tetr

95.3 165

C6H4ClI

615-41-8

238.453

2078 1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene 2079 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene

C6H4ClI C6H4ClI

625-99-0 637-87-6

238.453 238.453

2080 1-Chloro-4-iodobutane 2081 Chloroiodomethane

C4H8ClI CH2ClI

10297-05-9 593-71-5

218.464 176.384

2058 2059 2060

3-Chloroheptane 4-Chloroheptane 7-Chloro-1-heptanol 1-Chlorohexadecane 1-Chlorohexane

Heptamethylene chlorohydrin

2069 6-Chloro-1-hexanol 2070 4-Chloro-17-hydroxyandrost-4en-3-one, (17β) 2071 5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

Clostebol

sl H2O; msc eth; s chl

64 dec

2048 2049 2050 2051

2056 2057

Solubility

vol liq or gas col gas

-135.1

41.5

cry (peth, bz) 11 17.9 liq -94.0

16.2 52.8 -9.1 154

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s chl i H2O; vs eth; s bz, chl, HOAc vs bz, eth vs bz, eth vs EtOH, peth i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth

189 pl (al)

100.3

10512

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, alk vs bz, EtOH

sub

sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, bz; sl ace i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc i H2O; s ace; sl ctc i H2O; s ace i H2O; s EtOH, PhNO2; sl chl

120.3

lf (ace, al) liq

0.7

234.5

1.951525

57

230 227

1.925520 1.88627

116; 8919 109

1.785 2.42220

1.633125

1.540020 1.582220

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-103

N

HCl

Cl

O

Cl Si

N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine hydrochloride

O

Chloroethyldimethylsilane

C

Cl

2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether

N

Cl

2-Chloroethyl isocyanate

Cl N N

H N

Cl

O N

N

Cl

O

Cl

1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea

S

N O

O

5-(2-Chloroethyl)-4-methylthiazole

HCl

N-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine

4-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine, hydrochloride

Cl

NH2 Cl

Cl F S

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-2-(ethylthio)ethane

Cl

O

F

F

F

2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether

3-Chloro-4-fluoroaniline

1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene

1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene

1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene

F Cl

Cl H

Cl F

Cl

F

1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane

Cl

1-Chloro-2-fluoroethane

O

O

F 4-Chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanone

O

O

F

Chlorofluoromethane

1-Chloro-3-fluoro-2-methylbenzene

Cl F

O

O

F F

Cl Cl

F F

3-Chloro-2,5-furandione

1-Chloro-1,2,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluorocyclobutane

1-Chloroheptane

Cl

2-Chloroheptane

Cl Cl

Cl 3-Chloroheptane

N

2-Chloro-1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene

F F

Cl

Cl

F H

OH

4-Chloroheptane

Cl

7-Chloro-1-heptanol

1-Chlorohexadecane

1-Chlorohexane

OH H

O OH

Cl

Cl

Cl 2-Chlorohexane

O

3-Chlorohexane

Cl

OH

O

O

OH O

OH OH

OH Cl

O

Cl

Cl

OH

4-Chloro-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid

3-Chloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid

5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

O

2-Chloro-5-hydroxybenzophenone

Cl Cl

Cl O

5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

OH

OH

Cl

Cl

4-Chloro-17-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17β)

6-Chloro-1-hexanol

Cl OH

3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

H

I I 1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene

1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene

I 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene

I

Cl Cl

1-Chloro-4-iodobutane

I H

Chloroiodomethane

3-104

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C3H6ClI

6940-76-7

204.437

C9H5ClINO C7H4ClNO C7H4ClNO C9H11Cl

130-26-7 3320-83-0 2909-38-8 2077-13-6

305.499 153.566 153.566 154.636

liq

2087 1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene

C9H11Cl

2621-46-7

154.636

2088 1-Chloro-4isothiocyanatobenzene 2089 Chloromethane

C7H4ClNS

2131-55-7

Methyl chloride

CH3Cl

2090 4-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline

4-Chloro-2-anisidine

No. Name

Synonym

2082 1-Chloro-3-iodopropane 2083 2084 2085 2086

2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2100 2101

5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol 1-Chloro-2-isocyanatobenzene 1-Chloro-3-isocyanatobenzene 1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene

5-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline (Chloromethoxy)ethane 1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane [(Chloromethoxy)methyl]benzene 1-(Chloromethoxy)propane Chloromethyl acetate 5-Chloro-2-(methylamino) benzophenone 4-Chloro-N-methylaniline 2-Chloro-4-methylaniline 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline 3-Chloro-2-methylaniline

2102 2103 2104 2105

3-Chloro-4-methylaniline 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline 5-Chloro-2-methylaniline 1-Chloro-2-methyl-9,10anthracenedione 2106 (Chloromethyl)benzene

2107 3-Chloro-Nmethylbenzenemethanamine 2108 α-(Chloromethyl) benzenemethanol 2109 4-Chloro-αmethylbenzenemethanol 2110 5-(Chloromethyl)-1,3benzodioxole 2111 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane

Iodochlorhydroxyquin

Chloromethyl ethyl ether

N-Methyl-2-amino-5chlorobenzophenone

p-Chloro-o-toluidine

Benzyl chloride

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

171

1.90420

1.547220

-74.4

200; 11543 11343 191.1

1.034120

1.516820

liq

-12.3

198.3

1.020820

1.511720

169.632

nd (al)

46

249.5

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc sl EtOH; s HOAc sl ctc sl chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, ctc; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH

74-87-3

50.488

col gas

-97.7

-24.09

0.91125 (p>1 atm)

1.338920

C7H8ClNO

93-50-5

157.598

C7H8ClNO C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C8H9ClO C4H9ClO C3H5ClO2 C14H12ClNO

95-03-4 3188-13-4 627-42-9 3587-60-8 3587-57-3 625-56-9 1022-13-5

157.598 94.540 94.540 156.609 108.566 108.524 245.704

nd or pr (dil 52 al) nd (dil al) 84

83 92.5 10313 109 116

1.018815 1.034520 1.135020 0.988420 1.19420

1.404020 1.411120 1.519220 1.412520 1.40920

C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN

932-96-7 615-65-6 87-63-8 87-60-5

141.599 141.599 141.599 141.599

240 220 215; 9710 245

1.16911 1.15120

1.583520 1.574822

s EtOH, ace, bz sl EtOH, bz

1.588020

C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C15H9ClO2

95-74-9 95-69-2 95-79-4 129-35-1

141.599 141.599 141.599 256.684

C7H7Cl

100-44-7

126.584

C8H10ClN

39191-07-6

155.625

884

1.535025

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz s EtOH; sl ctc s EtOH; sl ctc vs EtOH i EtOH, eth; sl py i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc s chl

C8H9ClO

1674-30-2

156.609

12817, 12111

1.552320

s EtOH; vs eth

C8H9ClO

3391-10-4

156.609

C8H7ClO2

20850-43-5

170.594

C5H11Cl

107-84-6

106.594

2112 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane

C5H11Cl

594-36-5

106.594

2113 2-Chloro-3-methylbutane 2114 1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene

C5H11Cl C5H9Cl

631-65-2 503-60-6

106.594 104.578

2115 3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne 2116 (Chloromethyl)cyclopropane 2117 1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4dimethylbenzene 2118 (Chloromethyl) dimethylphenylsilane 2119 Chloromethyldiphenylsilane 2120 1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2propanol 2121 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene 2122 (1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene 2123 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene 2124 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene 2125 2-(Chloromethyl)furan 2126 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane

C5H7Cl C4H7Cl C9H11Cl

1111-97-3 5911-08-0 824-55-5

102.563 90.552 154.636

C9H13ClSi

1833-51-8

184.738

Isopentyl chloride

Physical Form

mp/˚C

ye br nd (al) 178.5 30.5

260

sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s EtOH; sl lig vs H2O, eth vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

92

7 1

lf (al)

liq

26 30.3 26 170.5

243 244 239; 14038

-45

179

121

1.100420

1.192620

15

1.539120

1.5505

20

20.5

13414

1.31225

1.566020

liq

-104.4

98.9

0.875020

1.408420

liq

-73.5

85.6

0.865320

1.405520

91.5 109

0.87820 0.927320

1.448520

76 88 215.5; 11020

0.906120 0.9825 1.058019

225

1.024025

liq liq

-61 -90.9

20

s ctc

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

1.435020 vs bz, eth, EtOH s ctc, CS2 20

C13H13ClSi C6H13ClO2

144-79-6 4288-84-0

232.781 152.619

295 182; 8720

1.1277 1.091020

1.5742 1.437025

C9H11Cl C9H11Cl C7H6ClF C7H6ClF C5H5ClO C8H17Cl

1467-05-6 934-53-2 345-35-7 352-11-4 617-88-9 123-04-6

154.636 154.636 144.574 144.574 116.546 148.674

9515 981 172; 8640 8226, 7620 4926 172

1.19225 1.21625 1.214320 1.178320 0.876920

1.529025 1.529025 1.515020 1.5130 1.494120 1.431920

s EtOH, eth vs bz, EtOH, chl

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-105

Cl C

N I I

O

N

Cl

Cl

N OH

Cl

1-Chloro-3-iodopropane

Cl

5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol

N

C

Cl

O

C

1-Chloro-2-isocyanatobenzene

1-Chloro-3-isocyanatobenzene

1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene

1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene

S NH2 O

NH2

H H Cl

O Cl Cl

H

1-Chloro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene

Chloromethane

Cl

Cl

4-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline

5-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline

O

O

(Chloromethoxy)ethane

NH O

Cl

1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane

HN

NH2 Cl

O

O

Cl O

[(Chloromethoxy)methyl]benzene

Cl

O

1-(Chloromethoxy)propane

Cl

Cl

5-Chloro-2-(methylamino)benzophenone

4-Chloro-N-methylaniline

2-Chloro-4-methylaniline

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

Cl

Chloromethyl acetate

O

Cl

NH2

Cl Cl

Cl 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

3-Chloro-2-methylaniline

Cl

Cl

3-Chloro-4-methylaniline

Cl

4-Chloro-2-methylaniline

1-Chloro-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH

N H

Cl

O

Cl α-(Chloromethyl)benzenemethanol

3-Chloro-N-methylbenzenemethanamine

4-Chloro-α-methylbenzenemethanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-2-methylbutane

5-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-benzodioxole

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-3-methylbutane

O

Cl

Cl (Chloromethyl)benzene

O

5-Chloro-2-methylaniline

Cl

2-Chloro-3-methylbutane

1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene

3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne

(Chloromethyl)cyclopropane

Cl

Cl Si Cl Si

1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4-dimethylbenzene

OH

Cl

O

(Chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane

Chloromethyldiphenylsilane

Cl

1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene

Cl Cl

Cl F F

(1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene

O

Cl

2-(Chloromethyl)furan

Cl 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane

3-106

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2127 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2isopropylphenol

Chlorothymol

C10H13ClO

89-68-9

184.662

C8H9ClO

824-94-2

156.609

C8H9Cl

552-45-4

C8H9Cl C8H9Cl

2128 1-(Chloromethyl)-4methoxybenzene 2129 1-(Chloromethyl)-2methylbenzene 2130 1-(Chloromethyl)-3methylbenzene 2131 1-(Chloromethyl)-4methylbenzene 2132 Chloromethyl methyl ether

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

63

258.5

24.5

262.5

140.610

620-19-9 104-82-5

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.26120

1.58020

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, peth, alk vs ace, bz, eth

198; 9020

1.06325

1.541025

vs eth, EtOH

140.610

195.5

1.06420

1.534520

140.610

201; 9020

1.051220

1.5380

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, peth i H2O; s EtOH, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH

nd

10

1.39720

C2H5ClO

107-30-2

80.513

liq

-103.5

59.5

1.063

2133 2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane 2134 1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

C4H7ClO C11H9Cl

598-09-4 86-52-2

106.551 176.642

pr

32

122 291.5

1.101120 1.181320

2135 2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

C11H9Cl

2506-41-4

176.642

lf (al)

48.5

16920

2136 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-nitrobenzene

C7H6ClNO2

612-23-7

171.582

cry (lig)

50.0

1254

1.555762

2137 1-(Chloromethyl)-3-nitrobenzene

C7H6ClNO2

619-23-8

171.582

pa ye nd (lig) 46

17334

1.557762

C7H6ClNO2

100-14-1

171.582

pl or nd (al) 71

C7H6ClNO2

83-42-1

171.582

nd (dil al)

37.8

238

C7H6ClNO2

13290-74-9

171.582

ye cry

42.5

249

C7H6ClNO2

89-60-1

171.582

7

261; 11811

1.557220

i H2O; s ctc

C7H6ClNO2

121-86-8

171.582

nd (al)

66.5

260

1.547069

C7H6ClNO2

89-59-8

171.582

mcl nd

38

242; 115.511

1.255980

C6H13Cl C6H13Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO

25346-32-1 4737-41-1 6640-27-3 615-74-7 87-64-9 615-62-3 1570-64-5 59-50-7

120.620 120.620 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583

113 126; 83202 195.5 196 189; 8020 228 223 235

0.861020 0.891420 1.178527 1.21515

2152 (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic MCPA acid 2153 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) butanoic acid 2154 Chloromethylphenylsilane 2155 (Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid

C9H9ClO3

94-74-6

200.618

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs eth vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s eth vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s peth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc

C11H13ClO3

94-81-5

228.672

C7H9ClSi CH4ClO3P

1631-82-9 2565-58-4

156.685 130.468

113100

1.04320

1.517120

2156 N-Chloromethylphthalimide 2157 2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal 2158 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Isobutyl chloride

C9H6ClNO2 C4H7ClO C4H9Cl

17564-64-6 917-93-1 513-36-0

195.603 106.551 92.567

liq

-130.3

90 68.5

1.05315 0.877320

1.416016 1.398420

2159 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

tert-Butyl chloride

C4H9Cl

507-20-0

92.567

liq

-25.60

50.9

0.842020

1.385720

2160 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene 2161 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene

Dimethylvinyl chloride

C4H7Cl C4H7Cl

513-37-1 563-47-3

90.552 90.552

68 71.5

0.918620 0.916520

1.422120 1.429120

C6H7Cl2N

6959-48-4

164.033

hyg

143.8

993-00-0 98-57-7

80.590 190.648

col gas

-135 98

123-09-1 542-81-4 2373-51-5 2344-80-1

158.649 110.606 96.579 122.669

1.12320 1.15325 0.87925

1.490220 1.496320 1.417520

2138 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

2139 1-Chloro-2-methyl-3nitrobenzene 2140 1-Chloro-2-methyl-4nitrobenzene 2141 1-Chloro-4-methyl-2nitrobenzene 2142 2-Chloro-1-methyl-4nitrobenzene 2143 4-Chloro-1-methyl-2nitrobenzene 2144 2-Chloro-4-methylpentane 2145 3-(Chloromethyl)pentane 2146 2-Chloro-4-methylphenol 2147 2-Chloro-5-methylphenol 2148 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 2149 3-Chloro-4-methylphenol 2150 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 2151 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol

2162 3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochloride 2163 Chloromethylsilane 2164 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl) benzene 2165 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene 2166 1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane 2167 Chloro(methylthio)methane 2168 (Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane

4-Nitrobenzyl chloride

4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene

2-Chloro-p-cresol 6-Chloro-m-cresol 6-Chloro-o-cresol 3-Chloro-p-cresol 4-Chloro-o-cresol 4-Chloro-m-cresol

CH5ClSi 4-Chlorobenzenethiol, S-methyl, C7H7ClO2S S,S-dioxide C7H7ClS C3H7ClS C2H5ClS C4H11ClSi

pr (peth)

45.5

nd (al) nd (peth) nd (peth)

55.5 51 67

pl (bz, to)

120

1.431020 1.638020

1.564762

1.537769

vs eth

1.411320 1.422220 1.520027 1.544920

100

nd (bz/ MeNO2)

90 135.5 vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl sl H2O; s chl msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl

7; -4563

10510 140; 6030 105 98.5

s EtOH, eth, ace

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-107

Cl

OH

Cl Cl

Cl

O

Cl 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2-isopropylphenol

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-methylbenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-3-methylbenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methylbenzene

Cl

Cl

O Cl

Chloromethyl methyl ether

2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane

2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

O

O O

N

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

O N

Cl

Cl

N O

O

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-nitrobenzene

Cl

Cl

1-(Chloromethyl)-3-nitrobenzene

O

1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

Cl

Cl

N

Cl Cl

O

N O

O N

O N

O

O O

1-Chloro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzene

N

O

1-Chloro-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene

1-Chloro-4-methyl-2-nitrobenzene

OH OH

Cl

O

Cl

Cl O

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene

4-Chloro-1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene

2-Chloro-4-methylpentane

3-(Chloromethyl)pentane

OH

OH

2-Chloro-4-methylphenol

2-Chloro-5-methylphenol

OH O

OH

O

Cl Cl 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol

Cl

3-Chloro-4-methylphenol

4-Chloro-2-methylphenol

Cl SiH

O O

Cl 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol

(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid

O

OH Cl

Cl 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid

OH

Cl

Chloromethylphenylsilane

Cl

O P OH OH

(Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid

N

Cl O

O N-Chloromethylphthalimide

2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal

H Si Cl

Cl Cl

Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Cl

2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Cl

O S O 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzene

Cl

1-Chloro-2-methylpropene

N

3-Chloro-2-methylpropene

HCl

H

3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochloride

Chloromethylsilane

Cl

S 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene

S

Cl

1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane

Si Cl

S

Chloro(methylthio)methane

Cl (Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane

3-108

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

2169 1-Chloronaphthalene

1-Naphthyl chloride

C10H7Cl

90-13-1

162.616

oily liq

-2.5

259; 106.55

1.188025

1.632620

2170 2-Chloronaphthalene

C10H7Cl

91-58-7

162.616

pl (dil al), lf 58.0

256

1.137771

1.607913

2171 4-Chloro-1-naphthol

C10H7ClO

604-44-4

178.615

nd (chl, aq al)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

C8H8Cl2O2

2675-77-6

207.055

2173 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

121-87-9

172.569

ye nd (w)

108

2174 2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

6283-25-6

172.569

ye nd (lig)

121

2175 4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

89-63-4

172.569

dk oran-ye pr (dil al)

116.5

2176 4-Chloro-3-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

635-22-3

172.569

2177 5-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

1635-61-6

172.569

2178 1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione

C14H6ClNO4

129-40-8

287.656

ye nd or pr 103 (w) nd (peth) ye nd (CS2) 127.8 ye lf (al, bz) 315.3

2179 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde 2180 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 2181 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

6361-21-3 16588-34-4 88-73-3

185.565 185.565 157.555

cry (al)

o-Chloronitrobenzene

C7H4ClNO3 C7H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO2

2182 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene

m-Chloronitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2

121-73-3

157.555

2183 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene

p-Chloronitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2

100-00-5

157.555

C6H6ClN3O2

42389-30-0

187.584

167

C6H5ClN2O4S

97-09-6

236.633

ye cry (EtOH) 175

C6H3Cl2NO4S

97-08-5

256.064

60.8

C7H4ClNO4

99-60-5

201.565

2172 Chloroneb

1,4-Dichloro-2,5dimethoxybenzene

2184 5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2benzenediamine 2185 4-Chloro-3nitrobenzenesulfonamide 2186 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2187 2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid

120.5 134

81.3 64.5 32.1

268 vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ace, lig s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl lig sub

vs eth, EtOH

245.5

1.368242

pa ye orth pr 44.4 (al)

235.5

1.34350

1.537480

mcl pr

242

1.297990

1.5376100

mcl nd

nd (w)

82

141.8 18

2188 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H4ClNO4

2516-96-3

201.565

nd or pr (w) 166.5

1.608

2189 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H4ClNO4

96-99-1

201.565

nd or pl (w) 182.8

1.64518

2190 1-Chloro-1-nitroethane

C2H4ClNO2

598-92-5

109.512

2191 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol

C6H4ClNO3

619-08-9

173.554

2192 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

C6H4ClNO3

89-64-5

173.554

2193 5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

C6H4ClNO3

611-07-4

173.554

2194 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane

C3H6ClNO2

600-25-9

123.539

2195 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane

C3H6ClNO2

594-71-8

123.539

2196 2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine 2197 1-Chloro-2-nitro-4(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2198 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2199 1-Chlorononane 2200 9-Chloro-1-nonanol 2201 1-Chlorooctadecane 2202 1-Chlorooctane

C5H3ClN2O2 C7H3ClF3NO2

5470-18-8 121-17-5

158.543 225.553

C7H3ClF3NO2

777-37-7

225.553

C9H19Cl C9H19ClO C18H37Cl C8H17Cl

2473-01-0 51308-99-7 3386-33-2 111-85-3

162.700 178.699 288.940 148.674

2203 2-Chlorooctane

C8H17Cl

628-61-5

148.674

2204 8-Chloro-1-octanol 2205 Chloropentafluoroacetone 2206 Chloropentafluorobenzene

C8H17ClO C3ClF5O C6ClF5

23144-52-7 79-53-8 344-07-0

164.673 182.476 202.509

Octyl chloride

124.5

1.283720

1.422420

1.20720

1.425120

wh nd (50% 111 al) ye mcl pr (al) 88.5 ye pr or nd (w)

41

sub 142

nd (w) liq

liq

liq

col gas

-21.5

dec 134; 5750 1.220

1.437819

104.0 -1.3

222; 9510

1.51125

1.489320

22

232

1.52725

1.508326

-39.4 28 28.6 -57.8

205.2 14714 352 183.5

0.867425 0.861620 0.873420

1.434320 1.457520 1.452420 1.430920

172; 7528

0.865817

1.427321

-133

13919 8 117.96

1.456325 1.56825

1.425620

i H2O, EtOH, eth, lig; sl bz; s py vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, tol, py i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl, CS2

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, alk s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, oils sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, oils; i KOH

i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-109 NH2

O

OH Cl Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene

Cl

2-Chloronaphthalene

O

4-Chloro-1-naphthol

Cl

N O

NH2 O N

O

N O

O

2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline

O

5-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

N

O

O

1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

Cl

4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

O Cl

N O

2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde

O

N O

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde

NH2 O S O

NH2

O

Cl

2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline

O

Cl

O O

Cl

N

Cl

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitroaniline

O

Chloroneb

O

NH2

Cl O

Cl

NH2 O N

NH2

Cl

Cl

O N

O

1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

Cl O S O

NH2 N O

O O

1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene

N

O

Cl

N

O

OH

O

2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid

N O

Cl

5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2-benzenediamine

O

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

OH

O

OH

OH O N

Cl

N O

Cl

2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid

N O

O N

O

O

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid

O

1-Chloro-1-nitroethane

N

O N

O

O N

O Cl N O

O

Cl

Cl 5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

Cl

N

1-Chloro-1-nitropropane

2-Chloro-2-nitropropane

O

Cl

O

2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol

4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

Cl OH O N

O

N O

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide

Cl O

O

N O

O

1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene

OH

O

Cl

O N

O

O F

Cl

2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine

F

F

1-Chloro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F F

F Cl

O

N

Cl

O

1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl

1-Chlorononane

OH 9-Chloro-1-nonanol

1-Chlorooctadecane

Cl

F Cl 1-Chlorooctane

Cl 2-Chlorooctane

Cl

OH 8-Chloro-1-octanol

F

O

F Cl

F

F

F

Chloropentafluoroacetone

F

F

F F

Chloropentafluorobenzene

3-110

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

2207 Chloropentafluoroethane

Refrigerant 115

C2ClF5

76-15-3

154.466

col gas

-99.4

-39.1

2208 1-Chloropentane

Pentyl chloride

C5H11Cl

543-59-9

106.594

liq

-99.0

108.4

2209 2-Chloropentane, (+)

sec-Pentyl chloride

C5H11Cl

29882-57-3

106.594

liq

-137

97.0

2210 3-Chloropentane

C5H11Cl

616-20-6

106.594

liq

-105

97.5

2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217

C5H9ClO2 C5H11ClO C5H9ClO C5H9ClO C5H8Cl2O C5H9Cl C6H5ClO

1119-46-6 5259-98-3 5891-21-4 32830-97-0 1575-61-7 1458-99-7 95-57-8

136.577 122.593 120.577 120.577 155.022 104.578 128.556

18

9.4

230 11212 106110, 7634 6820 8312 103; 4725 174.9

2218 3-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO

108-43-0

128.556

32.6

214

2219 4-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO

106-48-9

128.556

42.8

220

2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226

4430-20-0 92-39-7 614-61-9 588-32-9 122-88-3 7005-72-3 104-29-0

423.266 233.717 186.593 186.593 186.593 204.651 202.634

261 198.5 nd (w, al) 148.5 cry (w) 110 pr or nd (w) 156.5

4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether Chlorphenesin

C19H12Cl2O5S C12H8ClNS C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C12H9ClO C9H11ClO3

cry

78

284.5 21419

Cloprop

C9H9ClO3

101-10-0

200.618

cry

113

1001.5

C8H8ClNO

587-65-5

169.609

nd (dil HOAc)

2229 N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

C8H8ClNO

533-17-5

169.609

2230 N-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

C8H8ClNO

588-07-8

169.609

2231 N-(4-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

C8H8ClNO

539-03-7

2232 4-Chloro-αphenylbenzenemethanol 2233 4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate 2234 4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone 2235 4-Chlorophenyl 4chlorobenzenesulfonate 2236 (2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl) methanone 2237 N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,Ndimethylurea 2238 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone 2239 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

C13H11ClO

5-Chloropentanoic acid 5-Chloro-1-pentanol 5-Chloro-2-pentanone 1-Chloro-3-pentanone 5-Chloropentanoyl chloride 4-Chloro-2-pentene 2-Chlorophenol

Chlorophenol Red 2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid 1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene 3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2propanediol

2227 2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid 2228 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide

2240 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4pyrimidinediamine 2241 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 2242 4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate 2243 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2propylamine 2244 N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3oxobutanamide 2245 (4-Chlorophenyl) phenylmethanone 2246 3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2247 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2248 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2249 3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone

grn-br cry

den/ g cm-3

1.202615

1.599 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, con sulf

sub

vs bz, eth, EtOH

88.3 nd

333

169.609

179

333

1.38522

119-56-2

218.678

59

80-38-6 939-52-6 80-33-1

268.715 182.646 303.161

col cry

62 19.5 86.5

1314

1.33 1.13725

Ovex

C12H9ClO3S C10H11ClO C12H8Cl2O3S

2,4’-Dichlorodiphenyl ketone

C13H8Cl2O

85-29-0

251.108

pr (al)

67

21422

Monuron

C9H11ClN2O

150-68-5

198.648

wh pl (MeOH)

170.5

m-Chloroacetophenone p-Chloroacetophenone

C8H7ClO C8H7ClO

99-02-5 99-91-2

154.594 154.594

20

Pyrimethamine

C12H13ClN4

58-14-0

248.711

233.5

Clorindione

C15H9ClO2

1146-99-2

256.684

dk red nd (al) 145.5

Clortermine

C7H4ClNO C10H14ClN

104-12-1 10389-73-8

153.566 183.678

liq

C10H10ClNO2

93-70-9

211.645

C13H9ClO

134-85-0

216.662

nd (al)

77.5

332

C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO

1643-28-3 21640-48-2 2019-34-3 936-59-4

184.619 184.619 184.619 168.619

nd or lf (w) lf (peth)

102 77 126 49.5

1134

31.3

244; 12930 232

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc sl chl sl H2O 1.545920 i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace s EtOH; sl chl

1.39314

1.213040 1.192220

1.549420 1.555020

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

vs bz, eth, EtOH 11645 11716

106.5

lf (eth), cry (al, peth)

Solubility

s H2O, EtOH i H2O vs H2O; sl chl

79

2-Chloroethyl phenyl ketone

nD

1.5678-42 1.2678-42 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.882020 1.412620 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc; vs chl 0.869820 1.406920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl 0.873120 1.408220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ace 1.341625 1.455520 vs eth, EtOH 1.451820 vs eth, EtOH 1.052320 1.437520 s eth, ace; sl ctc 1.436120 vs eth, EtOH 1.21018 1.463920 vs eth 0.898820 1.432220 vs ace, eth, chl 1.263420 1.552420 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz 1.24545 1.556540 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz 1.265140 1.557940 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s alk sl H2O; s EtOH

s EtOH; i eth, lig s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-111

F F F

O

Cl

Cl Cl

F F Chloropentafluoroethane

Cl

Cl

1-Chloropentane

2-Chloropentane, (+)

3-Chloropentane

OH

Cl

5-Chloropentanoic acid

OH 5-Chloro-1-pentanol

OH OH

OH Cl

O Cl

O

O

5-Chloro-2-pentanone

HO

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-3-pentanone

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

5-Chloropentanoyl chloride

4-Chloro-2-pentene

2-Chlorophenol

Cl

3-Chlorophenol

4-Chlorophenol

Cl OH

O H N

O S O O

Cl

O

S

Chlorophenol Red

O

O

O

OH Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine

O

OH

2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid

OH

Cl

3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid

(4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid

O O

OH O

O

Cl

OH

3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2-propanediol

H N

Cl

Cl O

2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid

O

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide

O

O S O O

Cl

N-(4-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

4-Chloro-α-phenylbenzenemethanol

O

N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

OH

H N

O N-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

H N

H N

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene

OH

Cl

Cl

4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate

4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone

O Cl O S O O

Cl

O

H N

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

4-Chlorophenyl 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate

(2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)methanone

N Cl

N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea

1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

N

O

O

C

O

N Cl

NH2

Cl

N H2N

Cl 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

Cl

Cl

1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2-propylamine

4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate

O

H N

NH2

Cl

O

5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

O OH

O

O

Cl

N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3-oxobutanamide

Cl

(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethanone

3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

O O

OH

O OH

Cl 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

Cl

Cl 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone

3-112

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2250 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone

C9H9ClO

6285-05-8

168.619

2251 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acid 2252 Chlorophenylsilane 2253 1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl) benzene

C9H5ClO2

7396-28-3

180.588

C6H7ClSi C12H9ClO2S

4206-75-1 80-00-2

142.659 252.716

2254 5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole 2255 (2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea 2256 α-Chlorophyll

C7H5ClN4 C7H7ClN2S C55H72MgN4O5

14210-25-4 5344-82-1 479-61-8

180.595 186.662 893.490

123 nd or pl 146 bl blk hex pl 152.3

2257 β-Chlorophyll

C55H70MgN4O6

519-62-0

907.473

bl-blk or grn 125 pow

C10H13ClN2O3S

94-20-2

276.739

cry (EtOH)

128

No. Name

2258 Chloropropamide

Synonym

Phenylchlorosilane Sulphenone

4-Chloro-N-[(propylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide

Physical Form

cry (HOAc, bz-peth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

37.3

13531, 1142

den/ g cm-3

nD

i H2O; s EtOH, CS2; sl chl vs HOAc

144.5 162.5

1.068320

1.534020

94

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz

2259 2-Chloropropanal 2260 1-Chloropropane

Propyl chloride

C3H5ClO C3H7Cl

683-50-1 540-54-5

92.524 78.541

liq

-122.9

86 46.5

1.18215 0.889920

1.43117 1.387920

2261 2-Chloropropane

Isopropyl chloride

C3H7Cl

75-29-6

78.541

liq

-117.18

35.7

0.861720

1.377720

2262 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 2263 2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol

α-Chlorohydrin Glycerol β-chlorohydrin

C3H7ClO2 C3H7ClO2

96-24-2 497-04-1

110.540 110.540

ye liq

dec 213; 11611 1.32518 14618, 12414 1.321920

1.480920 1.483120

C3H5ClN2O6

2612-33-1

200.534

sl ye liq

192.5

1.51129 1.157320 1.258520

1.436020 1.438020

2264 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate Clonitrate 2265 3-Chloropropanenitrile 2266 2-Chloropropanoic acid

β-Chloropropionitrile 2-Chloropropionic acid

C3H4ClN C3H5ClO2

542-76-7 598-78-7

89.524 108.524

liq

-51

175.5 185

2267 3-Chloropropanoic acid

β-Chloropropionic acid

C3H5ClO2

107-94-8

108.524

lf (w), hyg cry (lig)

41

dec 204

2268 2-Chloro-1-propanol

Propylene chlorohydrin

C3H7ClO

78-89-7

94.540

133.5

1.10320

1.439020

C3H7ClO

627-30-5

94.540

165

1.130920

1.445920

C3H7ClO

127-00-4

94.540

127

1.11320

1.439220

2271 3-Chloropropanoyl chloride

C3H4Cl2O

625-36-5

126.969

144

1.330713

1.454920

2272 cis-1-Chloropropene

C3H5Cl

16136-84-8

76.525

liq

-134.8

32.8

0.934720

1.405520

2273 trans-1-Chloropropene

C3H5Cl

16136-85-9

76.525

liq

-99

37.4

0.934920

1.405420

2269 3-Chloro-1-propanol 2270 1-Chloro-2-propanol

sec-Propylene chlorohydrin

2274 2-Chloropropene

Isopropenyl chloride

C3H5Cl

557-98-2

76.525

vol liq or gas -137.4

22.6

0.901720

1.397320

2275 3-Chloropropene

Allyl chloride

C3H5Cl

107-05-1

76.525

liq

-134.5

45.1

0.937620

1.415720

C3H2ClN C3H3ClO2 C9H9Cl

920-37-6 598-79-8 21087-29-6

87.508 106.508 152.620

liq

-65 66 8.5

88.5 sub 10613

1.09625

1.429020

2-Chloroacrylic acid

1.092620

1.585120

C10H12ClNO2 C17H16Cl2O3 C9H11Cl C4H6Cl2O2 C6H15ClO3Si C6H15ClSi C3H3Cl

101-21-3 5836-10-2 104-52-9 628-11-5 2530-87-2 2344-83-4 624-65-7

213.661 339.213 154.636 156.996 198.720 150.722 74.509

41 73

1492

1.1830

1.538820

-78

219.5 177 91 151 58

1.05621 1.292625 1.07725 0.878920 1.03025

1.516025 1.445620 1.418325 1.431920 1.434920

C5H3ClN4 C4H4ClN3 C5H5ClN2

87-42-3 5469-69-2 1072-98-6

154.558 129.548 128.560

nd (w)

176 dec 220 137

12711

2289 2-Chloropyridine

C5H4ClN

109-09-1

113.546

oil

2290 3-Chloropyridine 2291 4-Chloropyridine

C5H4ClN C5H4ClN

626-60-8 626-61-9

113.546 113.546

liq

2276 2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile 2277 2-Chloropropenoic acid 2278 trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl) benzene 2279 Chloropropham 2280 Chloropropylate 2281 (3-Chloropropyl)benzene 2282 3-Chloropropyl chloroformate 2283 (3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane 2284 (3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane 2285 3-Chloro-1-propyne

2286 6-Chloro-1H-purine 2287 6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine 2288 5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine

Propargyl chloride

6-Chloropurine

pow

pl

-43.5

Solubility

170

1.20515

148; 86100 147.5

1.200025

1.532020 1.530420

vs bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, py; s MeOH i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz vs bz, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs ace, EtOH, chl sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace s H2O, EtOH, chl; msc eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig; sl ctc

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s os sl ctc i H2O

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc

s H2O, EtOH; sl DMSO; i peth, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O s H2O; msc EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

3-113

Cl

Cl

Cl

SiH2

O S O

OH O

Cl 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone

3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acid

N N N N

Chlorophenylsilane

Cl

H N

Cl

NH2 S

1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzene

5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole

(2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea

O

N

N

N

N

N Mg

Mg N

N

O

N

HN N H O S O O

O

O

O O

O

Cl O

O

O

O

α-Chlorophyll

β-Chlorophyll

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

HO

OH

1-Chloropropane

2-Chloropropane

O

Cl Chloropropamide

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol

NO2

O

O2N

OH

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol

O

2-Chloropropanal

Cl N

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate

3-Chloropropanenitrile

Cl O

OH Cl

O 2-Chloropropanoic acid

Cl OH

Cl

OH

OH

3-Chloropropanoic acid

2-Chloro-1-propanol

Cl

3-Chloro-1-propanol

1-Chloro-2-propanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

trans-1-Chloropropene

2-Chloropropene

3-Chloropropene

H N

Cl

OH

2-Chloropropenoic acid

O

O

Cl

O trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl)benzene

Cl

O HO

Cl

N

2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile

Cl

Cl

Cl

3-Chloropropanoyl chloride

O

Cl cis-1-Chloropropene

O

OH

Cl

Chloropropham

Chloropropylate

(3-Chloropropyl)benzene

Cl O O Si O

O Cl

O

Cl

3-Chloropropyl chloroformate

N

HN

Cl

Si

(3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane

Cl

(3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane

Cl

N

3-Chloro-1-propyne

Cl NH2 Cl

N

N

6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine

Cl

Cl N

NH2

5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine

N

Cl

2-Chloropyridine

N 3-Chloropyridine

N

6-Chloro-1H-purine

N 4-Chloropyridine

3-114

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C6H4ClNO2

2942-59-8

157.555

>175 dec

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.634225

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s dil HCl

2292 2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 2293 6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 2294 4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride 2295 Chloroquine 2296 2-Chloroquinoline

C6H4ClNO2

5326-23-8

157.555

198 dec

C5H5Cl2N C18H26ClN3 C9H6ClN

7379-35-3 54-05-7 612-62-4

150.006 319.872 163.604

nd (aq al)

90 38

266; 15322

1.246425

2297 4-Chloroquinoline

C9H6ClN

611-35-8

163.604

cry

34.5

262; 13015

1.25125

2298 6-Chloroquinoline

C9H6ClN

612-57-7

163.604

43.8

263

2299 8-Chloroquinoline

C9H6ClN

611-33-6

163.604

pr (eth), nd (al) liq

-20

288.5

1.283414

1.640814

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

C9H6ClNO C8H7Cl

130-16-5 2039-87-4

179.603 138.595

cry (al) liq

130 -63.1

188.7

1.100020

1.564920

2302 3-Chlorostyrene

C8H7Cl

2039-85-2

138.595

636

1.103320

1.562520

2303 4-Chlorostyrene

C8H7Cl

1073-67-2

138.595

192

1.086820

1.566020

2304 N-Chlorosuccinimide

C4H4ClNO2

128-09-6

133.534

2305 1-Chlorotetradecane

C14H29Cl

2425-54-9

232.833

2306 6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 2307 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2308 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2309 Chlorothalonil

C11H20ClN5

580-48-3

257.764

s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc; msc peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc sl H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs ace, bz; sl ctc vs bz, chl, EtOH, lig

C2HClF4 C2HClF4 C8Cl4N2

354-25-6 2837-89-0 1897-45-6

136.476 136.476 265.911

2300 5-Chloro-8-quinolinol 2301 2-Chlorostyrene

Cloxyquin

sub 210

15.9

pl (CCl4)

1.611056

1.6525

150

4.9

296.8

0.865420

1.447420

oily liq

27

1559

1.095620

1.532020

col gas col gas

-117

-11.7 -12 350

1.725

250

10

148-65-2 58-94-6 96-43-5

295.831 295.724 118.585

2313 5-Chloro-2thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2314 2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one 2315 2-Chlorotoluene

C5H3ClOS

7283-96-7

146.595

C13H7ClOS C7H7Cl

86-39-5 95-49-8

246.712 126.584

liq

153.5 -35.8

159.0

1.082520

1.526820

2316 3-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

108-41-8

126.584

liq

-47.8

161.8

1.07520

1.521419

2317 4-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

106-43-4

126.584

7.5

162.4

1.069720

1.515020

2318 6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine 2319 1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl) benzene 2320 1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl) benzene 2321 Chlorotriethoxysilane 2322 Chlorotriethylplumbane 2323 Chlorotriethylsilane 2324 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2325 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2326 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 2327 Chlorotrifluoroethene 2328 Chlorotrifluoromethane 2329 2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl) aniline 2330 4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) aniline 2331 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2332 1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene

C3H4ClN5

3397-62-4

145.551

>330

C7H4Cl4

2136-89-2

229.919

29.4

264.3

1.518720

1.583620

C7H4Cl4

5216-25-1

229.919

245

1.446320

i H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace, eth

C6H15ClO3Si C6H15ClPb C6H15ClSi C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2ClF3 CClF3 C7H5ClF3N

4667-99-6 1067-14-7 994-30-9 421-04-5 431-07-2 75-88-7 79-38-9 75-72-9 121-50-6

198.720 329.8 150.722 118.485 118.485 118.485 116.469 104.459 195.570

156

1.03020

1.399920

vs EtOH s H2O

144.5 12 17.3 6.1 -27.8 -81.4 10325

0.896720

1.431420

1.3890 1.54-60

1.30900 1.380

1.42825

1.497520

C7H5ClF3N

320-51-4

195.570

o-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

88-16-4

180.555

m-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

98-15-7

180.555

Chloromethapyrilene 2-Thienyl chloride

Lead triethyl chloride

Chlorotrifluoroethylene Refrigerant 13

liq

350 dec -71.9

128.3

1.1751

i H2O; sl ace, cyhex 25

C14H18ClN3S C7H6ClN3O4S2 C4H3ClS

2310 Chlorothen 2311 Chlorothiazide 2312 2-Chlorothiophene

155 , 192

5

1.286320

77.55

liq

-51 123 dec

vol liq or gas vol liq or gas col gas -105.5 col gas -158.2 col gas -181

1.548720

1.603625

36.5

13227

liq

-6

152.2

1.254030

1.451325

liq

-56

137.5

1.331125

1.443825

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl sl chl

i H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, chl; msc eth

s bz, chl i H2O

s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

O Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

N

HN

Cl

OH OH

N

3-115

HCl Cl

N

N

6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

N

4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride

N

Chloroquine

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

4-Chloroquinoline

O

8-Chloroquinoline

5-Chloro-8-quinolinol

Cl

2-Chlorostyrene

3-Chlorostyrene

N

Cl

F

N

Cl

F

F

F

F F

N

1-Chlorotetradecane

N-Chlorosuccinimide

N

N

Cl

4-Chlorostyrene

O

N Cl

OH

Cl

6-Chloroquinoline

Cl

N

N N

N

Cl

2-Chloroquinoline

6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

F

F

1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

N Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

N

S

N

S

S

Chlorothalonil

O O

O O

H2N N

Chlorothen

O

Cl

N

Cl

NH S

Chlorothiazide

Cl

O

Cl

2-Chlorothiophene

S

S

5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde

2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one

Cl Cl Cl

NH2

Cl N

N

Cl 2-Chlorotoluene

3-Chlorotoluene

O O Si Cl O

4-Chlorotoluene

Cl

Cl

N

Cl Cl

Cl

NH2

6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene

F Pb Cl

Si Cl

F F F

Chlorotriethoxysilane

Chlorotriethylplumbane

Chlorotriethylsilane

NH2 Cl F F Chlorotrifluoromethane

F F

Cl F

F

1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

F

2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

Cl

F

F

Chlorotrifluoroethene

Cl Cl

Cl

F F

2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

NH2 Cl

F

Cl

F

Cl

F

F F

4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

F F F

1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F F

1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

3-116

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

2333 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2334 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2335 2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane 2336 Chlorotrimethylstannane 2337 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

98-56-6

180.555

liq

-33

138.5

1.334025

1.443130

460-35-5 6111-88-2 1066-45-1 88-88-0

132.512 148.674 199.266 247.549

liq

-106.5 -26 38.5 83

45.1 1.325320 dec 147; 4416 0.874620 148 1.79720

1.335020 1.430820

Picryl chloride

C3H4ClF3 C8H17Cl C3H9ClSn C6H2ClN3O6

2338 Chlorotrinitromethane

CClN3O6

1943-16-4

185.480

2.3

dec 134; 5640 1.676920

1.450020

2339 Chlorotriphenylmethane

C19H15Cl

76-83-5

278.775

C18H15ClSi C18H15ClSn C9H21ClSn C4H9ClSi N’-[4-(4-Chlorophenoxy)phenyl] C15H15ClN2O2 -N,N-dimethylurea C9H16ClN3O7 C10H12ClNO4

76-86-8 639-58-7 2279-76-7 1719-58-0 1982-47-4

294.851 385.475 283.426 120.653 290.745

54749-90-5 886-74-8

313.692 245.660

cry cry (bz)

C16H19ClN2 Chloroprophenpyridamine C20H23ClN2O4 2-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-2C10H14ClN propylamine 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-10HC17H19ClN2S phenothiazine-10-propanamine

132-22-9 113-92-8 461-78-9

274.788 390.861 183.678

oily liq

50-53-3

318.864

2340 2341 2342 2343 2344

Chlorotriphenylsilane Chlorotriphenylstannane Chlorotripropylstannane Chlorovinyldimethylsilane Chloroxuron

2345 Chlorozotocin 2346 Chlorphenesin carbamate 2347 Chlorpheniramine 2348 Chlorpheniramine maleate 2349 Chlorphentermine 2350 Chlorpromazine

Triphenyltin chloride

2351 Chlorprothixene

C18H18ClNS

113-59-7

315.861

2352 2353 2354 2355

C9H11Cl3NO3PS C7H7Cl3NO3PS C12H12ClN5O4S C22H23ClN2O8

2921-88-2 5598-13-0 64902-72-3 57-62-5

350.586 322.534 357.773 478.879

2356 Chlorthalidone

C14H11ClN2O4S

77-36-1

338.765

2357 Chlorthion

C8H9ClNO5PS

500-28-7

C11H15Cl2O3PS2 C10H13ClN2O

21923-23-9 15545-48-9

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-methyl Chlorsulfuron Chlortetracycline

2358 Chlorthiophos 2359 Chlortoluron 2360 Cholane 2361 Cholan-24-oic acid

N’-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)N,N-dimethylurea Cholanic acid

2362 Cholesta-3,5-diene

2363 Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

7-Dehydrocholesterol

2364 Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α)

wh nd or pl (chl, al-lig)

nd or pr (bz- 113.5 peth)

231; 1012

liq

2020.8

pale ye cry

97

gold-ye

42 43 176 168.5

147

368.638

C27H44O

434-16-2

384.637

C27H44O

128-33-6

384.637

2365 Cholestane, (5α)

28,29,30-Trinorlanostane

C27H48

481-21-0

372.670

2366 Cholestane, (5β)

Coprostane

C27H48

481-20-9

372.670

2367 Cholestanol 2368 Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α) 2369 Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)

Dihydrocholesterol Epicholestanol Allocholesterol

C27H48O C27H48O C27H46O

80-97-7 516-95-0 517-10-2

388.669 388.669 386.653

2370 Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)

Epicholesterol

C27H46O

474-77-1

386.653

2371 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate

C29H48O2

604-35-3

428.690

2372 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate

C34H50O2

604-32-0

490.760

2373 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate 2374 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9octadecenoate

C43H76O2

601-34-3

625.062

C45H78O2

303-43-5

651.100

s H2O vs ace, EtOH, diox 1421

cry

747-90-0

s chl 1.4910228 s ctc, os 1.414120

132.5

361.245 212.675

C27H44

1.267828 0.874420

147 dec 90

21

330.590 360.574

12313 83.5

151

297.653

548-98-1 25312-65-6

i H2O vs EtOH s H2O, chl, os i H2O; s EtOH, bz; sl eth; vs ace, tol vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl; s ace

24135 103.5 -23.5

wh pow or cry ye cry

C24H42 C24H40O2

310

Solubility

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s dil HCl i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

225 dec 1250.1

1.43720

1.566120

i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz; s diox s alk, EtOH; sl eth i H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH

1500.001

pr (al) nd (al), cry (HOAc) wh nd (al)

pl (+1w), (ethMeOH) pl (MeOH) ,nd sc or pl (ethal, ace) orth nd (al, ace) sc (al,+1w) nd (al) nd (ethMeOH) cry (al, chlMeOH) wh nd (ace, al) wh nd wh nd (eth al)

sl H2O; s os 0.001

90 163.5

190

80

26013

s EtOH, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, bz, chl; vs lig i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace

0.925100

150.5

110

1600.001

80

2501

72

0.909088

1.488788

0.911987

1.488488

141.5 185.5 132

s ace, chl, MeOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl vs eth, chl

141.5

vs eth, chl s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl sl EtOH

115.5

vs bz, eth, chl

151.3

0.9413200

79.3

i EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, chl

46.3

s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-117

Cl

O O N

Cl Cl

F F

F

F

Cl

1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl

F F

O N O

Sn Cl

3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane

2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane

Chlorotrimethylstannane

NO2 NO2 NO2

Cl

N O O

2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

Chlorotrinitromethane

Chlorotriphenylmethane

HO O Cl Si

Cl Sn

Sn Cl

Chlorotriphenylstannane

Chlorotripropylstannane

OH O

N

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O P O S

OH O O

Chlorphentermine

Cl N

N

O O O S N N H H

NH2

Cl

OH H

H

S Chlorpromazine

Cl

N

HO

OH

Cl

S NH

NH2 HO OH O HO O

Chlorsulfuron

NH2

O O

O

O

Chlortetracycline

Chlorthalidone

OH

H N

N H

O S

Cl

Chlorthiophos

Chlortoluron

HO

HO

Cl

O

Cl

Chlorthion

N

Chlorpyrifos-methyl

Cl

Cl

S O P O O

N

Chlorpyrifos

O O P S O

O N O

HO

Chlorpheniramine maleate

Cl

S O P O O

N

Cl

Chlorozotocin

N

N

Chlorpheniramine

Chlorprothixene

O

ON

Chloroxuron

O

S

O

O

O N

N

N

Cl

HN

N

Chlorphenesin carbamate

Cl

N

NH2 O

Cl

Cl

Chlorovinyldimethylsilane

N O

OH

H N

Cl Si

Chlorotriphenylsilane

OH

OH

Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

Cholane

Cholan-24-oic acid

H

Cholesta-3,5-diene

H

Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α)

H Cholestane, (5α)

Cholestane, (5β)

H HO

HO

H

HO

H

HO

Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α)

Cholestanol

Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)

Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)

H H

H H O

O

O O

O O

O

O Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9-octadecenoate

3-118

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

2375 Cholest-4-en-3-one 2376 Cholesterol

2377 Cholic acid

2378 Choline chloride 2379 Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate 2380 Chorismic acid 2381 Chromium carbonyl

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C27H44O C27H46O

601-57-0 57-88-5

384.637 386.653

nd or pl (al) 81.5 orth or tcl lf 148.5 (al) nd (eth)

81-25-4

408.572

C5H14ClNO C5H15ClNO4P

67-48-1 107-73-3

139.624 219.605

hyg cry visc liq

305 dec

C10H10O6 C6CrO6

617-12-9 13007-92-6

226.182 220.056

cry col orth cry

148 dec 130

C2CrO4

814-90-4

140.015

ye-grn pow (hyd) red mcl cry red-br pow ye pl or lf

208 300 exp

3,7,12-Trihydroxycholan-24-oic C24H40O5 acid, (3α,5β,7α,12α)

Phosphorylcholine

2382 Chromium(II) oxalate

mp/˚C

349.320 513.366 420.202

C18H13N C18H12

2642-98-0 218-01-9

243.303 228.288

2388 Ciafos

C9H10NO3PS

2636-26-2

243.219

2389 Cicutoxin

8,10,12-Heptadecatriene-4,6diyne-1,14-diol 2390 C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt Direct Blue 6

C17H22O2

505-75-9

258.356

pr (eth/peth) 54

C32H20N6Na4O14S4 2602-46-2

932.752

2391 Cimetidine 2392 Cinchonamine

C10H16N6S C19H24N2O

51481-61-9 482-28-0

252.339 296.406

2393 Cinchonidine

C19H22N2O

485-71-2

294.390

dk bronze pow cry orth nd (al) orth pr (MeOH) or pl or pr (al)

2394 Cinchonine

C19H22N2O

118-10-5

294.390

2395 Cinchotoxine

C19H22N2O

69-24-9

294.390

pr nd (al, 265 eth) nd or pr (eth) 59

C9H8O

14371-10-9

132.159

ye liq

2386 6-Chrysenamine 2387 Chrysene

Chromium acetylacetonate 1,8-Dihydroxy-2,4,5,7tetranitro-9,10anthracenedione 6-Aminochrysene Benzo[a]phenanthrene

lf (al) 210.5 red bl fl or 255.5 orth pl (bz, HOAc) ye to red-ye 15 liq

210.5

-7.5

3-Phenyl-2-propenal, (E)-

2397 Cinnamedrine

90-86-8

281.392

2398 cis-Cinnamic acid

α-[1-[Methyl(3-phenylallyl) C19H23NO amino]ethyl]benzenemethanol 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (Z) C9H8O2

102-94-3

148.159

mcl pr (w)

42

2399 trans-Cinnamic acid

3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (E) C9H8O2

140-10-3

148.159

mcl pr (dil al)

133

C16H15NO2 C18H16O2

87-29-6 122-69-0

253.296 264.319

cry nd (al)

64 44

C10H10O2

104-65-4

162.185

C8H6N2

253-66-7

130.147

2402 Cinnamyl formate 2403 Cinnoline 2404 Cinoxate

2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411

Cinquasia Red Ciodrin C.I. Pigment Red 170 C.I. Pigment Yellow 1 C.I. Pigment Yellow 12 Cisapride Citral

3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol, formate 1,2-Benzodiazine 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid, 2-ethoxyethyl ester Quinacridone

3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal

2412 β-Citraurin

2413 Citrazinic acid

1,2-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-oxo4-pyridinecarboxylic acid

2450.03 dec 360; 2330.5

1.06720

sub

1.77

345

1.34

nD

Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, HOAc; vs diox sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk; vs eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH

s H2O i H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s bz s H2O; i EtOH vs eth, EtOH

dec

1.27420

448

1200.09 dec

1.540432

142 186

2396 trans-Cinnamaldehyde

2400 trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate 2401 Cinnamyl cinnamate

den/ g cm-3

198

21679-31-2 C15H21CrO6 C16H9N3Na2O10S2 548-80-1 517-92-0 C14H4N4O12

2383 Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 2384 Chromotrope 2B 2385 Chrysamminic acid

bp/˚C

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2; s tol sl H2O; vs chl, EtOH, ace, MeOH s hot H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sub

i H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, py; sl eth

1.049720

246

1.619520

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig

75

1.15654

38

1140.3

-25

red-viol cry

390

104-28-9

250.291

C20H12N2O2 C14H19O6P C26H22N4O4 C17H16N4O4 C32H26Cl2N6O4 C23H29ClFN3O4 C10H16O

1047-16-1 7700-17-6 2786-76-7 2512-29-0 6358-85-6 81098-60-4 5392-40-5

312.321 314.271 454.478 340.334 629.492 465.945 152.233

C30H40O2

650-69-1

432.638

pl (bz-peth), 147 cry (al)

C6H5NO4

99-11-6

155.109

ye pow

185

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth

1.08625

252

C14H18O4

red solid ye cry ye cry cry (hp)

1.24754

300

0 pa ye cry (lig) col liq

vs EtOH, HOAc, lig i H2O, lig; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz

2

vs eth, EtOH 1.102

25

1.567

20

i H2O; msc EtOH

i H2O, os 1350.03

1.1925

228.3

0.888820

256 317 132

>300 dec

1.489820

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig s H2O, alk; sl HCl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-119 O HO

HO

HO

O Cholest-4-en-3-one

O

H

H

H

OH

OH

H

Cholesterol

N

HO

Cholic acid

O

OH

O

O

CO

OC

OH

Cr

OC

OH

CO

O

Chorismic acid

CO

O

O

O

O

Chromium carbonyl

OH OH

O Cr

CO

O

2

N

O Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

P

O

NH2

O O S O

N O

O N

S

O

O S O O

N

N

S

O

O

O

N

O

O

O

N

O

Chrysamminic acid

OH

O

Ciafos

H2N

OH O N

OH

Chrysene

HO

OH O

N

S

N

4 Na

OH

O

O N

Chromotrope 2B

O NH2

O

Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate

SO3 Na

Na O3S

Chromium(II) oxalate

6-Chrysenamine

O N

O Cr

Cl

Choline chloride

Cl

N

O O P OH OH

Cicutoxin

N

H N

S

N

C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt

HO

OH

N

N H

O

H N

Cimetidine

N

H

N

N H H

N

Cinchonamine

Cinchonidine

NH HO H

O

N

O

OH N

O N

OH O

N

Cinchonine

O

Cinchotoxine

NH2

trans-Cinnamaldehyde

Cinnamedrine

O

Cinnamyl cinnamate

O

Cinnamyl formate

N

O

N H

O

Cinnoline

O

O

N OH H N

O P O O O

O

O

Cinoxate

Cinquasia Red

NH2

O

N

N

O

H N O

O N

trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate

trans-Cinnamic acid

O

O

O

cis-Cinnamic acid

O

O

OH

O

N H N

O N

O

N O

N H NH O N

Cl

Cl

O

O N N

O

N N

HN

NH O

O

O

Ciodrin

C.I. Pigment Red 170

C.I. Pigment Yellow 1

C.I. Pigment Yellow 12

O Cl HN

O

N

H2N O

O

O

O

F

O

HO Cisapride

Citral

OH

HO β-Citraurin

N

OH

Citrazinic acid

O

3-120

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

2414 Citric acid

2-Hydroxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylic acid

C6H8O7

77-92-9

192.124

orth (w+1)

153

dec

1.66520

2415 Citric acid monohydrate

C6H10O8

5949-29-1

210.138

cry (w)

135

2416 Citrinin

2-Hydroxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylic acid, monohydrate Antimycin

C13H14O5

518-75-2

250.247

178 dec

2417 Citrulline

N5-(Aminocarbonyl)- L-ornithine C6H13N3O3

372-75-8

175.185

6358-53-8 130-20-1

308.331 511.312

ye nd (MeOH) pr (aq MeOH) cry viol-bl pow

C24H12O2 128-66-5 C28H19N5Na2O6S4 1829-00-1

332.351 695.721

ye cry ye-br pow

C25H30ClNO5 C18H33ClN2O5S

14976-57-9 18323-44-9

459.963 424.983

C18H15ClN2O C14H8Cl2N4

77175-51-0 74115-24-5

310.777 303.147

C12H15ClO3 C13H18ClNO2 C12H14ClNO2

637-07-0 14261-75-7 81777-89-1

242.698 255.741 239.698

2429 Clomiphene 2430 Clonazepam

C26H28ClNO C15H10ClN3O3

911-45-5 1622-61-3

405.959 315.711

2431 Clonidine 2432 Clopidol 2433 Clopyralid

C9H9Cl2N3 C7H7Cl2NO C6H3Cl2NO2

4205-90-7 2971-90-6 1702-17-6

230.093 192.043 192.000

C13H11ClO C22H17ClN2

120-32-1 23593-75-1

218.678 344.836

cry

48.5 148

183.5 51 dec

2418 Citrus Red 2 2419 C.I. Vat Blue 6 2420 C.I. Vat Yellow 4 2421 Clayton Yellow

7,16-Dichloro-6,15-dihydro5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone Anthanthrone Thiazol Yellow G

2422 Clemastine fumarate 2423 Clindamycin 2424 Cloconazole 2425 Clofentezine 2426 Clofibrate 2427 Cloforex 2428 Clomazone

3,6-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)1,2,4,5-tetrazine

2-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-4,4dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one

3,6-Dichloro-2pyridinecarboxylic acid

2434 Clorophene 2435 Clotrimazole

C18H16N2O3 C28H12Cl2N2O4

nD

Solubility vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, AcOEt; i bz, chl vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth

1.542

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s H2O; i EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH

222 156

s H2O, EtOH, H2SO4 181

ye amorp solid 73 182

cry

52.8

s EtOAc

14920 890.005 1.19220

wh cry cry pow

117 237.5

i H2O, bz; sl ace, MeOH, chl

137 >320 151

i H2O

1613.5

1.18558

s ctc, CS2 sl H2O, bz; s ace, chl, AcOEt, DMF

1.78

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 s os

2436 Clozapine 2437 Cobalt carbonyl

Clozaril Dicobalt octacarbonyl

C18H19ClN4 C8Co2O8

5786-21-0 10210-68-1

326.824 341.947

ye cry oran cry

2438 Cobalt hydrocarbonyl 2439 Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 2440 Cocaine

Tetracarbonylhydrocobalt Cobalt(III) acetylacetonate

C4HCoO4 C15H21CoO6 C17H21NO4

16842-03-8 21679-46-9 50-36-2

171.982 356.257 303.354

ye liq or gas ≈-30 240 mcl pr (al) 98

2441 Coclaurine 2442 Codamine

C17H19NO3 C20H25NO4

486-39-5 21040-59-5

285.338 343.418

pl (al) pr (bz, eth)

220.5 127

2443 Codeine

C18H21NO3

76-57-3

299.365

orth cry (w, dil al, eth)

157.5

2444 Codeine phosphate

C18H24NO7P

52-28-8

397.361

2445 Coenzyme A

C21H36N7O16P3S

85-61-0

767.535

s H2O

C21H27N7O14P2

53-84-9

663.425

lf or pr (dil 227 dec al) pow; unstab in air hyg pow

C21H28N7O17P3

53-59-8

743.405

gray-wh pow

s H2O

2448 Colchiceine

C21H23NO6

477-27-0

385.411

2449 Colchicine

C22H25NO6

64-86-8

399.437

2450 Colistin A

C53H100N16O13

7722-44-3

1169.47

pa ye nd 178.5 (diox) ye pl (w + 1/ 156 2) ye cry (bz) amorp pow

2451 Collinomycin

C27H20O12

27267-69-2

536.441

2452 Columbin

C20H22O6

546-97-4

358.385

oran pr (chl- 281 MeOH) nd (MeOH) 195.5

2453 Conessine

C24H40N2

546-06-5

356.588

lf or pl (ace) 125.5

2446 Coenzyme I 2447 Coenzyme II

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

10 1870.1

25022, 1401.5

1.502298

1.3225

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s CS2 vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth vs EtOH, chl

s H2O

1.2425

sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; i eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH

sl H2O, EtOH, hx; s acids, MeOH vs ace, diox, chl

1660.1

i H2O; sl ace, AcOEt, MeOH; s chl sl H2O; s chl, HOAc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-121 O

O Cl

O O COOH

OH HOOC

COOH

HOOC

COOH COOH

OH Citric acid

O

HO

H 2O

O O

HO

Citrinin

N

N H

NH2

OH

Citric acid monohydrate

O

O HN

N

NH O

OH

NH2

Cl O

Citrulline

Citrus Red 2

C.I. Vat Blue 6

Cl NH

O

N

N N N HN

S

N HO

O

N

S

SO3 Na

SO3 Na

O C.I. Vat Yellow 4

Clayton Yellow

OH S OH

O O

Cl

O

HO

O

OH

Clindamycin

Clemastine fumarate

Cl Cl

N N

Cl

O

N

N

N

O

N

O

Cl Cloconazole

Clofibrate

O N

Cl

Cloforex

Clomazone

OH

N

Clomiphene

N

O

H N

Cl

N

N O

OH

O

Cl

Cl

N Cl H Clonidine

Clonazepam

Cl

N H

CO Co CO CO

OC Co CO

Cobalt carbonyl

Clorophene

Clotrimazole

O

Clozapine

O

O

O O N

N H H

HO

O

O

O

O

N H

HO

O

O

H

CO

Cobalt hydrocarbonyl

N H

Cl

Clopyralid

O

O

CO

OH

N

Clopidol

Co

H

Cl

O

O O O C C

N Cl

Cl

N

O

N

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

OC Co OC CO

O

N

N

H N O

O O

Cl

Cl

Clofentezine

O

H N

O

OH Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

Cocaine

O

Coclaurine

Codamine

Codeine

NH2

NH2 N

N O

NH2 N

N

O O H2PO4

O

HS

O

N H

N

N H

H

O O O O O P P OH OH

HO

NH2

N

N

Codeine phosphate

N

N

O

HO

O

O

O O O O P P OH O

N

N O

O HO

HO

OH

NH2

O O P OH OH

O N

HO

OH

Coenzyme A

N

N

O N

OH

HO

O O O O P P OH O O

N

HO

OH

Coenzyme I

Coenzyme II

O O O

O NH

O NH

O

O

O

H

O O

O O

O O OH

Colchiceine

O Colchicine

O

O HO

O HO

O

HO Collinomycin

O

H

N

O

H O

O

H

O

H OH

N

O Columbin

Conessine

H

3-122

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

2454 Congo Red

C32H22N6Na2O6S2 573-58-0

696.663

pow

>360

2455 Conhydrine

C8H17NO

3238-62-8

143.227

nd (peth)

121

226

C8H17NO

495-20-5

143.227

lf (eth)

121

226

2457 Coniferin

C16H22O8

531-29-3

342.341

nd (w+2)

186

2458 Conquinamine

C19H24N2O2

464-86-8

312.406

ye tetr

123

2459 Convallatoxin

C29H42O10

508-75-8

550.637

pr (eth/ MeOH)

238

2460 Copaene

C15H24

3856-25-5

204.352

2456 Conhydrine, (+)

2-(α-Hydroxypropyl)piperidine

248.5

2461 Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate

Bis(ethylacetoacetato)copper

C12H18CuO6

14284-06-1

321.813

2462 Copper(II) gluconate 2463 Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate 2464 Copper phthalocyanine

Cupric gluconate Copper(II) acetylacetonate Pigment Blue 15

C12H22CuO14 C10H14CuO4 C32H16CuN8

527-09-3 13395-16-9 147-14-8

453.841 261.762 576.069

grn cry (EtOH) bl-grn cry bl pow bl-purp cry

2465 Coronene

C24H12

191-07-1

300.352

2466 Corticosterone

C21H30O4

50-22-6

346.461

2467 Corybulbine

C21H25NO4

518-77-4

2468 Corycavamine 2469 Corydaline

C21H21NO5 C22H27NO4

2470 Corydine 2471 Corynantheine 2472 Cotarnine

den/ g cm-3

0.899620

sub

ye nd (bz)

437.4

525

181

355.429

nd (al, pl) (ace) nd (al)

237.5

521-85-7 518-69-4

367.396 369.454

pr (eth, al) pr (al)

149 136

C20H23NO4

476-69-7

341.402

tetr pr (eth)

149

C22H26N2O3 C12H15NO4

18904-54-6 82-54-2

366.452 237.252

C14H16ClO5PS C15H8O5

56-72-4 479-13-0

362.766 268.222

93 385 dec

1.474

cry rods

2475 Creatine

C4H9N3O2

57-00-1

131.133

mcl pr (w+1) 303 dec

1.3325

2476 Creatinine

C4H7N3O

60-27-5

113.118

orth pr (w+2) 300 dec lf (w) 31.03

2473 Coumaphos 2474 Coumestrol

3,9-Dihydroxy-6Hbenzofuro[3,2-c][1] benzopyran-6-one

202.27

1.033920

1.540120

pr

34.77

201.98

1.018540

1.531220

346.376 636.602

cry (al) ye cry pow

223 186

1733-12-6

382.430

>300

C19H17O4P C7H10ClN3 C23H16O11 C12H19ClNO3P C21H23NO5

78-31-9 535-89-7 16110-51-3 299-86-5 482-74-6

340.309 171.627 468.366 291.711 369.412

red-br cry pow col liq br wax col cry

C25H30ClN3 C20H20O6

548-62-9 18423-69-3

407.979 356.369

C32H46O8 C32H48O8 C6H9N3O2 C19H22N2O2 C19H26N2O

6199-67-3 5988-76-1 135-20-6 524-63-0 18397-07-4

558.702 560.718 155.154 310.390 298.421

108.138

2478 m-Cresol

3-Methylphenol

C7H8O

108-39-4

108.138

2479 p-Cresol

4-Methylphenol

C7H8O

106-44-5

108.138

2480 o-Cresolphthalein 2481 o-Cresolphthalein complexone

Metalphthalein

C22H18O4 C32H32N2O12

596-27-0 2411-89-4

2482 Cresol Red

o-Cresolsulfonphthalein

C21H18O5S

Cromoglicic acid

2488 Crystal Violet 2489 Cubebin 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494

Cucurbitacin B Cucurbitacin C Cupferron Cupreine Curan-17-ol, (16α)

Gentian violet

Geissoschizoline

-40 87 241 dec 60 pr or pl (bz) 223 nd (chlMeOH) grn pow 215 dec nd (al, bz) 131.5 cry (EtOH) cry (AcOEt)

pr (eth) pa ye amor pow

181 207.5 163.5 202 135 dec

sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, ace; sl chl; i eth i H2O; s eth, ace, HOAc, lig s EtOH, chl

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth

12.24

95-48-7

Cryptocavine

165.5 132 dec

1.538635

C7H8O

p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate Crimidine Cromolyn Crufomate Cryptopine

1.37125

1.032735

2-Methylphenol

Solubility

sl EtOH; i os sl H2O; s chl i H2O, EtOH; s conc H2SO4 i H2O, con sulf; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HCl vs EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, NH4OH

191.04

2477 o-Cresol

2483 2484 2485 2486 2487

1.489420

192 156 284 dec

nd (bz), cry (eth)

nD

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk vs H2O, EtOH

1.20825

i H2O; s os vs EtOH

1.31520

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl, HOAc vs H2O, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl

1434 1180.01

sl DMSO vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-123 OH

OH

NH2

NH2 N

N

N

HO

N H

O

N

O O

O H N

H

SO3Na

N H

SO3Na Congo Red

N H

OH

Conhydrine

HO HO

OH

Conhydrine, (+)

OH Coniferin

Conquinamine

O O

O

H OH

O O HO HO

H

O

OH

O Cu

O

O

H

O

OH Convallatoxin

Copaene

Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate

HO

N

O

N

O

Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate

Copper phthalocyanine

O N

O

H

O O Corycavamine

O

HO O

O

O

Corydaline

N H

Corydine

OH

N O

O

Cu

N

Corybulbine

N N

N

O

O

2

O Corticosterone

H

O

O

O

Cu

N

O

O

H

O Coronene

N H H

2

Cu

O

OH

N

N

Copper(II) gluconate

HO

O

N

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

H HO H H

O

O

O O

Corynantheine

S O P O O

N

O

Cl O

O

O

OH

HN HO

Cotarnine

O

Coumaphos

N

H N

N

OH

NH2

N

O

O

Coumestrol

O

O

NH2

Creatine

NH

N Creatinine

OH O HO

HO OH

HO

N

O

OH

OH

OH OH

OH

O

O

O

O o-Cresol

m-Cresol

OH

O O P O O

O

p-Cresol

o-Cresolphthalein

N O

N

O

OH

N

S O O

OH

o-Cresolphthalein complexone

N

Cresol Red

p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate

Crimidine

N

N O O

O

O

O

HO HO

O O

O Cromolyn

HO

HO

O H

H

O

O

HO Cucurbitacin B

Cl

O

Crystal Violet

OH

Cubebin

O O N

O

H

O H

OH

N

O Cryptopine

HO

O

O

O

Crufomate

O

O

O

O

O O P O NH

OH

O

O

N

O

Cl

OH

N N

H

HO O

OH Cucurbitacin C

HO

O NH4

N Cupferron

Cupreine

N N H H

H OH

Curan-17-ol, (16α)

Cl

3-124

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2495 Curcumin

Turmeric

C21H20O6

458-37-7

368.380

2496 Curine

C36H38N2O6

436-05-5

594.696

2497 Cuscohygrine

C13H24N2O

454-14-8

224.342

oran ye pr, orth pr (MeOH) pr, nd (chlMeOH) oil

C19H17NO3

529-92-0

307.343

2498 Cusparine

2-[2-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl) ethyl]-4-methoxyquinoline

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

221

vs ace, bz, py 16923, 1222

(α) wh or ye 92(α form); nd (peth); 111(β form) (β) amber pr ye pow 92 2120.25 nd 45.56 14019

C19H21N3S CH2N2

3546-03-0 420-04-2

323.455 42.040

2501 Cyanazine 2502 Cyanic acid

Hydrogen cyanate

C9H13ClN6 CHNO

21725-46-2 420-05-3

240.692 43.025

C3H4N2O C3H3NO2

107-91-5 372-09-8

84.076 85.062

C3H5N3O C3HN C8H5NO2

140-87-4 1070-71-9 1877-72-1

99.091 51.047 147.132

2508 4-Cyanobenzoic acid

C8H5NO2

619-65-8

147.132

2509 4-Cyanobutanoic acid

C5H7NO2

39201-33-7

113.116

2510 2511 2512 2513 2514

Bromine cyanide Chlorine cyanide

C6H7NO2 C15H14NO2PS C2N2 CBrN CClN

106-71-8 13067-93-1 460-19-5 506-68-3 506-77-4

125.126 303.317 52.034 105.922 61.471

2515 Cyanogen fluoride 2516 Cyanogen iodide 2517 Cyanoguanidine

Fluorine cyanide Iodine cyanide Dicyanodiamide

CFN CIN C2H4N4

1495-50-7 506-78-5 461-58-5

45.016 152.922 84.080

83 col gas -27.83 nd 52 col vol liq or -6.5 gas col gas -82 nd (al, eth) 146.7 211

2518 Cyanomethylmercury

Methylmercurynitrile

C2H3HgN

2597-97-9

241.64

cry (chl)

92

subl

2519 2520 2521 2522

(4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid 2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide 4-Cyanothiazole Cyanuric acid

C9H7NO3 C9H8N2O C4H2N2S 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)- C3H3N3O3 trione

1878-82-6 621-03-4 1452-15-9 108-80-5

177.157 160.172 110.137 129.074

cry (w) nd (al) nd wh cry

178 199.5 58 >330

sub

2523 2524 2525 2526

Cyanuric fluoride Cycasin Cyclandelate Cyclizine

2,4,6-Trifluoro-1,3,5-triazine

675-14-9 14901-08-7 456-59-7 82-92-8

135.047 252.222 276.371 266.381

nd (ace aq)

154 dec 52 106

19314

1134-23-2

215.356

11.5

14510

52-31-3

236.266

lf (w)

2-Cyanoethyl acrylate Cyanofenphos Cyanogen Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride

Cyacetacide

C3F3N3 C8H16N2O7 C17H24O3 C18H22N2

168 unstab liq or -86 gas pl (w) 121.5 66

pr (al) nd (w)

114.5 5 219

23

0.973320

1.483220

1.28220

1.441848

1.14020

dec 160; 10815

42.5 sub

0.816717

10812

1.06220

-21.1 61.5 13

0.9537-21 2.01520 1.18620

1.386825

219

hyg cry

45

1.583925

-46 sub

sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth

sl hot H2O, ace, bz, EtOH; s conc HCl

72.8

cry (peth)

i H2O i H2O; s chl; sl EtOH 1.015630

Aminocyclobutane Tetramethylene

C4H9N C4H8

2516-34-9 287-23-0

71.121 56.107

vol liq or gas -90.7

82 12.6

0.832820 0.70380

1.436319 1.37520

2531 Cyclobutanecarbonitrile 2532 Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid

Cyanocyclobutane

C5H7N C5H8O2

4426-11-3 3721-95-7

81.117 100.117

liq

-1.0

149.6 190; 742

1.059920

1.440020

C6H8O4

5445-51-2

144.126

pr (w, eth)

158.0

C4H8O C4H6O

2919-23-5 1191-95-3

72.106 70.090

liq

-50.9

124 99

0.921815 0.95470

1.437120 1.421520

Hydroxycyclobutane

vs H2O, bz, eth, chl vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl tfa s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz

1.7525

2529 Cyclobutanamine 2530 Cyclobutane

2534 Cyclobutanol 2535 Cyclobutanone

i H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl CS2

vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, bz; s eth

2528 Cyclobarbital

2533 1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid

vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

2.8418 1.40414

C11H21NOS Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl-, S-ethyl ester C12H16N2O3

2527 Cycloate

Solubility vs EtOH, HOAc

Cyanogenamide

2505 Cyanoacetohydrazide 2506 Cyanoacetylene 2507 3-Cyanobenzoic acid

nD

183

2499 Cyamemazine 2500 Cyanamide

2503 2-Cyanoacetamide 2504 Cyanoacetic acid

den/ g cm-3

173

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, dil alk; sl HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-125 O

O O

O

O

N H

O

OH

H N

O

O

O

HO

Curine

N

N

N H2N

S Cyamemazine

N H

N

N

Cyanamide

NH2 N H

HO

N

Cyanazine

O

N

N

Cyanic acid

2-Cyanoacetamide

OH

N

N

Cyanoacetylene

3-Cyanobenzoic acid

N

N 4-Cyanobenzoic acid

OH 4-Cyanobutanoic acid

O 2-Cyanoethyl acrylate

H2N N N

N

N

Cyanofenphos

Br

Cyanogen

N

Cl

Cyanogen bromide

N

F

Cyanogen chloride

N

I

Cyanogen fluoride

N N

N O

N (4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid

H

N

H N

OH

N Hg

N

H2N

N Cyanogen iodide

Cyanoguanidine

O

O O

N

N

N

O

N H

S

2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide

4-Cyanothiazole

F

H N

O F

N N

Cyanuric acid

F

Cyanuric fluoride

O N

O

OH

O O

O

N

N

O S

N

H

OH O

HO

O

OH Cycasin

O N

S P O

Cyanomethylmercury

O

Cyanoacetic acid

O

O

HO

OH N

O

OH

NH2

Cyanoacetohydrazide

O

Cusparine

N

O

N

O

Cuscohygrine

Cl

N

H N

N

N

OH

OH Curcumin

O

N

O

Cyclandelate

N

Cyclizine

Cycloate

HO

O

O

N H

O

Cyclobarbital

OH

OH

NH2 Cyclobutanamine

O

OH O Cyclobutanecarbonitrile

Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid

1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid

Cyclobutanol

Cyclobutanone

Cyclobutane

3-126

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2536 Cyclobutene

C4H6

822-35-5

54.091

col gas

2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542

Cyclochlorotine Cyclodecane 1,2-Cyclodecanedione Cyclodecanol Cyclodecanone α-Cyclodextrin

C24H31Cl2N5O7 C10H20 C10H16O2 C10H20O C10H18O C36H60O30

12663-46-6 293-96-9 96-01-5 1502-05-2 1502-06-3 10016-20-3

572.439 140.266 168.233 156.265 154.249 972.843

nd (MeOH)

2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554

β-Cyclodextrin γ-Cyclodextrin Cyclododecane Cyclododecanol Cyclododecanone 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene cis-Cyclododecene trans-Cyclododecene cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one 1,3-Cycloheptadiene Cycloheptanamine Cycloheptane

C42H70O35 C48H80O40 C12H24 C12H24O C12H22O C12H18 C12H22 C12H22 C17H30O C7H10 C7H15N C7H14

7585-39-9 17465-86-0 294-62-2 1724-39-6 830-13-7 4904-61-4 1129-89-1 1486-75-5 542-46-1 4054-38-0 5452-35-7 291-64-5

1134.984 1297.125 168.319 184.318 182.302 162.271 166.303 166.303 250.419 94.154 113.201 98.186

mcl cry (w) 260 dec sq pl or rods nd (al) 60.4

C7H10O2 C7H14O

3008-39-7 502-41-0

126.153 114.185

No. Name

Synonym

Sebacil

Cyclomaltohexaose Cyclomaltoheptaose Cyclomaltooctaose

CDT

Civetone

2555 1,2-Cycloheptanedione 2556 Cycloheptanol

amor pow hx pl or nd

mp/˚C

255 dec 10 40.5 40.5 28

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

2

0.7330

202 10410 12512 10613

0.853825

1.471620

0.960620 0.965420

1.492620 1.480620

liq

32.5 -110.4

liq

-8.46

247 286 12712 240 13335, 712 11317 343; 1592 120.5 5411 118.4

-40 7.2

liq

59 -17

nD

vs ace; s bz, peth

0.905966 0.84100

1.457160 1.484020 1.485020

0.86825 0.809820

1.497820 1.472420 1.443620

10817 185

1.058322 0.955420

1.468922 1.4070520

178.5

0.950820

1.460820

-79.5

117; 60.5122

0.887519

1.534320

Suberone

C7H12O

502-42-1

112.169

2558 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene

Tropilidene

C7H8

544-25-2

92.139

2559 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one 2560 Cycloheptene

C7H6O C7H12

539-80-0 628-92-2

106.122 96.170

liq

-7 -56

11315, 846 115

1.09522 0.822820

1.617222 1.455220

2561 1,3-Cyclohexadiene

C6H8

592-57-4

80.128

liq

-89

80.5

0.840520

1.475520

C6H8

628-41-1

80.128

liq

-49.2

85.5

0.847120

1.472520

2563 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione

C6H4O2

583-63-1

108.095

red pl or pr

≈65 dec

2564 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, dioxime 2565 Cyclohexane

C6H6N2O2

105-11-3

138.124

pa ye nd (w) 240 dec

C6H12

110-82-7

84.159

80.73

0.773925

1.423525

C8H14O2

5292-21-7

142.196

nd (HCO2H) 33

245

1.042318

1.477520

C7H11N C7H11ClO C7H12O C7H12O2

766-05-2 2719-27-9 2043-61-0 98-89-5

109.169 146.614 112.169 128.169

liq

11

mcl pr

31.5

184; 7616 180 159.3 232.5

0.919 1.096215 0.903520 1.033422

1.450520 1.471129 1.449620 1.453020

C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C8H12O4

1436-59-5 1121-22-8 619-82-9

114.188 114.188 172.179

402 8015, 412 sub 300

0.95220 0.95120

1.495120

14.8 312.5

2574 1,3-Cyclohexanedimethanamine

C8H18N2

2579-20-6

142.242

<-70

220

0.94520

2575 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol 2576 cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediol

C8H16O2 C6H12O2

105-08-8 1792-81-0

144.212 116.158

43 100

283; 16710 12015

1.0297101

2577 trans-1,4-Cyclohexanediol

C6H12O2

6995-79-5

116.158

mcl pr (ace) 143

2562 1,4-Cyclohexadiene

1,4-Dihydrobenzene

Hexahydrobenzene

2566 Cyclohexaneacetic acid 2567 2568 2569 2570

Cyclohexanecarbonitrile Cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

2571 cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine 2572 trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine 2573 trans-1,4Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid

Cyclohexyl cyanide

Hexahydrobenzoic acid cis-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane trans-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane

6.59

liq pr (w)

2578 1,2-Cyclohexanedione

1,2-Dioxocyclohexane

C6H8O2

765-87-7

112.127

cry (peth)

40

2579 1,3-Cyclohexanedione

Dihydroresorcinol

C6H8O2

504-02-9

112.127

pr (bz)

105.5

2580 1,4-Cyclohexanedione

Tetrahydroquinone

C6H8O2

637-88-7

112.127

mcl pl (w),nd 78 (peth)

13220

1.118721

1.499520

1.086191

1.4576102

1.086191

vs bz, chl vs bz, chl

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl s EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs bz, chl vs bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth; vs eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth s eth, ace, bz; i peth s H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc sl H2O; s eth, ace

s H2O, eth sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, bz, chl

sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s ace; i chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH

1.1820

194

s EtOH vs bz, eth, chl vs cold H2O; i hot H2O

0.8280

2557 Cycloheptanone

liq; cub cry (-80¯C)

Solubility

s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i eth; sl ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds H N

OH

NH O O O H N N H

O HO Cyclobutene

N

O

Cl

Cyclodecane

OH

HO

OH O

O

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

Cyclodecanone

OH

O

OH

OH

Cyclodecanol

OH

O

O

O

O OH

4

OH

OH

O

O

α-Cyclodextrin

β-Cyclodextrin

OH

5

HO

O

O

OH

1,2-Cyclodecanedione

OH

O

OH

O

Cl

O

OH

O

OH O

Cyclochlorotine

OH

HO

3-127

O

OH

OH

O

OH

O

O

OH

OH

OH 6

O γ-Cyclodextrin

Cyclododecane

Cyclododecanol

Cyclododecanone

1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene

NH2

cis-Cyclododecene

O

OH O

O trans-Cyclododecene

cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one

O

1,3-Cycloheptadiene

Cycloheptanamine

Cycloheptane

1,2-Cycloheptanedione

Cycloheptanol

O O O

Cycloheptanone

1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene

N

2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one

Cycloheptene

1,3-Cyclohexadiene

1,4-Cyclohexadiene

OH OH

N O

O N

O

Cl

OH

2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, dioxime

Cyclohexane

Cyclohexaneacetic acid

Cyclohexanecarbonitrile

Cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride

O O

3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione

OH

NH2

OH NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

O Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine

Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde

trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine

NH2

OH

trans-1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid

1,3-Cyclohexanedimethanamine

OH OH OH OH OH 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol

O O

O O

O

OH cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediol

trans-1,4-Cyclohexanediol

1,2-Cyclohexanedione

1,3-Cyclohexanedione

O 1,4-Cyclohexanedione

3-128

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2581 1,2-Cyclohexanedione dioxime

Nioxime

C6H10N2O2

492-99-9

142.155

nd (w, HOAc) 192

Cyclohexylcarbinol

4442-79-9 3218-02-8 100-49-2 701-97-3 1569-69-3

128.212 113.201 114.185 156.222 116.224

liq

-43 16

Cyclohexyl mercaptan

C8H16O C7H15N C7H14O C9H16O2 C6H12S

2587 Cyclohexanol

Cyclohexyl alcohol

C6H12O

108-93-0

100.158

hyg nd

2588 Cyclohexanone

Pimelic ketone

C6H10O

108-94-1

98.142

2589 Cyclohexanone oxime

C6H11NO

100-64-1

2590 Cyclohexanone peroxide

C12H22O5

2582 2583 2584 2585 2586

Cyclohexaneethanol Cyclohexanemethanamine Cyclohexanemethanol Cyclohexanepropanoic acid Cyclohexanethiol

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

208 160 183 276.5 158.8

0.922920 0.8725 0.929720 0.91225 0.978220

1.464120 1.463020 1.464420 1.463820 1.492120

25.93

160.84

0.962420

1.464120

liq

-27.9

155.43

0.947820

1.450720

113.157

hex pr (lig)

90

206

78-18-2

246.300

cry or long nd liq

79

Solubility s H2O, ace, chl; sl tfa s EtOH, eth, bz vs eth, EtOH s H2O, eth; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth, MeOH; sl chl

-103.5

82.98

0.811020

1.446520

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

107.153 110.153 110.153

1.0

8112 6918 105

0.969420 0.969220

1.500520 1.474520

636-82-8

126.153

38

241

1.10920

1.490220

C7H10O2

4771-80-6

126.153

17

234.5

1.082020

1.481420

s EtOH, eth s ace, MeOH; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, ace vs H2O; s EtOH, ace

C8H10O4

88-98-2

170.163

pr (w)

173.0

C6H10O C6H8O C12H14 C12H18O

822-67-3 930-68-7 771-98-2 1502-22-3

98.142 96.127 158.239 178.270

liq liq

-53 -11

164 170 252 1163

0.992315 0.962025 0.993920

1.479025 1.488320 1.571820 1.507020

s EtOH, ace vs EtOH; s ace vs MeOH

C8H12O C14H20O2

932-66-1 2611-00-9

124.180 220.308

73

201.5 1537, 1090.6

0.965520

1.488120

s EtOH, eth

C11H13N C15H23NO4 C8H14O2 C9H14O2

70644-46-1 66-81-9 622-45-7 3066-71-5

159.228 281.349 142.196 154.206

22.1 119

226

1.022225

1.546625

173; 9675 183; 8820

0.96820 1.027520

1.44220 1.467320

C6H13N

108-91-8

99.174

liq

134

0.819120

1.462515

4998-76-9 95-33-0

135.635 264.409

nd (w, al-eth) 206.5 103

C12H17N

1821-36-9

175.270

mcl pr

16

279; 19273

1.015520

1.561020

2612 Cyclohexylbenzene

C12H16

827-52-1

160.255

pl

7.07

240.1

0.942720

1.532920

2613 Cyclohexyl benzoate

C13H16O2

2412-73-9

204.265

<-10

285

1.042920

1.520020

2614 Cyclohexyl butanoate

C10H18O2

1551-44-6

170.249

213

0.95720

C10H16O2

25229-42-9

168.233

C7H11ClO2 C12H22

13248-54-9 92-51-3

162.614 166.303

C10H21N C8H17N C12H14N2O5

91-65-6 98-94-2 131-89-5

155.281 127.228 266.249

cry

104

cry (w)

215

2591 Cyclohexene

Tetrahydrobenzene

C6H10

110-83-8

82.143

2592 1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile 2593 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde 2594 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde

1-Cyanocyclohexene

C7H9N C7H10O C7H10O

1855-63-6 1192-88-7 100-50-5

2595 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid

C7H10O2

2596 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid 2597 4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 2598 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol 2599 2-Cyclohexen-1-one 2600 1-Cyclohexen-1-ylbenzene 2601 2-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl) cyclohexanone 2602 1-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)ethanone 2603 3-Cyclohexenylmethyl 3cyclohexenecarboxylate 2604 4-(3-Cyclohexen-1-yl)pyridine 2605 Cycloheximide 2606 Cyclohexyl acetate 2607 Cyclohexyl acrylate

2608 Cyclohexylamine

Cyclohexanamine

2609 Cyclohexylamine hydrochloride 2610 2-(Cyclohexylaminothio) benzothiazole 2611 N-Cyclohexylaniline

Cyclohexanamine hydrochloride C6H14ClN C13H16N2S2

2615 3-Cyclohexyl-2-butenoic acid

Cicrotoic acid

2616 Cyclohexyl chloroformate 2617 Cyclohexylcyclohexane 2618 Cyclohexyldiethylamine 2619 Cyclohexyldimethylamine 2620 2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

N,N-Diethylcyclohexanamine N,N-Dimethylcyclohexanamine

2621 (1,2-Cyclohexylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid monohydrate 2622 1-Cyclohexylethanone 2623 Cyclohexylethylamine

CDTA

C14H24N2O9

13291-61-7

364.349

N-Ethylcyclohexanamine

C8H14O C8H17N

823-76-7 5459-93-8

126.196 127.228

liq

pl (al)

pr (aqMeOH)

-17.8

vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, ctc; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz vs H2O, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc

85.5

4

87.527 238 192; 8520 162

vs eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH; sl ctc

0.844325

sl H2O; s bz, DMF

180.5 164

0.917620 0.8680

1.456516

i H2O; s eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds N

3-129

OH

O

N

OH

OH

1,2-Cyclohexanedione dioxime

OH

Cyclohexanemethanamine

O

Cyclohexanol

N

Cyclohexanone

OH

Cyclohexanemethanol

Cyclohexanepropanoic acid

Cyclohexanethiol

N

OH HO

Cyclohexanone oxime

O

OH

NH2

Cyclohexaneethanol

SH

O O

O

OH

Cyclohexanone peroxide

O

HO

Cyclohexene

O

HO

1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile

O

O

OH OH O

1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde

3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde

OH

1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid

3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid

O

2-Cyclohexen-1-ol

4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid

O

O

2-Cyclohexen-1-one

1-Cyclohexen-1-ylbenzene

2-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)cyclohexanone

O

1-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)ethanone

OH H

O O

O

N

3-Cyclohexenylmethyl 3-cyclohexenecarboxylate

NH2

4-(3-Cyclohexen-1-yl)pyridine

NH2

HCl

Cyclohexylamine hydrochloride

O

O

O O

Cycloheximide

O

Cyclohexyl acetate

N S

Cyclohexylamine

N H

Cyclohexyl acrylate

H N

S HN

2-(Cyclohexylaminothio)benzothiazole

N-Cyclohexylaniline

Cyclohexylbenzene

O O

O O

O

OH

Cyclohexyl butanoate

O

O N

OH

3-Cyclohexyl-2-butenoic acid

Cyclohexyl chloroformate

HOOC N

COOH COOH N

N O Cyclohexyldimethylamine

N

O

O

Cyclohexyl benzoate

Cl

N

Cyclohexylcyclohexane

O

COOH

Cyclohexyldiethylamine

H N

O

2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

(1,2-Cyclohexylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid monohydrate

1-Cyclohexylethanone

Cyclohexylethylamine

3-130

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

2624 4-Cyclohexyl-3-ethyl-4 H-1,2,4triazole 2625 Cyclohexyl formate

Hexazole

C10H17N3

4671-03-8

179.262

pr (eth)

89.5

22710

C7H12O2

4351-54-6

128.169

2626 Cyclohexyl hydroperoxide

C6H12O2

766-07-4

116.158

2627 Cyclohexylideneacetonitrile 2628 2-Cyclohexylidenecyclohexanone

C8H11N C12H18O

4435-18-1 1011-12-7

121.180 178.270

Isocyanatocyclohexane N-Isopropylcyclohexanamine Isothiocyanatocyclohexane

C7H11NO C9H19N C7H11NS

3173-53-3 1195-42-2 1122-82-3

125.168 141.254 141.234

N-Methylcyclohexanamine

C6H11ClMg C10H16O2 C7H15N

931-51-1 101-43-9 100-60-7

142.909 168.233 113.201

C10H18O2 C12H16O C12H16O

1129-47-1 119-42-6 1131-60-8

170.249 176.254 176.254

C20H31NO

144-11-6

301.466

C9H16O2

6222-35-1

156.222

C6H13NO3S C9H18 C9H16O C8H12 C8H12 C8H17N C8H16 C8H16O C8H14O

100-88-9 293-55-0 3350-30-9 1073-07-0 111-78-4 5452-37-9 292-64-8 696-71-9 502-49-8

179.237 126.239 140.222 108.181 108.181 127.228 112.213 128.212 126.196

liq liq liq

C8H8

629-20-9

104.150

C8H10 C8H14 C8H14

1871-52-9 931-87-3 931-89-5

C8H12 C27H41NO2 C15H30 C15H30O C15H28O

2629 Cyclohexyl isocyanate 2630 Cyclohexylisopropylamine 2631 Cyclohexyl isothiocyanate 2632 Cyclohexylmagnesium chloride 2633 Cyclohexyl methacrylate 2634 Cyclohexylmethylamine 2635 Cyclohexyl 2-methylpropanoate 2636 2-Cyclohexylphenol 2637 4-Cyclohexylphenol 2638 α-Cyclohexyl-α-phenyl-1piperidinepropanol 2639 Cyclohexyl propanoate

Trihexphenidyl

2640 2641 2642 2643 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648

Cyclamic acid

Cyclohexylsulfamic acid Cyclononane Cyclononanone 1,4-Cyclooctadiene cis,cis-1,5-Cyclooctadiene Cyclooctanamine Cyclooctane Cyclooctanol Cyclooctanone

2649 1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene

Aminocyclooctane

[8]Annulene

2650 1,3,5-Cyclooctatriene 2651 cis-Cyclooctene 2652 trans-Cyclooctene 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657

Cyclooctyne Cyclopamine Cyclopentadecane Cyclopentadecanol Cyclopentadecanone

11-Deoxojervine Exaltol

-20

cry (MeOH aq)

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility vs H2O, bz, chl

162

1.00570

1.443020

420.1

1.01920

1.464525

10722

0.948315

1.438225

172 6212 221

0.9825 0.85925 1.033920

1.455120 1.448020 1.537520

210 147

0.962620 0.866023

1.457820 1.456020

204

0.94890

56.5

hyg liq

nd (lig) nd (bz)

56.5 133

294; 1334

193; 9335

0.935920

1.440320

169.5 11 34 -53 -56.4 -48 14.59 25.1 29

178.4 14824, 9412 145 150.5 190 149 9916 196

0.846325 0.956020 0.875420 0.88320 0.92825 0.834920 0.974020 0.958120

1.466620 1.472920

liq

-2.4

140.5

0.920620

1.538120

106.165 110.197 110.197

liq liq liq

-83 -12 -59

145.5 138 143

0.897125 0.847220 0.848320

1.503525 1.469820 1.474125

1781-78-8 4449-51-8 295-48-7 4727-17-7 502-72-7

108.181 411.621 210.399 226.398 224.382

158

0.86820

1.485020

nd (EtOH) nd (MeOH) cry (MeOH)

237 61.3 80.5 63

17711, 1450.3 1200.3

0.836461 0.93020 0.889525

1.459261 1.455598 1.463760

1.490525 1.480420 1.458620 1.487120 1.469420

Pyropentylene

C5H6

542-92-7

66.102

liq

-85

41

0.802120

1.444020

2659 Cyclopentane

Pentamethylene

C5H10

287-92-3

70.133

liq

-93.4

49.3

0.745720

1.406520

2660 Cyclopentaneacetic acid 2661 Cyclopentanecarbonitrile 2662 Cyclopentanecarboxaldehyde

Cyanocyclopentane

C7H12O2 C6H9N C6H10O

1123-00-8 4254-02-8 872-53-7

128.169 95.142 98.142

pl liq

13.5 -76

228 170; 6710 133.5

1.021618 0.912 0.937120

1.452318 1.441020 1.443220

20

20

2664 2665 2666 2667 2668 2669

cis-1,2-Cyclopentanediol trans-1,2-Cyclopentanediol Cyclopentanemethanol Cyclopentanepropanoic acid Cyclopentanethiol Cyclopentanol

2670 Cyclopentanone

2671 Cyclopentanone oxime

Cyclopentanoic acid

C6H10O2

3400-45-1

114.142

Cyclopentyl mercaptan Cyclopentyl alcohol

C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H12O C8H14O2 C5H10S C5H10O

5057-98-7 5057-99-8 3637-61-4 140-77-2 1679-07-8 96-41-3

102.132 102.132 100.158 142.196 102.198 86.132

Adipic ketone

C5H8O

120-92-3

84.117

C5H9NO

1192-28-5

99.131

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc s eth sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s chl vs eth, EtOH vs EtOH, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl lig

114

2658 1,3-Cyclopentadiene

2663 Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid

i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc, HCOOH; vs eth vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs eth, EtOH

liq

liq liq

11

-7

212; 104

30 54.7

12429, 10010 226; 13621 163 15826, 13112 132.1 140.42

-17.5 -51.90

130.57

57.8

196

1.0527

1.4532

0.933220 1.010017 0.955020 0.948820

1.457920 1.457020

20

20

0.9487

1.453020 1.4366

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc vs alk s EtOH vs bz i H2O; s bz, lig s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s EtOH, eth, ctc s EtOH, chl; sl ctc

sl H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s MeOH

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc, hx; msc eth vs H2O, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-131 N

N

4-Cyclohexyl-3-ethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole

O

C

O

O

N N

Cyclohexyl formate

S N

O

C

H N

O OH

Cyclohexyl hydroperoxide

Cyclohexylideneacetonitrile

2-Cyclohexylidenecyclohexanone

N Mg

H N

O

Cl

O Cyclohexyl isocyanate

Cyclohexylisopropylamine

Cyclohexyl isothiocyanate

Cyclohexylmagnesium chloride

Cyclohexyl methacrylate

Cyclohexylmethylamine

N OH

O

OH

O Cyclohexyl 2-methylpropanoate

H N

O

HO 2-Cyclohexylphenol

O α-Cyclohexyl-α-phenyl-1-piperidinepropanol

4-Cyclohexylphenol

Cyclohexyl propanoate

NH2

O O S OH O

Cyclohexylsulfamic acid

Cyclononane

OH

Cyclooctanol

Cyclononanone

1,4-Cyclooctadiene

cis,cis-1,5-Cyclooctadiene

Cyclooctanamine

Cyclooctane

O

Cyclooctanone

1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene

1,3,5-Cyclooctatriene

cis-Cyclooctene

trans-Cyclooctene

OH

H H N

Cyclooctyne

O

O H HO Cyclopamine

Cyclopentadecane

N

Cyclopentadecanol

O

Cyclopentadecanone

HO

1,3-Cyclopentadiene

O

OH

OH

OH O Cyclopentane

Cyclopentaneacetic acid

Cyclopentanecarbonitrile

OH

Cyclopentanecarboxaldehyde

OH OH

trans-1,2-Cyclopentanediol

OH Cyclopentanemethanol

SH

Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid

OH

cis-1,2-Cyclopentanediol

O

N

OH

O Cyclopentanepropanoic acid

Cyclopentanethiol

Cyclopentanol

Cyclopentanone

Cyclopentanone oxime

3-132

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C5H8

142-29-0

68.118

liq

-135.0

44.2

0.772020

1.422520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, peth

3047-38-9 6140-65-4 29106-32-9

93.127 96.127 280.446

liq liq pl or lf (al, HOAc)

-32 68.5

8130 146 24720

0.97021

1.487217

Chaulmoogric acid

C6H7N C6H8O C18H32O2

Hydnocarpic acid

C16H28O2

459-67-6

252.392

C5H6O C5H6O C9H15N C13H18ClN3O4S2 C12H14N2O3 C5H11N C11H14 C10H14O

930-30-3 14320-37-7 7148-07-4 742-20-1 76-68-6 1003-03-8 700-88-9 825-25-2

82.101 82.101 137.222 379.883 234.250 85.148 146.229 150.217

Synonym

2672 Cyclopentene

2673 1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile 2674 1-Cyclopentene-1-carboxaldehyde 2675 2-Cyclopentene-1-tridecanoic acid, (S) 2676 2-Cyclopentene-1-undecanoic acid, (R) 2677 2-Cyclopenten-1-one 2678 3-Cyclopenten-1-one 2679 N-(1-Cyclopenten-1-yl)pyrrolidine 2680 Cyclopenthiazide 2681 Cyclopentobarbital 2682 Cyclopentylamine 2683 Cyclopentylbenzene 2684 2Cyclopentylidenecyclopentanone 2685 Cyclopentyl methyl sulfide 2686 Cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphane

C6H12S C7H15Cl2N2O2P

7133-36-0 50-18-0

116.224 261.086

2687 Cycloposine 2688 Cyclopropane

Trimethylene

C33H51NO7 C3H6

23185-94-6 75-19-4

573.761 42.080

C4H5N C4H5ClO C4H6O C4H6O2

5500-21-0 4023-34-1 1489-69-6 1759-53-1

67.090 104.535 70.090 86.090

2693 1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid

C5H6O4

598-10-7

130.100

2694 Cyclopropanemethanol 2695 Cyclopropanone

C4H8O C3H4O

2516-33-8 5009-27-8

72.106 56.063

C3H4 C3H7N

2781-85-3 765-30-0

40.064 57.095

gas liq

2698 Cyclopropylbenzene

C9H10

873-49-4

118.175

2699 Cyclopropyl methyl ether

C4H8O

540-47-6

2700 Cyclopropyl methyl ketone

C5H8O

2689 2690 2691 2692

Cyclopropanecarbonitrile Cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride Cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

2696 Cyclopropene 2697 Cyclopropylamine

1-Cyanocyclopentene

1-Pyrrolidinylcyclopentene

Cyclopentanamine

Cyclopropyl cyanide Formylcyclopropane

Cyclopropanamine

2707 2708 2709 2710

Cyhexatin Cypermethrin Cyprazine Cyproheptadine

2711 Cyromazine 2712 2713 2714 2715

Cystamine dihydrochloride Cysteamine L-Cysteic acid L-Cysteine

2716 L-Cysteine, ethyl ester, hydrochloride 2717 L-Cysteine, hydrochloride 2718 L-Cystine

2719 Cytarabine

3,3’-Dithiobis(2aminopropanoic acid) Cytosine arabinoside

238 cry (w, dil al) 139.5 liq -82.7

136; 4012 2817 10515

0.98915

108 219 13525

0.868920 0.946220 1.017918

1.462915

vs EtOH, chl, peth vs eth, EtOH

1.512820

1.472825 1.528020 1.521518

sl H2O; vs EtOH s ace, bz, chl vs eth

156.2 43

vs H2O; sl bz, chl, diox, EtOH

18.5

135.1 119 100 183

0.61725 (p>1 atm) 0.894620 1.151620 0.938 1.088520

124

0.91125

-35.39

dec -36 50.5

0.824020

1.421020

liq

-31

173.6; 8037

0.931720

1.528520

72.106

liq

-119

44.7

0.810020

1.380220

765-43-5

84.117

liq

-68.3

111.3

0.898420

1.425120

2691-41-0 2259-96-3 2163-69-1

296.156 389.878 198.305

cry

286 234 138

exp

68359-37-5 60-51-5 91465-08-6

434.287 229.258 449.850

60 52 49.2

13121-70-5 52315-07-8 22936-86-3 129-03-3

385.172 416.297 227.694 287.399

196 70 167 113

C6H10N6

66215-27-8

C4H14Cl2N2S2 C2H7NS C3H7NO5S C3H7NO2S

2,2Dimethylcyclopropanecarboxyl ate Stannane, tricyclohexylhydroxy- C18H34OSn C22H19Cl2NO3 C9H14ClN5 C21H21N

Propanoic acid, 2-amino-3mercapto-, (R)-

liq

-32.81

C22H18Cl2FNO3 C5H12NO3PS2 C23H19ClF3NO3

N-Cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine2,4,6-triamine

60.5

268 -127.58

2701 Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine HMX C4H8N8O8 2702 Cyclothiazide C14H16ClN3O4S2 2703 Cycluron N’-Cyclooctyl-N,N-dimethylurea C11H22N2O 2704 Cyfluthrin 2705 Cygon 2706 Cyhalothrin

vs eth, chl

col gas

liq

1.3799-42 s H2O, bz, peth; vs EtOH, eth 1.422920 1.429820 1.439020

pr or nd (chl) 140.5 pr (w +1)

s eth, hx; sl ctc

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs H2O, eth sl ctc

stable only at low temp.

cry

166.183

cry (EtOH aq) cry

220

56-17-7 60-23-1 13100-82-8 52-90-4

225.203 77.149 169.157 121.159

nd (MeOH) cry (sub) cry cry (w)

218 dec 99.5 260 dec 240 dec

C5H12ClNO2S

868-59-7

185.673

C3H8ClNO2S C6H12N2O4S2

52-89-1 56-89-3

157.620 240.300

cry 175 dec hex pl or pr 260 dec (w)

C9H13N3O5

147-94-4

243.216

pr (EtOH aq) 212

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

sl H2O; s bz, ace; vs MeOH 1170.1

1.27765

1.2520

vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O

dec

125.8

1.67725

s H2O sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz; s acid, alk s H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds N

3-133

O

OH

OH

O Cyclopentene

1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile

1-Cyclopentene-1-carboxaldehyde

2-Cyclopentene-1-tridecanoic acid, (S)

O

N

3-Cyclopenten-1-one

O NH2

NH

O

NH

S

S

H2N 2-Cyclopenten-1-one

2-Cyclopentene-1-undecanoic acid, (R)

H N

Cl O

O

O

O

N-(1-Cyclopenten-1-yl)pyrrolidine

N H

O

Cyclopenthiazide

O

Cyclopentobarbital

Cyclopentylamine

H H N O H

HO O

O

NH

P

O

O N S Cyclopentylbenzene

HO HO

Cl Cl

O 2-Cyclopentylidenecyclopentanone

Cyclopentyl methyl sulfide

N

O

OH

Cyclophosphamide

Cl

Cycloposine

O

O

OH

O

O

HO Cyclopropane

Cyclopropanecarbonitrile

OH

N O2N

Cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde

Cyclopropanone

NO2 N

Cl

N NO2

O S H2N O

Cyclopropene

Cyclopropylbenzene

Cl

N

O

O

O S P S O

O N

Cyclothiazide

Cycluron

Cyfluthrin

OH

HN O

Cl

O

N

O

O

N

Cl

N

Cyhalothrin

N H

Cygon

Cl

Sn O

Cyclopropyl methyl ketone

F O

S O O

Cl

F

Cyclopropyl methyl ether

NH

O

O

Cl

O HN

1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid

O

Cyclopropylamine

H N

Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine

F F

Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

NH2

O

Cyclopropanemethanol

O2N N

Cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride

OH

Cyhexatin

Cypermethrin

N N

N H

Cyprazine

NH2 N N Cyproheptadine

N H

O

N N

NH2

HCl H2N

Cyromazine

S

S

NH2 HCl

SH

H2N

Cystamine dihydrochloride

O S HO O

Cysteamine

O OH

L-Cysteic acid

L-Cysteine

NH2

HCl HS

NH2

O O

NH2 L-Cysteine, ethyl ester, hydrochloride

HS

OH HCl NH2

L-Cysteine, hydrochloride

HO

HO

O S

S

O

OH NH2

L-Cystine

OH NH2

N

O

HS

NH2

O

N O HO

OH Cytarabine

3-134

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

2720 Cytidine

4-Amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl2(1H)-pyrimidinone Cytidine 2’-monophosphate Cytidine 3’-monophosphate Cytidine 5’-monophosphate Sophorine

C9H13N3O5

65-46-3

243.216

nd (dil al)

230 dec

C9H14N3O8P C9H14N3O8P C9H14N3O8P C11H14N2O

85-94-9 84-52-6 63-37-6 485-35-8

323.196 323.196 323.196 190.241

orth nd pr

239 dec 233 dec 233 dec 153

C29H37NO5 C30H37NO6

14930-96-2 22144-77-0

479.608 507.618

nd (ace) nd (ace/ peth)

C28H33NO7 C4H5N3O

36011-19-5 71-30-7

495.565 111.102

C6H10N6O

4342-03-4

182.182

207 mcl or tcl pl 322 dec (w+1) cry 205

50-76-0 486-66-8

245 dec 323 dec

1596-84-5

1255.416 254.238 pa ye pr (50% al) 160.170

7261-97-4 480-15-9

314.253 286.236

280 277.5

C15H26O2 C27H29NO10 C5H10N2S2

887-08-1 20830-81-3 533-74-4

238.366 527.520 162.276

C12Br10O C12Cl10 C10H18 C10H18 C12F10

1163-19-5 2051-24-3 2051-25-4 1647-16-1 434-90-2

cis-Decalin

C10H18

2744 trans-Decahydronaphthalene

trans-Decalin

2745 Decahydro-2-naphthol 2746 Decamethonium dibromide

Decahydro-β-naphthol

2721 2722 2723 2724

2’-Cytidylic acid 3’-Cytidylic acid 5’-Cytidylic acid Cytisine

2725 Cytochalasin B 2726 Cytochalasin D

Zygosporin A

2727 Cytochalasin E 2728 Cytosine 2729 Dacarbazine

5-(3,3-Dimethyl-1-triazenyl)1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide

2730 Dactinomycin 2731 Daidzein

C62H86N12O16 7-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) C15H10O4 -4H-1-benzopyran-4-one Butanedioic acid, mono(2,2C6H12N2O3 dimethylhydrazide) C14H10N4O5 C15H10O6

2732 Daminozide 2733 Dantrolene 2734 Datiscetin 2735 Daucol 2736 Daunorubicin 2737 Dazomet 2738 2739 2740 2741 2742

Decabromobiphenyl ether Decachlorobiphenyl 1,3-Decadiene 1,9-Decadiene 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,5,5’,6,6’-Decafluoro1,1’-biphenyl 2743 cis-Decahydronaphthalene

Bis(pentabromophenyl) ether 1-Hexyl-1,3-butadiene

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility vs H2O; sl EtOH

s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s bz, ace

2182

219 270

s H2O; sl EtOH, chl; i eth

sub

s EtOH, eth

154.5

cry (DMF aq) pa ye nd (al, aq HOAc) cry red nd nd (bz)

114 208 106

959.167 498.658 138.250 138.250 334.112

ye pr (tol) cry (bz)

305 309

493-01-6

138.250

C10H18

493-02-7

138.250

C10H18O C16H38Br2N2

825-51-4 541-22-0

154.249 418.294

vs ace, eth, EtOH 1282 reac H2O; s EtOH i H2O i H2O vs bz

0.75230 0.7525 1.78520

1.432520

67.5

169 167 206

liq

-42.9

195.8

0.896520

1.481020

liq

-30.4

187.3

0.865925

1.469520

10914

0.99625

1.499220

269 dec -38 -76

210 194

0.9593 0.853625

1.3982 1.389520

C10H30O5Si5 C10H30O3Si4

541-02-6 141-62-8

370.770 310.685

cry (MeOH/ ace) liq liq

C10H20O

112-31-2

156.265

liq

-4.0

208.5

0.83015

1.428720

2750 Decane

C10H22

124-18-5

142.282

liq

-29.6

174.15

0.726625

1.409025

2751 1,10-Decanediamine 2752 Decanedinitrile 2753 1,10-Decanediol

646-25-3 1871-96-1 112-47-0

172.311 164.247 174.281

59.73 7.6 nd (w, dil al) 74

14012 20416 19220

0.91320

1.447420

Decamethylene glycol

C10H24N2 C10H16N2 C10H22O2

2754 Decanedioyl dichloride 2755 Decanenitrile

Caprinitrile

C10H16Cl2O2 C10H19N

111-19-3 1975-78-6

239.139 153.265

liq

-1.3 -17.9

22075, 16511 243; 10610

1.121220 0.819920

1.468418 1.429620

2756 1-Decanethiol

Decyl mercaptan

C10H22S

143-10-2

174.347

liq

-26

240.6

0.844320

1.450920

2757 Decanoic acid

Capric acid

C10H20O2

334-48-5

172.265

nd

31.4

268.7

0.885840

1.428840

2758 1-Decanol

Capric alcohol

C10H22O

112-30-1

158.281

6.9

231.1

0.829720

1.437220

C10H22O

74742-10-2

158.281

liq

-1.2

211

0.825020

1.432625

2747 Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 2748 Decamethyltetrasiloxane 2749 Decanal

Capraldehyde

2759 2-Decanol

i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz; sl MeOH i eth

20

20

2760 3-Decanol 2761 4-Decanol

1-Propylheptyl alcohol

C10H22O C10H22O

1565-81-7 2051-31-2

158.281 158.281

liq liq

-7.5 -11

213; 10112 210.5

0.82720 0.826120

1.43420 1.432020

2762 5-Decanol 2763 2-Decanone

Methyl octyl ketone

C10H22O C10H20O

5205-34-5 693-54-9

158.281 156.265

liq nd

8.7 14

201 210; 9612

0.82420 0.824820

1.433320 1.425520

i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth; sl ctc i H2O; s chl sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s DMSO; i lig vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc s EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-135 O

OH NH2 NH2

N

N O

HO

O NH2

N

O

HO

N

N

O

HO

O O O P OH O

HO

OH

Cytidine

HO HO P O O

2’-Cytidylic acid

HO HO P O O

O

OH

Cytisine

O

N

H N H Cytochalasin E

O

H 2N N N N

Cytosine

O

O

H

O

O HN

N

O

O

O HN

O

NH2

N

O NH O

NH

Cytochalasin D

O

N

O

N O O

O

Cytochalasin B

N

H O

N H

O

5’-Cytidylic acid

N

O

N H H

N

O

O HO

NH

O

HO

O O

HO

N

OH

3’-Cytidylic acid

OH

H

O O

N

N O

O HO

OH

NH2

O

O

N N H

Dacarbazine

NH

N

NH2

O

O

OH

O

N HO

Daidzein

OH

OH O

O

Dactinomycin

O

O

H N Daminozide

O OH

O NH N N

OH O

OH O HO

Br

O

Cl Cl

O

O

NH2

Datiscetin

Daucol

Br

F Cl

Cl Cl

Br

Br

Cl 1,9-Decadiene

O N

N

Br

Br

F

H

H

F F

F

H

H

2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,5,5’,6,6’-Decafluoro-1,1’-biphenyl cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene

Si

O

O Si

Br Decamethonium dibromide

Br

Decabromobiphenyl ether

O

Si

Br

Decahydro-2-naphthol

Si

Br

S

Br

F F

1,3-Decadiene

O

Dazomet

F

Decachlorobiphenyl

OH

F F

Br

N S

Daunorubicin

Cl

Cl

N

HO

HO

HO

Dantrolene

Cl

O

O N O

Cl

O

OH O

O

Si

O

Si

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

Decamethyltetrasiloxane

O Decanal

Decane

O N NH2

H2N

HO

N

1,10-Decanediamine

OH

Decanedinitrile

Cl

Cl O

1,10-Decanediol

Decanedioyl dichloride

O N

SH

Decanenitrile

Decanoic acid

OH

1-Decanol

2-Decanol

OH O

OH 3-Decanol

OH

OH

OH

1-Decanethiol

4-Decanol

5-Decanol

2-Decanone

3-136

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

2764 3-Decanone 2765 4-Decanone

Ethyl heptyl ketone Hexyl propyl ketone

C10H20O C10H20O

928-80-3 624-16-8

156.265 156.265

liq liq

1.3 -9

203 206.5

0.825120 0.82420

1.425220 1.424021

2766 Decanoyl chloride 2767 trans-2-Decenal 2768 1-Decene

Caprinoyl chloride

C10H19ClO C10H18O C10H20

112-13-0 3913-81-3 872-05-9

190.710 154.249 140.266

liq

-34.5

0.91925

1.441020

liq

-66.3

95 230; 10711 170.5

s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s eth, ctc

0.740820

1.421520

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

2769 cis-2-Decene 2770 trans-2-Decene 2771 cis-5-Decene

C10H20 C10H20 C10H20

20348-51-0 20063-97-2 7433-78-5

140.266 140.266 140.266

col liq col liq col liq

-112

174.2 173.3 171; 7320

0.744520

1.425820

2772 trans-5-Decene

C10H20

7433-56-9

140.266

col liq

-73

171

0.740120

1.424320

C10H18O2 C10H20O C10H18O C21H21ClN2O8 C12H24O2

14436-32-9 13019-22-2 10519-33-2 127-33-3 112-17-4

170.249 156.265 154.249 464.853 200.318

26.5

15821, 1424 236 10215.3

0.923815 0.87625 0.847320

1.450715 1.448020 1.448020

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH

176 dec -15

244

0.867120

1.427320

C10H23N

2016-57-1

157.297

17

220.5

0.793620

1.436920

2779 Decylbenzene

C16H26

104-72-3

218.377

liq

-14.4

293

0.855520

1.483220

2780 Decylcyclohexane 2781 Decylcyclopentane

C16H32 C15H30

1795-16-0 1795-21-7

224.425 210.399

liq liq

-0.9 -22

299 279

0.818620 0.811020

1.453420 1.448620

2782 2783 2784 2785 2786 2787 2788

1654-86-0 5451-52-5 55320-06-4 26438-27-7 2855-19-8 765-05-9 764-93-2

312.531 186.292 436.840 268.436 184.318 184.318 138.250

9.7

0.858620

1.442320

10.0 15

21915 243 282.010 379

0.811620 0.932220

1-(Ethenyloxy)decane Octylacetylene

C20H40O2 C11H22O2 C31H64 C20H28 C12H24O C12H24O C10H18

liq

-41 -44

10110 174

0.81220 0.765520

1.454020 1.543520 1.434725 1.434620 1.426520

2789 5-Decyne

Dibutylacetylene

C10H18

1942-46-7

138.250

liq

-73

177; 78.825

0.769020

1.433120

2790 Dehydroabietic acid

8,11,13-Abietatrien-18-oic acid C20H28O2

1740-19-8

300.435

cry (EtOH aq)

172

2773 2774 2775 2776 2777

9-Decenoic acid 9-Decen-1-ol 3-Decen-2-one Declomycin Decyl acetate

2778 Decylamine

Decyl decanoate Decyl formate 11-Decylheneicosane 1-Decylnaphthalene Decyloxirane Decyl vinyl ether 1-Decyne

Caproleic acid Decylenic alcohol Heptylidene acetone Demeclocycline

1-Decanamine

cry liq

liq

2791 Delphinidin

C15H11ClO7

528-53-0

338.697

2792 Delphinine

C33H45NO9

561-07-9

599.712

orth (al)

199

2793 Deltamethrin 2794 Demecarium bromide

C22H19Br2NO3 C32H52Br2N4O4

52918-63-5 56-94-0

505.199 716.588

hyg pow

99 165 dec

C8H19O3PS2

8065-48-3

258.339

oily liq

1342

2796 Demeton-S-methyl 2797 2’-Deoxyadenosine 2798 2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate

C6H15O3PS2 C10H13N5O3 C10H16N5O12P3

919-86-8 958-09-8 1927-31-7

230.285 251.242 491.182

ye liq

890.15, 1181

2799 6-Deoxy-L-ascorbic acid

C6H8O5

528-81-4

3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,12α) 2’-Deoxy-5’-cytidylic acid

C24H40O4

Floxuridine

2795 Demeton

2800 Deoxycholic acid 2801 2’-Deoxycytidine 5’monophosphate 2802 2’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine 2803 2-Deoxy-D-glucose 2804 2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’monophosphate 2805 2-Deoxy-D-chiro-inositol 2806 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-Dglucitol 2807 6-Deoxy-3-O-methylgalactose 2808 D-2-Deoxyribose 2809 Deserpidine

Systox

>350

160.125

cry (EtOH aq) pr (AcOEt)

168

83-44-3

392.573

cry (al)

177

C9H14N3O7P

1032-65-1

307.197

pow

183 dec

50-91-9 154-17-6 902-04-5

246.191 164.156 347.222

cry

150 146.5

2’-Deoxy-5’-guanylic acid

C9H11FN2O5 C6H12O5 C10H14N5O7P

D-Quercitol N-Methylglucamine

C6H12O5 C7H17NO5

488-73-3 6284-40-8

164.156 195.214

pr (w, dil al) 236 cry (MeOH) 128.5

Digitalose

C7H14O5 C5H10O4 C32H38N2O8

4481-08-7 533-67-5 131-01-1

178.183 134.131 578.652

nd (AcOEt)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth

sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s AcOEt i H2O; s chl, ace, eth; vs EtOH

1.2020

sub 160

1.506320

vs H2O; sl ace; i ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, tol i H2O; s os sl H2O

vs H2O, ace, EtOH

s H2O

nd or pr

119 90 230.5

1.584513

vs H2O s H2O vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-137 O

O

Cl

O 3-Decanone

4-Decanone

O

Decanoyl chloride

trans-2-Decenal

1-Decene

O OH

OH cis-2-Decene

trans-2-Decene

cis-5-Decene

OH H

Cl

H

trans-5-Decene

9-Decenoic acid

N OH NH2

O

OH O HO

3-Decen-2-one

9-Decen-1-ol

O OH

O

O NH2

O

Declomycin

Decyl acetate

Decylamine

O O

O Decylbenzene

Decylcyclohexane

Decylcyclopentane

Decyl decanoate

O

Decyl formate

O O 11-Decylheneicosane

1-Decylnaphthalene

Decyloxirane

Decyl vinyl ether

OH OH

O

H

5-Decyne

O

OH

Dehydroabietic acid

O

O

OH

OH

N

O

N

OH

O

O H

O

HO

O

H

OH

1-Decyne

O

Br

O

Delphinidin

Delphinine

Deltamethrin

NH2

NH2 O

N

O

Br

N

Br

HO

S O

O

N

N O P O O

N

Demecarium bromide

S

O O P S O

Demeton

N

N

N

N

N

O

O Br

OH O

O

P

O O

OH

O

P

O

N

P

OH

O

N

H

O

CH2OH OH O

OH

O

S HO

OH

OH

Demeton-S-methyl

2’-Deoxyadenosine

2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate

6-Deoxy-L-ascorbic acid

O NH2

O HO

N OH

OH O

P

O O

F

HN N

HO

O

O O

H2N OH

N

O

HO

OH

HO

OH

OH

Deoxycholic acid

2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate

H HO H H

2’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine

2-Deoxy-D-glucose

1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol

OH 6-Deoxy-3-O-methylgalactose

OH OH HO HO

2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate

HO

O

O

O O

OH D-2-Deoxyribose

O

O O

Deserpidine

OH

2-Deoxy-D-chiro-inositol

N H H

O OH

O OH

O

OH

O

O

N

OH

N H HO

O

HO

H CH2NHMe OH H OH OH CH2OH

P

N

OH

O OH

H

N

HN

O

3-138

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

2810 Desethyl atrazine

6-Chloro-N-isopropyl-1,3,5triazine-2,4-diamine Deferoxamine

C6H10ClN5

6190-65-4

187.630

cry

136

C25H48N6O8

70-51-9

560.684

cry (EtOH aq)

139

C18H22N2 C16H16N2O4 C8H15N5S C10H18N2O3 C22H29FO5 C8H10N3NaO3S

50-47-5 13684-56-5 1014-69-3 533-48-2 50-02-2 140-56-7

266.381 300.309 213.304 214.261 392.460 251.238

cry lo nd (H2O)

2818 Dexpanthenol

C9H19NO4

81-13-0

205.252

hyg oil

2819 Dextroamphetamine sulfate 2820 Dextromethorphan hydrobromide

C18H28N2O4S C18H26BrNO

51-63-8 125-69-9

368.491 352.309

wh cry pow

>300 123

C6H12O2

123-42-2

116.158

liq

-44

167.9

0.938720

1.421320

2822 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene

C7H10O4

869-29-4

158.152

liq

-37.6

180

1.076020

1.419320

2823 1,3-Diacetylbenzene

C10H10O2

6781-42-6

162.185

32

15215

C10H10O2 C16H16N2O2

1009-61-6 613-35-4

162.185 268.310

113.0 328.3

1283

C21H23NO5 C4H6O4 C14H17ClNO4PS2 C10H17Cl2NOS C7H10N2

561-27-3 110-22-5 10311-84-9 2303-16-4 538-08-9

369.412 118.089 393.846 270.219 122.167

orth nd (eth) lf

173 30 68

27312 6321

col liq

2811 Desferrioxamine 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817

Desipramine Desmedipham Desmetryne Desthiobiotin Dexamethasone Dexon

2821 Diacetone alcohol

2824 1,4-Diacetylbenzene 2825 N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’diaminobiphenyl 2826 Diacetylmorphine 2827 Diacetylperoxide 2828 Dialifor 2829 Diallate 2830 Diallylcyanamide

Sodium dimethylaminobenzenediazosul fonate

4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2pentanone

4-Acetylacetophenone

Acetyl peroxide

ye-br pow

nd (HOAc)

sl H2O; s DMF

dec

1.2020

1.49720

1.1525

1.5625

1509 14290, 959

s EtOH; sl eth, ctc i H2O; s os 1.442020

-6

196.200

1403

1.076820

1.467025

1087-21-4

246.259

1765

C10H12O4 C8H10O4

999-21-3 615-99-6

196.200 170.163

12910, 1093 217

1.07520 1.158220

1.469920 1.448120

155.5

0.80920

1.450220

138.6 11716

0.887727 1.084515

1.487025

1113-12-8 2179-57-9 557-40-4

140.299 146.273 98.142

2835 Diallyl fumarate

C10H12O4

2807-54-7

C14H14O4

liq

2839 N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine

Triallylamine

C9H15N

102-70-5

137.222

94

2840 5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 2841 Diallyl sulfide 2842 Diallyl trisulfide 2843 Diamantane 2844 1,2-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

Allobarbital

C10H12N2O3

52-43-7

208.213

lf

172

C6H10S C6H10S3 C14H20 C14H10N2O2

592-88-1 2050-87-5 2292-79-7 1758-68-5

114.208 178.338 188.309 238.241

liq

-85

cry viol nd

236 303.5

2845 1,4-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

128-95-0

238.241

dk viol nd (py)

268

2846 1,5-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

129-44-2

238.241

dk red nd (al, 319 HOAc)

2847 1,8-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

129-42-0

238.241

red nd (al, HOAc)

265

2848 2,6-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

131-14-6

238.241

red-br pr (aq-py)

320 dec

2849 4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene

C12H12N4

538-41-0

212.250

250.5

2850 3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid

C7H8N2O2

535-87-5

152.151

ye nd (al), oran-ye pr (al) nd (+1w)

228

sub

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; sl eth vs H2O s EtOH, chl; i eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc vs EtOH; sl chl

vs bz, chl vs eth, EtOH

0.767920 1.023715 0.826020

C8H16Si C6H10S2 C6H10O

Congressane

s H2O

137; 6850 10048, 7916 94

274.267

Solubility

1730.02 120 85 157 262

1.1420

142-22-3

2837 Diallyl maleate 2838 Diallyl oxalate

nD

1612

C12H18O7

Di-2-propenyl 1,3benzenedicarboxylate

den/ g cm-3

-4

2831 Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate Diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) 2832 Diallyldimethylsilane 2833 Diallyl disulfide 2834 Diallyl ether Allyl ether

2836 Diallyl isophthalate

bp/˚C

1.416320

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

s chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, acid sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, bz vs eth, EtOH vs eth sl EtOH, eth, chl, xyl; s py, con sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, PhNO2; vs py i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2 i H2O; s EtOH, py; sl eth, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, con sulf, xyl, py sl H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs bz, chl sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH; vs eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-139 O

NH2 N Cl

O O

N N

H2N

N H

OH N

H N

N OH

O

Desethyl atrazine

O

O N H

O

N H

OH

S

N

N H

Desmetryne

O N N S O Na O

N

F

O

N H

O

Desthiobiotin

Desmedipham

OH

H

NH O

O

O

HO N

N H

Desipramine

HN N

O

N OH

Desferrioxamine

HO

N H

N

Dexamethasone

Dexon

O HBr OH

O

H N

HO

OH NH2

O Dexpanthenol

0.5 H2SO4

H

Dextroamphetamine sulfate

O

OH O

N

O

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide

Diacetone alcohol

O

O O

3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene

1,3-Diacetylbenzene

O O

O

O O

O O

O HN

O 1,4-Diacetylbenzene

NH

O

H

N

O

N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl

O

O

O Diacetylmorphine

Cl S S P O O

N

O

Diacetylperoxide

O Cl

S

N

Cl

Dialifor

Diallate

N O N

O

Diallylcyanamide

O O

O

O

S

Si

O

Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate

Diallyldimethylsilane

O

S

Diallyl disulfide

Diallyl ether

O O O O

O O

O

O

O

O Diallyl fumarate

O

O

Diallyl isophthalate

O

O O

N

O

Diallyl maleate

Diallyl oxalate

O

O

N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine

NH2

O

NH2

O

NH2

NH2 NH

O

N H

O

O

NH2

S

S

5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

Diallyl sulfide

NH2 O

S

S

O

Diallyl trisulfide

NH2

Diamantane

1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

1,4-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

NH2 H2N

H2N NH2 O 1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

1,8-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

2,6-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

N N 4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene

NH2

H2N

OH

NH2

3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid

3-140

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2851 2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

C4H10N2O2

305-62-4

118.134

hyg cry

2852 cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile 2853 1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 2854 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether 4,4-Oxydianiline 2855 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4’-Methylenedianiline

C4H4N4 C14H10N2O4

1187-42-4 128-94-9

108.102 270.240

bl nd (xyl)

C12H12N2O C13H14N2

101-80-4 101-77-9

200.235 198.263

2856 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide

4,4’-Thiodianiline

C12H12N2S

139-65-1

216.301

189 dec pl or nd (w) 92.5 pl (bz) nd (w) 108.5

2857 3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone 2858 meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid 2859 1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10anthracenedione 2860 1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione 2861 2,4-Diaminophenol

3,3’-Sulfonyldianiline 2,6-Diaminopimelic acid

C12H12N2O2S C7H14N2O4

599-61-1 922-54-3

248.300 190.197

nd (w)

C15H12N2O3

2872-48-2

268.267

235

C14H9N3O4

82-33-7

283.239

278

C6H8N2O

95-86-3

124.140

lf

79 dec

C6H10Cl2N2O

137-09-7

197.061

nd

235 dec

Thionine

C12H10ClN3S

581-64-6

263.745

Prontosil

C12H14ClN5O2S

103-12-8

327.790

Amsonic acid

C3H10N2O C14H14N2O6S2

616-29-5 81-11-8

90.123 370.400

cry ye nd

42.8 300

C3H5N5O

645-92-1

127.105

nd (aq Na2CO3)

dec

2868 8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid Crocetin

C20H24O4

27876-94-4

328.403

brick red orth

286

2869 Diatrizoic acid

C11H9I3N2O4

117-96-4

613.913

cry (EtOH aq)

300

C2H4N4O2 C12H21N2O3PS CH2N2 C21H13N C21H13N C21H13N C22H14

123-77-3 333-41-5 334-88-3 226-36-8 224-42-0 224-53-3 53-70-3

116.079 304.345 42.040 279.335 279.335 279.335 278.346

C22H14

224-41-9

278.346

oran lf or nd 197.5 (bz) 190.2

No. Name

2862 2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride 2863 3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride 2864 4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo] benzenesulfonamide 2865 1,3-Diamino-2-propanol 2866 4,4’-Diamino-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid 2867 4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)one

2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876

Diazenedicarboxamide Diazinon Diazomethane Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[c,h]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

Synonym

N,N’-Diacetyl-3,5-diamino2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid Azodicarbonamide

7-Azadibenz[a,j]anthracene 1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene

2877 Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

mp/˚C

nD

Solubility

1.4120

178.5

i H2O; s bz, xyl, EtOH >300 398; 25718

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s tfa vs H2O, EtOH s H2O

168.5 314 dec

vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, acid sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, oils, fats i eth, bz sl H2O

249.5

i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; s acid, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s py; vs NaOH

212 dec ye gas ye cry

-145 228 216 ye cry (EtOH) 189 pl (dil ace) 269.5

Carbamazepine

C15H12N2O

298-46-4

236.268

Diphenylene dioxide 2,2’-Biphenylene oxide

C18H21N3O C20H13N C20H13N C26H16 C12H8O2 C12H8O

4498-32-2 194-59-2 239-64-5 217-54-9 262-12-4 132-64-9

295.379 267.324 267.324 328.405 184.191 168.191

nd (MeOH) lf or nd (al)

2885 Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysene

C24H14

192-65-4

302.368

pa ye nd(xyl) 233.5

2886 Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene 2887 Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene 2888 Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene Benzo[rst]pentaphene Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene

C24H14 C24H14 C24H14

189-64-0 189-55-9 191-30-0

302.368 302.368 302.368

oran pl

2889 Dibenzothiophene

C12H8S

132-65-0

184.257

2890 Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione

C14H8O3

6050-13-1

224.212

C14H10O2S2

644-32-6

274.358

Benzoyl disulfide

den/ g cm-3

s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH

2878 5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5carboxamide 2879 Dibenzepin 2880 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 2881 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole 2882 Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene 2883 Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin 2884 Dibenzofuran

2891 Dibenzoyl disulfide

bp/˚C

cry (EtOH)

ye pl (bz/ EtOH) nd (dil al, lig)

117 158 221.3 400 120.5 86.5

870.05 -23

1.492220 vs eth, diox i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, CS2 i H2O, HOAc; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s peth

1850.01 i H2O

287

315 281.5 164.5

2750.05

98.2

332.5

nd (HOAc or 217 bz) pr(al), 134.5 sc(chlpeth)

1.108820

sub dec

1.088699

1.607999

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, HOAc sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; s tol, con sulf

i H2O; s chl, MeOH; vs EtOH, bz i H2O; sl eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s CS2

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-141 NH2 O

N

N

O

NH2 O

H2N

OH NH2

H2N

2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

NH2

OH O

cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile

H2N

OH

NH2

1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether

H2N

NH2 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane

O O

S

H2N

O

O S

NH2

HO

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide

O

NH2

3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone

OH

O OH

meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid

1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH NH2

NH2

NH2

N 2 HCl O

N

O

NH2

O

1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

NH2

H2N

NH2

2,4-Diaminophenol

H2N

2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride

OH O S O

NH2

H2N

NH2

1,3-Diamino-2-propanol

O O

N H

O

4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid

O

N

HO NH2

OH O

4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one

8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid

OH

I

I

N H

4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo]benzenesulfonamide

NH2

O S O OH

H2N

O S NH2 O

N N

NH2 Cl

S

3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride

N OH

NH2

O

NH2

NH2

NH2

H2N

NH2

O

I

O

O

N H

Diatrizoic acid

H2N

N

N

S

N

O P O O

NH2

O Diazenedicarboxamide

H

N

C N

N

N

N

H

Diazinon

Diazomethane

Dibenz[a,h]acridine

Dibenz[a,j]acridine

N O N N

N O Dibenz[c,h]acridine

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

N

NH2

5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide

N H

Dibenzepin

7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole

O N H 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole

Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene

O

O

Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin

Dibenzofuran

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

O

O

O

Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene

O S

O

S Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene

Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

Dibenzothiophene

S

Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione

Dibenzoyl disulfide

3-142

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

den/ g cm-3

2892 Dibenzylamine

N-Benzylbenzenemethanamine

C14H15N

103-49-1

197.276

nD

Solubility

dec 300; 270250

1.025622

1.578120

26 1.8

1954 298

1.02420 1.042820

1.563520 1.516820

274.356

117.5

19020

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc

C14H14S2

150-60-7

246.391

lf (al)

71.5

C16H20N2 C14H14O

140-28-3 103-50-4

240.343 198.260

oily lig

2896 2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone

C20H18O

897-78-9

2897 Dibenzyl malonate 2898 Dibenzyl phosphite 2899 Dibenzyl sulfide

C17H16O4 C14H15O3P C14H14S

15014-25-2 17176-77-1 538-74-9

284.307 262.241 214.326

1.544720 1.552118

C14H14O2S

620-32-6

246.325

pl (eth or chl) nd (al-bz)

1872 1620.1 dec

1.13725

-2.5 49.5

2900 Dibenzyl sulfone

152

dec 290

2901 Dibenzyl sulfoxide

C14H14OS

621-08-9

230.325

lf (al, w)

134

dec 210

2902 1,3-Dibenzylurea 2903 Dibromoacetic acid

C15H16N2O C2H2Br2O2

1466-67-7 631-64-1

240.300 217.844

nd (al) hyg cry

169.5 49

195250, 13016

2904 Dibromoacetonitrile 2905 2,4-Dibromoaniline

C2HBr2N C6H5Br2N

3252-43-5 615-57-6

198.844 250.919

2906 3,5-Dibromoaniline 2907 9,10-Dibromoanthracene

C6H5Br2N C14H8Br2

626-40-4 523-27-3

250.919 336.022

2893 Dibenzyl disulfide 2894 N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine 2895 Dibenzyl ether

Benzathine Benzyl ether

Benzyl sulfide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

-26

2908 o-Dibromobenzene

1,2-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

583-53-9

235.904

orth bipym 79.5 (chl) nd or lf (al) nd (dil al) 57 ye nd (to or 226 xyl) 7.1

2909 m-Dibromobenzene

1,3-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

108-36-1

235.904

liq

2910 p-Dibromobenzene

1,4-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

106-37-6

235.904

pl

2911 4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone 2912 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl

Bis(4-bromophenyl) ketone

C13H8Br2O C12H8Br2

3988-03-2 92-86-4

340.010 312.000

2913 1,3-Dibromo-2,2Pentaerythritol tetrabromide bis(bromomethyl)propane 2914 3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)- Tribromsalan 2-hydroxybenzamide 2915 1,1-Dibromobutane 2916 1,2-Dibromobutane α-Butylene dibromide 2917 1,3-Dibromobutane

C5H8Br4

3229-00-3

387.734

C13H8Br3NO2

87-10-5

449.921

pl (al) 177 mcl pr 164 (MeOH) cry (ace), nd 163 (lig) 227

C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2

62168-25-6 533-98-2 107-80-2

215.915 215.915 215.915

liq

2918 1,4-Dibromobutane

C4H8Br2

110-52-1

215.915

2919 2,3-Dibromobutane 2920 trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene

C4H8Br2 C4H6Br2

5408-86-6 821-06-7

215.915 213.899

2921 1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne 2922 α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor

C4H4Br2 C10H14Br2O

2219-66-1 514-12-5

211.883 310.025

2923 Dibromochlorofluoromethane 2924 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 2925 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane 2926 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide 2927 trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±) 2928 1,10-Dibromodecane

CBr2ClF C3H5Br2Cl C2Br2ClF3

353-55-9 96-12-8 354-51-8

226.270 236.333 276.277

C3H2Br2N2O C6H10Br2

10222-01-2 5183-77-7

241.868 241.951

cry (bz)

C10H20Br2

4101-68-2

300.074

2929 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane

C2H2Br2Cl2

75-81-0

2930 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane

C2H2Br2Cl2

2931 Dibromodichloromethane 2932 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane

Decamethylene dibromide

Genetron 132b-B2

169; 6824 15674

1.058350

2.36920 2.26020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs ace; s bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.539320 s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc

sub 225

1.984320

1.615520

-7

218

1.952320

1.608317

87.43

218.5

2.26117

1.5742

395 357.5 305.5

2.59615

-65.4

158; 91101 166.3 174

1.78425 1.791520 1.80020

1.498825 1.402520 1.50720

liq

-16.5

197

1.819925

1.516725

liq pl (peth)

-24 53.4

161 203; 7414

1.789322

1.513322

9215

2.01418 1.85421

1.58818

2.317322 2.09314

1.457020 1.55314

50

80.3 196 93

126 -2.0

145100, 10520

1.775920

1.544519

pl (al)

28

1619, 1284

1.33530

1.492725

256.751

liq

-26

195

2.13520

1.566220

683-68-1

256.751

liq

-26

195

2.13520

1.566220

CBr2Cl2

594-18-3

242.725

38

150.2

2.4225

C2H2Br2F2

75-82-1

223.842

-61.3

92.5

2.223820

61

liq

1.445620

vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace, CS2 vs bz, HOAc, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz s EtOH, bz, tol; sl eth, chl

i H2O; s eth, chl i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; sl ctc; s chl i H2O; s eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, peth; s ace s eth, ace; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s AcOEt i H2O

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

N H

S

Dibenzylamine

3-143

S

H N

N H

Dibenzyl disulfide

N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O O

O O

2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone

O

O

O P

Dibenzyl ether

O

S

O

Dibenzyl malonate

Dibenzyl phosphite

Dibenzyl sulfide

NH2 Br

O N H

S O

S O

O

Dibenzyl sulfone

Dibenzyl sulfoxide

N H

Br

OH

Br

Br

O

Br

N

1,3-Dibenzylurea

Dibromoacetic acid

Br

Br

Dibromoacetonitrile

2,4-Dibromoaniline

Br

NH2

Br

Br

O

Br Br

Br

Br

3,5-Dibromoaniline

Br

9,10-Dibromoanthracene

o-Dibromobenzene

p-Dibromobenzene

Br

Br

Br Br

Br 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl

Br 4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone

Br

OH O Br

Br

Br

m-Dibromobenzene

N H

Br

Br Br

1,3-Dibromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propane

Br Br

Br

3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide

1,1-Dibromobutane

1,2-Dibromobutane

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromobutane

Br

Br

1,4-Dibromobutane

2,3-Dibromobutane

trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene

Br

Cl Br

Dibromochlorofluoromethane

Br

Cl

Br

1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne

N

Br NH2 Br Br

1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide

Cl Br

Br

Br 1,10-Dibromodecane

Br Cl Cl

1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane

α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor

Br

O

Br

Cl F

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane

Br O

Br

Br

F F

Br F

Br

Br

Br

Br

trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±)

Br Br

Cl 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane

Cl

Cl Br

Dibromodichloromethane

Br

Br F

F

1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane

3-144

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2933 Dibromodifluoromethane

CBr2F2

75-61-6

209.816

vol liq or gas -110.1

2934 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4Dibromantine imidazolidinedione 2935 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane 2936 1,12-Dibromododecane

C5H6Br2N2O2

77-48-5

285.922

C5H10Br2 C12H24Br2

5434-27-5 3344-70-5

229.941 328.127

184; 8026 21515

1.677520

nd (al,HOAc) 41

2937 1,1-Dibromoethane

Ethylidene dibromide

C2H4Br2

557-91-5

187.861

liq

-63

108.0

2.055520

1.512820

2938 1,2-Dibromoethane

Ethylene dibromide

C2H4Br2

106-93-4

187.861

9.84

131.6

2.168325

1.535625

2939 cis-1,2-Dibromoethene

cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene

C2H2Br2

590-11-4

185.845

liq

-53

112.5

2.246420

1.542820

2940 trans-1,2-Dibromoethene

trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene

C2H2Br2

590-12-5

185.845

liq

-6.5

108

2.230820

1.550518

2941 1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane 2942 1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate 2943 (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene

C4H8Br2O C4H6Br2O2 C8H8Br2

2983-26-8 24442-57-7 93-52-7

231.914 245.898 263.958

1.732020 1.9120

75

8020 89.516 13319

1.504420

liq

2944 Dibromofluoromethane

CHBr2F

1868-53-7

191.825

liq

-78

64.9

2.42120

1.468520

C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2

42474-21-5 4549-31-9

257.994 257.994

41.7

228 263

1.508620 1.530620

1.498620 1.503420

C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C3Br2F6

21266-88-6 21266-90-0 661-95-0

257.994 257.994 309.830

10117 10724 72.8

1.513920 1.518220 2.163020

1.499220 1.501020

C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2

624-20-4 629-03-8

243.967 243.967

liq

-1.2

10336 245.5

1.577420 1.602525

1.502420 1.505425

C6H12Br2 C7H4Br2O2

89583-12-0 90-59-5

243.967 279.914

1.504320

pa ye pr

86

8013 sub

1.602720

3,5-Dibromosalicylaldehyde 3,5-Dibromosalicylic acid

C7H4Br2O3

3147-55-5

295.913

nd

228

Bromoxynil

C7H3Br2NO

1689-84-5

276.913

Methylene bromide

CH2Br2

74-95-3

173.835

2,5-Dibromotoluene

C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2

615-59-8 31543-75-6 618-31-5

249.931 249.931 249.931

C5H10Br2 C7H6Br2O C4H8Br2 C10H6Br2

594-51-4 609-22-3 594-34-3 83-53-4

229.941 265.930 215.915 285.963

2964 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline

C6H4Br2N2O2

827-94-1

295.916

2965 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol

C6H3Br2NO3

99-28-5

296.901

2966 1,9-Dibromononane 2967 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane 2968 1,8-Dibromooctane

C9H18Br2 C4Br2F8 C8H16Br2

4549-33-1 335-48-8 4549-32-0

286.047 359.838 272.021

2969 1,2-Dibromopentane 2970 1,4-Dibromopentane 2971 1,5-Dibromopentane

C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2

3234-49-9 626-87-9 111-24-0

229.941 229.941 229.941

2972 2,4-Dibromopentane 2973 2,4-Dibromophenol

C5H10Br2 C6H4Br2O

19398-53-9 615-58-7

2974 2,6-Dibromophenol

C6H4Br2O

608-33-3

No. Name

2945 1,2-Dibromoheptane 2946 1,7-Dibromoheptane

Synonym

Heptamethylene dibromide

2947 2,3-Dibromoheptane 2948 3,4-Dibromoheptane 2949 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 2950 1,2-Dibromohexane 2951 1,6-Dibromohexane 2952 3,4-Dibromohexane 2953 3,5-Dibromo-2hydroxybenzaldehyde 2954 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 2955 3,5-Dibromo-4hydroxybenzonitrile 2956 Dibromomethane

2957 1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene 2958 2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene 2959 (Dibromomethyl)benzene 2960 2961 2962 2963

2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,4-Dibromonaphthalene

Octamethylene dibromide

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

22.76

Solubility s H2O, eth, ace, bz

198 dec 1.5090 i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; s eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl; vs eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl vs EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc, MeOH, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, ctc, chl

i H2O vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl; sl ctc vs bz, eth, chl s ace

190 liq

nd (peth)

-52.5

97

2.496920

1.542020

5.6 -9.7 1.0

236 10311 15623

1.812717 1.817625 1.836528

1.598218 1.596425 1.614720

7 58 10.5 83

6217 1.671720 dec 265; 1054 150 1.782720 310

1.572925 1.511920

ye nd (al, 207 HOAc) pa ye pr or lf 145 dec (al) 1.422920

15.5

1.459425

1.497125

liq

-34.4 -39.5

184 146150, 9914 222.3

1.66818 1.622220 1.692825

1.508620 1.510225

229.941 251.903

nd (peth)

38

7521, 6012 238.5

1.665920 2.070020

251.903

nd (w)

56.5

255; 16221

-22.5

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s chl s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl HOAc sl H2O; s HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz, HOAc

285; 15410 97 271

liq

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O

i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl

i H2O; s bz, chl; sl ctc

1.498720 sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

Br N

Br F

3-145

F

O

Br

N Br

Dibromodifluoromethane

1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

Br

Br

Br Br

Br 1,1-Dibromoethane

1,2-Dibromoethane

Br

Br

Br

H

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

H

H

H

cis-1,2-Dibromoethene

1,12-Dibromododecane

Br Br

Br

trans-1,2-Dibromoethene

O O

1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

H (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene

1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate

Br

Br

Br

O

F

Br

Br

Dibromofluoromethane

Br

1,2-Dibromoheptane

Br

1,7-Dibromoheptane

Br

2,3-Dibromoheptane

3,4-Dibromoheptane

O Br

F Br F

Br

Br

Br

Br

F F F F 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane

1,2-Dibromohexane

OH

Br

Br 1,6-Dibromohexane

Br

3,4-Dibromohexane

Br

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

N HO

Br

O

Br OH

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

OH

Br

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

H

3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile

Br

Br

H Dibromomethane

1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene

OH Br

Br

2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene

NH2

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Br (Dibromomethyl)benzene

Br

Br

Br 2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane

2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol

Br

1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane

O

1,4-Dibromonaphthalene

N

O

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline

OH Br

Br F F F F Br O

N

Br

O

Br

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol

Br F F F F

1,9-Dibromononane

1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane

Br

Br

Br

Br 1,8-Dibromooctane

1,2-Dibromopentane

OH Br Br

Br Br

1,4-Dibromopentane

Br

Br

Br 1,5-Dibromopentane

OH Br

Br

Br 2,4-Dibromopentane

2,4-Dibromophenol

2,6-Dibromophenol

3-146

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

2975 1,2-Dibromopropane

Propylene dibromide

C3H6Br2

78-75-1

201.888

liq

-55.49

141.9

1.932420

1.520120

2976 1,3-Dibromopropane

C3H6Br2

109-64-8

201.888

liq

-34.5

167.3

1.970125

1.520425

2977 2,2-Dibromopropane

C3H6Br2

594-16-1

201.888

113

1.88020

2978 2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid 2979 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol 2980 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol

C3H4Br2O2 C3H6Br2O C3H6Br2O

600-05-5 96-13-9 96-21-9

231.871 217.887 217.887

s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH

C9H15Br6O4P

126-72-7

697.610

C3H4Br2O C3H4Br2

816-39-7 13195-80-7

215.871 199.872

2984 1,2-Dibromo-1-propene 2985 2,3-Dibromo-1-propene

C3H4Br2 C3H4Br2

26391-16-2 513-31-5

199.872 199.872

2986 3,5-Dibromopyridine

C5H3Br2N

625-92-3

236.893

nd (al)

112

222 sub

2981 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) 2982 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone 2983 1,1-Dibromo-1-propene

Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate 1,3-Dibromoacetone

66.5 ye liq

nd

26

2987 5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol

Broxyquinoline

C9H5Br2NO

521-74-4

302.950

nd (al)

196

2988 2,6-Dibromoquinone-4chlorimide 2989 1,14-Dibromotetradecane

2,6-Dibromo-4-(chloroimino)2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one Tetradecamethylene dibromide

C6H2Br2ClNO

537-45-1

299.347

83

C14H28Br2

37688-96-3

356.180

ye pr (al or HOAc) lf (al-eth) cry (al) liq liq liq

C2Br2F4 C4H2Br2S C4H2Br2S

124-73-2 3140-93-0 3141-27-3

259.823 241.932 241.932

2993 3,4-Dibromothiophene 2994 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Halon 2302 2995 2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5Dibromogallic acid trihydroxybenzoic acid 2996 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

C4H2Br2S C2HBr2F3 C7H4Br2O5

3141-26-2 354-04-1 602-92-6

241.932 241.832 327.912

C9H9Br2NO3

300-38-9

338.980

2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002

C20H29N3O2 C20H30ClN3O2 C14H22O2 C10H22O2 C9H20O2 C14H26O4

85-79-0 61-12-1 104-36-9 112-48-1 2568-90-3 105-99-7

343.463 379.924 222.324 174.281 160.254 258.354

hyg cry

liq

2990 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 2991 2,3-Dibromothiophene 2992 2,5-Dibromothiophene

Dibucaine Dibucaine hydrochloride 1,4-Dibutoxybenzene 1,2-Dibutoxyethane Dibutoxymethane Dibutyl adipate

Refrigerant 114B2

Cinchocaine

Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Butylal

nd, pr or lf (w+1) nd or pl

liq liq

50.4

16020, 13812 219 2.12020 dec 219; 10516 2.136420

1.549525

9722 125

2.167018 1.976720

1.526020

131.5 141; 37.711

2.007620 2.034525

1.541625

1908 2.149

25

25

-110.32 -17.5 -6

47.35 218.5; 8913 210.3

2.14223

1.361 1.630422 1.628820

4.5

221.5 76

2.27427

1.419124

150 245 64 94 dec 45.5 -69.1 -58.1 -32.4

15815 203.3 179.2 16510

0.831925 0.833920 0.961320

1.411225 1.407217 1.436920

-62

159.6

0.767020

1.417720

0.753420

1.416220

0.903720

1.518620

C8H19N

111-92-2

129.244

3004 Di-sec-butylamine 3005 2-Dibutylaminoethanol 3006 N,N-Dibutylaniline

N-sec-Butyl-2-butanamine

C8H19N C10H23NO C14H23N

626-23-3 102-81-8 613-29-6

129.244 173.296 205.340

liq

-32.2

134 11418 274.8

3007 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene

C14H22

1012-72-2

190.325

nd (MeOH)

79.5

238; 10915

0.985020

3008 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol

C14H22O2

88-58-4

222.324

213.5

C32H68S2Sn C9H18O3

1185-81-5 542-52-9

635.722 174.237

cry (aq HOAc) col liq

1220.3 207

1.0520 0.925120

1.411720

3011 Di-tert-butyl carbonate 3012 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

C9H18O3 C14H20O2

34619-03-9 2460-77-7

174.237 220.308

3013 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 3014 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol 3015 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin4,7-dione 3016 Dibutyl disulfide

C14H20O2

719-22-2

220.308

C17H29NO

88-27-7

263.418

C12H20O4Sn

78-04-6

C8H18S2

226; 11720

0.93820

1.492320

C8H18S2 C10H20

8821 144

0.922620 0.74420

1.489920 1.427020

3017 Di-tert-butyl disulfide 3018 cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene

cis-2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-3hexene

cry (al) ye cry (al)

40 152.5

158

69

600.01

pl (EtOH)

94

17940

346.995

ye solid

110

629-45-8

178.359

oil

110-06-5 692-47-7

178.359 140.266

liq

-2.5

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, HOAc; sl eth vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc

s chl s ctc

N-Butylbutanamine

Dibutyltin bis(dodecyl sulfide)

vs eth, CS2 sl H2O; s bz, ctc, chl

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; s alk, acid

3003 Dibutylamine

3009 Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane 3010 Dibutyl carbonate

vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth

s tol, hp i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-147 O

Br

Br

Br Br Br

Br

1,2-Dibromopropane

OH

1,3-Dibromopropane

2,2-Dibromopropane

Br

Br

OH

Br OH

Br

Br

2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol

Br Br Br

Br

O

O P O O Br

Br

O

Br Br

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone

Br

Br

1,1-Dibromo-1-propene

1,2-Dibromo-1-propene

N

2,3-Dibromo-1-propene

3,5-Dibromopyridine

Br

N

N

OH 5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol

F F

Br

Cl

Br Br

Br

S

H N

F

S 3,4-Dibromothiophene

O

N

Dibucaine

OH

Br

Br

HO

OH

Br OH

HO

Br F

O

OH

1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Br

S

2,3-Dibromothiophene

2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid

NH2

Br

3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

O

H N

O

N

Br F

1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane

Br

Br

Br F

1,14-Dibromotetradecane

F 2,5-Dibromothiophene

Br

Br

2,6-Dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide

O

N

Br

Br

O

Br

O

Br

Br

N

HCl

O

O

Dibucaine hydrochloride

O

O

1,4-Dibutoxybenzene

O

1,2-Dibutoxyethane

O

Dibutoxymethane

N

O H N

N

Di-sec-butylamine

2-Dibutylaminoethanol

O

O

N H

O Dibutyl adipate

OH

Dibutylamine

N,N-Dibutylaniline

OH

OH 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene

O

Sn S S

2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol

O

Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane

O

Dibutyl carbonate

OH O

O O O

N

O

Di-tert-butyl carbonate

O

O

2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol

O O Sn O O 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin-4,7-dione

S

S

Dibutyl disulfide

S

S

Di-tert-butyl disulfide

cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene

3-148

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

3019 Dibutyl ether

Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether N,N’-Di-tert-butylethylenediamine 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol N,N-Dibutylformamide Dibutyl fumarate N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2hydroxybenzoic acid 3028 Di-tert-butyl ketone

3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C8H18O

142-96-1

130.228

liq

-95.2

140.28

0.768420

1.399220

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc

6863-58-7 6163-66-2 4062-60-6 4130-42-1 761-65-9 105-75-9 4835-11-4 19715-19-6

130.228 130.228 172.311 234.376 157.253 228.285 228.417 250.334

liq liq cry

0.75625 0.765820 0.69

1.394920

53.3 44

121.1 107.23 189 272 285; 1504 1383.5

0.977520

1.446920 1.447025

18

20

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, ctc s ace, chl

C8H18O C8H18O N,N’-Di-tert-butylethanediamine C10H24N2 C16H26O C9H19NO C12H20O4 C14H32N2 C15H22O3

liq

-13.5 163.3

s chl

C9H18O

815-24-7

142.238

liq

-25.2

152

0.8240

3029 Dibutyl maleate 3030 Dibutyl malonate

C12H20O4 C11H20O4

105-76-0 1190-39-2

228.285 216.275

liq

<-80 -83

280; 14210 251.5

0.982420

1.426220

3031 Di-tert-butyl malonate 3032 Dibutylmercury 3033 2,4-Di-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol

C11H20O4 C8H18Hg C15H24O

541-16-2 629-35-6 497-39-2

216.275 314.82 220.351

-6

1.418420 1.777920 0.91280

1.418429 1.505720

62.1

11331, 662 223; 10510 282

3034 2,4-Di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenol 3035 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol

C15H24O C15H24O

616-55-7 128-37-0

220.351 220.351

51 71

269 265

0.89180 0.893775

1.485975

3036 Dibutyl nonanedioate 3037 Dibutyl oxalate

C17H32O4 C10H18O4

2917-73-9 2050-60-4

300.434 202.248

liq

-30.5

1702 241; 962

0.987320

1.423420

C8H18O2

110-05-4

146.228

liq

-40

111

0.70420

1.389020

3039 2,6-Di-sec-butylphenol 3040 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol 3041 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol

C14H22O C14H22O C14H22O

5510-99-6 96-76-4 128-39-2

206.324 206.324 206.324

liq

-42 56.5 39

257.5 263.5 16150, 13320

3042 3043 3044 3045

C14H22O C8H19O4P C8H19O3P C16H22O4

1138-52-9 107-66-4 1809-19-4 84-74-2

206.324 210.208 194.209 278.344

oil oil liq

C13H21N C18H34O4 C12H22O4

585-48-8 109-43-3 141-03-7

191.313 314.461 230.301

liq liq

C12H22O4 C8H18O4S C8H18S

926-26-1 625-22-9 544-40-1

230.301 210.292 146.294

liq liq

C8H18S

626-26-6

146.294

C8H18S C8H18O3S C8H18O2S

107-47-1 626-85-7 598-04-9

146.294 194.292 178.293

liq

3056 Dibutyl sulfoxide

C8H18OS

2168-93-6

162.293

3057 Dibutyl tartrate

C12H22O6

87-92-3

C9H20N2S C8H18Cl2Sn C32H64O4Sn

3061 Dicapthon

C8H9ClNO5PS

3038 Di-tert-butyl peroxide

DBMC

DTBP

3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol Dibutyl phosphate Dibutyl phosphonate Dibutyl phthalate

pr (al)

i alk s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s ace, chl

1.4194

1.508020 1.508020 1.500120

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i alk i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, peth; i alk sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc ace; s ctc, lig sl ctc; i alk sl EtOH; s ctc; i alk

88

-35

1360.05 230; 13119 340

1.0620 0.98525 1.046520

1.422020 1.491120

-10 -29.2

12020 344.5 274.5

0.940515 0.975220

1.443315 1.429920

i H2O; s eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc

1099 1156 185

0.838620

1.453020

165

0.834820

1.450620

vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

0.81525 0.995720 0.988547

1.450620 1.431020

45

149.1 230 291

nd (dil al)

32.6

dec

0.831723

1.466920

262.299

pr

22

320

1.090920

1.445120

109-46-6 683-18-1 77-58-7

188.333 303.845 631.558

nd (al) 78 solid 43 ye liq or cry 23

2463-84-5

297.653

cry (MeOH)

53

3062 Dicentrine 3063 Dichlofenthion 3064 Dichlofluanid

517-66-8 C20H21NO4 97-17-6 C10H13Cl2O3PS C9H11Cl2FN2O2S2 1085-98-9

339.386 315.153 333.229

wh pow

105.3

3065 Dichloroacetaldehyde

C2H2Cl2O

112.942

3046 2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine 3047 Dibutyl sebacate 3048 Dibutyl succinate 3049 Di-tert-butyl succinate 3050 Dibutyl sulfate 3051 Dibutyl sulfide

Butyl sulfate

3052 Di-sec-butyl sulfide 3053 Di-tert-butyl sulfide 3054 Dibutyl sulfite 3055 Dibutyl sulfone

3058 N,N’-Dibutylthiourea 3059 Dibutyltin dichloride 3060 Dibutyltin dilaurate

Butyl sulfite

Dibutyldichlorostannane

79-02-7

36.5 -79.7

-9.0

13510

90.5

1.43625

s ctc, BuOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc

s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, EtOH s hx, eth, thf i H2O, MeOH; s eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s ace, tol, xyl, AcOEt s chl s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s ace, MeOH, xyl sl EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-149 OH

O Dibutyl ether

H N

O

O Di-sec-butyl ether

Di-tert-butyl ether

O N H

N

N,N’-Di-tert-butylethylenediamine

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol

O

N,N-Dibutylformamide

OH OH

O H N

O

O O

N H

Dibutyl fumarate

N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine

O

3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Di-tert-butyl ketone

OH

O O

O

O

O

O O

O O Dibutyl maleate

O

O

Dibutyl malonate

O

Hg

Di-tert-butyl malonate

Dibutylmercury

2,4-Di-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol

OH OH O O

O O

2,4-Di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenol

O

O

O

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol

O

O

Dibutyl nonanedioate

Dibutyl oxalate

O

Di-tert-butyl peroxide

OH OH OH

OH

2,6-Di-sec-butylphenol

2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol

2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol

3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol

O P O O OH

O P O O H

Dibutyl phosphate

Dibutyl phosphonate

O O O

O N

O Dibutyl phthalate

S

Dibutyl sulfate

Dibutyl sulfide

O Di-tert-butyl succinate

O

O S O

S O

Dibutyl sulfone

Dibutyl sulfoxide

O

Dibutyl sebacate

O S O O O

O

O

O

O

2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine

O O

O O

O

Dibutyl succinate

S

S

O S

Di-sec-butyl sulfide

Di-tert-butyl sulfide

Dibutyl sulfite

O

OH

S

O

O

N H

OH O Dibutyl tartrate

O

Cl Sn Cl

N H

N,N’-Dibutylthiourea

Dibutyltin dichloride

O O O Sn O

O

S O O P O Cl

N

Dibutyltin dilaurate

Dicapthon

N O S OF Cl N S Cl

O

Cl

Dicentrine

O Cl

Dichlofluanid

O O

O

O

N H

O

Dichloroacetaldehyde

Cl

S P

Cl Dichlofenthion

O O

3-150

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3066 2,2-Dichloroacetamide

C2H3Cl2NO

683-72-7

3067 Dichloroacetic acid

C2H2Cl2O2

3068 Dichloroacetic anhydride 3069 1,1-Dichloroacetone 3070 1,3-Dichloroacetone 3071 Dichloroacetonitrile 3072 Dichloroacetyl chloride

No. Name

Physical Form

den/ g cm-3

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

127.957

99.4

234

79-43-6

128.942

13.5

194; 10220

C4H2Cl4O3 C3H4Cl2O

4124-30-5 513-88-2

239.869 126.969

18.0

dec 215; 10010 1.57424 120 1.30418

C3H4Cl2O C2HCl2N C2HCl3O

534-07-6 3018-12-0 79-36-7

126.969 109.942 147.387

pr or nd

45

173.4 112.5 108

1.382646 1.36920 1.531516

1.471640 1.439125 1.459120

C2Cl2 C7H5Cl2NO4S

7572-29-4 80-13-7

94.927 270.091

liq pr (HOAc)

-66 195 dec

33

1.26120

1.4279020

C6H5Cl2N

608-27-5

162.017

nd (lig)

24

252

3076 2,4-Dichloroaniline

C6H5Cl2N

554-00-7

162.017

3077 2,5-Dichloroaniline

C6H5Cl2N

95-82-9

162.017

pr (ace) nd 63.5 (dil al) (lig) nd (lig) 50

3078 2,6-Dichloroaniline

C6H5Cl2N

608-31-1

162.017

3079 3,4-Dichloroaniline

C6H5Cl2N

95-76-1

162.017

nd (lig)

3080 3,5-Dichloroaniline

C6H5Cl2N

626-43-7

162.017

3081 9,10-Dichloroanthracene

C14H8Cl2

605-48-1

247.120

3082 1,5-Dichloro-9,10anthracenedione

C14H6Cl2O2

82-46-2

277.103

nd (lig, dil 52 al) 213.5 ye nd (MeCOEt or CCl4) ye nd (to) 252

3083 1,8-Dichloro-9,10anthracenedione

C14H6Cl2O2

82-43-9

277.103

ye nd (HOAc)

202.5

3084 3085 3086 3087

C12H8Cl2N2 C12H8Cl2N2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O

1602-00-2 614-26-6 6334-18-5 874-42-0

251.111 267.110 175.012 175.012

ye nd (ace) ye nd (EtOH) cry (dil al) pr

189 158 66 73.3

10515

3088 2,6-Dichlorobenzaldehyde 3089 3,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O

83-38-5 6287-38-3

175.012 175.012

nd (lig)

71.8 44

247.5

3090 3,5-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

C7H4Cl2O

10203-08-4

175.012

65

240

198 -17.0

180

1.305920

1.551520

3073 Dichloroacetylene 3074 4-[(Dichloroamino)sulfonyl] benzoic acid 3075 2,3-Dichloroaniline

Synonym

Halazone

trans-4,4’-Dichloroazobenzene 4,4’-Dichloroazoxybenzene 2,3-Dichlorobenzaldehyde 2,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

245

1.563420

nD

Solubility

1.465820

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc

1.56720

251

39 72

272 261

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, tol, PhNO2

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

3091 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide 3092 o-Dichlorobenzene

1,2-Dichlorobenzene

C7H5Cl2NO C6H4Cl2

2008-58-4 95-50-1

190.027 147.002

nd or lf (dil HOAc) cry liq

3093 m-Dichlorobenzene

1,3-Dichlorobenzene

C6H4Cl2

541-73-1

147.002

liq

-24.8

173

1.288420

1.545920

3094 p-Dichlorobenzene

1,4-Dichlorobenzene

C6H4Cl2

106-46-7

147.002

mcl pr, lf (ace)

53.09

174

1.247555

1.528520

3095 2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamine 3096 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamine

C6H6Cl2N2 C6H6Cl2N2

20103-09-7 609-20-1

177.031 177.031

pr (w) 170 nd, pr (dil al) 125

3097 3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol

C6H4Cl2O2

13673-92-2

179.001

pr

3098 4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol

C6H4Cl2O2

3428-24-8

179.001

3099 4,6-Dichloro-1,3-benzenediol

C6H4Cl2O2

137-19-9

179.001

pr(chl-CS2) 116.5 nd(bz-peth) 113

3100 2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediol

C6H4Cl2O2

824-69-1

179.001

3101 4,5-Dichloro-1,3Dichlorphenamide benzenedisulfonamide 3102 2,4-Dichlorobenzenemethanamine 3103 2,4-Dichlorobenzenemethanol 2,4-Dichlorobenzyl alcohol 3104 N,N-Dichlorobenzenesulfonamide

C6H6Cl2N2O4S2

120-97-8

305.159

C7H7Cl2N C7H6Cl2O C6H5Cl2NO2S

95-00-1 1777-82-8 473-29-0

176.044 177.028 226.081

nd or pr w, ace, bz)

sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s MeOH dec H2O, EtOH; msc eth s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O, chl; vs HOAc; i peth s EtOH, ace; vs eth; sl bz, ctc, lig sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, lig sl EtOH, eth, chl; s bz

s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH; vs ace s H2O; vs EtOH, bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl lig s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace

83.5

254 1.815024

172.5

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; msc ace i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz; s eth, ctc

228.7

59.5 ye mcl or pl 76

12513 15025

1.576225

s chl s chl s EtOH; sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O Cl

O Cl

NH2 Cl

Cl OH

2,2-Dichloroacetamide

O

Cl O

Cl

Cl

O Cl

Cl

O

Dichloroacetic acid

3-151

O

O Cl

Cl

Dichloroacetic anhydride

1,1-Dichloroacetone

O

N

Cl Cl

Cl

1,3-Dichloroacetone

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Dichloroacetonitrile

Dichloroacetyl chloride

Cl

Dichloroacetylene

OH NH2 NH2

NH2 NH2

Cl Cl

O S O N Cl Cl

NH2

NH2

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

4-[(Dichloroamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acid

2,3-Dichloroaniline

O

Cl

Cl

Cl 2,4-Dichloroaniline

Cl

Cl

2,5-Dichloroaniline

O

Cl

Cl 2,6-Dichloroaniline

3,4-Dichloroaniline

Cl

Cl

Cl N

N N O

O

1,5-Dichloro-9,10-anthracenedione

Cl

1,8-Dichloro-9,10-anthracenedione

Cl 9,10-Dichloroanthracene

4,4’-Dichloroazoxybenzene

O

O

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

2,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

2,6-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

NH2

Cl

Cl

3,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

Cl

NH2

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

3,5-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

NH2 Cl

Cl

O Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

trans-4,4’-Dichloroazobenzene

N O

O

Cl

2,3-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

Cl

Cl

O O

Cl

3,5-Dichloroaniline

2,6-Dichlorobenzamide

o-Dichlorobenzene

OH Cl

OH

OH OH

Cl

OH Cl Cl m-Dichlorobenzene

Cl NH2

Cl p-Dichlorobenzene

NH2

2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamine

Cl

2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamine

NH2 O S O

OH

Cl

3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol

NH2

Cl

4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol

4,6-Dichloro-1,3-benzenediol

OH

Cl

Cl

OH Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl N O S O

O Cl

Cl OH 2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediol

S Cl O

NH2

4,5-Dichloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide

Cl 2,4-Dichlorobenzenemethanamine

Cl 2,4-Dichlorobenzenemethanol

N,N-Dichlorobenzenesulfonamide

3-152

No. Name 3105 2,5-Dichlorobenzenethiol 3106 2,2’-Dichloro-p-benzidine 3107 3,3’-Dichloro-p-benzidine

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, 2,2’-dichloro[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, 3,3’-dichloro-

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C6H4Cl2S C12H10Cl2N2

5858-18-4 84-68-4

179.067 253.126

C12H10Cl2N2

91-94-1

253.126

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

nd (w), pr (al) nd

165

vs eth, EtOH

132.5

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH

3108 3,3’-Dichloro-p-benzidine dihydrochloride 3109 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid

C12H12Cl4N2

612-83-9

326.048

C7H4Cl2O2

50-84-0

191.012

nd (w or bz) 164.2

sub

3110 2,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid

C7H4Cl2O2

50-79-3

191.012

nd (w)

154.4

301

3111 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid

C7H4Cl2O2

50-30-6

191.012

sub

3112 3,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid

C7H4Cl2O2

51-44-5

191.012

nd (al), pr 144 (w) nd (w, al, bz) 208.5

3113 3,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid

C7H4Cl2O2

51-36-5

191.012

nd (al, w)

188

sub

C7H3Cl2N C13H8Cl2O

1194-65-6 90-98-2

172.012 251.108

cry (peth) pl (al)

144.5 147.5

270 353

1.450020

328-84-7

215.000

liq

173.5; 6414

1.472925

2905-60-4 89-75-8 2905-61-5 3024-72-4 34883-39-1 33146-45-1 2050-67-1 2050-68-2

209.457 209.457 209.457 209.457 223.098 223.098 223.098 223.098

liq

C14H10Cl4

72-54-8

320.041

C14H8Cl4

72-55-9

318.026

C4H4Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2

1653-19-6 541-33-3 616-21-7

122.981 127.013 127.013

98 113.8 124.1

1.182920 1.086320 1.111625

1.489020 1.435520 1.445020

3130 1,3-Dichlorobutane

C4H8Cl2

1190-22-3

127.013

134

1.115820

1.444520

3131 3132 3133 3134 3135

C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O2 C4H6Cl2

110-56-5 4279-22-5 2211-67-8 2419-73-0 760-23-6

127.013 127.013 127.013 159.012 124.997

161 104 119; 5380 15030 116

1.133125 1.104825 1.10525

1.452225 1.4295 1.440925

1.117020

1.464120

3136 cis-1,3-Dichloro-2-butene

C4H6Cl2

10075-38-4

124.997

130; 3420

1.160520

1.473520

3137 trans-1,3-Dichloro-2-butene

C4H6Cl2

7415-31-8

124.997

132; 5350

1.16020

1.471920

3138 cis-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene

C4H6Cl2

1476-11-5

124.997

-48

152.5

1.18825

1.488725

3139 trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene

C4H6Cl2

110-57-6

124.997

1.0

155.4

1.18325

1.487125

3140 1,4-Dichloro-2-butyne

C4H4Cl2

821-10-3

122.981

165.5

1.25820

1.505820

3141 2,6-Dichloro-4-(chloroimino)-2,5- Gibbs’ reagent cyclohexadien-1-one 3142 1,2-Dichloro-4-(chloromethyl) benzene 3143 2,4-Dichloro-1-(chloromethyl) benzene 3144 Dichloro(chloromethyl) methylsilane 3145 Dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine 3146 2,5-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione

C6H2Cl3NO

101-38-2

210.445

66

C7H5Cl3

102-47-6

195.474

37.5

3114 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile 3115 4,4’-Dichlorobenzophenone

Dichlobenil Bis(4-chlorophenyl) ketone

3116 3,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride

1,2-Dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) C7H3Cl2F3 benzene C7H3Cl3O C7H3Cl3O C7H3Cl3O C7H3Cl3O C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2

3117 3118 3119 3120 3121 3122 3123 3124

2,3-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride 2,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride 2,5-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride 3,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl 3,3’-Dichlorobiphenyl 4,4’-Dichlorobiphenyl

3125 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis( pchlorophenyl)ethane 3126 2,2-Dichloro-1,1-bis(4chlorophenyl)ethene 3127 2,3-Dichloro-1,3-butadiene 3128 1,1-Dichlorobutane 3129 1,2-Dichlorobutane

Butylidene chloride

1,4-Dichlorobutane 2,2-Dichlorobutane 2,3-Dichlorobutane, (±) 1,4-Dichloro-2,3-butanediol 3,4-Dichloro-1-butene

Solubility

11550

16.5 liq 25 cry 35.5 nd (dil al) 29 pr or nd (al, 149.3 to-peth) 109.5

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ace sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl DMSO sl H2O, lig, DMSO; s EtOH, eth

14014 15034, 1117.5 95.41 242 18230, 17115 320 317

i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl; sl ace

1.589520

s ctc sl ctc i H2O i H2O vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s bz sl chl

1.44200

1931

89

liq liq liq liq

liq

-37.3 -74 -80 126.5 -61

241

i H2O; s EtOH, ctc 13

C7H5Cl3

94-99-5

195.474

120

C2H5Cl3Si

1558-33-4

163.506

121.5

1.285820

C2H2AsCl3 C6H2Cl2O2

541-25-3 615-93-0

207.318 176.985

190

1.88820

liq 0.1 pa ye mcl pr 162.3 (al)

vs chl i H2O; s chl i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; vs chl i H2O; s chl i H2O vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s eth, ace; sl ctc; vs chl

1.450020

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-153

SH Cl Cl

Cl

2,2’-Dichloro-p-benzidine

O

Cl

OH

O

Cl

OH O

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

2,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid

2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid

3,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid

O O

O

Cl

Cl

3,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Cl Cl

N

OH

Cl

Cl

Cl 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid

NH2 HCl

3,3’-Dichloro-p-benzidine dihydrochloride

OH

Cl

Cl

HCl H2N

NH2 3,3’-Dichloro-p-benzidine

OH O

Cl

Cl

H2N

NH2

H2N

Cl 2,5-Dichlorobenzenethiol

O

Cl

2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl F

Cl

Cl 4,4’-Dichlorobenzophenone

O

F

F

Cl

Cl

3,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride

Cl

Cl

2,3-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride

2,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

3,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride

Cl

2,5-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl

2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl

Cl

3,3’-Dichlorobiphenyl

4,4’-Dichlorobiphenyl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,2-Dichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene

2,3-Dichloro-1,3-butadiene

Cl

Cl

1,4-Dichlorobutane

Cl

Cl Cl 2,2-Dichlorobutane

Cl

Cl

1,1-Dichlorobutane

1,2-Dichlorobutane

1,3-Dichlorobutane

OH Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

OH

2,3-Dichlorobutane, (±)

Cl

Cl

1,4-Dichloro-2,3-butanediol

3,4-Dichloro-1-butene

cis-1,3-Dichloro-2-butene

O Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

trans-1,3-Dichloro-2-butene

Cl

Cl

cis-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene

Cl

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene

1,4-Dichloro-2-butyne

Cl

2,6-Dichloro-4-(chloroimino)-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one

Cl Cl

Cl 1,2-Dichloro-4-(chloromethyl)benzene

O Cl

Cl 2,4-Dichloro-1-(chloromethyl)benzene

Cl

Cl

Si Cl Cl

Dichloro(chloromethyl)methylsilane

Cl

Cl As

Cl Cl

Dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine

O 2,5-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

3-154

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C6H2Cl2O2

697-91-6

176.985

C6H10Cl2 C6H10Cl2 C10H20Cl2 C12H6Cl2O2 C7H4Cl4

2108-92-1 10498-35-8 2162-98-3 33857-26-0 56961-84-3

153.049 153.049 211.172 253.081 229.919

ye orth (lig, bz) liq liq

C2H4Cl4Si

1558-31-2

197.951

C8Cl2N2O2

84-58-2

227.004

ye-oran cry

C4H10Cl2Si C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2F2 C2Cl2F2

1719-53-5 25915-78-0 1649-08-7 431-06-1 79-35-6

157.114 134.940 134.940 134.940 132.924

-96.5 col liq liq -101.2 liq -101.2 vol liq or gas -116

dec 129 48.4 46.2 59.6 19

1.050420

1.430920

1.416320 1.416320 1.555-20

1.3619320 sl H2O 1.361920 1.383-20

C2Cl2F2

311-81-9

132.924

vol liq

-119.6

21.1

1.4950

C2Cl2F2

381-71-5

132.924

vol liq

-93.3

22

1.4940

CCl2F2

75-71-8

120.914

col gas

-158

-29.8

C3H4Cl2F2O

76-38-0

164.966

col liq

-35

105

1.4320

1.386120

C6H12Cl2O

108-60-1

171.064

187

1.10320

1.450520

3165 1,4-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylbenzene 3166 2,5-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane

C8H8Cl2 C8H16Cl2

1124-05-6 6223-78-5

175.056 183.119

lf, nd

71 67.5

3167 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin 3168 2,4-Dichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol 3169 Dichlorodimethylsilane 3170 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-dioxane

C5H6Cl2N2O2

118-52-5

197.019

pr

132

C8H8Cl2O C2H6Cl2Si C4H6Cl2O2

133-53-9 75-78-5 95-59-0

191.055 129.061 156.996

liq

83 -16 30

C13H10Cl2 C12H10Cl2Si

2051-90-3 80-10-4

237.124 253.199

No. Name

Synonym

3147 2,6-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 3148 1,1-Dichlorocyclohexane 3149 cis-1,2-Dichlorocyclohexane 3150 1,10-Dichlorodecane 3151 2,7-Dichlorodibenzo- p-dioxin 3152 1,2-Dichloro-4-(dichloromethyl) benzene 3153 Dichloro(dichloromethyl) methylsilane 3154 2,3-Dichloro-5,6dicyanobenzoquinone 3155 Dichlorodiethylsilane 3156 1,1-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 3157 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 3158 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 3159 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1,1-Dichloro-2,2difluoroethylene 3160 cis-1,2-Dichloro-1,2Fluorocarbon 1112 difluoroethene 3161 trans-1,2-Dichloro-1,2difluoroethene 3162 Dichlorodifluoromethane Refrigerant 12 3163 2,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoro-1methoxyethane 3164 2,2’-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether

Methoxyflurane

Dichloroxylenol

3171 Dichlorodiphenylmethane 3172 Dichlorodiphenylsilane

cry

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

121.8 -47 -1.5 15.6 201

sl H2O, EtOH; s chl 171 206.9 16728

1.155920 1.202120 0.994525

257

1.51522

149

1.411620

1.480320 1.496720 1.458625

1.470020

214.5

vs bz, HOAc, diox

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc

222 0.954320 1.520

1.06425 1.46820

1.403820 1.492820

dec 305; 19021 1.23518 305 1.20425

1.580020

70.3 8110

Ethylidene dichloride

C2H4Cl2

75-34-3

98.959

liq

-96.9

57.3

1.175720

1.416420

3174 1,2-Dichloroethane

Ethylene dichloride

C2H4Cl2

107-06-2

98.959

liq

-35.7

83.5

1.245425

1.442225

C2H4Cl2O

598-38-9

114.958

146

1.404025

1.462625

3176 1,1-Dichloroethene

Vinylidene chloride

C2H2Cl2

75-35-4

96.943

liq

-122.56

31.6

1.21320

1.424920

3177 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene

C2H2Cl2

156-59-2

96.943

liq

-80.0

60.1

1.283720

1.449020

3178 trans-1,2-Dichloroethene

trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene

C2H2Cl2

156-60-5

96.943

liq

-49.8

48.7

1.256520

1.445420

623-46-1 10140-87-1 563-43-9

143.012 156.996 126.949

145 7933, 3210 11550

1.137020

1.443520

Ethylaluminum chloride

C4H8Cl2O C4H6Cl2O2 C2H5AlCl2

1.207

C3H8Cl2Si C20H10Cl2O5 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl2F C2HCl2F CHCl2F

4525-44-4 76-54-0 1717-00-6 430-57-9 359-02-4 75-43-4

143.088 401.196 116.949 116.949 114.933 102.923

101

1.004720

1.419720

C7H5Cl2F C3H3Cl2F C7H14Cl2

498-67-9 430-95-5 821-76-1

179.019 128.960 169.092

3179 1,2-Dichloro-1-ethoxyethane 3180 1,2-Dichloroethyl acetate 3181 Dichloroethylaluminum 3182 3183 3184 3185 3186 3187

Dichloroethylmethylsilane 2’,7’-Dichlorofluorescein 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethene Dichlorofluoromethane

3188 (Dichlorofluoromethyl)benzene 3189 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoropropene 3190 1,7-Dichloroheptane

2’,7’-Dichloro-3,6-fluorandiol

1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethylene Refrigerant 21

liq hyg solid or 32 liq

vs bz

vs bz, eth, EtOH

3173 1,1-Dichloroethane

3175 2,2-Dichloroethanol

Solubility

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s chl, ctc, bz vs eth dec H2O, EtOH i H2O; vs eth, ace, bz, ctc, diox s eth, bz, ctc s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace, bz, chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz, chl sl chl reac H2O

liq liq liq col gas

-103.5 -60 -108.8 -135

32.0 73.8 37.5 8.9

1.25010 1.381420 1.373216 1.4059

1.360010 1.413220 1.403116 1.37249

liq

-26.8

179 78 12435

1.313811 1.302625 1.040825

1.518011 1.419625 1.456525

sl DMSO i H2O

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl, HOAc vs EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-155

O Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

O 2,6-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

1,1-Dichlorocyclohexane

cis-1,2-Dichlorocyclohexane

1,10-Dichlorodecane

Cl

Si Cl Cl

Cl O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

O

N

Cl

Cl

2,7-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-4-(dichloromethyl)benzene

Cl N

Dichloro(dichloromethyl)methylsilane

O

2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone

Cl Si Cl Cl

F Cl

Dichlorodiethylsilane

F

Cl F

Cl F

1,1-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane

F

Cl

Cl

Cl

F

cis-1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethene

Cl 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane

Cl

F

F

F

trans-1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethene

Dichlorodifluoromethane

Cl

1,4-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylbenzene

O O

2,5-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane

Cl

2,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoro-1-methoxyethane

Cl

Cl Si Cl

Dichlorodiphenylmethane

Dichlorodiphenylsilane

Cl

2,3-Dichloro-1,4-dioxane

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene

Cl Si Cl

Cl 2,4-Dichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol

Dichlorodimethylsilane

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

1,1-Dichloroethane

O

2,2-Dichloroethanol

Cl

Al Cl

Cl

O

Cl 1,2-Dichloro-1-ethoxyethane

OH

Cl

1,2-Dichloroethane

O

Cl

Cl

2,2’-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether

Cl

Cl

1,1-Dichloroethene

O

OH

1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin

Cl

Cl

O

N Cl

Cl

F

Cl

N

Cl

Cl

1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene

O F

Cl

O Cl

F

Cl

Cl Cl

F

F

1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane

F

Cl

F Cl

1,2-Dichloroethyl acetate

Cl

Dichloroethylaluminum

O Cl Si Cl Cl

HO

Dichloroethylmethylsilane

O

Cl O

F

OH

2’,7’-Dichlorofluorescein

Cl

Cl

1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane

Cl

H

Cl Cl

(Dichlorofluoromethyl)benzene

1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoropropene

Cl

1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethene

Cl

F Dichlorofluoromethane

F

1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane

F F

Cl

Cl

F

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl 1,7-Dichloroheptane

3-156

No. Name 3191 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4hexafluorocyclobutane 3192 1,2-Dichloro-3,3,4,4,5,5hexafluorocyclopentene 3193 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 3194 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3hexafluoropropane 3195 1,5-Dichloro-1,1,3,3,5,5hexamethyltrisiloxane 3196 1,2-Dichlorohexane 3197 1,6-Dichlorohexane

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Refrigerant 216

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

C4Cl2F6

356-18-3

232.939

liq

-24.2

59.5

nD

C5Cl2F6

706-79-6

244.949

liq

-105.8

90.7

1.654620

1.367620

C3Cl2F6

661-97-2

220.928

C3Cl2F6

662-01-1

220.928

liq

-125.4

35.7

1.57320

C6H18Cl2O2Si3

3582-71-6

277.369

liq

-53

184

1.01820

173 204

15

34.1

Solubility

i H2O 1.303020 dec H2O

C6H12Cl2 C6H12Cl2

2162-92-7 2163-00-0

155.065 155.065

C7H4Cl2O2

90-60-8

191.012

C7H4Cl2O3

320-72-9

207.011

Tillman’s reagent

C12H6Cl2NNaO2

620-45-1

290.078

ye orth (HOAc) nd (dil al) orth pr dk grn cry

4,5-Dichlorophthalic anhydride

C8H2Cl2O3

942-06-3

217.006

tab or pr (to) 188

313

Methylene chloride

CH2Cl2

75-09-2

84.933

liq

-97.2

40

1.326620

1.424220

1984-59-4 1984-65-2 553-82-2 1918-00-9

177.028 177.028 177.028 221.038

liq pr cry (pent)

32 10 28.5 115

10520 232; 12510

1.291

1.543020

Dicamba

C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C8H6Cl2O3

Benzal chloride

C7H6Cl2

98-87-3

161.029

liq

-17

205

1.2625

1.550220

3208 N,N-Dichloro-4methylbenzenesulfonamide

Dichloramine-T

C7H7Cl2NO2S

473-34-7

240.108

pr(chl-peth) 83

i H2O; vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc

3209 Dichloromethylborane 3210 2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane

Methyldichloroborane Amylene dichloride

CH3BCl2 C5H10Cl2

7318-78-7 507-45-9

96.752 141.038

col gas

11 129

1.069615

1.445018

i H2O; vs eth, EtOH

3211 1,1-Dichloromethyl methyl ether 3212 2,4-Dichloro-3-methylphenol 3213 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol

Methoxydichloromethane

C2H4Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O

4885-02-3 17788-00-0 1570-65-6

114.958 177.028 177.028

1.27125

1.430020

pr (peth) 58 nd (w, peth) 55

C7H6Cl2O

2432-12-4

177.028

nd (lig)

C7H8Cl2Si CH3Cl2P C4H8Cl2

149-74-6 676-83-5 594-37-6

191.131 116.915 127.013

3218 2,4-Dichloro-5-methylpyrimidine

C5H4Cl2N2

1780-31-0

163.004

pl (al)

26

235

3219 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylpyrimidine

C5H4Cl2N2

5424-21-5

163.004

nd (lig)

46.5

219

3220 3221 3222 3223

Dichloromethylsilane 1,2-Dichloronaphthalene 1,3-Dichloronaphthalene 1,4-Dichloronaphthalene

CH4Cl2Si C10H6Cl2 C10H6Cl2 C10H6Cl2

75-54-7 2050-69-3 2198-75-6 1825-31-6

115.035 197.061 197.061 197.061

liq pl (al) nd or pr (al) nd or pr (al, ace)

-93 36 62.3 67.5

41 296.5 291 288; 14712

3224 1,5-Dichloronaphthalene

C10H6Cl2

1825-30-5

197.061

107

sub

1.490020

3225 1,6-Dichloronaphthalene

C10H6Cl2

2050-72-8

197.061

49

sub

3226 1,7-Dichloronaphthalene

C10H6Cl2

2050-73-9

197.061

63.5

285.5

3227 1,8-Dichloronaphthalene

C10H6Cl2

2050-74-0

197.061

89

sub

3228 2,3-Dichloronaphthalene

C10H6Cl2

2050-75-1

197.061

nd or lf (al) pr (sub) nd or pr (al, peth) nd or pr (al, HOAc) orth pl (hx) nd (al, sub) orth lf (al)

3229 2,6-Dichloronaphthalene

C10H6Cl2

2065-70-5

197.061

3230 2,7-Dichloronaphthalene

C10H6Cl2

2198-77-8

197.061

nd or lf (al) 140.5 pl (eth, bz) pl or lf (al) 115.0

C10H4Cl2O2

117-80-6

227.044

ye nd (al)

3198 3,5-Dichloro-2hydroxybenzaldehyde 3199 3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 3200 2,6-Dichloroindophenol, sodium salt 3201 5,6-Dichloro-1,3isobenzofurandione 3202 Dichloromethane

3203 3204 3205 3206

1,2-Dichloro-3-methoxybenzene 1,3-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzene 2,4-Dichloro-1-methoxybenzene 3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid 3207 (Dichloromethyl)benzene

2,6-Dichloroanisole

3214 2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol 3215 Dichloromethylphenylsilane 3216 Dichloromethylphosphine 3217 1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane

3231 2,3-Dichloro-1,4naphthalenedione

Methylphosphonous dichloride 1,2-Dichloroisobutane

Dichlone

1.085 1.067625

1.455525

95 220.5

39

sub

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, ace vs eth, EtOH, tol sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

sl chl 1.5725

85 236; 774

vs eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, CS2 i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, HOAc

231; 13828 206.5 1250 106.5

120

195

vs eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl i H2O

285

1.186620 1.30420 1.09320

1.518020 1.494020 1.437020

1.10525 1.314749

1.533849

1.299776

1.622876

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth s EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc; vs ace i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth

1.2611100 1.6092100 s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc 1.2924100 1.6236100 s EtOH, peth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, HOAc vs EtOH; s hx, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds F

3-157 Cl

F

F

F F

F

F

F

F

Cl Cl 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane

F

F

Cl Si

Cl F

1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane

F

F F

F

F

1,2-Dichloro-3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopentene

F F Cl F

Cl F

Cl

O

Si

O

HO

Cl Cl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichlorohexane

1,6-Dichlorohexane

O

N

Cl

OH

OH

O O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl F

F

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane

Si

1,5-Dichloro-1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane

O

F

3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

O Na

Cl

Cl O

Cl

3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

2,6-Dichloroindophenol, sodium salt

5,6-Dichloro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

O Cl Cl H

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

O

O

H Cl

O

Dichloromethane

1,3-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzene

2,4-Dichloro-1-methoxybenzene

O Cl O S N Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-3-methoxybenzene

3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid

Cl Cl

Cl Cl (Dichloromethyl)benzene

N,N-Dichloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide

OH

B

2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane

1,1-Dichloromethyl methyl ether

OH

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Si Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,4-Dichloro-3-methylphenol

2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol

2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol

Cl Cl Cl

Dichloromethylphenylsilane

N

Cl

N

2,4-Dichloro-5-methylpyrimidine

Cl

2,4-Dichloro-6-methylpyrimidine

Cl

Dichloromethylsilane

Cl

Cl

Cl Si H Cl

N

P

Dichloromethylphosphine

Cl N

1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane

O Cl

Cl

Dichloromethylborane

OH Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloronaphthalene

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl 1,3-Dichloronaphthalene

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,4-Dichloronaphthalene

1,5-Dichloronaphthalene

1,6-Dichloronaphthalene

1,7-Dichloronaphthalene

O Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

1,8-Dichloronaphthalene

2,3-Dichloronaphthalene

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl 2,6-Dichloronaphthalene

Cl O

2,7-Dichloronaphthalene

2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthalenedione

3-158

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3232 2,4-Dichloro-1-naphthol 3233 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitroaniline

2,4-Dichloro-α-naphthol

C10H6Cl2O C6H4Cl2N2O2

2050-76-2 99-30-9

213.060 207.014

180

3234 1,2-Dichloro-3-nitrobenzene

C6H3Cl2NO2

3209-22-1

192.000

nd (al, bz) 107.5 ye nd (al, 191 HOAc) mcl nd (peth, 61.5 HOAc)

257.5

1.72114

3235 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene

C6H3Cl2NO2

99-54-7

192.000

nd (al)

43

255.5

1.455875

3236 1,3-Dichloro-5-nitrobenzene

C6H3Cl2NO2

618-62-2

192.000

65.4

3237 1,4-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene

C6H3Cl2NO2

89-61-2

192.000

mcl pr or lf (HOAc, al) pl or pr (al) pl (AcOEt)

56

267

1.43975

1.439075

3238 2,4-Dichloro-1-nitrobenzene

C6H3Cl2NO2

611-06-3

192.000

nd (al)

34

258.5

1.479080

1.551270

C2H3Cl2NO2 C6H3Cl2NO3 C3H5Cl2NO2 C9H18Cl2 C8H16Cl2 C3HCl2F5

594-72-9 618-80-4 595-44-8 821-99-8 2162-99-4 507-55-1

143.957 207.999 157.984 197.145 183.119 202.938

br nd (w)

127 exp

C3HCl2F5

422-56-0

202.938

C5H10Cl2

1674-33-5

141.038

3239 3240 3241 3242 3243 3244

1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitropropane 1,9-Dichlorononane 1,8-Dichlorooctane 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3pentafluoropropane 3245 3,3-Dichloro-1,1,1,2,2pentafluoropropane 3246 1,2-Dichloropentane

Ethide

Refrigerant 225ca

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.4000100

123.5

liq

145 260; 13817 241 52

1.82225 1.31220 1.017325 1.024825 1.5525

liq

45.5

1.5425

148.3

1.087220

1.448520

25

25

3247 1,5-Dichloropentane

C5H10Cl2

628-76-2

141.038

liq

-72.8

179

1.0956

3248 2,3-Dichloropentane 3249 Dichlorophene

C5H10Cl2 C13H10Cl2O2

600-11-3 97-23-4

141.038 269.123

liq -77.3 cry (bz, peth) 177.5

139

1.078920

3250 2,3-Dichlorophenol

C6H4Cl2O

576-24-9

163.001

cry (lig, bz)

58

3251 2,4-Dichlorophenol

C6H4Cl2O

120-83-2

163.001

hex nd (bz)

45

210

3252 2,5-Dichlorophenol

C6H4Cl2O

583-78-8

163.001

pr (bz, peth) 59

211

3253 2,6-Dichlorophenol

C6H4Cl2O

87-65-0

163.001

nd (peth)

220; 824

3254 3,4-Dichlorophenol

C6H4Cl2O

95-77-2

163.001

nd (bz-peth) 68

253

3255 3,5-Dichlorophenol

C6H4Cl2O

591-35-5

163.001

pr (peth)

68

233

cry (bz)

140.5

1600.4

68.5

1.458625 1.457225

1.4545

1.446420

1.65320

3256 (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid

2,4-D

C8H6Cl2O3

94-75-7

221.038

3257 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid 3258 2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy) propanoic acid 3259 Dichlorophenylarsine 3260 2,4-Dichlorophenyl benzenesulfonate 3261 2,2-Dichloro-1-phenylethanone 3262 1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone 3263 1-(2,5-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone 3264 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone 3265 3,4-Dichlorophenyl isocyanate

Butyrac 118

C10H10Cl2O3

94-82-6

249.090

118

Dichlorprop

C9H8Cl2O3

120-36-5

235.064

117.5

C6H5AsCl2 C12H8Cl2O3S

696-28-6 97-16-5

222.932 303.161

liq

-19 45.5

255

1.651620

1.638615

Genite

C8H6Cl2O C8H6Cl2O C8H6Cl2O C8H6Cl2O C7H3Cl2NO

2648-61-5 2234-16-4 2476-37-1 2642-63-9 102-36-3

189.039 189.039 189.039 189.039 188.011

amor

20.5 33.5 12 76 42

249

1.34016

11812 13512 11212

1.32130

1.568620 1.564020 1.559530

C7H3Cl2NO

34893-92-0

188.011

C10H9Cl2NO

2164-09-2

230.090

cry (al-peth) 128

C9H6Cl2O2

1201-99-6

217.049

234

C6H6Cl2Si C3H6Cl2

1631-84-1 78-99-9

177.104 112.986

C3H6Cl2

26198-63-0

112.986

liq

3272 1,3-Dichloropropane

C3H6Cl2

142-28-9

112.986

3273 2,2-Dichloropropane

C3H6Cl2

594-20-7

112.986

3266 3267 3268 3269 3270

1,2-Dichloro-5isocyanatobenzene 3,5-Dichlorophenyl isocyanate 1,3-Dichloro-5isocyanatobenzene N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-methyl- Dicryl 2-propenamide 3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2propenoic acid Dichlorophenylsilane Phenyldichlorosilane 1,1-Dichloropropane Propylidene chloride

3271 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)

Propylene dichloride

nd (peth) cry

33

vs bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, acid; sl DMSO i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl s ctc vs eth, chl s ctc

i H2O; s EtOH; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, ace s EtOH, eth, bz, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth i H2O; s EtOH; sl bz, DMSO

sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH s ctc, CS2 s EtOH, bz, ctc i H2O i H2O; s ctc, lig

1.380 vs ace, EtOH s DMSO 181 88.1

1.22125 1.132120

1.428920

-100.53

96.4

1.156020

1.439420

liq

-99.5

120.9

1.178525

1.445525

liq

-33.9

69.3

1.113620

1.414820

dec H2O s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; msc eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds NH2

OH

Cl

Cl

O

2,4-Dichloro-1-naphthol

O N

N

N O

O

O

O O

1,2-Dichloro-3-nitrobenzene

O

1,3-Dichloro-5-nitrobenzene

O N O

1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane

N

1,1-Dichloro-1-nitropropane

F F

F F Cl

Cl

Cl

1,9-Dichlorononane

F

F

1,8-Dichlorooctane

Cl

F

Cl

1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane

HO

O

Cl Cl

O

2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

NO2 Cl Cl

2,4-Dichloro-1-nitrobenzene

Cl

N O

OH Cl

Cl

1,4-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene

O

1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene

Cl

Cl

N

O

N

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,6-Dichloro-4-nitroaniline

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

3-159

F

F F

3,3-Dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane

OH

OH OH

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloropentane

1,5-Dichloropentane

Cl

2,3-Dichloropentane

Cl

Cl

Dichlorophene

Cl

2,3-Dichlorophenol

2,4-Dichlorophenol

OH OH

OH

OH

Cl

Cl

O O

Cl

OH

Cl Cl 2,6-Dichlorophenol

3,4-Dichlorophenol

Cl

O

OH Cl

Cl

4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid

Cl

Cl

As

Cl

(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid

Cl

Cl O S O O

OH

Cl

2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid

Dichlorophenylarsine

O

Cl

Cl

3,5-Dichlorophenol

O

O O

O

Cl

Cl

2,5-Dichlorophenol

2,4-Dichlorophenyl benzenesulfonate

O

N

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

C

O

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl 2,2-Dichloro-1-phenylethanone

1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone

Cl

Cl

1-(2,5-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone

1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone

3,4-Dichlorophenyl isocyanate

O N

C

O

HN O Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

3,5-Dichlorophenyl isocyanate

N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2-propenamide

Cl Cl 1,1-Dichloropropane

Cl HSi

OH 3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-propenoic acid

Cl Cl 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)

Cl

Cl Dichlorophenylsilane

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

1,3-Dichloropropane

2,2-Dichloropropane

3-160

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3274 2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid

2,2-Dichloropropionic acid

C3H4Cl2O2

75-99-0

142.969

3275 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol

C3H6Cl2O

616-23-9

128.985

3276 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol

C3H6Cl2O

96-23-1

3277 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) 3278 2,3-Dichloropropanoyl chloride 3279 1,1-Dichloropropene

C9H15Cl6O4P

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

187.5; 9214

1.38912

184

1.360720

1.481920

128.985

176

1.350617

1.483720

78-43-3

430.904

1900.1

1.51722

C3H3Cl3O C3H4Cl2

7623-13-4 563-58-6

161.414 110.970

5317 76.5

1.475720 1.186425

3280 cis-1,2-Dichloropropene

C3H4Cl2

6923-20-2

110.970

93

3281 trans-1,2-Dichloropropene

C3H4Cl2

7069-38-7

110.970

77

1.181820

1.447120

mp/˚C

visc

nD

1.476420 1.443025 1.454920

3282 cis-1,3-Dichloropropene

cis-1,3-Dichloropropylene

C3H4Cl2

10061-01-5

110.970

104.3

1.22420

1.468220

3283 trans-1,3-Dichloropropene

trans-1,3-Dichloropropylene

C3H4Cl2

10061-02-6

110.970

112

1.21720

1.473020

3284 2,3-Dichloropropene

C3H4Cl2

78-88-6

110.970

94

1.21120

1.460320

3285 3286 3287 3288 3289

C4H2Cl2N2 C5H3Cl2N C4H3Cl2N3 C4H2Cl2N2 C9H5Cl2N

141-30-0 2402-78-0 56-05-3 3934-20-1 86-98-6

148.978 147.990 163.993 148.978 198.049

C9H5Cl2NO

773-76-2

214.048

68.8 87 215 59 cry (MeOH), 93 nd (80% al) cry (al) 179.5

3291 2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline

C8H4Cl2N2

2213-63-0

199.037

cry (al, bz)

3292 2,5-Dichlorostyrene 3293 1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6tetrafluorobenzene 3294 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2tetrafluoroethane

C8H6Cl2 C6Cl2F4

1123-84-8 1198-59-0

173.040 218.964

Refrigerant 114a

C2Cl2F4

374-07-2

170.921

Refrigerant 114

C2Cl2F4

76-14-2

170.921

3296 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetramethyldisilane 3297 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3tetramethyldisiloxane 3298 2,5-Dichlorothiophene

C4H12Cl2Si2

4342-61-4

187.215

C4H12Cl2OSi2

2401-73-2

203.214

liq

C4H2Cl2S

3172-52-9

153.030

liq

3299 3300 3301 3302 3303

C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2

32768-54-0 95-73-8 19398-61-9 118-69-4 95-75-0

161.029 161.029 161.029 161.029 161.029

C3HCl2N3O3

2782-57-2

197.964

C7H3Cl5

13014-24-9

264.364

Refrigerant 123b 2,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride

C2HCl2F3 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl2F3 C7H3Cl2F3

354-23-4 306-83-2 812-04-4 320-60-5

152.930 152.930 152.930 215.000

Chloroflurazole

C8H3Cl2F3N2

3615-21-2

255.024

124-70-9 62-73-7

141.072 220.976

3,6-Dichloropyridazine 2,6-Dichloropyridine 4,6-Dichloro-2-pyrimidinamine 2,4-Dichloropyrimidine 4,7-Dichloroquinoline

3290 5,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinol

3295 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane

Chloroxine

2,3-Dichlorotoluene 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 2,5-Dichlorotoluene 2,6-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene

3304 1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione 3305 1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl) benzene 3306 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 3307 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 3308 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 3309 2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 3310 4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)1H-benzimidazole 3311 Dichlorovinylmethylsilane 3312 Dichlorvos

Dichlorocyanuric acid

Refrigerant 123a

C3H6Cl2Si Phosphoric acid, 2,2C4H7Cl2O4P dichloroethenyl dimethyl ester

10

890.2 211

Solubility vs H2O, alk, EtOH; s eth, ctc sl H2O, lig; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, EtOH; msc eth; s ace, chl

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, ctc, MeOH i H2O; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, bz, chl s chl s DMSO

198; 10123 14810

sl chl sl EtOH, ace, chl, DMSO; s alk, bz, peth i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc

152 8.0

935, 743 157.7

1.24620

1.579820

col gas

-56.6

3.4

1.30920

vs bz, eth, EtOH

col gas

-92.53

3.5

1.30920

i H2O; vs eth, EtOH

148; 4918

1.45525 (p>1 atm) 1.45525 (p>1 atm) 1.01020

-37.5

138

1.03820

-40.5

162

1.442220

1.562620

liq

6 -13.5 2.5 25.8 -15.2

207.5 201 200 198 208.9

1.245820 1.247620 1.253520 1.268620 1.256420

1.551120 1.551120 1.544920 1.550720 1.547120

cry

226.6 25.8

283.1

1.591320

1.588620

vol liq or gas -78 vol liq or gas -107

29.5 27.82 30.2

1.5025 1.463825

liq

1.454820

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs bz i H2O; s ctc i H2O; s bz i H2O; s chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

sl H2O 1.480220

213.5 92.5 14020, 841

1.086820 1.41525

1.427020

dec H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-161 Cl

Cl O O P O O

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

OH

O

Cl

2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid

2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol

2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

Cl

1,1-Dichloropropene

cis-1,2-Dichloropropene

Cl Cl

Cl

trans-1,2-Dichloropropene

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene

Cl

N

Cl

N

Cl

Cl

2,6-Dichloropyridine

N

NH2

N

N

Cl F

F F

F

Cl

Cl

2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline

N

4,7-Dichloroquinoline

Cl

F

OH

Cl

Cl

N

5,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinol

Cl

Cl F

Cl

Cl

2,4-Dichloropyrimidine

Cl N

2,3-Dichloropropene

N

4,6-Dichloro-2-pyrimidinamine

Cl

Cl

Cl N

N

Cl

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene

Cl Cl

3,6-Dichloropyridazine

2,3-Dichloropropanoyl chloride

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

O

Cl

F

Cl

F

2,5-Dichlorostyrene

1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene

Cl F

1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

F

F

Cl

F Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

Si

Si

Si Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane

O

Cl Si Cl

Cl

1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane

S

Cl

Cl

2,5-Dichlorothiophene

2,3-Dichlorotoluene

O Cl

H Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl 2,4-Dichlorotoluene

O

Cl

2,5-Dichlorotoluene

N

N

Cl

Cl

2,6-Dichlorotoluene

3,4-Dichlorotoluene

N Cl

O

1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione

Cl Cl F F Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene

F

F Cl

Cl

Cl

F

F F

F

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Cl Cl

F

2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

2,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Cl Cl Cl Cl F

F

F

2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

N

F

Cl F

N H

F

4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole

Si

Cl Cl

Dichlorovinylmethylsilane

O O P O O Dichlorvos

Cl

3-162

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3313 Diclofop-methyl

Methyl 2-[4-(2,4dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate

C16H14Cl2O4

51338-27-3

341.186

141-66-2 66-76-2 504-66-5 91-15-6

237.191 336.294 67.049 128.131

400; 1300.1

1.21615

nd 290 aq soln only nd (w, lig) 141

15010

1.125025

0.99240

3314 3315 3316 3317

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

40

1760.1

den/ g cm-3

nD

Dicrotophos Dicumarol Dicyanamide o-Dicyanobenzene

Cyanocyanamide o-Phthalodinitrile

C8H16NO5P C19H12O6 C2HN3 C8H4N2

3318 m-Dicyanobenzene

m-Phthalodinitrile

C8H4N2

626-17-5

128.131

nd(al)

162

sub

3319 p-Dicyanobenzene

p-Phthalodinitrile

C8H4N2

623-26-7

128.131

nd (w, MeOH)

224

sub

3320 Dicyclohexyl adipate 3321 Dicyclohexylamine

N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine

C18H30O4 C12H23N

849-99-0 101-83-7

310.429 181.318

35 -0.1

dec 256; 1149 0.912320

1.484220

C12H24N2O2

3129-91-7

228.331

1236, 990.5 19520 242.5 15920 281; 1298 2254

0.922720 0.9860 0.90425 1.38320

1.474120 1.486020 1.516320 1.43120

0.930235

1.505035

0.97725

1.467020

3322 Dicyclohexylamine nitrite

N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine, nitrite

cry

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Dicyclohexyl disulfide Dicyclohexyl ether Dicyclohexylmethanone Dicyclohexylphosphine Dicyclohexyl phthalate

C13H22N2 C12H22S2 C12H22O C13H22O C12H23P C20H26O4

538-75-0 2550-40-5 4645-15-2 119-60-8 829-84-5 84-61-7

206.327 230.433 182.302 194.313 198.285 330.418

3329 3330 3331 3332 3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338

N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea Dicyclomine hydrochloride Dicyclopentadiene Dicyclopentyl ether Dicyclopropyl ketone Didecylamine Didecyl ether Didecyl phthalate 3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-16’oic acid

Torularhodin

C13H24N2S C13H24N2O C19H36ClNO2 C10H12 C10H18O C7H10O C20H43N C20H42O C28H46O4 C40H52O2

1212-29-9 2387-23-7 67-92-5 1755-01-7 10137-73-2 1121-37-5 1120-49-6 2456-28-2 84-77-5 514-92-1

240.408 224.342 345.948 132.202 154.249 110.153 297.562 298.546 446.663 564.840

3339 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine

Didanosine

C10H12N4O3

69655-05-6

236.227

3340 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribohexose 3341 Didodecanoyl peroxide 3342 Didodecylamine

Cymarose

C7H14O4

579-04-4

162.184

Lauroyl peroxide N-Dodecyl-1-dodecanamine

C24H46O4 C24H51N

105-74-8 3007-31-6

398.620 353.669

C24H51O4P C32H54O4

7057-92-3 2432-90-8

434.633 502.769

3345 Dieldrin

C12H8Cl6O

60-57-1

380.909

3346 Dienestrol

C18H18O2

84-17-3

266.335

C10H16O2 C4H11NO2

96-08-2 111-42-2

168.233 105.136

3349 Diethatyl, ethyl ester 3350 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene

C16H22ClNO3 C16H18N2O2

38727-55-8 588-52-3

311.804 270.326

cry ye lf (al)

3351 3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde 3352 1,2-Diethoxybenzene

C11H14O3 C10H14O2

2029-94-9 2050-46-6

194.227 166.217

3353 1,4-Diethoxybenzene

C10H14O2

122-95-2

166.217

22 pr (peth, dil 44 al) pl (dil al) 72

3354 4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine 3355 1,1-Diethoxy-N,Ndimethylmethanamine 3356 Diethoxydimethylsilane 3357 Diethoxydiphenylsilane 3358 2,2-Diethoxyethanamine

C8H19NO2 C7H17NO2

6346-09-4 1188-33-6

161.243 147.216

C6H16O2Si C16H20O2Si C6H15NO2

78-62-6 2553-19-7 645-36-3

148.276 272.415 133.189

3343 Didodecyl phosphate 3344 Didodecyl phthalate

3347 1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane 3348 Diethanolamine

Dicycloverine hydrochloride Cyclopentyl ether N-Decyl-1-decanamine

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, didodecyl ester

Limonene diepoxide Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine

Dimethyldiethoxysilane

34.5 -36 57

pr (al)

66

cry (MeOH)

180 233.8 165 32

cry liq

16 2.5 211

purp nd (MeOHeth) wh cry (EtOH 162 aq) pr (eth-peth) 101 nd (ace) wh pl 49 53.7 cry (MeOH)

59 22.0

dec 170; 6514 8013 161 359.0 19615.5 2403

2561

242 28

268.8

49.5 162

dec

liq

-78

vs eth, EtOH

vs H2O, ace, EtOH i H2O; s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 0.938920 1.7525

sub 130

-87

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl

0.818720 0.963920

26327

227.5

liq

s eth, ace, ctc

vs py, chl, CS2

175.5 cry (dil al)

sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; i peth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz; vs HOAc s chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz

182 dec

3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328

liq liq

Solubility

279; 20050 219

1.096620

i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH 1.477620

1.010022 1.007520

1.508325

196 129

0.93325 0.85925

1.427520 1.400720

114 302; 16715 163

0.86525 1.032920 0.915925

1.381120 1.526920 1.412325

246

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, ctc; vs eth vs EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl

s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-163 N

Cl

O O P O O

O O

O

Cl

OH

N

OH N

N

N O

O Diclofop-methyl

O

OO

Dicrotophos

N H

O

Dicumarol

Dicyanamide

N

N

o-Dicyanobenzene

m-Dicyanobenzene

N

O O

H N

O

N

H N HNO2

O

N p-Dicyanobenzene

C N

Dicyclohexyl adipate

Dicyclohexylamine

Dicyclohexylamine nitrite

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

O O

O O

H P

O S S Dicyclohexyl ether

Dicyclohexylmethanone

O

O

N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea

N

O

1,3-Dicyclohexylurea

Dicyclohexyl phthalate

H

HCl H N

Dicyclohexylphosphine

H N S

O

Dicyclohexyl disulfide

H N

H N

O

H

Dicyclomine hydrochloride

Dicyclopentadiene

HN

O

Dicyclopentyl ether

Dicyclopropyl ketone

Didecylamine

O O O O

OH

O Didecyl ether

O Didecyl phthalate

3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-16’-oic acid

OH N HO

O N

O

N

O

N

HO

O O

OH

HN

O 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine

O

2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose

Didodecanoyl peroxide

Didodecylamine

O O

O O

O O P HO O

O

H

Didodecyl phosphate

Didodecyl phthalate

OH

Cl Cl Cl H Cl Cl

Cl

HO

Dieldrin

Dienestrol

O

O Cl

O O

N

O

O HO

O 1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane

O

H N

OH

Diethanolamine

Diethatyl, ethyl ester

N N 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene

O O O O 1,4-Diethoxybenzene

NH2

O

4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine

1,1-Diethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine

O

O 3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde

1,2-Diethoxybenzene

O Si O

N

O

O

O

O

Si O O Diethoxydimethylsilane

NH2 O

Diethoxydiphenylsilane

2,2-Diethoxyethanamine

3-164

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3359 1,1-Diethoxyethane

Acetal

C6H14O2

105-57-7

118.174

liq

-100

102.25

0.825420

1.383420

3360 1,2-Diethoxyethane

Ethylene glycol diethyl ether

C6H14O2

629-14-1

118.174

liq

-74.0

121.2

0.835125

1.389825

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

3361 1,1-Diethoxyethene 3362 Diethoxymethane

C6H12O2 C5H12O2

2678-54-8 462-95-3

116.158 104.148

liq

-66.5

68100 88

0.793220 0.831920

1.364321 1.374818

3363 3364 3365 3366 3367

C9H14O3 C11H18O2Si C5H14O2Si C9H20O2 C7H16O2

13529-27-6 775-56-4 2031-62-1 3658-79-5 4744-08-5

170.205 210.346 134.250 160.254 132.201

191.5 218 98 5912 123

0.997620 0.962720 0.82925 0.82922 0.82520

1.445120 1.469020

C7H16O2

126-84-1

132.201

114

0.820021

1.389120

C7H14O2

3054-95-3

130.185

123.5

0.854315

1.400020

3370 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propyne

C7H12O2

10160-87-9

128.169

139

0.894222

1.414020

3371 N,N-Diethylacetamide

C6H13NO

685-91-6

115.173

185.5

0.913017

1.437417

3372 Diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate

C9H15NO5

1068-90-2

217.219

3373 N,N-Diethylacetoacetamide 3374 Diethyl acetylphosphonate 3375 Diethyl 2-acetylsuccinate

C8H15NO2 C6H13O4P C10H16O5

2235-46-3 919-19-7 1115-30-6

157.211 180.138 216.231

7613 11420 255; 13317

1.100520 1.08120

1.420026 1.434620

3376 Diethyl adipate

C10H18O4

141-28-6

202.248

245

1.007620

1.427220

3377 Diethyl 2-allylmalonate

C10H16O4

2049-80-1

200.232

222.5; 936

1.009820

1.430520

55.5

0.705620

1.386420

2-(Diethoxymethyl)furan Diethoxymethylphenylsilane Diethoxymethylsilane 1,1-Diethoxypentane 1,1-Diethoxypropane

3368 2,2-Diethoxypropane 3369 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propene

Acrolein, diethyl acetal

cry (al,bzpeth) liq

liq

96.3

-19.8

18520

3378 Diethylamine

N-Ethylethanamine

C4H11N

109-89-7

73.137

liq

-49.8

3379 Diethylamine hydrochloride

N-Ethylethanamine hydrochloride

C4H12ClN

660-68-4

109.598

lf (al-eth)

228.5

C6H12N2 C11H15NO

3010-02-4 120-21-8

112.172 177.243

ye nd (w)

41

170 17210

C14H22N2O

137-58-6

234.337

nd (bz, al)

68.5

1814

C14H23ClN2O

73-78-9

270.798

C6H15NO

100-37-8

117.189

3385 2-[2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol 3386 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3387 2-Diethylaminoethyl 4Procaine aminobenzoate 3388 2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 3389 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl 2Butethamate phenylbutanoate 3390 4-(Diethylamino)-2hydroxybenzaldehyde 3391 Diethyl 2-aminomalonate

C8H19NO2 C9H17NO2 C13H20N2O2

140-82-9 2426-54-2 59-46-1

161.243 171.237 236.310

C10H19NO2

105-16-8

185.264

8010

C16H25NO2

14007-64-8

263.376

16811

C11H15NO2

17754-90-4

193.243

C7H13NO4

6829-40-9

175.183

3392 7-(Diethylamino)-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one 3393 3-(Diethylamino)phenol

C14H17NO2

91-44-1

231.291

C10H15NO

91-68-9

165.232

C13H19NO

90-84-6

205.296

C7H17NO

622-93-5

131.216

C7H13N C10H15N

4079-68-9 579-66-8

111.185 149.233

3380 (Diethylamino)acetonitrile 3381 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde 3382 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide 3383 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide, monohydrochloride 3384 2-Diethylaminoethanol

Lidocaine

3394 2-(Diethylamino)-1-phenyl-1propanone 3395 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propanol

Diethylpropion

3396 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propyne 3397 2,6-Diethylaniline

N,N-Diethyl-2-propargylamine

1.402922 1.392419

1.047722

nd (w+2) pl (lig or eth)

<-60 61

s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth; sl ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz; sl ctc sl H2O, eth; s tfa, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ctc vs H2O, EtOH

0.866020

1.426020

s H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O

163

0.892120

1.441220

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl ctc

221.5; 927 8110

0.942125 0.93720

1.448020 1.437625

128

hyg

s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl vs EtOH

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 0.9230 1.490920

65.0 12216, 11612

cry (al, bzlig) orth bipym (CS2-lig) liq

78

1.10016

1.435316

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; i lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2; sl lig

189.5

0.860020

1.443920

s EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl

120 243

0.90625

1.545220

276; 17015 11114

liq 1.5

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

O

O

1,2-Diethoxyethane

H Si O O O

Diethoxymethane

O

O

O

1,1-Diethoxypropane

2-(Diethoxymethyl)furan

Diethoxymethylphenylsilane

O

O

2,2-Diethoxypropane

O

O

3,3-Diethoxy-1-propene

O

O HN

O O P O

O

N

O O

O O

O

O N,N-Diethylacetamide

O

Diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate

N,N-Diethylacetoacetamide

O O O

O

3,3-Diethoxy-1-propyne

O

O

N

O

O

O

O

1,1-Diethoxypentane

O

O

1,1-Diethoxyethene

O

Diethoxymethylsilane

O

O Si

O

O

O

O

1,1-Diethoxyethane

3-165

Diethyl 2-acetylsuccinate

O

O

O

O O Diethyl adipate

Diethyl acetylphosphonate

Diethyl 2-allylmalonate

N

N H

N H HCl

Diethylamine

Diethylamine hydrochloride

N (Diethylamino)acetonitrile

O

H N

H N

N

N

O

4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde

2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide

N

HCl

O

N

2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide, monohydrochloride

OH

2-Diethylaminoethanol

O O

N

OH

N

N

O O

H 2N

O 2-[2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol

N

O

O

2-(Diethylamino)ethyl acrylate

2-Diethylaminoethyl 4-aminobenzoate

2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate

O

O O

OH

N

O

O

O N 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl 2-phenylbutanoate

N

O

O

O

NH2

4-(Diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

Diethyl 2-aminomalonate

7-(Diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

OH NH2

O N 3-(Diethylamino)phenol

N 2-(Diethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanone

N

OH

3-(Diethylamino)-1-propanol

N

N

3-(Diethylamino)-1-propyne

2,6-Diethylaniline

3-166

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3398 N,N-Diethylaniline

C10H15N

91-66-7

149.233

ye oil

-38.8

216.3

0.930720

1.540920

3399 Diethylarsine

C4H11As

692-42-2

134.052

105

1.133824

1.4709

sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc; vs eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

No. Name

Synonym

3400 N,N-Diethylbenzamide 3401 o-Diethylbenzene

1,2-Diethylbenzene

C11H15NO C10H14

1696-17-9 135-01-3

177.243 134.218

liq

-31.2

1325 184

0.880020

1.503520

3402 m-Diethylbenzene

1,3-Diethylbenzene

C10H14

141-93-5

134.218

liq

-83.9

181.1

0.860220

1.495520

3403 p-Diethylbenzene

1,4-Diethylbenzene

C10H14

105-05-5

134.218

liq

-42.83

183.7

0.862020

1.496720

3404 N,N-Diethyl-1,4-benzenediamine 3405 Diethyl benzylidenemalonate

Diethyl benzalmalonate

C10H16N2 C14H16O4

93-05-0 5292-53-5

164.247 248.275

32

261 21630, 19614

1.104520

1.538920

3406 Diethyl benzylmalonate 3407 Diethyl benzylphosphonate 3408 Diethylbromoacetamide

607-81-8 1080-32-6 511-70-6

250.291 228.225 194.069

300 1102

1.07615

1.487220 1.493020

2-Bromo-2-ethylbutanamide

C14H18O4 C11H17O3P C6H12BrNO

67

3409 Diethyl 2-bromomalonate

Ethyl bromomalonate

C7H11BrO4

685-87-0

239.064

-54

dec 254

1.402225

1.452120

C8H17NO C11H20O4

1114-76-7 133-08-4

143.227 216.275

206 238

0.888420 0.976420

1.440325 1.425020

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; sl chl s ctc sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs H2O, EtOH vs EtOH, eth

C8H10O4 C16H29N3O8 C5H10ClNO C17H20N2O

762-21-0 1642-54-2 88-10-8 85-98-3

170.163 391.416 135.592 268.353

0.8 138

184200

1.007520

1.442520

s EtOH, eth, ctc

cry cry (al)

79

C5H10O3

105-58-8

118.131

liq

-43

0.969225

1.384520

2524-04-1

188.613

453

i H2O; vs EtOH; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s ctc

C4H10AlCl C7H11ClO4

96-10-6 14064-10-9

120.557 194.613

13470 222

1.204020

1.432720

C4H10ClO3P C5H10N2

814-49-3 617-83-4

172.547 98.146

93.5 188

1.20519 0.85420

1.417020 1.412625

C10H16O4

3779-29-1

200.232

224

1.045620

1.433026

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH; sl ctc

C10H20 C9H14O4

78-01-3 1559-02-0

140.266 186.205

179.5 215; 10012

1.05525

1.434518

vs EtOH, eth

C15H28O4

596-75-8

272.381

15012

0.945720

1.434120

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs ace, EtOH, lig

3410 N,N-Diethylbutanamide 3411 Diethyl 2-butylmalonate 3412 3413 3414 3415

Pentane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester

Diethyl 2-butynedioate Diethylcarbamazine citrate Diethylcarbamic chloride N,N’-Diethylcarbanilide

3416 Diethyl carbonate

Ethyl carbonate

3417 O,O-Diethyl chloridothionophosphate 3418 Diethylchloroaluminum 3419 Diethyl chloromalonate

Diethyl thiophosphoryl chloride C4H10ClO2PS

3420 Diethyl chlorophosphonate 3421 Diethylcyanamide

Diethoxyphosphoryl chloride

Ethyl chloromalonate

3422 Diethyl 1,1cyclobutanedicarboxylate 3423 1,1-Diethylcyclohexane 3424 Diethyl 1,1cyclopropanedicarboxylate 3425 Diethyl dibutylmalonate 3426 Diethyl dicarbonate 3427 Diethyl [(diethanolamino)methyl] phosphonate 3428 5,5-Diethyldihydro-2H-1,3oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione 3429 Diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6trimethyl-3,5pyridinedicarboxylate 3430 Diethyldimethyllead 3431 Diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-3,5pyridinedicarboxylate 3432 Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4dicarboxylate

3436 Diethylene glycol, bischloroformate 3437 Diethylene glycol diacetate 3438 Diethylene glycol dibenzoate

liq

-80.6

1609-47-8 2781-11-5

162.140 255.249

liq

Diethadione

C8H13NO3

702-54-5

171.194

cry (eth)

3,5-Diethoxycarbonyl-1,4dihydrocollidine

C14H21NO4

632-93-9

267.322

lt bl flr pl (al) 131

Diethyldimethylplumbane

C6H16Pb C13H17NO4

1762-27-2 1149-24-2

295.4 251.279

col liq

C12H17NO4

2436-79-5

239.268

nd (dil al)

137.8

C4H10S2

110-81-6

122.252

liq

C16H33NO C4H10O3

3352-87-2 111-46-6

255.439 106.120

liq

C6H8Cl2O5

106-75-2

231.031

liq

C8H14O5 C18H18O5

628-68-2 120-55-8

190.194 314.333

Diglycol Oxydi-2,1-ethanediyl carbonochloridate

126

18

C6H10O5 C9H22NO5P

Pyrocarbonic acid diethyl ester

3433 Diethyl disulfide 3434 N,N-Diethyldodecanamide 3435 Diethylene glycol

186

93 1500.01

1.120

20

1.3960

20

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; s CS2

97.5 sl H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2; vs chl 5113 301; 20840

1.7920

-101.5

154.0

0.993120

1.507320

-10.4

1662 245.8

0.84725 1.119715

1.454520 1.447220

1265

1.3920

1.454220

200 28024, 2501

1.106815 1.169015

1.434820

71

18 33.5

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HOAc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-167 NH2

O

N

N

As H N,N-Diethylaniline

N

Diethylarsine

N,N-Diethylbenzamide

O

O

Diethyl benzylidenemalonate

O

Diethyl benzylmalonate

O

O

O

O

Diethyl 2-butylmalonate

O

Diethyl carbonate

O

Diethylchloroaluminum

O

O

O

Cl Diethyl chloromalonate

Diethyl chlorophosphonate

O

Diethyl 1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylate

O P O O

Diethylcyanamide

O

O

Diethyl dibutylmalonate

O

O N

HO

O

Diethyl [(diethanolamino)methyl]phosphonate

O O

O

Diethyl dicarbonate

O

O

H

O Pb

N H

O

5,5-Diethyldihydro-2H-1,3-oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione

Diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate

Diethyldimethyllead

O O

O

O

O

O O

O

N

N H

Diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate

Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylate

O

S

N

S

Diethyl disulfide

N,N-Diethyldodecanamide

O O HO

O Diethylene glycol

OH

Cl

O O

O

O

Diethylene glycol, bischloroformate

O Cl

O O

O

O O

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol diacetate

N

O

O

O

N

O 1,1-Diethylcyclohexane

N

N,N’-Diethylcarbanilide

O O P O Cl

O

O

O

Diethyl 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylate

N

N

Cl

Diethylcarbamic chloride

O

O

OH

N

O

Al Cl

O,O-Diethyl chloridothionophosphate

O

O

OH OH

O

O

N,N-Diethylbutanamide

OH O

Diethylcarbamazine citrate

S O P Cl O

N

O

Diethyl 2-bromomalonate

N

Diethyl 2-butynedioate

O

O

Diethylbromoacetamide

O

O

O

O

Br

HO

O

N,N-Diethyl-1,4-benzenediamine

Br

O

N N

O

O NH2

Diethyl benzylphosphonate

O

p-Diethylbenzene

O

O P O O

O

O

O

m-Diethylbenzene

O

O

O

o-Diethylbenzene

Diethylene glycol dibenzoate

3-168

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

3439 Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether 3440 Diethylene glycol diethyl ether

Bis(2-butoxyethyl) ether Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) ether

C12H26O3 C8H18O3

112-73-2 112-36-7

218.332 162.227

liq liq

-60 -45

256 188

0.88525 0.906320

1.423520 1.411520

20

25

Oxydiethylene methacrylate Diglyme

C12H18O5 C6H14O3

2358-84-1 111-96-6

242.268 134.173

liq

-68

>200; 150 162

3443 Diethylene glycol dinitrate 2,2’-Oxybisethanol, dinitrate 3444 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether

C4H8N2O7 C8H18O3

693-21-0 112-34-5

196.116 162.227

liq

-68

3445 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate C10H20O4 acetate 3446 Diethylene glycol 2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethyl C16H32O4 monododecanoate laurate 3447 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Carbitol C6H14O3

124-17-4

204.264

liq

141-20-8

288.423

lt ye

111-90-0

134.173

hyg liq

Carbitol acetate

C8H16O4

112-15-2

176.211

liq

2-[2-(Hexyloxy)ethoxy]ethanol 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol

C10H22O3 C5H12O3

112-59-4 111-77-3

190.280 120.147

col liq

C7H16O3

6881-94-3

148.200

liq

C6H16N2

100-36-7

116.204

C6H16N2

111-74-0

116.204

3441 Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate 3442 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

3448 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 3449 Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether 3450 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 3451 Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether 3452 N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

N,N-Diethylethylenediamine

3453 N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

vs H2O, EtOH; s eth

1.0821 0.943420

1.4571 1.409720

440.01 231

0.955320

1.430620

-32

245

0.98520

1.426220

17.5

>270

0.9625

196

0.988520

1.430020

-25

218.5

1.009620

1.421320

-28

258; 192100 193

1.03520

1.426420

msc H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth

144

0.828020

1.434020

146

0.828020

1.434020

34.5

0.713820

1.352620

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, tol vs H2O, eth, EtOH, tol sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, eth; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth msc H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s ace, chl vs eth

-53.3

msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz vs ace, eth, EtOH msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, tol msc H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

213; 1244

Ethyl ether

C4H10O

60-29-7

74.121

3455 Diethyl (ethoxymethylene) malonate 3456 Diethyl ethylidenemalonate 3457 Diethyl ethylmalonate

2-Ethoxy-1,1bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethene

C10H16O5

87-13-8

216.231

dec 280; 16519

C9H14O4 C9H16O4

1462-12-0 133-13-1

186.205 188.221

11617, 863 208; 9812

1.040420 1.00620

1.430817 1.416620

3458 Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate

C15H20O4

76-67-5

264.318

17019

1.07120

1.489625

3459 Diethyl ethylphosphonate

C6H15O3P

78-38-6

166.155

198; 9016

1.025920

1.416320

3460 N,N-Diethylformamide

C5H11NO

617-84-5

101.147

177.5

0.908019

1.432125

3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466

C8H12O4 C9H16O4 C10H22 C20H36O4 C4H12N2 C6H12N2O4

623-91-6 818-38-2 19398-77-7 142-16-5 1615-80-1 4114-28-7

172.179 188.221 142.282 340.498 88.151 176.170

214 236.5 163.9 1567 85.5 dec 250

1.045220 1.022020 0.747225 0.9420 0.79726 1.3248

1.441220 1.424120 1.419020 1.420420

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

dec 203; 870.0001

1.180020

1.417020

vs eth

3467 Diethyl hydrogen phosphate

Diethyl phosphate

C4H11O4P

598-02-7

154.101

3468 N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzamide 3469 Diethyl iminodiacetate 3470 Diethyl isobutylmalonate

Ethamivan

C12H17NO3

304-84-7

223.268

C8H15NO4 C11H20O4

6290-05-7 10203-58-4

189.210 216.275

636-53-3 6802-75-1 759-36-4

222.237 200.232 202.248

syr liq

nd (chl), pr (w) syr

-116.2

msc H2O, EtOH, eth

3454 Diethyl ether

Diethyl fumarate Diethyl glutarate 3,4-Diethylhexane Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate 1,2-Diethylhydrazine Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate Diethyl bicarbamate

liq

8

Solubility

0.8 -24.1

135

1.460020

95 orth cry

s chl

247 dec 1.423620

302 176.5; 11614 215

1.123917 1.028218 0.996120

1.50818 1.448617 1.418821

3471 Diethyl isophthalate 3472 Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate 3473 Diethyl isopropylmalonate

Ethyl isopropylmalonate

C12H14O4 C10H16O4 C10H18O4

3474 Diethyl ketomalonate

Ethyl mesoxalate

C7H10O5

609-09-6

174.151

pa ye grn oil -30

210; 10519

1.141916

1.431022

3475 Diethyl malate 3476 Diethyl maleate

Diethyl hydroxybutanedioate

C8H14O5 C8H12O4

7554-12-3 141-05-9

190.194 172.179

liq

253; 12413 223

1.129020 1.066220

1.441620

20

20

3477 Diethyl malonate

3478 Diethyl mercury 3479 Diethylmethylamine

N-Ethyl-N-methylethanamine

11.5

0.980420

-8.8

C7H12O4

105-53-3

160.168

liq

-50

200

1.0551

C4H10Hg C5H13N

627-44-1 616-39-7

258.71 87.164

liq

-196

159; 5716 66

2.4320 0.70325

1.4139

1.387925

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O vs ace, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz s eth; sl EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-169 O

O

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether

O

O

O

O

O N

O

O N

O

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol diethyl ether

O

O

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

O

O

Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate

O O

O

O

Diethylene glycol dinitrate

O

O

OH

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether

O

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate

O

O O

O

OH

O

Diethylene glycol monododecanoate

O

O

OH

O

Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

H N O

O O

O

N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

O O

N

Diethyl ethylphosphonate

N,N-Diethylformamide

O

Diethyl ethylmalonate

O

O

O

O

O

O

3,4-Diethylhexane

O Diethyl glutarate

O O

N H

Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate

O

O

O

Diethyl fumarate

O

O

H N

O

1,2-Diethylhydrazine

N H

O O P O OH

H N

O O

Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate

N O O

O O

OH

Diethyl hydrogen phosphate

O

O

Diethyl ethylidenemalonate

O Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate

NH2

N

OH

O

Diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate

O P O O

O

O

O

Diethyl ether

O

O

O O

O

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate

Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether

O

O

N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

OH

O N H

OH

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether

O

Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzamide

H N

O

O

O

O

O

Diethyl iminodiacetate

Diethyl isobutylmalonate

O O O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O O

O

O O

OH O

O O

O

O Diethyl isophthalate

O

Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate

O

Diethyl isopropylmalonate

O

O

O

O Diethyl maleate

O

Diethyl ketomalonate

Diethyl malate

O O

Diethyl malonate

Hg Diethyl mercury

N Diethylmethylamine

3-170

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3480 N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline

C11H17N

606-46-2

163.260

liq

-60

209

0.928620

1.515320

3481 N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline

C11H17N

613-48-9

163.260

229

0.924216

C12H17NO

134-62-3

191.269

16019, 1111

0.99620

1.521220

C11H16

2050-24-0

148.245

liq

-74.1

205

0.874820

1.502720

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

4-N,N-Diethyl-1,4-diamino-2methylbenzene, hydrochloride

C11H19ClN2

2051-79-8

214.735

cry

250 dec

Isovaleryl diethylamide

C9H19NO C9H14O4

533-32-4 2409-52-1

157.253 186.205

211 228

0.876420 1.046720

1.442220 1.437720

3487 Diethyl methylmalonate

C8H14O4

609-08-5

174.195

201

1.022520

1.412620

3488 Diethyl methylphosphonate

C5H13O3P

683-08-9

152.129

194

1.040630

1.410130

C10H21N3O

90-89-1

199.293

48

C10H17NO2

125-64-4

183.248

75.5

C14H17N

84-95-7

199.292

3492 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline

C10H14N2O2

2216-15-1

194.230

3493 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline

C10H14N2O

120-22-9

178.230

C13H24O4

624-17-9

C6H10O4

No. Name

3482 N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

Synonym

DEET

3483 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene

3484 N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4benzenediamine, monohydrochloride 3485 N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide 3486 Diethyl methylenesuccinate

3489 N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1piperazinecarboxamide 3490 3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4piperidinedione 3491 N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine

3494 Diethyl nonanedioate

Diethylcarbamazine

Diethyl azelate

3495 Diethyl oxalate

58.5

1103

285

1.01320

1.596120

1.22525

244.328

ye nd (lig) pl 77.5 (al) grn mcl pr 87.5 (eth) grn lf (ace) liq -18.5

291.5

0.972920

1.435120

95-92-1

146.141

liq

185.7

1.078520

1.410120

1.456117

-40.6

1.2415

Diethyl oxalacetate

C8H12O5

108-56-5

188.178

13124

1.13120

3497 Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

Diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate C9H14O5

105-50-0

202.204

250

1.11320

3498 3499 3500 3501 3502

Tetraethylmethane Novoldiamine Novonal Diethyl glutaconate

C9H20 C9H22N2 C9H17NO C9H14O4 C4H10O2

1067-20-5 140-80-7 512-48-1 2049-67-4 628-37-5

128.255 158.284 155.237 186.205 90.121

liq

-33.1

146.3 201

0.753620 0.81420

1.420620 1.442920

wh pow

75.5 237 65

1.049620 0.824019

1.441120 1.371517

oil

1.497720

liq

-70

1670.5

3503 N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiazine10-ethanamine 3504 N,N-Diethyl-αphenylbenzenemethanamine 3505 Diethyl phenylmalonate 3506 Diethyl phenylphosphonite 3507 5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 3508 Diethylphosphine 3509 Diethyl phosphonate 3510 O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate 3511 Diethyl phthalate

Diethazine

C18H22N2S

60-91-3

298.446

N,N-Diethylbenzhydrylamine

C17H21N

519-72-2

239.356

58.5

17017

83-13-6 1638-86-4 357-67-5

236.264 198.199 260.288

16.5

dec 205; 16812 1.095020 235; 621 1.03216

Phenetharbital

C13H16O4 C10H15O2P C14H16N2O3

C4H11P C4H11O3P C4H11O2PS2 C12H14O4

627-49-6 762-04-9 298-06-6 84-66-2

90.104 138.102 186.233 222.237

liq

-40.5

3512 3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione

Piperidione

C9H15NO2

77-03-2

169.221

nd (w)

104

Diethylmalonic acid

C7H15NO C7H18N2 C7H12O4

1114-51-8 104-78-9 510-20-3

129.200 130.231 160.168

3513 N,N-Diethylpropanamide 3514 N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine 3515 Diethylpropanedioic acid 3516 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol

C7H16O2

115-76-4

132.201

3517 Diethyl 2-propylmalonate

C10H18O4

2163-48-6

202.248

C10H14N2O

59-26-7

178.230

3518 N,N-Diethyl-3pyridinecarboxamide

Nikethamide

178

pr (w,bz)

ye solid or visc liq

25

i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; msc EtOH i H2O; s eth, bz vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s dil HCl

vs ace, EtOH vs EtOH

85 546

0.78620

295

1.23214

1.500021

191 168.5

0.897220 0.82220

1.442520 1.44320

127 dec 61.5

s H2O, bz, chl, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc s EtOH; sl lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

3496 Diethyl oxobutanedioate

3,3-Diethylpentane N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine 2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide Diethyl 2-pentenedioate Diethylperoxide

vs eth, EtOH msc EtOH; s eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz

20

240.5

1.050

221; 11422

0.98920

dec 280; 17525 1.06025

1.4574

25

1.419720 1.52520

s ctc s H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc vs H2O, EtOH, chl, MeOH vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl DMSO

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-171 N

O

N

N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline

N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline

N

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene

HCl NH2 O

O N

O

O

O

N

O

N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine, monohydrochloride

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide

O

Diethyl methylenesuccinate

N

O

O

O

Diethyl methylmalonate

O

N O O P O

N N H

N

Diethyl methylphosphonate

N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxamide

N

O

3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4-piperidinedione

N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine

N O O

N

O

N

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline

O

O

O

O

O

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline

O

Diethyl nonanedioate

Diethyl oxalate

O O

O

O O

O

O

O

O

Diethyl oxobutanedioate

NH2

NH2 N

O

Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

O

N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine

3,3-Diethylpentane

2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide

N

O O

N

N

O O

O

Diethyl 2-pentenedioate

O

S

Diethylperoxide

N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiazine-10-ethanamine

N,N-Diethyl-α-phenylbenzenemethanamine

O O O

O

N O

O P

Diethyl phenylmalonate

O

O

O

Diethyl phenylphosphonite

5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

O S O P SH O

N H

O

HO

Diethyl phthalate

O

Diethylpropanedioic acid

Diethylphosphine

Diethyl phosphonate

N,N-Diethylpropanamide

N

N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine

O

O O

OH OH 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol

H2N

O

3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione

O OH

O O P O H

N

O

O O

P H

O O O

O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate

N

H

N N

Diethyl 2-propylmalonate

N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide

3-172

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3519 N,N-Diethyl-4pyridinecarboxamide 3520 3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H)pyridinedione 3521 Diethyl sebacate

Isonicotinic acid diethylamide

C10H14N2O

530-40-5

178.230

Pyrithyldione

C9H13NO2

77-04-3

167.205

90.7

C14H26O4

110-40-7

258.354

2.5

305; 18819

C4H10Se C4H12Si C18H20O2

627-53-2 542-91-6 56-53-1

137.08 88.224 268.351

pa ye liq pl (bz)

55 -134.3 170.5

108 57

Clinestrol

C24H28O4

130-80-3

380.477

pr (MeOH)

104

Mestilbol

C19H22O2

18839-90-2

282.377

nd (bz-peth) 117.5

1900.3

Ethyl succinate

C8H14O4

123-25-1

174.195

liq

-21

217.7

1.040220

1.420120

3528 Diethyl sulfate

C4H10O4S

64-67-5

154.185

oil

-24

208

1.17225

1.398920

3529 Diethyl sulfide

C4H10S

352-93-2

90.187

liq

-103.91

92.1

0.836220

1.443020

C4H10O3S C4H10O2S

623-81-4 597-35-3

138.185 122.186

73.5

158; 5113 248

1.120 1.35720

1.431020

orth pl

3532 Diethyl sulfoxide

C4H10OS

70-29-1

106.186

syr

14

10425, 9015

1.009222

3533 Diethyl DL-tartrate

C8H14O6

57968-71-5

206.193

18.7

281; 15814

1.204620

1.443820

3534 Diethyl telluride 3535 Diethyl terephthalate

C4H10Te C12H14O4

627-54-3 636-09-9

185.72 222.237

137.5 302

1.59915 1.098945

1.518215

44

3536 Diethyl thiodipropionate 3537 N,N’-Diethylthiourea

C10H18O4S C5H12N2S

673-79-0 105-55-5

234.313 132.227

17415, 1212 dec

1.103420

1.465520

78

C7H19NSi

996-50-9

145.319

126.3

0.762720

1.411220

C4H10S3 C5H12N2O

3600-24-6 634-95-7

154.317 116.161

8526 950.02

1.108220

1.568913

C5H12N2O

623-76-7

116.161

263

1.041525

1.461640

C6H13O3P C4H10Zn

682-30-4 557-20-0

164.139 123.531

1102 118; 80200

1.06825 1.206520

1.429020 1.493620

C19H17Cl2N3O3 C18H20N2O4S

119446-68-3 406.262 43222-48-6 360.428

76 157

C14H9ClF2N2O2

35367-38-5

310.683

239

381-73-7 367-25-9 367-11-3

96.033 129.108 114.093

liq liq liq

-1 -7.5 -47.1

133 170 94

1.52625 1.26825 1.159918

1.347020 1.506320 1.445118

-69.12 -23.55

82.6 89

1.157220 1.170120

1.437420 1.442220

1.14517 0.89625 (p>1 atm)

1.522125 1.3011-72

3522 Diethyl selenide 3523 Diethylsilane 3524 trans-Diethylstilbestrol 3525 trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate 3526 trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether 3527 Diethyl succinate

3530 Diethyl sulfite 3531 Diethyl sulfone

3538 N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1trimethylsilanamine 3539 Diethyltrisulfide 3540 N,N-Diethylurea

Ethyl sulfite Ethyl sulfone

(Diethylamino)trimethylsilane

3541 N,N’-Diethylurea 3542 Diethyl vinylphosphonate 3543 Diethyl zinc 3544 Difenoconazole 3545 Difenzoquat methyl sulfate 3546 Diflubenzuron

Zinc diethyl

1H-Pyrazolium, 1,2-dimethyl3,5-diphenyl-, methyl sulfate N-[[(4-Chlorophenyl)amino] carbonyl]-2,6difluorobenzamide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

red-ye mcl pr (al, peth)

pl, nd (eth)

-72.6 75

tab (lig), hyg 112.5 nd (al) col liq

-28

1,2-Difluorobenzene

3550 m-Difluorobenzene 3551 p-Difluorobenzene

1,3-Difluorobenzene 1,4-Difluorobenzene

C6H4F2 C6H4F2

372-18-9 540-36-3

114.093 114.093

liq liq

3552 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

4,4’-Difluorodiphenyl

C12H8F2

398-23-2

190.189

mcl pr (al) lf 94.5 (w)

254.5

371-90-4 56830-75-2 353-66-2 327-92-4 312-40-3 75-37-6

120.140 76.045 96.152 204.088 220.290 66.050

liq liq col gas

99.5 34 2.5 1322 246; 15750 -24.05

624-72-6 75-38-7 1630-77-9 1630-78-0 75-10-5

66.050 64.034 64.034 64.034 52.024

vol liq col gas col gas col gas col gas

Ethylidene difluoride

C6H10F2 C3H2F2 C2H6F2Si C6H2F2N2O4 C12H10F2Si C2H4F2

3559 3560 3561 3562 3563

1,2-Difluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene trans-1,2-Difluoroethene Difluoromethane

Ethylene difluoride Vinylidene fluoride cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene trans-1,2-Difluoroethylene Methylene fluoride

C2H4F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 CH2F2

Solubility

1.52520

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

0.964620

1.430620

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; i bz

1.230020 0.684320

1.476820 1.392120

col gas

-87.5 75.5 -117

-144

-136.8 tp

i H2O vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; vs bz; i peth vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc

vs H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth dec H2O; msc eth, peth, bz

2200.03

C2H2F2O2 C6H5F2N C6H4F2

1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene Difluorodimethylsilane 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Difluorodiphenylsilane 1,1-Difluoroethane

nD

1191

3547 Difluoroacetic acid 3548 2,4-Difluoroaniline 3549 o-Difluorobenzene

3553 3554 3555 3556 3557 3558

den/ g cm-3

26 -85.7 -26 -53.1 -51.6

i H2O; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s eth, ace

sl EtOH

vs bz, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH

1.2139-52

i H2O; s EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

3-173

O

N

O N H

N N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarboxamide

O

O

O

O

3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyridinedione

Diethyl selenide

O

OH

OH O

O Si H2

Se

Diethyl sebacate

HO

O

Diethylsilane

trans-Diethylstilbestrol

O

trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate

trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether

O O

O

O O S O O

S

Diethyl sulfate

Diethyl sulfide

O Diethyl succinate

O

O

O

O S

S O O

S O

Diethyl sulfone

Diethyl sulfoxide

O

Diethyl sulfite

O

OH O

O

O OH O

O

Te

Diethyl DL-tartrate

Diethyl telluride

O

O

S

S

N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1-trimethylsilanamine

S

Diethyl terephthalate

H N

NH2

N H

N,N’-Diethylthiourea

H N

O

O

N,N-Diethylurea

N,N’-Diethylurea

S

Diethyltrisulfide

N H

O

Diethyl thiodipropionate

N

Si N

S

O

O O P O Diethyl vinylphosphonate

N N

N F

O Cl O Diethyl zinc

N

N

Cl

Zn

H N SO4 2

O Difenzoquat methyl sulfate

F

F F

F

F F

OH

F

O

Diflubenzuron

NH2 F

O

Cl

Difenoconazole

H N

O

F

F

Difluoroacetic acid

2,4-Difluoroaniline

o-Difluorobenzene

F

F

m-Difluorobenzene

p-Difluorobenzene

O N

F F F F F

1,1-Difluorocyclohexane

F Si F

3,3-Difluorocyclopropene

F

F 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

O

F F Si

F O

Difluorodimethylsilane

N

O

1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

Difluorodiphenylsilane

F

F F

1,1-Difluoroethane

F

F

1,2-Difluoroethane

F 1,1-Difluoroethene

F

F

cis-1,2-Difluoroethene

F

F

trans-1,2-Difluoroethene

F

H H

Difluoromethane

3-174

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3564 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1trifluoroethane 3565 Difluoromethylborane 3566 2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene 3567 2,2-Difluoropropane

Difluoromethyl 2,2,2trifluoroethyl ether

C3H3F5O

1885-48-9

150.047

col liq

CH3BF2 C6H3F2NO2 C3H6F2

373-64-8 446-35-5 420-45-1

63.843 159.091 80.077

gas

C3H6F2O C10H6O4

453-13-4 492-94-4

96.076 190.153

C10H8N2O4

522-27-0

220.182

167

3571 1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3one 3572 Difurfuryl disulfide Furfuryl disulfide 3573 Difurfuryl ether Furfuryl ether 3574 Digitonin 3575 Digitoxigenin

C13H10O3

886-77-1

214.216

C10H10O2S2 C10H10O3 C56H92O29 C23H34O4

4437-20-1 4437-22-3 11024-24-1 143-62-4

226.315 178.184 1229.312 374.514

hyg pr (peth) 60.5 ye pr (lig) 10

3576 Digitoxin

C41H64O13

71-63-6

764.939

pr (dil al)

3577 Digitoxose

C6H12O4

527-52-6

148.157

cry 112 (MeOH+eth)

C6H10O3 C4H6O5

2238-07-5 110-99-6

130.141 134.088

3580 Digoxigenin

C23H34O5

1672-46-4

390.513

3581 Digoxin

C41H64O14

20830-75-5

780.939

3568 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol 3569 Di-2-furanylethanedione 3570 Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime

3578 Diglycidyl ether 3579 Diglycolic acid

α-Furildioxime

Bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether 2,2’-Oxydiacetic acid

3582 Diheptylamine

N-Heptyl-1-heptanamine

C14H31N

2470-68-0

213.403

3583 3584 3585 3586 3587

Diheptyl ether Diheptyl phthalate Diheptyl sulfide Dihexylamine Dihexyl ether

Heptyl ether

C14H30O C22H34O4 C14H30S C12H27N C12H26O

629-64-1 3648-21-3 629-65-2 143-16-8 112-58-3

214.387 362.503 230.453 185.349 186.333

3588 3589 3590 3591 3592

Dihexyl hexanedioate Dihexyl phthalate Dihexyl sulfide 15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1 9,10-Dihydroanthracene

C18H34O4 C20H30O4 C12H26S C17H14O7 C14H12

110-33-8 84-75-3 6294-31-1 7241-98-7 613-31-0

Heptyl sulfide N-Hexyl-1-hexanamine Hexyl ether

Hexyl sulfide Aflatoxin G2

col gas

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

nD

9.8 -104.8

-78.5287 207 -0.4

1.457114 1.514914 0.920520 1.290420 (p>1 atm) 1.2425 1.372520

166.3

1814 16713, 1120.5 1012

1.140520

1.508820

237.5 253

mcl pr (w + 1) pr (AcOEt)

Solubility

29

127; 5534 ye nd (al), cry (bz)

den/ g cm-3

260 dec

1.119520

271; 1359

0.795621

258.5 360 298 236; 751 226

0.800820

1.427520

0.841620 0.788920 0.793620

1.460620 1.433920 1.420420

348; 182.54 2105 230; 13620

0.94120

305

1.21520

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, MeOH; sl chl vs EtOH

222

trc pl (dil al, 249 dec py) nd 31.5

liq

70 -13.1

314.461 334.450 202.399 330.289 180.245

liq

-9

tab or pr

239.3 111 485 dec

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH i H2O s EtOH; vs MeOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, MeOH, py vs H2O, ace; s py, AcOEt

255.5

148

reac H2O sl chl

0.841120

sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth; sl ctc

1.458620 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2, dil alk i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc, lig, tol

3593 6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18anthrazinetetrone

Indanthrene

C28H14N2O4

81-77-6

442.422

bl nd

3594 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene

Cholanthrene

C20H14

479-23-2

254.325

pa ye lf (bz- 170.4 al)

3595 9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]Triptycene benzenoanthracene 3596 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2- 2-Benzimidazolethiol thione 3597 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2one 3598 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin 3599 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran Coumaran

C20H14

477-75-8

254.325

cry (cyhex)

256

C7H6N2S

583-39-1

150.201

298

vs EtOH

C7H6N2O

615-16-7

134.135

pl (dil al or NH3) lf (w or al)

318 dec

sl H2O, eth, bz; s ace; vs EtOH

C8H8O2 C8H8O

493-09-4 496-16-2

136.149 120.149

liq

-21.5

212; 1036 188.5

1.18020 1.05825

1.548520 1.549720

Isochroman 3600 3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran 3601 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran 3602 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2one 3603 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4- 4-Chromanone one

C9H10O C9H10O C9H8O2

493-05-0 493-08-3 119-84-6

134.174 134.174 148.159

lf

4 4.8 25

11025, 9012 215; 9818 272

1.06725 1.07220 1.16918

1.544420 1.544420 1.556320

C9H8O2

491-37-2

148.159

36.5

16050, 12713

1.1291100 1.5750

3604 6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen4(5H)-one 3605 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1benzothiopyran-4-one 3606 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1Himidazole 3607 7,8-Dihydrobiopterin

C8H8OS

13414-95-4

152.214

C9H8OS

3528-17-4

164.224

29

15412

1.248714

C10H12N2

59-98-3

160.215

cry (peth)

C9H13N5O3

6779-87-9

239.231

hyg nd (w)

4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-4benzothiophenone

Tolazoline

vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O; msc os i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ctc; s chl s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl chl

1.639520

67 s H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-175

O F F

O

O

N

F F F F

F 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

F

F F

B

F

2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene

2,2-Difluoropropane

O

O O

OH 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol

OH O

O

F

F

Difluoromethylborane

N

O

HO

Di-2-furanylethanedione

N

Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime

O O HO

O

O

O O

O

O

O

OH

1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one

S S

HO

O

O O

O OH

O

OH

OH

HO

O

HO

OH

O

O

OH

O

HO

Difurfuryl disulfide

H

O

OH HO

O

OH

O O OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

Difurfuryl ether

H

Digitonin

Digitoxigenin

O

O O

O HO

O HO OH O O O

O

OH OH

OH Digitoxose

H

O O

O

O

O

HO

O O

O

OH

O

H

OH

Diglycidyl ether O O OH

O

O

HO

O

HO

OH

Digitoxin

OH

HO

HO

H

OH

Digoxigenin

Diglycolic acid

O

H N

O

Diheptyl sulfide

N H

O

Dihexylamine

Dihexyl ether

O

Diheptyl ether

Digoxin

S O O

Diheptylamine

O O OH

OH

Diheptyl phthalate

O

O

O

O

H

O O

O

O

O

O

O Dihexyl hexanedioate

O

O

H O

S

Dihexyl phthalate

O

15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1

Dihexyl sulfide

9,10-Dihydroanthracene

O

O HN

H N

NH O

H N S

O

N H

O 6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone

1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene

9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]-benzenoanthracene

N H

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2-thione

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one

O O O

O 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin

2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran

O

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran

O

S

S 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4-one

N H 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1H-imidazole

O N

N

6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H)-one

2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

OH

O

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

OH

N H

NH N

7,8-Dihydrobiopterin

NH2

3-176

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3608 Dihydrocodeine

C18H23NO3

125-28-0

301.381

3609 16,17-Dihydro-15H-cyclopenta[a] 1,2-Cyclopentenophenanthrene phenanthrene 3610 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f] azepine 3611 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d] cyclohepten-5-one 3612 2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran 3613 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2H) Corydaldine -isoquinolinone 3614 1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2Antipyrine phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one 3615 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 3616 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenecarboxylic acid 3617 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5anthracenedisulfonic acid

C17H14

482-66-6

218.293

cry (aq, 112.5 MeOH) nd (al, petr) 135.5

C14H13N

494-19-9

195.260

C15H12O

1210-35-1

208.255

C6H10O3 C11H13NO3

332-77-4 493-49-2

130.141 207.226

C11H12N2O

60-80-0

188.225

C4H6O2 C15H8O4

543-75-9 117-78-2

86.090 252.223

C14H8O8S2

117-14-6

368.339

3618 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6anthracenedisulfonic acid 3619 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1anthracenesulfonic acid

C14H8O8S2

84-50-4

368.339

C14H8O5S

82-49-5

288.276

3620 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid 3621 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1Sodium anthraquinone-1anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium sulfonate salt 3622 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 3623 7,8-Dihydrofolic acid 3624 2,3-Dihydrofuran 3625 2,5-Dihydrofuran 3626 2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl- Adrenochrome 1H-indole-5,6-dione 3627 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine

C14H8O5S

84-48-0

288.276

lf (HOAc) ye 216.0 lf (conc HCl, +3w) ye lf (+3w)

C14H7NaO5S

128-56-3

310.258

ye lf (w)

C14H7NaO5S

131-08-8

310.258

C19H21N7O6 C4H6O C4H6O C9H9NO3

4033-27-6 1191-99-7 1708-29-8 54-06-8

443.413 70.090 70.090 179.172

ye cry

C9H11N

24425-40-9

133.190

nd (peth)

37.5

248; 13115

3628 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol 3629 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol

C9H10O C9H10O

6351-10-6 1470-94-6

134.174 134.174

pl (peth)

54.8 58

220; 12812 253

3630 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one

C9H8O

83-33-0

132.159

ta, nd (w + 3) 42

243; 12912

1.094340

1.56125

C9H8O

615-13-4

132.159

nd (al, eth)

59

dec 218

1.071269

1.53867

C9H8O

768-22-9

132.159

24.5

11320, 986

1.125524

C8H9N

496-15-1

119.164

229

1.06920

1.592320

No. Name

3631 1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one

Synonym

2-Indanone

3632 1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-b] oxirene 3633 2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole

3636 Dihydro-α-lipoic acid 3637 3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H)naphthalenone 3638 3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran 3639 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j] aceanthrylene 3640 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran 3641 Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5furandione 3642 Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)furanone 3643 3644 3645 3646

lf or sc (eth, 114 bz) ye nd 291 (HOAc) ye nd (HCl 310 dec +4w) pl (dil HOAc)

Solubility

i H2O; s EtOH, peth s chl 2037

1.163520

1.632420

161

1.07325

1.433920 vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

319 1.083620

94.1 sub

1.437220

s ctc sl EtOH, HOAc; i eth, bz; s ace vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O, HOAc; s EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O

0.92725

54.5

1.423920 1.431120

125 dec

nd (w) nd (w)

6,8-Dimercaptooctanoic acid 6-Methoxy-α-tetralone

C8H16O2S2 C11H12O2

462-20-4 1078-19-9

208.342 176.212

3-Methylcholanthrene

C6H10O2 C21H16

4454-05-1 56-49-5

114.142 268.352

ye liq cry (MeOH, lig) liq ye nd (bz)

C9H10O C5H4O3

1746-11-8 2170-03-8

134.174 112.084

C5H6O2

547-65-9

98.101

C5H6O3 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2

4100-80-5 1679-47-6 1679-49-8 57129-69-8

114.100 100.117 100.117 100.117

liq liq liq

C4H8N2

534-26-9

84.120

hyg

Lysidine

nD

24815

sl DMSO

133.148 133.148

α-Methylene butyrolactone

den/ g cm-3

bp/˚C

mcl pr (w, al) 175

59-48-3 480-91-1

Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone 2-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone 3-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)(±)-γ-Valerolactone furanone, (±)

3647 4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1Himidazole

30

C8H7NO C8H7NO

3634 1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one 3635 2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one

mp/˚C

23

17

128 151

227 , 195 338; 10318

78

1450.2 17111 128 28080

1.006 1.2820

1.442020

180

197.5 13930, 11418

1.06125

1.5308

8510

1.120620

1.465020

-31

239 200; 7910 7611 206

1.2225 1.057020 1.05820 1.055120

1.432520 1.433920 1.432820

107

196.5

orth bipym 69 pr (eth, chl)

34

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz sl H2O, chl; s eth, ace, bz vs bz, EtOH, chl sl H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth; s sulf sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s chl sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl

i H2O

sl eth; vs chl s H2O, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc; vs EtOH

msc H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-177

O

O H

N N H

O

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one

HO Dihydrocodeine

16,17-Dihydro-15H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene

O

O

O

O

N O

NH

O O

N

O

O

2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran

3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2H)-isoquinolinone

1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin

OH OO S O O

O

O

O S

OH

O

O O S OO OH

O 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid

OH OO S O

O

S

HO

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5-anthracenedisulfonic acid

O

O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6-anthracenedisulfonic acid

SO3 Na

O

OH

S

OH

O O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid

HO HO

O SO3 Na

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt

O

N H

O

O N

N H

N H

O 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt

NH N

NH2

7,8-Dihydrofolic acid

O

O

2,3-Dihydrofuran

2,5-Dihydrofuran

OH O

OH N

O

O

H2N

2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-indole-5,6-dione

HO

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol

O N H

N H 1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-b]oxirene

2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole

O

1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one

O

O HS

NH

O

O 1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one

OH SH

O 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran

O

O

Dihydro-α-lipoic acid

3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone

O

O

O

Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5-furandione

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran

O

Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)-furanone

O

1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene

O

O

Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione

N O

O

Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

O

O

Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, (±)

N H 4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1H-imidazole

O

O

Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

3-178

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

3648 1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2 Himidazole-2-thione

Methimazole

C4H6N2S

60-56-0

114.169

lf (al)

146

dec 280

C10H12 C11H12O

767-58-8 1590-08-5

132.202 160.212

15

190.6 13616

0.93825 1.05725

1.526620 1.553520

C10H10N2O4S

89-36-1

254.262

C10H10N2O

19735-89-8

174.198

287105, 19117

1.260020

1.637

3649 2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1 H-indene 3650 3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2 H)naphthalenone 3651 4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid 3652 1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl- 5-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1phenylpyrazole 3H-pyrazol-3-one 3653 2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl3H-pyrazol-3-one 3654 3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2 H-pyran 3655 4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole 3656 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene 3657 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene Δ 2-Dialin 3658 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthalenone 3659 1,2-Dihydro-5nitroacenaphthylene 3660 1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3pyridinecarboxylic acid 3661 Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3 H)-furanone 3662 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene 3663 2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4 H-1benzopyran-4-one 3664 4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride 3665 4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2oxazolamine 3666 1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5 Htetrazole-5-thione 3667 Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3 H)-furanone 3668 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo4(1H)-pyrimidinone 3669 1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

nd (w+1)

128

89-25-8

174.198

C6H10O C4H7NS C10H10 C10H10 C10H10O C12H9NO2

16302-35-5 2346-00-1 447-53-0 612-17-9 530-93-8 602-87-9

98.142 101.171 130.186 130.186 146.185 199.205

C6H5NO3

5006-66-6

139.109

nd(w)

310 dec

104-61-0 776-35-2 487-26-3

156.222 180.245 224.255

oil nd (MeOH) nd (lig)

34.5 76

C10H13ClN2

59-97-2

196.676

Aminorex

C9H10N2O

2207-50-3

162.187

1-Phenyl-5-mercapto-1 Htetrazole γ-Propyl-γ-butyrolactone Propylthiouracil

C7H6N4S

86-93-1

178.215

C7H12O2 C7H10N2OS

105-21-5 51-52-5

128.169 170.231

6-Mercaptopurine

C5H4N4S

50-44-2

152.178

C5H8O

110-87-2

84.117

3670 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

mcl pr (w)

127

liq liq pl

-101 -8 25 18 103

cry (bz)

105

287 , 191 117.5 145 206.5 211.5 237

17

1.637 0.91225 1.06725 0.997420 0.992833 1.105527

1.449520 1.520020 1.581420 1.557720 1.559820

1.075740

1.641520

sub

13412 16815

s H2O, EtOH; sl bz; i peth

i H2O; s eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, lig sl H2O, tfa; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl s chl i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc

137 145 845

w pow (w)

1.438525

219

sl H2O, chl, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, bz i H2O; s alk

ye pr (w, + l 313 dec w) 86

84.117 114.100 70.093

liq

2-Pyrazoline

3174-74-1 108-55-4 109-98-8

Maleic hydrazide 5,6-Dihydrouracil

C4H4N2O2 C4H6N2O2

123-33-1 504-07-4

112.087 114.103

cry (w) nd (w)

3-Pyrroline

C4H7N

109-96-6

69.106

3677 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone Hydrocarbostyril 3678 1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione 2,3-Quinoxalinediol

C9H9NO C8H6N2O2

553-03-7 15804-19-0

147.173 162.146

pr (al, eth) nd (w)

163.5 410

3679 Dihydrotachysterol 3680 Dihydrothebaine

C28H46O C19H23NO3

67-96-9 561-25-1

398.664 313.391

cry (MeOH)

131 162.5

3681 4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine

C3H6N2S

1779-81-3

102.158

nd or lf (bz) 85.3

3682 3683 3684 3685 3686

2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide 3-Sulfolene Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)2-Thiobarbituric acid pyrimidinedione 3687 2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)2-Thiouracil pyrimidinone

C4H6S C4H6S C4H6O2S C4H6OS C4H4N2O2S

1120-59-8 1708-32-3 77-79-2 1003-10-7 504-17-6

86.156 86.156 118.155 102.155 144.152

pl (w)

235 dec

C4H4N2OS

141-90-2

128.152

pr (w, al)

>340 dec

3688 1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3thione 3689 (1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2Hindol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde

C2H3N3S

3179-31-5

101.130

C13H15NO

84-83-3

201.264

3674 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione 3675 Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 3676 2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole

Solubility vs H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz, lig i H2O

174

C5H8O C5H6O3 C3H6N2

3671 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3672 Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione 3673 4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole

nD

≈300 dec

C10H10N2O

4-Hydroxynonanoic acid lactone C9H16O2 C14H12 C15H12O2

den/ g cm-3

56.3

0.92119

1.440219

s H2O, EtOH; sl chl

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, tfa vs H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, DMSO, HOAc i H2O; s os i H2O; s EtOH, bz, AcOEt vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl

19

95 15815 144

0.94 1.411020 1.020017

1.479617

90.5

0.909720

1.466420

1.1825

1.523020

307 275.5

20145

dec 112.1 122.4

64.5

s chl 11152, 391

222.5

sl H2O; s EtOH, dil alk, dil HCl sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO; s anh HF s DMSO s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-179 H N

O

NH

O S OH O

N S

N

O

1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2H-imidazole-2-thione

2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1H-indene

3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2H)-naphthalenone

O N H

O

N

4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid

N

N

N S

O

1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2H-pyran

4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole

O OH

O O 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene

1,4-Dihydronaphthalene

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthalenone

N

O

O

1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphthylene

N H

1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

O N O O

HCl

O

Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone

9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene

O NH

NH2 O

4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine

S

4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride

HN N N S N

N O

2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5H-tetrazole-5-thione

N H

O

Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone

O

N

N

1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran

O

O

N H

O

Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione

O NH N H

S

2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone

H N

HN

N H

O

N H

Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N H

2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole

O

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone

N

O

4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole

H N

O

N H

O

N H

NH

1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione

HO

1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione

Dihydrotachysterol

O

O H

N

N S

O Dihydrothebaine

NH2

4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine

O

N H

S 2,5-Dihydrothiophene

O

S

O

2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide

S

O

Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone

O NH

O

S 2,3-Dihydrothiophene

S

Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione

NH N H

S

2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone

S HN N

NH

1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione

N

O

(1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde

3-180

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C18H20

3910-35-8

236.352

tcl pr (al)

52.5

308.5

1.000920

1.568120

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, MeOH

C12H15N

147-47-7

173.254

26.5

260; 13213

Quinizarin

C14H8O4

81-64-1

240.212

ye red lf (eth) 200 dk red nd

3693 1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

Anthrarufin

C14H8O4

117-12-4

240.212

pa ye pl (gl HOAc)

280

sub

3694 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

Danthron

C14H8O4

117-10-2

240.212

red or red-ye 193 nd or lf (al)

sub

3695 2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

C14H8O4

84-60-6

240.212

ye nd (al)

3696 2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

C14H8O4

572-93-0

240.212

sub

3697 2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene

C12H10N2O2

2050-14-8

214.219

ye nd (+1w, 353.8 dil al) nd (sub) gold-ye lf 173 (bz), nd (al)

3698 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

C7H6O3

24677-78-9

138.121

ye nd

108

235; 12016

C7H6O3

95-01-2

138.121

nd (eth-lig)

135

22622

C7H6O3

1194-98-5

138.121

ye nd (bz)

100.0

No. Name 3690 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3phenyl-1H-indene 3691 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4trimethylquinoline 3692 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

3699 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

Synonym

β-Resorcylaldehyde

3700 2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

360 dec

3701 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

Protocatechualdehyde

C7H6O3

139-85-5

138.121

lf (w, to)

153 dec

3702 N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

Salicylhydroxamic acid

C7H7NO3

89-73-6

153.136

nd (HOAc)

168

3703 2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid

Homogentisic acid

C8H8O4

451-13-8

168.148

153

C7H6O4

303-38-8

154.121

3705 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

β-Resorcylic acid

C7H6O4

89-86-1

154.121

pr (w+1), lf (al-chl) pr or nd (w+1) cry (+w)

3706 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

Gentisic acid

C7H6O4

490-79-9

154.121

nd or pr (w) 199.5

C7H6O4

303-07-1

154.121

nd (+w)

C7H6O4

99-50-3

154.121

mcl nd (w+1) 201 dec

C7H6O4

99-10-5

154.121

pr or nd

3704 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

3707 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3708 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

Protocatechuic acid

3709 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

sub

1.54220

226 dec

167 dec 1.5244

239

Bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) ketone

C13H10O3

835-11-0

214.216

59.5

3711 4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) ketone

C13H10O3

611-99-4

214.216

nd (lig), cry 210 (w)

3712 6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Esculetin 2-one

C9H6O4

305-01-1

178.142

3713 7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Daphnetin 2-one

C9H6O4

486-35-1

178.142

nd (w), pr 276 (HOAc) lf (sub) ye nd (dil al) 262

3714 2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid 3715 3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Hyodeoxycholic acid (3α,5β,6α)

C4H8O4 C24H40O4

1518-62-3 83-49-8

120.105 392.573

liq cry (AcOEt)

198.5

3716 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Ursodiol (3α,5β,7β) 3717 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Chenodiol (3α,5β,7α)

C24H40O4

128-13-2

392.573

pl (al)

203

C24H40O4

474-25-9

392.573

119

3718 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

C27H44O3

32222-06-3

416.636

nd (EtOAc+he p) wh cry pow

C6H4O4

615-94-1

140.094

dk ye nd

211

3719 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

1400.001

205.5

3710 2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Calcitriol

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, KOH, sulf i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, CS2; s bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, HOAc, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s alk i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl

333 1.133131

sub

sub

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth; s con alk vs ace, EtOH, HOAc s H2O, HOAc; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz vs H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i CS2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; i bz, chl, CS2 s H2O, EtOH, eth; i chl; sl tfa sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i bz sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, CS2 sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, chl, AcOEt s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, CS2

963

115

sl H2O, eth, ace, bz; s EtOH, HOAc vs EtOH; sl eth i H2O, bz; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, HOAc sl EtOH, MeOH, thf, AcOEt sl H2O, ace, DMSO; s EtOH, HOAc; i eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-181

N H 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-1H-indene

OH O

1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline

OH

O

OH

O

OH

O

OH O

1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O HO

OH

OH

OH

HO N N

HO O 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene

O

O

O

OH OH

O OH

N H OH

OH OH

OH 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

OH

HO

2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

HO O HO O

O

OH

N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

HO

OH

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

O

OH

OH OH

3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

OH

2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid

OH

2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

O

OH

O

OH O

O

OH

HO

OH HO

OH 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

HO

3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

HO

OH 4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

O

O

6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

O OH

OH

O HO

O

HO

O

OH

HO

OH

OH 7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

H

HO

OH

3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,6α)

2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid

OH

H

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7β)

OH

O OH H

O OH

HO

H

OH

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7α)

HO HO

OH 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

O 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

3-182

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3720 2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1one

Reductic acid

C5H6O3

80-72-8

114.100

3721 2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4heptanone 3722 2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane 3723 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide

Di(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl) ketone 2,2’-Methylenebisphenol 4,4’-Thiobisphenol

C9H18O3

3682-91-5

174.237

C13H12O2 C12H10O2S

2467-02-9 2664-63-3

200.233 218.271

3724 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)- Aloe-emodol 9,10-anthracenedione 3725 2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid Dihydroxymaleic acid

C15H10O5

481-72-1

270.237

C4H4O6

526-84-1

148.071

mcl pr or lf (al) oran ye nd (to, al) pl (w+2)

3726 α,4-Dihydroxy-3methoxybenzeneacetic acid 3727 7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one 3728 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4methoxyphenyl)-4H-1benzopyran-4-one 3729 (2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) phenylmethanone 3730 1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9 Hxanthen-9-one 3731 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10anthracenedione 3732 2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid

Vanilmandelic acid

C9H10O5

55-10-7

198.172

sc (bz-eth)

132 dec

sl H2O, eth, MeOH; s EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth

Fraxetin

C10H8O5

574-84-5

208.168

pl (dil al)

231

vs EtOH

C16H12O5

491-80-5

284.263

214.8

Cotoin

C14H12O4

479-21-0

244.243

Gentisin

C14H10O5

437-50-3

258.226

ye pr (chl) lf 130.5 or nd (w) ye orth 266.5

Chrysophanic acid

C15H10O4

481-74-3

254.238

o-Orsellinic acid

C8H8O4

480-64-8

168.148

3733 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one

C10H8O4

2107-76-8

192.169

3734 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one 3735 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4naphthalenedione

C10H8O4

529-84-0

192.169

ye nd (dil al) 275

C10H6O4

475-38-7

190.153

Chromotropic acid

C10H8O8S2

148-25-4

320.296

Alizarin Blue

C17H9NO4

568-02-5

291.258

Alizarin Orange

C14H7NO6

568-93-4

285.209

dk red mcl pr 232 (bz) red-br nd (al) nd or lf (w+2) br-viol nd 269 (bz) oran nd or pl 244 dec (HOAc)

Phloionic acid

C18H34O6

23843-52-9

346.459

9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid

C18H36O4

120-87-6

316.477

Chrysin

C15H10O4

480-40-0

254.238

lt ye pr (MeOH)

285.5

3742 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone Resacetophenone

C8H8O3

89-84-9

152.148

nd or lf

146

3743 (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl) phenylmethanone

Benzoresorcinol

C13H10O3

131-56-6

214.216

nd (w)

144

3744 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid 3745 Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide 3746 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4diene-3,11,20-trione 3747 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,20-dione 3748 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,11,20-trione

Caffeic acid

C9H8O4

331-39-5

180.158

ye pr, pl (w) 225 dec

Benzenestibonic acid Prednisone

C6H7O3Sb C21H26O5

535-46-6 53-03-2

248.878 358.428

nd (HOAc)

11-Deoxy-17hydrocorticosterone Cortisone

C21H30O4

152-58-9

346.461

215

C21H28O5

53-06-5

360.444

222

3749 2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)

C3H6O3

56-82-6

90.078

3750 2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, ( R) Glyceric acid 3751 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone Dihydroxyacetone

C3H6O4 C3H6O3

6000-40-4 96-26-4

106.078 90.078

3752 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate

C13H26O4

2277-23-8

246.343

pr (peth)

53

C11H22O4

26402-26-6

218.291

cry (peth)

40

3736 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 3737 5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f] quinoline-7,12-dione 3738 1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10anthracenedione 3739 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±) 3740 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid 3741 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-1benzopyran-4-one

3753 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate

Decanoic acid glycerol monoester Octanoic acid glycerol monoester

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

212

nD

Solubility s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, AcOEt; i bz

pale ye cry 118.3 151

363

223.5

sub

sl H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, eth, EtOH

155 dec

ye hex or mcl 196 nd (sub) nd (dil 176 dec HOAc, +1w) nd (al), lf 283 (HOAc)

cry (al)

1.28025

sub

0.9225

s EtOH, eth

sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; vs EtOH, alk s H2O, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s HOAc

sub

s H2O, alk; i EtOH, eth vs bz, gl HOAc sub

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf, HOAc

126 90

nd or pr (40% MeOH) thick gum

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; i ace; s py vs bz, HOAc

1.18141

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, CS2 i H2O, chl; s EtOH, py; sl eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl bz, chl vs EtOH

139 234 dec

145

1450.8

1.45318

vs ace, EtOH, chl sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz, peth, lig

dec 90

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i lig

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-183

O OH

OH OH

HO

2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one

HO

O

OH

S

O HO

OH

2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone

2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane

OH 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide

OH

OH HO OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

O

OH

α,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid

2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid

OH O

O

O

HO

OH O

O 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH

7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH O

OH

HO HO

O

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

OH O

HO

OH

O

OH

(2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

O

1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one

O OH

OH HO

OH

O 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

HO

2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid

OH O

O

HO

O

S

S

O

O

HO

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH

O

O

6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH

N

OH

O OH HO

OH O 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

O

OH

4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH

N O

O

5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f]quinoline-7,12-dione

O

1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

OH O O

OH

OH

O

OH

HO OH

OH

O

HO

O

OH

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±)

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

O OH

O

OH

O HO Sb OH

OH HO

OH 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone

O O

OH

OH (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

O

OH OH

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid

O

OH OH

O

Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide

OH OH

OH O

O 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione

17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

O HO

17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione

O O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, (R)

HO

2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)

O O

OH

1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone

O

HO

O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate

O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate

3-184

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3754 4,8-Dihydroxy-2quinolinecarboxylic acid

Xanthurenic acid

C10H7NO4

59-00-7

205.168

ye micry cry 289 (w)

Digallic acid

C4H6O8 C14H10O9

76-30-2 536-08-3

182.086 322.224

Fluorescin

C20H14O5

518-44-5

334.322

3758 Diiodoacetylene

C2I2

624-74-8

277.830

3759 2,4-Diiodoaniline

C6H5I2N

533-70-0

344.920

3755 Dihydroxytartaric acid 3756 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid 3757 2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9 H-xanthen-9yl)benzoic acid

nf (dil al + 1w)

mp/˚C

exp 2.74825

95.5

131.5

285

309.916

5.8

624-73-7

281.862

C6H4I2 C6H4I2

615-42-9 626-00-6

329.905 329.905

3762 p-Diiodobenzene

1,4-Diiodobenzene

C6H4I2

624-38-4

329.905

3763 1,4-Diiodobutane

C4H8I2

628-21-7

3764 1,2-Diiodoethane

C2H4I2

2.5420 2.4725

1.717920

12515 dec

2.349425

1.618425

200

3.32520

1.87120

72.516

3.062520

16317, 14110

2.034225

1.583725

182

3.321120

1.741120

9

14920, 1013

1.598725

-20

dec 227; 11019

2.169225 2.49018 2.561225

0.954319 0.905

1.430120 1.450620

3765 cis-1,2-Diiodoethene 3766 4,4’-Diiodofluorescein

cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene

C2H2I2 C20H10I2O5

590-26-1 38577-97-8

279.846 584.099

3767 1,6-Diiodohexane

Hexamethylene diiodide

C6H12I2

629-09-4

337.968

ye mcl pr or 83 orth (eth) -14 oran-red pow nd 9.5

3768 Diiodomethane

Methylene iodide

CH2I2

75-11-6

267.836

ye nd or lf

6.1

3769 2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol

Disophenol

C6H3I2NO3

305-85-1

390.902

lt ye cry (gl HOAc)

157

3770 1,5-Diiodopentane 3771 1,2-Diiodopropane 3772 1,3-Diiodopropane

Pentamethylene diiodide Trimethylene diiodide

C5H10I2 C3H6I2 C3H6I2

628-77-3 598-29-8 627-31-6

323.942 295.889 295.889

3773 5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol

Iodoquinol

C9H5I2NO

83-73-8

396.951

ye nd (HOAc, 210 xyl)

3774 3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

C9H9I2NO3

300-39-0

432.981

ye nd (w, 70% al)

213

3775 Diisobutyl adipate 3776 Diisobutylaluminum chloride 3777 Diisobutylaluminum hydride

C14H26O4 C8H18AlCl C8H19Al

141-04-8 1779-25-5 1191-15-7

258.354 176.664 142.219

hyg col liq liq

-40

293; 18715 15210 1404, 850.5

2-Methyl-N-(2-methylpropyl)-1- C8H19N propanamine

110-96-3

129.244

liq

-73.5

139.6

C9H18O3

539-92-4

174.237

190

0.913820

1,1’-Oxybis[2-methylpropane]

C8H18O

628-55-7

130.228

122.6

0.76115

84-69-5 592-65-4 123-61-5 104-49-4 26761-40-0 28553-12-0

278.344 146.294 160.130 160.130 446.663 418.609

-105.5 51 95 -50

296.5; 1594 171 1038 11714 2534

1.049015 0.836310

Bis(8-methylnonyl)phthalate Bis(7-methyloctyl)phthalate

C16H22O4 C8H18S C8H4N2O2 C8H4N2O2 C28H46O4 C26H42O4 C22H42O4 C24H38O4 C10H23N

1330-86-5 27554-26-3 544-00-3

370.566 390.557 157.297

-44

2104 370 188

0.767221

1.423520

C10H22O

544-01-4

158.281

172.5

0.777720

1.408520

C18H26O4 C10H22S

605-50-5 544-02-5

306.397 174.347

liq

-74.6

dec 334 211

1.020916 0.832320

1.487120 1.452020

C6H15NO2

110-97-4

133.189

cry

44.5

250; 15123

0.98920

C12H22O4

6938-94-9

230.301

-0.6

1206.5

0.956920

3778 Diisobutylamine

3779 Diisobutyl carbonate 3780 Diisobutyl ether 3781 3782 3783 3784 3785 3786

Diisobutyl phthalate Diisobutyl sulfide 1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene 1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene Diisodecyl phthalate Diisononyl phthalate

3787 Diisooctyl adipate 3788 Diisooctyl phthalate 3789 Diisopentylamine 3790 Diisopentyl ether

3-Methyl-N-isopentyl-1butanamine Diisoamyl ether

3791 Diisopentyl phthalate 3792 Diisopentyl sulfide

Diisoamyl phthalate

3793 Diisopropanolamine

1,1’-Iminobis-2-propanol

3794 Diisopropyl adipate

liq cry cry liq col liq

liq

Solubility

vs ace, EtOH

287; 1003 285

1,2-Diiodobenzene 1,3-Diiodobenzene

nD

i H2O; s EtOH, dil HCl; sl eth, bz

27 40.4

3760 o-Diiodobenzene 3761 m-Diiodobenzene

den/ g cm-3

114.5 269 dec

col or ye nd 126 (eth), pl (bz) orth nd (lig) 81.5 br nd or orth cry (al) pl or pr (lig) orth pl or pr (eth-al) orth lf (al)

bp/˚C

1.639125

1.409020

1.407220

0.96620

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl chl i H2O; sl ctc; s os sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s eth, chl sl H2O; s alk, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs EtOH i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, bz, chl, eth; vs EtOH; s alk sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz s eth, hx s cyhex, eth, bz, tol sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s ctc

i H2O; s os i H2O; s ace, MeOH; bz, eth

1.424720

i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; vs ace, EtOH, chl vs EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs ace, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-185 O

OH HO

O

OH HO

HO OH O HO

OH

N OH

OH

O

OH

OH

O

OH

HO

O HO OH

O

4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid

O

OH

OH

Dihydroxytartaric acid

3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid

NH2

2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid

I I

I

I I

I

I

I

Diiodoacetylene

o-Diiodobenzene

I

I

I

2,4-Diiodoaniline

m-Diiodobenzene

p-Diiodobenzene

I

I 1,4-Diiodobutane

I

1,2-Diiodoethane

O OH O

I

I

I HO I

O

OH

I

I

cis-1,2-Diiodoethene

H

I

I

4,4’-Diiodofluorescein

H I

I 1,6-Diiodohexane

O

Diiodomethane

I

I I

I

1,2-Diiodopropane

N

OH

I 1,5-Diiodopentane

O

NH2

HO

OH

I

1,3-Diiodopropane

I

O

2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol

O I

I

N

O

O O

I

5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol

3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

Diisobutyl adipate

O O O

O Cl Al

H Al

H N

Diisobutylaluminum chloride

Diisobutylaluminum hydride

Diisobutylamine

N

C

O N

C

O

O

Diisobutyl carbonate

O

O

Diisobutyl ether

Diisobutyl phthalate

O O

N C O

S Diisobutyl sulfide

1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene

O

C

O O O

N

O O

O

1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene

O Diisodecyl phthalate

Diisononyl phthalate

O O O

O O

O O

O Diisooctyl adipate

Diisooctyl phthalate

N H

O

Diisopentylamine

Diisopentyl ether

O O O O Diisopentyl phthalate

O OH

OH

S

H N

Diisopentyl sulfide

Diisopropanolamine

O

O O Diisopropyl adipate

3-186

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3795 Diisopropylamine

N-Isopropyl-2-propanamine

C6H15N

108-18-9

101.190

liq

-61

83.9

0.715320

1.392420

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

3796 2,6-Diisopropylaniline 3797 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H19N C12H18

24544-04-5 577-55-9

177.286 162.271

liq liq

-45 -57

257 204

0.9425 0.870120

1.533220 1.496020

3798 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H18

99-62-7

162.271

liq

-63.1

203.2

0.855920

1.488320

3799 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H18

100-18-5

162.271

liq

-17

210.3

0.856820

1.489820

3800 p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide 3801 N,N-Diisopropyl-2benzothiazolesulfenamide 3802 N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide 3803 Diisopropyl disulfide 3804 N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine

C12H18O2

98-49-7

194.270

waxy cry

30.1

1231

0.993220

C13H18N2S2

95-29-4

266.425

C7H14N2 C6H14S2 C8H19NO

693-13-0 4253-89-8 96-80-0

126.199 150.305 145.243

liq

-69

147 177 190

0.80625 0.943520 0.82625

1.432020 1.491620 1.441720

C6H14O

108-20-3

102.174

liq

-85.4

68.4

0.719225

1.365825

C7H17O3P C16H20 C8H14O4 C6H15O3P C6H15O2PS2

1445-75-6 24157-81-1 615-81-6 1809-20-7 107-56-2

180.182 212.330 174.195 166.155 214.286

cry (MeOH)

70

C14H18O4

605-45-8

250.291

3812 Diisopropyl sulfide

C6H14S

625-80-9

118.240

3813 Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)

C10H18O6

58167-01-4

234.246

3814 Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate Diisopropyl dixanthogen 3815 1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene Bitoscanate

C8H14O2S4 C8H4N2S2

105-65-7 4044-65-9

270.456 192.261

3816 3817 3818 3819

C4H4O2 C6H10O5 C20H21NO3 C4H12FN2OP

674-82-8 19201-34-4 1165-48-6 115-26-4

84.074 162.140 323.386 154.122

liq

C18H25N

36309-01-0

255.399

ye oil

92

C4H6O4S2

2418-14-6

182.219

wh cry (MeOH)

193

C4H10O2S2 C4H10OS2 C3H8OS2

7634-42-6 2150-02-9 59-52-9

154.251 138.251 124.225

3805 Diisopropyl ether

Diisopropyl methylphosphonate 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene Diisopropyl oxalate Diisopropyl phosphonate O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate 3811 Diisopropyl phthalate

N,N-Diisopropyl-2aminoethanol Isopropyl ether

3806 3807 3808 3809 3810

Diketene Dilactic acid Dimefline Dimefox

3820 Dimemorfan

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisopropyl ester

2,2’-Oxybispropanoic acid Tetramethylphosphorodiamidic fluoride 3,17-Dimethylmorphinan, (9 α,13 α,14 α)-

3821 2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid 3822 1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol 3823 2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether 3824 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol

2-Mercaptoethyl ether Dimercaprol

®

59.0

663

liq

nd (ace, HOAc) liq orth

liq

122-15-6

211.258

C6H10O4S2

55290-64-7

210.271

C11H19N3O

5221-53-4

209.288

86-80-6

272.385

828-00-2

174.195

liq

1201-38-3 93-15-2

180.200 178.228

cry liq

C12H14O4

523-80-8

222.237

C8H11NO2

2735-04-8

153.179

3834 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline

C8H11NO2

102-56-7

153.179

3835 3,4-Dimethoxyaniline

C8H11NO2

6315-89-5

153.179

3826 Dimethipin 3827 Dimethirimol

3828 Dimethisoquin 3829 Dimethoxane 3830 2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone 3831 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene 3832 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3benzodioxole 3833 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline

2,3-Dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4dithiin, 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide 5-Butyl-2-(dimethylamino)-6methylpyrimidin-4(1H)-one

2-[(3-Butyl-1-isoquinolinyl)oxy] C17H24N2O -N,N-dimethylethanamine 2,6-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-ol C8H14O4 acetate C10H12O3 C11H14O2 Apiole

1.00220 0.997018 1.0920

1.410020

13012

1.061515

1.490020

-78.1

120.0

0.814220

1.443820

34

275; 15412

1.116620

126.1

1.087720

cry

8615

42.5 -80

46

1.115120

vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, bz, ace, ctc, chl

52 132 -6.5 112.5 109.5

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc

1.412016

190 9740, 7610 713

liq

C11H17NO3

3825 Dimetan

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl

1.437920

1.426720

vs H2O, eth s chl vs H2O, bz, eth

1330.3

s chl 217; 642 830.8 175

1.11420 1.246320

1.574920

11

s EtOH, eth, oils; sl chl s H2O, cyhex; vs EtOH, eth, ace

165 nd

102

146

1563

1.548620

sl H2O; vs chl, xyl; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH msc H2O; s os

8610

1.065520

1.431020

21 -2.0

15614 254.7

1.139 1.039620

1.544120 1.534020

nd

29.5

294; 17935

1.01520

1.536020

pl (lig)

33.5

262.0

82.5

270

87.5

15914

lf (eth)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, EtOH, lig sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, lig s H2O, EtOH, chl, lig s eth, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-187

NH2 N H Diisopropylamine

2,6-Diisopropylaniline

O

1,2-Diisopropylbenzene

1,3-Diisopropylbenzene

1,4-Diisopropylbenzene

OH N S N S

p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide

N,N-Diisopropyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide

S

S

N C N N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide

Diisopropyl disulfide

O O O P O

OH

N

O N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine

Diisopropyl ether

O

O O

Diisopropyl methylphosphonate

2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene

Diisopropyl oxalate

O O O

O

O O P O H

S O P O SH

O

S

Diisopropyl phosphonate

O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate

Diisopropyl phthalate

Diisopropyl sulfide

S

S

O

O OH O

Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)

S O

OH

O

O S C N

S Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate

O

N C S

HO

O

1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene

O O

Diketene

OH

Dilactic acid

O

O

O

O N N

P

O N H

F

Dimefline

Dimefox

N

OH

SH OH

HO SH

Dimemorfan

HS

SH OH

O

2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid

1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol

O O S

OH N

O HS

O

HS

OH

O

SH

SH

2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether

O

S

N

O O

®

2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol

N

Dimetan

Dimethipin

N

Dimethirimol

O O O

N O

O N

O

O

O O

Dimethisoquin

O

Dimethoxane

O

2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone

NH2

NH2 O

O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene

NH2 O

O O 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole

O O 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline

O 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline

O 3,4-Dimethoxyaniline

3-188

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3836 2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

C9H10O3

613-45-6

166.173

nd (al or lig) 72

290; 16510

3837 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

C9H10O3

93-02-7

166.173

52

270; 14610

C9H10O3

120-14-9

166.173

43

281; 15510

C9H10O3

7311-34-4

166.173

46.3

15116

C8H10O2

91-16-7

138.164

22.5

206

1.081025

1.582721

3841 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene

C8H10O2

151-10-0

138.164

liq

-52

217.5

1.052125

1.523120

3842 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene

C8H10O2

150-78-7

138.164

lf (w)

59

212.6

1.037555

3843 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid

C10H12O4

93-40-3

196.200

cry (bz-peth) 98 nd (w+1)

3844 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine 3845 3,4Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine 3846 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol 3847 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine Dianisidine

C10H15NO2 C9H13NO2

120-20-7 5763-61-1

181.232 167.205

16414 15612, 1203

1.14325

C9H12O3 C14H16N2O2

93-03-8 119-90-4

168.189 244.289

visc oil lf or nd (w)

298; 17212

1.17817

137

3848 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’diisocyanate 3849 2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

C16H12N2O4

91-93-0

296.277

cry

112

C9H10O4

91-52-1

182.173

C9H10O4 C9H10O4

1466-76-8 93-07-2

182.173 182.173

C9H10O4

1132-21-4

182.173

C16H16O4

119-52-8

272.296

186 dec nd (w or 181 HOAc) orth (sub) nd (w), pr 185.5 (al) pr (dil al) 114.0

3854 5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Limettin 2-one

C11H10O4

487-06-9

206.195

pr or nd (al) 149

dec 200

3855 4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

C14H14O2

2132-80-1

214.260

lf (bz)

sub

3856 Dimethoxyborane 3857 4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone 3858 2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

C2H7BO2 C6H12O3 C8H8O4

4542-61-4 5436-21-5 530-55-2

73.887 132.157 168.148

vol liq or gas -130.6

Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether

C4H12O2Si C14H16O2Si C14H30O2 C4H11NO2 C4H10O2

1112-39-6 6843-66-9 14620-52-1 22483-09-6 110-71-4

120.223 244.362 230.387 105.136 90.121

3864 (2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene 3865 4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b] quinoline

Fagarine

C10H14O2 C13H11NO3

101-48-4 524-15-2

166.217 229.231

3866 1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane

Palmitaldehyde, dimethyl acetal C18H38O2

2791-29-9

286.494

3867 2,4-Dimethoxy-6hydroxyacetophenone 3868 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone 3869 6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3 H)isobenzofuranone

Xanthoxylin

C10H12O4

90-24-4

196.200

Meconin

C11H12O3 C10H10O4

2107-69-9 569-31-3

3870 Dimethoxymethane

Methylal

C3H8O2

3871 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene 3872 1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene 3873 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene 3874 N-(Dimethoxymethyl) dimethylamine

No. Name

3838 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

Synonym

Veratraldehyde

3839 3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 3840 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

3850 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3851 3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

Veratrole

Veratric acid

3852 3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3853 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin

3859 3860 3861 3862 3863

Dimethoxydimethylsilane Dimethoxydiphenylsilane 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine 1,2-Dimethoxyethane

p-Anisoin

2,6-Dimethoxy-p-quinone

Lauraldehyde, dimethyl acetal

Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal

nd (eth, lig, to)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

1.546420

1.55517

108.5

175

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth s ctc s chl s H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc sub

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl

sub

vs eth, EtOH

256

25.9 505 sub

liq

-78 -69.20

82 286; 16115 1335 13795 84.50

pr (al)

142

ye mcl pr (HOAc)

Solubility

0.864620 1.077120 0.96625 0.863725

1.370820 1.544720 1.431025 1.417020 1.377025

sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, chl; i eth, lig i H2O, peth; vs EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth dec H2O s ctc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s tfa; vs alk, HOAc dec H2O vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc

193.5

10

1442

0.854220

1.438225

cry (al)

82

18520

192.211 194.184

wh nd (w)

119.5 102.5

109-87-5

76.095

liq

-105.1

42

0.859320

1.351320

C9H12O2

494-99-5

152.190

pr (eth)

24

220

1.050925

1.525725

C9H12O2 C9H12O2 C5H13NO2

4179-19-5 24599-58-4 4637-24-5

152.190 152.190 119.163

244 214.0 104

1.047815

1.523420

21

0.89725

1.397220

sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc; vs os vs bz, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-189

O

O O

O

O O

O

O

O O

O

O

2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

O

3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

O NH2

OH

O O

O O

O 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene

O

O

O

1,4-Dimethoxybenzene

NH2 O

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine

3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine

O

O

OH

O

O

O

H2N

O 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol

O NH2

N C O

2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

OH O

O

OH

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

O

O

O O

2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

O

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’-diisocyanate

OH

O

O

O C N

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine

O O

OH

O

O

3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

OH 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin

O H O

O

O

O

5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

O

4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

B

O O

O

O

Dimethoxyborane

4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone

O O

O

O

O Si O

O Si O

2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

Dimethoxydimethylsilane

Dimethoxydiphenylsilane

O O 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane

O O O

O O

NH2

O

2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine

O

1,2-Dimethoxyethane

O

N

O

O

O (2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene

4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline

1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane

O O

HO

O

O

O

O O O 2,4-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxyacetophenone

O

O 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone

6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone

O

O

Dimethoxymethane

O

O O

O N O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene

1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene

O 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene

O

O

N-(Dimethoxymethyl)dimethylamine

3-190

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3875 2,2-Dimethoxy-Nmethylethanamine 3876 Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane 3877 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene

C5H13NO2

122-07-6

119.163

C9H14O2Si C8H9NO4

3027-21-2 709-09-1

182.292 183.162

3878 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene

C8H9NO4

89-39-4

183.162

3879 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol 3880 3,5-Dimethoxyphenol 3881 1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone

C8H10O3 C8H10O3 C10H12O3

91-10-1 500-99-2 1131-62-0

154.163 154.163 180.200

3882 3883 3884 3885

C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H10O2 C11H14O2

4744-10-9 77-76-9 6044-68-4 93-16-3

104.148 104.148 102.132 178.228

C12H14O4

484-31-1

222.237

C10H12O2 C4H10O2

6380-23-0 534-15-6

C4H9NO

3890 2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, Acridine Yellow monohydrochloride 3891 Dimethyl adipate 3892 3,3-Dimethylallyl diphosphate

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

ye nd (al-w) 98 gold-ye nd (dil al) mcl pr (w)

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

140

0.92825

1.411520

12979 23015

1.1888133

pr (dil al)

56.5 37 51

liq

-47

1.479520 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf vs eth, EtOH s eth, bz; sl lig vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl

1.1666132

72.5

Solubility

261 19935, 17010 287

18

86 83 88 270.5

0.864820 0.84725 0.86225 1.052120

1.378020 1.395420 1.561620

oil

29.5

285

1.159815

1.530517

164.201 90.121

liq

-113.2

64.5

0.850120

1.571120 1.366820

127-19-5

87.120

liq

-18.59

165

0.937225

1.434125

C15H16ClN3

135-49-9

273.761

red cry pow

C8H14O4

627-93-0

174.195

cry

10.3

11513

1.060020

1.428320

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, HOAc

3-Methyl-2-butenyl pyrophosphate N-Methylmethanamine

C5H12O7P2

358-72-5

246.092

cry (MeOH)

C2H7N

124-40-3

45.084

col gas

-92.18

6.88

0.68040

1.35017

N-Methylmethanamine hydrochloride

C2H8ClN

506-59-2

81.545

orth nd (al)

171

C4H8N2 C10H13NO

926-64-7 2124-31-4

84.120 163.216

137.5

0.864920

1.409520

4-Acetyl-N,N-dimethylaniline

nd (w, peth) 105.5

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, lig; sl chl

Ahistan

C16H16N2OS

518-61-6

284.375

cry

144.5

C14H15N3

60-11-7

225.289

ye lf (al)

117

dec

3899 2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine 3900 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde Ehrlich’s reagent

C14H15N3 C9H11NO

97-56-3 100-10-7

225.289 149.189

ye lf (al) lf (w)

102 74.5

17617

3901 p-(Dimethylamino) benzalrhodanine

C12H12N2OS2

536-17-4

264.365

dp red nd (xyl)

270 dec

3902 2-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

C9H11NO2

610-16-2

165.189

pr, nd (eth)

72

3903 3-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

C9H11NO2

99-64-9

165.189

nd (w)

152.5

C9H11NO2 C17H21N3

619-84-1 492-80-8

165.189 267.369

nd (al) ye or col pl (al)

242.5 136

C4H12BN C21H27NO

1113-30-0 76-99-3

84.956 309.445

liq

-92 99.5

Normethadone

C20H25NO

467-85-6

295.419

oily liq

Bufotenine

C7H13NO2 C12H16N2O

2439-35-2 487-93-4

143.184 204.267

pr (EtOAc)

1,1-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane 3,3-Dimethoxy-1-propene 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl) benzene 3886 4,5-Dimethoxy-6-(2-propenyl)1,3-benzodioxole 3887 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzene 3888 Dimethylacetal

3889 N,N-Dimethylacetamide

3893 Dimethylamine 3894 Dimethylamine hydrochloride 3895 (Dimethylamino)acetonitrile 3896 4’-(Dimethylamino)acetophenone 3897 10-[(Dimethylamino)acetyl]-10Hphenothiazine 3898 p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene

3904 4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 3905 4,4’Dimethylaminobenzophenonimid e 3906 (Dimethylamino)dimethylborane 3907 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl3-heptanone 3908 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl3-hexanone 3909 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3910 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1Hindol-5-ol 3911 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 3912 4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol 3913 N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]N,N’,N’-trimethyl-1,2ethanediamine 3914 5-(Dimethylamino)-1naphthalenesulfonyl chloride

Apiole (Dill)

N,N-Dimethylethanamide

Brilliant Oil Yellow

Hordenine

Dansyl chloride

C8H15NO2

2867-47-2

157.211

C10H15NO

539-15-1

165.232

C9H23N3

3030-47-5

173.299

C12H12ClNO2S

605-65-2

269.747

i H2O; vs EtOH, py; s eth; sl chl, lig vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth, ctc; s ace vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth s EtOH; sl eth i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth

1.0254100

sub

65

vs eth, ace vs EtOH

1653 <-60 146.5

9550 3200.1 63

orth pr (al), nd (w)

s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc, chl; vs ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s hot H2O, EtOH

117.5

vs eth, EtOH

6

17311 8412

70

0.93820

vs eth, EtOH, chl 1.441325

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-191 O

O

O O

O Si O

H N

O

2,2-Dimethoxy-N-methylethanamine

O N

OH

O O

O

Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane

N

O

O

O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene

2,6-Dimethoxyphenol

O OH O

O O

O

1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone

1,1-Dimethoxypropane

O

3,5-Dimethoxyphenol

O

O O

O

O 2,2-Dimethoxypropane

3,3-Dimethoxy-1-propene

O O

O

O

O O

O O

O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene

4,5-Dimethoxy-6-(2-propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole

O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzene

Dimethylacetal

O H2N

O

HCl NH2

N

N,N-Dimethylacetamide

O O O P O P OH OH OH

O O

2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, monohydrochloride

N

O

Dimethyl adipate

H N

3,3-Dimethylallyl diphosphate

Dimethylamine

N O

O N

N

H N HCl

N

N

Dimethylamine hydrochloride

(Dimethylamino)acetonitrile

S

4’-(Dimethylamino)acetophenone

10-[(Dimethylamino)acetyl]-10H-phenothiazine

O O NH H2N

N N

N

p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene

4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde

NH

OH N N

2-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

S

p-(Dimethylamino)benzalrhodanine

OH

O

OH

S

N

N

2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene

O O

N N

N

N

3-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

N

N

4,4’-Dimethylaminobenzophenonimide

B

(Dimethylamino)dimethylborane

N HO N

O

N

N

O O

O

6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanone

6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3-hexanone

2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate

N H 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-5-ol

Cl O S O

N

N

O

N O

2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate

HO 4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol

N

N

N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-N,N’,N’-trimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

N 5-(Dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonyl chloride

3-192

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

3915 3-(Dimethylamino)phenol

C8H11NO

99-07-0

137.179

nd (lig)

86

266.5

3916 4-(Dimethylamino)phenol

C8H11NO

619-60-3

137.179

77

16530

C15H15NO

530-44-9

225.286

C11H16ClNO

879-72-1

213.704

153.5

C11H13NO

6203-18-5

175.227

139.5

No. Name

3917 [4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl] phenylmethanone 3918 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-1propanone, hydrochloride 3919 3-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-2propenal 3920 3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile 3921 2-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol 3922 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol 3923 1-(Dimethylamino)-2-propanol 3924 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propyne 3925 2-Dimethylaminopurine

Synonym

4-(Dimethylamino) benzophenone

4-(Dimethylamino) cinnamaldehyde

ye lf (al) nd (peth)

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.589526

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s chl, peth

92.5

173 150.3 163.5 124.5 80

0.870520 0.882026 0.87225 0.83725 0.779220

1.436020 1.419320 1.419520

<-15

221.5

0.993120

1.568420

-14.3

214

0.972320

1.556920

214 215 228

0.979021 0.984220 1.07618

1.559121 1.561020

220.5 207.5

0.970620 0.970920

1.558120 1.564920

121.180

206.5

0.966020

1.555725

623-08-5

121.180

210

0.934855

1.556820

C8H11N

121-69-7

121.180

pa ye

194.15

0.955720

1.558220

3937 N,N-Dimethylaniline hydrochloride

C8H12ClN

5882-44-0

157.641

hyg pl (w, bz) 90

3938 2,6-Dimethylanisole

C9H12O

1004-66-6

136.190

182.5

0.961914

1.505314

3939 3,5-Dimethylanisole

C9H12O

874-63-5

136.190

194; 8915

0.962715

1.511020

3940 9,10-Dimethylanthracene 3941 1,4-Dimethyl-9,10anthracenedione 3942 Dimethylarsine

C16H14 C16H12O2

781-43-1 1519-36-4

206.282 236.265

C2H7As

593-57-7

105.999

C2H7AsO2

75-60-5

137.998

C9H10O

15764-16-6

134.174

C9H10O

5779-94-2

134.174

C9H10O

5779-95-3

134.174

C9H11NO C20H16

611-74-5 57-97-6

149.189 256.341

C8H12N2 C8H12N2

3171-45-7 2836-03-5

136.194 136.194

1738-25-6 15521-18-3 3179-63-3 108-16-7 7223-38-3 938-55-6

98.146 103.163 103.163 103.163 83.132 163.180

3926 2-(p-Dimethylaminostyryl) benzothiazole 3927 2,3-Dimethylaniline

C5H10N2 C5H13NO C5H13NO C5H13NO N,N-Dimethyl-2-propargylamine C5H9N N,N-Dimethyl-1H-purin-6C7H9N5 amine C17H16N2S

1628-58-6

280.387

2,3-Xylidine

C8H11N

87-59-2

121.180

3928 2,4-Dimethylaniline

2,4-Xylidine

C8H11N

95-68-1

121.180

liq

3929 2,5-Dimethylaniline 3930 2,6-Dimethylaniline 3931 3,4-Dimethylaniline

2,5-Xylidine 2,6-Xylidine 3,4-Xylidine

C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N

95-78-3 87-62-7 95-64-7

121.180 121.180 121.180

ye lf (lig)

3932 3,5-Dimethylaniline 3933 N,2-Dimethylaniline

3,5-Xylidine

C8H11N C8H11N

108-69-0 611-21-2

121.180 121.180

3934 N,3-Dimethylaniline

C8H11N

696-44-6

3935 N,4-Dimethylaniline

C8H11N

3936 N,N-Dimethylaniline

3943 Dimethylarsinic acid

Cacodylic acid

3944 2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 3945 2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde

Isoxylaldehyde

3946 3,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 3947 N,N-Dimethylbenzamide 3948 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2benzanthracene

3949 4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine 3950 N,N-Dimethyl-1,2benzenediamine 3951 N,N-Dimethyl-1,3benzenediamine 3952 N,N-Dimethyl-1,4Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine benzenediamine

C8H12N2

2836-04-6

136.194

C8H12N2

99-98-9

136.194

3953 2,5-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol

C8H10O2

488-87-9

138.164

s H2O s ctc s ctc

263 ye nd (MeOH)

207 dec

15.5 11.2 pl or pr (lig) 51 9.8

2.42

183.6 ye nd (al, 140.5 sub) liq, ign in air -136.1

liq

1.115619

360.0 sub 1.20829

36

195

>200

-9

218 0.950020

220 9 44.8 pa ye pl (al, 122.5 HOAc) 128 oil

221

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s eth, ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s eth; vs lig sl H2O; s eth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs H2O, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, xyl, HOAc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth s EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

272.0 vs ace, bz

218; 9022

<-20

270; 138

nd (bz)

53

263

nd (bz), pr (w)

163

278.5

10

0.99522 0.995

25

1.03620

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig s H2O, EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-193

OH

OH

O O

N 3-(Dimethylamino)phenol

N

N

N 4-(Dimethylamino)phenol

[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]phenylmethanone

O

3-(Dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanone, hydrochloride

N

OH

N

N 3-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-2-propenal

N

N

3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile

HCl

2-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol

OH

3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol

N N N

N

OH 1-(Dimethylamino)-2-propanol

N

3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propyne

N

N

N H

S

2-Dimethylaminopurine

NH2 N

2-(p-Dimethylaminostyryl)benzothiazole

NH2

2,3-Dimethylaniline

NH2 NH2

2,4-Dimethylaniline

NH2

2,5-Dimethylaniline

NH2

2,6-Dimethylaniline

3,4-Dimethylaniline

3,5-Dimethylaniline

NH

N,2-Dimethylaniline

NH NH

O

O

2,6-Dimethylanisole

3,5-Dimethylanisole

N

N

HCl N,3-Dimethylaniline

N,4-Dimethylaniline

N,N-Dimethylaniline

N,N-Dimethylaniline hydrochloride

O

O

9,10-Dimethylanthracene

O

O

H As

1,4-Dimethyl-9,10-anthracenedione

Dimethylarsine

O As OH Dimethylarsinic acid

2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde

NH2

O

O

NH2 N

2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde

3,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde

N,N-Dimethylbenzamide

7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene

4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine

N N

N

OH

NH2 NH2 N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine

N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediamine

NH2 N,N-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediamine

OH 2,5-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol

3-194

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

3954 2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediol

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C8H10O2

654-42-2

138.164

nd (xyl), cry 152.3 (w)

C10H15N C10H15N C9H13N

93-88-9 122-09-8 585-32-0

149.233 149.233 135.206

3955 N,β-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine 3956 α,α-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine 3957 α,αDimethylbenzenemethanamine 3958 α,4-Dimethylbenzenemethanol

1-(4-Methylphenyl)ethanol

C9H12O

536-50-5

136.190

3959 α,α-Dimethylbenzenemethanol

α-Cumyl alcohol

C9H12O

617-94-7

136.190

pr

3960 α,α-Dimethylbenzenepropanol

Benzyl-tert-butanol

C11H16O

103-05-9

164.244

3961 N,4-Dimethylbenzenesulfonamide 3962 5,6-Dimethyl-1H-benzimidazole

Dimedazole

C8H11NO2S C9H10N2

640-61-9 582-60-5

3963 2,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid

C9H10O2

3964 2,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid

Phenylpropylmethylamine Phentermine

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility vs eth, EtOH

0.91525

207.5 205; 10021 196.5

0.942320

1.518125

219

0.966825

1.524620

36

202

0.973520

1.532520

nd

24.5

12113

0.962621

1.507721

185.244 146.188

pl (dil al) cry (eth)

78.5 205.5

sub

611-01-8

150.174

mcl or tcl nd 90 (w)

268

C9H10O2

610-72-0

150.174

nd (al)

132

sub

3965 2,6-Dimethylbenzoic acid

C9H10O2

632-46-2

150.174

nd (lig)

116

274.5; 15517

3966 3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid

C9H10O2

619-04-5

150.174

pr (al)

167.3

oily liq

vs bz, eth, EtOH

1.34025

1.06921

3967 3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid

Mesitylenic acid

C9H10O2

499-06-9

150.174

nd (w, al)

171.1

sub

3968 4,4’-Dimethylbenzophenone

Bis(4-methylphenyl) ketone

C15H14O

611-97-2

210.271

orth (al)

96.5

334

3969 7,8-Dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine2,4(1H,3H)-dione 3970 2,5-Dimethylbenzoxazole 3971 N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine

Lumichrome

C12H10N4O2

1086-80-2

242.233

ye cry (chl)

300

Dimethylbenzylamine

C9H9NO C9H13N

5676-58-4 103-83-3

147.173 135.206

218.5 181

1.088018 0.9150

1.541220 1.501120

3972 N,N-Dimethyl-N’-benzyl-1,2N-Benzyl-N’,N’-dimethyl-1,2ethanediamine ethanediamine 3973 N,N-Dimethyl-N’-benzyl-N’-2Tripelennamine pyridinyl-1,2-ethanediamine 3974 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan2-one, (1R) 3975 2,3-Dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2- 2,3-Dimethyl-2-norbornene ene 3976 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2ene-2-ethanol 3977 2,2’-Dimethylbiphenyl

C11H18N2

103-55-9

178.274

14530, 12311

0.934320

1.508920

C16H21N3

91-81-6

255.358

ye oil

C9H14O

38651-65-9

138.206

liq

C9H14

529-16-8

C11H18O

128-50-7

C14H14

605-39-0

182.261

3978 3,3’-Dimethylbiphenyl

C14H14

612-75-9

182.261

3979 4,4’-Dimethylbiphenyl

C14H14

613-33-2

182.261

mcl pr (eth) 125

C12H12N2 C6H10 C6H13NO

1134-35-6 513-81-5 760-79-2

184.236 82.143 115.173

liq liq

C6H15N C6H14

3850-30-4 75-83-2

101.190 86.175

C6H14

79-29-8

C6H14O2

3987 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanethiol 3988 2,2-Dimethylbutanoic acid

1400.1

1.57625

misc H2O

209

0.980720

1.478720

vs eth, EtOH

122.207

140.5

0.869817

1.468817

s eth, ace, bz

166.260

235; 11010

0.97325

1.493020

s chl

20

0.9906

9

280

0.999520

295

0.917121

171.5 -76 -40

68.8 186; 125100

0.722225 0.906425

1.439420 1.439125

liq liq

-20 -98.8

102 49.73

0.766820 0.644425

1.410525 1.368820

86.175

liq

-128.10

57.93

0.661620

1.375020

76-09-5

118.174

nd (al,eth)

43.32

174.4

C6H14S C6H12O2

1639-01-6 595-37-9

118.240 116.158

liq liq

-14

126.1 186

0.927620

1.414520

3989 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol

C6H14O

1185-33-7

102.174

<-15

136.5

0.828320

1.420820

3990 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol

C6H14O

624-95-3

102.174

liq

-60

143

0.84415

1.432315

3991 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol

C6H14O

594-60-5

102.174

liq

-14

118.4

0.823620

1.417620

3992 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol, (±)

C6H14O

20281-91-8

102.174

5.6

120.4

0.812225

1.414820

3983 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanamine 3984 2,2-Dimethylbutane

Neohexane

3985 2,3-Dimethylbutane

3986 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-butanediol

Pinacol

1.5752

20

256

Diisopropenyl

cry (al)

-1

19.5

3980 4,4’-Dimethyl-2,2’-bipyridine 3981 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 3982 N,N-Dimethylbutanamide

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, DMSO sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, HOAc, tol i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, chl s ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth

1.594620

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, CS2 s chl s ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, peth, ctc sl H2O, CS2; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace s H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-195

OH H N

NH2 NH2

OH 2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediol

α,α-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine

N,β-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine

OH

OH

α,4-Dimethylbenzenemethanol

O

OH

α,α-Dimethylbenzenemethanol

O

α,α-Dimethylbenzenemethanamine

α,α-Dimethylbenzenepropanol

O OH

O N H

N,4-Dimethylbenzenesulfonamide

OH O

S

O

OH

OH

N N H 5,6-Dimethyl-1H-benzimidazole

2,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid

2,6-Dimethylbenzoic acid

3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid

O

OH

O

2,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid

O

N

NH

N 3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid

4,4’-Dimethylbenzophenone

N H

N

O

O

7,8-Dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

2,5-Dimethylbenzoxazole

N N H

N N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine

N,N-Dimethyl-N’-benzyl-1,2-ethanediamine

N

N,N-Dimethyl-N’-benzyl-N’-2-pyridinyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-one, (1R)

N

N

OH

2,3-Dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene

6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene-2-ethanol

2,2’-Dimethylbiphenyl

O N 3,3’-Dimethylbiphenyl

4,4’-Dimethylbiphenyl

N

N

4,4’-Dimethyl-2,2’-bipyridine

2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene

N,N-Dimethylbutanamide

HO NH2 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanamine

OH 2,2-Dimethylbutane

2,3-Dimethylbutane

SH

2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-butanediol

2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanethiol

OH

OH O 2,2-Dimethylbutanoic acid

OH 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol

OH 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol

OH 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol

3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol, (±)

3-196

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3993 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone

Pinacolone

C6H12O

75-97-8

100.158

liq

-52.5

106.1

0.722925

1.395220

3994 3,3-Dimethylbutanoyl chloride 3995 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene

C6H11ClO C6H12

7065-46-5 563-78-0

134.603 84.159

liq

-157.3

130; 68100 55.6

0.96920 0.680320

1.421020 1.399520

3996 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene

C6H12

558-37-2

84.159

liq

-115.2

41.2

0.652920

1.376320

3997 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene

C6H12

563-79-1

84.159

liq

-74.19

73.3

0.708020

1.412220

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

3998 N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N’-phenyl1,4-benzenediamine 3999 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne tert-Butylacetylene 4000 Dimethyl 2-butynedioate 4001 Dimethyl cadmium

C18H24N2

793-24-8

268.397

46

1641

C6H10 C6H6O4 C2H6Cd

917-92-0 762-42-5 506-82-1

82.143 142.110 142.480

liq

-78.2

0.662325 1.156420 1.984618

1.373620 1.443420 1.5488

4002 Dimethylcarbamic chloride 4003 Dimethylcarbamothioic chloride

C3H6ClNO C3H6ClNS

79-44-7 16420-13-6

107.539 123.605

liq pr

-33 42.5

37.7 dec 197; 9820 105.5 (exp 150) 167 9810

1.16825

1.454020

C11H14O4 C3H6O3

39589-98-5 616-38-6

210.227 90.078

cry

38 0.5

13712.5 90.5

1.16421 1.063625

4006 Dimethylcyanamide

C3H6N2

1467-79-4

70.093

4007 2,3-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 4008 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 4009 2,6-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 4010 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H8O2

526-86-3

136.149

ye nd

55

C8H8O2

137-18-8

136.149

ye nd (al)

126.0

C8H8O2

527-61-7

136.149

ye nd

72.5

sub

1.047928

C8H16

590-66-9

112.213

liq

-33.3

119.6

0.780920

1.429020

4011 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H16

2207-01-4

112.213

liq

-49.8

129.8

0.796320

1.436020

4012 trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H16

6876-23-9

112.213

liq

-88.15

123.5

0.776020

1.427020

4013 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H16

638-04-0

112.213

liq

-75.53

120.1

0.766020

1.422920

4014 trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane 4015 cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H16 C8H16

2207-03-6 624-29-3

112.213 112.213

liq liq

-90.07 -87.39

124.5 124.4

0.7915 0.782920

1.428425 1.423020

4016 trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane 4017 Dimethyl trans-1,4cyclohexanedicarboxylate 4018 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3cyclohexanedione

C8H16 C10H16O4

2207-04-7 3399-22-2

112.213 200.232

liq ndl (eth)

-36.93 71

119.4

0.7715

1.418525

C8H12O2

126-81-8

140.180

nd (w)

150 dec

C10H21N

101-40-6

155.281

C8H16O C8H14O C8H14O C8H14O C8H14O C8H14 C8H14 C8H12O C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C9H19N

767-12-4 1193-47-1 2816-57-1 2979-19-3 4255-62-3 1674-10-8 2808-76-6 1123-09-7 1638-26-2 1192-18-3 822-50-4 2532-58-3 1759-58-6 102-45-4

128.212 126.196 126.196 126.196 126.196 110.197 110.197 124.180 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 141.254

C7H12 C7H12 C5H10

765-47-9 16491-15-9 1630-94-0

96.170 96.170 70.133

4004 Dimethyl carbate 4005 Dimethyl carbonate

Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride

Methyl carbonate

5,5-Dimethyldihydroresorcinol

4019 N,αPropylhexedrine Dimethylcyclohexaneethanamine 4020 3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanol 4021 2,2-Dimethylcyclohexanone 4022 2,6-Dimethylcyclohexanone 4023 3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanone 4024 4,4-Dimethylcyclohexanone 4025 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexene 4026 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexene 4027 3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 4028 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane 4029 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane 4030 trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane 4031 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 4032 trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 4033 N,αCyclopentamine Dimethylcyclopentaneethanamine 4034 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentene 4035 1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene 4036 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane

-4.5

1.408919

163.5

liq

11.5 -20.5

liq

39 -84.1

liq liq liq liq liq

-69.8 -54 -117.6 -133.7 -134

liq -90.4 liq -118 vol liq or gas -109

1.485220 1.368720

sub

205; 8210

0.850120

1.460020

185; 99.535 172 175 180; 7225 7314 138 127 208.5 87.5 99.5 91.9 90.8 91.7 171

0.912814 0.914520 0.92525 0.90915 0.93220 0.822025 0.79925 0.940020 0.749925 0.768025 0.746825 0.740225 0.744325

1.460615 1.448620 1.446020 1.448217 1.453724 1.462020 1.44920 1.481220 1.413620 1.422220 1.412020 1.408920 1.410720 1.450020

105.8 99 20.6

0.792825 0.78020 0.660420

1.444820 1.433120 1.366820

s EtOH, eth, ctc s peth

vs eth; s chl, peth i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, bz, chl s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; msc ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc; msc eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz; vs lig i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc i H2O s eth sl H2O, eth; s ace, ctc; vs chl, HOAc vs EtOH

s EtOH, eth

i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, sulf

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

3-197

Cl O

3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone

3,3-Dimethylbutanoyl chloride

2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene

3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene

2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene

H N N H N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N’-phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine

3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne

O

O

O

O

O N

Cd

Dimethyl 2-butynedioate

Dimethyl cadmium

N

O

N

O Cl

O

Dimethylcarbamothioic chloride

O

O

Dimethyl carbate

O

Dimethylcarbamic chloride

O

O S

Cl

N

O

Dimethyl carbonate

O

Dimethylcyanamide

2,3-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

O

O

O

2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

2,6-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane

trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane

1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane

cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane

O

cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane

OH

trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

O

O

O

O

Dimethyl trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate

O

O

NH

O 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione

N,α-Dimethylcyclohexaneethanamine

3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanol

2,2-Dimethylcyclohexanone

2,6-Dimethylcyclohexanone

O

O

O

3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanone

1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane

4,4-Dimethylcyclohexanone

cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane

1,2-Dimethylcyclohexene

trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane

1,3-Dimethylcyclohexene

cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane

3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one

trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane

H N N,α-Dimethylcyclopentaneethanamine

1,2-Dimethylcyclopentene

1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene

1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane

3-198

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C5H10

930-18-7

70.133

liq

-140.9

37.0

0.688925

1.382920

2402-06-4 1120-24-7 2182-66-3 4143-41-3

70.133 185.349 176.243 58.082

vol liq or gas -149.6

28.2 234.5 165 1.5

0.664825

1.371320

N,N-Dimethyl-1-decanamine Bis(acetyloxy)dimethylsilane Azomethane

C5H10 C12H27N C6H12O4Si C2H6N2

i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH

1.054020 0.7430

1.403020 1.419919

Meldrum’s acid

C6H8O4

2033-24-1

144.126

C6H8O4

4511-42-6

144.126

Isopropylidene glycerol

C6H12O3

100-79-8

132.157

8210

1.06420

1.438320

C14H16O2Si C18H22 C17H14N2O2

3440-02-6 1889-67-4 139-25-3

244.362 238.368 278.305

1315

1.059925

1.533020

Dicumene

C26H20N2

4733-39-5

360.450

C14H16Si C15H16N2O

778-24-5 611-92-7

212.363 240.300

122

277; 17345 350

0.986720

pl (al)

-84.67

109.74

1.062520

564

1.2920

127; 6090

0.836120

1.471825

104 120

0.80325 0.82815

1.426020

Synonym

4037 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane 4038 4039 4040 4041

trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane Dimethyldecylamine Dimethyldiacetoxysilane trans-Dimethyldiazene

4042 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6dione 4043 cis-3,6-Dimethyl-1,4-dioxane2,5-dione 4044 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4methanol 4045 Dimethyldiphenoxysilane 4046 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylbutane 4047 3,3’-Dimethyldiphenylmethane 4,4’-diisocyanate 4048 2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10phenanthroline 4049 Dimethyldiphenylsilane 4050 N,N’-Dimethyl-N,N’-diphenylurea

liq gas

-12.5 -78

vs ace, EtOH, eth; s ctc, hp

94 orth (eth)

cry (MeOH)

96.8

-23 119.5

15025

s chl 280 dec

4051 Dimethyl disulfide

Methyl disulfide

C2H6S2

624-92-0

94.199

liq

4052 O,O-Dimethyl dithiophosphate

O,O-Dimethyl phosphorodithionate

C2H7O2PS2

756-80-9

158.180

liq

4053 N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine oxide 4054 1,2-Dimethylenecyclohexane

C14H31NO C8H12

1643-20-5 2819-48-9

229.402 108.181

hyg nd (tol) 130.5

4055 N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine 4056 N,N’-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

C4H12N2 C4H12N2

108-00-9 110-70-3

88.151 88.151

1.528920

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace s EtOH, eth, dil HCl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl bz

Deanol

C4H11NO

108-01-0

89.136

liq

-59

134

4058 Dimethyl ether

Methyl ether

C2H6O

115-10-6

46.068

col gas

-141.5

-24.8

C10H14O C7H14O2

6669-13-2 7665-72-7

150.217 130.185

liq liq

-24 -70

185.5 152

0.921420 0.89820

C3H7NO

68-12-2

73.094

liq

-60.48

153

0.944525

1.430520

4062 Dimethyl fumarate 4063 2,5-Dimethylfuran

C6H8O4 C6H8O

624-49-7 625-86-5

144.126 96.127

liq

103.5 -62.8

193 93

1.3720 0.888320

1.4062111 1.436320

4064 3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-furandione

C6H6O3

766-39-2

126.110

96

223

1.107100

4065 Dimethyl germanium sulfide 4066 Dimethyl glutarate

C2H6GeS C7H12O4

16090-49-6 1119-40-0

134.77 160.168

54.5 -42.5

302 214; 10921

1.087620

1.424220

4067 N,N-Dimethylglycine

C4H9NO2

1118-68-9

103.120

hyg nd (PrOH)

4068 Dimethylglyoxime

C4H8N2O2

95-45-4

116.119

4069 2,6-Dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene 4070 2,2-Dimethylheptane

C9H16 C9H20

6709-39-3 1071-26-7

124.223 128.255

nd (to or dil 245.5 al) liq -70 liq -113

vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs H2O, MeOH; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, tol

143 132.7

0.764825 0.710520

1.401620

4071 2,3-Dimethylheptane

C9H20

3074-71-3

128.255

liq

140.5

0.726020

1.408820

4072 2,4-Dimethylheptane

C9H20

2213-23-2

128.255

132.9

0.711525

1.403420

4073 2,5-Dimethylheptane

C9H20

2216-30-0

128.255

136

0.719820

1.403320

4074 2,6-Dimethylheptane 4075 3,3-Dimethylheptane

C9H20 C9H20

1072-05-5 4032-86-4

128.255 128.255

135.2 137.3

0.708920 0.725420

1.401120 1.408720

i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, peth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl chl i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz

DMF

pl or lf (dil al) col cry liq

liq

1.4300

20

vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, CS2 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

4057 N,N-Dimethylethanolamine

4059 (1,1-Dimethylethoxy)benzene 4060 [(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)methyl] oxirane 4061 N,N-Dimethylformamide

0.8866

20

1.564420

185.5

-116

-102.9

sub 234

msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig i H2O; s ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-199 O

O

N cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane

trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane

Dimethyldecylamine

Si

O

O N N

Dimethyldiacetoxysilane

trans-Dimethyldiazene

O O

O

O

HO

O

cis-3,6-Dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione

O 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylbutane

C

O

N

N

C

O

N

N

S

N,N’-Dimethyl-N,N’-diphenylurea

S

Dimethyldiphenoxysilane

Si

N

2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline

S O P O SH

Dimethyl disulfide

O Si

2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol

3,3’-Dimethyldiphenylmethane 4,4’-diisocyanate

O N

O

O

O

2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione

O

O

Dimethyldiphenylsilane

O N

O,O-Dimethyl dithiophosphate

N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine oxide

1,2-Dimethylenecyclohexane

O H2N

H N

N

N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

N H

N

N,N’-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

OH

N,N-Dimethylethanolamine

O Dimethyl ether

(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)benzene

O O N

O [(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)methyl]oxirane

O

O

O

O

N,N-Dimethylformamide

HO O

S Ge

O

O

Dimethyl germanium sulfide

2,3-Dimethylheptane

O

Dimethyl fumarate

2,5-Dimethylfuran

O

O

O

3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-furandione

N

O O

Dimethyl glutarate

2,4-Dimethylheptane

N

N

OH

N,N-Dimethylglycine

OH

Dimethylglyoxime

2,5-Dimethylheptane

2,6-Dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene

2,6-Dimethylheptane

2,2-Dimethylheptane

3,3-Dimethylheptane

3-200

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

4076 3,4-Dimethylheptane

C9H20

922-28-1

4077 3,5-Dimethylheptane

C9H20

4078 4,4-Dimethylheptane

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

128.255

140.6

0.731420

1.410820

926-82-9

128.255

136

0.722520

1.408320

C9H20

1068-19-5

128.255

135.2

0.722120

1.407620

12010, 801

1.062520

1.430920

i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz

173 174.5

0.818620 0.811420

1.424220 1.424220

-41.5

186 169.4

0.83618 0.806220

1.428320 1.41221

liq

-75.6 14

120100 177 114.3 134.5

0.74320 0.757725

liq

-121.1

106.86

0.695320

115.62

0.691225

mp/˚C

4079 Dimethyl heptanedioate

Dimethyl pimelate

C9H16O4

1732-08-7

188.221

4080 2,6-Dimethyl-2-heptanol 4081 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol

Diisobutylcarbinol

C9H20O C9H20O

13254-34-7 108-82-7

144.254 144.254

4082 3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 4083 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone

Diisobutyl ketone

C9H20O C9H18O

19549-79-2 108-83-8

144.254 142.238

C9H16O C9H19N C8H14 C8H14

106-72-9 503-01-5 627-58-7 764-13-6

140.222 141.254 110.197 110.197

4088 2,2-Dimethylhexane

C8H18

590-73-8

114.229

4089 2,3-Dimethylhexane

C8H18

584-94-1

114.229

4090 2,4-Dimethylhexane 4091 2,5-Dimethylhexane

C8H18 C8H18

589-43-5 592-13-2

114.229 114.229

liq

-91

109.5 109.12

0.696225 0.690125

4092 3,3-Dimethylhexane

C8H18

563-16-6

114.229

liq

-126.1

111.97

0.710020

4093 3,4-Dimethylhexane

C8H18

583-48-2

114.229

117.73

0.715125

C8H20N2 C8H18O2

23578-35-0 110-03-2

144.258 146.228

184; 638 214

0.848515 0.89820

C8H18O C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C15H22

2370-13-0 16746-86-4 7116-86-1 7145-20-2 3404-78-2 690-92-6 690-93-7 3329-48-4 644-30-4

130.228 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 128.212 202.336

9529 110.5 104 121.8 112.2 105.5 100.8 146.5 14019

0.717225 0.70525 0.736625 0.718220 0.708625 0.699525 0.838220 0.880520

C8H14O2

142-30-3

142.196

205

0.94720

4106 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine

C2H8N2

57-14-7

60.098

63.9

0.79122

1.407522

4107 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine

C2H8N2

540-73-8

60.098

liq, fumes in -57.20 air fumes (air) -8.9

81

0.827420

1.420920

4108 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride 4109 Dimethyl hydrogen phosphate

C2H10Cl2N2

306-37-6

133.019

pr (w)

C2H7O4P

813-78-5

126.048

dec 174

1.322520

1.40825

4110 Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite

C2H7O3P

868-85-9

110.049

170.5

1.200220

1.403620

4111 1,2-Dimethyl-1H-imidazole

C5H8N2

1739-84-0

96.131

206

1.005111

4112 2,4-Dimethyl-1H-imidazole 4113 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4imidazolidinedione

C5H8N2 C5H8N2O2

930-62-1 77-71-4

96.131 128.130

4114 4115 4116 4117

C11H14 C10H11N C10H11N C12H16N2

4912-92-9 875-30-9 91-55-4 61-50-7

146.229 145.201 145.201 188.268

4084 4085 4086 4087

2,6-Dimethyl-5-heptenal N,6-Dimethyl-5-hepten-2-amine 2,5-Dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene 2,5-Dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene

4094 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediamine 4095 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol 4096 4097 4098 4099 4100 4101 4102 4103 4104

2,2-Dimethyl-1-hexanol 2,3-Dimethyl-1-hexene 5,5-Dimethyl-1-hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-hexene 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene 3,5-Dimethyl-1-hexen-3-ol 1-(1,5-Dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4methylbenzene 4105 2,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyne-2,5-diol

1,1-Dimethylindan 1,3-Dimethyl-1H-indole 2,3-Dimethyl-1H-indole N,N-Dimethyl-1H-indole-3ethanamine

Isometheptene

1,1,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,4butanediol

α-Curcumene

Dimethyl phosphate

N,N-Dimethyltryptamine

-21

liq

oil

pr (AcOEt) fl 88.50 (peth)

liq

-115.1

liq

-137.4

95

pr (dil al)

nd

vs eth, EtOH 1.4399521 i H2O; s ace, chl 1.478520 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1.393520 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.401120 vs ace, bz, EtOH, lig 1.392925 1.392520 i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz; s eth 1.400120 i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz 1.404120 i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz 1.445920 s H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl 1.411320 1.404920 1.426820 1.414020 1.409920 1.406320 1.434220 1.498920

170 dec

92 178

142 107.5 46

267 sub

191 258.5 287

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

i H2O; s bz s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth, MeOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH s EtOH, py; sl ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s DMSO

0.91920

1.513525 s eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-201 O

O

O 3,4-Dimethylheptane

3,5-Dimethylheptane

4,4-Dimethylheptane

OH O

Dimethyl heptanedioate

2,6-Dimethyl-2-heptanol

OH OH

O

NH O

2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol

3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol

2,5-Dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene

2,5-Dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene

2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone

2,2-Dimethylhexane

2,6-Dimethyl-5-heptenal

2,3-Dimethylhexane

H2N

2,4-Dimethylhexane

2,3-Dimethyl-1-hexene

3,4-Dimethylhexane

5,5-Dimethyl-1-hexene

OH

OH

2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediamine

2,3-Dimethyl-2-hexene

2,5-Dimethylhexane

HO NH2

3,3-Dimethylhexane

N,6-Dimethyl-5-hepten-2-amine

2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol

2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene

cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene

2,2-Dimethyl-1-hexanol

trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene

HO NH2 N

OH OH 3,5-Dimethyl-1-hexen-3-ol

N H

H N

1-(1,5-Dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methylbenzene

2 HCl

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride

2,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyne-2,5-diol

1,1-Dimethylhydrazine

O

O O P O OH

O P O H

Dimethyl hydrogen phosphate

Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite

N H

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine

N N 1,2-Dimethyl-1H-imidazole

N N H 2,4-Dimethyl-1H-imidazole

O

N

NH N H

H N

O

5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

N 1,1-Dimethylindan

1,3-Dimethyl-1H-indole

N H 2,3-Dimethyl-1H-indole

N H N,N-Dimethyl-1H-indole-3-ethanamine

3-202

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

4118 N,N-Dimethyl-1H-indole-3methanamine 4119 Dimethyl isophthalate 4120 1,4-Dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene

Gramine

C11H14N2

87-52-5

174.242

nd or pl (ace) 138.5

Guaiazulene

C10H10O4 C15H18

1459-93-4 489-84-9

194.184 198.304

nd(dil al) 67.5 bl-viol pl (al) 31.5

4121 1,6-Dimethyl-4isopropylnaphthalene 4122 2,4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane 4123 3,5-Dimethylisoxazole 4124 Dimethylmagnesium 4125 Dimethyl maleate

Cadalene

C15H18

483-78-3

198.304

13475-79-1 300-87-8 2999-74-8 624-48-6

142.282 97.116 54.374 144.126

liq

-81.7

Magnesium dimethyl Methyl cis-butenedioate

C10H22 C5H7NO C2H6Mg C6H8O4

solid liq

4126 Dimethyl malonate

Methyl malonate

C5H8O4

108-59-8

132.116

4127 Dimethylmalonic acid 4128 Dimethyl mercury

Dimethylpropanedioc acid

C5H8O4 C2H6Hg

595-46-0 593-74-8

132.116 230.66

4129 Dimethyl cis-2-methyl-2butenedioate 4130 Dimethyl methylenesuccinate

Dimethyl citraconate

C7H10O4

617-54-9

158.152

C7H10O4

617-52-7

158.152

4131 Dimethyl methylmalonate

C6H10O4

609-02-9

146.141

4132 Dimethyl methylphosphonate 4133 trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methyl1-propenyl) cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 4134 Dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate 4135 Dimethyl p-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate

C3H9O3P C10H16O2

756-79-6 4638-92-0

124.075 168.233

pr

C7H12O4 C9H13O4PS

1604-11-1 3254-63-5

160.168 248.235

liq

C6H13NO

141-91-3

115.173

liq

C6H14NO4P

597-25-1

195.153

liq

C12H12 C12H12 C12H12

573-98-8 575-41-7 571-58-4

156.223 156.223 156.223

liq

C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H13N

571-61-9 575-43-9 575-37-1 569-41-5 581-40-8 581-42-0 582-16-1 86-56-6

156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 171.238

4149 N,N-Dimethyl-2-naphthylamine

C12H13N

2436-85-3

171.238

dk red nd

4150 N,N-Dimethyl-2-nitroaniline

C8H10N2O2

610-17-3

166.177

4151 N,N-Dimethyl-3-nitroaniline

C8H10N2O2

619-31-8

166.177

4152 N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitroaniline

C8H10N2O2

100-23-2

4153 1,2-Dimethyl-3-nitrobenzene

C8H9NO2

4136 2,6-Dimethylmorpholine

4137 Dimethyl morpholinophosphoramidate 4138 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 4139 1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 4140 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene

Dimethyl 4morpholinylphosphonate

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

282 16712

1.19420 0.97320

1.516820

294; 14910

0.966725

1.578525

0.754525 0.9925

1.424620 1.442120

220 dec -19

157.1 143 subl 202

1.160620

1.441620

liq

-61.9

181.4

1.52820

1.413520

pr (bz/peth)

192.5

subl 93

3.1725

1.545220

210.5

1.115320

1.447320

208

1.124118

1.445720

174

1.097720

1.412820

181; 79.520 245

1.168420

1.409930

196

1.07625 1.27321

1.420020

0.932920

1.446020

hyg mcl (MeOH)

38

20.0

-88

146.6

266.5 263 268

1.017920 1.014420 1.016620

1.616620 1.614020 1.612720

82 -16.9 -13.9 65 105 112 97

265 264 263 270 268 262 265 250; 14013

1.002120 1.011520 1.00320 1.00320 1.00320 1.00320 1.042320

1.616620 1.608320

52.5

305

1.027960

1.644353

ye-oran

-20

14620

1.179420

1.610220

60.5

282.5

1.31317

166.177

red mcl pr (eth) ye nd (al)

164.5

83-41-0

151.163

nd (al)

15

240

1.140220

1.544120

C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2

99-51-4 81-20-9

151.163 151.163

ye pr (al)

30.5 15

251; 14321 226

1.11215 1.11215

1.520220 1.520220

4156 1,3-Dimethyl-5-nitrobenzene

C8H9NO2

99-12-7

151.163

nd (al)

75

274

4157 1,4-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene 4158 2,4-Dimethyl-1-nitrobenzene

C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2

89-58-7 89-87-2

151.163 151.163

pa ye liq

-25 9

240.5 247; 12218

1.13215 1.13515

1.541320 1.547325

C5H7N3O2

551-92-8

141.129

nd (w)

138.5

C16H16N2O2

4584-57-0

268.310

1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,7-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,8-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene N,N-Dimethyl-1-naphthylamine

4154 1,2-Dimethyl-4-nitrobenzene 4155 1,3-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene

4159 1,2-Dimethyl-5-nitro-1Himidazole 4160 N,N-Dimethyl-4-[2-(4nitrophenyl)ethenyl]aniline

Guajen

4-Nitro-o-xylene

Dimetridazole

liq liq lf (al)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i peth sl H2O s EtOH, eth, AcOEt vs oils

sl H2O, lig; s eth, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; s chl s hot H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, MeOH; vs ace vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl

sl H2O; s ace, EtOH, diox, ctc, xyl msc H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace; sl chl

961 0.8 -6 7.6

4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148

Solubility

viol flr cry

258.3

1.506020

1.62415

i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; vs bz, eth i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; vs bz, eth i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-203

O O N O

N H

O

N,N-Dimethyl-1H-indole-3-methanamine

Dimethyl isophthalate

1,4-Dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene

1,6-Dimethyl-4-isopropylnaphthalene

O O

O

N

Mg

3,5-Dimethylisoxazole

O

O O

Dimethylmagnesium

O

O

O

Dimethyl maleate

O O

O O O

O

O

O

Dimethyl cis-2-methyl-2-butenedioate

Dimethyl methylenesuccinate

Dimethyl methylmalonate

O O

trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

Dimethyl methylphosphonate

O O P O O

O

O

Hg Dimethyl mercury

O O P O

O

O OH

OH

Dimethylmalonic acid

O O

O

HO

O

Dimethyl malonate

O

2,4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane

H N

S

Dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate

O

Dimethyl p-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate

2,6-Dimethylmorpholine

O O P O N O Dimethyl morpholinophosphoramidate

1,6-Dimethylnaphthalene

1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene

1,7-Dimethylnaphthalene

1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene

1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene

1,8-Dimethylnaphthalene

1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene

2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene

2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene

N N

N N

2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene

N,N-Dimethyl-1-naphthylamine

N,N-Dimethyl-2-naphthylamine

O N

O

N O

N,N-Dimethyl-2-nitroaniline

O

N,N-Dimethyl-3-nitroaniline

N

O

N

N O

O

N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitroaniline

O N

O O

1,2-Dimethyl-3-nitrobenzene

O N

N

O

O

O

1,2-Dimethyl-4-nitrobenzene

1,3-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene

N O

1,3-Dimethyl-5-nitrobenzene

O N O

O O

1,4-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene

N

O

2,4-Dimethyl-1-nitrobenzene

O

N N O

N

1,2-Dimethyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole

N N,N-Dimethyl-4-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethenyl]aniline

3-204

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

80-11-5

214.241

cry

60

1732-10-1

216.275

C10H14O

564-94-3

150.217

C10H16O

106-26-3

152.233

4165 trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal

C10H16O

141-27-5

152.233

4166 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadiene Citronellene 4167 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid Geranic acid 4168 cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1- Nerol ol 4169 cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1ol acetate 4170 trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien1-ol formate 4171 2,2-Dimethyloctane 4172 2,3-Dimethyloctane 4173 2,4-Dimethyloctane 4174 2,5-Dimethyloctane 4175 2,6-Dimethyloctane 4176 2,7-Dimethyloctane 4177 3,4-Dimethyloctane 4178 3,6-Dimethyloctane 4179 Dimethyl octanedioate Dimethyl suberate

C10H18 C10H16O2 C10H18O

2436-90-0 459-80-3 106-25-2

138.250 168.233 154.249

C12H20O2

141-12-8

C11H18O2

105-86-2

No. Name

Synonym

4161 N,4-Dimethyl-Nnitrosobenzenesulfonamide 4162 Dimethyl nonanedioate

pC8H10N2O3S Tolylsulfonylmethylnitrosamide Methyl azelate C11H20O4

4163 6,6-Dimethyl-2-norpinene-2carboxaldehyde 4164 cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal

Myrtenal

4180 4181 4182 4183 4184 4185 4186 4187 4188

3,7-Dimethyl-1,7-octanediol 2,2-Dimethyloctanoic acid 2,2-Dimethyl-1-octanol 3,7-Dimethyl-1-octanol 2,6-Dimethyl-2-octanol 3,6-Dimethyl-3-octanol 3,7-Dimethyl-3-octanol cis-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene trans-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6octatriene 4189 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,7-octatriene

4190 cis, cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6octatriene 4191 trans,trans-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6octatriene 4192 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal 4193 3,7-Dimethyl-1-octene 4194 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenoic acid 4195 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, ( R) 4196 4197 4198 4199 4200

3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, ( S) 3,7-Dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol, ( S) 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-3-ol 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, acetate Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea

C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H18O4

15869-87-1 7146-60-3 4032-94-4 15869-89-3 2051-30-1 1072-16-8 15869-92-8 15869-94-0 1732-09-8

0.886920

1.486920

229

0.888820

1.489820

0.760120

1.436220

225; 12525

0.875620

1.474620

196.286

13425, 933

0.90515

1.45220

182.260

dec 229; 11325 0.908625

1.465920

142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 202.248

25

20

<-15

liq

-54.9

liq

-1.6

C10H16

502-99-8

136.234

cis-allo-Ocimene

C10H16

17202-20-9

136.234

liq

trans-allo-Ocimene

C10H16

3016-19-1

136.234

liq

Citronellal

C10H18O

106-23-0

154.249

Citronellic acid Citronellol, (+)

C10H20 C10H18O2 C10H20O

4984-01-4 502-47-6 1117-61-9

140.266 170.249 156.265

nd or orth cry col liq

C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C12H22O2 C5H10N2O5

7540-51-4 6812-78-8 18479-51-1 150-84-5 1854-26-8

156.265 156.265 156.265 198.302 178.143

hyg cry

C4H6O4

553-90-2

118.089

mcl tab

C5H7NO3

695-53-4

129.115

C5H10O C5H8O2 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C6H10O3

6921-35-3 1955-45-9 558-30-5 1758-33-4 6189-41-9 815-17-8

86.132 100.117 72.106 72.106 72.106 130.141

C9H15NO2

2873-97-4

169.221

C7H10O5

1830-54-2

174.151

2-Methyl-1,2-epoxypropane

4209 N-(1,1-Dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-2Diacetone acrylamide propenamide 4210 Dimethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate Dimethyl 1,3acetonedicarboxylate

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, ctc

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

oil

α-Ocimene

Dimethadione

Solubility

12020

cis-β-Ocimene trans-β-Ocimene

Citronellol acetate 4,5-Dihydroxy-1,3bis(hydroxymethyl)-2imidazolidinone

nD

9915

unstab oil

174.281 172.265 158.281 158.281 158.281 158.281 158.281 136.234 136.234

Citronellol, (-) Rhodinol

15620

den/ g cm-3

1.436720

107-74-4 29662-90-6 2370-14-1 106-21-8 18479-57-7 151-19-9 78-69-3 3338-55-4 3779-61-1

Tetrahydromyrcenol

bp/˚C

1.008220

-0.8

C10H22O2 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H16 C10H16

4201 Dimethyl oxalate 4202 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4oxazolidinedione 4203 3,3-Dimethyloxetane 4204 3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxetanone 4205 2,2-Dimethyloxirane 4206 cis-2,3-Dimethyloxirane 4207 trans-2,3-Dimethyloxirane 4208 3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxobutanoic acid

Mol. Form.

liq

liq

-67.5

-35.4

oil oil

54.8

155 164.3 156 158.5 160.4 159.9 163.4 160.8 268

0.7208 0.737720 0.722625 0.726425 0.731320 0.720225 0.741025 0.732425 1.021720

265 14013 97 212.5 80.510 202.2 205.1

0.937

dec 177

20

0.8420 0.83225 0.802325 0.834722 0.82625 0.79920 0.79920

1.4082 1.414620 1.409120 1.411220 1.409720 1.408620 1.418220 1.413920 1.434120 1.4599

20

vs EtOH

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace

s eth, HOAc

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc sl bz, tol

1.43825 1.422025 1.437020 1.43325

s eth

0.800020

1.486220

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc

188; 9120

0.811820

1.544620

207.5

0.85320

1.447320

154 257; 15723 224; 10810

0.739620 0.923421 0.855020

1.421220

224; 10810 11412 9414 11510

0.85918 0.854920 0.869515

1.457618 1.455620 1.456915

163.5

1.171660

1.37982

80.6 5815 52 60 56.5 189; 8015

0.83425

1.396520

0.811220 0.822625 0.801025

1.371222 1.380220 1.373620

15025, 770.6

1.18525

1.443420

1.456520

sl H2O; s EtOH

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

76.5

liq liq

-80 -85 90.5

s EtOH, eth vs eth, ace, bz vs eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s eth, bz, chl, CS2 s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-205 O

O O S N

O N

O

O

O

O O

O N,4-Dimethyl-N-nitrosobenzenesulfonamide

Dimethyl nonanedioate

6,6-Dimethyl-2-norpinene-2-carboxaldehyde

cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal

O OH

O trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal

3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadiene

OH

3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid

cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol

O O

O cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol acetate

2,4-Dimethyloctane

O

trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol formate

2,5-Dimethyloctane

2,2-Dimethyloctane

2,6-Dimethyloctane

2,3-Dimethyloctane

2,7-Dimethyloctane

3,4-Dimethyloctane

O O

O

O

HO

OH OH

O 3,6-Dimethyloctane

Dimethyl octanedioate

3,7-Dimethyl-1,7-octanediol

2,2-Dimethyloctanoic acid

HO OH OH

OH

2,2-Dimethyl-1-octanol

3,7-Dimethyl-1-octanol

2,6-Dimethyl-2-octanol

3,6-Dimethyl-3-octanol

HO 3,7-Dimethyl-3-octanol

cis-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene

trans-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene

3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,7-octatriene

O cis, cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene

trans,trans-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene

OH

3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal

OH

3,7-Dimethyl-1-octene

OH

OH

O 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenoic acid

3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, (R)

3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, (S)

3,7-Dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol, (S)

HO

OH O

HO

O O

HO 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-3-ol

O

O

O

3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, acetate

Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea

H

O O

OH

Dimethyl oxalate

O

N O

N

O O

5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione

O

O

O 3,3-Dimethyloxetane

3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxetanone

2,2-Dimethyloxirane

O

O trans-2,3-Dimethyloxirane

H N

OH

O

3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxobutanoic acid

O

cis-2,3-Dimethyloxirane

O O

N-(1,1-Dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-2-propenamide

O O

O

O

Dimethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

3-206

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

4211 2,4-Dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene 4212 N,N-Dimethylpentanamide

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C7H12 C7H15NO

1000-86-8 6225-06-5

96.170 129.200

liq

4213 2,2-Dimethylpentane

C7H16

590-35-2

100.202

4214 2,3-Dimethylpentane

C7H16

565-59-3

100.202

4215 2,4-Dimethylpentane

C7H16

108-08-7

100.202

liq

4216 3,3-Dimethylpentane

C7H16

562-49-2

100.202

liq

C7H10O3

4160-82-1

142.152

C7H12O4

4839-46-7

160.168

4217 3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid anhydride 4218 3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid

Dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2 Hpyran-2,6(3H)-dione

C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O

1185-39-3 2370-12-9 4911-70-0 625-06-9

130.185 116.201 116.201 116.201

4223 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol

C7H16O

3970-62-5

116.201

4224 2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol

C7H16O

595-41-5

4225 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol

C7H16O

4226 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanone 4227 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

4219 4220 4221 4222

2,2-Dimethylpentanoic acid 2,2-Dimethyl-1-pentanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol

liq

mcl pl, nd (bz) liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

-114 -51

93.2 141100

0.734323 0.896225

1.439023 1.441925

20

20

-123.7

79.2

0.6739

89.78

0.690825

1.389425

-119.2

80.49

0.672720

1.381520

-134.4

86.06

0.693620

1.390920

125.8

18125, 15620

103.5

126415, 892 98

9

1.3822

Solubility

1.427820 0.9189

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz; i lig

20

<-20

133.1

0.80420 0.810320

-2.5

135

0.825320

1.422320

116.201

<-30

139.7

0.83320

1.428720

600-36-2

116.201

<-70

138.7

0.828820

1.425020

C7H14O C7H14O

590-50-1 564-04-5

114.185 114.185

liq liq

-64 -45

126 125.6

0.80925 0.812520

1.403620 1.406520

C7H14O

565-80-0

114.185

liq

-69

125.4

0.810820

1.399920

4229 2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene

C7H14

3404-72-6

98.186

liq

-134.3

84.3

0.705120

1.403320

4230 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene

C7H14

2213-32-3

98.186

liq

-124.1

81.6

0.694320

1.398620

4231 3,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene

C7H14

3404-73-7

98.186

liq

-134.3

77.5

0.697420

1.398420

4232 3,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4233 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene

C7H14 C7H14

7385-78-6 762-62-9

98.186 98.186

liq

-136.6

80.8 72.5

0.693425 0.682720

1.399220 1.381820

4234 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentene

C7H14

10574-37-5

98.186

liq

-118.3

97.5

0.727720

1.420820

4235 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene

C7H14

625-65-0

98.186

liq

-127.7

83.4

0.695420

1.404020

4236 4237 4238 4239

C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14

4914-91-4 4914-92-5 762-63-0 690-08-4

98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186

liq liq liq liq

-113.4 -124.2 -135.4 -115.2

89.3 91.5 80.4 76.7

0.709225 0.712425 0.695125 0.688920

1.410420 1.412820 1.402620 1.398220

76.1 83

20

0.7142 0.717620

20

1.3983 1.407120

0.86770

1.35030

4228 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

Diisopropyl ketone

cis-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene

liq

4240 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentyne 4241 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyne

C7H12 C7H12

13361-63-2 999-78-0

96.170 96.170

liq liq

-75.7 -82.4

4242 Dimethylperoxide

C2H6O2

690-02-8

62.068

vol liq or gas -100

14

4243 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline Neocuproine

C14H12N2

484-11-7

208.258

4244 3,4-Dimethylphenol phosphate (3:1) 4245 5-(2,5-Dimethylphenoxy)-2,2dimethylpentanoic acid 4246 N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)acetamide 4247 1-[(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-2naphthol 4248 1-[(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-2naphthol 4249 1-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone

C24H27O4P

3862-11-1

410.442

cry, 1/2w (w, 159.5 lig) 72

2617

1.417220

s chl sl H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs dil sulf i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc sl EtOH, eth; s tol, HOAc

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, hx; s bz

0.02

Gemfibrozil

C15H22O3

25812-30-0

250.334

cry

62

159

C10H13NO C18H16N2O

2050-43-3 3118-97-6

163.216 276.332

nd (al) red nd (al)

129.3 166

17010

1-(2,4-Xylylazo)-2-naphthol 1-(2,5-Xylylazo)-2-naphthol

C18H16N2O

85-82-5

276.332

nd (al)

153

2,4-Dimethylacetophenone

C10H12O

89-74-7

148.201

228

vs H2O, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl, hp i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp, chl

vs EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH

1.012115

1.534020

vs eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-207

N O 2,4-Dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene

N,N-Dimethylpentanamide

2,2-Dimethylpentane

2,3-Dimethylpentane

HO O 3,3-Dimethylpentane

O

OH O

O

3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid anhydride

2,4-Dimethylpentane

OH

O

O

3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid

2,2-Dimethylpentanoic acid

HO HO OH

OH

2,2-Dimethyl-1-pentanol

2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol

2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol

O

OH 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol

4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanone

2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene

3,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene

2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene

O

O

2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

3,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene

cis-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene

4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentyne

2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol

2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene

4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene

trans-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene

O trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene

OH

2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol

4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyne

2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentene

cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene

N

O

Dimethylperoxide

N

2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline

O O O P O

HN

O

O

OH O

3,4-Dimethylphenol phosphate (3:1)

5-(2,5-Dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid

N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)acetamide

O N

N

N OH

1-[(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-2-naphthol

N OH

1-[(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-2-naphthol

1-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone

3-208

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

4250 1-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone

2,5-Dimethylacetophenone

C10H12O

2142-73-6

148.201

liq

-18.1

232.5

0.996319

1.529120

4251 1-(3,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone

3,4-Dimethylacetophenone

C10H12O

3637-01-2

148.201

liq

-1.5

246.5

1.009014

1.541315

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc, HOAc

C13H16O

538-44-3

188.265

43

15425

0.950846

1.552325

C11H14O

938-16-9

162.228

220

0.96326

1.508619

s ace

C11H12N2

1131-16-4

172.226

272; 14512.5

1.056620

1.573819

vs eth, EtOH, chl

4,4-Dimethylphenidone

C11H14N2O

2654-58-2

190.241

Pheniramine

C16H20N2

86-21-5

240.343

18113, 1350.5

1.008125

1.551925

vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

Methsuximide

C12H13NO2

77-41-8

203.237

52.5

C8H12Si C9H12N2O C2H7P

766-77-8 101-42-8 676-59-5

136.267 164.203 62.051

0.889120

1.499520

i H2O

Fenuron

cry (hx) 132 vol liq or gas

25

C2H7O2P

3283-12-3

94.050

cry (bz)

377

C2H6ClO2PS

2524-03-0

160.560

hyg liq

C10H10O4

131-11-3

194.184

pa ye

4264 1,4-Dimethylpiperazine

C6H14N2

106-58-1

114.188

4265 cis-2,5-Dimethylpiperazine

C6H14N2

6284-84-0

114.188

4266 1,2-Dimethylpiperidine, (±)

C7H15N

2512-81-4

113.201

127.5

0.82415

1.439520

4267 2,6-Dimethylpiperidine

C7H15N

504-03-0

113.201

127

0.815825

1.437720

C7H15N C5H10O C5H11NO C5H11NO C5H13N C5H14N2

35794-11-7 630-19-3 754-10-9 758-96-3 926-63-6 109-55-7

113.201 86.132 101.147 101.147 87.164 102.178

144 77.5

0.85325 0.792317

1.445420 1.379120

175 66 132

0.926920 0.715220 0.827220

1.386020

Neopentyl glycol

C5H12O2

126-30-7

104.148

nd (bz)

tert-Butyl cyanide Neopentyl mercaptan Trimethylacetic acid

C5H9N C5H12S C5H10O2

630-18-2 1679-08-9 75-98-9

83.132 104.214 102.132

liq nd

4252 4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-penten3-one 4253 2,2-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1propanone 4254 3,5-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1 Hpyrazole 4255 4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-3pyrazolidinone 4256 N,N-Dimethyl-γ-phenyl-2pyridinepropanamine 4257 1,3-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2,5pyrrolidinedione 4258 Dimethylphenylsilane 4259 N,N-Dimethyl-N’-phenylurea 4260 Dimethylphosphine 4261 Dimethylphosphinic acid 4262 O,O-Dimethyl phosphorochloridothioate 4263 Dimethyl phthalate

4268 4269 4270 4271 4272 4273

3,5-Dimethylpiperidine 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylpropanamide N,N-Dimethyl-1-propanamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,3propanediamine 4274 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol

4275 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 4276 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol 4277 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid

Dimethyl chlorothiophosphate

3,5-Lupetidine Pivaldehyde

Dimethylpropylamine

176

156.5

92

1.322

1.482020

5.5

283.7

1.190520

1.513820

liq

-0.59

131

0.860020

1.447420

orth bipym nd or pr (chl)

114

162

6 liq

-45

129.13

208

15

106.1 103.7 164

35

Neopentyl alcohol

C5H12O

75-84-3

88.148

4279 4280 4281 4282 4283 4284

Pivalic acid chloride N,N-Dimethylacrylamide 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanamine

C5H9ClO C5H9NO C5H13N C11H16 C11H16 C11H20O

3282-30-2 2680-03-7 5813-64-9 2049-95-8 1007-26-7 16587-71-6

120.577 99.131 87.164 148.245 148.245 168.276

tert-Pentyl isopentanoate

C10H20O2

542-37-0

172.265

p-tert-Pentylphenol

C11H16O C11H16O C7H8O2

3279-27-4 80-46-6 675-09-2

164.244 164.244 124.138

lf (eth)

4289 2,6-Dimethyl-4H-pyran-4-one

C7H8O2

1004-36-0

124.138

pl, nd (sub) 132

4290 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine 4291 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine

C6H8N2 C6H8N2

5910-89-4 123-32-0

108.141 108.141

4292 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine

C6H8N2

108-50-9

108.141

4293 1,3-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole

C5H8N2

694-48-4

96.131

4285 4286 4287 4288

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz

6812

4278 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol 2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl chloride N,N-Dimethyl-2-propenamide 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine (1,1-Dimethylpropyl)benzene (2,2-Dimethylpropyl)benzene 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl) cyclohexanone 1,1-Dimethylpropyl 3methylbutanoate 2-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol 4,6-Dimethyl-2H-pyran-2-one

1210.1

1.472020

vs H2O, eth, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s acid s EtOH, eth s tfa vs bz, eth, EtOH

s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth 0.758625

1.377420

0.90550

1.393130

20

52.5

113.5

0.812

96

107 8120 82 192.4 185 12516, 10911

1.00320 0.96225 0.745520 0.874820 0.858118 0.92025

173.5

0.87290

liq

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz

1.413920 1.473020 1.402320 1.495820 1.488418 1.467720

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc vs eth vs eth

vs EtOH sl ctc

pr

95 51.5

262.5 245 251; 14025

0.9953137

15

156 155

1.02810 0.988720

47.5

155.6

0.964750

137

0.956117

1.498020

1.473415

vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-209

O O

O

1-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone

1-(3,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone

O

4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-penten-3-one

2,2-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone

O N

N N

N H

N

N 3,5-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole

4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone

N,N-Dimethyl-γ-phenyl-2-pyridinepropanamine

H Si O

N

H N

N

O

H P

O

1,3-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

Dimethylphenylsilane

N,N-Dimethyl-N’-phenylurea

Dimethylphosphine

O

Dimethylphosphinic acid

N

O O

S O P O Cl

O P OH

N

O

O,O-Dimethyl phosphorochloridothioate

Dimethyl phthalate

N H

N H

2,6-Dimethylpiperidine

3,5-Dimethylpiperidine

1,4-Dimethylpiperazine

H N N H

N

cis-2,5-Dimethylpiperazine

1,2-Dimethylpiperidine, (±)

O 2,2-Dimethylpropanal

N

NH2

H2N

N

O

O

2,2-Dimethylpropanamide

N,N-Dimethylpropanamide

N,N-Dimethyl-1-propanamine

N

N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine

O

N HO

SH

OH

2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol

2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile

2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol

O

2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid

N

OH 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol

OH

Cl 2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl chloride

NH2

O N,N-Dimethyl-2-propenamide

2,2-Dimethylpropylamine

O

O O (1,1-Dimethylpropyl)benzene

(2,2-Dimethylpropyl)benzene

4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)cyclohexanone

1,1-Dimethylpropyl 3-methylbutanoate

OH O

OH

O 2-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol

N N 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine

4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol

N

O

4,6-Dimethyl-2H-pyran-2-one

O 2,6-Dimethyl-4H-pyran-4-one

N

N

N

2,5-Dimethylpyrazine

2,6-Dimethylpyrazine

N

N

1,3-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole

3-210

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

4294 3,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole

C5H8N2

67-51-6

96.131

cry (peth, al) 107.5

4295 4296 4297 4298

C18H14 C7H10N2 C7H10N2 C7H10N2

15679-24-0 5407-87-4 5683-33-0 1122-58-3

230.304 122.167 122.167 122.167

pl (eth)

230 61 182 114

No. Name

Synonym

2,7-Dimethylpyrene 4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine N,N-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamine

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

218

0.883916

235 196

1.014914

1.566320

nD

s H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH

4299 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 4300 2,4-Dimethylpyridine

2,3-Lutidine 2,4-Lutidine

C7H9N C7H9N

583-61-9 108-47-4

107.153 107.153

liq

-64

161.12 158.38

0.931925 0.930920

1.505720 1.501020

4301 2,5-Dimethylpyridine

2,5-Lutidine

C7H9N

589-93-5

107.153

liq

-16

156.98

0.929720

1.500620

4302 2,6-Dimethylpyridine

2,6-Lutidine

C7H9N

108-48-5

107.153

liq

-6.1

144.01

0.922620

1.495320

4303 3,4-Dimethylpyridine

3,4-Lutidine

C7H9N

583-58-4

107.153

liq

-11

179.10

0.928120

1.509620

4304 3,5-Dimethylpyridine

3,5-Lutidine

C7H9N

591-22-0

107.153

liq

-6.6

171.84

0.941920

1.506120

C7H9NO C6H9N3

1073-23-0 767-15-7

123.152 123.155

hyg

35 153.5

13322

1.07325

1.570620

C6H9N3

461-98-3

123.155

nd (al), pl (bz)

183

sub

25 123.5

159

4305 2,6-Dimethylpyridine-1-oxide 4306 4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyrimidinamine

4307 2,6-Dimethyl-4-pyrimidinamine

Kyanmethin

4308 4,6-Dimethylpyrimidine 4309 1,3-Dimethyl-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 4310 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole

C6H8N2 C6H8N2O2

1558-17-4 874-14-6

108.141 140.140

C6H9N

625-82-1

95.142

4311 2,5-Dimethylpyrrole

C6H9N

625-84-3

95.142

C6H13N C11H11N

765-48-0 1198-37-4

99.174 157.212

C11H11N

877-43-0

C11H11N

4316 2,3-Dimethylquinoxaline 4317 Dimethyl sebacate

4312 1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine 4313 2,4-Dimethylquinoline

4-Methylquinaldine

4314 2,6-Dimethylquinoline 4315 2,7-Dimethylquinoline

m-Toluquinaldine

1.488020

1.504820

171; 518

0.935320

1.503620

oil orth pr (eth)

99 265

0.79920 1.061115

1.607520

157.212

orth pr (eth) 60

266.5

93-37-8

157.212

61

264.5

C10H10N2

2379-55-7

158.199

C12H22O4

106-79-6

230.301

17520, 1445

0.988228

1.435528

57

1.407715

-20

0.68-80

196.4

1.119820

1.419720

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; vs eth

-27

8016 dec 188; 7615 1.332220

1.387420

s H2O, eth, bz, ctc; msc EtOH; i CS2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth vs lig s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, AcOEt vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

C2H6Se

593-79-3

109.03

4319 Dimethylsilane 4320 Dimethylstearylamine 4321 Dimethyl succinate

2-Silapropane Dymanthine

C2H8Si C20H43N C6H10O4

1111-74-6 124-28-7 106-65-0

60.171 297.562 146.141

4322 Dimethylsulfamoyl chloride 4323 Dimethyl sulfate

Dimethylaminosulfonyl chloride C2H6ClNO2S C2H6O4S

13360-57-1 77-78-1

143.593 126.132

pa bl flr cry 6.5

nd (w+3, ace) lo pr

col gas

106 38

-150 22.9 19

4324 Dimethyl sulfide

C2H6S

75-18-3

62.134

liq

-98.24

37.33

0.848320

1.443820

4325 4326 4327 4328

C2H6O3S C6H12O2S C2H6O2S C2H6OS

616-42-2 1003-78-7 67-71-0 67-68-5

110.132 148.223 94.133 78.133

liq pr

-1.5 108.9 17.89

126 281 238 189

1.212920 1.136220 1.1700110 1.101025

1.408320 1.473220 1.4226 1.479320

C6H10O6

608-68-4

178.139

(i) cry (bz) 50(form a); (ii) cry (w) 61(form b)

280

1.30645

4330 Dimethyl telluride 4331 Dimethyl terephthalate

C2H6Te C10H10O4

593-80-6 120-61-6

157.67 194.184

pa ye 141

94 288

1.075141

4332 Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate 4333 2,7-Dimethylthiachromine-8ethanol

C10H6Cl4O4 C12H14N4OS

1861-32-1 92-35-3

331.965 262.330

155 228.8

sub

4329 Dimethyl L-tartrate

Dimethyl 2,3dihydroxybutanedioate, [R(R*,R*)]-

s H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; i eth; vs chl sl H2O, EtOH, bz, chl vs H2O sl EtOH; s eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, acid i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl

0.923620

Methyl selenide

DMSO

s EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; s eth s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace msc H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc

168

4318 Dimethyl selenide

Dimethyl sulfite 2,4-Dimethylsulfolane Dimethyl sulfone Dimethyl sulfoxide

Solubility

ye pr (chl)

vs EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s eth, chl s H2O, MeOH; sl EtOH, eth, ace, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-211 N

N H

N N

3,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole

2,7-Dimethylpyrene

N

4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine

2,4-Dimethylpyridine

N

N

N,N-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine

N

N

2,5-Dimethylpyridine

2,6-Dimethylpyridine

N

2,3-Dimethylpyridine

N

NH2

N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamine

N

N 3,4-Dimethylpyridine

3,5-Dimethylpyridine

O

NH2 N

N O

N

2,6-Dimethylpyridine-1-oxide

NH2

N H

2,6-Dimethyl-4-pyrimidinamine

N

N H

2,4-Dimethylpyrrole

2,5-Dimethylpyrrole

N

N

N

4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyrimidinamine

N

N

N

4,6-Dimethylpyrimidine

1,3-Dimethyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N

N

N

1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine

2,4-Dimethylquinoline

2,6-Dimethylquinoline

2,7-Dimethylquinoline

O

N

O

H Si

O O

N 2,3-Dimethylquinoxaline

Dimethyl sebacate

Se

H

Dimethyl selenide

Dimethylsilane

O O N Dimethylstearylamine

O

O Cl S N O

O O

Dimethyl succinate

O O S O

O

Dimethylsulfamoyl chloride

Dimethyl sulfate

OH O O

O

S

S O

Dimethyl sulfide

Dimethyl sulfite

O O S

O S

Dimethyl sulfone

Dimethyl sulfoxide

S O O 2,4-Dimethylsulfolane

O

O

O

Dimethyl telluride

O

Dimethyl terephthalate

OH

Dimethyl L-tartrate

Cl

Cl O

O O

O

Cl

Te

O

N

Cl O

O

Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate

HO

S

N N

N

2,7-Dimethylthiachromine-8-ethanol

3-212

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C4H6N2S

27464-82-0

114.169

C14H12S2

135-58-0

244.375

4336 2,4-Dimethylthiazole

C5H7NS

541-58-2

113.182

4337 4338 4339 4340

C5H7NS C4H9NS C8H14O4S C6H8S

3581-91-7 631-67-4 4131-74-2 632-16-6

113.182 103.186 206.260 112.193

No. Name

Synonym

4334 2,5-Dimethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole 4335 2,7-Dimethylthianthrene

Mesulphen

4,5-Dimethylthiazole N,N-Dimethylthioacetamide Dimethyl thiodipropionate 2,3-Dimethylthiophene

4341 2,4-Dimethylthiophene

C6H8S

638-00-6

112.193

4342 2,5-Dimethylthiophene

C6H8S

638-02-8

112.193

4343 3,4-Dimethylthiophene

C6H8S

632-15-5

112.193

4344 N,N-Dimethylthiourea 4345 N,N’-Dimethylthiourea

C3H8N2S C3H8N2S

6972-05-0 534-13-4

104.174 104.174

4346 2,6-Dimethyl-4Tridemorph tridecylmorpholine 4347 N,N-Dimethyl-N’-[3Fluometuron (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea 4348 Dimethyl trisulfide 4349 6,10-Dimethyl-3,5,9-undecatrien- Pseudoionone 2-one 4350 N,N-Dimethylurea

C19H39NO

24602-86-6

297.519

C10H11F3N2O

2164-17-2

232.201

C2H6S3 C13H20O

3658-80-8 141-10-6

126.264 192.297

C3H8N2O

598-94-7

88.108

4351 N,N’-Dimethylurea

C3H8N2O

96-31-1

88.108

4352 Dimethyl zinc 4353 Dimetilan

C2H6Zn C10H16N4O3

544-97-8 644-64-4

95.478 240.259

4354 Dimorpholamine 4355 N,N’-Di-2-naphthyl-1,4benzenediamine 4356 Di-2-naphthyl disulfide

C20H38N4O4 C26H20N2

119-48-2 93-46-9

398.541 360.450

C20H14S2

5586-15-2

4357 N,N’-Di-1-naphthylurea

C21H16N2O

4358 Diniconazole

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

65

202.5

nd (HOAc,al) 123

83.5 74.5 liq

liq

cry (w) hyg pl

-49

-62.6

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1843 146; 7150

1.056215

1.509120

158

1.069920

16218, 14818 141.6

1.155920 1.002120

1.474020 1.519220

20

20

140.7

0.9938

1.5104

136.5

0.985020

1.512920

145

0.99325

1.520620

161.5 62

0.86

164

mcl pr (al, chl) orth bipym (chl-eth) liq, ign in air col solid

vs ace, EtOH 416 14412

0.898420

269

1.14225

-43.0 69

46 20513

1.38610

cry (peth)

41.5 235

2290.4

318.455

nd

139.5

607-56-7

312.364

296

C15H17Cl2N3O

83657-24-3

326.221

nd (py, HOAc) cry

4359 Dinitramine 4360 2,3-Dinitroaniline

C11H13F3N4O4 C6H5N3O4

29091-05-2 602-03-9

322.241 183.122

4361 2,4-Dinitroaniline

C6H5N3O4

97-02-9

183.122

4362 2,5-Dinitroaniline 4363 2,6-Dinitroaniline

C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4

619-18-1 606-22-4

183.122 183.122

4364 3,5-Dinitroaniline

C6H5N3O4

618-87-1

183.122

4365 1,5-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H6N2O6

82-35-9

298.207

pa ye nd (xyl)

4366 1,8-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione 4367 2,4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde

C14H6N2O6 C7H4N2O5

129-39-5 528-75-6

298.207 196.117

312 pa ye pr (al), 72 pl (bz) lf (w) 184 nd (bz), pl 116.5 (al)

4368 3,5-Dinitrobenzamide 4369 1,2-Dinitrobenzene

Nitromide o-Dinitrobenzene

C7H5N3O5 C6H4N2O4

121-81-3 528-29-0

211.132 168.107

4370 1,3-Dinitrobenzene

m-Dinitrobenzene

C6H4N2O4

99-65-0

168.107

orth pl (al)

4371 1,4-Dinitrobenzene

p-Dinitrobenzene

C6H4N2O4

100-25-4

168.107

4372 2,4-Dinitro-1,3-benzenediol 4373 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride

2,4-Dinitroresorcinol

C6H4N2O6 C6H3ClN2O4S

519-44-8 528-76-7

200.105 234.617

1.533520

s EtOH, eth, chl, MeOH s H2O; sl EtOH, tfa; i eth vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl chl s eth; msc peth s H2O, chl, EtOH, ace, xyl vs H2O i EtOH, eth, bz

1.455520

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i lig vs py

1.255525

182.1 106.6

ye nd (ace) grn ye tab (al) oran nd (al) gold lf (HOAc) ye nd (al) ye nd (dil al)

1.144145 sub

149

s H2O, ace, MeOH, xyl

98 128

1.64650

180.0

1.61514

138.0 141.5

i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, HCl vs EtOH i H2O, lig; sl EtOH; s eth, bz

1.60150

163 385

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz; i CS2

1411.3

pa ye oil

sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, peth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH

sub

20015

318; 19430

1.3119120 1.56517

90.3

291; 16714

1.575118

nd (al)

173.5

297; 18334

1.62518

ye lf (al) ye pr (bzpeth)

147.5 99

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; vs PhNO2 sl H2O, chl, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, AcOEt; sl DMSO sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, py; s eth, tol i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s ace, bz, tol sl H2O, EtOH vs bz, chl, HOAc; sl peth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds S

N N

S

2,5-Dimethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole

2,7-Dimethylthianthrene

S

S

N

N

S

O

3-213

N

S

S 2,4-Dimethylthiazole

4,5-Dimethylthiazole

N,N-Dimethylthioacetamide

O

O

O

S

Dimethyl thiodipropionate

S

S

2,5-Dimethylthiophene

3,4-Dimethylthiophene

S

2,3-Dimethylthiophene

2,4-Dimethylthiophene

H N O N

H N

NH2 S

H N

O

N

F

S

N,N-Dimethylthiourea

2,6-Dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine

N S

S

N

N

H N

N,N-Dimethylurea

O

Zn Dimethyl zinc

O O

O

N

O N

N

O

H N

N O

H N

N,N’-Dimethylurea

O

6,10-Dimethyl-3,5,9-undecatrien-2-one

N

N,N-Dimethyl-N’-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea

NH2

O

S

O

F F

N,N’-Dimethylthiourea

Dimethyl trisulfide

N

H N

N Dimetilan

Dimorpholamine

N,N’-Di-2-naphthyl-1,4-benzenediamine

N N

N

O HN

NH

NH2 O N

F

F OH

Cl

N Cl

Di-2-naphthyl disulfide

NH2 O N N O

O

N,N’-Di-1-naphthylurea

NH2 O N O O O

N

N

O

2,4-Dinitroaniline

O

O

N

O

O

N

O O

N O

O N

NH2 O N

N

O

O

O

O

O

O

1,5-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione

O

N

1,8-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

N O

N

O N

O

O

N

N O

2,4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde

N O

N O

N

O

3,5-Dinitrobenzamide

OH O N

O

O N

N

O

1,4-Dinitrobenzene

O

N

Cl

O N

S

O

O

2,4-Dinitro-1,3-benzenediol

O

1,2-Dinitrobenzene

O

OH O

O

NH2 O

O

O

N O

3,5-Dinitroaniline

O

O

1,3-Dinitrobenzene

O

O

2,6-Dinitroaniline

O O

N

Dinitramine

NH2

2,5-Dinitroaniline

O

O

Diniconazole

NH2 O N

O O

2,3-Dinitroaniline

O

O

F

S S

O

N

O

2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride

3-214

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

4374 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid

C6H4N2O7S

89-02-1

248.170

nd (w+3)

108

4375 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid 4376 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid

C7H4N2O6 C7H4N2O6

610-30-0 528-45-0

212.116 212.116

nd (w) cry (dil al)

183 166

4377 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid

C7H4N2O6

99-34-3

212.116

mcl pr (al)

205

4378 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride 4379 2,2’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl

C7H3ClN2O5 C12H8N2O4

99-33-2 2436-96-6

230.562 244.203

ye nd (bz) 74 ye mcl pr or 126 nd (al)

4380 4,4’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl

C12H8N2O4

1528-74-1

244.203

nd (al)

242.3

4381 1,4-Dinitrobutane

C4H8N2O4

4286-49-1

148.118

pl (al)

33.5

4382 4,4’-Dinitrodiphenylamine

4-Nitro-N-(4-nitrophenyl)aniline C12H9N3O4

1821-27-8

259.217

ye nd(al)

217.5

4383 4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl ether

Bis(4-nitrophenyl) ether

C12H8N2O5

101-63-3

260.202

4384 4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl sulfide

Bis(4-nitrophenyl) sulfide

C12H8N2O4S

1223-31-0

276.268

4385 1,1-Dinitroethane

C2H4N2O4

600-40-8

120.064

4386 1,2-Dinitroethane 4387 Dinitromethane

C2H4N2O4 CH2N2O4

7570-26-5 625-76-3

120.064 106.038

4388 1,3-Dinitronaphthalene

C10H6N2O4

606-37-1

218.166

4389 1,5-Dinitronaphthalene

C10H6N2O4

605-71-0

218.166

4390 1,8-Dinitronaphthalene

C10H6N2O4

602-38-0

4391 2,4-Dinitro-1-naphthol

C10H6N2O5

4392 2,3-Dinitrophenol

No. Name

Synonym

bp/˚C

nD

1.67220

19612 305

1.4525

17613

146.0

oran pl (HOAc) ye mcl (bz, MeOH) ye nd

160.5

39.5 <-15

185.5

1.34924

955 exp 100

1.459720

ye nd (bz, 148 py-w) hex nd (ace, 219 HOAc)

sub

218.166

ye orth pl (chl)

173

dec 445

605-69-6

234.165

138.8

C6H4N2O5

66-56-8

184.106

ye nd (al, chl) ye nd (w)

4393 2,4-Dinitrophenol

C6H4N2O5

51-28-5

184.106

pa ye pl or lf 114.8 (w)

4394 2,5-Dinitrophenol

C6H4N2O5

329-71-5

184.106

4395 2,6-Dinitrophenol

C6H4N2O5

573-56-8

184.106

ye mcl pr or 108 nd (w,lig) pa ye orth nd 63.5 or lf (dil al)

4396 3,4-Dinitrophenol 4397 2,4-Dinitrophenol, acetate 4398 4-[(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)amino] phenol 4399 2,4-Dinitro-N-phenylaniline

C6H4N2O5 C8H6N2O6 C12H9N3O5

577-71-9 4232-27-3 119-15-3

184.106 226.143 275.216

tcl nd (w) cry (MeOH) red lf

C12H9N3O4

961-68-2

259.217

ye red nd (al) 157.8

4400 2,4-Dinitrophenyl dimethylcarbamodithioate 4401 (2,4-Dinitrophenyl)hydrazine

C9H9N3O4S2

89-37-2

287.315

152.5

C6H6N4O4

119-26-6

198.137

blsh-red (al) 194

4402 4403 4404 4405 4406 4407 4408 4409 4410

C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O6 C16H8N2O4 C16H8N2O4 C5H10N6O2 C4H8N4O2 C14H10N2O10S2

601-76-3 6125-21-9 595-49-3 2736-80-3 42397-64-8 42397-65-9 101-25-7 140-79-4 128-42-7

134.091 134.091 134.091 166.089 292.246 292.246 186.172 144.133 430.366

liq

C14H18N2O7 C18H24N2O6 C24H46O4

973-21-7 6119-92-2 151-32-6

326.302 364.393 398.620

ye cry (EtOH) 60

1,1-Dinitropropane 1,3-Dinitropropane 2,2-Dinitropropane 2,2-Dinitro-1,3-propanediol 1,6-Dinitropyrene 1,8-Dinitropyrene Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine 1,4-Dinitrosopiperazine 4,4’-Dinitro-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4411 Dinobuton Dessin 4412 Dinocap 4413 Dinonyl adipate

den/ g cm-3

sub

1.586020

1.68120

144.5

sub

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, peth sl H2O, EtOH, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc s eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz; sl ace, lig i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, MeOH i H2O, tol; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s con sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, py; vs eth i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl, py

sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, tol, chl, py vs bz, eth

1.68324

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH

1.67225

134 72.5 195.5

-42 -21.4 53 wh pl (bz) 142 >300 300 cry (MeOH) 207 pa ye pl (w) 159.0 cry (AcOH) 266

1.446820

Solubility

s alk

1.5420

184 1031 185.5

1.261025 1.35326 1.3025

1.433920 1.465420

i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, DMSO i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, DMSO s alk i H2O; s eth sl H2O

vs EtOH

1360.01 2051

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds OH O S OO N

O

N

HO

O

O

O

2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid

N

O

O

O N O

HO

O

O

O

N

N O

O

O

O

3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid

O N

N O

4,4’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl

N O

N O

O

O

N O

N

O

N O

O N O

4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl sulfide

O

O

O

O

1,1-Dinitroethane

O2N NO2

O

N O

3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride

2,2’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl

O

N O

N O

O

O

N O

N O

4,4’-Dinitrodiphenylamine

O N

N O

N O

H N

1,4-Dinitrobutane

O

O

3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid

O S

Cl

O

2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid

O N O

O

HO

O N

O

3-215

4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl ether

1,2-Dinitroethane

O

O

N

O

N

NO2 NO2

NO2 H H NO2

O

O

O

N O

Dinitromethane

O

1,3-Dinitronaphthalene

N

O

1,5-Dinitronaphthalene

1,8-Dinitronaphthalene

O OH O N

N

O

OH O N

O

N O

O

2,4-Dinitro-1-naphthol

OH O N

O

O O

O O

2,3-Dinitrophenol

OH O N

N

O

2,4-Dinitrophenol

O O

N O

O N

OH O N

O O

2,5-Dinitrophenol

2,6-Dinitrophenol

N

O

O N

O

OH

N O

O

O O

3,4-Dinitrophenol

N

O

2,4-Dinitrophenol, acetate

N O H N

N

O

O H N

HO

N O

N

S

O

O

N O

4-[(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)amino]phenol

S

O N

H2N O

O

2,4-Dinitro-N-phenylaniline

N

O

O

2,4-Dinitrophenyl dimethylcarbamodithioate

O

O2N

O

1,3-Dinitropropane

NO2

2,2-Dinitropropane

HO O2N

O N

N

OH NO2

O

2,2-Dinitro-1,3-propanediol

N

N

O

O

(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)hydrazine

N

O

O

1,1-Dinitropropane

O O

O N

O

O

O

O N

NH O N

O

O N

O

N N N O

O

1,6-Dinitropyrene

N

1,8-Dinitropyrene

N

N N O

Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine

O

O O N O N N O

N N O

1,4-Dinitrosopiperazine

S O O OH O S HO O 4,4’-Dinitro-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid

O N O

O

O N

O N

O R'

O

O

O

R = NO2, R' = C8H17 and R = C8H17, R' = NO2

O R

O

N

Dinobuton

Dinocap

O O

O O Dinonyl adipate

3-216

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C18H38O C26H42O4 Phenol, 2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6- C10H12N2O5 dinitroDistearylamine C36H75N N-Octyl-1-octanamine C16H35N C16H34O

2456-27-1 84-76-4 88-85-7

270.494 418.609 240.212

liq

112-99-2 1120-48-5 629-82-3

521.988 241.456 242.440

C22H42O4 C20H36O4 C24H38O4 C26H50O4 C16H34S C24H38O4 C13H19NO2

123-79-5 2915-53-9 117-84-0 2432-87-3 2690-08-6 4654-26-6 3329-91-7

370.566 340.498 390.557 426.673 258.506 390.557 221.296

No. Name

Synonym

4414 Dinonyl ether 4415 Dinonyl phthalate 4416 Dinoseb 4417 Dioctadecylamine 4418 Dioctylamine 4419 Dioctyl ether 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426

Dioctyl hexanedioate Dioctyl maleate Dioctyl phthalate Dioctyl sebacate Dioctyl sulfide Dioctyl terephthalate Dioscorine

Dioctyl decanedioate Octyl sulfide

Mol. Form.

mp/˚C

bp/˚C 318 413

72.9 35.5 -7.6

2682 297.5 283

9.6

1912 2420.002 2204 2180.5 20229, 18010 425

liq 25 18

nD

0.81

1.435620

0.796326 0.806320

1.441526 1.432720

0.92225 0.9420

1.453920

0.907425 0.84225 1.2162

liq

-45

106.1

1.028625

1.416520

11.85

101.5

1.033720

1.422420

C4H8O2

505-22-6

88.106

4428 1,4-Dioxane

1,4-Dioxacyclohexane

C4H8O2

123-91-1

88.106

C4H4O4 C4H4O4 C12H26O6P2S4 C5H10O2 C3H6O2

502-97-6 4480-83-5 78-34-2 505-65-7 646-06-0

116.073 116.073 456.538 102.132 74.079

lf (al, al-chl) 85.4 cry (bz) 92.5 -20

240.5; 12012

liq

-97.22

78

1.06020

C3H2O3 C14H12O4

872-36-6 131-53-3

86.046 244.243

liq

22

162; 7332 1721

1.3525

C13H17N3O3 C10H22O7 C10H16 C10H23N

519-65-3 126-58-9 7705-14-8 2050-92-2

263.292 254.278 136.234 157.297

pr cry (w) liq

105.5 221 -95.5

1972

1,4-Dioxane-2,5-dione 1,4-Dioxane-2,6-dione Dioxathion 1,3-Dioxepane 1,3-Dioxolane

4434 1,3-Dioxol-2-one 4435 Dioxybenzone 4436 4437 4438 4439

Dioxypyramidon Dipentaerythritol Dipentene Dipentylamine

4440 Dipentyl cis-2-butenedioate 4441 Dipentyl ether

Diglycollic anhydride

1,3-Dioxacyclopentane

(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) (2-hydroxyphenyl)methanone

p-Menthadiene Diamylamine Dipentyl maleate Amyl ether

4442 2,6-Di-tert-pentyl-4-methylphenol 2,6-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-4methylphenol 4443 Di-tert-pentyl peroxide 4444 Dipentyl phthalate 4445 Dipentyl sulfide 4446 Dipentyl sulfoxide 4447 Diphenamid Benzeneacetamide, N,Ndimethyl-α-phenyl4448 Diphenidol 1,1-Diphenyl-4-piperidinyl-1butanol 4449 Diphenolic acid

C14H24O4 C10H22O

10099-71-5 693-65-2

256.339 158.281

liq liq

C17H28O

56103-67-4

248.403

C10H22O2 C18H26O4 C10H22S C10H22OS C16H17NO

10508-09-5 131-18-0 872-10-6 1986-90-9 957-51-7

174.281 306.397 174.347 190.346 239.312

C21H27NO

972-02-1

309.445

nd (peth)

104.5

C17H18O4

126-00-1

286.323

cry (w)

171.5

-69

-55 -51.3 58 135

178 202.5 161 190

5814, 389 20511 863.7 1201

0.80820

1.409520

0.840720

1.456120

s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s eth

1.670

vs H2O, ace, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl sl H2O, eth, chl; s EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth vs ace, HOAc

C14H13NO

519-87-9

211.259

wh cry pow

103

sub

4452 Diphenylacetylene

C14H10

501-65-5

178.229

Diphenadione

C23H16O3

82-66-6

340.371

N-Phenylbenzenamine

C12H11N

122-39-4

169.222

mcl pr or pl 62.5 (al) pa ye mcl 146.5 (al) mcl lf(dil al) 53.2

C14H11NO4

579-92-0

257.242

ye cry (al)

C12H10NNaO3S

6152-67-6

271.267

ye cry

C26H18 C12H10AsCl

1499-10-1 712-48-1

330.421 264.582

246.5 orth pl (peth) 44

C18H16N2

74-31-7

260.333

N,N’-Diphenyl-pphenylenediamine

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

1.1723.3

4451 N,N-Diphenylacetamide

4459 N,N’-Diphenyl-1,4benzenediamine

sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace

20

1.495020

182

Chlorodiphenylarsine

1.472720 1.427220

0.93125

98

Sodium diphenylamine-4sulfonate

s H2O, EtOH s hot H2O

283

lf (al)

4455 Diphenylamine-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid 4456 Diphenylamine-4-sulfonic acid, sodium salt 4457 9,10-Diphenylanthracene 4458 Diphenylarsinous chloride

s chl msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

1.411920

214.260

4453 2-(Diphenylacetyl)-1H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 4454 Diphenylamine

10

1.36615 0.840221 0.777120

1.397420

0.974 0.783320

104-66-5

Ethylene glycol diphenyl ether

s H2O, ace, chl, EtOH; sl eth, bz msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s ctc vs ace

1.25726

C14H14O2

4450 1,2-Diphenoxyethane

s ctc

34

1,3-Dioxacyclohexane

vs chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

1.461020

cry grn-ye pr (eth)

4427 1,3-Dioxane

4429 4430 4431 4432 4433

Solubility

1.26545

40

nd liq

den/ g cm-3

12

300

0.9657100

302

1.15822

337

1.482016

i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth; sl chl

296 dec

150

2220.5

1.633256

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i acid

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-217 O O

O O O

O N

O

OH

Dinonyl phthalate

NH Dioctadecylamine

N

O

Dinonyl ether

O

Dinoseb

N H

O

Dioctylamine

Dioctyl ether

O O O

O

O O

O

O

O

O

O O

Dioctyl hexanedioate

Dioctyl maleate

Dioctyl phthalate

O

N

O

O O

O O

O

O

O

O

O

O

1,4-Dioxane

1,4-Dioxane-2,5-dione

O

HO

O

Dioctyl sulfide

S

O

O

S

Dioctyl sebacate

O

O

O

O

O

Dioscorine

O OH O

S O P S O

O

Dioxathion

N

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

1,3-Dioxepane

1,3-Dioxolane

1,3-Dioxol-2-one

O

O

OH

HO

H N

OH Dipentaerythritol

Dipentene

O

Dipentylamine

O 2,6-Di-tert-pentyl-4-methylphenol

O Dioxybenzone

Dioxypyramidon

O

O

Dipentyl cis-2-butenedioate

Dipentyl ether

O

O O O

S

O S

Dipentyl sulfide

Dipentyl sulfoxide

O

Di-tert-pentyl peroxide

Dipentyl phthalate

O O

OH

N

O O

HO

Diphenidol

O

N

O

OH Diphenolic acid

O

N

Diphenamid

O

OH O H N

OH

1,2-Diphenoxyethane

N,N-Diphenylacetamide

Diphenylacetylene

Cl As

H N

Diphenylamine-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid

Diphenylamine-4-sulfonic acid, sodium salt

2-(Diphenylacetyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

H N N H

SO3 Na Diphenylamine

O

O

OH

H N

N

N

O

OH

HO

OH

1,3-Dioxane

O P O S

O

1,4-Dioxane-2,6-dione

O

O Dioctyl terephthalate

9,10-Diphenylanthracene

Diphenylarsinous chloride

N,N’-Diphenyl-1,4-benzenediamine

3-218

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C20H18O

4428-13-1

274.356

nd(bz-lig) pr 89.5 (peth)

Triphenylmethyl mercaptan

C19H16S

3695-77-0

276.395

N,N’-Diphenylbenzidine

C24H20N2

531-91-9

336.429

lf or pl

C16H14

538-81-8

206.282

lf (al, HOAc) 154.3

C16H10 C16H18

886-66-8 719-79-9

202.250 210.314

4466 1,2-Diphenylbutane

C16H18

5223-59-6

210.314

4467 1,4-Diphenylbutane

C16H18

1083-56-3

210.314

4468 1,3-Diphenyl-1-butene 4469 trans-1,4-Diphenyl-2-butene-1,4dione

C16H16 C16H12O2

7614-93-9 959-28-4

208.298 236.265

C16H14O C13H10ClNO C13H12N4O

495-45-4 83-01-2 538-62-5

222.281 231.677 240.260

C13H10N2

622-16-2

C13H10O3

4475 2,2’-Diphenylcarbonic dihydrazide sym-Diphenylcarbazide 4476 Diphenyl chlorophosphonate 4477 Diphenyl diselenide 4478 Diphenyl disulfide

No. Name

Synonym

4460 α,α-Diphenylbenzeneethanol 4461 α,αDiphenylbenzenemethanethiol 4462 N,N’-Diphenyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]4,4’-diamine 4463 trans,trans-1,4-Diphenyl-1,3butadiene 4464 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiyne 4465 1,1-Diphenylbutane

4470 1,3-Diphenyl-2-buten-1-one 4471 Diphenylcarbamic chloride 4472 Diphenylcarbazone

Diphenyldiacetylene

Dypnone

bp/˚C

86.5 27

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; vs tol, HOAc vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth

352

287

0.992820

1.566420

291; 15211

0.967320

1.555420

52.5

317

0.988020

47.5 ye nd (al, bz) 111

311

0.999620

342.5

102-09-0

214.216

nd (al, bz)

306

C13H14N4O

140-22-7

242.276

cry (al + 1) 170 cry (HOAc)

Phenyl diselenide

C12H10ClO3P C12H10Se2

2524-64-3 1666-13-3

268.632 312.13

ye nd

Phenyl disulfide

C12H10S2

882-33-7

218.337

C14H14

612-00-0

83

1.108015

1.634320

1.121587

dec 314272 20211

1.29625 1.55780

nd(al) or orth 62

310

1.35320

182.261

liq

-17.9

272.6

0.999720

1.575620

mcl pr (MeOH) lf (bz) cry (dil al)

52.5

284

0.978025

1.547660

254 74

>360 22912, 1782

63.5

1.550020 1.74320

Dibenzyl

C14H14

103-29-7

182.261

4481 N,N’-Diphenylethanediamide 4482 N,N’-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine

1,2-Dianilinoethane

C14H12N2O2 C14H16N2

620-81-5 150-61-8

240.257 212.290

4483 1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol, (R*,R*)-(±)

C14H14O2

655-48-1

214.260

nd (w,al),tab 122.5 (eth)

>300

4484 1,1-Diphenylethene 4485 Diphenyl ether

C14H12 C12H10O

530-48-3 101-84-8

180.245 170.206

8.2 26.87

277 258.0

1.023220 1.066130

1.608520 1.578725

4486 Diphenyl 2-ethylhexyl phosphate 4487 N,N-Diphenylformamide

C20H27O4P C13H11NO

1241-94-7 607-00-1

362.399 197.232

1.51025

73.5

2325 337.5; 18913

1.09025

orth (dil al)

4488 2,5-Diphenylfuran

C16H12O

955-83-9

220.265

91

344

C13H13N3

102-06-7

211.262

nd or lf (dil al) mcl nd (al, to)

150

dec 170

1.1320

4490 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene

C18H16

1720-32-7

232.320

lf (ace)

202.3

4491 1,1-Diphenylhydrazine

C12H12N2

530-50-7

184.236

tab (lig)

50.5

22040

1.19016

1,3-Diphenylguanidine

4492 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine

Hydrazobenzene

C12H12N2

122-66-7

184.236

tab (al-eth)

131

4493 4494 4495 4496

Doxenitoin

C15H14N2O C20H14O4 C14H10O C16H12O4

3254-93-1 744-45-6 525-06-4 7242-17-3

238.284 318.323 194.228 268.264

pl (MeOH)

183 138

C12H10Hg

587-85-9

354.80

C13H12

101-81-5

168.234

5,5-Diphenyl-4-imidazolidinone Diphenyl isophthalate Diphenylketene Diphenyl maleate

4497 Diphenylmercury 4498 Diphenylmethane

Diphenylethenone

Mercuriodibenzene

red-ye liq pl (lig)

pr nd

73

25.4

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

1.59015

4480 1,2-Diphenylethane

4489 N,N’-Diphenylguanidine

Solubility i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, chl, peth

247

331; 17520

4479 1,1-Diphenylethane

nD

105.8

194.231

Phenyl carbonate

den/ g cm-3

22211

lf (al) 84.5 oran oran nd 157 dec (bz) pr (al) 169

4473 N,N’-Diphenylcarbodiimide 4474 Diphenyl carbonate

mp/˚C

sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc; vs chl; i lig vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, HOAc sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, bz s tfa s EtOH, eth, xyl, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl tfa i H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth; s ace i H2O; s eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, ctc chl, tol; vs eth i H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace; sl bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH; sl bz, DMSO; i HOAc

1.15816

s chl 267.5 22615

1.110713

20410

2.31825

265.0

1.00126

1.61514

1.575320

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-219 H N

SH N H

OH α,α-Diphenylbenzeneethanol

α,α-Diphenylbenzenemethanethiol

1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiyne

N,N’-Diphenyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine

1,1-Diphenylbutane

1,2-Diphenylbutane

O

O

O

1,4-Diphenylbutane

Cl

O N

N O trans-1,4-Diphenyl-2-butene-1,4-dione

O

1,3-Diphenyl-2-buten-1-one

H N

O O

Diphenyl carbonate

O N H

N H

Diphenylcarbamic chloride

H N

N H

H N

S

Diphenyl diselenide

H N

N H

N,N’-Diphenylethanediamide

S

Diphenyl disulfide

OH N H

OH

N,N’-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine

1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol, (R*,R*)-(±)

O N

O Diphenyl ether

N

Se

O O P O O

1,1-Diphenylethene

N C

N,N’-Diphenylcarbodiimide

Se

O

O

1,3-Diphenyl-1-butene

Diphenylcarbazone

Diphenyl chlorophosphonate

H N 1,2-Diphenylethane

N

O O P O Cl

2,2’-Diphenylcarbonic dihydrazide

1,1-Diphenylethane

trans,trans-1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiene

Diphenyl 2-ethylhexyl phosphate

O

N,N-Diphenylformamide

2,5-Diphenylfuran

O H N

NH2 N

H N

H N

NH N,N’-Diphenylguanidine

1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene

1,1-Diphenylhydrazine

N H

N H

1,2-Diphenylhydrazine

5,5-Diphenyl-4-imidazolidinone

O O

O

O C O

O

O

Hg

O O Diphenyl isophthalate

Diphenylketene

Diphenyl maleate

H N

Diphenylmercury

Diphenylmethane

3-220

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

101-68-8

nD

Solubility

250.252

37

1965

1.19770

1.590650

1450-31-3

198.283

53.5

17414

C13H12N2

622-15-1

196.247

nd (al)

142

>250

69

298; 18020

s ace, bz, PhNO2 sl EtOH, eth, peth; vs bz, chl sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ctc, chl; s HOAc

C13H10S

No. Name

Synonym

4499 4,4’-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate 4500 Diphenylmethanethione

Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate C15H10N2O2

4501 N,N’-Diphenylmethanimidamide

Mol. Form.

Physical Form

4502 Diphenylmethanol

Benzohydrol

C13H12O

91-01-0

184.233

nd (lig)

4503 2-(Diphenylmethoxy)- N,Ndimethylethanamine 4504 Diphenyl methylphosphonate 4505 2-(Diphenylmethyl)-1piperidineethanol 4506 2,5-Diphenyloxazole

Diphenhydramine

C17H21NO

58-73-1

255.355

oil

Diphemethoxidine

C13H13O3P C20H25NO

7526-26-3 13862-07-2

248.214 295.419

C15H11NO

92-71-7

221.254

nd (lig)

4507 1,5-Diphenyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one Dibenzalacetone

C17H14O

538-58-9

234.292

4508 4509 4510 4511

C24H16N2 C12H10ClP C12H11O3P C20H14O4

1662-01-7 1079-66-9 4712-55-4 84-62-8

332.397 220.634 234.187 318.323

pl or lf (ace, 113 dec AcOEt) 220 dec hyg ye liq 12 pr (al, lig) 73

4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Diphenylphosphinous chloride Chlorodiphenylphosphine Diphenyl phosphonate Diphenyl phthalate Phenyl phthalate

1653 35 106.5

20513 1800.1

1.205120

74

360

1.0940100 1.6231100 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl

dec

320; 1745 21826 25314

1.229 1.22325

1.00720 0.998020

Pipradrol

C18H21NO

467-60-7

267.366

cry (hx)

97.5

1081-75-0 778-22-3 120-46-7

196.288 196.288 224.255

liq

6 29 70.5

300; 1231.7 282.5

Dibenzoylmethane

C15H16 C15H16 C15H12O2

4516 1,3-Diphenyl-1-propanone 4517 1,1-Diphenyl-2-propanone

Phenethyl phenyl ketone 1,1-Diphenylacetone

C15H14O C15H14O

1083-30-3 781-35-1

210.271 210.271

lf (EtOH)

72.5 46

360 307; 17410

4518 1,3-Diphenyl-2-propanone

Dibenzyl ketone

C15H14O

102-04-5

210.271

cry (al, peth) 35

331

1.1950

4519 3,3-Diphenyl-2-propenal 4520 1,1-Diphenyl-1-propene

β-Phenylcinnamaldehyde

C15H12O C15H14

1210-39-5 778-66-5

208.255 194.272

pa ye pr (lig) 44.8 52

20514 280; 14911

1.025020

4521 trans-1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1one

Chalcone

C15H12O

614-47-1

208.255

pa ye lf, pr, nd (peth)

59

dec 346

1.071262

4522 1-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)piperidine 4523 3,5-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole 4524 1,4-Diphenyl-3,5pyrazolidinedione 4525 Diphenyl selenide

Fenpiprane

C20H25N C15H12N2 C15H12N2O2

3540-95-2 1145-01-3 3426-01-5

279.420 220.269 252.268

41.5 200 233.5

2158

C12H10Se

1132-39-4

233.17

1.3

301.5

C12H12Si C12H12O2Si C16H14O4

775-12-2 947-42-2 621-14-7

184.309 216.308 270.280

13416, 9613 lf (al)

121

330; 222.515

C12H10S

139-66-2

186.272

liq

-25.9

4530 Diphenyl sulfone

C12H10O2S

127-63-9

218.271

4531 Diphenyl sulfoxide

C12H10OS

945-51-7

202.271

mcl pr(bz) pl(al) pr(lig)

Phenopyrazone

4526 Diphenylsilane 4527 Diphenylsilanediol 4528 Diphenyl succinate 4529 Diphenyl sulfide

Phenyl sulfide

1.576020 s EtOH, eth, chl, dil NaOH 1.536116

s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, peth

1.588020

i H2O; s EtOH, bz i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS2

1.35120

1.550020

0.996920

1.580020

296

1.113620

1.633420

128.5

379

1.25220

71.2

34016

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, xyl s ctc, CS2 sl DMSO i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth, bz, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz vs EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl; i peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, oils i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, py, HOAc; i bz vs eth, EtOH

1.3225

4532 N,N’-Diphenylthiourea

sym-Diphenylthiourea

C13H12N2S

102-08-9

228.312

4533 1,3-Diphenyl-1-triazene

Diazoaminobenzene

C12H11N3

136-35-6

197.235

ye lf or pr (al) 98

C13H12N2O

603-54-3

212.246

tab (al)

189

dec

1.27625

4534 N,N-Diphenylurea

1.636020 1.557520 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ctc

4512 α,α-Diphenyl-2piperidinemethanol 4513 1,3-Diphenylpropane 4514 2,2-Diphenylpropane 4515 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione

cry (al) cry (EtOAc, Diox) ye nd (bz)

i H2O

154.5

4535 N,N’-Diphenylurea

Carbanilide

C13H12N2O

102-07-8

212.246

orth pr (al)

239

260 dec

1.23925

4536 Diphosgene

Carbonochloridic acid, trichloromethyl ester

C2Cl4O2

503-38-8

197.832

liq

-57

128

1.652514

1.456622

C12H24N2 C11H22N2 C13H26N2

1932-04-3 880-09-1 16898-52-5

196.332 182.306 210.358

liq

-0.5

265 230; 12215 329

0.916025 0.926920

1.485325 1.482020

4537 1,2-Dipiperidinoethane 4538 1,1’-Dipiperidinomethane 4539 1,3-Di-4-piperidylpropane

1,1’-Methylenedipiperidine 4,4’-Trimethylenedipiperidine

67.1

vs H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-221 S

O

C

N

N

C

N

O

4,4’-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate

Diphenylmethanethione

N,N’-Diphenylmethanimidamide

O O P O

N

O

OH

H N

Diphenylmethanol

N

N O

OH 2-(Diphenylmethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine

Diphenyl methylphosphonate

2-(Diphenylmethyl)-1-piperidineethanol

O

2,5-Diphenyloxazole

Cl P N

1,5-Diphenyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one

O

N

4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline

Diphenylphosphinous chloride

O P OH

Diphenyl phosphonate

O N H

O O

O

OH

O

O α,α-Diphenyl-2-piperidinemethanol

Diphenyl phthalate

1,3-Diphenylpropane

2,2-Diphenylpropane

1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione

O O

O

O 1,3-Diphenyl-1-propanone

1,1-Diphenyl-2-propanone

1,3-Diphenyl-2-propanone

3,3-Diphenyl-2-propenal

1,1-Diphenyl-1-propene

O N O

O N H trans-1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one

H

Si

1-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)piperidine

NH Se

N

3,5-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole

1,4-Diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione

Diphenyl selenide

O

HO OH Si

H

N

O

S

O O S

Diphenyl sulfide

Diphenyl sulfone

O O

Diphenylsilane

Diphenylsilanediol

Diphenyl succinate

O O S

S N H

Diphenyl sulfoxide

N N H

N,N’-Diphenylthiourea

O Cl

Cl O

Cl Cl

Diphosgene

N

N

H N

N

O N H

1,3-Diphenyl-1-triazene

N

NH2

N,N-Diphenylurea

N

N,N’-Diphenylurea

N HN

1,2-Dipiperidinoethane

N H

1,1’-Dipiperidinomethane

NH 1,3-Di-4-piperidylpropane

3-222

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

4540 Diploicin 4541 Di-2-propenoyldiethyleneglycol 4542 Di-2-propenoyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3- 2-Propenoic acid, 2,2-dimethylpropanediol 1,3-propanediyl ester 4543 Di-2-propenoyl-1,6-hexanediol 2-Propenoic acid, 1,6hexanediyl ester 4544 Dipropetryn 6-(Ethylthio)-N,N’-diisopropyl1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 4545 1,2-Dipropoxyethane 4546 Dipropoxymethane Formaldehyde, dipropyl acetal 4547 N,N-Dipropylacetamide 4548 Dipropyl adipate

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C16H10Cl4O5 C10H14O5 C11H16O4

527-93-5 4074-88-8 2223-82-7

424.059 214.215 212.243

C12H18O4

13048-33-4

226.269

C11H21N5S

4147-51-7

255.384

C8H18O2 C7H16O2

18854-56-3 505-84-0

146.228 132.201

C8H17NO C12H22O4

1116-24-1 106-19-4

143.227 230.301

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

200

1.111025

nD

Solubility

232 1.459525 1.454225

1.01025 105 liq liq

163.2 dec 140.5

0.831225 0.834520

1.401325 1.393919

17

17

209.5 15111

0.8992 0.979020

1.4419 1.431420

-63

109.3

0.740020

1.405020

242

0.910420

1.527120

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth

N-Propyl-1-propanamine

C6H15N

142-84-7

101.190

4550 4-[(Dipropylamino)sulfonyl] benzoic acid 4551 N,N-Dipropylaniline

Probenecid

C13H19NO4S

57-66-9

285.360

C12H19N

2217-07-4

177.286

4552 Dipropylcarbamothioic acid, Sethyl ester 4553 Dipropyl carbonate

EPTC

C9H19NOS

759-94-4

189.318

12720

0.954630

C7H14O3

623-96-1

146.184

168

0.943520

1.400820

C6H14S2 C6H14O3

629-19-6 25265-71-8

150.305 134.173

195.8 230.5

0.959920 1.020620

1.498120

C20H22O5 C7H16O3

27138-31-4 34590-94-8

342.386 148.200

liq

-80

1971 188.3

0.95

1.419020

C6H14O

111-43-3

102.174

liq

-114.8

90.08

0.746620

1.380920

4559 Dipropyl fumarate 4560 Dipropyl maleate

C10H16O4 C10H16O4

14595-35-8 2432-63-5

200.232 200.232

1105 12612

1.012920 1.024520

1.443520 1.443420

4561 Dipropyl oxalate

C8H14O4

615-98-5

174.195

4562 4563 4564 4565

C9H15NO3 C10H18O4 C6H14O4S C6H14S

512-12-9 925-15-5 598-05-0 111-47-7

185.220 202.248 182.238 118.240

4566 Dipropyl sulfone

C6H14O2S

598-03-8

4567 Dipropyl sulfoxide 4568 Dipyridamole 4569 Di-2-pyridinyl disulfide, N,N’dioxide 4570 2,2’-Dipyrrolylmethane 4571 Diquat 4572 Diquat dibromide 4573 Disodium calcium EDTA 4574 Disodium hydrogen citrate 4575 Disperse Blue No. 1

C6H14OS C24H40N8O4 C10H8N2O2S2

4556 Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate 4557 Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether 4558 Dipropyl ether

1-(2-Methoxyisopropoxy)-2propanol Propyl ether

195 ye lf

liq

-85.6

msc H2O; s EtOH

liq

-44.3

211

1.018820

1.415820

liq

42.5 -5.9

liq

-102.5

1493 250.8 12020 142.9

1.002020 1.106420 0.81417

1.425020 1.413520 1.448720

150.239

cry

29.5

1.027850

1.445630

4253-91-2 58-32-2 3696-28-4

134.239 504.627 252.313

nd

22.5 163 205

802

0.965420

1.466320

C9H10N2 C12H12N2 C12H12Br2N2 C10H12CaN2Na2O8 C6H6Na2O7 C14H12N4O2

21211-65-4 2764-72-9 85-00-7 62-33-9 144-33-2 2475-45-8

146.188 184.236 344.044 374.268 236.088 268.271

lf or nd (al) Cation

73

16412

C42H82O4S C10H20N2S4

693-36-7 97-77-8

683.163 296.539

cry

Disulfoton 1,2-Dithiane 1,3-Dithiane 1,4-Dithiane

C8H19O2PS3 C4H8S2 C4H8S2 C4H8S2

298-04-4 505-20-4 505-23-7 505-29-3

274.405 120.237 120.237 120.237

4582 Dithianone 4583 Dithiazanine iodide

C14H4N2O2S2 C23H23IN2S2

3347-22-6 514-73-8

296.324 518.476

C14H10O4S2

119-80-2

306.357

289.5

C6H10O4S2 C10H20N2O4S2

1119-62-6 20902-45-8

210.271 296.407

158 204.5

5,5-Dipropyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione Dipropyl succinate Dipropyl sulfate Dipropyl sulfide

4576 Distearyl thiodipropionate 4577 Disulfiram 4578 4579 4580 4581

4584 2,2’-Dithiobisbenzoic acid 4585 3,3’-Dithiobispropanoic acid 4586 3,3’-Dithiobis-D-valine

Dipyrithione

Edetate calcium disodium Sodium acid citrate 1,4,5,8-Tetraamino-9,10anthracenedione Dioctadecyl thiobispropanoate

Diphenyl disulfide-2,2’dicarboxylic acid

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, EtOH; msc eth; vs ace, bz

-15.7

4549 Dipropylamine

4554 Dipropyl disulfide 4555 Dipropylene glycol

liq

-97.3

cry (MeOH)

nd mcl pr

nd (ace) grn nd (MeOH)

vs bz, eth, EtOH

s H2O vs H2O

149 dec 331 61 71.5

11717

-25 32.5 54 112.3

1080.01, 1281 8014, 605 8914 199.5

220 248 dec

vs ace, bz, eth vs peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH

1.2420

337 pow wh pow (w) red-br nd

sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth

i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth; vs chl 1.14420 1.598125 1.598125

s eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, CS2, HOAc i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

3-223

Cl O

Cl HO

O

O O

Cl

O

O O

O

Cl Diploicin

O

O

O

O

O

Di-2-propenoyldiethyleneglycol

O

O

O

Di-2-propenoyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol

Di-2-propenoyl-1,6-hexanediol

HN N N H

O

N

O S

N

O

Dipropetryn

HO

O

O

1,2-Dipropoxyethane

O N

O

Dipropoxymethane

O

H N

O

N,N-Dipropylacetamide

Dipropyl adipate

Dipropylamine

O

N O

O S O N

S

O

N

4-[(Dipropylamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acid

N,N-Dipropylaniline

O

O

Dipropylcarbamothioic acid, S-ethyl ester

S

O

Dipropyl carbonate

O O

O Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate

O

O

OH

O

O

O

Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether

O

O O O

O

Dipropyl ether

Dipropyl fumarate

Dipropyl maleate

O

O NH

O O

O O

O

Dipropyl oxalate

O Dipropylene glycol

O O

O

OH

O

HO

S

Dipropyl disulfide

O O S O

O O

5,5-Dipropyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione

S

O O S

Dipropyl sulfide

Dipropyl sulfone

O

Dipropyl succinate

Dipropyl sulfate

OH N N

N HO

N

OH

N

N

N

N

O S

N O

OH

Dipropyl sulfoxide

Dipyridamole

S S

OOC

N

2Na

N

O

Ca2

COO

HO

OOC Disodium calcium EDTA

O

OH O

NH2 O

2Br

N H

N H

Di-2-pyridinyl disulfide, N,N’-dioxide

2

COO

N O

N

2,2’-Dipyrrolylmethane

NH2

O

Disperse Blue No. 1

N

S

S

S Disulfiram

N

S

Disulfoton

S

1,2-Dithiane

N

S

N

O

S

S

1,3-Dithiane

1,4-Dithiane

S HO

HO O

2,2’-Dithiobisbenzoic acid

S

S

OH O

3,3’-Dithiobispropanoic acid

HO

O S

O

S Dithiazanine iodide

NH2

O

N

S

Dithianone

O OH S

O

I

S

S S

S

N

S

S O P O S

O

Distearyl thiodipropionate

O S

Diquat dibromide

O NH2 O

N

NH2

2Na

Disodium hydrogen citrate

N

Diquat

OH

OH

N

S

OH NH2

3,3’-Dithiobis-D-valine

3-224

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

4587 4588 4589 4590 4591 4592 4593

1,2-Hydrazinedicarbothioamide

C2H6N4S2 C8H16N2O2S2 C3H6S2 C3H6S2 C3H4S3 C15H16F5NO2S2 C13H12N4S

142-46-1 103-34-4 557-22-2 4829-04-3 822-38-8 97886-45-8 60-10-6

150.226 236.355 106.210 106.210 136.259 401.416 256.326

nd (w)

C15H14N2 C16H18

726-42-1 538-39-6

222.285 210.314

2,5-Dithiobiurea 4,4’-Dithiodimorpholine 1,2-Dithiolane 1,3-Dithiolane 1,3-Dithiolane-2-thione Dithiopyr Dithizone

4594 Di(p-tolyl)carbodiimide 4595 1,2-Di(p-tolyl)ethane

1,3-Dithiacyclopentane

1,2-Bis(p-tolyl)ethane

liq

bl-blk (chlal) lf (al)

4596 N,N’-Di(o-tolyl)guanidine

C15H17N3

97-39-2

239.316

cry (dil al)

4597 4598 4599 4600 4601 4602 4603 4604 4605

C34H58O4 C30H50O4 C9H10Cl2N2O C10H10 C10H10 C10H10 C8H12 C8H12 C4H6O

119-06-2 3648-20-2 330-54-1 91-14-5 108-57-6 105-06-6 16177-46-1 6553-48-6 109-93-3

530.823 474.716 233.093 130.186 130.186 130.186 108.181 108.181 70.090

liq cry (EtOH)

Ditridecyl phthalate Diundecyl phthalate Diuron o-Divinylbenzene m-Divinylbenzene p-Divinylbenzene cis-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane trans-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane Divinyl ether

1,2-Divinylbenzene 1,3-Divinylbenzene 1,4-Divinylbenzene

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

214 124.5 77 -50 35 65 167 dec

9027 175 307

58.5 85

22120 17818

den/ g cm-3

nD

s chl 1.25917

1.597515

179

1.150020

1.10

i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, peth sl H2O, tfa, EtOH; vs eth; s chl

20

2853.5

0.95225

8214 12176, 523 9518, 340.2 3838 112.5 28.3

0.932522 0.929420 0.91340 0.801020 0.781720 0.77320

20

84

0.917415 1.17725 0.81120

35.5 158 -52.3 31

vol liq or gas -100.6

1.576720 1.576020 1.583525 1.456320 1.445120 1.398920

Vinyl sulfide

C4H6S

627-51-0

86.156

4607 Divinyl sulfone 4608 1,3-Divinyl-1,1,3,3tetramethyldisiloxane 4609 Djenkolic acid 4610 DMPA

Vinyl sulfone

C4H6O2S C8H18OSi2

77-77-0 2627-95-4

118.155 186.399

liq liq

-26 -99.7

234.5 39

C7H14N2O4S2 C10H14Cl2NO2PS

498-59-9 299-85-4

254.327 314.169

nd(w) solid

≈325 dec 51.4

1502

C22H46

629-97-0

310.600

43.6

368.6

0.794420

1.445520

C22H44O2

112-85-6

340.583

pl(to), cry (eth) nd

81.5

30660

0.822390

1.4270100

C22H46O

661-19-8

326.599

cry (ace, chl) 72.5

C22H43NO C22H44 C22H42O2

112-84-5 1599-67-3 112-86-7

337.582 308.584 338.567

cry

367 26515

0.79425 0.86055

1.475820

C22H42O2 C12H18 C12H36O6Si6 C12H36O4Si5 C12H24O

506-33-2 1120-29-2 540-97-6 141-63-9 112-54-9

0.858557

1.4347100

0.967225 0.875520 0.835215

1.401520 1.392520 1.43522

4622 Dodecanamide

C12H25NO

4623 Dodecane

4624 1,12-Dodecanediamine 4625 Dodecanedioic acid 4626 1,12-Dodecanediol

4612 Docosanoic acid

Behenic acid

4613 1-Docosanol

4614 13-Docosenamide 4615 1-Docosene 4616 cis-13-Docosenoic acid

4617 4618 4619 4620 4621

trans-13-Docosenoic acid 5,7-Dodecadiyne Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane Dodecamethylpentasiloxane Dodecanal

4627 Dodecanenitrile

Erucamide Erucic acid

Brassidic acid Dibutylbutadiyne

Lauraldehyde

Lauronitrile

4628 1-Dodecanethiol

1800.22

nd (al)

338.567 162.271 444.923 384.840 184.318

pl (al)

61.9

liq liq lf

-1.5 -80 44.5

28230, 25610 1038 245 232; 10512 185100, 1002.5

1120-16-7

199.333

nd

110

19912

C12H26

112-40-3

170.334

liq

-9.57

216.32

0.749520

C12H28N2 C12H22O4 C12H26O2

2783-17-7 693-23-2 5675-51-4

200.363 230.301 202.333

67.38 128 81.3

1353 22225 18912

1.1525

C12H23N

2437-25-4

181.318

4

277; 198100

0.824020

1.436120

C12H26S

112-55-0

202.399

liq

-6.7

277; 14315

0.84420

1.458920

1.4287110

1.421020

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth

sl H2O; vs bz, ctc, ace i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth sl H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH, MeOH; s chl

i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, MeOH

i H2O s ctc, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc; sl eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, chl s tfa s tfa

4629 Dodecanoic acid

Lauric acid

C12H24O2

143-07-7

200.318

nd (al)

43.8

225100

0.867950

1.418382

4630 Dodecanoic anhydride 4631 1-Dodecanol

C24H46O3 C12H26O

645-66-9 112-53-8

382.620 186.333

lf (al, eth) lf (dil al)

41.8 23.9

260

0.853370 0.830924

1.429270

Lauryl alcohol

C12H26O

10203-28-8

186.333

19

252

0.828620

1.440020

4632 2-Dodecanol

s ace, bz s ace, bz s ace, bz

1.476520 1.412320

94 38 34.7

cry (bz, dil al)

s EtOH, eth, xyl

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s chl, alk

4606 Divinyl sulfide

4611 Docosane

Solubility

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; msc bz vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-225

O S H 2N

N H

H N

S

NH2 O

S

N S S N

2,5-Dithiobiurea

S

4,4’-Dithiodimorpholine

S N

O

N

N H

S

S

1,2-Dithiolane

S F F

S S

S

1,3-Dithiolane

O

N F

1,3-Dithiolane-2-thione

F Dithiopyr

H N

H N N C N

Dithizone

H N NH

Di(p-tolyl)carbodiimide

O

S F

1,2-Di(p-tolyl)ethane

N,N’-Di(o-tolyl)guanidine

O O O

H N

O O

O

O

Cl

Ditridecyl phthalate

m-Divinylbenzene

Diundecyl phthalate

p-Divinylbenzene

cis-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane

Si

O

O

HO

Si

S

S

NH2

1,3-Divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane

Diuron

trans-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane

O

S

S O O

Divinyl ether

Divinyl sulfide

Divinyl sulfone

OH Cl

Cl

Djenkolic acid

o-Divinylbenzene

O

O

NH2

Cl

N O

S H N P O

DMPA

Docosane

O NH2

O OH

OH

Docosanoic acid

1-Docosanol

13-Docosenamide

1-Docosene

O OH

O

Si OH

cis-13-Docosenoic acid

O

trans-13-Docosenoic acid

5,7-Dodecadiyne

Si O Si

O

O

Si O Si

Si O

Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane

O Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

NH2

O

Dodecamethylpentasiloxane

Dodecanal

Dodecanamide

Dodecane

O HO NH2

H2N 1,12-Dodecanediamine

OH O

OH

HO Dodecanedioic acid

1,12-Dodecanediol

O N Dodecanenitrile

O

OH

SH 1-Dodecanethiol

Dodecanoic acid

O O OH

OH Dodecanoic anhydride

1-Dodecanol

2-Dodecanol

3-226

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

4633 2-Dodecanone

Decyl methyl ketone

C12H24O

6175-49-1

184.318

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

21

246.5

0.819820

1.433020

liq

-17 -35.2

14518 213.8

0.916925 0.758420

1.445820 1.430020

228.285

cry (al,ace)

165.5

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, peth vs eth, EtOH, chl

C12H23ClO C12H24

112-16-3 112-41-4

218.763 168.319

Traumatic acid

C12H20O4

6402-36-4

Lauryl 2-propenoate 1-Dodecanamine

C16H26O3 C14H28O2 C15H28O2 C12H27N

19780-11-1 112-66-3 2156-97-0 124-22-1

266.375 228.371 240.382 185.349

hyg cry

42 0.7 4 28.3

1815 265; 18040 1200.8 259

0.865222 0.872720 0.801520

1.443920 1.442120

C14H31NO2 C12H28ClN C18H31N C18H30 C18H30O3S C18H36 C14H28O2S C16H30O2 C14H28O C14H30O2 C25H34O3

2016-56-0 929-73-7 104-42-7 123-01-3 121-65-3 1795-17-1 3746-39-2 142-90-5 3234-28-4 4536-30-5 2985-59-3

245.402 221.810 261.446 246.431 326.494 252.479 260.436 254.408 212.371 230.387 382.536

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

0.855120

1.482420

i H2O

0.822320

1.455920

0.86620 0.845

1.440820

C18H30O C17H35N C12H26O4S C20H42O5

104-43-8 5917-47-5 151-41-7 5274-68-0

262.430 253.467 266.397 362.544

0.837820

1.458820

C19H30O5 C15H34ClN

1166-52-5 112-00-5

338.438 263.891

C12H22 C12H22

765-03-7 6975-99-1

166.303 166.303

2439-10-3 51-61-6

287.442 153.179

113-53-1 544-85-4

295.442 450.866

C19H21NO C27H29NO11 C27H30ClNO11

1668-19-5 23214-92-8 25316-40-9

279.376 543.519 579.980

C17H22N2O C15H22O2 C23H36O3

469-21-6 2326-89-8 521-12-0

270.369 234.335 360.530

liq cry

C22H22FN3O2

548-73-2

379.427

cry (w)

4671 Dydrogesterone 4672 Dyphylline 4673 Ecgonidine

C21H28O2 C10H14N4O4 C9H13NO2

152-62-5 479-18-5 484-93-5

312.446 254.243 167.205

4674 Ecgonine 4675 Echimidine 4676 Echinochrome A

C9H15NO3 C20H31NO7 2-Ethyl-3,5,6,7,8-pentahydroxy- C12H10O7 1,4-naphthalenedione C22H30N2O5

481-37-8 520-68-3 517-82-8

185.220 397.463 266.203

6871-44-9

402.483

cry (ace/hx) 170 161.5 cry (MeOH) 228 dec (MeOH-eth) mcl pr 205 glass red nd 220 dec (Diox-w) 206

C10H16ClNO

116-38-1

201.693

cry

C19H16O5

119-41-5

324.327

C20H60O8Si9

2652-13-3

681.455

4634 Dodecanoyl chloride 4635 1-Dodecene

4636 trans-2-Dodecenedioic acid 4637 4638 4639 4640

2-Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride Dodecyl acetate Dodecyl acrylate Dodecylamine

4641 4642 4643 4644 4645 4646 4647 4648 4649 4650 4651

Dodecylamine, acetate Dodecylamine hydrochloride 4-Dodecylaniline Dodecylbenzene 4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Dodecylcyclohexane Dodecyl mercaptoacetate Dodecyl methacrylate Dodecyloxirane 2-(Dodecyloxy)ethanol 4-Dodecyloxy-2hydroxybenzophenone 4-Dodecylphenol 1-Dodecylpiperidine Dodecyl sulfate Dodecyltetraethylene glycol monoether Dodecyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride 1-Dodecyne 6-Dodecyne

4652 4653 4654 4655 4656 4657 4658 4659

1-Dodecanamine, acetate Lauryl amine hydrochloride Laurylbenzene

1,2-Epoxytetradecane

Lauryl sulfate 3,6,9,12-Tetraoxatetracosan-1ol

Decylacetylene

4662 Dothiepin 4663 Dotriacontane

Dodecylguanidine, monoacetate C15H33N3O2 4(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2C8H11NO2 benzenediol C19H21NS Bicetyl C32H66

4664 Doxepin 4665 Doxorubicin 4666 Doxorubicin hydrochloride

Adriamycin Adriamycin hydrochloride

4660 Dodine 4661 Dopamine

4667 Doxylamine 4668 Drimenin 4669 Dromostanolone propanoate

4670 Droperidol

4677 Echitamine

2-Methyl-17-(1oxopropoxy)androstan-3-one, (2α,5α,17β) Dehydrobenzperidol

4678 Edrophonium chloride 4679 Efloxate 4680 Eicosamethylnonasiloxane

Ethyl [(4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-1benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]acetate

Physical Form

69.5 186 41.5 3 12.5 1.5 oil

21110 328 >205 331 1713 1424 950.4 1430.8

43.5 nd (bz) pa ye cry

66

1752 1615, 1150.6

s H2O 24710 96.5 246 dec

liq

-19

s ace vs H2O, ace, EtOH, chl 215 210; 10014

0.778820 0.78520

1.434020 1.444220

1720.05 467

0.812420

1.455020

vs ace, eth, EtOH

136 pr 56 pl 69.4 (bz,chl,HO Ac,eth) oily liq cry 230 oran-red nd 204 dec

133 128

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ctc; vs bz

1550.03, 2650.2 s H2O, MeOH; i ace, bz, chl, eth, peth 1390.5 1100.1

i H2O

146 (hyd)

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl, DMF

vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH sub 120

sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, con sulf; i peth vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, chl s chl

162 123.7 307.5; 19816

0.917320

1.398020

vs bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-227 O O

HO Cl

O 2-Dodecanone

Dodecanoyl chloride

1-Dodecene

O

O

trans-2-Dodecenedioic acid

O

O

O

OH O

NH2

O

O

2-Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride

Dodecyl acrylate

Dodecyl acetate

NH2 HO

Dodecylamine

OH O S O

NH2 O

Dodecylamine, acetate

NH2 HCl Dodecylamine hydrochloride

4-Dodecylaniline

Dodecylbenzene

4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid

O

O O Dodecylcyclohexane

O

O

SH

Dodecyl mercaptoacetate

Dodecyl methacrylate

Dodecyloxirane

OH O HO N

O

OH

O

2-(Dodecyloxy)ethanol

4-Dodecyloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone

4-Dodecylphenol

1-Dodecylpiperidine

O HO O

O S

O

O

O

O

O

O

OH HO

OH

Dodecyl sulfate

Cl

N

OH Dodecyltetraethylene glycol monoether

Dodecyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate

Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride

N NH2 H N

NH2

OH

NH 1-Dodecyne

6-Dodecyne

HO

O

Dodine

O

OH

O

O

OH

O

Dothiepin

OH OH

OH O

S

Dopamine

O

OH

N

OH

O

OH O O

O

OH O O

O

N

HCl

O

O HO

HO

NH2

NH2

O Dotriacontane

Doxepin

Doxorubicin

H

N

Doxorubicin hydrochloride

Doxylamine

Drimenin

O O

N

O

F

O

N N

H

H

N H

H

O

O Droperidol

Dromostanolone propanoate

Dydrogesterone

N

N

N

OH

N

N

O O

O

H

N

O

OH

O OH OH

OH

Dyphylline

Ecgonidine

Ecgonine

O HO O O O

H O N Echimidine

O O

OH O OH OH OH

HO HO

OH

N H HO

N

Cl

Echitamine

Edrophonium chloride

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

O

O OH

OH O Echinochrome A

Si

N O

O

O Efloxate

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

Eicosamethylnonasiloxane

Si

3-228

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

4681 Eicosane

Icosane

C20H42

112-95-8

282.547

lf (al)

36.6

343

0.788620

1.442520

4682 Eicosanedioic acid

C20H38O4

2424-92-2

342.514

cry (bz,al)

125.5

2332

4683 Eicosanoic acid

1,18-Octadecanedicarboxylic acid Arachidic acid

i H2O; s eth, peth, bz; sl chl; vs ace s eth

C20H40O2

506-30-9

312.531

pl (al)

76.5

dec 328; 2041 0.8240100 1.425100

4684 1-Eicosanol

Arachic alcohol

C20H42O

629-96-9

298.546

wax (al), cry 65.4 (chl)

4685 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, (all-cis) 4686 1-Eicosene 4687 cis-9-Eicosenoic acid 4688 trans-9-Eicosenoic acid 4689 11-Eicosenoic acid 4690 Elaidic acid

Arachidonic acid

C20H32O2

506-32-1

304.467

trans-9-Octadecenoic acid

C20H40 C20H38O2 C20H38O2 C20H38O2 C18H34O2

3452-07-1 29204-02-2 506-31-0 2462-94-4 112-79-8

280.532 310.515 310.515 310.515 282.462

i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s bz, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs ace; s bz, peth i H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth i H2O; s bz, peth

C13H26N2O3 C15H26O C15H24 C17H26O4

23315-05-1 639-99-6 33880-83-0 550-24-3

4691 4692 4693 4694

Elaiomycin 1,3-Elemadien-11-ol β-Elemene Embelin

Elemol

4695 Emetine

2,5-Dihydroxy-3-undecyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 6’,7’,10,11-Tetramethoxyemetan C29H40N2O4

4696 Emylcamate

3-Methyl-3-pentanol, carbamate C7H15NO2

356; 2223

0.840520

1.435020

-49.5

1631

0.908220

1.482420

341; 1512 2206

0.788230 0.888225

1.444030

pl (al)

28.5 24.5 54 24 45

26715 288100, 23415

0.882625 0.873445

1.449945

258.356 222.366 204.352 294.386

ye oil cry (al)

52.5

14212 12016, 10411

0.934518 0.874920

1.479825 1.498018 1.493520

oran pl (al)

142.5

vs bz, eth, EtOH

483-18-1

480.639

amor pow

74

78-28-4

145.200

nd

57

cry (w, dil al) 56.5

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl bz, chl sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

4697 Enallylpropymal

C11H16N2O3

1861-21-8

224.256

4698 4699 4700 4701

C9H6Cl6O3S C9H6Cl6O4S C8H10Na2O5 C12H8Cl6O

115-29-7 1031-07-8 145-73-3 72-20-8

406.925 422.925 232.142 380.909

C3H2ClF5O C10H15NO

13838-16-9 90-81-3

184.492 165.232

C10H15NO

321-98-2

C10H15NO

Endosulfan Endosulfan sulfate Endothall disodium Endrin

4702 Enflurane 4703 Ephedrine, (±)

4707 Epichlorohydrin

α-[1-(Methylamino)ethyl] benzenemethanol, (R*,S*)-(±)α-[1-(Methylamino)ethyl] benzenemethanol, [S-(R*,S*)]α-[1-(Methylamino)ethyl] benzenemethanol, [R-(R*,S*)]2-(Methylamino)-1-phenyl-1propanol, hydrochloride (Chloromethyl)oxirane

4708 Epinephrine

D-Adrenaline

4704 d-Ephedrine 4705 l-Ephedrine 4706 Ephedrine hydrochloride

4709 Epiquinidine

cry (cyhex) cry

106 181 144 dec 245

17712 1060.7

1.74520 1.43120

76.5

56.5 13512

165.232

liq nd (eth, peth) pl (w)

40

225

299-42-3

165.232

pl (w + 1)

40

225

C10H16ClNO

50-98-6

201.693

orth nd

219

C3H5ClO

13403-37-7

92.524

liq

-26

C9H13NO3

51-43-4

183.204

br (in air)

211.5

C20H24N2O2

572-59-8

324.417

1.512125 1.122020

1.302520

1.008522

vs ace, bz, xyl; s ctc, hx vs os s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl

1.020820 118; 62100

1.181220

1.435825

cry (AcOEt) lf 113 (eth) liq -150

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc sl H2O; i EtOH; s HOAc, acid vs EtOH; s eth

63.4

0.829720

1.385120

227

1.096620

1.478720

vs EtOH, ace; msc eth vs H2O

17812 1370.5 8524 5310 189; 7510

0.846

1.2240

1.110920 1.04220

1.449020 1.44825

4710 1,2-Epoxybutane

Ethyloxirane

C4H8O

106-88-7

72.106

4711 1,2-Epoxy-4(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane 4712 1,2-Epoxyhexadecane 4713 1,2-Epoxyoctadecane 4714 2,3-Epoxy-α-pinane 4715 2,3-Epoxypropyl acrylate 4716 2,3-Epoxypropyl methacrylate 4717 Equol 4718 Ergocornine

4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide

C8H12O2

106-87-6

140.180

<-55

Tetradecyloxirane Hexadecyloxirane

C16H32O C18H36O C10H16O C6H8O3 C7H10O3 C14H14O3 C31H39N5O5

7320-37-8 7390-81-0 1686-14-2 106-90-1 106-91-2 531-95-3 564-36-3

240.424 268.478 152.233 128.126 142.152 230.259 561.673

hyg cry or liq 24.1 hyg cry 26.1

cry (aq, al) cry (MeOH)

189.5 183 dec

4719 Ergocorninine

C31H39N5O5

564-37-4

561.673

lo pr (al)

228 dec

4720 Ergocristine

C35H39N5O5

511-08-0

609.716

orth (bz)

175 dec

4721 Ergocristinine

C35H39N5O5

511-07-9

609.716

pr (al)

237 dec

4722 Ergocryptine

C32H41N5O5

511-09-1

575.699

pr (al)

213 dec

4723 Ergocryptinine

C33H41N5O5

511-10-4

587.710

lo pr (al)

245 dec

Glycidyl acrylate Glycidol methacrylate

351

vs EtOH, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s os

vs bz vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, AcOEt vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl vs ace, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-229 O O

OH OH

OH

OH

O Eicosane

Eicosanedioic acid

Eicosanoic acid

1-Eicosanol

OH O O O

OH

OH 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, (all-cis)

1-Eicosene

cis-9-Eicosenoic acid

trans-9-Eicosenoic acid

OH

O O

OH

N O

OH 11-Eicosenoic acid

N

Elaidic acid

OH

O

Elaiomycin

1,3-Elemadien-11-ol

O N

O

H

O HH

OH

O

HN

HO β-Elemene

Cl Cl Cl

Embelin

Cl

H

H

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

O S O O

Cl

OH

OH

O O S O O

H

COO Na COO Na

OH

Cl

O H Cl

H

Endothall disodium

H N

l-Ephedrine

H Cl

H

O

O

Enallylpropymal

HO

O

Ephedrine hydrochloride

O

Cl

Cl

F F

F Ephedrine, (±)

HO H N

H N

F

Enflurane

OH

H N

OH

F

Endrin

H

O

N

O Cl

HCl d-Ephedrine

Emylcamate

N

Cl Cl

Endosulfan sulfate

H N

O

Emetine

H

Cl Cl

Endosulfan

NH

NH2

O

O

O

Cl

O

O

HO

Epichlorohydrin

N Epinephrine

Epiquinidine

1,2-Epoxybutane

O O

O

O

O

O

O

O

1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane

1,2-Epoxyhexadecane

O

O O OH

O

N

H

O HO

O

N

H

NH

N

N

H N

O OH

O OH

H

H

N

HN

N

HN

N

NH Ergocorninine

O

O N

O H N

O HO

H

HN

N

O

O N

O H

O OH

N

H

N

NH

Ergocryptine

N

H

O OH

NH

NH Ergocristinine

H

O HO

O

NH Ergocristine

N

Ergocornine

O O

H

O

NH

Equol

O

O O

N

N

2,3-Epoxypropyl acrylate

O

O

HN

O

2,3-Epoxypropyl methacrylate

2,3-Epoxy-α-pinane

1,2-Epoxyoctadecane

NH Ergocryptinine

3-230

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Ergometrine

C19H23N3O2 C19H23N3O2

479-00-5 60-79-7

325.405 325.405

pr (ace) pl or nd

196 dec 162 dec

4726 Ergosine

C30H37N5O5

561-94-4

547.646

228 dec

4727 Ergostane, (5α)

C28H50

511-20-6

386.697

C28H50 C28H50O

511-21-7 6538-02-9

386.697 402.696

C28H42O

516-85-8

394.632

pr (MeOH, AcOEt) lf or pl (ace, eth- MeOH) nd (ace) nd (MeOHeth) lf (al) nd (eth),pl (al) pl (+w, al) nd (eth)

No. Name 4724 Ergometrinine 4725 Ergonovine

4728 Ergostane, (5β) 4729 Ergostan-3-ol, (3β,5α)

Coproergostane Ergostanol

4730 Ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol, Dehydroergosterol (3β,22E) Ergosterol 4731 Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3β,22E)

C28H44O

57-87-4

396.648

vs eth, chl i H2O; s eth, chl

146 170

128-27-8

396.648

nd (MeOH)

94

Lumisterol

C28H44O

474-69-1

396.648

nd (aceMeOH)

118

4734 Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3 β,24R) 4735 Ergost-7-en-3-ol, (3 β,5α)

Campesterol γ-Ergostenol

C28H48O C28H48O

474-62-4 516-78-9

400.680 400.680

157.5 146

4736 Ergost-8(14)-en-3-ol, (3 β,5α)

α-Ergostenol

C28H48O

632-32-6

400.680

C33H55N5O5

113-15-5

601.821

cry (ace) nd (MeOH) cry (PrOH lf or nd (MeOH) nd (al), pr (bz) pl (ace)

C35H38N5O8 C33H35N5O5

379-79-3 639-81-6

656.706 581.662

4740 Ergothioneine

C9H15N3O2S

497-30-3

229.299

4741 Eriochrome Black T

C20H12N3NaO7S

1787-61-7

461.380

br-blk pow

552-58-9

288.252

4743 Erythorbic acid 4744 β-Erythroidine

3’,4’,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavanone, C15H12O6 (S) Isoascorbic acid C6H8O6 C16H19NO3

89-65-6 466-81-9

176.124 273.327

pl or nd (EtOH) gran cry cry (al)

168 99.5

4745 Erythromycin

Propiocine

C37H67NO13

114-07-8

733.927

cry (w)

191

C43H75NO16 C55H103NO15

1264-62-6 643-22-1

862.053 cry (ace aq) 222 1018.405 cry 92

C24H39NO5 C4H8O4 C4H8O4 C4H9O7P

36150-73-9 583-50-6 533-49-3 585-18-2

421.571 120.105 120.105 200.084

C20H8I4O5

15905-32-5

835.893

C4H8O4 C12H23N3O

533-50-6 64204-55-3

120.105 225.330

4742 Eriodictyol

4746 Erythromycin ethyl succinate 4747 Erythromycin stearate 4748 4749 4750 4751

Erythrophleine D-Erythrose L-Erythrose D-Erythrose 4-phosphate

Norcassamidine

2,3-Dihydroxy-4(phosphonooxy)butanal

4752 Erythrosine 4753 L-Erythrulose 4754 Esaprazole 4755 Esculin

4756 Eserine sulfate 4757 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (17α) 4758 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17β) 4759 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (8α,17β) 4760 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol 3benzoate, (17β) 4761 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17triol, (16α,17β) 4762 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17triol, (16β,17β)

2300.5 250

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, peth; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; vs eth, ace, chl

0.01

s eth

131

sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, chl

213 dec

192 dec orth pl 252 dec (MeOH) pl (al) nd or lf (dil 290 dec EtOH)

glass syr syr stab in aq soln only br pow (Na salt) syr

Solubility

64 144.5

C28H44O

Gynergen

nD

85

Pyrocalciferol

4738 Ergotamine tartrate (2:1) 4739 Ergotaminine

den/ g cm-3

vs chl s H2O, ace; vs EtOH; sl chl s ace, chl; sl MeOH vs ace, eth, chl

4732 Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3β,10α,22E) 4733 Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3β,9β,10α,22E)

4737 Ergotamine

bp/˚C

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, bz; s chl; vs py vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, MeOH vs EtOH, HOAc

267 dec

s H2O, py; sl ace s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2O

115

dec 112

N-Cyclohexyl-1piperazineacetamide 6-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-7hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2one Physostigmine sulfate

C15H16O9

531-75-9

340.283

pr (w+2)

C30H44N6O8S

64-47-1

648.770

α-Estradiol

C18H24O2

57-91-0

272.383

β-Estradiol

C18H24O2

50-28-2

272.383

hyg cry (ace- 141 eth) nd (+1/2 w) 221.5 (80% al) pr (80% al), 178.5

Isoestradiol

C18H24O2

517-04-4

272.383

Estradiol benzoate

C25H28O3

50-50-0

376.488

Estriol

C18H24O3

50-27-1

288.382

16-Epiestriol

C18H24O3

547-81-9

288.382

s H2; vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

dec 1900.5

205 (pentahydrate)

sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl, py, HOAc vs ace, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz vs ace, EtOH, Diox s EtOH, diox

cry (dil 181 MeOH-chl) 196 lf (al), mcl 288 dec (dil al) cry (MeOH- 290 bz)

1.2725

s EtOH; sl eth, bz, tfa; vs py

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O HO

3-231

O

N H H

N

HO

O

N HH

H

O

N

H

H

N

O

N N

N H

O OH

H

NH

NH Ergometrinine

H

H

NH

Ergonovine

H

H Ergostane, (5α)

Ergosine

Ergostane, (5β)

H

HO

HO

H Ergostan-3-ol, (3β,5α)

Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3β,22E)

H HO

HO

HO

Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3β,9β,10α,22E)

N

H

N

HN

N

H N

O OH

H

HO

Ergost-8(14)-en-3-ol, (3β,5α)

O

O O

N

HN

N

H

Ergost-7-en-3-ol, (3β,5α)

O

O O

Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3β,10α,22E)

H

Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3β,24R)

O

O O

HO

HO

Ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol, (3β,22E)

H

O

O OH

1/2

OH

N

OH

HO

N

HN

N

H

H N

O OH

OH O Ergotamine

O

Ergotamine tartrate (2:1)

Ergotaminine

HO OH N

HO

OH

HO

O

O

O

OH

HO

Eriodictyol

O

O

N

O

HO

O

O

O

N

O

OH

OH

O

O

N

O

O

HO

OH

O

OH Eriochrome Black T

O

OH

O

HO

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O O

β-Erythroidine

Erythorbic acid

SH

N H

O

OH

HO

OH O

N

O

Ergothioneine

O

O Na O S O

O N

O

NH

NH

NH

N

Erythromycin

Erythromycin ethyl succinate

O HO

OH

OH

O

N

O

HO

OH

O

H H

OH

O O

Erythromycin stearate

Erythrophleine

HN N

L-Erythrulose

OH

Esaprazole

OH

O

HO

CHO H H CH2OH

L-Erythrose

HO

I O

OH

I

D-Erythrose 4-phosphate

I Erythrosine

.H2SO4 N

O

H

N HO

2

Esculin

O

I

O O

OH N H

HO HO

CHO H OH H OH O CH2O P OH OH

OH

H N

O O

O

CHO OH OH CH2OH

D-Erythrose

HO COCH2OH HO H CH2OH

O

N H

O

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (17α)

Eserine sulfate

OH OH

OH H

OH

OH O

H

H

OH

OH

O HO

HO

HO

HO

Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17β) Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (8α,17β) Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol 3-benzoate, (17β) Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol, (16α,17β) Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol, (16β,17β)

3-232

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

4763 Estrone

C18H22O2

53-16-7

270.367

mcl, orth (al) 260.2

4764 4765 4766 4767 4768

C13H12Cl2O4 C13H14F3N3O4 C10H24N2O2 C2H6 C2H7AsO3

58-54-8 55283-68-6 74-55-5 74-84-0 507-32-4

303.138 333.263 204.310 30.069 153.997

C2H4N2O2

557-30-2

88.065

122.5 57 cry 89 col gas -182.79 nd (al), orth 99.5 nd (w) orth pl (w) 178 dec

No. Name

Synonym

Ethacrynic acid Ethalfluralin Ethambutol Ethane Ethanearsonic acid

4769 Ethanedial dioxime

107-15-3

60.098

Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride C2H10Cl2N2

333-18-6

133.019

Ethylene glycol

C2H6O2

107-21-1

62.068

liq

-12.69

C16H18O6S2

6315-52-2

370.440

cry (bz)

128

liq

18.9 -31

4770 1,2-Ethanediamine

Ethylenediamine

4771 1,2-Ethanediamine, dihydrochloride 4772 1,2-Ethanediol

C2H8N2

mp/˚C

11.14

Ethylidene diacetate Ethylene glycol diacetate

C6H10O4 C6H10O4

542-10-9 111-55-7

146.141 146.141

4776 4777 4778 4779

Ethylene glycol diacrylate Ethylene glycol dibenzoate Ethylene glycol didodecanoate Ethylene glycol diformate

C8H10O4 C16H14O4 C26H50O4 C4H6O4

2274-11-5 94-49-5 624-04-4 629-15-2

170.163 270.280 426.673 118.089

liq orth pr (eth) 73.5 pl (al) 56.6

4780 1,2-Ethanediol, dihexadecanoate

Ethylene glycol dipalmitate

C34H66O4

624-03-3

538.886

4781 1,2-Ethanediol, dimethacrylate 4782 1,2-Ethanediol, dinitrate 4783 1,2-Ethanediol, distearate

Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate Ethylene glycol dinitrate Ethylene glycol distearate

C10H14O4 C2H4N2O6 C38H74O4

97-90-5 628-96-6 627-83-8

198.216 152.062 594.993

lf or nd (alchl) liq ye liq lf

4784 1,2-Ethanediol, ditetradecanoate

Ethylene glycol ditetradecanoate C30H58O4

627-84-9

482.780

4785 1,2-Ethanediol, dithiocyanate

Ethylene glycol dithiocyanate

C4H4N2S2

629-17-4

144.218

4786 1,2-Ethanediol, monoacetate

Ethylene glycol monoacetate

C4H8O3

542-59-6

104.105

4787 1,2-Ethanediol, monobenzoate 4788 1,2-Ethanediol, monostearate 4789 1,2-Ethanediol, monosulfite

Ethylene glycol monobenzoate Ethylene glycol monostearate Ethylene glycol monosulfite

C9H10O3 C20H40O3 C2H4O3S

94-33-7 111-60-4 3741-38-6

166.173 328.530 108.116

4790 1,2-Ethanediphosphonic acid

1,2-Diphosphonoethane

C2H8O6P2

6145-31-9

190.029

4791 1,2-Ethanedisulfonic acid 4792 Ethanedithioamide

Ethylene disulfonic acid Rubeanic acid

C2H6O6S2 C2H4N2S2

110-04-3 79-40-3

190.195 120.196

red cry

173 170 dec

4793 1,2-Ethanedithiol

Ethylene dimercaptan

C2H6S2

540-63-6

94.199

liq

-41.2

C6H10O4S2 C2H6O3S C2H5ClO2S C2H6S

123-81-9 594-45-6 594-44-5 75-08-1

210.271 110.132 128.578 62.134

hyg pa ye liq

-17

C2H6N2

143-37-3

58.082

4794 4795 4796 4797

1,2-Ethanediyl mercaptoacetate Ethanesulfonic acid Ethanesulfonyl chloride Ethanethiol

Ethylsulfonic acid Ethyl mercaptan

4798 Ethanimidamide 4799 Ethanimidamide monohydrochloride

Acetamidine hydrochloride

C2H7ClN2

124-42-5

94.543

4800 Ethanol

Ethyl alcohol

C2H6O

64-17-5

46.068

4801 Ethanolamine

Glycinol

C2H7NO

141-43-5

61.083

4802 Ethanolamine hydrochloride

2-Aminoethanol hydrochloride

C2H8ClNO

2002-24-6

97.544

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.23625

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, diox

dec 256 -88.6 21012

sl H2O; s bz, chl i H2O; vs bz vs H2O, EtOH

0.5446-89

sub 117

0.8979

20

1.4565

20

1.633

4773 1,2-Ethanediol, bis(4methylbenzenesulfonate) 4774 1,1-Ethanediol, diacetate 4775 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate

1,2-Ethanediol, diacrylate 1,2-Ethanediol, dibenzoate 1,2-Ethanediol, didodecanoate 1,2-Ethanediol, diformate

bp/˚C

197.3

1.113520

1.431820

msc H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth, chl; sl bz

169 190

1.07025 1.104320

1.398525 1.415920

vs eth, EtOH vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2

550.6 dec 360 18820 174

1.093526

1.1930

260 198.5 24120

1.05320 1.491820 0.858178

cry (eth, ace) 65

20820

0.860080

orth pl or nd 90 (w)

dec

1.42000

188

1.10815

15010 1903 173

1.110130 0.878060 1.440220

cry (peth) liq

nd (EtOH/ eth)

45 60.5 -11

1.3580

0.859478

72 -40 -22.3 79

1.453225

1.431060 1.446320

i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace vs bz, EtOH, lig vs eth, EtOH i H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace i H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz, ctc sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth; vs ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth vs EtOH sl EtOH; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, AcOEt; sl chl

223

-147.88

nd or pr (al) 177.5 hyg lo pr (al) liq -114.14

10.5

85

vs diox sl H2O, EtOH; s con sulf i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs alk

146.1

1.23420

1.559020

1381.5 1231 174 35.0

1.334125 1.35722 0.831525

1.433520 1.453120 1.431020

vs H2O, EtOH vs eth; s CS2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, dil alk sl H2O; s EtOH, acid vs H2O, EtOH

78.29

0.789320

1.361120

171

1.018020

1.454120

msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, chl; s bz msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, lig, bz; s chl

-35

hyg cry (EtOH)

vs H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; msc EtOH; i eth, bz; s ctc vs H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-233

O

O

O O

H O Estrone

HO

N

OH F F

Cl HO

O

N

Cl

N O

F

Ethacrynic acid

H N

N H

O

H

Ethambutol

O O

S HO

Ethanearsonic acid

N

N

OH

NH2

H2N

Ethanedial dioxime

NH2 2HCl

H2N

1,2-Ethanediamine

1,2-Ethanediamine, dihydrochloride

O

S O

O

OH

HO

1,2-Ethanediol

H

Ethane

O

OH As O OH

H

H

OH

Ethalfluralin

H

H

1,2-Ethanediol, bis(4-methylbenzenesulfonate)

O O O O

O O

O

O O

O

O

O

O O

1,1-Ethanediol, diacetate

O

O

O

O

1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate

O

1,2-Ethanediol, diacrylate

O

1,2-Ethanediol, dibenzoate

1,2-Ethanediol, didodecanoate

O O O O O

O

O

O

O 1,2-Ethanediol, dihexadecanoate

O

O

O

1,2-Ethanediol, dimethacrylate

N O

O

1,2-Ethanediol, dinitrate

O

O

O

O

O O

O 1,2-Ethanediol, distearate

N

1,2-Ethanediol, monoacetate

O S OH O

1,2-Ethanedisulfonic acid

O

1,2-Ethanediol, monobenzoate

Ethanethiol

OH

O

1,2-Ethanediol, monostearate

N

S O

O P OH OH

O HO P OH

O

1,2-Ethanediol, monosulfite

1,2-Ethanediphosphonic acid

O S

S

H2N

NH2

Ethanedithioamide

HS HS

NH Ethanimidamide

O

O

O

O

SH

S

O

SH

1,2-Ethanedithiol

O

1,2-Ethanediyl mercaptoacetate

S

OH

Ethanesulfonic acid

O

HN

HCl

Ethanimidamide monohydrochloride

OH Ethanol

H2N

OH

Ethanolamine

H2N

Cl

Ethanesulfonyl chloride

NH2

NH2 SH

S

1,2-Ethanediol, dithiocyanate

O OH

O

OH

S

1,2-Ethanediol, ditetradecanoate

O O

O HO S O

O

O N

O

O

1,2-Ethanediol, diformate

O

O

OH HCl

Ethanolamine hydrochloride

3-234

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

4803 Ethanolamine O-sulfate 4804 Ethaverine

2-Aminoethyl sulfate 1-[(3,4-Diethoxyphenyl)methyl]6,7-diethoxyisoquinoline 1-Chloro-3-ethyl-1-penten-4yn-ol Phosphonic acid, (2chloroethyl)19-Norpregna-1,3,5(10)-trien20-yne-3,17-diol, (17 α)-

C2H7NO4S C24H29NO4

926-39-6 486-47-5

141.147 395.492

C7H9ClO

113-18-8

144.598

C2H6ClO3P

16672-87-0

144.494

C20H24O2

57-63-6

296.404

563-12-2 535-32-0 13073-35-3 23947-60-6

384.476 163.238 163.238 209.288

434-03-7 116-01-8 26225-79-6 77-15-6

312.446 243.284 286.344 261.360

13194-48-4

242.340

86-35-1

204.225

4805 Ethchlorvynol 4806 Ethephon 4807 Ethinylestradiol 4808 4809 4810 4811

Ethion D-Ethionine L-Ethionine Ethirimol

4812 4813 4814 4815

Ethisterone Ethoate-methyl Ethofumesate Ethoheptazine

4816 Ethoprop 4817 Ethotoin

C9H22O4P2S4 3-Ethylhomocysteine, ( R) C6H13NO2S 3-Ethylhomocysteine, ( S) C6H13NO2S 4(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 5-butyl-2- C11H19N3O (ethylamino)-6-methylC21H28O2 C6H14NO3PS2 C13H18O5S 4-Carbethoxymethyl-4C16H23NO2 phenylazacycloheptane Phosphorodithioic acid, O-ethyl C8H19O2PS2 S,S-dipropyl ester C11H12N2O2

4818 Ethoxyacetic acid

C4H8O3

627-03-2

104.105

4819 4820 4821 4822

Ethacridine o-Phenetidine

C10H12O2 C4H6O C15H15N3O C8H11NO

1676-63-7 927-80-0 442-16-0 94-70-2

164.201 70.090 253.299 137.179

m-Phenetidine p-Phenetidine

C8H11NO C8H11NO

621-33-0 156-43-4

C9H10O2

4’-Ethoxyacetophenone Ethoxyacetylene 7-Ethoxy-3,9-acridinediamine 2-Ethoxyaniline

4823 3-Ethoxyaniline 4824 4-Ethoxyaniline 4825 2-Ethoxybenzaldehyde

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.47425

s H2O; i EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, chl i H2O; s os

230 dec 100 181; 300.1

liq 74

1.0725 1.2

sl chl

cry (H2O) cry (H2O)

cry (tol/hp)

-13 278 dec 273 dec 160

1.2220

1.2125

272 67 71

liq

pr (w)

1650.3

1341

1.14 1.03826

880.2

1.09420

1.521026

94 206.5

1.102120

1.419420

268 50

0.800020

1.379620

pl (eth)

39

ye nd

226 <-21

232.5

137.179 137.179

1.2

248 254

613-69-4

150.174

21

248

1.556020

1.065216

1.552820

4826 4-Ethoxybenzaldehyde 4827 2-Ethoxybenzamide

C9H10O2 C9H11NO2

10031-82-0 938-73-8

150.174 165.189

1.0821

nd (w, al)

13.5 133

249

Ethenzamide

4828 Ethoxybenzene

Phenetole

C8H10O

103-73-1

122.164

liq

-29.43

169.81

0.965120

4829 4-Ethoxy-1,2-benzenediamine

C8H12N2O

1197-37-1

152.193

71.5

295

4830 2-Ethoxybenzoic acid

C9H10O3

134-11-2

166.173

20.7

21139

4831 4-Ethoxybenzoic acid

C9H10O3

619-86-3

166.173

C9H10N2O3S2

452-35-7

258.316

C12H19NO

1864-92-2

193.285

286; 970.6

C7H12O2 C14H19NO

103-75-3 91-53-2

128.169 217.307

132; 4216 1242

0.965825 1.02625

1.439420 1.56925

C4H12OSi C16H16O2

14857-34-2 574-09-4

104.223 240.297

54 19420

0.7620 1.101617

1.572717

C4H11NO

110-76-9

89.136

107

0.851220

1.410120

4839 2-Ethoxyethanol

Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether C4H10O2

110-80-5

90.121

135

0.925325

1.405425

4840 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethyl 2propenoate 4841 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate

7328-17-8

188.221

111-15-9

132.157

liq

-61.7

156.4

0.974020

1.405420

106-74-1

144.168

liq

-47

174

0.98320

1.427420

4843 3-Ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 4844 3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

Diethylene glycol ethyl ether C9H16O4 acrylate Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether C6H12O3 acetate Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether C7H12O3 acrylate C9H10O3 Ethyl vanillin C9H10O3

492-88-6 121-32-4

166.173 166.173

65.3 77.5

264 285

4845 4-Ethoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

C10H12O3

120-25-2

180.200

mcl pr

64.5

16813

4846 1-Ethoxy-2-methoxyethane

C5H12O2

5137-45-1

104.148

liq

4832 6-Ethoxy-2benzothiazolesulfonamide 4833 3-Ethoxy-N,N-diethylaniline 4834 2-Ethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran 4835 6-Ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4trimethylquinoline 4836 Ethoxydimethylsilane 4837 2-Ethoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone 4838 2-Ethoxyethanamine

4842 2-Ethoxyethyl acrylate

Ethoxzolamide

Ethoxyquin Dimethylethoxysilane

nd (w)

1.507620

198.5

s hot H2O; vs EtOH, bz, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl vs eth, EtOH

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl msc EtOH, eth; sl chl vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, EtOH, ctc sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth, bz

189

liq nd (lig)

liq

62

-70

1.532525

s EtOH, bz, HOAc

vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

1.1325

103.5

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc 0.846025

1.384325

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-235

O OH OH O S O O

H2N

N

O

O

Cl

O

Ethanolamine O-sulfate

Ethaverine

H

O HO P OH Cl

HO Ethchlorvynol

HO

Ethephon

Ethinylestradiol

OH

O S O P S O

O

S P O S O

O

S

S

OH NH2

Ethion

N H

NH2

D-Ethionine

H

N OH

L-Ethionine

H

N H

H

O

Ethirimol

Ethisterone

O

S

N H

S

O

O

O

O O P S

O

O O

N

O

Ethoate-methyl

Ethofumesate

Ethoheptazine

OH

NH2

4’-Ethoxyacetophenone

N

Ethoxyacetylene

NH2

O

7-Ethoxy-3,9-acridinediamine

2-Ethoxyaniline

O

NH2

O

NH2

NH2

O

O

2-Ethoxybenzaldehyde

O

OH O

O O

O

4-Ethoxyaniline

3-Ethoxyaniline

NH2

O

O

NH2

NH2 O

O

O

Ethoxyacetic acid

O

Ethotoin

O

O

O

N H

Ethoprop

O O

N

O S P S O

O

4-Ethoxybenzaldehyde

2-Ethoxybenzamide

Ethoxybenzene

4-Ethoxy-1,2-benzenediamine

2-Ethoxybenzoic acid

OH N N O

S

O

4-Ethoxybenzoic acid

O S NH2 O

6-Ethoxy-2-benzothiazolesulfonamide

O

O

O

3-Ethoxy-N,N-diethylaniline

N H

O

2-Ethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran

6-Ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline

O

O

O O Si H

O

Ethoxydimethylsilane

O

2-Ethoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone

NH2

2-Ethoxyethanamine

OH

O

2-Ethoxyethanol

O

O

O

O

O

2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethyl 2-propenoate

2-Ethoxyethyl acetate

O

O O OH

O O

O

2-Ethoxyethyl acrylate

O

O O 3-Ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

OH 3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

O 4-Ethoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

O

O

1-Ethoxy-2-methoxyethane

3-236

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

4847 1-Ethoxy-3-methylbenzene

C9H12O

621-32-9

nD

Solubility

136.190

192

0.94920

1.51320

622-60-6

136.190

188.5

0.950918

1.505818

C7H16O C6H6N2O

919-94-8 123-06-8

116.201 122.124

101.4 16012

0.760625

1.388625

C5H10O2

4016-11-9

102.132

128

0.970020

1.432020

4852 1-Ethoxynaphthalene

C12H12O

5328-01-8

172.222

nd

5.5

280.5

1.06020

1.595325

4853 2-Ethoxynaphthalene

C12H12O

93-18-5

172.222

pl (al)

37.5

282

1.064020

1.597536

C8H10N2O3 C8H9NO3 C8H9NO3

136-79-8 610-67-3 100-29-8

182.176 167.162 167.162

ye nd (dil al) 96.5 br ye 1.1 pr (dil al, 60 eth)

20514 267 283

1.190315 1.542520 1.1176100

C10H12N2O4

1777-84-0

224.213

nd (dil al)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, tol, lig, CS2 vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth; msc ace, bz; s peth vs ace, bz, EtOH

4848 1-Ethoxy-4-methylbenzene

C9H12O

4849 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane Ethyl tert-pentyl ether 4850 (Ethoxymethylene)propanedinitrile 4851 (Ethoxymethyl)oxirane

217

1.090325

246; 13110

1.10515

No. Name

4854 2-Ethoxy-5-nitroaniline 4855 1-Ethoxy-2-nitrobenzene 4856 1-Ethoxy-4-nitrobenzene

Synonym

2,3-Epoxypropyl ethyl ether

5-Nitro-o-phenetidine

Physical Form

mp/˚C

66

4857 N-(4-Ethoxy-3nitrophenyl)acetamide 4858 2-Ethoxyphenol

Catechol monoethyl ether

C8H10O2

94-71-3

138.164

4859 3-Ethoxyphenol

Resorcinol monoethyl ether

C8H10O2

621-34-1

138.164

4860 4-Ethoxyphenol

Hydroquinone monoethyl ether

C8H10O2

622-62-8

138.164

pr or lf (w)

66.5

246.5

C10H13NO2

581-08-8

179.216

lf(dil al)

79

>240

mcl pr

137.5

4861 N-(2-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide

29

4862 N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide

Phenacetin

C10H13NO2

62-44-2

179.216

4863 N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-2hydroxypropanamide

p-Lactophenetide

C11H15NO3

539-08-2

209.242

4864 (4-Ethoxyphenyl)urea

Dulcin

C9H12N2O2

150-69-6

180.203

C5H10O2 C5H9NO C11H11NO4S C5H14OSi

2806-85-1 2141-62-0 15301-40-3 1825-62-3

102.132 99.131 253.275 118.250

4869 Ethoxytriphenylsilane 4870 N-Ethylacetamide

C20H20OSi C4H9NO

1516-80-9 625-50-3

304.458 87.120

4871 Ethyl acetate

C4H8O2

141-78-6

88.106

liq

4872 Ethyl acetoacetate

C6H10O3

141-97-9

130.141

liq

4873 4’-Ethylacetophenone 4874 Ethyl 2-acetylhexanoate 4875 Ethyl 2-acetyl-3-methylbutanoate

C10H12O C10H18O3 C9H16O3

937-30-4 1540-29-0 1522-46-9

4865 4866 4867 4868

3-Ethoxypropanal 3-Ethoxypropanenitrile 8-Ethoxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid Actinoquinol Ethoxytrimethylsilane

124.0

1.571

118

lf (dil al), pl 173.5 (w)

dec 135.2 171

0.916520 0.928515

1.406820

76

0.757320

1.374120

344 205; 10418

0.9424

1.433820

-83.8

77.11

0.900320

1.372320

-45

180.8

1.036810

1.417120

148.201 186.248 172.221

11411 221.5 201; 9720

0.952320 0.964818

1.430120 1.425618

224; 9015 208

0.966120 0.989820

1.425520 1.438818

br nd (w)

286 dec

65

4876 Ethyl 2-acetylpentanoate 4877 Ethyl 2-acetyl-4-pentenoate

Ethyl 2-allylacetoacetate

C9H16O3 C9H14O3

1540-28-9 610-89-9

172.221 170.205

4878 Ethyl acrylate

Ethyl propenoate

C5H8O2

140-88-5

100.117

liq

-71.2

99.4

0.923420

1.406820

4879 Ethylamine

Ethanamine

C2H7N

75-04-7

45.084

vol liq or gas -80.5

16.5

1.366320

4880 Ethylamine hydrochloride 4881 Ethyl 2-aminoacetate

Ethanamine hydrochloride Glycine, ethyl ester

C2H8ClN C4H9NO2

557-66-4 459-73-4

81.545 103.120

mcl pl (al)

149; 5818

0.67725 (p>1 atm) 1.216020 1.027510

1.424210

C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2

87-25-2 582-33-2

165.189 165.189

268 294; 1605

1.117420 1.17120

1.564620 1.560022

C9H11NO2

94-09-7

165.189

C4H8N2O3

626-36-8

132.118

4882 Ethyl 2-aminobenzoate 4883 Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate 4884 Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate 4885 Ethyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate

Ethyl aminobenzoate

109.5

13

nd (w), orth 92 (eth) nd (w, bz) 196.5

310 dec

sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace; vs py s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, peth sl H2O; s EtOH; vs AcOEt vs eth, EtOH s alk i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace s chl msc H2O, EtOH; s chl, HOAc s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl vs ace, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH msc EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, DMSO; msc EtOH, eth; s chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs lig vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, acid i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, bz, tfa

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-237

O

O

O O

O N

O 1-Ethoxy-3-methylbenzene

1-Ethoxy-4-methylbenzene

2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane

O

N

(Ethoxymethylene)propanedinitrile

(Ethoxymethyl)oxirane

1-Ethoxynaphthalene

NH2 O O

O

2-Ethoxynaphthalene

O

N O

N O

2-Ethoxy-5-nitroaniline

H N

O O

O

1-Ethoxy-2-nitrobenzene

O

O

N O

O

1-Ethoxy-4-nitrobenzene

O O

OH OH

OH

O

HN

OH

HN

O O

O

O 2-Ethoxyphenol

3-Ethoxyphenol

4-Ethoxyphenol

N-(2-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide

O

O

N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide

N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanamide

OH O S O

NH2

O

O

O (4-Ethoxyphenyl)urea

N

3-Ethoxypropanal

O Si O Si

N

O 3-Ethoxypropanenitrile

O 8-Ethoxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid

Ethoxytrimethylsilane

O O O

O

N H

O

N-Ethylacetamide

Ethyl acetate

O O

O

O

O O

O

O O

Ethyl acetoacetate

4’-Ethylacetophenone

Ethyl 2-acetylhexanoate

Ethyl 2-acetyl-3-methylbutanoate

O O

O

O

Ethyl 2-acetyl-4-pentenoate

Ethyl acrylate

H2N

NH2 HCl

NH2

O Ethyl 2-acetylpentanoate

Ethoxytriphenylsilane

O

O

O

O

HN

O

HN

N

N-(4-Ethoxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide

Ethylamine

Ethylamine hydrochloride

O

Ethyl 2-aminoacetate

O O

O

O

O

O NH2 Ethyl 2-aminobenzoate

O

O NH2 Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate

H2N Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate

H2N

N H

O

Ethyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate

3-238

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

4886 2-(Ethylamino)ethanol

C4H11NO

110-73-6

89.136

4887 2-Ethylaniline

C8H11N

578-54-1

121.180

liq

4888 3-Ethylaniline 4889 4-Ethylaniline

C8H11N C8H11N

587-02-0 589-16-2

121.180 121.180

4890 N-Ethylaniline

C8H11N

103-69-5

121.180

4891 4892 4893 4894

Phenylethane

C16H12O2 C9H10O C9H11NO C8H10

84-51-5 4748-78-1 614-17-5 100-41-4

236.265 134.174 149.189 106.165

nd (w) liq

70.5 -94.96

α-Phenylbutyramide

C10H13NO

90-26-6

163.216

cry

86

18516

4896 α-Ethylbenzeneacetic acid 4897 α-Ethylbenzeneacetonitrile

C10H12O2 C10H11N

90-27-7 769-68-6

164.201 145.201

pl (eth)

47.5

271 241

4898 4-Ethyl-1,3-benzenediol

C8H10O2

2896-60-8

138.164

pr (chl, bz)

C9H12O

93-54-9

136.190

219

0.991525

1.516923

4900 Ethyl benzenesulfonate

C8H10O3S

515-46-8

186.228

15615

1.216720

1.508120

4901 4-Ethylbenzenesulfonic acid 4902 2-Ethyl-1H-benzimidazole 4903 Ethyl benzoate

C8H10O3S C9H10N2 C9H10O2

98-69-1 1848-84-6 93-89-0

186.228 146.188 150.174

4904 Ethyl 1,3-benzodioxole-5carboxylate 4905 Ethyl benzoylacetate

C10H10O4

6951-08-2

194.184

C11H12O3

94-02-0

192.211

4906 Ethyl N-benzylglycinate 4907 Ethyl 2-benzylideneacetoacetate

C11H15NO2 C13H14O3

6436-90-4 620-80-4

193.243 218.248

4908 Ethyl bromoacetate

C4H7BrO2

105-36-2

167.002

4909 Ethyl 4-bromoacetoacetate 4910 Ethyl 4-bromobenzoate

C6H9BrO3 C9H9BrO2

13176-46-0 5798-75-4

209.037 229.070

4911 Ethyl 2-bromobutanoate

C6H11BrO2

533-68-6

4912 4913 4914 4915 4916

No. Name

2-Ethyl-9,10-anthracenedione 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde N-Ethylbenzamide Ethylbenzene

4895 α-Ethylbenzeneacetamide

4899 α-Ethylbenzenemethanol

Synonym

α-Ethylbenzyl alcohol

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

169.5

0.91420

1.44420

-43

209.5

0.98322

1.558422

liq liq

-64 -2.4

214; 946 217.5

0.989625 0.967920

1.555420

liq

-63.5

203.0

0.962520

1.555920

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; s ctc

221

0.979020

136.16

0.862625

mp/˚C

108.8

98.5

1.495920

0.97714

16024, 13115

1.23 liq

176.5 -34

212

pr

orth pl (dil al)

1.041525

1.500720

18.5

285.5; 1356

<0

dec 267; 16720 1.120215

1.531715

17750 296; 18017

1.504120

60.5

168.5

1.503220

1.448920

11514, 11010 263; 12515

1.527818 1.433217

1.528120 1.543817

195.054

177; 435

1.327320

1.447520

192; 8210 10014 12621 186 163

1.354020 1.40216 1.23823 1.276020 1.326320

1.455920 1.492520 1.456621 1.449620 1.444620

1.22618

1.449620

liq

-18

Ethyl 4-bromobutanoate Ethyl trans-4-bromo-2-butenoate Ethyl 6-bromohexanoate Ethyl 6-bromocaproate Ethyl 2-bromo-3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2-bromo-2methylpropanoate 4917 Ethyl 3-bromo-2-oxopropanoate Ethyl 3-bromopyruvate 4918 Ethyl 2-bromopentanoate

C6H11BrO2 C6H9BrO2 C8H15BrO2 C7H13BrO2 C6H11BrO2

2969-81-5 37746-78-4 25542-62-5 609-12-1 600-00-0

195.054 193.038 223.108 209.081 195.054

C5H7BrO3 C7H13BrO2

70-23-5 615-83-8

195.012 209.081

879 191

4919 Ethyl 5-bromopentanoate 4920 Ethyl 2-bromopropanoate

C7H13BrO2 C5H9BrO2

14660-52-7 535-11-5

209.081 181.028

12935, 10720 1.308520 dec 160; 7126 1.413520

1.454320 1.449020

C5H9BrO2

539-74-2

181.028

179; 6515

1.412318

1.451620

C6H12O

97-96-1

100.158

118160

0.811020

1.402520

C6H12O2

105-54-4

116.158

liq

-98

121.3

0.873525

1.389825

C6H12O2

88-09-5

116.158

liq

-31.8

194

0.923920

1.413220

4925 2-Ethylbutanoic acid, triethyleneglycol diester 4926 2-Ethyl-1-butanol

C18H34O6

95-08-9

346.459

C6H14O

97-95-0

102.174

147

0.832620

1.422020

4927 2-Ethylbutanoyl chloride

C6H11ClO

2736-40-5

134.603

140

0.982520

1.423420

Ethyl α-bromopropionate

4921 Ethyl 3-bromopropanoate 4922 2-Ethylbutanal

Diethylacetaldehyde

4923 Ethyl butanoate 4924 2-Ethylbutanoic acid

Diethylacetic acid

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, ctc; sl ace s eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl

cry (peth)

33

sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH, peth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth

1813.5 <-15

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-239 NH2

NH2 H N

O

NH2

HN

OH

O

2-(Ethylamino)ethanol

2-Ethylaniline

3-Ethylaniline

4-Ethylaniline

N-Ethylaniline

2-Ethyl-9,10-anthracenedione

O O

4-Ethylbenzaldehyde

OH

NH2

N H

α-Ethylbenzeneacetamide

Ethylbenzene

OH

α-Ethylbenzeneacetic acid

α-Ethylbenzeneacetonitrile

OH O S O

O O S O OH

N

O

O

N-Ethylbenzamide

N

OH

N H

α-Ethylbenzenemethanol

4-Ethyl-1,3-benzenediol

Ethyl benzenesulfonate

O

O

O

2-Ethyl-1H-benzimidazole

O

O

O

O

4-Ethylbenzenesulfonic acid

O

O Ethyl benzoate

Ethyl 1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylate

O

N H

Ethyl benzoylacetate

O

Ethyl N-benzylglycinate

O

O O

O

O Br

O Ethyl 2-benzylideneacetoacetate

O

Br

O

Ethyl bromoacetate

O O

O

O Br

Br

Ethyl 4-bromoacetoacetate

Ethyl 4-bromobenzoate

Ethyl 2-bromobutanoate

O O Br

O Br

O Ethyl 4-bromobutanoate

Br

O

Ethyl trans-4-bromo-2-butenoate

Br

O

Br Ethyl 2-bromo-3-methylbutanoate

O

O O

O

O

O

Ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate

O O

Ethyl 6-bromohexanoate

O

O Br

O

Br

Br

Ethyl 3-bromo-2-oxopropanoate

Ethyl 2-bromopentanoate

O O

Br

Ethyl 5-bromopentanoate

Ethyl 2-bromopropanoate

O O Br

O O

O

OH O

Ethyl 3-bromopropanoate

2-Ethylbutanal

Ethyl butanoate

O

2-Ethylbutanoic acid

O O

O

O

O

OH

Cl

O 2-Ethylbutanoic acid, triethyleneglycol diester

2-Ethyl-1-butanol

2-Ethylbutanoyl chloride

3-240

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

4928 2-Ethyl-1-butene

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C6H12

760-21-4

84.159

liq

-131.5

64.7

0.689420

1.396920

i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

4929 Ethyl cis-2-butenoate

Ethyl isocrotonate

C6H10O2

6776-19-8

114.142

136

0.918220

1.424220

4930 Ethyl trans-2-butenoate

Ethyl crotonate

C6H10O2

623-70-1

114.142

138

0.917520

1.424320

C6H10O2 C8H16O2

1617-18-1 10031-87-5

114.142 144.212

119 162.5

0.912220 0.879020

1.410520 1.410920

C9H16O2 C6H15N C7H15NO2 C6H8O2 C3H7NO2

3953-10-4 617-79-8 591-62-8 4341-76-8 51-79-6

156.222 101.190 145.200 112.127 89.094

0.943426 0.964120 0.986221

1.427826 1.437220 1.414451

C14H14N2 C14H13N

132-32-1 86-28-2

210.274 195.260

1.05980

1.639480

4931 Ethyl 3-butenoate 4932 2-Ethylbutyl acetate 4933 4934 4935 4936 4937

2-Ethylbutyl acrylate 2-Ethylbutylamine Ethyl N-butylcarbamate Ethyl 2-butynoate Ethyl carbamate

2-Ethyl-1-butanamine

Urethane

4938 9-Ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine 4939 9-Ethyl-9H-carbazole 4940 Ethyl chloroacetate

C4H7ClO2

105-39-5

122.551

4941 Ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate 4942 Ethyl 4-chlorobenzoate 4943 Ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate

C6H9ClO3 C9H9ClO2 C6H11ClO2

638-07-3 7335-27-5 3153-36-4

164.586 184.619 150.603

4944 4945 4946 4947

C4H6ClFO2 C3H5ClO2 C4H5ClO3 C5H9ClO2

401-56-9 541-41-3 4755-77-5 535-13-7

140.541 108.524 136.534 136.577

4948 Ethyl 3-chloropropanoate

C5H9ClO2

623-71-2

4949 4950 4951 4952

C2H5ClO2S C2H5ClO3S C3H5ClOS C11H12O2

<-100

8020

liq liq liq

125 -22

pr (bz, to)

49

202; 10015 163 185

nd (al)

99 68

19010 144.3

-8

dec 220; 11514 1.21825 237.5 1.187314 184 1.075620

1.452020

129 95 137 147

1.22520 1.135220 1.222620 1.079320

1.392720 1.397420

136.577

162

1.108620

1.425420

6378-11-6 625-01-4 2941-64-2 4192-77-2

128.578 144.577 124.589 176.212

10

52.544, 3216 152.5; 93100 136 271.5

1.283720 1.350225 1.19520 1.049120

1.455025 1.41620 1.482020 1.559820

C3H5NO C5H7NO2

627-48-5 105-56-6

71.078 113.116

-22.5

dec 162; 3012 0.8920 205 1.065420

1.378825 1.417520

C6H7NO2 C18H15NO2

7085-85-0 5232-99-5

125.126 277.318

110.5

553 1953

C8H11NO3 C4H5NO2

94-05-3 623-49-4

169.178 99.089

C11H11NO2

4553-07-5

189.211

C12H11NO2

2025-40-3

201.221

C6H12

4806-61-5

4962 Ethylcyclohexane

C8H16

4963 Ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate 4964 4965 4966 4967

Ethyl chlorosulfinate Ethyl chlorosulfonate S-Ethyl chlorothioformate Ethyl trans-cinnamate

Ethyl oxalyl chloride Ethyl α-chloropropionate

Ethyl trans-3-phenyl-2propenoate

4953 Ethyl cyanate 4954 Ethyl cyanoacetate 4955 Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate 4956 Ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2propenoate 4957 Ethyl 2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylate 4958 Ethyl cyanoformate

Ethyl 2-cyano-2-propenoate Etocrilene

4959 Ethyl 2-cyano-2-phenylacetate 4960 Ethyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2propenoate 4961 Ethylcyclobutane

Ethyl 2-benzylidene-2cyanoacetate

1-Ethylcyclohexene Ethyl 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate Ethyl cyclohexylacetate Ethylcyclopentane

4968 Ethyl 2-cyclopentanone-1carboxylate 4969 1-Ethylcyclopentene 4970 Ethylcyclopropane 4971 Ethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate 4972 Ethyl decanoate

Ethyl caprate

liq hyg

-80.6

liq

liq liq

52

190.5 115.5

1.1585

1.4215

20

-21

Ethyl chlorofluoroacetate Ethyl chloroformate Ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate

liq

20

1.431120

1.417820

1.00325

1.382020

oil

dec 275; 16520 1.09120

1.501225

18815

1.107625

1.5033

84.159

(i) nd (al) (ii) 51 oil liq -142.9

70.8

0.728420

1.402020

1678-91-7

112.213

liq

131.9

0.788020

1.433020

C9H16O2

3289-28-9

156.222

196

0.936220

1.450115

C8H14 C9H14O2 C10H18O2 C7H14

1453-24-3 15111-56-5 5452-75-5 1640-89-7

110.197 154.206 170.249 98.186

137 194.5 211 103.5

0.817625 0.968820 0.953714 0.766520

1.456720 1.457820 1.45114 1.419820

C8H12O3

611-10-9

156.179

221; 11016

1.078121

1.451920

C7H12 C5H10 C6H10O2 C12H24O2

2146-38-5 1191-96-4 4606-07-9 110-38-3

96.170 70.133 114.142 200.318

106.3 35.9 134 241.5

0.793625 0.679025 0.960815 0.865020

1.441220 1.378620 1.419020 1.425620

-111.3

liq

-109.9

liq

-138.4

liq liq

-118.5 -149.2

liq

-20

vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, py; sl lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz vs EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth vs eth, chl, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, ctc vs eth, EtOH s H2O; vs eth, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs lig; msc ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, tol s eth, bz

i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-241 O

O

O

O

O 2-Ethyl-1-butene

O

Ethyl cis-2-butenoate

O O

Ethyl trans-2-butenoate

O

Ethyl 3-butenoate

O

O

NH2

2-Ethylbutyl acrylate

N H

2-Ethylbutylamine

2-Ethylbutyl acetate

O

O

O

O

Ethyl N-butylcarbamate

H2N

Ethyl 2-butynoate

O

Ethyl carbamate

NH2

O

N

O

N

9-Ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine

Cl

9-Ethyl-9H-carbazole

O

O

Cl

O

Ethyl chloroacetate

O

Cl

Cl O

O Cl

F Ethyl chlorofluoroacetate

O

O

O

Ethyl chlorosulfinate

N

N Ethyl cyanate

Ethyl cyanoacetate

N

Cl

Ethyl trans-cinnamate

O

O

N O

O

O O

Ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2-propenoate

Ethyl 2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylate

O

N O

O

O S

S-Ethyl chlorothioformate

Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate

O

Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate

O

O

O

O

O Cl

O

Ethyl chlorosulfonate

N

O

Ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate

N O

O

O

Cl O S O O

Cl

Ethyl 3-chloropropanoate

Cl

Ethyl chloroformate

O S O

Ethyl 4-chlorobenzoate

O O

Ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate

Cl

Cl

Ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate

O O

O

O

O

N

Ethyl cyanoformate

Ethyl 2-cyano-2-phenylacetate

O

Ethyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoate

Ethylcyclobutane

Ethylcyclohexane

O O

O

O O

Ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate

HO

1-Ethylcyclohexene

Ethyl 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate

O

Ethyl cyclohexylacetate

O

Ethylcyclopentane

O O

O

O Ethyl 2-cyclopentanone-1-carboxylate

1-Ethylcyclopentene

Ethylcyclopropane

Ethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate

Ethyl decanoate

3-242

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

4973 Ethyl diazoacetate

Diazoacetic ester

C4H6N2O2

623-73-4

114.103

ye orth cry

-22

dec 140

1.085218

1.460520

4974 Ethyl dibromoacetate

C4H6Br2O2

617-33-4

245.898

194

1.899120

1.501713

4975 Ethyl 2,3-dibromobutanoate

C6H10Br2O2

609-11-0

273.950

11330

1.680020

4976 Ethyl 2,4-dibromobutanoate

C6H10Br2O2

36847-51-5

273.950

14952

1.698720

1.496020

C5H8Br2O2 C20H28O3S

3674-13-3 5560-69-0

259.925 348.499

214.5

1.796620

1.500720

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, lig i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s chl

C4H6Cl2O2

535-15-9

156.996

155; 5610

1.282720

1.438620

C2H5AsCl2

598-14-1

174.889

155.3; 7450

1.6620

C3H5Cl2NO2 C5H8Cl2O2 C8H16O4 C11H20O4

13698-16-3 6628-21-3 6065-82-3 77-25-8

157.984 171.022 176.211 216.275

6618, 5515 183.5 199 230

1.30430 1.240120 0.98525 0.964330

C4H6F2O2 C2H5AsF2

454-31-9 430-40-0

124.087 141.980

100 94.3

1.176520 1.70817

C10H16N2O2S

2095-57-0

228.311

liq, fumes in -38.7 air 169

C6H10O2 C2H7O4P

695-06-7 1623-14-9

114.142 126.048

liq hyg cry

215.5 dec

1.026120 1.43025

C12H14N2O2

125-33-7

218.251

C10H12O4

2524-37-0

196.200

VX Nerve agent

C11H26NO2PS

50782-69-9

267.369

N,N-Dimethylethanamine

C4H11N C11H15NO2 C10H14

598-56-1 10287-53-3 874-41-9

73.137 193.243 134.218

4977 Ethyl 2,3-dibromopropanoate 4978 Ethyl 3,6-di(tert-butyl)-1naphthalenesulfonate 4979 Ethyl dichloroacetate

4980 Ethyldichloroarsine 4981 4982 4983 4984

Ethyl dibunate

Dichloroethylarsine

Ethyl dichlorocarbamate Ethyl 2,3-dichloropropanoate Ethyl diethoxyacetate Ethyl diethylmalonate

4985 Ethyl difluoroacetate 4986 Ethyldifluoroarsine 4987 5-Ethyldihydro-5-sec-butyl-2thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)pyrimidinedione 4988 5-Ethyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone 4989 Ethyl dihydrogen phosphate

Thiobutabarbital

4990 5-Ethyldihydro-5-phenyl4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione 4991 Ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6methylbenzoate 4992 O-Ethyl S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate 4993 Ethyldimethylamine 4994 Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate 4995 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene

Primidone

nd

58.5

-18

1.459520 1.448220 1.410020 1.424020

1.449520 1.427

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl s H2O; misc EtOH, bz vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O

vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

281.5 lf (HOAc), pr 132 (al) very toxic liq

sub

liq

36.5 19014 188.4

liq

-140 66.5 -62.9

vs eth, EtOH

0.67520 1.370525 1.0099100 0.876320 1.503820 25

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth, ctc

4996 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene

C10H14

934-74-7

134.218

liq

-84.3

183.6

0.8608

4997 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene 4998 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene

C10H14 C10H14

2870-04-4 1758-88-9

134.218 134.218

liq liq

-16.2 -53.7

190 186.9

0.886425 0.873225

1.510720 1.504320

4999 3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 5000 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene

C10H14 C10H14

933-98-2 934-80-5

134.218 134.218

liq liq

-49.5 -66.9

194 189.5

0.888125 0.870625

1.511720 1.503120

5001 N’-Ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-1,2ethanediamine 5002 Ethyl 4,4-dimethyl-3oxopentanoate 5003 3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane 5004 3-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane 5005 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 5006 Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate 5007 3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine

C6H16N2

123-83-1

116.204

134.5

0.73825

1.422220

C9H16O3

17094-34-7

172.221

liq

8317

0.9718

C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C7H14O2 C8H12N2

16747-32-3 16747-33-4 1068-87-7 3938-95-2 13360-65-1

128.255 128.255 128.255 130.185 136.194

liq

-99.3

liq liq

-122.4 -89.5

133.8 144.7 136.7 118.4 180.5

0.743820 0.750825 0.736520 0.85620 0.965724

1.412320 1.422120 1.413120 1.390620 1.501424

5008 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole

C8H13N

517-22-6

123.196

pr

0

199; 9616

0.91320

1.496120

5009 Ethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2carboxylate 5010 Ethyl 2,4-dimethylpyrrole-3carboxylate 5011 Ethyl 2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3carboxylate 5012 Ethyl 4,5-dimethylpyrrole-3carboxylate 5013 Ethyl 2,4-dioxopentanoate

C9H13NO2

2199-44-2

167.205

cry (al)

125

13510.5

s EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s EtOH, ace

C9H13NO2

2199-51-1

167.205

78.5

291

vs eth, EtOH

C9H13NO2

2199-52-2

167.205

cry (eth-lig, peth) orth (al)

117.5

291; 13015

vs EtOH

C9H13NO2

2199-53-3

167.205

cry (dil al)

111.3

C7H10O4

615-79-2

158.152

214

vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH

Ethyl pivaloylacetate

Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropionate

18

1.125120

1.4981

20

1.475717

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth, ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-243 Br

O O

N N

Br O

O Br

O

O

Ethyl dibromoacetate

O O

Br

Br

Ethyl diazoacetate

O

Br

O

Br

Ethyl 2,3-dibromobutanoate

Br

Ethyl 2,4-dibromobutanoate

Ethyl 2,3-dibromopropanoate

O O S O O Cl

O Cl As

O Cl

Ethyl 3,6-di(tert-butyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonate

Ethyl dichloroacetate

Cl

N Cl

Cl

Ethyldichloroarsine

O O

Cl

O Cl

Ethyl dichlorocarbamate

Ethyl 2,3-dichloropropanoate

O O

O

O

O

O

Ethyl diethoxyacetate

O

O

F O

F As

O F

Ethyl diethylmalonate

Ethyl difluoroacetate

O

O NH

O

F

Ethyldifluoroarsine

N H

S

O

O

5-Ethyldihydro-5-sec-butyl-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione

O HO P OH O

5-Ethyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone

NH O

Ethyl dihydrogen phosphate

N H

5-Ethyldihydro-5-phenyl-4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione

O

O O HO

O

OH

Ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate

1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene

O P

Ethyldimethylamine

2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene

O

H N

N

2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene

3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane

3-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane

N O

N

Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate

3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine

O 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole

O

Ethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2-carboxylate

O O

O

N H

N H

O

O

Ethyl 2,4-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate

3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene

O

Ethyl 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoate

O

N H

N Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate

O

N’-Ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane

N

O-Ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate

1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene

4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene

O N

S

N H Ethyl 2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate

O

O N H Ethyl 4,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate

O O

O

Ethyl 2,4-dioxopentanoate

3-244

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

5014 O-Ethyl dithiocarbonate 5015 Ethylene

Xanthogenic acid Ethene

C3H6OS2 C2H4

151-01-9 74-85-1

122.209 28.053

unstab liq col gas

-53 -169.15

25 -103.77

0.5678-104 1.363-100

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, ace; s eth

5016 Ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid 5017 Ethylene carbonate

Vinylene carbonate

C4H8N2S4 C3H4O3

111-54-6 96-49-1

212.380 88.062

unstab liq mcl pl (al)

36.4

248

1.321439

msc H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, AcOEt

EDTA EDTA disodium

C10H16N2O8 C10H18N2Na2O10

60-00-4 6381-92-6

292.242 372.237

cry (w)

245 dec 242 dec

N,N’Dioctadecanoylethanediamine Aziridine

C38H76N2O2

110-30-5

593.022

cry (EtOH)

149

C2H5N

151-56-4

43.068

liq

-77.9

56

0.83225

C20H32O C4H12N2 C6H12O3 C7H14O3 C14H17NO3

965-90-2 110-72-5 817-95-8 763-69-9 16357-59-8

288.467 88.151 132.157 146.184 247.290

cry

77 129 158 166; 485 1260.1

0.83725 0.970220 0.949020

C8H14O3 C5H11NO2

607-97-6 623-78-9

158.195 117.147

198.0; 8010 176

0.984716 0.981320

1.421425 1.421520

C10H20O2 C16H19N

2983-37-1 64653-59-4

172.265 225.329

9028 336603, 17310

0.858625

1.412325 1.555025

350.7

1.1520

5018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 5019 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, disodium salt, dihydrate 5020 N,N’-Ethylene distearylamide 5021 Ethyleneimine

5022 5023 5024 5025 5026

Ethylestrenol N-Ethyl-1,2-ethanediamine Ethyl ethoxyacetate Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate Ethyl 2-ethoxy-1(2H)quinolinecarboxylate 5027 Ethyl 2-ethylacetoacetate 5028 Ethyl ethylcarbamate

5029 Ethyl 2-ethylhexanoate 5030 2-Ethyl-N-(2-ethylphenyl)aniline

EEDQ

Ethyl 2-ethylcaproate

56.5

29

nD

1.414850

msc H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl chl 1.438520 1.403920 1.406520

C4H10ClOPS

1497-68-3

172.613

liq

C4H7FO2 C9H9FO2 C3H7NO

459-72-3 451-46-7 627-45-2

106.096 168.164 73.094

mcl pr (w)

26

120 210 198

1.091220 1.14625 0.955220

1.375520 1.486420 1.432020

5035 Ethyl formate

C3H6O2

109-94-4

74.079

liq

-79.6

54.4

0.920820

1.360920

5036 2-Ethylfuran

C6H8O

3208-16-0

96.127

92.5

0.901820

1.440320

C7H8O3

614-99-3

140.137

196.8

1.117421

1.479721

5038 γ-Ethyl L-glutamate 5039 Ethyl heptafluorobutanoate

C7H13NO4 C6H5F7O2

1119-33-1 356-27-4

175.183 242.092

95

1.39420

1.301120

5040 3-Ethylheptane 5041 4-Ethylheptane

C9H20 C9H20

15869-80-4 2216-32-2

128.255 128.255

liq

143.0 141.2

0.722525 0.724125

1.409320 1.409620

C9H18O2

106-30-9

158.238

liq

187

0.881720

1.410020

5043 2-Ethylheptanoic acid 5044 4-Ethyl-4-heptanol 5045 Ethyl trans,trans-2,4-hexadienoate Ethyl sorbate

C9H18O2 C9H20O C8H12O2

3274-29-1 597-90-0 2396-84-1

158.238 144.254 140.180

liq

15331 182 195.5

0.835020 0.950620

1.425527 1.433220 1.495120

5046 2-Ethylhexanal

C8H16O

123-05-7

128.212

163

0.854020

1.414220

5047 3-Ethylhexane

C8H18

619-99-8

114.229

118.6

0.713620

1.401820

C8H18O2

94-96-2

146.228

liq

-40

244

0.932522

1.449720

5049 Ethyl hexanoate

C8H16O2

123-66-0

144.212

liq

-67

167

0.87320

1.407320

5050 2-Ethylhexanoic acid

C8H16O2

149-57-5

144.212

228; 12013

0.903125

1.424120

5051 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol

C8H18O

104-76-7

130.228

-70

184.6

0.831925

1.430020

5052 5053 5054 5055

C8H15ClO C8H14O C8H14O2 C10H20O2

760-67-8 645-62-5 2396-83-0 103-09-3

162.657 126.196 142.196 172.265

0.93925 0.855420 0.895720 0.871820

1.433520

-80

10140, 6711 175 166.5 199

5042 Ethyl heptanoate

5048 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol

2-Ethylhexanoyl chloride 2-Ethyl-2-hexenal Ethyl 3-hexenoate 2-Ethylhexyl acetate

Ethyl 2-furanoate

Ethyl oenanthate

Ethohexadiol

Ethyl hydrosorbate

lf or pr

34.5

191

-114.9

-66.1

<-100

liq

liq

s EtOH, eth, ace s chl

5031 O-Ethyl ethylthiophosphonyl chloride 5032 Ethyl fluoroacetate 5033 Ethyl 4-fluorobenzoate 5034 N-Ethylformamide

5037 Ethyl 2-furancarboxylate

Solubility

1.425520 1.420420

msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl; s acid

vs H2O vs eth, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz sl H2O sl H2O; s eth, ace i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH s H2O, eth, ctc; sl EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

i H2O; s EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

H

S O

SH

H

H

O-Ethyl dithiocarbonate

3-245 S

H N

HS

N H

S

H

Ethylene

COOH HOOC

O

SH

Ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid

N

O

O

N COOH

HOOC

Ethylene carbonate

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

O NH

COO Na HOOC

N

Na

2H2O

COOH

N

NH

OOC

N H

O

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, disodium salt, dihydrate

N,N’-Ethylene distearylamide

Ethyleneimine

OH H

H O

H N Ethylestrenol

NH2

N-Ethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O N O

O

O

O

Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate

O

O O

N H

O

Ethyl 2-ethoxy-1(2H)-quinolinecarboxylate

O

Ethyl ethoxyacetate

O

O

O

Ethyl 2-ethylacetoacetate

O

O

Ethyl ethylcarbamate

Ethyl 2-ethylhexanoate

O N H

S O P Cl

2-Ethyl-N-(2-ethylphenyl)aniline

O-Ethyl ethylthiophosphonyl chloride

O F

O O

Ethyl fluoroacetate

Ethyl 4-fluorobenzoate

O

O O

O

Ethyl formate

NH2

O

2-Ethylfuran

F F F F

O

HO

γ-Ethyl L-glutamate

Ethyl 2-furancarboxylate

O

N-Ethylformamide

O

O

O

N H

F

O O

F

F F

Ethyl heptafluorobutanoate

O O

OH O

3-Ethylheptane

4-Ethylheptane

Ethyl heptanoate

2-Ethylheptanoic acid

OH O

OH

OH

O O

4-Ethyl-4-heptanol

Ethyl trans,trans-2,4-hexadienoate

2-Ethylhexanal

3-Ethylhexane

2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol

O

O O

OH

Cl

OH

O Ethyl hexanoate

2-Ethylhexanoic acid

2-Ethyl-1-hexanol

2-Ethylhexanoyl chloride

O O O 2-Ethyl-2-hexenal

O O

Ethyl 3-hexenoate

2-Ethylhexyl acetate

3-246

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2-Ethyl-1-hexanamine Butyl 2-ethylhexyl phthalate Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate

C11H20O2 C8H19N C20H30O4 C8H19O4P

103-11-7 104-75-6 85-69-8 1070-03-7

184.276 129.244 334.450 210.208

C20H27O3P C8H18O C15H22O3 C12H22O2 C10H22O2

15647-08-2 5756-43-4 118-60-5 688-84-6 1559-35-9

346.400 130.228 250.334 198.302 174.281

C2H8N2

624-80-6

60.098

C3H8N2O2

4114-31-2

104.108

cry

5067 Ethyl hydrogen adipate

C8H14O4

626-86-8

174.195

285

0.979620

5068 Ethyl hydrogen fumarate

C6H8O4

2459-05-4

144.126

hyg cry (eth, 29 peth) 70

14716

1.110987

C6H10O4

1070-34-4

146.141

pr or nd

8

17242, 1193

1.146620

1.432720

C2H6O2

3031-74-1

62.068

liq

-100

95

0.933220

1.380020

C4H8O3 C9H10O3

623-50-7 7781-98-8

104.105 166.173

160 pl (bz)

74

1.082623 1.418020 1.0680131

C9H10O3

120-47-8

166.173

cry (dil al)

117

5074 Ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate, (±)

C6H12O3

35608-64-1

132.157

185; 7615

5075 Ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-butenoate

C6H10O3

91890-87-8

130.141

dec 173; 6815 1.047015

1.43613

Cyclobutyrol

C10H18O3

512-16-3

186.248

81.5

16424

1.001018

1.468018

N,N-Diethylhydroxylamine

C4H11NO C8H16O2 C10H12O4

3710-84-7 496-03-7 617-05-0

89.136 144.212 196.200

10

133 13850, 1019 292

0.866920

1.419520

C20H38O3

55066-53-0

326.514

25813

0.918020

1.461822

C8H14 5-Ethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept- C9H12 2-ene C5H8N2 C4H7IO2 Isobutyl urethane C7H15NO2 C3H5NO

1003-64-1 16219-75-3

110.197 120.191

136 146

0.82225 0.893

1.461820 1.490020

7098-07-9 623-48-3 539-89-9 109-90-0

96.131 214.002 145.200 71.078

208 179 11030 60

0.99925 1.817313 0.943220 0.903120

1.507913 1.428820 1.380820

<-66

79

0.740220

1.362220

79

285.5

No. Name 5056 5057 5058 5059 5060 5061 5062 5063 5064

2-Ethylhexyl acrylate 2-Ethylhexylamine 2-Ethylhexyl butyl phthalate 2-Ethylhexyl dihydrogen phosphate 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphite Ethyl hexyl ether 2-Ethylhexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 2-Ethylhexyl methacrylate 2-[(2-Ethylhexyl)oxy]ethanol

Forstab 1-Ethoxyhexane Octisalate Ethylene glycol mono(2ethylhexyl) ether

5065 Ethylhydrazine 5066 Ethyl hydrazinecarboxylate

5069 Ethyl hydrogen succinate 5070 Ethyl hydroperoxide

Ethyl carbazate

Butanedioic acid, monoethyl ester Ethyl hydrogen peroxide

5071 Ethyl hydroxyacetate 5072 Ethyl 3-hydroxybenzoate 5073 Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

5076 α-Ethyl-1hydroxycyclohexaneacetic acid 5077 N-Ethyl-N-hydroxyethanamine 5078 2-Ethyl-3-hydroxyhexanal 5079 Ethyl 4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzoate 5080 Ethyl cis-12-hydroxy-9octadecenoate, (R) 5081 Ethylidenecyclohexane 5082 5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene 5083 5084 5085 5086

1-Ethyl-1H-imidazole Ethyl iodoacetate Ethyl isobutylcarbamate Ethyl isocyanate

Ethylparaben

Ethyl ricinoleate

Physical Form

den/ g cm-3

nD

12560 169.2

0.88025

1.433225

1520.15 143 19021 12018, 11014 227.7

1.05420 0.772220 1.01 0.88025

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

-90

sl H2O sl H2O s H2O, bz

col liq liq

liq

1.520727 1.400820

cry (ethpeth)

nd (dil al)

44

liq

oil <-65

dec 198; 939 1.431120

297.5

1.01720

1.418220

C3H5N

624-79-3

55.079

5088 N-Ethyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione 5089 Ethyl isopentyl ether 5090 Ethylisopropylamine 5091 1-Ethyl-2-isopropylbenzene

C10H9NO2

5022-29-7

175.184

C7H16O C5H13N C11H16

628-04-6 19961-27-4 18970-44-0

116.201 87.164 148.245

112.5 69.6 193

0.88820

1.387225 1.50820

5092 Ethyl isopropyl ether

C5H12O

625-54-7

88.148

54.1

0.72025

1.369825

5093 N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl-2propanamine 5094 Ethyl isopropyl sulfide 5095 Ethyl isothiocyanate

C8H19N

7087-68-5

129.244

126.5

0.74225

1.413820

C5H12S C3H5NS

5145-99-3 542-85-8

104.214 87.144

liq liq

-122.2 -5.9

107.5 131.5

0.824620 0.999020

1.513020

C5H10O3

2676-33-7

118.131

liq

-26

154.5

1.032820

1.412420

5097 Ethyl laurate

C14H28O2

106-33-2

228.371

liq

-10

271; 15415

0.861820

1.431120

5098 Ethyl levulinate 5099 Ethyl mercaptoacetate

C7H12O3 C4H8O2S

539-88-8 623-51-8

144.168 120.171

205.8 157

1.011120 1.096415

1.422920 1.458220

5100 Ethyl methacrylate

C6H10O2

97-63-2

114.142

117

0.913520

1.414720

5096 Ethyl lactate

N-Ethyl-2-propanamine

Ethyl 2-hydroxypropionate

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth; sl chl s EtOH, eth, peth s EtOH, ace; sl chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl, tfa; vs EtOH, eth; i CS2 s H2O, EtOH; sl ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl

5087 Ethyl isocyanide

nd (al)

vs eth, EtOH

1.43625

101 46

Solubility

0.768821

msc H2O s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, ace, chl; msc EtOH, eth s ctc

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH s EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-247 O O O

O O

NH2

O O P OH OH

O 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate

2-Ethylhexylamine

2-Ethylhexyl butyl phthalate

O P O O

O

2-Ethylhexyl dihydrogen phosphate

O

O OH

O

O 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphite

Ethyl hexyl ether

H2N

2-[(2-Ethylhexyl)oxy]ethanol

H2N

N H

Ethylhydrazine

N H

2-Ethylhexyl methacrylate

O

O

OH

O

2-Ethylhexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

HO O

O HO

O O

Ethyl hydrazinecarboxylate

Ethyl hydrogen adipate

O O

O O

Ethyl hydrogen fumarate

O

O

O HO

O

O

O

O Ethyl hydrogen succinate

HO

OH

Ethyl hydroperoxide

OH O O

OH

Ethyl hydroxyacetate

O

OH

Ethyl 3-hydroxybenzoate

Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

Ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate, (±)

O O

HO

OH

O α-Ethyl-1-hydroxycyclohexaneacetic acid

Ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-butenoate

O

N OH

O

OH

O

O

OH

N-Ethyl-N-hydroxyethanamine

OH

2-Ethyl-3-hydroxyhexanal

Ethyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate

N OH

O

N O

Ethyl cis-12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoate, (R)

Ethylidenecyclohexane

5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene

1-Ethyl-1H-imidazole

O O

O I

N H

O Ethyl iodoacetate

N O

N C O

Ethyl isobutylcarbamate

Ethyl isocyanate

N

O

C

Ethyl isocyanide

O

N-Ethyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

Ethyl isopentyl ether

N

N H

O

Ethylisopropylamine

1-Ethyl-2-isopropylbenzene

N C S

S

Ethyl isopropyl ether

N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl-2-propanamine

O

Ethyl isopropyl sulfide

O O

O OH Ethyl lactate

O O

Ethyl laurate

O Ethyl levulinate

O

O HS

Ethyl isothiocyanate

O

Ethyl mercaptoacetate

O Ethyl methacrylate

3-248

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

5101 Ethyl methanesulfonate 5102 1-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzene 5103 α-Ethyl-4methoxybenzenemethanol 5104 Ethyl 2-methoxybenzoate 5105 Ethyl 4-methoxybenzoate

C3H8O3S C9H12O C10H14O2

62-50-0 1515-95-3 5349-60-0

124.159 136.190 166.217

C10H12O3 C10H12O3

7335-26-4 94-30-4

180.200 180.200

5106 4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenol 5107 Ethyl (4-methoxyphenyl)acetate 5108 Ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate

C9H12O2 C11H14O3 C7H12O3

2785-89-9 14062-18-1 609-14-3

152.190 194.227 144.168

liq

N-Ethyl-2-methyl-2-propen-1amine Methallatal

C6H13N

18328-90-0

99.174

liq

C10H14N2O2S

115-56-0

226.295

N-Methylethanamine

C3H9N

624-78-2

59.110

N-Methylethanamine hydrochloride

C3H10ClN

624-60-2

95.571

pl (al-eth)

128

C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N

24549-06-2 94-68-8 102-27-2 622-57-1 613-97-8

135.206 135.206 135.206 135.206 135.206

liq

-33 <-15

C11H17N

457-87-4

163.260

C9H13NO2S

80-39-7

199.270

64

C10H12N2

5805-76-5

160.215

51

296

1.07325

C10H12O2

87-24-1

164.201

<-10

227; 11318

1.032521

1.50722

C10H12O2

94-08-6

164.201

232

1.026918

1.508918

C7H14O2

108-64-5

130.185

-99.3

135.0

0.865620

1.396220

5124 2-Ethyl-2-methylbutanoic acid 5125 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene

C7H14O2 C7H14

19889-37-3 7357-93-9

130.185 98.186

<-20

207 89

0.715020

1.425020 1.41020

5126 Ethyl trans-2-methyl-2-butenoate 5127 Ethyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate 5128 5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 5129 Ethyl N-methylcarbamate 5130 Ethyl methyl carbonate 5131 trans-1-Ethyl-4methylcyclohexane 5132 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane

C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C11H18N2O3

5837-78-5 638-10-8 76-74-4

128.169 128.169 226.272

156 153.5

0.920020 0.919921

1.434020 1.434520

C4H9NO2 C4H8O3 C9H18

105-40-8 623-53-0 6236-88-0

103.120 104.105 126.239

liq liq

-14 -80.8

170 107.5 149

1.011520 1.01220 0.779820

1.418320 1.377820 1.430420

vs H2O, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

C8H16

16747-50-5

112.213

liq

-143.8

121.6

0.776725

1.427220

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

128 121.2

20

0.7852 0.764925

20

1.4293 1.421920

121

0.772420

1.420320

No. Name

5109 N-Ethyl-2-methylallylamine 5110 5-Ethyl-5-(2-methylallyl)-2thiobarbituric acid 5111 Ethylmethylamine 5112 Ethylmethylamine hydrochloride 5113 5114 5115 5116 5117

2-Ethyl-6-methylaniline N-Ethyl-2-methylaniline N-Ethyl-3-methylaniline N-Ethyl-4-methylaniline N-Ethyl-N-methylaniline

5118 N-Ethyl-αmethylbenzeneethanamine 5119 N-Ethyl-4methylbenzenesulfonamide 5120 1-Ethyl-2-methyl-1Hbenzimidazole 5121 Ethyl 2-methylbenzoate

Synonym

N-Ethyl-4-toluidine

N-Ethylamphetamine

5122 Ethyl 4-methylbenzoate 5123 Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate

Ethyl isovalerate

Physical Form

mp/˚C

7.5 -7

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

0.962415

1.512020 1.527720

vs bz, eth s ctc

261 269.5

1.112420 1.103820

1.522420 1.525420

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth

236.5 13970 187

1.093118 1.09725 0.994120

1.507520 1.418520

104.7

0.753

1.422120

8610 198 14320

160.5 36.7 1.087420 231 216 221 217 204

0.96825 0.94825 0.926315 0.939116 0.9255

10514

liq

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s chl 1.552520 1.545620 1.545120

s EtOH

130

930-89-2 930-90-5

112.213 112.213

C8H16

2613-66-3

112.213

5136 trans-1-Ethyl-3methylcyclopentane 5137 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopropane 5138 2-Ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane 5139 Ethyl methyl ether

C8H16

2613-65-2

112.213

liq

-108

121

0.761920

1.418620

C6H12 C6H12O2 C3H8O

53778-43-1 126-39-6 540-67-0

84.159 116.158 60.095

liq

-130.2 -113

0.696825 0.936020 0.72510

1.388720

col gas

56.8 118 7.4

5140 5141 5142 5143 5144 5145 5146

C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H18O2 C8H14O3 C8H18

16789-46-1 3074-76-8 3074-77-9 3074-75-7 1561-10-0 7152-15-0 609-26-7

128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 158.238 158.195 114.229

-9 -114.9

138 140.6 140 133.8 180 173 115.66

0.731020 0.737125 0.742020 0.719525 0.870820 0.9825 0.719320

1.410620 1.414020 1.413420 1.406320 1.405120 1.25020 1.404020

Ethyl 4-methylcaproate

liq liq

-106 -105.9

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth

C8H16 C8H16

2,3-Diethylpentane

liq liq

s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

1.498625

5133 cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane 5134 trans-1-Ethyl-2methylcyclopentane 5135 cis-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane

3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane 3-Ethyl-3-methylhexane 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane 4-Ethyl-2-methylhexane Ethyl 4-methylhexanoate Ethyl 4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace msc H2O

1.34204

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

s H2O, ace, chl; msc EtOH, eth

i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-249 OH

O O S O

O

O O

O

Ethyl methanesulfonate

O

O

α-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzenemethanol

1-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzene

O O

Ethyl 2-methoxybenzoate

Ethyl 4-methoxybenzoate

OH

O O O

O

4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenol

H N

O

O

O

NH

O

Ethyl (4-methoxyphenyl)acetate

Ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate

O

N-Ethyl-2-methylallylamine

NH2

N H

S

5-Ethyl-5-(2-methylallyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid

H N

H N

H N

N HCl H

N H Ethylmethylamine

Ethylmethylamine hydrochloride

2-Ethyl-6-methylaniline

N-Ethyl-2-methylaniline

N-Ethyl-3-methylaniline

N-Ethyl-4-methylaniline

NH O S O H N

N

O

N

O

N N-Ethyl-N-methylaniline

N-Ethyl-α-methylbenzeneethanamine

N-Ethyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide

1-Ethyl-2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole

Ethyl 2-methylbenzoate

O

O

O

O

O

OH O

O Ethyl 4-methylbenzoate

Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate

2-Ethyl-2-methylbutanoic acid

2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene

Ethyl trans-2-methyl-2-butenoate

O NH

O

O

O O O

Ethyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate

N H

O

N H

5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane

cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane

O O

Ethyl N-methylcarbamate

trans-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane

O

Ethyl methyl carbonate

trans-1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane

cis-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane

trans-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane

O O 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopropane

2-Ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane

O Ethyl methyl ether

O

O O

4-Ethyl-2-methylhexane

3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane

Ethyl 4-methylhexanoate

3-Ethyl-3-methylhexane

3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane

O O

Ethyl 4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate

3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane

3-250

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

5147 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane

C8H18

1067-08-9

114.229

liq

-90.9

118.27

0.727420

1.407820

i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz

5148 Ethyl 4-methylpentanoate 5149 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene 5150 2-[Ethyl(3-methylphenyl)amino] ethanol 5151 Ethyl 3-methyl-3phenyloxiranecarboxylate 5152 4-Ethyl-4-methyl-2,6piperidinedione 5153 Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate

C8H16O2 C8H16 C11H17NO

25415-67-2 19780-66-6 91-88-3

144.212 112.213 179.259

liq

-112.9

163; 5210 109.5 1181.5

0.870520 0.726220

1.405020 1.414020 1.554020

273.5

1.04420

No. Name

Synonym

Ethyl 3-methyl-3phenylglycidate Bemegride

C12H14O3

77-83-8

206.237

C8H13NO2

64-65-3

155.195

Ethyl isobutanoate

C6H12O2

97-62-1

116.158

5154 2-Ethyl-5-methylpyrazine 5155 3-Ethyl-4-methylpyridine

3-Ethyl-4-picoline

C7H10N2 C8H11N

13360-64-0 529-21-5

122.167 121.180

5156 4-Ethyl-2-methylpyridine

4-Ethyl-2-picoline

C8H11N

536-88-9

121.180

5157 3-Ethyl-3-methyl-2,5pyrrolidinedione 5158 Ethyl methyl sulfide

Ethosuximide

C7H11NO2

77-67-8

141.168

cry (ace-eth) 64.5

C3H8S

624-89-5

76.161

liq

5159 N-Ethylmorpholine

C6H13NO

100-74-3

115.173

5160 Ethyl myristate

C16H32O2

124-06-1

256.424

5161 N-Ethyl-1-naphthalenamine 5162 1-Ethylnaphthalene

C12H13N C12H12

118-44-5 1127-76-0

171.238 156.223

5163 2-Ethylnaphthalene

C12H12

939-27-5

5164 Ethyl 1-naphthylacetate 5165 Ethyl nitrate

C14H14O2 C2H5NO3

5166 Ethyl nitrite

1.518220

126.5

sub 100

-88.2

110.1

0.86820

7956 198

0.928617

179

0.913025

66.7

0.842220

1.440420

138.5

0.899620

1.440020

12.3

295

0.857325

1.436220

liq

-13.9

305; 19116 258.6

1.065215 1.008220

1.647715 1.606220

156.223

liq

-7.4

258

0.992220

1.599920

2122-70-5 625-58-1

214.260 91.066

oil liq

88.5 -94.6

22220, 11813 87.2

1.108420

1.385220

C2H5NO2

109-95-5

75.067

ye vol liq or gas

18

0.89915

1.341810

5167 Ethyl nitroacetate

C4H7NO4

626-35-7

133.104

10625, 836

1.195320

1.425020

5168 1-Ethyl-2-nitrobenzene

C8H9NO2

612-22-6

151.163

liq

-12.3

232.5

1.120720

1.535620

5169 1-Ethyl-4-nitrobenzene

C8H9NO2

100-12-9

151.163

liq

-12.3

245.5

1.119220

1.545520

5170 Ethyl 3-nitrobenzoate

C9H9NO4

618-98-4

195.172

47

297

5171 Ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate

C9H9NO4

99-77-4

195.172

57

186.3; 1538

5172 Ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphate 5173 2-Ethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

C14H14NO4PS

2104-64-5

323.304

36

1.2725

1.597830

C5H11NO4

597-09-1

149.146

C5H9NO4 C3H7N3O2 C11H22O2

2531-80-8 759-73-9 123-29-5

Ethyl linoleate

C9H14 C20H36O2

Ethyl linolenate

5174 Ethyl 2-nitropropanoate 5175 N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea 5176 Ethyl nonanoate 5177 5-Ethyl-2-norbornene 5178 Ethyl cis,cis-9,12octadecadienoate 5179 Ethyl cis,cis,cis-9,12,15octadecatrienoate 5180 Ethyl trans-9-octadecenoate 5181 3-Ethyloctane 5182 4-Ethyloctane 5183 Ethyl octanoate 5184 5185 5186 5187

Ethyl 1-octyl sulfide Ethyl oleate Ethyl 5-oxohexanoate Ethyl 3-oxopentanoate

N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea

1-(Ethylthio)octane Ethyl cis-9-octadecenoate

pl (w, aceeth) liq

liq

-105.93

nd (w)

57.5

147.130 117.107 186.292

liq

100 dec -36.7

15403-89-1 544-35-4

122.207 308.499

liq ye or col

C20H34O2

1191-41-9

306.483

C20H38O2 C10H22 C10H22 C10H20O2

6114-18-7 5881-17-4 15869-86-0 106-32-1

310.515 142.282 142.282 172.265

C10H22S C20H38O2 C8H14O3 C7H12O3

3698-94-0 111-62-6 13984-57-1 4949-44-4

174.347 310.515 158.195 144.168

s chl

liq liq

-43.1

1.386918

sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O

dec 1.421020

190.5

5.8

s ctc

i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, lig; sl eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl s EtOH, eth s H2O; msc EtOH, eth msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth; s dil alk i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc

227.0

0.865720

1.422020

143.6 272180, 21212

0.86 0.886520

1.463020

21815

0.891920

1.469420

vs eth, EtOH

21815 166.5 163.7 208.5

0.866425 0.735925 0.734325 0.86618

1.448025 1.415620 1.415120 1.417820

vs eth, EtOH

10914 21615, 20713 221.5 191

0.872020 0.98925 1.012020

1.451520 1.427720 1.423020

vs eth, EtOH

vs eth, EtOH

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc

vs bz, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-251

N

O

O

OH

O O

O 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane

Ethyl 4-methylpentanoate

3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene

2-[Ethyl(3-methylphenyl)amino]ethanol

O O

N H

O

N O

4-Ethyl-4-methyl-2,6-piperidinedione

Ethyl 3-methyl-3-phenyloxiranecarboxylate

N

Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate

N

N

2-Ethyl-5-methylpyrazine

3-Ethyl-4-methylpyridine

4-Ethyl-2-methylpyridine

N O

N H

O

O

O

O

S

3-Ethyl-3-methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

Ethyl methyl sulfide

N-Ethylmorpholine

Ethyl myristate

O NH

O

O N-Ethyl-1-naphthalenamine

1-Ethylnaphthalene

2-Ethylnaphthalene

Ethyl 1-naphthylacetate

O N

O

N O

O

Ethyl nitroacetate

O O

S

O

O

1-Ethyl-2-nitrobenzene

1-Ethyl-4-nitrobenzene

O

P

HO

O

OH

Ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphate

O

2-Ethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

N

O

N

O

Ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate

O N

O

NH2

O

O

Ethyl 2-nitropropanoate

N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea

Ethyl nonanoate

O

O O

5-Ethyl-2-norbornene

O

O

Ethyl 3-nitrobenzoate

O N

O

N O O

N O

O

N O

O

Ethyl nitrite

O

N O

N

O

O

Ethyl nitrate

O

O

O N

O

Ethyl cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoate

Ethyl cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoate

O

O O

O

Ethyl trans-9-octadecenoate

3-Ethyloctane

4-Ethyloctane

Ethyl octanoate

O O S Ethyl 1-octyl sulfide

O

O

O O

Ethyl oleate

Ethyl 5-oxohexanoate

O O

Ethyl 3-oxopentanoate

3-252

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

5188 Ethyl 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate 5189 Ethyl 2-oxopropanoate

Ethyl phenylglyoxylate Ethyl pyruvate

C10H10O3 C5H8O3

1603-79-8 617-35-6

178.184 116.116

Physical Form liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

-50

256.5 155

1.122225 1.059615

1.519025 1.405220

10

25

34

5190 Ethyl palmitate

C18H36O2

628-97-7

284.478

nd

24

191

5191 3-Ethylpentane

C7H16

617-78-7

100.202

liq

-118.55

93.5

0.698220

1.393420

5192 3-Ethyl-2,4-pentanedione

C7H12O2

1540-34-7

128.169

178.5

0.953119

1.440819

C7H14O2

539-82-2

130.185

liq

-91.2

146.1

0.877020

1.412020

5194 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol

C7H16O

597-49-9

116.201

liq

-12.5

142

0.840722

1.429420

5195 2-Ethyl-1-pentene 5196 3-Ethyl-1-pentene 5197 3-Ethyl-2-pentene

C7H14 C7H14 C7H14

3404-71-5 4038-04-4 816-79-5

98.186 98.186 98.186

liq

-127.5

94 84.1 96

0.707920 0.691725 0.720420

1.40520 1.398220 1.414820

20

20

5193 Ethyl pentanoate

Ethyl valerate

5198 Ethyl pentyl ether 5199 Ethyl 2-pentynoate 5200 2-Ethylphenol

C7H16O C7H10O2 C8H10O

17952-11-3 55314-57-3 90-00-6

116.201 126.153 122.164

5201 3-Ethylphenol

C8H10O

620-17-7

122.164

5202 4-Ethylphenol

C8H10O

123-07-9

122.164

5203 5204 5205 5206 5207

Ethyl phenoxyacetate N-Ethyl-N-phenylacetamide Ethyl phenylacetate 2-(Ethylphenylamino)ethanol Ethyl phenylcarbamate

C10H12O3 C10H13NO C10H12O2 C10H15NO C9H11NO2

2555-49-9 529-65-7 101-97-3 92-50-2 101-99-5

180.200 163.216 164.201 165.232 165.189

5208 5209 5210 5211 5212 5213

Ethyl N-phenylformimidate Ethyl N-phenylglycinate 1-(4-Ethylphenyl)-2-phenylethane Ethyl 3-phenylpropanoate Ethyl 3-phenylpropynoate Ethyl phenylacetylenecarboxylate Ethyl phenyl sulfone

C9H11NO C10H13NO2 C16H18 C11H14O2 C11H10O2 C8H10O2S

6780-49-0 2216-92-4 7439-15-8 2021-28-5 2216-94-6 599-70-2

149.189 179.216 210.314 178.228 174.196 170.229

lf (dil al)

C2H7O3P

6779-09-5

110.049

hyg pl or nd 61.5

1498-51-7 104-90-5

162.940 121.180

6210 178.3

C7H14N2O2

120-43-4

158.198

237

C7H15N C8H15NO2

766-09-6 1126-09-6

113.201 157.211

Benzeneacetic acid, ethyl ester Phenylurethane

5214 Ethylphosphonic acid 5215 Ethyl phosphorodichloridate 5216 5-Ethyl-2-picoline

Ethylphosphoric acid dichloride C2H5Cl2O2P C8H11N

5217 Ethyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate

1-Carbethoxypiperazine

5218 1-Ethylpiperidine 5219 Ethyl 4-piperidinecarboxylate

18

0.7622 0.96225 1.014625

liq

-4

218.4

1.028320

nd

45.0

217.9

liq

247; 1103 260 227

1.095830 0.993860 1.033320

1.508020

55 -29.4

dec 237

1.106430

1.537630

214; 8710 273.5 294 247.2 265; 1281.6 16012

1.005120

1.527920

1.02850 1.014720 1.05525 1.141020

1.495420 1.552020

wh nd (w) pl 53 (dil al) lf (dil al) cry

58

42

19653-33-9 13444-24-1 20193-20-8

185.264 129.200 87.164

5223 Ethylpropanedioic acid

C5H8O4

601-75-2

132.116

pr (w+1)

114

1800.05

C5H10O2

105-37-3

102.132

liq

-73.9

5225 Ethyl propyl ether

C5H12O

628-32-0

88.148

liq

5226 5227 5228 5229

C10H15N C10H15N C5H12S C5H6O2

7399-50-0 35182-51-5 4110-50-3 623-47-2

149.233 149.233 104.214 98.101

C6H8N2 C7H9N

13925-00-3 100-71-0

108.141 107.153

2-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridine 4-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridine Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl 2-propynoate

5230 2-Ethylpyrazine 5231 2-Ethylpyridine

(Ethoxycarbonyl)acetylene

1.536720

1.523925

0.920220

1.498020

217; 139 9415 81

1.433820 1.497120 1.476025

130.8 10010

col oil

1.3927

3358

C10H19NO2 C7H15NO C5H13N

Ethyl propionate

1.4347

117.6 6718 204.5

5220 Ethyl 1-piperidinepropanoate 5221 1-Ethyl-3-piperidinol 5222 N-Ethyl-1-propanamine

5224 Ethyl propanoate

0.8577

Solubility

50

0.823720

1.448020 1.459120

25

25

0.9627

sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace s H2O, eth, ctc vs eth, EtOH s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc s eth, bz vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH s eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O

0.720417

1.4525 1.477714 1.385825

99.1

0.884325

1.383920

-127.5

63.21

0.738620

1.369520

liq

125.5 -117

195.4 217; 8012 118.6 120

0.898120 0.908525 0.837020 0.964516

1.485025 1.4090525 1.446220 s EtOH 1.410520 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl

liq

-63.1

112200 148.6

0.950225

1.496420

sl H2O; vs ace, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; i ace; sl tfa sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace vs eth, EtOH, HOAc

s H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, ace; sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

O O

O

O

O

O

Ethyl 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate

O

3-253

O

Ethyl 2-oxopropanoate

Ethyl palmitate

3-Ethylpentane

O O O

3-Ethyl-2,4-pentanedione

OH

Ethyl pentanoate

3-Ethyl-3-pentanol

2-Ethyl-1-pentene

3-Ethyl-1-pentene

3-Ethyl-2-pentene

OH OH

O

O

OH O

O

O

O Ethyl pentyl ether

Ethyl 2-pentynoate

2-Ethylphenol

3-Ethylphenol

N

O

N

4-Ethylphenol

H N

OH

O

N

O

O

O

O N-Ethyl-N-phenylacetamide

Ethyl phenoxyacetate

Ethyl phenylacetate

2-(Ethylphenylamino)ethanol

Ethyl phenylcarbamate

Ethyl N-phenylformimidate

O O

H N

O O

Ethyl N-phenylglycinate

O HO P OH

O 1-(4-Ethylphenyl)-2-phenylethane

Ethyl 3-phenylpropanoate

Ethyl phosphorodichloridate

O

5-Ethyl-2-picoline

O

N

HO

H N

O Ethyl 1-piperidinepropanoate

1-Ethyl-3-piperidinol

N 4-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridine

S Ethyl propyl sulfide

O

N H

1-Ethylpiperidine

Ethyl 4-piperidinecarboxylate

O O

OH

O

N-Ethyl-1-propanamine

N 2-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridine

N O

Ethyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate

O

Ethyl phenyl sulfone

O

N

OH N

Ethyl 3-phenylpropynoate

H N

O Cl P Cl O N

Ethylphosphonic acid

O O S

O

O

Ethylpropanedioic acid

Ethyl propanoate

O

N O

Ethyl 2-propynoate

N 2-Ethylpyrazine

Ethyl propyl ether

N 2-Ethylpyridine

3-254

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

5232 3-Ethylpyridine

C7H9N

536-78-7

107.153

liq

-76.9

165

0.953925

1.502120

5233 4-Ethylpyridine

C7H9N

536-75-4

107.153

liq

-90.5

168.3

0.941720

1.500920

s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc

5234 2-Ethyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamide Ethionamide 5235 Ethyl 2-pyridinecarboxylate Ethyl 2-picolinate

C8H10N2S C8H9NO2

536-33-4 2524-52-9

166.243 151.163

163 ye cry in air 1

243

1.119420

1.510420

5236 Ethyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate

C8H9NO2

614-18-6

151.163

8.5

224

1.107020

1.502420

5237 Ethyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate

C8H9NO2

1570-45-2

151.163

23

219.5

1.009115

1.501720

5238 N-Ethylpyridinium bromide

C7H10BrN

1906-79-2

188.065

cry (al)

111.5

C6H9N C6H7NO2

617-92-5 128-53-0

95.142 125.126

129.5

0.900920

1.484120

cry (bz)

45.5 5916, 4010

0.88725

1.466520

No. Name

5239 1-Ethyl-1H-pyrrole 5240 1-Ethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione

Synonym

Ethyl nicotinate

N-Ethylmaleimide

5241 1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanamine 5242 Ethyl Red 2-(4-Diethylaminophenylazo) benzoic acid 5243 Ethyl salicylate

C7H16N2 C17H19N3O2

26116-12-1 76058-33-8

128.215 297.352

135

C9H10O3

118-61-6

166.173

45

15010

1.132620

1.529620

5244 Ethyl silicate 5245 Ethyl stearate

C8H20O4Si C20H40O2

78-10-4 111-61-5

208.329 312.531

liq

-82.5 33

168.8 19910

0.932020 1.05720

1.392820 1.434940

2-Ethylstyrene 3-Ethylstyrene 4-Ethylstyrene Ethyl sulfate 2-(Ethylsulfonyl)ethanol Ethylsulfonylethyl alcohol 2-Ethyl-5-(3-sulfophenyl) Woodward’s Reagent K isoxazolium hydroxide, inner salt 5252 Ethyl tartrate Ethyl tartrate, acid 5253 2-Ethyltetrahydrofuran

C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C2H6O4S C4H10O3S C11H11NO4S

7564-63-8 7525-62-4 3454-07-7 540-82-9 513-12-2 4156-16-5

132.202 132.202 132.202 126.132 138.185 253.275

liq liq liq

-75.5 -101 -49.7

187.3; 6812 190.0 192.3; 8620 dec 280

0.901725 0.894520 0.888425 1.365720

1.538020 1.535120 1.537620 1.410520

C6H10O6 C6H12O

608-89-9 1003-30-1

178.139 100.158

90 109

0.857019

1.414719

5254 5-Ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine 5255 S-Ethyl thioacetate

C4H7N3S C4H8OS

14068-53-2 625-60-5

129.184 104.171

200.8 116.4

0.979220

1.458321

5256 (Ethylthio)acetic acid

C4H8O2S

627-04-3

120.171

-8.5

16483, 1095

1.149720

C8H10S C3H5NS

622-38-8 542-90-5

138.230 87.144

liq

-85.5

205 146

1.021120 1.00723

1.567020 1.468415

5259 2-(Ethylthio)ethanol

C4H10OS

110-77-0

106.186

liq

-100

184

1.016620

1.486720

5260 1-(Ethylthio)-4-methylbenzene 5261 2-Ethylthiophene

C9H12S C6H8S

622-63-9 872-55-9

152.256 112.193

220 134

0.999620 0.993020

1.55520 1.512220

218

1.1623

16

20

Ethyl octadecanoate

5246 5247 5248 5249 5250 5251

5257 (Ethylthio)benzene 5258 Ethyl thiocyanate

Thiophenetole

2810-04-0

156.203

C5H7NOS2 C9H12

7648-01-3 611-14-3

161.246 120.191

liq

35.5 -79.83

165.2

0.880720

1.504620

5265 3-Ethyltoluene

C9H12

620-14-4

120.191

liq

-95.6

161.3

0.864520

1.496620

5266 4-Ethyltoluene

C9H12

622-96-8

120.191

liq

-62.35

162

0.861420

1.495920

5267 Ethyl p-toluenesulfonate

C9H12O3S

80-40-0

200.254

34.5

17315

1.16648

5268 Ethyl trichloroacetate

C4H5Cl3O2

515-84-4

191.441

167.5

1.383620

1.450520

5269 5270 5271 5272

C4H5F3O2 C6H7F3O3 C3H5F3O3S C9H10O5

383-63-1 372-31-6 425-75-2 831-61-8

142.077 184.113 178.130 198.172

61 132 115

1.19420 1.258615 1.37400

1.30820 1.378315

5263 3-Ethyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 5264 2-Ethyltoluene

Ethyl trifluoroacetate Ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate Ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate Ethyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate

3-Ethylrhodanine

i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth; s ctc dec H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace

vs H2O sl chl

dec 207

C7H8O2S

5262 Ethyl thiophene-2-carboxylate

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; i eth vs EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl

liq

-39.1

mcl pr (w+2 163.0 1/2) nd (chl)

1.5248

vs H2O, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth s EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH; vs ace i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, ace; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, AcOEt; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl s EtOH, eth s eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, AcOEt

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-255 S

NH2

O O

N N

N 3-Ethylpyridine

O

N

4-Ethylpyridine

O

O

2-Ethyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamide

N

Ethyl 2-pyridinecarboxylate

Ethyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate

O N

O

N

Br

O

N

NH2

N

N Ethyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate

N-Ethylpyridinium bromide

1-Ethyl-1H-pyrrole

1-Ethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione

1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanamine

HO O O O Si O O

OH O

N N

N

O

Ethyl Red

Ethyl salicylate

Ethyl silicate

O O Ethyl stearate

2-Ethylstyrene

3-Ethylstyrene

4-Ethylstyrene

O O O S O OH

OH

S

O S O O

O O

Ethyl sulfate

2-(Ethylsulfonyl)ethanol

S

O

OH O Ethyl tartrate

O

O NH2

S-Ethyl thioacetate

S

S

S

5-Ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine

OH

O

N

2-Ethyl-5-(3-sulfophenyl)isoxazolium hydroxide, inner salt

N N 2-Ethyltetrahydrofuran

O

OH

OH

(Ethylthio)acetic acid

(Ethylthio)benzene

S

N S Ethyl thiocyanate

O

S

S

S

OH

2-(Ethylthio)ethanol

1-(Ethylthio)-4-methylbenzene

O

2-Ethylthiophene

Ethyl thiophene-2-carboxylate

O O S O O N S

S

3-Ethyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

2-Ethyltoluene

3-Ethyltoluene

4-Ethyltoluene

Ethyl p-toluenesulfonate

O O Cl Cl

O

O O

Cl

Ethyl trichloroacetate

F F

O F

Ethyl trifluoroacetate

F F

O

O O

F

Ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate

F F

O

O S

O

F

Ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate

HO

OH OH

Ethyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate

3-256

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

5273 Ethyltrimethoxysilane 5274 1-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene

C5H14O3Si C11H16

5314-55-6 17851-27-3

150.249 148.245

5275 2-Ethyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

C11H16

3982-67-0

Trimethylolpropane phosphite

C5H14Pb C9H15N C6H11O3P

Ethyl undecylate

C13H26O2

No. Name

5276 Ethyltrimethyllead 5277 3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylpyrrole 5278 4-Ethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 5279 Ethyl undecanoate

Synonym

Ethyltrimethylplumbane

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

liq

-13.5

124.3 213

0.948820 0.88320

1.383820 1.507520

148.245

liq

-15.5

212.4

0.88320

1.507420

vs EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

1762-26-1 520-69-4 824-11-3

281.4 137.222 162.123

col liq lf (eth)

2710.5 214; 11035

1.8820

627-90-7

214.344

66.5 53.7 -15

s chl 13114

0.863320

1.428520

15

25

5280 Ethyl 10-undecenoate

C13H24O2

692-86-4

212.329

liq

-38

264.5

0.8827

5281 N-Ethylurea

C3H8N2O

625-52-5

88.108

92.5

dec

1.213018

5282 Ethyl vinyl ether

C4H8O

109-92-2

72.106

nd (bz, aleth) liq

-115.8

35.5

0.758920

1.376720

C31H42ClN3 C9H8O C10H9NO2

2390-59-2 4187-87-5 3567-38-2

492.138 132.159 175.184

gray-viol cry pr 22 cry (al) 86.5

11412

1.065520

1.550820

C8H13N C8H12O

30389-18-5 78-27-3

123.196 124.180

cry (peth)

31.5

6520 174

0.91325 0.987320

1.481720 1.482220

5288 1-Ethynylcyclohexanol, carbamate Ethinamate

C9H13NO2

126-52-3

167.205

nd

97

1203

5289 1-Ethynylcyclopentanol 5290 α-Ethynyl-αmethylbenzenemethanol 5291 Ethynylsilane 5292 Etioporphyrin 5293 Etofylline

C7H10O C10H10O

17356-19-3 127-66-2

110.153 146.185

27 52.3

157.5 217.5; 10212

C2H4Si C32H38N4 C9H12N4O3

1066-27-9 448-71-5 519-37-9

56.139 478.671 224.216

col gas

C12H22O6

1954-28-5

262.299

col liq

-13

C29H32O13 C10H17N2O4PS C10H18O

33419-42-0 38260-54-7 470-82-6

588.556 292.291 154.249

cry (MeOH)

≈243 -1.7 0.8

5283 Ethyl Violet 5284 α-Ethynylbenzenemethanol 5285 α-Ethynylbenzenemethanol carbamate 5286 1-Ethynylcyclohexanamine 5287 1-Ethynylcyclohexanol

5294 Etoglucid

5295 Etoposide 5296 Etrimfos 5297 Eucalyptol 5298 Euparin 5299 Evan’s Blue

1-Phenylpropargyl alcohol Carfimate

Silylacetylene

Oxirane, 2,2’-(2,5,8,11tetraoxadodecane-1,12-diyl) bis-

Cineole

532-48-9 1-[6-Hydroxy-2-(1-methylvinyl) C13H12O3 -5-benzofuranyl]ethanone C34H24N6Na4O14S4 314-13-6

216.232

5302 Famphur 5303 α-Farnesene

C10H16NO5PS2 C15H24

52-85-7 502-61-4

325.342 204.352

5304 β-Farnesene 5305 Farnesic acid 5306 2-cis,6-trans-Farnesol

C15H24 C15H24O2 C15H26O

18794-84-8 7548-13-2 3790-71-4

204.352 236.351 222.366

5307 2-trans,6-trans-Farnesol

C15H26O

106-28-5

222.366

C17H28O2 C8H6N2O4 C13H22NO3PS C17H12Cl2N2O C20H19ClN4 C60H78OSn2

29548-30-9 1008-65-7 22224-92-6 60168-88-9 114369-43-6 13356-08-6

264.403 194.145 cry 303.358 331.195 350.845 1052.680

112 49 118 125 138

C10H18O

36386-49-9

154.249

39

5314 α-Fenchol, (±)

vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz 1962

1.131220

176.4

1.19520 0.926720

1.462220

s MeOH 1.458620

960.806 303.357 337.446

Distannoxane, hexakis(2methyl-2-phenylpropyl)1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-ol, endo-(±)

1.475120

121.5

518-17-2 76824-35-6

2-(1,2,4-Oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol

0.96225 1.031420

ye lf (al) cry

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth; sl chl sl H2O; vs EtOH; s hx

-22.5

C19H17N3O C8H15N7O2S3

Farnesol acetate Fenadiazole Fenamiphos Fenarimol Fenbuconazole Fenbutatin oxide

1.444121

362 158

5300 Evodiamine 5301 Famotidine

5308 5309 5310 5311 5312 5313

1.4449

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, bz; s eth; i CS2 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH; msc eth s H2O, EtOH

28 163

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc s eth, bz, chl; sl NaOH s H2O, EtOH, acid i EtOH, chl; vs DMF; s HOAc; sl MeOH

53 13012

0.841020

1.483620

1219 20416 15612, 1200.3

0.836320

1.489920

oil oil

0.890820

1.487720

oil

16010, 1373

0.88820

1.487720

5315 (±)-Fenchone

C10H16O

18492-37-0

152.233

oily liq

5316 Fenfluramine 5317 Fenitrothion 5318 Fenoxaprop-ethyl

C12H16F3N C9H12NO5PS C18H16ClNO5

458-24-2 122-14-5 82110-72-3

231.257 277.234 361.777

cry (AcOEt)

i H2O; s eth, ace; msc peth, lig vs ace, eth, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace

16810 1800.1 1.1520

199.5

0.942040

6.1

193.5

0.9492

15

1.322725

85

11012 1180.05, 1641 2000.001

vs eth, EtOH 1.4702

20

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace

sl H2O, hx; s eth; vs ace, tol

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-257

O Si O O

O N H

Pb

Ethyltrimethoxysilane

1-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene

2-Ethyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

Ethyltrimethyllead

P

O

3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylpyrrole

O

4-Ethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

N

N H

O

O Ethyl undecanoate

Cl

O

O

O

N

Ethyl 10-undecenoate

NH2

O

N-Ethylurea

N

Ethyl vinyl ether

Ethyl Violet

O O

OH

NH2

O

HO

H2N

O

α-Ethynylbenzenemethanol

α-Ethynylbenzenemethanol carbamate

1-Ethynylcyclohexanamine

1-Ethynylcyclohexanol

OH

HO

H2 N 1-Ethynylcyclohexanol, carbamate

α-Ethynyl-α-methylbenzenemethanol

1-Ethynylcyclopentanol

O O

H OH O

HO

O

H

O O

OH

NH N

O

N HN O

Ethynylsilane

Etioporphyrin

O

O

HO

S

O

N

S O OH

O

S O OH

Evan’s Blue

N Etrimfos

N

N H H N

O

N O

Etoposide

OH NH2 O OH S O

N

O

O OH

O

Etoglucid

N

Euparin

O

O

NH2 OH N

O

O O

Etofylline

O HO S O

O

O

N

N

O

P

O

N

N

SiH3

S

O

O

Eucalyptol

NH2

O

N O S O NH2

S

NH2

N N

S

Evodiamine

NH2

Famotidine

O

P

O

O

O S O N

OH α-Farnesene

Famphur

β-Farnesene

OH

Farnesic acid

2-cis,6-trans-Farnesol

N Cl OH N N O OH 2-trans,6-trans-Farnesol

P

Fenadiazole

Cl

O

N Fenamiphos

O

O

O F

α-Fenchol, (±)

(±)-Fenchone

F

F Fenfluramine

N O

N

N

Fenarimol

H N

OH

Cl

N N

H N

S

O Farnesol acetate

O O

O

Sn O Sn

Fenbutatin oxide

OH

O

Fenbuconazole

S P

N

O

O Cl

O

O

O O

Fenitrothion

Fenoxaprop-ethyl

3-258

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

5319 Fenoxycarb

Ethyl 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethylcarbamate

C17H19NO4

79127-80-3

301.338

53

C22H23NO3 C11H17O4PS2 C22H28N2O C10H15O3PS2 C25H22ClNO3 C9H18FeN3S6

64257-84-7 115-90-2 437-38-7 55-38-9 51630-58-1 14484-64-1

349.423 308.354 336.469 278.328 419.901 416.494

47

102-54-5 299-29-6

186.031 446.140

C6H10FeO6

5905-52-2

233.984

C19H34 C23H36N2O2

2221-95-6 98319-26-7

262.473 372.544

C15H10O6

528-48-3

286.236

lt ye nd (dil al, + 1 w)

C27H33N9O15P2 C20H14O3

146-14-5 519-95-9

785.550 302.323

Trifluoromethylthiazide

C19H20F3NO4 C17H10F6N4S C12H13ClF3N3O4 C26H23F2NO4 C21H29FO5 C8H6F3N3O4S2

79241-46-6 37893-02-0 33245-39-5 70124-77-5 127-31-1 148-56-1

383.362 416.343 355.697 451.463 380.450 329.277

ye cry (w) ye cry (HOAc) pale ye liq ye cry

1,2-(1,8-Naphthylene)benzene

C24H30F2O6 C16H10

67-73-2 206-44-0

452.488 202.250

cry (ace/hx) 266 dec pa ye nd or 110.19 pl (al)

C13H11N

153-78-6

181.233

pl or nd (dil 130.3 al) lf (al) 114.77

5320 5321 5322 5323 5324 5325

Fenpropathrin Fensulfothion Fentanyl Fenthion Fenvalerate Ferbam

5326 Ferrocene 5327 Ferrous gluconate

Iron, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioatoS,S’)-, (OC-6-11)Dicyclopentadienyl iron C10H10Fe C12H22FeO14

5328 Ferrous lactate 5329 Fichtelite 5330 Finasteride

18-Norabietane Proscar

5331 Fisetin

5332 Flavine adenine dinucleotide 5333 Florantyrone 5334 5335 5336 5337 5338 5339

Fluazipop-butyl Flubenzimine Fluchloralin Flucythrinate Fludrocortisone Flumethiazide

5340 Fluocinolone acetonide 5341 Fluoranthene

FAD

Cythrin

5342 9H-Fluoren-2-amine

Physical Form

87.5 7.5

172.5 ye-gray pow (w) grn-wh pow (hyd) cry 46 wh cry 252

den/ g cm-3

1400.01

1.1525 1.20220

870.01 dec

1.24620 1.1525

nD

249

Solubility

C13H10

86-73-7

166.218

5344 9H-Fluorene-9-carboxylic acid 5345 9H-Fluorene-2,7-diamine

2,7-Diaminofluorene

C14H10O2 C13H12N2

1989-33-9 525-64-4

210.228 196.247

5346 9H-Fluorene-9-methanol 5347 9H-Fluoren-9-ol

C14H12O C13H10O

24324-17-2 1689-64-1

196.244 182.217

5348 9H-Fluoren-9-one

C13H8O

486-25-9

180.202

5349 Fluorescein

C20H12O5

2321-07-5

332.306

ye orth bipym (al, bz-peth) red orth pr

ye pow

nd (w), pr (bz), pl (eth) hex nd (w, peth)

5350 Fluorescein sodium

CI Acid Yellow 73

C20H10Na2O5

518-47-8

376.270

5351 2-Fluoroacetamide

Fluoroacetic acid amide

C2H4FNO

640-19-7

77.057

5352 5353 5354 5355

Fluoroethanoic acid

C2H3FO2 C2H2ClFO C2HF C6H6FN

144-49-0 359-06-8 2713-09-9 348-54-9

78.042 96.487 44.027 111.117

5356 3-Fluoroaniline

C6H6FN

372-19-0

111.117

5357 4-Fluoroaniline

C6H6FN

371-40-4

111.117

pa ye liq

5358 2-Fluorobenzaldehyde 5359 3-Fluorobenzaldehyde 5360 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde

C7H5FO C7H5FO C7H5FO

446-52-6 456-48-4 459-57-4

124.112 124.112 124.112

i H2O s H2O; i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH

23643

0.938022

1.505220 sl H2O; s chl, EtOH, MeOH, DMSO i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, peth

330

208

s EtOH, MeOH

5 119 42

sl H2O 1080.35

cry (EtOH) cry

2,2’-Methylenebiphenyl

Fluoroethyne

bp/˚C

180 dec

5343 9H-Fluorene

Fluoroacetic acid Fluoroacetyl chloride Fluoroacetylene 2-Fluoroaniline

mp/˚C

1.18922

261 dec 306

sl H2O; i bz, tol; s MeOH, EtOH, DMF 384

1.2520

295

1.2030

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, CS2

226 166

i H2O; s EtOH, chl

105.0 156.0

84

341.5

1.130099

1.630999

315 dec

108

sub

35.2

168 72; 23105 -105 exp 175; 5512

1.151321

1.542120

188

1.156119

1.543620

-0.8

182; 8519

1.172520

1.519520

liq

-44.5 -10

1.17825 1.1725 1.181019

1.523420 1.520620

liq

175 173 181.5

nd liq gas pa ye liq

-196 -34.6

1.369336

sl H2O, peth, EtOH; s eth, ace; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs tol; sl ctc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s py, MeOH s H2O, EtOH, glycerol, dil acid s H2O, ace; sl chl s H2O, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-259 O

O

O

H N

O

O

O N

O

P

O

S O

O

Fenoxycarb

S

O

Fenpropathrin

N

O

N

Fensulfothion

Fentanyl

N S S

O O

S P

O

S

S

S S

O

Cl

N

N

Fenthion

Fenvalerate

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

H HO H H

Fe

N

O

O

S

Fe

Ferbam

Ferrocene

Fe2

Ferrous gluconate

O N

N N CH2 OH OH OH O

H N

O

O

H

O

OH

O

2

Ferrous lactate

HO

N H H

Fichtelite

OH

O

O NH2

N

N O

HO

OH Finasteride

N

N

O O P O P O OH OH

OH

Fe 2

O

H

N

Fisetin

OH

Flavine adenine dinucleotide

Cl O N

F F O

OH O

O O

F

O

N

F F

F

O

N

F

N

O

Florantyrone

N

F

S

F

Flubenzimine

HO O

OH

F F

O

O

O

F O S H2N

F N

O

Flucythrinate

Fludrocortisone

O F Fluocinolone acetonide

OH H2N

9H-Fluorene

9H-Fluorene-9-carboxylic acid

9H-Fluorene-2,7-diamine

9H-Fluorene-9-methanol

O

O O

OH

Na O

F

O Na

O

Fluorescein

Fluorescein sodium

O OH

Fluoroacetic acid

F

Cl

Fluoroacetyl chloride

O

F

F F 2-Fluoroaniline

F

O

O

NH2

NH2

2-Fluoroacetamide

NH2 NH2

9H-Fluoren-9-ol

O

O

HO

OH

NH2

O

O

9H-Fluoren-9-one

Fluoranthene

OH

NH2 9H-Fluoren-2-amine

O

F

NH

Flumethiazide

O

O

H

O O

O

F

O

N S

F

OH

HO

F F

H

O

Fluchloralin

O

HO

O N

N

F

Fluazipop-butyl

O

N

3-Fluoroaniline

F

F 4-Fluoroaniline

2-Fluorobenzaldehyde

3-Fluorobenzaldehyde

F 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde

F Fluoroacetylene

3-260

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

5361 Fluorobenzene

C6H5F

462-06-6

96.102

liq

-42.18

84.73

1.022520

1.468430

sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig

5362 5363 5364 5365 5366 5367 5368

C8H7FO2 C8H6FN C8H6FN C7H8FN C7H7FO C6H4ClFO2S C7H5FO2

405-50-5 326-62-5 459-22-3 140-75-0 459-56-3 349-88-2 445-29-4

154.139 135.139 135.139 125.144 126.128 194.611 140.112

cry (chl)

86

1642 232; 10210 228; 11918 183 210 1069

1.05925 1.139020

1.500920 1.500220 1.513920 1.508020

5369 3-Fluorobenzoic acid 5370 4-Fluorobenzoic acid

C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2

455-38-9 456-22-4

140.112 140.112

5371 5372 5373 5374 5375 5376

C7H4FN C7H4FN C7H4ClFO C7H4ClFO C7H4ClFO C12H9F

394-47-8 1194-02-1 393-52-2 1711-07-5 403-43-0 321-60-8

121.112 121.112 158.557 158.557 158.557 172.197

No. Name

Synonym

4-Fluorobenzeneacetic acid 2-Fluorobenzeneacetonitrile 4-Fluorobenzeneacetonitrile 4-Fluorobenzenemethanamine 4-Fluorobenzenemethanol 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2-Fluorobenzoic acid

2-Fluorobenzonitrile 4-Fluorobenzonitrile 2-Fluorobenzoyl chloride 3-Fluorobenzoyl chloride 4-Fluorobenzoyl chloride 2-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

5377 4-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl 5378 5379 5380 5381 5382

1-Fluorobutane 2-Fluorobutane Fluorocyclohexane 1-Fluorocyclohexene 5-Fluorocytosine

Butyl fluoride sec-Butyl fluoride Cyclohexyl fluoride

86.0

pl or nd nd (a)

23 30 126.5

lf (w) pr (w), mcl pr (w)

124 185

nd (peth)

34.8 2.0 -30 9 73.5

liq

C12H9F

324-74-3

172.197

pr

74.2

C4H9F C4H9F C6H11F C6H9F C4H4FN3O

2366-52-1 359-01-3 372-46-3 694-51-9 2022-85-7

76.112 76.112 102.149 100.133 129.092

liq -134 vol liq or gas -121.4 13

C10H21F C13H7F3N2O5

334-56-5 15457-05-3

160.272 328.200

C6H3FN2O4 C2H5F

70-34-8 353-36-6

186.097 48.059

vs bz, eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i bz; s chl sl H2O; s eth sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth

1.46025 1.47425 1.47925 9322 188.8 9115 189 8220 248

1.107055 1.32825 1.30425 1.34225 1.245225

1.492555 1.536520 1.528520 1.529620

25

253

1.247

32.5 25.1 101 96.5

0.778920 0.755925 0.927920

1.339620

sl chl; s peth

s EtOH, eth, chl, peth; sl lig sl EtOH; s eth, gl HOAc vs EtOH

1.414620 1.444125

i H2O; s py

1.4085

vs eth

5385 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 5386 Fluoroethane

4-Amino-5-fluoro-2hydroxypyrimidine Decyl fluoride 2-Nitro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-4(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2,4-Dinitrophenyl fluoride Ethyl fluoride

5387 2-Fluoroethanol

Ethylene fluorohydrin

C2H5FO

371-62-0

64.058

liq

-26.4

103.5

5388 Fluoroethene

Vinyl fluoride

C2H3F

75-02-5

46.043

col gas

-160.5

-72

C7H15F

661-11-0

118.192

liq

-73

117.9

0.806220

1.385420

C6H13F C6H4FI C6H4FI

373-14-8 348-52-7 352-34-1

104.165 221.998 221.998

liq liq liq

-103 -41.5 -27

91.5 188.6 183

0.799520 1.952315

1.373820 1.591020 1.527022

5393 1-Fluoro-3-isothiocyanatobenzene 5394 1-Fluoro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene 5395 Fluoromethane Methyl fluoride

C7H4FNS C7H4FNS CH3F

404-72-8 1544-68-9 593-53-3

153.177 153.177 34.033

1.618620

col gas

227 228 -78.4

1.2725

27 -141.8

1.167425

sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth

5396 5397 5398 5399

1-Fluoro-2-methoxybenzene 1-Fluoro-3-methoxybenzene 1-Fluoro-4-methoxybenzene 4-Fluoro-2-methylaniline

C7H7FO C7H7FO C7H7FO C7H8FN

321-28-8 456-49-5 459-60-9 452-71-1

126.128 126.128 126.128 125.144

liq liq liq

-39 -35 -45 14.2

154.5 159; 5114 157 9416

0.55725 (p>1 atm) 1.548917 1.10425 1.178118 1.126318

1.496917 1.487620 1.488618 1.536318

i H2O; s eth, ctc

5400 5401 5402 5403

(Fluoromethyl)benzene 2-Fluoro-4-methyl-1-nitrobenzene 3-Fluoro-4-nitrotoluene 2-Fluoro-2-methylpropane tert-Butyl fluoride 1-Fluoronaphthalene

C7H7F C7H6FNO2 C4H9F C10H7F

350-50-5 446-34-4 353-61-7 321-38-0

110.129 155.127 76.112 146.161

liq nd (al) col gas liq

-35 53.2 -9

140; 4014 973 12.1 215; 8011

C10H7F

323-09-1

146.161

nd (al)

61

212; 9016

5383 1-Fluorodecane 5384 Fluorodifen

5389 1-Fluoroheptane 5390 1-Fluorohexane 5391 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene 5392 1-Fluoro-4-iodobenzene

Hexyl fluoride

5404 2-Fluoronaphthalene

wh cry

296 dec

liq

-35 94

186.2

0.819420

col gas

25.8 -143.2

296 -37.7

1.471854 1.569020 0.718220 1.265620 (p>1 atm 1.104020 1.364718

1.022825 1.438025

1.489225

1.132220

1.593920

5405 1-Fluoro-2-nitrobenzene 5406 1-Fluoro-3-nitrobenzene

o-Fluoronitrobenzene m-Fluoronitrobenzene

C6H4FNO2 C6H4FNO2

1493-27-2 402-67-5

141.100 141.100

ye liq ye cry

-6 41

dec 215 199; 8619

1.328518 1.325419

1.548917 1.526215

5407 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene

p-Fluoronitrobenzene

C6H4FNO2

350-46-9

141.100

ye nd

21

205

1.330020

1.531620

5408 1-Fluorooctane 5409 1-Fluoropentane 5410 2-Fluorophenol

Octyl fluoride Pentyl fluoride

C8H17F C5H11F C6H5FO

463-11-6 592-50-7 367-12-4

132.219 90.139 112.101

liq liq

-64 -120 16.1

142.3 62.8 151.5

0.811620 0.790720 1.12025

1.394620 1.359121.514420

s EtOH; sl chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; s eth, ace, bz; vs peth s eth, bz s ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

s eth s eth, ace, bz, ctc s ctc

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH s H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-261 N

NH2

OH

N F

OH F

Fluorobenzene

F

O

F

4-Fluorobenzeneacetic acid

2-Fluorobenzeneacetonitrile

Cl O S O

O O

O

OH

4-Fluorobenzenemethanamine

N

O

F 2-Fluorobenzoic acid

O

Cl

F

F

O

4-Fluorobenzenemethanol

N

OH

OH

F 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride

F

F

4-Fluorobenzeneacetonitrile

F F

F

3-Fluorobenzoic acid

4-Fluorobenzoic acid

2-Fluorobenzonitrile

4-Fluorobenzonitrile

2-Fluorobenzoyl chloride

Cl

Cl F

F F

F

F

3-Fluorobenzoyl chloride

4-Fluorobenzoyl chloride

2-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

1-Fluorobutane

O NH2 F

F

1-Fluorocyclohexene

N

2-Fluorobutane

O

O N

F

O

N N H

F

F 4-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

O O

F

5-Fluorocytosine

N O

F F

F

1-Fluorodecane

O

Fluorodifen

N

Fluorocyclohexane

O

F

O

1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

Fluoroethane

F F I F

OH

2-Fluoroethanol

F

F Fluoroethene

1-Fluoroheptane

F 1-Fluorohexane

I 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene

1-Fluoro-4-iodobenzene

F F

F

N

C

N C S

S

1-Fluoro-3-isothiocyanatobenzene

F

H H

F

F

O

H

1-Fluoro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene

O

NH2

N

O

O

Fluoromethane

1-Fluoro-2-methoxybenzene

1-Fluoro-3-methoxybenzene

1-Fluoro-4-methoxybenzene

O F

F F

F

F

F 4-Fluoro-2-methylaniline

(Fluoromethyl)benzene

2-Fluoro-4-methyl-1-nitrobenzene

O N

1-Fluoronaphthalene

2-Fluoronaphthalene

F

F F

2-Fluoro-2-methylpropane

OH O

1-Fluoro-2-nitrobenzene

N O

F

O

1-Fluoro-3-nitrobenzene

O

N

F

F

O

1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene

1-Fluorooctane

1-Fluoropentane

2-Fluorophenol

3-262

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

5411 3-Fluorophenol 5412 4-Fluorophenol 5413 2-Fluoro-1-phenylethanone 5414 1-(4-Fluorophenyl)ethanone 5415 1-Fluoropropane 5416 5417 5418 5419 5420 5421

2-Fluoropropane 1-Fluoro-2-propanone cis-1-Fluoropropene trans-1-Fluoropropene 2-Fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropene

Propyl fluoride Isopropyl fluoride Fluoroacetone

5422 2-Fluoropyridine 5423 3-Fluoropyridine 5424 2-Fluorotoluene

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C6H5FO C6H5FO

372-20-3 371-41-5

112.101 112.101

Physical Form

C8H7FO C8H7FO C3H7F

450-95-3 403-42-9 460-13-9

138.139 138.139 62.086

pl liq col gas

C3H7F C3H5FO C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F

420-26-8 430-51-3 19184-10-2 20327-65-5 1184-60-7 818-92-8

62.086 76.069 60.070 60.070 60.070 60.070

gas col gas col gas col gas col gas

C5H4FN C5H4FN C7H7F

372-48-5 372-47-4 95-52-3

97.091 97.091 110.129

liq liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

13.7 48

178 185.5

1.23825 1.188956

29 -45 -159

12

90 196 -2.5 -9.4 77 ≈-20

nD

Solubility

1.514020 sl H2O; s ace, peth

20

20

1.152 1.5200 1.138225 1.508125 0.759620 1.311520 (p>1 atm 1.028820

1.370020

≈-20 -24 -3

-62

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl

125 107 115

1.128020 1.130 1.004113

1.457420 1.472020 1.470420

20

20

5425 3-Fluorotoluene

C7H7F

352-70-5

110.129

liq

-87

115

0.9974

5426 4-Fluorotoluene

C7H7F

352-32-9

110.129

liq

-56

116.6

0.997520

1.469920

5427 1-Fluoro-2-(trichloromethyl) benzene 5428 1-Fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 5429 1-Fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 5430 1-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 5431 Fluorotrimethylsilane 5432 5-Fluorouracil

C7H4Cl3F

488-98-2

213.464

9512, 755

1.45325

1.543220

C7H4F4

392-85-8

164.101

114.5

1.29325

1.404025

C7H4F4

401-80-9

164.101

liq

-81.5

101.5

1.302117

C7H4F4

402-44-8

164.101

liq

-41.7

103.5

1.29325

C3H9FSi C4H3FN2O2

420-56-4 51-21-8

92.187 130.077

C17H18F3NO C20H29FO3 C22H26F3N3OS C21H27FO5 C24H33FO6 C21H23ClFN3O

54910-89-3 76-43-7 69-23-8 53-34-9 1524-88-5 17617-23-1

309.326 336.440 437.520 378.434 436.513 387.878

vol liq or gas cry (w, 283 MeOH-eth) oil 270

C19H14F3NO [(4-Amino-3,5-dichloro-6C7H5Cl2FN2O3 fluoro-2-pyridyl)oxy]acetic acid C26H22ClF3N2O3 Vitamin Bc C19H19N7O6

59756-60-4 69377-81-7

329.315 255.030

5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic C20H23N7O7 acid 1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, 2- C9H4Cl3NO2S [(trichloromethyl)thio]C15H10ClF3N2O6S 4-[3-[4-(Phenoxymethyl)phenyl] C20H25NO2 propyl]morpholine Phosphonodithioic acid, ethyl-, C10H15OPS2 O-ethyl S-phenyl ester Methanal CH2O

58-05-9

473.440

133-07-3

296.558

72178-02-0 17692-39-6

438.762 311.419

944-22-9

246.329

50-00-0

30.026

CH3NO

75-17-2

CH3NO

5433 5434 5435 5436 5437 5438

Fluoxetine Fluoxymesterone Fluphenazine Fluprednisolone Flurandrenolide Flurazepam

5439 Fluridone 5440 Fluroxypyr 5441 Fluvalinate 5442 Folic acid 5443 Folinic acid 5444 Folpet 5445 Fomesafen 5446 Fomocaine 5447 Fonofos 5448 Formaldehyde

5-Fluoro-2,4(1H,3H)Pyrimidinedione

Fludroxycortide

5449 Formaldehyde oxime 5450 Formamide

Methanamide

5451 Formamidinesulfinic acid 5452 Formetanate hydrochloride

Aminoiminomethanesulfinic acid CH4N2O2S C11H16ClN3O2

5453 Formic acid

Methanoic acid

5454 N-Formimidoyl-L-glutamic acid

N-(Iminomethyl)-L-glutamic C6H10N2O4 acid 7-Hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl) C16H12O4 -4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

5455 Formononetin

CH2O2

102851-06-9 502.912 59-30-3 441.397

i H2O; s bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O

1.4691

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

1.402520

16.4 sub 190

2510.3 210 cry (ace/hx) 251 wh rods (eth/ 80 peth) 155 232 >450 ye-oran nd (w) cry (w + 3)

1.2925

250 dec

vs py, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O

245 dec 177

col cry

220 53

1.2820 2391.1 1300.1

1.1625

-92

-19.1

0.815-20

45.041

1.3

10915

1.13325

75-12-7

45.041

2.49

220

1.133420

1.447220

1758-73-2 23422-53-9

108.120 257.717

64-18-6

46.026

8.3

101

1.22020

1.371420

816-90-0

174.154

90

485-72-3

268.264

256.5

col gas

nd (al) pow

144 dec 201 dec

s H2O, EtOH, chl; msc eth, ace, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s ace; i bz, chl vs H2O; i eth, bz vs H2O; s MeOH; sl ace, hx, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, tol

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-263

OH OH

O

O F F

3-Fluorophenol

4-Fluorophenol

2-Fluoro-1-phenylethanone

1-(4-Fluorophenyl)ethanone

F 2-Fluoropropene

N

3-Fluoropropene

F

2-Fluoropropane

cis-1-Fluoropropene

Cl

F

N

2-Fluoropyridine

1-Fluoro-2-propanone

F

F

trans-1-Fluoropropene

F

F

1-Fluoropropane

F F

O

F F

F

F

F

3-Fluoropyridine

2-Fluorotoluene

Cl Cl

F

3-Fluorotoluene

4-Fluorotoluene

1-Fluoro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene

F F F

F

O F

F F

F F

F 1-Fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F

1-Fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F

1-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

O

N

F Fluoxymesterone

Fluoxetine

N

O O

HO

O

N O

H

H

N

Cl

F F

F

O

O

S

O

F

5-Fluorouracil

OH OH

HO F

H

Fluorotrimethylsilane

F F

O

OH

N

HO

N H

OH

N HO

F Si

F

H N

O

H

N

F

F Fluphenazine

Fluprednisolone

Flurandrenolide

Flurazepam

N O NH2

O F F

Cl F

F

N

Cl N

H2N H

N

Cl

O

H N O

F

F

Fluroxypyr

H N

N OH

F

OH

O

N

Fluvalinate

O

OH OH

Folic acid

H N

N N

N O

N

HN

O Fluridone

H2N

O

O

H N

O O

O

Cl

O

O

H N

N S

OH

F F

Cl O Cl Cl

OH

Folinic acid

O O

O O S N H O

O

NO2

N

F

Folpet

Fomesafen

Fomocaine

O O S

P

S Fonofos

HO

O O

H

H

Formaldehyde

H

NH O

N H

Formaldehyde oxime

H

HO NH2

Formamide

S O

HO

O Formononetin

HCl OH O

NH2

N

Formamidinesulfinic acid

O

N H

O

N

Formetanate hydrochloride

H

OH

O OH

Formic acid

HN

O NH

N-Formimidoyl-L-glutamic acid

3-264

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

5456 Formothion 5457 2-Formylbenzoic acid

C6H12NO4PS2 C8H6O3

2540-82-1 119-67-5

257.267 150.132

5458 3-Formylbenzoic acid

C8H6O3

619-21-6

150.132

5459 4-Formylbenzoic acid

C8H6O3

619-66-9

150.132

247

5460 3-Formylbenzonitrile

C8H5NO

24964-64-5

131.132

76.5

210

5461 4-Formylbenzonitrile

C8H5NO

105-07-7

131.132

100.5

13312

C10H10O5

519-05-1

210.183

nd (w)

150

C11H10FeO CHFO C9H9NO2 C6H18AlO9P3

12093-10-6 1493-02-3 122-85-0 39148-24-8

214.041 48.016 163.173 354.105

col gas pr (w)

118.5 -142.2 158.0 >300

C6H12NO3PS2

21548-32-3

241.268

ye oil

C16H18O10 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6

524-30-1 6035-50-3 7776-48-9 53188-23-1

370.308 180.155 180.155 180.155

ye nd (al) nd wh cry pr or nd (w) orth pr (al)

205 130 102 103 dec

C6H13O9P C42H58O6

643-13-0 3351-86-8

260.135 658.905

red pl (eth) hex pl (dil al)

168

No. Name

5462 6-Formyl-2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid 5463 Formylferrocene 5464 Formyl fluoride 5465 N-(4-Formylphenyl)acetamide 5466 Fosetyl-Al

Synonym

Opianic acid

Fluoroformaldehyde Aluminum tris(Oethylphosphonate)

5467 Fosthietan 5468 5469 5470 5471

Fraxin DL-Fructose L-Fructose β-D-Fructose

α-Acrose β-Levulose

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

visc ye oil

25.5 98

dec

nd (w)

175

Hexose monophosphate

5474 Fulminic acid

Carbyloxime

CHNO

506-85-4

43.025

5475 Fulvene 5476 Fumaric acid

trans-2-Butenedioic acid

C6H6 C4H4O4

497-20-1 110-17-8

78.112 116.073

C8H8O4

484-89-9

168.148

br nd or pl (peth)

116

C4H4O

110-00-9

68.074

liq

5479 2-Furanacetic acid

C6H6O3

2745-26-8

126.110

5480 2-Furancarbonitrile 5481 2-Furancarbonyl chloride

C5H3NO C5H3ClO2

617-90-3 527-69-5

93.084 130.530

C5H4O2 C5H4O3

498-60-2 88-14-2

96.085 112.084

C5H4O3

488-93-7

112.084

C6H4O5 C5H7NO

3238-40-2 617-89-0

156.093 97.116

nd (w), lf (al) 342

5487 2-Furanmethanediol diacetate

C9H10O5

613-75-2

198.172

nd or pl (eth- 53.3 peth)

5488 2-Furanmethanethiol 5489 2-Furanmethanol acetate

C5H6OS C7H8O3

98-02-2 623-17-6

114.166 140.137

5490 4-(2-Furanyl)-2-butanone 5491 4-(2-Furanyl)-3-buten-2-one

C8H10O2 C8H8O2

699-17-2 623-15-4

138.164 136.149

oil

5492 1-(2-Furanyl)ethanone

C6H6O2

1192-62-7

110.111

cry (lig)

5493 2-Furanylmethyl pentanoate Furfuryl valerate 5494 3-(2-Furanyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen1-one 5495 1-(2-Furanyl)-1-propanone 5496 1-(2-Furanyl)-2-propanone 2-Furfuryl methyl ketone 5497 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenal

C10H14O3 C13H10O2

36701-01-6 717-21-5

182.216 198.217

C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H6O2

3194-15-8 6975-60-6 623-30-3

124.138 124.138 122.122

5498 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenenitrile

C7H5NO

7187-01-1

119.121

5478 Furan

5482 3-Furancarboxaldehyde 5483 2-Furancarboxylic acid

3-Hydroxy-2-methoxy-5methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione Oxacyclopentadiene

2-Furoic acid

5484 3-Furancarboxylic acid 5485 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid 5486 2-Furanmethanamine

Dehydromucic acid Furfurylamine

2-Furanacrylonitrile

1.36120 1.40425

nD

Solubility

1.554120

sl H2O; misc os s H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, eth

1.1950-30 vs H2O, bz

1.325

5472 D-Fructose 6-phosphate 5473 Fucoxanthin

5477 Fumigatin

700.1 -26.5

den/ g cm-3

1.534825

s ace, chl, MeOH, tol

1.66516 s H2O vs H2O, ace; s EtOH, MeOH, py vs H2O vs eth, EtOH

1.6020

unstable in pure form

s eth 756 sub 165

0.824120 1.63520

1.492020

i H2O; s bz, chl sl H2O, eth, ace; s EtOH, con sulf vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

-85.61

31.5

0.951420

1.421420

lf(peth)

68.5

1020.4

liq

-1.0

147 173

1.082220 1.32425

1.479820 1.531020

sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s H2O, bz, MeOH, peth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc

145; 7143 231

1.11020

1.494520

nd, mcl pr or 287 dec lf (w)

mcl nd or lf 133.5 (w) nd (w) 122.5

sub 105 1.740020 1.099520

1.490820

1.131920 1.117520

1.532920 1.432720

39.5

203 1.036119 dec 229; 11310 1.049657

1.469617 1.578845

33

175

1.09820

47

228; 821 317

1.028420 1.114020

28 29 54

8814 179.5 13514

1.062628 1.10420

38

96

sub 145.5 220 157 179

cry

1.501720

1.492225 1.503520

1.582425

s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl ace sl H2O; s EtOH, AcOEt; vs eth sl H2O, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth s eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth; sl chl vs tol

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-265 O

O

S O P S O

OH

O

N

OH N

OH

N O

O

O

O Formothion

2-Formylbenzoic acid

O

O

3-Formylbenzoic acid

4-Formylbenzoic acid

O

3-Formylbenzonitrile

4-Formylbenzonitrile

O HN O

OH O

O

H

O

O 6-Formyl-2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid

HO

O

Fe Formylferrocene

O PH

F

O

Formyl fluoride

Al

O

3

3

N-(4-Formylphenyl)acetamide

Fosetyl-Al

O

O N P O O

S

O

HO

HO

O

O

O

O HO

OH HO

HO

S Fosthietan

OH OH

OH

OH

O HO P O OH

OH OH

Fraxin

DL-Fructose

HO

O

OH

OH β-D-Fructose

OH O

O

OH

OH

O OH HO

L-Fructose

H O OH HO

OH O OH OH

O

N O

OH

D-Fructose 6-phosphate

Fucoxanthin

Fulminic acid

Fulvene

O O

O HO

O

OH

OH

O

Fumigatin

OH

O

O

O

Fumaric acid

Furan

O

2-Furanacetic acid

N

2-Furancarbonyl chloride

HO

O

O 2-Furancarboxylic acid

O

O

3-Furancarboxylic acid

O

O

2-Furanmethanediol diacetate

O O

O 4-(2-Furanyl)-3-buten-2-one

2-Furanmethanethiol

O O

1-(2-Furanyl)ethanone

2-Furanylmethyl pentanoate

O

O

3-(2-Furanyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one

O

O

O

O 4-(2-Furanyl)-2-butanone

O SH

NH2

2-Furanmethanamine

O

O

O

O

O

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid

O

2-Furanmethanol acetate

O

OH

O

3-Furancarboxaldehyde

O

O OH

OH

O

O

2-Furancarbonitrile

O O

O

Cl

O

O 1-(2-Furanyl)-1-propanone

O 1-(2-Furanyl)-2-propanone

O

O

3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenal

O

N

3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenenitrile

3-266

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

5499 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenoic acid 5500 Furazolidone

2-Furanacrylic acid 3-[[(5-Nitro-2-furanyl) methylene]amino]-2oxazolidinone

C7H6O3 C8H7N3O5

539-47-9 67-45-8

138.121 225.159

nd (w)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

141 255

286

den/ g cm-3

nD

vs eth, EtOH

5501 Furethidine 5502 Furfural

2-Furaldehyde

C21H31NO4 C5H4O2

2385-81-1 98-01-1

361.476 96.085

liq

28 -38.1

2100.5 161.7

1.159420

1.521920 1.526120

5503 Furfuryl alcohol

2-Furanmethanol

C5H6O2

98-00-0

98.101

col-ye liq

-14.6

171

1.129620

1.486920

5504 Furfuryl propanoate

2-Furanmethanol, propanoate

C8H10O3

623-19-8

154.163

195

1.108520

5505 Furoin

1,2-Di-2-furanyl-2hydroxyethanone

C10H8O4

552-86-3

192.169

C12H11N3O2 C12H11ClN2O5S C17H26N4O3S2 C11H8N2O5

3460-67-1 54-31-9 804-30-8 18819-45-9

229.234 330.743 398.543 248.192

C17H22O8 C6H10O8 C6H14O6

23255-69-8 526-99-8 608-66-2

354.352 210.138 182.171

C6H10O6

2782-07-2

178.139

C6H12O6 C12H22O12

3646-73-9 96-82-2

180.155 358.296

5516 D-Galactose

C6H12O6

59-23-4

180.155

5517 D-Galacturonic acid

C6H10O7

685-73-4

194.139

pl or pr (al)pr 170 or nd (w+1) nd (w) 166 (β)

5506 5507 5508 5509

Furonazide Furosemide Fursultiamine Furylfuramide, (E)

5510 Fusarenon X 5511 Galactaric acid 5512 Galactitol

2-(2-Furanyl)-3-(5-nitro-2furanyl)-2-propenamide Mucic acid Dulcose

5513 D-Galactonic acid, γ-lactone 5514 α-D-Galactopyranose 5515 4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-Dgluconic acid

Lactobionic acid

nd (al)

138.5

col pr cry

202.3 204 dec 132 dec 154

cry pr (w) cry (dil MeOH) nd (w+1), nd (al)

182 255 dec 189.5

1.4720

s H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth, bz vs H2O

167

C17H21NO3

357-70-0

287.354

cry (bz)

126.5

5519 Galipine

2-[2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl) ethyl]-4-methoxyquinoline

C20H21NO3

525-68-8

323.386

pr (al, eth) nd (peth)

115.5

5520 Gallamine triethiodide

C30H60I3N3O3

65-29-2

891.528

5521 Gallein

C20H12O5

2103-64-2

332.306

5522 Ganciclovir 5523 Gardol 5524 Gelsemine

C9H13N5O4 C15H28NNaO3 C20H22N2O2

82410-32-0 137-16-6 509-15-9

255.231 293.378 322.401

C20H23ClN2O2 C15H10O5

35306-33-3 446-72-0

358.862 270.237

C12H22O11

554-91-6

342.296

5528 trans-Geraniol

C10H18O

106-24-1

154.249

5529 Geranyl 2-methylpropanoate 5530 Geranyl acetate 5531 Germine

C14H24O2 C12H20O2 C27H43NO8

2345-26-8 16409-44-2 508-65-6

224.340 196.286 509.632

5532 Gibberellic acid

C19H22O6

77-06-5

346.374

5533 Gitoxigenin

C23H34O5

545-26-6

390.513

5534 Gitoxin

C41H64O14

4562-36-1

780.939

5535 d-Glaucine

C21H25NO4

475-81-0

355.429

5527 β-Gentiobiose

sl H2O

syr

Lycoremine

5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1benzopyran-4-one 6-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-Dglucose

s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth sl H2O, EtOH, chl; s eth, MeOH

1.29

112

5518 Galanthamine

5525 Gelsemine, monohydrochloride 5526 Genistein

2771

Solubility

vs H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH, HOAc; i eth vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz; s py s H2O, EtOH; i eth vs ace, EtOH, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, bz, chl vs ace, EtOH

147.5

br-red pow >300 (+1.5w) red (anh) cry (MeOH) 250 dec cry (ace)

nd(eth), pr(dil al) cry (EtOH)

326 301 dec

192 <-15

pr or cry (MeOH) cry (EtOAc)

5536 D-Glucaric acid

D-Tetrahydroxyadipic acid

C6H10O8

87-73-0

210.138

pr (AcOEt) pr (+w, dil al) pr (chlMeOH) pl, pr (eth, AcOEt) nd (45% al)

5537 D-Glucitol 5538 D-Glucitol, hexaacetate

Sorbitol Sorbitol hexaacetate

C6H14O6 C18H26O12

50-70-4 7208-47-1

182.171 434.392

nd (w) pr (w)

sl H2O vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH

178

230

0.889420

1.476620

13613 11512

0.899715 0.916315

1.457620 1.462420

220

s hot H2O, hot MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

s bz, MeOH, alk, acid vs ace, EtOH, MeOH i H2O; sl eth; s chl

234 234 285 dec 120 125.5 111 100.8

2953.5

1.48920 1.3020

1.333020

vs ace, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl vs H2O, ace sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s chl, AcOEt

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-267 O O

O

OH

O

N O

O

O

O

Furonazide

H HO HO H

S

O

CH2OH OH H H OH CH2OH

H HO HO H

Galactaric acid

O

OH

α-D-Galactopyranose

4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-gluconic acid

O

CHO OH H H OH CH2OH

H HO HO H

D-Galactose

D-Galacturonic acid

O N

O

O

I

OH

OH

HO

O

H H2N

O

N

N O

Galanthamine

Gallamine triethiodide

H O N

H

Gardol

Gelsemine

O O

OH

OH O

OH

O OH OH

HO

N HCl H

N H

O

Ganciclovir

HO

H O

H O

OH

OH

Gallein

H N

O

H N

O

Na

O

O

Galipine

O

N

N

O

I

N

N

N

OH

O

O

CHO OH H H OH COOH

I O

OH

O OH CH2OH

O OH

OH OH

N

O Fusarenon X

H HO HO H

HO

OH

D-Galactonic acid, γ-lactone

O

O

COOH OH

HO

O

HO

OH

H

HO HO

Furylfuramide, (E)

HO

H O

NH2

HO

O

O

N

Fursultiamine

OH OH H CH2OH

Galactitol

H

NH2

O OH

Furoin

O N O

O

OH

Furfuryl propanoate

O

N

S

Cl Furosemide

COOH OH H H OH COOH

O

O O

Furfuryl alcohol

N

O

O

S O

Furfural

O

O

OH

O

OH

O H2N

O

O Furethidine

OH H N

O

N

O

O

Furazolidone

O N

O

N

O O

3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenoic acid

H N

N N

OH HO HO

OH

O

Gelsemine, monohydrochloride

β-Gentiobiose

Genistein

N

H

H H

O O

OH trans-Geraniol

O

O

HO

O

Geranyl 2-methylpropanoate

HO

Geranyl acetate

H

HO OH OH

H

O

OH H OH

H

O OH

HO

Germine

H O

OH

Gibberellic acid

O O

H

OH OH

O O

O O O O

H

OH OH

HO

H Gitoxigenin

OH

H

O N H

O

O O OH

O

HO

O

OH Gitoxin

d-Glaucine

H HO H H

COOH OH H OH OH COOH

D-Glucaric acid

H HO H H

CH2OH OH H OH OH CH2OH D-Glucitol

H AcO H H

CH2OAc OAc H OAc OAc CH2OAc

D-Glucitol, hexaacetate

3-268

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

5539 D-Gluconic acid

C6H12O7

526-95-4

196.155

nd (al-eth)

131

5540 β-D-Glucopyranose

C6H12O6

492-61-5

180.155

cry (hot EtOH)

149

Palatinose

C12H22O11

13718-94-0

342.296

Helicin

C13H16O7

618-65-5

284.262

nd (w)

175

vs H2O, EtOH

Skimmin

C15H16O8

93-39-0

324.283

cry (w + 1)

220

Linamarin

C10H17NO6

554-35-8

247.245

nd (w, al)

145

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, chl vs ace

Picein

C14H18O7

530-14-3

298.289

nd (w+1), nd 195.5 (MeOH)

5546 α-D-Glucose

C6H12O6

26655-34-5

180.155

5547 α-D-Glucose pentaacetate

C16H22O11

604-68-2

390.339

pl or nd (al) 113.3

sub

5548 β-D-Glucose pentaacetate

C16H22O11

604-69-3

390.339

nd (al)

134

sub

5549 α-D-Glucose 1-phosphate 5550 D-Glucuronic acid 5551 D-Glucuronic acid γ-lactone

C6H13O9P C6H10O7 C6H8O6

59-56-3 6556-12-3 32449-92-6

260.135 194.139 176.124

nd (al) mcl pl (w) cry (al)

165 177.5

1.7620

5552 DL-Glutamic acid

C5H9NO4

617-65-2

147.130

orth (al,w)

199 dec

1.460120

5553 D-Glutamic acid

C5H9NO4

6893-26-1

147.130

lf (w)

213 dec

1.53820

56-86-0 138-15-8 56-85-9

147.130 183.591 146.144

orth (dil al) 160 dec orth pl (w) 214 dec nd (w, dil al) 185 dec

sub 175

1.53820

110-94-1

132.116

nd (bz)

dec 303

1.42915

No. Name

5541 6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-Dfructose 5542 2-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy) benzaldehyde 5543 7-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2 H1-benzopyran-2-one 5544 2-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2methylpropanenitrile 5545 1-[4-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy) phenyl]ethanone

Synonym

D-Glucuronolactone

den/ g cm-3

nD

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz

1.562018

146 dec

(S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid 2-Aminoglutaramic acid

C5H9NO4 C5H10ClNO4 C5H10N2O3

5557 Glutaric acid

Pentanedioic acid

C5H8O4

5558 Glutathione

L-γ-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine C10H17N3O6S

70-18-8

307.323

cry (50% al) 195

5559 Glutathione disulfide

27025-41-8

612.631

5560 Glutethimide

L-γ-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine C20H32N6O12S2 disulfide C13H15NO2

77-21-4

217.264

cry (EtOH aq) cry (eth)

84

5561 Glycerol

1,2,3-Propanetriol

56-81-5

92.094

syr, orth pl

18.1

5562 Glycerol 1-acetate, (DL)

1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-acetate, (±) C5H10O4

93713-40-7

134.131

5563 Glycerol 1-butanoate 5564 Glycerol 1,3-dinitrate

C7H14O4 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1,3-dinitrate C3H6N2O7

557-25-5 623-87-0

162.184 182.089

C39H72O5

2465-32-9

620.986

97.8

1.274020

1.4188106

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; i chl vs H2O; sl EtOH; i ace, AcOEt; s py sl H2O, EtOH, CS2; s eth, chl, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, peth, eth; s bz; msc chl vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO, MeOH; i bz sl H2O, eth; i EtOH, CS2, lig sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, MeOH sl H2O vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz; s chl, lig vs H2O; i EtOH, eth; s DMF

179

pr (w), cry (eth) cry (eth/ EtOH) pl (al)

26

35

syr cry (peth)

32

290

1.261320

1.474620

158165, 1303

1.206020

1.415720

280; 11710 14815, 1160.6

1.12918 1.52320

1.453120 1.471520

2393

0.942020

1.462620

0.898655

1.440460

i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, ctc, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

50.1

5565 Glycerol 1,3-di-9-octadecenoate, cis,cis 5566 Glycerol 1-oleate

1-Monoolein

C21H40O4

111-03-5

356.541

5567 5568 5569 5570

α-Glycerophosphoric acid Decanoic acid glycerol triester Trielaidin Trilaurin

C3H9O6P C33H62O6 C57H104O6 C39H74O6

5746-57-6 621-71-6 537-39-3 538-24-9

172.073 554.841 885.432 639.001

5571 Glycerol tri-3-methylbutanoate 5572 Glycerol trioleate

Triisovalerin Triolein

C18H32O6 C57H104O6

620-63-3 122-32-7

344.443 885.432

col-ye oil

-4

332.5 23718

0.998420 0.91515

1.435420 1.467615

5573 Glycerol tripalmitate

Tripalmitin

C51H98O6

555-44-2

807.320

nd (eth)

66.5

315

0.875270

1.438180

5574 Glycerol tristearate

Tristearin

C57H110O6

555-43-1

891.479

0.855990

1.439580

L-Glycerol 1-phosphate Glycerol tridecanoate Glycerol trielaidate Glycerol trilaurate

Solubility

s H2O

5554 L-Glutamic acid 5555 L-Glutamic acid, hydrochloride 5556 L-Glutamine

C3H8O3

bp/˚C

dec

nd (al)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl dec H2O vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, peth; vs ace, bz vs eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s chl, peth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s bz, chl i H2O, EtOH; sl bz, ctc; s ace, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-269

HO H HO H H

COOH OH H OH OH CH2OH

O

HO

OH HO

O OH

O OH

OH

O

O

OH

OH HO

OH

OH

6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-fructose

O

O

HO

HO

OH β-D-Glucopyranose

D-Gluconic acid

HO

O O

OH

HO

O

HO

OH

O HO

2-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)benzaldehyde

7-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O HO

O O

N

OH

HO OH

OH 2-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2-methylpropanenitrile

H HO H H

OH OH

AcO

α-D-Glucose

1-[4-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)phenyl]ethanone

O

OAc

OAc

OH

HO

HO O OAc

O

O

OH

HO

AcO

AcO

HO

HO O O

OH HO

AcO

OAc OAc

OAc

α-D-Glucose pentaacetate

β-D-Glucose pentaacetate

OH

OH

α-D-Glucose 1-phosphate

O C

CHO OH H OH OH COOH

O

HO

OH

O

OH

OH

O

OH

O

OH

O

O

NH2

OH D-Glucuronic acid γ-lactone

D-Glucuronic acid

DL-Glutamic acid

O

O

OH

OH

O

H N

HO

O Glutaric acid

HCl

NH2

L-Glutamic acid, hydrochloride

L-Glutamine

O

S

S

O

NH OH

Glutathione

N H

OH O

O O

N H

O

Glutathione disulfide

O

HO

OH

HO

Glutethimide

Glycerol

Glycerol 1-acetate, (DL)

O OH O

O

O N

O

O

OH

O N

O O

O

Glycerol 1-butanoate

HO O

OH Glycerol 1,3-dinitrate

O O

O

O

O O

O

O

O

O O

L-Glycerol 1-phosphate

O

O

O O O P OH OH OH

Glycerol 1-oleate

O

O

HO

O OH

Glycerol 1,3-di-9-octadecenoate, cis,cis

O

O Glycerol tridecanoate

Glycerol trielaidate

Glycerol trilaurate

O O

O

O

Glycerol tri-3-methylbutanoate

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O

O O

O O

Glycerol trioleate

O

Glycerol tripalmitate

O OH

OH

O

O

O

O

OH

O

O

O NH2

L-Glutamic acid

H2N

NH2

O

OH

NH2

NH2 O

O SH

O

OH

NH2

HN

H N

OH

HN

O

D-Glutamic acid

HO

O

OH

NH2

O

HO

O O P OH OH OH

Glycerol tristearate

3-270

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

5575 Glycerol tritetradecanoate

Trimyristin

C45H86O6

555-45-3

723.161

wh-ye solid

58.5

311

0.884860

1.442860

5576 Glycerone phosphate

1-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)2-propanone Aminoacetic acid

C3H7O6P

57-04-5

170.058

i H2O; sl EtOH, lig; s eth, ace, bz dec H2O

C2H5NO2

56-40-6

75.067

5578 Glycine, ethyl ester, hydrochloride Ethyl aminoacetate hydrochloride 5579 Glycine, hydrochloride

C4H10ClNO2

623-33-6

139.581

C2H6ClNO2

6000-43-7

111.528

5580 Glycocholic acid

C26H43NO6

475-31-0

465.622

hyg orth nd (w) nd (w)

5581 Glycocyamine

C3H7N3O2

352-97-6

117.107

pl or nd (w) 282

5582 Glycogen

(C6H10O5)x

9005-79-2

162.140

wh pow

5583 Glycolaldehyde 5584 Glycolic acid

C2H4O2 C2H4O3

141-46-8 79-14-1

60.052 76.051

C11H19NO10

1113-83-3

325.270

pl 97 orth nd (w) lf 79.5 (eth) 186

C19H28BrNO3 C5H10N2O3

596-51-0 1188-01-8

398.334 146.144

192.5 237 dec

C6H11N3O4 C4H8N2O3 C6H11N3O4

1999-33-3 556-50-3 556-33-2

189.169 132.118 189.169

nd (EtOH aq) 216 263 dec nd (dil al) 246 dec

5591 N-Glycyl-L-leucine

C8H16N2O3

869-19-2

188.224

5592 N-Glycyl-L-phenylalanine 5593 N-Glycylserine, (DL) 5594 Glycyrrhizic acid

C11H14N2O3 C5H10N2O4 C42H62O16

3321-03-7 687-38-7 1405-86-3

222.240 162.144 822.931

pl (dil al) pl 256 dec (dil al) 266 198 dec pl or pr 220 dec (HOAc)

5577 Glycine

5585 N-Glycolylneuraminic acid 5586 Glycopyrrolate 5587 Glycylalanine 5588 L-Glycylasparagine 5589 N-Glycylglycine 5590 N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine

5595 Glyodin 5596 Glyoxal

N-(Hydroxyacetyl)neuraminic acid N-Alanylglycine

2-(Aminoacetamido)acetic acid

1H-Imidazole, 2-heptadecyl-4,5- C22H44N2O2 dihydro-, monoacetate C2H2O2 C14H12N2O2 C2H2O3

5597 Glyoxal bis(2-hydroxyanil) 5598 Glyoxylic acid

2,2’-Benzoxazoline

5599 Glyphosate 5600 Glyphosate isopropylamine salt 5601 Glyphosine

Glycine, N-(phosphonomethyl)- C3H8NO5P C6H17N2O5P Glycine, N,NC4H11NO8P2 bis(phosphonomethyl)C22H36O7

5602 Grayanotoxin I

vs H2O

166.5

sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; i EtOH, eth s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth

556-22-9

368.596

107-22-2

58.036

ye pr

1149-16-2 298-12-4

240.257 74.035

1071-83-6 38641-94-0 2439-99-8

169.074 228.183 263.080

202 orth pr (w+1/ 98 2) 230 dec cry wh cry

4720-09-6

412.517

15

cry (AcOEt/ C5H12) oct or orth cry (bz)

268

126-07-8

352.766

5604 Guaiol

C15H26O

489-86-1

222.366

trg pr (al)

91

5605 Guanabenz 5606 Guanadrel sulfate (2:1)

C8H8Cl2N4 C20H40N6O8S

5051-62-7 22195-34-2

231.083 524.632

228 dec 214

5607 Guanethidine

C10H22N4

55-65-2

198.309

CH5N3 CH6ClN3

113-00-8 50-01-1

59.071 95.532

CH6N4O3 C2H12N6O4S C3H9N3O3S

506-93-4 594-14-9 543-18-0

122.084 216.219 167.186

wh solid cry (MeOH/ EtOH) wh cry (MeOH) cry orth bipym (al) lf (w)

C4H9N3O2 C5H5N5O

353-09-3 73-40-5

131.133 151.127

C10H13N5O5

118-00-3

283.241

nd (w)

C10H15N5O11P2

146-91-8

443.201

amorp solid

C10H14N5O8P

85-32-5

363.221

hyg cry

5610 Guanidine mononitrate 5611 Guanidine, sulfate (2:1) 5612 2-Guanidinoethanesulfonic acid

Taurocyamine

5613 3-Guanidinopropanoic acid 5614 Guanine

N-Amidino-β-alanine

5615 Guanosine

2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-9-β-Dribofuranosyl-6H-purin-6-one Guanosine 5’-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 5’-Guanylic acid

5616 Guanosine 5’-diphosphate 5617 Guanosine 5’-monophosphate

1.366100

1.477219

100

s H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O s H2O; i EtOH, eth vs H2O; i EtOH s H2O vs H2O, EtOH; i eth 1.035

C17H17ClO6

Aminomethanamidine

vs H2O; i EtOH, eth; sl ace, py vs H2O, EtOH

200.5

5603 Griseofulvin, (+)

5608 Guanidine 5609 Guanidine monohydrochloride

1.16120

mcl or trg pr 290 dec (dil al) 144

50.4

20

1.1420

1.382620

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth s DMSO vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O s H2O

220

dec 288; 16517 0.9074100 1.4716100

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, AcOEt, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth

226 50 182.3 217 292 dec 227

cry (EtOH, ace) cry (EtOH) 210 nd or pl (aq 360 dec NH3) 239 dec

190 dec

1.35420

vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

dec

vs H2O, EtOH

sub

i H2O, HOAc; sl EtOH, eth; s alk, acid sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; vs HOAc

sl H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-271

O O

O O

O

O O P OH OH

HO O

O Glycerol tritetradecanoate

O

O H2N

Glycerone phosphate

O

HCl H2N

OH Glycine

HCl H2N

O

Glycine, ethyl ester, hydrochloride

OH

Glycine, hydrochloride

O HO

OH

N H

Glycocholic acid

O H2N

Br

N

O

OH NH2

O

OH

HO

Glycolic acid

OH

H N

H2N

N-Glycolylneuraminic acid

O

L-Glycylasparagine

O

H N

H2N

O

O

Glycylalanine

OH

OH

O

Glycolaldehyde

O O

O

H N

H2N

O

OH

HO

O

HO

x

Glycogen

O

Glycopyrrolate

HO OH

OH H N

OH OH OH

OH OH

N H

Glycocyamine

O

NH

O O

NH2 HN

OH

H

HO

O

H

HO

O

O

O

N-Glycylglycine

OH

N H

O

H N

H2N

OH

O

O

N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine

N-Glycyl-L-leucine

O OH O H HO

O O O OH

H2N

HO HO O

O

H N

OH

O

O

H N

H2N

OH

O N-Glycyl-L-phenylalanine

N O O

OH

OH

O

N H

OH HO

N-Glycylserine, (DL)

H3CCOOH

Glycyrrhizic acid

O

Glyodin

Glyoxal

OH H

O

N OH N

O

O O

Glyoxal bis(2-hydroxyanil)

OH

P N HO OH H

Glyoxylic acid

OH O

O

O

P N HO OH H

Glyphosate

O HO P OH

NH3

O

Glyphosate isopropylamine salt

O

OH O P OH OH

N

OH

HO HO HO

O

O

OH

O

O O

Glyphosine

O O

Cl

Grayanotoxin I

Griseofulvin, (+)

NH Cl N OH

H N

NH2

N H

NH2

N

H2SO4

O

NH

Cl

Guaiol

O

NH

NH2

H2N

NH

2

Guanabenz

H N

Guanadrel sulfate (2:1)

Guanethidine

Guanidine

NH2

NH H2N

NH2

H2SO4 2

Guanidine, sulfate (2:1)

HN

N H

O OH S O

2-Guanidinoethanesulfonic acid

NH2 HN

N H

OH O

3-Guanidinopropanoic acid

H H2N

O

H N

N

N

N

Guanine

N

N

H2N HO

N

N O

HO

NH HNO3

H2N

NH2

HCl

Guanidine monohydrochloride

H2N

NH2

Guanidine mononitrate

O

O H

NH

NH2

OH

Guanosine

H H2N O O HO P O P O OH OH

O

N N

N

H

N

H2N O HO P O OH

O

HO

OH

Guanosine 5’-diphosphate

N

N

N

N O

HO

OH

Guanosine 5’-monophosphate

3-272

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

5618 Guanosine 5’-monophosphate, disodium salt 5619 Guinea Green B 5620 D-Gulose 5621 L-Gulose 5622 Haloperidol 5623 Harmaline

5’-Guanylic acid, disodium salt

C10H12N5Na2O8P

5550-12-9

407.185

C.I. Acid Green 3

C37H35N2NaO6S2 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C21H23ClFNO2 C13H14N2O

4680-78-8 4205-23-6 6027-89-0 52-86-8 304-21-2

690.803 180.155 180.155 375.865 214.262

486-84-0

182.220

442-51-3

212.246

2784-94-3 33229-34-4 6703-98-6 465-99-6 6754-13-8

255.271 285.296 1404.67 472.700 262.302

5624 Harman 5625 Harmine 5626 5627 5628 5629 5630

HC Blue No. 1 HC Blue No. 2 Hectane Hederagenin Helenalin

4,9-Dihydro-7-methoxy-1methyl-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole C12H10N2 1-Methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b] indole 7-Methoxy-1-methyl-9 HC13H12N2O pyrido[3,4-b]indole C11H17N3O4 C12H19N3O5 C100H202 C30H48O4 C15H18O4

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

195 dec dk grn pow syr syr tab (MeOH) orth pr (al) bl flr orth cry (hp) orth (al), pr (MeOH) blk cry dk bl-blk cry pr (al) cry (EtOH)

sl H2O s H2O; sl EtOH vs H2O vs H2O

dec dec 151.5 230

sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl, py

236.5 273

sub

sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth; s py

100 110 117 333 226 1170.015

5631 Helminthosporal 5632 Helvolic acid

C15H22O2 C33H44O8

723-61-5 29400-42-8

234.335 568.697

5633 Hematein

C16H12O6

475-25-2

300.262

red-br cry

250 dec

5634 Hematin

C34H33FeN4O5

15489-90-4

633.495

br pow (py)

>200

5635 Hematoporphyrin

C34H38N4O6

14459-29-1

598.689

deep red cry 172.5

5636 Hematoxylin

C16H14O6

517-28-2

302.278

ye cry

140

5637 Hemin

C34H32ClFeN4O4

16009-13-5

651.941

>300

5638 Heneicosane

C21H44

629-94-7

296.574

long blades (gl HOAc) cry (w)

40.01

356.5

0.791920

1.444120

C31H64

630-04-6

436.840

lf (AcOEt)

67.9

458

0.78168

1.427890

5640 Heptachlor

C10H5Cl7

76-44-8

373.318

wh cry

95.5

5641 Heptachlor epoxide 5642 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,6Heptachlorobiphenyl 5643 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptachloropropane 5644 Heptacontane 5645 Heptacosane

C10H5Cl7O C12H3Cl7

1024-57-3 52663-71-5

389.317 395.323

cry

160 117.5

5639 Hentriacontane

5646 Heptadecanal

Untriacontane

Margaric aldehyde

5647 1-Heptadecanamine

C3HCl7 C70H142 C27H56

3849-33-0 7719-93-9 593-49-7

285.211 983.876 380.734

C17H34O

629-90-3

254.451

C17H37N

4200-95-7

255.483

nd (dil HOAc)

58 212 dec

sl H2O; s EtOH, chl

11 107 cry (al, bz) lf 59.23 (AcOEt) nd (peth), 36 cry (al) 49

sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, diox i H2O, eth, bz, chl; sl EtOH, HOAc i H2O, eth; s EtOH, alk; sl py, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, chl sl H2O, eth; s alk, EtOH

1.579

i H2O 249 647 442

1.7921

34

1.5427

21

1.434565

i H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs bz, eth

0.851020

1.451020

20

20

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, peth; vs bz, eth sl EtOH; s MeOH i H2O; vs eth; s bz; msc lig

20426 336

C17H36

629-78-7

240.468

hex lf

22.0

302.0

0.7780

5649 Heptadecanenitrile

C17H33N

5399-02-0

251.451

cry (al)

34

349

0.831520

1.446720 1.434260

5650 Heptadecanoic acid

Margaric acid

C17H34O2

506-12-7

270.451

pl (peth)

61.3

227100

0.853260

5651 1-Heptadecanol

Margaryl alcohol

C17H36O

1454-85-9

256.467

53.9

324

0.847520

5652 2-Heptadecanone

Pentadecyl methyl ketone

C17H34O

2922-51-2

254.451

lf (al), cry (ace) pl (dil al)

48

320

0.804948

C17H34O

540-08-9

254.451

pl (MeOH)

53

251.5; 1421.5

0.814048

1.4369

5654 1-Heptadecene

Hexahydroaplotaxene

C17H34

6765-39-5

238.452

11.5

300

0.785220

1.443220

5655 5656 5657 5658

1-Phenylheptadecane

C23H40 C7H10O C7H12 C7H8

14752-75-1 4313-03-5 3070-53-9 2396-63-6

316.564 110.153 96.170 92.139

32

0.854620 0.88125

1.481020 1.531520

liq liq

-85

397 84.5 90 112

0.816417

1.45117

C4HF7O2

375-22-4

214.039

liq

-17.5

121

1.65120

1.29525

Heptadecylbenzene trans,trans-2,4-Heptadienal 1,6-Heptadiene 1,6-Heptadiyne

5659 Heptafluorobutanoic acid

vs chl

0.779660

5648 Heptadecane

5653 9-Heptadecanone

i H2O; sl EtOH; s peth sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s peth vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig

i H2O; s bz, HOAc s H2O, eth, tol; i peth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

H2N O O P O O

2Na

N

N

O O S O

O Na O S O

O H

N

N

3-273

N

Cl

N

H H HO H

O

HO

OH

Guanosine 5’-monophosphate, disodium salt

Guinea Green B

CHO OH OH H OH CH2OH

HO HO H HO

D-Gulose

CHO H H OH H CH2OH

O

N H

N

N H

Harmaline

O

Harman

HO

N

N H

N

Harmine

O Haloperidol

H N HO

O

N O

HO

F

N

L-Gulose

H N N

HO

N O

N

HO

HC Blue No. 1

OH O H3C(CH2)98CH3

HC Blue No. 2

Hectane

O OH

H H

O

HO

N

O H

COOH

HO

O

CH2OH

O

O

H

O

Helenalin

N

OH

O

HO

O

OH

Hederagenin

N

O

O O

OH N Fe

HO

OH

O Helminthosporal

O

Helvolic acid

O

HO

Hematein

O

Hematin

OH

OH

HO

OH

NH N

N

Cl

N

Fe N

N HN

N

H OH HO HO

O

HO

Cl

Cl

Cl H Cl H Heptachlor

O

Hematoxylin

Cl Cl

HO

OH

O

Hematoporphyrin

Cl Cl

O

Cl Cl

Cl H

Cl

O

Cl Cl

Cl Cl H

Cl

O Heneicosane

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

H3C(CH2)68CH3

1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptachloropropane

Heptacontane

Cl 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl

O Heptadecanal

Hentriacontane

Cl Cl

Cl

Heptachlor epoxide

HO Hemin

Heptacosane

NH2 1-Heptadecanamine

Heptadecane

OH OH

O

N Heptadecanenitrile

Heptadecanoic acid

1-Heptadecanol

O O 2-Heptadecanone

9-Heptadecanone

1-Heptadecene

F F trans,trans-2,4-Heptadienal

F F OH

F F

O Heptadecylbenzene

F

1,6-Heptadiene

1,6-Heptadiyne

O

Heptafluorobutanoic acid

3-274

No. Name 5660 Heptafluorobutanoic anhydride 5661 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1butanol 5662 Heptafluorobutanoyl chloride 5663 6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Heptafluoro-2,2dimethyl-3,5-octanedione 5664 Heptafluoro-2-iodopropane 5665 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane 5666 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane 5667 1,1,1,3,5,5,5Heptamethyltrisiloxane 5668 Heptanal

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

C8F14O3 C4H3F7O

336-59-4 375-01-9

410.062 200.055

liq

-43

106.5 95

1.66520 1.60020

1.28520 1.29420

C4ClF7O C10H11F7O2

375-16-6 17587-22-3

232.484 296.182

C3F7I C3HF7 C16H34 C7H22O2Si3

677-69-0 431-89-0 4390-04-9 1873-88-7

295.925 170.029 226.441 222.506

Heptaldehyde

C7H14O

111-71-7

114.185

liq

5669 Heptanal oxime

Enanthaldoxime

C7H15NO

629-31-2

129.200

pl (al)

5670 2-Heptanamine

Tuaminoheptane

C7H17N

123-82-0

115.217

5671 4-Heptanamine 5672 Heptane

C7H17N C7H16

16751-59-0 142-82-5

115.217 100.202

5673 1,7-Heptanediamine 5674 Heptanedinitrile

C7H18N2 C7H10N2

646-19-5 646-20-8

130.231 122.167

C7H12O4

111-16-0

160.168

C7H16O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H10Cl2O2 C7H13N

629-30-1 96-04-8 7424-54-6 142-79-0 629-08-3

132.201 128.169 128.169 197.059 111.185

liq

C7H16S

1639-09-4

132.267

C7H10O3

626-53-9

C7H14O2

20

Solubility

38.5 465

1.55 1.27325

38 -15.5 246.3 142

1.329820

0.819420

1.381820

-43.4

152.8

0.813225

1.411320

57.5

195

0.858355

1.421020

142

0.766519

1.419919

-90.55

139.5 98.4

0.76720 0.679525

1.417220 1.385525

25.32 -31.4

224 15514

0.94918

1.447220

106

342.0; 272100

1.32915

22.5

0.956925 0.91918 0.94520

1.452025 1.415018

-64

262 144; 4613 175; 7930 13715 183; 7110

0.810620

1.410430

liq

-43

176.9

0.842720

1.452120

142.152

lf

49

12110

1.059940

1.493020

111-14-8

130.185

liq

-7.17

222.2

0.912425

1.417020

C14H26O3

626-27-7

242.354

liq

-12.4

269.5

0.932120

1.433515

C7H16O

111-70-6

116.201

liq

-33.2

176.45

0.821920

1.424920

5686 2-Heptanol, (±)

C7H16O

52390-72-4

116.201

159

0.816720

1.421020

5687 3-Heptanol, (S)

C7H16O

26549-25-7

116.201

liq

-70

157; 6618

0.822720

1.420120

5675 Heptanedioic acid 5676 5677 5678 5679 5680

1,7-Heptanediol 2,3-Heptanedione 3,5-Heptanedione Heptanedioyl dichloride Heptanenitrile

5681 1-Heptanethiol

Perfluoroisopropyl iodide Refrigerant 227ea

Pimelic acid

Acetyl valeryl Dipropionylmethane

Heptyl mercaptan

5682 2,4,6-Heptanetrione 5683 Heptanoic acid

Enanthic acid

5684 Heptanoic anhydride 5685 1-Heptanol

Heptyl alcohol

38

col gas

liq

pr (w)

-131

1.288 1.376620

5688 4-Heptanol

Dipropylcarbinol

C7H16O

589-55-9

116.201

liq

-41.2

156

0.818320

1.420520

5689 2-Heptanone

Methyl pentyl ketone

C7H14O

110-43-0

114.185

liq

-35

151.05

0.811120

1.408820

5690 3-Heptanone

Ethyl butyl ketone

C7H14O

106-35-4

114.185

liq

-39

147

0.818320

1.405720

5691 4-Heptanone

Dipropyl ketone

C7H14O

123-19-3

114.185

liq

-33

144

0.817420

1.406920

C7H13ClO

2528-61-2

148.630

liq

-83.8

125.2

0.959020

1.434518

C7H12O C7H14

2463-63-0 592-76-7

112.169 98.186

liq

-118.9

166 93.64

0.86417 0.697020

1.446817 1.399820

5695 cis-2-Heptene

C7H14

6443-92-1

98.186

98.4

0.70820

1.40620

5696 trans-2-Heptene

C7H14

14686-13-6

98.186

liq

-109.5

98

0.701220

1.404520

5697 cis-3-Heptene

C7H14

7642-10-6

98.186

liq

-136.6

95.8

0.703020

1.405920

5698 trans-3-Heptene

C7H14

14686-14-7

98.186

liq

-136.6

95.7

0.698120

1.404320

5699 6-Heptenoic acid 5700 1-Hepten-4-ol

C7H12O2 C7H14O

1119-60-4 3521-91-3

128.169 114.185

liq

-6.5

226 152.1

0.951514 0.838422

1.440414 1.434720

5692 Heptanoyl chloride 5693 2-Heptenal 5694 1-Heptene

Butylacrolein

s EtOH, ace

20

sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, peth i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, bz, chl; s ctc s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz vs eth, EtOH

i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc s eth; sl ctc; vs lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds F F

F

F F

F

F F

F F

O F F

O

O

F F

F

F

F F

F F

OH

F F

2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-butanol

F F

F F

F

F

F F

F

F

F F

F F

O

Heptafluorobutanoyl chloride

O

O

6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedione

O Si H Si O Si

F F

F I

F

Heptafluoro-2-iodopropane

1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane

2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane

N

O Heptanal

F F

Cl F F

F F

Heptafluorobutanoic anhydride

F F

F

3-275

1,1,1,3,5,5,5-Heptamethyltrisiloxane

NH2

NH2

OH

Heptanal oxime

2-Heptanamine

4-Heptanamine

HO H2N Heptane

N

N

NH2 1,7-Heptanediamine

OH O

Heptanedinitrile

O Heptanedioic acid

O Cl HO

O

O

OH 1,7-Heptanediol

2,3-Heptanedione

O

O

3,5-Heptanedione

O

O

O

O

OH

1-Heptanethiol

2,4,6-Heptanetrione

O

Heptanoic acid

OH O

OH

Heptanoic anhydride

OH

1-Heptanol

OH

2-Heptanol, (±)

O

3-Heptanol, (S)

Cl

O O

O 4-Heptanol

O

Heptanedioyl dichloride

SH

N Heptanenitrile

O

Cl

2-Heptanone

3-Heptanone

4-Heptanone

Heptanoyl chloride

O 2-Heptenal

1-Heptene

cis-2-Heptene

trans-2-Heptene

OH

cis-3-Heptene

OH

O trans-3-Heptene

6-Heptenoic acid

1-Hepten-4-ol

3-276

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

5701 trans-2-Hepten-1-ol 5702 Heptyl acetate 5703 Heptylamine 5704 5705 5706 5707

1-Heptanamine

Heptylbenzene Heptyl butanoate Heptylcyclohexane Heptylcyclopentane

5708 5-Heptyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone

4-Hydroxyundecanoic acid lactone

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C7H14O C9H18O2

33467-76-4 112-06-1

114.185 158.238

C7H17N

111-68-2

C13H20 C11H22O2 C13H26 C12H24

1078-71-3 5870-93-9 5617-41-4 5617-42-5

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

liq

-50.2

178; 7510 193

0.851620 0.875015

1.446020 1.415020

115.217

liq

-18

156

0.775420

1.425120

176.298 186.292 182.345 168.319

liq liq liq liq

-48 -57.5 -30 -53

240; 10910 225.8 244 224

0.856720 0.863720 0.810920 0.801020

1.486520 1.423120 1.448420 1.442120

s EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s bz, chl vs EtOH

20

20

C11H20O2

104-67-6

184.276

286

0.9494

5709 Heptyl formate

C8H16O2

112-23-2

144.212

178.1

0.878420

1.414020

5710 Heptyl pentanoate

C12H24O2

5451-80-9

200.318

liq

-46.4

245.2

0.862320

1.425415

C12H22O2

713-95-1

198.302

liq

-12

1010.03

C7H12

628-71-7

96.170

liq

-81

99.7

0.732820

1.408720

112

0.74425

1.423020

107.2

0.733625

1.418920

5711 6-Heptyltetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2one 5712 1-Heptyne

5-Dodecanolide

5713 2-Heptyne

1-Methyl-2-butylacetylene

C7H12

1119-65-9

96.170

5714 3-Heptyne

1-Ethyl-2-propylacetylene

C7H12

2586-89-2

96.170

liq

5715 Hesperetin

C16H14O6

520-33-2

302.278

5716 Hesperidin

C28H34O15

520-26-3

610.561

5717 Hexabromobenzene

C6Br6

87-82-1

551.488

pl (dil al + 1/ 227.5 2 w) wh nd (dil 262 MeOH, HOAc) mcl nd (bz) 327

5718 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexabromobiphenyl 5719 1,2,5,6,9,10Hexabromocyclododecane 5720 Hexabromoethane

C12H4Br6 C12H18Br6

59080-40-9 3194-55-6

627.584 641.695

cry (ctc) cry

C2Br6

594-73-0

503.445

orth pr (bz)

C24H54OSn2 C26H16

56-35-9 258-31-1

596.105 328.405

C3Cl6O C6Cl6

116-16-5 118-74-1

264.749 284.782

liq dk bl-grn cry (sub) liq nd (sub)

C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C4Cl6

38380-07-3 33979-03-2 38411-22-2 35065-27-1 87-68-3

360.878 360.878 360.878 360.878 260.761

Lindane

C6H6Cl6

58-89-9

α-Hexachlorocyclohexane

C6H6Cl6

β-Hexachlorocyclohexane

5721 Hexabutyldistannoxane 5722 Hexacene 5723 Hexachloroacetone 5724 Hexachlorobenzene

5725 5726 5727 5728 5729

5738 Hexachlorophene

sub 205

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth vs eth, EtOH vs py, EtOH, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl

160 167 dec 200

3.82320

1.863

–45 380

22510 sub

1.1720

1.4870

-1.0 228.83

203 325

1.743412 2.04423

1.511220 1.569123

cry cry cry (hx) cry liq

151 112.5 114.2 103.5 -21

sl H2O; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl; vs bz i H2O i H2O i H2O

215

1.55625

1.554220

290.830

nd (al)

112.5

323.4

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz

319-84-6

290.830

cry

158

C6H6Cl6

319-85-7

290.830

cry (bz, al, xyl)

δ-Lindane

C6H6Cl6

319-86-8

290.830

pl

141.5

600.36

Perchlorocyclopentadiene

C5Cl6 C12H2Cl6O2

77-47-4 57653-85-7

272.772 390.861

ye grn liq cry

-9 285

239; 480.3

1.701925

C12H2Cl6O2

19408-74-3

390.861

cry

243

C2Cl6

67-72-1

236.739

orth (al-eth) 186.8 tp

184.7 sp

2.09120

C13H6Cl6O2

70-30-4

406.904

nd (bz)

Bis(tributyltin) oxide

Perchlorobenzene

2,2’,3,3’,4,4’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,4,4’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,3,3’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexachlorobiphenyl Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene

5730 1,2,3,4,5,6Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β) 5731 1,2,3,4,5,6Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5β,6β) 5732 1,2,3,4,5,6Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β) 5733 1,2,3,4,5,6Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3α,4β,5α,6β) 5734 Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene 5735 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-pdioxin 5736 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-pdioxin 5737 Hexachloroethane

-130.5

1.4512

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH

Perchloroethane

600.50

166.5

sl EtOH, eth, CS2 i H2O, EtOH

1.8919

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc

1.565820

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl liq HF i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, dil alk

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-277 O

OH

NH2

O

trans-2-Hepten-1-ol

Heptyl acetate

Heptylamine

Heptylbenzene

Heptylcyclohexane

Heptylcyclopentane

O O

O

O

Heptyl butanoate

5-Heptyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone

O O

O

O

Heptyl formate

O

Heptyl pentanoate

O

6-Heptyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one

1-Heptyne

2-Heptyne

CH3 O OH O

OH HO

OH O

HO

O O O

HO

O

Br

O

HO

Br

Br Br

OH

OH 3-Heptyne

Br

OH O

Br

OH

O

Hesperetin

Hesperidin

Hexabromobenzene

Br Br Br Br

Br

Br

Br Br

Sn

Br Br

Br Br

2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexabromobiphenyl

Sn

Br

Br

Br

Br

O

Br Br

1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane

Hexabromoethane

Hexabutyldistannoxane

Cl O Cl Cl Hexacene

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Hexachlorobenzene

Cl Cl 2,2’,3,3’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl

Cl Cl 2,2’,4,4’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl

Cl Cl

2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexachlorobiphenyl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5β,6β)

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

2,2’,3,3’,4,4’-Hexachlorobiphenyl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Hexachloroacetone

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β)

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3α,4β,5α,6β)

Cl Cl Cl Cl

Cl

O

Cl Cl

Cl

OH Cl

Cl

Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene

O

Cl Cl

O

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

OH

Cl

Cl

1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Cl Cl Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Hexachloroethane

Cl Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Hexachlorophene

3-278

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C3Cl6 C60H122 C26H54

1888-71-7 7667-80-3 630-01-3

248.750 843.611 366.707

liq

C26H52O2

506-46-7

396.690

5743 1-Hexacosanol

C26H54O

506-52-5

382.706

5744 Hexadecamethylheptasiloxane 5745 Hexadecanal

C16H48O6Si7 C16H32O

541-01-5 629-80-1

533.147 240.424

5746 Hexadecanamide

C16H33NO

629-54-9

C16H34

No. Name

Synonym

5739 Hexachloropropene 5740 Hexacontane 5741 Hexacosane

5742 Hexacosanoic acid

5747 Hexadecane

Cerotic acid

Cetane

5748 Hexadecanedioic acid 5749 Hexadecanenitrile

mcl, tcl or orth (bz) cry (eth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

-72.9 99.3 56.1

209.5

1.763220

1.509120

i H2O; s ctc, chl

412.2

0.778360

1.435760

vs bz, lig, chl

88.5 80

30520 dec

-78 35

270 20029

255.439

orth pl (dil al) liq pl (eth), nd (peth) lf

107

23612

544-76-3

226.441

lf (HOAc)

18.12

286.86

C16H30O4 C16H31N

505-54-4 629-79-8

286.407 237.424

pl (al) hex

126.6 31

333

5750 1-Hexadecanethiol

Cetyl mercaptan

C16H34S

2917-26-2

258.506

cry (lig)

19

1250.5

5751 Hexadecanoic acid

Palmitic acid

C16H32O2

57-10-3

256.424

nd (al)

62.5

351.5

5752 Hexadecanoic anhydride 5753 1-Hexadecanol

Cetyl alcohol

C32H62O3 C16H34O

623-65-4 36653-82-4

494.832 242.440

lf (peth) fl (AcOEt)

64 49.2

312

18787-64-9 112-67-4 629-73-2

240.424 274.869 224.425

lf (peth)

1-Cetene

C16H32O C16H31ClO C16H32

43 12 2.1

18417, 1402 19920 284.9

C16H30O2 C18H36O2

373-49-9 629-70-9

254.408 284.478

0.5 -18.5

1821 222205

5754 3-Hexadecanone 5755 Hexadecanoyl chloride 5756 1-Hexadecene 5757 cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid 5758 Hexadecyl acetate

Palmitoleic acid

lf

C16H35N

143-27-1

241.456

C22H38

1459-09-2

302.537

C18H39N

112-69-6

269.510

C32H64O2 C27H40O3

540-10-3 531-84-0

480.849 412.605

mcl lf grn-wh fl

54 72.5

C19H38O3 C20H38O2 C19H40O3

35274-05-6 2495-27-4 506-03-6

314.503 310.515 316.519

wax

41 24 64

C21H38BrN C21H38ClN C34H68O2

140-72-7 123-03-5 1190-63-2

384.438 339.987 508.903

61 wh pow 80 lf or pl (eth, 57 HOAc)

C16H33Cl3Si C18H36O C16H30 C6H8O C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10

5894-60-0 822-28-6 629-74-3 142-83-6 592-44-9 14596-92-0 20237-34-7 7318-67-4 7319-00-8 592-42-7

359.878 268.478 222.409 96.127 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143

5780 cis,cis-2,4-Hexadiene

C6H10

6108-61-8

82.143

liq

5781 trans,cis-2,4-Hexadiene

C6H10

5194-50-3

82.143

liq

5782 trans,trans-2,4-Hexadiene

C6H10

5194-51-4

82.143

liq

C6H8O2

110-44-1

112.127

nd (dil al) nd 134.5 (w)

5759 Hexadecylamine

1-Hexadecanamine

5760 Hexadecylbenzene 5761 Hexadecyldimethylamine

N,N-Dimethyl-1hexadecanamine Cetyl palmitate Hexadecyl 3-hydroxy-2naphthoate Cetyl lactate

5762 Hexadecyl hexadecanoate 5763 Hexadecyl 3-hydroxy-2naphthalenecarboxylate 5764 Hexadecyl 2-hydroxypropanoate 5765 Hexadecyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate 5766 3-(Hexadecyloxy)-1,2Chimyl alcohol propanediol, (S) 5767 1-Hexadecylpyridinium bromide 5768 1-Hexadecylpyridinium chloride Cetylpyridinium chloride 5769 Hexadecyl stearate Cetyl stearate 5770 5771 5772 5773 5774 5775 5776 5777 5778 5779

Hexadecyltrichlorosilane Hexadecyl vinyl ether 1-Hexadecyne trans,trans-2,4-Hexadienal 1,2-Hexadiene cis-1,3-Hexadiene trans-1,3-Hexadiene cis-1,4-Hexadiene trans-1,4-Hexadiene 1,5-Hexadiene

5783 2,4-Hexadienoic acid

1-(Ethenyloxy)hexadecane Sorbinaldehyde Propylallene

Biallyl

Sorbic acid

lf

0.8198100 1.4301100 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.901220 1.396520 vs bz, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 20 1.0000 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, ace, eth 0.770125 1.432925 i H2O; sl EtOH; msc eth; s ctc vs ace, EtOH 0.830320 1.445020 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth 0.852762 1.4334560 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth; vs chl 0.838883 1.436468 vs eth 0.818750 1.428379 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl; s ace s chl 0.901625 1.451420 vs eth 0.781120 1.441220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, peth 0.857425

1.443820

20

20

46.8

322.5

0.8129

1.4496

27

385

0.854720

1.481320

0.98920

1.439870

i H2O; sl EtOH; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, CS2

330.0

lf (hx)

liq

21910, 1701 1832 1200.005

1.441040 0.8720 vs ace, peth, chl

1.441070 269 1602 284 174; 7630 76 73.1 73.2 66.3 65.0 59.4

0.82127 0.796520 0.89820 0.714920 0.703325 0.699525 0.69525 0.69525 0.687825

1.444425 1.444020 1.538420 1.428220 1.437920 1.440620 1.404920 1.410420 1.404220

85

0.729825

1.460620

-96.1

83.5

0.718525

1.456020

-44.9

82.2

0.710125

1.451020

16 15 -16.5

liq

-102.4

liq liq

-138.7 -140.7

vs eth, EtOH vs bz, HOAc

dec 228; 15350 1.20419

vs H2O, chl vs ace, eth, chl

vs bz vs eth, chl

vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, chl; vs eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-279 O

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

OH H3C(CH2)58CH3

Hexachloropropene

Hexacontane

Hexacosane

Hexacosanoic acid

O OH

Si

O

Si

1-Hexacosanol

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

NH2

O

Si

Hexadecamethylheptasiloxane

Hexadecanal

Hexadecanamide

O O

OH OH Hexadecane

Hexadecanedioic acid

OH

SH

N

O Hexadecanenitrile

1-Hexadecanethiol

Hexadecanoic acid

O O

O

O Cl

OH O Hexadecanoic anhydride

1-Hexadecanol

3-Hexadecanone

Hexadecanoyl chloride

1-Hexadecene

O O

O

NH2

OH cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid

Hexadecyl acetate

Hexadecylamine

Hexadecylbenzene

O O N Hexadecyldimethylamine

Hexadecyl hexadecanoate

O

O O

O OH

OH Hexadecyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylate

Hexadecyl 2-hydroxypropanoate

O O

O

OH OH

Hexadecyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate

3-(Hexadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol, (S)

O Br

O

N

N Cl 1-Hexadecylpyridinium bromide

1-Hexadecylpyridinium chloride

Cl Si Cl Cl

Hexadecyl stearate

O

Hexadecyltrichlorosilane

Hexadecyl vinyl ether

O

C

trans,trans-2,4-Hexadienal

1,2-Hexadiene

cis-1,3-Hexadiene

trans-1,3-Hexadiene

1-Hexadecyne

cis-1,4-Hexadiene

trans-1,4-Hexadiene

1,5-Hexadiene

O OH cis,cis-2,4-Hexadiene

trans,cis-2,4-Hexadiene

trans,trans-2,4-Hexadiene

2,4-Hexadienoic acid

3-280

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

5784 2,4-Hexadien-1-ol

Sorbic alcohol

C6H10O

111-28-4

98.142

nd

30.5

7612

0.896723

1.498120

C6H7ClO

2614-88-2

130.572

8222

1.066619

1.554520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace

Divinylacetylene Bipropargyl

C6H6 C6H6

821-08-9 628-16-0

78.112 78.112

liq liq

85 86

0.785120 0.804920

1.503520 1.438023

Dimethyldiacetylene

C6H6 C18H30

2809-69-0 604-88-6

78.112 246.431

pr (sub) 67.8 mcl pr (al or 129 bz)

129.5 298

0.8305130 1.4736130

C12H30OSi2 C12H30O13P4 C36H42Br2N2 C5H2F6O2 C6F6 C4F6

994-49-0 757-58-4 317-52-2 1522-22-1 392-56-3 685-63-2

246.536 506.253 662.539 208.059 186.054 162.033

233; 12930 dec 150

0.845720 1.291727

1.434020 1.427327

1.48520 1.617520 1.553-20

1.333320 1.377720 1.378-20

C4F6

692-50-2

C4F6 C2F6

5785 trans,trans-2,4-Hexadienoyl chloride 5786 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne 5787 1,5-Hexadiyne 5788 2,4-Hexadiyne 5789 Hexaethylbenzene 5790 5791 5792 5793 5794 5795

Hexaethyldisiloxane Hexaethyl tetraphosphate Hexafluorenium bromide Hexafluoroacetylacetone Hexafluorobenzene 1,1,2,3,4,4-Hexafluoro-1,3butadiene 5796 1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butyne

5797 Hexafluorocyclobutene 5798 Hexafluoroethane 5799 5800 5801 5802

Ethyl tetraphosphate

Perfluorobenzene

Perfluoroethane

1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane Refrigerant 236ea 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane Refrigerant 236fa 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol Hexahydro-1H-azepine Hexamethylenimine

5803 Hexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine 5804 1,5a,6,9,9a,9b-Hexahydro-4a(4H)dibenzofurancarboxaldehyde 5805 cis-1,2,3,5,6,8a-Hexahydro-4,7dimethyl-1isopropylnaphthalene, (1S) 5806 1,2,4a,5,8,8a-Hexahydro-4,7dimethyl-1isopropylnaphthalene, [1S(1α,4aβ,8aα)] 5807 Hexahydro-1,3Hexahydrophthalic anhydride isobenzofurandione 5808 Hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-1,4diazepine 5809 2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydropyrrolo[1,2a]pyrimidine 5810 Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5Cyclonite triazine 5811 Hexahydro-1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5triazine

-40 188

col gas

5.03 -132

54.15 80.32 5.47

162.033

col gas

-117.4

-24.6

697-11-0 76-16-4

162.033 138.011

col gas col gas

-60 -100.05

5.5 -78.1

1.602-20 1.590-78

C3H2F6 C3H2F6 C3H2F6O C6H13N

431-63-0 690-39-1 920-66-1 111-49-9

152.038 152.038 168.037 99.174

col gas col gas liq

-93.6 -2.0

4.5 -1.0 59 138

1.50260 1.43430 1.460021 0.864322

1.463120

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

C5H12N2 C13H16O2

505-66-8 126-15-8

100.162 204.265

hyg liq

169 307

1.1020

1.525420

i H2O

C15H24

483-76-1

204.352

12512

0.916015

1.508915

C15H24

523-47-7

204.352

274; 13611

0.923020

1.505920

C8H10O3

85-42-7

154.163

C6H14N2

4318-37-0

114.188

154

0.911120

1.476920

C7H12N2

3001-72-7

124.183

967, 812

1.00525

1.519020

C3H6N6O6

121-82-4

222.116

C21H21N3

91-78-1

315.412

Rufigallol

C14H8O8

82-12-2

304.209

5813 Hexamethylbenzene

Mellitene

C12H18

87-85-4

162.271

C6H21N3Si3

1009-93-4

219.508

C6H18O3Si3 C6H18Si2

541-05-9 1450-14-2

222.462 146.378

C6H18SSi2 C6H19NSi2 C6H18OSi2 C7H16N2O2 C8H12N2O2 C6H12N4

3385-94-2 999-97-3 107-46-0 143-06-6 822-06-0 100-97-0

178.443 161.393 162.377 160.214 168.193 140.186

C9H18N6O6 C6H18N3OP

531-18-0 680-31-9

306.275 179.200

C6H18N3P

1608-26-0

163.201

5817 5818 5819 5820 5821 5822

Dimethylsiloxane cyclic trimer

Hexamethyldisilathiane Hexamethyldisilazane Hexamethyldisiloxane Hexamethylenediamine carbamate (6-Aminohexyl)carbamic acid Hexamethylene diisocyanate Hexamethylenetetramine Methenamine

5823 Hexamethylolmelamine 5824 Hexamethylphosphoric triamide 5825 Hexamethylphosphorous triamide

Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine oxide Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine

i H2O; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, sulf; vs eth, bz

hyg cry (PrOH)

5812 1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

5814 2,2,4,4,6,6Hexamethylcyclotrisilazane 5815 Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane 5816 Hexamethyldisilane

-88 -6

40.5 -80

32

s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc 1.298-20 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth

vs eth, lig

14518

1.8220

i H2O, EtOH, bz; sl eth, MeOH; s ace, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, tol i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, alk

263.4

1.063025

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl

-10

188

0.919620

1.44820

64.5 13.5

134 113.5

1.120020 0.724722

1.422920

162.5 125 99

0.85120 0.774125 0.763820

1.409020 1.377420

12210, 941 sub

1.052820 1.331-5

1.458520

232.5

1.0320

1.457920

orth cry (ace) 205.5

144

red rhom, red-ye nd (sub) orth pr or nd 165.5 (al) liq

vs ace, bz, EtOH

liq cry

-66 150

orth (al)

>250

185; 6029

sub

137

i H2O i H2O; s eth, ace, bz; dec alk

i H2O

vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth, bz vs H2O s EtOH, eth s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-281

O OH

Si

O

Si

Cl

2,4-Hexadien-1-ol

trans,trans-2,4-Hexadienoyl chloride

1,5-Hexadien-3-yne

1,5-Hexadiyne

2,4-Hexadiyne

Hexaethylbenzene

F

Br N

O O O O P P P P O O O O O O O O O

F F

F

F

F F

O F F

Hexafluorenium bromide

F F

N

Br

Hexaethyl tetraphosphate

O

F

F F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F F

F

Hexafluoroacetylacetone

Hexafluorobenzene

F

F

OH

F F

F

Hexafluoroethane

F F

F F

F F

Hexafluorocyclobutene

F

1,1,2,3,4,4-Hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene

F F

F F

F

F

1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butyne

Hexaethyldisiloxane

F

1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane

F

F

F F

F F

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane

F

F

F F

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol

NH O

N H

N H

Hexahydro-1H-azepine

Hexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine

H

O 1,5a,6,9,9a,9b-Hexahydro-4a(4H)-dibenzofurancarboxaldehyde

H

cis-1,2,3,5,6,8a-Hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, (1S)

O NH O

H

O

1,2,4a,5,8,8a-Hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, [1S-(1α,4aβ,8aα)]

O

O

N O

N N

N

Hexahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

O

N

N O

N

O

O Si

OH

HO

OH

Si O

Si

Si Si Hexamethyldisilane

S

1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

Si

Si

Hexamethyldisilathiane

C

N

Hexamethylene diisocyanate

C

H N

N N

O N N N

HO N

Hexamethylenetetramine

N

HO

Hexamethylbenzene

H N Si

Si NH

2,2,4,4,6,6-Hexamethylcyclotrisilazane

O Si

Si

Hexamethyldisilazane

HO

O

Si HN

OH O Hexahydro-1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine

Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane

N

2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine

OH

HO N

N

Hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-1,4-diazepine

O N

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine

Si O

N N

O

Si

Hexamethyldisiloxane

H2N

N H

OH

Hexamethylenediamine carbamate

OH N

N

N

OH OH

Hexamethylolmelamine

O N P N N Hexamethylphosphoric triamide

N

N P

N

Hexamethylphosphorous triamide

3-282

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

5826 2,6,10,15,19,23Hexamethyltetracosane

Squalane

C30H62

111-01-3

422.813

liq

-38

350

0.811515

1.453015

5827 Hexanal

Caproaldehyde

C6H12O

66-25-1

100.158

liq

-56

131

0.833520

1.403920

5828 Hexanamide

C6H13NO

628-02-4

115.173

cry (ace)

101

255

0.99920

1.4200110

5829 Hexane

C6H14

110-54-3

86.175

liq

-95.35

68.73

0.660625

1.372725

5830 Hexanedial 5831 Hexanediamide 5832 1,6-Hexanediamine

1072-21-5 628-94-4 124-09-4

114.142 144.171 116.204

-8 220 39.13

939

1.00319

1.435020

Hexamethylenediamine

C6H10O2 C6H12N2O2 C6H16N2

204.6

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s eth, chl; msc bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, bz

5833 Hexanedioic acid, dihydrazide 5834 1,2-Hexanediol 5835 1,6-Hexanediol

Hexamethylene glycol

C6H14N4O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2

1071-93-8 6920-22-5 629-11-8

174.201 118.174 118.174

181.8 45 41.5

224; 871.5 208

5836 2,5-Hexanediol

Diisopropanol

C6H14O2

2935-44-6

118.174

43

218; 861

0.961020

1.447520

5837 5838 5839 5840

1,6-Hexanediol dimethacrylate 2,3-Hexanedione 2,4-Hexanedione 2,5-Hexanedione

Hexamethylene methacrylate Acetylbutyryl Propionylacetone Acetonylacetone

C14H22O4 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2

6606-59-3 3848-24-6 3002-24-2 110-13-4

254.323 114.142 114.142 114.142

oil liq

-5.5

128 160 194

0.99825 0.93419 0.95920 0.737020

1.451620 1.423220

5841 5842 5843 5844

3,4-Hexanedione Hexanedioyl dichloride 1,6-Hexanedithiol Hexanenitrile

Bipropionyl

4437-51-8 111-50-2 1191-43-1 628-73-9

114.142 183.033 150.305 97.158

liq

-10

Capronitrile

C6H10O2 C6H8Cl2O2 C6H14S2 C6H11N

liq liq

Hexyl mercaptan

C6H14S

111-31-9

118.240

C6H14S

1679-06-7

5845 1-Hexanethiol 5846 2-Hexanethiol

pl orth bipym pl

cry (eth)

1.443120 1.457925

0.94121

1.413021

-21 -80.3

130 12612 237; 11815 163.65

0.988625 0.805120

1.511020 1.406820

liq

-81

152.7

0.842420

1.449620

118.240

liq

-147

142

0.834520

1.445120

1,2,6-Trihydroxyhexane Caproic acid

C6H14O3 C6H12O2

106-69-4 142-62-1

134.173 116.158

liq

-3

1703, 1611 205.2

1.104920 0.921225

1.5820 1.416320

5849 Hexanoic anhydride 5850 1-Hexanol

Caproyl alcohol

C12H22O3 C6H14O

2051-49-2 111-27-3

214.301 102.174

liq

-41 -47.4

dec 255 157.6

0.924015 0.813620

1.429720 1.417820

5851 2-Hexanol

C6H14O

20281-86-1

102.174

140

0.815920

1.414420

5852 3-Hexanol

C6H14O

17015-11-1

102.174

135

0.818220

1.416720

5853 2-Hexanone

Butyl methyl ketone

C6H12O

591-78-6

100.158

liq

-55.5

127.6

0.811320

1.400720

5854 3-Hexanone

Ethyl propyl ketone

C6H12O

589-38-8

100.158

liq

-55.4

123.5

0.811820

1.400420

5855 Hexanoyl chloride 5856 Hexatriacontane 5857 cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene

Caproyl chloride

C6H11ClO C36H74 C6H8

142-61-0 630-06-8 2612-46-6

134.603 506.973 80.128

liq

-87 75.8 -12

153 298.43 78

0.978420 0.780380 0.717520

1.426420 1.439780 1.457720

15

20

5858 trans-1,3,5-Hexatriene

C6H8

821-07-8

80.128

5859 5860 5861 5862

C12H20N4O2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H12

51235-04-2 6728-26-3 6789-80-6 592-41-6

252.313 98.142 98.142 84.159

Hexazinone trans-2-Hexenal cis-3-Hexenal 1-Hexene

liq

liq

-12

78.5

0.7369

99

dec 146.5; 5020 121 63.48

1.25 0.849120 0.853322 0.668525

1.448020 1.430021 1.385225

25

20

-139.76

1.5135

5863 cis-2-Hexene

C6H12

7688-21-3

84.159

liq

-141.11

68.8

0.6824

5864 trans-2-Hexene

C6H12

4050-45-7

84.159

liq

-133

67.9

0.673325

1.393620

5865 cis-3-Hexene

C6H12

7642-09-3

84.159

liq

-137.8

66.4

0.677820

1.394720

5866 trans-3-Hexene

C6H12

13269-52-8

84.159

liq

-115.4

67.1

0.677220

1.394320

C6H6N2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H12O

1119-85-3 1191-04-4 4219-24-3 1577-22-6 4798-44-1

106.125 114.142 114.142 114.142 100.158

cry nd (w, al)

76 36.5 12 -37

216.5 208 203 134

0.96520 0.964023 0.961020 0.83422

1.446040 1.493520 1.434320 1.429718

5867 5868 5869 5870 5871

trans-3-Hexenedinitrile 2-Hexenoic acid 3-Hexenoic acid 5-Hexenoic acid 1-Hexen-3-ol

trans-1,4-Dicyano-2-butene Hydrosorbic acid

liq

vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH sl chl

5847 1,2,6-Hexanetriol 5848 Hexanoic acid

liq

s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth; i bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc

1.3979

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth, bz sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth s eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl, peth

i H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig vs eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-283 O NH2

O 2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyltetracosane

Hexanal

Hexanamide

Hexane

O

O

H2N

O

H2N

NH2

O Hexanedial

NH2

H2N

O Hexanediamide

1,6-Hexanediamine

OH

1,6-Hexanediol

O

2,5-Hexanediol

O

1,6-Hexanediol dimethacrylate

Cl

O

O 2,4-Hexanedione

2,5-Hexanedione

3,4-Hexanedione

Hexanenitrile

O

OH O

OH OH

1-Hexanethiol

2-Hexanethiol

1,2,6-Hexanetriol

O

OH

O

Hexanoic acid

HO

SH

SH 1,6-Hexanedithiol

Hexanedioyl dichloride

SH

N

Cl O

O

O

HS

O

O

O

2,3-Hexanedione

O

OH

OH

1,2-Hexanediol

O

O O

HO

NH2

O

Hexanedioic acid, dihydrazide

OH OH

H N

N H

OH

OH

Hexanoic anhydride

1-Hexanol

2-Hexanol

3-Hexanol

O

O

Cl

O 2-Hexanone

3-Hexanone

Hexanoyl chloride

Hexatriacontane

O N O cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene

trans-1,3,5-Hexatriene

N N

O

N

Hexazinone

O trans-2-Hexenal

cis-3-Hexenal

N N 1-Hexene

cis-2-Hexene

O

trans-2-Hexene

cis-3-Hexene

OH

OH 3-Hexenoic acid

trans-3-Hexenedinitrile

O

O OH

2-Hexenoic acid

trans-3-Hexene

5-Hexenoic acid

OH 1-Hexen-3-ol

3-284

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

5872 cis-2-Hexen-1-ol

C6H12O

928-94-9

nD

Solubility

100.158

157

0.847220

1.439720

s H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc

5873 trans-2-Hexen-1-ol 5874 cis-3-Hexen-1-ol

C6H12O C6H12O

928-95-0 928-96-1

100.158 100.158

157 156.5

0.849016 0.847822

1.434020 1.438020

C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C6H10O C6H10O

928-97-2 928-92-7 52387-50-5 626-94-8 3681-71-8 2497-18-9 109-49-9 2497-21-4

100.158 100.158 100.158 100.158 142.196 142.196 98.142 98.142

154.5 159 137.5 139 6612 166; 6815 129.5 138.5

5883 Hexestrol

C18H22O2

84-16-2

270.367

nd (bz)

186.5

5884 Hexobarbital 5885 Hexocyclium methyl sulfate 5886 Hexyl acetate

C12H16N2O3 C21H36N2O5S C8H16O2

56-29-1 115-63-9 142-92-7

236.266 428.586 144.212

cry liq

146.5 205 -80.9

5887 sec-Hexyl acetate

C8H16O2

108-84-9

144.212

C9H16O2 C6H15N

2499-95-8 111-26-2

156.222 101.190

liq

C12H18

1077-16-3

162.271

C12H18O2

136-77-6

194.270

5892 Hexyl benzoate

C13H18O2

6789-88-4

206.281

5893 Hexyl butanoate

C10H20O2

2639-63-6

172.265

liq

5894 Hexylcyclohexane 5895 Hexylcyclopentane

C12H24 C11H22

4292-75-5 4457-00-5

168.319 154.293

5896 2-Hexyldecanoic acid 5897 Hexyl formate

C16H32O2 C7H14O2

25354-97-6 629-33-4

C12H24O2

5899 Hexyl isocyanate 5900 Hexyl methacrylate 5901 Hexyl methyl ether 5902 1-Hexylnaphthalene 5903 Hexyl octanoate

No. Name

5875 5876 5877 5878 5879 5880 5881 5882

Synonym

trans-3-Hexen-1-ol trans-4-Hexen-1-ol 4-Hexen-2-ol 5-Hexen-2-ol cis-3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate trans-2-Hexen-1-ol, acetate 5-Hexen-2-one 4-Hexen-3-one

5888 Hexyl acrylate 5889 Hexylamine

1-Hexanamine

5890 Hexylbenzene 5891 4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol

4-Hexylresorcinol

Physical Form

mp/˚C

liq liq

0.851320 0.840518 0.84216

1.437420 1.440220 1.439220

0.898 0.83327 0.855920

1.427020 1.417827 1.438820

171.5

0.877915

1.409220

147.5

0.880525

1.398020

-45 -22.9

401 132.8

0.87820 0.766020

1.418020

liq

-61

226.1

0.857520

1.486420

nd (bz)

68

334 272; 1398

0.979320

-78

208

0.865220

1.416015

liq liq

-43 -73

224 203

0.807620 0.796520

1.446220 1.439220

256.424 130.185

visc oil liq

-62.6

1450.02 155.5

0.881320

1.443224 1.407120

6378-65-0

200.318

liq

-55

246

0.86518

1.426415

C7H13NO C10H18O2

2525-62-4 142-09-6

127.184 170.249

447 162; 8617

0.88025

1.42925

C7H16O C16H20 C14H28O2

4747-07-3 2876-53-1 1117-55-1

116.201 212.330 228.371

liq liq

-18 -30.6

126.1 322 277.4

0.956620 0.860320

1.564720 1.432325

C13H18O3 Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether C8H18O2

1142-39-8 112-25-4

222.280 146.228

cry liq

106 -45.1

208

0.887820

1.429120

5906 Hexyl pentanoate

C11H22O2

1117-59-5

186.292

liq

-63.1

226.3

0.863520

1.422815

5907 4-Hexylphenol 5908 1-Hexyl propanoate

C12H18O C9H18O2

2446-69-7 2445-76-3

178.270 158.238

liq

-57.5

1489 190

0.869820

1.416215

25

25

5898 Hexyl hexanoate

5904 4-(Hexyloxy)benzoic acid 5905 2-(Hexyloxy)ethanol

Hexyl caproate

C16H24

66325-11-9

216.362

liq

Butylacetylene

C6H10

693-02-7

82.143

liq

5911 2-Hexyne

1-Methyl-2-propylacetylene

C6H10

764-35-2

82.143

5912 3-Hexyne

Diethylacetylene

C6H10

928-49-4

82.143

C6H10O2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H8O

3031-66-1 1002-28-4 105-31-7 2550-28-9

114.142 98.142 98.142 96.127

5909 1-Hexyl-1,2,3,4tetrahydronaphthalene 5910 1-Hexyne

5913 5914 5915 5916

3-Hexyne-2,5-diol 3-Hexyn-1-ol 1-Hexyn-3-ol 5-Hexyn-2-one

3-Hexynol

305

0.9176

-131.9

71.3

0.715525

1.398920

liq

-89.6

84.5

0.731520

1.413820

liq

-103

81

0.723120

1.411520

12115 162; 6512 142 149

1.018020 0.898220 0.870420 0.906520

1.469120 1.453020 1.434025 1.436620

liq

-80

1.5127

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

sl H2O sl H2O

s EtOH, eth; vs ace vs ace, eth, EtOH sl chl; i eth i H2O; vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; msc eth; s bz, peth vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH; sl chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, AcOEt

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, peth

s ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-285

OH

OH

OH OH

cis-2-Hexen-1-ol

OH

trans-2-Hexen-1-ol

cis-3-Hexen-1-ol

OH

trans-3-Hexen-1-ol

trans-4-Hexen-1-ol

4-Hexen-2-ol

OH O O

O

OH

O

O

O 5-Hexen-2-ol

cis-3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate

O O S O O

O NH O

N

HO

trans-2-Hexen-1-ol, acetate

5-Hexen-2-one

4-Hexen-3-one

N N HO

O

O

O O

Hexobarbital

Hexestrol

Hexocyclium methyl sulfate

O

O Hexyl acetate

O

sec-Hexyl acetate

Hexyl acrylate

OH O OH

O

O

NH2

O

Hexylamine

Hexylbenzene

4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol

Hexyl benzoate

O

Hexyl butanoate

OH O

Hexylcyclohexane

Hexylcyclopentane

2-Hexyldecanoic acid

O

Hexyl formate

O

O N

O Hexyl hexanoate

C

O

O

Hexyl isocyanate

O

Hexyl methacrylate

O

Hexyl methyl ether

OH

O O

O 1-Hexylnaphthalene

Hexyl octanoate

OH

O

4-(Hexyloxy)benzoic acid

2-(Hexyloxy)ethanol

OH

O

O

O

O

Hexyl pentanoate

4-Hexylphenol

1-Hexyl propanoate

HO

1-Hexyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene

OH

OH

1-Hexyne

O

OH 2-Hexyne

3-Hexyne

3-Hexyne-2,5-diol

3-Hexyn-1-ol

1-Hexyn-3-ol

5-Hexyn-2-one

3-286

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

5917 Histamine 5918 L-Histidine

Glyoxaline-5-alanine

5919 L-Histidine, monohydrochloride 5920 Homatropine

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

C5H9N3

51-45-6

111.145

wh nd (chl)

83

20918

C6H9N3O2

71-00-1

155.154

nd or pl (dil 287 dec al)

C6H10ClN3O2 C16H21NO3

645-35-2 87-00-3

191.615 275.343

C16H22BrNO3

51-56-9

356.255

848-53-3 454-29-5

314.852 135.185

orth pym or 217 dec pl (w) oil 272 dec

6027-13-0

135.185

platelets

232

870-93-9 672-15-1

268.354 119.119

pr (90% al)

264 203 dec

6753-98-6 26472-41-3

204.352 362.460

ye cry (eth)

66.5

C8H8N4

86-54-4

160.177

ye cry (MeOH)

172

C25H24F6N4 C21H21NO6 C11H13NO3

67485-29-4 118-08-1 6592-85-4

494.476 383.395 207.226

CH5N3S CH4N2O

79-19-6 624-84-0

91.136 60.055

CH5N3O

57-56-7

75.070

ye pr (al) nd (lig), cry (eth) lo nd (w) ye lf or nd (al) pr (al)

CH6N4 C2H4N2O2

79-17-4 628-36-4

74.086 88.065

cry pr (al)

dec 161.0

110-21-4 98-71-5 619-67-0

118.095 188.204 152.151

pl (w) nd, lf (w) ye nd or pl (w) liq

258 286 221 dec

pr (ace)

250 dec 274 229 268.5

5921 Homatropine hydrobromide

Tropanol mandelate

5922 Homochlorocyclizine 5923 DL-Homocysteine

5927 Humulene 5928 Humulon

C19H23ClN2 DL-2-Amino-4C4H9NO2S mercaptobutanoic acid L-2-Amino-4-mercaptobutanoic C4H9NO2S acid C8H16N2O4S2 C4H9NO3 2-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid, (S) C15H24 C21H30O5

5929 Hydralazine

1-Hydrazinophthalazine

5924 L-Homocysteine 5925 Homocystine 5926 L-Homoserine

5930 Hydramethylnon 5931 Hydrastine 5932 Hydrastinine 5933 Hydrazinecarbothioamide 5934 Hydrazinecarboxaldehyde

Thiosemicarbazide

5935 Hydrazinecarboxamide 5936 Hydrazinecarboximidamide 5937 1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxaldehyde

Aminoguanidine

5938 1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxamide 5939 4-Hydrazinobenzenesulfonic acid 5940 4-Hydrazinobenzoic acid

C2H6N4O2 Phenylhydrazine-4-sulfonic acid C6H8N2O3S C7H8N2O2

5941 2-Hydrazinoethanol

C2H8N2O

109-84-2

76.097

5942 5943 5944 5945

C18H10O6 C7H8ClN3O4S2 C19H24N2O C19H24N2O

5103-42-4 58-93-5 485-64-3 485-65-4

322.268 297.740 296.406 296.406

C18H21NO3 C21H30O5

125-29-1 50-23-7

299.365 362.460

C23H32O6 C12H15NO3

50-03-3 550-10-7

404.496 221.252

C8H8F3N3O4S2 C15H12N2O3

135-09-1 494-47-3

331.293 268.267

Hydrindantin Hydrochlorothiazide Hydrocinchonidine Hydrocinchonine

5946 Hydrocodone 5947 Hydrocortisone 5948 Hydrocortisone 21-acetate 5949 Hydrocotarnine

Cortisol acetate

5950 Hydroflumethiazide 5951 Hydrofuramide 5952 Hydrogen cyanide

Hydrocyanic acid

5953 Hydrohydrastinine 5954 Hydromorphone 5955 Hydroprene 5956 Hydroquinidine

7,8-Dihydromorphin-6-one

5957 Hydroquinine

pr (al, eth)

pl (al or iPrOH)

sl H2O; i eth, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz

1.4848

96

-70

1.60417 sl H2O, EtOH sl H2O; i eth 219; 12017.5

1.28920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

270.5 117

494-55-3

191.227

303

C17H19NO3 C17H30O2 C20H26N2O2

466-99-9 41096-46-2 1435-55-8

285.338 266.419 326.432

nd (lig), cry 66 (peth) cry (EtOH) 266.5

C20H26N2O2

522-66-7

326.432

123-31-9

110.111

C62H89CoN13O15P 13422-51-0

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH

198 220

C11H13NO2

Vitamin B-12a

1.11925

vs EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, diox, HOAc

26

5959 Hydroxocobalamin

i H2O; s ace, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO; i eth

183 54

vol liq or gas -13.29

C6H6O2

1.503820

190 132 116.5

27.026

1,4-Benzenediol

0.890520

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, alk s acid

74-90-8

5958 p-Hydroquinone

s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, EtOH

s H2O; i eth, bz

CHN

17419 nd (al)

Solubility

1770.8

223 dec 56

nd (al)

nD

245 dec 99.5

12310

lf (al) pr

den/ g cm-3

0.6876

20

1.2614

20

0.895520

168.5

nd (eth, chl) 172.5

mcl pr (sub) 172.4 nd(w) pr (MeOH) 1346.355 red cry (ace 200 dec aq)

285

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

1.33020

1.63225

s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; i bz s H2O, EtOH; i ace, eth, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-287 N

N O H2N

N

O

HO

N NH2

N H Histamine

Cl

HBr

HO HCl

N H

L-Histidine

NH2

O

O N H

L-Histidine, monohydrochloride

N

OH

OH

N

N

O

O

Homatropine

Homatropine hydrobromide

Homochlorocyclizine

O

O

O HS

O HS

OH

O OH

NH2

HO

DL-Homocysteine

L-Homocysteine

HN

HO

OH

S

NH2

NH2

O

NH2 S

HO HO

OH

N N

OH HN

NH2

O Homocystine

L-Homoserine

Humulene

Humulon

NH2

Hydralazine

NH

O N N

F

N H

O H

F

F F

O

S

O F

O O

F Hydramethylnon

O

N

O

H2N

O

N H

OH

Hydrastine

Hydrastinine

NH2

H

Hydrazinecarbothioamide

OH O S O

O

O N H

NH2

H2N

Hydrazinecarboxaldehyde

NH2

N H

Hydrazinecarboxamide

OH O

NH H2N

N H

O

NH2

Hydrazinecarboximidamide

H N

O N H

H2N

O

1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxaldehyde

N H

O OH

H N

NH2 HN

O

1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxamide

HN

NH2

4-Hydrazinobenzenesulfonic acid

H2N

NH2

4-Hydrazinobenzoic acid

H N

HO OH

O

2-Hydrazinoethanol

O

Hydrindantin

O O H N

Cl H2N

S O O

HO H

HO

N

H

O HO

N

O H

N

Hydrochlorothiazide

N

Hydrocinchonidine

H

N O

O

Hydrocinchonine

O OH

HO

H

NH

S O O

O

OH OH

Hydrocodone

O Hydrocortisone

Hydrocortisone 21-acetate

HO F O

F F H2N

N

O O Hydrocotarnine

H N O

N

N

O

O

O

NH

S

S

O O

O O

O

Hydroflumethiazide

HC N

Hydrofuramide

Hydrogen cyanide

H N

O

N

O

Hydrohydrastinine

Hydromorphone

O

NH2

NH2 O

O O

OH N Co N N

H2N

N H

NH2 O

H2N O

NH2

O

N

NH

O Hydroprene

H

O

O

O

OH

HO

HO

N

H

O

N

N

Hydroquinidine

Hydroquinine

H

N

N O P O HO O O

OH p-Hydroquinone

HO Hydroxocobalamin

3-288

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

5960 Hydroxyacetonitrile

Glyconitrile

C2H3NO

107-16-4

57.051

C8H8O2

582-24-1

136.149

5961 (Hydroxyacetyl)benzene

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

<-72

dec 183; 11924

hex pl (al), pl 90 (w or dil al) 181

12512, 561

5962 17-Hydroxyandrostan-3-one, (5α,17β) 5963 3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one, (3α,5α)

Stanolone

C19H30O2

521-18-6

290.440

Androsterone

C19H30O2

53-41-8

290.440

lf or nd (al, ace)

5964 3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one, (3β,5α) 5965 17-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17β) 5966 1-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

Epiandrosterone

C19H30O2

481-29-8

290.440

Testosterone

C19H28O2

58-22-0

288.424

cry (bz-peth, 178 ace) nd (dil ace) 155

C14H8O3

129-43-1

224.212

red-oran nd 193.8 (al)

sub

C14H8O3

605-32-3

224.212

306

sub

108

240

117

5967 2-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

5968 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

3-Formylphenol

C7H6O2

100-83-4

122.122

5969 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

4-Formylphenol

C7H6O2

123-08-0

122.122

nd (w)

C14H12N2O2

959-36-4

240.257

214

C7H7NO2

65-45-2

137.137

142

5972 N-Hydroxybenzamide

C7H7NO2

495-18-1

137.137

5973 α-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±) DL-Mandelic acid

C8H8O3

611-72-3

152.148

5974 2-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid

C8H8O3

614-75-5

152.148

5975 3-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid

C8H8O3

621-37-4

152.148

5976 4-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid

C8H8O3

156-38-7

Salicylamide

orth ta, lf (eth) orth pl

Solubility

1.411719

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; sl lig

1.096399

sub 135 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

1.1179130

1.129130

181.514

1.5705130

1.175140

1.289020

119 148

240

nd (bz-lig)

132

19011

152.148

nd (w)

152

sub

Mandelonitrile

C8H7NO

532-28-5

133.148

ye oily liq

-10

5978 2-Hydroxybenzenecarbodithioic acid 5979 4-Hydroxy-1,3benzenedicarboxylic acid

Dithiosalicylic acid

C7H6OS2

527-89-9

170.252

oran-ye nd

49

4-Hydroxyisophthalic acid

C8H6O5

636-46-4

182.131

nd(w), lf (dil 310 al)

C8H6O5

618-83-7

182.131

Phenoldisulfonic acid

C6H6O7S2

96-77-5

254.238

nd(w+2) cr(aq-al) nd (w)

Salicyl alcohol

C8H10O2 C7H8O2

501-94-0 90-01-7

138.164 124.138

5984 3-Hydroxybenzenemethanol

3-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol

C7H8O2

620-24-6

124.138

5985 4-Hydroxybenzenemethanol

4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol

C7H8O2

623-05-2

5986 4-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid

p-Hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid

C9H10O3

5987 α-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid, (±) 5988 3-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 5989 4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 5990 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

(±)-3-Phenyllactic acid m-Phenolsulfonic acid p-Phenolsulfonic acid Salicylic acid

1.12

i H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc vs bz, eth, EtOH

sub >100 dec

vs H2O, EtOH 310.0 sub

1.161325

dec 300

1.16125

124.138

91.8 lf (bz), nd or 87 pl (w, eth) nd (bz), cry 73 (CCl4) pr or nd (w) 124.5

501-97-3

166.173

130.8

20914

C9H10O3

828-01-3

166.173

14915

C6H6O4S C6H6O4S C7H6O3

585-38-6 98-67-9 69-72-7

174.175 174.175 138.121

cry (chl, bz), 98 pr (w) nd (w+2) nd nd (w), mcl 159.0 pr (al)

5991 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3

99-06-9

138.121

5992 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3

99-96-7

138.121

5993 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, hydrazide 5994 2-Hydroxybenzonitrile

C7H8N2O2 C7H5NO

936-02-7 611-20-1

152.151 119.121

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; s eth; sl DMSO s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i CS2 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

252

21120

1.44320

1.565

1.48525

nd (w) pl, pr 202.5 (al) pr or pl (w, 214.5 al) cry (ace) 148 98

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl liq NH3 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, aq NH3, KOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i lig sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs bz, alk sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz s H2O, eth, EtOH, i-PrOH sl H2O, chl; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz; sl lig sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs chl, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH

131 exp

5977 α-Hydroxybenzeneacetonitrile

5980 5-Hydroxy-1,3benzenedicarboxylic acid 5981 4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid 5982 4-Hydroxybenzeneethanol 5983 2-Hydroxybenzenemethanol

nD

185

ye pl or nd (al or HOAc) nd (w)

5970 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, [(2hydroxyphenyl)methylene] hydrazone 5971 2-Hydroxybenzamide

den/ g cm-3

1.4625

14914

1.1052100 1.5372100

vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, bz, chl, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz sl H2O, bz; vs EtOH; s eth, ace vs bz, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-289 O

OH

O

O OH HO

O

N Hydroxyacetonitrile

HO

H

17-Hydroxyandrostan-3-one, (5α,17β)

(Hydroxyacetyl)benzene

OH

O

HO

H

3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one, (3α,5α)

O

O

OH

O

OH

H

O

O

O

17-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17β)

1-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

N N OH

2-Hydroxybenzamide

4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

OH N H

OH

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, [(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazone

3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

O NH2

OH

OH

2-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

OH

H

3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one, (3β,5α)

OH

OH

OH

O OH

O α-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)

N-Hydroxybenzamide

2-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid

O OH O

O

SH OH

O

HO

OH 3-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid

S

OH

OH

OH

OH

N

OH O

α-Hydroxybenzeneacetonitrile

4-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid

2-Hydroxybenzenecarbodithioic acid

4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid

OH O S O

OH

OH

OH O OH

HO

OH

O 5-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid

OH

S O OH

OH OH

HO

4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid

4-Hydroxybenzeneethanol

2-Hydroxybenzenemethanol

OH O

OH

OH OH

HO

4-Hydroxybenzenemethanol

4-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid

OH

O

3-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

O

OH

O

NH2 NH OH

OH OH 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

OH

α-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid, (±)

HO O

OH O S O

OH O S O

O OH

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid

3-Hydroxybenzenemethanol

OH 4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

N OH

OH 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, hydrazide

2-Hydroxybenzonitrile

3-290

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

5995 3-Hydroxybenzonitrile

C7H5NO

873-62-1

119.121

5996 4-Hydroxybenzonitrile

C7H5NO

767-00-0

119.121

pr (al, eth) lf 82.8 (w) lf (w) 113

1137-42-4

198.217

C9H6O3

1076-38-6

Umbelliferone

C9H6O3

No. Name

Synonym

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

135 213.5

93-35-6

162.142

nd (w)

230.5

sub

2592-95-2 1441-87-8 3202-84-4 90-43-7

135.123 156.567 204.202 170.206

157.8 19

9215

1.311220

4-Salicyloylmorpholine [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2-ol

C6H5N3O C7H5ClO2 C11H10NO3 C12H10O

57.5

286

1.21325

6004 3-Hydroxybiphenyl

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-3-ol

C12H10O

580-51-8

170.206

78

>300

6005 4-Hydroxybiphenyl

[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ol

C12H10O

92-69-3

170.206

166

305

6006 3-Hydroxybutanal

Aldol

C4H8O2

107-89-1

88.106

6007 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 6008 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)

C4H8O3 C4H8O3

600-15-7 625-71-8

104.105 104.105

6009 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid 6010 1-Hydroxy-2-butanone

C4H8O3 C4H8O2

591-81-1 5077-67-8

C4H8O2

6012 4-Hydroxy-2-butanone 6013 2-Hydroxy-3-butenenitrile 6014 4-Hydroxybutyramide 6015 3-Hydroxycamphor

1.581220

1.10320

1.423820

44.2 49

dec 260; 14014 1.12520 13012, 940.1

1.442420

104.105 88.106

<-17

dec 180 160; 7860

1.027220

1.418920

52217-02-4

88.106

15

148

1.004420

1.417120

C4H8O2

590-90-9

88.106

182; 9011

1.023320

1.458514

C4H5NO C4H9NO2 C10H16O2

5809-59-6 927-60-6 10373-81-6

83.089 103.120 168.233

C24H40O3

434-13-9

376.573

C18H19NO4 C10H18O2 C7H6O2

508-54-3 96-00-4 533-75-5

313.349 170.249 122.122

cry (peth) nd

C7H11NO C6H10O2

931-97-5 533-60-8

125.168 114.142

nd (al)

1123-27-9 706-14-9 133-91-5

142.196 170.249 389.914

liq nd (al)

C7H4I2O3

618-76-8

389.914

237

C7H3I2NO C15H12I2O3

1689-83-4 577-91-3

370.914 494.063

201 dec 164

C9H10O4

708-76-9

182.173

70

19325, 16510

C9H10O4

134-96-3

182.173

br nd (lig)

113

19214

6030 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid 6031 7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanal

C9H10O5

530-57-4

198.172

nd (w)

204.5

C10H20O2

107-75-5

172.265

6032 3-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal Hydroxypivaldehyde 6033 2-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid

C5H10O2 C7H4N2O7

597-31-9 609-99-4

102.132 228.116

6011 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone, (±)

6016 3-Hydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β)

Acetoin

3-Hydroxy-1,7,7trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-one Lithocholic acid

6017 Hydroxycodeinone 6018 2-Hydroxycyclodecanone Sebacoin 6019 2-Hydroxy-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien1-one 6020 1-Hydroxycyclohexanecarbonitrile 6021 2-Hydroxycyclohexanone

6022 1-(1-Hydroxycyclohexyl)ethanone C8H14O2 6023 4-Hydroxydecanoic acid γ-lactone 5-Hexyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone C10H18O2 6024 2-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid 3,5-Diiodosalicylic acid C7H4I2O3 6025 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid

6026 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile 6027 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodo-αphenylbenzenepropanoic acid 6028 2-Hydroxy-4,6dimethoxybenzaldehyde 6029 4-Hydroxy-3,5dimethoxybenzaldehyde

Iodoalphionic acid

Syringaldehyde

8320

vs eth s DMSO i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, py sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s chl sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, chl, py msc H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl; i lig msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace

9417

liq 52 nd (bz-peth) 205.5

vs eth, EtOH, chl

hex lf (al) pr 186 (dil al)

i H2O, lig; s EtOH, chl, HOAc; sl eth

275 dec 38.5 50.8

13614 sub 40

35

13220

1.017220

1.469320 1.478521

125.5; 9111 281

1.024825

1.467025

s H2O, eth, ace

235.5

89.5 182

vs H2O, eth vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, peth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl, lig

dec 260

1033 nd (w) ye nd or pl (+1w)

Solubility vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO vs EtOH, HOAc, chl

1.133172

162.142

5998 4-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2one 5999 7-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2one 6000 1-Hydroxy-1H-benzotriazole 6001 2-Hydroxybenzoyl chloride 6002 4-(2-Hydroxybenzoyl)morpholine 6003 2-Hydroxybiphenyl

nD

1481

nd (al), pr (dil al) nd (w)

5997 4-Hydroxybenzophenone

4-Hydroxyphenyl phenyl ketone C13H10O2

mp/˚C

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH 0.922020

1.449420

sl H2O; s EtOH, ace

173; 6814 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-291

N N O

OH

OH 3-Hydroxybenzonitrile

O

HO

4-Hydroxybenzonitrile

O

N

OH

4-Hydroxybenzophenone

Cl

N

O

O

OH

N O

1-Hydroxy-1H-benzotriazole

O

7-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

HO

OH

N OH

HO

O

4-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

2-Hydroxybenzoyl chloride

OH

4-(2-Hydroxybenzoyl)morpholine

2-Hydroxybiphenyl

3-Hydroxybiphenyl

O OH OH

O

4-Hydroxybiphenyl

OH O

OH

OH

3-Hydroxybutanal

2-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)

3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)

OH

O

1-Hydroxy-2-butanone

OH

O HO

N

HO 4-Hydroxy-2-butanone

OH O

OH

4-Hydroxybutanoic acid

OH

O 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone, (±)

O HO

OH

2-Hydroxy-3-butenenitrile

NH2

O

4-Hydroxybutyramide

3-Hydroxycamphor

O O

OH H

HO

OH

O

N HO

N

O

O OH O

H 3-Hydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β)

OH

Hydroxycodeinone

2-Hydroxycyclodecanone

2-Hydroxy-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one

1-Hydroxycyclohexanecarbonitrile

OH

O O O

OH

O

OH

OH OH I

O 2-Hydroxycyclohexanone

O

I

4-Hydroxydecanoic acid γ-lactone

1-(1-Hydroxycyclohexyl)ethanone

I

O

OH

O OH

HO

I

4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile

O

O I

OH

HO

4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid

O

O I

OH

2-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid

N

I

I

O

4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodo-α-phenylbenzenepropanoic acid

OH

2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxybenzaldehyde

4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde

O

HO

O OH

O

4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid

O

O

O OH

OH 7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanal

HO

O

3-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal

N O

N O

O

2-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid

3-292

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

6034 11-Hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprosta5,13-dien-1-oic acid, (5Z,11α,13E) 6035 1-Hydroxy-1,1diphosphonoethane 6036 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5,7,9pentaen-17-one 6037 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10),7tetraen-17-one

15-Oxo-prostaglandin E2

C20H30O5

26441-05-4

350.449

cry

Etidronic acid

C2H8O7P2

2809-21-4

206.028

cry (w)

Equilenin

C18H18O2

517-09-9

266.335

Equilin

C18H20O2

474-86-2

268.351

pl (AcOEt)

6038 2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-propenoate 6039 N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)dodecanamide 6040 N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid 6041 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Glycol salicylate

C5H8O3 C14H29NO2 C10H18N2O7

818-61-1 142-78-9 150-39-0

116.116 243.386 278.259

liq

C9H10O4

87-28-5

182.173

6042 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate

C6H10O3

868-77-9

130.141

C10H9NO3 C6H11NO2

3891-07-4 3445-11-2

191.183 129.157

nd (al), lf (w) 130.3 20

Patulin

C7H6O4

149-29-1

154.121

pl or pr (eth, 111 chl)

16-Hydroxypalmitic acid

C16H32O3

506-13-8

272.423

96.5

6047 2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid 6048 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid 6049 3-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2- Dimethylolpropionic acid methylpropanoic acid 6050 5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H- Kojic acid pyran-4-one

C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C5H10O4

6064-63-7 1191-25-9 4767-03-7

132.157 132.157 134.131

pr (eth) liq

C6H6O4

501-30-4

142.110

pr nd (ace)

153.5

6051 8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5quinolinesulfonic acid

C9H6INO4S

547-91-1

351.118

ye pr, lf (al)

260 dec

C8H5NO3

524-38-9

163.131

232

C10H12O2

499-44-5

164.201

pa ye (peth) 51.5

C15H24N2O2

15358-48-2

264.364

cry (ace)

169.5

CH5NO C8H8O3

593-77-1 148-53-8

47.057 152.148

87.5 44.5

C8H8O3

673-22-3

152.148

C8H8O3

672-13-9

152.148

hyg nd lt ye lf, grn nd (w, lig) nd (w), cry (al) ye liq (w)

C8H8O3

621-59-0

152.148

C8H8O3

121-33-5

152.148

6061 4-Hydroxy-3Homovanillic acid methoxybenzeneacetic acid 6062 4-Hydroxy-3methoxybenzenemethanol 6063 4-Hydroxy-3methoxybenzenepropanol 6064 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid 6065 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid Vanillic acid

C9H10O4

306-08-1

182.173

C8H10O3

498-00-0

154.163

6066 7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1benzopyran-2-one 6067 4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)2-butanone 6068 1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) ethanone 6069 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) ethanone

6043 N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)phthalimide 6044 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2pyrrolidinone 6045 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2-c]pyran2(6H)-one 6046 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid

Ethylene glycol monomethacrylate

Ferron

6052 2-Hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione 6053 2-Hydroxy-4-isopropyl-2,4,6cycloheptatrien-1-one 6054 Hydroxylupanine 6055 N-Hydroxymethanamine 6056 2-Hydroxy-3methoxybenzaldehyde 6057 2-Hydroxy-4methoxybenzaldehyde 6058 2-Hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde 6059 3-Hydroxy-4methoxybenzaldehyde

N-Methylhydroxylamine

6060 4-Hydroxy-3methoxybenzaldehyde

Vanillin

6070 (2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) phenylmethanone

cry

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

105 258.5

sub 170

239

sub 170

s H2O, EtOH, MeOH sl EtOH, ace, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, diox, AcOEt

191; 9112

1.01123

17315

1.252615

10313, 673

1.07920

295

1.143520

88.5 165 dec 37

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1.451520 sl H2O

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz vs H2O

60 190

tetr (w, lig)

sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, DMSO sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s con sulf s DMSO 13710

1.060665

62.515 265.5

1.000320

1.416420

42.0 4

247.5

114

17915

1.19625

81.5

285

1.05625

sl H2O, bz, lig; s ctc vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, ctc s EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; vs chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, lig

143.5 pr (w), nd (bz)

115

dec

65

197

142 211.5

sub

15

C10H14O3

2305-13-7

182.216

C8H8O4 C8H8O4

2612-02-4 121-34-6

168.148 168.148

wh nd

Scopoletin

C10H8O4

92-61-5

192.169

nd or pr (al) 204

Zingerone

C11H14O3

122-48-5

194.227

cry (ace, eth) 40.5

18714

C9H10O3

552-41-0

166.173

nd (al)

52.5

15820

Apocynin

C9H10O3

498-02-2

166.173

pr (w)

115

297; 23415

Oxybenzone

C14H12O3

131-57-7

228.243

65.5

1.5545

25

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz vs eth, EtOH

sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, DMSO sl H2O, EtOH; s chl; i bz, CS2 vs eth 1.310281

1.545281

vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, chl s ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-293 O

O

O

O OH

HO HO

HO P HO O

O

11-Hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid, (5Z,11α,13E)

OH P OH O

HO

1-Hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonoethane

HO

3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5,7,9-pentaen-17-one

3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10),7-tetraen-17-one

COOH O

HO

HOOC

H N O

OH O

N

COOH

OH

O

OH HO

O

2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate

N

N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)dodecanamide

N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid

2-Hydroxyethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

O O

N

OH

N

O

OH O

OH

O

2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate

O

OH

O N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)phthalimide

O

1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone

4-Hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2-c]pyran-2(6H)-one

HO O O HO

OH

HO

OH

16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid

2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid

O 3-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropanoic acid

O OH

O

O HO

N OH I

OH

O

N OH

5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one

O

8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid

2-Hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

N H

H N

O Hydroxylupanine

O

OH

N-Hydroxymethanamine

O

O OH

OH OH

2-Hydroxy-4-isopropyl-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one

O

O

N

OH

OH 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid

OH O S O

H

HO

O

OH

OH O

O

2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde

O

2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

HO OH

OH O

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

O O

HO

O

O

OH

3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde

OH

O

HO

O

O

OH

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanol

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenepropanol

OH

O

OH OH

O HO

O O

HO

OH

2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid

O

O

O

7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone

O O

O HO

O

OH

1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone

O 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanone

O

OH

(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

3-294

No. Name 6071 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)2-propenal 6072 N-Hydroxymethylamine hydrochloride 6073 4-Hydroxy-α-[(methylamino) methyl]benzenemethanol 6074 17-Hydroxy-17-methylandrostan3-one, (5α,17β) 6075 N-Hydroxy-4-methylaniline

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C10H10O3

458-36-6

178.184

cry (bz)

84

N-Methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride Synephrine

CH6ClNO

4229-44-1

83.518

83.5

C9H13NO2

94-07-5

167.205

184.5

Mestanolone

C20H32O2

521-11-9

304.467

192.5

C7H9NO

623-10-9

123.152

Synonym

lf (bz)

96

C8H8O2

613-84-3

136.149

pl (aq, al)

Tropic acid

C9H10O3

552-63-6

166.173

Atrolactic acid

C9H10O3

4607-38-9

166.173

nd, pl (al, bz, 118 w) nd, pl (lig) 94

C9H12O3

91-04-3

168.189

Gentisyl alcohol

C7H8O3

495-08-9

140.137

p-Cresotic acid

C8H8O3

89-56-5

152.148

151

6082 2-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid

o-Cresotic acid

C8H8O3

83-40-9

152.148

165.5

6083 2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid

m-Cresotic acid

C8H8O3

50-85-1

152.148

cry, lf

177

6084 7-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one

Hymecromone

C10H8O3

90-33-5

176.169

nd (al)

194.5

6085 3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid

C5H10O3

625-08-1

118.131

<-32

6086 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone 6087 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2cyclopenten-1-one 6088 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-25-(Hydroxymethyl)-2furancarboxaldehyde furaldehyde o-Thymotic acid 6089 2-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3isopropylbenzoic acid 6090 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-6-isopropyl- Diosphenol 2-cyclohexen-1-one 6091 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3propanediol

C5H10O2 C6H8O2

115-22-0 80-71-7

102.132 112.127

104.8

C6H6O3

67-47-0

126.110

C11H14O3

548-51-6

194.227

C10H16O2

490-03-9

168.233

C5H12O3

77-85-0

120.147

wh pow or nd (al)

Phthiocol

C11H8O3

483-55-6

188.180

Plumbagin

C11H8O3

481-42-5

188.180

C4H9NO5

126-11-4

151.118

ye pr (eth- 173.5 peth) gold pr or 78.5 oran-ye nd (dil al) nd or pr 165

C6H12O3

13748-90-8

132.157

orth (eth)

C9H10O2

6921-64-8

150.174

C9H10O2

1450-72-2

150.174

pr (lig)

C13H18O7

138-52-3

286.278

C10H12O2

938-45-4

164.201

orth nd or lf 207 (w) 1.0

C9H7NO3

118-29-6

177.157

lf, pr (to)

C4H8O2 C4H8O3

38433-80-6 594-61-6

88.106 104.105

C4H8O3

2068-83-9

104.105

oil hyg pr (eth) 82.5 nd (bz) oil

C4H7NO2

924-42-5

101.105

cry

C6H6O3

675-10-5

126.110

C6H6O3

118-71-8

126.110

6076 2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde 6077 α-(Hydroxymethyl)benzeneacetic acid, (±) 6078 α-Hydroxy-αmethylbenzeneacetic acid, (±) 6079 2-Hydroxy-5-methyl-1,3benzenedimethanol 6080 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,4benzenediol 6081 2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzoic acid

6092 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4naphthalenedione 6093 5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4naphthalenedione

6094 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-nitro-1,3Tris(hydroxymethyl) propanediol nitromethane L-Leucic acid 6095 2-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid, (S) 6096 1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methylphenyl) ethanone 6097 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) ethanone Salicin 6098 2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl- β-Dglucopyranoside 6099 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-1propanone 6100 N-(Hydroxymethyl)phthalimide

6101 3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanal 6102 2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid 6103 3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid 6104 N-(Hydroxymethyl)-2N-(Hydroxymethyl)acrylamide propenamide 6105 4-Hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2- Triacetic acid lactone one 6106 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4- Maltol one

56

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.1562102

vs bz, eth, EtOH

sl AcOEt dec 117 217.5

1.0913

59

1.547

59

dec

vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz

130.5 nd (chl)

100

sub 75

16212

0.938420

140

0.952620

nd (eth-peth) 31.5

1151

1.206225

nd (w, bz, lig)

127

sub

83

10910

204

13615

1.508120

1.562718

vs H2O, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i CS2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth sl H2O, eth, chl; s EtOH, alk, HOAc vs H2O, eth, EtOH s chl

s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth, ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH

msc H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; vs HOAc vs ace, eth

sub sub

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

dec

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

81.5 21

245

1.101210

50

210; 12020

1.079753

dec 240

1.43420

12916.5

1.084114

141.5

1.552713

1.54913

vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc s chl i H2O, eth, ctc; sl EtOH, bz; s tol

212

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz

sub 93

sl H2O, eth, bz; vs chl; s alk; peth

76 189 dec

mcl pr (chl) 161.5

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-295 OH OH

O HO HO

O 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenal

HN

H N

HCl

H N O

HO

N-Hydroxymethylamine hydrochloride

H

17-Hydroxy-17-methylandrostan-3-one, (5α,17β)

4-Hydroxy-α-[(methylamino)methyl]benzenemethanol

OH OH

O

O

α-(Hydroxymethyl)benzeneacetic acid, (±)

2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde

O

O

OH

OH

OH

α-Hydroxy-α-methylbenzeneacetic acid, (±)

O

OH

OH

OH

O N-Hydroxy-4-methylaniline

OH

OH OH

OH

2-Hydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzenedimethanol

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

HO

HO 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,4-benzenediol

2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzoic acid

2-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid

OH

O

HO

HO

HO

OH 3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid

O

7-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

O

HO

2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid

3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone

2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one

O

O

5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde

O

O OH

OH

OH HO

O

OH OH

2-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3-isopropylbenzoic acid

2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one

O

2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol

2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione

O O

O HO O2N

OH O 5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione

OH

OH OH

OH

2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

OH

2-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid, (S)

1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanone

OH O

O

O

O

O OH OH

N

OH

HO 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanone

OH

OH

OH

2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside

O

1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-1-propanone

N-(Hydroxymethyl)phthalimide

HO

O HO 2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

HO

O

3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanal

O

O

O OH

HO

OH

3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

OH N H

OH

N-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-propenamide

O

O

4-Hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one

O 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one

3-296

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

6107 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4pyridinedimethanol 6108 4-Hydroxy-1-methyl-2quinolinone 6109 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid 6110 3-Hydroxy-α-methyl-L-tyrosine 6111 (Hydroxymethyl)urea

Pyridoxin

C8H11NO3

65-23-6

169.178

nd (HOAc)

160

1400.0001

4-Hydroxy-N-methylcarbostyril

C10H9NO2

1677-46-9

175.184

Methionine hydroxy analog

C5H10O3S

583-91-5

150.196

oil

Methyldopa

C10H13NO4 C2H6N2O2

555-30-6 1000-82-4

211.215 90.081

cry (MeOH) pr (al)

300 dec 111

C11H8O2

708-06-5

172.181

pr (al), nd (AcOEt)

83

6112 2-Hydroxy-1naphthalenecarboxaldehyde

den/ g cm-3

nD

265

Solubility

sl DMSO

vs H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, HOAc; i eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, aq alk, sulf, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, lig, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, tol vs EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl; sl lig s H2O

19227

6113 2-Hydroxy-1naphthalenecarboxylic acid

2-Hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid

C11H8O3

2283-08-1

188.180

157.3

6114 1-Hydroxy-2naphthalenecarboxylic acid 6115 3-Hydroxy-2naphthalenecarboxylic acid

1-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid

C11H8O3

86-48-6

188.180

3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid

C11H8O3

92-70-6

188.180

cry (al) nd 195 (al, eth, bz) nd (dil al) ye 222.5 lf (dil al)

6116 2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

Lawsone

C10H6O3

83-72-7

174.153

ye pr (HOAc) 195 dec

6117 5-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

Juglone

C10H6O3

481-39-0

174.153

ye nd (bz) peth)

155

6118 7-Hydroxy-1,3naphthalenedisulfonic acid 6119 3-Hydroxy-2,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 6120 6-Hydroxy-2naphthalenepropanoic acid 6121 4-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 6122 7-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 6123 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 6124 6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 6125 Hydroxynaphthol blue, trisodium salt 6126 N-(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthyl) acetamide 6127 1-(1-Hydroxy-2-naphthyl) ethanone

2-Naphthol-6,8-disulfonic acid

C10H8O7S2

118-32-1

304.297

2-Naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid

C10H8O7S2

148-75-4

304.297

hyg nd

dec

Allenolic acid

C13H12O3

553-39-9

216.232

1-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid

C10H8O4S

84-87-7

224.234

cry (dil 180.5 MeOH) tab or pl (w) 170 dec

Croceic acid

C10H8O4S

132-57-0

224.234

1-Naphthol-2-sulfonic acid

C10H8O4S

567-18-0

224.234

pl (w)

2-Naphthol-6-sulfonic acid

C10H8O4S

93-01-6

224.234

lf, cry (w+1) 125

C20H14N2Na3O11S3 63451-35-4

623.495

dk red cry

C12H11NO2

117-93-1

201.221

lf (w, dil al)

235 dec

sub

C12H10O2

711-79-5

186.206

101

dec 325

C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4

5274-70-4 97-51-8

167.120 167.120

pr (bz, lig) grn-ye nd (al) nd (HOAc) cry (dil HOAc) ye nd (HOAc, w+1)

109.5 127.0

vs bz, EtOH s ace

148

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth

6128 2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 6129 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde

sub

vs H2O, EtOH vs py, EtOH, MeOH vs H2O; i eth s H2O

>250

sl H2O, dil HCl; s EtOH; i eth vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s HOAc

6130 2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid

3-Nitrosalicylic acid

C7H5NO5

85-38-1

183.119

6131 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid

5-Nitrosalicylic acid

C7H5NO5

96-97-9

183.119

nd (w)

229.5

6132 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3nonadecanetricarboxylic acid 6133 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid

Agaricic acid

C22H40O7

666-99-9

416.549

cry pow

142 dec

12-Hydroxysteric acid

C18H36O3

106-14-9

300.477

cry (al)

82

6134 cis-12-Hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid, (R) 6135 2-Hydroxyoctanoic acid

Ricinoleic acid

C18H34O3

141-22-0

298.461

visc liq

5.5

22710

C8H16O3

617-73-2

160.211

pl

70

16210

6136 5-Hydroxy-4-octanone 6137 [2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)phenyl] phenylmethanone 6138 3-Hydroxy-2-oxopropanoic acid 6139 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4 H-pyran-2,6dicarboxylic acid

Butyroin Octabenzone

C8H16O2 C21H26O3

496-77-5 1843-05-6

144.212 326.429

liq

-10 48.5

185

Hydroxypyruvic acid Meconic acid

C3H4O4 C7H4O7

1113-60-6 497-59-6

104.062 200.103

81 dec orth pl (w, dil 120 dec HCl) (+3w)

C5H10O3 C5H10O2

617-31-2 1071-73-4

118.131 102.132

hyg pl

6140 2-Hydroxypentanoic acid 6141 5-Hydroxy-2-pentanone

34

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, HOAc

1.65020

sub 209; 11733

0.945021

1.471621

0.910716

1.434516

1.007120

1.439020

sl H2O, MeOH, ace, eth; s EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O; s EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-297 O

OH

HO

O

HO

S

OH N

N 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol

OH OH

O

HO

OH

4-Hydroxy-1-methyl-2-quinolinone

O

H 2N H2N

OH

2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid

3-Hydroxy-α-methyl-L-tyrosine

N H

OH

(Hydroxymethyl)urea

O O

HO OH

O

O

OH O OH

OH OH

OH

OH 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenecarboxaldehyde

2-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid

1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid

O

3-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid

2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

OH O S O

O HO

HO O S O

OH O 5-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

O S

O

O

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

7-Hydroxy-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

O S

HO

3-Hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

HO O S

HO

6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenepropanoic acid

O

OH

S

O HO

OH 4-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

NaO3S

OH O

7-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

SO3Na OH N

N

HO

O

O

O NH

N O

SO3Na Hydroxynaphthol blue, trisodium salt

O

N-(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthyl)acetamide

O

OH

O

2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid

1-(1-Hydroxy-2-naphthyl)ethanone

O

O

2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde

N O

2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde

OH OH

OH N O

OH

OH

OH O OH

COOH

O

N O

HO

2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid

COOH COOH

2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-nonadecanetricarboxylic acid

O O

O

OH OH

O OH

OH 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid

OH

OH

OH cis-12-Hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid, (R)

2-Hydroxyoctanoic acid

5-Hydroxy-4-octanone

O OH O HO O [2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)phenyl]phenylmethanone

OH

O OH O 3-Hydroxy-2-oxopropanoic acid

HO

O O

O

OH O

3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid

O

OH OH 2-Hydroxypentanoic acid

HO 5-Hydroxy-2-pentanone

3-298

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

6142 7-Hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one

Resorufine

C12H7NO3

635-78-9

213.189

6143 N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide

C8H9NO2

614-80-2

151.163

br nd (PhNO2) pr (HCl) pl (dil al) 209

6144 N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide

C8H9NO2

621-42-1

151.163

nd (w)

148.5

Acetaminophen

C8H9NO2 C13H10N2O3

103-90-2 1634-82-8

151.163 242.229

mcl pr (w)

170 206

Salicylanilide

C13H11NO2

87-17-2

213.232

pr (w, al)

136.5

Benzilic acid

C13H11NO2 C14H12O3

304-88-1 76-93-7

213.232 228.243

mcl nd (w)

120.3 150

C15H10O3

577-85-5

238.238

pa ye nd (al) 169.5

sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth; s con sulf s EtOH

C10H13NO2 C10H12O2 C8H8O2

101-91-7 5471-51-2 118-93-4

179.216 164.201 136.149

nd (w)

vs H2O, EtOH

6154 1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone

C8H8O2

121-71-1

136.149

6155 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone

C8H8O2

99-93-4

136.149

6145 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide 6146 2-[(4-Hydroxyphenyl)azo]benzoic acid 6147 2-Hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide 6148 N-Hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide 6149 α-Hydroxy-αphenylbenzeneacetic acid 6150 3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-1benzopyran-4-one 6151 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)butanamide 6152 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone 6153 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone

4’-Hydroxybutyranilide

mp/˚C

nD

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s DMSO vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, DMSO i H2O; vs EtOH sl DMSO

1.29321

s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl dec 180

1.130720

nd or lf

96

296; 1535

1.0992109 1.5348109

109.5

1473

1.1090109 1.5577109

Arbutin

C12H16O7

497-76-7

272.251

6157 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-D-glycine 6158 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine

Oxfenicine

C8H9NO3 C8H9NO3

22818-40-2 122-87-2

167.162 167.162

cry 240 dec lf (w) pl (w) 246 dec

6159 2(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2(4hydroxyphenyl)propane 6160 2-[[(2-Hydroxyphenyl)imino] methyl]phenol 6161 N-Hydroxy-N-(phenylmethyl) benzenemethanamine 6162 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) octadecanamide 6163 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2oxopropanoic acid 6164 (2-Hydroxyphenyl) phenylmethanone

2,4’-Isopropylidenediphenol

C15H16O2

837-08-1

228.287

cry (bz)

N-Salicylidene-o-aminophenol

C13H11NO2

1761-56-4

213.232

185

C14H15NO

621-07-8

213.275

122.5

C24H41NO2

103-99-1

375.589

133.8

C9H8O4

156-39-8

180.158

cry (w)

220 dec

C13H10O2

117-99-7

198.217

pl (dil al)

40

6165 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-2propen-1-one 6166 2-Hydroxy-1-phenyl-1-propanone 6167 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1propanone 6168 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1propanone 6169 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid 6170 3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4quinolinecarboxylic acid 6171 N-Hydroxypiperidine 6172 3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3α,5α) 6173 3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3β,5α) 6174 17-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20dione 6175 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20dione

2’-Hydroxychalcone

C15H12O2

1214-47-7

224.255

C9H10O2 C9H10O2

5650-40-8 610-99-1

150.174 150.174

ye oil

Paroxypropione

C9H10O2

70-70-2

150.174

p-Coumaric acid

C9H8O3

7400-08-0

164.158

wh nd or pl (w) nd

211.5

Oxycinchophen

C16H11NO3

485-89-2

265.263

ye pr (al)

206 dec

Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH; i eth; vs alk

218

6156 4-Hydroxyphenyl-β-Dglucopyranoside

6176 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20trione 6177 cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline 6178 trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline

den/ g cm-3

139.5 82.5 2.5

nd (eth, dil al) nd (w+1)

4-Hydroxy-αoxobenzenepropanoic acid

bp/˚C

1.558420

199.5

vs eth, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; s AcOEt, chl

111

s chl 239.510

i H2O; sl eth, bz, chl; s ace s H2O; dec alk

250560

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, peth

90

hyg cry (al)

251 15080, 11515 149

1-Piperidinol Allopregnan-3α-ol-20-one

C5H11NO C21H34O2

4801-58-5 516-54-1

101.147 318.494

39.3 177

Allopregnan-3β-ol-20-one

C21H34O2

516-55-2

318.494

17α-Hydroxyprogesterone

C21H30O3

68-96-2

330.461

Deoxycorticosterone

C21H30O3

64-85-7

330.461

pl (eth)

11-Dehydrocorticosterone

C21H28O4

72-23-1

344.445

C5H9NO3 C5H9NO3

618-27-9 51-35-4

131.130 131.130

pr (ace-w, al, 183.5 ace-eth) nd (w+1) 239.5 lf (dil al) pr 274 (w)

1.108518

1.53623 1.550120

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, alk sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, alk vs eth, EtOH vs bz, EtOH, HOAc

110

55

189.5 sl chl 141.5

sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz vs H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

HO

H N

N

H N

O

O OH

O

7-Hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one

3-299 HO O N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide

O

O

HO

OH

N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide

N N

H N

OH

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide

2-[(4-Hydroxyphenyl)azo]benzoic acid

O O

O

O

N H OH

OH

HO

O

N OH

2-Hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide

H N

OH

O

HO α-Hydroxy-α-phenylbenzeneacetic acid

N-Hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide

3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

HO

O O

O

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)butanamide

O

O

O

OH HO HO

OH

OH

4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone

1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone

NH2

H N

OH O

HO

1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone

4-Hydroxyphenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside

OH

O

N

OH OH

OH

HO

2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-D-glycine

OH

OH

HO

1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine

2(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane

HO

2-[[(2-Hydroxyphenyl)imino]methyl]phenol

O

H N N OH

OH O

HO

N-Hydroxy-N-(phenylmethyl)benzenemethanamine

HO N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)octadecanamide

O

OH O

3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoic acid

O

O

OH

OH (2-Hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-one

O

O

OH

2-Hydroxy-1-phenyl-1-propanone

HO

1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone

1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone

O O

O

OH OH

O OH

N

N OH

HO 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid

3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid

O

O OH

HO

O

OH

HO

HO

H OH

N O 17-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

O

O 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

H

3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3β,5α)

OH

O H

HO

H

3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3α,5α)

N-Hydroxypiperidine

21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione

H

O

cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline

OH

N H

O

trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline

3-300

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

6179 3-Hydroxypropanal

Hydracrolein

C3H6O2

2134-29-4

74.079

6180 Hydroxypropanedioic acid

Tartronic acid

C3H4O5

80-69-3

120.061

pr (w+1)

157

sub

6181 2-Hydroxypropanenitrile

Acetaldehyde cyanohydrin

C3H5NO

78-97-7

71.078

liq

-40

183

0.987720

1.405818

6182 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile

Hydracrylonitrile

C3H5NO

109-78-4

71.078

liq

-46

221

1.040425

1.424820

6183 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid

Hydracrylic acid

C3H6O3

503-66-2

90.078

syr

6184 1-Hydroxy-2-propanone

Acetone alcohol

C3H6O2

116-09-6

74.079

hyg liq

-17

145.5

6185 4-(3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2methoxyphenol 6186 2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate 6187 (2-Hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride 6188 3-Hydroxy-1H-pyridin-2-one 6189 1-Hydroxy-2,5-pyrrolidinedione 6190 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid 6191 8-Hydroxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid

Coniferyl alcohol

C10H12O3

458-35-5

180.200

pr (eth-lig)

74

1643

C6H10O3 C6H16ClNO

999-61-1 2382-43-6

130.141 153.650

liq pr (Bu OH)

165

702 dec

C5H5NO2 C4H5NO3 C10H7NO3

16867-04-2 6066-82-6 492-27-3

111.100 115.088 189.168

C9H7NO4S

84-88-8

225.222

6192 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinone

2,4-Quinolinediol

C9H7NO2

86-95-3

161.158

245 dec hyg 96.3 ye nd (+w, dil 282.5 al) ye lf, nd (+ 322.5 1w) (dil HCl) 360 dec

6193 3-Hydroxyspirostan-12-one, (3β,5α,25R) 6194 4-Hydroxystyrene 6195 2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acid

Hecogenin

C27H42O4

467-55-0

430.620

pl (eth)

266.5

4-Vinylphenol 5-Sulfosalicylic acid

C8H8O C7H6O6S

2628-17-3 97-05-2

120.149 218.184

hyg nd

73.5 120

6196 2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acid dihydrate 6197 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6tetramethylpiperidine 6198 5-Hydroxytryptamine 6199 5-Hydroxy-DL-tryptophan 6200 Hydroxyurea 6201 Hydroxyzine 6202 Hymecromone O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate 6203 Hymenoxone 6204 Hyoscyamine

5-Sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate

C7H10O8S

5965-83-3

254.214

wh cry (w)

2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4piperidinol 3-(2-Aminoethyl)indol-5-ol

C9H19NO

2403-88-5

157.253

C10H12N2O C11H12N2O3 CH4N2O2 C21H27ClN2O2 C14H17O5PS

50-67-9 114-03-4 127-07-1 68-88-2 299-45-6

176.214 220.224 76.055 374.904 328.321

C15H22O5 C17H23NO3

57377-32-9 101-31-5

282.333 289.370

C7H11NO2 C5H4N4O

156-56-9 68-94-0

141.168 136.112

cry tetr nd (dil 108.5 al) ye pl (Me aq) 282 oct nd (w) 150 dec

C13H18O2

15687-27-1

206.281

col cry

C20H43N C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C14H14Cl2N2O C13H15N3O3 C17H17N3O3 C15H19N3O3 C3H4N2

10525-37-8 5978-95-0 5934-56-5 35554-44-0 81334-34-1 81335-37-7 81335-77-5 288-32-4

297.562 180.155 180.155 297.179 261.276 311.335 289.330 68.077

C5H4N2O4

570-22-9

C5H11Cl2N3

N-Hydroxysuccinimide Kynurenic acid

6205 Hypoglycin A 6206 Hypoxanthine 6207 Ibuprofen 6208 6209 6210 6211 6212 6213 6214 6215

Icosylamine D-Idose L-Idose Imazalil Imazapyr Imazaquin Imazethapyr Imidazole

2-(4-Isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid 1-Eicosanamine

1,3-Diazole

6216 1H-Imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid 6217 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine, dihydrochloride

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

9018, 380.2

1.448920

dec

130

1.080520

1.429520

Solubility vs ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl eth msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl; i CS2, peth msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s chl; i CS2 vs H2O; s EtOH; msc eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, alk; vs eth vs H2O, EtOH

sl DMSO sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth; vs alk sl H2O

sl EtOH, PhNO2, gl HOAc vs ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 213.5 s H2O

rod or nd (al) 300 dec nd (al) 141 oil nd 38

dec 2200.5 2101.0 dec

vs H2O 1.26038

1.568537

vs H2O; sl peth

sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; s alk, dil acid sl H2O; s os

76 372.4

syr syr

vs H2O vs H2O

mcl pr (bz)

50 171 221 173 89.5

156.097

pr

290 dec

56-92-8

184.066

pl (eth251.3 HOAc), pr (w) nd (MeOH), 220 lf (w)

6218 2,4-Imidazolidinedione

Hydantoin

C3H4N2O2

461-72-3

100.076

6219 2-Imidazolidinethione

Ethylene thiourea

C3H6N2S

96-45-7

102.158

nd (al), pr (al)

203

6220 Imidazolidinetrione

Parabanic acid

C3H2N2O3

120-89-8

114.059

mcl nd (w)

244 dec

dec

1.24323

257

1.0303101 1.4801101 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, py; sl bz 1.74925 sl H2O, py; i EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, MeOH 1.4320

sub 100

s H2O, EtOH, alk; sl eth; i peth vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; sl DMSO s H2O; vs EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-301

OH HO HO

O

O

3-Hydroxypropanal

OH

OH O

N

N

Hydroxypropanedioic acid

OH

O

HO 2-Hydroxypropanenitrile

HO

3-Hydroxypropanenitrile

O

N

Cl OH

N H

OH

2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate

(2-Hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride

OH O S O

OH

OH

3-Hydroxy-1H-pyridin-2-one

O

N

4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid

O

N H

8-Hydroxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid

OH

O

2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acid

1-Hydroxy-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

H

OH

3-Hydroxyspirostan-12-one, (3β,5α,25R)

2H2O

O HO

4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine

5-Hydroxytryptamine

5-Hydroxy-DL-tryptophan

N

N HO

N H

O O P O S

N O

Hydroxyurea

OH

OH

Hydroxyzine

O

NH2

H

O

O

O

O O

OH

O

Hymenoxone

Hyoscyamine

HO H HO H

OH

N

N

Hypoglycin A

OH O

O

Hymecromone O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate

H N

N

H

HO

NH2

NH2

N H

Cl

O

OH

N H

N H

2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acid dihydrate

4-Hydroxystyrene

NH2 HO

O S HO O

O

O

OH

OH

O S HO O

HO

4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinone

OH

OH

O

N OH

O

OH

OH

O

O

O

H N

1-Hydroxy-2-propanone

OH

O 4-(3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol

OH

3-Hydroxypropanoic acid

O

HO

O OH

O

Hypoxanthine

NH2

Ibuprofen

Icosylamine

CHO H OH H OH CH2OH D-Idose

N

H HO H HO

N

CHO OH H OH H CH2OH

O

O

O OH N

Cl N

N

N Cl

L-Idose

H

Imazalil

O OH N

OH N

N

N H

O

Imazapyr

N

N H

O

Imazaquin

N H

O

Imazethapyr

Imidazole

OH O HO

N O

N H

1H-Imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid

H 2N

O N

2HCl

N H 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine, dihydrochloride

H

H

N N H

O

N O

2,4-Imidazolidinedione

N H

H N

S

2-Imidazolidinethione

O

N H

O

Imidazolidinetrione

3-302

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

6221 2-Imidazolidinone

Ethylene urea

C3H6N2O

120-93-4

86.092

6222 Imidodicarbonic diamide

Biuret

C2H5N3O2

108-19-0

103.080

6223 3,3’-Iminobispropanenitrile 6224 Iminodiacetic acid

Bis(2-cyanoethyl)amine

C6H9N3 C4H7NO4

111-94-4 142-73-4

123.155 133.104

6225 Iminodiacetic acid, dinitrile

2,2’-Iminobisacetonitrile

C4H5N3

628-87-5

95.103

78

6226 Imipramine 6227 Imipramine hydrochloride

Tofranil

C19H24N2 C19H25ClN2

50-49-7 113-52-0

280.407 316.868

174.5

6228 Imperatorin

C16H14O4

482-44-0

270.280

cry (al)

102

6229 Indaconitine

C34H47NO10

4491-19-4

629.738

cry

202 dec

C12H18O4

532-34-3

226.269

ye-red liq

C9H10

496-11-7

118.175

liq

6230 Indalone

Butopyronoxyl

6231 Indan

Physical Form

mp/˚C

pl (al), nd (w+1) orth pr

-6 247.5

Solubility vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH; i eth

1625

1.016520 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl

1600.1

-51.38

C9H11N

34698-41-4

133.190

6233 1H-Indazole 6234 1H-Indazol-3-ol

1H-Benzopyrazole 1,2-Dihydro-3H-indazol-3-one

C7H6N2 C7H6N2O

271-44-3 7364-25-2

118.136 134.135

6235 Indene

Indonaphthene

C9H8

95-13-6

116.160

nd (al, w) 148 nd or lf 252.5 (MeOH) pl or nd (al) liq -1.5

C9H6O2

606-23-5

146.143

nd (eth, lig) 131 dec

Ninhydrin

C9H6O4

485-47-2

178.142

1,10-(1,2-Phenylene)pyrene

193-39-5 482-89-3 860-22-0

276.330 262.262 466.353

pa ye pr (w, 242 dec al) ye cry (cy) 162 dk bl pow 390 dec dk-bl pow

6237 1H-Indene-1,2,3-trione monohydrate 6238 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 6239 Indigo 6240 5,5’-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt 6241 Indocyanine green 6242 1H-Indol-5-amine 6243 1H-Indole

Indigo Carmine

C22H12 C16H10N2O2 C16H8N2Na2O8S2

3599-32-4 5192-03-0 120-72-9

774.962 132.163 117.149

grn pow

2,3-Benzopyrrole

C43H47N2NaO6S2 C8H8N2 C8H7N

6244 1H-Indole-3-acetic acid

Indoleacetic acid

C10H9NO2

87-51-4

175.184

lf (bz), pl (chl)

6245 1H-Indole-3-acetonitrile 6246 1H-Indole-3-butanoic acid

Indolebutyric acid

C10H8N2 C12H13NO2

771-51-7 133-32-4

156.184 203.237

6247 1H-Indole-3-carboxaldehyde 6248 1H-Indole-2,3-dione

Isatin

C9H7NO C8H5NO2

487-89-8 91-56-5

145.158 147.132

6249 1H-Indole-2,3-dione, 3thiosemicarbazone 6250 1H-Indole-3-ethanamine, monohydrochloride 6251 1H-Indole-3-ethanol

Isatin, 3-thiosemicarbazone

C9H8N4OS

487-16-1

220.251

283

Tryptamine hydrochloride

C10H13ClN2

343-94-2

196.676

Tryptophol

C10H11NO

526-55-6

161.200

nd (al-bz or 255 lig) pr (bz-peth) 59

6252 1H-Indole-3-lactic acid, (S)

α-Hydroxy-1H-indole-3propanoic acid

C11H11NO3

7417-65-4

205.210

cry (peth)

6253 1H-Indole-3-propanoic acid

C11H11NO2

830-96-6

189.211

6254 6255 6256 6257

3-Indolylacetone

C8H7N C10H9NO2 C10H9NO C11H11NO

274-40-8 608-08-2 703-80-0 1201-26-9

117.149 175.184 159.184 173.211

3-Indolylacrylic acid

C11H9NO2

1204-06-4

187.195

6258 3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propenoic acid

nD

190 dec

1-Aminoindane

Indolizine 1H-Indol-3-ol, acetate 1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethanone 1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propanone

den/ g cm-3

131

6232 1-Indanamine

6236 1H-Indene-1,3(2H)-dione

bp/˚C

lf (w, peth) cry (eth)

244 dec 132 52.5

1.05720

1.47525

177.97

0.963920

1.537820

221; 968

1.03815

1.561320

0.996025

1.576820

269

182

1.3721

sl H2O, EtOH; i os

253.6

1.2225

s H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, tol; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl

1600.2 vs bz; s DMSO; i peth

197.8 203 dec

s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH; sl eth

vs ace, EtOH 1742

vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

100 134.5

pl

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, py; sl chl sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, alk vs H2O; s EtOH, alk; sl eth

sub 300

168.5

36 124.5

oran mcl pr

263

vs H2O; s EtOH; sl ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, peth; vs chl vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; s MeOH, EtOH

75 129 nd (bz) 192.3 br orth (bz), 116 nd (aq MeOH) 185 dec

205

sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH

14410

vs EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

O

NH N H

O

H2N

2-Imidazolidinone

N H

3-303

O

N

N NH2

N H

Imidodicarbonic diamide

HO

3,3’-Iminobispropanenitrile

N

O

H N

OH

Iminodiacetic acid

O

O

O

O

Imipramine hydrochloride

Imperatorin

1-Indanamine

1H-Indazole

O

O

O

O Indalone

OH OH O

1H-Indazol-3-ol

Indene

N H

O

H N

O

1H-Indene-1,3(2H)-dione

1H-Indene-1,2,3-trione monohydrate

Indigo

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene

N

H N

N H

Na O3S O

Indan

O

N O

O

O

O

N N H

N N H

O

O H

Indaconitine

OH NH2

Imipramine

O

HO

HCl

N

N

N

O

N

H

N

Iminodiacetic acid, dinitrile

O OH O

H N

N

H2N S

O S O O

O3Na

O

5,5’-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt

O S O O

N H

Na

Indocyanine green

1H-Indol-5-amine

OH OH O

O

O

O O

N N H

N H

1H-Indole-3-acetic acid

1H-Indole-3-acetonitrile

N H 1H-Indole

N H

N H

N H

1H-Indole-3-butanoic acid

1H-Indole-3-carboxaldehyde

1H-Indole-2,3-dione

HO

S NH2

OH

NH2 HCl

O

O

N NH

OH O N H

N H

N H

1H-Indole-2,3-dione, 3-thiosemicarbazone

1H-Indole-3-ethanamine, monohydrochloride

N H

1H-Indole-3-ethanol

OH

N H

1H-Indole-3-lactic acid, (S)

1H-Indole-3-propanoic acid

HO O O

O

O

O

N Indolizine

N H 1H-Indol-3-ol, acetate

N H 1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethanone

N H 1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propanone

N H 3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propenoic acid

3-304

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

6259 Indomethacin

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C19H16ClNO4

53-86-1

357.788

mp/˚C

6260 Inosine

Hypoxanthine riboside

C10H12N4O5

58-63-9

268.226

6261 Inosine 5’-monophosphate

5’-Inosinic acid

C10H13N4O8P

131-99-7

348.206

6262 myo-Inositol

(1α,2α,3α,4β,5α,6β)Cyclohexanehexol

C6H12O6

87-89-8

180.155

155 (form a); 162 (form b pl (w + 2), nd 218 dec (80% al) visc liq or glass cry (w) 225

6263 Iocetamic acid

C12H13I3N2O3

16034-77-8

613.955

wh-ye pow

6264 Iodipamide

C20H14I6N2O6

606-17-7

1139.761

307 dec

6265 2-Iodoacetamide 6266 Iodoacetic acid

C2H4INO C2H3IO2

144-48-9 64-69-7

184.963 185.948

93.0 82.5

6267 6268 6269 6270

C3H5IO C2H2IN C2HI C6H6IN

3019-04-3 624-75-9 14545-08-5 615-43-0

183.975 166.948 151.933 219.023

nd (dil al)

60.5

6271 3-Iodoaniline

C6H6IN

626-01-7

219.023

lf

33

6272 4-Iodoaniline

C6H6IN

540-37-4

219.023

nd (w)

67.5

6273 2-Iodobenzaldehyde 6274 4-Iodobenzaldehyde

C7H5IO C7H5IO

26260-02-6 15164-44-0

232.018 232.018

6275 Iodobenzene

C6H5I

591-50-4

204.008

C7H7IO C6H4ClIO2S C7H5IO2

5159-41-1 98-61-3 88-67-5

6279 3-Iodobenzoic acid

C7H5IO2

6280 4-Iodobenzoic acid 6281 6282 6283 6284

Iodoacetone Iodoacetonitrile Iodoacetylene 2-Iodoaniline

6276 2-Iodobenzenemethanol 6277 4-Iodobenzenesulfonyl chloride 6278 2-Iodobenzoic acid

Pipsyl chloride

4-Iodobenzonitrile 2-Iodobenzoyl chloride 4-Iodobenzoyl chloride 2-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl

6285 3-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl 6286 4-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

sl H2O; vs EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth s H2O

1.752

225

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, eth, ace i H2O, bz; sl EtOH, eth, ace s H2O; sl tfa s H2O, EtOH, peth; sl eth, chl s EtOH

dec

6212 185 32

2.1715 2.30725

14515

12914 265

liq

-31.3

188.4

234.034 302.517 248.018

14832

nd (w)

92 85 163

618-51-9

248.018

mcl pr (ace) 188.3

sub

C7H5IO2

619-58-9

248.018

sub

2.18420

C7H4IN C7H4ClIO C7H4ClIO C12H9I

3058-39-7 609-67-6 1711-02-0 2113-51-1

229.018 266.463 266.463 280.103

mcl pr (dil 270 al) lf (sub) 127.5 38.3 65.5

15927, 13519 16432 19036, 16917

1.551125

C12H9I C12H9I

20442-79-9 1591-31-7

280.103 280.103

exp 233

1.574420

1.681120

37 77.5

1.830820

1.620020

2.2525

sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, DMSO

1.662020

26.5 113.5

18816 320; 18311

1.596725

-103

130.5

1.615420

1.500120

-104.2

120.1

1.592020

1.499120

6287 1-Iodobutane

Butyl iodide

C4H9I

542-69-8

184.018

6288 2-Iodobutane, (±)

(±)-sec-Butyl iodide

C4H9I

52152-71-3

184.018

liq

6289 Iodocyclohexane

Cyclohexyl iodide

C6H11I

626-62-0

210.055

dec 180; 8120 1.624420

1.547720

6290 Iodocyclopentane

Cyclopentyl iodide

C5H9I

1556-18-9

196.029

166.5

1.709620

1.544720

6291 1-Iododecane

C10H21I

2050-77-3

268.178

263.7; 13215

1.254620

1.485820

6292 6293 6294 6295

C8H9I C8H9I C8H9I C5H11I

4214-28-2 608-28-6 1122-42-5 15501-33-4

232.061 232.061 232.061 198.045

dec 231; 11114 229.5 dec 227 dec 128

1.628216 1.615820 1.616817 1.494020

1.600816 1.603520 1.599217 1.489020

0.3

298.2

1.199920

1.484020

-111.1

72.3

1.935720

1.513320

dec 176

2.196720

1.571320

56 12213

2.03720 1.603

1.538520 1.601020

1-Iodo-2,4-dimethylbenzene 2-Iodo-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Iodo-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Iodo-2,2-dimethylpropane

6296 1-Iodododecane

Lauryl iodide

C12H25I

4292-19-7

296.231

6297 Iodoethane

Ethyl iodide

C2H5I

75-03-6

155.965

C2H5IO

624-76-0

171.964

C2H3I C8H9I

593-66-8 17376-04-4

153.949 232.061

6298 2-Iodoethanol 6299 Iodoethene 6300 (2-Iodoethyl)benzene

Vinyl iodide

-16.3

oil

11.2

liq

liq

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, chl sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, bz i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc

1.634920

nd (al, HOAc) liq

liq

Solubility

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, MeOH; msc eth, ace, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-305

O H

OH O

O

N

O

N

N

N

O HO P O OH

N

N

HO

OH

O H

N

O OH

N

N

HO

O

O I

OH OH

N I

HO NH2

Cl HO

O Indomethacin

I

I

N H

O

I

OH

OH

Inosine 5’-monophosphate

myo-Inositol

Iocetamic acid

I O

O

I

I

Iodipamide

I

NH2

2-Iodoacetamide

O OH

I

Iodoacetic acid

Iodoacetone

I

N

O

NH2

Iodoacetylene

OH

I I

I I 2-Iodoaniline

I I

I

3-Iodoaniline

4-Iodoaniline

Cl O S O

2-Iodobenzaldehyde

4-Iodobenzaldehyde

O O

OH

O

Iodobenzene

2-Iodobenzenemethanol

N

OH

OH

O

I I

4-Iodobenzenesulfonyl chloride

2-Iodobenzoic acid

Cl I

I

O

I

Iodoacetonitrile

O

NH2 NH2

I

OH

I

O

H N

O

HO

Inosine

O OH

OH

I

I

3-Iodobenzoic acid

4-Iodobenzoic acid

4-Iodobenzonitrile

2-Iodobenzoyl chloride

Cl I

I I

I 4-Iodobenzoyl chloride

2-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl

3-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl

I

4-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl

1-Iodobutane

I 2-Iodobutane, (±)

I I

I

I

I I

Iodocyclohexane

Iodocyclopentane

1-Iododecane

1-Iodo-2,4-dimethylbenzene

2-Iodo-1,3-dimethylbenzene

2-Iodo-1,4-dimethylbenzene

I I 1-Iodo-2,2-dimethylpropane

I 1-Iodododecane

I Iodoethane

I

OH 2-Iodoethanol

I Iodoethene

(2-Iodoethyl)benzene

3-306

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

den/ g cm-3

6301 2-(1-Iodoethyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4methanol 6302 Iodofenphos

Iodinated glycerol

C6H11IO3

5634-39-9

258.053

pale ye liq

nD

Solubility

1.797

1.547

204.0

1.371925

1.490420

s eth, chl, thf, AcOEt i H2O; s ace, xyl; sl EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl ctc

C8H8Cl2IO3PS

18181-70-9

412.997

wh cry

76

6303 1-Iodoheptane

C7H15I

4282-40-0

226.098

liq

-48.2

6304 3-Iodoheptane 6305 1-Iodohexadecane

C7H15I C16H33I

31294-92-5 544-77-4

226.098 352.337

pa ye liq

24.7

8930 357; 21215

1.367620 1.121325

1.479720

liq liq

-74.2 -66.4

181.3 42.43

1.430525 2.278920

1.492820 1.530820

241; 912

1.820

244.5 238; 13825

1.965020

211.5

1.71320

1.607920

213

1.70520

1.605320

9310

1.733525

1.633425

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

6306 1-Iodohexane 6307 Iodomethane

Hexyl iodide Methyl iodide

C6H13I CH3I

638-45-9 74-88-4

212.071 141.939

6308 1-Iodo-2-methoxybenzene

o-Iodoanisole

C7H7IO

529-28-2

234.034

6309 1-Iodo-3-methoxybenzene 6310 1-Iodo-4-methoxybenzene

m-Iodoanisole p-Iodoanisole

C7H7IO C7H7IO

766-85-8 696-62-8

234.034 234.034

6311 1-Iodo-2-methylbenzene

C7H7I

615-37-2

218.035

6312 1-Iodo-3-methylbenzene

C7H7I

625-95-6

218.035

liq

6313 (Iodomethyl)benzene

C7H7I

620-05-3

218.035

col or ye nd 24.5 (MeOH)

C5H11I

541-28-6

198.045

147

1.511820

1.493920

C5H11I

594-38-7

198.045

124.5

1.493720

1.498120

C4H9I C4H9I CH5ISi C10H7I

513-38-2 558-17-8 18089-64-0 90-14-2

184.018 184.018 172.041 254.067

liq col liq

-38.2 -109.5 2.1

121.1 100.1 71.8 302

1.603520 1.57125

1.495920 1.491820

1.739920

1.702620

6320 2-Iodonaphthalene

C10H7I

612-55-5

254.067

lf (dil al)

54.5

308

1.631999

1.666299

6321 1-Iodo-2-nitrobenzene

C6H4INO2

609-73-4

249.006

54

290; 16218

1.918675

6322 1-Iodo-3-nitrobenzene

C6H4INO2

645-00-1

249.006

ye orth nd (al) mcl pr

38.5

280

1.947750

6323 1-Iodo-4-nitrobenzene

C6H4INO2

636-98-6

249.006

ye nd (al)

174.7

288

1.8090155

6324 1-Iodononane 6325 1-Iodooctadecane

C9H19I C18H37I

4282-42-2 629-93-6

254.151 380.391

-20 34.0

245.0 383

1.283625 1.099420

1.484825 1.481020

C8H17I C8H17I

629-27-6 36049-78-2

240.125 240.125

col liq lf (lig), nd (ace, alace) liq

-45.7

225.1 210; 9516

1.329820 1.325120

1.488520 1.489620

C5H11I C5H11I C6H5IO

628-17-1 1809-05-8 533-58-4

198.045 198.045 220.007

liq

-85.6 43

1.516120 1.517620 1.875780

1.495920 1.497420

nd

157.0 145.5 186160, 912

6331 3-Iodophenol

C6H5IO

626-02-8

220.007

nd (lig)

118

186100

6332 4-Iodophenol

C6H5IO

540-38-5

220.007

nd (w or sub) 93.5

6314 1-Iodo-3-methylbutane

Isopentyl iodide

6315 2-Iodo-2-methylbutane 6316 6317 6318 6319

1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Iodomethylsilane 1-Iodonaphthalene

6326 1-Iodooctane 6327 2-Iodooctane, (±) 6328 1-Iodopentane 6329 3-Iodopentane 6330 2-Iodophenol

Isobutyl iodide tert-Butyl iodide

2-Octyl iodide, (±) Pentyl iodide

1395 dec

1.8573112

liq

-101.3

102.5

1.748920

1.505820

169.992

liq

-90

89.5

1.704220

1.502820

141-76-4

199.975

lf (w)

85

627-32-7 556-56-9

185.991 167.976

visc oil ye liq

-99.3

226; 11538 103

1.997620 1.84812

1.558520 1.554021

C8H7IO C8H7IO

14452-30-3 13329-40-3

246.045 246.045

6335 1-Iodopropane

Propyl iodide

C3H7I

107-08-4

169.992

6336 2-Iodopropane

Isopropyl iodide

C3H7I

75-30-9

C3H5IO2

C3H7IO C3H5I

Allyl iodide

-27.2

1298, 1174 15318

3-Iodoacetophenone 4-Iodoacetophenone

6338 3-Iodo-1-propanol 6339 3-Iodopropene

53

86

6333 1-(3-Iodophenyl)ethanone 6334 1-(4-Iodophenyl)ethanone

6337 3-Iodopropanoic acid

lf (al), nd (MeOH)

1.62220

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace; msc bz; vs chl i H2O sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, lig vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; sl DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, lig s chl vs ace, bz, eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s bz s EtOH, bz, CS2, HOAc; sl lig, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH; s eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O HO

3-307

Cl

O

I

O

I

Cl

2-(1-Iodoethyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol

O P O S

I

Iodofenphos

H 1-Iodohexadecane

I O

I

I

3-Iodoheptane

I

H I

I

1-Iodoheptane

H

1-Iodohexane

O

Iodomethane

1-Iodo-2-methoxybenzene

1-Iodo-3-methoxybenzene

I I

I

I

O

I

I

1-Iodo-4-methoxybenzene

1-Iodo-2-methylbenzene

1-Iodo-3-methylbenzene

(Iodomethyl)benzene

1-Iodo-3-methylbutane

2-Iodo-2-methylbutane

I H Si I H

I

I 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane

I

2-Iodo-2-methylpropane

O N

I I

Iodomethylsilane

1-Iodonaphthalene

2-Iodonaphthalene

O

1-Iodo-2-nitrobenzene

N O

O

1-Iodo-3-nitrobenzene

I

O

N

I

O

1-Iodo-4-nitrobenzene

I

1-Iodononane

I

1-Iodooctadecane

1-Iodooctane

O

OH OH

OH I I

I 2-Iodooctane, (±)

I

I

1-Iodopentane

3-Iodopentane

2-Iodophenol

3-Iodophenol

I

I 4-Iodophenol

1-(3-Iodophenyl)ethanone

O O

I I 1-(4-Iodophenyl)ethanone

I 1-Iodopropane

I 2-Iodopropane

OH

3-Iodopropanoic acid

I

OH 3-Iodo-1-propanol

I 3-Iodopropene

3-308

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C5H4IN

5029-67-4

204.997

5-Iodouracil

C4H3IN2O2

696-07-1

237.983

N-Iodosuccinimide

C4H4INO2

516-12-1

224.985

cry (ace)

200.5

6343 Iodosylbenzene

C6H5IO

536-80-1

220.007

ye pow

210 exp

6344 2-Iodothiophene

C4H3IS

3437-95-4

210.036

liq

-40

181

2.059525

6345 4-Iodotoluene

C7H7I

624-31-7

218.035

lf (al)

36.5

211

1.67820

6346 L-3-Iodotyrosine 6347 trans-α-Ionone, (±)

C9H10INO3 C13H20O

70-78-0 30685-95-1

307.084 192.297

cry (w)

205 dec 14628

0.929821

1.504120

6348 trans-β-Ionone

C13H20O

79-77-6

192.297

12410, 730.1

0.94520

1.519820

6349 Iopanoic acid

C11H12I3NO2

96-83-3

570.932

wh solid

C19H29IO2

99-79-6

416.336

visc liq

1971

1.2520

1.52525

C12H13I3N2O2

5587-89-3

597.956

cry

168

C13H13Cl2N3O3 C10H16O2

36734-19-7 485-43-8

330.166 168.233

pr

136 61

C14H22O

79-69-6

206.324

900.4

0.936220

1.500220

C14H22O

79-70-9

206.324

12511

0.943421

1.516225

C4H2FeO4

17440-90-3

169.902

C9Fe2O9 C6H6FeNO6 C5FeO5

15321-51-4 16448-54-7 13463-40-6

363.781 243.960 195.896

C15H21FeO6 C18H26O2

14024-18-1 506-25-2

353.169 274.398

C18H25NO7 C7H11N3 C9H17ClN3O3PS C9H4Cl8O C8H6O2

15503-86-3 4214-72-6 67329-04-8 297-78-9 87-41-2

367.395 137.182 313.741 411.751 134.133

C10H18O

24393-70-2

C13H19NO2S C18H26O C4H8O

No. Name

Synonym

6340 2-Iodopyridine 6341 5-Iodo-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 6342 1-Iodo-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

6350 Iophendylate 6351 Iopodic acid

6352 Iprodione 6353 Iridomyrmecin

6354 α-Irone 6355 β-Irone

6356 Iron hydrocarbonyl

Ethyl 10-(4-iodophenyl) undecanoate Ipodate

Hexahydro-4,7dimethylcyclopenta[c]pyran3(1H)-one 4-(2,5,6,6-Tetramethyl-2cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2one 4-(2,5,6,6-Tetramethyl-1cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2one Hydrogen tetracarbonylferrate(II)

6357 Iron nonacarbonyl 6358 Iron(III) NTA 6359 Iron pentacarbonyl

Diiron nonacarbonyl Nitrilotriacetatoiron(III)

6360 Iron(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 6361 Isanic acid

Ferric acetylacetonate 17-Octadecene-9,11-diynoic acid Retrorsine N-oxide N-Isopropyl-2-pyrimidineamine

6362 6363 6364 6365 6366

Isatidine Isaxonine Isazophos Isobenzan 1(3H)-Isobenzofuranone

6367 Isoborneol

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-ol, exo-(±)

6368 Isobornyl thiocyanoacetate 6369 6-Isobornyl-3,4-xylenol 6370 Isobutanal

Xibornol 2-Methyl-1-propanal

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

10015, 9313

1.92825

1.636620

s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

275 dec

145 28

1061.5

103

1.45322

5.24 0.930945

290

1.163699

154.249

tab (peth)

sub

1.1020

115-31-1

253.361

ye oily liq

950.06

1.146525

1.51225

13741-18-9 78-84-2

258.398 72.106

cry liq

1673 64.5

1.024020 0.789120

1.538220 1.373020

col gas

-159.4

-11.73

6372 Isobutene

C4H8

115-11-7

56.107

col gas

-140.7

-6.9

6373 Isobutyl acetate

C6H12O2

110-19-0

116.158

liq

-98.8

116.5

6374 Isobutyl acrylate

C7H12O2

106-63-8

128.169

liq

-61

132

Albutoin

C10H16N2OS

830-89-7

212.311

2-Methyl-1-propanamine Isobutyl p-aminobenzoate

C4H11N C11H15NO2

78-81-9 94-14-4

73.137 193.243

25

1.53699

-25

-86.7 64.5

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl

67.75

s H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, ace, ctc

s eth, bz, xyl, tol s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl, peth s H2O, eth, ace, chl; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, sulf

0.5510 1.3518 (p>1 atm 0.58925 1.3926-25 (p>1 atm) 0.871220 1.390220 sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 20 20 0.8896 1.4150 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, MeOH

210.5 liq

sl H2O; s eth

1.4914850 s ace, EtOH, iPrOH; sl peth

1.2220

58.122

6375 5-Isobutyl-3-allyl-2-thioxo-4imidazolidinone 6376 Isobutylamine 6377 Isobutyl 4-aminobenzoate

1.520

cry (hp) 121 nd or pl (w) 75

95 -65.9

vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; s dil alk, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH, chl, ace

s alk

9312 170; 1000.001

212

vs H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, DMSO s H2O, EtOH; i eth, ace, bz, peth vs EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2; sl chl

2.85

75-28-5

2-Methylpropane

1.460765

dec

C4H10

6371 Isobutane

1.646525

156

col liq; -70 unstab oran-ye cry 100 dec solid col to ye oily -20 liq 179 cry 39.5 cry

2.24525

0.72425

1.398819

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-309

O I

N

N N H

I

2-Iodopyridine

O I

H O

O

5-Iodo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

O

N I

I

S

1-Iodo-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

Iodosylbenzene

4-Iodotoluene

O

I

O O

OH

OH

O

NH2

HO

I

2-Iodothiophene

I

I NH2

I L-3-Iodotyrosine

trans-α-Ionone, (±)

trans-β-Ionone

Iopanoic acid

Cl O

I

O

OH I

O

N H

N

Iophendylate

Iopodic acid

H

O

O

N

N

O

I

Cl

N

I

O

O

H

Iprodione

Iridomyrmecin

O O

OC OC Fe OC

O

H2Fe(CO)4 α-Irone

β-Irone

O

Iron hydrocarbonyl

CO Fe CO CO

N O Fe O O O O

O

O

Iron nonacarbonyl

Iron(III) NTA

HO

OH O

O O

O O

CO OC Fe CO OC CO

OH

N O

O Iron(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

N

N N

O O

Iron pentacarbonyl

Cl N H

N

Isanic acid

S O P O O N

Cl

Isatidine

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

O

O

Cl

Isazophos

OH

Cl

Cl

Isaxonine

O

Isobenzan

1(3H)-Isobenzofuranone

Isoborneol

O

N

O

S O

O

O

OH

Isobornyl thiocyanoacetate

6-Isobornyl-3,4-xylenol

Isobutanal

Isobutane

Isobutene

Isobutyl acetate

O

O

N

O

O

O H

O

Fe

O

S

O

N H

Isobutyl acrylate

5-Isobutyl-3-allyl-2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinone

NH2 Isobutylamine

H2N Isobutyl 4-aminobenzoate

3-310

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

6378 Isobutylbenzene

C10H14

538-93-2

134.218

liq

-51.4

172.79

0.853220

1.486620

6379 Isobutyl benzoate

C11H14O2

120-50-3

178.228

242

0.999020

6380 Isobutyl butanoate

C8H16O2

539-90-2

144.212

156.9

0.836418

1.403220

6381 Isobutyl carbamate 6382 Isobutyl chlorocarbonate

C5H11NO2 C5H9ClO2

543-28-2 543-27-1

117.147 136.577

207 128.8

1.042618

1.409876 1.407118

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, bz, chl; msc eth

6383 Isobutyl 2-chloropropanoate 6384 Isobutyl 3-chloropropanoate 6385 Isobutylcyclohexane

C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C10H20

114489-96-2 164.630 62108-68-3 164.630 1678-98-4 140.266

176 191.3 171.3

1.031220 1.032320 0.795220

1.424720 1.429520 1.438620

148 80.5 98.2

0.776925 0.709720 0.877620

1.429820 1.390720 1.385720

208

0.859320

5.9

261

1.063920

1.508720

-80.7

148.6

0.854220

1.399920

No. Name

Synonym

lf

67

liq

-95

liq

-115.2

liq

-95.8

6386 Isobutylcyclopentane 6387 Isobutyldimethylamine 6388 Isobutyl formate

C9H18 N,N,2-Trimethyl-1-propanamine C6H15N C5H10O2

3788-32-7 7239-24-9 542-55-2

126.239 101.190 102.132

6389 Isobutyl heptanoate

Isobutyl enanthate

C11H22O2

7779-80-8

186.292

6390 Isobutyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

Isobutyl salicylate

C11H14O3

87-19-4

194.227

C8H16O2

97-85-8

144.212

C5H9NO C5H9NS

1873-29-6 591-82-2

99.131 115.197

106 160

0.963114

1.500514

C8H14O2

97-86-9

142.196

155

0.885820

1.419920

C9H18O2

589-59-3

158.238

168.5

0.85320

1.405720

6396 Isobutyl methyl ether 6397 Isobutyl nitrate 6398 Isobutyl nitrite

C5H12O C4H9NO3 C4H9NO2

625-44-5 543-29-3 542-56-3

88.148 119.119 103.120

58.6 123.4 67

0.731120 1.015220 0.869922

1.402820 1.371522

6399 Isobutyl pentanoate

C9H18O2

10588-10-0

158.238

179

0.862525

1.404620

6400 Isobutyl phenylacetate

C12H16O2

102-13-6

192.254

247

0.99918

C7H14O2

540-42-1

130.185

liq

-71.4

137

0.8880

C22H44O2 C5H9NS C6H9Cl3O2 C6H12O

646-13-9 591-84-4 33560-15-5 109-53-5

340.583 115.197 219.493 100.158

wax liq

28.9 -59

0.849820

liq

-112

22315 175.4 188 83

C6H8O7 C21H25NO4

320-77-4 22672-74-8

192.124 355.429

ye syr lf (al)

105 187.5

C20H23NO4 C9H9NO C8H7NO2 C8H7NO2 C8H7NO C8H7NO C8H7NO C5H9NO C11H7NO C7H4N2O3 C7H4N2O3 C7H4N2O3 C4H7NO C8H4F3NO

475-67-2 28556-81-2 700-87-8 18908-07-1 614-68-6 621-29-4 622-58-2 1609-86-5 86-84-0 3320-86-3 3320-87-4 100-28-7 1795-48-8 329-01-1

341.402 147.173 149.148 149.148 133.148 133.148 133.148 99.131 169.180 164.118 164.118 164.118 85.105 187.119

pl liq

185

C7H5N

931-54-4

103.122

unstab liq

6391 Isobutyl isobutanoate

6392 Isobutyl isocyanate 6393 Isobutyl isothiocyanate

1-Isothiocyanato-2methylpropane

6394 Isobutyl methacrylate 6395 Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate

6401 Isobutyl propanoate

6402 6403 6404 6405

Isobutyl isovalerate

Isobutyl propionate

Isobutyl stearate Isobutyl thiocyanate Isobutyl trichloroacetate Isobutyl vinyl ether

6406 Isocitric acid 6407 Isocorybulbine 6408 6409 6410 6411 6412 6413 6414 6415 6416 6417 6418 6419 6420 6421

Isocorydine 2-Isocyanato-1,3-dimethylbenzene 1-Isocyanato-2-methoxybenzene 1-Isocyanato-3-methoxybenzene 1-Isocyanato-2-methylbenzene 1-Isocyanato-3-methylbenzene 1-Isocyanato-4-methylbenzene 2-Isocyanato-2-methylpropane 1-Isocyanatonaphthalene 1-Isocyanato-2-nitrobenzene 1-Isocyanato-3-nitrobenzene 1-Isocyanato-4-nitrobenzene 2-Isocyanatopropane 1-Isocyanato-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 6422 Isocyanobenzene

2,6-Dimethylphenyl isocyanate

2-Tolyl isocyanate 3-Tolyl isocyanate 4-Tolyl isocyanate tert-Butyl isocyanate 1-Naphthyl isocyanate 2-Nitrophenyl isocyanate 3-Nitrophenyl isocyanate 4-Nitrophenyl isocyanate Isopropyl isocyanate 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl isocyanate Phenyl isocyanide

liq

col liq

1.448320 1.396620

1.04520

10013 9417 10215 185 196.5 187 85.5

wh nd (peth) 41 wh lf (lig) 51 pa ye nd 57

1.263620 0.764520

1.397320

269 13718 13011 16220, 13711 74.5 5411 8040

vs H2O sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; msc eth

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl, ctc vs eth vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, chl, acid vs chl

1.528220 1.033020 0.86707 1.177420

1.406120

0.86625 1.345520

1.382520 1.469020

0.9815

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; vs eth, bz

i H2O; s eth vs bz, eth vs bz, eth s eth, bz vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-311

O

O

O

O Isobutylbenzene

O

Isobutyl benzoate

O

H2N

Isobutyl butanoate

O O

Cl

Isobutyl carbamate

O

Isobutyl chlorocarbonate

O O

Cl

Cl Isobutyl 2-chloropropanoate

O

N

Isobutyl 3-chloropropanoate

Isobutylcyclohexane

Isobutylcyclopentane

Isobutyldimethylamine

O O H

O O

O

Isobutyl formate

Isobutyl heptanoate

C

Isobutyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

Isobutyl isothiocyanate

Isobutyl isobutanoate

O O

S

N

O

OH

O N

O

O

O O

Isobutyl methacrylate

Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate

O

O

O O

Isobutyl phenylacetate

O O

Isobutyl nitrate

N

O

Isobutyl nitrite

O O

O

Isobutyl pentanoate

Isobutyl methyl ether

O

Isobutyl isocyanate

N O

O

C

O

Isobutyl propanoate

Isobutyl stearate

O O HO

O Cl Cl

S N Isobutyl thiocyanate

OH O

O

O O

Cl

Isobutyl trichloroacetate

HO

O

Isocitric acid

Isocorybulbine

O O HO

N N

C

O Isocorydine

N

O

N

C

O

O

O

C

1-Isocyanato-2-methoxybenzene

1-Isocyanato-3-methoxybenzene

N

C

C

1-Isocyanato-3-nitrobenzene

O

N

2-Isocyanato-2-methylpropane

1-Isocyanatonaphthalene

C

O O N

O

1-Isocyanato-2-nitrobenzene

O

O N

O

C

O

N

N O

1-Isocyanato-2-methylbenzene

O

1-Isocyanato-4-methylbenzene

O

O

C

O

N

1-Isocyanato-3-methylbenzene

C

C

N

N

N

N

O

2-Isocyanato-1,3-dimethylbenzene

C

O

OH OH

Isobutyl vinyl ether

N H

N H

N

C

C F

F 2-Isocyanatopropane

O N

O

O

1-Isocyanato-4-nitrobenzene

C

F

1-Isocyanato-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Isocyanobenzene

3-312

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

6423 Isocyanomethane 6424 (Isocyanomethyl)benzene 6425 2-Isocyanopropane

Methyl isocyanide Benzyl isocyanide Isopropyl isocyanide

C2H3N C8H7N C4H7N

593-75-9 10340-91-7 598-45-8

C13H24O2 C22H31O4P C14H26O2 C18H22O2 C10H12O2 C15H24NO4PS C6H14FO3P

6426 6427 6428 6429 6430 6431 6432

Isodecyl acrylate Isodecyl diphenyl phosphate Isodecyl methacrylate 8-Isoestrone Isoeugenol Isofenphos Isoflurophate

6433 1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

Phthalimide

6434 Isolan 6435 DL-Isoleucine 6436 L-Isoleucine

2-Amino-3-methylpentanoic acid

6437 Isolongifolene 6438 Isolysergic acid

Physical Form

den/ g cm-3

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

41.052 117.149 69.106

-45

exp 59.6 0.7564 dec 199; 9355 0.97215 87 0.759625

1330-61-6 29761-21-5 29964-84-9 517-06-6 97-54-1 25311-71-1 55-91-4

212.329 390.452 226.355 270.367 164.201 345.395 184.145

-100

C8H5NO2

85-41-6

147.132

C10H17N3O2

119-38-0

211.261

C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2

443-79-8 73-32-5

131.173 131.173

pr (MeOH)

0.88520

266 1200.01 629

1.08025 1.13420 1.05525

1182.5

1.0720

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1.441620

0.87620 1.573919 1.383025

238

s H2O; i EtOH

1135-66-6 478-95-5

204.352 268.310

C12H22O11

499-40-1

342.296

C6H7N3O

54-85-3

137.139

cry (al)

C5H12

78-78-4

72.149

vol liq or gas -159.77

27.88

0.620120

1.353720

6442 Isopentyl acetate

C7H14O2

123-92-2

130.185

liq

142.5

0.87615

1.400020

6443 Isopentylbenzene

C11H16

2049-94-7

148.245

195

0.85620

1.486710

6444 Isopentyl butanoate

C9H18O2

106-27-4

158.238

179

0.86519

1.411020

6445 Isopentyl formate

C6H12O2

110-45-2

116.158

123.5

0.87720

1.396720

225.5

0.86120

6440 Isoniazid 6441 Isopentane

6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-Dglucose 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrazide 2-Methylbutane

82 218 dec

sl H2O, EtOH; s py

120

liq

171.4

-78.5

-93.5

vs H2O, EtOH

6446 Isopentyl hexanoate

Isopentyl caproate

C11H22O2

2198-61-0

186.292

6447 Isopentyl αhydroxybenzeneacetate 6448 Isopentyl isopentanoate 6449 Isopentyl lactate 6450 Isopentyl 2-methylpropanoate

Isopentyl mandelate

C13H18O3

5421-04-5

222.280

Isoamyl isovalerate

659-70-1 19329-89-6 2050-01-3

172.265 160.211 158.238

190.4 202.4 168.5

0.858319 0.958925 0.862720

1.413019 1.424025

Isopentyl isobutyrate

C10H20O2 C8H16O3 C9H18O2

6451 Isopentyl nitrite

Isoamyl nitrite

C5H11NO2

110-46-3

117.147

99.2

0.882820

1.391820

C10H20O2 C8H16O2 C12H16O3

2050-09-1 105-68-0 87-20-7

172.265 144.212 208.253

193 160.2 278; 15115

0.869720 1.053520

1.406920 1.508020

C7H11Cl3O2 C9H14O

57392-55-9 78-59-1

233.520 138.206

liq

-8.1

217 215.2

1.231420 0.925520

1.452120 1.476618

C12H18N2O2 C8H6O4

4098-71-9 121-91-5

222.283 166.132

60 347

217100 sub

1.06220

nd (w, al)

6459 Isopilosine

C16H18N2O3

491-88-3

286.325

6460 Isopropalin

Benzenamine, 4-(1-methylethyl) C15H23N3O4 -2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylC23H33IN2O

33820-53-0

309.362

pl (al), pr (w, 187 dil al) red-oran liq

71-81-8

480.424

cry or pow

190

C5H8O2

108-22-5

100.117

liq

-92.9

94

0.909020

1.403320

C9H10

98-83-9

118.175

liq

-23.2

165.4

0.910620

1.538620

6464 p-Isopropenylisopropylbenzene

C12H16

2388-14-9

160.255

liq

-30.6

220.8

0.893620

1.523820

6465 p-Isopropenylstyrene

C11H12

16262-48-9

144.213

liq

242

0.93

1.568420

6452 Isopentyl pentanoate 6453 Isopentyl propanoate 6454 Isopentyl salicylate

6455 Isopentyl trichloroacetate 6456 Isophorone 6457 Isophorone diisocyanate 6458 Isophthalic acid

6461 Isopropamide iodide

3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen1-one 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid

6462 Isopropenyl acetate 6463 Isopropenylbenzene

α-Methyl styrene

sl H2O, lig; s eth; vs oils vs bz

0.4

C15H24 C16H16N2O2

6439 α-Isomaltose

vs eth, Diox vs eth, EtOH

msc H2O; s EtOH, xyl

292 dec 284 dec liq cry (w+2)

Solubility

1.519320

254 <-12

nd (w), pr (HOAc) lf (sub) col liq

15850 24910 dec 12610

nD

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth

17211

oily liq

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH

sl H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; i eth, bz, lig vs EtOH i H2O; s os s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i chl sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, ace; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

N N C Isocyanomethane

3-313

C N

C

(Isocyanomethyl)benzene

O O P O O

O O

2-Isocyanopropane

Isodecyl acrylate

Isodecyl diphenyl phosphate

H S N P O O

OH O

O

O O P F O

O

H O

O O

HO

Isodecyl methacrylate

8-Isoestrone

Isoeugenol

Isofenphos

Isoflurophate

O HO

N

H

O O NH

N

O O

N

N

O OH

OH

NH2

O 1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

Isolan

N H

NH2

DL-Isoleucine

L-Isoleucine

Isolongifolene

Isolysergic acid

HO O OH HO

O HO

H N

O O

NH2

OH HO

O

OH HO

O

N

α-Isomaltose

O

Isoniazid

Isopentane

O

Isopentyl acetate

Isopentylbenzene

Isopentyl butanoate

OH O H

O

O O

Isopentyl α-hydroxybenzeneacetate

Isopentyl hexanoate

OH

Isopentyl isopentanoate

Isopentyl lactate

OH O

O N O

O Isopentyl 2-methylpropanoate

O

O

O O

Isopentyl nitrite

C

Isopentyl propanoate

O

OH HO

N C O

O

Cl Cl Isopentyl trichloroacetate

Isophorone

NH2 N

Isopentyl salicylate

O

O

O

O O

Isopentyl pentanoate

N

Cl

O

O

O

Isopentyl formate

O O

O

Isophorone diisocyanate

O

O N

N

N

OH Isophthalic acid

O

H

O

O Isopilosine

N Isopropalin

I

O O O Isopropamide iodide

Isopropenyl acetate

Isopropenylbenzene

p-Isopropenylisopropylbenzene

p-Isopropenylstyrene

O N

O

3-314

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

6466 4-Isopropoxydiphenylamine 6467 2-Isopropoxyethanol

4-Isopropoxy-N-phenylaniline

C15H17NO C5H12O2

101-73-5 109-59-1

227.302 104.148

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

145

0.903020

1.409520

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace s chl s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth

83

10

C6H11NO C5H10O2

110-47-4 108-21-4

113.157 102.132

liq

-73.4

65 88.7

0.871820

1.377320

Isopropyl 2-propenoate 2-Propanamine

C6H10O2 C3H9N

689-12-3 75-31-0

114.142 59.110

liq liq

-95.13

51103 31.76

0.689120

1.374220

2-Propanamine hydrochloride

C3H10ClN C5H13NO

15572-56-2 109-56-8

95.571 103.163

164 128.5

173

0.897020

1.439520

C9H13N

643-28-7

135.206

221; 9513

0.976012

C9H13N C9H13N

99-88-7 768-52-5

135.206 135.206

225 203

0.95320 0.952625

1.538020

235.5

0.975520

1.530120

-96.02

152.41

0.864025

1.491520

28

153; 848 249

1.0320 0.981820

1.521020

6468 3-Isopropoxypropanenitrile 6469 Isopropyl acetate

1-Cyano-2-isopropoxyethane

6470 Isopropyl acrylate 6471 Isopropylamine

6472 Isopropylamine hydrochloride 6473 2-(Isopropylamino)ethanol 6474 2-Isopropylaniline 6475 4-Isopropylaniline 6476 N-Isopropylaniline

Cumidine

6477 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde

Cuminaldehyde

C10H12O

122-03-2

148.201

6478 Isopropylbenzene

Cumene

C9H12

98-82-8

120.191

liq

6479 Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide 6480 4-Isopropylbenzenemethanol

Cumene hydroperoxide Cumic alcohol

C9H12O2 C10H14O

80-15-9 536-60-7

152.190 150.217

liq

6481 α-Isopropylbenzenemethanol

1-Phenyl-2-methylpropyl alcohol

C10H14O

611-69-8

150.217

223

0.986914

1.519314

C10H12O2

939-48-0

164.201

216

1.016315

1.489020

C10H12O2

536-66-3

164.201

sub

1.1624

C7H14O2 C4H9NO2 C5H9ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C6H11ClO2

638-11-9 1746-77-6 105-48-6 108-23-6 40058-87-5

130.185 103.120 136.577 122.551 150.603

130.5 183 150.5 105 151.5

0.858820 0.995166 1.088820 1.031520

1.438220 1.401320 1.414920

6489 Isopropylcyclohexane

C9H18

696-29-7

126.239

liq

-89.4

154.8

0.802320

1.441020

6490 4-Isopropylcyclohexanone 6491 Isopropylcyclopentane

C9H16O C8H16

5432-85-9 3875-51-2

140.222 112.213

liq

-111.4

214; 139100 126.5

0.909930 0.776520

1.455225 1.425820

6492 Isopropylcyclopropane 6493 Isopropyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetate 6494 N-Isopropyl-4,4diphenylcyclohexanamine 6495 Isopropyl dodecanoate 6496 Isopropyl formate

C6H12 C11H12Cl2O3

3638-35-5 94-11-1

84.159 263.117

liq

-112.9 5

58.3 1401

0.693625 1.2625

1.386520 1.520925

Pramiverin

C21H27N

14334-40-8

293.446

70

1650.05

Isopropyl laurate

C15H30O2 C4H8O2

10233-13-3 625-55-8

242.398 88.106

19660, 1050.8 68.2

0.853620 0.872820

1.428025 1.367820

6497 Isopropyl 2-furancarboxylate

Isopropyl 2-furanoate

C8H10O3

6270-34-4

154.163

198.5

1.065524

1.468224

6498 Isopropyl glycidyl ether

(1-Methylethoxy)methyloxirane

C6H12O2

4016-14-2

116.158

137

0.918620

C10H22 C3H10N2

52896-87-4 2257-52-5

142.282 74.124

158.9 107

0.735425

6482 Isopropyl benzoate 6483 4-Isopropylbenzoic acid 6484 6485 6486 6487 6488

Cumic acid

Isopropyl butanoate Isopropyl carbamate Isopropyl chloroacetate Isopropyl chloroformate Isopropyl 2-chloropropanoate

6499 4-Isopropylheptane 6500 Isopropylhydrazine

tcl pl (al)

117.5

nd

93

liq

1.393620

Isopropyl salicylate

C10H12O3

607-85-2

180.200

238

1.072920

6502 Isopropyl isobutanoate

Isopropyl isobutyrate

C7H14O2

617-50-5

130.185

120.7

0.847121

C6H12O3

617-51-6

132.157

167

0.998020

1.408225

C7H12O2

4655-34-9

128.169

125

0.884720

1.412220

C4H10O3S C4H11N

926-06-7 4747-21-1

138.185 73.137

826 50.4

6504 Isopropyl methacrylate 6505 Isopropyl methanesulfonate 6506 Isopropylmethylamine

Isopropyl 2-methyl-2propenoate Methylisopropylamine

s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth i H2O; s EtOH vs eth vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, ctc; s eth, bz

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, ace, EtOH

1.415320

6501 Isopropyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

6503 Isopropyl lactate

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, chl s DMSO msc H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc

1.506520

s H2O, bz, EtOH; sl eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-315

H N O

O

4-Isopropoxydiphenylamine

O

N

OH

O

O

2-Isopropoxyethanol

O

3-Isopropoxypropanenitrile

NH2 O

Isopropyl acetate

Isopropyl acrylate

Isopropylamine

O

NH2 NH2 NH2 HCl

N H

Isopropylamine hydrochloride

HN

OH

2-(Isopropylamino)ethanol

2-Isopropylaniline

4-Isopropylaniline

N-Isopropylaniline

4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde

OH

OH O

OH

O O

Isopropylbenzene

O

Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide

4-Isopropylbenzenemethanol

α-Isopropylbenzenemethanol

Isopropyl benzoate

OH

O

O O

4-Isopropylbenzoic acid

H2N

Isopropyl butanoate

O O

Isopropyl carbamate

Cl

O O

Cl

Isopropyl chloroacetate

O

Isopropyl chloroformate

O O O Cl Isopropyl 2-chloropropanoate

Isopropylcyclohexane

4-Isopropylcyclohexanone

Isopropylcyclopentane

Isopropylcyclopropane

HN O O Cl

O

O

O

O

Cl

Isopropyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate

N-Isopropyl-4,4-diphenylcyclohexanamine

Isopropyl dodecanoate

H

O

Isopropyl formate

O O O

O

O

HN

NH2

O

O OH

Isopropyl 2-furancarboxylate

Isopropyl glycidyl ether

O

O O Isopropyl isobutanoate

4-Isopropylheptane

O O

OH Isopropyl lactate

O Isopropyl methacrylate

Isopropylhydrazine

O O S O Isopropyl methanesulfonate

Isopropyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

N H Isopropylmethylamine

3-316

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

6507 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene

o-Cymene

C10H14

527-84-4

134.218

liq

-71.5

178.1

0.876620

1.500620

6508 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene

m-Cymene

C10H14

535-77-3

134.218

liq

-63.7

175.1

0.861020

1.493020

6509 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene

p-Cymene

C10H14

99-87-6

134.218

liq

-67.94

177.1

0.857320

1.490920

6510 Isopropyl 3-methylbutanoate

C8H16O2

32665-23-9

144.212

142; 7055

0.853817

1.396020

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH

6511 5-Isopropyl-2-methyl-1,3cyclohexadiene, (R) 6512 5-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2cyclohexen-1-one, (±) 6513 6-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2cyclohexen-1-one, (±) 6514 Isopropyl methyl ether

C10H16

4221-98-1

136.234

173

0.842120

1.477219

Homocamfin

C10H16O

535-86-4

152.233

pa ye

244; 12115

0.934021

1.486521

vs ace, EtOH

(±)-Piperitone

C10H16O

6091-52-7

152.233

liq

232.5

0.933120

1.484520

vs ace, EtOH

2-Methoxypropane

C4H10O

598-53-8

74.121

30.77

0.723715

1.357620

237.7

0.9772

20

20

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs ace

84.8 268 268.2

0.829120 0.995620 0.975320

6515 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol

Carvacrol

6516 2-Isopropyl-6-methyl-4pyrimidinol 6517 Isopropyl methyl sulfide 6518 1-Isopropylnaphthalene 6519 2-Isopropylnaphthalene

-19

C10H14O

499-75-2

150.217

nd

1

C8H12N2O

2814-20-2

152.193

cry

173

C4H10S C13H14 C13H14

1551-21-9 6158-45-8 2027-17-0

90.187 170.250 170.250

liq liq

-101.5 -16 14.5

19

1.5230

1.493220 1.595220 1.584820 16

6520 Isopropyl nitrate 6521 Isopropyl nitrite

C3H7NO3 C3H7NO2

1712-64-7 541-42-4

105.093 89.094

100 40

1.034 0.868415

1.3912

pa ye oil

6522 1-Isopropyl-4-nitrobenzene

C9H11NO2

1817-47-6

165.189

pa ye oil

1229

1.08420

1.536720

6523 N-Isopropyl-N-nitroso-2propanamine 6524 Isopropyl 3-oxobutanoate 6525 Isopropyl palmitate

C6H14N2O

601-77-4

130.187

cry (eth,w)

48

194.5

0.942220

C7H12O3 C19H38O2

542-08-5 142-91-6

144.168 298.504

liq

-27.3 13.5

186 1602

0.983520 0.840438

1.417320 1.436425

6526 Isopropyl pentanoate

C8H16O2

18362-97-5

144.212

0.857920

1.406120

6527 2-Isopropylphenol

C9H12O

88-69-7

136.190

6528 3-Isopropylphenol 6529 4-Isopropylphenol

C9H12O C9H12O

618-45-1 99-89-8

136.190 136.190

6530 N-Isopropyl-N’-phenyl-1,4benzenediamine 6531 Isopropyl phenylcarbamate 6532 1-(4-Isopropylphenyl)ethanone 6533 Isopropyl propanoate

C15H18N2

101-72-4

226.317

C10H13NO2 C11H14O C6H12O2

122-42-9 645-13-6 637-78-5

179.216 162.228 116.158

C6H11NO C6H15N C6H14S C8H11N

2210-25-5 21968-17-2 5008-73-1 696-30-0

113.157 101.190 118.240 121.180

C9H11NO2 C12H28O4Si C21H42O2

553-60-6 1992-48-9 112-10-7

165.189 264.434 326.557

C11H14

2055-40-5

146.229

C17H34O2

110-27-0

C9H12S C5H7Cl3O2 C4H10N2O

6534 6535 6536 6537

N-Isopropyl-2-propenamide Isopropylpropylamine Isopropyl propyl sulfide 4-Isopropylpyridine

6538 Isopropyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate 6539 Isopropyl silicate 6540 Isopropyl stearate

Isopropyl acetoacetate Isopropyl hexadecanoate

Propham

N-Propyl-2-propanamine

Isopropyl nicotinate Tetra(isopropoxy)silane

6541 4-Isopropylstyrene 6542 Isopropyl tetradecanoate

Isopropyl myristate

6543 (Isopropylthio)benzene 6544 Isopropyl trichloroacetate 6545 Isopropylurea

s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s ace, bz, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz vs eth, EtOH, lig vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc vs eth sl H2O; s EtOH, chl

15.5

213.5

1.01220

1.531520

26 62.3

228 230; 11010

0.99020

1.526120 1.522820

72.5

1482 1.0920 0.975315 0.866020

1.498991 1.523520 1.387220

vs bz, EtOH

254 109.5

-54.9

11015 96.9 132.1 178

0.826920 0.938225

1.496220

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace

1.062420 0.877020 0.840338

1.492620

28

12630, 92.55 184 2076

-44.7

204.1

0.885020

1.528920

270.451

19320, 1402

0.853220

1.432525

3019-20-3 3974-99-0 691-60-1

152.256 205.468 102.134

0.985220 1.291125

1.546420 1.442820

nd

208 175; 6615 1030.1

liq

55.5

0.753420

1.384020

6546 Isopropyl vinyl ether

2-(Ethenyloxy)propane

C5H10O

926-65-8

86.132

6547 Isoproterenol

4-[1-Hydroxy-2[isopropylamino]ethyl]-1,2benzenediol

C11H17NO3

7683-59-2

211.258

nd (peth)

wh nd (al)

90

64.5

liq

liq

-140 170.5

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth

s ctc, CS2 vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace, bz vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, chl, ace; sl eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-317

O O 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene

1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene

1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene

Isopropyl 3-methylbutanoate

5-Isopropyl-2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene, (R)

O

OH O

O 5-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, (±)

6-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, (±)

Isopropyl methyl ether

5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol

OH N N

O

S

2-Isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol

Isopropyl methyl sulfide

1-Isopropylnaphthalene

2-Isopropylnaphthalene

O N

N

O

O

Isopropyl nitrate

O

Isopropyl nitrite

O

O

N

N N

O

1-Isopropyl-4-nitrobenzene

O

O

N-Isopropyl-N-nitroso-2-propanamine

O

Isopropyl 3-oxobutanoate

OH

OH

Isopropyl palmitate

H N N H

3-Isopropylphenol

4-Isopropylphenol

Isopropyl pentanoate

O

H N

OH

2-Isopropylphenol

O

O O

O

O O

N-Isopropyl-N’-phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine

Isopropyl phenylcarbamate

1-(4-Isopropylphenyl)ethanone

O O

H N

O N H

O Isopropyl propanoate

O N

S

N-Isopropyl-2-propenamide

O O Si O O

Isopropylpropylamine

Isopropyl propyl sulfide

N

4-Isopropylpyridine

O

O Isopropyl stearate

4-Isopropylstyrene

O Cl

Isopropyl tetradecanoate

O O

Cl Cl Isopropyl trichloroacetate

S

O

O

Isopropyl silicate

Isopropyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate

H2N

HO N H

Isopropylurea

O Isopropyl vinyl ether

(Isopropylthio)benzene

OH H N

HO Isoproterenol

3-318

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

6548 Isopsoralen 6549 1-Isoquinolinamine 6550 3-Isoquinolinamine 6551 Isoquinoline

Benzo[c]pyridine

6552 7-Isoquinolinol 6553 Isosorbide 6554 Isosorbide dinitrate

1,4:3,6-Dianhydroglucitol

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

C11H6O3 C9H8N2

523-50-2 1532-84-9

186.164 144.173

pl(w)

139 123

1648

C9H8N2 C9H7N

25475-67-6 119-65-3

144.173 129.159

hyg pl

178.5 26.47

243.22

C9H7NO

7651-83-4

145.158

C6H10O4 C6H8N2O8

652-67-5 87-33-2

146.141 236.136

col cry

63 52

126-75-0 568-21-8

258.339 311.375

liq orth cry (al) 203.5

CHNS C5H11NO2 C18H24N2O4

3129-90-6 595-40-4 82558-50-7

59.091 117.147 332.395

unstab gas nd (w) wh cry

C3H3NO C18H23NO3 C18H25NO6 C15H14O6 C27H39NO3

288-14-2 395-28-8 6870-67-3 476-45-9 469-59-0

69.062 301.381 351.395 290.268 425.604

cry pl (EtOH) red cry (al)

6565 Kaempferol

C15H10O6

520-18-3

286.236

ye nd (al, + 1 277 w)

6566 Kainic acid

C10H15NO4

487-79-6

213.231

C18H36N4O11 C10Cl10O C13H16ClNO

59-01-8 143-50-0 6740-88-1

484.499 490.636 237.725

cry (EtOH aq) cry (EtOH)

C2H2O C14H12O5

463-51-4 82-02-0

42.036 260.242

col gas eth, al

-151 154 dec

C10H12N2O3

343-65-7

208.213

lf (+l/2w)

191 dec

C19H24N2O3 C3H6O3

36894-69-6 598-82-3

328.405 90.078

cry (MeOH) ye cry

164

C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C19H15ClF3NO7 C6H10O6 C12H22O11

10326-41-7 79-33-4 77501-63-4 90-80-2 14641-93-1

90.078 90.078 461.773 178.139 342.296

pl (chl) hyg pr (eth) ye pow (bz) nd (al) wh pow

53 53 93

6557 Isothiocyanic acid 6558 L-Isovaline 6559 Isoxaben 6560 6561 6562 6563 6564

Isoxazole Isoxsuprine Jacobine Javanicin Jervine

6567 Kanamycin A 6568 Kepone 6569 Ketamine

6570 Ketene 6571 Khellin

6572 L-Kynurenine 6573 Labetalol 6574 DL-Lactic acid 6575 6576 6577 6578 6579

D-Lactic acid L-Lactic acid Lactofen δ-Lactone-D-gluconic acid α-Lactose

Demeton-S

2-Amino-2-methylbutyric acid

1-Oxa-2-azacyclopentadiene

Chlordecone 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2(methylamino)cyclohexanone, (±) 4,9-Dimethoxy-7-methyl-5 Hfuro[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-5one Benzenebutanoic acid, α,2diamino-γ-oxo2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, (±) D-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid L-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid δ-D-Gluconolactone

5989-81-1

360.312

4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-Dfructose 3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-Dglucose Lanosterol

C12H22O11

4618-18-2

342.296

C12H22O11

34980-39-7

342.296

C30H50O

79-63-0

426.717

Rehmannic acid

C35H52O5 C35H52O5 C6H12N2O4S

467-81-2 467-82-3 922-55-4

552.785 552.785 208.235

84-79-7

242.270

ye pr (eth, bz) pl (al)

139.5

217.5

6588 Lapachol

1.07820

1.429817

-49.8 1900.05

s EtOH; sl eth s EtOAc, MeCN, MeOH s H2O

sl eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, chl sl H2O

1.206021

1032

222.8

C12H24O12

L-Cysteine, S-(2-amino-2carboxyethyl)-, (R)2-Hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2C15H14O3 butenyl)-1,4-naphthalenedione

1.132

vs EtOH, eth, ace s H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, chl; sl eth; s MeOH

21

1.6125

12215

6581 α-Lactose monohydrate

i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; msc eth, bz sl H2O, eth; s EtOH

s alk i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; i bz s H2O; i EtOH

350 dec 92.5

342.296

6585 Lantadene A 6586 Lantadene B 6587 L-Lanthionine

133

2

253 dec

5965-66-2

6584 Lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β)

1.614820

103.0 228 208 dec 243 dec

C12H22O11

6583 Laminaribiose

1.091030

1702

95

cry (ethpentane)

Solubility sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH

≈300 173

6580 β-D-Lactose

6582 Lactulose

nD

230

C8H19O3PS2 C19H21NO3

6555 Isosystox 6556 Isothebaine

den/ g cm-3

20

254

1.59

mcl (w)

201 dec

1.54720

hx pl (MeOH)

169

1.439220

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl, MeOH vs H2O

205 nd (eth), cry (MeOHace) cry (MeOH) cry (EtOH) hex pl

140.5

297 302 294 dec

6589 Lappaconitine

C32H44N2O8

32854-75-4

584.699

hex pl (al)

6590 Lasiocarpine

C21H33NO7

303-34-4

411.490

col pl (peth) 95.5

6591 Laudanidine

C20H25NO4

301-21-3

343.418

hex pr (al)

184.5

vs eth, EtOH, chl

sl H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth vs H2O, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-319

HO

O N O O

H

H O

O N O

O

O

NH2

Isopsoralen

O

NH2 N

1-Isoquinolinamine

N

3-Isoquinolinamine

Isoquinoline

H

O

N

HO

H

7-Isoquinolinol

O O P O S

O O N O

OH

Isosorbide

Isosorbide dinitrate

S

Isosystox

OH

O

O O

N H

HO O

O

O OH NH2

HN C S Isothebaine

N H

Isothiocyanic acid

OH H N

N

O

O

L-Isovaline

N

O Isoxaben

O

O

O

O H

O

N

HO

Isoxazole

Isoxsuprine

Jacobine

HO O NH2 HO

H2N

OH

O

O

OH

OH O O

HO

H OH O

O Kaempferol

OH

O O

OH O

O

H2C C O

O

Ketene

Khellin

NH2 Labetalol

OH

HO OH OH

HO

OH O O

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

α-Lactose

O

O OH

OH

HO

OH Lactulose

O O

OH

O

O OH

H OH OH

O OH

H

O HO

O

Lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β)

Laminaribiose

O

O

H

Lantadene A

O

HO

OH OH

OH

α-Lactose monohydrate

HO HO

O

O O

HO

H2O

OH

β-D-Lactose

HO

OH OH

O

HO

OH OH

O

O O

Lactofen

HO

O O

HO

HO δ-Lactone-D-gluconic acid

N O

L-Lactic acid

O

NH

O

F

HO O OH

OH OH

O

OH

D-Lactic acid

HO

O O

HO

OH

Cl

Ketamine

O F OH F

O

Kepone

O

OH

DL-Lactic acid

O O

O

OH

HO HO

Kanamycin A

OH O

Cl

Cl

Cl O

L-Kynurenine

HO

NH2

Kainic acid

HO

O

NH2

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

H2N

O

H N

NH2

O

Cl

Cl Cl HO

OH

N H

OH Jervine

O

O OH

HO

Javanicin

HO

OH

OH

O

O

O

OH O

H H N

O

Lantadene B

O O

N O

O

HO

S NH2

NH2

O Lapachol

O O

NH

OH

L-Lanthionine

O

OH

O

OH

O

O

H

O

O Lappaconitine

O

H

O

O N Lasiocarpine

N H

OH

HO OH

O Laudanidine

3-320

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

6592 Laudanine

C20H25NO4

85-64-3

343.418

6593 Laudanosine

C21H27NO4

2688-77-9

357.444

6594 Laureline

C19H19NO3

81-38-9

309.359

C18H35NO

59227-89-3

281.477

ye wh pr (dil al, al-chl) nd (peth), pr (al) tab (al) cubes (peth) col liq

-7

16050

0.91

6596 Lead bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) 6597 Ledol

C6H12N2PbS4 C15H26O

19010-66-3 577-27-5

447.6 222.366

pale ye nd nd (al)

258 105

292

6598 Lenacil 6599 Leptophos

2164-08-1 C13H18N2O2 C13H10BrCl2O2PS 21609-90-5

234.294 412.066

6600 DL-Leucine

C6H13NO2

328-39-2

131.173

lf (w)

293

sub

C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2

328-38-1 61-90-5

131.173 131.173

pl (al) 293 hex pl (dil al) 293

sub sub

6603 N-Leucylglycine

C8H16N2O3

686-50-0

188.224

0.9078100 1.4667110 vs ace, eth, EtOH 1.3225 vs py 1.5325 i H2O; vs bz; s ace, 2-PrOH, xyl 1.29318 s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O 1.29318 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i ace, bz, chl

6604 Leuprolide 6605 Leurosine 6606 Levallorphan

17-Allylmorphinan-3-ol

C59H84N16O12 C46H56N4O9 C19H25NO

53714-56-0 23360-92-1 152-02-3

6607 Levodopa

L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine

C9H11NO4

59-92-7

6608 Levopimaric acid 6609 Levorphanol 6610 d-Limonene

17-Methylmorphinan-3-ol p-Mentha-1,8-diene, (R)

C20H30O2 C17H23NO C10H16

79-54-9 77-07-6 5989-27-5

1209.398 fluffy solid 808.959 cry 283.408 cry (EtOH aq) 197.188 pl (dil al) pr or nd (w+SO2) 302.451 orth cry 257.371 cry 136.234 oil

6611 l-Limonene

p-Mentha-1,8-diene, (S)

C10H16

5989-54-8

136.234

6612 Linalol

3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, C10H18O (±)3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-yl C12H20O2 acetate C18H34N2O6S

22564-99-4

154.249

115-95-7

196.286

liq

154-21-2

406.537

amor solid

C18H32O2

60-33-3

280.446

C18H30O2

463-40-1

C9H10Cl2N2O2 C15H12I3NO4

No. Name

6595 Laurocapram

6601 D-Leucine 6602 L-Leucine

6613 Linalyl acetate 6614 Lincomycin 6615 Linoleic acid 6616 Linolenic acid 6617 Linuron

Synonym

1-Dodecylhexahydro-2 Hazepin-2-one

2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid

cis,cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid cis,cis,cis-9,12,15Octadecatrienoic acid N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-N’methoxy-N’-methylurea

6618 Liothyronine 6619 Lipoamide 6620 α-Lipoic acid 6621 Lisinopril

1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanamide C8H15NOS2 1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid C8H14O2S2 C21H35N3O7

tan waxy solid

mp/˚C

290 71

248 dec

1.4701

sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, dil acid, con sulf i H2O

203 181 277 dec

150 198 -74.0

s H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s alk, MeOH

178

0.841120

1.473020

178; 64.415

0.84320

1.474620

198; 8613

0.87015

1.4627

220; 440.2

0.89520

1.446020

-7

22916

0.902220

1.469920

278.430

-11

23117, 1290.05

0.916420

1.480020

330-55-2

249.093

93

6893-02-3

650.974

cry

236 dec

940-69-2 1077-28-7 83915-83-7

205.341 206.326 441.519

cry ye pl (cy) wh cry pow

128 60 159

oil

101.901

6623 Lobelanidine

C22H29NO2

552-72-7

339.471

sc (al, eth)

150

6624 Lobelanine

C22H25NO2

579-21-5

335.440

99

6625 Lobeline

C22H27NO2

90-69-7

337.455

nd (eth, peth) nd (al, bz)

C13H9Cl2FN2S C15H24 C22H23ClN2O2 C24H36O5

790-69-2 475-20-7 79794-75-5 75330-75-5

315.192 204.352 382.883 404.540

C15H7Cl2F3N2O2 C18H18ClN3O

14255-88-0 1977-10-2

375.130 327.808

6630 Lovozal 6631 Loxapine

Solubility

114

30903-87-8

Kuromatsuene Claritin Mevacor

nD

89

C2Li2O4

Loflucarban Longifolene Loratadine Lovastatin

den/ g cm-3 1.2620

167

6622 Lithium oxalate

6626 6627 6628 6629

bp/˚C

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; vs eth, EtOH

i H2O; misc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz

i H2O, EtOH; s dil alk 8725

i H2O i EtOH, chl, ace; sl MeOH s H2O; i EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth; vs ace, bz, py vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace

2.12117

dec

130.5

163.5 258; 12615 cry (MeCN) wh cry (ace aq)

132 174

ye cry 103 ye cry (peth) 109.5

0.931918

1.504020

i H2O; s bz i H2O; vs chl; s DMF; sl ace, EtOH s ace, diox

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

O N

O

3-321 O

N H

O OH

H

O

S

N Laudanine

S Pb

N

Laureline

Laurocapram

H

N

S

Laudanosine

O

O

O

O

O

OH

H

N

O

S

Lead bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)

Ledol

Cl N

N H

S O P O

Br O

O

O

OH

Leptophos

NH2

OH

OH

NH2

NH2

NH2

DL-Leucine

D-Leucine

L-Leucine

Cl

Lenacil

O

O

H N

OH

O N-Leucylglycine

N O

N H

H

N

O

HO O

O

O O

N

OH

O

H HO

N

O O

H-5-oxoPro-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Leu-Leu-Arg-Pro-NHEt Leuprolide

H

Leurosine

NH2

HO OH

Levallorphan

Levodopa

CH3 HO C H HO

NH C H

N

O

H

HO Levopimaric acid

O

N

O HO

O OH

O

S OH

HO

Levorphanol

d-Limonene

l-Limonene

Linalol

O

Linalyl acetate

OH

I

H N

O OH

N

O

Cl

Linolenic acid

O

NH2

O

HO

Cl Linoleic acid

Lincomycin

I

OH

O

I

Linuron

Liothyronine

NH2

HS

O

O

O

OH

OH

NH2 S

SH

S α-Lipoic acid

Lipoamide

N

N H

O

O

O

O

OH 2Li

O HO

O

Lisinopril

OH H N H

Lithium oxalate

Lobelanidine

Cl O

O H

N

OH H

H

F

O

S

N

H

Lobelanine

N H

Lobeline

HO

Cl N

O O

O O

Cl

N

F

Cl

N

F

Loratadine

Cl Longifolene

F

O

N O

N H

Loflucarban

N

O N

N Cl

O

O Lovastatin

Lovozal

Loxapine

3-322

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

68767-14-6

246.302

col oil

110

1920.3

5008-52-6

361.518

cry (+1w, ace)

149

1650.02

C16H19NO3 C30H50O2

82-40-6 473-98-3

273.327 442.717

nd (al +1)

250

sub 240

C30H50O

545-47-1

426.717

nd (al, ace)

216

6637 Lupulon

C26H38O4

468-28-0

414.578

pr (MeOH)

93

6638 Luteolin

C15H10O6

491-70-3

286.236

ye nd (dil al, 329 dec + 1 w)

C30H22O12 C16H22N2

21884-44-6 20316-18-1

574.489 242.359

ye nd (EtOH) 278 dec orth pr 99

6641 Lycomarasmine 6642 Lycorine

C9H15N3O7 C16H17NO4

7611-43-0 476-28-8

277.231 287.311

pr (al, py)

6643 Lysergamide

C16H17N3O

478-94-4

267.325

6644 Lysergic acid

C16H16N2O2

82-58-6

268.310

C20H25N3O C6H14N2O2 C6H14N2O2 C6H14N2O2

50-37-3 70-54-2 923-27-3 56-87-1

323.432 146.187 146.187 146.187

cry (MeOH), 137.5 pr (aq, ace) lf or hex sc 240 dec (w) 82 224 218 dec nd (w, dil al) 224 dec

C6H15ClN2O2 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C13H10O6

10098-89-2 1114-34-7 1949-78-6 519-34-6

182.648 150.130 150.130 262.214

ye nd (al)

263 dec 108 110 222.5

C20H19N3 C20H20ClN3

3248-93-9 632-99-5

301.385 337.846

br-red cry grn cry

186 dec 200 dec 132

No. Name

Synonym

6632 Loxoprofen 6633 Luciculine

α-Methyl-4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl) C15H18O3 methyl]benzeneacetic acid Napelline C22H35NO3

6634 Lunacrine 6635 Lup-20(29)-ene-3,28-diol, (3 β)

Betulin

6636 Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3 β)

Lupeol

6639 Luteoskyrin 6640 Lycodine

6645 6646 6647 6648

Lysergide DL-Lysine D-Lysine L-Lysine

6649 6650 6651 6652

L-Lysine, hydrochloride D-Lyxose L-Lyxose Maclurin

6653 Magenta base 6654 Magenta I

8,8’-Dihydroxyrugulosin

2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid, (±) 2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid, ( D) 2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid, (L)

(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)(2,4,6trihydroxyphenyl)methanone Rosaniline Rosaniline hydrochloride

Mol. Form.

228 dec 280

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl sl EtOH, ace, os sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, py sl H2O s H2O s H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1.54520 vs eth, EtOH

sl H2O, EtOH; i eth i H2O; reac acid vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH

591.244 364.911

wh pow grn cry

6657 Malaoxon

(Dimethoxyphosphinylthio) butanedioic acid

C10H19O7PS

1634-78-2

314.293

liq

C10H19O6PS2

121-75-5

330.358

ye-br liq

1.4

C4H4O4

110-16-7

116.073

mcl pr (w)

139

C4H2O3

108-31-6

98.057

nd (chl, eth) 52.56

202 11120

1320.1

6661 Maleonitrile 6662 Malic acid

cis-Butenedinitrile Hydroxybutanedioic acid

C4H2N2 C4H6O5

928-53-0 617-48-1

78.072 134.088

pr (EtOH)

6663 Malonaldehyde 6664 Malonic acid

1,3-Propanedial

C3H4O2 C3H4O4

542-78-9 141-82-2

72.063 104.062

hyg nd tcl (al)

6665 Malononitrile

C3H2N2

109-77-3

66.061

6666 6667 6668 6669 6670

C30H52O26 C12H22O11 C54H90O45 C24H42O21 C17H15ClO7

34620-76-3 4482-75-1 104723-60-6 34612-38-9 643-84-5

828.718 342.296 1459.266 666.577 366.750

cry (w) 78 (hyd) nd (al) 162.5 cry (MeOH) amorp solid 170 dec >300

C8H8O3

90-64-2

152.148

orth pl

119

C14H17NO6

138-53-4

295.288

wh nd or pl (al)

122

12427-38-2

265.302

Maltopentaose α-Maltose 6-O-α-Maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin Maltotetraose Malvidin chloride

6671 Mandelic acid 6672 Mandelonitrile glucoside 6673 Maneb

α-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid

Manganese, [[1,2C4H6MnN2S4 ethanediylbis[carbamodithioato ]](2-)]-

s chl i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s eth, AcOEt, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, peth, hx sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk, con sulf

sub

557-04-0 569-64-2

6660 Maleic anhydride

vs EtOH

s H2O, chl, eth, EtOH; i peth

C36H70MgO4 C23H25ClN2

cis-2-Butenedioic acid

Solubility

1901.0

Magnesium octadecanoate

6659 Maleic acid

nD

0.9457218 1.4910218

6655 Magnesium stearate 6656 Malachite Green

6658 Malathion

den/ g cm-3

31.5 132

1560.7 dec

1.207620 1.59020

1.31460

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth; i bz, chl s H2O; s eth, ace, chl; sl lig

1.60120

s H2O; vs eth, EtOH, MeOH vs H2O, py; s EtOH, eth; i bz s H2O, ace, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth

73 135 dec

sub

1.61910

32

218.5

1.191020

dec 200

1.496020

1.414634

1.54620

vs H2O

1.289020

sl H2O; s EtOH, MeOH s H2O, eth, EtOH, i-PrOH vs H2O, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-323

OH

O

H

O

OH

O

OH

N

HO

O

H

Loxoprofen

O

N

OH

OH

H

H

Luciculine

HO Lup-20(29)-ene-3,28-diol, (3β)

Lunacrine

Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3β)

OH O OH O

O

O

OH O

OH

HO

OH

O

O

OH O HO HO

OH O

OH Lupulon

Luteolin

N

HO

H

HO

N

N

N

N

H

Lycomarasmine

O H2N

N

NH

Lycorine

NH

Lysergamide

NH2

O

H

O H

O

H N

N H HO

Lycodine

H O

OH

O

O

H2N

HO

O

O

N H

OH

Luteoskyrin

O OH

H

OH

OH

NH2

NH

Lysergic acid

O H2N

Lysergide

NH2

DL-Lysine

D-Lysine

H2N

HO HO H

O

O

H2N

H2N

OH

OH NH2

NH2

HCl

L-Lysine

L-Lysine, hydrochloride

H2N

CHO H H OH CH2OH

CHO OH OH H CH2OH

H H HO

D-Lyxose

O

NH

OH

HO HO

HO

L-Lyxose

NH2

OH

Maclurin

Magenta base

NH N

Cl

N

O NH2

O O

O O P O S

Mg 2

O

HCl Magnesium stearate

Malachite Green

OH O HO

HO

O

OH HO Maleic acid

O

O

N

Maleic anhydride

O

O

O

N

Maleonitrile

Malic acid

O

O HO OH

OH

OH

HO O

OH

O

OH

OH

O OH

O OH

OH

5

6-O-α-Maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin

N

OH HO OH OH

O

O O

HO

OH

HO

O OH

O OH

Maltotetraose

2

OH

O

α-Maltose

HO

OH

3

O O

OH

OH

O

Maltopentaose

HO

OH

OH OH

OH

N Malononitrile

O O

HO

OH

N

HO OH

O O

OH

O

OH

O

HO

Malonic acid

O

HO OH

O

HO

Malonaldehyde

HO HO

O

OH OH

Malathion

HO O

O

O

Malaoxon

HO

O

O O

O S P O S

O

2

Magenta I

O

O

OH

OH OH

HO

HO O

O Cl O

OH

OH

OH

Malvidin chloride

O O

OH

HN

O Mandelic acid

S

S Mn

HO OH Mandelonitrile glucoside

S

S

Maneb

NH

3-324

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

6674 Manganese(II) acetate 6675 Manganese carbonyl 6676 Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl 6677 Manganese 2methylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl 6678 D-Mannitol

Dimanganese decacarbonyl

Cordycepic acid

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C4H6O4Mn

638-38-0

173.027

red cry (w)

210

C10Mn2O10 C8H5MnO3

10170-69-1 12079-65-1

389.977 204.062

ye mcl cry pale ye cry

154 77.0

subl

C9H7MnO3

12108-13-3

218.088

ye liq

1.5

233; 10210

1.38820

C6H14O6

69-65-8

182.171

orth nd or pr 168 (w) nd (al) 107 nd or orth pr 132 dec (al)

2953.5

1.48920

exp

2236

bp/˚C

C6H8N6O18 C6H12O6

15825-70-4 3458-28-4

452.157 180.155

6681 L-Mannose 6682 Matridin-15-one

Matrine

C6H12O6 C15H24N2O

10030-80-5 519-02-8

180.155 248.364

cry (al) α-nd or pl; β-orth pr,

6683 Mazindol 6684 Mebendazole

C16H13ClN2O C16H13N3O3

22232-71-9 31431-39-7

284.739 295.292

6685 Mebhydroline

C19H20N2

524-81-2

276.375

cry (ace/hx) 198 cry (HOAc/ 288.5 MeOH) cry 95

6686 6687 6688 6689

C10H20NO5PS2 C25H27ClN2 C22H32O3 C15H15NO2

2595-54-2 569-65-3 520-85-4 61-68-7

329.374 390.948 344.487 241.286

ye oil

6690 Mefloquine

C17H16F6N2O

53230-10-7

378.311

cry (MeOH aq)

6691 Mefluidide 6692 Melezitose 6693 α-D-Melibiose

C11H13F3N2O3S C18H32O16 C12H22O11

53780-34-0 597-12-6 585-99-9

310.292 504.437 342.296

cry (w+2)

184 153

C26H41NO

14417-88-0

383.610

oil

<4

C13H18Cl2N2O2

148-82-3

305.200

nd

183 dec

C46H64O2 C6H12N5O2PS2 C10H20O2

2124-57-4 78-57-9 80-47-7

648.999 281.296 172.265

cry cry (MeOH)

54 160

C10H16O

7764-50-3

152.233

223.0

C15H28O2

16409-46-4

240.382

1299

C15H21NO2 C12H14N2O2 C13H14N2O3

57-42-1 50-12-4 115-38-8

247.334 218.251 246.261

6694 Melinamide 6695 Melphalan 6696 Menaquinone 7 6697 Menazon 6698 p-Menthane hydroperoxide

6699 p-Menth-8-en-2-one 6700 Menthol 3-methylbutanoate 6701 Meperidine 6702 Mephenytoin 6703 Mephobarbital

6-O-α-D-Galactopyranosyl- Dglucose N-(1-Phenylethyl)-9,12octadecadieneamide, ( Z,Z)L-Phenylalanine, 4-[bis(2chloroethyl)amino]Vitamin K2(35) 1-Methyl-1-(4methylcyclohexyl)ethyl hydroperoxide 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexanone Menthol, isovalerate Pethidine

hyg cry

30 136 176

C15H22N2O

96-88-8

246.348

cry (eth)

150.5

C15H23ClN2O C10H20O2S

1722-62-9 7659-86-1

282.809 204.330

cry

263

o-Thiosalicylic acid

C7H6O2S

147-93-3

154.187

lf or nd (al, w, HOAc)

168.5

2,2’-Dithiobis[benzothiazole]

C14H8N2S4

120-78-5

332.487

ye nd

180

6711 2-Mercaptoethanol

C2H6OS

60-24-2

78.133

6712 2-Mercapto-2-methylpropanoic acid 6713 2-Mercapto-N-2naphthylacetamide 6714 2-Mercaptophenol

C4H8O2S

4695-31-2

120.171

47

C12H11NOS

93-42-5

217.286

111.5

C6H6OS

1121-24-0

126.176

6710 Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether

Thionalide

vs H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH; i eth, bz vs H2O s H2O, eth, ace; vs EtOH, bz; sl peth i H2O; s EtOH i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; sl eth; vs EtOH, ace, MeOH sl H2O s CS2 vs chl s alk; sl eth, chl

178.2

ye liq

6707 Mepivacaine monohydrochloride 6708 Mercaptoacetic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester 6709 2-Mercaptobenzoic acid

1.22320

214.5 230 dec

269.322 149.662

6706 Mepivacaine

1.528625

2111

1440.02 230

950-10-7 24307-26-4

Piperidinium, 1,1-dimethyl-, chloride N-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-1methyl-2piperidinecarboxamide Carbocaine hydrochloride

1.3330

132

C8H16NO3PS2 C7H16ClN

6704 Mephosfolan 6705 Mepiquat chloride

i H2O; misc bz

1.8 1.53920

1.556525

2020.07

vs H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH; dec acid 1.505023 i H2O; s EtOH

sl H2O; s thf 259

wh cry (w)

Solubility s H2O, MeOH, HOAc; i ace i H2O; s os s os

20

Seminose

2-[(2,3-Dimethylphenyl)amino] benzoic acid

nD

1.75

6679 D-Mannitol hexanitrate 6680 D-Mannose

Mecarbam Meclizine Medroxyprogesterone Mefenamic acid

den/ g cm-3

0.92

0.90815

1.448620

i H2O; s EtOH, ace

1555

120

0.001

1.5354

26

sl H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH s ace, EtOH, bz

223 s CS2

s H2O 133.5 sub

10115

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO, lig i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, ctc, ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O

217; 898

i H2O; vs EtOH, os vs bz, eth, EtOH

1.50 158; 5513

oil

5.5

0.9720

1.114320

1.23710

1.499620

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

Mn O

3-325

CO CO OC CO OC Mn Mn CO OC CO CO CO

2

2

Manganese(II) acetate

CO Mn CO CO

Manganese carbonyl

CO Mn CO CO

Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl

CH2OH H H OH OH CH2OH

HO HO H H

Manganese 2-methylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl

D-Mannitol

N O2NO O2NO H H

CH2ONO2 H H ONO2 ONO2 CH2ONO2

CHO H H OH OH CH2OH

HO HO H H

D-Mannitol hexanitrate

CHO OH OH H H CH2OH

H H HO HO

D-Mannose

O

N H

N H H

L-Mannose

H

N

Mazindol

Mebhydroline

O

O OH

Cl

HO

O

O N

O

Mebendazole

N O S P S O

O

N H

Cl

N

N

H N

N

Matridin-15-one

N

O

HO

H N O

O

Mecarbam

Meclizine

Medroxyprogesterone

Mefenamic acid

HO HO N H H N F

F

O O

HO

F

F

OH

F

H N

F F

S O O O

F F HN

HO

O

HO

HO

OH

OH O O O

OH HO

O O

OH

OH

OH HO

OH OH

OH

O

Mefloquine

HO

OH

Mefluidide

α-D-Melibiose

Melezitose

O O

OH Cl

N H

O

NH2

N

S

H 35

Cl

N H2N

O

Melinamide

Melphalan

Menaquinone 7

N N

NH2

Menazon

O O

O

O

S S

O N P O O

p-Menth-8-en-2-one

Cl

N

Mephosfolan

Mepiquat chloride

Menthol 3-methylbutanoate

H N

N

S S

Mepivacaine

S

Mepivacaine monohydrochloride

OH HS

OH

2-Mercaptoethanol

NH O

N Mephenytoin

O

O HS

O

N

O

Mephobarbital

OH SH

O

O

SH

S

Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether

H N

N

N N

Meperidine

HCl

O

NH O

N

OH

p-Menthane hydroperoxide

O O

O

O P O S

O 2-Mercapto-2-methylpropanoic acid

Mercaptoacetic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester

2-Mercaptobenzoic acid

HO

H N

SH

SH

O 2-Mercapto-N-2-naphthylacetamide

2-Mercaptophenol

3-326

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

6715 4-Mercaptophenol 6716 3-Mercapto-1,2-propanediol

Thioglycerol

6717 3-Mercaptopropanoic acid

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C6H6OS

637-89-8

126.176

cry

29.5

16745, 13511

1.128525

1.510125

C3H8O2S

96-27-5

108.160

visc

1001

1.245520

1.526820

C3H6O2S

107-96-0

106.144

amor

11115, 863

1.21821

1.49420

s H2O, EtOH, alk, con sulf sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; msc EtOH; vs ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc

C5H11NO2S C14H10HgO4 C36H66HgO4

52-67-5 583-15-3 1191-80-6

149.212 442.81 763.35

198.5 cry pow (w) ≈125 ye-br solid

62-38-4 150-50-5

336.74 298.511

141-79-7

98.142

5588-33-0 72-33-3

6718 3-Mercapto-D-valine 6719 Mercury(II) benzoate 6720 Mercury(II) oleate

Penicillamine Mercuric benzoate Mercuric oleate

6721 Mercury(II) phenyl acetate 6722 Merphos

Phenylmercuric acetate C8H8HgO2 Phosphorotrithious acid, S,S,S- C12H27PS3 tributyl ester Isobutenyl methyl ketone C6H10O

6723 Mesityl oxide

6726 [2.2]Metacyclophane 6727 Metalaxyl 6728 Metaldehyde

6730 Metaraminol

2-Amino-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)1-propanol, (1R,2S)

6731 Metaxalone 6732 Methacholine chloride 6733 Methacrylic acid 6734 Methacycline 6735 Methadone hydrochloride

2-Methylpropenoic acid

6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4diphenyl-3-heptanone hydrochloride

6736 Methallenestril 6737 Methamidophos 6738 Methamphetamine 6739 Methamphetamine hydrochloride

6740 Methandrostenolone 6741 Methane

6742 6743 6744 6745

Methanearsonic acid Methanedisulfonic acid Methanesulfonic acid Methanesulfonyl chloride

1370.7, 17615

1.0220

liq

-59

130

0.865320

386.573 310.430

oil cry

151

2319-97-3

208.298

orth pr

132.5

57837-19-1 37273-91-9

279.333

71 tetr nd or pr 246 (al)

C18H14N3NaO3S

587-98-4

375.377

br-ye pow

C9H13NO2

54-49-9

167.205

C12H15NO3 C8H18ClNO2

1665-48-1 62-51-1

221.252 195.688

hyg cry (HCl) cry (AcOEt) hyg cry

122 172

2231.5

C4H6O2

79-41-4

86.090

pr

16

162.5

C22H22N2O8 C21H28ClNO

914-00-1 1095-90-5

442.418 345.906

cry pl (al-eth)

205 dec 235

vs H2O, EtOH

C18H22O3

517-18-0

286.366

cry (MeOH aq)

139

s eth

10265-92-6

141.130

46

537-46-2 51-57-0

149.233 185.694

173.8

72-63-9 74-82-8

300.435 16.043

CH5AsO3 CH4O6S2 CH4O3S CH3ClO2S

124-58-3 503-40-2 75-75-2 124-63-0

139.971 176.169 96.106 114.552

Tricyclo[9.3.1.1]hexadeca-1(15) C16H16 ,4,6,8(16),11,13-hexaene C15H21NO4 Metacetaldehyde (polymer) (C2H4O)x

6729 Metanil Yellow

Phosphoramidothioic acid, O,S- C2H8NO2PS dimethyl ester C10H15N N,αC10H16ClN Dimethylbenzeneethanamine, hydrochloride, (S)C20H28O2 CH4

Methionic acid Methylsulfonic acid

6746 Methanesulfonyl fluoride 6747 Methanethiol

Methyl mercaptan

CH3FO2S CH4S

558-25-8 74-93-1

98.097 48.108

6748 Methanimidamide 6749 Methanimidamide, monoacetate 6750 Methanol

Formamidine Formamidine acetate Methyl alcohol

CH4N2 C3H8N2O2 CH4O

463-52-5 3473-63-0 67-56-1

C21H26BrNO3

6751 Methantheline bromide 6752 Methapyrilene 6753 Metharbital

6754 Methazolamide 6755 Methazole 6756 Methenamine allyl iodide

5,5-Diethyl-1-methyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione

Allylhexamethylenetetramine iodide

i EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O; s chl

153 100

C21H26N2OS2 C21H26O2

6724 Mesoridazine 6725 Mestranol

18

1.444020

s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s diox, eth, EtOH, chl sl EtOH; s bz, eth

290

sub 115

i H2O, ace; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH; s bz, eth; sl ace s H2O

1.015320

1.431420

vs H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth

1.3120 212

col gas

166 -182.47

160.5 98 20

col gas

-123

44.056 104.108 32.042

pr

81 161.5 -97.53

53-46-3

420.340

cry (i-PrOH) 174.5

C14H19N3S C9H14N2O3

91-80-5 50-11-3

261.386 198.218

nd

150.5

C5H8N4O3S2 C9H6Cl2N2O3 C9H17IN4

554-57-4 20354-26-1 36895-62-2

236.273 261.061 308.162

cry (w)

213 dec 123 148 dec

liq

vs H2O, EtOH, chl

-161.48

0.4228-162

16710 162; 5511

1.481218 1.480518

123.5 5.9

0.866520

dec 64.6

0.791420

1743

cry

1.431718 1.457320

1.328820

sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, bz, tol, MeOH s H2O, EtOH i H2O; s HNO3 s H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz; s chl s H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth

1.591520 s H2O; sl chl

1.2425 vs H2O; i chl, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-327

OH

HS

OH

4-Mercaptophenol

HS

3-Mercapto-1,2-propanediol

O Hg2

O

OH

SH

O

O

HS

OH NH2

OH

3-Mercaptopropanoic acid

2

3-Mercapto-D-valine

Mercury(II) benzoate

O O Hg

O Hg

O

S P

O S

O Mercury(II) oleate

Mercury(II) phenyl acetate

O S

Merphos

Mesityl oxide

N HO O S

N

O O

H N

S

O Mestranol

H N

[2.2]Metacyclophane

OH O SO3Na

Metalaxyl

O

O

O

Metaxalone

HO OH O

N

OH

Cl

Methacrylic acid

O

HCl

O O P S NH2

OH O

O

Methacycline

N

Methacholine chloride

NH2 OH O

O O

Metaraminol

OH

Metaldehyde

O

OH

Metanil Yellow

OH N H

O

NH

N NH2

H

O O

O

Mesoridazine

N

O

O

Methadone hydrochloride

Methallenestril

HN

Methamidophos

Methamphetamine

OH H HCl

HN

O

Methamphetamine hydrochloride

O

H H

Methandrostenolone

As OH

H H

OH

Methane

Methanearsonic acid

H

SO3H SO3H H

O S OH O

Methanedisulfonic acid

O S Cl O

Methanesulfonic acid

Methanesulfonyl chloride

O H

O S F O

H

O

SH H2N

H

Methanesulfonyl fluoride

Methanethiol

H2N

NH

Methanimidamide

NH

H

S

Methapyrilene

N

O

Br

H

Methanimidamide, monoacetate

O

Methanol

Methantheline bromide

O NH

N

N

OH

OH

O N

O

H

N

Metharbital

O

O

N

N N N

S

S

NH2

O

O

N

N

O O Methazolamide

N

Cl Cl

Methazole

I N

N Methenamine allyl iodide

3-328

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C20H26O2

130-73-4

298.419

cry (dil HOAc)

950-37-8 2032-65-7

302.330 225.308

63-68-3

149.212

hex pl (dil al) 281 dec

C11H15NO5 C5H10N2O2S C19H34O3 C11H21N5OS C20H22N8O5 C11H18ClNO3

532-03-6 16752-77-5 40596-69-8 841-06-5 59-05-2 61-16-5

241.241 162.210 310.471 271.383 454.440 247.719

cry (bz)

C12H8O4

298-81-7

216.190

6768 Methoxyacetaldehyde

C3H6O2

10312-83-1

74.079

6769 Methoxyacetic acid 6770 Methoxyacetonitrile

C3H6O3 C3H5NO

625-45-6 1738-36-9

90.078 71.078

6771 Methoxyacetyl chloride

C3H5ClO2

38870-89-2

108.524

No. Name

Synonym

6757 Methestrol 6758 Methidathion 6759 Methiocarb 6760 L-Methionine

6761 6762 6763 6764 6765 6766

Methocarbamol Methomyl Methoprene Methoprotryne Methotrexate Methoxamine hydrochloride

6767 Methoxsalen

C6H11N2O4PS3 Phenol, 3,5-dimethyl-4C11H15NO2S (methylthio)-, methylcarbamate C5H11NO2S

Guaifenesin-1-carbamate

9-Methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g][1] benzopyran-7-one

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

145 39 120 s H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl HOAc s EtOH

93 78 1000.05

cry ye cry (w) cry

1.294624 0.92620

69 190 dec 214

sl H2O; s os

pr (dil al) nd 148 (peth) 92

1.00525

1.395020

203.5 119

1.176820 0.949220

1.416820 1.383120

112.5

1.187120

1.419920

6.2

224

1.092320

1.571510

hyg

6772 2-Methoxyaniline

o-Anisidine

C7H9NO

90-04-0

123.152

6773 3-Methoxyaniline

m-Anisidine

C7H9NO

536-90-3

123.152

liq

-1

251

1.09620

1.579420

6774 4-Methoxyaniline

p-Anisidine

C7H9NO

104-94-9

123.152

orth pl

57.2

243

1.07157

1.555960

6775 2-Methoxyaniline hydrochloride 6776 1-Methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

o-Anisidine hydrochloride

C7H10ClNO C15H10O3

134-29-2 82-39-3

159.613 238.238

nd

225 170.3

6777 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde

C8H8O2

135-02-4

136.149

6778 3-Methoxybenzaldehyde

C8H8O2

591-31-1

136.149

C8H8O2

123-11-5

136.149

6780 4-Methoxybenzamide 6781 4-Methoxybenzeneacetaldehyde 6782 2-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid

C8H9NO2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3

3424-93-9 5703-26-4 93-25-4

151.163 150.174 166.173

nd or tab (w) 166.5 nd (w)

6783 4-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid

C9H10O3

104-01-8

166.173

104-47-2 102-51-2 615-05-4

147.173 138.166 138.166

5307-02-8 934-00-9 55-81-2 702-23-8 6850-57-3 2393-23-9

138.166 140.137 151.205 152.190 137.179 137.179

C8H10O2

612-16-8

138.164

C8H10O2 C8H10O2

6971-51-3 105-13-5

138.164 138.164

nd

C7H7ClO3S

98-68-0

206.647

nd or pr (bz) 42.5

C7H8OS C7H8OS

15570-12-4 696-63-9

140.203 140.203

6779 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde

6784 4-Methoxybenzeneacetonitrile 6785 4-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediamine 6786 4-Methoxy-1,3-benzenediamine 6787 6788 6789 6790 6791 6792

2-Methoxy-1,4-benzenediamine 3-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediol 4-Methoxybenzeneethanamine 4-Methoxybenzeneethanol 2-Methoxybenzenemethanamine 4-Methoxybenzenemethanamine

p-Anisaldehyde

C9H9NO 4-Methoxy-o-phenylenediamine C7H10N2O 4-Methoxy-mC7H10N2O phenylenediamine 2,5-Diaminoanisole C7H10N2O C7H8O3 C9H13NO C9H12O2 C8H11NO C8H11NO

6793 2-Methoxybenzenemethanol 6794 3-Methoxybenzenemethanol 6795 4-Methoxybenzenemethanol 6796 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride 6797 3-Methoxybenzenethiol 6798 4-Methoxybenzenethiol

Anise alcohol

pr

37.5

20

243.5

1.1326

231

1.118720

1.553020

248; 13412

1.11915

1.573020

1.09620

1.535920

124

295 255.5 1002

pl (w)

87

1382

grn pl nd (eth)

51 67.5

cry nd

107 42.8

0

29

30 25

286.5 20021, 16811

1.084520

1.5600

20

1.530920

16348, 12910 13920 335 228 236.5

1.05125 1.05015

1.547520 1.546220

249

1.038625

1.545520

252 259.1

1.11225 1.10926

1.544020 1.542025

1.131325

1.587420 1.580125

sl EtOH; vs bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc; vs eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, chl; s bz vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz; sl chl, lig s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth s EtOH, eth; sl DMSO s chl

1.537920

1030.25 224.5; 11420 228

vs H2O; i eth, bz, chl sl H2O, eth, ace, peth; vs EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, alk, acid s eth, ace, ctc; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth

sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, bz s chl s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-329

OH

S P O S O

N N O

OH

OH

O S

O

S

O

S

Methestrol

H N

O

O

NH2

Methidathion

Methiocarb

Methocarbamol

O O

N

O

O NH2

H2N

O

N

N H

Methoprotryne

OH O

OH

N H

N N

Methoprene

O N

S

O

Methomyl

N

N

O

S

OH HCl

O

N

NH2

N

O

O

O Methotrexate

O

O

O

O

Methoxamine hydrochloride

Methoxsalen

O

O

Methoxyacetaldehyde

O

O

N

O

NH2

NH2

NH2

O

O Cl

2-Methoxyaniline

3-Methoxyaniline

O

4-Methoxyaniline

2-Methoxyaniline hydrochloride

1-Methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

NH2

O

O

O

HCl O

O

O

Methoxyacetyl chloride

OH

Methoxyacetic acid

NH2

Methoxyacetonitrile

NH2 O

O

L-Methionine

HN

N H

O

OH

O

O

OH

O

O

2-Methoxybenzaldehyde

3-Methoxybenzaldehyde

O

O

O

4-Methoxybenzaldehyde

O

O

4-Methoxybenzamide

4-Methoxybenzeneacetaldehyde

NH2

O

2-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid

NH2

NH2

O

NH2 OH NH2

N

O

O

O

O

4-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid

4-Methoxybenzeneacetonitrile

NH2

O

4-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediamine

4-Methoxy-1,3-benzenediamine

2-Methoxy-1,4-benzenediamine

NH2 NH2

OH

O 3-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediol

OH

NH2

OH O

O

O

4-Methoxybenzeneethanamine

4-Methoxybenzeneethanol

OH OH

O

OH

2-Methoxybenzenemethanamine

4-Methoxybenzenemethanamine

Cl O S O

SH SH

O O 2-Methoxybenzenemethanol

3-Methoxybenzenemethanol

O 4-Methoxybenzenemethanol

O 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride

O 3-Methoxybenzenethiol

O 4-Methoxybenzenethiol

3-330

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

6799 2-Methoxybenzoic acid

C8H8O3

579-75-9

152.148

pl (w)

101

200

6800 3-Methoxybenzoic acid

C8H8O3

586-38-9

152.148

nd (w)

107

17010

C8H8O3

100-09-4

152.148

185

276.5

6802 2-Methoxybenzonitrile 6803 3-Methoxybenzonitrile 6804 4-Methoxybenzonitrile

C8H7NO C8H7NO C8H7NO

6609-56-9 1527-89-5 874-90-8

133.148 133.148 133.148

24.5 nd (w) lf (al) 61.5

255.5 14034, 11113 256.5

6805 7-Methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2one

C10H8O3

531-59-9

176.169

lf (w, MeOH) 118.3

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, con sulf, alk

6806 6-Methoxy-2-benzothiazolamine 6807 2-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)benzoic acid o-(p-Anisoyl)benzoic acid

C8H8N2OS C15H12O4

1747-60-0 1151-15-1

180.227 256.254

166 lf (w), cry (al, 146 to)

vs eth, EtOH, tol

6808 2-Methoxybenzoyl chloride 6809 4-Methoxybenzoyl chloride

C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2

21615-34-9 100-07-2

170.594 170.594

nd

24.5

254 262.5

1.26120

1.58020

6810 4-Methoxybenzyl acetate 6811 2-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

C10H12O3 C13H12O

104-21-2 86-26-0

180.200 184.233

pr (peth)

84 29

270; 15023 274

1.10525 1.023399

1.564199

6812 4-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

C13H12O

613-37-6

184.233

pl (al)

90

15710

1.0278100 1.5744100

6813 1-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene 6814 2-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene

C5H8O C5H8O

3036-66-6 3588-30-5

84.117 84.117

91.5 75

0.829620 0.827220

1.459420 1.444220

6815 3-Methoxy-1-butanol

C5H12O2

2517-43-3

104.148

157

0.92323

1.414825

6816 1-Methoxy-1-buten-3-yne 6817 Methoxychlor

C5H6O C16H15Cl3O2

2798-73-4 72-43-5

82.101 345.648

dec 123; 3923 0.90620 1.4125

1.481820

cry (dil al)

6818 Methoxycyclohexane 6819 1-Methoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzene

C7H14O C7H6N2O5

931-56-6 119-27-7

114.185 198.133

liq -74.4 nd (al or w) 94.5

C7H6N2O5

5327-44-6

198.133

nd (al)

105.3

C15H14O2 C3H8O2

3524-62-7 109-86-4

226.271 76.095

nd (lig) liq

49.5 -85.1

C5H10O2 C7H16O4

1663-35-0 112-35-6

102.132 164.200

C5H10O3

110-49-6

118.131

C6H10O3 C3H9NO

3121-61-7 109-85-3

130.141 75.109

Dictamnine

C5H10HgO3 C8H11NO C5H6O2 C12H9NO2

151-38-2 114-91-0 25414-22-6 484-29-7

318.72 137.179 98.101 199.205

Ibogaine 5-Methoxytryptamine

C20H26N2O C11H14N2O

83-74-9 608-07-1

Melatonin

C13H16N2O2

1-Methoxy-2-propanamine 4,4’-Dimethoxydiphenylamine N-Methoxymethanamine 5-Methyl-o-anisidine

No. Name

6801 4-Methoxybenzoic acid

6820 1-Methoxy-3,5-dinitrobenzene 6821 2-Methoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone 6822 2-Methoxyethanol

6823 (2-Methoxyethoxy)ethene 6824 2-[2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethoxy] ethanol 6825 2-Methoxyethyl acetate 6826 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate 6827 2-Methoxyethylamine 6828 6829 6830 6831

Methoxyethylmercuric acetate 2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine 2-Methoxyfuran 4-Methoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline

6832 12-Methoxyibogamine 6833 5-Methoxy-1H-indole-3ethanamine 6834 N-[2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl) ethyl]acetamide 6835 3-Methoxyisopropylamine 6836 4-Methoxy-N-(4-methoxyphenyl) aniline 6837 N-Methoxymethylamine 6838 2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline

6839 4-Methoxy-2-methylaniline 6840 4-Methoxy-αmethylbenzenemethanol

Synonym

p-Anisic acid

p-Anisoyl chloride

3,5-Dinitroanisole

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether

Triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 2-Methoxyethyl 2-propenoate 1-Amino-2-methoxyethane

Metyridine

87

133 20612

den/ g cm-3

1.106320 1.08925

nD

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s bz, ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH, eth; s chl s EtOH; vs eth 1.540220

0.875620 1.435520 1.3364131 1.54615

1.55812 18815 124.1

Solubility

1.127814 0.964720

1.402420

143

1.007419

1.400220

6716, 5612 95

1.01220

203; 9617 110.5

0.98820 1.064625

s eth, ace; vs bz; sl ctc s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, peth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, ace; s eth; sl chl i H2O; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, bz vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs py vs ace, bz, MeOH vs bz, eth, EtOH msc H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH; s ace; sl chl

107 246 liq

nd (peth)

-70

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH; sl chl

42

pr (al)

133.5

310.432 190.241

cry (al)

148 121.5

73-31-4

232.278

pa ye lf (bz) 117

C4H11NO C14H15NO2

37143-54-7 101-70-2

89.136 229.275

lf (EtOH)

C2H7NO C8H11NO

1117-97-1 120-71-8

61.083 137.179

liq

C8H11NO C9H12O2

102-50-1 3319-15-1

137.179 152.190

cry (lig)

1.497520 1.446825

vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, AcOEt s chl

97

1.403125

103

53

29.5

42.4 235

248.5 1.06525 dec 310; 14017 1.079420

1.564720 1.531025

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, peth vs EtOH s ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-331

O

O

OH

N

OH

O

N

N

OH

O

O O

O 2-Methoxybenzoic acid

3-Methoxybenzoic acid

O

O

4-Methoxybenzoic acid

2-Methoxybenzonitrile

3-Methoxybenzonitrile

4-Methoxybenzonitrile

O HO

O

N

O

NH2 O

O

S

O

O

7-Methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

Cl

Cl

O

O

O

O

6-Methoxy-2-benzothiazolamine

2-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)benzoic acid

2-Methoxybenzoyl chloride

4-Methoxybenzoyl chloride

O O O

O

O O

O 4-Methoxybenzyl acetate

2-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

Cl

O

4-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

Cl

OH

1-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene

2-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene

O N

O Cl O

3-Methoxy-1-butanol

O O O

O O

O

O

1-Methoxy-1-buten-3-yne

N

Methoxychlor

Methoxycyclohexane

O

1-Methoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzene

N O

N O

O

1-Methoxy-3,5-dinitrobenzene

O O O

O 2-Methoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone

O

OH

2-Methoxyethanol

O

HO

O

(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethene

O

O

2-[2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol

O

O

2-Methoxyethyl acetate

O O

O O

O

O

2-Methoxyethyl acrylate

NH2

O

2-Methoxyethylamine

O

N

Methoxyethylmercuric acetate

O

12-Methoxyibogamine

2-Methoxyfuran

N H

5-Methoxy-1H-indole-3-ethanamine

N

O

4-Methoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline

H N

O

N H

H

O

O

O

2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine

NH2

O

N N H

Hg

O

N-[2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide

NH2 O 3-Methoxyisopropylamine

NH2 H N O

NH2

O

4-Methoxy-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline

N H

O

N-Methoxymethylamine

O

OH O

2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline

4-Methoxy-2-methylaniline

O 4-Methoxy-α-methylbenzenemethanol

3-332

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

6841 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane

Methyl tert-pentyl ether

C6H14O

994-05-8

6842 2-(Methoxymethyl)furan

C6H8O2

6843 2-(Methoxymethyl)-5-nitrofuran 6844 (Methoxymethyl)oxirane

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

102.174

86.1

0.766025

1.386225

13679-46-4

112.127

132

1.016320

1.457020

C6H7NO4 C4H8O2

586-84-5 930-37-0

157.125 88.106

1043 113

1.28120 0.989020

1.532520 1.432020

C8H10O4

90-65-3

170.163

sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl peth

6846 4-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone Pentoxone 6847 2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol Creosol 6848 1-Methoxynaphthalene

C7H14O2 C8H10O2 C11H10O

107-70-0 93-51-6 2216-69-5

130.185 138.164 158.196

0.898025 1.09820 1.096314

1.41820 1.535325 1.694025

6849 2-Methoxynaphthalene

C11H10O

93-04-9

158.196

6850 6851 6852 6853

C11H8O3 C11H10O2 C7H8N2O3 C7H8N2O3

2348-82-5 84-85-5 97-52-9 99-59-2

188.180 174.196 168.150 168.150

C7H8N2O3

96-96-8

168.150

C7H8O2

90-05-1

124.138

6856 3-Methoxyphenol

C7H8O2

150-19-6

124.138

6857 4-Methoxyphenol

C7H8O2

150-76-5

124.138

6845 3-Methoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,5hexadienoic acid

2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthalenedione 4-Methoxy-1-naphthol 2-Methoxy-4-nitroaniline 2-Methoxy-5-nitroaniline

Penicillic acid

5-Nitro-o-anisidine

6854 4-Methoxy-2-nitroaniline 6855 2-Methoxyphenol

Guaiacol

Physical Form

mp/˚C

orth or hex pl 83 (+ 1w)

pr

5.5 <-10

160 221 269

lf (eth), pl (peth)

73.5

274

183.0 129.8 141.0 118

dk red pr (w 129 or al) hex pr 32

1.206815

205

1.128721

1.542920

<-17

1145

1.13125

1.551020

pl

57

243

cry (al)

57.5 89

6858 2-Methoxyphenol benzoate 6859 2-Methoxyphenol carbonate (2:1)

Guaiacol benzoate Guaiacol carbonate

C14H12O3 C15H14O5

531-37-3 553-17-3

228.243 274.269

6860 2-Methoxyphenol phosphate (3:1) 6861 5-[(2-Methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-2oxazolidinone 6862 3-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)-1,2propanediol 6863 N-(2-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide

Guaiacol phosphate Mephenoxalone

C21H21O7P C11H13NO4

563-03-1 70-07-5

416.362 223.226

91 144

Guaifenesin

C10H14O4

93-14-1

198.216

o-Acetanisidine

C9H11NO2

93-26-5

165.189

orth pr (eth, 78.5 eth-peth) nd (w) 87.5

6864 N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide

m-Acetanisidine

C9H11NO2

588-16-9

165.189

nd or pl (w) 81

6865 N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide

p-Acetanisidine

C9H11NO2

51-66-1

165.189

pl (w)

6866 2-Methoxyphenyl acetate

2-Acetoxyanisole

C9H10O3

613-70-7

166.173

6867 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2one

C11H12O2

943-88-4

176.212

6868 2-Methoxy-1-phenylethanone

C9H10O2

4079-52-1

150.174

6869 1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)ethanone

C9H10O2

586-37-8

150.174

6870 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-indene- Anisindione 1,3(2H)-dione 6871 4-Methoxyphenyl isocyanate 6872 2-Methoxyphenyl isothiocyanate 1-Isothiocyanato-2methoxybenzene 6873 N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3oxobutanamide 6874 2-Methoxyphenyl pentanoate Guaiacol valerate 6875 (4-Methoxyphenyl)phenyldiazene

C16H12O3

117-37-3

252.264

C8H7NO2 C8H7NOS

5416-93-3 3288-04-8

149.148 165.213

C11H13NO3

5437-98-9

207.226

C12H16O3 C13H12N2O

531-39-5 2396-60-3

208.253 212.246

C13H14N2O

101-64-4

214.262

oran-red pl, 56 lf (al, peth) nd 102

C13H15ClN2O

3566-44-7

250.723

cry

245 dec

C14H12O2

611-94-9

212.244

pr (eth)

61.5

355; 16812

C16H14O2

959-33-1

238.281

ye nd (al)

79

18719

6876 N-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-pN-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1,4phenylenediamine benzenediamine 6877 N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-pphenylenediamine hydrochloride 6878 (4-Methoxyphenyl) phenylmethanone 6879 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-2propen-1-one

2773

21519, 1270.2 304

131 31.5

12313

lf (al, eth, HOAc)

74.0

187.519

ye liq

8 95.5

pa ye cry (HOAc, al)

1.128525

1.510125

245; 12519

1.089720

1.539320

240

1.034319

1.541020

11010 264; 13111

1.187820

1.645820

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs CS2 vs bz, eth, chl

s DMSO s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace, bz; sl lig vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, bz, ctc; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs chl vs ace, tol, chl

s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH; i peth vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace vs ace, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, HOAc, sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH, ace, ctc

156.5

117.3 265 340 23812

1.0525 1.1275

s EtOH, chl; sl eth vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O, peth; vs bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, chl, HOAc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-333 O O

O

O

O 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane

2-(Methoxymethyl)furan

N O

O

O

OH

O

2-(Methoxymethyl)-5-nitrofuran

O

(Methoxymethyl)oxirane

3-Methoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,5-hexadienoic acid

OH

O

OH O O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O 4-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone

2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol

NH2

O O

O

O

2-Methoxy-4-nitroaniline

2-Methoxynaphthalene

NH2 O N

NH2

O

N

1-Methoxynaphthalene

2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

4-Methoxy-1-naphthol

OH O

OH

OH O

N O

O

2-Methoxy-5-nitroaniline

O

O

4-Methoxy-2-nitroaniline

2-Methoxyphenol

3-Methoxyphenol

4-Methoxyphenol

O

O

O O

O O P O O

O O

O

O

O

NH O

O

O

O

2-Methoxyphenol benzoate

O

O

2-Methoxyphenol carbonate (2:1)

2-Methoxyphenol phosphate (3:1)

OH

O

O 3-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)-1,2-propanediol

O O

N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide

O

O

O

N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide

O

O

2-Methoxyphenyl acetate

N

O

C

O

O O

O O

O 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one

N

2-Methoxy-1-phenylethanone

C

O

O

1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)ethanone

2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

4-Methoxyphenyl isocyanate

S H N

O 2-Methoxyphenyl isothiocyanate

O O O

O

O

H N NH2

N-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-p-phenylenediamine

O

N N

O

N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide

H N O

O

H N

O

N-(2-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide

O

5-[(2-Methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-2-oxazolidinone

H N

H N

OH

O

2-Methoxyphenyl pentanoate

NH2

N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-p-phenylenediamine hydrochloride

(4-Methoxyphenyl)phenyldiazene

O

HCl O

(4-Methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

O

O

O 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one

3-334

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

6880 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1propanone 6881 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2propanone 6882 trans-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid

Ethyl 4-methoxyphenyl ketone

C10H12O2

121-97-1

Anisyl methyl ketone

C10H12O2

trans-4-Methoxycinnamic acid

6883 trans-1-Methoxy-4-(2phenylvinyl)benzene

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

164.201

25.5

266

1.079816

122-84-9

164.201

<-15

268

1.069417

C10H10O3

943-89-5

178.184

173.5

C15H14O

1694-19-5

210.271

136.5

C4H6O C4H11NO

13169-00-1 5332-73-0

70.090 89.136

oil

hyg liq

163 130 116 38 44

0.937920 0.93820 0.95725 0.737220 0.7711

1.404320 1.407020 1.397020

235; 812.3

0.988220

1.561520

215.5 13413

0.96525 1.083720

1.519520 1.572620

14113

1.085220

1.578420

150.217

211.5

0.947220

1.504520

2785-87-7 627-41-8 484-20-8

166.217 70.090 216.190

12110 63

0.8312

1.503520

C6H8N2O C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C10H9NO

6628-77-9 1628-89-3 7295-76-3 620-08-6 5263-87-6

124.140 109.126 109.126 109.126 159.184

1.045720 1.083

1.574520 1.504220 1.518020

106.120

Methoxyacetone

C4H7NO C4H10O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O C4H8O

110-67-8 1589-47-5 5878-19-3 116-11-0 627-40-7

85.105 90.121 88.106 72.106 72.106

Anethole

C10H12O

4180-23-8

148.201

6893 1-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzene Estragole 6894 cis-2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl) phenol 6895 trans-2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl) phenol 6896 1-Methoxy-4-propylbenzene

C10H12O C10H12O2

140-67-0 5912-86-7

148.201 164.201

C10H12O2

5932-68-3

164.201

C10H14O

104-45-0

6897 2-Methoxy-4-propylphenol 6898 3-Methoxy-1-propyne 6899 5-Methoxypsoralen

C10H14O2 C4H6O C12H8O4

6-Methoxy-3-pyridinamine 2-Methoxypyridine 3-Methoxypyridine 4-Methoxypyridine 6-Methoxyquinoline

142.515

1.44225

623-39-2

col oily liq

22.5

33.5

nd (EtOH)

liq hyg lf

1.377820

188 30

26.5

6905 6-Methoxy-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid

Quininic acid

C11H9NO3

86-68-0

203.194

pa ye pr (dil 285 dec al)

6906 2-Methoxy-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

Methyl picrate

C7H5N3O7

606-35-9

243.131

nd (dil MeOH)

6907 (2-Methoxyvinyl)benzene 6908 Methscopolamine bromide 6909 Methyl abietate

Scopolamine methobromide

C9H10O C18H24BrNO4 C21H32O2

4747-15-3 155-41-9 127-25-3

134.174 398.293 316.478

6910 N-Methylacetamide

C3H7NO

79-16-3

73.094

6911 4-Methylacetanilide

C9H11NO

103-89-9

149.189

6912 Methyl acetate

C3H6O2

79-20-9

74.079

12510, 871 142.5 178.5; 6515 192; 9545 306; 15312

1.494780 211.5

0.989423

1.562024

22516

1.04920

1.5344

205

0.937125

1.430120

307

1.212015

56.87

0.934220

1.361420

27.5

171.7

1.0762

20

20

1.005120

1.533520

cry (EtOH) 215 dec pa ye lf (liq) 28 mcl cry or nd 152 (dil al) liq -98.25

6913 Methyl acetoacetate

C5H8O3

105-45-3

116.116

6914 4-Methylacetophenone

C9H10O

122-00-9

134.174

nd

28

226; 93.57

1.4184

6915 Methyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate

Methyl o-acetylsalicylate

C10H10O4

580-02-9

194.184

pl (peth)

51.5

1359

6916 Methyl acrylate

Methyl propenoate

C4H6O2

96-33-3

86.090

liq

<-75

80.7

0.953520

1.404020

6917 2-Methylacrylonitrile

2-Methylpropenenitrile

C4H5N

126-98-7

67.090

liq

-35.8

90.3

0.800120

1.400320

6918 2-Methylalanine

α-Aminoisobutyric acid

C4H9NO2

62-57-7

103.120

mcl pr

335

sub 280

6919 5-Methyl-3-allyl-2,4oxazolidinedione

Aloxidone

C7H9NO3

526-35-2

155.151

13835, 860.5

s H2O, ace, bz, ctc, chl, MeOH vs H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth s EtOH, eth, chl

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs bz vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; vs eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl

msc H2O s EtOH, eth, chl, dil HCl sl H2O, eth, bz, tfa; i chl; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, chl, bz; s eth

1.15220

sub

69

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, bz, DMSO; s ctc, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth

1.11420

C4H10O3

6900 6901 6902 6903 6904

1.525320

220

Glycerol 3-methyl ether

Bergaptene

s ctc

1.439120

6886 3-Methoxy-1,2-propanediol

6892 trans-1-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl) benzene

Solubility

0.872720

Methoxyallene

3-Methoxypropanenitrile 2-Methoxy-1-propanol 1-Methoxy-2-propanone 2-Methoxy-1-propene 3-Methoxy-1-propene

nD

51.5 117.5

6884 1-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene 6885 3-Methoxy-1-propanamine

6887 6888 6889 6890 6891

Physical Form

1.468825

s H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth, ace, tol vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-335 O

O

OH O

O

O 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone

trans-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid

O

O

C

O

O

1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone

O

H2C 1-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene

NH2

O

OH

OH

3-Methoxy-1,2-propanediol

3-Methoxypropanenitrile

2-Methoxy-1-propanol

O O

O 1-Methoxy-2-propanone

2-Methoxy-1-propene

HO

O

O

3-Methoxy-1-propene

trans-1-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene

HO O

cis-2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenol

1-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzene

HO

O

O

O

trans-2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenol

1-Methoxy-4-propylbenzene

O

2-Methoxy-4-propylphenol

O

3-Methoxy-1-propyne

O NH2

O

O

N

OH

3-Methoxy-1-propanamine

O

trans-1-Methoxy-4-(2-phenylvinyl)benzene

O

O

O

5-Methoxypsoralen

O N

N

6-Methoxy-3-pyridinamine

O

O N

N

2-Methoxypyridine

3-Methoxypyridine

N

4-Methoxypyridine

6-Methoxyquinoline

N O HO

O O N

6-Methoxy-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid

O

O

OH

N O

N O

O (2-Methoxyvinyl)benzene

Methscopolamine bromide

O O O

N-Methylacetamide

O

O

O

H N N H

Methyl abietate

O

2-Methoxy-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

O

O

Br

O

O

H

N

O

O O

4-Methylacetanilide

O O

Methyl acetate

Methyl acetoacetate

4-Methylacetophenone

O O

NH2 OH

O O

Methyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate

O Methyl acrylate

N 2-Methylacrylonitrile

O 2-Methylalanine

O

N O

O

5-Methyl-3-allyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione

3-336

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

6920 Methylamine

Methanamine

CH5N

74-89-5

31.058

col gas

-93.5

-6.32

6921 Methylamine hydrochloride

Methanamine hydrochloride

CH6ClN

593-51-1

67.519

227.5

22715

C15H11NO2

82-38-2

237.254

hyg tetr tab (al) ye-red nd

C8H9NO2

134-20-3

151.163

24.5

256

1.168210

6924 Methyl 3-aminobenzoate

C8H9NO2

4518-10-9

151.163

39

15211

1.23220

6925 Methyl 4-aminobenzoate

C8H9NO2

619-45-4

151.163

6926 2-(Methylamino)benzoic acid

C8H9NO2

119-68-6

151.163

lf or nd (aq 113.0 MeOH) pl (al or lig) 180.5

6927 3-(Methylamino)benzoic acid

C8H9NO2

51524-84-6

151.163

pl (peth)

6928 4-(Methylamino)benzoic acid

C8H9NO2

10541-83-0

151.163

nd (bz, w, dil 168 al)

6929 Methyl 3-amino-2-butenoate 6930 N-[(Methylamino)carbonyl] acetamide 6931 2-(Methylamino)-2-deoxy- α-Lglucopyranose 6932 2-(Methylamino)ethanesulfonic acid 6933 4-[2-(Methylamino)ethyl]-1,2benzenediol 6934 Methyl 3-amino-4hydroxybenzoate 6935 4-(Methylamino)phenol sulfate 6936 3-(Methylamino)propanenitrile

C5H9NO2 C4H8N2O2

14205-39-1 623-59-6

115.131 116.119

N-Methyl-α-L-glucosamine

C7H15NO5

42852-95-9

193.198

tcl (w, al), pr 180.5 (w) glass

N-Methyltaurine

C3H9NO3S

107-68-6

139.173

241.5

Deoxyepinephrine

C9H13NO2

501-15-5

167.205

188.5

Orthocaine

C8H9NO3

536-25-4

167.162

C14H20N2O6S C4H8N2

1936-57-8 693-05-0

344.383 84.120

C10H15NO C7H9N

370-14-9 95-53-4

165.232 107.153

cry (MeOH) liq

6922 1-(Methylamino)-9,10anthracenedione 6923 Methyl 2-aminobenzoate

Methyl anthranilate

6937 4-[2-(Methylamino)propyl]phenol Pholedrine o-Toluidine 6938 2-Methylaniline

nd (bz or HOAc) cry

den/ g cm-3

nD

0.65625 (p>1 atm)

171.0 1.5810

800.01

127

dec

vs H2O; i EtOH, eth

143 260 dec 10249, 7416

0.899220

1.432020

161 -14.41

200.3

0.998420

1.572520

m-Toluidine

C7H9N

108-44-1

107.153

liq

-31.3

203.3

0.988920

1.568120

6940 4-Methylaniline

p-Toluidine

C7H9N

106-49-0

107.153

lf (w+1)

43.6

200.4

0.961920

1.553445

C7H9N

100-61-8

107.153

liq

-57

196.2

0.989120

1.568420

C7H10ClN C7H10ClN

636-21-5 540-23-8

143.614 143.614

258

1.193018

6944 2-Methylanisole

C8H10O

578-58-5

122.164

mcl pr (w) 215 mcl nd (eth- 244.5 HOAc) liq -34.1

171

0.98525

1.516120

6945 3-Methylanisole

C8H10O

100-84-5

122.164

liq

-47

175.5

0.96925

1.513020

6946 4-Methylanisole

C8H10O

104-93-8

122.164

liq

-32

175.5

0.96925

1.511220

6947 1-Methylanthracene

C15H12

610-48-0

192.256

85.5

199.5

1.047199

1.680299

6948 2-Methylanthracene

C15H12

613-12-7

192.256

bl nd (MeOH) lf (al) grn bl flr lf (sub)

209

sub

1.800

6949 9-Methylanthracene

C15H12

779-02-2

192.256

19612

1.06599

1.695999

C15H10O2

84-54-8

222.239

CH5As

593-52-2

Pseudopelletierine

C9H15NO

1.4760100

Tropane

6942 2-Methylaniline, hydrochloride 6943 4-Methylaniline, hydrochloride

6950 2-Methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

o-Toluidine, hydrochloride

2-Methylanthraquinone

6951 Methylarsine 6952 9-Methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1] nonan-3-one 6953 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1] octane 6954 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1] octan-3-one 6955 Methyl azide 6956 Methylazoxymethanol acetate

vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth s H2O, EtOH; i chl, ace s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s lig; sl peth s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl s H2O, bz, AcOEt; vs EtOH, eth; sl tfa s chl s H2O, chl; sl EtOH, eth s MeOH

6939 3-Methylaniline

6941 N-Methylaniline

Solubility

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, alk; sl bz sl EtOH; i eth s H2O, ace, bz, chl, MeOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, py; s eth, ace, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, sulf i H2O, ace; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, CS2 s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs bz, EtOH, HOAc vs ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

91.973

ye nd (dil al) 81.5 pr (bz, al) ye nd (al, 177 HOAc) col gas -143

2

552-70-5

153.221

orth pr (peth) 54

246

1.001100

C8H15N

529-17-9

125.212

166

0.925115

C8H13NO

532-24-1

139.195

227; 11325

CH3N3 C4H8N2O3

624-90-8 592-62-1

57.055 132.118

1.9872100 1.4598100 s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl chl 0.86915

43

sub

exp 20.5 191; 490.45

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-337 O

O HN O H H

H NH2

H

Methylamine hydrochloride

1-(Methylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione

O O

NH2

O

H

Methylamine

O

OH

Methyl 2-aminobenzoate

Methyl 4-aminobenzoate

O

NH2 O N H

HO

NH2

Methyl 3-aminobenzoate

OH

OH H N

2-(Methylamino)benzoic acid

O

O

NH2

NH2 HCl

H

O

O

HN

3-(Methylamino)benzoic acid

O

4-(Methylamino)benzoic acid

O N H

Methyl 3-amino-2-butenoate

N H

N-[(Methylamino)carbonyl]acetamide

O

H N

O OH CH2OH MeHN

H N

O S OH O

OH 2-(Methylamino)-2-deoxy-α-L-glucopyranose

O HO

HO

NH2

OH

2-(Methylamino)ethanesulfonic acid

4-[2-(Methylamino)ethyl]-1,2-benzenediol

Methyl 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate

OH NH2

H2SO4

H N

H N

NH

NH2

2-Methylaniline

3-Methylaniline

HO

N

2

4-(Methylamino)phenol sulfate

NH2

3-(Methylamino)propanenitrile

4-[2-(Methylamino)propyl]phenol

NH2

O

NH2

NH

4-Methylaniline

O

O HCl HCl

N-Methylaniline

2-Methylaniline, hydrochloride

4-Methylaniline, hydrochloride

2-Methylanisole

3-Methylanisole

4-Methylanisole

O H As H

O 1-Methylanthracene

2-Methylanthracene

N

9-Methylanthracene

2-Methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

Methylarsine

N N O N

O O 9-Methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one

O 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane

8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one

N N N Methyl azide

O

N

Methylazoxymethanol acetate

3-338

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

6957 2-Methylbenzaldehyde

o-Tolualdehyde

C8H8O

529-20-4

6958 3-Methylbenzaldehyde

m-Tolualdehyde

C8H8O

6959 4-Methylbenzaldehyde

p-Tolualdehyde

6960 2-Methylbenzamide 6961 4-Methylbenzamide

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

120.149

200; 9410

1.032820

1.546220

620-23-5

120.149

199

1.018921

1.541321

C8H8O

104-87-0

120.149

204; 10610

1.019417

1.545420

o-Toluamide

C8H9NO

527-85-5

135.163

147

p-Toluamide

C8H9NO

619-55-6

135.163

162.5

6962 N-Methylbenzamide 6963 7-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

C8H9NO C19H14

613-93-4 2541-69-7

135.163 242.314

6964 8-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

C19H14

2381-31-9

242.314

6965 9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

C19H14

2381-16-0

242.314

6966 10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

C19H14

2381-15-9

242.314

6967 12-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

C19H14

2422-79-9

242.314

6968 2-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde

C9H10O

10166-08-2

134.174

6969 4-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde

C9H10O

104-09-6

134.174

α-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde 2-Methylbenzeneacetic acid 3-Methylbenzeneacetic acid 4-Methylbenzeneacetic acid

C9H10O C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2

93-53-8 644-36-0 621-36-3 622-47-9

134.174 150.174 150.174 150.174

C9H10O2 C9H9N

2328-24-7 2947-61-7

150.174 131.174

nd (w) 89 nd (w) 62 nd or pl (al, 93 w) <-20 18

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs chl sl H2O, eth, tfa, bz; vs EtOH sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s tfa s EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, xyl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl, CS2, xyl i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, CS2, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH s H2O, chl s H2O, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH

C9H9N C7H10N2 C7H10N2 C7H10N2 C7H10N2

1823-91-2 2687-25-4 496-72-0 823-40-5 95-70-5

131.174 122.167 122.167 122.167 122.167

pl (lig) pr (bz, w) pl (bz)

63.5 89.5 106 64

6981 3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol

C7H8O2

488-17-5

124.138

lf (bz)

68

248

6982 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol

C7H8O2

452-86-8

124.138

lf (bz-lig), pr 65 (bz)

258

6983 2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol

C7H8O2

608-25-3

124.138

pr (bz)

120

265

6984 4-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol

C7H8O2

496-73-1

124.138

cry (bz-peth) 105

270

C7H8O2

504-15-4

124.138

pr(w+1), lf(chl)

107

287

C7H8O2

95-71-6

124.138

125

283; 16311

496-74-2 582-22-9 589-08-2 19819-98-8 699-02-5 89-93-0 100-81-2 104-84-7 103-67-3 98-85-1

156.269 135.206 135.206 136.190 136.190 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 122.164

29

1-Phenylethanol

C7H8S2 C9H13N C9H13N C9H12O C9H12O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H10O

o-Tolyl alcohol

C8H10O

89-95-2

122.164

6970 6971 6972 6973

6974 α-Methylbenzeneacetic acid, (±) 6975 4-Methylbenzeneacetonitrile 6976 6977 6978 6979 6980

α-Methylbenzeneacetonitrile 3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamine 2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediamine

6985 5-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol

Toluene-2,3-diamine Toluene-3,4-diamine Toluene-2,6-diamine Toluene-2,5-diamine

Orcinol

6986 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediol

6987 6988 6989 6990 6991 6992 6993 6994 6995 6996

4-Methyl-1,2-benzenedithiol β-Methylbenzeneethanamine N-Methylbenzeneethanamine 2-Methylbenzeneethanol 4-Methylbenzeneethanol 2-Methylbenzenemethanamine 3-Methylbenzenemethanamine 4-Methylbenzenemethanamine N-Methylbenzenemethanamine α-Methylbenzenemethanol

6997 2-Methylbenzenemethanol

Toluene-3,4-dithiol

Physical Form

ye pl (al)

mp/˚C

82 141

pl (bz-al), nd 156.5 (bz-lig) nd (al) 152.5

291; 16712

2723, 1600.1

1.23100

221; 9210

1.024110

221.5

1.005220

1.525520

203.5

1.008920

1.517620

263 242.5

1.10 0.99225

1.523720 1.519020

231 255 265

0.985420

1.509525

1.128774

1.542574

184 pl (al)

150.5

40

12126 265

273.5

1.2904

20

210 206 243.5 244.5; 946 206; 8115 203.5 195 180.5 205

0.94334 0.9325 1.01625 1.002820 0.976619 0.96625 0.95220 0.944218 1.01325

nd (peth-eth) 38

224; 11820

1.02340

1.0 liq

-30 12.5

1.525520 1.516220 1.535520 1.526720 1.543619 1.536020 1.534020 1.526520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc vs eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, EtOH vs H2O; s lig s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl lig vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, peth s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig, peth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; sl bz, lig s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH

vs H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-339 H2N

O O

O

2-Methylbenzaldehyde

H2N

3-Methylbenzaldehyde

7-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

4-Methylbenzaldehyde

8-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

2-Methylbenzamide

9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

O

H N

O

4-Methylbenzamide

10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

O

N-Methylbenzamide

12-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

O O

O

O

O

OH

OH 2-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde

4-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde

α-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde

2-Methylbenzeneacetic acid

3-Methylbenzeneacetic acid

NH2 O

O

OH

OH 4-Methylbenzeneacetic acid

NH2 N

N

α-Methylbenzeneacetic acid, (±)

4-Methylbenzeneacetonitrile

α-Methylbenzeneacetonitrile

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamine

OH OH

OH OH

NH2 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamine

2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine

OH 2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol

3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol

OH

OH

OH

NH2 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediamine

SH

OH OH

4-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol

4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol

SH

OH 5-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol

OH 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediol

4-Methyl-1,2-benzenedithiol

NH2 NH2 β-Methylbenzeneethanamine

H N N-Methylbenzeneethanamine

NH2 NH2

3-Methylbenzenemethanamine

4-Methylbenzenemethanamine

OH 2-Methylbenzeneethanol

H N

N-Methylbenzenemethanamine

OH 4-Methylbenzeneethanol

OH

α-Methylbenzenemethanol

2-Methylbenzenemethanamine

HO

2-Methylbenzenemethanol

3-340

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

6998 3-Methylbenzenemethanol

m-Tolyl alcohol

C8H10O

587-03-1

122.164

6999 4-Methylbenzenemethanol 7000 α-Methylbenzenemethanol, acetate 7001 4-Methylbenzenepropanal 7002 α-Methylbenzenepropanamine 7003 β-Methylbenzenepropanoic acid, (±) 7004 α-Methylbenzenepropanol 7005 4-Methylbenzenesulfinic acid

p-Tolyl alcohol

C8H10O C10H12O2

589-18-4 93-92-5

122.164 164.201

C10H12O C10H15N C10H12O2

5406-12-2 22374-89-6 772-17-8

148.201 149.233 164.201

C10H14O C7H8O2S

2344-70-9 536-57-2

150.217 156.203

C7H7ClOS C7H9NO2S

10439-23-3 88-19-7

174.648 171.217

C7H9NO2S

70-55-3

171.217

7009 Methyl benzenesulfonate

C7H8O3S

80-18-2

172.202

7010 2-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid

C7H8O3S

88-20-0

172.202

hyg pl (w+2) 67.5

7011 2-Methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride o-Toluenesulfonyl chloride

C7H7ClO2S

133-59-5

190.648

10.2

7012 2-Methylbenzenethiol

C7H8S

137-06-4

124.204

7013 3-Methylbenzenethiol

C7H8S

108-40-7

124.204

7014 4-Methylbenzenethiol

C7H8S

106-45-6

124.204

7015 1-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole

C8H8N2

1632-83-3

132.163

7016 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole

C8H8N2

615-15-6

7017 Methyl benzoate

C8H8O2

7018 Methyl 1,3-benzodioxole-5carboxylate 7019 2-Methylbenzofuran 7020 2-Methylbenzonitrile

1-Methyl-3-phenylpropylamine

p-Toluenesulfinic acid

7006 4-Methylbenzenesulfinyl chloride 7007 2-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 7008 4-Methylbenzenesulfonamide

p-Toluenesulfonamide

Physical Form

nd (lig) oil

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

<-20

215.5

0.915717

61.5

217 10918

0.97822

223 223; 10114 16814

0.99914 0.928915 1.070120

1.52514 1.515220 1.515520

239; 12315

0.989916

1.51716

143 46.5

orth pl or nd (w) nd oct cry (al), pr (w) mcl pl (w+2)

nD

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs eth, EtOH

86.5 57 158.7

1133.5 21410

138

21410

4.5

15015

1.273017

1.515120

15436

1.338320

1.556520

15

195

1.04120

1.57020

-20

195

1.04420

1.57220

43

195

1.022051

286

1.125420

132.163

nd (peth), pl 66 (al) pr or nd (w) 177.8

93-58-3

136.149

liq

-12.4

199

C9H8O4

326-56-7

180.158

nd or lf (peth)

53

dec 273

o-Tolunitrile

C9H8O C8H7N

4265-25-2 529-19-1

132.159 117.149

liq

-13.5

7021 3-Methylbenzonitrile

m-Tolunitrile

C8H7N

620-22-4

117.149

liq

7022 4-Methylbenzonitrile

p-Tolunitrile

C8H7N

104-85-8

7023 6-Methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

C10H8O2

7024 7-Methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 7-Methylcoumarin

liq

128.825

1.60137

1.083725

1.516420

197.5 205

1.054020 0.995520

1.549522 1.527920

-23

213

1.031620

1.525220

117.149

29.5

217.0

0.976230

92-48-8

160.170

76.5

304; 17414

C10H8O2

2445-83-2

160.170

128

171.511

7025 3-Methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one Tricromyl 7026 6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolamine

C10H8O2 C8H8N2S

85-90-5 2536-91-6

160.170 164.228

7027 2-Methylbenzothiazole

C8H7NS

120-75-2

149.214

7028 3-Methyl-2(3H)benzothiazolethione 7029 4-(6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolyl) aniline 7030 1-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole

C8H7NS2

2254-94-6

181.279

C14H12N2S

92-36-4

240.323

C7H7N3

13351-73-0

133.151

nd, (pl) (aq al)

nd (w) pr (dil 142 al) 14 nd (al), pr (HOAc)

pl (bz-lig)

238

90

335

194.8

434

64.5

270.5

1.549720

i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s sulf sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

180

C8H7NO

95-21-6

133.148

9.5

7033 Methyl benzoylacetate

C10H10O3

614-27-7

178.184

pa ye

dec 265; 15112 1.15829

7034 Methyl 2-benzoylbenzoate

C15H12O3

606-28-0

240.254

351

1.190319

1.59120

C15H12O3

85-55-2

240.254

pl or mcl pr 52 (dil al) 146

C8H7ClO C8H7ClO

933-88-0 1711-06-4

154.594 154.594

liq

213.5 219.5

1.026521

1.554920 1.50522

-23

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc; s eth s chl sl H2O; s EtOH

1.121120

177.157

7036 2-Methylbenzoyl chloride 7037 3-Methylbenzoyl chloride

s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, MeOH; msc eth vs eth, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs bz, chl sl EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc vs bz, EtOH, HOAc

10328-92-4

2-(p-Toluoyl)benzoic acid

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz vs chl sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH sl H2O, eth; s EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth s peth

1.609219

C9H7NO3

7035 2-(4-Methylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

vs EtOH sl H2O; s peth

1.176319

7031 1-Methyl-2H-3,1-benzoxazine2,4(1H)-dione 7032 2-Methylbenzoxazole

200.5

Solubility

1.53720

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-341

HO HO

NH2

O O

3-Methylbenzenemethanol

O

α-Methylbenzenemethanol, acetate

4-Methylbenzenemethanol

O

S

α-Methylbenzenepropanamine

4-Methylbenzenepropanal

OH

O

Cl

S

NH2 O S O

OH

O OH β-Methylbenzenepropanoic acid, (±)

α-Methylbenzenepropanol

NH2 O S O

4-Methylbenzenesulfinic acid

O O S O

4-Methylbenzenesulfonamide

4-Methylbenzenesulfinyl chloride

OH O S O

Methyl benzenesulfonate

2-Methylbenzenesulfonamide

Cl O S O

2-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid

SH

2-Methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride

2-Methylbenzenethiol

SH SH

3-Methylbenzenethiol

4-Methylbenzenethiol

N

N

N

N H

1-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole

O O

2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole

Methyl benzoate

N N

O

N

O

O

O

O

O Methyl 1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylate

2-Methylbenzofuran

2-Methylbenzonitrile

3-Methylbenzonitrile

4-Methylbenzonitrile

O

6-Methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O N

N

N

S

S

NH2 O

O

7-Methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

S

S

O 3-Methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolamine

2-Methylbenzothiazole

3-Methyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolethione

O N

N

O

O

N

N

NH2

N

N

S 4-(6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolyl)aniline

1-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole

O

O

O

Methyl 2-benzoylbenzoate

O

O

OH

2-(4-Methylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

O

O

1-Methyl-2H-3,1-benzoxazine-2,4(1H)-dione

O

O

O

2-Methylbenzoxazole

Cl

2-Methylbenzoyl chloride

Methyl benzoylacetate

O

Cl

3-Methylbenzoyl chloride

3-342

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

C8H7ClO C15H12O4

874-60-2 610-60-6

154.594 256.254

liq cry

-1.5 85

C8H11N

618-36-0

121.180

C14H14 C14H14

713-36-0 620-83-7

182.261 182.261

C9H10O2 C16H14N2O

7775-38-4 6873-15-0

150.174 250.294

C7H12 C13H12

4625-24-5 643-58-3

96.170 168.234

7047 3-Methylbiphenyl

C13H12

643-93-6

168.234

7048 4-Methylbiphenyl

C13H12

644-08-6

168.234

7049 4-Methyl-N,N-bis(4methylphenyl)aniline 7050 Methyl bromoacetate

C21H21N

1159-53-1

287.399

C3H5BrO2

96-32-2

152.975

7051 Methyl 2-bromobenzoate 7052 Methyl 3-bromobenzoate

C8H7BrO2 C8H7BrO2

610-94-6 618-89-3

215.045 215.045

7053 Methyl 4-bromobenzoate

C8H7BrO2

619-42-1

215.045

7054 7055 7056 7057 7058 7059

C5H9BrO2 C5H9BrO2 C5H7BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C5H8

3196-15-4 4897-84-1 1117-71-1 5454-83-1 3395-91-3 598-25-4

181.028 181.028 179.013 195.054 167.002 68.118

No. Name 7038 4-Methylbenzoyl chloride 7039 Methyl benzoylsalicylate 7040 α-Methylbenzylamine, (±)

Synonym 2-(Benzoyloxy)benzoic acid, methyl ester 1-Amino-1-phenylethane

7041 1-Methyl-2-benzylbenzene 7042 1-Methyl-4-benzylbenzene 7043 α-Methylbenzyl formate 7044 1-Methyl-2-benzyl-4(1 H)quinazolinone 7045 1-Methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane 7046 2-Methylbiphenyl

Glycosine

Methyl 2-bromobutanoate Methyl 4-bromobutanoate Methyl 4-bromo-2-butenoate Methyl 5-bromopentanoate Methyl 3-bromopropanoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene

liq

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

226 385

1.168620

1.554720

32

187

0.939515

1.523825

s ctc i H2O; s bz, chl, eth, EtOH s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth

6.6 -30

280.5 286

1.002020 0.997620

1.576320 1.571220

-0.2

93.1 255.3

1.011320

1.591420

2.3

272.7

1.018217

1.597220

49.5

267.5

1.01527

132

1.635020

liq 161.5

liq

pl (lig, MeOH) cry (HOAc)

pl

117

32

244 12515 1.68925

lf (dil al), nd 81 (eth)

liq

-113.6

168 186.5 8412 10114 10560, 6212 40.83

liq

1.452020

1.452820 1.425 1.49019 1.363 1.412318 0.680625

1.402925 1.456725 1.49819 1.463020 1.454220 1.420320

7060 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene

Isoprene

C5H8

78-79-5

68.118

liq

-145.9

34.0

0.67920

1.421920

7061 3-Methylbutanal

Isovaleraldehyde

C5H10O

590-86-3

86.132

liq

-51

92.5

0.797720

1.390220

7062 3-Methylbutanamide

Isovaleramide

C5H11NO

541-46-8

101.147

mcl lf (al)

137

226

7063 3-Methyl-1-butanamine

Isopentylamine

C5H13N

107-85-7

87.164

96

0.750520

1.408320

7064 2-Methyl-2-butanamine

C5H13N

594-39-8

87.164

liq

-105

77

0.73125

1.395425

7065 7066 7067 7068

598-74-3 2568-33-4 18936-17-9 625-28-5

87.164 104.148 83.132 83.132

liq

-50

Isobutyl cyanide

C5H13N C5H12O2 C5H9N C5H9N

liq

-101

85.5 202.5 125 127.5

0.757419 0.944820 0.791315 0.791420

1.409618 1.445220 1.393320 1.392720

Isopentyl mercaptan

C5H12S C5H12S

20089-07-0 541-31-1

104.214 104.214

liq liq

119.1 116

0.842020 0.835020

1.444020 1.441220

C5H12S C5H12S C5H10O2

1679-09-0 2084-18-6 623-42-7

104.214 104.214 102.132

liq liq liq

99.1 109.8 102.8

0.812020

1.438520

-127.1 -85.8

0.898420

1.387820

<-80

177

0.93420

1.405120

-29.3

176.5

0.93120

1.403320

215 127.5

0.932720 0.815225

1.404320 1.409220

3-Methyl-2-butanamine 3-Methyl-1,3-butanediol 2-Methylbutanenitrile 3-Methylbutanenitrile

7069 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol, (+) 7070 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol

7071 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol 7072 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol 7073 Methyl butanoate 7074 2-Methylbutanoic acid

(±)-2-Methylbutyric acid

C5H10O2

600-07-7

102.132

7075 3-Methylbutanoic acid

Isovaleric acid

C5H10O2

503-74-2

102.132

C10H18O3 C5H12O

1468-39-9 34713-94-5

186.248 88.148

7076 3-Methylbutanoic anhydride 7077 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±)

vs eth, bz, EtOH, chl

liq

7078 3-Methyl-1-butanol

Isopentyl alcohol

C5H12O

123-51-3

88.148

liq

-117.2

131.1

0.810420

1.405320

7079 2-Methyl-2-butanol

tert-Pentyl alcohol

C5H12O

75-85-4

88.148

liq

-9.1

102.4

0.809620

1.405220

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, ace, peth; vs bz, chl vs EtOH vs EtOH

s EtOH, eth, ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs peth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl vs eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace sl H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

Cl

3-343

O NH2

O O 4-Methylbenzoyl chloride

O α-Methylbenzylamine, (±)

Methyl benzoylsalicylate

1-Methyl-2-benzylbenzene

1-Methyl-4-benzylbenzene

O N O

O

α-Methylbenzyl formate

N 1-Methyl-2-benzyl-4(1H)-quinazolinone

1-Methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane

2-Methylbiphenyl

O N 4-Methylbiphenyl

O

4-Methyl-N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)aniline

O

O

O

Br

O Br

3-Methylbiphenyl

O

Br

Methyl bromoacetate

Methyl 2-bromobenzoate

Methyl 3-bromobenzoate

O O O

O Br

Br Methyl 4-bromobenzoate

Br

Methyl 2-bromobutanoate

O Br

O

Methyl 4-bromobutanoate

O

Br

Methyl 4-bromo-2-butenoate

O

Methyl 5-bromopentanoate

O

O Br

O

C

O

Methyl 3-bromopropanoate

3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene

2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene

O

NH2

3-Methylbutanal

3-Methylbutanamide

NH2 3-Methyl-1-butanamine

OH NH2 2-Methyl-2-butanamine

NH2

OH

3-Methyl-2-butanamine

N

N

3-Methyl-1,3-butanediol

2-Methylbutanenitrile

3-Methylbutanenitrile

SH

SH

O

3-Methyl-2-butanethiol

O OH

O

SH

2-Methyl-2-butanethiol

2-Methyl-1-butanethiol, (+)

O

O 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol

SH

Methyl butanoate

OH

2-Methylbutanoic acid

3-Methylbutanoic acid

O O

3-Methylbutanoic anhydride

OH OH 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±)

3-Methyl-1-butanol

OH 2-Methyl-2-butanol

3-344

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

7080 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±)

C5H12O

70116-68-6

7081 2-Methyl-1-butanol acetate

C7H14O2

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

88.148

112.9

0.818020

1.408920

624-41-9

130.185

140

0.874020

1.404020

-93.1

94.33

0.805120

1.388020

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s ctc

-137.53

116 114 117; 64119 134 31.2

0.991720 0.984420 0.871020 0.872220 0.650420

1.417020 1.414920 1.447520 1.452820 1.377820

7082 3-Methyl-2-butanone

Methyl isopropyl ketone

C5H10O

563-80-4

86.132

7083 7084 7085 7086 7087

Isovaleryl chloride Tiglic aldehyde Senecialdehyde

C5H9ClO C5H9ClO C5H8O C5H8O C5H10

57526-28-0 108-12-3 497-03-0 107-86-8 563-46-2

120.577 120.577 84.117 84.117 70.133

liq

7088 3-Methyl-1-butene

C5H10

563-45-1

70.133

vol liq or gas -168.43

20.1

0.621325

1.364320

7089 2-Methyl-2-butene

C5H10

513-35-9

70.133

liq

38.56

0.662320

1.387420

nd (eth-lig) 93.5 tcl pr (ethbz) liq

2-Methylbutanoyl chloride, (±) 3-Methylbutanoyl chloride trans-2-Methyl-2-butenal 3-Methyl-2-butenal 2-Methyl-1-butene

liq

mp/˚C

liq

-133.72

7090 cis-2-Methyl-2-butenedioic acid

Citraconic acid

C5H6O4

498-23-7

130.100

7091 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile 7092 Methyl cis-2-butenoate 7093 Methyl trans-2-butenoate

Methyl isocrotonate Methyl crotonate

C5H7N C5H8O2 C5H8O2

4786-24-7 4358-59-2 623-43-8

81.117 100.117 100.117

7094 cis-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid

Angelic acid

C5H8O2

565-63-9

100.117

7095 trans-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid

Tiglic acid

C5H8O2

80-59-1

100.117

Isopropenyl methyl ketone

C5H8O2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H8O C5H7ClO C6H13N3 C5H6 C12H18O C17H27NO

541-47-9 556-82-1 763-32-6 115-18-4 10473-14-0 814-78-8 3350-78-5 543-83-9 78-80-8 122-73-6 24622-72-8

100.117 86.132 86.132 86.132 86.132 84.117 118.562 127.187 66.102 178.270 261.402

C8H14O2 C12H16O2 C8H15ClO2 C8H15ClO2 C5H12O

44914-03-6 94-46-2 62108-69-4 62108-70-7 1634-04-4

142.196 192.254 178.657 178.657 88.148

liq

C5H11NO3 C5H9N C5H8

543-87-3 2978-58-7 598-23-2

133.146 83.132 68.118

18 vol liq or gas -89.7

C5H8O C2H5NO2

115-19-5 598-55-0

84.117 75.067

nd

7117 3-Methyl-9H-carbazole 7118 9-Methyl-9H-carbazole 7119 Methyl chloroacetate

C13H11N C13H11N C3H5ClO2

4630-20-0 1484-12-4 96-34-4

181.233 181.233 108.524

pl (HOAc) nd, lf (al) liq

7120 7121 7122 7123 7124

C4H5ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C5H9ClO2

80-63-7 610-96-8 2905-65-9 1126-46-1 3153-37-5

120.535 170.594 170.594 170.594 136.577

7125 Methyl chlorocarbonate

C2H3ClO2

79-22-1

94.497

7126 Methyl 5-chloro-2hydroxybenzoate 7127 Methyl 5-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate 7128 Methyl chlorooxoacetate 7129 Methyl 2-chloropropanoate

C8H7ClO3

4068-78-4

186.593

nd (al)

50

C8H6ClNO4 C3H3ClO3 C4H7ClO2

51282-49-6 5781-53-3 17639-93-9

215.592 122.507 122.551

pl (MeOH)

48.5

7096 7097 7098 7099 7100 7101 7102 7103 7104 7105 7106 7107 7108 7109 7110 7111

3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one 3-Methyl-2-butenoyl chloride (3-Methyl-2-butenyl)guanidine 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne [(3-Methylbutoxy)methyl]benzene 1-[2-(3-Methylbutoxy)-2phenylethyl]pyrrolidine 2-Methylbutyl acrylate 3-Methylbutyl benzoate 3-Methylbutyl 2-chloropropanoate 3-Methylbutyl 3-chloropropanoate Methyl tert-butyl ether

Galegine Isopropenylacetylene Amixetrine

Isopentyl benzoate

tert-Butyl methyl ether

7112 3-Methylbutyl nitrate 7113 2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-amine 7114 3-Methyl-1-butyne

Isopentyl nitrate

7115 2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-ol 7116 Methyl carbamate

1,1-Dimethylpropargyl alcohol

Methyl 2-chloroacrylate Methyl 2-chlorobenzoate Methyl 3-chlorobenzoate Methyl 4-chlorobenzoate Methyl 4-chlorobutanoate

1.61725

141 118 121

0.944420

1.417520 1.424220

mcl pr or nd 45.5

185

0.983449

1.443447

tab (w)

64.5

198.5

0.964176

1.433076

69.5

197 140 129.9 97 114 98 146 dec 32 236; 11819 1212

1.006224 0.84825

1.441220

0.8220 0.853117 0.852720 1.06525

1.428817 1.422020 1.477020

0.680111 0.90920

1.414020 1.479220 1.497822

160; 4510 261 208 208; 8712 55.0

0.893620 0.99315 1.005020 1.017120 0.735325

1.424020

148 79.5 26.3

0.99622 0.7925 0.666020

1.412221 1.423520 1.372320

1.5 54

104 177

0.861820 1.136156

1.420720 1.412556

208.5 89.34 -32.1

365 343.64; 19512 129.5 1.23620

liq

-42

liq

-28

liq

-54

hyg liq

62.5 -113

-108.6

21 nd or mcl pr 43.5

5251 234 229

1.428920 1.434320 1.366425

1.421820

1.18920

1.442020

174; 554

1.38220 1.129320

1.432120

70.5

1.223120

1.386820

1.45318 1.331620 1.075025

1.418920

dec 249; 12012

119 132.5

s eth sl H2O; vs EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc; vs lig vs H2O; sl eth, chl; i bz, CS2

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s chl vs eth, EtOH

vs eth, EtOH vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs bz, eth vs eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth s EtOH vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl vs EtOH vs MeOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-345

O

Cl O

OH 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±)

O

2-Methyl-1-butanol acetate

Cl O

3-Methyl-2-butanone

O

2-Methylbutanoyl chloride, (±)

3-Methylbutanoyl chloride

HO

O

OH O O

O

trans-2-Methyl-2-butenal

3-Methyl-2-butenal

2-Methyl-1-butene

3-Methyl-1-butene

O OH

O

O Methyl cis-2-butenoate

cis-2-Methyl-2-butenedioic acid

O

O

O N 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile

2-Methyl-2-butene

Methyl trans-2-butenoate

OH

cis-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid

trans-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid

OH

O

OH OH

OH

OH 3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid

3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol

3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol

3-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol

NH2

O 3-Methyl-2-butenoyl chloride

O

NH

N H

Cl

O 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one

2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol

(3-Methyl-2-butenyl)guanidine

2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne

[(3-Methylbutoxy)methyl]benzene

N O

O

O O 1-[2-(3-Methylbutoxy)-2-phenylethyl]pyrrolidine

2-Methylbutyl acrylate

3-Methylbutyl benzoate

O

O

3-Methylbutyl 3-chloropropanoate

O

Methyl tert-butyl ether

OH H2N

NH2 O 2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-amine

O

3-Methyl-9H-carbazole

O

O

O

9-Methyl-9H-carbazole

O

O

O

O Methyl chlorocarbonate

Cl Methyl 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate

Cl

Cl

Methyl 3-chlorobenzoate

OH O

O

O Cl

Methyl 2-chlorobenzoate

O

Methyl chloroacetate

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O Methyl 2-chloroacrylate

3-Methyl-1-butyne

N

O O

3-Methylbutyl 2-chloropropanoate

N H

O

Methyl carbamate

O N

3-Methylbutyl nitrate

O

2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-ol

O Cl

O Cl

O O

O

Methyl 4-chlorobenzoate

O N

O

Methyl 4-chlorobutanoate

O O

Cl Methyl 5-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate

Cl

O O

O Methyl chlorooxoacetate

O Cl Methyl 2-chloropropanoate

3-346

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C19H14 C19H14 C19H14 C10H10O2

3351-31-3 3697-24-3 1705-85-7 1754-62-7

242.314 242.314 242.314 162.185

lf (bz-peth)

mp/˚C

7130 7131 7132 7133

3-Methylchrysene 5-Methylchrysene 6-Methylchrysene Methyl trans-cinnamate

7134 7135 7136 7137

trans-o-Methylcinnamic acid trans-m-Methylcinnamic acid trans-p-Methylcinnamic acid Methyclothiazide

C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C9H11Cl2N3O4S2

2373-76-4 3029-79-6 1866-39-3 135-07-9

162.185 162.185 162.185 360.237

cry (EtOH) cry (w)

7138 7139 7140 7141

Methyl cyanate Methyl cyanoacetate Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate Methylcyclobutane

C2H3NO C4H5NO2 C5H5NO2 C5H10

1768-34-9 105-34-0 137-05-3 598-61-8

57.051 99.089 111.100 70.133

unstab gas liq

-30 -22.5

liq

7142 Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate 7143 2-Methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene 4,5-Dihydrotoluene 7144 2-Methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4dione 7145 Methylcyclohexane

C6H10O2 C7H10 C7H6O2

765-85-5 1489-57-2 553-97-9

114.142 94.154 122.122

C7H14

108-87-2

98.186

7146 Methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate

C8H14O2

4630-82-4

7147 α-Methylcyclohexanemethanol

C8H16O

7148 4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol 7149 1-Methylcyclohexanol 7150 7151 7152 7153 7154 7155

Methyl trans-3-phenyl-2propenoate

173.3 118.3 161 cry (peth, dil 36.5 al)

cry (EtOH aq)

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility vs EtOH i H2O

261.9

1.04236

1.576622

175 115 198.5 225

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl

i H2O, bz, chl; sl MeOH; vs ace, py

-161.5

exp 200.5 472 36.3

1.122525 1.101220 0.688420

1.417620 1.4430 1.386620

69

0.826018 1.0875

1.466218

ye pl or nd

135.5 107.5 sub

liq

-126.6

100.93

0.769420

1.423120

142.196

183

0.995415

1.443320

1193-81-3

128.212

189

0.92825

1.465620

C8H16O C7H14O

34885-03-5 590-67-0

128.212 114.185

752.5 155; 7025

0.907420 0.919420

1.461720 1.459520

C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O

615-38-3 615-39-4 5454-79-5 7443-55-2 7731-28-4 7731-29-5

114.185 114.185 114.185 114.185 114.185 114.185

liq liq liq liq

7 -2.0 -5.5 -0.5 -9.2

165 167.5 168; 9412 167; 8413 173 174

0.936020 0.924720 0.915520 0.921430 0.917020 0.911821

1.464020 1.461620 1.475220 1.458020 1.461420 1.456120

7156 2-Methylcyclohexanone, (±)

C7H12O

24965-84-2

112.169

liq

-13.9

165

0.925020

1.448325

7157 3-Methylcyclohexanone, (±)

C7H12O

625-96-7

112.169

liq

-73.5

169; 6515

0.913620

1.445620

7158 4-Methylcyclohexanone

C7H12O

589-92-4

112.169

liq

-40.6

170

0.913820

1.445120

7159 1-Methylcyclohexene

C7H12

591-49-1

96.170

liq

-120.4

110.3

0.810220

1.450320

7160 3-Methylcyclohexene, (±)

C7H12

56688-75-6

96.170

liq

-115.5

104

0.799020

1.441420

7161 4-Methylcyclohexene

C7H12

591-47-9

96.170

liq

-115.5

102.7

0.799120

1.441420

7162 Methyl 3-cyclohexene-1carboxylate 7163 2-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 7164 3-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 7165 3-Methylcyclopentadecanone

C8H12O2

6493-77-2

140.180

182; 8020

1.013020

1.461020

C7H10O C7H10O C16H30O

1121-18-2 1193-18-6 541-91-3

110.153 110.153 238.408

liq oily liq

178.5 201 329; 1300.5

0.96620 0.969320 0.922117

7166 1-Methyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene 7167 Methylcyclopentane

C6H8 C6H12

96-39-9 96-37-7

80.128 84.159

liq liq

-142.42

73 71.8

0.8120 0.748620

7168 1-Methylcyclopentanol 7169 cis-2-Methylcyclopentanol 7170 2-Methylcyclopentanone

C6H12O C6H12O C6H10O

1462-03-9 25144-05-2 1120-72-5

100.158 100.158 98.142

nd

36

liq

-75

136; 5330 148.5 139.5

0.904423 0.937916 0.913920

7171 3-Methylcyclopentanone, (±)

C6H10O

6195-92-2

98.142

liq

-58.4

144

0.91322

7172 7173 7174 7175 7176

C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H8O C6H8O

693-89-0 1120-62-3 1759-81-5 1120-73-6 2758-18-1

82.143 82.143 82.143 96.127 96.127

liq

-126.5

liq

-160.8

75.5 64.9 65.7 157 157.5

0.774825 0.757225 0.763425 0.980816 0.971220

1.483320 s bz 1.4947520 msc H2O; s bz 1.480217 vs ace, eth, EtOH 1.451220 1.409720 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 1.442923 1.450416 1.436420 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace 1.432920 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc 1.432220 1.421620 1.420920 1.476215 1.471420

Mecrylate

cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol

1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene 4-Methylcyclopentene 2-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one

Muscone

25

-21

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, peth

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc vs bz, eth, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-347

O

O

3-Methylchrysene

5-Methylchrysene

6-Methylchrysene

O O

OH

O S H2N O

OH trans-m-Methylcinnamic acid

H N

Cl

trans-p-Methylcinnamic acid

OH

Methyl trans-cinnamate

trans-o-Methylcinnamic acid

Cl N

S O

O

O

O

N

O

O

N

Methyclothiazide

Methyl cyanate

Methyl cyanoacetate

O O

O

N

O

O Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate

O Methylcyclobutane

Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate

2-Methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene

2-Methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

OH HO

O

OH

O Methylcyclohexane

α-Methylcyclohexanemethanol

Methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate

4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol

1-Methylcyclohexanol

OH OH

cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol

OH

OH

trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol, (±)

OH

cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±)

OH

trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±)

cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol

O O

trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol

O

2-Methylcyclohexanone, (±)

3-Methylcyclohexanone, (±)

4-Methylcyclohexanone

1-Methylcyclohexene

3-Methylcyclohexene, (±)

O O

4-Methylcyclohexene

O

O

Methyl 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate

O

2-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one

3-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one

3-Methylcyclopentadecanone

O OH

OH

1-Methyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene

Methylcyclopentane

1-Methylcyclopentanol

O

cis-2-Methylcyclopentanol

2-Methylcyclopentanone

3-Methylcyclopentanone, (±)

O O

1-Methylcyclopentene

3-Methylcyclopentene

4-Methylcyclopentene

2-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one

3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one

3-348

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

C4H8 C5H8O2 C5H10O C4H10ClNO2S C11H18O2 C11H18O2

594-11-6 2868-37-3 765-42-4 18598-63-5 4493-42-9 7328-33-8

56.107 100.117 86.132 171.646 182.260 182.260

col gas

-177.6

liq cry (MeOH)

-32.1 140.5

0.7 114.9 123.5

0.6912-20 0.984820 1.414419 0.880520 1.431620

710.15 8713, 700.2

0.912822 0.908222

1.487422 1.491822

7183 7184 7185 7186

Methylcyclopropane Methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate α-Methylcyclopropanemethanol Methyl L-cysteine hydrochloride Methyl trans-2,cis-4-decadienoate Methyl trans-2,trans-4decadienoate 2-Methyldecane 3-Methyldecane 4-Methyldecane Methyl decanoate

C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H22O2

6975-98-0 13151-34-3 2847-72-5 110-42-9

156.309 156.309 156.309 186.292

liq liq liq liq

189.3 188.1 187 224

0.736820 0.742220 0.873020

1.415420 1.417720 1.435220 1.425920

7187 7188 7189 7190

Methyl demeton Methyldiborane(6) Methyl 2,3-dibromopropanoate Methyl dichloroacetate

C6H15O3PS2 CH8B2 C4H6Br2O2 C3H4Cl2O2

8022-00-2 23777-55-1 1729-67-5 116-54-1

230.285 41.697 245.898 142.969

ye liq unstab gas

890.15, 1181

1.2020

1.506320

liq

-51.9

206 142.9

1.933320 1.377420

1.512720 1.442920

C8H6Cl2O2 C9H8Cl2O3

2905-69-3 1928-38-7

205.039 235.064

cry

2,4-D methyl ester

38 119

14118

Swep

C8H7Cl2NO2

1918-18-9

220.054

nd

C4H6Cl2O2

3674-09-7

156.996

CH3AsF2

420-24-6

127.954

CH3F2P C8H8O4 C8H8O4 C10H12O4 C3H10O2Si C15H17N3

753-59-3 2150-47-2 2150-44-9 2150-38-1 16881-77-9 55-80-1

84.006 168.148 168.148 196.200 106.196 239.316

No. Name 7177 7178 7179 7180 7181 7182

7191 Methyl 2,5-dichlorobenzoate 7192 Methyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetate 7193 Methyl (3,4-dichlorophenyl) carbamate 7194 Methyl 2,3-dichloropropanoate

Synonym

7195 Methyldifluoroarsine 7196 7197 7198 7199 7200 7201

-48.9 -92.9 -77.5 -18

nD

liq, fumes in -29.7 air gas -110 116.5 165 nd (dil al) 60.8

9250, 6310

1.328220

76.5

1.92418

N,N-Dimethyl-o-toluidine N,N-Dimethyl-m-toluidine N,N-Dimethyl-p-toluidine

C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N

609-72-3 121-72-2 99-97-8

135.206 135.206 135.206

7205 7206 7207 7208

Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropionate Dimethyl(methylthio)borane Dinitolmide 2,3-Dinitrotoluene

C6H12O2 C3H9BS C8H7N3O5 C7H6N2O4

598-98-1 19163-05-4 148-01-6 602-01-7

116.158 87.979 225.159 182.134

7209 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene

2,4-Dinitrotoluene

C7H6N2O4

121-14-2

182.134

ye nd or mcl 70.5 pr (CS2)

dec 300

1.320871

7210 1-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene

3,5-Dinitrotoluene

C7H6N2O4

618-85-9

182.134

ye orth nd (HOAc)

93

sub

1.2772111

7211 2-Methyl-1,3-dinitrobenzene 7212 2-Methyl-1,4-dinitrobenzene

2,6-Dinitrotoluene 2,5-Dinitrotoluene

C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4

606-20-2 619-15-8

182.134 182.134

orth nd (al) nd (al)

66.0 52.5

285

1.2833111 1.479 1.282111

7213 4-Methyl-1,2-dinitrobenzene

3,4-Dinitrotoluene

C7H6N2O4

610-39-9

182.134

ye nd (CS2)

59.0

7214 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol

C7H6N2O5

534-52-1

198.133

ye pr or nd (al)

86.5

7215 4-Methyl-2,6-dinitrophenol

2,6-Dinitro-p-cresol

C7H6N2O5

609-93-8

198.133

ye nd (eth, peth)

85

7216 Methyldioctylamine 7217 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxane 7218 2-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane

N-Methyl-N-octyl-1-octanamine C17H37N C5H10O2 C4H8O2

4455-26-9 1120-97-4 497-26-7

255.483 102.132 88.106

liq

-30.1 -44.5

7219 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane 7220 Methyldiphenylamine

C4H8O2 N-Methyl-N-phenylbenzenamine C13H13N

1072-47-5 552-82-9

88.106 183.249

liq liq

-7.5

4-Methyl-2,4-diphenyl-1-pentene Methyldiphenylsilane Methyldiphenylsilanol 2-Methyl-1,2-di-3-pyridinyl-1propanone 7225 Methyl docosanoate

oran cry

122

liq

-60

liq cry

-84 181 63

6362-80-7 776-76-1 778-25-6 54-36-4

236.352 198.336 214.335 226.273

liq

Metyrapone

C18H20 C13H14Si C13H14OSi C14H14N2O

Methyl behenate

C23H46O2

929-77-1

354.610

nd (ace)

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; msc chl i H2O; s os s eth s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ctc

vs ace, eth, EtOH

(Difluoro)methylphosphine

7221 7222 7223 7224

vs eth, EtOH s ace, chl

114

Methyldifluorophosphine Methyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate Methyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzoate Methyl 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate Methyldimethoxysilane 3-Methyl-4’-(dimethylamino) azobenzene 7202 2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline 7203 3-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline 7204 4-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline

Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Methyl dimethylthioborane 2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzamide 1-Methyl-2,3-dinitrobenzene

Solubility

-28 sl EtOH, ace 283 61

vs bz, eth, EtOH

194.1 212 211

0.928620 0.941020 0.936620

1.515220 1.549220 1.536620

101.1 71

0.8910

1.390520

1.2594111

15810 114 81.5

0.975820 0.981120

1.442420 1.415920 1.403517

85 293.5

0.9920 1.047620

1.398020 1.619320

8

167 50.5 54

1.442

0.2

172 , 102 93.51 18424, 1483

vs eth, EtOH msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs eth, EtOH vs ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, bz; vs ace, py sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 s EtOH, chl s EtOH, bz; vs CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, CS2; sl chl sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs os vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH; s ctc

25

0.99 0.99620 1.084025

1.569420

s ctc s ctc, CS2

1.433960

vs eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

3-349

O

O

OH

O O

HS

HCl

O

NH2 Methylcyclopropane

α-Methylcyclopropanemethanol

Methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate

Methyl L-cysteine hydrochloride

Methyl trans-2,cis-4-decadienoate

O O Methyl trans-2,trans-4-decadienoate

2-Methyldecane

O Methyl decanoate

O

S

O

Cl

Cl

Methyl 2,5-dichlorobenzoate

O

H

Br

O O

O

Methyl dichloroacetate

O Cl

O

As

Cl

Methyl (3,4-dichlorophenyl)carbamate

F

Methyl 2,3-dichloropropanoate

O

O O

O

O

HO

OH

Methyldifluorophosphine

Methyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate

F

Methyldifluoroarsine

O Si H O

O F

O Cl

Methyl 2,3-dibromopropanoate

Cl

Methyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate

Cl

Br

H

O

Cl

OH P

B

H

H N

Cl

O

H

Methyldiborane(6)

O Cl

F

B

H

Methyl demeton

O

4-Methyldecane

O

O O P S O

O

3-Methyldecane

O

OH

Methyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzoate

Methyl 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate

Methyldimethoxysilane

N N N N

O O

N

3-Methyl-4’-(dimethylamino)azobenzene

2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline

O

O B

S

Methyl dimethylthioborane

O

N

N

NH2

N O

N O

O N O

N O

2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzamide

O

O

N O

3-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline

N

4-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline

O N O O

O

N

O

O N

O

1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene

O N

O O

1-Methyl-2,3-dinitrobenzene

O

O

O N

O

2-Methyl-1,3-dinitrobenzene

O O

4-Methyl-1,2-dinitrobenzene

O N

N

4-Methyl-1,3-dioxane

O

O N

OH O N

O

O

2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

O

O

O

O

Methyldioctylamine

N O

1-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene

O

O

2-Methyl-1,4-dinitrobenzene

N O

OH

O N

Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate

4-Methyl-2,6-dinitrophenol

N

O

2-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane

4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane

Methyldiphenylamine

N Si

H

Si

O

OH N

4-Methyl-2,4-diphenyl-1-pentene

Methyldiphenylsilane

Methyldiphenylsilanol

O

O

2-Methyl-1,2-di-3-pyridinyl-1-propanone

Methyl docosanoate

3-350

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

7226 Methyl cis-13-docosenoate 7227 Methyl dodecanoate

Methyl laurate

C23H44O2 C13H26O2

1120-34-9 111-82-0

352.594 214.344

7228 2-Methyldodecanoic acid 7229 Methyl eicosanoate

Methyl arachidate

C13H26O2 C21H42O2

2874-74-0 1120-28-1

214.344 326.557

pl lf (MeOH)

7230 (Methyleneamino)acetonitrile 7231 α-Methylenebenzeneacetic acid

Atropic acid

C3H4N2 C9H8O2

109-82-0 492-38-6

68.077 148.159

129 lf (al), nd (w) 106.5

C15H22N2O2

5124-30-1

262.348

liq

C29H44O2

118-82-1

424.658

C15H18N2

1807-55-2

226.317

C16H18ClN3S

61-73-4

319.852

7236 Methylenecyclobutane 7237 Methylenecyclohexane

C5H8 C7H12

1120-56-5 1192-37-6

68.118 96.170

7238 2-Methylenecyclohexanol 7239 Methylenecyclopentane 7240 Methylenecyclopropene

C7H12O C6H10 C4H4

4065-80-9 1528-30-9 4095-06-1

112.169 82.143 52.075

C13H14N2 C15H12O6

1208-52-2 122-25-8

198.263 288.252

C5H4O2 C8H16

108-28-1 1632-16-2

96.085 112.213

C10H16O

471-16-9

C10H16

No. Name

7232 Methylenebis(4cyclohexylisocyanate) 7233 4,4’-Methylenebis[2,6-di- tertbutylphenol] 7234 4,4’-Methylenebis( Nmethylaniline) 7235 Methylene blue

Bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4hydroxyphenyl)methane N,N’-Dimethyl-4,4’diaminodiphenylmethane

7241 2,4’-Methylenedianiline 7242 5,5’-Methylenedisalicylic acid

2,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane

7243 5-Methylene-2(5H)-furanone 7244 3-Methyleneheptane

Protoanemonin

7245 4-Methylene-1isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3ol, [1S-(1α,3β,5α)] 7246 4-Methylene-1isopropylcyclohexene 7247 2-Methylenepentanedinitrile 7248 Methylene thiocyanate 7249 2-Methylene-1,3,3trimethylindoline 7250 N-Methylephedrine, [R-(R*,S*)]

4(10)-Thujene-3-ol

2,4-Dicyano-1-butene Dithiocyanatomethane Fischer’s base

7251 Methylergonovine

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

-1.2 5.2

2205 267

0.870220

1.431920

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl, ctc

22 54.5

1531 21510

1.431760

vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

0.89018

dec 267

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 1.497020

1.066 154

28940, 25010 s ctc, CS2

dk grn cry or pow (chleth) liq -134.7 liq -106.7

solid stab at -196 lf (bz) 88.5 nd (bz) 243.5

s H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth; sl py 42.2 102.5

0.740120 0.807420

1.421020 1.452320

8313 75.5

0.95520 0.778720

1.484320 1.435520

1.415720

152.233

208

0.948819

1.487125

99-84-3

136.234

173.5

0.83822

1.475422

C6H6N2 C3H2N2S2 C12H15N

1572-52-7 6317-18-6 118-12-7

106.125 130.191 173.254

(1R,2S)-N-Methylephedrine

C11H17NO

552-79-4

179.259

Methylergometrine

C20H25N3O2

113-42-8

339.432

C3H10N2 C3H9NO

109-81-9 109-83-1

74.124 75.109

115 158

0.84125 0.93720

1.439520 1.438520

C7H16O

1860-27-1

116.201

108

0.759415

1.387015

C10H15NO

70715-19-4

165.232

13350

0.950225

1.482025

C6H14O

627-08-7

102.174

83

0.737020

1.37621

C6H14O2 C7H12O3

3944-36-3 51756-08-2

118.174 144.168

137.5 182

0.87920 0.99514

1.407020

20

20

Butyl isopropyl ether

1-Isopropoxy-2-propanol

7259 5-(1-Methylethylidene)-1,3cyclopentadiene 7260 1-Methyl-9H-fluorene 7261 9-Methyl-9H-fluorene

C8H10

2175-91-9

106.165

C14H12 C14H12

1730-37-6 2523-37-7

180.245 180.245

7262 Methyl fluorosulfonate 7263 N-Methylformamide

CH3FO3S C2H5NO

421-20-5 123-39-7

114.096 59.067

pa ye oil

1035 solid

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl s bz, chl

2229

0.727020

7255 2-[2-(1-Methylethoxy)ethyl] pyridine 7256 1-(1-Methylethoxy)propane 7257 1-(1-Methylethoxy)-2-propanol 7258 Methyl 2-ethylacetoacetate

mp/˚C

7311 120

7252 N-Methyl-1,2-ethanediamine 7253 N-Methyl-2-ethanolamine 7254 1-(1-Methylethoxy)butane

Physical Form

1.456120

vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s chl i H2O; vs eth, bz, peth s eth

s chl

102 244

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace

nd or pl (al, 87.5 eth) pr 172 (MeOH,ace)

11

0.881

155; 49

pr

87 46.5

15515

1.026366

1.61066

col liq liq

-95 -3.8

93 199.51

1.412 1.01119

1.332620 1.431920

7264 Methyl formate

C2H4O2

107-31-3

60.052

liq

-99

31.7

0.9713

7265 Methyl 4-formylbenzoate 7266 2-Methylfuran

C9H8O3 C5H6O

1571-08-0 534-22-5

164.158 82.101

nd (w) liq

63 -91.3

265 64.7

0.913220

sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace vs ace, eth, EtOH

1.4

20

msc H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, con sulf vs H2O

1.5474

1.3419

20

1.434220

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, chl, MeOH sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-351

O

O

O

O

OH

O Methyl cis-13-docosenoate

Methyl dodecanoate

2-Methyldodecanoic acid

O OH

O

N

N Methyl eicosanoate

O

O

α-Methylenebenzeneacetic acid

(Methyleneamino)acetonitrile

N

N

C

C

O

Methylenebis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate)

N HO

Cl

OH N H

4,4’-Methylenebis[2,6-di-tert-butylphenol]

N H

N

S

4,4’-Methylenebis(N-methylaniline)

N

Methylene blue

Methylenecyclobutane

NH2

OH

H2N Methylenecyclohexane

2-Methylenecyclohexanol

Methylenecyclopentane

Methylenecyclopropene

2,4’-Methylenedianiline

HO HO

OH O

OH O

OH

O

5,5’-Methylenedisalicylic acid

O

5-Methylene-2(5H)-furanone

4-Methylene-1-isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-ol, [1S-(1α,3β,5α)]

3-Methyleneheptane

OH S N 4-Methylene-1-isopropylcyclohexene

O

N

S

N

2-Methylenepentanedinitrile

N

N

Methylene thiocyanate

N

2-Methylene-1,3,3-trimethylindoline

N-Methylephedrine, [R-(R*,S*)]

H N OH N H

N H2N

H Methylergonovine

H N

N-Methyl-1,2-ethanediamine

1-(1-Methylethoxy)propane

O

N

1-(1-Methylethoxy)butane

O Methyl 2-ethylacetoacetate

5-(1-Methylethylidene)-1,3-cyclopentadiene

O

O O S F O 9-Methyl-9H-fluorene

Methyl fluorosulfonate

O

2-[2-(1-Methylethoxy)ethyl]pyridine

O

O 1-(1-Methylethoxy)-2-propanol

O

N-Methyl-2-ethanolamine

OH O

H N

HO

O H

1-Methyl-9H-fluorene

O

O N H

N-Methylformamide

H

O

Methyl formate

O Methyl 4-formylbenzoate

O 2-Methylfuran

3-352

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

7267 3-Methylfuran

C5H6O

930-27-8

nD

Solubility

82.101

65.5

0.92318

1.433019

620-02-0

110.111

187; 8926

1.107218

1.526420

C6H6O3

611-13-2

126.110

181.3

1.178621

1.486020

C5H4O3

616-02-4

112.084

7.5

213.5

1.246916

1.471021

i H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH

7268 5-Methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde

C6H6O2

C6H9NO C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C5H6O2

4753-75-7 3857-25-8 4208-64-4 591-12-8

111.141 112.127 112.127 98.101

18

149 dec 195; 8123 162.5 5612

0.98925 1.076920 1.073925 1.08420

1.472920 1.485320 1.482715 1.447620

7275 5-Methyl-2(5H)-furanone

C5H6O2

591-11-7

98.101

<-17

209; 9815

1.081020

1.445420

7276 7277 7278 7279

CH6Ge C7H14O6 C7H14O6 C6H10O4

1449-65-6 709-50-2 97-30-3 626-51-7

90.70 194.182 194.182 146.141

-158 109 168 87

-23

7280 Methyl Green 7281 Methyl heptadecanoate

C27H35BrClN3 C18H36O2

14855-76-6 1731-92-6

516.944 284.478

grn pow (al) pl (al) 30

1859, 1520.05

7282 Methyl heptafluorobutanoate

C5H3F7O2

356-24-1

228.066

liq

-86

80

1.48320

1.29520

C8H19N C8H19N C8H18

5984-58-7 540-43-2 592-27-8

129.244 129.244 114.229

visc liq

0.76725

1.420920

liq

-109.02

155 155 117.66

0.698020

1.394920

7286 3-Methylheptane

C8H18

589-81-1

114.229

col liq

-120.48

118.9

0.701725

1.396125

7287 4-Methylheptane

C8H18

589-53-7

114.229

liq

-121.0

117.72

0.704620

1.397920

7288 Methyl heptanoate

C8H16O2

106-73-0

144.212

liq

-56

174

0.881520

1.415220

7289 7290 7291 7292 7293

C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O

111675-77-5 1070-32-2 817-91-4 111767-95-4 1653-40-3

130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228

col liq liq

-112 -90

col liq liq

-104 -106

175.6 186; 10120 188 186.6 188; 95.820

0.802220 0.82424 0.806525 0.815325 0.817625

1.42420 1.429525 1.425325 1.427225 1.425125

7294 2-Methyl-2-heptanol

C8H18O

625-25-2

130.228

liq

-50.4

156

0.814220

1.425020

7295 3-Methyl-2-heptanol

C8H18O

31367-46-1

130.228

166.1

0.817725

1.419925

7296 7297 7298 7299

C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O

56298-90-9 54630-50-1 4730-22-7 100296-26-2

130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228

col liq liq liq liq

-102 -61 -105 -85

171.6 170 174 167.5

0.802720 0.817421 0.821820 0.823520

1.42420

C8H18O

5582-82-1

130.228

liq

-83

163

0.828220

1.427920

C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O

14979-39-6 18720-65-5 100295-85-0 21570-35-4 1838-73-9

130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228

liq liq col liq liq liq

-123 -91.2 -61 -81

170 172 169 164 164.7

0.82725 0.842525 0.822020 0.820720 0.832925

1.430020 1.43324 1.425420 1.4203 1.421125

7306 4-Methyl-4-heptanol

C8H18O

598-01-6

130.228

liq

-82

161

0.824820

1.425820

7307 6-Methyl-2-heptanol acetate 7308 6-Methyl-2-heptanone

C10H20O2 C8H16O

67952-57-2 928-68-7

172.265 128.212

187 167

0.847420 0.815120

1.41320 1.416220

7309 5-Methyl-3-heptanone 7310 6-Methyl-3-heptanone

C8H16O C8H16O

541-85-5 624-42-0

128.212 128.212

161 164

0.830420

1.420920

C8H16O

626-33-5

128.212

154

0.81322

No. Name

7269 Methyl 2-furancarboxylate

Synonym

Methyl 2-furanoate

7270 3-Methyl-2,5-furandione 7271 7272 7273 7274

N-Methyl-2-furanmethanamine 5-Methyl-2-furanmethanol α-Methyl-2-furanmethanol 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone

Methylgermane Methyl β-D-glucopyranoside Methyl α-D-glucopyranoside 3-Methylglutaric acid

7283 6-Methyl-2-heptanamine, (±) 7284 N-Methyl-2-heptanamine 7285 2-Methylheptane

2-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±) 3-Methyl-1-heptanol 4-Methyl-1-heptanol 5-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±) 6-Methyl-1-heptanol

Octodrine

Isooctyl alcohol

4-Methyl-2-heptanol 5-Methyl-2-heptanol 6-Methyl-2-heptanol 2-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±)

7300 3-Methyl-3-heptanol 7301 7302 7303 7304 7305

α-Methylglucoside 3-Methylpentanedioic acid

2-Ethyl-2-hexanol

4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 6-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±) 2-Methyl-4-heptanol 3-Methyl-4-heptanol

7311 2-Methyl-4-heptanone

Isobutyl propyl ketone

Physical Form

nd

col gas orth nd (al)

liq

mp/˚C

2000.2 1660.5

1.4630

1.423810 1.426520

vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2; sl ctc msc H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl; i lig vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc; vs eth, bz sl H2O; s eth, ace

i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz; s eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz sl H2O, ctc, ace; s EtOH, eth

vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-Methylfuran

O

O

O

O

O

3-353

O

O

5-Methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde

Methyl 2-furancarboxylate

O

O

H N

O

3-Methyl-2,5-furandione

N-Methyl-2-furanmethanamine

HO

O

OH

O

α-Methyl-2-furanmethanol

5-Methyl-2-furanmethanol

O

O

OH

O

5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone

O

5-Methyl-2(5H)-furanone

N

O O

H Ge H H

OH HO OH Methyl β-D-glucopyranoside

Methylgermane

N Cl

HO O OH HO

O

O OH

HO

Methyl α-D-glucopyranoside

F F F F

O

O N

OH 3-Methylglutaric acid

O

Methyl Green

Methyl heptadecanoate

O NH2

O F

Br

HN

F F

Methyl heptafluorobutanoate

6-Methyl-2-heptanamine, (±)

N-Methyl-2-heptanamine

2-Methylheptane

O

OH OH

OH

O 4-Methylheptane

3-Methylheptane

Methyl heptanoate

2-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±)

3-Methyl-1-heptanol

4-Methyl-1-heptanol

OH OH

OH

OH

OH 5-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±)

6-Methyl-1-heptanol

2-Methyl-2-heptanol

3-Methyl-2-heptanol

4-Methyl-2-heptanol

OH OH OH 5-Methyl-2-heptanol

6-Methyl-2-heptanol

OH

OH

OH

2-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±)

3-Methyl-3-heptanol

4-Methyl-3-heptanol

5-Methyl-3-heptanol

OH OH

O

OH

O

OH 6-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±)

2-Methyl-4-heptanol

3-Methyl-4-heptanol

4-Methyl-4-heptanol

O

O O

6-Methyl-2-heptanone

6-Methyl-2-heptanol acetate

5-Methyl-3-heptanone

O 6-Methyl-3-heptanone

2-Methyl-4-heptanone

3-354

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

7312 2-Methyl-1-heptene 7313 6-Methyl-1-heptene 7314 2-Methyl-2-heptene

C8H16 C8H16 C8H16

15870-10-7 5026-76-6 627-97-4

112.213 112.213 112.213

liq

-90

119.3 113.2 122.6

0.710425 0.707925 0.720025

1.412320 1.407020 1.417020

cis-3-Methyl-2-heptene 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol 3-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one 2-Methylheptyl acetate, (±) 2-Methyl-1,5-hexadiene Methyl trans,trans-2,4hexadienoate 7322 2-Methylhexanal 7323 3-Methylhexanal

22768-19-0 1569-60-4 38552-72-6 110-93-0 74112-36-0 4049-81-4 689-89-4

112.213 128.212 126.196 126.196 172.265 96.170 126.153

122 175 6320

Methyl sorbate

C8H16 C8H16O C8H14O C8H14O C10H20O2 C7H12 C7H10O2

195 88.1 180; 7020

0.72525 0.854520 0.846318 0.854616 0.862614 0.715325 0.977720

1.41920 1.450520 1.434518 1.444520 1.414620 1.418320 1.502522

3-Methylcaproaldehyde

C7H14O C7H14O

925-54-2 19269-28-4

114.185 114.185

141; 13260 143

0.820320

1.412220

7324 3-Methyl-1-hexanamine 7325 4-Methyl-2-hexanamine

C7H17N C7H17N

65530-93-0 105-41-9

115.217 115.217

149; 6745 132.5

0.77226 0.765520

1.424925 1.415025

7326 2-Methylhexane

C7H16

591-76-4

100.202

liq

-118.2

90.04

0.678720

1.384820

7327 3-Methylhexane

C7H16

78918-91-9

100.202

liq

-119.4

92

0.68721

1.385425

C7H12O2 C7H14O2

13706-86-0 106-70-7

128.169 130.185

liq

-71

138 149.5

0.90822 0.884620

1.411920 1.404920

7330 2-Methylhexanoic acid

C7H14O2

4536-23-6

130.185

215.5

0.91820

1.419320

7331 2-Methyl-1-hexanol, (±) 7332 5-Methyl-1-hexanol 7333 2-Methyl-2-hexanol

C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O

111768-04-8 116.201 627-98-5 116.201 625-23-0 116.201

164; 7115 169; 5415 143

0.82620 0.819224 0.811920

1.422620 1.417520 1.417520

7334 3-Methyl-2-hexanol

C7H16O

2313-65-7

116.201

151; 8052

0.822025

1.419818

7335 5-Methyl-2-hexanol

C7H16O

627-59-8

116.201

151; 7828

0.81420

1.418020

7336 3-Methyl-3-hexanol

C7H16O

597-96-6

116.201

143

0.823320

1.423120

No. Name

7315 7316 7317 7318 7319 7320 7321

7328 5-Methyl-2,3-hexanedione 7329 Methyl hexanoate

Synonym

2-Methylhexa-4,5-dione Methyl caproate

173.5 liq lf

-128.8 15

liq

7337 5-Methyl-2-hexanone

Methyl isopentyl ketone

C7H14O

110-12-3

114.185

144

0.88820

1.406220

7338 2-Methyl-3-hexanone

Propyl isopropyl ketone

C7H14O

7379-12-6

114.185

135

0.809120

1.404220

C7H15NO C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H12O2 C7H12O C7H12O

624-44-2 6094-02-6 3404-61-3 3769-23-1 3524-73-0 2738-19-4 10574-36-4 3683-19-0 3683-22-5 13151-17-2 7385-82-2 15840-60-5 692-24-0 4914-89-0 3899-36-3 2396-78-3 5166-53-0 3240-09-3

129.200 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 128.169 112.169 112.169

195.5 92 83.9 86.7 85.3 95.4 95.6 86.3 87.6 89.5 88.1 86 85.9 95.4 93.5 6734 7750, 6513 150

0.888120 0.700020 0.687125 0.694225 0.687725 0.703825 0.71220 0.695225 0.692525 0.69725 0.688325 0.69025 0.685325 0.707925 0.705025 0.913225 0.854928 0.846020

1.444820 1.403520 1.396520 1.400020 1.396720 1.410620 1.412620 1.402620 1.402520 1.40420 1.400620 1.40120 1.400120 1.412620 1.410920 1.424023 1.439522 1.434820

7357 5-Methyl-1-hexyne

C7H12

2203-80-7

96.170

liq

-125

92

0.727420

1.4059-20

7358 5-Methyl-2-hexyne

C7H12

53566-37-3

96.170

liq

-92.9

102.5

0.737820

1.417620

7359 2-Methyl-3-hexyne

C7H12

36566-80-0

96.170

liq

-116.7

95.2

0.726320

1.412020

7360 Methyl 2-hexynoate

C7H10O2

18937-79-6

126.153

8023

0.964825

7339 7340 7341 7342 7343 7344 7345 7346 7347 7348 7349 7350 7351 7352 7353 7354 7355 7356

5-Methyl-2-hexanone oxime 2-Methyl-1-hexene 3-Methyl-1-hexene 4-Methyl-1-hexene 5-Methyl-1-hexene 2-Methyl-2-hexene cis-3-Methyl-2-hexene cis-4-Methyl-2-hexene trans-4-Methyl-2-hexene cis-5-Methyl-2-hexene trans-5-Methyl-2-hexene cis-2-Methyl-3-hexene trans-2-Methyl-3-hexene cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene trans-3-Methyl-3-hexene Methyl 3-hexenoate 5-Methyl-3-hexen-2-one 5-Methyl-5-hexen-2-one

2-Oxo-5-methylhex-3-ene

liq

-102.8

liq

-141.5

liq liq

-130.4 -118.5

liq

-125.7

liq

-124.3

liq

-141.6

Solubility

i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc, chl

vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, dil acid i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, lig, chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, lig, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; s ctc s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace sl chl

vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl, peth vs bz, eth, chl, peth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

2-Methyl-1-heptene

3-355

6-Methyl-1-heptene

2-Methyl-2-heptene

cis-3-Methyl-2-heptene

O

O

OH

O

6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol

3-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one

O

6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one

2-Methylheptyl acetate, (±)

O O

O 2-Methyl-1,5-hexadiene

Methyl trans,trans-2,4-hexadienoate

O

2-Methylhexanal

3-Methylhexanal

O

NH2

NH2 3-Methyl-1-hexanamine

O

4-Methyl-2-hexanamine

2-Methylhexane

3-Methylhexane

5-Methyl-2,3-hexanedione

O

O

OH

OH

O Methyl hexanoate

2-Methylhexanoic acid

OH

2-Methyl-1-hexanol, (±)

5-Methyl-1-hexanol

OH OH

OH

OH

2-Methyl-2-hexanol

3-Methyl-2-hexanol

5-Methyl-2-hexanol

O 3-Methyl-3-hexanol

5-Methyl-2-hexanone

O N 2-Methyl-3-hexanone

OH

5-Methyl-2-hexanone oxime

5-Methyl-1-hexene

2-Methyl-2-hexene

cis-5-Methyl-2-hexene

2-Methyl-1-hexene

cis-3-Methyl-2-hexene

trans-5-Methyl-2-hexene

cis-2-Methyl-3-hexene

3-Methyl-1-hexene

cis-4-Methyl-2-hexene

trans-2-Methyl-3-hexene

4-Methyl-1-hexene

trans-4-Methyl-2-hexene

cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene

O O trans-3-Methyl-3-hexene

Methyl 3-hexenoate

O 5-Methyl-3-hexen-2-one

O 5-Methyl-5-hexen-2-one

O O 5-Methyl-1-hexyne

5-Methyl-2-hexyne

2-Methyl-3-hexyne

Methyl 2-hexynoate

3-356

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

7361 L-1-Methylhistidine 7362 L-3-Methylhistidine 7363 Methylhydrazine

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C7H11N3O2 C7H11N3O2 CH6N2

332-80-9 368-16-1 60-34-4

169.181 169.181 46.072

pl (DMF aq) 249 250 liq -52.36

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

87.5

nD

Solubility

1.432520

s H2O, eth, ctc; msc EtOH; i lig s H2O, EtOH; sl bz; i peth s H2O vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH, eth s EtOH, bz, peth; sl chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s tfa vs eth, EtOH

73

10812

58 -72

15120, 1224 86; 3965

1.996715

149; 5217

1.167718

nd (bz-peth) 73

281; 17817

1.1528100

152.148

nd (dil al)

dec 275

76-89-1

242.270

mcl or tcl cry 75.8 (al)

CH5NO CH6ClNO

67-62-9 593-56-6

47.057 83.518

pr

150.0

C9H10O4

3943-74-6

182.173

nd (dil al)

64

286

C9H10O3

23287-26-5

166.173

29

235

1.168325

1.535416

C9H10O3

22717-57-3

166.173

-1

244.5

1.167325

1.535115

C5H10O3

2110-78-3

118.131

Methyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate C12H10O3

883-99-8

202.205

(±)-Methyl mandelate

C9H10O3

4358-87-6

C4H6N2

7364 Methyl hydrazinecarboxylate

Methyl carbazate

C2H6N2O2

6294-89-9

90.081

7365 Methyl hydrogen succinate 7366 Methyl hydroperoxide

Monomethyl succinate Methyl hydrogen peroxide

C5H8O4 CH4O2

3878-55-5 3031-73-0

132.116 48.042

7367 Methyl hydroxyacetate

C3H6O3

96-35-5

90.078

7368 Methyl 3-hydroxybenzoate

C8H8O3

19438-10-9

152.148

C8H8O3

99-76-3

7370 Methyl α-hydroxydiphenylacetate Methyl diphenylglycolate

C15H14O3

7371 O-Methylhydroxylamine 7372 O-Methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride 7373 Methyl 4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzoate 7374 Methyl 2-hydroxy-3methylbenzoate 7375 Methyl 2-hydroxy-5methylbenzoate 7376 Methyl 2-hydroxy-2methylpropanoate 7377 Methyl 3-hydroxy-2naphthalenecarboxylate 7378 Methyl α-hydroxyphenylacetate, (±) 7379 1-Methylimidazol

7369 Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

mp/˚C

Methylparaben

Methoxyamine Methoxyamine hydrochloride

Methyl 2-methyllactate

liq

131

1.364115

18713 49

liq

vs H2O, EtOH s EtOH, peth; sl chl

1.405620

137

vs H2O, EtOH

206

i H2O; s EtOH

166.173

pa ye orth nd 75.5 (dil MeOH) pl (bz-lig) 58

dec 250; 14420 1.175620

vs EtOH, chl

616-47-7

82.104

liq

-6

195.5

1.032520

1.497020

C4H6N2 C4H6N2 C5H9NO4

693-98-1 822-36-6 4408-64-4

82.104 82.104 147.130

267 263

1.041614

1.503714

cry (w)

144 56 226

7383 1-Methyl-1H-indene 7384 2-Methyl-1H-indene

C10H10 C10H10

767-59-9 2177-47-1

130.186 130.186

199; 8215 208

0.97025 0.97425

1.561620 1.565220

7385 3-Methyl-1H-indene

C10H10

767-60-2

130.186

198

0.97225

1.562120

7386 1-Methyl-1H-indole

C9H9N

603-76-9

131.174

237

1.070725

7387 2-Methyl-1H-indole

C9H9N

95-20-5

131.174

272

1.0720

C9H9N

83-34-1

131.174

7389 5-Methyl-1H-indole

C9H9N

614-96-0

131.174

60

267

1.020278

7390 7-Methyl-1H-indole 7391 Methyl 2-iodobenzoate 7392 Methyl 3-iodobenzoate

C9H9N C8H7IO2 C8H7IO2

933-67-5 610-97-9 618-91-7

131.174 262.045 262.045

85

1.0202100

7393 Methyl 4-iodobenzoate 7394 5-Methyl-1,3-isobenzofurandione 7395 Methyl isobutanoate

C8H7IO2 C9H6O3 C5H10O2

619-44-3 19438-61-0 547-63-7

7396 Methyl isocyanate 7397 2-Methyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione 7398 Methyl isopentanoate

C2H3NO C9H7NO2 C6H12O2

7380 2-Methyl-1H-imidazole 7381 4-Methyl-1H-imidazole 7382 N-Methyliminodiacetic acid

7388 3-Methyl-1H-indole

N-(Carboxymethyl)-Nmethylglycine

Skatole

Methyl isovalerate

7399 6-Methyl-N-isopentyl-2Octamylamine heptanamine 7400 2-Methyl-5-isopropylaniline 7401 α-Methyl-43-p-Cumenyl-2isopropylbenzenepropanal methylpropionaldehyde 7402 2-Methyl-5isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene

80

pl (dil al) nd 61 or lf (w) lf (lig) 97.5

266

nd (dil al)

54.5

266 280; 14616 277; 15018

262.045 162.142 102.132

nd (eth-al)

114.8 93.0 -84.7

sub 295 92.5

2.020010

624-83-9 550-44-7

57.051 161.158

liq nd (al), lf (sub)

-45 134

556-24-1

116.158

C13H29N

502-59-0

199.376

C10H15N C13H18O

2051-53-8 103-95-7

149.233 190.281

C10H16

2867-05-2

136.234

liq

-16

i H2O; s eth, ace, bz i H2O; s eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, lig

1.605220

s EtOH i H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs eth, ace s EtOH, eth

0.890620

1.384020

38.3 286

0.958820

1.369420

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs H2O i H2O; sl EtOH

116.5

0.880820

1.392720

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace

241 270; 13599

0.994220 0.945920

1.538720 1.506820

s ctc, CS2 vs bz, eth, EtOH

151

0.830120

1.451520

100 liq

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; i EtOH, eth

7

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

3-357

O

HO

N NH2

HO

N NH2

N

L-1-Methylhistidine

H N

H2N

N

L-3-Methylhistidine

H2N

O

O

O

O

Methylhydrazine

O

Methyl hydrazinecarboxylate

O O

OH

H N

Methyl hydrogen succinate

O

O

O HO

O

O O

HO

OH

Methyl hydroperoxide

O

OH

Methyl hydroxyacetate

OH

Methyl 3-hydroxybenzoate

Methyl α-hydroxydiphenylacetate

Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

O

O O

O

O

NH2

O-Methylhydroxylamine

O

O OH

O NH2 HCl

OH

O-Methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride

Methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate

O

Methyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoate

O O

OH HO Methyl 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzoate

O

1-Methylimidazol

O

N O

N H

2-Methyl-1H-imidazole

O N

HO

4-Methyl-1H-imidazole

OH

N-Methyliminodiacetic acid

3-Methyl-1H-indene

1-Methyl-1H-indole

1-Methyl-1H-indene

N H

N 2-Methyl-1H-indene

Methyl α-hydroxyphenylacetate, (±)

Methyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylate

N H

N

O

OH

Methyl 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate

N

N

OH O

2-Methyl-1H-indole

N H 3-Methyl-1H-indole

O O N H 5-Methyl-1H-indole

O

O I

N H

I

7-Methyl-1H-indole

Methyl 2-iodobenzoate

Methyl 3-iodobenzoate

O O O 5-Methyl-1,3-isobenzofurandione

O

O

I Methyl 4-iodobenzoate

O O

N O

N C O

Methyl isobutanoate

Methyl isocyanate

O 2-Methyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

O O Methyl isopentanoate

O NH2

N H 6-Methyl-N-isopentyl-2-heptanamine

2-Methyl-5-isopropylaniline

α-Methyl-4-isopropylbenzenepropanal

2-Methyl-5-isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene

3-358

No. Name 7403 2-Methyl-5-isopropyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 7404 cis-1-Methyl-4isopropylcyclohexane 7405 trans-1-Methyl-4isopropylcyclohexane 7406 1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexanol 7407 5-Methyl-2isopropylcyclohexanol, [1 S(1α,2β,5α)]7408 5-Methyl-2isopropylcyclohexanol, [1 R(1α,2β,5α)]7409 5-Methyl-2isopropylcyclohexanol, [1 S(1α,2α,5β)]7410 5-Methyl-2isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S(1α,2β,5β)]7411 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol acetate, [1R-(1α,2α,5β)] 7412 cis-5-Methyl-2isopropylcyclohexanone 7413 trans-5-Methyl-2isopropylcyclohexanone, (2S)

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H12O2

490-91-5

164.201

C10H20

6069-98-3

140.266

trans-p-Menthane

C10H20

1678-82-6

140.266

(+)-Menthol

C10H20O C10H20O

21129-27-1 15356-60-2

156.265 156.265

(-)-Menthol

C10H20O

2216-51-5

156.265

(+)-Neomenthol

C10H20O

2216-52-6

(+)-Isomenthol

C10H20O

Physical Form

liq

bp/˚C

45.5

232

-89.9

172

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility s chl

0.803920

1.443120

20

20

-86.3

170.6

0.7928

208.5 1039

0.9020

39

nd (MeOH)

43

216

0.90315

1.46022

156.265

oil

-22

211.7

0.89722

1.460020

23283-97-8

156.265

nd(dil al)

82.5

218

C12H22O2

2623-23-6

198.302

222; 10910

0.924420

1.446920

Menthone

C10H18O

491-07-6

154.249

205; 8915

0.899520

1.452720

l-Menthone

C10H18O

14073-97-3

154.249

207

0.895420

1.450520

C10H18 C10H18O

5502-88-5 491-04-3

138.250 154.249

174.5 9715.5

0.845715 0.911925

1.473520 1.472925

C10H18O

562-74-3

154.249

209

0.92620

1.478519

C14H26O3

579-94-2

242.354

15520, 14414

0.954520

C10H13NO2

943-15-7

179.216

12610

1.074420

1.530120

C10H18O

470-67-7

154.249

1

173.5

0.899720

1.456220

C18H18

483-65-8

234.336

101

390

1.03525

C10H14O

4427-56-9

150.217

36.5

228.5

0.991020

Thymol, acetate

C12H16O2

528-79-0

192.254

245

1.0099

Isoquinaldine

C10H9N

1721-93-3

143.185

10

248

1.077720

1.609520

7424 3-Methylisoquinoline

C10H9N

1125-80-0

143.185

68

249

7425 Methyl isothiocyanate

C2H3NS

556-61-6

73.117

36

119

1.069137

1.5258

1072-67-9 6454-84-8 5765-44-6 2155-30-8

98.103 83.089 83.089 104.105

127 122 144.8

1.02320 1.092820

1.438620 1.414120

112-63-0 301-00-8 75-16-1

294.472 292.456 119.244

21520 20714, 1823

0.888610 0.89525

1.463820 1.470920

7414 1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexene 7415 3-Methyl-6-isopropyl-2cyclohexen-1-ol 7416 4-Methyl-1-isopropyl-3cyclohexen-1-ol 7417 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexyl ethoxyacetate, (1α,2β,5α) 7418 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-2nitrobenzene 7419 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-7oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 7420 1-Methyl-7isopropylphenanthrene

Retene

7421 4-Methyl-2-isopropylphenol 7422 5-Methyl-2-isopropylphenyl acetate 7423 1-Methylisoquinoline

7426 7427 7428 7429

5-Methyl-3-isoxazolamine 4-Methylisoxazole 5-Methylisoxazole Methyl lactate, (±)

C4H6N2O C4H5NO C4H5NO Methyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, (±) C4H8O3

7430 Methyl linoleate 7431 Methyl linolenate 7432 Methyl magnesium bromide

Bromomethylmagnesium

C19H34O2 C19H32O2 CH3BrMg

7433 Methylmagnesium chloride

Chloromethylmagnesium

CH3ClMg

676-58-4

74.793

7434 Methylmalonic acid

C4H6O4

516-05-2

118.089

7435 Methyl mercaptoacetate 7436 Methyl 3-mercaptopropanoate 7437 Methylmercuric dicyanamide

C3H6O2S C4H8O2S C3H6HgN4

2365-48-2 2935-90-2 502-39-6

106.144 120.171 298.70

7438 Methyl methacrylate

C5H8O2

80-62-6

100.117

7439 Methyl methanesulfonate 7440 Methyl methoxyacetate

C2H6O3S C4H8O3

66-27-3 6290-49-9

110.132 104.105

1-Cyano-3-(methylmercurio) guanidine

oil

mp/˚C

liq

nd (HOAc)

cry (eth)

-6

1.4366

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig

1.461920 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth vs ace, EtOH

vs eth, EtOH

1.527520

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; s ace

vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz sl H2O, chl; s eth, ace sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth

62 liq oil -35 -45.5

stab in thf soln nd (bzAcOEt) pr (eth-bz)

s DMSO vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH s eth, thf; i hx, bz i peth, bz

1.45520

135 dec

4210 5414

1.08525

1.465720 1.464020

-47.55

100.5

0.937725

1.414220

20

202.5 131

1.294320 1.051120

1.413820 1.396220

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, tfa; s AcOEt vs eth, EtOH

157 liq

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-359 OH

O O 2-Methyl-5-isopropyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

cis-1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane

trans-1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane

OH

1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexanol

OH

5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1α,2β,5α)]-

OH

5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1R-(1α,2β,5α)]-

5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1α,2α,5β)]-

O O

OH 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1α,2β,5β)]-

O

5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol acetate, [1R-(1α,2α,5β)]

O

HO

trans-5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanone, (2S)

1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexene

O N

O

HO

3-Methyl-6-isopropyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol

O

5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexyl ethoxyacetate, (1α,2β,5α)

4-Methyl-1-isopropyl-3-cyclohexen-1-ol

O

O

O

cis-5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanone

1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-2-nitrobenzene

1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

1-Methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene

O

OH

O N N 4-Methyl-2-isopropylphenol

5-Methyl-2-isopropylphenyl acetate

1-Methylisoquinoline

N

O

5-Methyl-3-isoxazolamine

O

N

O

4-Methylisoxazole

O

O

N

OH

5-Methylisoxazole

Methyl lactate, (±)

Methyl linoleate

O

O O

Methyl linolenate

Mg

Mg

Br

Methyl magnesium bromide

NH

O HS

Methyl isothiocyanate

O

NH2 O

N C S

3-Methylisoquinoline

Hg O

Methyl 3-mercaptopropanoate

N H

N

N H

Methylmercuric dicyanamide

Cl

Methylmagnesium chloride

O O Methyl methacrylate

O

HO

O OH

Methylmalonic acid

O O S O Methyl methanesulfonate

HS

O

Methyl mercaptoacetate

O O

O

Methyl methoxyacetate

3-360

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C9H10O3

606-45-1 5368-81-0 121-98-2

166.173 166.173 166.173

lf (al or eth) 49

246.5 248 244

C10H13NO3

483-64-7

195.215

pr (al)

28

271; 14710

C5H10O3 C6H10O3 C9H11NO2

3852-09-3 17094-21-2 85-91-6

118.131 130.141 165.189

7448 Methyl 2-methylbenzoate

C9H10O2

89-71-4

150.174

7449 Methyl 3-methylbenzoate

C9H10O2

99-36-5

150.174

7450 Methyl 4-methylbenzoate

C9H10O2

99-75-2

150.174

7451 7452 7453 7454

C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C8H16 C10H16O

6622-76-0 924-50-5 3404-67-9 5524-05-0

114.142 114.142 112.213 152.233

C10H16O

15932-80-6

C10H14O

No. Name

Synonym

7441 Methyl 2-methoxybenzoate 7442 Methyl 3-methoxybenzoate 7443 Methyl 4-methoxybenzoate 7444 Methyl 3-methoxy-2(methylamino)benzoate 7445 Methyl 3-methoxypropanoate 7446 Methyl 2-methylacetoacetate 7447 Methyl 2-(methylamino)benzoate

7455 7456 7457

7458 7459 7460

Damascenine

Methyl 2-methyl-2-butenoate, (E) Methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate 3-Methyl-4-methylenehexane 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexanone, (2R-trans) 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethylidene) cyclohexanone 3-Methyl-6-(1-methylethylidene)- Piperitenone 2-cyclohexen-1-one 1-Methyl-4-(5-methyl-1methylene-4-hexenyl) cyclohexene, (S) N-Methyl-N-(2-methylphenyl) acetamide 4-Methyl-N-(4-methylphenyl) aniline 2-Methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)Methaqualone 4(3H)-quinazolinone Methyl 3-(methylthio)propanoate 2-Methoxycarbonylethyl methyl sulfide 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl) benzene 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl) β-Terpineol cyclohexanol 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl) cyclohexanol, [1R-(1α,2β,5α)] 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl) cyclohexanol acetate, [1R(1α,2β,5α)] trans-5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl) cyclohexanone 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylvinyl)-2cyclohexen-1-ol 4-Methylmorpholine α-Methyl-4-morpholineethanol

Physical Form

cry (peth)

cry (aq MeOH, peth)

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.157119 1.131020

1.53419 1.522420

i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig

19

142.8 177.4 255

1.013915 1.021725 1.12015

1.403020 1.41624 1.583915

<-50

215

1.06820

221

1.06120

mp/˚C

33.2

bp/˚C

220

139 136.5 112.5 221.5

0.934912 0.933720 0.72525 0.92819

1.437020 1.43220 1.414220 1.4724

152.233

9310

0.936720

1.486920

491-09-8

150.217

12014

0.977420

1.529420

C15H24

495-61-4

204.352

12910

0.867320

1.488020

C10H13NO

573-26-2

163.216

C14H15N

620-93-9

197.276

C16H14N2O

72-44-6

250.294

114

nd (peth)

s EtOH, chl

79.8

330.5

vs eth, peth

120

vs eth, EtOH, chl 13

132.202

liq

-20

185.3

0.893623

1.528323

C10H18O

138-87-4

154.249

nd

32.5

210; 9010

0.91720

1.474720

C10H18O

89-79-2

154.249

78

9314

0.91120

1.472320

C12H20O2

57576-09-7

196.286

85

1138

0.92525

1.456620

C10H16O

29606-79-9

152.233

10018

0.919820

1.467520

C10H16O

99-48-9

152.233

228

0.948425

1.494225

C5H11NO C7H15NO2

109-02-4 2109-66-2

101.147 145.200

liq

-64.40

116 12118, 9313

0.905120 1.017420

1.433220 1.463820

7470 1-Methylnaphthalene

C11H10

90-12-0

142.197

liq

-30.43

244.7

1.020220

1.617020

7471 2-Methylnaphthalene

C11H10

91-57-6

142.197

mcl (al)

34.6

241.1

1.005820

1.601540

16820, 1010.04 290

1.129020

1.608620

7466 7467 7468 7469

7472 Methyl 1-naphthalenecarboxylate 7473 Methyl 2-naphthalenecarboxylate

Methyl 1-naphthoate Methyl 2-naphthoate

C12H10O2 C12H10O2

2459-24-7 2459-25-8

186.206 186.206

lf (MeOH)

59.5 77

7474 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenediol diacetate 7475 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione

Menadiol diacetate

C15H14O4

573-20-6

258.270

pr (al)

113

Menadione

C11H8O2

58-27-5

172.181

ye nd (al, peth)

107

7476 Methyl-1-naphthylamine 7477 Methyl nitrate

N-Methyl-1-naphthalenamine

C11H11N CH3NO3

2216-68-4 598-58-3

157.212 77.040

oil exp gas

174 -83.0

294.5 exp 64.6

1.207520

CH3NO2 C3H5NO4 C7H8N2O2

624-91-9 2483-57-0 603-83-8

61.041 119.077 152.151

ye gas

-16

ye orth nd (w), ye lf (al)

92

-12 10728 305

0.99115 1.3200 1.378015

7478 Methyl nitrite 7479 Methyl nitroacetate 7480 2-Methyl-3-nitroaniline

1.4650

20

1195-32-0

7465

1.077

25

C10H12

7464

75 , 69

11

134.197

7463

vs EtOH, eth

260

13532-18-8

7462

vs ace, eth

55.5

C5H10O2S

7461

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

1.672220 1.374820

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth

s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl vs bz, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s eth, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O O

O

O

3-361

O O

O

O H N

O O

O Methyl 2-methoxybenzoate

Methyl 3-methoxybenzoate

Methyl 3-methoxy-2-(methylamino)benzoate

O O

O

O

O

O

O

Methyl 4-methoxybenzoate

O

O

O

O O

O

Methyl 3-methoxypropanoate

Methyl 2-methylacetoacetate

O

O

H N

O

O O

Methyl 2-(methylamino)benzoate

Methyl 2-methylbenzoate

Methyl 3-methylbenzoate

Methyl 4-methylbenzoate

O

Methyl 2-methyl-2-butenoate, (E)

Methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate

O O 3-Methyl-4-methylenehexane

2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexanone, (2R-trans)

O

5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethylidene)cyclohexanone

3-Methyl-6-(1-methylethylidene)-2-cyclohexen-1-one

O

H

O

N

H N

N N

1-Methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene-4-hexenyl)cyclohexene, (S)

N-Methyl-N-(2-methylphenyl)acetamide

4-Methyl-N-(4-methylphenyl)aniline

2-Methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone

HO

O S

OH O

Methyl 3-(methylthio)propanoate

1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)benzene

5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanol, [1R-(1α,2β,5α)]

1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanol

OH

O

N

O

O O

5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanol acetate, [1R-(1α,2β,5α)]

trans-5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanone

2-Methyl-5-(1-methylvinyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-ol

4-Methylmorpholine

O O OH O

O

O

N

O

O

O

O α-Methyl-4-morpholineethanol

1-Methylnaphthalene

2-Methylnaphthalene

Methyl 1-naphthalenecarboxylate

Methyl 2-naphthalenecarboxylate

O

2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenediol diacetate

NH2 HN O

O 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione

Methyl-1-naphthylamine

N O

O

Methyl nitrate

O

N

O

Methyl nitrite

O

O N

O O

Methyl nitroacetate

N O

O

2-Methyl-3-nitroaniline

3-362

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

7481 2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline

C7H8N2O2

99-52-5

152.151

133.5

7482 2-Methyl-5-nitroaniline

C7H8N2O2

99-55-8

152.151

105.5

7483 2-Methyl-6-nitroaniline

C7H8N2O2

570-24-1

152.151

96

1.1900100

7484 4-Methyl-2-nitroaniline

C7H8N2O2

89-62-3

152.151

116.3

1.16121

7485 4-Methyl-3-nitroaniline

C7H8N2O2

119-32-4

152.151

79.8

7486 N-Methyl-2-nitroaniline

C7H8N2O2

612-28-2

152.151

red or oran nd (peth)

7487 N-Methyl-4-nitroaniline

C7H8N2O2

100-15-2

152.151

br-ye pr (al) 152 cry (eth)

7488 2-Methyl-1-nitro-9,10anthracenedione

C15H9NO4

129-15-7

267.237

pa ye nd (HOAc)

7489 2-Methyl-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid 7490 Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate

C7H7NO5S

121-03-9

217.200

C8H7NO4

606-27-9

181.147

7491 Methyl 3-nitrobenzoate

C8H7NO4

618-95-1

7492 Methyl 4-nitrobenzoate

C8H7NO4

7493 2-Methyl-4-nitro-1 H-imidazole 7494 N-Methyl-N-nitromethanamine

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

38

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

1.1586140

sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, bz, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, chl sl H2O, CS2; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth, lig i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl; s PhNO2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

15818

dec

1.201155

-13

275

1.285520

181.147

78

27960

619-50-1

181.147

96

C4H5N3O2 C2H6N2O2

696-23-1 4164-28-7

127.102 90.081

7495 2-Methyl-1-nitronaphthalene

C11H9NO2

881-03-8

187.195

7496 N-Methyl-N’-nitro-Nnitrosoguanidine 7497 3-Methyl-4-nitrophenol

C2H5N5O3

70-25-7

147.093

C7H7NO3

2581-34-2

153.136

nd or pr (w) 129

7498 4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol

C7H7NO3

119-33-5

153.136

7499 1-Methyl-2-(4-nitrophenoxy) 2-Methylphenyl 4-nitrophenyl benzene ether 7500 2-Methyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

C13H11NO3

2444-29-3

C4H9NO4

7501 2-Methyl-2-nitro-1-propanol 7502 3-Methyl-4-nitroquinoline-Noxide 7503 N-Methyl-N-nitrosoaniline

273.0

135.8 liq

Solubility

253 58

187

81.5

18820

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace s DMSO

ye nd (al, w) 36.5

12522

229.231

ye cry (peth)

22027

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH

77-49-6

135.119

mcl

150.1

dec

C4H9NO3

76-39-1

119.119

89.5

9410

C10H8N2O3

14073-00-8

204.182

nd or pl (MeOH) cry (MeOH)

179

C7H8N2O

614-00-6

136.151

ye cry

14.7

C2H5N3O2

684-93-5

103.080

col or ye pl (eth)

123 dec

7505 Methyl nonadecanoate 7506 2-Methylnonane

C20H40O2 C10H22

1731-94-8 871-83-0

312.531 142.282

liq

7507 3-Methylnonane 7508 4-Methylnonane 7509 5-Methylnonane

C10H22 C10H22 C10H22

5911-04-6 17301-94-9 15869-85-9

142.282 142.282 142.282

liq liq liq

7510 Methyl nonanoate

C10H20O2

1731-84-6

172.265

7511 8-Methyl-1-nonanol 7512 2-Methyl-1-nonene 7513 2-Methyl-2-norbornene

C10H22O C10H20 C8H12

55505-26-5 2980-71-4 694-92-8

158.281 140.266 108.181

liq liq

7514 Methyl trans-9-octadecenoate 7515 2-Methyloctane

C19H36O2 C9H20

1937-62-8 3221-61-2

296.488 128.255

7516 3-Methyloctane 7517 4-Methyloctane 7518 Methyl octanoate

C9H20 C9H20 C9H18O2

2216-33-3 2216-34-4 111-11-5

128.255 128.255 158.238

C9H18O2

3004-93-1

158.238

7504 N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea

7519 2-Methyloctanoic acid

N-Nitroso-N-methylurea

2-Methylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2ene

Methyl caprylate

nd(eth) ye pr or nd (al)

1.109072

1.239920

1.446272

1.574440

vs H2O, EtOH; sl DMSO sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl

dec 225; 12113 1.124020

1.576920

i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH, eth

41.3 -74.6

1904 167.1

0.728120

1.409920

-84.8 -99 -87.7

167.9 165.7 165.1

0.735420 0.732320 0.732620

1.412520 1.412320 1.411620

213.5

0.879915

1.421420

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc

-64.2

10810 168.4 122

0.741225

1.424120

liq liq

13.5 -80.3

21824 143.2

0.873020 0.709525

1.451320 1.403120

liq liq liq

-107.6 -113.3 -40

144.2 142.4 192.9

0.71725 0.71625 0.877520

1.404025 1.403925 1.417020

13814, 884

1.428125

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; vs peth i H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds NH2

NH2 O

O

N

3-363

O

2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline

O

N O

2-Methyl-5-nitroaniline

HN

O N

NH2 O N

NH2

O

N

4-Methyl-2-nitroaniline

4-Methyl-3-nitroaniline

O

O O

O

O

N-Methyl-4-nitroaniline

O

2-Methyl-1-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

N O

2-Methyl-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid

O N

O

O

N O

Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate

O

Methyl 3-nitrobenzoate

O O O N

O

N

O

O

O

N-Methyl-2-nitroaniline

O S O O

N

O

OH

O

O N

HN

O N O

2-Methyl-6-nitroaniline

O

NH2

N

N H

O

Methyl 4-nitrobenzoate

N

O

O N N O

2-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole

O

N-Methyl-N-nitromethanamine

2-Methyl-1-nitronaphthalene

O N

NH N H

N

N

O

N-Methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

OH OH O N

O

N

O

3-Methyl-4-nitrophenol

O

N

O O

4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol

O

N O

HO

1-Methyl-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene

NO2 OH

NO2 OH

2-Methyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

2-Methyl-2-nitro-1-propanol

O N

N

O

N O

H2N

3-Methyl-4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide

N-Methyl-N-nitrosoaniline

O

O N

N

O

O

N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea

Methyl nonadecanoate

2-Methylnonane

O O 3-Methylnonane

4-Methylnonane

5-Methylnonane

Methyl nonanoate

O O OH 8-Methyl-1-nonanol

2-Methyl-1-nonene

2-Methyl-2-norbornene

Methyl trans-9-octadecenoate

O

O

OH

O 2-Methyloctane

3-Methyloctane

4-Methyloctane

Methyl octanoate

2-Methyloctanoic acid

3-364

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

7520 2-Methyl-2-octanol

C9H20O

628-44-4

7521 7522 7523 7524 7525 7526 7527 7528

C9H20O C9H18O C9H18 C9H18 C9H21N C9H14O2 C9H16O C19H36O2

No. Name

3-Methyl-3-octanol 5-Methyl-2-octanone 2-Methyl-1-octene 7-Methyl-1-octene Methyloctylamine Methyl 2-octynoate 3-Methyl-1-octyn-3-ol Methyl oleate

7529 Methyl Orange

7530 7531 7532 7533 7534 7535 7536

2-Methyloxazole 4-Methyloxazole 5-Methyloxazole 2-Methyl-2-oxazoline 2-Methyloxetane 4-Methyl-2-oxetanone Methyloxirane

Synonym

N-Methyl-1-octanamine

C14H14N3NaO3S Sodium pdimethylaminoazobenzenesulfo nate C4H5NO C4H5NO C4H5NO C4H7NO C4H8O 3-Hydroxybutyric acid lactone C4H6O2 1,2-Propylene oxide C3H6O

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

144.254

178

0.821020

1.428020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth

5340-36-3 58654-67-4 4588-18-5 13151-06-9 2439-54-5 111-12-6 23580-51-0 112-62-9

144.254 142.238 126.239 126.239 143.270 154.206 140.222 296.488

8318, 363 10150 144.8 138.9 688 217; 10720 174; 7510 218.520

0.810825

1.425725

0.734320

1.418420

0.92620 0.854720 0.873920

1.446420 1.44310 1.452220

547-58-0

327.334

oran, ye pl or dec sc (w)

23012-10-4 693-93-6 66333-88-8 1120-64-5 2167-39-7 3068-88-0 16033-71-9

83.089 83.089 83.089 85.105 72.106 86.090 58.079

liq

1.01525

1.431720

1.00525 0.84125 1.055520 0.8590

1.434020 1.388520

170.5

0.996820

1.385016

196

1.051120

1.423320

sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, ctc; msc eth

8415 135.5

1.1540

1.404625

417; 1482

0.824775

sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, ace, bz; s eth i H2O; s os

liq liq

mp/˚C

-77.8

-19.9

liq hyg liq

-111.9

N-Dodecanoylsarcosine

C5H8O3 C15H29NO3

759-05-7 97-78-9

116.116 271.396

Methyl levulinate

C6H10O3

624-45-3

130.141

7540 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid 7541 Methyl 2-oxopropanoate

Methyl pyruvate

C6H10O3 C4H6O3

816-66-0 600-22-6

130.141 102.089

7542 Methyl palmitate

Methyl hexadecanoate

C17H34O2

112-39-0

270.451

C8H10NO5PS C7H3Cl5S

298-00-0 1825-19-0

263.208 296.429

cry cry (EtOH)

38 95.5

7132-64-1 1501-60-6 4549-74-0 926-56-7 22410-44-2 378-75-6 123-15-9

256.424 82.143 82.143 82.143 150.047 178.058 100.158

nd (dil al) liq

18.5 -117.6

2-Methylvaleraldehyde

C16H32O2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C3H3F5O C4H3F5O2 C6H12O

Isohexane

C6H14

107-83-5

86.175

liq

C6H14

96-14-0

86.175

7537 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid 7538 N-Methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl) glycine 7539 Methyl 4-oxopentanoate

7543 Methyl parathion 7544 Methyl pentachlorophenyl sulfide 7545 7546 7547 7548 7549 7550 7551

Methyl pentadecanoate cis-2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether Methyl pentafluoropropanoate 2-Methylpentanal

7552 2-Methylpentane

S-Methyl pentachlorobenzenethiol

1,1-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Methoxyperfluoroethane

7553 3-Methylpentane

31.5 44.5

liq

10

30

87.5 88 88 111 59 8650, 579 35

1.366020

1.35820

1.536725

153.5 75.8 77 76.5 5.59 59.5 117

0.861825 0.71425 0.73025 0.718120

1.439025 1.44620 1.45220 1.453220

1.39025

1.286925

-153.6

60.26

0.65025

1.371520

liq

-162.90

63.27

0.659825

1.376520

col gas

7554 2-Methylpentanedinitrile 7555 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol

2-Methylglutaronitrile Hexylene glycol

C6H8N2 C6H14O2

4553-62-2 107-41-5

108.141 118.174

liq liq

-45 -50

270; 13413 197.1

0.950 0.92315

1.434020 1.427620

7556 4-Methylpentanenitrile

Isopentyl cyanide

C6H11N

542-54-1

97.158

liq

-51

156.5

0.803020

1.405920

7557 2-Methyl-2-pentanethiol 7558 Methyl pentanoate

C6H14S C6H12O2

1633-97-2 624-24-8

118.240 116.158

liq

Methyl valerate

125.0; 3630 127.4

0.894720

1.400320

7559 2-Methylpentanoic acid, (±)

C6H12O2

22160-39-0

116.158

195.6

0.923020

1.41320

7560 3-Methylpentanoic acid, (±) 7561 4-Methylpentanoic acid

C6H12O2 C6H12O2

22160-40-3 646-07-1

116.158 116.158

197.5 200.5

0.926220 0.922520

1.415920 1.414420

7562 2-Methyl-1-pentanol

C6H14O

105-30-6

102.174

149

0.826320

1.418220

7563 3-Methyl-1-pentanol, (±)

C6H14O

20281-83-8

102.174

153

0.824220

1.411223

C6H14O

626-89-1

102.174

151.9

0.813120

1.413425

C6H14O

590-36-3

102.174

121.1

0.835016

1.410020

7564 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 7565 2-Methyl-2-pentanol

Isohexyl alcohol

liq liq

liq

-41.6 -33

-103

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O, EtOH, py; i eth

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth s chl

s EtOH, eth

s H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth, ace, bz, hp s H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-365

OH O

OH 2-Methyl-2-octanol

3-Methyl-3-octanol

5-Methyl-2-octanone

2-Methyl-1-octene

O

O N H Methyl 2-octynoate

O S O Na O

N N

OH

O

O

Methyloctylamine

N

3-Methyl-1-octyn-3-ol

N

4-Methyloxazole

2-Methyl-2-oxazoline

4-Methyl-2-oxetanone

O OH

N

O

Methyloxirane

O O

O

3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid

O

2-Methyloxetane

O OH

O

O

O

5-Methyloxazole

O

O

N

O

O

2-Methyloxazole

Methyl oleate

N

N

O

Methyl Orange

O

7-Methyl-1-octene

N-Methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine

Methyl 4-oxopentanoate

O

O OH

O

O

O

O

O

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid

O

Methyl 2-oxopropanoate

Methyl palmitate

S P

O

O

N O Methyl parathion

S Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O O

Cl Methyl pentachlorophenyl sulfide

Methyl pentadecanoate

F F F

F F

O

OH

O

Methyl pentafluoropropanoate

2-Methylpentanal

SH

OH

N 2-Methylpentane

4-Methylpentanenitrile

2-Methyl-2-pentanethiol

4-Methylpentanoic acid

Methyl pentanoate

2-Methyl-1-pentanol

OH O

O 2-Methylpentanoic acid, (±)

OH OH

N

2-Methylpentanedinitrile

OH O

OH O

3-Methylpentane

O

N 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol

4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene

O F F

Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether

3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene

O

F

F F

cis-2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene

3-Methylpentanoic acid, (±)

OH OH

3-Methyl-1-pentanol, (±)

4-Methyl-1-pentanol

2-Methyl-2-pentanol

3-366

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

7566 3-Methyl-2-pentanol

C6H14O

565-60-6

102.174

7567 4-Methyl-2-pentanol

C6H14O

108-11-2

102.174

7568 2-Methyl-3-pentanol

C6H14O

565-67-3

102.174

7569 3-Methyl-3-pentanol

C6H14O

77-74-7

102.174

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

liq

liq

mp/˚C

-90

-23.6

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

134.3

0.830720

1.418220

131.6

0.807520

1.410020

126.5

0.824320

1.417520

122.4

0.828620

1.418620

163 117.5

0.87025 0.813020

1.400220

116.5

0.796525

1.396220

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace; s chl

7570 2-Methyl-1-pentanol acetate 7571 3-Methyl-2-pentanone, (±)

(±)-sec-Butyl methyl ketone

C8H16O2 C6H12O

7789-99-3 55156-16-6

144.212 100.158

7572 4-Methyl-2-pentanone

Isobutyl methyl ketone

C6H12O

108-10-1

100.158

7573 2-Methyl-3-pentanone

Ethyl isopropyl ketone

C6H12O

565-69-5

100.158

113.5

0.81418

1.397520

7574 4-Methylpentanoyl chloride 7575 2-Methyl-2-pentenal

C6H11ClO C6H10O

38136-29-7 623-36-9

134.603 98.142

143 136.5

0.972520 0.858120

1.448820

7576 2-Methyl-1-pentene

C6H12

763-29-1

84.159

liq

-135.7

62.1

0.679920

1.392020

7577 3-Methyl-1-pentene

C6H12

760-20-3

84.159

liq

-153

54.2

0.667520

1.384120

7578 4-Methyl-1-pentene

C6H12

691-37-2

84.159

liq

-153.6

53.9

0.664220

1.382820

7579 2-Methyl-2-pentene

C6H12

625-27-4

84.159

liq

-135

67.3

0.686320

1.400420

7580 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene

C6H12

922-62-3

84.159

liq

-134.8

67.7

0.688625

1.401620

7581 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene

C6H12

616-12-6

84.159

liq

-138.5

70.4

0.693025

1.404520

7582 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene

C6H12

691-38-3

84.159

liq

-134.8

56.3

0.669020

1.380020

7583 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene

C6H12

674-76-0

84.159

liq

-140.8

58.6

0.668620

1.388920

7584 trans-2-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid

C6H10O2

16957-70-3

114.142

pr

24.4

214; 11212

0.975120

1.451320

C6H10O2

10321-71-8

114.142

35

217

0.952921

1.448921

C6H10O2 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10O C11H16O

37674-63-8 4325-82-0 565-62-8 3744-02-3 488-10-8

114.142 100.158 98.142 98.142 164.244

199 134 138 124.2 258; 13412

0.96615 0.84015

1.440225 1.937715 1.450820

0.841120 0.943722

1.497922

C10H14O C6H8 C11H18O

539-52-6 1574-33-0 1128-08-1

150.217 80.128 166.260

185.5 66.5 14322, 11612

0.901720 0.73920 0.916518

1.470521 1.433220 1.476720

C6H14O

628-80-8

102.174

99

0.75922

1.386222

C12H18O

1300-94-3

178.270

C6H14S

1741-83-9

118.240

liq

C6H14S C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C9H3F15O2 C15H12 C15H12

13286-92-5 7154-75-8 21020-27-9 77-75-8 376-27-2 832-69-9 832-71-3

118.240 82.143 82.143 98.142 428.095 192.256 192.256

liq liq liq

7604 4-Methylphenanthrene

C15H12

832-64-4

192.256

7605 Methylphenidate

C14H19NO2

113-45-1

233.307

C13H11NS C15H13NO2S

1207-72-3 13993-65-2

213.298 271.335

7585 4-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid 7586 7587 7588 7589 7590 7591 7592 7593 7594

4,4-Dimethyl-2-butenoic acid

2-Methyl-3-pentenoic acid 4-Methyl-3-penten-2-ol 3-Methyl-2-penten-4-one 4-Methyl-4-penten-2-one cis-3-Methyl-2-(2-pentenyl)-2Jasmone cyclopenten-1-one 3-(4-Methyl-3-pentenyl)furan 3-Methyl-3-penten-1-yne 3-Methyl-2-pentyl-2-cyclopenten1-one Methyl pentyl ether

7595 5-Methyl-2-pentylphenol

6-Pentyl-m-cresol

7596 Methyl pentyl sulfide 7597 7598 7599 7600 7601 7602 7603

Methyl tert-pentyl sulfide 4-Methyl-1-pentyne 4-Methyl-2-pentyne 3-Methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol Methyl perfluorooctanoate 1-Methylphenanthrene 3-Methylphenanthrene

7606 10-Methyl-10H-phenothiazine 7607 10-Methyl-10H-phenothiazine-2acetic acid

2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)butane

Meparfynol

Metiazinic acid

liq

liq ye oil

-84

-72.6

24

13815

-94

145.1

0.843120

1.450620

0.84 0.700025 0.711225 0.868820 1.68420

1.457020 1.393620 1.405720 1.431020 1.30427

lf, pl (dil al) 123 pr or nd (al) 65

150 61.2 73.1 120.5 158 354 350; 1456

pl (90% al)

17710

-104.6 -110.3 30.5

53.5

1360.6

101 144

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O; s eth, chl, CS2 vs ace, eth, EtOH

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, lig s eth, bz

vs ace, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s bz, chl vs bz, chl

i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc i H2O, peth; s chl, EtOH, eth, AcOEt s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-367

OH

O OH OH

3-Methyl-2-pentanol

4-Methyl-2-pentanol

O

OH

2-Methyl-3-pentanol

3-Methyl-3-pentanol

O

Cl

O 4-Methyl-2-pentanone

2-Methyl-1-pentene

2-Methyl-3-pentanone

3-Methyl-1-pentene

O

O

O 3-Methyl-2-pentanone, (±)

2-Methyl-1-pentanol acetate

4-Methylpentanoyl chloride

4-Methyl-1-pentene

2-Methyl-2-pentenal

2-Methyl-2-pentene

3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene

OH

OH

O 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene

4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene

4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene

O

trans-2-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid

4-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid

O

OH

OH

O

O 2-Methyl-3-pentenoic acid

4-Methyl-3-penten-2-ol

3-Methyl-2-penten-4-one

4-Methyl-4-penten-2-one

O

O

O cis-3-Methyl-2-(2-pentenyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-one

3-(4-Methyl-3-pentenyl)furan

3-Methyl-3-penten-1-yne

3-Methyl-2-pentyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one

OH

O Methyl pentyl ether

S 5-Methyl-2-pentylphenol

F F F F F F OH

Methyl tert-pentyl sulfide

4-Methyl-1-pentyne

O

F 4-Methyl-2-pentyne

S

Methyl pentyl sulfide

O

F F F F F F F F

3-Methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol

Methyl perfluorooctanoate

1-Methylphenanthrene

3-Methylphenanthrene

O N H H

O

N S

4-Methylphenanthrene

Methylphenidate

10-Methyl-10H-phenothiazine

OH

N S

O

10-Methyl-10H-phenothiazine-2-acetic acid

3-368

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Methyl phenoxyacetate 1-Methyl-3-phenoxybenzene [(2-Methylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane 3-(2-Methylphenoxy)-1,2Mephenesin propanediol 7612 N-(2-Methylphenyl)acetamide

C9H10O3 C13H12O C10H12O2 C10H14O3

2065-23-8 3586-14-9 2210-79-9 59-47-2

166.173 184.233 164.201 182.216

C9H11NO

120-66-1

149.189

nd (al)

110

296

1.16815

7613 N-(3-Methylphenyl)acetamide

C9H11NO

537-92-8

149.189

nd (w)

65.5

303

1.14115

nd (eth), pr (al)

103

256

1.0036105 1.576

12

208 212 212.5

1.053315 1.04320 1.051217

1.500220 1.497820 1.516322 1.507520

No. Name

Synonym

7608 7609 7610 7611

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

245 272 1232

1.149320 1.05125 1.088420

N-Methylacetanilide

C9H11NO

579-10-2

149.189

7615 2-Methylphenyl acetate 7616 3-Methylphenyl acetate 7617 4-Methylphenyl acetate

o-Cresyl acetate m-Cresyl acetate p-Cresyl acetate

C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2

533-18-6 122-46-3 140-39-6

150.174 150.174 150.174

7618 Methyl 2-phenylacetate

C9H10O2

101-41-7

150.174

216.5

1.062216

7619 2-(Methylphenylamino)ethanol

C9H13NO

93-90-3

151.205

218110, 15014

1.01430

7620 7621 7622 7623

C9H13NO C13H13N C14H13NO C14H15N

136-80-1 1205-64-7 582-78-5 614-30-2

151.205 183.249 211.259 197.276

285.5 316; 18317

1.079420

C14H14O

1517-63-1

198.260

C14H14O

599-67-7

198.260

C13H13NO2S

68-34-8

247.313

C14H12O2 C19H24N2

614-34-6 4945-47-5

212.244 280.407

C11H14O2 C11H14O

2294-71-5 582-62-7

178.228 162.228

C11H13NO C8H8ClNO C9H10O C9H10O

7236-47-7 4285-42-1 577-16-2 585-74-0

175.227 169.609 134.174 134.174

7635 4-(1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol 7636 N-Methyl-N-phenylformamide

C15H16O C8H9NO

599-64-4 93-61-8

212.287 135.163

pr (peth)

7637 N-(2-Methylphenyl)formamide 7638 5-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-hexen-3one 7639 1-Methyl-1-phenylhydrazine

C8H9NO C13H16O

94-69-9 2892-18-4

135.163 188.265

lf (al) cry

C7H10N2

618-40-6

122.167

3-Methyl-5-phenylhydantoin

C10H10N2O2

6846-11-3

190.198

PhIP

C13H12N4

105650-23-5 224.261

C10H15NO

101-98-4

165.232

C14H13N

2272-45-9

195.260

C11H15NO C9H10O C11H13NO2

134-49-6 2085-88-3 93-68-5

177.243 134.174 191.227

pr (AcOEt)

107.5

C11H13NO2

2415-85-2

191.227

pr (AcOEt)

95

7627 4-Methylphenyl benzoate 7628 1-Methyl-N-phenyl-N-benzyl-4piperidinamine 7629 Methyl 2-phenylbutanoate 7630 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-butanone

7631 7632 7633 7634

3-Methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenamide Methylphenylcarbamic chloride 1-(2-Methylphenyl)ethanone 1-(3-Methylphenyl)ethanone

7640 3-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,4imidazolidinedione 7641 1-Methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridin-2-amine 7642 2-[Methyl(phenylmethyl)amino] ethanol 7643 4-Methyl-N-(phenylmethylene) aniline 7644 3-Methyl-2-phenylmorpholine 7645 2-Methyl-2-phenyloxirane 7646 N-(2-Methylphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide 7647 N-(4-Methylphenyl)-3oxobutanamide 7648 (2-Methylphenyl) phenylmethanone 7649 (3-Methylphenyl) phenylmethanone

Bamipine

β-Benzalbutyramide

Phenmetrazine

C14H12O

131-58-8

196.244

C14H12O

643-65-2

196.244

Solubility

1.515520 1.572720

vs eth, EtOH

70 dec

7614 N-Methyl-N-phenylacetamide

2-[(2-Methylphenyl)amino]ethanol 3-Methyl-N-phenylaniline N-(4-Methylphenyl)benzamide N-Methyl-Nphenylbenzenemethanamine 7624 4-Methyl-αphenylbenzenemethanol 7625 α-Methyl-αphenylbenzenemethanol 7626 4-Methyl-Nphenylbenzenesulfonamide

nD

orth nd (al)

30 158

1.567520 1.635020

1.20215

sl H2O, eth; s EtOH sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH s ctc

52 285; 19012

1.105915

(α) tcl, (β) mcl pr (al, bz) pl (eth-al) cry (MeOH)

103.5

71.5 115

316

nd (dil al)

77.5

228 236.5

0.970116

1.513915

280 214 220

1.02620 1.01650

1.527620 1.53315

74.5 14.5

335 243

1.094820

1.558920

62 43

288 15425

1.08655 0.950946

1.552325

228; 13135

1.040420

1.569120

pl (al)

133 88.5

i H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, HOAc vs eth, EtOH

vs eth, EtOH

164.5 solid

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace

s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace s H2O; vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, chl s chl

327 13414

ye cry

35

318; 17811 13912, 1041 8417

oil

vs ace

1.022820

1.523220 vs bz, EtOH

12

<-18

308; 128

2

317; 1709

1.1098

20

1.09520

sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, bz i H2O; vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-369 O

O O

O

O

O

O

Methyl phenoxyacetate

1-Methyl-3-phenoxybenzene

O

O

HN

OH

O

[(2-Methylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane

OH

3-(2-Methylphenoxy)-1,2-propanediol

N-(2-Methylphenyl)acetamide

O

HN

O

N

O

O

O

O O O

N-(3-Methylphenyl)acetamide

N

N-Methyl-N-phenylacetamide

3-Methylphenyl acetate

H N

H N

OH

2-Methylphenyl acetate

4-Methylphenyl acetate

Methyl 2-phenylacetate

H N

OH

N O

2-(Methylphenylamino)ethanol

2-[(2-Methylphenyl)amino]ethanol

3-Methyl-N-phenylaniline

N-(4-Methylphenyl)benzamide

N-Methyl-N-phenylbenzenemethanamine

O H O S N OH

N

OH O N

O α-Methyl-α-phenylbenzenemethanol

4-Methyl-α-phenylbenzenemethanol

4-Methyl-N-phenylbenzenesulfonamide

4-Methylphenyl benzoate

O

O O

N

NH2

O 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-butanone

3-Methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenamide

N

O

Cl O

O

Methyl 2-phenylbutanoate

1-Methyl-N-phenyl-N-benzyl-4-piperidinamine

Methylphenylcarbamic chloride

HN

O

1-(2-Methylphenyl)ethanone

O

O

1-(3-Methylphenyl)ethanone

N

NH2

OH 4-(1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol

N-Methyl-N-phenylformamide

N-(2-Methylphenyl)formamide

5-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-hexen-3-one

1-Methyl-1-phenylhydrazine

O

O

N N H

N

O

3-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

N

NH2 N

1-Methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-amine

2-[Methyl(phenylmethyl)amino]ethanol

O O

N

OH

N

O

4-Methyl-N-(phenylmethylene)aniline

N H 3-Methyl-2-phenylmorpholine

O

HN

HN

O O

O 2-Methyl-2-phenyloxirane

N-(2-Methylphenyl)-3-oxo-butanamide

N-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide

(2-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone

(3-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone

3-370

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

C14H12O

134-84-9

196.244

mcl pr

59.5

22870

0.99260

C10H12O2

103-25-3

164.201

238.5; 914

1.045525

7652 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-1-propanone

C10H12O

5337-93-9

148.201

7.2

236

0.992620

1.527820

7653 7654 7655 7656

C10H12O C10H10O C10H8O2 C10H11N3

611-70-1 101-39-3 4891-38-7 1131-18-6

148.201 146.185 160.170 173.214

-0.7

220 248; 150100 15848, 13216 333

0.986311 1.040717 1.083025

1.517220 1.605717 1.561825

C12H11N C11H10N2O3

3256-88-0 76-94-8

169.222 218.208

18950

1.059025

cry

220

C11H11NO2

86-34-0

189.211

cry (hot al)

72

No. Name

Synonym

7650 (4-Methylphenyl) phenylmethanone 7651 Methyl 3-phenylpropanoate

7657 7658

7659 7660 7661

Methyl dihydrocinnamate

2-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone 2-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal Methyl 3-phenyl-2-propynoate 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-5amine 2-Methyl-5-phenylpyridine 5-Methyl-5-phenylPhenylmethylbarbituric acid 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 1-Methyl-3-phenyl-2,5Phensuximide pyrrolidinedione Methylphenylsilane Methyl phenyl sulfone

liq

26 116

C7H10Si C7H8O2S

766-08-5 3112-85-4

122.240 156.203

C13H12S C8H10N2S

3699-01-2 614-78-8

200.299 166.243

15.7 nd (dil al, w) 162

C8H10N2S CH5O4P CH5P CH5O3P

2724-69-8 812-00-0 593-54-4 993-13-5

166.243 112.022 48.025 96.023

ta, pl oil col gas hyg pl

CH3F2OP C4H10FO2P

676-99-3 107-44-8

100.005 140.093

CH3Cl2OP C5H12N2

3279-26-3 109-01-3

7672 2-Methylpiperazine

C5H12N2

7673 1-Methylpiperidine

7662 1-Methyl-4-(phenylthio)benzene 7663 (2-Methylphenyl)thiourea 7664 7665 7666 7667

N-Methyl-N’-phenylthiourea Methyl phosphate Methylphosphine Methylphosphonic acid

o-Tolylthiourea

Methyl dihydrogen phosphate

nD

Solubility

s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl bz 1.605525 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk vs EtOH, MeOH

140

0.8895

20

1.5058

20

88 317

1.098625

1.622525

112.5

108.5

-16 dec

liq liq

-57

98; 2227 147

1.331420 1.1020

132.914 100.162

hyg liq

-91

93 138

1.406

109-07-9

100.162

hyg lf (al)

62

153

C6H13N

626-67-5

99.174

liq

-102.7

107

0.815920

1.435520

7674 2-Methylpiperidine, (±)

C6H13N

3000-79-1

99.174

liq

-2.5

118

0.843624

1.445920

7675 7676 7677 7678 7679 7680 7681 7682 7683 7684 7685

C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H11NO C6H11NO C22H30O5 C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H12N2 C4H10O2

53152-98-0 626-58-4 3554-74-3 106-52-5 931-20-4 1445-73-4 83-43-2 563-83-7 1187-58-2 811-93-8 558-43-0

99.174 99.174 115.173 115.173 113.157 113.157 374.470 87.120 87.120 88.151 90.121

liq

-24

125.5 130 9326, 7711 200 221; 10512 8545, 5711

0.844626 0.867425 0.963516 1.026325 0.97125

1.447020 1.445820 1.473520 1.477520 1.482020 1.458025

217 148 123 176

1.01320 0.930525 0.84125 1.002420

1.434525 1.441020 1.435020

-91 -71.5

211.6; 12420 103.9

1.01520 0.770420

1.445020 1.372020

<-70

88.5

0.835720

1.438720

7668 Methylphosphonic difluoride 7669 Methylphosphonofluoridic acid, isopropyl ester 7670 Methyl phosphorodichloridite 7671 1-Methylpiperazine

Sarin Methyl dichlorophosphite

3-Methylpiperidine, (±) 4-Methylpiperidine 1-Methyl-3-piperidinol 1-Methyl-4-piperidinol 1-Methyl-2-piperidinone 1-Methyl-4-piperidinone Methylprednisolone 2-Methylpropanamide N-Methylpropanamide 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediamine 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediol

29

cry liq

liq liq

232 129.0 -30.9

i H2O; sl EtOH, lig; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 vs eth, EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s ace, bz vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs EtOH vs eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, peth dec H2O

1.474020 1.437820

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl; i dil KOH vs H2O; sl chl vs H2O; sl chl

s chl

7686 2-Methyl-1,3-propanediol 7687 2-Methylpropanenitrile

Isobutyronitrile

C4H10O2 C4H7N

2163-42-0 78-82-0

90.121 69.106

7688 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol

Isobutyl mercaptan

C4H10S

513-44-0

90.187

7689 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol 7690 Methyl propanoate

tert-Butyl mercaptan Methyl propionate

C4H10S C4H8O2

75-66-1 554-12-1

90.187 88.106

liq liq

-0.5 -87.5

64.2 79.8

0.794325 0.915020

1.423220 1.377520

7691 2-Methylpropanoic acid

Isobutyric acid

C4H8O2

79-31-2

88.106

liq

-46

154.45

0.968120

1.393020

7692 2-Methylpropanoic anhydride 7693 2-Methyl-1-propanol

Isobutryic anhydride Isobutyl alcohol

C8H14O3 C4H10O

97-72-3 78-83-1

158.195 74.121

liq liq

-53.5 -101.9

183; 8932 107.89

0.953520 0.801820

1.406119 1.395520

7694 2-Methyl-2-propanol

tert-Butyl alcohol

C4H10O

75-65-0

74.121

25.69

82.4

0.788720

1.387820

s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; s ctc, hp sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc msc eth; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

3-371 O

O

O

O (4-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone

O

Methyl 3-phenylpropanoate

1-(4-Methylphenyl)-1-propanone

2-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone

2-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal

O

O H2N

N

O

N N O N

Methyl 3-phenyl-2-propynoate

3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine

H Si H O

N

2-Methyl-5-phenylpyridine

H N

S

H N

NH2

Methylphenylsilane

O O P OH OH

H

Methyl phosphate

Methylphosphine

P

O P OH OH

H

H N

H N

N

N H

Methyl phenyl sulfone

1-Methyl-4-(phenylthio)benzene

(2-Methylphenyl)thiourea

Methylphosphonic acid

N-Methyl-N’-phenylthiourea

O O P F

O P F F

O

Methylphosphonic difluoride

Methylphosphonofluoridic acid, isopropyl ester

Cl P

Cl

Methyl phosphorodichloridite

OH N H

N

2-Methylpiperazine

1-Methylpiperidine

N H

2-Methylpiperidine, (±)

OH

N H

3-Methylpiperidine, (±)

4-Methylpiperidine

1-Methyl-3-piperidinol

OH

HO

O

N

O

HO H

H N

NH2 N

N

1-Methyl-4-piperidinol

H N S

S

1-Methyl-3-phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

1-Methylpiperazine

O

5-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

O S O

O

N H

H

N

O

1-Methyl-2-piperidinone

NH2 NH2

O

1-Methyl-4-piperidinone

Methylprednisolone

O

O

2-Methylpropanamide

N-Methylpropanamide

OH

SH HO

OH

2-Methyl-1,2-propanediamine

2-Methyl-1,2-propanediol

OH

2-Methyl-1,3-propanediol

O Methyl propanoate

O 2-Methylpropanoic acid

2-Methylpropanenitrile

2-Methyl-1-propanethiol

O

OH O

SH

N

O

2-Methyl-2-propanethiol

OH O

2-Methylpropanoic anhydride

OH 2-Methyl-1-propanol

2-Methyl-2-propanol

3-372

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

7695 2-Methylpropanoyl chloride 7696 2-Methylpropenal

Isobutyric acid chloride Methacrolein

C4H7ClO C4H6O

79-30-1 78-85-3

106.551 70.090

liq

-90

92 68.4

7697 2-Methyl-2-propenamide

C4H7NO

79-39-0

85.105

cry (bz)

7698 N-Methyl-2-propen-1-amine

C4H9N

627-37-2

71.121

64

1.406520

Methacrolein diacetate

C8H12O4

10476-95-6

172.179

191

1.424120

C16H32 C8H10O3 C4H8O

15220-85-6 760-93-0 513-42-8

224.425 154.163 72.106

liq

Methacrylic acid anhydride Methallyl alcohol

7703 2-Methyl-2-propenoyl chloride Methacrylic acid chloride 7704 cis-(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene 7705 trans-(1-Methyl-1-propenyl) benzene 7706 (2-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene 7707 4-(2-Methylpropenyl)morpholine 1-Morpholinoisobutene 7708 2-(2-Methylpropoxy)ethanol 7709 Methylpropylamine N-Methyl-1-propanamine 7710 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 7711 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 7712 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene

C4H5ClO C10H12 C10H12

920-46-7 767-99-7 768-00-3

104.535 132.202 132.202

liq

-60

liq

-23.5

C10H12 C8H15NO C6H14O2 C4H11N C10H14 C10H14 C10H14

768-49-0 2403-55-6 4439-24-1 627-35-0 1074-17-5 1074-43-7 1074-55-1

132.202 141.211 118.174 73.137 134.218 134.218 134.218

liq

-48.0 120

liq liq liq

7713 cis-1-Methyl-2propylcyclopentane 7714 trans-1-Methyl-2propylcyclopentane 7715 Methyl propyl disulfide 7716 Methyl propyl ether

C9H18

932-43-4

126.239

C9H18

932-44-5

C4H10S2 C4H10O

7699 2-Methyl-2-propene-1,1-diol diacetate 7700 2-Methyl-1-propene, tetramer 7701 2-Methyl-2-propenoic anhydride 7702 2-Methyl-2-propenol

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

0.84025

1.407920 1.414420

s eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth sl eth, chl; s EtOH, CH2Cl2 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

110.5

244; 10915 895 114.5

0.851520

1.448220 1.454020 1.425520

96 194.7; 177500 194.7

1.087120 0.919125 0.913825

1.443520 1.540225 1.542520

0.90020 0.890020 0.720417 0.869725 0.856925 0.854425

1.538820 1.466320 1.414320

-60.3 -82.5 -63.6

183; 9943 8920 160 63 185 182 183.4

liq

-104

152.6

0.788125

1.434320

126.239

liq

-123

146.4

0.773525

1.427420

2179-60-4 557-17-5

122.252 74.121

liq

7043 39.1

0.980 0.735613

1.508020 1.357925

C9H19N C7H16O2

35305-13-6 78-26-2

141.254 132.201

1.453812

62.5

174 234; 12110

0.832622

cry (hx)

C9H18N2O4

57-53-4

218.250

cry (w)

105

C4H10S

3877-15-4

90.187

liq

-113

Pargyline

C4H7N C11H13N

35161-71-8 555-57-7

69.106 159.228

2-Amino-3-methylpyrazine

C5H7N3

19838-08-5

109.130

7724 2-Methylpyrazine

C5H6N2

109-08-0

94.115

7725 1-Methyl-1H-pyrazole 7726 3-Methyl-1H-pyrazole

C4H6N2 C4H6N2

930-36-9 1453-58-3

82.104 82.104

7717 1-Methyl-2-propylpiperidine, ( S) 7718 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3propanediol 7719 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3propanediol dicarbamate 7720 Methyl propyl sulfide 7721 N-Methyl-2-propyn-1-amine 7722 N-Methyl-N-2propynylbenzenemethanamine 7723 3-Methylpyrazinamine

1-Methoxypropane Methylconiine

Meprobamate

3-Methyl-1,2-diazine 2-Amino-3-picoline

C4H6N2 C4H6N2O C17H12 C17H12 C5H6N2 C6H8N2

7554-65-6 108-26-9 2381-21-7 3442-78-2 1632-76-4 1603-40-3

82.104 98.103 216.277 216.277 94.115 108.141

7733 4-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

2-Amino-4-picoline

C6H8N2

695-34-1

7734 5-Methyl-2-pyridinamine 7735 6-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

2-Amino-6-picoline

C6H8N2 C6H8N2

7736 N-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

7737 N-Methyl-4-pyridinamine

7727 7728 7729 7730 7731 7732

4-Methyl-1H-pyrazole 3-Methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one 1-Methylpyrene 2-Methylpyrene 3-Methylpyridazine 3-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

7738 2-Methylpyridine

Fomepizole

2-Picoline

nd (hx/ AcOEt) liq

-98

0.794420

i H2O; s EtOH, eth

s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, EtOH s H2O, hx; sl chl vs bz, eth, EtOH

95.6

0.842420

1.444220

83 9611

0.81925 0.94425

1.433220 1.521320

-29

137

1.0320

1.504220

36.5

127 204; 10825

0.992913 1.020316

1.478713 1.491520

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace

174

206; 95

13

1.015

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth

20

hyg

215 71.3 143 184 33.5

410 409.8 214 222; 958

108.141

lf or pl (lig)

100

11611

1603-41-4 1824-81-3

108.141 108.141

hyg (lig)

76.5 41

227 208.5

C6H8N2

4597-87-9

108.141

15

200.5

1.04829

C6H8N2

1121-58-0

108.141

pl (eth)

118.8

C6H7N

109-06-8

93.127

liq

-66.68

129.38

0.944320

fl (EtOH)

1.499620 1.493520 1.492220

msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s bz, chl i H2O; s bz, chl

vs H2O; sl EtOH

1.045026

1.514520 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc; sl lig vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i lig; sl chl

1.495720

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig s H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-373

NH2

Cl O

O 2-Methylpropanoyl chloride

O H N

O

2-Methylpropenal

2-Methyl-2-propenamide

O

N-Methyl-2-propen-1-amine

O

O O

2-Methyl-2-propene-1,1-diol diacetate

2-Methyl-1-propene, tetramer

Cl

O

OH

O

2-Methyl-2-propenoic anhydride

O

2-Methyl-2-propenol

2-Methyl-2-propenoyl chloride

cis-(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene

trans-(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene

O N OH

O (2-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene

4-(2-Methylpropenyl)morpholine

H N

2-(2-Methylpropoxy)ethanol

Methylpropylamine

1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene

S 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene

cis-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane

trans-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane

O

H2N HO

N 1-Methyl-2-propylpiperidine, (S)

OH

O

2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol

N

O

N H

NH2

N

N

3-Methylpyrazinamine

2-Methylpyrazine

N H

S Methyl propyl sulfide

N

N N-Methyl-N-2-propynylbenzenemethanamine

Methyl propyl ether

NH2

2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate

N

O

S

Methyl propyl disulfide

O

O

1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene

N

N H

1-Methyl-1H-pyrazole

N-Methyl-2-propyn-1-amine

N

N H

3-Methyl-1H-pyrazole

N

4-Methyl-1H-pyrazole

N N

3-Methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one

1-Methylpyrene

2-Methylpyrene

N

3-Methylpyridazine

N

NH2

N

3-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

HN

N

NH2

5-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

N

NH2

6-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

N

N H

N-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

N N-Methyl-4-pyridinamine

NH2

4-Methyl-2-pyridinamine

N 2-Methylpyridine

3-374

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

7739 3-Methylpyridine

3-Picoline

C6H7N

108-99-6

93.127

liq

-18.14

144.14

0.956620

1.504020

7740 4-Methylpyridine

4-Picoline

C6H7N

108-89-4

93.127

3.67

145.36

0.954820

1.503720

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc

C7H7NO

1122-72-1

121.137

32

7712

C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2

93-60-7 2459-09-8

137.137 137.137

42.5 16.1

204 208

1.159920

1.513520

2-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 3-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 4-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 1-Methyl-2(1H)-pyridinone

C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO

931-19-1 1003-73-2 1003-67-4 694-85-9

109.126 109.126 109.126 109.126

49 39 185.8 31

260 14815 250

1.112020

7748 1-(6-Methyl-3-pyridinyl)ethanone 7749 4-Methyl-2-pyrimidinamine

C8H9NO C5H7N3

36357-38-7 108-52-1

135.163 109.130

17.6 160.3

14450 sub

1.016825

1.530225

C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2O2

5053-43-0 3438-46-8 2036-41-1 626-48-2

94.115 94.115 94.115 126.114

C5H7N

96-54-8

7755 2-Methylpyrrole

C5H7N

7756 3-Methylpyrrole 7757 N-Methylpyrrolidine 7758 1-Methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

7759 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinethione 7760 5-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 7761 1-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-2propanone, (R) 7762 3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine, (±)

7741 6-Methyl-2pyridinecarboxaldehyde 7742 Methyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate 7743 Methyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate 7744 7745 7746 7747

Methyl nicotinate Methyl isonicotinate

cry

nd

pl (w), nd (sub) liq

s chl

138 142 153

1.03016

1.50020

81.117

-4 32 30.5 oct pr or nd 275 dec (w, al) liq -56.32

112.81

0.914515

1.487520

636-41-9

81.117

liq

-35.6

147.6

0.944615

1.503516

C5H7N C5H11N C5H7NO2

616-43-3 120-94-5 1121-07-9

81.117 85.148 113.116

liq

-48.4

142.9; 4511 81 234

0.818820

1.497020 1.424720

C5H9NS C5H9NO C8H15NO

10441-57-3 108-27-0 496-49-1

115.197 99.131 141.211

1000.08 248 76.511

1.045820

C10H14N2

22083-74-5

162.231

244

7763 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone

C5H9NO

872-50-4

99.131

7764 1-(1-Methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl) ethanone 7765 6-Methyl-8-quinolinamine

C7H9NO

932-16-1

123.152

8-Amino-6-methylquinoline

C10H10N2

68420-93-9

158.199

nd

73

sub

7766 2-Methylquinoline

Quinaldine

C10H9N

91-63-4

143.185

col oily liq

-0.8

246.5

1.0625

1.611620

C10H9N

612-58-8

143.185

pr

16.5

259.8

1.067320

1.617120

C10H9N

491-35-0

143.185

col oily liq

9.5

262

1.08320

1.620020

7769 5-Methylquinoline

C10H9N

7661-55-4

143.185

col cry

19

262.7

1.083220

1.621920

7770 6-Methylquinoline

C10H9N

91-62-3

143.185

col oily liq

-22

258.6

1.065420

1.615720

C10H9N

612-60-2

143.185

ye cry

39

257.6

1.060920

1.615020

7772 8-Methylquinoline

C10H9N

611-32-5

143.185

col liq

-80

247.5

1.071920

1.616420

7773 2-Methyl-8-quinolinol

C10H9NO

826-81-3

159.184

73.8

267

7774 1-Methyl-2(1H)-quinolinone

C10H9NO

606-43-9

159.184

nd (lig)

74

325

C10H9NO

83-54-5

159.184

C9H8N2

7251-61-8

144.173

α-nd (bz); β-cry (al) ye cry

180.5

244

C15H15N3O2

493-52-7

269.299

C6H12O5

7473-45-2

164.156

7750 7751 7752 7753

2-Methylpyrimidine 4-Methylpyrimidine 5-Methylpyrimidine 6-Methyl-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 7754 1-Methylpyrrole

2-Methyl-1,3-diazine 4-Methyl-1,3-diazine 5-Methyl-1,3-diazine 6-Methyluracil

Hygrine

7767 3-Methylquinoline 7768 4-Methylquinoline

7771 7-Methylquinoline

7775 1-Methyl-4(1H)-quinolinone

Lepidine

m-Toluquinoline

Echinopsine

7776 2-Methylquinoxaline

7777 Methyl Red

7778 Methyl β-D-ribofuranoside

Benzoic acid, 2-[[4(dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]-

nd (ethpeth, al, ace) oil

71

43

liq

-23.09

viol or red pr 183 (to, bz) 80

s H2O, EtOH, bz sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz

msc H2O; sl peth, lig vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl chl msc H2O msc H2O vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, tfa; vs NH3 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth

1.455520

vs EtOH, chl

1.008220

1.528920

202

1.023025

1.468420

201252, 9322

1.044515

1.540315

msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s lig vs H2O; s eth, ace, chl s EtOH, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i alk sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz s H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth msc H2O, eth, ace, bz; vs EtOH; s ctc sl H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs ace, bz, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-375 O

O

O

O N 3-Methylpyridine

O

N

N 4-Methylpyridine

N

N

6-Methyl-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde

Methyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate

Methyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate

O N O

N O

N O

2-Methylpyridine-1-oxide

3-Methylpyridine-1-oxide

N

O N

4-Methylpyridine-1-oxide

1-Methyl-2(1H)-pyridinone

1-(6-Methyl-3-pyridinyl)ethanone

O N N

N

N

NH2

N

4-Methyl-2-pyrimidinamine

N

N

N H

N

N

2-Methylpyrimidine

4-Methylpyrimidine

N H

N H

N

3-Methylpyrrole

N-Methylpyrrolidine

N 1-Methylpyrrole

2-Methylpyrrole

5-Methylpyrimidine

O

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinethione

N

O

N

3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (±)

N

N NH2

1-(1-Methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethanone

5-Methylquinoline

N

6-Methyl-8-quinolinamine

6-Methylquinoline

N

2-Methylquinoline

7-Methylquinoline

N 1-Methyl-2(1H)-quinolinone

N 1-Methyl-4(1H)-quinolinone

2-Methyl-8-quinolinol

OH N

O

N OH

8-Methylquinoline

O

N

3-Methylquinoline

N

N

N

N

4-Methylquinoline

N

1-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-2-propanone, (R)

O

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone

N

N

5-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone

O

N

1-Methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

O N

O

6-Methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

O

N H

S

H

N 2-Methylquinoxaline

O N N Methyl Red

HO

O O

HO

OH

Methyl β-D-ribofuranoside

3-376

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

7779 Methyl salicylate

Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

C8H8O3

119-36-8

152.148

liq

-8

222.9

1.18125

1.53520

sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl

CH6Si CH6OSi CH6Sn C19H38O2 C9H10 C9H10

992-94-9 2171-96-2 1631-78-3 112-61-8 611-15-4 100-80-1

46.145 62.144 136.769 298.504 118.175 118.175

col gas col gas col gas

-156.5 -98.5

liq liq

39.1 -68.5 -86.3

-57.5 -21; -8710 0 443; 21515 169.8 164

0.849840 0.907725 0.907625

1.436740 1.543720 1.541120

7786 4-Methylstyrene 7787 Methylsuccinic acid

C9H10 C5H8O4

622-97-9 636-60-2

118.175 132.116

liq pr

-34.1 115

172.8 dec

0.917325 1.42000

1.5420 1.4303

7788 Methyl sulfate

CH4O4S

75-93-4

112.106

<-30

dec 135

C7H8OS C11H24OS C5H10O2S C3H6O2S C9H8O4

1193-82-4 3079-28-5 872-93-5 3680-02-2 1679-64-7

140.203 204.373 134.197 106.144 180.158

32.0 52.5 1

263.5; 14013

C20H30O2

58-18-4

302.451

163.5

7795 Methyl tetradecanoate

C15H30O2

124-10-7

242.398

19

7796 5-N-Methyl-5,6,7,8tetrahydrofolic acid 7797 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

C20H25N7O6

134-35-0

459.456

C5H10O

96-47-9

86.132

7798 N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline Tetryl

C7H5N5O8

479-45-8

287.144

7799 4-Methyl-2-thiazolamine

C4H6N2S

1603-91-4

114.169

7800 2-Methylthiazole

C4H5NS

3581-87-1

99.155

7801 4-Methylthiazole 7802 4-Methyl-5-thiazoleethanol

C4H5NS C6H9NOS

693-95-8 137-00-8

99.155 143.206

7803 7804 7805 7806 7807

C4H5NS2 C3H6S C3H6O2S C7H9NS C7H9NS

5685-06-3 1072-43-1 2444-37-3 2987-53-3 104-96-1

131.220 74.145 106.144 139.218 139.218

C7H8S

100-68-5

124.204

7809 2-(Methylthio)benzothiazole 7810 Methyl thiocyanate

C8H7NS2 C2H3NS

615-22-5 556-64-9

181.279 73.117

7811 2-(Methylthio)ethanol

C3H8OS

5271-38-5

92.160

7812 7813 7814 7815

C3H6S C8H10S C5H8O3S C5H6S

1822-74-8 766-92-7 583-92-6 554-14-3

74.145 138.230 148.181 98.167

liq oil liq

7816 3-Methylthiophene

C5H6S

616-44-4

98.167

liq

7817 5-Methyl-2thiophenecarboxaldehyde 7818 4-(Methylthio)phenol 7819 3-(Methylthio)propanal 7820 3-(Methylthio)propanoic acid

C6H6OS

13679-70-4

126.176

C7H8OS C4H8OS C4H8O2S

1073-72-9 3268-49-3 646-01-5

140.203 104.171 120.171

10152-76-8 6610-29-3

88.172 105.162

7780 7781 7782 7783 7784 7785

7789 7790 7791 7792 7793

Methylsilane Methyl silyl ether Methylstannane Methyl stearate 2-Methylstyrene 3-Methylstyrene

(Methylsulfinyl)benzene 1-(Methylsulfinyl)decane 3-Methyl sulfolane (Methylsulfonyl)ethene Methyl terephthalate

7794 17-Methyltestosterone

Decyl methyl sulfoxide

Methyl 1,4benzenedicarboxylate 17-Hydroxy-17-methylandrost4-en-3-one, (17β)

2-Amino-4-methylthiazole

4-Methyl-2(3H)-thiazolethione Methylthiirane (Methylthio)acetic acid 2-(Methylthio)aniline 4-(Methylthio)aniline

7808 (Methylthio)benzene

Methyl phenyl sulfide

(Methylthio)ethene [(Methylthio)methyl]benzene 4-(Methylthio)-2-oxobutanoic acid 2-Methylthiophene

7821 3-(Methylthio)-1-propene 7822 N-Methylthiosemicarbazide

S-Methylpropiothetin

C4H8S NC2H7N3S Methylhydrazinecarbothioamide

cry

nd (w)

222

276 12224 subl ≈ 230

dec H2O vs eth, chl i H2O; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s bz vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s eth; sl chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH

1.588520 1.18825 1.211720

1.477220 1.463620

s eth, ace

vs eth, EtOH 295; 1557

0.867120

1.42545

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc

78

0.855220

1.405921

131.5

exp 180

1.5710

45.5

12520, 700.4

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl; s ace, bz, py vs H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs EtOH s chl

cry (w)

ye pr (al)

128 133.3 1357

1.11225 1.19624

1883 72.5 13027 234 272.5

0.94120 1.22120 1.11125 1.137920

1.47220 1.49520 1.623920 1.639520

194.3

1.057920

1.586820

17422 132.9

1.067825

1.466925

7020

1.06320

1.486130

-30

69.5 210; 12048

0.902620 1.027420

1.483720 1.562020

-63.4

112.6

1.019320

1.520320

-69

115.5

1.021820

1.520420

col to pa ye ye cry (dil al) 89.3 liq -91 13.0

pr (dil al) col liq

1.510

52 -2.5

11425 84 ye oil or fl (hx)

21

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, hp, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl s chl

15420, 1136 6211 13213 92

136.5

1.582520

s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace s EtOH, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH s eth, ace, chl

0.876720

1.471420 s H2O, EtOH, DMSO; i eth, bz, lig

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

3-377

O H O Si H H

H Si H H

OH Methyl salicylate

Methylsilane

H Sn H H

Methyl silyl ether

O O

Methylstannane

Methyl stearate

O

O O S O OH

OH

HO O 2-Methylstyrene

3-Methylstyrene

4-Methylstyrene

Methylsuccinic acid

S

Methyl sulfate

O

O

(Methylsulfinyl)benzene

OH OH

S O

O S O

S O

1-(Methylsulfinyl)decane

O

3-Methyl sulfolane

O

(Methylsulfonyl)ethene

O O H O

H2N

N

O

17-Methyltestosterone

OH OH O

N H

N H

O Methyl tetradecanoate

N

O

N H

N

N

O

Methyl terephthalate

O

5-N-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid

2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

NO2 NO2

O2N

N

N NO2

NH2

S

N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline

N

S

4-Methyl-2-thiazolamine

N HO

S

2-Methylthiazole

4-Methylthiazole

S

4-Methyl-5-thiazoleethanol

NH2 NH2

H N S

S

S

O S

S

4-Methyl-2(3H)-thiazolethione

Methylthiirane

S

S

2-(Methylthio)aniline

S

S N (Methylthio)benzene

S

OH

(Methylthio)acetic acid

S

N

2-(Methylthio)benzothiazole

Methyl thiocyanate

4-(Methylthio)aniline

S

OH

2-(Methylthio)ethanol

(Methylthio)ethene

O S

S

OH O

[(Methylthio)methyl]benzene

S

4-(Methylthio)-2-oxobutanoic acid

S

S

2-Methylthiophene

3-Methylthiophene

O

5-Methyl-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde

OH

S S 4-(Methylthio)phenol

S

O

3-(Methylthio)propanal

H N

OH O

3-(Methylthio)propanoic acid

S 3-(Methylthio)-1-propene

H N

NH2

S N-Methylthiosemicarbazide

3-378

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

7823 Methylthiouracil

C5H6N2OS

56-04-2

142.179

7824 Methylthiourea

C2H6N2S

598-52-7

90.147

pr (EtOH)

121

C6H8N2O2

4160-72-9

140.140

nd (w)

295

C37H40N2O13Na4S 1945-77-3 80-48-8 C8H10O3S

844.743 186.228

bl-viol cry

C7H12O6Si C4H5N3O2

4253-34-3 932-53-6

220.252 127.102

C6H6N4O

2503-56-2

150.138

C3H3Cl3O2

598-99-2

177.414

liq

-17.5

153.8

1.487420

1.457220

CH3Cl3Si C14H28O2 C7H18Pb C3H3F3O2 C2H3F3O C8H8O5

75-79-6 1731-88-0 1762-28-3 431-47-0 421-14-7 99-24-1

149.480 228.371 309.4 128.050 100.039 184.147

liq

-90 6.5

65.6 921 7016 43.0 -23.66

1.27320

1.410620 1.440520

C11H14O5 C19H18O3Si C9H12ClO2PS3 C12H14N2O2

1916-07-0 3439-97-2 953-17-3 526-31-8

226.226 322.430 314.812 218.251

C10H13NO3 C11H16ClNO3

537-49-5 7361-31-1

195.215 245.703

C12H24O

110-41-8

184.318

No. Name

7825 1-Methylthymine

Synonym

1,5-Dimethyl-2,4(1 H,3H)pyrimidinedione

7826 Methylthymol blue, sodium salt 7827 Methyl 4-toluenesulfonate

7828 Methyltriacetoxysilane 7829 6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine3,5(2H,4H)-dione 7830 5-Methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidin-7-ol 7831 Methyl trichloroacetate 7832 7833 7834 7835 7836 7837

Methyltrichlorosilane Methyl tridecanoate Methyltriethyllead Methyl trifluoroacetate Methyl trifluoromethyl ether Methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate

7838 7839 7840 7841

Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate Methyltriphenoxysilane Methyl trithion N-Methyl-L-tryptophan

7842 N-Methyl-L-tyrosine 7843 α-Methyl-DL-tyrosine, methyl ester, hydrochloride 7844 2-Methylundecanal 7845 7846 7847 7848 7849

Methylsilanetriol, triacetate 6-Azathymine

Triethylmethylplumbane

L-Abrine Surinamine

7856 7857 7858 7859

5-Methyluridine 3-Methyl-L-valine 2-(1-Methylvinyl)aniline 1-Methyl-4-vinylcyclohexene 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene1-carboxaldehyde, (R) 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene1-carboxaldehyde, (S) 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene1-methanol (1-Methylvinyl)cyclopropane Methyl vinyl ether

sub

1.208740

40.5 211

11117

1.175020

Solubility

s H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ctc; sl lig 1.408320 s H2O, EtOH, ace

>245

col liq col gas mcl pr (MeOH)

-149 202 83

ye liq pr (w)

-18 295 dec

nd

293 190 dec

-27.5

C2H6N2O

598-50-5

74.081

orth pr (w, al) 104.9

1463-10-1 20859-02-3 52562-19-3 17699-86-4 5503-12-8

258.227 131.173 133.190 122.207 150.217

cry (EtOH)

d-Perillaldehyde

C10H14N2O6 C6H13NO2 C9H11N C9H14 C10H14O

l-Perillaldehyde

C10H14O

18031-40-8

150.217

C10H16O

536-59-4

152.233

C6H10 C3H6O

4663-22-3 107-25-5

82.143 58.079

liq col gas

C24H28ClN3 C21H27N3O2 C15H14O5

8004-87-3 361-37-5 495-85-2

393.952 353.458 274.269

3060-89-7

259.099

bl-viol pow 137 dec cry 195 nd (MeOH), 137 pr (ace) 95

51218-45-2 17560-51-9 56392-17-7 21087-64-9 443-48-1

283.795 365.834 684.815 214.288 171.153

74223-64-6 7786-34-7 315-18-4

381.364 224.148 222.283

1.7120 1.2820

274.5 269100, 1792

1.13520

1.559920 sl H2O; misc os sl H2O, MeOH; i eth; s alk s H2O

0.83215

1.432120

0.748525

1.4191 1.420825

0.830015 0.88915

1.438220 1.439320

dec

1.20400

liq oil

11520, 9513 152 238; 997

0.97725 0.85 0.95320

1.572220 1.470120 1.505820

oil

10410

0.964520

1.507220

244; 12.512

0.969020

1.500520

70 5.5

0.75120 0.77250

1.425220 1.37300

cry

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s CS2, lig

184 248 dec

-102.3 -122

s ctc

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH

1.6020 1000.001

wh cry

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth

20

210.2 211.2 12310 12912 248

cry (EtOH) cry

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc dec H2O, EtOH msc EtOH; s ctc

sl H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH

11916, 11410

liq

3-(p-Bromophenyl)-1-methoxy- C9H11BrN2O2 1-methylurea C15H22ClNO2 C16H16ClN3O3S C34H56N2O12 C8H14N4OS 2-Methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole- C6H9N3O3 1-ethanol C14H15N5O6S C7H13O6P 4-(Dimethylamino)-3,5-xylyl C12H18N2O2 methylcarbamate

nD

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, MeOH, bz vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s ace s H2O

292; 18622

-45.6 -58.0

Thymine riboside L-tert-Leucine

den/ g cm-3

28.5

liq col liq

7863 Metobromuron

7869 Metsulfuron-methyl 7870 Mevinphos 7871 Mexacarbate

330 dec

170.334 170.334 200.318 186.333 198.302

C.I. Basic Violet 1

Metolachlor Metolazone Metoprolol tartrate Metribuzin Metronidazole

bp/˚C

7045-71-8 1002-43-3 1731-86-8 10522-26-6 111-81-9

7860 Methyl Violet 7861 Methysergide 7862 Methysticin

7864 7865 7866 7867 7868

cry (w)

mp/˚C

C12H26 C12H26 C12H24O2 C12H26O C12H22O2

2-Methylundecane 3-Methylundecane Methyl undecanoate 2-Methyl-1-undecanol Methyl 10-undecenoate

7850 N-Methylurea

7851 7852 7853 7854 7855

Physical Form

254 121 126 160.5 163 21 (E), 6.9 (Z) 1010.3 85

1.1220

1.3120

sl H2O vs EtOH, bz, ace

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-379 OH O O

OH N N H

O

H H N

S

N

S

Methylthiouracil

Methylthiourea

N

N

SO3 Na

O Cl Cl

5-Methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ol

O

Cl

O

O

O

F F

F

F

Methyl trifluoroacetate

HO

Methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate

Methyltrichlorosilane

Methyl tridecanoate

Methyltriethyllead

HN OH

O Si O O

O

S

S Cl

Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate

Methyltriphenoxysilane

O

S O P O

N H

Methyl trithion

N-Methyl-L-tryptophan

O

O

O NH2

OH HN

HO

Pb O

O

OH

Methyl trifluoromethyl ether

O

O

O

OH

Methyltriacetoxysilane

Cl Si Cl Cl

O

Methyl trichloroacetate

O

Methyl 4-toluenesulfonate

O F F

O

O Methylthymol blue, sodium salt

OH

6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione

O Si O O

O

N N

H

O

O O S O

OH

H

N

O

O O N

1-Methylthymine

N

H N

O

N

O

N

HO

NH2

OH HO

HO

HCl

O

α-Methyl-DL-tyrosine, methyl ester, hydrochloride

N-Methyl-L-tyrosine

2-Methylundecanal

2-Methylundecane

3-Methylundecane

O H

H N

O OH

O Methyl undecanoate

O

2-Methyl-1-undecanol

NH2 OH

HO

N-Methylurea

O

O

NH2 O

Methyl 10-undecenoate

N

O

HO O

N

O

OH

5-Methyluridine

3-Methyl-L-valine

O

OH

NH2

2-(1-Methylvinyl)aniline

1-Methyl-4-vinylcyclohexene

4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, (R)

N

N

4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, (S)

Cl

HO

4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-methanol

O N H

N

O

H O

NH

O (1-Methylvinyl)cyclopropane

N

Methyl vinyl ether

Methyl Violet

O

O

O

Methysergide

Methysticin

O HN

N

O

O O

N

O

H2N

Cl

OH O

N

O N H

Cl Br Metobromuron

O

S

Metolachlor

OH OH

H N

O

O OH OH

O 2

Metolazone

Metoprolol tartrate

O

O

NH2 S N N

N

Metribuzin

O

N

O N O

N

Metronidazole

OH

O O N N O O O S N N N H H Metsulfuron-methyl

O

O O P O O

N H

O O Mevinphos

N Mexacarbate

3-380

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

RU-486

C17H25NO2 C29H35NO2 C8H10N2O4

113-48-4 84371-65-3 500-44-7

275.387 429.594 198.176

7875 Minocycline

C23H27N3O7

10118-90-8

457.476

7876 Minoxidil

C9H15N5O

38304-91-5

209.248

No. Name 7872 MGK 264 7873 Mifepristone 7874 Mimosine

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

157

1.04

cry tab (w)

<-20 150 228 dec

ye-oran amorp solid cry

248

182.175

C10Cl12 C22H38O5 C52H76O24

2385-85-5 59122-46-2 18378-89-7

545.543 cry (bz) 382.534 ye oil 1085.145 ye cry (ace)

182

C16H19N3O6 C16H19N3O6 C15H18N4O5

4055-39-4 4055-40-7 50-07-7

349.338 349.338 334.328

160 dec dec 360

C14H10Cl4 C23H30N2O4

53-19-0 4098-40-2

320.041 398.495

2212-67-1

187.302

7416-34-4 13939-06-5 131-70-4

276.374 264.00 222.237

cry

1118-46-3 315-22-0 6923-22-4 1746-81-2

282.183 325.357 223.164 214.648

hyg liq -63 wh pr (EtOH) 198 dec 55 solid 77

9310

0.8520

1250.0005

1.3320

627-91-8

160.168

lf (Me3NMeOH)

15810

1.062320

1.428320

C6H10O4 C5H8NNaO4 C20H21N3O3 C15H10O7

1501-27-5 142-47-2 19395-58-5 480-16-0

146.141 169.113 351.399 302.236

15827, 15010

1.16925

1.438120

C17H19NO3

57-27-2

285.338

pr

255

sub 190

C4H10N2O C4H9NO

4319-49-7 110-91-8

102.134 87.120

hyg liq

-4.8

166 128

1.05925 1.000520

1.477220 1.454820

7902 4-Morpholinecarboxaldehyde 7903 4-Morpholineethanamine

C5H9NO2 C6H14N2O

4394-85-8 2038-03-1

115.131 130.187

21 25.6

239 205

1.152020 0.989720

1.484520 1.471520

7904 4-Morpholineethanol

C6H13NO2

622-40-2

131.173

liq

-0.8

227

1.071020

1.476320

220; 13450

0.985420

1.476220

7878 Mirex 7879 Misoprostol 7880 Mithramycin

Plicamycin

7881 Mitomycin A 7882 Mitomycin B 7883 Mitomycin C 7884 Mitotane 7885 Mitragynine 7886 Molinate

7887 Molindone 7888 Molybdenum hexacarbonyl 7889 Monobutyl phthalate 7890 7891 7892 7893

Monobutyltin trichloride Monocrotaline Monocrotophos Monolinuron

7894 Monomethyl adipate 7895 7896 7897 7898

9-Methoxycorynantheidine

Ethyl 1C9H17NOS hexamethyleneiminecarbothiol ate C16H24N2O2 C6MoO6 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, C12H14O4 monobutyl ester C4H9Cl3Sn C16H23NO6 C7H14NO5P N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-NC9H11ClN2O2 methoxy-N-methylurea C7H12O4

Monomethyl glutarate Monosodium L-glutamate Moquizone Morin

7899 Morphine

7900 4-Morpholinamine 7901 Morpholine

Tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine

purp nd purp-bl nd bl-viol cry

wh amor pow

65 485 dec

77 104

s H2O, MeOH, ace 2355

pl (ace, al)

s EtOH, chl, HOAc 1.06320

180 dec 150 73.5

9

s os vs EtOH, chl s bz, CH2Cl2

C7H16N2O

123-00-2

144.214

liq

-15

7906 2-(4-Morpholinothio) benzothiazole 7907 4-(4-Morpholinyl)aniline 7908 2-(4-Morpholinyldithio) benzothiazole 7909 Muldamine 7910 Murexide

4-(2-Benzothiazolylthio) morpholine

C11H12N2OS2

102-77-2

252.355

cry (EtOH)

85

C10H14N2O C11H12N2OS3

2524-67-6 95-32-9

178.230 284.420

131.6 135

C29H47NO3 C8H10N6O7

36069-45-1 3051-09-0

457.688 302.201

210

C4H6N2O2

2763-96-4

114.103

cry (EtOH)

175 dec

7912 Myclobutanil

C15H17ClN4

88671-89-0

288.776

ye cry

65

7913 Mycophenolic acid

C17H20O6

24280-93-1

320.337

nd (w)

141

s EtOH

s H2O s chl sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s bz, alk; i CS2 i H2O, eth, ace; s MeOH, py; sl EtOH

136 pa ye nd (+ 1 303.5 w, dil al)

4-(3-Aminopropyl)morpholine

7911 Muscimol

vs bz, diox s H2O s H2O, EtOH, AcOEt; sl bz, eth

20210

7905 4-Morpholinepropanamine

5,5’-Nitrilobarbituric acid, ammonium salt 5-(Aminomethyl)-3(2H)isoxazolone

125

i ace, bz, chl, sl; EtOH, MeOH sl H2O

2

371-86-8

Bis(isopropylamido) fluorophosphate Hexachloropentadiene dimer

Solubility

sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s dil alk

C6H16FN2OP

7877 Mipafox

cry (peth)

nD

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl msc H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace s H2O, EtOH; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace; sl ctc

sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; s alk

2051.0

i H2O, peth; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, tol

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-381

N HO

O

N

H

N

N

NH2 OH

NH2

O Mifepristone

HO OH O

OH O

Mimosine

N

H

O

N

O HN P F NH

NH2

O

Minocycline

O

O

N

NH2

OH

MGK 264

H

H

OH

O

H

O

N

O

Minoxidil

Mipafox

OH

O O

O

HO O

O

HO

HO O

HO Cl

Cl

Cl

O

N H

N

HO HO

OH

Mirex

O OH

O

CH3

Cl Cl

NH2

O

O O

O

O

O

OH

NH2

O

O

O

Cl Cl Cl Cl

O

O

Cl

Cl

OH

O

OH

Cl

O

OH OH O

N

O

Misoprostol

Mithramycin

N

O Mitomycin A

Mitomycin B

O O NH2

O

O O

H2N

Cl

Cl

Cl

O H

O

Mitomycin C

Mitotane

N

CO OC

N

O

Cl

O

O

H

O

N H

N

N

N H H

O

N H

S

Mitragynine

Molinate

OC

Molindone

Mo CO

CO CO

Molybdenum hexacarbonyl

O HO HO

O

O

O

O H

Cl Sn Cl Cl

O Monobutyl phthalate

HO

Monocrotaline

NH2

HO

Monomethyl adipate

NH2 N

O

O

H

N

OH

Moquizone

O

HO

O

Monolinuron

OH OH O

O

O

O Monomethyl glutarate

HO

OH O

N O

Monosodium L-glutamate

O

Cl

Monocrotophos

N O Na

N O HO

O

N

Monobutyltin trichloride

O

HN

O O P O O NH

O O

OH O O

N

HO

Morin

Morphine

O

H N

N

O

O

O

4-Morpholinamine

Morpholine

4-Morpholinecarboxaldehyde

NH2 NH2

OH

NH2 N

N

N

S N O

O 4-Morpholineethanamine

4-Morpholineethanol

4-Morpholinepropanamine

S

O

S

O

N

N

N

S

O

2-(4-Morpholinothio)benzothiazole

4-(4-Morpholinyl)aniline

S N

O

2-(4-Morpholinyldithio)benzothiazole

O O

Cl N H H O O HO Muldamine

NH4 O H N O

N H

O N OO Murexide

N N

N H

OH

H OH O

H2N

O Muscimol

N

N

N N

Myclobutanil

O

OH

Mycophenolic acid

O

3-382

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

7914 β-Myrcene

7-Methyl-3-methylene-1,6octadiene

C10H16

123-35-3

136.234

C11H12O3

607-91-0

192.211

142-59-6

256.344

cry (w)

42200-33-9

309.401

cry (bz)

C4H7Br2Cl2O4P

300-76-5

380.784

27

C12H12N2O3

389-08-2

232.234

229.5

C21H25NO3 C19H21NO3

55096-26-9 62-67-9

339.429 311.375

cry (AcOEt) cry (eth)

189 208

C19H21NO4 C20H23NO4 C18H26O2 C14H14ClN2 C18H12

465-65-6 16590-41-3 434-22-0 550-99-2 92-24-0

327.375 341.402 274.398 245.727 228.288

cry (AcOEt) cry (ace) cry

178 169 112

oran-ye lf (bz, xyl)

357

7927 5,12-Naphthacenedione

C18H10O2

1090-13-7

258.271

7928 Naphthalene

C10H8

91-20-3

128.171

mcl pl (al)

7929 1-Naphthaleneacetamide

C12H11NO

86-86-2

185.221

nd(w, al)

7915 Myristicin 7916 Nabam 7917 Nadolol 7918 Naled

Sodium C4H6N2Na2S4 ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid C17H27NO4 1,2-Dibromo-2,2dichloroethylphosphoric acid, dimethyl ester

7919 Nalidixic acid 7920 Nalmefene 7921 Nalorphine 7922 7923 7924 7925 7926

Naloxone Naltrexone Nandrolone Naphazoline hydrochloride Naphthacene

Acetorphin

17-Hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one 2,3-Benzanthracene

Physical Form

mp/˚C

<-20

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

167

0.801315

1.472220

276.5

1.141620

1.540320

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz s H2O

≈130

s EtOH; sl chl; i ace, eth, hx 1100.5

1.9620

sl EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s alk, ace, EtOH i peth; s chl

sub

285 dec 80.26

217.9

1.025320

1.589825

1.619220 1.629818

sub 180

7930 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid

1-Naphthylacetic acid

C12H10O2

86-87-3

186.206

nd (w)

133

7931 2-Naphthaleneacetic acid 7932 1-Naphthaleneacetonitrile 7933 1-Naphthalenecarbonitrile

2-Naphthylacetic acid

C12H10O2 C12H9N C11H7N

581-96-4 132-75-2 86-53-3

186.206 167.206 153.181

lf(w) cry (bz) 143 32.5 nd (lig) 37.5

19218, 16312 299

1.108025

7934 2-Naphthalenecarbonitrile

C11H7N

613-46-7

153.181

lf (lig)

66

306.5

1.075560

7935 1-Naphthalenecarbonyl chloride 7936 2-Naphthalenecarbonyl chloride 7937 1-Naphthalenecarboxaldehyde

C11H7ClO C11H7ClO C11H8O

879-18-5 2243-83-6 66-77-3

190.626 190.626 156.181

cry (peth) pa ye

20 51 33.5

297.5 305 292

1.150320

1.650720

7938 2-Naphthalenecarboxaldehyde

C11H8O

66-99-9

156.181

lf (w)

62

16019

1.077599

1.621199

>300

1.39825

1.46

>300

1.077100

sub

1.425

20512

1.126590 1.096826

7939 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid

1-Naphthoic acid

C11H8O2

86-55-5

172.181

7940 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid

2-Naphthoic acid

C11H8O2

93-09-4

172.181

7941 1,5-Naphthalenediamine

1,5-Diaminonaphthalene

C10H10N2

2243-62-1

158.199

nd (HOAc-w, 161 w, al) nd (lig, chl, 185.5 sub) pl (ace) pr (eth, al, w) 190

7942 1,8-Naphthalenediamine 7943 2,3-Naphthalenediamine

1,8-Diaminonaphthalene 2,3-Diaminonaphthalene

C10H10N2 C10H10N2

479-27-6 771-97-1

158.199 158.199

lf (eth, w)

7944 1,8-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid

Naphthalic acid

C12H8O4

518-05-8

216.190

7945 2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid

C12H8O4

2169-87-1

216.190

pr (HOAc, w, 244.5 sub)

7946 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid

C12H8O4

1141-38-4

216.190

nd (al or sub)

7947 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester 7948 1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanate 1,5-Diisocyanatonaphthalene 7949 1,3-Naphthalenediol Naphthoresorcinol

C14H12O4

840-65-3

244.243

C12H6N2O2 C10H8O2

3173-72-6 132-86-5

210.188 160.170

cry lf (w)

127 123.5

7950 1,4-Naphthalenediol

C10H8O2

571-60-8

160.170

192

7951 1,5-Naphthalenediol

C10H8O2

83-56-7

160.170

mcl nd (bz, w) pr (w), nd (sub)

66.5 199

dec

260

>300 dec

1.682899 1.639226

s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O i H2O; sl bz; s con sulf sl ace, bz, gl HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, CS2 i H2O; s eth, bz, CS2, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace, chl; s bz vs eth, lig, chl s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s lig sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, lig vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, sulf sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O, DMSO, lig; s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH; s eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH, eth, DMSO vs EtOH

190.0

262 dec

18310

sub

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz, lig s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace; i bz sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace; i bz; s HOAc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-383 OH

O O

Myristicin

O O O P O O Br

N

Naled

OH

H N

S Na

Nadolol

HO

HO

O

HO

O

O N OH

N

Nalidixic acid

OH O

Nabam

OH Br Cl Cl

N H

S

O β-Myrcene

S

H N

Na S

O N OH

N

H HO

O

Nalmefene

Nalorphine

Naloxone

HO OH O

H

N N H

H

N OH O

HCl

O Naltrexone

Nandrolone

Naphazoline hydrochloride

O

O

Naphthacene

O NH2

OH OH O

O 5,12-Naphthacenedione

Naphthalene

N

1-Naphthaleneacetamide

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid

N

O

2-Naphthaleneacetic acid

Cl

O

N

Cl 1-Naphthaleneacetonitrile

1-Naphthalenecarbonitrile

2-Naphthalenecarbonitrile

1-Naphthalenecarbonyl chloride

2-Naphthalenecarbonyl chloride

NH2 O

O

OH

O OH

O

NH2 1-Naphthalenecarboxaldehyde

2-Naphthalenecarboxaldehyde

1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid

2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid

1,5-Naphthalenediamine

OH NH2 NH2

HOOC

NH2

COOH

O O

NH2 1,8-Naphthalenediamine

OH O HO

OH

2,3-Naphthalenediamine

1,8-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid

N

C

O

2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid

2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid

O

O

OH O

O O 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester

OH

OH

O

C

N

1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanate

OH 1,3-Naphthalenediol

OH 1,4-Naphthalenediol

OH 1,5-Naphthalenediol

3-384

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

7952 1,6-Naphthalenediol

C10H8O2

575-44-0

160.170

pr (bz)

138

sub

7953 1,7-Naphthalenediol

C10H8O2

575-38-2

160.170

nd (bz or sub)

180.5

sub

7954 2,3-Naphthalenediol

C10H8O2

92-44-4

160.170

lf (w)

163.5

7955 2,6-Naphthalenediol

C10H8O2

581-43-1

160.170

orth pl (w)

220

sub

7956 2,7-Naphthalenediol

C10H8O2

582-17-2

160.170

nd, (w, dil al), 193 pl (dil al)

sub

ye-red nd (eth) oran lf (bz) bt ye nd (al, peth) ye (sub) pl (+4w, dil HOAc) oran pr (+4w, HOAc or w) hyg nd (conc HCl)

No. Name

Synonym

7957 1,2-Naphthalenedione

1,2-Naphthoquinone

C10H6O2

524-42-5

158.154

7958 1,4-Naphthalenedione

1,4-Naphthoquinone

C10H6O2

130-15-4

158.154

7959 1,5-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid

Armstrong’s acid

C10H8O6S2

81-04-9

288.297

7960 1,6-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid

Naphthalene-1,6-disulfonic acid C10H8O6S2

525-37-1

288.297

7961 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid

Naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid C10H8O6S2

92-41-1

288.297

7962 1-Naphthalenemethanamine

C11H11N

118-31-0

157.212

7963 1-Naphthalenemethanol

C11H10O

4780-79-4

158.196

7964 2-Naphthalenemethanol

C11H10O

1592-38-7

158.196

125 dec 199 1.095820

304; 16312

1.103980

17812

7965 1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid

α-Naphthylsulfonic acid

C10H8O3S

85-47-2

208.234

7966 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid

β-Naphthylsulfonic acid

C10H8O3S

120-18-3

208.234

7967 1-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride 7968 2-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride

C10H7ClO2S C10H7ClO2S

85-46-1 93-11-8

226.680 226.680

7969 1,4,5,8Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid 7970 1-Naphthalenethiol

C14H8O8

128-97-2

304.209

1-Naphthyl mercaptan

C10H8S

529-36-2

160.236

7971 2-Naphthalenethiol

2-Naphthyl mercaptan

C10H8S

91-60-1

160.236

pl (al)

81

C12H16Cl2N2

1465-25-4

259.174

hex pr

189

ANTU

C11H10N2S

86-88-4

202.275

pr (al)

198

C12H6O3

716-39-2

198.174

7975 1-Naphthol

2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid anhydride 1-Naphthalenol

C10H8O

90-15-3

144.170

ye nd (w)

95.0

288; 18440

1.098999

7976 2-Naphthol

2-Naphthalenol

C10H8O

135-19-3

144.170

mcl lf (w)

121.5

285

1.2820

7977 1-Naphthol, acetate

1-Naphthyl acetate

C12H10O2

830-81-9

186.206

nd or pl (al) 49

1141

7978 2-Naphthol, acetate

2-Naphthyl acetate

C12H10O2

1523-11-1

186.206

nd (al)

1322

C27H18O2 C12H6O3

145-50-6 81-84-5

374.431 198.174

123 275.0

α-Naphthylamine β-Naphthylamine Naptalam

C10H9N C10H9N C18H13NO3

134-32-7 91-59-8 132-66-1

143.185 143.185 291.301

49.2 113 185

2-Naphthalenol benzoate

C17H12O2

93-44-7

248.276

nd or pr (al) 107

C12H11NO

575-36-0

185.221

160

C12H14N2

551-09-7

186.252

7972 N-(1-Naphthalenyl)-1,2ethanediamine, dihydrochloride 7973 1-Naphthalenylthiourea 7974 Naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1,3-dione

7979 p-Naphtholbenzein 7980 1H,3H-Naphtho[1,8-cd]pyran-1,3dione 7981 1-Naphthylamine 7982 2-Naphthylamine 7983 2-[(1-Naphthylamino)carbonyl] benzoic acid 7984 2-Naphthyl benzoate 7985 N-1-Naphthalenylacetamide 7986 N-1-Naphthyl-1,2-ethanediamine

N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine

lf or nd (w, dil HCl)

sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS2 vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl con HCl s EtOH, eth, sulf, CS2 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs H2O, EtOH; s eth; sl bz

1.49325

292

140 91

dec

68 81

20920, 1470.9 20113, 1480.5

1.44125

320 dec 285; 16120 1.160720 288

1.680220

1.55025

246

visc lig

71.0

Solubility sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, DMSO sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, HOAc sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace; i lig s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ace; i lig s H2O, EtOH, eth, sulf; sl lig

sub

242 dec

nd (w, al), 64 cry (bz-lig) lf 81.3 pr (+2 w, dil HCl) hyg pl (+1w), cry (+3w, HCl) lf (eth) pow or lf (bzpeth)

nD

1.45025

146

128.5

den/ g cm-3

1.622499

300.7 306.2

1.022820 1.641498 1.420

1.614020 1.649398

2049

1.11425

1.664825

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl peth; vs eth sl H2O, bz, chl, EtOH; vs ace sl H2O, dil alk; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, lig vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace sl EtOH, chl; s eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O, eth, bz; sl EtOH; s HOAc s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, bz, tfa i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, HOAc s H2O, EtOH; sl eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds OH

3-385

OH

OH

HO

OH

OH

HO 1,6-Naphthalenediol

1,7-Naphthalenediol

HO

HO

2,3-Naphthalenediol

2,6-Naphthalenediol

OH O S O

2,7-Naphthalenediol

OH O S O

O O

HO O S O

O

O

O S O OH

O 1,2-Naphthalenedione

1,4-Naphthalenedione

NH2

HO

1,5-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid

S

O

OH 2-Naphthalenemethanol

HOOC

Cl O S O

O

S

1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid

2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid

SH COOH

1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid

S HN

OH O

SH

Cl O

2-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride

NH2

S

COOH

HOOC 1-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride

OH O

S

2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

1-Naphthalenemethanol

O

O

1,6-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH

1-Naphthalenemethanamine

OH

HN

1-Naphthalenethiol

2-Naphthalenethiol

O NH2

OH O

2HCl

OH

O N-(1-Naphthalenyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, dihydrochloride

1-Naphthalenylthiourea

Naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1,3-dione

1-Naphthol

2-Naphthol

O O

O O

O

O

NH2

O

HO O

1-Naphthol, acetate

2-Naphthol, acetate

O

p-Naphtholbenzein

O

1H,3H-Naphtho[1,8-cd]pyran-1,3-dione

OH

1-Naphthylamine

O HN

HN

HN

NH2

O

NH2

O 2-Naphthylamine

2-[(1-Naphthylamino)carbonyl]benzoic acid

2-Naphthyl benzoate

N-1-Naphthalenylacetamide

N-1-Naphthyl-1,2-ethanediamine

3-386

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

7987 1-Naphthyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 7988 1-Naphthylhydroxylamine 7989 1-Naphthyl isothiocyanate

1-Naphthyl salicylate C17H12O3 N-Hydroxyl-1-naphthalenamine C10H9NO 1-Isothiocyanatonaphthalene C11H7NS

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

550-97-0 607-30-7 551-06-4

264.275 159.184 185.246

wh nd (al)

83 79 58

7990 N-2-Naphthyl-2-naphthalenamine β,β’-Dinaphthylamine

C20H15N

532-18-3

269.340

lf(bz)

172.2

7991 (2-Naphthyloxy)acetic acid

2-Naphthoxyacetic acid

C12H10O3

120-23-0

202.205

pr(w)

156

7992 1-Naphthyl phosphate

1-Naphthalenol, dihydrogen phosphate 2-Naphthyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

C10H9O4P

1136-89-6

224.149

cry

160

C17H12O3

613-78-5

264.275

cry (al)

95.5

254-79-5 253-72-5 15299-99-7

130.147 130.147 271.355

ye nd (peth) 75 29.5 75

22204-53-1

230.259

cry (ace/hx) 155

131-28-2 125-55-3

445.462 303.152

138 115

7993 2-Naphthyl salicylate 7994 1,5-Naphthyridine 7995 1,6-Naphthyridine 7996 Napropamide 7997 Naproxen 7998 Narceine 7999 Narcobarbital

C8H6N2 C8H6N2 Propanamide, N,N-diethyl-2-(1- C17H21NO2 naphthalenyloxy)6-Methoxy-α-methyl-2C14H14O3 naphthaleneacetic acid C23H27NO8 C11H15BrN2O3

1,5-Diazanaphthalene

8000 Naringenin 8001 Naringin

C15H12O5 C27H32O14

480-41-1 10236-47-2

272.253 580.535

8002 Nealbarbital

C12H18N2O3

561-83-1

238.282

1754-58-1 471-77-2

200.175 302.451

2223-67-8 463-82-1

8003 Nellite 8004 Neoabietic acid 8005 Neobornylamine 8006 Neopentane

Diamidafos C8H13N2O2P 8(14),13(15)-Abietadien-18-oic C20H30O2 acid C10H19N 2,2-Dimethylpropane C5H12

nd (dil al) nd (w+8)

153.265 72.149

cry (ctc) cry (EtOH aq) pow col gas

184 -16.4

299.365

nd (peth)

127.5

8008 Neostigmine bromide 8009 Nepetalactone 8010 cis-Nerolidol

C12H19BrN2O2 C10H14O2 C15H26O

114-80-7 490-10-8 142-50-7

303.195 166.217 222.366

cry (al-eth)

167 dec

8011 Neurine

C5H13NO

463-88-7

103.163

syr

8012 Neutral Red

C15H17ClN4

553-24-2

288.776

grn pow

8013 Nialamide 8014 Nickel(II) acetate 8015 Nickel bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate)

C16H18N4O2 C4H6NiO4 C18H36N2NiS4

51-12-7 373-02-4 13927-77-0

298.340 176.782 467.445

C10H14NiO4

3264-82-2

256.909

8019 8020 8021 8022

Niclosamide Nicofibrate Nicosulfuron Nicotelline

8023 Nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide 8024 β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide 8025 L-Nicotine

8026 Nifurthiazole 8027 Nitralin 8028 Nitranilic acid

8029 Nitrapyrin

Nickel tetracarbonyl Bis(η5-2,4-cyclopentadien-1yl)nickel

3,2’:4’,3’’-Terpyridine Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide NMN 3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine, (S)-

4-(Methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitroN,N-dipropylaniline 2,5-Dihydroxy-3,6-dinitro-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione Pyridine, 2-chloro-6(trichloromethyl)-

Solubility vs eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, DMSO; s eth, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO

471

1.11116 11212

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz

1.210020

i H2O; sl eth; s MeOH, chl i H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, py vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s HOAc vs ace, eth, EtOH sl AcOEt, bz

103.5 173

467-14-1

8017 Nickel carbonyl 8018 Nickelocene

nD

156

C18H21NO3

Nickel acetylacetonate

den/ g cm-3

251

8007 Neopine

8016 Nickel bis(2,4-pentanedioate)

bp/˚C

9.48

0.585225 1.34766 (p>1 atm

710.05 276; 700.1

1.066325 0.877820

1.485925 1.489820

vs ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl; sl lig vs H2O; s EtOH vs EtOH; s eth, ace, HOAc vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O, ethylene glycol, EtOH; i xyl

151.6 grn cry (bz/ 91 EtOH) grn orth cry 230

C4NiO4 C10H10Ni

13463-39-3 1271-28-9

170.734 188.879

col liq

-19.3 172

C13H8Cl2N2O4 C16H16ClNO3 C15H18N6O6S C15H11N3

50-65-7 31980-29-7 111991-09-4 494-04-2

327.120 305.756 410.405 233.268

227 49 172 prismatic nd 148

C21H26N6O15P2

1851-07-6

664.410

pow

C11H15N2O8P C10H14N2

1094-61-7 54-11-5

334.219 162.231

amor pow hyg liq

C8H6N4O4S C13H19N3O6S

3570-75-0 4726-14-1

254.224 345.371

cry

215 dec 150

C6H2N2O8

479-22-1

230.088

gold-ye pl (+w, dil HNO3

170 dec

C6H3Cl4N

1929-82-4

230.907

-79

63

vs H2O; s EtOH s bz, ace 22711 43 (exp 60)

s H2O, bz, chl, EtOH; i eth 1.31

25

1800.4 >300

247; 12518

sl H2O, eth; s bz, chl, EtOH

1.009720

1.528220

vs H2O; i ace msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s lig

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth 13611

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

3-387

OH

O

HN

1-Naphthyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

OH

C

N

1-Naphthylhydroxylamine

O HO P OH O

S O

H N

1-Naphthyl isothiocyanate

O

N-2-Naphthyl-2-naphthalenamine

OH

(2-Naphthyloxy)acetic acid

1-Naphthyl phosphate

N

O

N

O O

OH

N

1,5-Naphthyridine

1,6-Naphthyridine

O

OH

O

O

HO

O

O

O

N

N

2-Naphthyl salicylate

N

O

O

O

O

Napropamide

Naproxen

Narceine

OH O HO O

O

O

OH OH O O Br

HO NH

O

N

HO

OH

O

O

O

NH

O

O

O

OH OH

OH

Narcobarbital

O HN P NH O

HO

Naringenin

Naringin

N H

O

Nealbarbital

Nellite

O N

Br

O NH2

OH Neoabietic acid

Neopentane

H2N OH

Neopine

N

O N H

N

N

Neurine

N

H

Neostigmine bromide

HCl

N

N

O

O

HO

Neobornylamine

HO

O

N

O

H

H N

Neutral Red

O

Nepetalactone

H N

cis-Nerolidol

O Ni 2

O

O Nialamide

2

Nickel(II) acetate

OH O S N

O

S Ni

S

N

Ni

O

S

Nickel bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate)

OC

O

Nickel bis(2,4-pentanedioate)

O

N

O

O N

Ni

N H N

S O O O

Cl

Nickelocene

Niclosamide

OH

N

O

H N

N

O N

O

N

Nicosulfuron

O

OH OH

Nicotelline

N

N

O O P P O O O O OH

N O

N

N

N

H2N

Cl Nicofibrate

CO CO

Nickel carbonyl

O

O

N H

CO

O Ni

O N

Cl

OH OH

Nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide

O NH2 O P O O OH

O

N

O

H

O N

OH OH β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide

N L-Nicotine

N O

O

N S Nifurthiazole

N H

H N

O

O N

N

O S O Nitralin

O N

O

O

O N

O OH

HO O

N O

Nitranilic acid

O

Cl Cl

N Cl Nitrapyrin

Cl

3-388

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

8030 Nitrilotriacetic acid

N,N-Bis(carboxymethyl)glycine

C6H9NO6

139-13-9

191.138

pr cry (w)

242 dec

8031 2,2’,2’’-Nitrilotriacetonitrile 8032 Nitroacetic acid

Tricyanotrimethylamine

C6H6N4 C2H3NO4

7327-60-8 625-75-2

134.139 105.050

nd (EtOH) nd (chl)

125.5 92 dec

8033 Nitroacetone

C3H5NO3

10230-68-9

103.077

pl, nd (eth, bz)

50.3

10324

8034 2-Nitroaniline

C6H6N2O2

88-74-4

138.124

71.0

284

0.901525

8035 3-Nitroaniline

C6H6N2O2

99-09-2

138.124

113.4

dec 306

0.901125

8036 4-Nitroaniline

C6H6N2O2

100-01-6

138.124

pa ye mcl nd 147.5 (w)

332

1.42420

10.5

277; 1444

1.254020

38.5

258

1.37318

54

274

1.219260

8037 2-Nitroanisole

1-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzene

C7H7NO3

91-23-6

153.136

8038 3-Nitroanisole

1-Methoxy-3-nitrobenzene

C7H7NO3

555-03-3

153.136

8039 4-Nitroanisole

1-Methoxy-4-nitrobenzene

C7H7NO3

100-17-4

153.136

8040 9-Nitroanthracene

C14H9NO2

602-60-8

223.227

8041 1-Nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H7NO4

82-34-8

253.211

8042 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde

C7H5NO3

552-89-6

8043 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde

C7H5NO3

8044 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde

nd (al), pl (bz-lig) pr (al), nd (dil al)

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH

15323

1.284420

99-61-6

151.120

lt ye nd (w)

58.5

16423

1.279220

C7H5NO3

555-16-8

151.120

lf, pr (w)

107

sub

1.49625

8045 3-Nitrobenzamide 8046 4-Nitrobenzamide

C7H6N2O3 C7H6N2O3

645-09-0 619-80-7

166.134 166.134

142.7 200.7

312.5

nd (w)

8047 Nitrobenzene

C6H5NO2

98-95-3

123.110

5.7

210.8

C8H7NO4

3740-52-1

181.147

8049 3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 8050 4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid

m-Nitrophenylacetic acid p-Nitrophenylacetic acid

C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4

1877-73-2 104-03-0

181.147 181.147

8051 2-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile

2-Nitrobenzyl cyanide

C8H6N2O2

610-66-2

162.146

8052 4-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile

4-Nitrobenzyl cyanide

C8H6N2O2

555-21-5

162.146

8053 4-Nitro-1,2-benzenediamine

4-Nitro-o-phenylenediamine

C6H7N3O2

99-56-9

153.139

4-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamine 5-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamine 2-Nitro-1,4-benzenediamine 3-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid

C6H7N3O2 C6H7N3O2 C6H7N3O2 C8H5NO6

5131-58-8 5042-55-7 5307-14-2 603-11-2

153.139 153.139 153.139 211.129

8058 4-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid

C8H5NO6

610-27-5

211.129

8059 2-Nitrobenzeneethanol 8060 4-Nitrobenzeneethanol 8061 2-Nitrobenzenemethanol

C8H9NO3 C8H9NO3 C7H7NO3

15121-84-3 100-27-6 612-25-9

167.162 167.162 153.136

8054 8055 8056 8057

2-Nitrobenzyl alcohol

1.507060

2707

1.203720

1.556220

nd (w, pl (dil 141.5 al) nd (w) 122 pa ye nd (w) 154 nd (dil al), pr 84 (HOAc, al) pr (al) 117

19612

dk red nd (dil 199.5 al) oran pr (w) 161 red cry (w) 143 140.0 pa ye pr (w) 218

sl H2O, ace; s EtOH; i bz, peth, chl s H2O, EtOH; i bz, chl, CS2, peth

pa ye nd (w, 164.8 eth)

nd (w)

1.0 63 74

sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl bz, DMSO i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc; sl peth i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs ace, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace, bz sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH; s bz, chl, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s acid

17812, 1381

267 1482 270; 16820 3

8062 3-Nitrobenzenemethanol

3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol

C7H7NO3

619-25-0

153.136

orth nd (w)

30.5

177

8063 4-Nitrobenzenemethanol

4-Nitrobenzyl alcohol

C7H7NO3

619-73-8

153.136

nd (w)

96.5

dec 255; 18512

C6H4ClNO2S C6H4ClNO2S C6H6N2O4S

7669-54-7 937-32-6 6325-93-5

189.620 189.620 202.188

ye nd (bz) ye lf (peth)

75 52 180 dec

1250.1

8064 2-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride 8065 4-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride 8066 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonamide

1.516120

27517

151.120

o-Nitrophenylacetic acid

Solubility sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH

ye nd (al) pr 146 (HOAc or xyl) nd (HOAc) 231.5 ye pr (ace) ye nd (w) 43.5

8048 2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid

nD

1.1925

1.296

19

1.563720 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth vs eth, bz, chl vs bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-389 NH2

NH2 N

COOH HOOC

N

N

COOH

Nitrilotriacetic acid

N

N

O N

O

O

N O

O

N

O

O

NH2

O

N O

O

4-Nitrobenzaldehyde

2-Nitroaniline

O

N

O N

O

1-Nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

2-Nitrobenzaldehyde

N

O HO

HO O N

HO

O

N O

O

4-Nitrobenzamide

Nitrobenzene

2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid

O

3-Nitrobenzaldehyde

O O

O

N O

O 9-Nitroanthracene

O O

N

4-Nitroaniline

O O

O

3-Nitrobenzamide

O

O

NH2

N

O

3-Nitroaniline

O

O

4-Nitroanisole

O

N

N O

O

Nitroacetone

O N

O

O

3-Nitroanisole

O

NH2 O N

O N

OH

Nitroacetic acid

O

2-Nitroanisole

O

O

O O

O

2,2’,2’’-Nitrilotriacetonitrile

O N

O O

3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid

N

O

4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid

N NH2

NH2 N O N

NH2

O O

2-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile

HO

N

O

O

4-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile

O

HO

O

N

4-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamine

O

4-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid

2-Nitrobenzeneethanol

HO

HO

Cl N O

3-Nitrobenzenemethanol

O

N

S

O N

2-Nitro-1,4-benzenediamine

O

N O 4-Nitrobenzeneethanol

O 2-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride

HO

OH

O

O

4-Nitrobenzenemethanol

NH2

5-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamine

Cl

O

NH2

OH N O

N

N O

O

O

O

O

O

O

OH

OH O

3-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid

O

O

4-Nitro-1,2-benzenediamine

O

N O

N

NH2 O N

NH2

NH2

O

4-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride

O

2-Nitrobenzenemethanol

NH2 O S O

S

N

O N

O

N

O

4-Nitrobenzenesulfonamide

3-390

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

8067 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid

C6H5NO5S

98-47-5

203.173

pl

48

8068 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid 8069 2-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

C6H5NO5S C6H4ClNO4S

138-42-1 1694-92-4

203.173 221.619

8070 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

C6H4ClNO4S

121-51-7

221.619

8071 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride 8072 5-Nitro-1H-benzimidazole

C6H4ClNO4S C7H5N3O2

98-74-8 94-52-0

8073 2-Nitrobenzoic acid

C7H5NO4

8074 3-Nitrobenzoic acid

No. Name

Synonym

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

95 68.5 64

i H2O; s EtOH

221.619 163.134

79.5 207.8

552-16-9

167.120

tcl nd (w)

147.5

1.57520

C7H5NO4

121-92-6

167.120

mcl pr (w)

141.1

1.49420

8075 4-Nitrobenzoic acid

C7H5NO4

62-23-7

167.120

mcl lf (w)

242

8076 3-Nitrobenzoic acid, hydrazide

C7H7N3O3

618-94-0

181.149

153.5

8077 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, hydrazide

C7H7N3O3

636-97-5

181.149

215.5

8078 3-Nitrobenzonitrile

C7H4N2O2

619-24-9

148.119

118

8079 4-Nitrobenzonitrile

C7H4N2O2

619-72-7

148.119

150.0

2-Nitro-1,1’-biphenyl

C6H4N4O2 C7H4ClNO3 C7H4ClNO3 C7H4ClNO3 C12H9NO2

2338-12-7 610-14-0 121-90-4 122-04-3 86-00-0

164.122 185.565 185.565 185.565 199.205

276.5 203105, 15115 320

8085 3-Nitrobiphenyl

3-Nitro-1,1’-biphenyl

C12H9NO2

2113-58-8

199.205

62

22735, 1439

8086 4-Nitrobiphenyl

4-Nitro-1,1’-biphenyl

C12H9NO2

92-93-3

199.205

ye nd (lig) pl (al, MeOH) ye pl or nd (dil al) ye nd (al)

217 20 36 75 37.2

114

340

8087 2-Nitro-1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl) propane 8088 1-Nitrobutane

C15H13Cl2NO2

117-27-1

310.176

cry

81

1800.16

C4H9NO2

627-05-4

103.120

8089 2-Nitro-1-butanol

C4H9NO3

609-31-4

119.119

8090 3-Nitro-2-butanol 8091 6-Nitrochrysene 8092 Nitrocyclohexane

C4H9NO3 C18H11NO2 C6H11NO2

6270-16-2 7496-02-8 1122-60-7

119.119 273.286 129.157

C10H21NO2 C4H10N2O2 C2H5NO2

4609-87-4 7119-92-8 79-24-3

187.280 118.134 75.067

8096 2-Nitroethanol

C2H5NO3

625-48-9

8097 Nitroethene

C2H3NO2

5-Nitro-1H-benzotriazole 2-Nitrobenzoyl chloride 3-Nitrobenzoyl chloride 4-Nitrobenzoyl chloride 2-Nitrobiphenyl

-47

1431.5

sub

s peth i H2O, eth, bz, chl; s acid; vs EtOH s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; sl bz, lig sl H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s chl vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl, MeOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace; i peth sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc

1.61020

16516

vs eth; sl ctc vs eth s eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc, lig i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, HOAc

1.4425

153

0.97025

1.430320

10510

1.133225

1.439020

919, 550.5

1.126020

1.441420

≈215 dec -34

205; 9522

1.061020

1.461219

liq

-89.5

861 206.5 114.0

1.05715 1.044825

1.391720

91.066

liq

-80

194; 10210

1.27015

1.443819

3638-64-0

73.051

liq

-55.5

98.5

1.221214

1.428220

C8H9NO2 C12H7Cl2NO3

6125-24-2 1836-75-5

151.163 284.095

liq

-23 70

250; 13716

1.12624

1.540719

8100 2-Nitro-9H-fluorene

C13H9NO2

607-57-8

211.216

8101 2-Nitro-9H-fluoren-9-one

C13H7NO3

3096-52-4

225.200

8102 5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate 8103 2-Nitrofuran

C9H9NO7 C4H3NO3

92-55-7 609-39-2

243.170 113.072

8104 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxaldehyde

C5H3NO4

698-63-5

141.083

nd (50% 159.3 HOAc ace) ye nd or lf 224.3 (HOAc) 92.0 ye mcl cry 30 (peth) pa ye (peth) 35.5

8093 1-Nitrodecane 8094 N-Nitrodiethylamine 8095 Nitroethane

8098 (2-Nitroethyl)benzene 8099 Nitrofen

N-Ethyl-N-nitroethanamine

2,4-Dichloro-1-(4nitrophenoxy)benzene

ye nd (bz) liq

Solubility vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O s eth; sl peth

pr (lig, ethpeth) mcl pr (eth) nd (lig) mcl pr (peth) nd (w)

8080 8081 8082 8083 8084

nD

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s alk s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc

i H2O; s EtOH, lig

1.433720 vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

i H2O; s ace, bz sub

134123, 8413

sl EtOH; s ace, sulf, HOAc s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth

13010

sl H2O; s peth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds OH O S O

OH O S O

N O

O O

N

HO

O

N N H

5-Nitro-1H-benzimidazole

O N

N O

2-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

HO

O

O

O

4-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid

HO

O

O

2-Nitrobenzoic acid

O

H N

N

3-Nitrobenzoic acid

O

4-Nitrobenzoic acid

O

3-Nitrobenzoic acid, hydrazide

Cl

N O

O

O O

3-Nitrobenzonitrile

N

O N

Cl N N

O N

N H

O

4-Nitrobenzonitrile

5-Nitro-1H-benzotriazole

O N O

3-Nitrobiphenyl

O

O

3-Nitrobenzoyl chloride

N

O

O

2-Nitro-1-butanol

N O

O

O N

N O

2-Nitroethanol

Nitroethene

O N

N O

N

O

O N

O

N-Nitrodiethylamine

Cl

Cl

N O

O N

O

Nitrofen

2-Nitro-9H-fluorene

O

O

O

O 2-Nitro-9H-fluoren-9-one

O

O O

5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate

O

N O

2-Nitrofuran

O

O

1-Nitrobutane

1-Nitrodecane

(2-Nitroethyl)benzene

O O

Nitrocyclohexane

O

N O

Cl

N O

O N

O

4-Nitrobenzoyl chloride

2-Nitro-1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)propane

O

6-Nitrochrysene

OH

O

N

O

O

3-Nitro-2-butanol

O

Nitroethane

N

N

O N

OH O

O

O

N

O

O

Cl

4-Nitrobiphenyl

OH

Cl

N O

O

N

4-Nitrobenzoic acid, hydrazide

O

O

2-Nitrobenzoyl chloride

O N O

O O N

2-Nitrobiphenyl

O

O

O

N

N

O

H N

H2N

N O

O

N

4-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

O

O O

O

3-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

H2N

N O

Cl O S O

Cl O S O

Cl O S OO N

3-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid

O N

3-391

O

N O

O

O

5-Nitro-2-furancarboxaldehyde

O

3-392

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

8105 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxylic acid

8106 Nitrofurantoin 8107 Nitrofurazone

8108 Nitrogen mustard N-oxide hydrochloride 8109 Nitroguanidine

2-[(5-Nitro-2-furanyl) methylene] hydrazinecarboxamide Mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride

8110 1-Nitrohexane

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C5H3NO5

645-12-5

157.082

pa ye pl (w) 186

C8H6N4O5 C6H6N4O4

67-20-9 59-87-0

238.158 198.137

pa ye nd

263 238 dec

C5H12Cl3NO

302-70-5

208.514

pr (ace)

110

CH4N4O2

556-88-7

104.069

nd or pr (w) 239 dec

C6H13NO2

646-14-0

131.173

mp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

bp/˚C

nD

Solubility

sub

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz; i chl i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, DMSO; s alk s H2O

193; 84

21

8111 3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid

Roxarsone

C6H6AsNO6

121-19-7

263.037

ye nd or pl (w)

8112 2-Nitro-1H-imidazole 8113 4-Nitro-1H-imidazole 8114 5-Nitro-1H-indazole

Azomycin

C3H3N3O2 C3H3N3O2 C7H5N3O2

527-73-1 3034-38-6 5401-94-5

113.075 113.075 163.134

cry (MeOH)

8115 6-Nitro-1H-indazole

C7H5N3O2

7597-18-4

163.134

nd (w, al, ace)

181 dec

8116 4-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

C8H3NO5

641-70-3

193.114

nd (ace, al)

164

8117 5-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

C8H3NO5

5466-84-2

193.114

120.3

1968

8118 2-Nitroisobutane

C4H9NO2

594-70-7

103.120

26.23

127.16

8119 5-Nitro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione

C8H4N2O4

89-40-7

192.129

8120 Nitromersol

C7H5HgNO3

133-58-4

351.71

8121 N-Nitromethanamine

CH4N2O2

598-57-2

76.055

8122 Nitromethane

CH3NO2

75-52-5

61.041

liq

8123 (Nitromethyl)benzene 8124 Nitron

C7H7NO2 C20H16N4

622-42-4 2218-94-2

137.137 312.368

8125 1-Nitronaphthalene

C10H7NO2

86-57-7

173.169

8126 2-Nitronaphthalene

C10H7NO2

581-89-5

173.169

8127 1-Nitro-2-naphthol

C10H7NO3

550-60-7

189.168

8128 1-Nitrooctane 8129 1-Nitropentane 8130 3-Nitropentane

C8H17NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2

629-37-8 628-05-7 551-88-2

159.227 117.147 117.147

8131 5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline 8132 2-Nitrophenol

C12H7N3O2 C6H5NO3

4199-88-6 88-75-5

225.203 139.109

8133 3-Nitrophenol

C6H5NO3

554-84-7

139.109

8134 4-Nitrophenol

C6H5NO3

100-02-7

139.109

ye mcl pr (to) 113.6

8135 1-Nitro-2-phenoxybenzene

C12H9NO3

2216-12-8

215.204

ye liq

<-20

23560, 1848

8136 1-Nitro-4-phenoxybenzene

C12H9NO3

620-88-2

215.204

pl (peth), MeOH)

61

320; 22530

8137 N-(2-Nitrophenyl)acetamide

C8H8N2O3

552-32-9

180.161

94

1000.1

8138 N-(3-Nitrophenyl)acetamide

C8H8N2O3

122-28-1

180.161

155

1000.0074

0.9396

20

1.4270

20

300

287 dec 303 dec ye nd or col 208 nd (al)

col nd (w), ye lf (alace)

0.950128

1.401520

202

38

8210

1.243349

1.461649

-28.38

101.19

1.137120

1.381720

ye liq ye lf (al), nd 189 dec (chl) ye nd (al) 61

226; 13525

1.159620

1.532320

18014

1.33220

ye orth nd or 79 pl (al) ye nd, lf or pr 104 (al) 15

314; 16515

202.3 ye nd or pr 44.8 (eth, al) ye mcl (eth, 96.8 aq Hcl)

wh lf (al)

1150.05 208.5 172.5 154

0.934620 0.952520 0.9570

1.432220 1.417520

216

1.294240

1.572350

19470

1.2797100

1.47920

1.253922

1.41915

1.57520

sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; vs alk i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, alk sl hot H2O; i eth, EtOAc; vs MeOH, EtOH

s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, HOAc; i lig s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace; i lig i H2O; s EtOH, ace, HOAc; sl bz i H2O, peth; s EtOH, ace; sl eth msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl; i alk vs ace

i H2O; sl ace, EtOH; s alk vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; s eth; sl peth s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, alk vs ace, eth vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl, py i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl chl s EtOH, eth, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, py sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s tol, py vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl, lig; vs eth s H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth; sl tfa

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

N O

N O

OH

O

O

N

5-Nitro-2-furancarboxylic acid

N O

O

O

N H

O

3-393 O

O O

N O

O

Nitrofurantoin

O

N

N H

NH2

N

Cl

Nitrofurazone

Cl HCl

Nitrogen mustard N-oxide hydrochloride

OH O As OH H2N

N N N O O

H2N

O

N O

Nitroguanidine

N OH O

1-Nitrohexane

O

O N H N

O

O N O

O O

O

O N

O

O

O

H N

O 5-Nitro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

NO2

5-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

2-Nitroisobutane

O Hg O

N H

4-Nitro-1H-imidazole

O

4-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

N

N H

O

O

6-Nitro-1H-indazole

N

O

2-Nitro-1H-imidazole

O

N H

5-Nitro-1H-indazole

O N

N

N

N O

N H

3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid

O O N

O

O N

Nitromersol

N O

H

O

H H

N-Nitromethanamine

O

N O

NO2

Nitromethane

(Nitromethyl)benzene

N N

N

O

N

Nitron

N

O

O N

1-Nitronaphthalene

2-Nitronaphthalene

O

N

O OH

O

1-Nitro-2-naphthol

O N O O N

O

1-Nitropentane

N

O

3-Nitropentane

N

O

OH

N O

N

5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline

2-Nitrophenol

O O

3-Nitrophenol

N

O

4-Nitrophenol

O O O

N

O

O 1-Nitro-2-phenoxybenzene

O N O 1-Nitro-4-phenoxybenzene

O

NH NH O N

O

N-(2-Nitrophenyl)acetamide

O

1-Nitrooctane

OH OH O N

O

N O

N O

O

N-(3-Nitrophenyl)acetamide

3-394

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

8139 N-(4-Nitrophenyl)acetamide

C8H8N2O3

104-04-1

180.161

ye pr (w)

216

1000.008

8140 2-Nitrophenyl acetate

C8H7NO4

610-69-5

181.147

nd or pr (lig) 40.5

8141 4-Nitrophenyl acetate

C8H7NO4

830-03-5

181.147

lf (dil al)

8142 2-Nitro-N-phenylaniline

C12H10N2O2

119-75-5

214.219

75.5

21515

8143 4-Nitro-N-phenylaniline

C12H10N2O2

836-30-6

214.219

135.3

21130

C6H6AsNO5

98-72-6

247.038

lf or nd (w)

8145 4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-1,3Magneson benzenediol 8146 1-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-2-naphthol

C12H9N3O4

74-39-5

259.217

C16H11N3O3

6410-10-2

293.276

8147 (3-Nitrophenyl)boronic acid 8148 1-(2-Nitrophenyl)ethanone

2-Nitroacetophenone

C6H6BNO4 C8H7NO3

13331-27-6 577-59-3

166.928 165.147

red pow (al 200 or MeOH) br-oran pl (to 257 or bz) 274.5 28.5

17832, 15816

8149 1-(3-Nitrophenyl)ethanone

3-Nitroacetophenone

C8H7NO3

121-89-1

165.147

nd (al)

202; 16718

8150 1-(4-Nitrophenyl)ethanone 8151 2-Nitro-1-phenylethanone 8152 (4-Nitrophenyl)hydrazine

4-Nitroacetophenone

C8H7NO3 C8H7NO3 C6H7N3O2

100-19-6 614-21-1 100-16-3

165.147 165.147 153.139

ye pr (al)

C13H9NO3 C15H11NO3

1144-74-7 1222-98-6

227.215 253.253

No. Name

8144 (4-Nitrophenyl)arsonic acid

8153 (4-Nitrophenyl)phenylmethanone 8154 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-2propen-1-one 8155 4-Nitrophenyl phosphate 8156 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid 8157 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid 8158 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-propenal 8159 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2-propynoic acid

Synonym

Nitarsone

8161 (4-Nitrophenyl)urea

81

81.8 106 oran-red lf or 158 dec nd (al)

C6H6NO6P

330-13-2

219.089

C9H9NO4 C9H9NO4 C9H7NO3

2001-32-3 16642-79-8 1734-79-8

195.172 195.172 177.157

ye cry nd (w) nd (w, al)

o-Nitrophenylpropiolic acid

C9H5NO4

530-85-8

191.141

C12H9NO2S

952-97-6

231.270

C7H7N3O3

556-10-5

181.149

≈157 dec; may explode pa ye mcl pr 56 (lig) pr (al), nd 238 (dil al) liq -5.5 liq -108

p-Nitrophenylurea

C5H10N2O2 C3H7NO2

7119-94-0 108-03-2

130.145 89.094

8164 2-Nitropropane 8165 3-Nitropropanoic acid

C3H7NO2 C3H5NO4

79-46-9 504-88-1

89.094 119.077

8166 2-Nitro-1-propanol

C3H7NO3

2902-96-7

105.093

8167 1-Nitro-1-propene 8168 2-Nitro-1-propene 8169 5-Nitro-2-propoxyaniline

C3H5NO2 C3H5NO2 C9H12N2O3

3156-70-5 4749-28-4 553-79-7

87.078 87.078 196.202

C11H14N2O4

553-20-8

238.240

C16H9NO2

5522-43-0

247.248

8172 5-Nitro-2-pyridinamine

C5H5N3O2

4214-76-0

139.113

8173 4-Nitropyridine 8174 4-Nitropyridine 1-oxide 8175 5-Nitropyrimidinamine

C5H4N2O2 C5H4N2O3 C4H4N4O2

1122-61-8 1124-33-0 3073-77-6

124.098 140.097 140.101

pl (aq al)

5-Nitrouracil

C4H3N3O4

611-08-5

157.085

gold nd (al) >300 exp

5-Nitrobarbituric acid

C4H3N3O5

480-68-2

173.084

pr, lf (w+3)

C9H6N2O2

607-34-1

174.156

pl (w, al) nd 74 (+w)

8170 N-(5-Nitro-2-propoxyphenyl) acetamide 8171 1-Nitropyrene

8176 5-Nitro-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 8177 5-Nitro-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 8178 5-Nitroquinoline

5’-Nitro-2’-propoxyacetanilide

-91.3 62

ye-grn liq oran (PrOH- 49 peth) cry (PrOH) 102.5 ye nd (MeCN) ye lf (dil al)

nd (al)

sl H2O, eth, chl; s EtOH, tfa, alk s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig vs H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH; sl ace; s con sulf sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, HOAc, tol vs bz, EtOH

dec 253; 14111

1.366020

1.237025

1655 15816, 14210

1.546820

1.546830

1.4069

115 163 141.5

8162 N-Nitropiperidine 8163 1-Nitropropane

liq

Solubility

>310 dec

4-Nitrophenyl dihydrogen phosphate 2-Nitrobeazenepropanoic acid 4-Nitrobenzenepropanoic acid 4-Nitrocinnamaldehyde

8160 1-Nitro-4-(phenylthio)benzene

nD

82.3

nd or lf (al) 138 pa ye nd (al) 164 pl (bz) ye-wh nd 155

Nitrochalcone

den/ g cm-3

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, AcOEt vs bz s EtOH, chl; i eth, lig i cold H2O; s EtOH, chl, bz

s H2O, eth, ace, bz; vs EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i CS2O 288100, 24025

vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

245; 121 131.1

20

26

26

1.1519 0.996125

1.4954 1.401820

120.2

0.982125 1.5920

1.394420

12032, 10012

1.184125

1.437920

6034, 3710 5280, 3230

1.066120 1.055925

1.452720 1.435820

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl; i lig s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s eth, ace, chl s eth, ace, chl vs EtOH

152 188

sl H2O, eth, bz, lig; s EtOH

50 160.5 236.5

sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, ace; i eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH

180.5 sub

s H2O, EtOH; i eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

O NH

N

O N

O H N

O

O

O

N-(4-Nitrophenyl)acetamide

O HO As OH

O

O O

O

3-395

2-Nitrophenyl acetate

N

H N

O

N

N O

O

4-Nitrophenyl acetate

2-Nitro-N-phenylaniline

HO OH HO

N

O N O

B

N

4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-1,3-benzenediol

O

O

N O

1-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-2-naphthol

N

(4-Nitrophenyl)arsonic acid

OH

O N O

OH

O

4-Nitro-N-phenylaniline

O

N N

O

O N

O

(3-Nitrophenyl)boronic acid

O

N O

1-(2-Nitrophenyl)ethanone

1-(3-Nitrophenyl)ethanone

HO O

HN O N

O

O N

O

O

O

O

1-(4-Nitrophenyl)ethanone

NH2 O

2-Nitro-1-phenylethanone

N

O

(4-Nitrophenyl)hydrazine

O

O

O

N O

(4-Nitrophenyl)phenylmethanone

O

N O

O

3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one

N

O

P

OH

O

4-Nitrophenyl phosphate

O O

O OH

N O

O

O

3-(2-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid

H N O

O

N O

N O

N O 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-propenal

NH2

O (4-Nitrophenyl)urea

N N

O N

O

N-Nitropiperidine

O

N

O

O

O

O N

O

OH

N

O N

OH

3-Nitropropanoic acid

N O

1-Nitro-4-(phenylthio)benzene

O

O 2-Nitropropane

O

3-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2-propynoic acid

O

1-Nitropropane

S

O

3-(4-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid

O

N O

OH OH

2-Nitro-1-propanol

O

N

O

O

1-Nitro-1-propene

2-Nitro-1-propene

O NH2

N

O

O

O

O O

O

HN

O

N O 5-Nitro-2-propoxyaniline

O

N O

O

O N N

O N N

N-(5-Nitro-2-propoxyphenyl)acetamide

O N

O

NH2

5-Nitropyrimidinamine

O N

1-Nitropyrene

5-Nitro-2-pyridinamine

O N N H

H O

5-Nitro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

NH2

O

O N

O

O

N H

N

H

N

O

4-Nitropyridine

N

O

O

5-Nitro-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

O

N O

N

O

N

N 5-Nitroquinoline

4-Nitropyridine 1-oxide

3-396

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

8179 6-Nitroquinoline

C9H6N2O2

613-50-3

174.156

8180 8-Nitroquinoline

C9H6N2O2

607-35-2

174.156

ye pl (HClHOAc) mcl pr (al)

8181 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide

C9H6N2O3

56-57-5

190.155

C9H6N2O3 C6H5NO

4008-48-4 586-96-9

190.155 107.110

No. Name

8182 5-Nitro-8-quinolinol 8183 Nitrosobenzene

Synonym

Nitroxoline

ye nd, pl (ace) orth or mcl (al-eth)

den/ g cm-3

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

153.5

1700.2

nD

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; vs bz sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, acid

5818

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, lig

91.5

154 180 67

8

8184 N-Nitrosodibutylamine 8185 N-Nitrosodiethanolamine 8186 N-Nitrosodiethylamine

Dibutylnitrosamine 2,2’-(Nitrosoimino)ethanol Diethylnitrosamine

C8H18N2O C4H10N2O3 C4H10N2O

924-16-3 1116-54-7 55-18-5

158.241 134.133 102.134

wh-ye oil ye oil

105 1250.01 176.9

0.942220

1.484920 1.438620

8187 N-Nitrosodimethylamine

Dimethylnitrosamine

C2H6N2O

62-75-9

74.081

ye liq

152

1.004820

1.436820

C8H10N2O

138-89-6

150.177

grn pl (eth)

92.5

ye pl(lig)

66.5

8188 p-Nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline

8189 N-Nitrosodiphenylamine

N,N-Diphenylnitrosamine

C12H10N2O

86-30-6

198.219

8190 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3pyridyl)-1-butanone 8191 N-Nitrosomethylethylamine 8192 N-Nitroso-N-methylvinylamine 8193 4-Nitrosomorpholine 8194 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol

Ketone, 3-pyridyl-3-(N-methylN-nitrosamino)propyl

C10H13N3O2

64091-91-4

207.229

N-Methyl-N-nitrosoethenamine N-Nitrosomorpholine

C3H8N2O C3H6N2O C4H8N2O2 C10H7NO2

10595-95-6 4549-40-0 59-89-2 132-53-6

88.108 86.092 116.119 173.169

ye liq ye liq

8195 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol

1-Nitroso-β-naphthol

C10H7NO2

131-91-9

173.169

ye-br nd (peth)

8196 N-Nitrosonornicotine

N’-Nitroso-3-(2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine

C9H11N3O

16543-55-8

177.202

C6H5NO2

104-91-6

123.110

8197 4-Nitrosophenol

Solubility

1.14520

63

29 157 dec

6740 47 225; 14025

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HCONH2 i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s bz sl H2O

sl H2O s H2O sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace, HOAc vs bz, eth

109.5 1550.2

pa ye orth nd 144 dec (ace, bz)

8198 4-Nitroso-N-phenylaniline

p-Nitrosodiphenylamine

C12H10N2O

156-10-5

198.219

143

8199 N-Nitrosopiperidine 8200 N-Nitroso-N-propyl-1propanamine 8201 N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 8202 5-Nitro-2-thiazolamine 8203 N-(5-Nitro-2-thiazolyl)acetamide

1-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitrosodipropylamine

C5H10N2O C6H14N2O

100-75-4 621-64-7

114.145 130.187

2-Amino-5-nitrothiazole Aminitrozole

C4H8N2O C3H3N3O2S C5H5N3O3S

930-55-2 121-66-4 140-40-9

100.119 145.140 187.177

8204 4-Nitrothioanisole 8205 2-Nitrothiophene

C7H7NO2S C4H3NO2S

701-57-5 609-40-5

169.202 129.138

8206 2-Nitrotoluene

C7H7NO2

88-72-2

137.137

oran-ye pow 202 dec nd (al), pl 264.5 (HOAc) 72 lt ye mcl nd 46.5 (peth) liq -10.4

8207 3-Nitrotoluene

C7H7NO2

99-08-1

137.137

pa ye

8208 4-Nitrotoluene

C7H7NO2

99-99-0

137.137

8209 1-Nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

C7H4F3NO2

384-22-5

8210 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

C7H4F3NO2

8211 Nitrourea 8212 trans-(2-Nitrovinyl)benzene

pa ye gold

219; 10920 206; 11340

1.063118 0.916320

1.493318 1.443720

214

1.08525

1.488025

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, dil alk sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, HCl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth

s alk 1372 224.5

1.239180 1.364443

1.640120

222

1.161119

1.545020

15.5

232

1.158120

1.546620

orth cry (al, eth)

51.63

238.3

1.103875

191.108

cry (al)

32.5

217; 10520

98-46-4

191.108

liq

-2.4

202.8; 10340

CH3N3O3 C8H7NO2

556-89-8 5153-67-3

105.053 149.148

pl (al-peth) ye pr (peth, al)

158 dec 60

255

8213 Nivalenol

C15H20O7

23282-20-4

312.316

cry (MeOH)

224 dec

8214 Nizatidine

C12H21N5O2S2

76963-41-2

331.458

131

8215 2,2’,3,3’,4,5,5’,6,6’Nonachlorobiphenyl 8216 Nonacontane

C12HCl9

52663-77-1

464.213

cry (EtOH/ AcOEt) cry

C90H182

7667-51-8

1264.408

180.5 612200

1.435715

1.471920

i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s alk; sl peth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs ace, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth, chl, CS2 sl H2O; s EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s MeOH; vs chl; i bz, eth i H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

O

O N

N

3-397

O

O

O

N

N N O

N 6-Nitroquinoline

N

N O

O

8-Nitroquinoline

O N N

N OH

4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide

5-Nitro-8-quinolinol

Nitrosobenzene

O

N N

HO

N-Nitrosodibutylamine

O OH

N-Nitrosodiethanolamine

N

N N

O

N N

N-Nitrosodiethylamine

N N

N N

O N

N-Nitrosodimethylamine

O

O

N-Nitrosodiphenylamine

OH

N N

O

O

2-Nitroso-1-naphthol

N H

N N

OH 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol

O

N-Nitrosomethylethylamine

OH

H

4-Nitrosomorpholine

N N

4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone

O

N-Nitroso-N-methylvinylamine

O

N N

N

O

p-Nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline

O

N N

O

H N N

O

N-Nitrosonornicotine

O

O

4-Nitrosophenol

N 4-Nitroso-N-phenylaniline

S

O

N-Nitrosopiperidine

N N

O

N N

N-Nitroso-N-propyl-1-propanamine

O O

N-Nitrosopyrrolidine

N O

S

O

NH2

5-Nitro-2-thiazolamine

O N

O

N O

2-Nitrotoluene

F

O O

3-Nitrotoluene

H

N

O

O

HO HO

F 1-Nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

O

N O HN

H N

S

N

S O

4-Nitrothioanisole

O

F F

H2N

Cl Cl

N H Nitrourea

O N

O N O

O

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

2,2’,3,3’,4,5,5’,6,6’-Nonachlorobiphenyl

O

trans-(2-Nitrovinyl)benzene

Cl N

N O

2-Nitrothiophene

Cl

N

S Nizatidine

O

1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl OH

S

N H

O

F F

H

OH Nivalenol

N

O

4-Nitrotoluene

O

O

N

N O

N-(5-Nitro-2-thiazolyl)acetamide

O O

O

N

N N N

H3C(CH2)88CH3 Nonacontane

3-398

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

8217 Nonacosane

C29H60

630-03-5

408.786

nD

Solubility

orth cry (peth)

63.7

440.8

0.808320

1.452920

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz; sl chl

8218 Nonadecafluorodecanoic acid 8219 Nonadecane

C10HF19O2 C19H40

335-76-2 629-92-5

514.084 268.521

wax

32.0

219.4 329.9

0.785520

1.440920

646-30-0

298.504

lf (al)

69.4

297100, 22810

0.846870

C19H40O C19H38O

1454-84-8 629-66-3

284.520 282.504

cry (ace) pr (al)

61.7 57

345; 1660.3 266110, 1652

0.810856

8223 10-Nonadecanone

C19H38O

504-57-4

282.504

lf(al)

65.5

>350; 1561.1

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig s eth, ace i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz; vs eth, ctc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, lig; vs bz

8220 Nonadecanoic acid

C19H38O2

8221 1-Nonadecanol 8222 2-Nonadecanone

8224 8225 8226 8227 8228 8229 8230 8231

C19H38 C25H44 C9H14O C9H16 C9H16O C9H12 C9H18O C9H20

18435-45-5 29136-19-4 5910-87-2 4900-30-5 7786-44-9 2396-65-8 124-19-6 111-84-2

266.505 344.617 138.206 124.223 140.222 120.191 142.238 128.255

23.4 40

liq

-27.3 -19.3 -53.46

329.0 419 9810 142.5 10824, 9811 162 191 150.82

0.788625 0.854520 0.86225 0.751120 0.860425 0.815820 0.826422 0.719220

1.444525 1.480720 1.520720 1.430220 1.459825 1.449020 1.427320 1.405820

C9H16O4

123-99-9

188.221

lf or nd

106.5

357.1; 287100

1.22525

1.4303111

8233 1,9-Nonanediol

C9H20O2

3937-56-2

160.254

cry (bz)

45.8

17320, 1503

8234 Nonanedioyl dichloride 8235 Nonanenitrile

C9H14Cl2O2 C9H17N

123-98-8 2243-27-8

225.112 139.238

liq

-34.2

16618 224.4

1.143 0.817820

1.468020 1.425520

-20.1 12.4

220 254.5

0.84225 0.905220

1.454820 1.434319

No. Name

1-Nonadecene Nonadecylbenzene trans,trans-2,4-Nonadienal 1,8-Nonadiene 2,6-Nonadien-1-ol 1,8-Nonadiyne Nonanal Nonane

8232 Nonanedioic acid

Synonym

Nonaldehyde

Azelaic acid

liq

1.432875

8236 1-Nonanethiol 8237 Nonanoic acid

Nonyl mercaptan Pelargonic acid

C9H20S C9H18O2

1455-21-6 112-05-0

160.320 158.238

liq

8238 1-Nonanol

Nonyl alcohol

C9H20O

143-08-8

144.254

liq

-5

213.37

0.828020

1.433320

8239 2-Nonanol, (±)

C9H20O

74683-66-2

144.254

liq

-35

193.5

0.847120

1.435320

8240 3-Nonanol, (±)

C9H20O

74742-08-8

144.254

22

195; 9318

0.825020

1.428920

8241 4-Nonanol

C9H20O

52708-03-9

144.254

192.5; 9418

0.828220

1.419720

8242 5-Nonanol 8243 2-Nonanone

Dibutylcarbinol Heptyl methyl ketone

C9H20O C9H18O

623-93-8 821-55-6

144.254 142.238

liq

5.6 -7.5

193; 9720 195.3

0.822020 0.820820

1.428920 1.421020

8244 3-Nonanone

Ethyl hexyl ketone

C9H18O

925-78-0

142.238

liq

-8

190; 8620

0.824120

1.420820

8245 4-Nonanone

Pentyl propyl ketone

C9H18O

4485-09-0

142.238

187.5

0.819025

1.418920

8246 5-Nonanone

Dibutyl ketone

C9H18O

502-56-7

142.238

liq

-3.8

188.45

0.821720

1.419520

C9H17ClO C9H16O C9H18 C9H16O2 C9H16O2 C9H18O C11H22O2 C9H21N

764-85-2 18829-56-6 124-11-8 3760-11-0 4124-88-3 21964-44-3 143-13-5 112-20-9

176.683 140.222 126.239 156.222 156.222 142.238 186.292 143.270

liq liq liq

-60.5

0.946315 0.846 0.725325

1.453120 1.425720

liq liq

-26 -1

215.3 10116, 8912 146.9 17320, 1365 15618, 1061 193.5 210 202.2

0.925420 0.82421 0.878515 0.788620

1.445425 1.438215 1.42620 1.433620

8255 Nonylbenzene 8256 Nonylcyclohexane 8257 Nonylcyclopentane

C15H24 C15H30 C14H28

1081-77-2 2883-02-5 2882-98-6

204.352 210.399 196.372

liq liq liq

-24 -10 -29

280.5 282 262

0.858420 0.816320 0.808120

1.481620 1.451920 1.446720

8258 Nonyl formate 8259 1-Nonylnaphthalene 8260 4-Nonylphenol

C10H20O2 C19H26 C15H24O

5451-92-3 26438-26-6 104-40-5

172.265 254.409 220.351

liq visc ye liq

-33 8 42

214 366 ≈295; 18010

0.86 0.937120 0.95020

1.421620 1.547720 1.51320

C9H16

3452-09-3

124.223

liq

-50

150.8

0.765820

1.421720

8247 8248 8249 8250 8251 8252 8253 8254

Nonanoyl chloride trans-2-Nonenal 1-Nonene 2-Nonenoic acid 3-Nonenoic acid 1-Nonen-3-ol Nonyl acetate Nonylamine

8261 1-Nonyne

1-Vinylheptanol 1-Nonanamine

Heptylacetylene

-81.3 -4.4

i H2O; s eth, ace s eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp sl H2O, eth, bz, DMSO; s EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; i lig s eth; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl s eth, ace

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; s bz, ctc, hp i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-399 O

F F F F F F F F F

OH

F F F F F F F F F F Nonacosane

Nonadecafluorodecanoic acid

Nonadecane

O OH

O

OH

O Nonadecanoic acid

1-Nonadecanol

2-Nonadecanone

10-Nonadecanone

O 1-Nonadecene

Nonadecylbenzene

trans,trans-2,4-Nonadienal

OH

O

2,6-Nonadien-1-ol

HO

1,8-Nonadiyne

Nonanal

OH O

Nonane

Cl HO

O

1,8-Nonadiene

Nonanedioic acid

OH

Cl O

1,9-Nonanediol

O

N

Nonanedioyl dichloride

Nonanenitrile

OH SH

OH OH

O

1-Nonanethiol

Nonanoic acid

1-Nonanol

OH

2-Nonanol, (±)

O

OH

OH

3-Nonanol, (±)

4-Nonanol

O

5-Nonanol

2-Nonanone

3-Nonanone

Cl

O O 4-Nonanone

5-Nonanone

Nonanoyl chloride

OH

trans-2-Nonenal

OH

O 2-Nonenoic acid

O

O

O

O 3-Nonenoic acid

1-Nonene

OH 1-Nonen-3-ol

O Nonyl acetate

NH2 Nonylamine

Nonylbenzene

Nonylcyclohexane

Nonylcyclopentane

OH

O

O Nonyl formate

1-Nonylnaphthalene

4-Nonylphenol

1-Nonyne

3-400

No. Name 8262 Norbormide 8263 2,5-Norbornadiene

8264 5-Norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydride 8265 5-Norbornene-2-methylolacrylate 8266 24-Norcholan-23-oic acid, (5 β) 8267 Nordazepam

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene

C33H25N3O3 C7H8

991-42-4 121-46-0

511.570 92.139

cry (eth) liq

194 -19.1

89.5

0.906420

1.470220

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; msc tol

C9H8O3

826-62-0

164.158

95-39-6 511-18-2 1088-11-5

178.228 346.547 270.713

col liq nd(HOAc)

104

1.02925

500-38-9

302.366

nd(w, al, HOAc)

C13H22N2O C8H11NO3

18530-56-8 51-41-2

222.326 169.178

C20H26O2

68-22-4

298.419

cry

204

C20H26O2 C12H9ClF3N3O C16H21NO3 C6H13NO2

68-23-5 27314-13-2 537-29-1 616-06-8

298.419 303.666 275.343 131.173

cry (MeOH) nd lf(w)

170 184 140.5 327 dec

C6H13NO2 C16H17NO3 C21H28O2 C27H34O3

327-57-1 466-97-7 797-63-7 62-90-8

131.173 271.311 312.446 406.557

cry (MeOH) cry

301 dec 273 206 95

C19H22ClN

894-71-3

299.838

cry (eth)

214 303

8268 Nordihydroguaiaretic acid

C11H14O2 Norcholanic acid C23H38O2 7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl- C15H11ClN2O 2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one C18H22O4

8269 Norea 8270 Norepinephrine

Noradrenaline

8271 Norethisterone 8272 8273 8274 8275

Norethynodrel Norflurazon Norhyoscyamine DL-Norleucine

19-Norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3one, 17-hydroxy-, (17 α)-

2-Aminohexanoic acid, ( DL)

185.5

8281 DL-Norvaline

2-Aminopentanoic acid, (±)

C5H11NO2

760-78-1

117.147

lf(al, w)

8282 L-Norvaline 8283 Noscapine

2-Aminopentanoic acid, ( S)

C5H11NO2 C22H23NO7

6600-40-4 128-62-1

117.147 413.421

cry (dil al) 307 pr or nd (al) 176

8284 Novobiocin

Streptonivicin

C31H36N2O11

303-81-1

612.624

wh-ye orth cry

C17H12ClFN2O C19H25NO2 C20H18ClNO6 C20H19NO6 C22H22ClNO6 C14H22N2O

63284-71-9 447-41-6 303-47-9 4825-86-9 4865-85-4 13912-77-1

314.740 299.408 403.813 369.368 431.866 234.337

cry (MeOH) cry (xyl) cry (MeOH) amorp solid cry

47

C12H2Cl8

2136-99-4

429.768

cry

161

706-78-5 3268-87-9 2234-13-1

343.678 459.751 403.731

nd 40 nd 331 nd (bz-CCl4) 197.5 cry (ace/ EtOH)

Nuarimol Nylidrin Ochratoxin A Ochratoxin B Ochratoxin C Octacaine

Buphenine

3-(Diethylamino)-Nphenylbutanamide

8291 2,2’,3,3’,5,5’,6,6’Octachlorobiphenyl 8292 Octachlorocyclopentene 8293 Octachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin 8294 Octachloronaphthalene

Perchlorocyclopentene Perchloronaphthalene

C5Cl8 C12Cl8O2 C10Cl8

8295 Octachlorostyrene

Perchlorostyrene

C8Cl8

29082-74-4

379.710

C80H162 C28H58

7667-88-1 630-02-4

C28H56O2 C28H58O

506-48-9 557-61-9

8296 Octacontane 8297 Octacosane

506-21-8

C18H30 C18H54O7Si8 C18H37NO C18H38

2090-14-4 556-69-4 124-26-5 593-45-3

246.431 607.302 283.493 254.495

8305 Octadecanenitrile

C18H35N

638-65-3

265.478

41

C18H38S

2885-00-9

286.560

30

8306 1-Octadecanethiol

Stearyl mercaptan

s H2O, EtOH; i bz, eth, ace s H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl, AcOEt, lig s H2O i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, EtOAc, ace, py

sub

1.3448

2001

vs EtOH, bz, eth i H2O

283

1.820050

1.566050

4417, 2480.5

i H2O; vs EtOH sl EtOH; vs bz, chl, lig

99

C18H32O2

lf (al) nd (al, ethMeOH)

vs EtOH, chl s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O

1.17225

126 111 169 221

8300 trans, trans-9,12-Octadecadienoic Linolelaidic acid acid 8301 Octadecahydrochrysene 8302 Octadecamethyloctasiloxane 8303 Octadecanamide 8304 Octadecane

Montanic acid Montanyl alcohol

sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs alk, dil HCl

154

1124.142 394.761 mcl or orth (bz-al) 424.744 410.760 cry (ace, peth) 280.446 cry (MeOH)

8298 Octacosanoic acid 8299 1-Octacosanol

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, alk; i bz

177 217 dec

Norgestrel, (-) Nandrolone phenpropionate

8285 8286 8287 8288 8289 8290

s os

177 216.5

L-Norleucine Normorphine Norplant 19-Nortestosterone phenylpropionate 8280 Nortriptyline hydrochloride

8276 8277 8278 8279

2-Aminohexanoic acid, ( L)

166

112 61.1

672 431.6

90.9 83.4

2001

i H2O; msc ace; s bz, chl vs bz, chl i H2O; s CS2

28.5

1810.8

sl H2O; s ace, hx

115 -63 109 28.2

353 18620, 1535 25012 316.3

0.806720

1.433070

0.8191100 1.4313100

0.91325

1.397020

0.776828

1.439020

362

0.832520

1.438945

20711

0.847520

1.464520

vs EtOH vs bz, peth, lig vs eth, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, chl vs eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-401

H N OH

O N

H

O

O

N

O

O

O

O

Norbormide

2,5-Norbornadiene

5-Norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydride

HO H N

H

NH2

N O

OH

24-Norcholan-23-oic acid, (5β)

HO

HO

H

Nordazepam

Cl

H N

O N

Norepinephrine

H N

N

F F

O

O

OH Norea

F

H

HO

H

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid

H

5-Norbornene-2-methylolacrylate

OH

OH

Cl

O

H

OH

H N

O

OH

N

Norethisterone

Norethynodrel

Norflurazon

O HO HO OH

O

O

O

OH

Norhyoscyamine

O

H

OH

NH2

NH2

DL-Norleucine

L-Norleucine

O

O

H

H

NH O

HO

O

Normorphine

Norplant

19-Nortestosterone phenylpropionate

OH O N H

O O OH

N H Nortriptyline hydrochloride

O

DL-Norvaline

H2N

O O

NH2 L-Norvaline

O O

O

OH

NH2

HCl

O

O

H

O

O

O

OH H N O

O

OH

O

Noscapine

Novobiocin

Cl

Cl OH

OH

F

N

N

H N

H N

HO

HO

Nuarimol

O

Nylidrin

H N

O O

OH O

HO

Ochratoxin A

O

O O

OH O

Ochratoxin B

Cl H N O

O

Cl

O O

H N

OH O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Octacaine

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl Cl

N O

Ochratoxin C

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

O

Octachlorocyclopentene

Cl

Cl

Cl

Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Cl

Cl

Octachloronaphthalene

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

Cl Cl

2,2’,3,3’,5,5’,6,6’-Octachlorobiphenyl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl Octachlorostyrene

OH

OH H3C(CH2)78CH3 Octacontane

Octacosane

Octacosanoic acid

1-Octacosanol

O O Si

OH trans, trans-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid

O

Si

Octadecahydrochrysene

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Octadecamethyloctasiloxane

Octadecanamide

N SH Octadecane

Octadecanenitrile

1-Octadecanethiol

NH2

Si

3-402

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

8307 1-Octadecanol

Stearyl alcohol

C18H38O

112-92-5

270.494

lf (al)

57.9

335; 210.515

0.812459

α-Eleostearic acid

C18H35ClO C18H30O2

112-76-5 506-23-0

302.923 278.430

nd (al)

23 49

lf (al)

71.5

21515 23512 dec, 1701 1881

lf

76 17.5 -1 29.8

nD

Solubility

0.89690 0.902850

1.452324 1.511250

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz sl EtOH vs eth, EtOH

0.883980

1.500080

vs EtOH

17915, 1458 dec 332 23818

0.789120 0.84717 0.870040

1.444820 1.456620 1.453340

44 6.5

20715

0.848920

1.449960 1.460620

25 34.5

1472 2089

0.851030

52.9

346.8

0.861820

1.452220

36 41.6 50

400 409; 1751

0.8536 0.830020

1.47936 1.461020

15.5

1725 1956

0.88025

1.42925

2172 1823 115.5 135.5; 5935 140.5

0.813840 0.73420 0.816921 1.664720

1.424520 1.452118 1.317820

8308 Octadecanoyl chloride 8309 cis,trans,trans-9,11,13Octadecatrienoic acid 8310 trans,trans,trans-9,11,13Octadecatrienoic acid 8311 cis-9-Octadecenamide 8312 1-Octadecene 8313 cis-9-Octadecenenitrile 8314 cis-6-Octadecenoic acid

trans-Eleostearic acid

C18H30O2

544-73-0

278.430

Petroselinic acid

C18H35NO C18H36 C18H33N C18H34O2

301-02-0 112-88-9 112-91-4 593-39-5

281.477 252.479 263.462 282.462

8315 trans-11-Octadecenoic acid 8316 cis-9-Octadecen-1-ol

Vaccenic acid Oleyl alcohol

C18H34O2 C18H36O

693-72-1 143-28-2

282.462 268.478

Oleylamine Stearyl 2-propenoate 1-Octadecanamine

C18H37N C20H40O2 C21H40O2 C18H39N

112-90-3 822-23-1 4813-57-4 124-30-1

267.494 312.531 324.542 269.510

Irganox 1076

C24H42 C24H48 C35H62O3

4445-07-2 4445-06-1 2082-79-3

330.590 336.638 530.865

C19H37NO C22H42O2 C36H72O2 C21H44O3 C20H40O C8H14 C8H10 C5H4F8O

112-96-9 32360-05-7 2778-96-3 544-62-7 930-02-9 3710-30-3 871-84-1 355-80-6

295.503 338.567 536.956 344.572 296.531 110.197 106.165 232.072

C14H18

1079-71-6

186.293

C7H15N C9H16 C8H15N C10H16O

1121-92-2 496-10-6 13618-93-4 21370-71-8

113.201 124.223 125.212 152.233

C14H18

5325-97-3

186.293

C10H19NO

486-70-4

169.264

C8H28N4Si4

1020-84-4

292.677

97

C8H24O4Si4 C8H26O3Si4

556-67-2 16066-09-4

296.617 282.632

17.5

C8H24O2Si3

107-51-7

236.533

-80

C8H16O

124-13-0

128.212

8344 Octanamide

C8H17NO

629-01-6

143.227

lf, pl

8345 2-Octanamine, (±) 8346 Octane

C8H19N C8H18

44855-57-4 111-65-9

129.244 114.229

8347 1,8-Octanediamine

C8H20N2

373-44-4

144.258

C8H12N2 C8H14O4

629-40-3 505-48-6

136.194 174.195

C8H18O2 C8H18O2

1117-86-8 629-41-4

146.228 146.228

C8H15N C8H18S

124-12-9 111-88-6

125.212 146.294

8317 8318 8319 8320

cis-9-Octadecenylamine Octadecyl acetate Octadecyl acrylate Octadecylamine

8321 Octadecylbenzene 8322 Octadecylcyclohexane 8323 Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di- tert-butyl-4hydroxyphenyl)propanoate 8324 Octadecyl isocyanate 8325 Octadecyl methacrylate 8326 Octadecyl octadecanoate 8327 3-(Octadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol 8328 Octadecyl vinyl ether 8329 1,7-Octadiene 8330 1,7-Octadiyne 8331 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1pentanol 8332 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8Octahydroanthracene Octahydroazocine Octahydroindene Octahydroindolizine trans-Octahydro-1(2H)naphthalenone 8337 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8Octahydrophenanthrene 8338 trans-Octahydro-2H-quinolizine1-methanol, (1R)

1-Isocyanatooctadecane Stearyl methacrylate Octadecyl stearate Batyl alcohol 1-(Ethenyloxy)octadecane

8333 8334 8335 8336

Lupinine

8339 2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8Octamethylcyclotetrasilazane 8340 Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 8341 1,1,1,3,5,7,7,7Octamethyltetrasiloxane 8342 Octamethyltrisiloxane 8343 Octanal

8348 Octanedinitrile 8349 Octanedioic acid

Caprylic aldehyde

Suberonitrile Suberic acid

8350 1,2-Octanediol 8351 1,8-Octanediol

8352 Octanenitrile 8353 1-Octanethiol

Caprylnitrile Octyl mercaptan

oil

cry (w)

cry (MeOH/ AcOEt)

cry (EtOH)

60 70.5 30

vs eth i H2O; s ace, ctc vs EtOH s eth; sl hp, MeOH s ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs EtOH s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ace

vs eth sl chl s eth

pl (al)

78

294

0.970380

1.537280

liq

29 -53 33

5215 167 7543 12220

0.89625 0.87625 0.907410 0.98620

1.472020 1.470220 1.4748 1.484921

16.7

295

1.02620

1.556917

70

270

i H2O; s ace, bz, CS2, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl peth

175.8 170

0.956120 0.855920

1.396820 1.385420

i H2O; s ctc

153; 5117

0.820020

1.384020

171

0.821120

1.421720

108

239

0.8450110

liq

97 -56.82

164 125.67

0.774420 0.698625

1.423225 1.394425

pl

51.64

225.6

sl EtOH; s bz, peth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH; s eth, ace vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz vs H2O, eth, EtOH

-1.8 144

18515 345.5; 21920

0.95425

1.443620

30 63

13110, 1040.2 17220

-45.6 -49.2

205.25 199.1

orth (peth)

liq

lo nd or pl (w) nd (bz-lig), pr liq liq

i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; vs bz; sl ctc

vs eth, EtOH

i H2O; msc eth, bz; sl DMSO

0.813620 0.843320

1.420320 1.454020

sl H2O, eth, chl, lig; vs EtOH; s bz vs eth s EtOH; sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-403 O OH

O Cl

OH 1-Octadecanol

Octadecanoyl chloride

trans,cis,trans-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid

O O

N NH2

OH trans,trans,trans-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid

cis-9-Octadecenamide

1-Octadecene

cis-9-Octadecenenitrile

O OH O

OH

NH2

OH cis-6-Octadecenoic acid

trans-11-Octadecenoic acid

O

cis-9-Octadecen-1-ol

cis-9-Octadecenylamine

O O

O Octadecyl acetate

NH2 Octadecyl acrylate

Octadecylamine

Octadecylbenzene

O O N OH Octadecylcyclohexane

Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

Octadecyl isocyanate

O O

O

O

OH

Octadecyl methacrylate

Octadecyl octadecanoate

3-(Octadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol

OH F F

F

H

1,7-Octadiyne

N

2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1-pentanol

O

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydroanthracene

OH

Si

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydrophenanthrene

Octahydroindene

H Si N N H H N Si N Si H

N

H

Octahydroazocine

Octahydroindolizine

Si

H

trans-Octahydro-1(2H)-naphthalenone

Octadecyl vinyl ether

H N

F F F F F 1,7-Octadiene

O

OH

O

trans-Octahydro-2H-quinolizine-1-methanol, (1R)

Si O

2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8-Octamethylcyclotetrasilazane

Si O O O Si Si

Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane

O

H H Si Si Si O O O

Si

1,1,1,3,5,7,7,7-Octamethyltetrasiloxane

O

Si

O

Si

NH2

NH2

O

Octamethyltrisiloxane

Octanal

Octanamide

2-Octanamine, (±)

Octane

O N NH2

H2N

HO

N

1,8-Octanediamine

OH OH

Octanedinitrile

Octanedioic acid

1,8-Octanediol

1,2-Octanediol

N

OH

HO

OH

O

Octanenitrile

SH 1-Octanethiol

C

O

3-404

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds †

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

8354 Octanoic acid

Caprylic acid

C8H16O2

124-07-2

144.212

C16H30O3

623-66-5

270.407

8355 Octanoic anhydride

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

16.5

239

0.907325

1.428520

liq

-1

282.5

0.906518

1.435818

sl H2O; msc EtOH, chl, CH3CN vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

8356 1-Octanol

Capryl alcohol

C8H18O

111-87-5

130.228

liq

-14.8

195.16

0.826225

1.429520

8357 2-Octanol

(±)-sec-Caprylic alcohol

C8H18O

4128-31-8

130.228

liq

-31.6

179.3

0.819320

1.420320

C8H18O C8H18O

589-98-0 74778-22-6

130.228 130.228

liq liq

-45 -40.7

171 176.3

0.825820 0.818620

1.424820

liq

-16

172.5

0.82020

1.415120

8358 3-Octanol 8359 4-Octanol

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc s eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, chl, HOAc s peth, HOAc

8360 2-Octanone

Hexyl methyl ketone

C8H16O

111-13-7

128.212

8361 3-Octanone

Ethyl pentyl ketone

C8H16O

106-68-3

128.212

167.5

0.82225

1.415020

8362 4-Octanone

Butyl propyl ketone

C8H16O

589-63-9

128.212

163

0.814625

1.417314

8363 Octanoyl chloride 8364 Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane

C8H15ClO C48H40O4Si4

111-64-8 546-56-5

162.657 793.172

liq nd (bz-al, HOAc)

-63 200.5

195.6 3301

0.953515

1.433520

8365 1,3,5,7-Octatetraene 8366 trans-2-Octenal 8367 1-Octene

C8H10 C8H14O C8H16

1482-91-3 2548-87-0 111-66-0

106.165 126.196 112.213

cry (bz) liq liq

50 -101.7

sub 8519 121.29

0.846 0.714920

1.450020 1.408720

8368 cis-2-Octene

C8H16

7642-04-8

112.213

liq

-100.2

125.6

0.724320

1.415020

8369 trans-2-Octene

C8H16

13389-42-9

112.213

liq

-87.7

125

0.719920

1.413220

8370 cis-3-Octene

C8H16

14850-22-7

112.213

liq

-126

122.9

0.715920

1.413520

8371 trans-3-Octene

C8H16

14919-01-8

112.213

liq

-110

123.3

0.715220

1.412620

8372 cis-4-Octene

C8H16

7642-15-1

112.213

liq

-118.7

122.5

0.721220

1.414820

8373 trans-4-Octene

C8H16

14850-23-8

112.213

liq

-93.8

122.3

0.714120

1.411420

8374 8375 8376 8377 8378

C8H16O C8H16O C8H12 C11H19NOS C10H20O2

3391-86-4 22104-78-5 17679-92-4 26530-20-1 112-14-1

128.212 128.212 108.181 213.340 172.265

0.839513 0.85020 0.774920

1.439112 1.447020 1.459220

-38.5

174; 6912 8811 134; 6260 1200.01 210

0.870520

1.415020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc s H2O vs eth i H2O; msc eth, bz vs EtOH

1-Octen-3-ol 2-Octen-1-ol 1-Octen-3-yne Octhilinone Octyl acetate

Caprylene

2-Octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone

liq

8379 Octyl acrylate 8380 Octylamine

Octyl 2-propenoate 1-Octanamine

C11H20O2 C8H19N

2499-59-4 111-86-4

184.276 129.244

0

229; 570.05 179.6

0.881020 0.782620

1.429220

8381 Octylamine hydrochloride 8382 4-Octylaniline 8383 Octylbenzene

1-Octanamine hydrochloride

C8H20ClN C14H23N C14H22

142-95-0 16245-79-7 2189-60-8

165.705 205.340 190.325

liq

196.5 20 -36

310; 1385 264

0.912820 0.856220

1.484520

C12H24O2 C14H28 C13H26 C18H36O2 C10H23N C20H27O4P C9H18O2

110-39-4 1795-15-9 1795-20-6 619-39-6 7378-99-6 115-88-8 112-32-3

200.318 196.372 182.345 284.478 157.297 362.399 158.238

liq liq liq nd or lf (al)

-55.6 -20 -44 38.5

244.1 264 243 21513 194

0.862920 0.813820 0.804820 0.844770

liq

-39.1

198.8

1.0925 0.874420

8391 Octyl isocyanate 8392 Octyl methacrylate 8393 Octyl nitrate

C9H17NO C12H22O2 C8H17NO3

3158-26-7 2157-01-9 629-39-0

155.237 198.302 175.226

786 239.5 11020

0.9750

8394 Octyl nitrite

C8H17NO2

629-46-9

159.227

174.5

0.86217

1.412720

8395 Octyl octanoate

C16H32O2

2306-88-9

256.424

306.8

0.855420

1.435220

8384 8385 8386 8387 8388 8389 8390

Octyl butanoate Octylcyclohexane Octylcyclopentane 2-Octyldecanoic acid Octyldimethylamine Octyl diphenyl phosphate Octyl formate

N,N-Dimethyl-1-octanamine

liq

-18.1

1.426715 1.450320 1.444620

i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig; sl ctc

vs eth

vs eth, EtOH

1.420815

i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

O OH

3-405 O

O

Octanoic acid

OH

Octanoic anhydride

OH

1-Octanol

OH

2-Octanol

O OH

3-Octanol

O

O

4-Octanol

2-Octanone

3-Octanone

4-Octanone

Si O

Si O O Si O Si

O Cl

O

Octanoyl chloride

Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane

1-Octene

cis-2-Octene

1,3,5,7-Octatetraene

trans-2-Octene

trans-2-Octenal

cis-3-Octene

trans-3-Octene

OH OH cis-4-Octene

trans-4-Octene

1-Octen-3-ol

2-Octen-1-ol

1-Octen-3-yne

O O S

N

O O

Octhilinone

NH2

O Octyl acetate

Octyl acrylate

Octylamine

NH2

O NH2 HCl

O

Octylamine hydrochloride

4-Octylaniline

Octylbenzene

Octyl butanoate

O OH Octylcyclohexane

Octylcyclopentane

N

2-Octyldecanoic acid

O O P O O

Octyldimethylamine

O N O

Octyl diphenyl phosphate

O Octyl formate

O Octyl nitrate

O N

C

O

O

Octyl isocyanate

Octyl methacrylate

O O

O Octyl nitrite

N

O

O Octyl octanoate

3-406

No. Name 8396 8397 8398 8399

Octyloxirane 4-(Octyloxy)benzaldehyde 4-Octylphenol Octyl phenyl ether

8400 4-Octylphenyl salicylate

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2404-44-6 24083-13-4 1806-26-4 1818-07-1

156.265 234.335 206.324 206.324

liq

(Octyloxy)benzene

C10H20O C15H22O2 C14H22O C14H22O C21H26O3

2512-56-3

326.429

wh cry

73

C11H22O2

142-60-9

186.292

liq

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 4octylphenyl ester

8401 Octyl propanoate

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

43.0 8

12895, 9730 1310.5 16910, 1504 285

0.913115

1.487520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth

-42.6

228

0.866320

1.422115

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, lig; s eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace; vs py, HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc

8402 1-Octyne

Hexylacetylene

C8H14

629-05-0

110.197

liq

-79.3

126.3

0.746120

1.415920

8403 2-Octyne

Methylpentylacetylene

C8H14

2809-67-8

110.197

liq

-61.6

137.6

0.759620

1.427820

C8H14

15232-76-5

110.197

liq

-103.9

133.1

0.752920

1.425020

8404 3-Octyne 8405 4-Octyne

Dipropylacetylene

C8H14

1942-45-6

110.197

liq

-101

131.6

0.750920

1.424820

8406 2-Octyn-1-ol 8407 Oleandrin

2-Octynol

C8H14O C32H48O9

20739-58-6 465-16-7

126.196 576.718

-18 250 dec

9815

0.880520

1.455620

cry (EtOH)

8408 Olean-12-en-3-ol, (3 β)

β-Amyrin

C30H50O

559-70-6

426.717

nd (lig or al) 197

26005

C30H48O3

508-02-1

456.700

nd or pr (al) 310 dec

sub 280

cis-9-Octadecenoic acid

C18H34O2

112-80-1

282.462

0.893520

1.458220

73590-58-6 1113-02-6 523-44-4

345.416 213.192 350.324

cry (MeCN) oil red-br pow

1.3220

1.498720

1-Naphthol Orange

C17H19N3O3S C5H12NO4PS C16H11N2NaO4S

8414 Orange IV 8415 Orcein 8416 L-Ornithine

Tropaeolin OO

C18H14N3NaO3S

554-73-4 1400-62-0 70-26-8

375.377

140

vs H2O, EtOH

8417 L-Ornithine, monohydrochloride 8418 Orotic acid

3184-13-2 65-86-1

168.622 156.097

215 345.5

vs H2O sl H2O; i os

480-11-5

284.263

ye nd (al)

231.5

vs ace, eth, EtOH

83-98-7 19044-88-3

269.382 346.359

8422 Ouabain 8423 7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane

C5H13ClN2O2 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-4- C5H4N2O4 pyrimidinecarboxylic acid 5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2C16H12O5 phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4one C18H23NO Benzenesulfonamide, 4C12H18N4O6S (dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitroC29H44O12 C6H10O

ye pow br-red pow micro cry (al-eth) nd cry (w)

630-60-4 286-20-4

584.652 98.142

8424 8425 8426 8427 8428 8429

C5H8O Exaltolide C15H28O2 1-Oxa-3,4-diazacyclopentadiene C2H2N2O C15H18Cl2N2O3 C14H18N2O4 C2H2O4

285-67-6 106-02-5 288-99-3 19666-30-9 77732-09-3 144-62-7

84.117 240.382 70.049 345.221 278.304 90.035

C2H6O6

6153-56-6

126.065

mcl tab or pr 101.5

C4H4O5 C2Cl2O2 C2H6N4O2

328-42-7 79-37-8 996-98-5

132.072 126.926 118.095

liq nd (w)

161 dec -16 244.0

8434 Oxamic acid

C2H3NO3

471-47-6

89.050

cry (w)

210 dec

8435 Oxamide

C2H4N2O2

471-46-5

88.065

nd (w)

350 dec

8436 Oxamniquine

C14H21N3O3

21738-42-1

279.335

ye-oran cry

149

8437 Oxamyl 8438 Oxandrolone 8439 1,4-Oxathiane

C7H13N3O3S C19H30O3 C4H8OS

23135-22-0 53-39-4 15980-15-1

219.261 306.439 104.171

liq

109 236 -17

8409 Oleanolic acid

8410 Oleic acid

8411 Omeprazole 8412 Omethoate 8413 Orange I

8419 Oroxylin A

8420 Orphenadrine 8421 Oryzalin

6-Oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Oxacyclohexadecan-2-one 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Oxadiazon Oxadixyl Oxalic acid

2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid, (S) C5H12N2O2

8430 Oxalic acid dihydrate 8431 Oxaloacetic acid 8432 Oxalyl chloride 8433 Oxalyl dihydrazide

Oxalacetic acid Oxalyl dichloride

132.161

13.4

360; 286100

156 ≈135 dec

msc H2O; i hx s H2O; sl EtOH; i bz s H2O

19512 141 hyg pl (+9w) 200 <-10

thick oil 90 104 orth pym or 189.5 dec oct

131.5

0.966320

1.451920

102 17615 150

0.96425 0.954920

1.433620 1.470820 1.430025

sub 157

1.90017

s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl, peth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth

1.65318

63.5

1.478520 1.45822

1.66720

dec

0.9725

147

1.117420

sl H2O; vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl; sl ctc

1.431620

s eth s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; i eth s ace, chl, MeOH

sl H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

3-407 OH OH O O

O

O

O Octyloxirane

4-(Octyloxy)benzaldehyde

4-Octylphenol

Octyl phenyl ether

4-Octylphenyl salicylate

O OH

O Octyl propanoate

1-Octyne

2-Octyne

3-Octyne

4-Octyne

2-Octyn-1-ol

O O

H

O OH

HO

O O

O

Olean-12-en-3-ol, (3β)

Oleandrin

O

Oleanolic acid

O O P O S O

N

N H Omeprazole

H N

N

Oleic acid

H N

O Na

S S

OH

HO

HO

O

O O

O

N

OH

H

H

H

O

N

N

O O

N S

O

HO

O

Omethoate

Orange I

OH

H2N

O Na

NH2

Orange IV

L-Ornithine

NH2 O S O O

OH O

OH O

O H2N

OH

HCl

N H

O

NH2 L-Ornithine, monohydrochloride

HO

O

N

O

NH

O

O

Orotic acid

Oroxylin A

N O

Orphenadrine

N O

N

O

Oryzalin

O O HO HO HO

H

O Cl

OH HO

O O

OH

O

O

O

N N

N N

O

Ouabain

7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane

6-Oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane

Oxacyclohexadecan-2-one

O

O

O

OH OH

1,3,4-Oxadiazole

Cl

Oxadiazon

O

O

O

N HO

N O

O

O OH

HO

O

Oxadixyl

OH O OH

2H2O

O

Oxalic acid

O

HO

OH

Cl

O

Oxalic acid dihydrate

Cl

H2N

O

Oxaloacetic acid

H N

O

Oxalyl chloride

O NH2 O Oxamide

HO O

N O

N H Oxamniquine

H N

O N H

NH2

OH H

N O

S O Oxamyl

O

O S

Oxandrolone

NH2

Oxamic acid

O

N

HO O

Oxalyl dihydrazide

O H 2N

O

H N

1,4-Oxathiane

3-408

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

8440 Oxazepam

C15H11ClN2O2

604-75-1

286.713

cry (EtOH)

205.5

8441 8442 8443 8444

C3H3NO C6H12O C6H10O2 C3H6O

288-42-6 592-90-5 502-44-3 503-30-0

69.062 100.158 114.142 58.079

liq liq

57-57-8 6704-31-0 75-21-8

72.063 72.063 44.052

No. Name

Oxazole Oxepane 2-Oxepanone Oxetane

Synonym

Caprolactone Trimethylene oxide β-Propiolactone

8445 2-Oxetanone 8446 3-Oxetanone 8447 Oxirane

Ethylene oxide

C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C2H4O

8448 Oxiranecarboxaldehyde 8449 Oxiranemethanol, (±)

Glycidaldehyde Glycidol

C3H4O2 C3H6O2

765-34-4 61915-27-3

72.063 74.079

8450 α-Oxobenzeneacetaldehyde aldoxime 8451 α-Oxobenzeneacetic acid

Isonitrosoacetophenone

C8H7NO2

532-54-7

149.148

C8H6O3

611-73-4

150.132

8452 α-Oxobenzeneacetic acid, methyl ester 8453 α-Oxobenzeneacetonitrile

C9H8O3

15206-55-0

164.158

C8H5NO

613-90-1

131.132

8454 γ-Oxobenzenebutanoic acid

C10H10O3

2051-95-8

178.184

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

i H2O; s EtOH, chl, diox 1.428517 1.440020 1.461120 1.396120

69.5 119 215 47.6

0.8925 1.076120 0.893025

liq -33.4 unstab liq vol liq or gas -112.5

162 106 10.6

1.146020 1.137 0.882110

1.410520

liq

112.5 1.140320 dec 167; 662.5 1.114325

1.426520 1.428720

-1.0 -97

-62 -45

1.35977

129 pr (CCl4)

66

16315

lf (dil al)

206

Benzoylacetonitrile

C9H7NO

614-16-4

145.158

8456 α-Oxobenzenepropanoic acid

3-Phenylpyruvic acid

C9H8O3

156-06-9

164.158

lf (bz, chl)

157.5

8457 2-Oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3carboxylic acid 8458 Oxobis(2,4-pentanedione) vanadium 8459 2-Oxobutanoic acid

Coumarin-3-carboxylic acid

C9H6O3

531-81-7

162.142

nd (w, bz)

190 dec

Vanadyl acetylacetonate

C10H14O5V

3153-26-2

265.157

bl cry

258

1740.2

C4H6O3

600-18-0

102.089

33

8116

C4H6O3

692-29-5

102.089

oil

C5H6O5

328-50-7

146.099

cry (ace-bz) 115.5

8462 6-Oxoheptanoic acid

C7H12O3

3128-07-2

144.168

40.2

251280, 1351

8463 5-Oxohexanoic acid

C6H10O3

3128-06-1

130.141

13.5

274.5

1.0925

1.445120

C11H9NO3

392-12-1

203.194

gray cry

211

C13H11NO5 C5H8O2

14698-29-4 626-96-0

261.230 100.117

cry (DMF)

313 dec <-21

dec 187

1.013421

1.425722

C5H6O5

542-05-2

146.099

nd (AcOEt)

C5H8O3

1821-02-9

116.116

6.5

179

1.097014

dec 245

1.133520

8461 2-Oxoglutaric acid

α-Ketoglutaric acid

8464 α-Oxo-1H-indole-3-propanoic acid 8465 Oxolinic acid 8466 4-Oxopentanal

Indole-3-pyruvic acid

8467 3-Oxopentanedioic acid

Acetonedicarboxylic acid

8468 2-Oxopentanoic acid

C5H8O3

123-76-2

116.116

lf or pl

33

8470 4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)butanoic acid 8471 cis-4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)-2butenoic acid 8472 Oxophenylarsine

Succinanilic acid

C10H11NO3

102-14-7

193.199

nd (w)

148.5

Maleanilic acid

C10H9NO3

555-59-9

191.183

mcl ye cry

192 dec

Phenylarsine oxide

C6H5AsO

637-03-6

168.025

cry (bz-eth) 145 or (chl-eth)

C10H8O3

583-06-2

176.169

nd or pr (tol) 99

C3H5NO2

306-44-5

87.078

nd(CCl4) lf (eth-peth)

8475 2-Oxopropanenitrile

C3H3NO

631-57-2

69.062

8476 17-(1-Oxopropoxy)-androst-4-en- Testosterone-17-propionate 3-one, (17β)

C22H32O3

57-85-2

344.487

8474 2-Oxopropanal oxime

Isonitrosoacetone

1.20017

1.397220

1.430625

138 dec

Levulinic acid

8473 4-Oxo-4-phenyl-2-butenoic acid

16010

13514

8469 4-Oxopentanoic acid

69

120

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH; s bz, chl sl H2O; s chl

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, alk, aq KCN sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i lig vs EtOH

8455 β-Oxobenzenepropanenitrile

8460 4-Oxobutanoic acid

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz

1.526820

116.5

80.5

s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace msc eth; s chl

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; i CS2

247 32.5

Solubility

1.439620

i H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl, lig sl H2O; s eth, bz, chl, lig, CS2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth

1.41830

sub

1.074467

92.3

0.974520

1.376420

i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; vs bz, chl sl H2O, chl, lig; s EtOH, eth, tol s H2O, eth; sl bz, ctc, chl s eth, ace, CH3CN vs eth, py, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds H N

3-409

O OH N

Cl

O

N Oxazepam

O

O

O

Oxazole

Oxepane

O

O

2-Oxepanone

Oxetane

O

O

O

2-Oxetanone

3-Oxetanone

O OH

O O

Oxiranecarboxaldehyde

O

O α-Oxobenzeneacetaldehyde aldoxime

Oxiranemethanol, (±)

O

O

O

O N

α-Oxobenzeneacetic acid, methyl ester

O OH

O

O

2-Oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxylic acid

OH O

γ-Oxobenzenebutanoic acid

β-Oxobenzenepropanenitrile

O O

OH

O

O

O

Oxobis(2,4-pentanedione)vanadium

2-Oxobutanoic acid

OH

O

6-Oxoheptanoic acid

O O

O

HO

3-Oxopentanedioic acid

O

H N OH

O

4-Oxopentanoic acid

4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)butanoic acid

O

OH

cis-4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)-2-butenoic acid

O

O As

O OH O

Oxophenylarsine

4-Oxopentanal

O

O

2-Oxopentanoic acid

Oxolinic acid

H N

OH

O

O O

O OH

OH

O

N

α-Oxo-1H-indole-3-propanoic acid

5-Oxohexanoic acid

2-Oxoglutaric acid

OH

O

O

N H

OH

OH O

4-Oxobutanoic acid

OH

O

O

O

HO

O

O

O

OH

O O

α-Oxobenzenepropanoic acid

O

O

V

O

O

O

α-Oxobenzeneacetonitrile

O

α-Oxobenzeneacetic acid

N

OH

O

O

OH

OH

O

O

Oxirane

O N

4-Oxo-4-phenyl-2-butenoic acid

H

O

O N

OH

2-Oxopropanal oxime

N 2-Oxopropanenitrile

O

O 17-(1-Oxopropoxy)-androst-4-en-3-one, (17β)

3-410

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

8477 2-Oxo-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid Coumalic acid

C6H4O4

500-05-0

140.094

pr (MeOH)

207 dec

218120

8478 4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 8479 17-Oxosparteine

Chelidonic acid

C7H4O6

99-32-1

184.103

C15H24N2O

489-72-5

248.364

20912

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl

8480 4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl chloride) 8481 4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide) 8482 Oxybutynin 8483 Oxycarboxin

Diphenyl ether 4,4’-disulfonyl chloride

C12H8Cl2O5S2

121-63-1

367.225

rose mcl nd 262 (al-w,+1w) ye to col hyg 84 nd (peth) cry (peth) 128

sl H2O, eth, ace; i bz, chl; s EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH

C12H14N4O5S2

80-51-3

358.393

cry (H2O)

164 dec

Carboxin S,S-dioxide

C22H31NO3 C12H13NO4S

5633-20-5 5259-88-1

357.486 267.301

cry pr (EtOH)

114 129

Dihydro-14-hydroxycodeinone

C10H4Cl8O C18H21NO4

27304-13-8 76-42-6

423.762 315.365

cry (pentane) 100 rods (EtOH) 219

C6H15O4PS2 C24H16As2O3

301-12-2 58-36-6

246.284 502.225

<-20 185

1060.01

col mcl cry

C15H11ClF3NO4 C16H24N2O C21H32O3 C3H8N2O3

42874-03-3 1491-59-4 434-07-1 140-95-4

361.701 260.374 332.477 120.107

84 182 179 126

dec 358

cry (bz) cry pr(al)

8492 Oxyphenbutazone

C19H20N2O3

129-20-4

324.373

8493 8494 8495 8496

Oxyphenonium bromide Oxytetracycline Oxytocin Paclobutrazol

C21H34BrNO3 C22H24N2O9 C43H66N12O12S2 C15H20ClN3O

50-10-2 79-57-2 50-56-6 76738-62-0

428.404 460.434 1007.187 wh pow 293.792 wh cry

191.5 184.5

1.63420

166

1.22

8497 8498 8499 8500 8501

Palustric acid Pamoic acid Pancuronium dibromide Panose Panthesin

C20H30O2 C23H16O6 C35H60Br2N2O4 C18H32O16 C18H32N2O5S

1945-53-5 130-85-8 15500-66-0 33401-87-5 135-44-4

302.451 388.369 732.670 504.437 388.522

164.5 315 215 223 dec 158

8502 Pantolactone 8503 Pantothenic acid 8504 Papaveraldine

C6H10O3 C9H17NO5 C20H19NO5

599-04-2 79-83-4 522-57-6

130.141 219.235 353.369

8505 Papaverine

C20H21NO4

58-74-2

339.386

No. Name

8484 Oxychlordane 8485 Oxycodone 8486 Oxydemeton-methyl 8487 10,10’-Oxydiphenoxarsine 8488 8489 8490 8491

Synonym

10,10’-Oxybis[10Hphenoxarsine]

Oxyfluorfen Oxymetazoline Oxymetholone Oxymethurea

4-α-Isomaltosylglucose

8506 Papaverine hydrochloride

Cerespan

C20H22ClNO4

61-25-6

375.847

8507 Paraformaldehyde 8508 Paraldehyde

2,4,6-Trimethyl-1,3,5-trioxane

(CH2O)x C6H12O3

30525-89-4 123-63-7

30.026 132.157

8509 Paramethadione 8510 Paraoxon 8511 Paraquat 8512 Pararosaniline hydrochloride 8513 Parasorbic acid

O,O-Diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate Basic fuchsin

cry (eth/ peth)

cry (MeOH) cry pa ye pow (al)

Solubility

sl H2O; s bz, EtOH; vs ace i H2O, eth; s EtOH, chl 1.28920 1.41

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; i CH2Cl2

1.3573 i eth, chl

14925

s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i eth; sl DMSO s EtOH, MeOH, chl, bz, eth vs H2O; sl EtOH s H2O, BuOH i H2O; vs ace, MeOH; s xyl, hx

sl chl vs H2O, EtOH

92 ye visc oil nd (al),cry (bz, peth) wh pr (aleth), nd (chl-peth) wh mcl pr (w)

vs H2O, bz, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; s ace, bz, py vs H2O, EtOH

210.5 147.5

sub 135

1.33720

1.625

124.3

0.994320

1.404920

224.5 164 dec 12.6

157.167

liq

C10H14NO6P

311-45-5

275.195

oily liq

1610.5

1.268325

1.5096

C12H14N2 C19H18ClN3 C6H8O2

4685-14-7 569-61-9 10048-32-5

186.252 323.819 112.127

cation pale viol pow 269 dec oily lig

10015

1.07918

1.473620

56-38-2

291.261

6.1

8515 Patchouli alcohol

C15H26O

5986-55-0

222.366

8516 Pebulate

C10H21NOS

1114-71-2

203.345

8517 Pelargonidin chloride

C15H11ClO5

134-04-3

306.698

8518 Pellotine

C13H19NO3

83-14-7

237.295

red br hyg >350 (anh) pr or pl pl (al, peth) 111.5

C9H8N2O2

2152-34-3

176.172

cry

375

56 14220

256 dec

1.2681

20

1.449

25

115-67-3

ye liq

1.121

25

C7H11NO3

C10H14NO5PS

2-Amino-5-phenyl-4(5H)oxazolone

nD

124

8514 Parathion

8519 Pemoline

den/ g cm-3

1.5370

25

0.990665

1.502965

0.945820

1.475220

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, bz, eth s eth

vs H2O, eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc; vs EtOH, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, MeOH s H2O; vs EtOH; sl chl, MeOH vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth i H2O, eth, ace; sl hot EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-411

O

O

O

H

HO

HO O

O

OH

O O

2-Oxo-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid

N

O

4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid

O

O OH

H N

N

Cl

H

4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl chloride)

4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide)

O

O S

N OH

Cl

O

Oxychlordane

Oxycodone

As O As

O

O P S O O

Oxydemeton-methyl

O

F F

H N

O

Cl

N O

F

O

O

OH

Oxyfluorfen

N H

Oxymetholone

OH OH N H H

N H

N

N OH

OH

Oxymethurea

Oxyphenbutazone

N

OH

N

O OH

HO

H

Oxymetazoline

O

O

O

HO

N

N

NH2

Br HO O HO O

HO Oxyphenonium bromide

O

10,10’-Oxydiphenoxarsine

OH O

O NH2 N H

Cl O

Cl

S

O

O Cl

Cl

Oxycarboxin

O S H 2N N O H

O S Cl O

S O O O

Oxybutynin

O S Cl O

17-Oxosparteine

Cl Cl O

O

O N

Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly(NH2)

O

Oxytetracycline

Cl

N

HO

Oxytocin

Paclobutrazol

O HO HO HO

O

OH O

O

Br OH

N

HO

OH

N

Palustric acid

OH

OH

Pancuronium dibromide

O

O

O HO

N

H2N

O

O Panthesin

OH

Pantolactone

OH OH

Panose

O OH

OH

OH

Pamoic acid

OH O S O

O O

HO

O

HO

O

O

HO

Br

O

O

O

H

O

O N H

O N O

O

OH

N

O

O

O

Pantothenic acid

O

Papaveraldine

Papaverine

O N

O

O

HCl

H

N

O

H

O

Paraformaldehyde

Paraldehyde

O O

O

O

x

Papaverine hydrochloride

O

O

O

O

N O

O P O O N

Paramethadione

Paraoxon

N Paraquat

NH OH HCl

O O

H2N

NH2 Pararosaniline hydrochloride

O

O

Parasorbic acid

N O

OH

HO

O P O S

O S

N

Patchouli alcohol

Pebulate

O

O

NH N

O

O OH Pellotine

O Cl

H Parathion

HO

Pemoline

NH

Pelargonidin chloride

OH

3-412

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

40487-42-1

281.308

18840-45-4 61-33-6

268.354 334.390

C29H38N4O6S C16H18N2O5S C6H6Br5Cl

54-35-3 87-08-1 87-84-3

570.700 350.389 513.085

C7H3Br5

87-83-2

486.619

C6HBr5O

608-71-9

488.591

No. Name

Synonym

8520 Pendimethalin

N-(1-Ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl- C13H19N3O4 2,6-dinitroaniline C8H16N2O4S2 Benzylpenicillinic acid C16H18N2O4S

8521 Penicillamine cysteine disulfide 8522 Penicillin G

8523 Penicillin G procaine 8524 Penicillin V 8525 1,2,3,4,5-Pentabromo-6chlorocyclohexane 8526 Pentabromomethylbenzene

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

8527 Pentabromophenol

Mol. Form.

Physical Form

cry cry

mcl pr (HOAc) nd (al) nd (w, al) pr (eth) tan cry (peth) ye grn nd or lf (xyl) nd (al) nd MeOH nd (al)

C3HBr5O

79-49-2

452.559

Dienochlor Benzo[b]naphthacene

C10Cl10 C22H14

2227-17-0 135-48-8

474.637 278.346

8531 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroaniline 8532 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroanisole 8533 Pentachlorobenzene

C6H2Cl5N Methyl pentachlorophenyl ether C7H3Cl5O C6HCl5

527-20-8 1825-21-4 608-93-5

265.352 280.363 250.337

8534 8535 8536 8537

Pentachlorophenyl mercaptan

C6HCl5S C12H5Cl5 C12H5Cl5 C12H3Cl5O2

133-49-3 18259-05-7 37680-73-2 39227-61-7

282.402 326.433 326.433 356.416

C2HCl5

76-01-7

202.294

nd (peth) cry (EtOH) cry (bz/ MeOH) liq

C2Cl5F

354-56-3

220.284

C6Cl5NO2

82-68-8

8541 Pentachlorophenol

C6HCl5O

8542 8543 8544 8545

8539 Pentachlorofluoroethane 8540 Pentachloronitrobenzene

Quintozene

1,1,2,2,3-Pentachloropropane 1,1,2,3,3-Pentachloro-1-propene Pentachloropyridine 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene

8546 8547 8548 8549 8550

Pentacontane Pentacosane 1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane Pentadecafluorooctanoic acid 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8Pentadecafluoro-1-octanol 8551 Pentadecanal

1,1-Dihydroperfluorooctanol

den/ g cm-3

56

dec

1.1925

108 dec 124 dec 204

1.255525

288

2.9717

229.5

sub

79.5

sub

233.0 108.5 86

i H2O i H2O

138

1.7425

295.335

cry (al)

144

dec 328

1.71825

87-86-5

266.336

mcl pr (al + 174 1w) nd (bz)

dec 310

1.97822

C3H3Cl5 C3HCl5 C5Cl5N C7H3Cl5

16714-68-4 1600-37-9 2176-62-7 877-11-2

216.321 214.305 251.326 264.364

181500 185 280 301

1.63325 1.631734

1.509825 1.531320

C50H102 C25H52 C7HF15 C8HF15O2 C8H3F15O

6596-40-3 629-99-2 375-83-7 335-67-1 307-30-2

703.345 352.681 370.059 414.069 400.085

0.801220 1.72525

1.449120 1.269025

waxy solid

54.3 47

575.0 401.9; 28240 96.0 192.4 164; 688

C15H30O

2765-11-9

226.398

nd

24.5

18525 20

20

125.5 nd (bz, peth) 224.8

92.1 53.93

629-76-5 2345-28-0 818-23-5

228.414 226.398 226.398

13360-61-7 2570-26-5 2131-18-2 492-89-7 6006-95-7 501-24-6 765-13-9 591-95-7

210.399 227.430 288.511 320.510 294.558 304.510 208.383 68.118

liq

Ethylallene

C15H30 C15H33N C21H36 C21H36O2 C21H42 C21H36O C15H28 C5H8

-1.4 37.3 22 nd (to, peth) 59.5 29 nd (peth) 53.5 10 liq -137.3

8565 cis-1,3-Pentadiene

cis-Piperylene

C5H8

1574-41-0

68.118

liq

8566 trans-1,3-Pentadiene

trans-Piperylene

C5H8

2004-70-8

68.118

liq

3-Pentadecylcatechol

i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, CS2

101.3

C15H32O C15H30O C15H30O

Pentadecanamine

1.834216

col liq

242.398

1-Pentadecene Pentadecylamine Pentadecylbenzene 3-Pentadecyl-1,2-benzenediol Pentadecylcyclohexane 3-Pentadecylphenol 1-Pentadecyne 1,2-Pentadiene

277

1.679620

1002-84-2

8557 8558 8559 8560 8561 8562 8563 8564

i H2O; sl bz; s PhNO2 vs eth, EtOH, lig

162.0

C15H30O2

8554 1-Pentadecanol 8555 2-Pentadecanone 8556 8-Pentadecanone

i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc; sl eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl

-28.78

212.415

Pentadecylic acid

sl H2O; s MeOH, EtOH, eth, chl, bz, ace s H2O, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s os

231.5 123.5 78.5 195

629-62-9

8553 Pentadecanoic acid

Solubility

122 >300 dec

C15H32

8552 Pentadecane

nD

195

Pentabromoacetone

Refrigerant 120

bp/˚C

amor wh pow

8528 1,1,1,3,3-Pentabromo-2propanone 8529 Pentac 8530 Pentacene

Pentachlorobenzenethiol 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,4,5,5’-Pentachlorobiphenyl 1,2,3,4,7-Pentachlorodibenzo-pdioxin 8538 Pentachloroethane

mp/˚C

pl (dil al, HOAc) cry (peth)

cry (al)

1.502520

9.95

270.6

0.7685

1.4315

52.3

257100, 1581

0.842380

43.9 39.5 43

300 294 291

0.834725 0.818239 0.818039

268.2 307.6 373

0.776420 0.810420 0.854820

1.438920 1.448020 1.481520

373 2308, 1971.5 268 44.9

0.826720

1.458820

0.792820 0.692620

1.441920 1.420920

-140.8

44.1

0.691020

1.436320

-87.4

42

0.671025

1.430120

1.425480

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, chl i H2O; sl lig; vs EtOH, eth; s bz vs eth vs bz, EtOH, lig sl EtOH, eth, CS2; s bz, tol, peth s bz, chl

vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth; sl tfa i H2O s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s ace vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, EtOH vs ace msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc, hp msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc, hp

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

O N

NH O N

H N O

NH2

O

HO

S

Pendimethalin

O

OH

OH

O Penicillin G procaine

OH

Br

Penicillin V

Br

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,2,3,4,5-Pentabromo-6-chlorocyclohexane

Pentabromomethylbenzene

Pentabromophenol

O

NH2

O Br Br

Br

Br

O

OH

O

Br

N

O

N

Penicillin G

Cl

N

S

O

Br S

O

H

O

N

NH2

H

O

S

O

Penicillamine cysteine disulfide

H N

H N

H

O OH

S

O

O

3-413

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Br Br

Br

1,1,1,3,3-Pentabromo-2-propanone

SH

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Pentac

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Pentacene

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroanisole

Pentachlorobenzene

Pentachlorobenzenethiol

O

Cl Cl

O Cl

O

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Pentachloroethane

Cl

Cl Cl F

N

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

N

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Pentachloropyridine

F F

F

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Pentachloronitrobenzene

Pentachlorophenol

1,1,2,2,3-Pentachloropropane

1,1,2,3,3-Pentachloro-1-propene

Cl Pentacontane

Cl

Cl Cl

F F F F F F

F F F F F F

2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene

Cl

Cl

F H3C(CH2)48CH3

Cl

2,2’,4,5,5’-Pentachlorobiphenyl

OH Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl

Cl

Cl

Pentachlorofluoroethane

O

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl 1,2,3,4,7-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Cl

Cl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroaniline

F F F F

F Pentacosane

F

F F

F F

1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane

O OH

F F F F F F

F

Pentadecafluorooctanoic acid

O

F F F F F F OH

OH

O

OH

F F F F F F 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Pentadecafluoro-1-octanol

Pentadecanal

Pentadecane

Pentadecanoic acid

1-Pentadecanol

O NH2

O 2-Pentadecanone

8-Pentadecanone

1-Pentadecene

Pentadecylamine

OH OH

Pentadecylbenzene

3-Pentadecyl-1,2-benzenediol

Pentadecylcyclohexane

OH C 3-Pentadecylphenol

1-Pentadecyne

CH2

1,2-Pentadiene

cis-1,3-Pentadiene

trans-1,3-Pentadiene

3-414

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

8567 1,4-Pentadiene

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

C5H8

591-93-5

68.118

nD

Solubility

vol liq or gas -148.2

26

0.660820

1.388820

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, hp, ctc

mp/˚C

8568 2,3-Pentadiene

1,3-Dimethylallene

C5H8

591-96-8

68.118

liq

-125.6

48.2

0.695020

1.428420

8569 1,4-Pentadien-3-ol 8570 1,3-Pentadiyne

Methyldiacetylene

C5H8O C5H4

922-65-6 4911-55-1

84.117 64.086

liq

-38.5

115.5 55

0.86023 0.790920

1.440017 1.443121

C5H12O4 C13H20O8

115-77-5 597-71-7

136.147 304.293

C13H20O8S4

10193-99-4

432.553

cry (dil HCl) 258 tetr nd (w, 83.5 bz) liq

C21H28O8

3253-41-6

408.442

53.5

C5H8N4O12

78-11-5

316.138

C16H26 C10H25O5Ta C6H2F5N C7HF5O C6HF5 C6HF5S C7HF5O2 C7F5N C2HF5 C6F5I C7H3F5O C6HF5O C3H3F5 C3H3F5O C7H3F5 C5F8

605-01-6 6074-84-6 771-60-8 653-37-2 363-72-4 771-62-0 602-94-8 773-82-0 354-33-6 827-15-6 389-40-2 771-61-9 1814-88-6 422-05-9 771-56-2 384-04-3

218.377 406.251 183.079 196.074 168.064 200.129 212.074 193.074 120.021 293.960 198.090 184.063 134.048 150.047 182.091 212.041

C37H49N7O9S

5534-95-2

767.892

C15H12O7

480-18-2

304.252

C11H28Br2N2 C11H16

541-20-8 700-12-9

348.161 148.245

pr (al)

301 54.5

232

0.91720

1.52720

C5H20O5Si5

6166-86-5

300.638

liq

-108

169

0.998520

1.391220

C12H26 C12H24 C10H22 C10H22 C11H16O

13475-82-6 123-48-8 16747-44-7 16747-45-8 2819-86-5

170.334 168.319 142.282 142.282 164.244

liq liq liq liq nd (al, peth, ace)

-67

0.746320

1.444020

-36.4 -38.7 128

177.8 180.5 166.1 159.3 267

0.776725 0.763625

1.436120 1.430720

C10H21N C5H15NSi C5H10O

79-55-0 2083-91-2 110-62-3

155.281 117.266 86.132

-91.5

147 86 103

0.85800 0.740020 0.809520

8605 Pentanamide

C5H11NO

626-97-1

101.147

225

0.8735110 1.4183110

8606 3-Pentanamine 8607 Pentane

C5H13N C5H12

616-24-0 109-66-0

87.164 72.149

89 36.06

0.748720 0.626220

1.406320 1.357520

8571 Pentaerythritol 8572 Pentaerythritol tetraacetate 8573 Pentaerythritol tetrakis(2mercaptoacetate) 8574 Pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate

2,2-Bis[(acetyloxy)methyl]-1,3propanediol diacetate

Tetramethylolmethane tetramethacrylate

8575 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

8576 8577 8578 8579 8580 8581 8582 8583 8584 8585 8586 8587 8588 8589 8590 8591

Pentaethylbenzene Pentaethyl tantalate 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluoroaniline Pentafluorobenzaldehyde Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorobenzenethiol Pentafluorobenzoic acid Pentafluorobenzonitrile Pentafluoroethane Pentafluoroiodobenzene Pentafluoromethoxybenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane 2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoro-1-propanol 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 1,1,2,4,4-Pentafluoro-3(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-butadiene 8592 Pentagastrin 8593 trans-3,3’,4’,5,7Pentahydroxyflavanone, (±) 8594 Pentamethonium bromide 8595 Pentamethylbenzene

Ethanol, tantalum(5+) salt

Methyl pentafluorophenyl ether Refrigerant 245cb

Taxifolin

8596 2,4,6,8,10Pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane 8597 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane 8598 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethyl-3-heptene 8599 2,2,3,3,4-Pentamethylpentane 8600 2,2,3,4,4-Pentamethylpentane 8601 Pentamethylphenol 8602 1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine 8603 Pentamethylsilanamine 8604 Pentanal

Pempidine Valeraldehyde

8608 Pentanedial

Glutaraldehyde

C5H8O2

111-30-8

100.117

8609 1,5-Pentanediamine

Cadaverine

C5H14N2

462-94-2

102.178

8610 Pentanedinitrile 8611 1,2-Pentanediol, (±) 8612 1,4-Pentanediol

Glutaronitrile

C5H6N2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2

544-13-8 91049-43-3 626-95-9

94.115 104.148 104.148

8613 1,5-Pentanediol

Pentamethylene glycol

8614 2,3-Pentanediol 8615 2,4-Pentanediol

2,4-Amylene glycol

C5H12O2

111-29-5

104.148

C5H12O2

42027-23-6

C5H12O2

625-69-4

tetr (ace) pr (ace-al)

col gas liq liq

34 20 -47.4 -24 101 1.2 -103 -29 -37 37.5

col gas liq

col nd

-29.78

1.548 1.27318

2501

1.38525

1.547020

1.77320

140.5

<-20

liq liq

sub

277 1511 153.5 167 85.74 143 220 162 -48.1 166 138.5 145.6 -17.4 2650 117.5 39

sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, py

0.897119

1.512720

1.51425 1.50125

1.450620 1.390520 1.464520

1.56320

1.440225

2.21220 1.49320

1.495025 1.408720 1.426320

1.44020 1.5270

1.401625 1.30000

230 dec

mcl pl (peth, 106 al) liq

-129.67

liq

1.455021 1.437924 1.394420

11.83

179

0.87325

1.46320

-29

286 209 202; 12510

0.991115 0.972320 0.988320

1.429520 1.439719 1.445223

20

20

-18

sl H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s chl

i H2O; s EtOH

dec 188

liq

vs ace, bz, eth i H2O, bz, EtOH, eth s chl

227 dec

liq

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl s H2O; i eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

239

0.9914

1.4494

104.148

187.5; 10017

0.979819

1.441225

104.148

199; 9713

0.963520

1.434920

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s EtOH; sl chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc msc H2O, EtOH; s bz s H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz s H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs H2O, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-415 O

O O

O HO

C 1,4-Pentadiene

O

1,4-Pentadien-3-ol

O

N O

O

O

O

O O O

HO

O N

Pentaethylbenzene

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

Pentafluorobenzenethiol

Pentafluorobenzoic acid

Pentafluorobenzonitrile

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F F

F

F

F

2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluoroaniline

Pentafluorobenzaldehyde

Pentafluorobenzene

O

F

F F F

F

F

F

Pentafluoroethane

F

F

F

F

F F

F F

1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane

H N

F

F

Pentafluoroiodobenzene

Pentafluoromethoxybenzene

Pentafluorophenol

F

F

F F

F

F

2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoro-1-propanol

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

OH

OH F

F

F F

2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene

F

F

F

1,1,2,4,4-Pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-butadiene

O OH O H N

O

H N

N H

O

F

Pentaethyl tantalate

F F F

N H

O

Pentaerythritol tetrakis(2-mercaptoacetate)

I F

O

HS

N

O

F

O

Pentaerythritol tetraacetate

O

F

O

HS

O

O O O Ta O O

F

F

O

O

NH2

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

SH

O O

O

O

OH

Pentaerythritol

O O N O

O

Pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate

SH

O

O N O O

O

1,3-Pentadiyne

O O

HO

OH

2,3-Pentadiene

OH

O

SH O

N H

O

OH O OH NH2

O

HO

OH

O

S

OH

Pentagastrin

Br

Br

N

N

trans-3,3’,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavanone, (±)

Pentamethonium bromide

Pentamethylbenzene

OH O Si

Si O

O Si

Si O

O Si

2,4,6,8,10-Pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane

2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane

Si

N 1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine

2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethyl-3-heptene

2,2,3,3,4-Pentamethylpentane

2,2,3,4,4-Pentamethylpentane

Pentamethylphenol

O

N O

Pentamethylsilanamine

Pentanal

NH2

NH2 Pentanamide

3-Pentanamine

O

O

Pentane

Pentanedial

OH OH H 2N

NH2 1,5-Pentanediamine

N

N Pentanedinitrile

OH 1,2-Pentanediol, (±)

OH OH

OH OH 1,4-Pentanediol

HO

OH 1,5-Pentanediol

OH 2,3-Pentanediol

2,4-Pentanediol

3-416

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

8616 1,5-Pentanediol diacetate 8617 2,3-Pentanedione

Pentamethylene acetate Acetylpropionyl

C9H16O4 C5H8O2

6963-44-6 600-14-6

188.221 100.117

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

2

241; 1233 108

1.029620 0.956519

1.426119 1.401419

25

20

dk ye liq

8618 2,4-Pentanedione

Acetylacetone

C5H8O2

123-54-6

100.117

liq

-23

138

0.9721

8619 Pentanedioyl dichloride 8620 Pentanenitrile

Valeronitrile

C5H6Cl2O2 C5H9N

2873-74-7 110-59-8

169.006 83.132

liq

-96.2

217 141.3

1.32420 0.800820

1.472820 1.397120

8621 1-Pentanethiol

Pentyl mercaptan

C5H12S

110-66-7

104.214

liq

-75.65

126.6

0.85020

1.446920

8622 2-Pentanethiol 8623 3-Pentanethiol

sec-Pentyl mercaptan 3-Pentyl mercaptan

C5H12S C5H12S

2084-19-7 616-31-9

104.214 104.214

liq liq

-169 -110.8

112.9 105

0.832720 0.841020

1.441220 1.444720

8624 Pentanoic acid

Valeric acid

C5H10O2

109-52-4

102.132

liq

-33.6

186.1

0.933925

1.408520

8625 Pentanoic anhydride 8626 1-Pentanol

Amyl alcohol

C10H18O3 C5H12O

2082-59-9 71-41-0

186.248 88.148

liq liq

-56.1 -77.6

227 137.98

0.92420 0.814420

1.417126 1.410120

8627 2-Pentanol

sec-Amyl alcohol

C5H12O

6032-29-7

88.148

liq

-73

119.3

0.809420

1.405320

8628 3-Pentanol

Diethyl carbinol

C5H12O

584-02-1

88.148

liq

-69

116.25

0.820320

1.410420

8629 2-Pentanone

Methyl propyl ketone

C5H10O

107-87-9

86.132

liq

-76.8

102.26

0.80920

1.389520

8630 3-Pentanone

Diethyl ketone

C5H10O

96-22-0

86.132

liq

-39

101.7

0.809825

1.390525

8631 2-Pentanone oxime

Methyl propyl ketone oxime

C5H11NO

623-40-5

101.147

168

0.909520

1.445020

8632 Pentanoyl chloride 8633 Pentaphene

Valeroyl chloride 2,3:6,7-Dibenzphenanthrene

C5H9ClO C22H14

638-29-9 222-93-5

120.577 278.346

liq -110 ye grn lf(xyl) 257

109

1.015515

1.420020

8634 1,2,3,5,6-Pentathiepane 8635 Pentatriacontane

Lenthionine

C2H4S5 C35H72

292-46-6 630-07-9

188.378 492.947

cry (al)

60.5 74.6

8636 18-Pentatriacontanone

C35H70O

504-53-0

506.930

lf (lig)

89.0

8637 Pentazocine

C19H27NO

359-83-1

285.423

cry (MeOH aq)

147

1.4494

Solubility

i H2O; sl EtOH, xyl, eth; s bz 0.815720

490 270

0.1

0.793

1.456820

i H2O; sl eth; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, chl

i H2O; s eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, dil sulf i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; vs dil sulf

95

8638 4-Pentenal 8639 1-Pentene

α-Amylene

C5H8O C5H10

2100-17-6 109-67-1

84.117 70.133

vol liq or gas -165.12

99 29.96

0.85220 0.640520

1.419120 1.371520

8640 cis-2-Pentene

cis-β-Amylene

C5H10

627-20-3

70.133

liq

-151.36

36.93

0.655620

1.383020

8641 trans-2-Pentene

trans-β-Amylene

C5H10

646-04-8

70.133

liq

-140.21

36.34

0.643125

1.379320

C5H7N C5H7N

16529-66-1 592-51-8

81.117 81.117

liq

144 140

0.837 0.823924

1.422020 1.421314

C5H8O2 C5H8O2

1617-32-9 591-80-0

100.117 100.117

193.2 188.5

0.98919 0.980920

1.428120

8646 1-Penten-3-ol

C5H10O

616-25-1

86.132

115

0.83920

1.423920

8647 cis-2-Penten-1-ol 8648 trans-2-Penten-1-ol 8649 3-Penten-2-ol, (±)

C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O

1576-95-0 1576-96-1 42569-16-4

86.132 86.132 86.132

138 138 121.6; 6570

0.852920 0.847120 0.832825

1.435420 1.434120 1.428020

8650 4-Penten-1-ol 8651 4-Penten-2-ol

C5H10O C5H10O

821-09-0 625-31-0

86.132 86.132

141 116

0.845720 0.836720

1.430920 1.422520

C5H8O

1629-58-9

84.117

103; 4490

0.846820

1.419520

C5H8O

3102-33-8

84.117

122

0.862420

1.435020

C10H13N C5H6 C5H6

2057-43-4 646-05-9 871-28-3

147.217 66.102 66.102

216; 9312 59.5 42.5

0.923425 0.740120 0.73816

1.507625 1.449620 1.412516

8642 trans-3-Pentenenitrile 8643 4-Pentenenitrile 8644 trans-3-Pentenoic acid 8645 4-Pentenoic acid

8652 1-Penten-3-one

Allylacetic acid

Ethyl vinyl ketone

8653 trans-3-Penten-2-one 8654 2-(3-Pentenyl)pyridine 8655 1-Penten-3-yne 8656 1-Penten-4-yne

Methylvinylacetylene

liq

-22.5

s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl s eth; sl chl s eth, ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s EtOH, lig s EtOH; sl DMSO s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, eth, ace vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s eth vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O, eth, ace, ctc vs bz, eth i H2O; s eth, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-417

O O

O O

O

O

O

O Cl

O

1,5-Pentanediol diacetate

2,3-Pentanedione

2,4-Pentanedione

Cl Pentanenitrile

O

SH

SH 2-Pentanethiol

O OH

3-Pentanethiol

O O

Pentanoic acid

OH

Pentanoic anhydride

HO

O

OH

OH

1-Pentanol

N

Pentanedioyl dichloride

SH 1-Pentanethiol

O

2-Pentanol

N

O

3-Pentanol

2-Pentanone

S S

O Cl

3-Pentanone

2-Pentanone oxime

S S S

Pentanoyl chloride

Pentaphene

1,2,3,5,6-Pentathiepane

Pentatriacontane

H N HO

O

O

18-Pentatriacontanone

Pentazocine

4-Pentenal

1-Pentene

O

O N trans-2-Pentene

N

trans-3-Pentenenitrile

OH

OH

4-Pentenenitrile

trans-3-Pentenoic acid

4-Pentenoic acid

OH 1-Penten-3-ol

OH OH

OH

OH

OH

cis-2-Penten-1-ol

cis-2-Pentene

trans-2-Penten-1-ol

3-Penten-2-ol, (±)

4-Penten-1-ol

4-Penten-2-ol

O N

O 1-Penten-3-one

trans-3-Penten-2-one

2-(3-Pentenyl)pyridine

1-Penten-3-yne

1-Penten-4-yne

3-418

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C5H6 C5H6 C14H23N3O10

1574-40-9 2004-69-5 67-43-6

66.102 66.102 393.347

C11H16N4O4

53910-25-1

268.270

C8H6N6O11

4481-55-4

362.167

8662 Pentyl acetate

2-(N,2,4,6-Tetranitroanilino) ethanol Amyl acetate

wh cry 222 (MeOH aq) wh-ye cry 129

C7H14O2

628-63-7

130.185

liq

-70.8

149.2

0.875620

1.402320

8663 sec-Pentyl acetate (R) 8664 Pentylamine

sec-Amyl acetate (R) Amylamine

C7H14O2 C5H13N

54638-10-7 110-58-7

130.185 87.164

liq

-55

142 104.3

0.880318 0.754420

1.401220 1.44820

8665 4-tert-Pentylaniline 8666 Pentylbenzene

Amylbenzene

C11H17N C11H16

2049-92-5 538-68-1

163.260 148.245

liq

-75

260.5 205.4

0.858520

1.487820

Amyl butyrate

C12H16O2 C12H15ClO C9H18O2

2049-96-9 49763-65-7 540-18-1

192.254 210.699 158.238

liq

-73.2

13715 14410, 1218 186.4

1.03625 0.871315

1.530020 1.412320

C6H13NO2 C6H11ClO2 C11H22

590-60-3 638-41-5 4292-92-6

131.173 150.603 154.293

nd (dil al)

86

liq

-57.5

6115 203.7

0.803720

1.418118 1.443720

C10H20

3741-00-2

140.266

liq

-83

180

0.791220

1.435620

No. Name 8657 cis-3-Penten-1-yne 8658 trans-3-Penten-1-yne 8659 Pentetic acid

Synonym

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid

8660 Pentostatin 8661 Pentryl

8667 Pentyl benzoate 8668 4-Pentylbenzoyl chloride 8669 Pentyl butanoate 8670 tert-Pentyl carbamate 8671 Pentyl chloroformate 8672 Pentylcyclohexane

tert-Amyl carbamate

8673 Pentylcyclopentane

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

cry (w)

219

s H2O, alk

1.82

8674 Pentyl formate

Amyl formate

C6H12O2

638-49-3

116.158

liq

-73.5

130.4

0.885320

1.399220

8675 Pentyl heptanoate

Amyl enanthate

C12H24O2

7493-82-5

200.318

liq

-50

245.4

0.862320

1.426315

8676 Pentyl hexanoate

Amyl caproate

C11H22O2

540-07-8

186.292

liq

-47

226

0.861225

1.420225

8677 1-Pentylnaphthalene 8678 Pentyl nitrite

C15H18 C5H11NO2

86-89-5 463-04-7

198.304 117.147

liq

-22

Amyl nitrite

307 104.5

0.965620 0.881720

1.572520 1.385120

8679 Pentyl nonanoate 8680 Pentyl octanoate

Pentyl pelargonate Amyl octanoate

C14H28O2 C13H26O2

61531-45-1 638-25-5

228.371 214.344

liq

-27 -34.8

13120 260.2

0.850625 0.861320

1.431820 1.426225

8681 4-(Pentyloxy)benzoyl chloride 8682 Pentyl pentanoate

C12H15ClO2 C10H20O2

36823-84-4 2173-56-0

226.699 172.265

liq

-78.8

19830, 18225 203.7

1.08725 0.863820

1.543420 1.416420

8683 4-Pentylphenol 8684 Pentyl propanoate

C11H16O C8H16O2

14938-35-3 624-54-4

164.244 144.212

liq

23 -73.1

250.5 168.6

0.96020 0.876125

1.527225 1.409615

8685 Pentyl salicylate

C12H16O3

2050-08-0

208.253

270

1.06415

1.50620

C23H46O2 C5H8

6382-13-4 627-19-0

354.610 68.118

pl liq

30 -90

40.1

0.690120

1.434250 1.385220

C5H8

627-21-4

68.118

liq

-109.3

56.1

0.705825

1.403920

C5H6O2 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C20H25N3S

6089-09-4 6261-22-9 10229-10-4 5390-04-5 84-97-9

98.101 84.117 84.117 84.117 339.498

liq

57.7 -49.7

0.90920 0.900220 0.91320

1.451817 1.445420 1.441420

cry

52

11030, 10217 154; 6115 154 154 1650.001

C14H12F3NO4S2 C3F6O C4F10 C4F8 C8F16O C4F8

37924-13-3 684-16-2 355-25-9 360-89-4 335-36-4 115-25-3

379.375 166.021 238.027 200.030 416.059 200.030

col gas col gas col gas

143 -125.45 -129.1 -129

col gas

-40.19

8700 Perfluorocyclohexane

C6F12

355-68-0

300.045

8701 Perfluorocyclohexene

C6F10

355-75-9

262.048

8686 Pentyl stearate 8687 1-Pentyne

Propylacetylene

8688 2-Pentyne

8689 8690 8691 8692 8693

4-Pentynoic acid 2-Pentyn-1-ol 3-Pentyn-1-ol 4-Pentyn-1-ol Perazine

8694 8695 8696 8697 8698 8699

Perfluidone Perfluoroacetone Perfluorobutane Perfluoro-2-butene Perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran Perfluorocyclobutane

Propargylacetic acid

10-[3-(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl) propyl]-10H-phenothiazine Hexafluoroacetone Decafluorobutane

Octafluorocyclobutane

Solubility

44.6 52.2

62.5 (triple point)

-27.4 -1.9 1.5 102.6 -5.91

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, bz s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s bz, chl vs eth, EtOH

1.648425 1.529725

s bz, chl

1.50025 (p>1 atm)

i H2O; s eth

52.8 sp 52.0

i H2O, ctc; s chl; vs eth, bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs eth, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; sl chl

1.665025

1.29320

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-419 OH N HN

COOH HOOC

N

N O

HO

N

N NO2 O

O

O

COOH COOH trans-3-Penten-1-yne

O

N

N

HOOC

cis-3-Penten-1-yne

O O2N

N

O N

O

OH

Pentetic acid

N

Pentostatin

O

O

Pentryl

Pentyl acetate

O

NH2

Cl

O O

O NH2

O sec-Pentyl acetate (R)

Pentylamine

4-tert-Pentylaniline

O

O H2N

O Pentyl butanoate

Pentylbenzene

Pentyl benzoate

4-Pentylbenzoyl chloride

O O

Cl

tert-Pentyl carbamate

O

O

O Pentyl chloroformate

Pentylcyclohexane

Pentylcyclopentane

Pentyl formate

O

O

O

O

O Pentyl heptanoate

Pentyl hexanoate

1-Pentylnaphthalene

Cl

O

O

O

OH

O

O

O

O

Pentyl nonanoate

Pentyl octanoate

O

O

4-(Pentyloxy)benzoyl chloride

O

Pentyl pentanoate

4-Pentylphenol

O O

O

N

Pentyl nitrite

O

O

OH

OH

O Pentyl propanoate

Pentyl salicylate

Pentyl stearate

1-Pentyne

2-Pentyne

4-Pentynoic acid

O O F S N F H F

F F

N O O S

N N OH

F F

F

OH

OH

2-Pentyn-1-ol

3-Pentyn-1-ol

F

F F

F F

F

Perfluorobutane

F F

F F

F

S

4-Pentyn-1-ol

F

F F

F

Perfluoro-2-butene

Perazine

F F F FF

F F

F F F

F F

F

O

Perfluidone

F

F

F

F F

F

Perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran

O

F

F F F

F

F

Perfluorocyclobutane

F F

F

F F F

F F

F

Perfluoroacetone

F F F

F

F F

F

Perfluorocyclohexane

F F

F F

F F

F F

F

Perfluorocyclohexene

3-420

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

Perfluorodecalin Perfluorodecane Perfluorodimethoxymethane Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane Perfluoroethyl ethyl ether Perfluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether 8708 Perfluoroheptane

C10F18 C10F22 C3F8O2 C6F14 C4H5F5O C4H2F8O

306-94-5 307-45-9 53772-78-4 354-96-1 22052-81-9 156053-88-2

462.078 538.072 220.018 338.042 164.074 218.045

liq

-10

1.930525

col gas -161 liq -15 vol liq or gas vol liq or gas

142.02 144.2 -10 59.8 28.11 27.89

C7F16

335-57-9

388.049

liq

-51.2

82.5

1.733320

1.261820

i H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

8709 Perfluoro-1-heptene 8710 Perfluorohexane

C7F14 C6F14

355-63-5 355-42-0

350.053 338.042

liq

-88.2

81.0 57.14

1.691020

1.251520

8711 8712 8713 8714 8715

C6F12 C4F10 C4F8 C4H3F7O C7F14

755-25-9 354-92-7 382-21-8 22052-84-2 355-02-2

300.045 238.027 200.030 200.055 350.053

col gas col gas -130 vol liq or gas liq -44.7

57.0 0 7 29.34 76.3

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs chl

1.59220 1.420520 1.787825

1.28517

s ace, bz, ctc, tol, AcOEt i H2O; s bz s bz

No. Name

Synonym

8702 8703 8704 8705 8706 8707

Perfluoro-1-hexene Perfluoroisobutane Perfluoroisobutene Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether Perfluoromethylcyclohexane

Perfluoroisobutylene

C6F14 C6F14 C10F8 C9F20 C8F18 C8F18O2S C3F6O C5F12 C3F8 C3F6 C4H3F7O C5F5N C7F8 C9F21N C11H8N2

355-04-4 865-71-4 313-72-4 375-96-2 307-34-6 307-35-7 425-82-1 678-26-2 76-19-7 116-15-4 375-03-1 700-16-3 434-64-0 338-83-0 204-02-4

338.042 338.042 272.094 488.064 438.057 502.121 166.021 288.035 188.019 150.022 200.055 169.053 236.062 521.069 168.195

liq col gas vol liq or gas col gas col gas

C21H20Cl2O3 C2H4O3

52645-53-1 79-21-0

391.288 76.051

cry or ye liq 34 liq -0.2

4212-43-5 58-39-9 72-56-0

90.078 403.968 307.258

198-55-0

252.309

gold-br, ye pl 277.76 (bz, HOAc)

C15H14O4

133-26-6

258.270

pr or pl (bz- 85 peth)

C35H48N8O11S

17466-45-4

788.868

nd (w)

281 (hyd)

C35H48N8O10S 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1,3- C10H16 cyclohexadiene p-Mentha-1(7),2-diene C10H16

28227-92-1 99-83-2

772.869 136.234

cry (w)

250 dec 238

555-10-2

136.234

C14H11N C14H10

947-73-9 85-01-8

193.244 178.229

lt ye cry (al) 138.3 mcl pl (al), lf 99.24 (sub)

C14H8O2

84-11-7

208.213

8745 Phenanthridine

C13H9N

229-87-8

179.217

oran nd (to) 209 oran-red pl (sub) nd (dil al) 107.4

8746 1,7-Phenanthroline

C12H8N2

230-46-6

180.205

C12H8N2

66-71-7

180.205

C12H8N2

230-07-9

180.205

8716 8717 8718 8719 8720 8721 8722 8723 8724 8725 8726 8727 8728 8729 8730

Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Perfluoro-3-methylpentane Perfluoronaphthalene Perfluorononane Perfluorooctane Perfluorooctylsulfonyl fluoride Perfluorooxetane Perfluoropentane Perfluoropropane Perfluoropropene Perfluoropropyl methyl ether Perfluoropyridine Perfluorotoluene Perfluorotripropylamine 1H-Perimidine

8731 Permethrin 8732 Peroxyacetic acid 8733 Peroxypropanoic acid 8734 Perphenazine 8735 Perthane 8736 Perylene

8737 Peucedanin

Pentafluoropyridine

Ethaneperoxoic acid

C3H6O3 C21H26ClN3OS Ethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p- C18H20Cl2 ethylphenyl)Dibenz[de,kl]anthracene C20H12

Propaneperoxoic acid

3-Methoxy-2-isopropyl-7Hfuro[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7one

8738 Phalloidin 8739 Phalloin 8740 α-Phellandrene 8741 β-Phellandrene 8742 9-Phenanthrenamine 8743 Phenanthrene

8744 9,10-Phenanthrenedione

8747 1,10-Phenanthroline 8748 4,7-Phenanthroline

Phenanthrenequinone

o-Phenanthroline

liq

-115 87.5

-117 -10 -147.70 -156.5

liq

-65.49

grn cry (dil al)

223.0

57.6 58.4 209 117.61 105.9 154 -28.4 29.2 -36.6 -29.6 34.23 83.7 103.55 130

2000.01 110

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility i H2O

1.7326

20

1.2564

22

1.800120 1.7320 1.28220

i H2O

1.583-40

i H2O i H2O i H2O

1.409220 1.661625 1.8224

1.2320 1.22615

1.367020 1.27925

1.397420

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl DMSO i H2O; s os vs H2O, eth, sulf; s EtOH

1.414815

exp 119.7 97 56

pl (anh), nd 78 (w+2) wh nd (bz) 117 cry (w+1) nd (w) 177

1.3525

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs ace, chl; s bz sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth; vs chl, CS2 s EtOH, MeOH, py

27817

174.9

0.841020

1.47125

i H2O; s eth

171.5

0.852020

1.478820

sub 340

0.98004

1.5943

i H2O, EtOH; s eth sl eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s eth

1.40522

348.9

360 >300 sub 100

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; s ace s H2O; vs EtOH; i eth, bz, lig vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; i peth s H2O, lig; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz, CS2

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

F F F F F F

F F F

F F F

F F

F F F F F F

F

F F F F F F F F

F F

Perfluorodecane

F F F

F F F F

F

Perfluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether

F

F

F F O

F F

O

F

Perfluorodimethoxymethane

F F

F F

F

F F F F

F

F F F F F

F

F F F F

F

F F F F F F

F

Perfluoroheptane

F

Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane

F

F F F F

F F F F F F F F

F F

O F

F

F F

F

F F

F

F F

F F F F F F F F

Perfluorodecalin

F F

3-421

F

O F

Perfluoroethyl ethyl ether

F F

F

F F

F F F F F

F F F F

F

Perfluoro-1-heptene

F

F F

Perfluorohexane

F

Perfluoro-1-hexene

F F F F F

F

F

F

F

F

F F

F F

Perfluoroisobutane

F

F

F

F F

F

F

F F F

F

Perfluoroisobutene

F

F F O

F F F F F

F

F F F

F

Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether

F F

F F F F F F F

Perfluoromethylcyclohexane

F F

F

F

F F F F F F F

F F

F

F

F F

FF F F

Perfluoro-2-methylpentane

Perfluoro-3-methylpentane

F

F

F

F

F

F F F F F F F F F F

F F

F

F F F F F F

F

Perfluoronaphthalene

F

F

F F

F F

F F F F F F

F F F F F F

Perfluorononane

F F

F F

F

F

F F F F F F

F F F F F F F F

Perfluorooctane

O S F O

F

F

F

F

O F

Perfluorooctylsulfonyl fluoride

Perfluorooxetane

F F

F

F F

F

F F

F

F F

F F F F F F

F

Perfluoropentane

F F

F

F

F F

F F

Perfluoropropane

F F

F

F F F F

F

Perfluoropropene

F

O F F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

Perfluoropropyl methyl ether

N

F

F

F

F

F

Perfluoropyridine

F F F F

Perfluorotoluene

F

N F F

F

F F F F F

F

F F

F

Perfluorotripropylamine

S N

NH

N

Cl O

Cl

O

O

O

O 1H-Perimidine

Permethrin

Cl

O

N

OH

O

Peroxyacetic acid

OH

N

Peroxypropanoic acid

OH

Perphenazine

HO OH O

O

O HN HN Cl

Cl

O

S

O

O Perylene

O

O

HO

Peucedanin

NH

O OH

O

N H

O

HO

NH2

O

N H

NH OH

N

Phalloidin

O NH

S

HN

O

N H

H N

O HN

NH

N Perthane

OH O

H N

O

N H

O

Phalloin

O

O

N α-Phellandrene

β-Phellandrene

9-Phenanthrenamine

Phenanthrene

9,10-Phenanthrenedione

N N N 1,7-Phenanthroline

N

N

1,10-Phenanthroline

N 4,7-Phenanthroline

Phenanthridine

3-422

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

8749 1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate o-Phenanthroline monohydrate

C12H10N2O

5144-89-8

198.219

wh cry pow

93

8750 Phenazine

Dibenzopyrazine

C12H8N2

92-82-0

180.205

176.5

8751 2,3-Phenazinediamine 8752 1-Phenazinol

2,3-Diaminophenazine Hemipyocyanine

C12H10N4 C12H8N2O

655-86-7 528-71-2

210.234 196.204

8753 Phenazopyridine

2,6-Diamino-3phenylazopyridine 3-(Phenylazo)-2,6pyridinediamine, monohydrochloride

C11H11N5

94-78-0

213.239

ye-red nd (HOAc) ye nd ye nd (bz, dil MeOH) red cry

C11H12ClN5

136-40-3

249.700

ye-red cry

C19H24N2OS

3735-90-8

328.471

C12H17NO

634-03-7

191.269

8757 Phenethicillin potassium 8758 Phenicin

C17H19KN2O5S C14H10O6

132-93-4 128-68-7

402.506 274.225

cry (ace) ye-br (al)

235 230.5

8759 Phenindamine 8760 Phenmedipham 8761 Phenobarbital

C19H19N C16H16N2O4 C12H12N2O3

82-88-2 13684-63-4 50-06-6

261.361 300.309 232.234

cry

91 143 174

C6H6O

108-95-2

94.111

No. Name

8754 Phenazopyridine hydrochloride

Synonym

8755 Phencarbamide 8756 Phendimetrazine

8762 Phenol

3,4-Dimethyl-2phenylmorpholine

5-Ethyl-5-phenyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Hydroxybenzene

264 158

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

48.5

sub sub

sl H2O, EtOH; i bz, ace; s HOAc vs eth, chl, MeOH, peth

1210.01 13412, 780.35

pl (w)

40.89

3,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3 H) C20H14O4 -isobenzofuranone

77-09-8

318.323

wh orth nd

262.5

8764 Phenolphthalin

81-90-3

320.339

nd (w)

230.5

8765 Phenolphthalol 8766 Phenol Red

2-[Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl] C20H16O4 benzoic acid C20H18O3 Phenolsulfonphthalein C19H14O5S

81-92-5 143-74-8

306.355 354.376

cry (dil al) 201.5 dk red nd or >300 pl

8767 10H-Phenothiazine

Thiodiphenylamine

C12H9NS

92-84-2

199.271

8768 Phenothrin 8769 10H-Phenoxazine 8770 Phenoxyacetic acid

C23H26O3 C12H9NO C8H8O3

26002-80-2 135-67-1 122-59-8

350.450 183.205 152.148

ye pr (al) ye 187.5 lf or pl (tol) col liq lf (dil al, bz) 156 nd or pl (w) 98.5

8771 Phenoxyacetyl chloride 8772 Phenoxyacetylene 8773 2-Phenoxyaniline

C8H7ClO2 C8H6O C12H11NO

701-99-5 4279-76-9 2688-84-8

170.594 118.133 185.221

8774 3-Phenoxyaniline

C12H11NO

3586-12-7

8775 4-Phenoxyaniline

C12H11NO

8776 8777 8778 8779

s H2O sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl, HOAc 1.17

181.87

1.054545

371 1.06125

1.548325

1.512520

dec dec 285

1.061420

cry (lig)

225.5 6125 308; 17214

185.221

pr (lig)

37

315; 18010

1.158325

139-59-3

185.221

nd (w), cry (dil al)

85.5

C13H10O2 C18H22ClNO C18H23Cl2NO C13H10O3

39515-51-0 59-96-1 63-92-3 2243-42-7

198.217 303.827 340.288 214.216

16911, 1400.1

1.14725

lf (dil al)

14.0 39 139 113

8780 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid

C13H10O3

3739-38-6

214.216

nd (aq al)

145.8

8781 4-Phenoxybenzoic acid

C13H10O3

2215-77-2

214.216

pr (chl)

161

8782 2-Phenoxyethanol

C8H10O2

122-99-6

138.164

oil

14

C11H12O3 C12H16O3

48145-04-6 23511-70-8

192.211 208.253

Fenoprofen

C12H10O2 C12H10O2 C15H14O3

713-68-8 831-82-3 31879-05-7

186.206 186.206 242.270

Phenylglyceryl ether

C9H12O3

538-43-2

168.189

Phenoxyacetone

C9H10O3 C9H12O2 C9H12O2 C9H10O2

940-31-8 4169-04-4 770-35-4 621-87-4

166.173 152.190 152.190 150.174

8785 3-Phenoxyphenol 8786 4-Phenoxyphenol 8787 2-(3-Phenoxyphenyl)propanoic acid, (±) 8788 3-Phenoxy-1,2-propanediol 8789 8790 8791 8792

2-Phenoxypropanoic acid 2-Phenoxy-1-propanol 1-Phenoxy-2-propanol 1-Phenoxy-2-propanone

Phenyl Cellosolve acrylate

1.540841

1.27732

-36 45.8

8783 2-Phenoxyethyl acrylate 8784 2-Phenoxyethyl butanoate

Solubility s EtOH, ace; sl bz sl H2O, eth; s bz, EtOH vs bz, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; s bz, py, dil alk

139

8763 Phenolphthalein

3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde Phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride 2-Phenoxybenzoic acid

nD

355

1.155350

245

1.10222

1102 251; 882

1.09025 1.038821

i H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth; sl DMSO s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; msc ace, bz i H2O, bz; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH

sl H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; i eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s ace, xyl vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 s eth vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; s eth, ace, bz s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl lig

1.595420

1.53420

s bz sl H2O; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, alk vs ace, eth, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH

1757 84.0 1700.11

visc oil nd (eth, peth) nd (w)

1.574225

67.5

20022

1.22520

115.5

266; 1055 244 233; 13420 229.5

1.186520 0.980125 1.062220 1.090320

vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 1.518420 1.476025 1.523220 1.522820

s EtOH, eth s eth, ace

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-423

OH N

N

N H2O

N

1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate

Phenazine

N

NH2

N

NH2

H2N

N

NH2

N

H N

O

O

Phencarbamide

O

N

O

HCl

Phenazopyridine hydrochloride

NH2

O

O

N

N

Phenazopyridine

H

O

S

N

1-Phenazinol

O

N

H2N

N

2,3-Phenazinediamine

N N

N

N

Phendimetrazine

O K

O

O

OH HO

Phenethicillin potassium

Phenicin

O O

N H N

H N

O

NH

O O

O

O Phenindamine

Phenmedipham

HO

OH

O OH

N H

O

HO

OH

HO

Phenobarbital

Phenol

Phenolphthalein

O O S O

OH

O

H N OH

OH

OH

HO Phenolphthalin

Phenolphthalol

O

H N

O

O

O

O

S

Phenol Red

10H-Phenothiazine

O O

OH

NH2 O

O

Cl

O Phenothrin

10H-Phenoxazine

Phenoxyacetic acid

Phenoxyacetyl chloride

O O

NH2

O

Phenoxyacetylene

2-Phenoxyaniline

O

Cl

N

HO

4-Phenoxyaniline

HCl 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde

O

O

OH

3-Phenoxybenzoic acid

O

O

4-Phenoxybenzoic acid

OH

2-Phenoxyethanol

3-Phenoxyphenol

2-Phenoxyethyl acrylate

O

OH

O

2-(3-Phenoxyphenyl)propanoic acid, (±)

3-Phenoxy-1,2-propanediol

O OH

2-Phenoxypropanoic acid

O

OH

2-Phenoxy-1-propanol

OH

O

4-Phenoxyphenol

O O

O

OH

O

OH

OH 2-Phenoxyethyl butanoate

O

O

O O

Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride

O O

HO O

2-Phenoxybenzoic acid

Phenoxybenzamine

O

O

Cl

O

O NH2

3-Phenoxyaniline

N

O

OH

1-Phenoxy-2-propanol

O

1-Phenoxy-2-propanone

3-424

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C9H9ClO2 C18H16O3

122-35-0 435-97-2

184.619 280.318

8795 Phenthoate 8796 Phentolamine 8797 Phenyl acetate

C12H17O4PS2 C17H19N3O C8H8O2

2597-03-7 50-60-2 122-79-2

320.364 281.352 136.149

8798 2-Phenylacetophenone

C14H12O

451-40-1

196.244

pl (al)

27255-72-7

332.374

cry (2-PrOH/ 200 peth)

536-74-3

102.134

liq

C10H11NO3 C15H12O4 C9H10N2O2 C19H13N

500-98-1 134-55-4 63-98-9 602-56-2

193.199 256.254 178.187 255.313

lf (EtOH)

C9H12N2O

5241-58-7

164.203

C9H11NO2

63-91-2

165.189

C11H15NO2

3081-24-1

193.243

136

C11H14N2O3 C11H12O2 C13H12N2O3

721-90-4 103-54-8 115-43-5

222.240 176.212 244.245

262 dec

No. Name 8793 2-Phenoxypropanoyl chloride 8794 Phenprocoumon

8799 N-(Phenylacetyl)-7aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid 8800 Phenylacetylene

8801 8802 8803 8804

(N-Phenylacetyl)glycine Phenyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate (Phenylacetyl)urea 9-Phenylacridine

8805 L-Phenylalaninamide 8806 L-Phenylalanine 8807 L-Phenylalanine, ethyl ester

Synonym 3-(α-Ethylbenzyl)-4hydroxycoumarin

7C16H16N2O4S Phenylacetamidodeacetoxycep halosporanic acid Ethynylbenzene C8H6

Phenaceturic acid Phenyl acetylsalicylate Phenacemide

α-Aminobenzenepropanamide, (S)α-Aminobenzenepropanoic acid, (S) Ethyl 2-amino-3phenylpropionate

8808 L-Phenylalanylglycine 8809 3-Phenylallyl acetate 8810 5-Phenyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H) Phenallymal -pyrimidinetrione

Physical Form pr (MeOH aq) ye oil

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

147; 11610

1.186520

1.517820

s eth

179 1230.01

60

-44.8

143 96 cry (al) 215 ye nd, lf (al) 184

196; 758

1.078020

320

1.2010

143

0.930020

pr (w)

14813

sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, acid sl H2O

1.06515

156.5

sl H2O, bz, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; i lig vs H2O, EtOH

pl (al-eth)

206

N-Phenylanthranilic acid

C13H11NO2

91-40-7

213.232

lf (al)

183.5

8813 Phenyl 4-amino-3hydroxybenzoate 8814 3-(Phenylamino)phenol

Phenyl p-aminosalicylate

C13H11NO3

133-11-9

229.231

C12H11NO

101-18-8

185.221

lf (w)

81.5

340

8815 4-(Phenylamino)phenol

C12H11NO

122-37-2

185.221

lf (w)

73

330

8816 9-Phenylanthracene

C20H14

602-55-1

254.325

bl lf (al) (HOAc)

156

417

C6H5AsI2 C12H13ClN4

6380-34-3 532-82-1

405.835 248.711

15 118.5

20514, 18510

C12H10N2O2

2051-85-6

214.219

i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz

153

red-br cry pow

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, acid sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s acid i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 1.626415 vs ace

dk red nd (dil 170 al) ye pl or pr 84.0

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, lig s EtOH, dil HCl, bz vs EtOH, HOAc

N-Phenyl-4-(phenylazo) benzenamine 8821 4-(Phenylazo)-1-naphthalenamine α-Naphthyl Red

C18H15N3

101-75-7

273.332

C16H13N3

131-22-6

247.294

8822 1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenamine Yellow AB 8823 1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthol Sudan I 8824 4-(Phenylazo)phenol

C16H13N3 C16H12N2O C12H10N2O

85-84-7 842-07-9 1689-82-3

247.294 248.278 198.219

8825 1-[[4-(Phenylazo)phenyl]azo]-2naphthol

Sudan III

C22H16N4O

85-86-9

352.388

8826 N-Phenylbenzamide

Benzanilide

C13H11NO

93-98-1

197.232

C14H12O

947-91-1

196.244

C14H12O2

117-34-0

212.244

nd (w), lf (al) 147.29

19425

8829 α-Phenylbenzeneacetonitrile

C14H11N

86-29-3

193.244

pr (eth), lf (dil al)

74.3

18416

8830 α-Phenylbenzeneacetyl chloride

C14H11ClO

1871-76-7

230.689

56.5

17016

Diphenylacetic acid

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs bz

s H2O

249.285

8828 α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; sl chl

1235

101-57-5

8827 α-Phenylbenzeneacetaldehyde

1.547020

283 dec

C12H11NO3S

8820 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl

82

N-Phenylsulfanilic acid

Chrysoidine hydrochloride

1.503520

404

8811 4-(Phenylamino)benzenesulfonic acid 8812 2-(Phenylamino)benzoic acid

8817 Phenylarsonous diiodide 8818 4-(Phenylazo)-1,3benzenediamine monohydrochloride 8819 4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediol

sl H2O; s hx

175

red-viol cry (EtOH) red pl (al) ye cry ye lf (bz) oran pr (al) br lf (grn lustre) (HOAc) lf (al)

123 103 132 155

22520 dec

195

163

sub 117

1.31525

dec 315; 1577 1.106121 1.25715

1.592021

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, con sulf i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, xyl, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl s EtOH, chl; vs eth; sl lig s lig

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-425 OH

OH O O

O

2-Phenoxypropanoyl chloride

H N

H

O

N

S O P S O

O

Cl

Phenprocoumon

O O

Phenthoate

O O

Phentolamine

O

Phenyl acetate

2-Phenylacetophenone

O S

O HO

O

O

H N

N

O

H N

O

OH

O

O

N-(Phenylacetyl)-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid

Phenylacetylene

O

O

(N-Phenylacetyl)glycine

O

NH2

L-Phenylalanine

NH2 O

N

(Phenylacetyl)urea

9-Phenylacridine

O

O O

NH2

NH2 L-Phenylalaninamide

Phenyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate

O OH

NH2

NH2

L-Phenylalanine, ethyl ester

OH

N H

O

O

L-Phenylalanylglycine

3-Phenylallyl acetate

O

O

H N

NH

O

N H

S

O

O

5-Phenyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

I

As

9-Phenylanthracene

H N

H2N

OH

OH 2-(Phenylamino)benzoic acid

Phenyl 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoate

3-(Phenylamino)phenol

I H 2N N N

OH 4-(Phenylamino)phenol

O

OH

4-(Phenylamino)benzenesulfonic acid

H N

OH

H N

O O

N

N H

Phenylarsonous diiodide

HO N N

NH2 HCl

4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediamine monohydrochloride

OH

4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediol

NH2

H N N

N

N

N

N

N

4-(Phenylazo)-1-naphthalenamine

1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenamine

N OH

NH2

N

4-Phenylazodiphenylamine

N

N

N N

1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthol

OH

4-(Phenylazo)phenol

N

N

O

O OH

1-[[4-(Phenylazo)phenyl]azo]-2-naphthol

O

OH

N

O

Cl

N H N-Phenylbenzamide

α-Phenylbenzeneacetaldehyde

α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid

α-Phenylbenzeneacetonitrile

α-Phenylbenzeneacetyl chloride

3-426

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

8831 N-Phenylbenzenecarbothioamide

C13H11NS

636-04-4

213.298

8832 N-Phenyl-1,2-benzenediamine

C12H12N2

534-85-0

p-Aminodiphenylamine

C12H12N2

Benzhydrylamine

No. Name

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

ye pl or pr (al)

102

dec

184.236

nd(w)

79.5

313

101-54-2

184.236

nd(al)

66

354

C14H15N C14H14O C13H13N C13H11N C15H14O2

25611-78-3 614-29-9 91-00-9 1013-88-3 606-83-7

197.276 198.260 183.249 181.233 226.271

C13H10N2

716-79-0

194.231

8840 Phenyl benzoate

C13H10O2

93-99-2

198.217

8841 2-Phenylbenzoic acid

C13H10O2

947-84-2

8842 4-Phenylbenzoic acid

C13H10O2

8843 2-Phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one Flavone 8844 3-Phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one Isoflavone 8845 2-Phenylbenzothiazole

8833 N-Phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine 8834 8835 8836 8837 8838

α-Phenylbenzeneethanamine α-Phenylbenzeneethanol α-Phenylbenzenemethanamine α-Phenylbenzenemethanimine β-Phenylbenzenepropanoic acid

8839 2-Phenylbenzimidazole

Synonym

Phenzidole

8846 N-Phenyl-Nbenzylbenzenemethanamine 8847 Phenyl biguanide

N-Phenylimidodicarbonimidic diamide

8848 2-Phenyl-1,3-butadiene

nd (peth-bz) 67 hex pl 34 nd (dil al)

311; 17515 17715 304; 17623 282

1.03115 1.036070 1.063320 1.084719

314

1.23520

198.217

343.5

92-92-2

198.217

nd (bz, al)

228

sub

C15H10O2

525-82-6

222.239

C15H10O2 C13H9NS

574-12-9 883-93-2

222.239 211.282

nd (lig), cry 100 (30% al) 148 nd (dil al) 115

371

C20H19N

91-73-6

273.372

69

C8H11N5

102-02-3

177.207

143

C10H10

2288-18-8

130.186

C10H13NO

1129-50-6

163.216

8850 Phenylbutanedioic acid, (±)

C10H10O4

10424-29-0

8851 1-Phenyl-1,3-butanedione

C10H10O2

nD

Solubility i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; sl lig sl H2O, lig; s ace, bz, chl sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH; s eth, lig vs eth, EtOH

1.5963 1.619119

156.0

pl (HOAc) 293 (al-w) nd (bz, w) mcl pr (eth- 71 al) lf (dil al) 114.3

8849 N-Phenylbutanamide

den/ g cm-3

226

10

6017 15

1.0444

80

0.92520

1.548920

25

97

189

194.184

mcl pr (al, bz, eth) lf or nd (w)

168

dec

93-91-4

162.185

pr

56

261.5

1.059974

C10H12O2

4346-18-3

164.201

225

1.038215

8853 1-Phenyl-1-butanone

C10H12O

495-40-9

148.201

228.5

0.98820

8854 1-Phenyl-2-butanone

C10H12O

1007-32-5

148.201

228; 11116

0.987720

8855 4-Phenyl-2-butanone

C10H12O

2550-26-7

148.201

233.5

0.984922

1.51122

C19H20N2O2 C10H12 C10H10O C10H10O

50-33-9 2039-93-2 495-41-0 1896-62-4

308.374 132.202 146.185 146.185

pl

182 1119 261

0.88725 1.02515 1.009745

1.528820 1.562618 1.583645

C10H8O C8H7ClO2

1817-57-8 620-73-5

144.170 170.594

4.5 nd or pl (al) 44.5

792 232.5

1.021520 1.220244

1.576220 1.514644

8852 Phenyl butanoate

8856 8857 8858 8859

Phenylbutazone 2-Phenyl-1-butene 1-Phenyl-2-buten-1-one trans-4-Phenyl-3-buten-2-one

Phenyl butyrate

α-Ethylstyrene Benzilideneacetone

8860 4-Phenyl-3-butyn-2-one 8861 Phenyl chloroacetate 8862 Phenyl chloroformate 8863 4-Phenyl-2-chlorophenol 3-Chloro-(1,1’-biphenyl)-4-ol 8864 2-Phenyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4dione 8865 4-Phenylcyclohexanone 8866 1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine Phencyclidine 8867 3-Phenyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one

C7H5ClO2 C12H9ClO C12H8O2

1885-14-9 92-04-6 363-03-1

156.567 204.651 184.191

C12H14O C17H25N C11H10O

4894-75-1 77-10-1 3810-26-2

174.238 243.388 158.196

8868 N-Phenyl-N,N-diethanolamine

C10H15NO2

120-07-0

181.232

8869 2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane 8870 4-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane 8871 1-Phenyl-1-dodecanone

C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C18H28O

772-01-0 772-00-9 1674-38-0

164.201 164.201 260.414

12

liq

-13

1.134

1.6065

80

1.567878

1.520320

sl H2O; s ace vs eth sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s eth, bz

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; i bz i H2O; s eth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs ace

105 20.5 41.5

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl peth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

9

wh-ye cry ye lf (peth, al) cry (peth) liq

nd (peth)

77 114

71 1617 sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth; vs chl

79 46.5 -23

15812 1361.0 234.2

0.971120

57

20010

1.20160

41

253 247 2019, 1815

1.605360 1.103820 0.879418

47

1.544020

1.530618 1.470018

s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s os i H2O; s ace; sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds S

NH2

H N

N H

3-427 H N

NH2

NH2

OH

α-Phenylbenzeneethanamine

α-Phenylbenzeneethanol

NH2

N-Phenylbenzenecarbothioamide

N-Phenyl-1,2-benzenediamine

N-Phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine

α-Phenylbenzenemethanamine

O OH

NH

β-Phenylbenzenepropanoic acid

O

OH

O

N H α-Phenylbenzenemethanimine

OH

O

N

O

2-Phenylbenzimidazole

Phenyl benzoate

2-Phenylbenzoic acid

4-Phenylbenzoic acid

O O

N

H N

N

O 3-Phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

NH2

NH HN

S

O 2-Phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

H N

2-Phenylbenzothiazole

N-Phenyl-N-benzylbenzenemethanamine

Phenyl biguanide

O HO H N

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O 2-Phenyl-1,3-butadiene

O

N-Phenylbutanamide

Phenylbutanedioic acid, (±)

1-Phenyl-1,3-butanedione

Phenyl butanoate

1-Phenyl-1-butanone

O O

O

N

O

N

O

O

O 1-Phenyl-2-butanone

4-Phenyl-2-butanone

Phenylbutazone

2-Phenyl-1-butene

1-Phenyl-2-buten-1-one

trans-4-Phenyl-3-buten-2-one

4-Phenyl-3-butyn-2-one

O O O

O

Cl O

OH

O

Phenyl chloroacetate

N

Cl

Cl

Phenyl chloroformate

4-Phenyl-2-chlorophenol

O 2-Phenyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

4-Phenylcyclohexanone

1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine

O HO

N

OH

O

O O

O O 3-Phenyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one

N-Phenyl-N,N-diethanolamine

2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane

4-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane

1-Phenyl-1-dodecanone

3-428

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

8872 1-Phenyl-1,2-ethanediol

Styrene glycol

C8H10O2

93-56-1

138.164

nd (lig)

67.5

273

8873 N-Phenylethanolamine

C8H11NO

122-98-5

137.179

8874 1-Phenylethanone oxime

C8H9NO

613-91-2

135.163

nd (w)

8875 2-Phenylethyl acetate 8876 1-Phenylethyl hydroperoxide 8877 N-(2-Phenylethyl) imidodicarbonimidic diamide, monohydrochloride 8878 2-Phenylethyl 2-methylpropanoate 8879 2-Phenylethyl phenylacetate 8880 2-Phenylethyl propanoate 8881 2-(2-Phenylethyl)pyridine 8882 N-Phenylformamide

C10H12O2 C8H10O2 C10H16ClN5

103-45-7 3071-32-7 834-28-6

164.201 138.164 241.721

liq liq cry

C12H16O2 C16H16O2 C11H14O2 C13H13N C7H7NO

103-48-0 102-20-5 122-70-3 2116-62-3 103-70-8

192.254 240.297 178.228 183.249 121.137

C7H6O2 C10H8O C12H16O6 C9H10O2 C8H9NO2 C13H18O

1864-94-4 17113-33-6 4630-62-0 122-60-1 103-01-5 1671-75-6

122.122 144.170 256.251 150.174 151.163 190.281

8889 1-Phenyl-1-hexanone

C12H16O

942-92-7

8890 Phenylhydrazine

C6H8N2

8883 8884 8885 8886 8887 8888

Phenyl formate 2-Phenylfuran Phenyl α-D-glucopyranoside Phenyl glycidyl ether N-Phenylglycine 1-Phenyl-1-heptanone

Phenformin hydrochloride

Benzylcarbinol isobutyrate Phenethyl propionate Formanilide

Phenylaminoacetic acid

279.5; 15010

1.094520

60

245

1.051578

-31.1

232.6 500.01

1.088320

nD

1.576020

1.517120

177.3

26.5 liq liq mcl pr (ligxyl) liq

den/ g cm-3

-1.5 46

250; 12315 1774.5 244 289 271

0.995015 1.07725 1.0225 1.04650 1.118650

1.487120

178; 8215 10818, 825

1.08320

1.592020

vs EtOH 1.495020 s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH

243

1.110921

1.530721

lf

127.5 16.4

283.3

0.951620

1.506020

176.254

fl

27

265

0.957620

1.502725

100-63-0

108.141

mcl pr or pl 20.6

243.5

1.098620

1.608410

172

C7H9N3O

103-03-7

151.165

8892 N-Phenylhydrazinecarboxamide

4-Phenylsemicarbazide

C7H9N3O

537-47-3

151.165

C6H9ClN2

59-88-1

144.601

C6H7NO

100-65-2

109.126

C17H12O3

132-54-7

264.275

96

C9H8N2

7164-98-9

144.173

13

276

C9H8N2 C9H8N2O2 C7H5Cl2N C13H11NO N-(4-Hydroxybenzilidene)aniline C13H11NO

670-96-2 89-24-7 622-44-6 779-84-0 1689-73-2

144.173 176.172 174.028 197.232 197.232

149.3 184.5

340

liq

C15H12 C15H10O2

1961-96-2 83-12-5

192.256 222.239

oil lf (al, bz)

C14H11N

948-65-2

193.244

C10H11IO4 C7H5NO C14H9NO2

3240-34-4 103-71-9 520-03-6

322.096 119.121 223.227

cry

161 1.536820

210

163; 5513 sub

1.095620

wh nd (al)

C9H12O

2741-16-4

136.190

liq

-33

176.8

0.940825

1.497520

C7H5NS

103-72-0

135.187

liq

-21

221

1.130320

1.649223

151 24.5

21015

0.935430

8895 Phenyl 1-hydroxy-2naphthalenecarboxylate 8896 1-Phenyl-1H-imidazole 8897 8898 8899 8900 8901

2-Phenyl-1H-imidazole 5-Phenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione Phenylimidocarbonyl chloride 2-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol 4-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol

8902 1-Phenyl-1H-indene 8903 2-Phenyl-1H-indene-1,3(2H)dione

5-Phenylhydantoin

Phenindione

8904 2-Phenyl-1H-indole

8905 Phenyliodine diacetate 8906 Phenyl isocyanate 8907 2-Phenyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione 8908 Phenyl isopropyl ether

Iodobenzene diacetate

Isopropoxybenzene

8909 Phenyl isothiocyanate

nd (bz), pl (w) lf (al) nd (w, bz, peth)

lf (bz)

128 244 dec

sub

83.5

210; 10530

C9H7NO2 C18H28O2

1076-59-1 4228-00-6

161.158 276.414

lf (al)

8912 Phenylmagnesium chloride

Chlorophenylmagnesium

C6H5ClMg

100-59-4

136.862

cry

8913 Phenylmercuric chloride

Chlorophenylmercury

C6H5ClHg

100-56-1

313.15

pl (bz)

C6H5HgNO3 C14H12O2

55-68-5 4397-53-9

339.70 212.244

1.139715

1.602525

1.2815 1.08725

i H2O; vs eth, ace, chl vs EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl

1587 150

190.5

Phenyl dodecanoate

vs H2O, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O, eth, bz, lig; s EtOH, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; i eth vs H2O, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, EtOH

49.5 196.0

8910 3-Phenyl-2-isoxazolin-5-one 8911 Phenyl laurate

8914 Phenylmercuric nitrate 8915 4-(Phenylmethoxy)benzaldehyde

vs ace, bz

174

Phenicarbazide

N-Hydroxybenzenamine

vs H2O, eth, bz, EtOH; sl lig sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s ctc vs eth, EtOH s H2O

8891 2-Phenylhydrazinecarboxamide

8893 Phenylhydrazine monohydrochloride 8894 Phenylhydroxylamine

Solubility

25010

251 ≈181 73

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, MeOH, chl sl H2O; s eth, bz, chl, HOAc, CS2

21713

vs eth; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH; msc chl s H2O, EtOH, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl chl vs ace, eth, EtOH reac H2O; s thf, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds OH

N

H N

OH

3-429 O

OH

OH

O

OH

O 1-Phenyl-1,2-ethanediol

H2N

N

N-Phenylethanolamine

1-Phenylethanone oxime

O

NH2

NH NH

2-Phenylethyl acetate

O O

HCl

N-(2-Phenylethyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide, monohydrochloride

1-Phenylethyl hydroperoxide

O O

2-Phenylethyl 2-methylpropanoate

O

2-Phenylethyl phenylacetate

2-Phenylethyl propanoate

HO O OH H N

N

HO O

O

O

O HO

O

O O

2-(2-Phenylethyl)pyridine

N-Phenylformamide

O

O

H N

Phenyl formate

O

Phenyl α-D-glucopyranoside

2-Phenylfuran

HN

NH2

N-Phenylglycine

1-Phenyl-1-heptanone

1-Phenyl-1-hexanone

O

H N

OH Phenylhydrazine

Phenyl glycidyl ether

N H

H N

NH2

H N

NH2

O

2-Phenylhydrazinecarboxamide

N-Phenylhydrazinecarboxamide

N HN

NH2 HCl

HN

OH

N

OH O O

Phenylhydrazine monohydrochloride

Phenylhydroxylamine

Phenyl 1-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylate

NH

N H 1-Phenyl-1H-imidazole

N H

2-Phenyl-1H-imidazole

O

5-Phenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

O

OH N

O

N

Cl

HO N

Cl Phenylimidocarbonyl chloride

O

I

N

2-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol

O

N

C

O

N H

O 1-Phenyl-1H-indene

2-Phenyl-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

O N N

O

O

4-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol

C

S

O O

O Phenyliodine diacetate

Phenyl isocyanate

2-Phenyl-1H-indole

2-Phenyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

Phenyl isopropyl ether

Phenyl isothiocyanate

O

N

3-Phenyl-2-isoxazolin-5-one

O Mg

Cl

Hg

Cl

Hg

ONO2

O O

O Phenyl laurate

Phenylmagnesium chloride

Phenylmercuric chloride

Phenylmercuric nitrate

4-(Phenylmethoxy)benzaldehyde

3-430

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

8916 N2-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]- Larginine 8917 N-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]- Laspartic acid 8918 2-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol 8919 4-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol Monobenzone

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C14H20N4O4

1234-35-1

308.334

174

C12H13NO6

1152-61-0

267.234

117.0

C13H12O2 C13H12O2

6272-38-4 103-16-2

200.233 200.233

pl (w)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

20520, 17313

1.15422

1.590618

310

1.03855

1.600100

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, eth; s ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, NH3; sl chl

122

8920 N-(Phenylmethylene)aniline

Benzylideneaniline

C13H11N

538-51-2

181.233

8921 cis-α-(Phenylmethylene) benzeneacetic acid 8922 trans-α-(Phenylmethylene) benzeneacetic acid 8923 N-(Phenylmethylene) benzenemethanamine 8924 2-(Phenylmethylene)butanal 8925 N-(Phenylmethylene)ethanamine

cis-α-Phenylcinnamic acid

C15H12O2

91-47-4

224.255

pa ye nd 54 (CS2) pl (dil al) silky needles 174

trans-α-Phenylcinnamic acid

C15H12O2

91-48-5

224.255

prisms

C14H13N

780-25-6

195.260

C11H12O C9H11N

28467-92-7 6852-54-6

160.212 133.190

s H2O, EtOH, MeOH, eth, bz vs H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, eth, bz

138 20520 18

243; 1575 195 20

1.020122 0.93720

1.57820 1.537815

20

20

8926 2-(Phenylmethylene)heptanal 8927 N-(Phenylmethylene)methanamine Benzylidenemethylamine

C14H18O C8H9N

122-40-7 622-29-7

202.292 119.164

ye oil

80

174 185; 9234

0.9711 0.967114

1.5381 1.552620

8928 2-(Phenylmethylene)octanal 2-Hexyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal 8929 3-(Phenylmethylene)-2-pentanone Methyl α-ethylstyryl ketone 8930 N-(Phenylmethyl)-1,2ethanediamine 8931 Phenylmethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 8932 1-Phenyl-2-methyl-2-propanol 8933 N-(Phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6amine 8934 4-Phenylmorpholine

C15H20O C12H14O C9H14N2

101-86-0 3437-89-6 4152-09-4

216.319 174.238 150.220

liq

4

252; 16920 13712 13011

1.000522

1.565022

C14H12O3 C10H14O C12H11N5

94-18-8 100-86-7 1214-39-7

228.243 150.217 225.249

nd

24 232.8

215

0.978716

1.517316

C10H13NO

92-53-5

163.216

cry (al-eth)

58.3

8935 N-Phenyl-1-naphthalenamine

1-Naphthylphenylamine

C16H13N

90-30-2

219.281

61

8936 N-Phenyl-2-naphthalenamine

N-Phenyl-β-naphthylamine

C16H13N

135-88-6

219.281

108

395.5

8937 1-Phenylnaphthalene

C16H12

605-02-7

204.266

cry

45

334

1.09620

8938 2-Phenylnaphthalene

C16H12

612-94-2

204.266

lf (al)

103.5

345.5

1.218020

C14H20O C8H8O

1674-37-9 96-09-3

204.308 120.149

22.8 colorless liq -35.6

285; 16415 194.1

0.936030 1.049025

8941 3-Phenyloxiranecarboxylic acid, ethyl ester 8942 5-Phenyl-2,4-pentadienal

C11H12O3

121-39-1

192.211

C11H10O

13466-40-5

158.196

8943 1-Phenyl-1,4-pentanedione 8944 1-Phenyl-1-pentanol

C11H12O2 C11H16O

583-05-1 583-03-9

176.212 164.244

ye oil

8945 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone

C11H14O

1009-14-9

162.228

liq

8946 1-Phenyl-1-penten-3-one

C11H12O

3152-68-9

160.212

lf (lig)

8939 1-Phenyl-1-octanone 8940 Phenyloxirane

Styrene-7,8-oxide

8947 Phenylphosphine 8948 Phenylphosphinic acid

Monophenylphosphine Benzenephosphinic acid

C6H7P C6H7O2P

638-21-1 1779-48-2

110.094 142.093

8949 Phenylphosphonic acid

Benzenephosphonic acid

C6H7O3P

1571-33-1

158.092

8950 Phenylphosphonic dichloride 8951 Phenylphosphonothioic dichloride Dichlorophenylphosphine sulfide 8952 Phenylphosphonous dichloride Dichlorophenylphosphine 8953 Phenyl phosphorodichloridate Phenyl dichlorophosphate 8954 1-Phenylpiperazine

C6H5Cl2OP C6H5Cl2PS

824-72-6 3497-00-5

194.983 211.049

C6H5Cl2P C6H5Cl2O2P C10H14N2

644-97-3 770-12-7 92-54-6

178.984 210.983 162.231

8955 1-Phenylpiperidine

C11H15N

4096-20-2

161.244

8956 4-Phenylpiperidine

C11H15N

771-99-3

161.244

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s ace, ctc s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

sl chl

1.666420

1.534220

i H2O, EtOH; vs eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; s ctc s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc; vs eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

1365 42.5

1603, 1331.0

16212 14125, 1023

0.965520

1.525030 1.408625

-9.4

245

0.98620

1.515820

38.5

14212

0.869720

1.568420

160.5

1.00115

1.579620

83.8 lf (w)

liq hyg liq pa ye oil

160 1

258 205130

1.19725 1.37613

1.558125

-51

225; 14257 242; 1005 286.5; 16115

1.35620 1.41220 1.062120

1.603020 1.523020 1.587520

4.7

258

0.994425

1.559825

60.5

257

0.999616

i H2O; msc EtOH, bz; vs eth vs ace vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, chl vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz sl DMSO

vs bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-431 OH

O O

O

OH

O

H N

N H

NH

O

N H

NH2

N2-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-arginine

OH O

O

OH N

O

OH

O

N-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-aspartic acid

2-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol

4-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol

N-(Phenylmethylene)aniline

OH O

O

N

OH cis-α-(Phenylmethylene)benzeneacetic acid

O

trans-α-(Phenylmethylene)benzeneacetic acid

N-(Phenylmethylene)benzenemethanamine

2-(Phenylmethylene)butanal

O N

N O

N-(Phenylmethylene)ethanamine

O

2-(Phenylmethylene)heptanal

N-(Phenylmethylene)methanamine

2-(Phenylmethylene)octanal

NH

O NH2

N H

Phenylmethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

1-Phenyl-2-methyl-2-propanol

N

N H

O

N-(Phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine

4-Phenylmorpholine

O

O

H N

N-Phenyl-1-naphthalenamine

N

OH

OH

HN

N

N

O

N-(Phenylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine

3-(Phenylmethylene)-2-pentanone

N-Phenyl-2-naphthalenamine

1-Phenylnaphthalene

O

2-Phenylnaphthalene

O O

1-Phenyl-1-octanone

Phenyloxirane

OH

O

O

O

O

3-Phenyloxiranecarboxylic acid, ethyl ester

H

O

1-Phenyl-1-penten-3-one

5-Phenyl-2,4-pentadienal

P

H

Phenylphosphine

1-Phenyl-1,4-pentanedione

1-Phenyl-1-pentanol

1-Phenyl-1-pentanone

O H P OH

O HO P OH

O Cl P Cl

S Cl P Cl

Phenylphosphinic acid

Phenylphosphonic acid

Phenylphosphonic dichloride

Phenylphosphonothioic dichloride

H N Cl

P

Cl O

Phenylphosphonous dichloride

O Cl P Cl

Phenyl phosphorodichloridate

N

N

1-Phenylpiperazine

1-Phenylpiperidine

N H 4-Phenylpiperidine

3-432

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

8957 N-Phenylpropanamide

C9H11NO

620-71-3

149.189

8958 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione 8959 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione, 2oxime 8960 Phenyl propanoate

C9H8O2 C9H9NO2

579-07-7 119-51-7

148.159 163.173

pl (eth, al, bz) ye oil wh nd (w)

C9H10O2

637-27-4

150.174

pr

8961 2-Phenyl-1-propanol 8962 1-Phenyl-2-propanol 8963 Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride 8964 1-Phenyl-1-propanone

C9H12O C9H12O C9H14ClNO

1123-85-9 698-87-3 154-41-6

136.190 136.190 187.666

Propiophenone

C9H10O

93-55-0

134.174

8965 1-Phenyl-2-propanone

Phenylacetone

C9H10O

103-79-7

134.174

8966 cis-3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile

C9H7N

24840-05-9

129.159

8967 trans-3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile

C9H7N

1885-38-7

129.159

C18H14O3

538-56-7

278.302

8969 cis-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol

C9H10O

4510-34-3

134.174

8970 trans-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol

C9H10O

4407-36-7

134.174

No. Name

8968 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic anhydride

Synonym

Cinnamic anhydride

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

105.5

222.2

1.17525

<20 115

222; 10212

20

nD

Solubility

1.100620

1.53710

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth

211

1.043625

1.498020

12126, 10511 12525, 12020

0.97525 0.99120

1.55822 1.519020

194 20

217.5

1.0096

liq

-15

216.5

1.015720

1.516820

liq

-4.4

249; 13930

1.028920

1.584320

22

263.8

1.030420

1.601320

257.5

1.044020

1.581920

vs eth, EtOH

257.5

1.044020

1.581920

265; 14515

1.056720

1.542520

sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, lig

8971 trans-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol acetate

trans-Cinnamyl acetate

C11H12O2

21040-45-9

176.212

8972 trans-3-Phenyl-2-propenoyl chloride 8973 3-Phenylpropyl acetate 8974 1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, (±)

Cinnamoyl chloride

C9H7ClO

17082-09-6

166.604

ye cry

37.5

257.5

1.161745

1.61442

Benzenepropanol, acetate Amphetamine

C11H14O2 C9H13N

122-72-5 300-62-9

178.228 135.206

col liq oil

-40

691 203

0.930625

1.51826

12

C9H13N

51-64-9

135.206

oil

27.5

203.5; 80

8976 Phenyl propyl ether 8977 4-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine

Propoxybenzene

C9H12O C14H15N

622-85-5 2057-49-0

136.190 197.276

liq

-27

189.9 322; 1505

0.947420 1.02425

1.501420 1.561625

C9H6O C9H6O2

2579-22-8 637-44-5

130.143 146.143

12728, 10411 137.5

1.062220 1.2820

1.607912

nd (w)

C9H8O C12H11N7

1504-58-1 396-01-0

132.159 253.262

8982 1-Phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone 8983 2-Phenylpyridine

C9H10N2O C11H9N

92-43-3 1008-89-5

162.187 155.196

8984 3-Phenylpyridine

C11H9N

1008-88-4

155.196

pa ye oil

8985 4-Phenylpyridine 8986 Phenyl-2-pyridinylmethanone 8987 Phenyl-4-pyridinylmethanone

C11H9N C12H9NO C12H9NO

939-23-1 91-02-1 14548-46-0

155.196 183.205 183.205

pl (w)

8988 1-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole

C10H9N

635-90-5

143.185

8989 2-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole

C10H9N

3042-22-6

8980 3-Phenyl-2-propyn-1-ol 8981 6-Phenyl-2,4,7-pteridinetriamine

Triamterene

137

271 164

281 317 315; 17010

143.185

pl (al, sub)

129

272

90.5

16212

941-69-5

173.169

ye nd (bzlig)

8991 1-Phenylpyrrolidine 8992 1-Phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

Succinanil

C10H13N C10H9NO2

4096-21-3 83-25-0

147.217 175.184

C15H11N

612-96-4

205.255

11 mcl pr or nd 156 (w, al) nd (dil al) 86

C16H11NO2

132-60-5

249.264

nd

8995 Phenyl salicylate

C13H10O3

118-55-8

214.216

8996 Phenylsilane

C6H8Si

694-53-1

108.214

1.083325

1.621020 1.612325

272

77.5 42 nd (peth), pl 72 (w) pl (sub), red 62 in air

C10H7NO2

Cinchophen

1.5873

28

126

N-Phenylmaleimide

8994 2-Phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid

1.078

20

ye pl (BuOH) 316

8990 1-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione

8993 2-Phenylquinoline

15

1.4704

20

Dexamphetamine

Phenylacetylenecarboxylic acid

0.949

15

8975 1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, ( S)

8978 3-Phenyl-2-propynal 8979 3-Phenyl-2-propynoic acid

vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc bz, xyl; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc vs bz

18.6

nd (bz or al) 136 pt (al) wh nd (eth- 34 peth) wh nd (eth- 34 peth)

1.5269

20

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH

1.155620

234

11912, 1025 400

1.01820 1.35625

1.581320

363; 1946

214.5

43

17312

1.261430

119

0.868120

1.512520

sl H2O, eth; s chl, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, py, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s eth, ace, bz i eth; sl EtOH, chl i eth, lig sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs peth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl lig vs bz, eth, EtOH s eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk; sl ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, ace, bz; s eth, HOAc i H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-433

O

H N

O N O

O N-Phenylpropanamide

O

1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione

1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione, 2-oxime

OH

Phenyl propanoate

2-Phenyl-1-propanol

O

NH2 HCl

OH 1-Phenyl-2-propanol

OH

O

OH

O

Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride

1-Phenyl-1-propanone

O

N

N

1-Phenyl-2-propanone

cis-3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile

O OH

O OH trans-3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile

3-Phenyl-2-propenoic anhydride

O

cis-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol

O

O

trans-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol

O Cl

O NH2

trans-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol acetate

trans-3-Phenyl-2-propenoyl chloride

3-Phenylpropyl acetate

NH2

1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, (±)

1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, (S)

O OH

OH

O

O N Phenyl propyl ether

4-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine

3-Phenyl-2-propynal

3-Phenyl-2-propynoic acid

3-Phenyl-2-propyn-1-ol

O NH2 N H2N

N

N

NH

N N

N NH2 1-Phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone

2-Phenylpyridine

O

N Phenyl-4-pyridinylmethanone

1-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole

2-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole

O O

N

4-Phenylpyridine

O

N

N

N H

N Phenyl-2-pyridinylmethanone

3-Phenylpyridine

O

N

O

N

N

6-Phenyl-2,4,7-pteridinetriamine

1-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione

OH H H Si H

O

O N

1-Phenylpyrrolidine

N

O OH

1-Phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione

2-Phenylquinoline

2-Phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid

Phenyl salicylate

Phenylsilane

3-434

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

8997 1-Phenylsilatrane

C12H17NO3Si

2097-19-0

251.354

pr or nd (ace)

8998 Phenyl stearate

C24H40O2

637-55-8

360.574

No. Name

Synonym

mp/˚C

52

612-71-5

306.400

orth nd (al or 176 HOAc)

C9H9N3S

490-55-1

191.252

C11H8OS

135-00-2

188.246

fl (dil al) br in air nd (dil al)

C8H9NS C7H5NS

637-53-6 5285-87-0

151.229 135.187

nd (w)

645-48-7

167.231

pr (al)

200 dec

5351-69-9

167.231

pl (al)

140 dec

103-85-5

152.217

C9H7NOS2

1457-46-1

209.288

nd (w), pr 154 (al) ye pr (HOAc) 194.5 nd or pr (al)

9008 6-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4Benzoguanamine diamine Amanozine 9009 N-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine 9010 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5dione 9011 Phenyltrimethylammonium iodide

C9H9N5

91-76-9

187.201

nd, pl (al)

226.5

C9H9N5

537-17-7

187.201

cry (diox, 50% al)

235.5

C8H7N3O2

15988-11-1

177.161

C9H14IN

98-04-4

263.118

lf (al)

9012 Phenyl(triphenylmethyl)diazene 9013 Phenylurea

C25H20N2 C7H8N2O

981-18-0 64-10-8

348.440 136.151

111 dec mcl pr (w, al) 147

C14H12O2

22139-77-1

212.244

nd (HOAc)

156

C8H8O C15H12N2O2

766-94-9 57-41-0

120.149 252.268

nd (al)

286

9017 Phloretin

C15H14O5

60-82-2

274.269

nd (dil al), cry (ace)

263 dec

9018 Phorate 9019 Phorbol 9020 Phorone

C7H17O2PS3 C20H28O6 C9H14O

298-02-2 17673-25-5 504-20-1

260.378 364.432 138.206

9021 Phosalone 9022 Phosfolan

C12H15ClNO4PS2 C7H14NO3PS2

2310-17-0 947-02-4

367.808 255.295

9023 9024 9025 9026

Ethanolamine O-phosphate

C11H12NO4PS2 C10H19ClNO5P C6H15N4O5P C2H8NO4P

732-11-6 13171-21-6 1189-11-3 1071-23-4

317.321 299.689 254.181 141.063

9027 O-Phosphoserine 9028 Phthalazine

2,3-Benzodiazine

C3H8NO6P C8H6N2

407-41-0 253-52-1

185.073 130.147

9029 Phthalic acid

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid

C8H6O4

88-99-3

166.132

pl (w)

9030 Phthalic anhydride

C8H4O3

85-44-9

148.116

9031 29H,31H-Phthalocyanine

C32H18N8

574-93-6

514.539

9032 Phthalylsulphathiazole

C17H13N3O5S2

85-73-4

403.432

wh nd (al, 130.8 bz) grsh-bl mcl (quinoline) 273

9033 Physostigmine

C15H21N3O2

57-47-6

275.347

150-86-7

296.531

9000 5-Phenyl-2,4-thiazolediamine

Amiphenazole

9001 Phenyl-2-thienylmethanone 9002 N-Phenylthioacetamide 9003 Phenyl thiocyanate

Thioacetanilide

9004 2-Phenylthiosemicarbazide

2C7H9N3S Phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide NC7H9N3S Phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide C7H8N2S

9005 4-Phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide 9006 Phenylthiourea 9007 3-Phenyl-2-thioxo-4thiazolidinone

9014 trans-5-(2-Phenylvinyl)-1,3benzenediol 9015 Phenyl vinyl ether 9016 Phenytoin

Phosmet Phosphamidon N-Phospho-L-arginine O-Phosphorylethanolamine

9034 Phytol

3-Phenylrhodanine

Pinosylvin

5,5-Diphenyl-2,4imidazolidinedione

3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2C20H40O hexadecen-1-ol, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

209

C24H18

8999 5’-Phenyl-1,1’:3’,1’’-terphenyl

bp/˚C

26715

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz; sl chl

30

462

1.199

56.5

300

1.189054

75.5

dec 232.5

1.15318

163 dec 1.618154

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth

i EtOH, lig; sl bz sl H2O; s EtOH, NaOH i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl, HOAc s EtOH, eth; sl tfa

205.5

cry (EtOH) ye-grn pr

oil cry (ace aq) cry (EtOH aq) cry

224

vs H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; sl ace; i chl 238

1.30225

155.5

0.977020

<-15 250 dec 28

1190.8

1.1625

197.5

0.885020

46 36.5

1170.001

72 -45 177 242

dec 1621.5

1.499820

s H2O, ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc vs H2O, bz, ace; sl eth; s hx

1.213225

166 dec 90.5

316

230 dec

dec

2.18191

295

1.5274

orth pr (eth, 105.5 bz) oily liq

1.522420

sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH, AcOEt vs ace, bz, chl, HOAc i H2O; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, bz; i eth; s ace

1.471825

s H2O, EtOH, bz; sl eth; i lig sl H2O, eth; i chl; s EtOH sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, bz i H2O, EtOH, eth; s PhNH2 i H2O, eth, chl; sl EtOH; s acid, alk sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl

sub 550

20310

0.849725

msc H2O; s hx

1.459525

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-435

H2N N O O O

Si

O

N

NH2

S O

1-Phenylsilatrane

Phenyl stearate

5’-Phenyl-1,1’:3’,1’’-terphenyl

5-Phenyl-2,4-thiazolediamine

N C

S

H N

NH2 N NH2

S S

O Phenyl-2-thienylmethanone

Phenyl thiocyanate

N N

N

S

3-Phenyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

O

N N

S 6-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

Phenylthiourea

N O

NH2

N H

N H

N-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

H N

4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione

Phenyltrimethylammonium iodide

O O

trans-5-(2-Phenylvinyl)-1,3-benzenediol

OH

O

N H

OH

Phenylurea

H N

NH2 O

Phenyl(triphenylmethyl)diazene

I

N

N H

OH

N N

NH2 S

4-Phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide

NH2

N

H N

NH2

S

2-Phenylthiosemicarbazide

NH2

N

H N

S

N-Phenylthioacetamide

O

H N

Phenyl vinyl ether

Phenytoin

OH

OH O H HO

S O P S O

OH

H OH

S

N O

O HO CH2OH

OH Phloretin

S O P S O O

Phorate

O

Cl

Phorbol

Phorone

Phosalone

O S S

O O P N O

N O

Phosfolan

O O P O O

S S P O O

O P

O N

HO N HO H

Cl

Phosmet

NH

Phosphamidon

O

N H

OH

O

H2N

H 2N

N-Phospho-L-arginine

OH O OH P

O-Phosphorylethanolamine

N

O P

HO O HO

HO

O

S

O N S H O

OH

N HN

Phthalic acid

H N

O O

Phthalic anhydride

29H,31H-Phthalocyanine

O O

OH

N O

Phthalazine

NH

N

N

O

N N

NH2

Phthalylsulphathiazole

O OH O

O-Phosphoserine

N

O

NH N

N Physostigmine

H

N

OH Phytol

3-436

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

9035 Picene

Benzo[a]chrysene

C22H14

213-46-7

278.346

lf, pl (xyl, py, 368 sub)

519

9036 Picrolonic acid

C10H8N4O5

550-74-3

264.195

ye nd (al)

116

dec

9037 Picropodophyllin

C22H22O8

477-47-4

414.405

228

9038 Picrotoxin 9039 Pilocarpine

C30H34O13 C11H16N2O2

124-87-8 92-13-7

602.583 208.257

col nd (al, bz) orth lf nd

9040 Pilocarpine, monohydrochloride 9041 Pilocarpine, mononitrate

C11H17ClN2O2 C11H17N3O5

54-71-7 148-72-1

244.718 271.270

C16H18N2O3 C20H30O2

13640-28-3 127-27-5

286.325 302.451

C10H18

473-55-2

138.250

hyg cry wh pow or cry (al) nd (al) orth (ace) pr (al) oil

35408-04-9 13523-86-9 80-56-8

154.249 248.321 136.234

9042 Pilosine 9043 Pimaric acid 9044 Pinane

Dextropimaric acid 2,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1] heptane Pinene hydrate

mp/˚C

203.5 34

den/ g cm-3

bp/˚C

nD

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl; s con sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, MeOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs py, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; vs chl; i peth vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O

2605

204.5 178 179 218.5

28218

-53

169

60 172 -64

8110

cry (EtOH) liq

vs eth, py, EtOH 0.846721

1.460521

156.2

0.853925

1.463225

0.86025

1.476825

9045 trans-2-Pinanol 9046 Pindolol 9047 α-Pinene

2-Pinene

C10H18O C14H20N2O2 C10H16

9048 β-Pinene

Nopinene

C10H16

127-91-3

136.234

liq

-61.5

166

9049 Piperazine

Diethylenediamine

C4H10N2

110-85-0

86.135

hyg pl or lf (al)

106

148.6

1.446113

C5H10N2O C8H18N2O2 C4H12Cl2N2

7755-92-2 122-96-3 142-64-3

114.145 174.241 159.057

950.5 21730

1.509420

135

C4H6N2O2

106-57-0

114.103

C10H24N4

7209-38-3

200.325

C6H15N3 C6H14N2O C5H12N2 C5H11N

140-31-8 103-76-4 2213-43-6 110-89-4

129.203 130.187 100.162 85.148

C6H11NO

2591-86-8

113.157

C6H12N2O C6H11NO2

39546-32-2 3105-95-1

128.171 129.157

C6H11NO2 C6H11NO2 C7H15NO

498-95-3 498-94-2 3040-44-6

129.157 129.157 129.200

9050 1-Piperazinecarboxaldehyde 9051 1,4-Piperazinediethanol 9052 Piperazine dihydrochloride

Diethylenediamine dihydrochloride

9053 2,5-Piperazinedione 9054 1,4-Piperazinedipropanamine 9055 9056 9057 9058

1-Piperazineethanamine 1-Piperazineethanol 1-Piperidinamine Piperidine

1,4-Bis(3-aminopropyl) piperazine 1-(2-Aminoethyl)piperazine

Azacyclohexane

9059 1-Piperidinecarboxaldehyde 9060 4-Piperidinecarboxamide 9061 2-Piperidinecarboxylic acid, (S) 9062 3-Piperidinecarboxylic acid 9063 4-Piperidinecarboxylic acid 9064 1-Piperidineethanol

L-Pipecolic acid Nipecotic acid Isonipecotic acid

tab or pl (w) 312 dec

0.97325

1.501520

liq

-11.02

220 246 147 106.22

0.98525 1.06125 0.92825 0.860620

1.498320 1.506520 1.475020 1.453020

liq

-30.8

222.5

1.015825

1.480525

nd (MeOH/ eth) nd

261 dec 336 17.9

129.200 129.200

9067 9068 9069 9070 9071 9072

Piperidinium chloride 4-(Aminomethyl)piperidine

C5H12ClN C6H14N2 C6H13NO C6H13NO C8H14N2 C5H9NO

6091-44-7 7144-05-0 3433-37-2 4606-65-9 3088-41-3 675-20-7

121.609 114.188 115.173 115.173 138.210 99.131

9073 2-(1-Piperidinylmethyl) Pimeclone cyclohexanone 9074 1-(2-Piperidinyl)-2-propanone, (±) 9075 3-(2-Piperidinyl)pyridine, (S) Anabasine

C12H21NO

534-84-9

195.301

C8H15NO C10H14N2

539-00-4 494-52-0

141.211 162.231

oil liq

9076 Piperine

C17H19NO3

94-62-2

285.338

pr (AcOEt) pl 131.5 or mcl pr (al), cry

C19H30O5 C18H28O3S C10H16Br2N2O2 C24H40O8

51-03-6 120-62-7 54-91-1 5281-13-0

338.438 324.478 356.054 456.570

Tropital

msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig

138.5 260

1484-84-0 622-26-4

Isosafrole octyl sulfoxide

sl H2O, EtOH; s HCl

1512

C7H15NO C7H15NO

Piperonyl butoxide Piperonyl sulfoxide Pipobroman Piprotal

sub 260

15

2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperidine 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperidine

9077 9078 9079 9080

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s bz, EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O; s EtOH, chl; i eth

sl H2O; i EtOH

9065 2-Piperidineethanol 9066 4-Piperidineethanol Piperidine, hydrochloride 4-Piperidinemethanamine 2-Piperidinemethanol 3-Piperidinemethanol 1-Piperidinepropanenitrile 2-Piperidinone

Solubility

vs H2O 202; 9012 36

syr

69 132.5

202; 145 227.5

hyg

142 dec 25 69 61 -6.8 39.5

200; 3110 10410, 801 1063.5 14550 256

0.970325

1.474920

27

1.01 1.005915

1.490720

msc H2O; vs EtOH vs H2O vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, chl

1.490020 1.026320 0.940325

1.496420 1.467625

sl chl sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s dil acid; i con alk

11914

9

ye-br liq

9114 276; 14614

0.962420 1.045520

1801 dec

1.0525

106 liq

2150.04

1.468320 1.543020

vs EtOH, chl msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, bz, py; sl eth; vs chl

1.53025

sl H2O; misc os

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-437

O O N

OH H O

O

N

N H

O O

O

O H

O N

O Picene

O

O O

O

O O

O

OH

O

O

Picrolonic acid

O

O

O

Picropodophyllin

OH

OH

Picrotoxin

OH H N O

O Pilocarpine

O

N

N

N O

N

O

HCl

N

Pilocarpine, monohydrochloride

O

HNO3

N

O

Pilocarpine, mononitrate

OH O

N

O

Pilosine

Pimaric acid

Pinane

OH

O

N H

OH

HO

N H trans-2-Pinanol

H N

H N

α-Pinene

β-Pinene

H N

N N

N H

Pindolol

N

O

Piperazine

N H

OH

1-Piperazinecarboxaldehyde

2HCl

1,4-Piperazinediethanol

Piperazine dihydrochloride

NH2 O

H N

H N

N N

N H

O

N

O

N NH2

NH2

2,5-Piperazinedione

H N

1,4-Piperazinedipropanamine

1-Piperazineethanamine

NH2

1-Piperazineethanol

O

O

N NH2

OH

N

N H

1-Piperidinamine

O

Piperidine

1-Piperidinecarboxaldehyde

OH

OH

OH OH

N H

N H 4-Piperidinecarboxamide

N H

O

2-Piperidinecarboxylic acid, (S)

N

N H

3-Piperidinecarboxylic acid

N H

OH

4-Piperidinecarboxylic acid

1-Piperidineethanol

N H

OH

2-Piperidineethanol

4-Piperidineethanol

NH2 O

OH N H

N H

N H

HCl

Piperidine, hydrochloride

OH

4-Piperidinemethanamine

2-Piperidinemethanol

N

N H 3-Piperidinemethanol

N H

N

1-Piperidinepropanenitrile

2-Piperidinone

2-(1-Piperidinylmethyl)cyclohexanone

O

O N H

N

1-(2-Piperidinyl)-2-propanone, (±)

N H

O

O

N

O

O

O

3-(2-Piperidinyl)pyridine, (S)

Piperine

O

Br

Piperonyl sulfoxide

O

N O

O

O

O

O S

O

Piperonyl butoxide

N O

N

O

Br Pipobroman

O

O O

O Piprotal

O

O

3-438

No. Name 9081 9082 9083 9084

Pirimicarb Pirimiphos-ethyl Pirimiphos-methyl Pithecolobine

9085 9086 9087 9088

2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione Plasmocid Plumericin Podophyllotoxin

9089 Polythiazide 9090 Ponceau 3R 9091 Populin

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Pindone

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C11H18N4O2 C13H24N3O3PS C11H20N3O3PS C22H46N4O2

23103-98-2 23505-41-1 29232-93-7 22368-82-7

238.287 333.387 305.334 398.626

C14H14O3 C17H25N3O C15H14O6 C22H22O8

83-26-1 551-01-9 77-16-7 518-28-5

230.259 287.400 290.268 414.405

C11H13ClF3N3O4S3 346-18-9 C19H16N2Na2O7S2 3564-09-8 99-17-2 C20H22O8

439.882 494.449 390.384

C20H14N4

101-60-0

310.352

C7H5KO2 C3Cl2KN3O3 C6H11KO7

582-25-2 2244-21-5 299-27-4

160.212 236.054 234.245

Potassium sorbate

C6H7KO2

24634-61-5

150.217

Potassium biphthalate Potassium oleate

877-24-7 143-18-0 19216-56-9 50-24-8 641-85-0 481-26-5

204.222 320.552 383.402 360.444 288.511 288.511

C.I. Food Red 6

9092 21H,23H-Porphine

9093 Potassium benzoate 9094 Potassium dichloroisocyanurate 9095 Potassium D-gluconate

Mol. Form.

Troclosene potassium

9096 Potassium trans,trans-2,4hexadienoate 9097 Potassium hydrogen phthalate 9098 Potassium cis-9-octadecenoate 9099 Prazosin 9100 Prednisolone 9101 5α-Pregnane 9102 5β-Pregnane

Allopregnane 17β-Ethyletiocholane

C8H5KO4 C18H33KO2 C19H21N5O4 C21H28O5 C21H36 C21H36

9103 5α-Pregnane-3α,20α-diol 9104 5β-Pregnane-3α,20S-diol

Allopregnane-3α,20α-diol Pregnanediol

C21H36O2 C21H36O2

566-58-5 80-92-2

320.510 320.510

9105 5α-Pregnane-3,20-dione 9106 5β-Pregnane-3,20-dione

3,20-Allopregnanedione

C21H32O2 C21H32O2

566-65-4 128-23-4

316.478 316.478

9107 5-Pregnane-3,17,21-triol-20-one

3,17,21-Trihydroxypregnan-20- C21H34O4 one, (3α,5β) C21H34O2

68-60-0

350.493

128-20-1

318.494

C21H32O2 C23H28ClN3O C10H10O6

145-13-1 982-43-4 126-49-8

316.478 397.940 226.182

1,1-Diphenyl-3-(1-piperidinyl)- C20H25NO 1-propanol N-(2-Methylphenyl)-2C13H20N2O (propylamino)propanamide 4-Amino-N-[2-(diethylamino) C13H21N3O ethyl]benzamide C13H22ClN3O

511-45-5

9108 Pregnan-3α-ol-20-one 9109 Pregnenolone 9110 Prenoxdiazine hydrochloride 9111 Prephenic acid 9112 Pridinol 9113 Prilocaine 9114 Procainamide 9115 Procainamide hydrochloride 9116 9117 9118 9119 9120 9121 9122

Procarbazine hydrochloride Prochlorperazine Procymidone Prodiamine Profenofos Profluralin Progesterone

Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

9123 DL-Proline

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

cry

15 68

ye cry

109

dec >130 dec 2300.007

1.1420 1.1720

1821.0

1.056924

s H2O, chl, eth, EtOH, peth 1.585524

214 dk red pow nd (w+2), pr (al) red or oran lf (chlMeOH) hyg cry hyg cry ye-wh cry

s H2O; sl EtOH 180 360

sub 300

1.33625

i H2O, eth, ace, bz; sl EtOH; s diox

250 dec 183 dec

vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs H2O; s EtOH

1.36125

>270 dec

1.63625

s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O, EtOH

1.03215

i H2O; s chl, MeOH

1.1525

sl EtOH, eth; s ace

ye-br solid cry

279 235 84.5 mcl sc or pl 83.5 (MeOH) cry (MeOH) 244 pl (ace) 243.5 cry 200 nd (dil al) cry 123 (dil ace) cry (EtOAc) 226 nd (bz), cry (dil al) nd (dil al)

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace

149.5

vs EtOH

192 186.5

721-50-6

220.310

nd

38

1601

51-06-9

235.325

47

2122

614-39-1

271.786

166

C12H20ClN3O C20H24ClN3S C13H11Cl2NO2 C13H17F3N4O4 C11H15BrClO3PS C14H16F3N3O4 C21H30O2

366-70-1 58-38-8 32809-16-8 29091-21-2 41198-08-7 26399-36-0 57-83-0

257.759 373.943 284.138 350.294 373.631 347.290 314.462

C5H9NO2

609-36-9

115.131

C5H9NO2

147-85-3

115.131

58-40-2 2631-37-0

284.419 207.269

87

2060.3 1170.01

60-87-7

284.419

60

1910.5

C17H20N2S Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1C12H17NO2 methylethyl)-, methylcarbamate N,N,α-Trimethyl-10HC17H20N2S phenothiazine-10-ethanamine

Solubility

s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH; i eth; s ace, bz, HOAc

120

9125 Promazine 9126 Promecarb

nD

183

295.419

2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid

den/ g cm-3

90.5

free acid unstab cry

9124 L-Proline

9127 Promethazine

Physical Form

cry (MeOH)

s ace

vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz; sl chl

225 228 166 124 1100.001

pr

1.529920

34 129

1.45225 1.4725 1.45520 1.16623

hyg nd (al- 205 dec eth) cry (+w) nd (al-eth) pr 221 dec (w)

i H2O; s EtOH, diox, ace vs H2O, EtOH

vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace, bz; i eth, PrOH

i H2O; vs dil HCl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

O

N

N N

N

Pirimicarb

HO

S O P O O N

S O P O O N

N

N

N

Pirimiphos-ethyl

3-439 O H

O HN

N

NH

HN

Pirimiphos-methyl

O

Plasmocid

O

O

O S H2N O

O

N N K

F

H HO H H

Cl O

Potassium dichloroisocyanurate

O

F F

O

NH N

O O

O

O K

OH N HN

HO OH

Polythiazide

O

O

S

N S O O

Podophyllotoxin

N

N

H N

Cl

O

Cl

OH

OH

O H

Plumericin

SO3 Na

O O

NH

2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione

Na O3S

H O

O

N N

O

O

O

O

N OH

Pithecolobine

H

O

O

Ponceau 3R

COO K OH H OH OH CH2OH

Populin

O

21H,23H-Porphine

Potassium benzoate

OH O

O

O K

K

O

O K

Potassium D-gluconate

O

Potassium trans,trans-2,4-hexadienoate

Potassium hydrogen phthalate

Potassium cis-9-octadecenoate

O N O

HO

O

N

N

OH

O OH

HO

H

H

H

H

N

O

NH2

5α-Pregnane

Prednisolone

HO

H

H

O

Prazosin

5β-Pregnane

O

O

O

O

OH

H 5α-Pregnane-3α,20α-diol

OH OH

H

HO

O

H

O

H

5β-Pregnane-3α,20S-diol

HO

H

5α-Pregnane-3,20-dione

5β-Pregnane-3,20-dione

HO OH

O

O

O

N O

OH

H OH Prenoxdiazine hydrochloride

Prephenic acid

O

Pridinol

N

HN HCl H2N

N H

O

Cl

F

NH2 O N

N

H N

N

Procarbazine hydrochloride

Cl

Prochlorperazine

O O

N

N O

O

Procymidone

N

Br

O

Prodiamine

Cl

N H

F

Profluralin

N H

O Progesterone

OH O

DL-Proline

N H

OH O

L-Proline

N

H N

O

N

O S

S Promazine

Promecarb

O S P O

Profenofos

N

NO2

F

O Procainamide

O

O2N

F

F F

O

Cl

HCl

N

H2N

Prilocaine

S

Procainamide hydrochloride

HN

N H

H N

O

N

N

H N

HCl

N

HO Pregnenolone

H Pregnan-3α-ol-20-one

5-Pregnane-3,17,21-triol-20-one

N

O

N

HO

H

Promethazine

3-440

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

9128 Promethazine hydrochloride

Diprazin

C17H21ClN2S

58-33-3

320.880

9129 Prometone 9130 Prometryn

1610-18-0 7287-19-6

225.291 241.357

1918-16-7

211.688

9132 Propanal

C10H19N5O N,N’-Diisopropyl-6-(methylthio) C10H19N5S -1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine C11H14ClNO Acetamide, 2-chloro- N-(1methylethyl)-N-phenylPropionaldehyde C3H6O

123-38-6

58.079

liq

9133 Propanal oxime 9134 Propanamide

Propionamide

C3H7NO C3H7NO

627-39-4 79-05-0

73.094 73.094

9135 Propane

C3H8

74-98-6

9136 Propanediamide

C3H6N2O2

9131 Propachlor

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

231 solid

vs H2O, EtOH, chl

91.5 119

1.15720

77

1100.03

1.24225

-80

48

0.865725

40 rhom, pl (bz) 81.3

131.5 213

44.096

col gas

-187.63

-42.1

108-13-4

102.092

mcl pr(w)

170.8

0.925820 1.428720 0.9262110 1.4180110 vs H2O, EtOH, eth, chl 0.49325 s H2O, EtOH; vs (p>1 eth, bz; sl ace atm) s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO 0.87815 1.446020 vs H2O; i eth; vs chl 0.88425 1.460020 s H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1.05920 1.417320 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.07014 1.4192 vs H2O; s EtOH 1.06625 1.445820 1.045520 1.400218 s EtOH, eth, bz 1.450920 1.463920 s eth, AcOEt 1.0820 1.53220 s chl 1.077220 1.539220 sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth, bz

Propylenediamine

C3H10N2

10424-38-1

74.124

hyg

9138 1,3-Propanediamine

1,3-Diaminopropane

C3H10N2

109-76-2

74.124

liq

C7H12O4

623-84-7

160.168

190.5

C7H12O4 C7H12O3 C3H4O2 C3H2Cl2O2 C3H8S2 C3H8S2

628-66-0 923-26-2 78-98-8 1663-67-8 814-67-5 109-80-8

160.168 144.168 72.063 140.953 108.226 108.226

209.5 909, 570.5 72 5728 152 172.9

9146 2,2’-[1,3Disalicylidene-1,3Propanediylbis(nitrilomethylidyn propanediamine e)]bisphenol 9147 Propanenitrile Ethyl cyanide

C17H18N2O2

120-70-7

282.337

C3H5N

107-12-0

55.079

9148 9149 9150 9151

1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide Propyl mercaptan

C3H8O3S C3H7ClO2S C3H6O3S C3H8S

5284-66-2 10147-36-1 1120-71-4 107-03-9

124.159 142.605 122.143 76.161

liq

-113.13

67.8

0.841120

1.438020

9152 2-Propanethiol

Isopropyl mercaptan

C3H8S

75-33-2

76.161

liq

-130.5

52.6

0.814320

1.425520

9153 1,2,3-Propanetriamine 9154 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid

1,2,3-Triaminopropane Tricarballylic acid

C3H11N3 C6H8O6

21291-99-6 99-14-9

89.139 176.124

visc oil orth (eth)

166

C5H10O4 C10H13NO4

106-61-6 136-44-7

134.131 211.215

158165, 1293

1.206020

1.415720

Glyceryl p-aminobenzoate 1,3-Diacetin

C7H12O5

105-70-4

176.167

hyg liq

260; 14912

1.17915

1.439520

9158 1,2,3-Propanetriol tribenzoate

C24H20O6

614-33-5

404.412

nd (MeOH)

9159 1,2,3-Propanetriol tripropanoate

C12H20O6

139-45-7

260.283

9160 1,2,3-Propanetriyl hexanoate

C21H38O6

621-70-5

386.523

9161 1,2,3-Propanetriyl octanoate

C27H50O6

538-23-8

470.682

9162 Propanidid

C18H27NO5

1421-14-3

337.411

C9H9Cl2NO

709-98-8

218.079

9164 Propanoic acid

Propanamide, N-(3,4dichlorophenyl)Propionic acid

C3H6O2

79-09-4

74.079

liq

-20.5

141.15

0.988225

1.380920

9165 Propanoic anhydride 9166 1-Propanol

Propionic anhydride Propyl alcohol

C6H10O3 C3H8O

123-62-6 71-23-8

130.141 60.095

liq liq

-45 -124.39

170; 67.518 97.2

1.011020 0.799725

1.403820 1.385020

9140 9141 9142 9143 9144 9145

1,3-Propanediol diacetate 1,2-Propanediol 1-methacrylate 1,2-Propanedione Propanedioyl dichloride 1,2-Propanedithiol 1,3-Propanedithiol

1-Propanesulfonic acid 1-Propanesulfonyl chloride 1,3-Propane sultone 1-Propanethiol

9155 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1-acetate 9156 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-(4aminobenzoate) 9157 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1,3-diacetate

9163 Propanil

2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate Pyruvaldehyde

Trimethylene dimercaptan

119.5

1.363620

9137 1,2-Propanediamine, (±)

9139 1,2-Propanediol diacetate

Solubility

-10.8

ye hyg liq

liq

-79

139.8

s H2O; msc EtOH, eth

54.3

liq

0.781820

-92.78

97.14

8

1361 1.251625 dec 180; 7712 1.26720

1.365520

1.45220

190; 929

1.22812

76

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

17520, 15713

1.10815

1.431819

-60

>200

0.986720

1.442720

10

233

0.954020

1.448220

2110.7

s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl s H2O vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i CS2 i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, chl

1.2525

92

msc H2O, EtOH; s eth; sl chl msc eth; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl; vs bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-441

N HN

HN N

N HCl

O

S

N

N N

Promethazine hydrochloride

S

N H

N N

Prometone

N

Cl

N H

Prometryn

N

O

O Propachlor

Propanal

OH

Propanal oxime

O O NH2

H 2N

NH2 O

O Propanamide

Propane

H 2N

NH2

Propanediamide

O

O

NH2

O

1,2-Propanediamine, (±)

NH2

1,3-Propanediamine

O

O

O 1,2-Propanediol diacetate

O

1,3-Propanediol diacetate

OH

OH

O Cl

O

O

O

OH 1,2-Propanediol 1-methacrylate

Cl O

1,2-Propanedione

Propanenitrile

SH

S

1,3-Propane sultone

1-Propanethiol

NH2 H2N

2-Propanethiol

O

OH

H2N

1,2,3-Propanetriol-1-acetate

O

O

O

O

O

O O Propanidid

O O

O O

1,2,3-Propanetriol tripropanoate

O O

O

1,2,3-Propanetriyl hexanoate

1,2,3-Propanetriyl octanoate

H N

O O

O

O O

O

O

1,2,3-Propanetriol tribenzoate

N

O

O

O O

O

O

1,2,3-Propanetriol-1,3-diacetate

O O

O

O

1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-(4-aminobenzoate)

O

NH2

1,2,3-Propanetriamine

OH OH

O

O O

1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid

SH

O

HO

COOH COOH

2,2’-[1,3-Propanediylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]bisphenol

SH

O O

1-Propanesulfonyl chloride

N

SH

1,3-Propanedithiol

O

OH HOOC

HS

1,2-Propanedithiol

O Cl S O

1-Propanesulfonic acid

N

O

Propanedioyl dichloride

O OH S O

N

SH

OH

O

Cl Cl Propanil

O Propanoic acid

O O

O

Propanoic anhydride

OH 1-Propanol

3-442

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

9167 2-Propanol

Isopropyl alcohol

C3H8O

67-63-0

60.095

liq

-87.9

82.3

0.780925

1.377620

9168 2-Propanone oxime

Acetoxime

C3H7NO

127-06-0

73.094

pr (al)

61

136; 6120

0.911362

1.415620

9169 2-Propanone phenylhydrazone

Acetone, phenylhydrazone

C9H12N2

103-02-6

148.204

orth

42

16350

9170 Propanoyl chloride 9171 Propanoyl fluoride 9172 Propantheline bromide

Propionyl chloride Propionyl fluoride

C3H5ClO C3H5FO C23H30BrNO3

79-03-8 430-71-7 50-34-0

92.524 76.069 448.393

liq

-94

80 44

1.064620 0.97215

1.403220 1.32913

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl; vs bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig s EtOH, eth, dil acid s eth

cry

160

C19H26O4S C5H6O2

2312-35-8 627-09-8

350.472 98.101

9173 Propargite 9174 Propargyl acetate

vs H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth, bz 121.5

1.1025 0.998220

1.418720

113.6

0.947820

1.432220

9175 Propargyl alcohol

3-Hydroxy-1-propyne

C3H4O

107-19-7

56.063

liq

-51.8

9176 Propatyl nitrate

2-Ethyl-2-[(nitrooxy)methyl]1,3-propanediol, dinitrate 6-Chloro-N,N’-diisopropyl1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine Propylene

C6H11N3O9

2921-92-8

269.166

wh pow

52

1.49

C9H16ClN5

139-40-2

229.710

213

1.16220

C3H6

115-07-1

42.080

col gas

9179 trans-1-Propene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid

Mesaconic acid

C5H6O4

498-24-8

130.100

orth nd or 204.5 mcl pr (eth)

sub

0.5O525 (p>1 atm) 1.46620

9180 1-Propene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid

Itaconic acid

C5H6O4

97-65-4

130.100

rhom (bz)

dec

1.63225

C3H6S

870-23-5

74.145

65

0.92523

cis-Aconitic acid

C6H6O6

585-84-2

174.108

nd (w)

trans-Aconitic acid

C6H6O6

4023-65-8

174.108

Methylketene Acrylic acid chloride

C3H4O C3H3ClO C9H10

6004-44-0 814-68-6 766-90-5

56.063 90.508 118.175

lf (w) nd (w, 196 dec eth) col gas -80

9187 trans-1-Propenylbenzene

C9H10

873-66-5

118.175

9188 trans-5-(1-Propenyl)-1,3benzodioxole

C10H10O2

4043-71-4

162.185

C9H10O C8H15N C10H20NO4PS C15H17Cl2N3O2 C20H24N2OS C10H19NO4

539-12-8 538-90-9 31218-83-4 60207-90-1 362-29-8 20064-19-1

134.174 125.212 281.309 342.221 340.482 217.263

C12H18O C11H15NO3

2078-54-8 114-26-1

178.270 209.242

C5H12O2

2807-30-9

104.148

C22H29NO2 C22H29NO2 C6H14O2

469-62-5 2338-37-6 1569-01-3

339.471 339.471 118.174

9201 3-Propoxy-1-propene

C6H12O

1471-03-0

100.158

9202 Propranolol 9203 Propyl acetate

C16H21NO2 C5H10O2

525-66-6 109-60-4

259.344 102.132

cry (cyhex) liq

liq

9177 Propazine 9178 Propene

9181 2-Propene-1-thiol

9182 cis-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid 9183 trans-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid 9184 1-Propen-1-one 9185 2-Propenoyl chloride 9186 cis-1-Propenylbenzene

9189 9190 9191 9192 9193 9194

4-(1-Propenyl)phenol 2-(1-Propenyl)piperidine Propetamphos Propiconazole Propiomazine Propionyl-L-carnitine

9195 Propofol 9196 Propoxur 9197 2-Propoxyethanol 9198 D-Propoxyphene 9199 L-Propoxyphene 9200 1-Propoxy-2-propanol

p-Anol β-Coniceine

Carnitine, O-propanoyl

Phenol, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-, methylcarbamate Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether Dextropropoxyphene Levopropoxyphene 1,2-Propylene glycol 1-propyl ether

9204 Propyl acrylate 9205 Propylamine

2-Propenoic acid, propyl ester 1-Propanamine

C6H10O2 C3H9N

925-60-0 107-10-8

114.142 59.110

9206 Propylamine hydrochloride

1-Propanamine hydrochloride

C3H10ClN

556-53-6

95.571

-185.24

175

-47.69

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace

1.3567-70 sl H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc

1.483220

125

sl H2O, bz, CS2; vs EtOH; s eth, tfa s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, peth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; sl eth vs H2O, EtOH

liq

-61.6

-23 75.5 167.5

liq

-29.3

178.3

0.902325

1.550620

6.8

253

1.122420

1.578220

94 8

dec 250 168 880.005 1800.1 2400.5

0.871615 1.129420 1.2720

256; 13630 dec

0.95520 1.1220

1.514020

149.8

0.911220

1.413320

150

0.888620

1.413020

91

0.776420

1.391920

vs ace, eth, EtOH

96 -93

101.3

0.882025

1.382825

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

-84.75

122; 63100 47.22

0.717320

1.387020

msc H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s bz, chl; sl ctc s DMSO

lf

hyg pr (2PrOH)

1.434320 1.542020

vs eth vs chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl sl H2O; vs DMF

147 dec 19 87

cry (peth) cry (peth)

1.113620 0.908820

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

75.5 75.5

163.5

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-443 O

OH

N

OH

H N

N

Cl

2-Propanone oxime

O

2-Propanone phenylhydrazone

O

Propanoyl chloride

O O O O O Propargite

OH

Propargyl acetate

O N

O

Propargyl alcohol

Propantheline bromide

HN

O O N O

N N H

O

Propatyl nitrate

N N

Cl

Propazine

Propene

O HO

Br

O

Propanoyl fluoride

O N O O

S

N

F

O 2-Propanol

O

COOH OH

HO

OH

O

SH

O O

trans-1-Propene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid

1-Propene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid

HOOC

2-Propene-1-thiol

COOH COOH

COOH

HOOC

cis-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

trans-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

O

Cl C

O

O

1-Propen-1-one

O

2-Propenoyl chloride

cis-1-Propenylbenzene

trans-1-Propenylbenzene

trans-5-(1-Propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole

OH

N

O HN P O S O

N H 4-(1-Propenyl)phenol

N

O

O

2-(1-Propenyl)piperidine

Propetamphos

Cl

N O

Cl

Propiconazole

N

O O O

S

O

O

Propoxur

N

D-Propoxyphene

N H

L-Propoxyphene

O

OH

2-Propoxyethanol

OH

O

O

O

O

1-Propoxy-2-propanol

3-Propoxy-1-propene

O O

Propranolol

Propofol

O

N

OH

O O

Propionyl-L-carnitine

O

O

N

O

Propiomazine

O

N H

OH

N

Propyl acetate

O Propyl acrylate

NH2 Propylamine

NH2 HCl Propylamine hydrochloride

3-444

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

9207 Propyl 4-aminobenzoate

Risocaine

C10H13NO2

94-12-2

179.216

pr

75

1-Propanearsonic acid

C5H13NO C9H13N C9H13N C3H9AsO3

16369-21-4 2696-84-6 622-80-0 107-34-6

103.163 135.206 135.206 168.023

Isocumene

C9H12

103-65-1

120.191

9213 α-Propylbenzenemethanol, ( R) 9214 Propyl benzenesulfonate

C10H14O C9H12O3S

22144-60-1 80-42-2

150.217 200.254

9215 Propyl benzoate

C10H12O2

2315-68-6

164.201

C10H12O2 C7H14O2

94-58-6 105-66-8

C4H9NO2

9208 9209 9210 9211

2-(Propylamino)ethanol 4-Propylaniline N-Propylaniline Propylarsonic acid

9212 Propylbenzene

9216 5-Propyl-1,3-benzodioxole 9217 Propyl butanoate

Dihydrosafrole

9218 Propyl carbamate 9219 9220 9221 9222 9223 9224

Propyl chloroacetate Propyl 2-chlorobutanoate Propyl chlorocarbonate Propyl 3-chloropropanoate S-Propyl chlorothioformate Propyl trans-cinnamate

9225 Propylcyclohexane

C5H9ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C6H11ClO2 S-Propyl carbonochloridothioate C4H7ClOS Propyl trans-3-phenyl-2C12H14O2 propenoate C9H18

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

182 227 222; 9811

0.900520

1.442820

0.944320

1.542820

-99.6

159.24

0.859325

1.489525

16

232 16215

0.974020 1.180417

1.513920 1.503525

liq

-51.6

211

1.023020

1.500020

164.201 130.185

liq

-95.2

228 143.0

0.873020

1.400120

627-12-3

103.120

pr

60

196

5396-24-7 62108-71-8 109-61-5 62108-66-1 13889-92-4 74513-58-9

136.577 164.630 122.551 150.603 138.616 190.238

161 183 115.2 180 5926 285

1.10420 1.025220 1.090120 1.065620

1.426120

vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; i eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH vs eth

1.403520 1.429020

msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH

1678-92-8

126.239

156

0.793620

1.437020

197

0.92720

1.453820

nd (al), pl (w) liq

134.5

liq

liq

-94.9

1.04330

i H2O

9226 2-Propylcyclohexanone

C9H16O

94-65-5

140.222

9227 Propylcyclopentane

C8H16

2040-96-2

112.213

liq

-117.3

131

0.776320

1.426620

i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, ctc; s eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz; vs ctc

9228 1-Propylcyclopentanol 9229 Propylene carbonate

4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one

C8H16O C4H6O3

1604-02-0 108-32-7

128.212 102.089

liq liq

-37.5 -48.8

173.5 242

0.904025 1.204720

1.450225 1.418920

9230 1,2-Propylene glycol

1,2-Propanediol

C3H8O2

57-55-6

76.095

liq

-60

187.6

1.036120

1.432420

9231 1,3-Propylene glycol

Trimethylene glycol

C3H8O2

504-63-2

76.095

liq

-27.7

214.4

1.053820

1.439820

9232 1,2-Propylene glycol 2- tert-butyl ether 9233 1,2-Propylene glycol dinitrate 9234 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether 9235 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 9236 Propyleneimine 9237 Propyl formate

2-(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)-1propanol

C7H16O2

94023-15-1

132.201

liq

152

0.87

C3H6N2O6 C4H10O2

6423-43-4 107-98-2

166.089 90.121

liq

1-Methoxy-2-propanol

9210 119

0.962020

1.403420

2-Acetoxy-1-methoxypropane

C6H12O3

108-65-6

132.157

liq

2-Methylaziridine

C3H7N C4H8O2

75-55-8 110-74-7

57.095 88.106

liq

67 80.9

0.81216 0.907320

1.37720

C10H12O3 C10H22 C9H18O2 C10H12O3 C10H12O3

623-22-3 3178-29-8 626-77-7 607-90-9 94-13-3

180.200 142.282 158.238 180.200 180.200

11316, 923 157.5 187 239

1.074420 0.732125 0.867220 1.097920 1.0630102

1.539224 1.413520 1.417020 vs eth, EtOH 1.516120 s ctc, CS2 1.5050102 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl

C10H11I2NO3 C7H14O2

587-61-1 644-49-5

447.008 130.185

135.4

0.88430

1.395520

C4H7NO C4H7NS

110-78-1 628-30-8

85.105 101.171

83.5 153

0.90825 0.978116

1.397020 1.508516

C7H12O2

2210-28-8

128.169

141

0.902220

1.419020

C8H16O2 C13H14 C3H7NO3

557-00-6 2765-18-6 627-13-4

144.212 170.250 105.093

liq

155.9 274.5 110

0.861720 0.989720 1.053820

1.403120 1.592320 1.397320

C3H7NO2

543-67-9

89.094

liq

48

0.88620

1.360420

9238 9239 9240 9241 9242

Propyl 3-(2-furyl)acrylate 4-Propylheptane Propyl hexanoate Propyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

Propylparaben

9243 Propyliodone 9244 Propyl isobutanoate 9245 Propyl isocyanate 9246 Propyl isothiocyanate

1-Isocyanatopropane 1-Isothiocyanatopropane

9247 Propyl methacrylate 9248 Propyl 3-methylbutanoate 9249 1-Propylnaphthalene 9250 Propyl nitrate 9251 Propyl nitrite

Propyl isopentanoate

liq pr (eth)

exp

vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, bz, chl msc H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl bz

147

-92.9

-68.7 97 97

sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH

186

-8.6

sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-445 NH2

O

HN O

H N

H 2N Propyl 4-aminobenzoate

OH

2-(Propylamino)ethanol

O O S O

OH

O As OH OH

4-Propylaniline

N-Propylaniline

Propylarsonic acid

O O

O

O

Propyl benzenesulfonate

Propyl benzoate

O O

O α-Propylbenzenemethanol, (R)

Propylbenzene

5-Propyl-1,3-benzodioxole

H2N

Propyl butanoate

O

Propyl carbamate

O O Cl

O

O O

Cl

Cl

Propyl chloroacetate

Propyl 2-chlorobutanoate

O O

Cl

Propyl chlorocarbonate

O O

Cl

Propyl 3-chloropropanoate

O

O

S

S-Propyl chlorothioformate

HO

O

O

O

O Propyl trans-cinnamate

Propylcyclohexane

2-Propylcyclohexanone

Propylcyclopentane

O

OH HO

OH 1,2-Propylene glycol

ONO2 ONO2

OH

OH

1,3-Propylene glycol

1-Propylcyclopentanol

1,2-Propylene glycol 2-tert-butyl ether

Propylene carbonate

OH O

1,2-Propylene glycol dinitrate

1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether

O O

N H

O 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate

O

O O

O

Propyleneimine

O

Propyl formate

Propyl 3-(2-furyl)acrylate

4-Propylheptane

O O O

O

I

O

I N

OH

O O

OH

Propyl hexanoate

Propyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

O N

O

C

S

Propyl isothiocyanate

Propyl methacrylate

O

O

Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

Propyliodone

O Propyl 3-methylbutanoate

1-Propylnaphthalene

N

Propyl isobutanoate

O

O O

O

N O

Propyl nitrate

C

O

Propyl isocyanate

O O

N

Propyl nitrite

O

3-446

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

9252 Propyl octanoate

C11H22O2

624-13-5

186.292

liq

-46.2

226.4

0.865920

1.419125

9253 Propyl pentanoate

C8H16O2

141-06-0

144.212

liq

-70.7

167.5

0.869920

1.406520

C8H16O2 C9H12O C9H12O

99-66-1 644-35-9 645-56-7

144.212 136.190 136.190

col liq

221; 12014 220 232.6

0.90425 1.01520 1.00920

1.42525

7 22

C8H17N

458-88-8

127.228

liq

-1.0

166.5

0.844020

1.451222

9258 trans-6-Propyl-3-piperidinol, (3 S) Pseudoconhydrine

C8H17NO

140-55-6

143.227

hyg nd (eth) 106

9259 N-Propylpropanamide 9260 Propyl propanoate

C6H13NO C6H12O2

3217-86-5 106-36-5

115.173 116.158

liq

C8H11N

622-39-9

C8H11N C9H12N2S

vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH; vs eth; s bz vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs eth, EtOH

No. Name

Synonym

9254 2-Propylpentanoic acid 9255 2-Propylphenol 9256 4-Propylphenol

Valproic acid

9257 2-Propylpiperidine, ( S)

Coniine

Propyl propionate

9261 2-Propylpyridine

9262 4-Propylpyridine 9263 2-Propyl-4pyridinecarbothioamide 9264 Propyl Red

9265 9266 9267 9268 9269

(Propylthio)benzene Propyl 4-toluenesulfonate Propyl trichloroacetate Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Propylurea

Protionamide Benzoic acid, 2-[[4(dipropylamino)phenyl]azo]-

Propyl gallate

1.537925

236

154 -75.9

215; 1089 122.5

0.898525 0.875525

1.390925

121.180

1.0

167

0.911920

1.492520

1122-81-2 14222-60-7

121.180 180.269

185

0.938115

1.496620

136.7

C19H23N3O2

2641-01-2

325.405

C9H12S C10H14O3S C5H7Cl3O2 C10H12O5 C4H10N2O

874-79-3 599-91-7 13313-91-2 121-79-9 627-06-5

152.256 214.281 205.468 212.199 102.134

viol-bl or purp red cry (al) liq

nd (w) pr (al)

s EtOH, KOH

-45 <-20

220 1899 187

0.999520 1.14420 1.322120

1.557120 1.499820 1.450120

65 60

0.767420 0.915220

1.390820 1.403325

0.80325 0.60725 (p>1 atm) 1.138020

1.448020 1.3863-40 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, chl

130 108.5

9270 Propyl vinyl ether 9271 2-Propynal

1-(Ethenyloxy)propane Propargyl aldehyde

C5H10O C3H2O

764-47-6 624-67-9

86.132 54.047

9272 2-Propyn-1-amine 9273 Propyne

Methylacetylene

C3H5N C3H4

2450-71-7 74-99-7

55.079 40.064

col gas

-102.7

83 -23.2

9274 2-Propynoic acid

Propiolic acid

C3H2O2

471-25-0

70.047

cry (CS2)

9

dec 144; 7250

116.160 256.127

C20H34O5

745-65-3

354.481

cry (EtOAc)

115

s H2O

C20H32O5

363-24-6

352.465

col cry

67

s H2O, thf

C20H34O5

551-11-1

354.481

oil or solid

≈30

C20H19NO5

130-86-9

353.369

mcl pr (alchl)

208

C27H43NO9

76-45-9

525.632

nd (MeOH)

221

sl H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, chl, AcOEt i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, peth; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, aq acid, MeOH

C19H22ClN

1225-55-4

299.838

Prunetin Pseudoaconitine Pseudocodeine Pseudojervine

C16H12O5 C36H51NO12 C18H21NO3 C33H49NO8

552-59-0 127-29-7 466-96-6 36069-05-3

284.263 689.790 299.365 587.744

cry (2-PrOH/ 170 eth) 239.5 tcl (MeOH) 214 wh nd 181.5 wh nd or hex 304 dec cry

9287 Pseudomorphine

C34H36N2O6

125-24-6

568.659

cry (aq NH3, 282.5 + 3 w)

C8H15NO

135-97-7

141.211

C11H6O3

66-97-7

186.164

orth cry 109 (eth), orth bipym (peth-bz) nd (w, EtOH) 171

9277 Prostaglandin E1 9278 Prostaglandin E2 9279 Prostaglandin F2α

9280 Protopine

Fumarine

9281 Protoverine

9282 Protriptyline hydrochloride 9283 9284 9285 9286

9288 Pseudotropine

9289 Psoralen

Triptil

8-Methyl-8azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol, exo

1.563

vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl

15

673-32-5 23950-58-5

N-(1,1-Dimethyl-2-propynyl)3,5-dichlorobenzamide 11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxo-13prostenoic acid 11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxo-5,13prostadienoic acid 9,11,15-Trihydroxyprosta-5,13dienoic acid

0.942

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, tol

C9H8 C12H11Cl2NO

9275 1-Propynylbenzene 9276 Propyzamide

183

15

1.430620

vs eth, EtOH sl H2O sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH

155

vs eth, EtOH 1.29080

241

1.574 i H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol, peth; s EtOH i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, sulf; s py, NH3 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s bz, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-447 OH OH

O

O O

O

Propyl octanoate

O

Propyl pentanoate

N H

OH

2-Propylpentanoic acid

2-Propylphenol

4-Propylphenol

2-Propylpiperidine, (S)

S

OH O N H trans-6-Propyl-3-piperidinol, (3S)

O N H

O

N-Propylpropanamide

Propyl propanoate

N

N 2-Propylpyridine

N

4-Propylpyridine

2-Propyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamide

O O S O N N O

NH2

O

O

O N

S

Cl Cl

HO Propyl Red

(Propylthio)benzene

Propyl 4-toluenesulfonate

O

HO

OH

Cl

OH

Propyl trichloroacetate

Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate

H N

O H N

O

NH2 O

O Propylurea

2-Propynal

2-Propyn-1-amine

Propyne

Cl

2-Propynoic acid

1-Propynylbenzene

O

HO OH

OH HO

OH

O O

O HO

OH

Prostaglandin E1

N

O

OH

O HO

Cl Propyzamide

O

O

O

OH

NH2

O

Propyl vinyl ether

O

OH

Prostaglandin E2

Prostaglandin F2α

Protopine

O H N H H

H O HO HO

H

OH O

OH H OH

OH

OH O HO OH

N HO

OH

N H

OH

Protoverine

HCl

O

Protriptyline hydrochloride

O

O H

O

O

O O H

H

O

Prunetin

O

O

Pseudoaconitine

OH N

H O

H H N

O O

O HO

H O O

O N

H OH Pseudocodeine

OH HO N

O

OH H

HO OH

HO Pseudojervine

Pseudomorphine

N OH Pseudotropine

O

O Psoralen

O

3-448

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

9290 Pteridine

Pyrazino[2,3-d]pyrimidine

C6H4N4

91-18-9

132.123

9291 2,4(1H,3H)-Pteridinedione

Lumazine

C6H4N4O2

487-21-8

164.122

ye pl (bz, sub) ye-oran nd (w)

C10H16O

89-82-7

152.233

9292 Pulegone

9293 1H-Purine

6H-Imidazo[4,5-d]pyrimidine

C5H4N4

120-73-0

120.113

9294 1H-Purine-2,6-diamine 9295 Pyocyanine

2,6-Diaminopurine

C5H6N6 C13H10N2O

1904-98-9 85-66-5

150.142 210.230

9296 4H-Pyran 9297 2H-Pyran-2-one 9298 4H-Pyran-4-one

1,4-Pyran

C5H6O C5H4O2 C5H4O2

289-65-6 504-31-4 108-97-4

82.101 96.085 96.085

C11H14N2S C5H4OS C30H14O2

15686-83-6 1120-93-0 128-70-1

206.307 112.150 406.431

9299 Pyrantel 9300 4H-Pyran-4-thione 9301 8,16-Pyranthrenedione

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

139.5

sub 125

224

cry (dil al) 302 dk bl nd (w + 133 dec 1) (chlpeth) unstab oil 8.5 32.5

cry (MeOH)

80 207.5 212.5

178 49 dec

sub

51.0

115

C4H4N2

290-37-9

80.088

9303 Pyrazinecarboxamide 9304 Pyrazinecarboxylic acid 9305 2,3-Pyrazinedicarboxylic acid

Pyrazinamide Pyrazinoic acid 2,3-Dicarboxypyrazine

C5H5N3O C5H4N2O2 C6H4N2O4

98-96-4 98-97-5 89-01-0

123.113 124.098 168.107

wh nd (w, al) 192 wh nd (w) 225 dec pr (w+2) 193 dec

sub sub

9306 1H-Pyrazole

1,2-Diazole

C3H4N2

288-13-1

68.077

nd or pr (lig) 70.7

187

C16H11N

1606-67-3

217.265

C16H10

129-00-0

202.250

ye nd (hx) lf 117.5 (dil al) pa ye pl (to, 150.62 sub)

9309 Pyrethrin I

C21H28O3

121-21-1

328.445

9310 Pyrethrin II

C22H28O5

121-29-9

1.489420

1.455920 1.527025 1.5238

1700.1 dec

1.519218

372.454

visc liq

2000.1 dec

55512-33-9 289-80-5

378.916 80.088

br oil liq

27 -8

2200.1 208

9313 2-Pyridinamine

2-Aminopyridine

C5H6N2

504-29-0

94.115

lf (lig)

57.5

10520

9314 3-Pyridinamine

3-Aminopyridine

C5H6N2

462-08-8

94.115

lf (bz-lig)

64.5

252

9315 4-Pyridinamine

4-Aminopyridine

C5H6N2

504-24-5

94.115

nd (bz)

158.5

273

9316 Pyridine

Azine

C5H5N

110-86-1

79.101

liq

-41.70

9317 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile

C6H4N2

100-70-9

104.109

9318 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile

C6H4N2

100-54-9

9319 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile

C6H4N2

9320 3-Pyridinecarbothioamide 9321 4-Pyridinecarbothioamide 9322 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde

1.495361

1.4203

visc liq

C19H23ClN2O2S C4H4N2

9324 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 9325 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde oxime 9326 2-Pyridinecarboxamide

1.031161

1.27123

1,2-Diazabenzene

Nicotinaldehyde

1.20020 1.19025

404

9311 Pyridate 9312 Pyridazine

9323 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde

0.934645

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; s ace sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, ace; i eth; vs chl s EtOH, eth, bz msc H2O; vs ace vs H2O, chl, eth; s EtOH, bz; sl CS2 s H2O

1,4-Diazine

Benzo[def]phenanthrene

Solubility vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz vs HOAc

216.5

9302 Pyrazine

9308 Pyrene

nD

348.5

red-ye or red-br nd (PhNO2) pr (w)

9307 1-Pyrenamine

den/ g cm-3

1.519218 1.525820

1.55520 1.103523

1.56820 1.521820

115.23

0.981920

1.509520

nd or pr (eth) 29

224.5

1.081025

1.524225

104.109

nd (lig), peth-eth)

51

206.9; 170300

1.159025

100-48-1

104.109

nd(lig-eth)

83

186

C6H6N2S C6H6N2S C6H5NO

4621-66-3 2196-13-6 1121-60-4

138.190 138.190 107.110

C6H5NO

500-22-1

107.110

C6H5NO C6H6N2O C6H6N2O

872-85-5 873-69-8 1452-77-3

107.110 122.124 122.124

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, MeOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl s EtOH, ace, hx, acid; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, tol; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, peth i H2O msc H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz; i peth s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl lig s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH; sl lig msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s chl; sl lig s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl lig

192 198 dec 180; 6213

1.118125

9223

1.139425

7712 mcl pr (w)

112.5 108.3

1.538918

1.542320

s H2O, EtOH, eth, AcOEt; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth, peth s H2O, eth, ctc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-449

O N N N

N

N

N

Pteridine

N N H

NH2

H H O

O

N N

2,4(1H,3H)-Pteridinedione

Pulegone

N

H

N

H2N

1H-Purine

O

N

N

1H-Purine-2,6-diamine

O

N

N

N

N N

N

O

O

4H-Pyran

Pyocyanine

O

S

O

2H-Pyran-2-one

4H-Pyran-4-one

Pyrantel

O

S

O

O N O

O 4H-Pyran-4-thione

N

N

8,16-Pyranthrenedione

OH

N

Pyrazinecarboxamide

Pyrazinecarboxylic acid

NH2 OH OH

N

NH2

N

Pyrazine

O N

N

N H

O 2,3-Pyrazinedicarboxylic acid

N

1H-Pyrazole

1-Pyrenamine

Pyrene

O O

O

O

O

S

O

Cl

N

O O

O

O

Pyrethrin I

Pyrethrin II

N

Pyridate

NH2 NH2 N

N

N

Pyridazine

NH2

N

2-Pyridinamine

3-Pyridinamine

N

N

4-Pyridinamine

Pyridine

N

S

S

N

N

N

2-Pyridinecarbonitrile

NH2

NH2 N

N

N

N

3-Pyridinecarbonitrile

4-Pyridinecarbonitrile

3-Pyridinecarbothioamide

O

N

4-Pyridinecarbothioamide

2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde

O O N 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde

N 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde

N

N

NH2

N OH

2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde oxime

O 2-Pyridinecarboxamide

3-450

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

9327 3-Pyridinecarboxamide

Niacinamide

C6H6N2O

98-92-0

122.124

wh pw, nd (bz)

9328 4-Pyridinecarboxamide 9329 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

Picolinic acid

C6H6N2O C6H5NO2

1453-82-3 98-98-6

122.124 123.110

157.5 nd (w, al, bz) 136.5

sub

9330 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

Nicotinic acid

C6H5NO2

59-67-6

123.110

nd (al, w)

236.6

sub

9331 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

Isonicotinic acid

C6H5NO2

55-22-1

123.110

nd(w)

315

sub 260

9332 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1-oxide Oxiniacic acid 9333 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1-oxide 9334 2,3-Pyridinediamine

C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C5H7N3

2398-81-4 13602-12-5 452-58-4

139.109 139.109 109.130

nd

254 dec 273 dec 120.8

1495

s H2O, EtOH, bz

9335 9336 9337 9338

C5H7N3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3 C7H5NO4

4318-76-7 141-86-6 54-96-6 89-00-9

109.130 109.130 109.130 167.120

18212 285; 1485

vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, ace

2,5-Pyridinediamine 2,6-Pyridinediamine 3,4-Pyridinediamine 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

2,5-Diaminopyridine

Quinolinic acid

lf or pl (dil al) nd nd or lf mcl pr (w)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

130

1570.0005

1.40025

1.466

vs H2O, EtOH, glycerol; sl chl

110.3 121.5 219.3 228.5

9339 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

Lutidinic acid

C7H5NO4

499-80-9

167.120

lf (w+1)

249

9340 2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

Isocinchomeronic acid

C7H5NO4

100-26-5

167.120

254

9341 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

Dipicolinic acid

C7H5NO4

499-83-2

167.120

lf or pr (dil HCl) nd (w+3/2)

252

9342 3,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

Cinchomeronic acid

C7H5NO4

490-11-9

167.120

cry (w)

256

sub

9343 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

Dinicotinic acid

C7H5NO4

499-81-0

167.120

cry (w)

324

sub

9344 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid anhydride 9345 2-Pyridineethanamine 9346 4-Pyridineethanamine 9347 2-Pyridineethanol

Furo[3,4-b]pyridine-5,7-dione

C7H3NO3

699-98-9

149.104

C7H10N2 C7H10N2 C7H9NO

2706-56-1 13258-63-4 103-74-2

122.167 122.167 123.152

9348 Pyridine hydrochloride

C5H6ClN

628-13-7

115.562

9349 2-Pyridinemethanamine 9350 3-Pyridinemethanamine

C6H8N2 C6H8N2

3731-51-9 3731-52-0

108.141 108.141

9351 4-Pyridinemethanamine 9352 2-Pyridinemethanol

C6H8N2 C6H7NO

3731-53-1 586-98-1

C6H7NO C6H7NO C5H5NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C5H5NO3S

9359 2-Pyridinethiol, 1-oxide 9360 2(1H)-Pyridinethione

-7.8 hyg pl or sc 146 (al)

213; 13150 1.022025 12110 1.030225 190200, 170100 1.09125

203; 9117 226

1.052525 1.06420

1.543125 1.55220

-7.6

230; 10311 11216, 102.58

1.07220 1.131720

1.549525 1.544420

-6.5 53 65.5 34

266 14112 14613 260.2; 1164 284; 1303

1.13120

1.545520

1.06025 1.06325 1.71325

1.529820 1.531320

liq

100-55-0 586-95-8 694-59-7 2859-68-9 2859-67-8 636-73-7

109.126 109.126 95.100 137.179 137.179 159.164

liq

C5H5NOS C5H5NS

1121-31-9 2637-34-5

127.165 111.166

9361 2-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

72762-00-6

95.100

nd (bz)

107.8

9362 3-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

109-00-2

95.100

nd (bz)

129

9363 4-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

626-64-2

95.100

149.8

>350; 25710

9364 2(1H)-Pyridinone

C5H5NO

142-08-5

95.100

pr or nd (w+1) nd (bz)

107.8

280

9365 2(1H)-Pyridinone hydrazone 2-Pyridinylhydrazine 9366 α-[(2Phenyramidol Pyridinylamino)methyl]benzenem ethanol 9367 1-(2-Pyridinyl)ethanone

C5H7N3 C13H14N2O

4930-98-7 553-69-5

109.130 214.262

46.6 83.5

185140, 901

C7H7NO

1122-62-9

121.137

9368 1-(3-Pyridinyl)ethanone

C7H7NO

350-03-8

121.137

13.5

220

C7H7NO

1122-54-9

121.137

16

212

9369 1-(4-Pyridinyl)ethanone

3-Pyridylsulfonic acid

Methyl pyridyl ketone

orth

1.533525 1.538125 1.536620

222

108.141 109.126

Nicotinyl alcohol 4-Picolyl alcohol Pyridine N-oxide

sl H2O, tfa; i EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, CS2 s H2O, HCl; sl EtOH; i eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH, bz; i eth, i chl i H2O; sl eth, HOAc; s DMSO, HCl

25

138

-21.1

3-Pyridinemethanol 4-Pyridinemethanol Pyridine-1-oxide 2-Pyridinepropanol 3-Pyridinepropanol 3-Pyridinesulfonic acid

1.47325

0.942

liq

9353 9354 9355 9356 9357 9358

sl H2O, bz; s EtOH; i eth, chl, CS2 sl H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, MeOH

357 dec 70.5 130.0

cry (dil MeOH) ye in air

1.391020

1.07725

1.520320 1.534120

1.09725

vs H2O vs H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl vs H2O, bz, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth, DMSO s chl

1.391020

192

vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, eth s chl

1.528225

s EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth, acid sl EtOH, eth, acid

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds H2N

O

3-451

O

NH2

OH

N N

N 3-Pyridinecarboxamide

4-Pyridinecarboxamide

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

NH2

N O

N O

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1-oxide

N

4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1-oxide

NH2 N NH2

O

O

OH

N

OH

N O

O 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

O

O OH

OH

N

NH2

HO

2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

O

N

2,5-Pyridinediamine

O

O

N 3,4-Pyridinediamine

HO HO

NH2

HO OH OH

NH2

H2N

2,3-Pyridinediamine

O

N

4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

O

OH

2,6-Pyridinediamine

N

N

2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

HO

O

OH

O

O

H2N

HO

O

2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

O

O

HO

O

OH N

N

O

2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

O

N

3,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid

2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid anhydride

NH2 HCl N

NH2

N

2-Pyridineethanamine

N

4-Pyridineethanamine

OH 2-Pyridineethanol

NH2

N

N Pyridine hydrochloride

2-Pyridinemethanamine

NH2

OH

NH2

OH N

N 3-Pyridinemethanamine

OH

N

4-Pyridinemethanamine

N

N

2-Pyridinemethanol

3-Pyridinemethanol

O H S O

OH

N O

OH

N

Pyridine-1-oxide

N

2-Pyridinepropanol

4-Pyridinemethanol

N O

N

3-Pyridinepropanol

3-Pyridinesulfonic acid

SH

2-Pyridinethiol, 1-oxide

OH OH N H

S N

2(1H)-Pyridinethione

OH

2-Pyridinol

N

N H

N

3-Pyridinol

4-Pyridinol

O

2(1H)-Pyridinone

O N

N H

N

N H

NH2

2(1H)-Pyridinone hydrazone

O

N OH

α-[(2-Pyridinylamino)methyl]benzenemethanol

O 1-(2-Pyridinyl)ethanone

N 1-(3-Pyridinyl)ethanone

N 1-(4-Pyridinyl)ethanone

3-452

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

9370 N-(2-Pyridinylmethyl)-2pyridinemethanamine 9371 N-2-Pyridinyl-2-pyridinamine

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C12H13N3

1539-42-0

199.251

C10H9N3

1202-34-2

171.198

C8H10ClNO3 C8H10NO6P

65-22-5 54-47-7

203.623 247.142

C8H12N2O2

85-87-0

C8H14Cl2N2O2 C8H12ClNO3

Physical Form

mp/˚C

90.5

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

20010, 1391

1.107425

1.575725

307.5

165 dec 141

168.193

orth wh-ye pow or cry cry

524-36-7 58-56-0

241.115 205.639

pl (al) pl (al, ace)

226 dec 207

C15H11N3O

85-85-8

249.267

red-br cry

130

1141-59-9 91-84-9 109-12-6 591-54-8 289-95-2

215.208 285.384 95.103 95.103 80.088

red-br cry

187 dec

nd (AcOEt) pl (AcOEt)

1,3-Diazine

C11H9N3O2 C17H23N3O C4H5N3 C4H5N3 C4H4N2

127.5 151.5 22

9383 2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone

Alloxan

C4H2N2O4

50-71-5

142.070

9384 2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone 5-oxime 9385 2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine 9386 Pyriminil 9387 Pyrithione zinc

Violuric acid

C4H3N3O4

87-39-8

157.085

pa ye orth

203 dec

C4H7N5 C13H12N4O3 C10H8N2O2S2Zn

1004-38-2 53558-25-1 13463-41-7

125.133 272.259 317.722

solid wh solid

248 dec 224 dec 262

9388 Pyrocatechol

1,2-Benzenediol

C6H6O2

120-80-9

110.111

cry

104.6

245

9389 L-Pyroglutamic acid 9390 Pyrolan 9391 Pyrrobutamine

5-Oxo-L-proline

C5H7NO3 C13H15N3O2 C20H22ClN

98-79-3 87-47-8 91-82-7

129.115 245.277 311.849

cry

162 50 49

1610.2 1920.3

C4H5N

109-97-7

67.090

liq

-23.39

129.79

1003-29-8 634-97-9 931-03-3 541-59-3 123-75-1

95.100 111.100 111.100 97.073 71.121

orth pr (peth) lf (w) nd (lig) pl (bz) col liq

46.5 208 dec 161.5 94 -57.79

218

Azacyclopentane

C5H5NO C5H5NO2 C5H5NO2 C4H3NO2 C4H9N

9398 1-Pyrrolidineethanamine 9399 1-Pyrrolidineethanol 9400 1-[4-(1-Pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]2-pyrrolidinone 9401 3-(2-Pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (S)

Oxotremorine

C6H14N2 C6H13NO C12H18N2O

7154-73-6 2955-88-6 70-22-4

114.188 115.173 206.283

Nornicotine

C9H12N2

494-97-3

148.204

9402 2-Pyrrolidone

γ-Butyrolactam

9372 Pyridoxal hydrochloride 9373 Pyridoxal 5-phosphate 9374 Pyridoxamine 9375 Pyridoxamine dihydrochloride 9376 Pyridoxine hydrochloride

9377 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 9378 9379 9380 9381 9382

4-(2’-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Pyrilamine 2-Pyrimidinamine 4-Pyrimidinamine Pyrimidine

9392 Pyrrole

9393 9394 9395 9396 9397

1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid 1H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid 1H-Pyrrole-2,5-dione Pyrrolidine

Vitamin B6 Pyridoxal 5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 4-(Aminomethyl)-5-hydroxy-6methyl-3-pyridinemethanol 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4pyridinedimethanol hydrochloride PAN PAR

1-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3phenyl-2-butenyl]pyrrolidine Imidole

3-Pyrrolecarboxylic acid

sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH

198

256 dec

s EtOH, acid vs H2O; sl EtOH vs H2O

sub

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 2015 sub 1.499820

123.8 sub

1.34420

1.60425

0.969820

1.508520

1.593916

sub 86.56

1.2493106 0.858620 1.443120

pa ye liq

166; 6823 187; 8013 1240.1

0.90125 0.975020 0.99125

1.468720 1.471320 1.516020

hyg

270

1.073719

1.537818

12

616-45-5

85.105

cry (peth)

25

251; 133

9403 1-(1H-Pyrrol-2-yl)ethanone 9404 Pyruvic acid

C6H7NO C3H4O3

1072-83-9 127-17-3

109.126 88.062

mcl nd (w)

90 13.8

220 dec 165; 5410 1.227220

9405 Pyrvinium chloride 9406 1,1’:4’,1’’:4’’,1’’’-Quaterphenyl

C26H28ClN3 C24H18

548-84-5 135-70-6

417.973 306.400

red pow (w) 250 dec 320

9407 Quercetin

C15H10O7

117-39-5

302.236

ye nd (dil al, 316.5 + 2 w)

C21H20O11

522-12-3

448.377

C30H46O5

631-01-6

486.683

pa ye nd or 170 pl (+2w, dil al) nd (dil al) 294

C23H30ClN3O C21H23IN2 C19H24N2O2

83-89-6 117-92-0 464-85-7

399.956 430.325 312.406

Quercetin-3-L-rhamnoside

9409 Quillaic acid 9410 Quinacrine 9411 Quinaldine Red 9412 Quinamine

Mepacrine

ye oil dk red pow pr (bz), nd (80% al)

42818

sub

1.120

20

C4H7NO

9408 Quercitrin

Solubility

1.4806

30

1.428020

s H2O; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH msc H2O; s EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH

s chl, DMSO, DMF vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH s DMSO s ctc, CS2

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl chl, lig s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; s bz, PhNO2, HOAc sl H2O, eth, MeOH; s EtOH, ace, py i H2O, eth; s EtOH, HOAc, MeOH, alk vs ace, eth, py, EtOH

87 185.5

s H2O; vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ace

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-453 O

N

OH

HO

H N

N

N

N-(2-Pyridinylmethyl)-2-pyridinemethanamine

N H

N

P

HO

HCl

OH

O

N

N-2-Pyridinyl-2-pyridinamine

NH2

O

O

HO

OH

HO N

N

Pyridoxal hydrochloride

Pyridoxal 5-phosphate

Pyridoxamine

N OH

NH2 OH 2HCl

HO

N

OH

HO

N OH

HCl

N

N N

N

N

Pyridoxamine dihydrochloride

1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol

N

O N

N

N H

4-Pyrimidinamine

Pyrimidine

2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone

NH2

O N

O

Pyrilamine

O HON

NH O

NH2 NH

N

N

2-Pyrimidinamine

N H

O

O

OH

4-(2’-Pyridylazo)resorcinol

O NH2 N

N

HO

Pyridoxine hydrochloride

N

N

O

N H

N

O

H2N

2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone 5-oxime

N

NH2

2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine

Cl O

OH S

N H

N O

N Pyriminil

Zn

O N

N OH

O

N H

S

Pyrithione zinc

Pyrocatechol

N

OH

N

O

N

O

O

L-Pyroglutamic acid

Pyrolan

Pyrrobutamine

O O

N H

N H Pyrrole

1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde

OH

OH

N H

O

N H

O

1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid

1H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid

N H

O

N

N H

1H-Pyrrole-2,5-dione

NH2

Pyrrolidine

1-Pyrrolidineethanamine

O

H N

N OH

N H

N N

O

1-Pyrrolidineethanol

1-[4-(1-Pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]-2-pyrrolidinone

3-(2-Pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (S)

N H

O

N H

2-Pyrrolidone

OH O

O

1-(1H-Pyrrol-2-yl)ethanone

Pyruvic acid

O O

HO CH3 N

OH OH OH O

OH O

N

OH Cl

N HO

OH

O

HO

OH

O

OH

OH Pyrvinium chloride

1,1’:4’,1’’:4’’,1’’’-Quaterphenyl

Quercetin

Quercitrin

OH

OH

H

HN O OH

N H

N N

O

HO

I O

N

Quillaic acid

Quinacrine

Cl Quinaldine Red

N Quinamine

O H N

3-454

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

9413 Quinazoline

1,3-Benzodiazine

C8H6N2

253-82-7

130.147

ye pl (peth)

48

241

9414 Quinclorac

3,7-Dichloroquinoline-8carboxylic acid

C10H5Cl2NO2

84087-01-4

242.059

274

1.75

9415 Quinethazone 9416 Quinic acid

C10H12ClN3O3S C7H12O6

73-49-4 77-95-2

289.738 192.166

162.5

1.6425

9417 Quinidine

C20H24N2O2

56-54-2

324.417

9418 Quinine

6’-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol, (8α,9R)

C20H24N2O2

130-95-0

324.417

9419 Quinine hydrochloride

6’-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol monohydrochloride, (8 α,9R)

C20H25ClN2O2

130-89-2

360.878

804-63-7 84-31-1 580-22-3

746.912 322.401 144.173

cry (+2.5w, dil al)

1.62515

159

2-Aminoquinoline

C40H50N4O8S C20H22N2O2 C9H8N2

9423 3-Quinolinamine

3-Aminoquinoline

C9H8N2

580-17-6

144.173

9424 4-Quinolinamine

4-Aminoquinoline

C9H8N2

578-68-7

144.173

9425 5-Quinolinamine

5-Aminoquinoline

C9H8N2

611-34-7

144.173

9426 6-Quinolinamine

6-Aminoquinoline

C9H8N2

580-15-4

144.173

9427 8-Quinolinamine

8-Aminoquinoline

C9H8N2

578-66-5

144.173

9428 Quinoline

1-Azanaphthalene

C9H7N

91-22-5

129.159

ye nd (al) lf (eth) cry (w+2), pr (eth) pa ye nd (sub) cry (al, lig) liq

9429 9430 9431 9432

Cinchoninaldehyde Quinaldic acid 8-Carboxyquinoline

C10H7NO C10H7NO2 C10H7NO2 C9H7NS

4363-93-3 93-10-7 86-59-9 2637-37-8

157.169 173.169 173.169 161.224

nd (to-peth) 51 156 nd (w) 187 187

9433 2-Quinolinol

2-Hydroxyquinoline

C9H7NO

59-31-4

145.158

pr (MeOH)

199.5

9434 3-Quinolinol

3-Hydroxyquinoline

C9H7NO

580-18-7

145.158

201.3

9435 4-Quinolinol

4-Hydroxyquinoline

C9H7NO

611-36-9

145.158

cry (bz, dil al) nd (w+3)

210

9436 5-Quinolinol

5-Hydroxyquinoline

C9H7NO

578-67-6

145.158

nd (al), pl

226 dec

sub

9437 6-Quinolinol

6-Hydroxyquinoline

C9H7NO

580-16-5

145.158

pr (al, eth)

195

360

9438 7-Quinolinol

7-Hydroxyquinoline

C9H7NO

580-20-1

145.158

sub

9439 8-Quinolinol

8-Hydroxyquinoline

C9H7NO

148-24-3

145.158

pr (al), nd 239 (dil al-eth) nd (dil al) 75.5

9440 8-Quinolinol benzoate 9441 8-Quinolinol sulfate (2:1)

Benzoxiquine 8-Hydroxyquinoline sulfate

C16H11NO2 C18H16N2O6S

86-75-9 134-31-6

249.264 388.934

1,4-Benzodiazine

C30H46O5 C6H12O5 C8H6N2

465-74-7 7658-08-4 91-19-0

486.683 164.156 130.147

pl or nd cry (AcOEt) cry (peth)

9445 2(1H)-Quinoxalinone 9446 Quizalofop-Ethyl

C8H6N2O C19H17ClN2O4

1196-57-2 76578-14-8

146.146 372.802

lf (al) wh cry

9447 Radicinin 9448 Raffinose

C12H12O5 C18H32O16

10088-95-6 512-69-6

236.220 504.437

9449 Ranitidine

C13H22N4O3S

66357-35-5

314.404

9442 Quinovic acid 9443 Quinovose 9444 Quinoxaline

235.2 108 131.5

orth (w, dil 94 al) nd (bz, dil al) 154.8

sub

18012

110

310; 18410

114

18712

70

15719

-14.78

237.16

1.097715

1.626820

1224 sub

sub

267

1.03420

298 dec 139.5 28

229.5

1.133448

271 93

sub 200 2200.2

solid

69.5

1.46525

s tfa vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz; vs chl; i peth sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, py; s eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl bz vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; i lig sl H2O, eth; s NH3, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2; s ctc vs eth, tol s H2O; vs bz vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s dil HCl i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, chl; vs bz vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, peth s H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH; vs MeOH; i lig i H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH, eth; s alk vs EtOH i H2O, eth; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s ace sl chl vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth

177.5

221.5 80

Solubility vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl

57

silky efflor nd (w) silky nd (w) nd, lf (eth) lf (w)

nD

174

9420 Quinine sulfate 9421 Quininone 9422 2-Quinolinamine

4-Quinolinecarboxaldehyde 2-Quinolinecarboxylic acid 8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid 2(1H)-Quinolinethione

den/ g cm-3

1.623148

vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl i H2O; s bz, EtOH, ace, xyl sl chl s H2O, py; vs MeOH; sl EtOH; i eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-455 O

Cl Cl

N

HO

N

O

Quinazoline

Quinclorac

HO

H

HO OH

O

HCl

H

N Quinine hydrochloride

Quinidine

N

O

H2SO4

H

O N

N Quinine

N

Quinic acid

O

N

N

2

Quinine sulfate

NH2

N

OH

O

N

H

O

NH

HO

HO

HO

OH

Quinethazone

N

H

O

O S H2N O

N

HO

H N

Cl

Quininone

NH2

NH2

H2N N

N

NH2

N

2-Quinolinamine

N

3-Quinolinamine

4-Quinolinamine

NH2

N

N 5-Quinolinamine

6-Quinolinamine

N

8-Quinolinamine

Quinoline

O

HO

O

N 4-Quinolinecarboxaldehyde

OH

N

OH

N

2-Quinolinecarboxylic acid

N H

O

8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid

S

N

2(1H)-Quinolinethione

OH

N

2-Quinolinol

3-Quinolinol

N OH

O

OH

O

HO

5-Quinolinol

H

HO

N

N

N 4-Quinolinol

6-Quinolinol

COOH

N

8-Quinolinol

O

COOH

HO

HO Quinovic acid

OH OH

N H

N

Quinovose

8-Quinolinol benzoate

N

N

N

OH

OH

OH

7-Quinolinol

Quinoxaline

Cl

O

2

8-Quinolinol sulfate (2:1)

O

N

O

HO

OH O OH

O

O

2(1H)-Quinoxalinone

Quizalofop-Ethyl

O

HO O

O Radicinin

OH

O HO

O O OH

O N

OH N

HO OH Raffinose

O

O

HO HO

H2SO4

N

N

O

S Ranitidine

N H

N H

O

3-456

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

9450 Raubasine 9451 Raunescine

C21H24N2O3 C31H36N2O8

483-04-5 117-73-7

352.427 564.626

9452 Reinecke salt

C4H12CrN7OS4

13573-16-5

354.440

red cry (w)

C12H7NO4

550-82-3

229.189

9454 Rescinnamine

C35H42N2O9

24815-24-5

634.716

dk red to gr pr or pl (HOAc) nd (bz) 238.5

9455 Reserpic acid 9456 Reserpine

C22H28N2O5 C33H40N2O9

83-60-3 50-55-5

400.467 608.679

cry (MeOH) 242 lo pr (dil ace) 264.5

C22H26O3 C6H6O2

10453-86-8 108-46-3

338.439 110.111

C20H28O C20H28O

564-87-4 116-31-4

284.435 284.435

cry oran cry

64

C20H28O2 C20H28O2 C20H30O

4759-48-2 302-79-4 68-26-8

300.435 300.435 286.451

cry (EtOH) cry (MeOH) ye pr (peth)

189 181.5 63.5

C36H60O2 C8H13NO2

79-81-2 480-85-3

524.860 155.195

cry (ace)

28 121

9466 Retrorsine

C18H25NO6

480-54-6

351.395

cry (AcOEt)

212

9467 Rhamnetin

C16H12O7

90-19-7

316.262

ye nd (al)

295

C6H12O5 C6H12O5 C21H21NO6

116908-82-8 164.156 634-74-2 164.156 2718-25-4 383.395

cry (w)

151

C15H8O6

478-43-3

284.221

C10O10Re2 C15H12N6O4

14285-68-8 119-20-0

652.515 340.294

C28H32ClN2O3

81-88-9

480.018

165

C4Cl2O4Rh2

14523-22-9

388.758

red-oran cry 124

9476 Ribavirin

Dirhodium tetracarbonyl dichloride Tribavirin

C8H12N4O5

36791-04-5

244.205

9477 Ribitol

Adonitol

C5H12O5

488-81-3

152.146

9478 Riboflavin

C17H20N4O6

83-88-5

376.364

9479 9480 9481 9482 9483

C17H20N4O9P C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C8H8N2O2

146-17-8 50-69-1 24259-59-4 488-84-6 524-40-3

455.336 150.130 150.130 150.130 164.162

col cry (EtOH) pr (w), nd (al) ye or oran-ye nd (w) ye cry (w) pl (al)

9484 Rifabutin

C46H62N4O11

72559-06-9

847.004

viol-red cry

9485 Rifampin

C43H58N4O12

13292-46-1

822.941

C15H25NO5 C8H8Cl3O3PS C23H22O6

6029-84-1 299-84-3 83-79-4

299.364 321.546 394.417

red-oran pl (ace) cry (ace)

9489 Rubijervine

C27H43NO2

79-58-3

413.636

9490 Rubratoxin B

C26H30O11

21794-01-4

518.509

No. Name

9453 Resazurin

9457 cis-Resmethrin, (-) 9458 Resorcinol

Synonym

7-Hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3one, 10-oxide

1,3-Benzenediol

9459 11-cis-Retinal 9460 Retinal (all trans)

Vitamin A1 aldehyde

9461 13-cis-Retinoic acid 9462 13-trans-Retinoic acid 9463 Retinol

Accutane

9464 Retinyl palmitate 9465 Retronecine, (+)

Retinol, hexadecanoate

9468 DL-α-Rhamnose 9469 D-Rhamnose 9470 Rheadine

Vitamin A

6-Deoxy-D-mannose

9471 Rhein

9472 Rhenium carbonyl 9473 Rhizopterin

Dirhenium decacarbonyl

9474 Rhodamine B 9475 Rhodium carbonyl chloride

Riboflavin-5’-phosphate D-Ribose L-Ribose D-Ribulose Ricinine

9486 Rinderine 9487 Ronnel 9488 Rotenone

erythro-2-Pentulose 1,2-Dihydro-4-methoxy-1methyl-2-oxo-3pyridinecarbonitrile

Echinatine-3’-epimer

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

258 dec 165

nd (bz), pl (w)

nd (chl, eth, 257 al) ye or oran nd 321 (MeOH, py) ye-wh cry lt ye pl (w)

sub

sl H2O, eth, ace; s EtOH, bz, AcOEt 276.5; 17816

1.27820

1.57825

vs H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl, cy, peth

1370.000001

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH; sl eth sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, chl; i eth sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, PhOH; vs dil alk vs H2O, EtOH s H2O

sub sub

170 dec >300

sl H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs py s os i H2O, EtOH, eth; s aq alk, aq NH3, py s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, xyl s os

2.87

175

s H2O

104

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, lig i H2O, eth, ace, chl; sl EtOH

280 dec

88 81

syrup pr or lf (w, al) 201.5

nd or lf (al, aq-ace)

i H2O; s MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, chl, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, ace; i bz i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, HOAc; s alk i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, chl, AcOEt

270 dec

75 109.4

Solubility

s H2O; sl EtOH vs H2O s H2O, chl; sl EtOH, bz; vs py; i peth i H2O; vs chl; s MeOH; sl EtOH

sub 170

185 dec 100.5 41 176

nd (+1w, dil 242 al) cry (MeCN) 169 dec

1520.4 2150.5

1.4432

1.533535 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl eth; vs chl vs bz, EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-457 NH3 NCS Cr SCN NCS NH3 SCN

N

N H H

H H

O

N

N H H O

H

OH

Raubasine

Raunescine

H

O

N H

N H

HO

O

O

H

O

O

O O

O O

Rescinnamine

Resazurin

O O O

H

O

cis-Resmethrin, (-)

O

O O

OH

O

O

O

O

Reserpic acid

N H

O

N

O

OH O

O

H

H

N H

N O

O

H

N H

O

O

O

O

HO

O

O O

O

H O

Reinecke salt

O

H

NH4 . H2O

O

OH

Reserpine

Resorcinol

11-cis-Retinal

Retinal (all trans)

O

O OH

HO

O

13-cis-Retinoic acid

13-trans-Retinoic acid

HO

Retinol

Retinyl palmitate

O

OH O

OH O OH

O

H

HO

O

OH

O

O H

O

OH N

OH

O

N

Retronecine, (+)

O OHHO

HO HO H H

HO

OH

Retrorsine

OH

CHO H H OH OH CH3

DL-α-Rhamnose

Rhamnetin

O

N H

H O O

O

D-Rhamnose

O

Rheadine

O

O O

O

O

OH

OH O

N

O HO

OC CO CO OC OC Re Re CO OC CO OC CO

OH Rhein

HO

O N

N O

Rhenium carbonyl

N

N

Cl

OC

NH

N

N

O

NH2

CO

Cl

OC

Rhodamine B

CO

N

HN O

O N

Riboflavin

HO

O

N CH2 H OH H OH H OH O CH2O P OH OH

OH O OH O

Riboflavin-5’-phosphate

O

CHO H OH H OH H OH CH2OH

CHO HO H HO H HO H CH2OH

D-Ribose

CH2OH O H OH H OH CH2OH

L-Ribose

O

NH

N

O

NH N

O

N

D-Ribulose

OH Ribavirin

O N

N CH2 H OH H OH H OH CH2OH

CH2OH H OH H OH H OH CH2OH Ribitol

N

HN

HO

Rhodium carbonyl chloride

O O

N

Rh

Rh

Cl

Rhizopterin

NH2

O N

O

O

N

Ricinine

Rifabutin

O HO

O

O

HO

N O

OH O Rifampin

O

O

H O

OH

N

O

H

H

Rinderine

NH O

OH

O

OH O OH OH

O

O

Cl

N

O

N

Cl

Cl Ronnel

S O P O

O

O

O H H

OH

H

H

N

H H

HO Rotenone

Rubijervine

H

O

OH O

H H

O O HO

O OH O Rubratoxin B

3-458

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C18H13N3O

84-26-4

287.315

C12O12Ru3 C15H21O6Ru C12H22O10

15243-33-1 14284-93-6 90-74-4

639.33 398.39 326.297

ye nd (al, AcOEt) oran cry

C29H47NO8 C7H5NO3S

124-80-1 81-07-2

537.685 183.185

C7H4NNaO3S

128-44-9

205.168

C10H14O

116-26-7

150.217

C10H10O2

94-59-7

162.185

mcl

C16H14CoN2O2

14167-18-1

325.227

red cry (DMF)

C7H6O2

90-02-8

122.122

liq

9502 Salicylaldoxime

C7H7NO2

94-67-7

137.137

9503 Salsoline

C11H15NO2

89-31-6

193.243

pow or cry (al)

221.5

C12H14As2Cl2N2O2 139-93-5 2447-54-3 C20H15NO5

439.001 349.337

ye hyg pow cry (eth, al)

190 dec 266

9506 α-Santalol 9507 β-Santalol 9508 Santonic acid

C15H24O C15H24O C15H20O4

115-71-9 77-42-9 510-35-0

220.351 220.351 264.318

cry

9509 α-Santonin

C15H18O3

481-06-1

246.302

orth (w, eth) 175

No. Name

Synonym

9491 Rutecarpine 9492 Ruthenium dodecacarbonyl 9493 Ruthenium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 9494 Rutinose

Triruthenium dodecacarbonyl Ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate

9495 Sabadine 9496 Saccharin

9497 Saccharin sodium 9498 Safranal

9499 Safrole 9500 Salcomine

9501 Salicylaldehyde

9504 Salvarsan dihydrochloride 9505 Sanguinarine

1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one, 1,1dioxide, sodium salt 2,6,6-Trimethyl-1,3cyclohexadiene-1carboxaldehyde 5-(2-Propenyl)-1,3benzodioxole N,N’Bis(salicylidene)ethylenediami nocobalt(II) 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

Arsphenamine

mp/˚C

0.82825

701

0.973419

1.528119

vs EtOH, peth

11.2

234.5

1.100020

1.538120

i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, chl s bz, chl, py

-7

197

1.167420

1.574020

301.5 16710 28515

0.967920 0.975020

1.502320 1.511520

sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s chl; i lig sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, peth; s chl, alk vs H2O vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH

229

57

171

89.094 390.513

cry (al) 212 dec pr (95% al, 280 MeOH-eth)

9512 Sarpagan-17-al 9513 Sarpagan-10,17-diol 9514 Saxitoxin dihydrochloride

Vellosimine Sarpagine

C19H20N2O C19H22N2O2 C10H19Cl2N7O4

6874-98-2 482-68-8 35554-08-6

292.374 310.390 372.209

cry (MeOH) 305.5 nd 320 hyg wh solid

9515 Scarlet red

C24H20N4O

85-83-6

380.442

9516 Schradan

C8H24N4O3P2

152-16-9

286.250

dk br pow or 185; dec 260 nd 17 1542.0

9517 Scilliroside

C32H44O12

507-60-8

620.684

lo pr (dil MeOH)

9518 Scopolamine

C17H21NO4

51-34-3

303.354

visc liq

9519 Scopoline

C8H13NO2

487-27-4

155.195

hyg nd (lig, eth, chl, peth) lf

108.5

248

1.0891134

130.9

353.9; 295100

1.270520

C10H18O4

111-20-6

202.248

9521 Selenium methionine

Selenomethionine

C5H11NO2Se

1464-42-2

196.11

CH2Se CH4N2Se CH6ClN3O C18H25NO5

6596-50-5 630-10-4 563-41-7 130-01-8

92.99 123.02 111.531 335.396

hex pl 265 dec (MeOH aq) unstab gas pr or nd (w) pr (dil al) 176 dec pl 232

C18H23NO5

480-81-9

333.380

pl (AcOEt)

C19H27NO6 C9H11N5O3

2318-18-5 17094-01-8

365.420 237.215

pl (ace) 197 ye pow or cry

6-Lactoyl-7,8-dihydropterin

1.0925

dec

Decanedioic acid

9527 Senkirkin 9528 L-Sepiapterin

sub 180

169

9520 Sebacic acid

217 dec

sl H2O; s chl, eth, HOAc, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i peth s H2O i H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH; sl ace, chl

1.59025

107-97-1 76-28-8

9526 Seneciphylline

vs ace, EtOH sl H2O, bz, eth, chl; s ace, EtOH s H2O

sub

C3H7NO2 C23H34O5

Carbamimidoselenoic acid

Solubility

vs H2O, EtOH

N-Methylglycine

Selenoformaldehyde Selenourea Semicarbazide hydrochloride Senecionine

nD

sl EtOH, ace, bz

9510 Sarcosine 9511 Sarmentogenin

9522 9523 9524 9525

den/ g cm-3

259.5

dec 150 230 hyg pow (al, 190 dec eth) nd (eth) 258 nd (ace) pr 228 dec (al), lf (w)

wh cry

bp/˚C

dec 200

1.46225

1.422133

i H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, MeOH, EtOH i H2O; sl ace, bz; vs chl, peth vs H2O, EtOH, chl sl H2O, ace, chl; vs EtOH, diox; i eth vs hot H2O, EtOH, ace; sl bz s H2O

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth; i bz

vs H2O vs H2O i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s chl s chl; sl EtOH, ace; i eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-459

H

N OH

O N

N H

OC CO OC CO Ru CO OC

O

N

OC Ru OC OC

Rutecarpine

Ru CO

O

O

O

CO CO

O

O

H

OH OH OH HO

Ruthenium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

O

OH OH

Rutinose

Sabadine

OH O

N Na

NH

Saccharin

O

O

S O O

S O O

OH

H

HO

O

O

OH OH OH

H

H O

O

Ruthenium dodecacarbonyl

O O

HO

Rh

O

Saccharin sodium

Safranal

Safrole

N

N N Co O O

OH

OH

Salcomine

Salicylaldehyde

Salicylaldoxime

O As HO

O

2HCl N

NH2

NH

O

OH

O

OH Salsoline

H

O

2

Salvarsan dihydrochloride

α-Santalol

Sanguinarine

O

β-Santalol

HO

O O α-Santonin

N HH

OH HO

OH

HO

O

O

H N

Santonic acid

O

H O

O O

H HO

CH2OH

O

OH

N

N HH

N

H

Sarcosine

Sarmentogenin

Sarpagan-17-al

Sarpagan-10,17-diol

O O

H2N

OH

O H H N

O HN HN

OH N

NH 2HCl N

N

HO

N

N

O O N P O P N N N

N H OH OH

Saxitoxin dihydrochloride

OH O O

Scarlet red

O

OH HO

O

OH

Schradan

Scilliroside

N O OH HO

HO O

OH Sebacic acid

O H2N

N H

NH2

HCl

Semicarbazide hydrochloride

N Senecionine

O

O H N Seneciphylline

NH2

Selenourea

O

O O

H2N

H

Selenoformaldehyde

OH

O H O H

H

Selenium methionine

HO

HO

Se

Se

OH NH2

Scopoline

O

Se

O

O

Scopolamine

O

O

N

O

O

O

O O N Senkirkin

O

O

O N

OH

N H

O

NH N

L-Sepiapterin

NH2

OH

HO NH2 DL-Serine

3-460

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

9529 DL-Serine

C3H7NO3

302-84-1

105.093

9530 D-Serine

C3H7NO3

312-84-5

105.093

C3H7NO3

56-45-1

105.093

C21H20N2O3

18786-24-8

348.395

mcl pr or lf 246 dec (w) nd or hex pr 229 dec (w) hex pl or pr 228 dec (w) 175

C15H12Cl2O3

94-83-7

311.160

cry

C8H7Cl2NaO5S

136-78-7

309.100

9535 Sethoxydim 9536 Shikimic acid

C17H29NO3S C7H10O5

74051-80-2 138-59-0

327.482 174.151

nd

184

9537 Siduron

C14H20N2O

1982-49-6

232.321

cry solid

135

C9H7Cl3O3

93-72-1

269.509

181.6

C7H12ClN5

122-34-9

201.657

226

14929-11-4 530-59-6

469.354 224.210

cry wh pow

52

115-53-7

329.391

nd (bz)

162

C30H50O

474-40-8

426.717

nd (al)

166

C6H7AsNNaO3

127-85-5

239.037

wh cry

C6H7NaO6 C6H5NaO2S C6H5NaO3S C7H5NaO2 C2H6AsNaO2 C3H3Cl2NaO2 C5H10NNaS2

134-03-2 873-55-2 515-42-4 532-32-1 124-65-2 127-20-8 148-18-5

198.106 164.158 180.157 144.104 159.980 164.951 171.260

cry cry

20624-25-3

225.306

orth cry (ace) 95

129-96-4

364.260

C3H7NNaS2 C18H29NaO3S

128-04-1 2211-98-5

144.215 348.476

wh nd or lf (w) col cry (w) cry

C12H25NaO4S C2H5NaO

151-21-3 141-52-6

288.379 68.050

wh pow 205 hyg wh pow 260 dec

C2H2FNaO2

62-74-8

100.024

wh mcl cry

200

Sodium hydroxymethanesulfonate Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate

CH3NaO4S

870-72-4

134.088

CH3NaO3S

149-44-0

118.088

cry (EtOH aq) cry (w)

63 (hyd)

9561 Sodium gluconate 9562 Sodium 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate Monosodium 2hydroxyethanesulfonate 9563 Sodium 2-hydroxy-2Monosodium 2-hydroxy-2propanesulfonate propanesulfonate 9564 Sodium iodomethanesulfonate Methiodal sodium 9565 Sodium O-isopropyl xanthate

C6H11NaO7 C2H5NaO4S

527-07-1 1562-00-1

218.137 148.114

C3H7NaO4S

540-92-1

162.141

cry

CH2INaO3S C4H7NaOS2

126-31-8 140-93-2

243.984 158.218

9566 Sodium methanolate

CH3NaO

124-41-4

54.024

CH4AsNaO3

2163-80-6

161.953

cry hyg wh-ye pow wh hyg tetr cry cry (w)

137-42-8 521-24-4

129.180 260.199

113-24-6

110.044

No. Name

9531 L-Serine

Synonym

2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, (S)

9532 Serpentine alkaloid 9533 Sesin 9534 Sesone

9538 Silvex 9539 Simazine 9540 Simfibrate 9541 Sinapinic acid

9542 Sinomenine

9543 α1-Sitosterol 9544 Sodium arsanilate 9545 9546 9547 9548 9549 9550 9551

Sodium ascorbate Sodium benzenesulfinate Sodium benzenesulfonate Sodium benzoate Sodium cacodylate Sodium 2,2-dichloropropanoate Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate

9552 Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate 9553 Sodium 4,5-dihydroxy-2,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 9554 Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate 9555 Sodium 4dodecylbenzenesulfonate 9556 Sodium dodecyl sulfate 9557 Sodium ethanolate

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyethyl benzoate Sodium 2-(2,4dichlorophenoxy)ethyl sulfate

Propanoic acid, 2-(2,4,5trichlorophenoxy)1,3,5-Triazine-2,4-diamine, 6chloro-N,N’-diethyl-

C23H26Cl2O6 3-(4-Hydroxy-3,5C11H12O5 dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid C19H23NO4

4-Methylstigmasta-7,24(28)dien-3-ol, (3β,4α,5α,24Z) Sodium (4aminophenyl)arsonate

Monosodium benzenesulfonate Sodium dimethylarsonate Dithiocarb sodium

Diethyldithiocarbamate sodium C5H16NNaO3S2 salt trihydrate Chromotropic acid disodium salt C10H6Na2O8S2

Sodium lauryl sulfate Sodium ethoxide

9558 Sodium fluoroacetate 9559 Sodium formaldehyde bisulfite 9560 Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate

9567 Sodium methylarsonate 9568 Sodium methyldithiocarbamate 9569 Sodium β-naphthoquinone-4sulfonate 9570 Sodium 2-oxopropanoate

Sodium methoxide

Metham sodium C2H4NNaS2 Sodium 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dioxo- C10H5NaO5S 1-naphthalenesulfonate C3H3NaO3

mp/˚C

66

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3 1.60322

dec sub 150

1.622

nD

Solubility s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

1851.5

245 dec

gran cry hyg pow cry (EtOH)

>900.00003 subl

1.04325 sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl s EtOH, DMF, CH2Cl2

1.30220 2250.15 i H2O; s MeOH, ace sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace, dil alk vs EtOH, chl s H2O

218 dec 300 >300 >300 60 (hyd) 166 dec 95

s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH, MeOH, ace; i eth, bz vs H2O; s EtOH, ace; i bz, eth vs H2O

121 (hyd) 144

reac H2O; s EtOH i ace, chl; sl EtOH, MeOH

s H2O; i EtOH, bz, eth s H2O s H2O s H2O; sl EtOH sl EtOH, ace, bz

150 dec 300 115

cry (w)

reac H2O; s MeOH, EtOH vs H2O; s MeOH; i os vs H2O

287 dec s H2O; sl abs EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-461

N

N O

H

O OH

HO

O

OH

HO

NH2

NH2

D-Serine

L-Serine

H

O O

O

O

Cl

HO

O

N

HO

O

Cl

NH OH

N

Cl

OH

Sethoxydim

O O

N H

OH

O

Sesone

O HN

Cl

Cl

Shikimic acid

O

Cl

Sesin

O S

Cl

Cl

Serpentine alkaloid

O O S O Na

O

O

Siduron

N N

Silvex

N H

Simazine

O O O O

O

O

OH

HO

Simfibrate

HO

Sodium arsanilate

O S

O O Na

Sodium benzenesulfinate

α1-Sitosterol

O

O Na O

Na

N

S

3H2O

Sodium benzoate

O Na Cl

Sodium 2,2-dichloropropanoate

SO3 Na

Na O3S

S

N

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate

Cl

Sodium cacodylate

Na

OH OH Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate

O

O As O Na

O Na

Sodium benzenesulfonate

S

S S

S

H

Sinomenine

OH

Sodium ascorbate

Na

HO

O

Sinapinic acid

CH2O Na OH O O

N

O O

Cl

NH2

H

O

Cl

O HO As O Na

HO

O

O

Sodium 4,5-dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

S

N

Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate

O Na O S O

Na

O S O O O

Sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate

HO

O S

H HO H H O Na

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate

COO Na OH H OH OH CH2OH

Sodium gluconate

O Na O

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

HO

O S O Na O

Sodium 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate

Sodium ethanolate

HO

O S O Na O

Sodium 2-hydroxy-2-propanesulfonate

F

O Na

Sodium fluoroacetate

I

O S O Na O

HO

O S O Na O

Sodium iodomethanesulfonate

Sodium formaldehyde bisulfite

S HS

O

Sodium O-isopropyl xanthate

O O

Na O CH3 Sodium methanolate

O HO As O Na Sodium methylarsonate

Na S

O Na

O

S N H

Sodium methyldithiocarbamate

O S O O Na Sodium β-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate

O Na O Sodium 2-oxopropanoate

Sodium phenolate

3-462

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

9571 Sodium phenolate

Sodium phenoxide

C6H5NaO

139-02-6

116.093

hyg cry

384

9572 Sodium propanoate 9573 Sodium sulfobromophthalein

Sulfobromophthalein sodium

137-40-6 C3H5NaO2 C20H8Br4Na2O10S2 71-67-0

96.061 837.998

hyg cry

9574 Sodium tartrate 9575 Sodium tartrate dihydrate 9576 Sodium tetraphenylborate

C4H4Na2O6 C4H8Na2O8 C24H20BNa

868-18-8 6106-24-7 143-66-8

194.051 230.082 342.217

nd

300

9577 9578 9579 9580

Sodium trichloroacetate Sodium trifluoroacetate Solanid-5-ene-3,18-diol, (3 β) Solanine

C2Cl3NaO2 C2F3NaO2 C27H43NO2 C45H73NO15

650-51-1 2923-18-4 468-45-1 20562-02-1

185.369 136.005 413.636 868.060

ye-wh pow cry pr(al) nd (EtOH aq)

300 207 dec 242.5 286 dec

9581 9582 9583 9584 9585

Solanone Soman Sophoricoside Sorbitan oleate L-Sorbose

C13H22O C7H16FO2P C21H20O10 C24H44O6 C6H12O6

1937-54-8 96-64-0 152-95-4 1338-43-8 87-79-6

194.313 182.173 432.378 428.602 180.155

9586 Sparteine

C15H26N2

90-39-1

234.380

9587 9588 9589 9590 9591

C8H8O5 C24H32O4S C5H8 C27H45NO2 C27H43NO2

85-23-4 52-01-7 157-40-4 77-59-8 126-17-0

184.147 416.574 68.118 415.652 413.636

red-bl

lf (bz), nd 271.5 (eth) lf (al +1w) pr 205.5 (ace)

Isorubijervine

L-Sorbinose

Spinulosin Spironolactone Spiro[2.2]pentane Spirosolan-3-ol, (3β,5α,22β,25S) Tomatidine Spirosol-5-en-3-ol, (3β,22α,25R) Solasodine

9592 Spirostan-2,3-diol, (2α,3β,5α,25R) 9593 Spirostan-3-ol, (3β,5α,25R)

Gitogenin

C27H44O4

511-96-6

432.636

Tigogenin

C27H44O3

77-60-1

416.636

9594 Spirostan-3-ol, (3β,5β,25R) 9595 Spirostan-3-ol, (3β,5β,25S)

Smilagenin Sarsasapogenin

C27H44O3 C27H44O3

126-18-1 126-19-2

416.636 416.636

9596 Spirostan-2,3,15-triol, (2α,3β,5α,15β,25R) 9597 Spirost-5-en-3-ol, (3β,25R) 9598 Spiro[5.5]undecane 9599 S-Propyl thioacetate 9600 Squalene

Digitogenin

C27H44O5

511-34-2

448.635

Diosgenin

C27H42O3 C11H20 C5H10OS C30H50

512-04-9 180-43-8 2307-10-0 111-02-4

Octadecanoic acid

C7H13NO2 C21H32N2O C18H36O C18H36O2

Octadecanoic anhydride

165

0.87020

1.475520

0.986 1.61217

1.480020

30.5

325; 1738

1.019620

1.531220

202.5

sub 120 134 39

0.726620

1.412020

liq -107.0 pl 210.5 hex pl (sub) 202

205.5

oil

-4.8

471-87-4 10418-03-8 638-66-4 57-11-4

143.184 328.491 268.478 284.478

cry (w+1) cry (EtOH) nd (peth) mcl lf (al)

235 ≈236

C36H70O3

638-08-4

550.939

7-Dehydrositosterol Stigmasterol

C18H12O6 C29H48O C29H48O

10048-13-2 521-04-0 83-48-7

324.284 412.690 412.690

β-Sitosterol

C29H52O C29H50O

83-45-4 83-46-5

416.722 414.706

9611 Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3β,24S) 9612 cis-Stilbene

γ-Sitosterol cis-1,2-Diphenylethene

C29H50O C14H12

83-47-6 645-49-8

414.706 180.245

cry (EtOH)

9613 trans-Stilbene

trans-1,2-Diphenylethene

C14H12

103-30-0

180.245

cry (al)

9614 Streptomycin

N-Methyl-LC21H39N7O12 glucosamidinostreptosidostrep tidine C42H84N14O36S3 C8H15N3O7 C23H32O6

57-92-1

581.575

hyg pow

3810-74-0 18883-66-4 66-28-4

1457.383 pow 265.221 pl 404.496 orth tab (MeOH-w) lf (w+2)

9615 Streptomycin sulfate 9616 Streptozotocin 9617 Strophanthidin

vs H2O; s EtOH, thf sl H2O s H2O; i EtOH, ace s H2O s H2O; i EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, chl; i peth s H2O, EtOH

274 ye oil orth (al)

cry (ace)

9606 Sterigmatocystin 9607 Stigmasta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β) 9608 Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3β,22E) 9609 Stigmastan-3-ol, (3β,5α) 9610 Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3β,24R)

Solubility

vs bz, chl i H2O, eth, chl; s hot EtOH 601

414.620 152.277 118.197 410.718

9605 Stearic acid anhydride

nD

liq

281.5

Stachydrine Stanozolol Stearaldehyde Stearic acid

den/ g cm-3

1.54525

nd (ace) lo pr, nd (ace) nd (al)

9601 9602 9603 9604

bp/˚C

s EtOH, eth s EtOH, ace, bz, diox, py; sl eth; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, MeOH, peth vs ace, bz, EtOH s EtOH, ace, bz, chl vs chl

185 200.5

69.3

vs EtOH 208 137.9 421.3; 28017

pl (al)

0.878320 0.953525 0.858420

1.4731 1.499020

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, ctc vs H2O, EtOH

261 dec 350; 23215 0.940820

1.429980

0.836582

1.436280

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl, CS2 i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz

72 ye nd

246 dec 144.5 170

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH

144 137 148 -5

14112

1.014320

1.613020

124.2

307; 16612

0.970720

1.626417

≈230 dec 115 dec 173 dec

i H2O; s EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, MeOH vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s alk

s EtOH, eth, HOAc s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz s H2O

s H2O, EtOH i H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-463 O

HO

SO3Na OH

NaO3S

Cl Cl

Br O

O

H HO

Br O

Br

O Na Sodium propanoate

O Na

Sodium sulfobromophthalein

COO Na OH H COO Na

Sodium tartrate

Sodium trichloroacetate

COO Na OH H COO Na

H HO

H

HO

Cl

Na

Br B

O

2H2O

F F

Sodium tartrate dihydrate

H

Sodium tetraphenylborate

N

H O Na HO

F

Solanid-5-ene-3,18-diol, (3β)

Sodium trifluoroacetate

HO O H H H

Solanone

OH

HO

HO

HO

O O

CH3

OH

O OH

OH OH

O

Soman

OH

Sophoricoside

CH2OH O HO H H OH HO H CH2OH

O

OH

Solanine

OH

OH

O

O O

O

HO

O O

HO

HO

O P O F

N

HO

O

OH

O

Sorbitan oleate

O OH

H

N HO

N

L-Sorbose

O

H

O Spinulosin

Sparteine

O H N

O H

H

O

H

O

S

H HO

O Spironolactone

Spiro[2.2]pentane

H

O

O H

H

Spirosolan-3-ol, (3β,5α,22β,25S)

HO

Spirosol-5-en-3-ol, (3β,22α,25R)

O

H

HO

H Spirostan-2,3-diol, (2α,3β,5α,25R)

H Spirostan-3-ol, (3β,5α,25R)

O

O

H

HO

Spiro[5.5]undecane

O

H

O

OH HO

HO

H

Spirostan-3-ol, (3β,5β,25R)

HO

H

Spirostan-3-ol, (3β,5β,25S)

S

HO

H

Spirostan-2,3,15-triol, (2α,3β,5α,15β,25R)

Spirost-5-en-3-ol, (3β,25R)

S-Propyl thioacetate

O

OH Squalene

O

H

O

O

O

O

O

H

HO

HO

H

O H

H N

H

Stearaldehyde

H

O O

O

N

HN

O

H

Stachydrine

OH O

O

OH

N

O

Stanozolol

Stearic acid

Stearic acid anhydride

O

H

O

O H

H O

HO Stigmasta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

Sterigmatocystin

HO

HO

NH

NH

H2N

O

Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3β,24S)

H3C

O H3C

O

Streptomycin

O

3H2SO4

CHO

O HO O

OH O O

HO

OH

CH2OH MeHN

OH

OH

trans-Stilbene

O

CHO

CH2OH MeHN

cis-Stilbene

HO

HO

OH O O

HO

NH

NH OH

HO

HO

HO

Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3β,24R)

NH NH2

NH NH2 OH

H

HO

Stigmastan-3-ol, (3β,5α)

NH

NH H2N

H

Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3β,22E)

HN 2

Streptomycin sulfate

O

OH

H

HO N O Streptozotocin

N

O

OH HO

OH Strophanthidin

3-464

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

9618 Strychnidin-10-one mononitrate

Strychnine nitrate

C21H23N3O5

66-32-0

397.425

nd (w)

295

9619 Strychnidin-10-one sulfate (2:1)

Strychnine sulfate

C42H46N4O8S

60-41-3

766.901

C21H22N2O2

57-24-9

334.412

orth pr (al)

287

2705

1.3620

C8H8

100-42-5

104.150

liq

-30.65

145

0.901625

1.544025

304-55-2

182.219

110-14-5 110-15-6

116.119 118.089

wh cry 193 (MeOH) orth nd (w) 268 dec tcl or mcl pr 187.9

sub 125 dec 235

1.57225

1.450

261

1.220

dec 287

1.41825

266

0.986760

1.417360

1.580517

1.5376

1.2716

1.4660

9620 Strychnine

9621 Styrene

Vinylbenzene

9622 Succimer

2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid, C4H6O4S2 (R*,S*) C4H8N2O2 C4H6O4

9623 Succinamide 9624 Succinic acid

9625 Succinic anhydride

C4H4O3

108-30-5

100.073

9626 Succinimide

C4H5NO2

123-56-8

99.089

9627 Succinonitrile

Butanedinitrile

C4H4N2

110-61-2

80.088

9628 Succinylcholine chloride

Suxamethonium chloride

C14H30Cl2N2O4

71-27-2

361.305

cry (w)

190

9629 Succinylsulphathiazole

C13H13N3O5S2

116-43-8

355.389

cry

193.5

9630 Sucralfate

C12H54Al16O75S8

54182-58-0

2086.737 wh amorp pow

9631 Sucrose

C12H22O11

57-50-1

342.296

mcl

185.5

C28H52O12 C28H38O19

26446-38-8 126-14-7

580.706 678.591

cry nd (al)

61 86.5

C22H30N2O2S C13H12N2O3S

56030-54-7 127-71-9

386.550 276.310

9636 Sulfachlorpyridazine 9637 Sulfacytine

C10H9ClN4O2S C12H14N4O3S

80-32-0 17784-12-2

284.722 294.329

9638 Sulfadimethoxine 9639 Sulfaguanidine 9640 Sulfallate

C12H14N4O4S C7H10N4O2S C8H14ClNS2

122-11-2 57-67-0 95-06-7

310.329 214.245 223.787

cry (peth) 96.6 hex pr (60% 181.5 al) 187 cry (MeOH/ 167 BuOH) 203.5 nd (w) 191.5

9641 Sulfamerazine

C11H12N4O2S

127-79-7

264.304

cry

9642 Sulfamethazine

C12H14N4O2S

57-68-1

278.330

9643 9644 9645 9646 9647

C9H10N4O2S2 C10H11N3O3S C11H12N4O3S C10H11N3O2S2 C12H13N3O4S2

144-82-1 723-46-6 80-35-3 515-59-3 547-52-4

270.331 253.277 280.303 269.343 327.379

pa ye (w+1/ 198.5 2) cry (diox-w) cry (w) 210 ye-wh pow 171 182.5 237 137

C7H9N3O3S C15H14N4O2S

547-44-4 526-08-9

215.229 314.363

cry (w) cry (EtOH)

C18H14N4O5S C9H9N3O2S2

599-79-1 72-14-0

398.393 255.316

C7H9N3O2S2 C23H20N2O3S C6H5NOS C11H13N3O3S C2H4O5S

515-49-1 57-96-5 1122-83-4 127-69-5 123-43-3

231.295 404.481 139.175 267.304 140.115

220 dec br pl, rods or 175(form a); pow (45% 202(form b) al) 182 137

9634 Sufentanil 9635 Sulfabenzamide

Sulfamethiazole Sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfamethylthiazole N4-Sulfanilylsulfanilamide

Sucrose palmitate

N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl] benzamide

Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, 2-chloro-2-propenyl ester

4-Amino-N-[4-(aminosulfonyl) phenyl]benzenesulfonamide

9648 Sulfanilylurea 9649 Sulfaphenazole 9650 Sulfasalazine 9651 Sulfathiazole

9652 9653 9654 9655 9656

Sulfathiourea Sulfinpyrazone N-Sulfinylaniline Sulfisoxazole Sulfoacetic acid

4-Amino-N-2thiazolylbenzenesulfonamide

den/ g cm-3

nD

1.62725

200 dec

nd (al), orth 119 pym (chl) pl (+1w, al) 126.5 orth (ace) 57.98

9632 Sucrose monohexadecanoate 9633 Sucrose octaacetate

bp/˚C

2501

s H2O sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; sl eth sl EtOH, bz, chl; i eth i H2O, eth, chl; sl EtOH, ace; s alk i H2O, EtOH, chl; s dil HCl, alk s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

1.088

236

sl H2O, EtOH, ace, DMSO; i eth, chl s H2O, acid, alk; sl DMSO sl hot H2O i eth vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i chl, peth

147 dec 181

sl EtOH, MeOH, gl HOAc sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH 200

191 85

vs H2O, MeOH; sl bz; s chl, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i eth; sl chl sl H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; i eth; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz; sl ctc

i H2O; s alk

1291

ye-wh pow hyg tab (w+1)

Solubility

dec 245

1.23625

1.627020 sl H2O vs H2O, ace, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-465 N

N

H

H N

HNO3

H

H

O

H

N

N O

O

Strychnidin-10-one mononitrate

H

H2SO4

H

H

N

O

H

H

H

O

H

2

Strychnidin-10-one sulfate (2:1)

HS HS

O

Strychnine

Styrene

O

O NH2

H2N

O

O

O

Succinic acid

O

O

O

Succinic anhydride

Cl

N

Succinimide

Succinonitrile

Succinylcholine chloride

AcO O

O RO

S

RO OH

N H

OR

OR

R = SO3[Al2(OH)5]

O

Succinylsulphathiazole

AcO

HO O O HO

HO

O OR

AcO

HO

O RO

OR O

OAc

OH O

Sucralfate

O O AcO

AcO

OH

OH

O N S

Sucrose octaacetate

Sufentanil

O

O O O N S N H

O O O S N H

Cl

O O N S N H

H2N

H2N Sulfabenzamide

N

Cl Sulfaguanidine

O O S N H

N

H2N

N

O O S N H

N

N

O O S N H

N

N4-Sulfanilylsulfanilamide

Sulfamethylthiazole

N

N N

H2N

H N

OH

N

H2N Sulfasalazine

O N

N

O S N

H2N

Sulfathiazole

O O S N H H 2N

Sulfathiourea

O O N S N S H

O

S O O

Sulfaphenazole

O

O NH2 S O

OH

O O S N H

O S O O S S NH2 N H

S

H2N

Sulfamethoxypyridazine

H2N Sulfanilylurea

Sulfamethiazole

H2N

H 2N

O O O S NH2 N H

Sulfamethazine

O

O O S N H

Sulfamethoxazole

H2N

H2N Sulfamerazine

O

O O N N S N S H

O O N S N N H

H2N

Sulfallate

O

Sulfadimethoxine

O O N S N N H

S

N

H2N Sulfacytine

S

H2N

O O N S N H

N

H2N Sulfachlorpyridazine

O O NH S NH2 N H

N

O

OAc

OAc

Sucrose

N

Sulfinpyrazone

Cl

N

O

N

RO O O S N H

O

O

O

N H

HO

N

Succimer

O N

OH

HO

Succinamide

COOH H H COOH

N-Sulfinylaniline

Sulfisoxazole

O

N

O O O S HO OH Sulfoacetic acid

3-466

No. Name 9657 2-Sulfobenzoic acid 9658 Sulfolane 9659 Sulfometuron methyl 9660 Sulfonmethane

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym Tetrahydrothiophene, 1-1dioxide 2,2-Bis(ethylsulfonyl)propane

9661 Sulfonyldiacetic acid 9662 4-Sulfophthalic acid 9663 9664 9665 9666 9667 9668 9669

Sulfotep Sulfuryl chloride isocyanate Sulphan Blue Sulprofos Sunset Yellow FCF Suprasterol II Sutan

9670 Symclosene

4-Sulfo-1,2benzenedicarboxylic acid

C.I. Food Yellow 3 Carbamothioic acid, bis(2methylpropyl)-, S-ethyl ester 1,3,5-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione

9671 Syringin 9672 Tabun 9673 Tachysterol

9678 DL-Tartaric acid 9679 meso-Tartaric acid 9680 D-Tartaric acid 9681 L-Tartaric acid 9682 Taurocholic acid

Tannin 2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, (R*, R*)-(±)2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, [S-(R*,R*)]2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, [R-(R*,R*)]Cholaic acid

9683 Taxine A 9684 Taxol 9685 9686 9687 9688

Paclitaxel

Tebuconazole Tebuthiuron Teniposide Tephrosin

9689 Terbacil

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C7H6O5S C4H8O2S

632-25-7 126-33-0

202.185 120.171

nd (w+3)

C15H16N4O5S C7H16O4S2

74222-97-2 115-24-2

364.377 228.330

wh solid mcl (w), pr (al)

C4H6O6S

123-45-5

182.152

C8H6O7S

89-08-7

246.195

C8H20O5P2S2 CClNO3S C27H31N2NaO6S2 C12H19O2PS3 C16H10N2Na2O7S2 C28H44O C11H23NOS

3689-24-5 1189-71-5 129-17-9 35400-43-2 2783-94-0 562-71-0 2008-41-5

322.320 141.534 566.664 322.447 452.369 396.648 217.372

C3Cl3N3O3

87-90-1

232.409

C17H24O9

118-34-3

372.368

77-81-6

162.127

115-61-7

396.648

C6H12O6 C11H16N2O3

87-81-0 115-44-6

180.155 224.256

C26H29NO C76H52O46

10540-29-1 1401-55-4

C4H6O6

133-37-9

C4H6O6 C4H6O6

147-73-9 147-71-7

C4H6O6

87-69-4

371.514 cry (peth) 1701.198 ye-br amorp pow 150.087 mcl pr (w, al +1w) 150.087 tcl pl (w) 150.087 mcl, orth pr (w+1) 150.087

C26H45NO7S

81-24-3

515.703

pr (al-eth)

125 dec

C35H47NO10

1361-49-5

641.749

cry (ace)

205

C47H51NO14

33069-62-4

853.907

nd (MeOH aq)

214 dec

C16H23ClN3O C9H16N4OS C32H32O13S C23H22O7

107534-96-3 34014-18-1 29767-20-2 76-80-2

308.826 228.314 656.653 410.417

Dimethylphosphoroamidocyanid C5H11N2O2P ic acid, ethyl ester 9,10-Secoergosta-5(10),6,8,22- C28H44O tetraen-3-ol, (3β,6E,22E)-

9674 D-Tagatose 9675 Talbutal

9676 Tamoxifen 9677 Tannic acid

Mol. Form.

9694 Terephthalic acid

5-Chloro-3-tert-butyl-6-methyl- C9H13ClN2O2 2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione C9H21O2PS3 6-Chloro-N-tert-butyl-N’-ethyl- C9H16ClN5 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine C10H19N5S Tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo- C7H10O4 3-furancarboxylic acid 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid C8H6O4

9695 Terfenadine

Seldane

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

141 27.6

287.3

202 125.8

dec 300

den/ g cm-3 1.272318

cry

139

liq viol pow

-44

cry pr

>300 110

vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, sulf

1372 107

1.19625 1.62625

1.475325 1.446720

1560.1

1.2020

1.5859

1900.005 13821

0.940225

cry (w), nd (al) liq

cry (dil al) cry

cry (EtOH) pr (chlMeOH)

192

s EtOH sl H2O s H2O; sl EtOH s MeOH

-50

vs EtOH 240

1.077

1.425020

134.5 109

97 ≈210 dec 206

1.78825

147 172.5

1.66620 1.759820

1.495520

vs EtOH, ace; i bz, chl, eth, ctc s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz vs H2O, EtOH sl DMSO

169 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

102.4 163 dec 244 198

vs ace, eth, chl 25

1.34

13071-79-9 5915-41-3

288.431 229.710

-29.2 178

690.01

1.10524 1.18820

886-50-0 79-91-4

241.357 158.152

104 175

1570.06

cry

1.11520 0.815

100-21-0

166.132

nd (sub)

C32H41NO2

50679-08-8

471.674

9696 o-Terphenyl

C18H14

84-15-1

230.304

9697 m-Terphenyl

C18H14

92-06-8

230.304

9698 p-Terphenyl

C18H14

92-94-4

230.304

C10H16

99-86-5

136.234

sl H2O; s EtOH

sub 300

147 mcl pr (MeOH) ye nd (al)

msc H2O i H2O, MeOH; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O i H2O, peth; s EtOH, ace, eth, chl

sub 175

4-Isopropyl-1-methyl-1,3cyclohexadiene

i H2O; s EtOH

246.7 dec

176

9699 α-Terpinene

1.483318

187

216.664

9692 Terbutryn 9693 Terebic acid

Solubility vs H2O, EtOH s chl

vs bz, EtOH, chl

5902-51-2

9690 Terbufos 9691 Terbuthylazine

nD

56.20

332

87

363

213.9

376 174

1.19920

0.837519

1.47719

i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH; sl hx i H2O; s ace, bz, chl, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS2 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-467 HO

HO

O

O

O OH S O

O O 2-Sulfobenzoic acid

Sulfolane

O

Sulfometuron methyl

N

O OH

O N O O O S N N N H H

S

O

S O

O

S O

HO

Sulfonmethane

O O O O S

O

O S O OH

OH

Sulfonyldiacetic acid

S S O O P P O O

4-Sulfophthalic acid

Sulfotep

SO3 Na

SO3 Na HO N

SO3

Cl

O O S N

H

N

C

Sulphan Blue

Sulprofos

O

H

O

Cl

N

N O Sutan

N N Cl

Cl

O

O

O

OH O

O

HO OH

Symclosene

O P

Suprasterol II

CH2OH O HO H HO H H OH CH2OH

N

N Syringin

H

Sunset Yellow FCF

OH

HO

O

HO

SO3 Na

S

O

Sulfuryl chloride isocyanate

S

N

S O P O S

OH

Tabun

Tachysterol

O NH O

D-Tagatose

N H

O

Talbutal

CH2OR O OR OR RO

N

OR

O

OH HO O HO

HO

O

HO Tannic acid

HO HO

OH O

OH Tamoxifen

COOH H H COOH

OH O

O

R=

OH

DL-Tartaric acid

HO H

meso-Tartaric acid

COOH H OH COOH

D-Tartaric acid

COOH OH H COOH

H HO

L-Tartaric acid

O

OH

N H

O OH

H O

O O O

HO

H

O

H O

OH

O

Taurocholic acid

OH

O

O

HO

O OH S O

O

HO

H OH OH O

H O O

O O

OH N N

O

N H

N

Taxine A

N

Cl Taxol

Tebuconazole

O O S

OH O OH O H

O

O O

O

O

O OH

S

N

O

Cl

N H

O

O

O

OH Teniposide

Tebuthiuron

Cl

O

O

O

N N

N

O H

N H

Tephrosin

O

S O P O S

Terbacil

Terbufos

N S

N H

N N

N H

Terbuthylazine

OH

HO NH N S

O

N N

O

N OH

N H

Terbutryn

O

O Terebic acid

HO

O

Terephthalic acid

OH Terfenadine

o-Terphenyl

m-Terphenyl

p-Terphenyl

α-Terpinene

3-468

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

9700 γ-Terpinene 9701 α-Terpineol 9702 α-Terpineol acetate

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H16 C10H18O

99-85-4 2438-12-2

136.234 154.249

Physical Form cry (peth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

40.5

183 220

0.84920 0.933720

1.476514 1.483120

21

21

40

11

C12H20O2

80-26-2

196.286

140 , 105

C10H16

586-62-9

136.234

186

0.863215

C15H11N3 C5H5Cl3N2OS

1148-79-4 2593-15-9

233.268 247.530

370 951

1.50325

C12H8S3

1081-34-1

248.387

ye-oran pl (MeOH)

93

9707 Testolactone 9708 3,6,9,12-Tetraazatetradecane-1,14- Pentaethylenehexamine diamine 9709 Tetrabenazine 9710 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene 9711 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane Acetylene tetrabromide

C19H24O3 C10H28N6

968-93-4 4067-16-7

300.392 232.369

cry (ace) liq

218

C19H27NO3 C6H2Br4 C2H2Br4

58-46-8 636-28-2 79-27-6

317.422 393.696 345.653

128 mcl pr (CS2) 182 ye visc liq 0

9712 Tetrabromoethene

Tetrabromoethylene

C2Br4

79-28-7

343.637

9713 2’,4’,5’,7’-Tetrabromofluorescein, disodium salt 9714 4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-1,3isobenzofurandione 9715 Tetrabromomethane

Eosine YS

C20H6Br4Na2O5

17372-87-1

691.855

pl (dil al), nd 56.5 (al) ye-red cry 295.5

C8Br4O3

632-79-1

463.700

Carbon tetrabromide

CBr4

558-13-4

331.627

9716 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromo-6methylphenol

3,4,5,6-Tetrabromo-o-cresol

C7H4Br4O

576-55-6

9717 3’,3’’,5’,5’’Tetrabromophenolphthalein

C20H10Br4O4

9718 3’,3’’,5’,5’’Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester 9719 3’,3’’,5’,5’’Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt 9720 Tetrabutylammonium bromide TMAB 9721 Tetrabutylammonium chloride 9722 Tetrabutylammonium fluoride 9723 Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide 9724 Tetrabutylammonium iodide 9725 9726 9727 9728 9729

9703 Terpinolene

9704 2,2’:6’,2’’-Terpyridine 9705 Terrazole 9706 2,2’:5’,2’’-Terthiophene

p-Mentha-1,4(8)-diene

1,2,4-Thiadiazole, 5-ethoxy-3(trichloromethyl)α-Terthienyl

88.0 19.9

3.120 243.5; 15154

189.5

423.722

ye nd (chl, HOAc)

208

dec

76-62-0

633.907

nd (al, eth)

296

C22H14Br4O4

1176-74-5

661.960

ye cry (bz)

210

C22H13Br4KO4

62637-91-6

700.050

210

C16H36BrN C16H36ClN C16H36FN C16H37NO C16H36IN

1643-19-2 1112-67-0 429-41-4 2052-49-5 311-28-4

322.368 277.917 261.462 259.471 369.368

99 cry 74 cry (w) 37 stab in soln lf (w, bz) 148

C32H72N2O4S C16H36BrP C16H36O4Si C16H36Sn C18H36N2S4

32503-27-8 3115-68-2 4766-57-8 1461-25-2 1634-02-2

580.990 339.335 320.541 347.167 408.752

170 cry (ace/eth) 102

C16H36O4Ti C15H25ClN2O2 C6H2Cl4

5593-70-4 136-47-0 634-66-2

340.322 300.825 215.892

9733 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 9734 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene

C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4

634-90-2 95-94-3

215.892 215.892

9735 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2benzenediol 9736 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,4benzenediol

C6H2Cl4O2

1198-55-6

247.891

C6H2Cl4O2

87-87-6

9737 9738 9739 9740

C12H6Cl4 C12H6Cl4 C12H6Cl4 C15H12Cl4O2

41464-40-8 33284-53-6 32598-13-3 79-95-8

2,2’,4’,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,3’,4’,4’-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,6,6’-Tetrachlorobisphenol A

Bis(dibutylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide Titanium(IV) butoxide

-97 39.5

3.07220 2.965520

1.635320

226

92.3

liq

1.488320

1.509620

0.950

280

Silicic acid, tetrabutyl ester

1.4689

sl H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc

i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, eth, ace, peth

nd (xyl, HOAc) mcl tab (dil al)

Tetrabutylammonium sulfate Tetrabutylphosphonium bromide Tetrabutyl silicate Tetrabutylstannane N,N,N’,N’Tetrabutylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide 9730 Tetrabutyl titanate 9731 Tetracaine hydrochloride 9732 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene

0.9659

Solubility

2.9608

100

1.5942

100

s chl i H2O; vs eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs chl vs EtOH i H2O, EtOH; sl bz; s PhNO2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl lig, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s alk, HOAc

s chl

s H2O, MeOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH sl chl 256; 1203 14510, 950.28

0.899020 1.0620 1.0320

1.412820 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth

292.4 147 47.5

254

54.5 139.5

246 244.5

247.891

nd (al) nd, mcl pr (eth, al or bz) cry (dil al, bz) nd (HOAc)

291.988 291.988 291.988 366.067

cry (MeOH) cry cry (EtOH) cry (HOAc)

66.5 92.2 180 136

nd (al)

194 sub

1.85822

i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, CS2 i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O i H2O, bz, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; sl HOAc i H2O i H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-469

Cl O

N

O

OH γ-Terpinene

N

α-Terpineol

α-Terpineol acetate

Terpinolene

N

O

N

2,2’:6’,2’’-Terpyridine

Cl Cl

N

S

S

Terrazole

O

S

Br

O

O

S

2,2’:5’,2’’-Terthiophene

Br H N

H2N

O Testolactone

O

H N

N H

N

NH2

N H

O

Br

3,6,9,12-Tetraazatetradecane-1,14-diamine

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Tetrabenazine

1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene

1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane

O

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

O

Br

Br

OH

O

Br

Br Br

O Na

Br

Tetrabromoethene

O Na

O

O

Br

Br

Br

Br

O

HO

Br

Br

O

Br

3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein

Br O

K O

Br

Br

2,3,4,5-Tetrabromo-6-methylphenol

Br O Br

O

N Br

O

3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester

3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt

N

N

Cl

F

Tetrabutylammonium bromide

2

N N

Br Br

Tetrabromomethane

O

OH

Br

Br

4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-1,3-isobenzofurandione

O

Br

O

Br

2’,4’,5’,7’-Tetrabromofluorescein, disodium salt

HO

Br

Br

Br

SO4

N

P Br

I

HO

2

Tetrabutylammonium chloride

Tetrabutylammonium fluoride

Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide

O O Si O O

Tetrabutylammonium iodide

Tetrabutylammonium sulfate

O O Ti O O

S N

Sn

S

S

Tetrabutylphosphonium bromide

N

S Tetrabutyl silicate

Tetrabutylstannane

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene

OH

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene

Cl

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,4-benzenediol

Cl 2,2’,4’,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl

Cl

Cl Cl

1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene

3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl OH

OH

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Tetracaine hydrochloride

OH Cl

Cl

HCl

N H

Tetrabutyl titanate

Cl

Cl

N

O

Cl

N,N,N’,N’-Tetrabutylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide

Cl 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl 3,3’,4’,4’-Tetrachlorobiphenyl

HO

OH Cl

Cl

2,2’,6,6’-Tetrachlorobisphenol A

3-470

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

9741 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

Chloranil

C6Cl4O2

118-75-2

245.875

ye mcl, pr (bz) ye lf (HOAc)

C6Cl4O2

2435-53-2

245.875

C12H4Cl4O2

1746-01-6

321.971

nd

295

C12H4Cl4O C2Cl4F2

51207-31-9 76-11-9

305.971 203.830

cry

227 41.0

9742 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-3,5cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione 9743 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin 9744 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran 9745 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2difluoroethane 9746 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2difluoroethane 9747 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,5dimethoxy-1,3-cyclopentadiene 9748 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6dimethylbenzene 9749 1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4,6dimethylbenzene 9750 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2dimethyldisilane 9751 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

Dioxin

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

290

sub

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility i H2O, liq; sl EtOH, chl; s eth

130.5

24.8

92.8

1.64925 50

92.8

1.5951

109

1.50125

1.4130

25

C2Cl4F2

76-12-0

203.830

C7H6Cl4O2

2207-27-4

263.934

C8H6Cl4

877-08-7

243.946

228

C8H6Cl4

877-09-8

243.946

223

C2H6Cl4Si2

4518-98-3

228.052

C2H2Cl4

630-20-6

167.849

liq

-70.2

130.2

1.540620

1.482120

1.528220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl

1.70325 154

9752 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

Acetylene tetrachloride

C2H2Cl4

79-34-5

167.849

liq

-42.4

145.2

1.595320

1.494020

9753 Tetrachloroethene

Perchloroethylene

C2Cl4

127-18-4

165.833

liq

-22.3

121.3

1.623020

1.505920

9754 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2-fluoroethane 9755 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane 9756 Tetrachloromethane Carbon tetrachloride

C2HCl4F C2HCl4F CCl4

354-11-0 354-14-3 56-23-5

185.839 185.839 153.823

liq liq liq

-95.3 -82.6 -22.62

117.1 116.7 76.8

1.549717 1.594020

1.439020 1.460120

9757 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-4methoxyphenol 9758 2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5methylphenol

C7H4Cl4O2

484-67-3

261.918

C7H4Cl4O

10460-33-0

245.918

9759 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene 9760 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5nitrobenzene 9761 1,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-3nitrobenzene 9762 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol

C10H4Cl4 C6HCl4NO2

20020-02-4 879-39-0

265.951 260.890

199 66

C6HCl4NO2

117-18-0

260.890

99.5

304

C6H2Cl4O

4901-51-3

231.891

9763 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol

C6H2Cl4O

58-90-2

9764 2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol

C6H2Cl4O

9765 Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride 9766 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane

Drosophilin A

nd (peth)

189.5

sub

231.891

70

15015

935-95-5

231.891

lf (lig)

115

C8Cl4O3 C3H4Cl4

117-08-8 812-03-3

285.896 181.876

liq

254.5 -64

9767 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloropropane

C3H4Cl4

1070-78-6

9768 1,1,2,3-Tetrachloropropane

C3H4Cl4

9769 1,2,2,3-Tetrachloropropane 9770 1,1,2,3-Tetrachloropropene 9771 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloropyridine

9774 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloroterphthaloyl dichloride 9775 Tetrachlorothiophene 9776 9777 9778 9779

Tetrachlorovinphos Tetracontane Tetracosamethylundecasiloxane Tetracosane

1.74425

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl vs EtOH

sub 152.5

1.49275 1.47320

1.486720

181.876

157

1.450920

1.482520

18495-30-2

181.876

179.5

1.51317

1.503717

C3H4Cl4

13116-53-5

181.876

165

1.50018

1.494018

C3H2Cl4 C5HCl4N

10436-39-2 2402-79-1

179.860 216.881

167.2; 5917 250.5

1.5520

C4Cl4N2 C13H7Cl4NO2

1780-40-1 1154-59-2

217.868 351.013

C8Cl6O2

719-32-4

340.803

cry (ctc)

146.5

C4Cl4S

6012-97-1

221.920

nd (dil al)

30.5

233.4

1.703630

1.591530

961-11-5 4181-95-7 107-53-9 646-31-1

365.961 563.079 829.764 338.654

522; 40050 322.8; 20247 391.3

0.817125 0.924725 0.799120

1.457225 1.399420 1.428370

C10H9Cl4O4P C40H82 Tetracosamethylhendecasiloxane C24H72O10Si11 C24H50

i H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth, bz, chl

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, KOH

116.5

3,5-Dichloro-N-(3,4dichlorophenyl)-2hydroxybenzamide

sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz

116

nd (peth, sub) nd (lig)

9772 Tetrachloropyrimidine 9773 3,3’,4’,5-Tetrachlorosalicylanilide

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

liq cry (aq al)

90.5

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc; vs NaOH sl H2O; vs bz; s lig sl eth i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs eth, EtOH, peth

69.0 161

97 81.5 cry (eth)

50.4

i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth

vs bz i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-471

O

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Cl O

Cl

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran

Cl Cl F Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl F

F

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane

O

O

Cl

F Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane

Cl

Cl

1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,5-dimethoxy-1,3-cyclopentadiene

1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6-dimethylbenzene

Cl Cl Cl

Cl Cl Si Si Cl Cl

Cl

1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4,6-dimethylbenzene

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-dimethyldisilane

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

Cl

Cl Cl

F

Cl Cl

Cl

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene

Cl

Tetrachloromethane

N O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-4-methoxyphenol

2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenol

N O

Cl

OH Cl

O

Cl

1,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-3-nitrobenzene

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol

Cl

Cl

2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol

O

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,1,1,3-Tetrachloropropane

1,1,2,3-Tetrachloropropane

O

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2,2,3-Tetrachloropropane

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloropyridine

N

H3C(CH2)38CH3 Tetracontane

Cl

Cl

O

Cl 3,3’,4’,5-Tetrachlorosalicylanilide

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Cl

Cl

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloroterphthaloyl dichloride

Si

O

Si

O

Si

Tetracosamethylundecasiloxane

O

Si

Cl

Cl

O

Tetrachloropyrimidine

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

N

O

1,1,2,3-Tetrachloropropene

Cl

Cl

OH HN

Si

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

N

Cl Cl

2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol

Cl

O

Cl

OH

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5-nitrobenzene

Cl

OH

Cl O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

OH Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2-fluoroethane

Cl

Cl

F

Cl

Cl

Tetrachloroethene

OH Cl

Cl

S

Cl

Tetrachlorothiophene

Si Tetracosane

Cl Cl O O P O O Tetrachlorovinphos

3-472

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

9780 9781 9782 9783

Lignoceric acid

C24H48O2 C24H50O C24H46O2 C6N4

557-59-5 506-51-4 506-37-6 670-54-2

368.637 354.653 366.621 128.091

9784 Tetracycline 9785 Tetracycline hydrochloride 9786 Tetradecahydrophenanthrene

C22H24N2O8 C22H25ClN2O8 C14H24

60-54-8 64-75-5 5743-97-5

444.434 480.895 192.341

cry (+3w)

9787 Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane 9788 Tetradecanal

C14H42O5Si6 C14H28O

107-52-8 124-25-4

9789 Tetradecanamide 9790 Tetradecane

C14H29NO C14H30

9791 Tetradecanedioic acid 9792 1,14-Tetradecanediol 9793 Tetradecanenitrile

Tetracosanoic acid 1-Tetracosanol cis-15-Tetracosenoic acid Tetracyanoethene

Nervonic acid Tetracyanoethylene

Myristonitrile

9794 1-Tetradecanethiol

Physical Form

den/ g cm-3

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

87.5 77 43 199

27210 2100.4

0.8207100 1.4287100 vs bz, eth

223

1.34825

1.56025

sl eth, bz, ctc, chl; s ace

liq

172 dec 214 -3

270; 872

0.94420

1.501120

458.993 212.371

liq lf

-59 30

245.5

0.891020

1.394820

638-58-4 629-59-4

227.386 198.388

lf (ace)

104 5.82

21712 253.58

0.759620

1.429020

i H2O; s eth, ace, bz vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc

C14H26O4 C14H30O2 C14H27N

821-38-5 19812-64-7 629-63-0

258.354 230.387 209.371

125.5 85.8 19

2009 226100, 1191

0.828119

1.439223

C14H30S

2079-95-0

230.453

7

310; 17822

0.864120

1.459720

nd (bz)

nD

Solubility

vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth; vs bz vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace s eth

9795 Tetradecanoic acid

Myristic acid

C14H28O2

544-63-8

228.371

lf (eth)

54.2

250100

0.862254

1.472370

9796 Tetradecanoic anhydride 9797 1-Tetradecanol

C28H54O3 C14H30O

626-29-9 112-72-1

438.727 214.387

lf (peth) lf

53.4 38.2

287

0.850270 0.823638

1.433570

Tetradecyl alcohol

9798 2-Tetradecanone

Dodecyl methyl ketone

C14H28O

2345-27-9

212.371

cry (dil al)

33.5

205100, 13413

9799 Tetradecanoyl chloride 9800 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13acetate 9801 1-Tetradecene

Myristoyl chloride Cocarcinogen A1

C14H27ClO C36H56O8

112-64-1 16561-29-8

246.816 616.825

-1

17116

0.907825

oil

C14H28

1120-36-1

196.372

liq

-12

233

0.774525

1.435120

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc

0.807920

1.446320

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s ace

0.854920 0.825420 1.15120

1.481820 1.457920

0.918620

1.390525

msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs H2O, EtOH, chl, MeOH vs H2O, EtOH, ace, chl s H2O

0.892020

1.430720

1.128515

1.457720

i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth, bz vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, diox

9802 Tetradecyl acetate 9803 Tetradecylamine

9804 Tetradecylbenzene 9805 Tetradecylcyclohexane 9806 Tetradifon 9807 Tetraethoxygermane 9808 Tetraethoxymethane

1-Tetradecanol, acetate 1-Tetradecanamine

10

C16H32O2 C14H31N

638-59-5 2016-42-4

256.424 213.403

83.1

C20H34 C20H40 C12H6Cl4O2S

1459-10-5 1795-18-2 116-29-0

274.484 280.532 356.052

16 24 146

14165-55-0 78-09-1

252.88 192.253

1,2,4-Trichloro-5-[(4chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]benzene Ethanol, germanium(4+) salt C8H20GeO4 Tetraethyl orthocarbonate C9H20O4 C8H20BrN

71-91-0

210.156

hyg (al)

9810 Tetraethylammonium chloride

C8H20ClN

56-34-8

165.705

hyg cry

C8H20IN C14H22 N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethylphthalamide C16H24N2O2

68-05-3 38842-05-6 83-81-8

257.156 190.325 276.374

cry (w)

Silicic acid, tetrakis(2-ethylbutyl) C24H52O4Si ester 3,6,9-Trioxaundecane-1,11-diol C8H18O5

78-13-7

432.754

liq

112-60-7

194.226

liq

9815 Tetraethylene glycol 9816 Tetraethylene glycol diacrylate 9817 Tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate 9818 Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether

C14H22O7 C16H26O7 C10H22O5

17831-71-9 109-17-1 143-24-8

302.321 330.373 222.279

9819 Tetraethylene glycol monostearate 9820 Tetraethylenepentamine 9821 N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2ethanediamine 9822 Tetraethylgermane 9823 Tetraethyl lead

C26H52O6 C8H23N5 C10H24N2

106-07-0 112-57-2 150-77-6

460.687 189.303 172.311

C8H20Ge C8H20Pb

597-63-7 78-00-2

C9H22N2

102-53-4

9824 N,N,N’,N’Tetraethylmethanediamine

359 360

139200 159.5

9809 Tetraethylammonium bromide

9811 Tetraethylammonium iodide 9812 1,2,3,5-Tetraethylbenzene 9813 N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2benzenedicarboxamide 9814 Tetra(2-ethylbutyl) silicate

173 291.2

1.397020

286 dec

300 dec 36

-6.2

249.0 20416

328

1.12525 2201 275.3

1.461025 1.011420

328 341.5 192

0.80825

1.459320 1.504220 1.434320

188.89 323.4

164.5 dec 200

1.199 1.65320

1.519820

158.284

165.8

0.800020

1.442025

40

1.128515

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc s H2O

i H2O; s bz; sl EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-473 N

N

N

N

O OH

OH

OH O

Tetracosanoic acid

HO

H

H

1-Tetracosanol

N

HO

H

OH

H

O OH

OH NH2

OH O HO

O

Tetracycline

Tetracyanoethene

N

NH2 OH O HO

cis-15-Tetracosenoic acid

O OH

HCl

O

Si

Tetracycline hydrochloride

O

Tetradecahydrophenanthrene

Si

Si

O

O

Si

O

Si

O

O

Si

Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane

Tetradecanal

O O

OH

N

OH

NH2

OH OH

O Tetradecanamide

Tetradecane

Tetradecanedioic acid

Tetradecanenitrile

O

O SH

1,14-Tetradecanediol

O

OH

OH O

O 1-Tetradecanethiol

Tetradecanoic acid

Tetradecanoic anhydride

1-Tetradecanol

2-Tetradecanone

O O

O O H O

H O

OH Cl

O OH

NH2

O OH

Tetradecanoyl chloride

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

1-Tetradecene

Tetradecyl acetate

Tetradecylamine

Cl O S O

Cl

Cl Tetradecylbenzene

Tetradecylcyclohexane

Tetradifon

N N

N

Br

Tetraethylammonium bromide

N

Cl

Tetraethylammonium chloride

O

O

O

1,2,3,5-Tetraethylbenzene

Tetraethylene glycol

O

O

O

Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether

N

O

O

O

O

N

O

O

O

O

Tetra(2-ethylbutyl) silicate

O

O O

O

Tetraethylene glycol diacrylate

O O

O

O

O

O

Tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate

OH H2N

O Tetraethylene glycol monostearate

H N

H N

N H

NH2

Tetraethylenepentamine

Ge

Pb

Tetraethylgermane

Tetraethyl lead

N N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

Tetraethoxymethane

O O Si O O

N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2-benzenedicarboxamide

O O

O O

N

Tetraethylammonium iodide

OH

O

Tetraethoxygermane

I

O HO

O

O

O O Ge O O

Cl

N

N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethylmethanediamine

3-474

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

9825 Tetraethyl pyrophosphate

9826 9827 9828 9829 9830 9831 9832 9833 9834 9835 9836 9837 9838 9839 9840 9841 9842 9843 9844

Tetraethylsilane Tetraethylstannane Tetraethylthiodicarbonic diamide Tetraethylurea 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 3,3,4,4-Tetrafluorodihydro-2,5furandione 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro-1,2dinitroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane Tetrafluoroethene 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether Tetrafluoromethane 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5Hbenzocyclohepten-5-one 2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-1H,5Hbenzo[ij]quinolizine 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,3’-bipyridine, (S) 2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-1H-carbazole

9845 Tetrahydrocortisone 9846 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy1,2-dimethylisoquinoline, (±) 9847 Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran 9848 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-3,6dimethylbenzofuran 9849 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,5dimethylnaphthalene 9850 Tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-3furanacetic acid 9851 cis-Tetrahydro-2,5dimethylthiophene 9852 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-9H-fluoren-9one 9853 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolic acid 9854 Tetrahydrofuran

9855 Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanamine

Tin tetraethyl Sulfiram

Tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate Tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d] imidazole-2,5(1H,3H)-dione

9863 cis-3a,4,7,7a-Tetrahydro-1,3isobenzofurandione 9864 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-1,3isobenzofurandione 9865 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline 9866 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2Hazepine 9867 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6methoxyquinoline 9868 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1methylnaphthalene

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C8H20O7P2

107-49-3

290.188

C8H20Si C8H20Sn C10H20N2S3 C9H20N2O C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C4F4O3

631-36-7 597-64-8 95-05-6 1187-03-7 551-62-2 2367-82-0 327-54-8 699-30-9

144.331 234.955 264.474 172.267 150.074 150.074 150.074 172.035

C2F4N2O4

356-16-1

C2H2F4 C2H2F4 C2F4 C3H2F6O

Physical Form

liq

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

170 dec

1553

1.184720

1.418020

154.7 181; 6412 2323 209 94.3 84.4 90.2 54.5

0.765820 1.18725 1.1220 0.91920

1.426820 1.473020

msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, xyl, chl; sl ctc i H2O

1.31925 1.425520 1.620920

1.447420 1.405420 1.403520 1.407520 1.324020

58.5

1.602425

1.326525

-112

s chl i H2O, alk, acid

liq

-46.25 3.88

192.026

liq

-41.5

811-97-2 359-35-3 116-14-3 57041-67-5

102.031 102.031 100.015 168.037

col gas -103.3 col gas -89 col gas -131.15 vol liq or gas

-26.5 -19.9 -75.9 23.35

1.207225

i H2O; s eth

1.519-76 1.454023

i H2O

CF4 C3H4F4O C11H12O

75-73-0 76-37-9 826-73-3

88.005 132.057 160.212

col gas liq

-183.60 -15

-128.0 109.5 17540, 1247

3.03425 1.485320 1.08020

Julolidine

C12H15N

479-59-4

173.254

40

dec 280; 15517 1.00320

1.56825

Anatabine

C10H12N2

581-49-7

160.215

14510

1.567620

C12H13N

942-01-8

171.238

lf (dil al)

120

C21H32O5 C13H19NO2

53-05-4 490-53-9

364.476 221.296

cry (EtOAc) pa br syr

190

C6H12O3 C10H14O

696-59-3 494-90-6

132.157 150.217

C12H16

21564-91-0

160.255

C8H12O4

26754-48-3

172.179

lf or pr (w+1) 90

C6H12S

5161-13-7

116.224

liq

Tetrafluoroethylene Refrigerant 236me Carbon tetrafluoride

Carnegine

Terpenylic acid

1.09119

1.319720 1.569820

327.5

1701

86

-89

145.7 8018

1.0225 0.97215

1.418020

239

0.94120

1.52620

0.922220

1.479920

65

0.883325

1.405025

1.455120

142.3

184.233

Tetramethylene oxide

C19H23N7O6 C4H8O

135-16-0 109-99-9

445.429 72.106

Tetrahydrofurfurylamine

C5H11NO

4795-29-3

101.147

153

0.975220

C8H14O3

637-65-0

158.195

205.5

1.04420

C4H8O2 C7H12O3

453-20-3 637-64-9

88.106 144.168

181 193; 8918

1.0925 1.062420

1.450020 1.435025

C8H12O3 C5H10O2 C9H14O3 C4H6N4O2

2399-48-6 97-99-4 2455-24-5 496-46-8

156.179 102.132 170.205 142.117

966 178 265; 814

1.06120 1.052420 1.04025

1.452020 1.455425

nd or pr (w) 300 dec

935-79-5

152.148

cry (peth)

103.5

2426-02-0

152.148

pl (EtOH)

74

91-21-4

133.190

C7H13NO

2525-16-8

127.184

C10H13NO

120-15-0

163.216

C11H14

1559-81-5

146.229

Acetyleneurea

4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic C8H8O3 acid, anhydride 1-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic C8H8O3 acid, anhydride C9H11N

139

1.2105 232.5

1.064224

1.566820

liq

4916, 6624

0.887

1.463020

pr (peth, al) 42.5 orth pym (w)

284; 1281

<-15

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, bz, MeOH

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

0.05

634-19-5

<-60 <-80

i H2O; s bz, chl s EtOH, ace, chl s EtOH

vs H2O

C13H12O

Tetrahydro-2-furancarbinol

lt ye nd or pr 81.5 (pentane) pow liq -108.44

i H2O; s ace

vs H2O, eth, EtOH

Phentydrone

9856 Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanol propanoate 9857 Tetrahydro-3-furanol 9858 Tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate 9859 9860 9861 9862

Mol. Form.

220.6

1.571820

0.958320

1.535320

s H2O s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl vs ace, eth sl H2O; i EtOH, HOAc; s eth, HCl, alk s EtOH, ace, chl, bz; sl peth s EtOH, ace, chl; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, acid, xyl

s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-475 F

O O O P O P O O O

S Sn

Si

S

N

S

F

O N

N

N

F F

Tetraethyl pyrophosphate

Tetraethylsilane

Tetraethylstannane

Tetraethylthiodicarbonic diamide

Tetraethylurea

1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene

F F

F

F F

F

F

F O

F F

F

O

F

1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene

1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene

F

F

F

F

O

O

F O

F

1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether

O

F F F

F

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

F

F

F

F

F

1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane

O

F F F

OH

F

F F

Tetrafluoroethene

N O

1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro-1,2-dinitroethane

F F

F F

F F

3,3,4,4-Tetrafluorodihydro-2,5-furandione

F F

O N

F

Tetrafluoromethane

2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol

6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-5-one

O O

OH OH

H N

N H

H N

2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizine

N H

1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,3’-bipyridine, (S)

HO

H

2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-1H-carbazole

Tetrahydrocortisone

O N

O

O

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2-dimethylisoquinoline, (±)

O

O

O

Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran

4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-3,6-dimethylbenzofuran

H2N OH

H

O

O

Tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-3-furanacetic acid

N

H N

O

N H

N

O

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,5-dimethylnaphthalene

H N

O

S

O

cis-Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethylthiophene

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-9H-fluoren-9-one

O

H N O

OH OH

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolic acid

OH O

O

Tetrahydrofuran

O

NH2

O

Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol

O

O

Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanol propanoate

H N

H N

N H

N H

O

O

Tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate

Tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate

H

H

Tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-2,5(1H,3H)-dione

O

O O

O

O

O

O

Tetrahydro-3-furanol

O

O

Tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate

O

O

O

Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanamine

OH

O

O

cis-3a,4,7,7a-Tetrahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

O

O O 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandione

N

H

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline

O

N

3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2H-azepine

N H 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxyquinoline

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-methylnaphthalene

3-476

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

9869 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-5methylnaphthalene 9870 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6methylnaphthalene 9871 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-4MPTP phenylpyridine 9872 Tetrahydro-3-methyl-2 H-thiopyran 9873 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1naphthalenamine 9874 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetralin

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

C11H14

2809-64-5

146.229

liq

-23

234

0.972020

1.543920

C11H14

1680-51-9

146.229

liq

-40

229

0.953720

1.535720

C12H15N

28289-54-5

173.254

cry

41

870.8

C6H12S C10H13N

5258-50-4 2217-41-6

116.224 147.217

liq

-60 38

158 279

0.947320 1.062516

1.492220 1.590020

C10H12

119-64-2

132.202

liq

-35.7

207.6

0.964525

1.541320

C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O C10H18O2

529-33-9 529-35-1 530-91-6 1125-78-6 705-86-2

148.201 148.201 148.201 148.201 170.249

255; 1032 266; 14311 14012 275.5 1213

1.099620 1.055675

1.563820

liq

34.5 70 15.5 57 -27

C14H14

1013-08-7

182.261

lf (MeOH)

33.5

17311

1.060140

cry (EtOH) liq

137 -13

12615

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol Tetrahydro-6-pentyl-2 H-pyran-2one 9880 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrophenanthrene

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-α-naphthol 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-α-naphthol Tetralol 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-β-naphthol 5-Hydroxydecanoic acid lactone

9881 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydrophthalimide 9882 Tetrahydro-6-propyl-2 H-pyran-2one 9883 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-6propylpyridine 9884 Tetrahydropyran

C8H9NO2 5-Hydroxyoctanoic acid lactone C8H14O2

85-40-5 698-76-0

151.163 142.196

γ-Coniceine

C8H15N

1604-01-9

125.212

Oxane

C5H10O

142-68-7

86.132

liq

9885 Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-methanol 9886 Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one

C6H12O2 C5H8O2

100-72-1 542-28-9

116.158 100.117

liq

Δ3-Piperidine Guvacine

C5H8O2 C5H9N C6H9NO2

29943-42-8 694-05-3 498-96-4

100.117 83.132 127.141

Hexahydropyrimidine-2-thione

C4H8N2S

2055-46-1

116.185

liq -48 pr (w), rods 295 dec (+1w dil al) 211

C9H11N

635-46-1

133.190

nd

C9H11N

10500-57-9

133.190

C8H10N2

3476-89-9

134.178

lf (w, eth, peth)

99

289

9875 9876 9877 9878 9879

9887 Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one 9888 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine 9889 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-3pyridinecarboxylic acid 9890 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinethione 9891 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline 9892 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoline

2,3-Cyclohexenopyridine

9893 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoxaline

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl, lig

0.875315

1.466116

-49.1

88

0.881420

1.420020

-12.5

185 219

1.02725 1.108220

1.45820 1.450320

166.5 108

1.08425 0.91125

1.452020 1.480020

251

1.058820

1.606219

222

1.030413

1.543520

Pentylenetetrazole

C6H10N4

54-95-5

138.170

cry (bz-lig)

59.5

19412

9895 Tetrahydrothiophene

Thiacyclopentane

C4H8S

110-01-0

88.172

liq

-96.2

121.1

0.998720

1.487118

C13H18

475-03-6

174.282

240; 904

0.930320

1.525720

Quinalizarin

C14H8O6

81-61-8

272.210

oran nd

Purpurogallin

C11H8O5

569-77-7

220.179

C13H10O5

131-55-5

246.215

red nd (gl 274 dec HOAc) ye nd (w+1) 197

Tetroquinone

C6H4O6

319-89-1

172.092

bl-blk cry

4-Pregnene-11β,17α,20β,21tetrol-3-on ENTPROL

C21H32O5

116-58-5

364.476

cry (aq ace) 125 dec

C14H32N2O4

102-60-3

292.415

Tetraiodoethylene

C2I4 C8I4O3

513-92-8 632-80-4

531.639 651.702

9905 Tetraiodomethane

Carbon tetraiodide

CI4

507-25-5

519.629

9906 2,3,4,5-Tetraiodo-1H-pyrrole 9907 Tetraisobutyl titanate

Iodopyrrole 2-Methyl-1-propanol, titanium(4+) salt

C4HI4N C16H36O4Ti

87-58-1 7425-80-1

570.676 340.322

>275

s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc s chl vs H2O

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl peth vs H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth, bz; sl chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O, ace, bz, EtOH, eth

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth, ctc; vs EtOH vs ace, EtOH 1.03025

ye lf, pr (eth) ye pr, nd (HOAc) nd (sub) red lf (bz, chl) ye nd (al)

s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc

1.3320

9894 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5Htetrazolo[1,5-a]azepine

9896 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,1,6trimethylnaphthalene 9897 1,2,5,8-Tetrahydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 9898 2,3,4,6-Tetrahydroxy-5Hbenzocyclohepten-5-one 9899 2,2’,4,4’Tetrahydroxybenzophenone 9900 2,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 9901 11,17,20,21-Tetrahydroxypregn-4en-3-one, (11β,20R) 9902 N,N,N’,N’-Tetra(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine 9903 Tetraiodoethene 9904 4,5,6,7-Tetraiodo-1,3isobenzofurandione

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, PhNH2

1.055265

174

20

Solubility

1.47825

sl chl

187 327.5

sub sub

2.98320

vs bz, chl i H2O, EtOH, bz; sl HOAc

171

1351.5

4.2320

vs py, chl

256500

0.96050

vs ace, eth, chl dec H2O

150 dec

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-477

N 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-5-methylnaphthalene

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methylnaphthalene

S

1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine

NH2

OH

Tetrahydro-3-methyl-2H-thiopyran

OH OH

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthalenamine

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol

O N H

OH O 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol

O

O

O

Tetrahydro-6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrophenanthrene

1,2,3,6-Tetrahydrophthalimide

O

Tetrahydro-6-propyl-2H-pyran-2-one

O

O

N 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-6-propylpyridine

OH

O

Tetrahydropyran

O

Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-methanol

O

N H

Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one

1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine

O

Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one

O OH

N

N H

N H

1,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

H N

H N H

S

3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione

N H

N

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoline

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoxaline

OH O

OH OH

N N N

N S

6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5H-tetrazolo[1,5-a]azepine

OH O

Tetrahydrothiophene

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,1,6-trimethylnaphthalene

1,2,5,8-Tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH O OH

OH O

OH

HO

OH HO

O

OH

OH

HO HO

2,3,4,6-Tetrahydroxy-5H-benzocyclohepten-5-one

OH

HO

OH O

O

2,2’,4,4’-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone

OH OH

2,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

11,17,20,21-Tetrahydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, (11β,20R)

OH HO

I N

N

O

I

I I

I

I

I

OH OH N,N,N’,N’-Tetra(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine

I

I Tetraiodoethene

I

O

4,5,6,7-Tetraiodo-1,3-isobenzofurandione

I

I

O

I

I

I

I

N H

Tetraiodomethane

2,3,4,5-Tetraiodo-1H-pyrrole

O O Ti O O Tetraisobutyl titanate

3-478

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

9908 Tetraisopropyl titanate

2-Propanol, titanium(4+) salt

C12H28O4Ti

546-68-9

284.215

9909 N,N,N’,N’-Tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl) -1,2-ethanediamine 9910 Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride 9911 Tetrakis(methylthio)methane 9912 1-Tetralone 9913 Tetramethoxymethane 9914 1,1,3,3-Tetramethoxypropane 9915 Tetramethrin 9916 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-3,6Acridine Orange acridinediamine, monohydrochloride 9917 Tetramethylammonium bromide

C10H24N2O4

140-07-8

236.309

C4H12ClO4P

124-64-1

190.562

C5H12S4 C10H10O C5H12O4 C7H16O4 C19H25NO4 C17H20ClN3

6156-25-8 529-34-0 1850-14-2 102-52-3 7696-12-0 65-61-2

200.409 146.185 136.147 164.200 331.407 301.814

C4H12BrN

64-20-0

154.049

hyg bipym

230 dec

1.5625

9918 Tetramethylammonium chloride

C4H12ClN

75-57-0

109.598

hyg bipym (dil al)

420 dec

1.16920

9919 Tetramethylammonium iodide

C4H12IN

75-58-1

201.049

>230 dec

1.82925

9920 N,N,2,6-Tetramethylaniline 9921 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene

C10H15N C10H14

769-06-2 488-23-3

149.233 134.218

liq liq

-36 -6.2

196; 8820 205

0.914720 0.905220

1.520320

liq

-23.7

198

0.890320

1.513020

1.479081

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

227.5

0.971120

nD

Solubility dec H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O, EtOH

152.5

s H2O s chl

liq

8 -2.5

1156 114 183; 6612

wh cry ≈65-80 oran-ye soln

1.098816 1.02325 0.99725 1.10820

1.567220 1.384520 1.408120 1.517521 s H2O, EtOH

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s MeOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; vs MeOH sl H2O, alk, EtOH, ace; i eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc

9922 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene

Isodurene

C10H14

527-53-7

134.218

9923 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene

Durene

C10H14

95-93-2

134.218

79.3

196.8

0.838081

C10H16N2

704-01-8

164.247

8.9

215.5

0.956020

C10H16N2

100-22-1

164.247

51

260

C10H14O2

527-18-4

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl s EtOH; sl eth

C14H14O8

sub

vs EtOH

221.8

sub

100.7

106.45 168

sl EtOH, bz, gl HOAc, tol; i lig i H2O; s eth, chl msc H2O; s EtOH, eth

85.8

279

9924 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2benzenediamine 9925 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4benzenediamine 9926 2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-1,4benzenediol 9927 Tetramethyl 1,2,4,5benzenetetracarboxylate 9928 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine 9929 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine 9930 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’biphenyl]-4,4’-diol 9931 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 9932 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4butanediamine 9933 4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl) phenol 9934 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3cyclobutanedione 9935 2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

Tetramethyl-pphenylenediamine Durohydroquinone

Duroquinone

9936 9937 9938 9939

1,2,3,4-Tetramethylcyclohexane 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopentane 1,1,2,2-Tetramethylcyclopropane 2,4,6,8Tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane 9940 2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7diol 9941 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-4,4’Michler’s ketone diaminobenzophenone 9942 Tetramethyldiarsine 9943 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3diphenyldisiloxane 9944 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane 9945 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3disiloxanediol

Cacodyl

166.217

lf (dil al or lig) nd (al)

233

635-10-9

310.256

nd (al)

144

C16H20N2

54827-17-7

240.343

168.5

C16H20N2

366-29-0

240.343

196.0

C16H18O2

2417-04-1

242.313

C8H18 C8H20N2

594-82-1 111-51-3

114.229 144.258

C14H22O

140-66-9

206.324

C8H12O2

933-52-8

140.180

C10H12O2

527-17-3

164.201

C10H20 C9H18 C7H14 C4H16O4Si4

3726-45-2 50876-33-0 4127-47-3 2370-88-9

140.266 126.239 98.186 240.510

C14H26O2

126-86-3

226.355

C17H20N2O

90-94-8

268.353

C4H12As2 C16H22OSi2

471-35-2 56-33-7

209.981 286.516

C4H14OSi2 C4H14O3Si2

3277-26-7 1118-15-6

134.324 166.323

pa ye nd or pr (HOAc) lf (eth)

0.824220 0.794215

1.469520 1.462125

s chl ye nd (al or lig)

111.5

liq liq liq

-88.4 -81 -65

118 76 134.5

47

16540

lf (al), nd (bz)

179

dec 360

liq liq

-6 -80

165 292; 15613

1.44715 0.976320

71

0.75620 1.09525

66

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, sulf, chl 0.821920 0.746925

1.453120 1.412520

0.991220

1.387020

i H2O

1.517620

i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; vs bz; s chl vs eth, EtOH s ctc

1.370020

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O O Ti O O

3-479

HO

OH HO

N

N

OH

HO

HO Tetraisopropyl titanate

N,N,N’,N’-Tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine

HS

OH P

O

SH

Cl HS

OH

Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride

SH

Tetrakis(methylthio)methane

1-Tetralone

O O O

O

O

O

O

O

Tetramethoxymethane

N

O

O

1,1,3,3-Tetramethoxypropane

N

O

O Tetramethrin

N

N

HCl

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, monohydrochloride

N N

N

Br

Tetramethylammonium bromide

N

Cl

Tetramethylammonium chloride

I

Tetramethylammonium iodide

N,N,2,6-Tetramethylaniline

1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene

1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene

O N

O

N N N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2-benzenediamine

H2N

O O

N

1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene

O

OH

O

OH

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4-benzenediamine

2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-1,4-benzenediol

HO

NH2 N

3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine

O

O

Tetramethyl 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate

OH

N

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine

3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diol

2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane

O O N

N

O

HO

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4-butanediamine

4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenol

O

2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedione

H Si O O O Si O Si H H

OH HO

2,4,6,8-Tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane

2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol

H

1,2,3,4-Tetramethylcyclohexane

1,1,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopentane

1,1,2,2-Tetramethylcyclopropane

2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

Si

O Si N

N

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-4,4’-diaminobenzophenone

As As Tetramethyldiarsine

O

Si

1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3-diphenyldisiloxane

H

Si

O

Si

H

1,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane

HO

Si

O

Si

OH

1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3-disiloxanediol

3-480

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

9946 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2ethanediamine 9947 Tetramethylgermane 9948 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine 9949 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-3,5heptanedione 9950 3,7,11,15Tetramethylhexadecanoic acid 9951 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-1hexadecen-3-ol 9952 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane 9953 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane 9954 3,3,4,4-Tetramethylhexane 9955 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,6hexanediamine 9956 Tetramethyl lead 9957 N,N,N’,N’Tetramethylmethanediamine 9958 Tetramethyloxirane 9959 2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecane

1,2-Dimethylaminoethane

C6H16N2

110-18-9

116.204

liq

-55

121

0.7725

1.417920

Germanium tetramethyl

865-52-1 80-70-6 1118-71-4

132.78 115.177 184.276

32500

1.006

Dipivaloylmethane

C4H12Ge C5H13N3 C11H20O2

9335, 726

0.88325

1.458920

s ctc sl ctc

Phytanic acid

C20H40O2

14721-66-5

312.531

Isophytol

C20H40O

505-32-8

296.531

oil

1080.01

0.851920

1.457120

vs bz, eth, EtOH

C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H24N2

13475-81-5 1071-81-4 5171-84-6 111-18-2

142.282 142.282 142.282 172.311

liq liq

-54 -12.6

160.3 137.4 170.0 209.5

0.760925 0.714825 0.778925 0.80625

1.428220 1.405520 1.436820 1.435920

C4H12Pb C5H14N2

75-74-1 51-80-9

267.3 102.178

liq

-30.2

110 83

1.99520 0.749118

Solubility

-65

s H2O

90.4 296

16

16

0.8156 0.779125

1.3984 1.437025

140.2 133.0 122.29

0.753025 0.738920 0.719520

1.423620 1.414720 1.406920

0.754720

1.422220

Pristane

C6H12O C19H40

5076-20-0 1921-70-6

100.158 268.521

Di-tert-butylmethane

C9H20 C9H20 C9H20

7154-79-2 1186-53-4 1070-87-7

128.255 128.255 128.255

liq liq liq

16747-38-9 14609-79-1 488-70-0

128.255 144.254 150.217

liq

Prehnitenol

C9H20 C9H20O C10H14O

-102.1 52 nd (lig, aq al) 85.3

141.5 165.5 266

9966 2,3,4,6-Tetramethylphenol 9967 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylphenol

C10H14O C10H14O

3238-38-8 527-35-5

150.217 150.217

cry (peth) nd (lig), pr (al)

80.5 118.5

240 247

9968 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4piperidinamine 9969 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine 9970 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4piperidinone 9971 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,3propanediamine 9972 Tetramethylpyrazine 9973 Tetramethylsilane

C9H20N2

36768-62-4

156.268

17

188.5

0.91225

1.470620

C9H19N C9H17NO

768-66-1 826-36-8

141.254 155.237

28 orth pl (eth- 36 w) nd (eth)

156 205

0.836716

1.445520

C7H18N2

110-95-2

130.231

144

0.783718

vs eth s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth

C8H12N2 C4H12Si

1124-11-4 75-76-3

136.194 88.224

cry (w) 86 vol liq or gas -99.06

190 26.6

0.64819

1.358720

C4H12O4Si C4H12Sn C8H12N2

681-84-5 594-27-4 3333-52-6

152.222 178.848 136.194

-1.0 -55.1 170.5

121 78

1.023220 1.31425 1.07025

1.368320 1.4386

9977 2,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-2,4,6,8tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane 9978 Tetramethylthiodicarbonic diamide

C28H32O4Si4

77-63-4

544.894

liq liq mcl pl, lf, pr (dil al) cry (HOAc)

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i sulf vs EtOH i H2O; s ctc, CS2 s EtOH

99

237115

1.118320

1.546120

C6H12N2S3

97-74-5

208.367

109.5

9979 Tetramethylthiourea

C5H12N2S

2782-91-4

132.227

79.3

245

9980 Tetramethylurea 9981 Tetranitromethane

C5H12N2O CN4O8

632-22-4 509-14-8

116.161 196.033

-0.6 13.8

176.5 126.1

9982 2,4,8,10-Tetraoxaspiro[5.5] undecane 9983 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxatridecan-13-ol 9984 Tetraphenoxysilane 9985 1,1,4,4-Tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene

C7H12O4

126-54-5

160.168

48.3

14753, 681

C9H20O5 C24H20O4Si C28H22

23783-42-8 1174-72-7 1450-63-1

208.252 400.500 358.475

49 203.5

9986 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenyl-2,4cyclopentadien-1-one 9987 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethane

C29H20O

479-33-4

384.468

C26H22

632-50-8

334.453

9988 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenyl-1,2-ethanediol Benzopinacol

C26H22O2

464-72-2

366.452

9989 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethene

C26H20

632-51-9

332.437

C24H20Ge

1048-05-1

381.06

9960 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 9961 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 9962 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 9963 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 9964 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-pentanol 9965 2,3,4,5-Tetramethylphenol

9974 Tetramethyl silicate 9975 Tetramethylstannane 9976 Tetramethylsuccinonitrile

9990 Tetraphenylgermane

Norpempidine

TMS Methyl silicate Tetramethylbutanedinitrile

Germanium tetraphenyl

liq

-9.75 -121.0 -66.54

blk-viol lf 222.3 (HOAc, xyl) cry (bz), orth 214.5 nd (chl) pr (bz), cry 182 (ace) mcl or orth (bz-eth or chl-al)

225

229.0

0.968720 1.638020

1.449623 1.438420

0.98725 1.141260

1.445320

360

420

i H2O; vs EtOH, bz

sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH s chl, peth, HOAc

1.3725

16411 417; 2361

s H2O vs bz, eth, chl, peth

1.1550

i H2O; msc ace, hp i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; sl eth s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth sl EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc s EtOH, bz, xyl, HOAc sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc i H2O, peth; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, eth; vs bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-481 NH

N

N

Ge

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

N

Tetramethylgermane

O

O

N

1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine

O

2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione

OH OH

3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic acid

3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-1-hexadecen-3-ol

N

N 3,3,4,4-Tetramethylhexane

Pb

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine

2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecane

N

Tetramethyl lead

2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane

OH

2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane

N

O

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethylmethanediamine

2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane

2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane

Tetramethyloxirane

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane

NH2

OH OH

N H

N H

2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinamine

2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine

OH 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-pentanol

2,3,4,5-Tetramethylphenol

2,3,4,6-Tetramethylphenol

2,3,5,6-Tetramethylphenol

O O O Si O O

N N H

N

2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinone

N

Si

N

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine

Tetramethylsilane

Sn

Tetramethyl silicate

Tetramethylstannane

Si O N

Si O O O Si Si

Tetramethylpyrazine

N

N

S

Tetramethylsuccinonitrile

2,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane

O

O

O

O

2,4,8,10-Tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane

S

N

S

N

S

Tetramethylthiodicarbonic diamide

O N

Tetramethylthiourea

N

N

Tetramethylurea

O2N

NO2 NO2 NO2

Tetranitromethane

O O Si O O HO

O

O

O

O

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxatridecan-13-ol

Tetraphenoxysilane

1,1,4,4-Tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene

O

HO

2,3,4,5-Tetraphenyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-one

1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethane

Ge

OH

1,1,2,2-Tetraphenyl-1,2-ethanediol

1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethene

Tetraphenylgermane

3-482

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

9991 Tetraphenylmethane

C25H20

630-76-2

320.427

9992 5,6,11,12-Tetraphenylnaphthacene Rubrene

C42H28

517-51-1

532.671

9993 9994 9995 9996 9997

C24H20Pb C24H20Si C24H20Sn C12H28O4Si C12H28BrN

595-89-1 1048-08-4 595-90-4 682-01-9 1941-30-6

515.6 336.502 427.126 264.434 266.261

C12H28IN

631-40-3

313.261

orth bipym

280 dec

C12H28Sn C12H28O5P2S2 C12H28O4Ti C10H12N2Na4O8

2176-98-9 3244-90-4 3087-37-4 64-02-8

291.060 378.425 284.215 380.169

liq amber liq

-109.1

amorp pow

C44H90 C34H70 C8H12Si C12H24O4Si4

7098-22-8 14167-59-0 1112-55-6 2554-06-5

619.186 478.920 136.267 344.659

pl (eth)

300 (dihydrate) 85.6 72.5

liq

-43.5

285.43 130.2 224; 11112

C2H2N4

290-96-0

82.064

dk red pr

99

sub

CH3N5 CH2N4 C11H17N3O8

4418-61-5 288-94-8 4368-28-9

85.069 70.054 319.268

pl (al) cry

204 dec 157.3 225 dec

sub

1.406020

50-35-1

258.229

nd

270

sl H2O sl H2O,eth, EtOH; s dil HOAc vs py, diox

20398-06-5 115-37-7

249.443 311.375

dec 130 sub 91

3.49 1.30520

C18H21NO3

467-98-1

299.365

cloudy liq -3 pl (eth), pr 193 (dil al) nd or pr (al) 151.5

dec H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; sl eth; s bz sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, AcOEt

C17H22N2S

86-12-4

286.435

C14H19N3S C7H8N4O2

91-79-2 83-67-0

261.386 180.165

C7H8N4O2

58-55-9

180.165

C10H7N3S

148-79-8

201.248

10020 Thiacetazone 10021 Thiacyclohexane

C10H12N4OS C5H10S

104-06-3 1613-51-0

236.293 102.198

10022 1,2,5-Thiadiazole Piazthiole 10023 1,3,4-Thiadiazole 10024 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione

C2H2N2S C2H2N2S C2H2N2S3

288-39-1 289-06-5 1072-71-5

86.115 86.115 150.245

10025 Thiamine chloride 10026 Thiamine hydrochloride

C12H17ClN4OS C12H18Cl2N4OS

59-43-8 67-03-8

300.807 337.268

10027 Thiamine O-phosphate, chloride 10028 Thianthrene

C12H18ClN4O4PS C12H8S2

532-40-1 92-85-3

380.787 216.322

C3H4N2S

96-50-4

100.142

10030 Thiazole

C3H3NS

288-47-1

85.128

10031 Thiazolidine

C3H7NS

504-78-9

89.160

C4H7NO2S C3H3NO2S

444-27-9 2295-31-0

133.170 117.127

No. Name

Tetraphenylplumbane Tetraphenylsilane Tetraphenylstannane Tetrapropoxysilane Tetrapropylammonium bromide

Synonym

N,N,N-Tripropyl-1propanaminium bromide

9998 Tetrapropylammonium iodide

9999 10000 10001 10002

Tetrapropylstannane Tetrapropyl thiodiphosphate Tetrapropyl titanate Tetrasodium EDTA

Tetratetracontane Tetratriacontane Tetravinylsilane 2,4,6,8-Tetravinyl-2,4,6,8tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane 10007 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine

Aspon 1-Propanol, titanium(4+) salt Edetate sodium

10003 10004 10005 10006

sym-Tetrazine

10008 1H-Tetrazol-5-amine 10009 1H-Tetrazole 10010 Tetrodotoxin

10011 Thalidomide 10012 Thallium(I) ethanolate 10013 Thebaine

2-(2,6-Dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1 H- C13H10N2O4 isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione Thallous ethoxide C2H5OTl C19H21NO3

10014 Thebainone

10015 Thenaldine

1-Methyl-N-phenyl-N-(2thienylmethyl)-4piperidinamine

10016 Thenyldiamine 10017 Theobromine

10018 Theophylline 10019 Thiabendazole

10029 2-Thiazolamine

10032 4-Thiazolidinecarboxylic acid 10033 2,4-Thiazolidinedione

3,7-Dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1Hpurine-2,6-dione 1H-Benzimidazole, 2-(4thiazolyl)-

2-Aminothiazole

Timonacic

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

orth nd (bz, sub)

282

431

oran-red (bz-lig)

332.5

228.3 236.5 228

12613 2283 420 226

den/ g cm-3

nD

1.529820 1.07820 0.915820

1.401220

252 1.313825

228 1040.1 206100

1.106520 1.1225

Solubility i H2O, EtOH, eth, lig, HOAc; s bz, tol i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, py; s bz s chl s ctc, CS2 sl chl s ctc, CS2 vs H2O, chl vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, HOAc; sl eth

1.474520 1.471021

sl H2O, peth sl EtOH

96

1590.02

orth or mcl nd (w)

357

1701 sub 290

nd or pl (w+1)

273

0.772890 0.799920 0.987520

1.429690 1.462520 s ctc, CS2 s H2O, EtOH, eth, sulf

1.591520 sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, ctc, lig, chl s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl

sub 305 225 dec 19 liq cry (sub) ye cry (MeOH) cry mcl pl

-50.1 42.5 168

141.8

0.986120

1.506720

94 204

1.26825

1.515025 s H2O

164 248 dec

200 mcl pr or pl 159.3 (al) ye pl (al) 93

-33.62

cry (w) 196.5 pl (w), pr (al) 128

i H2O, os, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

s H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl 365

1.442020

14011

118

1.199817

1.596920

164.5

1.13125

1.55120

17919

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS2 sl H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; vs dil HCl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, ace vs H2O vs eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Tetraphenylmethane

3-483

5,6,11,12-Tetraphenylnaphthacene

O O Si O O

N

Tetrapropoxysilane

Br

Si

Sn

Tetraphenylplumbane

Tetraphenylsilane

Tetraphenylstannane

N

Tetrapropylammonium bromide

O O Ti O O

Pb

Sn

S S O P O P O O O

Tetrapropylstannane

Tetrapropyl thiodiphosphate

I

Tetrapropylammonium iodide

COO Na Na

OOC

Na

OOC

N N

Tetrapropyl titanate

Si

COO Na H3C(CH2)42CH3

H3C(CH2)32CH3

Tetratetracontane

Tetratriacontane

Tetrasodium EDTA

OH H

OH OH

HN Si O

Si

O O Si O Si

N

H 2N N

N

2,4,6,8-Tetravinyl-2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane

1,2,4,5-Tetrazine

1H-Tetrazol-5-amine

N O

N

N

N

N H

S

S

H2N

N H

N

Thalidomide

Theobromine

S

NH2

Cl

NH2

N

N

N

N

HO

N

S

S

N

S

1,2,5-Thiadiazole

1,3,4-Thiadiazole

O HO P OH O

HCl

N

Thiamine hydrochloride

Cl

NH2

N

N

S

H N S

N NH2

2-Thiazolamine

S Thiazole

O

H

N S Thiazolidine

N

Thiamine O-phosphate, chloride

OH

S

N

N

N N N

Thiacyclohexane

Thiamine chloride

S

N

N

O

N Thenyldiamine

Cl

S

H

S

O

Thiacetazone

HO

Thianthrene

O

H N

N

H S

N H

N

Thenaldine

S

N N S

O

N N

Thiabendazole

1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione

S

Thebainone

H N

H

O

Tetrodotoxin

N

O Thebaine

Theophylline

1H-Tetrazole

N

O

O

N

N O OH H O HO OH

O

N Thallium(I) ethanolate

HN

HO

O O

N N N N H

O

O

O

Tl

N N N N H

N

Tetravinylsilane

O

H N

N S 4-Thiazolidinecarboxylic acid

S

O

2,4-Thiazolidinedione

3-484

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

10034 2-Thiazolidinethione

10035 Thidiazuron

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C3H5NS2

96-53-7

119.209

nd (w, MeOH)

51707-55-2

220.251

211 dec

88-15-3

126.176

10.5

213.5

1.167920

1.566720

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

107.3

s H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH; i eth, CS2

10036 1-(2-Thienyl)ethanone

N-Phenyl-N’-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5- C9H8N4OS yl-urea C6H6OS

10037 Thiepane

Hexamethylene sulfide

C6H12S

4753-80-4

116.224

liq

0.5

173.5

0.99120

1.504418

10038 Thietane

Trimethylene sulfide

C3H6S

287-27-4

74.145

liq

-73.24

95.0

1.020020

1.510220

10039 Thietane 1,1-dioxide

Trimethylene sulfone

C3H6O2S

5687-92-3

106.144

75.5

91.214

10040 Thiethylperazine 10041 Thiirane

C22H29N3S2 C2H4S

1420-55-9 420-12-2

399.615 60.118

cry

Ethylene sulfide

63 -109

2270.01 dec 57

10042 Thioacetaldehyde trimer

2,4,6-Trimethyl-1,3,5-trithiane

C6H12S3

2765-04-0

180.354

α-mcl pl; β- 101 nd (ace)

10043 Thioacetamide

Ethanethioamide

C2H5NS

62-55-5

75.133

C2H4OS

507-09-5

76.117

ye fuming liq <-17

C12H16ClNOS C22H30O2S

28249-77-6 96-69-5

257.779 358.537

cry

C4H12N2S C30H58O4S

871-76-1 123-28-4

120.216 514.845

ye cry

62-46-4 463-56-9 59669-26-0 123-93-3

206.326 59.091 354.470 150.154

ye nd

C6H10O4S C9H18N2O2S CH2S C2H4O2S

111-17-1 39196-18-4 865-36-1 68-11-1

178.206 218.316 46.092 92.117

cry wh pow

C2H5N3S2 C3H6O2S

541-53-7 71563-86-5

135.211 106.144

mcl cry

C6H15O2PS3 C4H9NS

640-15-3 123-90-0

246.351 103.186

oil

C8H13N2O3PS

297-97-2

248.239

liq

-0.9

80

C12H14N4O4S2 C4H4S

23564-05-8 110-02-1

342.394 84.140

liq

172 dec -38.21

C6H6O2S

1918-77-0

142.176

cry (w)

76

C6H5NS C5H3NS C5H3NS C5H3ClOS C5H4OS

20893-30-5 1003-31-2 1641-09-4 5271-67-0 98-03-3

123.176 109.150 109.150 146.595 112.150

10044 Thioacetic acid

10045 Thiobencarb 10046 4,4’-Thiobis(6-tert-butyl-mcresol) 10047 2,2’-Thiobisethanamine 10048 3,3’-Thiobispropanoic acid, didodecyl ester 10049 Thioctic acid 10050 Thiocyanic acid 10051 Thiodicarb 10052 Thiodiglycolic acid 10053 10054 10055 10056

3,3’-Thiodipropionic acid Thiofanox Thioformaldehyde Thioglycolic acid

10057 Thioimidodicarbonic diamide 10058 Thiolactic acid 10059 Thiometon 10060 Thiomorpholine 10061 Thionazin 10062 Thiophanate-methyl 10063 Thiophene

Bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2methylphenyl) sulfide Bis(2-aminoethyl) sulfide Didodecyl thiobispropanoate

1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid C8H14O2S2 CHNS C10H18N4O4S3 Thiodiacetic acid C4H6O4S

Methanethial

2,4-Dithiobiuret

Thiamorpholine Phosphorothioic acid, O,Odiethyl O-pyrazinyl ester Thiofuran

10064 2-Thiopheneacetic acid 10065 10066 10067 10068 10069

2-Thiopheneacetonitrile 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 2-Thiophenecarbonyl chloride 2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde

2-Cyanothiophene 3-Cyanothiophene

10070 3-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde

3-Formylthiophene

C5H4OS

498-62-4

112.150

10071 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid

2-Carboxythiophene

C5H4O2S

527-72-0

128.150

10072 3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 10073 2,5-Thiophenedicarboxylic acid

3-Thenoic acid 2,5-Dicarboxythiophene

C5H4O2S C6H4O4S

88-13-1 4282-31-9

128.150 172.159

C5H6OS C4H3ClO2S2 C23H28ClN3O2S C5H4S2

636-72-6 16629-19-9 84-06-0 1120-94-1

114.166 182.649 446.005 128.216

10074 10075 10076 10077

2-Thiophenemethanol 2-Thiophenesulfonyl chloride Thiopropazate 4H-Thiopyran-4-thione

1.515620

1.013020

1.493520

93; 2635

1.06420

1.464820

1270.008

1.1620

246.5

115.5

1.7 163

Solubility

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s ace s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, peth sl ace sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s DMSO s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth

232; 11917 39

cry (w)

61 dec 0 173 129

162

i H2O vs H2O; s os 1.420 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s bz vs H2O, EtOH

129 57

unstab gas -16.5

12020

1.325320

1.508020

181 dec 12

10615

1.193820

1.481020

1100.1, 770.01 175; 110100

1.20920 1.088220

1.538620

84.0

1.064920

1.528920

12023 192 204; 8515 280 197; 8516

1.15525 1.17225

1.542520 1.562920

1.212721

1.592020

oil pa ye liq

86.720 nd (w)

129.5

dec 260

138 359

sub 150

28 47

207; 8610 1006 2160.1

1.585520

1.205316

1.528020

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl vs ace s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; s os vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc, diox, py; sl chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH s chl

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl; sl peth s H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, ace s eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-485 N N

H

H N

N S

S

H N O

2-Thiazolidinethione

S

N N S N

S O O

S O

Thidiazuron

S

S

1-(2-Thienyl)ethanone

Thiepane

Thietane

S

Thietane 1,1-dioxide

Thiethylperazine

N

S O S

S

S

S NH2

S

S

Thiirane

Thioacetaldehyde trimer

HO OH

Thioacetamide

Thioacetic acid

Thiobencarb

O

H2N

4,4’-Thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol)

O

S

OH

O

NH2

S

2,2’-Thiobisethanamine

OH

O

O

S

S

Cl

S

3,3’-Thiobispropanoic acid, didodecyl ester

Thioctic acid

O S N HS

O N

O O

N

N

O

N

O

N

Thiocyanic acid

O S

Thiodicarb

O

O S

HO

O S

HO

OH

Thiodiglycolic acid

N H S

S OH

H

3,3’-Thiodipropionic acid

Thiofanox

N S

O HS

H2N

OH

Thioglycolic acid

S

N H

S O P O

S

S

OH

NH2

SH Thiolactic acid

H N

N

O

S P O O

S

Thiometon

Thiomorpholine

Thionazin

O N H H N

NH

S

Thioimidodicarbonic diamide

S NH

O

H

Thioformaldehyde

O N O

O S

O

Thiophanate-methyl

Thiophene

N OH

S

2-Thiopheneacetic acid

S

S 2-Thiopheneacetonitrile

S

N

2-Thiophenecarbonitrile

3-Thiophenecarbonitrile

O O Cl

S

S

O 2-Thiophenecarbonyl chloride

2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde

S 3-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde

OH

OH

S

O

S

O 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid

N N

S

OH

2-Thiophenemethanol

S

Cl S O O

2-Thiophenesulfonyl chloride

N

HO O

3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid

S

Cl

S

S Thiopropazate

O

2,5-Thiophenedicarboxylic acid

O O

OH

S

4H-Thiopyran-4-thione

3-486

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

10078 Thioquinox

C9H4N2S3

93-75-4

236.336

br-ye pow

180

10079 Thioridazine 10080 cis-Thiothixene 10081 Thiourea

50-52-2 3313-26-6 62-56-6

262.477 443.625 76.121

cry cry orth (al)

73 148 178

2300.02

Thiocarbamide

C12H26N2S2 C23H29N3O2S2 CH4N2S

10082 9H-Thioxanthene 10083 9H-Thioxanthen-9-one

Dibenzothiapyran Thioxanthone

C13H10S C13H8OS

261-31-4 492-22-8

198.283 212.267

nd (al-chl) ye nd (chl)

128.5 209

341 373

10084 2-Thioxo-4-imidazolidinone

2-Thiohydantoin

C3H4N2OS

503-87-7

116.141

wh nd (w)

230 dec

10085 2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

Rhodanine

C3H3NOS2

141-84-4

133.192

C6H12N2S4

137-26-8

240.432

C4H9NO3

72-19-5

119.119

lt ye pr (al, 170 w) wh or ye mcl 155.6 (chl-al) 256 dec

C4H8O4

95-43-2

120.105

C4H8O4 C10H12O2

95-44-3 499-89-8

120.105 164.201

C10H16O

546-80-5

152.233

C15H24 C10H14N2O5

470-40-6 50-89-5

204.352 242.228

C5H6N2O2

65-71-4

126.114

316

C10H14O

89-83-8

150.217

49.5

10096 Thymol Blue

C27H30O5S

76-61-9

466.589

grn-red (al, eth)

10097 Thymol iodide

C20H24I2O2

552-22-7

550.213

amorp

10098 Thymolphthalein

C28H30O4

125-20-2

430.536

pr or nd (al) 253

10099 L-Thyroxine

C15H11I4NO4

51-48-9

776.871

nd

10100 Timolol 10101 Tiocarlide 10102 Tipepidine

C13H24N4O3S C23H32N2O2S C15H17NS2

26839-75-8 910-86-1 5169-78-8

316.420 400.577 275.433

oil ye cry

No. Name

Synonym

10086 Thiram 10087 L-Threonine

2-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, [R-(R*,S*)]

10088 D-Threose 10089 L-Threose 10090 Thujic acid

10091 α-Thujone 10092 3-Thujopsene 10093 Thymidine

5,5-Dimethyl-1,3,6cycloheptatriene-1-carboxylic acid 4-Methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one, ( l) Widdrene Thymine 2-desoxyriboside

10094 Thymine 10095 Thymol

2-Isopropyl-5-methylphenol

3-(Di-2-thienylmethylene)-1methylpiperidine

hyg-syr or nd (w)

129

cry (peth)

88.5

bp/˚C

s H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl

vs H2O

liq nd (AcOEt)

201.2

0.910925

1.449015

12212

0.93224

1.503125

186.5

232.5

1.522720

235

146 65

cry pa ye visc oil

2050.1

10105 γ-Tocopherol

7,8-Dimethyltocol

C28H48O2

7616-22-0

416.680

pa ye visc oil -1.5

2050.1

10106 δ-Tocopherol

8-Methyltocol

C27H46O2

119-13-1

402.653

pa ye visc oil

1500.001

C14H21N3O3S C12H18N2O3S

1156-19-0 64-77-7

311.400 270.347

cry orth cry

172 128.5

10109 o-Tolidine

N-[(Butylamino)carbonyl]-4methylbenzenesulfonamide 3,3’-Dimethylbenzidine

C14H16N2

119-93-7

212.290

131

10110 Tolmetin 10111 Toluene

Methylbenzene

C15H15NO3 C7H8

26171-23-3 108-88-3

257.285 92.139

wh-red lf (EtOH aq) cry (MeCN) liq

10112 Toluene-2,4-diamine

4-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine

C7H10N2

95-80-7

122.167

10113 Toluene-3,5-diamine 10114 Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 10115 Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate

5-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine

C7H10N2 C9H6N2O2 C9H6N2O2

108-71-4 584-84-9 91-08-7

122.167 174.156 174.156

C7H8O3S

104-15-4

172.202

C7H10O4S

6192-52-5

190.217

110.63

99

292

hyg pl (w+1) 104.5 mcl lf or pl 105.3

s H2O, EtOH, ace, py, HOAc; sl chl sl H2O, EtOH, eth, DMSO i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, AcOEt sl H2O, ace, bz; s EtOH, HOAc, PhNH2 i H2O; s eth; vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl DMSO sl H2O; i EtOH, bz

s H2O vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl 1.24525

156 dec -94.95

20.5 18.3

i H2O; s EtOH

1814.5

467.516 416.680

nd (w), cry (al) oil

0.97025

222 dec

32986-56-4 148-03-8

4-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid, monohydrate

s H2O, EtOH; i eth s chl i H2O, peth; sl EtOH; s bz, chl, CS2 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, alk sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth vs chl

12920

C18H37N5O9 C28H48O2

10117 p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate

Solubility i H2O; sl ace, EtOH, peth sl ace

0.86825

5,8-Dimethyltocol

10116 p-Toluenesulfonic acid

nD

1.40525

10103 Tobramycin 10104 β-Tocopherol

10107 Tolazamide 10108 Tolbutamide

den/ g cm-3

284 251

14020

0.862325

1.224420

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth 1.494125

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, CS2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s chl vs ace, bz, eth dec H2O; s ace, bz vs H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-487

N

N

N O

N

S

N

S

S

N

N

S

S O O

S

Thioquinox

Thioridazine

S

S H2N

cis-Thiothixene

NH2

Thiourea

S

S

9H-Thioxanthene

9H-Thioxanthen-9-one

HO O

NH S

N H

S

2-Thioxo-4-imidazolidinone

OH O

S

O

NH

N S

S

CHO HO H H OH CH2OH

S

OH

N NH2

S

2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

Thiram

L-Threonine

O

CHO H OH HO H CH2OH

D-Threose

L-Threose

Thujic acid

O HN HO O

HO

O O

N

O

N H

OH 3-Thujopsene

HO

Thymidine

I

OH

NH

α-Thujone

OH

O

O

I

S O O

O

Thymine

Thymol

O

Thymol Blue

Thymol iodide

OH O

I I

HO O

O

I

N

I

Thymolphthalein

O

N

NH2

O

OH

O

OH

S

H N

H N

N

L-Thyroxine

H N S

O

Timolol

O

Tiocarlide

HO O NH2

H 2N

HO O

OH O

S HO

O

S

H2N

HO OH NH2

N

O

NH2 Tipepidine

β-Tocopherol

Tobramycin

HO

HO

N HN

O

O γ-Tocopherol

H N

H2N

Tolbutamide

C

HO

NH2

NH2

C

Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate

Toluene

OH O S O

O

C

N

N

C

Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate

H2N

NH2

Tolmetin

O

N

N O

o-Tolidine

N

O

Tolazamide

O

S O O O

S O O O

δ-Tocopherol

H N

H N

Toluene-2,4-diamine

OH O S O H2O

O p-Toluenesulfonic acid

NH2

Toluene-3,5-diamine

p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate

3-488

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

10118 p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride

C7H7ClO2S

98-59-9

190.648

tcl (eth, peth) 71

14515

10119 o-Toluic acid

C8H8O2

118-90-1

136.149

pr or nd (w) 103.5

259

10120 m-Toluic acid

C8H8O2

99-04-7

136.149

109.9

10121 p-Toluic acid

C8H8O2

99-94-5

136.149

179.6

C9H13N5

93-69-6

191.233

C50H83NO21 C22H19Br4NO3

17406-45-0 66841-25-6

270

C9H11N C12H22O11

155-09-9 99-20-7

1034.188 nd (MeOH) 665.007 oran-ye solid 133.190 cry 342.296 orth cry

C6H9NO3 C9H14O6

641-06-5 102-76-1

143.140 218.203

nd (eth) col oily liq

79 -78

10129 Triacontane

C30H62

638-68-6

422.813

orth (eth, bz) 65.1

10130 Triacontanoic acid

C30H60O2

506-50-3

452.796

sc, nd (al, ace) nd (eth),pl (bz) cry

No. Name

10122 N-o-Tolylbiguanide

Synonym

N-(2-Methylphenyl) imidodicarbonimidic diamide

10123 Tomatine 10124 Tralomethrin 10125 Tranylcypromine 10126 Trehalose 10127 Triacetamide 10128 Triacetin

2-Phenylcyclopropylamine

Glycerol triacetate

10131 1-Triacontanol

Myricyl alcohol

C30H62O

593-50-0

438.812

10132 Triadimenol

Mercury, chloro(2methoxyethyl)-

C3H7ClHgO

123-88-6

295.13

C10H16Cl3NOS C9H15O4P C12H15N3O3

2303-17-5 1623-19-4 1025-15-6

304.664 218.186 249.265

C21H27FO6 C12H19N6OP

124-94-7 1031-47-6

394.433 294.292

C14H16ClN5O5S C3H3N3 C3H3N3 C3H3N3O2 C3H6N6

82097-50-5 290-38-0 290-87-9 461-89-2 108-78-1

401.826 81.076 81.076 113.075 126.120

10133 Triallate 10134 Triallyl phosphate 10135 1,3,5-Triallyl-1,3,5-triazine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione 10136 Triamcinolone 10137 Triamiphos 10138 10139 10140 10141 10142

Triasulfuron 1,2,4-Triazine 1,3,5-Triazine 1,2,4-Triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine

Fluoxiprednisolone

Melamine

nd or pl (w+1)

mp/˚C

pa ye oil

mcl pr (w)

den/ g cm-3

nD

1.062115

1.512115

1.054112

1.509

145.0

44 203

1.5824

259

1.158320

1.430120

452.0

0.809720

1.435270 1.4323100

0.77795

88

1170.0003 1087 1494, 1050.5

1.27325 1.081520 1.159020

sl chl

270 167

sl H2O; s os

1.514925

157 114

1.3825

sub

1.57316

1.87220

ye pr

>300

C12H16N3O3PS C17H12Cl2N4

24017-47-8 28911-01-5

313.312 343.210

5 234

C2H4N4

61-82-5

84.080

ye-br oil tan cry (2PrOH) cry (w, al)

159

C2H3N3

288-36-8

69.065

hyg cry

23

C2H3N3 C2H5N5

288-88-0 1455-77-2

69.065 99.095

nd (bz/EtOH) 120.5 211.5

C15H17N5O6S C21H21N

101200-48-0 395.391 620-40-6 287.399

C2HBr3O

115-17-3

280.740

10153 Tribromoacetic acid 10154 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline

C2HBr3O2 C6H4Br3N

75-96-7 147-82-0

296.740 329.815

10155 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene

C6H3Br3

615-54-3

314.800

10156 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene

C6H3Br3

626-39-1

314.800

10157 1,1,2-Tribromobutane

C4H7Br3

3675-68-1

294.811

216.2

2.183520

1.562617

10158 1,2,2-Tribromobutane

C4H7Br3

3675-69-2

294.811

213.8

2.169220

1.56820

Amitrole

10147 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 10148 1H-1,2,4-Triazole 10149 1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3,5-diamine 10150 Tribenuron-methyl 10151 Tribenzylamine 10152 Tribromoacetaldehyde

Pyrrodiazole

N,N-Bis(phenylmethyl) benzenemethanamine Bromal

solid 141 pl (eth), mcl 91.5 (al)

mcl nd (al, bz)

1.251420

204

1.186125

i H2O; s os

1.485425

260 dec

385

0.991295

174

2.664925

132 122

dec 245 300

2.3520

44.5

275

nd or pr (al) 122.8

sl H2O, EtOH; i eth

22

177.271

10146 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine

100

s EtOH, eth

638-16-4

Trithiocyanuric acid

vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz vs eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs bz vs bz, CS2, chl

i H2O; s EtOH, ace

C3H3N3S3

10143 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)trithione 10144 Triazofos 10145 Triazolam

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, MeOH; sl tfa sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace; i bz, chl, eth vs EtOH, diox

vs bz, eth, EtOH

115

186 16.5 80.3 276.8 345 dec

Solubility

12732

93.6

29 -50 20.5 cry cry (EtOH aq)

bp/˚C

1.593920

271

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, ace; s chl; sl AcOEt s H2O; s eth, ace; i lig s H2O, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace; sl bz i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-489 H N

H

O H HO O OH

HO HO

O

HO

OH

HO

o-Toluic acid

m-Toluic acid

p-Toluic acid

OH

O

O

O

H N

OH

NH2

HO

NH HN p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride

H

OH

HO

O H N

O O

O

HO

Cl O S O

HO O

O

OH

N-o-Tolylbiguanide

Tomatine

HO O OH

Br Br

HO HO

Br

O

O

OH

NH2

O

HO OH

Tranylcypromine

O

O O

N

N Tralomethrin

O

O

O

O Br

O OH

O

Trehalose

O

O

Triacetamide

Triacetin

Triacontane

O

Cl OH Hg OH

Triacontanoic acid

O

1-Triacontanol

N O

OH

N

Triallate

O OH

H

OH

N H2N

F O Triallyl phosphate

1,3,5-Triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione

Triamcinolone

N N P N N O Triamiphos

O N

O

N N

N H

O O S N H

Cl

O

N

N N

N

Triasulfuron

1,2,4-Triazine

O

N

S

NH2

H N

O

N

NH

N

1,3,5-Triazine

1,2,4-Triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione

HN

N N

H2N

N

N

Cl

Cl

HO O

N

S

Triadimenol

O O P O O O

O

Cl

NH

S

NH2

1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine

N H

S

1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trithione

N O

N N

N

O P O S

N

N O N

Cl

NH2

N

Cl

N H Triazofos

Triazolam

N N N H

N

1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine

1H-1,2,3-Triazole

NH2 N

O Br Br

Tribenzylamine

Br

O Br

Tribromoacetaldehyde

Br Br

N

N N H

NH2

N

H2N

1H-1,2,4-Triazole

N H

N

N

N

Tribromoacetic acid

N H

N

1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3,5-diamine

O O O S

O

Tribenuron-methyl

Br Br

Br

Br

Br Br

OH Br

O

N

Br 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline

Br 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene

Br

Br

1,3,5-Tribromobenzene

Br 1,1,2-Tribromobutane

Br Br Br 1,2,2-Tribromobutane

3-490

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

10159 1,2,3-Tribromobutane

C4H7Br3

632-05-3

294.811

liq

-19

220

2.190720

1.568020

10160 1,2,4-Tribromobutane

C4H7Br3

38300-67-3

294.811

liq

-18

215

2.17020

1.560820

10161 2,2,3-Tribromobutane

C4H7Br3

62127-47-3

294.811

0.9

206

2.172320

1.560220

10162 Tribromochloromethane 10163 1,1,2-Tribromoethane

CBr3Cl C2H3Br3

594-15-0 78-74-0

287.176 266.757

lf (eth) liq

55 -29.3

158.5 188.93

2.7115 2.621020

1.593320

10164 2,2,2-Tribromoethanol

C2H3Br3O

75-80-9

282.756

nd or pr (peth)

81

9210

vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH

10165 Tribromoethene

C2HBr3

598-16-3

264.741

164

2.70820

1.604516

CBr3F CHBr3

353-54-8 75-25-2

270.721 252.731

liq

-73.6 8.69

108 149.1

2.878825

1.594825

C7H5Br3O

607-99-8

344.826

nd (al)

88

298

2.49125

No. Name

10166 Tribromofluoromethane 10167 Tribromomethane

Synonym

Bromoform

10168 1,3,5-Tribromo-2-methoxybenzene 10169 2,4,6-Tribromo-3-methylphenol

2,4,6-Tribromo-m-cresol

C7H5Br3O

4619-74-3

344.826

10170 1,1,1-Tribromo-2-methyl-2propanol 10171 Tribromonitromethane

1,1,1-Tribromo-tert-butyl alcohol

C4H7Br3O

76-08-4

310.810

CBr3NO2

464-10-8

297.729

10172 2,4,6-Tribromophenol

C6H3Br3O

118-79-6

330.799

10173 1,1,2-Tribromopropane

C3H5Br3

14602-62-1

10174 1,2,2-Tribromopropane

C3H5Br3

10175 1,2,3-Tribromopropane

C3H5Br3

10176 2,3,5-Tribromothiophene 10177 Tribromotrimethyldialuminum 10178 Tributyl 2-(acetyloxy)-1,2,3propanetricarboxylate 10179 Tributyl aluminate 10180 Tributylaluminum 10181 Tributylamine

nd (lig) cry (dil al) pr

169

sub

10

12718

2.81112

nd (al), pr (bz)

95.5

286

2.5520

280.784

200.5

2.354720

1.579020

14476-30-3

280.784

190.5

2.298420

1.567020

96-11-7

280.784

16.9

222.1

2.420820

1.586220

C4HBr3S Methyl aluminum sesquibromide C3H9Al2Br3 C20H34O8

3141-24-0 12263-85-3 77-90-7

320.828 338.778 402.479

29

260 11050 1731

1-Butanol, aluminum salt

C12H27AlO3 C12H27Al C12H27N

3085-30-1 1116-70-7 102-82-9

246.322 198.324 185.349

liq

C12H27BO3

688-74-4

230.151

oil

C12H27FSn C18H30O

1983-10-4 732-26-3

309.050 262.430

nd ≈260 cry (al, peth) 131

N,N-Dibutyl-1-butanamine

10182 Tributyl borate 10183 Tributylfluorostannane 10184 2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol

Tributyltin fluoride

10185 Tributyl phosphate 10186 Tributylphosphine 10187 Tributyl phosphite 10188 10189 10190 10191

84

Tributoxyphosphine

S,S,S-Tributyl phosphorotrothioate S,S,S-Tributyl trithiophosphate Tributylsilane Tributylstannane Tributyltin hydride Tributyrin Butanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester

nd (al) hyg col liq

-70

2605 1022 216.5

0.777020

1.429920

<-70

234

0.856720

1.410618

sub >200 278

0.86427 25

126-73-8

266.313

289

0.9727

C12H27P C12H27O3P

998-40-3 102-85-2

202.316 250.314

240; 15050 13726, 12212

0.81225 0.925920

C12H27OPS3 C12H28Si C12H28Sn C15H26O6

78-48-8 998-41-4 688-73-3 60-01-5

314.510 200.436 291.060 302.363

liq liq

-75

1500.3 221 1138, 760.7 307.5

1.05720 0.779420 1.10320 1.035020

≈100 dec (hyd) 77 -57.5

1000.1 97.8

142

240

hyg cry

59.2

196.5

liq

-42

nd (lig)

73

<-25

Calcium citrate

C12H10Ca3O14

813-94-5

498.433

cry (w)

10193 Trichlorfon 10194 Trichloroacetaldehyde

Chloral

C4H8Cl3O4P C2HCl3O

52-68-6 75-87-6

257.437 147.387

liq

10195 2,2,2-Trichloroacetamide

C2H2Cl3NO

594-65-0

162.402

10196 Trichloroacetic acid

C2HCl3O2

76-03-9

163.387

10197 10198 10199 10200

C4Cl6O3 C2Cl3N C2Cl4O C6H4Cl3N

4124-31-6 545-06-2 76-02-8 634-67-3

308.759 144.387 181.832 196.462

Trichloroacetic anhydride Trichloroacetonitrile Trichloroacetyl chloride 2,3,4-Trichloroaniline

sl chl

C12H27O4P

10192 Tricalcium citrate

1.579020

sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, lig, chl sl H2O, EtOH; vs ace, bz; s ctc s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl, peth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl, HOAc; vs eth vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc s chl

1.4224

25

1.461920 1.432119

sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s EtOH, bz; vs eth, MeOH i H2O, alk; s EtOH, ace, ctc s H2O, eth, bz, CS2; msc EtOH s EtOH; sl ctc; vs eth

1.438020 1.435920

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc; vs eth sl H2O; i EtOH

1.7320 1.51220

1.458020

1.612664

1.460361

dec 223; 13960 1.690820 85.7 1.440325 117.9 1.620220 292

1.440920 1.469520

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, HOAc i H2O msc eth vs EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-491

Br

Br Br

Br Br

1,2,4-Tribromobutane

Br

Br

Br

2,2,3-Tribromobutane

Br Br

Br

Br

Br Br

Br

1,2,3-Tribromobutane

Cl Br

Br

Tribromochloromethane

1,1,2-Tribromoethane

OH Br

2,2,2-Tribromoethanol

OH Br Br

F

H Br

Br

Br

H Br

Br Br

Tribromofluoromethane

Br Br

O Br

Br

Tribromoethene

Br

Br

Tribromomethane

Br

HO

Br

1,3,5-Tribromo-2-methoxybenzene

2,4,6-Tribromo-3-methylphenol

Br Br

1,1,1-Tribromo-2-methyl-2-propanol

OH Br

Br

NO2 Br Br Br

Br

Tribromonitromethane

2,4,6-Tribromophenol

Br

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Br Br

1,1,2-Tribromopropane

Br

Br

1,2,2-Tribromopropane

1,2,3-Tribromopropane

Br

S

2,3,5-Tribromothiophene

O O O

O Br

Br

O

O

Al

Al

O O

Br Tribromotrimethyldialuminum

O

Tributyl 2-(acetyloxy)-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate

O Al

Al

O

Tributyl aluminate

Tributylaluminum

OH

N

O

Tributylamine

O B

O P O O O

Sn O

F

Tributyl borate

Tributylfluorostannane

2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol

Tributyl phosphate

O P S S S

P

O

Tributylphosphine

O P

Si H

O

Tributyl phosphite

S,S,S-Tributyl phosphorotrothioate

Tributylsilane

O O

O O

O

O

Sn H

O

O

OH

O

Tributylstannane

O

O

3Ca

2

Cl Cl

O 2

Tributyrin

Tricalcium citrate

O

O P

O OH

Cl Cl

Cl Trichlorfon

O Cl

Trichloroacetaldehyde

NH2 O Cl Cl

O NH2

Cl

2,2,2-Trichloroacetamide

Cl Cl

O OH

Cl

Trichloroacetic acid

Cl Cl

O O

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Trichloroacetic anhydride

Cl Cl

N Cl

Trichloroacetonitrile

Cl

O Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Trichloroacetyl chloride

Cl Cl 2,3,4-Trichloroaniline

3-492

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

10201 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline

C6H4Cl3N

636-30-6

196.462

nd (lig)

96.5

270

10202 2,4,6-Trichloroaniline

C6H4Cl3N

634-93-5

196.462

cry (al), nd 78.5 (lig or peth)

262

10203 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzaldehyde 10204 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene

C7H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3

4659-47-6 87-61-6

209.457 181.447

nd (lig) pl (al)

87.3 51.3

218.5

1.453325

10205 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

C6H3Cl3

120-82-1

181.447

orth

16.92

213.5

1.45925

10206 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene

C6H3Cl3

108-70-3

181.447

nd

62.8

208

C8H5Cl3O2 C6H3Cl3O2

85-34-7 56961-20-7

239.484 213.446

C7H3Cl3O2 C12H7Cl3 C12H7Cl3

50-31-7 15862-07-4 35693-92-6

225.457 257.543 257.543

161 (i) pr (HOAc) 115(form a); (ii) pr (bz) 134(form b) 124.5 cry 78.5 cry (EtOH 62.5 17215 aq) nd (al) 108.5 260; 1860.05

No. Name

10207 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzeneacetic acid 10208 3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol

Synonym

Chlorfenac

10209 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzoic acid 10210 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 10211 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 10212 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4chlorophenyl)ethane

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane C14H9Cl5 (DDT)

50-29-3

354.486

10213 2,2,3-Trichlorobutanal

2,2,3-Trichlorobutyraldehyde

C4H5Cl3O

76-36-8

175.441

Triclocarban

C4H5Cl3 C13H9Cl3N2O C7H4Cl4

2431-50-7 101-20-2 3955-26-8

159.442 315.581 229.919

CH2Cl4Si C6H4Cl4Si C3H6Cl4Si CHCl5Si C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3F2 C8H7Cl3O

1558-25-4 825-94-5 2550-06-3 1558-24-3 354-12-1 354-21-2 354-15-4 6972-47-0

183.925 245.994 211.978 218.370 169.385 169.385 169.385 225.500

C14H11Cl3

2971-22-4

285.596

Dodecyltrichlorosilane (2,2,2-Trichloroethyl)oxirane Methyl chloroform

C12H25Cl3Si C4H5Cl3O C2H3Cl3

4484-72-4 3083-25-8 71-55-6

303.772 175.441 133.404

liq liq

Vinyl trichloride

C2H3Cl3

79-00-5

133.404

liq

C2H3Cl3O

115-20-8

149.403

hyg orth tab 19 or pl

152; 5211

10214 2,3,4-Trichloro-1-butene 10215 3,4,4’-Trichlorocarbanilide 10216 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-(chloromethyl) benzene 10217 Trichloro(chloromethyl)silane 10218 Trichloro(4-chlorophenyl)silane 10219 Trichloro(3-chloropropyl)silane 10220 Trichloro(dichloromethyl)silane 10221 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane 10222 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 10223 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 10224 2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5dimethylphenol 10225 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2diphenylethane 10226 Trichlorododecylsilane 10227 1,1,1-Trichloro-3,4-epoxybutane 10228 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 10229 1,1,2-Trichloroethane

(Chloromethyl)trichlorosilane

(Dichloromethyl)trichlorosilane

10230 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol

fine pl

den/ g cm-3

nD

1.571720

Solubility s EtOH, eth; vs CS2; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs CS2 vs ace, bz, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz; s chl sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O; s eth i H2O i H2O

164

1.395620

1.475520

6020, 4010

1.343020

1.494420

273

1.54720

118 233; 11620 181.5 145 73 71.9 72.5

1.465020 1.406220 1.359020 1.551820

1.455520 1.541820 1.466820 1.471420

1.544720

1.388920

i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, py vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs ace, chl

256

-140 -174 ye nd (peth) 175

vs ace, eth, EtOH

i H2O; s chl; vs peth s EtOH; sl chl

65

-30.01

15510 110100 74.09

1.458120 1.339020

1.437920

-36.3

113.8

1.439720

1.471420 1.486120

sl H2O; s EtOH, chl; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s alk sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace s H2O, EtOH, eth vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

10231 Trichloroethene

Trichloroethylene

C2HCl3

79-01-6

131.388

liq

-84.7

87.21

1.464220

1.477320

10232 2,2,2-Trichloro-1-ethoxyethanol 10233 Trichloroethoxysilane 10234 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl-β-Dglucopyranosiduronic acid 10235 Trichloroethylsilane 10236 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane 10237 1,1,2-Trichloro-1-fluoroethane 10238 1,1,2-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane 10239 Trichlorofluoromethane 10240 2,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,1,3,4,4,4heptafluorobutane 10241 Trichlorohexylsilane 10242 N-(2,2,2-Trichloro-1hydroxyethyl)formamide 10243 3,3,3-Trichloro-2hydroxypropanenitrile 10244 Trichloroisobutylsilane 10245 Trichloromethane

Chloral alcoholate

C4H7Cl3O2 C2H5Cl3OSi C8H11Cl3O7

515-83-3 1825-82-7 97-25-6

193.457 179.505 325.528

liq nd

56.5 -135 142

115.5 101.9

1.14340 1.227420

1.404520

C2H5Cl3Si C2H2Cl3F C2H2Cl3F C2H2Cl3F CCl3F C4Cl3F7

115-21-9 2366-36-1 811-95-0 359-28-4 75-69-4 335-44-4

163.506 151.394 151.394 151.394 137.368 287.391

-105.6

100.5 86.5 88.0 102.4 23.7 98

1.237320

1.425620

s ctc

1.49220 1.539320

1.439020

i H2O i H2O

1.748420

1.353020

Hexyltrichlorosilane Chloral formamide

C6H13Cl3Si C3H4Cl3NO2

928-65-4 515-82-2

219.612 192.429

190

1.110020

cry

120

Chlorocyanohydrin

C3H2Cl3NO

513-96-2

174.413

pl (w)

61

dec 217

Chloroform

C4H9Cl3Si CHCl3

18169-57-8 67-66-3

191.559 119.378

liq

-63.41

143.3 61.17

1.15420 1.478825

1.445920

CCl4S

594-42-3

185.888

ye oil

149

1.694720

1.548420

Urochloralic acid Ethyltrichlorosilane Refrigerant 131b Refrigerant 131a Refrigerant 11

10246 Trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride Perchloromethyl mercaptan

liq liq

-104.7 vol liq or gas -110.44 2.0

dec H2O vs ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH dec H2O sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, ctc s eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds NH2

3-493

NH2 Cl

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl 2,4,6-Trichloroaniline

2,3,6-Trichlorobenzaldehyde

O

OH OH Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl 3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol

Cl

Cl

2,3,6-Trichlorobenzoic acid

2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl

2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl O Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

H N

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

2,2,3-Trichlorobutanal

Cl

H N

Cl

Cl

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane

2,3,4-Trichloro-1-butene

Cl

Cl

3,4,4’-Trichlorocarbanilide

1,2,4-Trichloro-5-(chloromethyl)benzene

Cl Cl Si Cl

Cl Si Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Si Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Trichloro(chloromethyl)silane

Trichloro(4-chlorophenyl)silane

Cl

Trichloro(3-chloropropyl)silane

F Cl Si Cl Cl

F Cl

Trichloro(dichloromethyl)silane

Cl F

Cl Cl

F Cl

Cl

F

O

Trichlorododecylsilane

Cl

2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol

H H

Cl Cl

Cl

O O

2,2,2-Trichloro-1-ethoxyethanol

OH

Cl Cl Si Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

N H

Cl

F F

Cl

Trichlorofluoromethane

O

N-(2,2,2-Trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)formamide

Cl

N

3,3,3-Trichloro-2-hydroxypropanenitrile

Cl Cl

Trichloroethylsilane

H

Cl

Cl

Cl

Trichloroethene

F Cl F

Trichloroisobutylsilane

Cl

Cl Cl

1,1,1-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane

Cl Cl Si Cl

F F

2,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,1,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutane

Cl Si Cl Cl

F

F Cl Cl

OH Cl Cl

Cl OH

2,2,2-Trichloroethanol

Si

Cl

1,1,2-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane

OH Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

F

Cl

1,1,2-Trichloro-1-fluoroethane

Cl Cl

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

2,2,2-Trichloroethyl-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid

Cl

F

Cl

OH

Trichloroethoxysilane

Cl F

Cl

HO

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

O

OH

O

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-diphenylethane

H

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

HO

O

Cl

Cl

1,1,1-Trichloro-3,4-epoxybutane

Cl

Cl

F

1,2,2-Trichloro-1,2-difluoroethane

Cl Cl Si Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane

Cl Cl

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane

OH Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene

Cl

Cl 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzeneacetic acid

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

OH

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene

O

OH Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline

H Cl

Cl Cl

Trichloromethane

Trichlorohexylsilane

Cl Cl

S

Cl

Cl

Trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride

3-494

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

10247 Trichloromethanesulfonyl chloride

CCl4O2S

2547-61-7

217.887

cry (al-w)

140.5

170

10248 10249 10250 10251

CHCl3S C8H8Cl3N3O4S2 C7H5Cl3O C7H5Cl3O

75-70-7 133-67-5 6130-75-2 87-40-1

151.443 380.657 211.473 211.473

oran oil

No. Name

Synonym

Trichloromethanethiol Trichloromethyl mercaptan Trichloromethiazide 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methoxybenzene 1,3,5-Trichloro-2-methoxybenzene 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole

den/ g cm-3

nD

12515

nd (dil al) mcl nd (al)

270 dec 77.5 61.5

254 241

1.64025

10252 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methylbenzene

2,4,5-Trichlorotoluene

C7H5Cl3

6639-30-1

195.474

nd or lf (al)

82.4

231

10253 (Trichloromethyl)benzene

Benzotrichloride

C7H5Cl3

98-07-7

195.474

liq

-4.42

221

1.372320

1.558020

10254 (Trichloromethyl)oxirane 10255 2,3,4-Trichloro-6-methylphenol 10256 2,3,6-Trichloro-4-methylphenol

C3H3Cl3O C7H5Cl3O C7H5Cl3O

3083-23-6 551-78-0 551-77-9

161.414 211.473 211.473

149; 4413

1.49520

1.473725

4,5,6-Trichloro-o-cresol 2,3,6-Trichloro-p-cresol

77 66.5

10257 2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol

2,4,6-Trichloro-m-cresol

C7H5Cl3O

551-76-8

211.473

10258 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-methyl-2propanol

1,1,1-Trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol

C4H7Cl3O

57-15-8

177.457

nd (peth) nd (HOAc, peth) nd or pl (w, peth) hyg nd (w + 1)

C10H12Cl3O2PS C6H2Cl3NO2

327-98-0 89-69-0

333.599 226.445

CCl3NO2

76-06-2

C6H2Cl3NO3

265

97

167

ye liq pr (al), nd (al)

57.5

1080.01 288

1.36520 1.79023

164.376

liq

-64

112

1.655820

1.461120

82-62-2

242.444

pa ye cry (peth)

92.5

C18H37Cl3Si C8H17Cl3Si

112-04-9 5283-66-9

387.932 247.666

22310 232

0.98425

1.460220 1.448020

C3Cl3F5

76-17-5

237.383

C5H11Cl3Si C6H3Cl3O

107-72-2 15950-66-0

205.586 197.446

10268 2,3,5-Trichlorophenol 10269 2,3,6-Trichlorophenol

C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O

933-78-8 933-75-5

197.446 197.446

10270 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol

C6H3Cl3O

95-95-4

197.446

nd (al, peth) 69

247

10271 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

C6H3Cl3O

88-06-2

197.446

69

246

10272 3,4,5-Trichlorophenol 10273 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-T

C6H3Cl3O C8H5Cl3O3

609-19-8 93-76-5

197.446 255.483

orth nd (HOAc) nd (lig) cry (bz)

101 153

275 dec

10274 2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)ethyl 2,2-dichloropropanoate 10275 Trichloro(2-phenylethyl)silane 10276 (2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl)hydrazine 10277 Trichlorophenylsilane 10278 1,1,2-Trichloropropane

C11H9Cl5O3

136-25-4

366.452

49

1620.5

1.5550

C8H9Cl3Si C6H5Cl3N2 C6H5Cl3Si C3H5Cl3

940-41-0 5329-12-4 98-13-5 598-77-6

239.602 211.476 211.549 147.431

242; 985

1.239720

1.518520

201 132.0; 117500

1.32120 1.37215

1.523020

10279 1,1,3-Trichloropropane

C3H5Cl3

20395-25-9

147.431

145.5

1.355720

1.471820

10280 1,2,2-Trichloropropane

C3H5Cl3

3175-23-3

147.431

124

1.31825

1.460920

10281 1,2,3-Trichloropropane

C3H5Cl3

96-18-4

147.431

-14.7

157

1.388920

1.485220

10282 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanol

C3H5Cl3O

76-00-6

163.430

50.5

163; 5412

C3H3Cl3O

918-00-3

161.414

149; 2810

1.43520

1.463517

10284 1,2,3-Trichloro-1-propene

C3H3Cl3

96-19-5

145.415

142

1.41220

1.503020

10285 3,3,3-Trichloro-1-propene

C3H3Cl3

2233-00-3

145.415

114.5

1.36720

1.482720

10286 2,3,3-Trichloro-2-propenoyl chloride 10287 Trichloropropylsilane

C3Cl4O

815-58-7

193.843

158

C3H7Cl3Si

141-57-1

177.533

123.5

10261 Trichloronitromethane

Chloropicrin

10262 3,4,6-Trichloro-2-nitrophenol 10263 Trichlorooctadecylsilane 10264 Trichlorooctylsilane 10265 1,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,2,3,3pentafluoropropane 10266 Trichloropentylsilane 10267 2,3,4-Trichlorophenol

10283 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanone

Octadecyltrichlorosilane Octyltrichlorosilane

Amyltrichlorosilane

Pentanate

1,1,1-Trichloroacetone

Propyltrichlorosilane

i H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, chl

liq

-72

73.7

1.663120

1.351220 1.450320

83.5

172; 60.515 sub

1.133020

nd (bz, lig, sub) nd (al) nd (dil al, lig)

cry (bz)

liq

liq

liq

62 58

-30

248250

1.490175

1.527118 1.19520

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS2 s H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz, MeOH, HOAc

dec H2O, EtOH; s ctc

s EtOH, eth, bz, alk, HOAc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc sl H2O, lig; s eth i H2O; s EtOH; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace, xyl

143

-59

sl H2O; s EtOH vs EtOH, ace s EtOH, bz, chl; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz vs eth; s chl vs EtOH

46

10259 Trichloronate 10260 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-nitrobenzene

Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2

1.431020

s H2O, bz s ctc, chl, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth; vs chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O Cl Cl

O S

SH Cl

Cl

3-495 H N

S

S

H2N

Cl Cl

Cl

Trichloromethanesulfonyl chloride

Cl

O O

Trichloromethanethiol

Cl

Cl

O Cl

Cl 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methoxybenzene

(Trichloromethyl)benzene

OH

Cl

O

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

(Trichloromethyl)oxirane

Cl

2,3,4-Trichloro-6-methylphenol

OH

Cl

Cl 2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol

OH O N

Cl

P S

O

Cl O

Cl

1,1,1-Trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol

2,3,6-Trichloro-4-methylphenol

Cl O

Cl Cl

Trichloronate

Cl

1,2,4-Trichloro-5-nitrobenzene

Cl Si Cl Cl

Cl 3,4,6-Trichloro-2-nitrophenol

Cl F

1,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane

OH Cl

Cl

OH Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Trichloropentylsilane

F

OH OH

Cl Cl Cl Si Cl

F

Cl F

Trichlorooctylsilane

OH

2,3,4-Trichlorophenol

Cl

Cl

2,3,5-Trichlorophenol

2,3,6-Trichlorophenol

Cl

Cl

2,4,5-Trichlorophenol

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

H2N

OH O Cl

Trichloronitromethane

Cl F

Cl Si Cl Cl

Trichlorooctadecylsilane

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

3,4,5-Trichlorophenol

O OH

Cl

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Cl Cl Si Cl

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

O

Cl Si

Cl Cl

Trichloro(2-phenylethyl)silane

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

1,1,3-Trichloropropane

Cl

1,2,2-Trichloropropane

1,2,3-Trichloropropane

Cl

O

Cl

(2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl)hydrazine

OH Cl

1,1,2-Trichloropropane

1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanone

Cl

Cl

2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)ethyl 2,2-dichloropropanoate

Cl

Cl Cl

NH

Cl

Cl

Cl

Trichlorophenylsilane

NO2 Cl Cl

Cl

N O

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

1,3,5-Trichloro-2-methoxybenzene

OH Cl

OH Cl

Cl

O

NH

O O

Cl 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methylbenzene

Cl

Cl

Cl

Trichloromethiazide

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

1,2,3-Trichloro-1-propene

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanol

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

3,3,3-Trichloro-1-propene

2,3,3-Trichloro-2-propenoyl chloride

Cl Si Cl Cl Trichloropropylsilane

3-496

No. Name 10288 10289 10290 10291 10292

2,4,6-Trichloropyrimidine 3-(Trichlorosilyl)propanenitrile 2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine 2,2’,2’’-Trichlorotriethylamine Trichlorotriethyldialuminum

10293 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6trifluorobenzene 10294 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2trifluoroethane 10295 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane 10296 Trichlorovinylsilane 10297 Trichodermin 10298 Triclofos 10299 Triclopyr

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Cyanuric acic trichloride

C4HCl3N2 C3H4Cl3NSi C3Cl3N3 C6H12Cl3N C6H15Al2Cl3

3764-01-0 1071-22-3 108-77-0 555-77-1 12075-68-2

183.423 188.516 184.411 204.525 247.505

C6Cl3F3

319-88-0

235.418

C2Cl3F3

354-58-5

187.375

Ethylaluminum sesquichloride

Vinyltrichlorosilane 12,13-Epoxytrichothec-9-en-4ol acetate 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol dihydrogen phosphate Acetic acid, [(3,5,6-trichloro-2pyridinyl)oxy]-

10300 Tricosane

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

22.5

212.5 10930 192 14315 115.550, 36.20.2 198.4

cry (eth, bz) 154 pa ye -2.0 ye liq

14.37

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.570020 vs EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH

45.5

1.579020

1.361035

25

25

C2Cl3F3

76-13-1

187.375

liq

-36.22

47.7

1.5635

1.3557

C2H3Cl3Si C17H24O4

75-94-5 4682-50-2

161.490 292.371

liq cry

-95 59

91.5 1110.05

1.242620

1.429520

C2H4Cl3O4P

306-52-5

229.383

cry (bz)

120.5

C7H4Cl3NO3

55335-06-3

256.471

C23H48

638-67-5

324.627

lf (eth-al)

149

dec 290

47.76

380

0.778548

1.446820

10301 12-Tricosanone 10302 Tri-o-cresyl phosphate

Diundecyl ketone Tri-o-tolyl phosphate

C23H46O C21H21O4P

540-09-0 78-30-8

338.610 368.363

lf (al) 70.2 col or pa ye 11

410

0.808669 1.195520

1.428380 1.557520

10303 Tri-m-cresyl phosphate

Tri-m-tolyl phosphate

C21H21O4P

563-04-2

368.363

wax

25.5

26015

1.15025

1.557520

10304 Tri-p-cresyl phosphate

Tri-p-tolyl phosphate

C21H21O4P

78-32-0

368.363

77.5

22435

1.24725

C9H11N3 C9H7N3S

1772-25-4 41814-78-2

161.203 189.237

nd (al), tab (eth) br liq

2572

1.040

1.466020

C10H16

508-32-7

136.234

67.5

152.5

0.866880

1.429680

C10H17N C10H16 C13H26O C13H28

768-94-5 281-23-2 10486-19-8 629-50-5

151.249 136.234 198.344 184.361

180 268 14 -5.4

sub 15613 235.47

1.0725 0.835618 0.756420

1.568 1.438418 1.425620

C13H24O4

505-52-2

244.328

9.7 41.5

293 236100, 1401

0.825720 0.845880

1.437820 1.428660

31.7

274; 15214

0.822331

30.5

263

0.821730

10305 1,3,6-Tricyanohexane 10306 Tricyclazole 10307 Tricyclene

10308 10309 10310 10311

Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-1-amine Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane Tridecanal Tridecane

1,2,4-Triazolo[3,4-b] benzothiazole, 5-methyl1,7,7Trimethyltricyclo[2.2.1.0 2,6] heptane Amantadine Adamantane

10312 Tridecanedioic acid

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, bz vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, chl

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ctc vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ctc, tol; s HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ctc, tol s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc

187 cry (al)

nd (sub) liq

114

sl H2O s bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O, bz, tfa; s EtOH, eth, chl vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s EtOH, chl, lig; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz

10313 Tridecanenitrile 10314 Tridecanoic acid

Tridecylic acid

C13H25N C13H26O2

629-60-7 638-53-9

195.345 214.344

10315 1-Tridecanol

Tridecyl alcohol

C13H28O

112-70-9

200.360

10316 2-Tridecanone

Methyl undecyl ketone

C13H26O

593-08-8

198.344

10317 7-Tridecanone

Dihexyl ketone

C13H26O

462-18-0

198.344

lf (al)

33

261

0.82530

10318 1-Tridecene

C13H26

2437-56-1

182.345

liq

-13

232.8

0.765820

10319 10320 10321 10322

Tridecyl acrylate Tridecylaluminum Tridecylamine (Tridecyl)amine

C16H30O2 C30H63Al C30H63N C13H29N

3076-04-8 1726-66-5 1070-01-5 2869-34-3

254.408 450.803 437.828 199.376

liq hyg visc liq

15010

0.8820

-38 406 275.8

0.804920

1.444320

10323 10324 10325 10326 10327 10328

Tridecylbenzene Tridecylcyclohexane Tridecyl methacrylate Tri(decyl) phosphite 1-Tridecyne Tridiphane

C19H32 C19H38 C17H32O2 C30H63O3P C13H24 C10H7Cl5O

123-02-4 6006-33-3 2495-25-2 2929-86-4 26186-02-7 58138-08-2

260.457 266.505 268.435 502.793 180.330 320.427

0.855020 0.823920 0.88120

1.482120 1.457020 1.44825

0.784220

1.430920

vs bz, eth

102-87-4 102-71-6

521.988 149.188

hyg cry

1.124220

1.485220

2437-88-9 5089-70-3

210.269 240.800

cry (al, dil al) 43.5 col gas

msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s chl vs eth, EtOH

N,N-Didecyl-1-decanamine 1-Tridecanamine 1-Phenyltridecane

10329 Tridodecylamine 10330 Triethanolamine

2-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)oxirane, (±) N,N-Didodecyl-1-dodecanamine C36H75N Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine C6H15NO3

10331 1,3,5-Triethoxybenzene 10332 Triethoxy(3-chloropropyl)silane

(3-Chloropropyl)triethoxysilane

C12H18O3 C9H21ClO3Si

cry (peth ace) cry (al)

27.4 10 18.5 liq 2.5 42.8

16.4 20.5

346 346 1181 2553, 1800.1 234; 9425

2200.03 335.4 17024 -149

1.431820

1.434020

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-497 Cl Cl

Cl Cl Si Cl Cl

N Cl

N

Cl

2,4,6-Trichloropyrimidine

N N

Cl

3-(Trichlorosilyl)propanenitrile

Cl

F F

F

Cl Cl Cl

F

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane

N

Cl

Cl

O

12-Tricosanone

Cl

Cl

Cl

N

O Triclopyr

O O P O O

O O P O O

Tri-o-cresyl phosphate

Tri-m-cresyl phosphate

NH2 N N

N

N N

S

1,3,6-Tricyanohexane

Tricyclazole

Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-1-amine

Tricyclene

Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane

O

O

OH

HO

O Tridecanal

OH

O

Triclofos

N

Tri-p-cresyl phosphate

1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene

O P OH O OH

Cl

Trichodermin

O

O O P O O

Cl Cl

O

Trichlorovinylsilane

Tricosane

Trichlorotriethyldialuminum

O

Cl F

H O

F

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,2’,2’’-Trichlorotriethylamine

Cl Si Cl Cl

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

Al

Al Cl

2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine

Cl F Cl

Cl

Cl

N N

H F

F

Tridecane

Tridecanedioic acid

O N

O OH

OH

Tridecanenitrile

Tridecanoic acid

1-Tridecanol

2-Tridecanone

O

O

O 7-Tridecanone

1-Tridecene

Tridecyl acrylate

Al

N

Tridecylaluminum

Tridecylamine

NH2 (Tridecyl)amine

O O Tridecylbenzene

Tridecylcyclohexane

Tridecyl methacrylate

Cl

Cl

O

O P

O Cl

O

Tri(decyl) phosphite

1-Tridecyne

Cl

Cl

Tridiphane

Cl O

OH

O N Tridodecylamine

HO

N Triethanolamine

OH

O

Si O O

O

1,3,5-Triethoxybenzene

Triethoxy(3-chloropropyl)silane

3-498

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

10333 1,1,1-Triethoxyethane

C8H18O3

78-39-7

nD

Solubility

162.227

145

0.884725

1.398020

78-07-9

192.329

158.5

0.896320

1.395520

122-51-0 2031-67-6 2761-24-2 780-69-8 115-80-0 998-30-1 919-30-2 919-31-3 77-89-4

148.200 178.302 234.408 240.371 176.253 164.275 221.370 217.338 318.320

143; 6020 142 10030, 9513 232; 11310 171 133.5 11929 10910 21440

0.890920 0.894825 0.886220 0.99625

1.392220 1.383220 1.405920 1.460420 1.400025

Triethyl acetylcitrate

C7H16O3 C7H18O3Si C11H26O3Si C12H20O3Si C9H20O3 C6H16O3Si C9H23NO3Si C9H19NO3Si C14H22O8

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ctc, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s EtOH, eth

10334 Triethoxyethylsilane

C8H20O3Si

10335 10336 10337 10338 10339 10340 10341 10342 10343

Hexaethyldialuminum N,N-Diethylethanamine

C6H15Al C6H15N

97-93-8 121-44-8

114.165 101.190

col hyg liq liq

-46 -114.7

194; 10013 89

0.83225 0.727520

N,N-Diethylethanamine hydrochloride

C6H16ClN

554-68-7

137.651

hex (al)

260 dec

sub 245

1.068921

10347 Triethylarsine

C6H15As

617-75-4

162.105

138.5

1.15020

1.46720

10348 1,2,3-Triethylbenzene 10349 1,2,4-Triethylbenzene

C12H18 C12H18

42205-08-3 877-44-1

162.271 162.271

172 218; 9915

0.873820

1.502420

20

20

No. Name

Triethoxymethane Triethoxymethylsilane Triethoxypentylsilane Triethoxyphenylsilane 1,1,1-Triethoxypropane Triethoxysilane 3-(Triethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propanenitrile Triethyl 2-acetoxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylate 10344 Triethylaluminum 10345 Triethylamine

10346 Triethylamine hydrochloride

Synonym

10350 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene 10351 Triethylborane 10352 Triethyl borate 10353 Triethyl citrate 10354 Triethylenediamine 10355 Triethylene glycol

Boric acid, triethyl ester

Triglycol

Physical Form

mp/˚C

liq

col liq

-26

0.874520 0.950620 0.97420 1.13525

1.422520 1.4380

1.401020

C12H18

102-25-0

162.271

liq

-66.5

215.9

0.8631

1.4969

C6H15B C6H15BO3 C12H20O7

97-94-9 150-46-9 77-93-0

97.994 145.992 276.283

liq liq

-93 -84.8

95 120 294

0.7023 0.854620 1.136920

1.3971 1.374920 1.445520

C6H12N2 C6H14O4

280-57-9 112-27-6

112.172 150.173

hyg liq

159 -7

285

1.127415

1.453120

liq

-50

286

1.115320

1705

1.09220

1.459525

216 820.03

0.98620

1.422420

256

1.020920

10356 Triethylene glycol bis(2ethylhexanoate) 10357 Triethylene glycol diacetate

C22H42O6

94-28-0

402.564

C10H18O6

111-21-7

234.246

10358 Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate

C14H22O6

109-16-0

286.321

10359 Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether 10360 Triethylene glycol dinitrate

C8H18O4 C6H12N2O8

112-49-2 111-22-8

178.227 240.167

C8H18O4

112-50-5

178.227

C6H12N3OP

545-55-1

173.152

cry

41

C6H12N3PS

52-24-4

189.218

cry

51.5

C9H21N3

7779-27-3

171.283

C6H15O4P

78-40-0

182.154

liq

-56.4

215.5

1.069520

1.405320

10366 Triethylphosphine

C6H15P

554-70-1

118.157

liq

-88

129

0.800619

1.45815

10367 Triethylphosphine oxide

C6H15OP

597-50-2

134.156

wh hyg nd

48

243

C6H15PS C6H15O3P

597-51-3 122-52-1

150.222 166.155

cry (al)

94 157.9

0.962920

1.412720

C6H15O3PS C6H16Si C6H16OSi

126-68-1 617-86-7 597-52-4

198.220 116.277 132.276

liq

-156.9

217; 10016 109 154

1.076820 0.730220 0.864720

1.448020 1.44720 1.432920

C6H15Sb

617-85-6

208.943

liq

-98

161.4

1.322415

C23H23NO C15H15ClF3N3O C21H24F3N3S C21H26Cl2F3N3S

1420-06-0 68694-11-1 117-89-5 440-17-5

329.435 345.747 407.496 480.417

cry (EtOH)

176 63.5

Triglyme Ethanol, 2,2’-[1,2ethanediylbis(oxy)]bis-, dinitrate 10361 Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether 2-[2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy] ethanol 10362 Triethylenephosphoramide Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine, oxide 10363 Triethylenethiophosphoramide Thiotepa 10364 1,3,5-Triethylhexahydro-1,3,5triazine 10365 Triethyl phosphate

10368 Triethylphosphine sulfide 10369 Triethyl phosphite 10370 O,O,O-Triethyl phosphorothioate 10371 Triethylsilane 10372 Triethylsilanol

Ethyl phosphate

Triethoxyphosphine O,O,O-Triethyl thiophosphate

10373 Triethylstibine 10374 10375 10376 10377

Trifenmorph Triflumizole Trifluoperazine Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride

4-(Triphenylmethyl)morpholine

Stelazine

liq

-45

9123

2060.7 241.5

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc; vs ace, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc s chl msc H2O, EtOH, bz; sl eth, chl; i peth s chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth vs H2O, bz

vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace vs H2O; s bz, chl, eth, EtOH

786

cry

vs eth, EtOH

1.458025 s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH; sl chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O, sulf i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s chl, ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

O

O

O

3-499

Si O O O

1,1,1-Triethoxyethane

O

O

Triethoxyethylsilane

Si O O

O Si O O

Si O O

O

O

Triethoxymethane

Triethoxymethylsilane

Triethoxypentylsilane

Triethoxyphenylsilane

N

H2N

O O

O

O Si O O H

O

O

1,1,1-Triethoxypropane

O

Triethoxysilane

Al

N

Triethylaluminum

Triethylamine

Si O

N

B

O

Triethylborane

O

3-(Triethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine

1,2,3-Triethylbenzene

COOEt COOEt OH

EtOOC O

1,2,4-Triethylbenzene

N

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O N

O

O

O

O

N O

Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate

O

O

OH

O

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether

N

O O P O O

1,3,5-Triethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine

Triethyl phosphate

N

O N P N N

O

Triethylene glycol dinitrate

N

O

O

Triethylene glycol diacetate

Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether

S N P N N

OH

O

O

Triethylene glycol bis(2-ethylhexanoate)

O

O

Triethylene glycol

O O

O

O

1,3,5-Triethylbenzene

HO

Triethylenediamine

O

O

Triethyl 2-acetoxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate

O O

O

O

N

Triethyl citrate

O O

O O

O

3-(Triethoxysilyl)propanenitrile

Triethylarsine

Triethyl borate

O

O

O

As

HCl

Triethylamine hydrochloride

O B

Si O O O

Triethylenephosphoramide

O P

S P

Triethylphosphine oxide

Triethylphosphine sulfide

P

Triethylenethiophosphoramide

Triethylphosphine

O

O

O P

N

S O P O O

H Si

O,O,O-Triethyl phosphorothioate

Triethylsilane

OH Si Sb

O

Triethyl phosphite

Cl

F

F F

Triethylsilanol

N

N N Triflumizole

S Trifluoperazine

2HCl

N F

N

Trifenmorph

N

N

N

O

Triethylstibine

F F

F N

F F

S Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride

3-500

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

10378 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide 10379 Trifluoroacetic acid 10380 10381 10382 10383 10384 10385 10386 10387 10388

Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride 1,1,1-Trifluoroacetone Trifluoroacetonitrile Trifluoroacetyl chloride 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol

Methyl trifluoromethyl ketone

Methyl fluoroform

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C2H2F3NO C2HF3O2

354-38-1 76-05-1

113.038 114.023

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

liq

73.8 -15.2

162.5 73

1.535125

C4F6O3 C3H3F3O C2F3N C2ClF3O C6H3F3 C6H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H3F3O

407-25-0 421-50-1 353-85-5 354-32-5 367-23-7 372-38-3 420-46-2 430-66-0 75-89-8

210.031 112.050 95.023 132.468 132.083 132.083 84.040 84.040 100.039

liq -65 vol liq or gas col gas col gas -146

col gas

-51

1.26-70 1.24525

col gas col gas col gas

-155.2

36 31.62 54.5 -22.5 -80 -82.1

col gas hyg liq

45

liq col gas col gas liq

-5.5 -111.3 -84 -43.5

39.5 21.5 -68.8 -18 90 75.5 -47.25 3.7 74

10389 Trifluoroethene

Trifluoroethylene

C2HF3

359-11-5

82.024

10390 10391 10392 10393 10394 10395

2,2,2-Trifluoroethylamine 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-iodoethane Trifluoroiodomethane Trifluoroisocyanomethane Trifluoromethane

2,2,2-Trifluoroethanamine

C2H4F3N C3H5F3O C2H2F3I CF3I C2F3N CHF3

753-90-2 460-43-5 353-83-3 2314-97-8 19480-01-4 75-46-7

99.055 114.066 209.936 195.910 95.023 70.014

10396 10397 10398 10399 10400 10401

Trifluoromethanesulfenyl chloride Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid Trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride Trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride 2-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline

CClF3S CHF3O3S CClF3O2S CF4O2S C7H6F3N C7H6F3N

421-17-0 1493-13-6 421-83-0 335-05-7 88-17-5 98-16-8

136.524 150.077 168.523 152.069 161.125 161.125

C7H6F3N C8H5F3O C7H5F3

455-14-1 455-19-6 98-08-8

161.125 174.120 146.110

C8H4F3N C8H4F3N C8H4ClF3O

368-77-4 455-18-5 2251-65-2

171.120 171.120 208.565

oil

C2HF5O

3822-68-2

136.020

col gas

-157

-38

C7H5F3O C7H5F3O C14H10F3NO2

444-30-4 98-17-9 530-78-9

162.109 162.109 281.230

liq

45.5 -0.9 133.5

147.5 178

CH3F3Si CH3F3Si C3HF7O

373-74-0 10112-11-5 2356-61-8

100.116 100.116 186.028

col gas col gas col gas

-73 -124 -141

-30 -38.3 -3

C5H5F3O2 C10H7F3O2

367-57-7 326-06-7

154.088 216.157

liq cry

39

107 224

C8H5F3O C6H5F3Si C3H5F3 C3H5F3O

434-45-7 368-47-8 421-07-8 17556-48-8

174.120 162.185 98.067 114.066

liq liq col gas liq

C3H3F3 C3HF3 C8H5F3O2S

677-21-4 661-54-1 326-91-0

96.051 94.035 222.185

col gas col gas

C3F6O C18H19F3N2S C13H16F3N3O4

428-59-1 146-54-3 1582-09-8

166.021 352.417 335.279

gas visc oil

C10H14Cl6N4O2 C7H7NO2

26644-46-2 535-83-1

434.962 137.137

C18H39N

102-86-3

269.510

261.7

C18H39BO3

5337-36-0

314.312

1432

10402 4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 10403 4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde 10404 (Trifluoromethyl)benzene 10405 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile 10406 4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile 10407 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride 10408 Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether 10409 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 10410 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 10411 2-[[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl] amino]benzoic acid 10412 Trifluoromethylsilane 10413 (Trifluoromethyl)silane 10414 Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethyl ether 10415 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione 10416 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3butanedione 10417 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-phenylethanone 10418 Trifluorophenylsilane 10419 1,1,1-Trifluoropropane 10420 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-propanol, (±) 10421 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 10422 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne 10423 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3butanedione 10424 Trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)oxirane 10425 Triflupromazine 10426 Trifluralin

Trifluoromethyl isocyanide Fluoroform

Benzotrifluoride

Flufenamic acid

1,1,1-Trifluoroacetylacetone

(Trifluoromethyl)acetylene Thenoyltrifluoroacetone Perfluoropropylene oxide Fluopromazine 2,6-Dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4(trifluoromethyl)aniline

10427 Triforine 10428 Trigonelline 10429 Trihexylamine 10430 Trihexyl borate

N,N-Dihexyl-1-hexanamine

25

col gas 35.5 5.5 38 liq

-28.95 14.5 37.5

-40 -18

-0.7 162 162; 6218 -21.7 6815 187; 7410

nD

Solubility s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace 25

1.490 1.25225

1.269

1.26425 1.27725

1.417120 1.414020 s eth, chl

1.384220

1.290722

vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth

2.1325 1.400920 2.3607-32 1.3790-32 0.67325 (p>1 atm)

s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH; sl chl

1.334420 1.28225 1.304712

1.481020 1.478720

117.560 8025 102.1

1.28327 1.188420

1.481525 1.463020 1.414620

189

1.281320

1.450820

186; 8016

1.383

1.477020

i H2O vs eth i H2O

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth

msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

1.341825 s DMSO

-52

153 101.5 -13 78

42.8

-17 -48.3 978

49

-27.4 1760.7 1404.2

s os i H2O; s EtOH, ace 1.27920 1.216920

1.458320 1.411020

1.263225

1.313025

vs bz, EtOH vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl ctc

1.578023

155 dec pr (aq, al, +1w)

vs H2O 0.797621

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s acid sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O F F

O F F

NH2 F

2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide

F

F

F F

OH

3-501

O

F

Trifluoroacetic acid

O

F F

O

O

O

F

Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride

F

F F

F

F F

N F

1,1,1-Trifluoroacetone

Trifluoroacetonitrile

Cl F

Trifluoroacetyl chloride

F F

F

F

F

F

F

F 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene

F O

F

F

F

1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene

1,1,1-Trifluoroethane

2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether

F

OH

F

F

F

N F

F Trifluoroiodomethane

2,2,2-Trifluoroethylamine

F

F F

F

Trifluoroisocyanomethane

NH2

F

F

Trifluoroethene

H

F F

F

1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-iodoethane

F

2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol

I F

F I

F

1,1,2-Trifluoroethane

F F F

F

F

F

F

Trifluoromethane

S

Cl

F

Trifluoromethanesulfenyl chloride

NH2 O OH S O

F F

F F

F

Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid

O Cl S O F

F

F 2-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline

3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline

N F

F

F

F

F

4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde

(Trifluoromethyl)benzene

F F

F

3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile

Cl

OH OH

F

F F

F F

3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride

O F

F

F

F F

F

F

Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether

2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol

F F F

Trifluoromethylsilane

H Si H H

F

F

F

F F

(Trifluoromethyl)silane

O

F

O

F

F F Si

F

F

1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione

Trifluorophenylsilane

F F

F

1,1,1-Trifluoropropane

1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-propanol, (±)

O

F F

O

F

N

F F F

4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione

S

Trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)oxirane

Triflupromazine

F

NO2

Trigonelline

Trihexylamine

HN N

F

F

Trifluralin

O

N Cl Cl Cl

Cl Cl Cl

F

Triforine

O

N

O

O NH

F F

O

N Me

F 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne

N F

O

F F

3,3,3-Trifluoropropene

O2N F F

F F

4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione

F F

F F

N

S

O

F F

OH

F

F

F

F

2-[[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]benzoic acid

O

F F

Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether

F F

2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-phenylethanone

O O

F

OH H N

F F

3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol

F

F Si F F

F

4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile

O O

F F

N F

F

F F

F

Trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride

O

NH2

F

O F S O

F F

Trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride

NH2 F

O B

O

Trihexyl borate

3-502

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

10431 Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride

α-Cyclohexyl-α-phenyl-1piperidinepropanol hydrochloride Borane pyridine Anthragallol

C20H32ClNO

52-49-3

337.927

C5H8BN C14H8O5

110-51-0 602-64-2

92.936 256.211

10.5 ye nd (dil al) 313

Purpurin

C14H8O5

81-54-9

256.211

10435 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O5

610-02-6

170.120

oran red or 259 oran-ye nd (al) nd (+w) 221

10436 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O5

83-30-7

170.120

cry (w+1)

100 dec 253 dec

10432 Trihydro(pyridine)boron 10433 1,2,3-Trihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 10434 1,2,4-Trihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

pr (w+1)

10438 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzophenone

Alizarin Yellow A

C13H10O4

1143-72-2

230.216

ye nd (dil al) 140.5

10439 2’,4,4’-Trihydroxychalcone

Isoliquiritigenin

C15H12O4

961-29-5

256.254

10440 9,10,16-Trihydroxyhexadecanoic acid 10441 1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methyl-9,10anthracenedione 10442 9,10,18-Trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid, (R*,R*) 10443 5,6,7-Trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-1benzopyran-4-one

Aleuritic acid

C16H32O5

6949-98-0

304.422

Emodin

C15H10O5

518-82-1

270.237

Phloionolic acid

C18H36O5

583-86-8

332.476

ye nd (EtOHw) lf (dil al), nd (w) oran-red mcl nd (HOAc) cry (dil al)

101.5

Baicalein

C15H10O5

491-67-8

270.237

ye pr (al)

264 dec

C10H12O4

1421-63-2

196.200

153.8

C8H8O4

528-21-2

168.148

173

10446 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl) ethanone

2’,4’,6’-Trihydroxyacetophenone C8H8O4

480-66-0

168.148

221.0

10447 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1propanone 10448 2,6,7-Trihydroxy-9-phenyl-3 Hxanthen-3-one 10449 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid

Flopropione

C9H10O4

2295-58-1

182.173

nd (w, +1w) 175.5

Phenylfluorone

C19H12O5

975-17-7

320.295

C7H3I3O2

88-82-4

499.811

oran red (al- >300 HCl) pr (al) 225

10450 Triiodomethane

Iodoform

CHI3

75-47-8

393.732

ye cry

121.2

218

C6H3I3O

609-23-4

471.800

nd (dil al)

159.8

sub

51-26-3 3453-79-0

635.959 246.322

cry (EtOH)

200

100-99-2 1116-40-1

198.324 185.349

liq liq

1116-39-8 126-71-6

C15H33N

10454 Triisobutylaluminum 10455 Triisobutylamine 10456 Triisobutylborane 10457 Triisobutyl phosphate 10458 Triisopentylamine

3-Methyl-N,N-bis(3methylbutyl)-1-butanamine

10459 Triisopropanolamine 10460 10461 10462 10463 10464

Triisopropoxymethane Triisopropoxyvinylsilane 1,2,4-Triisopropylbenzene 1,3,5-Triisopropylbenzene Triisopropyl borate

10465 Triisopropyl phosphate 10466 Triisopropyl phosphite 10467 Triisopropyl vanadate

Isopropyl orthoformate

Vanadium, oxotris(2propanolato)-, (T-4)-

i H2O; dec acid sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc, CS2 sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, HOAc; s eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, CS2 sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; i bz sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s ace; i bz, chl sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc

1.6946

170.120

C15H11I3O4 2-Methyl-1-propanol, aluminum C12H27AlO3 salt C12H27Al 2-Methyl-N,N-bis(2C12H27N methylpropyl)-1-propanamine C12H27B C12H27O4P

1.528025

sub

149-91-7

10452 3,3’,5-Triiodothyropropanoic acid 10453 Triisobutyl aluminate

0.92020

sub

C7H6O5

10451 2,4,6-Triiodophenol

Solubility

sub 290

Gallic acid

Gallacetophenone

nD

258.5

10437 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

10444 1-(2,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1butanone 10445 1-(2,3,4-Trihydroxyphenyl) ethanone

den/ g cm-3

200 102 257

sl H2O sub

vs eth, EtOH

sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc

s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; sl bz, chl sl H2O, chl, bz; vs EtOH, eth, ace vs eth, EtOH

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz i H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace sl EtOH

4.00825

27550 8610 191.5

0.768420

1.425217

vs eth, EtOH

182.153 266.313

188; 8620 264

0.738025 0.968120

1.418823 1.419320

645-41-0

227.430

235

0.784820

1.433120

C9H21NO3

122-20-3

191.268

17510

1.020

C10H22O3 C11H24O3Si C15H24 C15H24 C9H21BO3

4447-60-3 18023-33-1 948-32-3 717-74-8 5419-55-6

190.280 232.393 204.352 204.352 188.072

167 179.5; 7720 244 238 140; 7576

0.862120 0.862725 0.857425 0.854520 0.825120

1.400020 1.398120 1.489625 1.488220 1.377720

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, bz, ctc s H2O, EtOH; sl chl vs eth, EtOH s ctc

C9H21O4P C9H21O3P C9H21O4V

513-02-0 116-17-6 5588-84-1

224.234 208.235 244.203

219 7420, 6010 10410

0.986720 0.906320

1.405720 1.408525

6 -21.8

45

liq

-7.4

s ace, bz, chl vs EtOH, eth, bz, PrOH vs EtOH s EtOH, eth, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-503

N

O

O

OH

N H B H H

HCl

OH

Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride

O

OH

OH

Trihydro(pyridine)boron

OH O

1,2,3-Trihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

OH

1,2,4-Trihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH OH

HO

2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

OH O O

HO

OH OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

OH

3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzophenone

2’,4,4’-Trihydroxychalcone

OH O OH

OH

O

HO

OH

OH

OH

O

9,10,16-Trihydroxyhexadecanoic acid

1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

O

OH O OH

HO

O

HO

OH

HO

OH

O

HO

OH

OH

9,10,18-Trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid, (R*,R*)

O

5,6,7-Trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

O OH

OH

OH

O

OH

HO

O

OH

OH

1-(2,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1-butanone

O

HO

OH

HO

O

OH HO

OH

OH

I

OH OH

OH

1-(2,3,4-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone

1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone

OH I

O O

I

HO

I

I

Triiodomethane

2,4,6-Triiodophenol

B

O

O Al

O

Al

OH

I I

I

I

2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid

N

O

3,3’,5-Triiodothyropropanoic acid

O O P O O

O

2,6,7-Trihydroxy-9-phenyl-3H-xanthen-3-one

I I

H I

HO

OH

1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone

Triisobutyl aluminate

HO

N

Triisobutylaluminum

OH N

O O

Triisobutylamine

O Si O O

O

HO Triisobutylborane

Triisobutyl phosphate

Triisopentylamine

O 1,2,4-Triisopropylbenzene

1,3,5-Triisopropylbenzene

O B

O

Triisopropyl borate

Triisopropanolamine

O O P O O Triisopropyl phosphate

Triisopropoxymethane

O

O P

O

Triisopropyl phosphite

Triisopropoxyvinylsilane

O O V O O Triisopropyl vanadate

3-504

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

10468 Trimecaine

2-Diethylamino-2’,4’,6’trimethylacetanilide

C15H24N2O

616-68-2

248.364

cry

44

1876

552-30-7 84-96-8

192.125 298.446

cry

162 68

24114 1620.3

2275-18-5 554-92-7 738-70-5

285.364 424.918 290.318

solid cry ye cry

28.5 188 201

1350.1

10469 Trimellitic anhydride 10470 Trimeprazine

C9H4O5 N,N,β-Trimethyl-10HC18H22N2S phenothiazine-10-propanamine 10471 Trimethoate C9H20NO3PS2 10472 Trimethobenzamide hydrochloride C21H29ClN2O5 10473 Trimethoprim C14H18N4O3 10474 3,4,5-Trimethoxyaniline 10475 2,3,4-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde 10476 2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde

C9H13NO3 C10H12O4 C10H12O4

24313-88-0 2103-57-3 4460-86-0

183.204 196.200 196.200

10477 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde 10478 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene

C10H12O4 C9H12O3

86-81-7 634-36-6

196.200 168.189

10479 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene

C9H12O3

621-23-8

168.189

10480 3,4,5Mescaline Trimethoxybenzeneethanamine 10481 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzenemethanol 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl alcohol 10482 2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid

C11H17NO3

54-04-6

211.258

C10H14O4 C10H12O5

3840-31-1 490-64-2

198.216 212.199

10483 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid

C10H12O5

118-41-2

212.199

10484 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl chloride 10485 Trimethoxyboroxin 10486 6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’dimethylberbaman-12-ol 10487 6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’dimethyloxyacanthan-12’-ol

Berbamine

C10H11ClO4 C3H9B3O6 C37H40N2O6

4521-61-3 102-24-9 478-61-5

230.645 173.532 608.723

Oxyacanthine

C37H40N2O6

548-40-3

10488 7’,10,11-Trimethoxyemetan-6’-ol

Cephaeline

C28H38N2O4

10489 1,1,1-Trimethoxyethane 10490 4,7,8-Trimethoxyfuro[2,3-b] quinoline

Skimmianine

10491 10492 10493 10494 10495 10496 10497 10498 10499

Trimethoxymethane Trimethoxymethylsilane Trimethoxyphenylsilane Trimethoxysilane 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol (3-Mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2ethanediamine 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate Trimethyl aluminum Trimethylamine N,N-Dimethylmethanamine

10500 Trimethylamine borane 10501 Trimethylamine hydrochloride 10502 Trimethylamine oxide 10503 10504 10505 10506

2,4,5-Trimethylaniline 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline Trimethylarsine 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzaldehyde

N,N-Dimethylmethanamine borane N,N-Dimethylmethanamine hydrochloride N,N-Dimethylmethanamine oxide Mesitylamine

den/ g cm-3

nD

sl H2O vs H2O sl chl, MeOH; i eth, bz

112.8 1220.5

1.554720

114

orth nd (al) pr (al), lf (peth) cry

72.5 48.5

1485 235

54.5

255.5

35.5

18012

3 nd (al or bz- 145 peth) mcl nd (w) 172.3 82

22825 300

s H2O, eth, chl, lig s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; i eth, peth

1.100945

1.142720

1.543920 vs H2O, bz, EtOH, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl

22610 18518 1.4025

608.723

lf (+2w, al) cry (peth) nd (al, eth)

198.5 216.5

483-17-0

466.613

nd (eth)

115.5

C5H12O3 C14H13NO4

1445-45-0 83-95-4

120.147 259.258

pym (al)

177

C4H10O3 C4H12O3Si C9H14O3Si C3H10O3Si C6H16O3SSi

149-73-5 1185-55-3 2996-92-1 2487-90-3 4420-74-0

106.120 136.222 198.291 122.195 196.340

C8H22N2O3Si

1760-24-3

222.358

C10H20O5Si

2530-85-0

248.349

liq

C3H9Al C3H9N

75-24-1 75-50-3

72.085 59.110

col gas

C3H12BN

75-22-9

72.945

C3H10ClN

593-81-7

95.571

C3H9NO

1184-78-7

75.109

C9H13N C9H13N C3H9As C10H12O

137-17-7 88-05-1 593-88-4 487-68-3

15

108

0.943825

1.385925

104 102.5 13045, 11020 32100 12850, 9310

0.967620 0.954820 1.06420

1.379320 1.369620 1.473420

1.01525

1.442025

140.515

1.0125

1.441625

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig vs ace, EtOH, MeOH, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O, peth; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, CS2 s EtOH, eth s chl s ctc, CS2

1075, 951 15.4 -117.1

130; 208 2.87

94

172

0.75220 0.62725 (p>1 atm) 0.79225

mcl hyg nd 277.5 (al) hyg nd (w+2) 256

sub 200

135.206 135.206 120.025 148.201

nd (w) liq liq

68 -2.5 -87.3 14

234.5 232.5 52 238.5

0.95725 0.963325 1.14415 1.015425

1.36310

vs H2O, chl, tol; s EtOH, eth, bz vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH

1.549520

10507 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

Hemimellitene

C9H12

526-73-8

120.191

liq

-25.4

176.12

0.894420

1.513920

10508 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

Pseudocumene

C9H12

95-63-6

120.191

liq

-43.77

169.38

0.875820

1.504820

10509 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

Mesitylene

C9H12

108-67-8

120.191

liq

-44.72

164.74

0.861525

1.499420

C9H12O2

700-13-0

152.190

nd (w)

169 dec

10510 2,3,5-Trimethyl-1,4-benzenediol

Solubility

vs EtOH sl ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-505

O N

HN

OH

O

O

N

O O

Trimecaine

O

O

S

Trimellitic anhydride

NH2

Trimeprazine

N

O O O

N H

O

NH2

O

O

O

Trimethoprim

O

O

O

2,3,4-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde

2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde

OH

NH2

O

1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene

OH

O

OH

O O

O

O

O

O

1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzeneethanamine

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzenemethanol

O

Cl O O

B O

O

B O

N H

O

O

B O

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl chloride

Trimethoxyboroxin

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

3,4,5-Trimethoxyaniline

O

O

O

O

HCl

Trimethobenzamide hydrochloride

O

O

N

O O

O

NH2

N H

Trimethoate

N

O

S O P O S

N

O

2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid

O

O

O N H

N H

O

O

O

O

O

N H

O

O

O OH

OH 6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’-dimethylberbaman-12-ol

6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’-dimethyloxyacanthan-12’-ol

O N

O

H O H H

H

O

N

O

OH 7’,10,11-Trimethoxyemetan-6’-ol

O

H Si O O

Trimethoxysilane

O O Si O

O

O

O

1,1,1-Trimethoxyethane

O O Si O

SH

3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol

O

O

N O

O

4,7,8-Trimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline

O Si O O

N H

NH2

Trimethoxymethane

Trimethylamine borane

N

HCl

Trimethylamine hydrochloride

Trimethoxymethylsilane

3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate

Al

N

Trimethyl aluminum

Trimethylamine

O

NH2

N O

As 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline

2,4,6-Trimethylaniline

Trimethylarsine

OH

OH 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

Trimethoxyphenylsilane

O O

N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2-ethanediamine

Trimethylamine oxide

Si O O

O O Si O

NH2 H N B H H

O

O

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

2,3,5-Trimethyl-1,4-benzenediol

2,4,6-Trimethylbenzaldehyde

3-506

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

10511 N,α,αTrimethylbenzeneethanamine 10512 Trimethyl 1,2,4benzenetricarboxylate 10513 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzoic acid

Mephentermine

C11H17N

100-92-5

163.260

liq

Trimethyl trimellitate

C12H12O6

2459-10-1

252.219

visc oil

-13

C10H12O2

480-63-7

164.201

pr (lig)

156.5

C10H16Si C10H18

770-09-2 464-15-3

164.320 138.250

α-Fenchyl alcohol, ( l)

C10H18O

512-13-0

154.249

Bornyl acetate

C12H20O2

76-49-3

196.286

C10H16

464-17-5

136.234

C10H16O

1820-09-3

C10H16O Chrysanthenone

Triptane

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

959 19412

i H2O; s eth; vs EtOH 1.261

1.523020 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

190.5 161

0.893320

48

9420

0.903484

29

221

113

146

152.233

24

9210

0.965725

1.490825

1845-30-3

152.233

15.5

9010

0.968425

1.491225

C10H14O

473-06-3

150.217

C3H9B C3H9BO3 C7H16

593-90-8 121-43-7 464-06-2

55.914 103.912 100.202

col gas liq liq

10525 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol

C7H16O

594-83-2

116.201

10526 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene

C7H14

594-56-9

98.186

cry (dil al +1/ 17 2w) liq -109.9

10527 Trimethylchlorosilane 10528 Trimethyl citrate 10529 2,6,6-Trimethyl-2,4cycloheptadien-1-one 10530 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclohexane 10531 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane 10532 1α,2β,4β-1,2,4Trimethylcyclohexane 10533 1α,3α,5β-1,3,5Trimethylcyclohexane 10534 cis-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol

C3H9ClSi C9H14O7 C10H14O

75-77-4 1587-20-8 503-93-5

108.642 234.203 150.217

liq tcl

C9H18 C9H18 C9H18

7094-26-0 3073-66-3 7667-60-9

126.239 126.239 126.239

liq liq liq

C9H18

1795-26-2

126.239

liq

C9H18O

933-48-2

142.238

10535 trans-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol

C9H18O

767-54-4

142.238

10536 10537 10538 10539

Dihydroisophorone β-Cyclocitral

C9H16O C9H16O C9H16O C10H16O

2408-37-9 2230-70-8 873-94-9 432-25-7

140.222 140.222 140.222 152.233

Isophorol β-Ionol

C9H16O C13H22O

470-99-5 22029-76-1

140.222 194.313

α-Ionol

C13H22O

25312-34-9

194.313

oil

C8H16 C8H16 C8H16

4259-00-1 4516-69-2 4850-28-6

112.213 112.213 112.213

liq liq liq

C8H16

16883-48-0

112.213

C10H16O4

124-83-4

C8H14O C8H14O C6H12 C15H24O C3H9Ga C10H22 C10H22 C10H22

10514 Trimethylbenzylsilane 10515 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptane 10516 1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-ol, (1S-endo) 10517 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-ol acetate, endo 10518 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept2-ene 10519 4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept3-en-2-ol, (1α,2α,5α) 10520 4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept3-en-2-ol, (1α,2β,5α) 10521 2,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept2-en-6-one 10522 Trimethylborane 10523 Trimethyl borate 10524 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane

10540 10541 10542 10543 10544 10545 10546 10547

10548 10549 10550 10551 10552 10553 10554 10555

2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone 2,4,4-Trimethylcyclohexanone 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanone 2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1carboxaldehyde 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol 4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexen1-yl)-3-buten-2-ol 4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen1-yl)-3-buten-2-ol 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopentane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 1α,2α,4β-1,2,4Trimethylcyclopentane 1α,2β,4α-1,2,4Trimethylcyclopentane 1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, (1R, 3S) 2,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone 2,4,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane 3,7,11-Trimethyl-2,6,10dodecatrienal Trimethylgallium 2,2,6-Trimethylheptane 2,5,5-Trimethylheptane 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane

Eucarvone

trans-1,3,5Trimethylcyclohexane

(+)-Camphoric acid

hex pl(al), pr(MeOH) pr

cry (al)

1.494120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, AcOEt, MeOH

vs bz, eth, EtOH

8812 -161.5 -29.3 -24.6

Solubility

1.472022

vs EtOH

vs eth, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, peth, ctc sl H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth, bz, chl, MeOH

-20.2 67.5 80.86

0.91525 0.690120

1.356820 1.386420

131

0.838025

1.423322

77.9

0.705020

1.402520

60 285; 17616 210; 10522

0.85625

1.387020

0.949020

1.508720

-29 -65.7 -83.5

145.2 136.6 142.9

0.796325 0.774925 0.787025

1.438220 1.429520 1.434120

i H2O

-107.4

140.5

0.779420

1.430720

vs bz, eth, lig

37.3

202; 9212

0.900616

1.455016

cry (eth)

55.8

189.2

0.863160

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl

liq

-31.8

178.5 191 189 11229, 9715

0.904318 0.90220 0.891919 0.95915

1.447020 1.449320 1.445415 1.497115

695 13014

0.91420 0.924320

1.471720 1.496920

12714

0.918920

1.473520

-21.6 -142.4 -132.6

114; 53100 104.9 116.7

0.766020 0.743925 0.759225

1.419920 1.411220 1.418620

liq

-130.8

109.3

0.743025

1.410620

200.232

pr, lf (w)

187

28056-54-4 4694-12-6 4127-45-1 19317-11-4

126.196 126.196 84.159 220.351

liq liq liq

-40.6 -25.6 -138.2

1445-79-0 1190-83-6 1189-99-7 7154-80-5

114.826 142.282 142.282 142.282

liq

-105

-40 79.3

ye oil

1.18620

vs eth, EtOH s eth, ace

s EtOH, eth, ace

i H2O

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; i bz, chl

158 160.5 54 17214

0.87725 0.878518 0.689725 0.89318

1.430020 1.43318 1.386420 1.4995

55.7 148.9 152.8 155.7

0.720025 0.736225 0.724820

1.407820 1.414920 1.417020

dec H2O (exp)

i H2O; s bz, ctc, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

O

3-507

O

O

OH

O H N

Si O

N,α,α-Trimethylbenzeneethanamine

O

Trimethyl 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate

2,4,6-Trimethylbenzoic acid

Trimethylbenzylsilane

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

O OH

O

1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, (1S-endo)

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol acetate, endo

OH

OH

4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol, (1α,2α,5α)

O

O B

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene

2,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-6-one

OH

Cl Si

O

Trimethyl borate

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane

2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol

B

O

4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol, (1α,2β,5α)

2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene

Trimethylborane

MeOOC

Trimethylchlorosilane

COOMe COOMe OH

Trimethyl citrate

O

2,6,6-Trimethyl-2,4-cycloheptadien-1-one

1,1,2-Trimethylcyclohexane

OH

1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane

O

OH

cis-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol

2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone

OH

2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde

1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopentane

1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane

3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanone

OH

4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-ol

1α,2α,4β-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane

4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-ol

1α,2β,4α-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane

O

O HOOC

2,4,4-Trimethylcyclohexanone

OH

3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol

1α,3α,5β-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane

O

O

trans-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol

O

1α,2β,4β-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclohexane

COOH

1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, (1R, 3S)

O 3,7,11-Trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienal

2,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone

2,4,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone

1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane

Ga Trimethylgallium

2,2,6-Trimethylheptane

2,5,5-Trimethylheptane

3,3,5-Trimethylheptane

3-508

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

liq liq

-120 -105.7

162.5 133.6 126.5 124.09

0.751925 0.725725 0.71120 0.707220

1.422920 1.410620 1.403320 1.399720

137.7 139.1 131.4 130.7 140.5 12110, 854 194 100.510 135.7 10711 192; 7310 14512 255 225.4 168.1 1605 795

0.734525 0.735425 0.721820 0.720125 0.741425

1.414120 1.414420 1.405120 1.407420 1.417820

0.823625 0.971420 1.56819

1.430025 1.552120

0.866620

1.490020

10556 10557 10558 10559

3,4,5-Trimethylheptane 2,2,3-Trimethylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane

C10H22 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20

20278-89-1 16747-25-4 16747-26-5 3522-94-9

142.282 128.255 128.255 128.255

10560 10561 10562 10563 10564 10565 10566 10567 10568 10569 10570 10571 10572 10573 10574 10575 10576

2,3,3-Trimethylhexane 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3,4-Trimethylhexane 3,5,5-Trimethylhexanoic acid 3,5,5-Trimethyl-1-hexanol 1,2,3-Trimethylindene Trimethylindium 2,3,3-Trimethyl-3H-indole Trimethyl(4-methylphenyl)silane 1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene 1,3,5-Trimethyl-2-nitrobenzene 2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanol 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane Trimethylolpropane 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2,4oxazolidinedione

C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C12H14 C3H9In C11H13N C10H16Si C13H14 C9H11NO2 C12H26O C11H24 C6H14O3 C6H9NO3

16747-28-7 921-47-1 1069-53-0 16747-30-1 16747-31-2 3302-10-1 3452-97-9 4773-83-5 3385-78-2 1640-39-7 3728-43-6 2131-41-1 603-71-4 123-17-1 62016-38-0 77-99-6 127-48-0

128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 158.238 144.254 158.239 159.921 159.228 164.320 170.250 165.189 186.333 156.309 134.173 143.140

liq

-116.8

liq liq liq liq

-127.9 -113.4 -101.2

C3H9BF4O C8H19N C8H18

420-37-1 107-45-9 564-02-3

147.907 129.244 114.229

hyg nd

148 dec

liq

-112.2

110

0.716120

1.403020

C8H18

540-84-1

114.229

liq

-107.3

99.22

0.687825

1.388425

10581 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane

C8H18

560-21-4

114.229

liq

-100.9

114.8

0.726220

1.407520

10582 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane

C8H18

565-75-3

114.229

liq

-109.2

113.5

0.719120

1.404220

10583 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol

C8H18O2

144-19-4

146.228

pl (bz)

51.5

235; 811

0.93615

1.451315

10584 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanethiol 10585 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol

C8H18S C8H18O

141-59-3 690-37-9

146.294 130.228

liq liq

-20

7650 147.5

0.822520

1.428420

C8H18O C8H16O C8H16 C8H16

5162-48-1 5857-36-3 560-23-6 107-39-1

130.228 128.212 112.213 112.213

liq

-13

liq liq

-69 -93.5

150.5 135.1 108.3 101.4

0.829720 0.806520 0.730825 0.715020

1.428820 1.4060 1.417420 1.408620

10590 2,3,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene 10591 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene

C8H16 C8H16

565-77-5 107-40-4

112.213 112.213

liq liq

-113.4 -106.3

116.5 104.9

0.743420 0.721820

1.427420 1.416020

10592 10593 10594 10595

2,3,4-Trimethylphenol 2,3,5-Trimethylphenol 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol 2,4,5-Trimethylphenol

C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O

526-85-2 697-82-5 2416-94-6 496-78-6

136.190 136.190 136.190 136.190

nd (peth)

81 94.5 63 72

236 233

10596 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol

C9H12O

527-60-6

136.190

73

220

10597 3,4,5-Trimethylphenol 10598 Trimethylphenoxysilane 10599 Trimethylphenylammonium Phenyltrimethylammonium chloride chloride 10600 1-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)ethanone

C9H12O C9H14OSi C9H14ClN

527-54-8 1529-17-5 138-24-9

136.190 166.292 171.667

nd (peth, MeOH) nd (peth) liq

108 -55

248.5 119

C11H14O

1667-01-2

162.228

241; 12012

0.975420

Phenyl(trimethylsilyl)amine

C9H15NSi

3768-55-6

165.308

206

0.94020

Methyl phosphate

C9H14Si C3H9O4P

768-32-1 512-56-1

150.293 140.074

liq

-46

169.5 197.2

0.872220 1.214420

C3H9P

594-09-2

76.077

liq

-85

37.5

Isononanoic acid

Indium trimethyl

Trimethadione

10577 Trimethyloxonium fluoborate 10578 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanamine 10579 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane

10580 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

10586 10587 10588 10589

2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanol 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene

10601 1,1,1-Trimethyl-Nphenylsilanamine 10602 Trimethylphenylsilane 10603 Trimethyl phosphate 10604 Trimethylphosphine

Isooctane

tert-Butyl isopropyl ketone

liq

lf (MeOH) orth pr (al)

38 63 44

wh pow or pl 58 46

nd (lig)

Solubility

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s ctc

i H2O vs EtOH sl ctc

1.5125 0.817820

232

vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth vs ace, chl s chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, hp; s bz i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, hp; s eth, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, hp i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz; sl ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth i H2O; s eth, ace i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc, chl, lig i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc, chl; vs lig vs bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH

0.868120

1.512520 vs H2O, EtOH 1.517520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

1.490720 1.396720

s ctc, CS2 vs H2O; sl EtOH; s eth i H2O; s eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3,4,5-Trimethylheptane

2,2,3-Trimethylhexane

3-509

2,2,4-Trimethylhexane

2,2,5-Trimethylhexane

2,3,3-Trimethylhexane

2,3,4-Trimethylhexane

O OH 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane

2,4,4-Trimethylhexane

3,3,4-Trimethylhexane

OH

3,5,5-Trimethylhexanoic acid

3,5,5-Trimethyl-1-hexanol

1,2,3-Trimethylindene

Si O N In

O

N

Trimethylindium

2,3,3-Trimethyl-3H-indole

Trimethyl(4-methylphenyl)silane

1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene

1,3,5-Trimethyl-2-nitrobenzene

O OH HO 2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanol

2,4,7-Trimethyloctane

N

OH OH

O O

O

Trimethylolpropane

3,5,5-Trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione

F F B F F

Trimethyloxonium fluoborate

OH

NH2 OH 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanamine

2,2,3-Trimethylpentane

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

SH

2,3,3-Trimethylpentane

2,3,4-Trimethylpentane

2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol

OH OH

2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanethiol

2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol

O

2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanol

2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone

2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-pentene

OH OH

OH

2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene

2,3,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene

OH

2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene

OH

2,3,4-Trimethylphenol

2,3,5-Trimethylphenol

2,3,6-Trimethylphenol

OH N O

2,4,5-Trimethylphenol

2,4,6-Trimethylphenol

3,4,5-Trimethylphenol

Cl

Si

Trimethylphenoxysilane

Trimethylphenylammonium chloride

O H N 1-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)ethanone

Si Si

1,1,1-Trimethyl-N-phenylsilanamine

Trimethylphenylsilane

O O P O O

P

Trimethyl phosphate

Trimethylphosphine

3-510

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

10605 Trimethyl phosphite

C3H9O3P

121-45-9

nD

Solubility

124.075

111.5

1.051820

1.409520

120-85-4 101257-71-0 14667-55-1 1072-91-9 1462-84-6

128.215 127.228 122.167 110.156 121.180

149.5 148 8735 170 171.6

0.83215

1.443320 1.445820

vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc s ctc vs eth, EtOH

10606 10607 10608 10609 10610

2,3,6-Collidine

C7H16N2 C8H17N C7H10N2 C6H10N2 C8H11N

0.926940 0.922025

1.458957 1.505320

2,4,6-Collidine

C8H11N

108-75-8

121.180

170.6

0.916622

1.495925

10612 1,2,5-Trimethyl-1H-pyrrole 10613 N,N,2-Trimethyl-6-quinolinamine

C7H11N C12H14N2

930-87-0 92-99-9

109.169 186.252

171 319

0.80725

1.496920

10614 10615 10616 10617

C3H10Si C6H12N2Si C6H16OSi C3H9Sb

993-07-7 18156-74-6 2917-47-7 594-10-5

74.197 140.258 132.276 166.863

10618 Trimethylsulfonium iodide 10619 Trimethylthiourea 10620 2,4,6-Trimethyl-2,4,6triphenylcyclotrisiloxane 10621 Trimethylurea

C3H9IS C4H10N2S C21H24O3Si3

2181-42-2 2489-77-2 546-45-2

C4H10N2O

10622 Trinitroacetonitrile 10623 2,4,6-Trinitroaniline

No. Name

1,2,4-Trimethylpiperazine 2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine Trimethylpyrazine 1,3,5-Trimethyl-1H-pyrazole 2,3,6-Trimethylpyridine

10611 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine

Synonym

Trimethylsilane 1-(Trimethylsilyl)-1H-imidazole 3-(Trimethylsilyl)-1-propanol Trimethylstibine

Physical Form

mp/˚C

37

liq

-46

ye pr (HOAc, 101 AcOEt) col gas -135.9

s chl liq

-62

141; 8224 80.6

204.072 118.200 408.671

cry (eth) pr (bz-lig)

211 dec 87.5 100

1901.5

1.106220

632-14-4

102.134

pr (eth)

75.5

232.5

1.190020

C2N4O6 C6H4N4O6

630-72-8 489-98-5

176.044 228.119

wax dk ye pr (HOAc)

41.5 193.5

exp 220 exp

1.76210

1.4775152

C6H3N3O6

99-35-4

213.104

orth pl (bz) lf 122.9 (w)

315

10625 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-benzenediol

Styphnic acid

C6H3N3O8

82-71-3

245.103

sub

10626 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid

C7H3N3O8

129-66-8

257.114

hex ye cry (dil al) orth (w)

10627 2,4,7-Trinitro-9H-fluoren-9-one

C13H5N3O7

129-79-3

315.195

175.5

86.3 1.5920 exp 218; 930.31 1.593120

1840-42-2 55-63-0

169.025 227.087

10630 Trinitromethane 10631 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol

Picric acid

CHN3O6 C6H3N3O7

517-25-9 88-89-1

151.035 229.104

15 ye lf (w), pr 122.5 (eth) pl (al)

10632 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol, sodium salt 10633 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Sodium picrate 2-Methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

C6H2N3NaO7 C7H5N3O6

3324-58-1 118-96-7

251.086 227.131

nd (w) orth (al)

270.4 80.5

10634 2,4,6-Trinitro-N-(2,4,6trinitrophenyl)aniline

Dipicrylamine

C12H5N7O12

131-73-7

439.208

pa ye pr(HOAc)

244 dec

N,N-Dioctyl-1-octanamine TOPO Formaldehyde, trimer

C24H51Al C24H51N C24H51OP C3H6O3

1070-00-4 1116-76-3 78-50-2 110-88-3

366.644 353.669 386.635 90.078

hyg visc liq liq

-62 -34.6 52 orth nd (eth) 60.29

366 2012 114.5

462-02-2 4246-51-9

129.074 220.309

amor pow liq

dec 1474

81-23-2

402.524

N,N-Dipentyl-1-pentanamine

C15H33N

621-77-2

227.430

10643 Triphenylamine

N,N-Diphenylbenzenamine

C18H15N

603-34-9

245.319

10644 Triphenylarsine

C18H15As

603-32-7

306.234

10645 Triphenylarsine oxide

C18H15AsO

1153-05-5

322.233

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz vs eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, AcOEt sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, py vs eth, EtOH

pa ye nd (bz, 175.8 HOAc)

CFN3O6 C3H5N3O9

10642 Tripentylamine

1.539720

pa ye tcl or orth

13.5

dec

exp exp 300

1.47920

exp 240

1.65425

0.701 0.811020

1.478612

1.445124 1.763

1.451019

1.1765

1.12715 1.005

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth; vs ace, chl vs ace, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz i H2O, EtOH, bz, ctc; sl eth, ace; vs py

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; i peth vs eth, EtOH 1.464020

237

242.5

0.790720

1.436620

365

0.7740

1.35316

61

360

1.263418

1.688821

192

324.0

mcl (MeOH, 126.5 bz)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2

sl H2O, bz; vs EtOH; s eth, ace sl H2O; vs ace, bz, chl

Fluorotrinitromethane Nitroglycerin

Cyamelide C3H3N3O3 Diethyleneglycol diaminopropyl C10H24N2O3 ether Dehydrocholic acid C24H34O5

1.429820 1.4215

228 dec

10628 Trinitrofluoromethane 10629 Trinitroglycerol

10639 1,3,5-Trioxane-2,4,6-triimine 10640 4,7,10-Trioxatridecane-1,13diamine 10641 3,7,12-Trioxocholan-24-oic acid, (5β)

0.82225 1.52315

vs bz, EtOH, chl

sym-Trinitrobenzene

Trioctylaluminum Trioctylamine Trioctylphosphine oxide 1,3,5-Trioxane

s ctc, CS2

6.7

10624 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene

10635 10636 10637 10638

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc

i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, MeOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz; s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-511

N O P

O

N

N

O

Trimethyl phosphite

N H

1,2,4-Trimethylpiperazine

N

N

2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine

Trimethylpyrazine

N N

1,3,5-Trimethyl-1H-pyrazole

2,3,6-Trimethylpyridine

N N N

N 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine

H Si

N Si

Trimethylsilane

1-(Trimethylsilyl)-1H-imidazole

N

1,2,5-Trimethyl-1H-pyrrole

N,N,2-Trimethyl-6-quinolinamine

S Sb

S

Trimethylstibine

O

O N

NH2 O N

O

N

N

2,4,6-Trinitroaniline

N O

O N

OH O N

O

O

O

O N

O

OH

O2N O2N

N H

Trimethylurea

OH O N

O

O

N NO2

Trinitroacetonitrile

O N

O

O N

O

OH O

1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene

N

O

O

2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-benzenediol

O F O2N

O N

O

N O

Si

2,4,6-Trimethyl-2,4,6-triphenylcyclotrisiloxane

O

O

Si O

N H

Trimethylthiourea

O O

O

N

I

Trimethylsulfonium iodide

O

Si O

Si

3-(Trimethylsilyl)-1-propanol

O N

N

O

O

2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid

OH O N

O

O

O N

N

O

2,4,7-Trinitro-9H-fluoren-9-one

O

O N

Na O

O

O N

O N

O

H

NO2 NO2

ONO2 ONO2

O2NO

Trinitrofluoromethane

Trinitroglycerol

O2N

NO2 NO2

O

Trinitromethane

N

O

O

2,4,6-Trinitrophenol

N

O

O

2,4,6-Trinitrophenol, sodium salt

N

O

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

NO2 O2N H N

O 2N

NO2

NO2 O2N

Al

N

2,4,6-Trinitro-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)aniline

Trioctylaluminum

Trioctylamine

O P

NH O

O O

Trioctylphosphine oxide

1,3,5-Trioxane

O HN

O O

NH

1,3,5-Trioxane-2,4,6-triimine

H2N

O

O

O

NH2

4,7,10-Trioxatridecane-1,13-diamine

O O

OH O As

H

O

H

O

3,7,12-Trioxocholan-24-oic acid, (5β)

N

As

Triphenylamine

Triphenylarsine

N Tripentylamine

Triphenylarsine oxide

3-512

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

10646 Triphenylbismuthine

C18H15Bi

603-33-8

440.292

nD

Solubility

77.6

24214

1.71575

1.704075

22014

1.037378

1.629278

nd or pr (al) 146.5 nd (al) 275

dec sub

1.16320

244.330

orth (al)

93.4

359; 20010

1.01499

76-84-6

260.329

pl (al), trg (bz)

164.2

380

1.1990

C18H15O4P

115-86-6

326.283

cry (lig), pr 50.5 (al) nd (eth)

24511

1.205550

10656 Triphenylphosphine

C18H15P

603-35-0

262.286

80

1881

1.074980

10657 Triphenylphosphine oxide

C18H15OP

791-28-6

278.285

156.5

>360

1.212423

10658 10659 10660 10661

Triphenyl phosphite Triphenylsilane Triphenylsilanol Triphenylstibine

C18H15O3P C18H16Si C18H16OSi C18H15Sb

101-02-0 789-25-3 791-31-1 603-36-1

310.284 260.406 276.405 353.072

25

360

1.184220

1.590020

pr (peth)

154.8 53.5

>360

1.177720 1.434325

1.694842

10662 Triphenyltetrazolium chloride

C19H15ClN4

298-96-4

334.802

nd (al,chl)

243 dec

sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ace, bz, CS2 i H2O; sl eth; s bz, lig i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; vs bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH; vs eth sl H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, py, chl; s bz i H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth sl H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH, bz i H2O; vs EtOH s ctc, CS2 s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; i eth

10647 Triphenylborane

C18H15B

960-71-4

242.123

wh cry

142

C18H12

217-59-4

228.288

nd (al, chl, bz)

197.8

10649 1,1,2-Triphenylethane

C20H18

1520-42-9

258.357

mcl lf (dil al) 57 , nd (al)

10650 1,1,2-Triphenylethene

C20H16

58-72-0

256.341

lf (al)

10651 N,N’,N’’-Triphenylguanidine 10652 2,4,5-Triphenyl-1H-imidazole

C19H17N3 C21H16N2

101-01-9 484-47-9

287.358 296.365

10653 Triphenylmethane

C19H16

519-73-3

10654 Triphenylmethanol

C19H16O

10655 Triphenyl phosphate

C18H16OSn C21H15N3 C6H5K3O7 C19H22N2 C15H20O6

76-87-9 493-77-6 866-84-2 486-12-4 15625-89-5

367.029 309.364 306.395 278.391 296.316

wh cry (w) cry (peth)

119 257 275 dec 60

C9H21N C9H21B C9H21BO3

102-69-2 1116-61-6 688-71-1

143.270 140.074 188.072

liq liq

C9H20O4

24800-44-0

192.253

liq

42978-66-5 20324-33-8

300.348 206.280

>1201 241.3

513-08-6

224.234

C.I. Basic Red 9 Triethylenemelamine

C9H21O3P C9H22Si C19H19N3O C9H12N6

923-99-9 998-29-8 467-62-9 51-18-3

208.235 158.357 305.373 204.231

78-51-3 115-96-8 140-08-9 13674-87-8

398.473 285.489 269.490 430.904

liq

Fyrol FR-2

C18H39O7P C6H12Cl3O4P C6H12Cl3O3P C9H15Cl6O4P

Paraleucaniline

C25H31N3

603-48-5

373.534

lf (al), nd (bz)

2,4-Xylenol, phosphate (3:1)

C24H27O4P

3862-12-2

410.442

2,5-Xylenol, phosphate (3:1)

C24H27O4P

19074-59-0

410.442

No. Name

10648 Triphenylene

10663 10664 10665 10666 10667

Synonym

Benzo[1]phenanthrene

Triphenyltin hydroxide 2,4,6-Triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine Tripotassium citrate Triprolidine Tri-2-propenoyl-2-ethyl-2(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol 10668 Tripropylamine 10669 Tripropylborane 10670 Tripropyl borate

Stannane, hydroxytriphenyl-

10671 Tripropylene glycol

[(1-Methyl-1,2-ethanediyl) bis(oxy)]bispropanol

10672 Tripropylene glycol diacrylate 10673 Tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether

C15H24O6 1-[2-(2-Methoxy-1C10H22O4 methylethoxy)-1-methylethoxy] -2-propanol C9H21O4P

10674 Tripropyl phosphate

10675 10676 10677 10678 10679 10680 10681 10682 10683 10684 10685

Tripropyl phosphite Tripropylsilane Tris(4-aminophenyl)methanol 2,4,6-Tris(1-aziridinyl)-1,3,5triazine Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphite Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate Tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl) methane Tris(2,4-dimethylphenyl) phosphate Tris(2,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate

Potassium citrate Trimethylolpropane triacrylate N,N-Dipropyl-1-propanamine Boric acid, tripropyl ester

Tripropoxyphosphine

Physical Form

pr

72.5

425

purp cry cry pow

1.635880

1.5420 vs H2O; i EtOH >2001

-93.5 -56

1.583999

1.473520

156 159 179.5

0.755820 0.720425 0.857620

1.418120 1.413522 1.394820

268; 1152

1.0220

1.444020

252

1.012120

1.416520

206.5 172

0.941720 0.77230

1.428220 1.428020

205 139 dec 1.0225 1.3925 1.344326

1.472120 1.486820 1.502220

176.5

79.8

vs EtOH; msc eth; s PrOH

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, tol, CS2 vs eth, EtOH i H2O s H2O

25510 330; 19410 1203 2365

visc liq

vs eth, EtOH

i H2O s ctc i H2O vs bz, eth, chl

233.5

1.14238

2628

1.19725

1.555020

i H2O; s bz, chl, hx i H2O; sl EtOH, hx; s eth, bz, ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-513 H N

N NH

Bi

B

Triphenylbismuthine

Triphenylborane

Triphenylene

1,1,2-Triphenylethane

1,1,2-Triphenylethene

N,N’,N’’-Triphenylguanidine

O O P O O

OH N

O P P

N H 2,4,5-Triphenyl-1H-imidazole

Triphenylmethane

Triphenylmethanol

Triphenyl phosphate

Triphenylphosphine

Triphenylphosphine oxide

Cl

O

O P

N

OH Si Si H

O

Triphenyl phosphite

Sb

Triphenylsilane

Triphenylsilanol

Triphenylstibine

Triphenyltetrazolium chloride

N N

N

O

O

N

O

2,4,6-Triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine

OH Sn

N N N

O

O

O O

3K

OH

O O

N

O

Tripotassium citrate

Triphenyltin hydroxide

O O

Triprolidine

N

Tri-2-propenoyl-2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol

Tripropylamine

O B

O

Tripropylborane

O B

O

HO

O

Tripropyl borate

O

OH

O

O

O

O

O

Tripropylene glycol

Tripropylene glycol diacrylate

OH

HO

O

O P O O O

O

O

H2N

O

Tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether

Tripropyl phosphate

O P

Si H

O

Tripropyl phosphite

O P O O O

O

N

N

O P O O O

Cl

N Cl

2,4,6-Tris(1-aziridinyl)-1,3,5-triazine

Tris(4-aminophenyl)methanol

O

O

N

NH2

Tripropylsilane

N N

NH2

Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate

Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

O P

O

Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphite

N Cl Cl

O P O O O

Cl

O O P O O

Cl Cl

Cl

Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate

N

O O P O O

N

Tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methane

Tris(2,4-dimethylphenyl) phosphate

Tris(2,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate

Cl

3-514

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

10686 Tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl) phosphate 10687 Tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate

2,6-Xylenol, phosphate (3:1)

C24H27O4P

121-06-2

410.442

wax

137.8

2636

C24H27O4P

25653-16-1

410.442

46.2

29010

C24H51O4P C7H16S3 C9H15N3O6

78-42-2 6267-24-9 839-90-7

434.633 196.397 261.231

C5H9N3O9

3032-55-1

255.140

C6H12N6O3

1017-56-7

216.197

C4H11NO3

77-86-1

121.135

171.5

C11H24O6Si C23H21ClO3

1067-53-4 569-57-3

280.391 380.864

115

C21H21P C21H21P C21H21P C18H26O6

6163-58-2 6224-63-1 1038-95-5 3290-92-4

304.366 304.366 304.366 338.395

Sodium citrate Versen-Ol

C6H5Na3O7 C10H15N2Na3O7

68-04-2 139-89-9

258.069 344.204

Trinonafluorobutylamine 2,4,6-Tripyridyl-s-triazine

C12F27N C18H12N6

311-89-7 3682-35-7

671.092 312.328

2622-08-4 620-42-8 17185-29-4

352.364 352.364 918.781

291-21-4

138.275

10688 Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate 10689 Tris(ethylthio)methane 10690 1,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanuric acid 10691 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane trinitrate 10692 N,N’,N’’-Tris(hydroxymethyl) melamine 10693 Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine 10694 Tris(methoxyethoxy)vinylsilane 10695 Tris(4-methoxyphenyl) chloroethene 10696 Tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine 10697 Tris(3-methylphenyl)phosphine 10698 Tris(4-methylphenyl)phosphine 10699 Tris(2-methyl-2-propenoyl)-2ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3propanediol 10700 Trisodium citrate 10701 Trisodium Nhydroxyethylethylenediaminetriac etate 10702 Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine 10703 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridinyl)-1,3,5triazine 10704 Tris(o-tolyl) phosphite 10705 Tris(p-tolyl) phosphite 10706 Tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium carbonyl hydride 10707 1,3,5-Trithiane

Triethyl orthothioformate

2-Methyl-2-[(nitrooxy)methyl]1,3-propanediol, dinitrate Trimethylolmelamine 2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)1,3-propanediol Chlorotrianisene

1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate

C21H21O3P C21H21O3P Carbonylhydrotris(triphenylphos C55H46OP3Rh phine)rhodium C3H6S3

cry

21910

127.0 101.0 147.0 >2001

wh cry (w)

vs H2O; i EtOH

178

1.88425

1.29125

s ace

23811, 1972 25210

1.142320 1.128025 1.33

1.574028 1.570328

s eth; sl chl vs eth sl bz, chl

sub

1.637424

57.8

1.47625

1.0426100 1.5080100 vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth 1.016100 1.4811100 vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O, acid; i EtOH i H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace sl H2O, HOAc; s EtOH; i eth, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, chl, DMSO s MeOH; i py, bz, ace, eth 2.65 i H2O; s os vs H2O; s EtOH, MeOH

210

pa ye ye cry

11 52 121

10709 Tritriacontane 10710 Tropacocaine

C33H68 C15H19NO2

630-05-7 537-26-8

464.893 245.318

pl or tab

71.2 49

dec

C8H15NO

120-29-6

141.211

hyg pl (eth)

64

233

10712 Trypan blue

C34H24N6Na4O14S4 72-57-1

960.805

dk bl cry

300

10713 Tryptamine

C10H12N2

61-54-1

160.215

nd (al-bz, lig)

118

C11H12N2O2

73-22-3

204.225

289 dec

C18H19NO3

517-97-5

297.349

lf or pl (dil al) nd (eth)

204

C24H34O9

21259-20-1

466.522

nd

151

C37H42Cl2N2O6

57-94-3

681.644

hyg cry

275 dec

C6O6W C12H22O11

14040-11-0 547-25-1

351.90 342.296

dec 170 168

sub

C13H26N2O4 C9H11NO3

4268-36-4 60-18-4

274.356 181.188

wh cry pr (w-al, MeOH) cry nd (w)

50 343 dec

1510.06 sub

10722 Tyrosineamide 10723 L-Tyrosine, ethyl ester

C9H12N2O2 C11H15NO3

4985-46-0 949-67-7

180.203 209.242

pl or pl (al) pr (AcOEt)

153.5 108.5

10724 L-Tyrosine, methyl ester, hydrochloride 10725 1,10-Undecadiyne 10726 Undecafluorocyclohexane 10727 Undecanal

C10H14ClNO3

3417-91-2

231.676

191.0

C11H16 C6HF11 C11H22O

4117-15-1 308-24-7 112-44-7

148.245 282.054 170.292

-17

10716 T-2 Toxin

Mycotoxin T2

10717 Tubocurarine dichloride 10718 Tungsten carbonyl 10719 Turanose 10720 Tybamate 10721 L-Tyrosine

Tungsten hexacarbonyl

4-Hydroxy-L-phenylalanine

1.47025

300 288 (hyd)

110.222

10715 Tsuduranine

vs H2O; s MeOH s ctc

594-08-1

α-Aminoindole-3-propionic acid, (l)

vs eth, EtOH

148

CH2S3

10714 L-Tryptophan

1.541015

830.05

10708 Trithiocarbonic acid

8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1] octan-3-ol, endo

Solubility

136

hex (bz), pr 220 (w) nd (al) red oil -26.9

10711 Tropine

nD

i H2O; sl EtOH, hx; s bz i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, hx; s HOAc

2155 0.9920 dec 235; 12712 1.05320

liq cry

den/ g cm-3

-2.0

1370.15

8312 62.0 11718

1.822520

sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz dec H2O, EtOH; vs tol, chl

sl H2O, HOAc; i EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH vs bz, EtOH, AcOEt s H2O 0.818221

1.45321

vs ace, bz

0.825123

1.452020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-515 O P O O O

O O P O O

O O P O O

O HO

N

OH

N

O

N

O

S S Tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl) phosphate

Tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate

Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate

S

OH

Tris(ethylthio)methane

1,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanuric acid

O

O2NO

N

ONO2 HO

O2NO 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane trinitrate

N H

O

OH

HN N N

O

NH2 HO OH

N H

O

O

Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine

O

P

O

Tris(methoxyethoxy)vinylsilane

O P P

O

O

O

OH

HO

N,N’,N’’-Tris(hydroxymethyl)melamine

Si

Cl

Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)chloroethene

O O

O

O O

O Tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine

Tris(3-methylphenyl)phosphine

Tris(4-methylphenyl)phosphine

O

O

O

Tris(2-methyl-2-propenoyl)-2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol

3Na O

OH

Trisodium citrate

F F F F F

HO

COO Na N

F F

COO Na

N Na OOC

F

F

F

Trisodium N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetate

F F F F N

F F

F

F F

F

N

F

F

N

F

F

N

F F

F

Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine

N N

O P

O

N 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridinyl)-1,3,5-triazine

O

O P

O

Tris(o-tolyl) phosphite

O

Tris(p-tolyl) phosphite

N N CO R

Rh

R

P

R=

R

S

H

S

S HS

S Tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium carbonyl hydride

1,3,5-Trithiane

O SH

OH

O

Trithiocarbonic acid

Tritriacontane

Tropacocaine

Tropine

O NH2 OH

OH NH2 N N

NaO3S

O

SO3Na

NaO3S Trypan blue

H O

Tryptamine

Cl OH

N H

CO OC

Cl

OH

CO

OC

O O

HO

W

OH O

O T-2 Toxin

Tsuduranine

O

H N

O

O

HO

HO

OH O

O

NH2

L-Tryptophan

H

O

H2N

N H

O O

O

O

OH

N H

SO3Na

NH H

O

NH2

N N

OH

CO

Tubocurarine dichloride

OH OH

OH HO

CO

Tungsten carbonyl

Turanose

O O

O

O H N

O O

Tybamate

OH NH2

HO

NH2

HO

L-Tyrosine

Tyrosineamide

F

F

O O

HO

O

NH2

HO

L-Tyrosine, ethyl ester

F F F

F F

F

Undecafluorocyclohexane

O Undecanal

NH2

HCl

L-Tyrosine, methyl ester, hydrochloride

F

F F 1,10-Undecadiyne

O NH2

3-516

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

10728 Undecane

Hendecane

C11H24

1120-21-4

156.309

liq

-25.5

195.9

0.740220

1.416420

10729 Undecanenitrile

Decyl cyanide

C11H21N

2244-07-7

167.292

253

0.825430

1.429330

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

10730 1-Undecanethiol 10731 Undecanoic acid

Undecyl mercaptan

C11H24S C11H22O2

5332-52-5 112-37-8

188.374 186.292

-1.5 28.6

257.4 280

0.844820 0.890720

1.458520 1.429445

10732 1-Undecanol

Undecyl alcohol

C11H24O

112-42-5

172.308

15.9

245

0.829820

1.439220

10733 2-Undecanol 10734 2-Undecanone

sec-Undecyl alcohol Methyl nonyl ketone

C11H24O C11H22O

1653-30-1 112-12-9

172.308 170.292

0 15

229.7 231.5

0.823425 0.825020

1.435225 1.429120

10735 6-Undecanone

Butyl hexyl ketone

C11H22O

927-49-1

170.292

14.5

228

0.830820

1.427020

10736 Undecanoyl chloride 10737 10-Undecenal 10738 1-Undecene

C11H21ClO C11H20O C11H22

17746-05-3 112-45-8 821-95-4

204.737 168.276 154.293

liq

-49.2

192.7

0.750320

1.426120

10739 10740 10741 10742 10743 10744 10745

C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H20O2

821-96-5 693-61-8 821-98-7 693-62-9 764-96-5 764-97-6 112-38-9

154.293 154.293 154.293 154.293 154.293 154.293 184.276

liq liq liq liq liq liq cry

-66.5 -48.3 -97 -63.7 -106.5 -61.1 24.5

196.1 192.5 192.6 193 192.3 192 275

0.757620 0.752820 0.754120 0.750820 0.753720 0.749720 0.907224

1.429220 1.430220 1.428520 1.430220 1.428520 1.448624

C11H22O

112-43-6

170.292

liq

-1.0

250

0.849515

1.450020

C11H19ClO C11H25N

38460-95-6 7307-55-3

202.721 171.324

cry (eth, al)

17

12713 242

0.94420 0.797920

1.45420 1.439820

10749 Undecylbenzene 10750 1-Undecyne

C17H28 C11H20

6742-54-7 2243-98-3

232.404 152.277

liq liq

-5 -25

316 196

0.855320 0.772820

1.482820 1.430620

10751 2-Undecyne 10752 Uracil

C11H20 C4H4N2O2

60212-29-5 66-22-8

152.277 112.087

liq nd (w)

-30.1 338

204.2

0.782720

1.439120

10753 Uracil mustard 10754 Uranyl acetate dihydrate

C8H11Cl2N3O2 C4H10O8U

66-75-1 6159-44-0

252.098 424.146

C2H3N3O2 CH4N2O

3232-84-6 57-13-6

101.064 60.055

ye cry (HOAc) lf (w) tetr pr (al)

249 dec 133.3

dec

1.323020

CH5ClN2O CH5N3O4 C5H4N4O3

506-89-8 124-47-0 69-93-2

96.516 123.069 168.111

145 dec mcl lf (w) 152 dec orth pr or pl dec

dec

1.69020 1.8925

cis-2-Undecene trans-2-Undecene cis-4-Undecene trans-4-Undecene cis-5-Undecene trans-5-Undecene 10-Undecenoic acid

Undecylenic acid

10746 10-Undecen-1-ol 10747 10-Undecenoyl chloride 10748 Undecylamine

10755 Urazole 10756 Urea

1-Undecanamine

Carbamide

10757 Urea hydrochloride 10758 Urea nitrate 10759 Uric acid

liq cry (ace)

col liq

206 dec 80 dec

10760 Uridine 10761 5’-Uridylic acid 10762 Urocanic acid

1-β-D-Ribofuranosyluracil Uridine 5’-phosphoric acid Imidazole-4-acrylic acid

C9H12N2O6 C9H13N2O9P C6H6N2O2

58-96-8 58-97-9 104-98-3

244.200 324.180 138.124

nd (aq al) pr (MeOH)

165 202 dec 227

10763 Urs-12-en-3-ol, (3β)

α-Amyrin

C30H50O

638-95-9

426.717

nd (al)

186

D-Glucose, 6-benzoate

C30H48O3 C35H54O14 C13H16O7

77-52-1 20231-81-6 14200-76-1

456.700 698.796 284.262

C20H35NO13 C5H11NO2 C54H90N6O18 C16H13ClN2O C8H18NO4PS2 C6O6V C15H21O6V

37248-47-8 72-18-4 2001-95-8 439-14-5 2275-23-2 14024-00-1 13476-99-8

10764 Ursolic acid 10765 Uzarin 10766 Vacciniin 10767 10768 10769 10770 10771 10772 10773

Validamycin A L-Valine Valinomycin Valium Vamidothion Vanadium carbonyl Vanadium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

2-Aminoisovaleric acid

Vanadium hexacarbonyl Vanadium(III) acetylacetonate

pl (al) pr amor (aq ace, +1w) 497.491 amorp pow 117.147 lf (w-al) 1111.322 cry 284.739 287.337 oil 219.002 bl-grn cry 348.266 brn cry

284 269 122 95 dec 315 187 132

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl ctc sl ctc i H2O; s eth, chl, lig

vs eth, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s dil NH3 sl H2O sl EtOH

2.89

2430.5

i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth; msc bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth

1.484

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s HOAc, py s H2O vs EtOH i H2O, EtOH, eth; s alk, glycerol; sl acid s H2O, EtOH, py vs H2O; s MeOH s H2O, ace; i EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc; sl peth vs ace, eth, chl vs H2O, ace, EtOH, eth

sub

1.2325

s H2O

i peth; s os dec 60 ≈185

sub sub

≈1.0

s MeOH, ace, bz, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-517 O N

Undecane

OH

SH

Undecanenitrile

1-Undecanethiol

OH

Undecanoic acid

O

O

O

OH

Cl

1-Undecanol

2-Undecanol

2-Undecanone

6-Undecanone

Undecanoyl chloride

O 10-Undecenal

1-Undecene

cis-2-Undecene

trans-2-Undecene

cis-4-Undecene

O OH

OH trans-4-Undecene

cis-5-Undecene

trans-5-Undecene

10-Undecenoic acid

10-Undecen-1-ol

O NH2

Cl 10-Undecenoyl chloride

Undecylamine

O

Cl NH

N H 2-Undecyne

Undecylbenzene

O NH

O

N H

Uracil

H

O

N

Cl

O

Uracil mustard

2H2O

O

HN

O H2N

O

NH2 HNO3

HO

H N

O

Urazole

N

O H2N

NH2 Urea

NH2 HCl

Urea hydrochloride

O

O

OH OH

Uric acid

O H2N

HN O HO P O OH

N

O

Urea nitrate

N H

O

O

N H

N H

N H

O

O

O

O

Uranyl acetate dihydrate

HN O

O

N

O U O

O

1-Undecyne

OH

N H

OH OH

Uridine

H

N

5’-Uridylic acid

HO Urs-12-en-3-ol, (3β)

Urocanic acid

O O

HO HO

OH O O

HO HO

OH

H

OH

H

OH

HO

O

O

HO OH

Ursolic acid

O

Uzarin

H N

O

O

O HO

HO

OH

HO

OH

O

O

OH

HO

OH NH OH

O

O

OH

OH

OH OH

OH

Vacciniin

NH2

OH

Validamycin A

L-Valine

O O

O

O

O

NH O

HN O

O O

O NH

O

O

N

O O

HN O O

O O

N H

Valinomycin

O

O P O S O

O Valium

OC

O S Vamidothion

CO V

N H

OC

O V

CO

N

Cl

CO

O

O O

CO Vanadium carbonyl

Vanadium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

3-518

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

10774 DL-Vasicine

DL-Peganine

C11H12N2O

6159-56-4

188.225

nd (al)

210.8

10775 L-Vasicine

L-Peganine

C11H12N2O

6159-55-3

188.225

nd (al)

211.5

10776 Verapamil

C27H38N2O4

52-53-9

454.602

ye oil

10777 Veratramine

C27H39NO2

60-70-8

409.605

nd

206

10778 Veratramine, 3-glucoside

C33H49NO7

475-00-3

571.745

242 dec

10779 Veratridine

C36H51NO11

71-62-5

673.790

nd (aq. MeOH) ye amorp pow

10780 d-Verbenone

C10H14O

18309-32-5

150.217

C10H21NOS

1929-77-7

203.345

C18H26O C15H22O C15H22O C10H16N4O7

88-29-9 15764-04-2 18444-79-6 152-93-2

258.398 218.335 218.335 304.257

cry cry (peth) cry (peth) nd (w, dil al, +1 w)

46.5 51.5 44.5 240 dec

5536-17-4 865-21-4

285.257 810.975

nd (w) nd (MeOH)

257 216

C21H26N2O3 C12H9Cl2NO3 C46H56N4O10 C4H6O2

1617-90-9 50471-44-8 57-22-7 108-05-4

354.442 286.110 824.958 86.090

1310.05

1.51

liq

231.5 108 219 -93.2

72.8

0.925625

1.392625

C8H9N C9H10O

1520-21-4 4393-06-0

119.164 134.174

23.5

1169

1.01020 1.024921

1.625022 1.540620

C6H10O2 C6H8O2 C14H11N

123-20-6 3234-54-6 1484-13-5

114.142 112.127 193.244

116.7; 64130

0.900620

C8H14 C8H12

695-12-5 2622-21-1

110.197 108.181

10781 Vernolate 10782 10783 10784 10785

Versalide α-Vetivone β-Vetivone Vicine

10786 Vidarabine 10787 Vinblastine 10788 10789 10790 10791

Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-propyl ester Isonootkatone

2,6-Diamino-5-(β-Dglucopyranosyloxy)-4(1H)pyrimidinone β-D-9-Arabinofuranosyladenine C10H15N5O5 C46H58N4O9

Vincamine Vinclozolin Vincristine Vinyl acetate

10792 4-Vinylaniline 10793 α-Vinylbenzenemethanol 10794 Vinyl butanoate 10795 Vinyl trans-2-butenoate 10796 9-Vinyl-9H-carbazole 10797 Vinylcyclohexane 10798 1-Vinylcyclohexene

1-Phenylallyl alcohol

Vinyl crotonate

den/ g cm-3

2450.01

227.5

0.997820

15030

0.95220

1302 1442 1412

1.003520 1.000120

128 145

0.816619 0.862315

1.45519 1.491520

20

20

liq

-108.9

128

0.8299

10800 10801 10802 10803

C7H12 C7H16O2Si C6H14OSi C8H7F

3742-34-5 5507-44-8 5356-83-2 405-99-2

96.170 160.287 130.260 122.140

liq

-126.5

97 133 99 67.450, 304

0.783420 0.862020 0.79020 1.022020

72.063 94.111 134.174

10807 1-Vinyl-3-methoxybenzene

C9H10O

626-20-0

134.174

10808 1-Vinyl-4-methoxybenzene

C9H10O

637-69-4

134.174

10809 6-Vinyl-6-methyl-1-isopropyl-3(1-methylethylidene) cyclohexene, (S) 10810 1-Vinylnaphthalene 10811 2-Vinylnaphthalene

C15H24

5951-67-7

204.352

C12H10 C12H10

826-74-4 827-54-3

154.207 154.207

10812 1-Vinyl-3-nitrobenzene

C8H7NO2

586-39-0

149.148

10813 1-Vinyl-4-nitrobenzene

C8H7NO2

100-13-0

149.148

3048-64-4 111-63-7 106-86-5

120.191 310.515 124.180

10814 2-Vinyl-5-norbornene 10815 Vinyl octadecanoate 10816 3-Vinyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0] heptane

5-Vinylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene C9H12 Vinyl stearate C20H38O2 C8H12O

visc liq liq nd

-78 -94 29

20

1.4639

1.436020 1.400120 1.398320 1.515020

sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl s ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl

i H2O; s eth, bz; vs MeOH i H2O; s eth, bz, peth

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz

20

46 99.5 197; 8312

0.965 0.944519 1.004917

1.3842 1.499219 1.538820

9115, 705

0.991920

1.558623

205; 9113

1.000113

1.564213

1258

0.878220

1.513026

12415 13518, 952

1.065620

1.64420

66 -10

12011

1.155232

1.583620

pr (lig)

29

dec

liq

-80 29 <-100

139 1672 169; 7020

0.841 0.851720 0.958120

1.481020

2.0

s EtOH vs ace s ace sl H2O, EtOH; vs acid, alk

s ctc i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth

108.181

692-45-5 1487-18-9 612-15-7

1.537020 1.530920

s H2O, EtOH, ace, bz

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl, AcOEt

100-40-3

C3H4O2 C6H6O C9H10O

1.499318

66

-34.5

sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace, chl sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; sl bz, hx s EtOH, bz, chl, dil acid; i dil alk

i H2O; sl eth

C8H12

10804 Vinyl formate 10805 2-Vinylfuran 10806 1-Vinyl-2-methoxybenzene

Solubility

1.544825

10799 4-Vinylcyclohexene Vinylcyclopentane Vinyldiethoxymethylsilane Vinylethoxydimethylsilane 1-Vinyl-4-fluorobenzene

nD

180 9.8

cry (al)

bp/˚C

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc vs ace, bz

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig, HOAc vs EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc, lig sl chl

1.470020

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-519 H H N

N N

H

N

N

O

N

OH DL-Vasicine

N

O

O

OH

O

L-Vasicine

HO

H HO

Verapamil

Veratramine

H N

H H N

OH

H

H

HO

H

HO

O

O

O

O

H

O

OH

OH

O

H OH

O

HO

OH OH OH

H

S

O

OH

Veratridine

H2N

N

HO

O O

d-Verbenone

NH2

NH2

N

N

O

Veratramine, 3-glucoside

O

OH O OH

HO

N H O

N

N

Vernolate

O HO

OH H O

α-Vetivone

β-Vetivone

O

N

OH

Vicine

Vidarabine

N

H HO O

H

O

H

HO OH

Versalide

N N

N

O

N O O

HO O

Vinblastine

N

O

Vincamine

N Cl

N H O Cl

O

OH O

NH2 O

H O

N

N

O

O

Vinclozolin

Vincristine

O

N

H

H HO O

O O

OH O

O O

O

Vinyl acetate

4-Vinylaniline

N O 9-Vinyl-9H-carbazole

Vinylcyclohexane

1-Vinylcyclohexene

4-Vinylcyclohexene

Vinylcyclopentane

O

Si

α-Vinylbenzenemethanol

Si O

O

Vinyldiethoxymethylsilane

O

Vinyl butanoate

Vinyl trans-2-butenoate

O

F

Vinylethoxydimethylsilane

1-Vinyl-4-fluorobenzene

O

Vinyl formate

O O

O

O

2-Vinylfuran

1-Vinyl-2-methoxybenzene

1-Vinyl-3-methoxybenzene

1-Vinyl-4-methoxybenzene

6-Vinyl-6-methyl-1-isopropyl-3-(1-methylethylidene)cyclohexene, (S)

1-Vinylnaphthalene

O N O 2-Vinylnaphthalene

O

1-Vinyl-3-nitrobenzene

O

N

O O

1-Vinyl-4-nitrobenzene

2-Vinyl-5-norbornene

Vinyl octadecanoate

O 3-Vinyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane

3-520

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

C4H6O Ethylene glycol monovinyl ether C4H8O2

930-22-3 764-48-7

nD

Solubility

70.090 88.106

68 141.6

0.900625 0.982120

1.416820 1.456417

s EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i lig

C5H8O2 C7H7N

105-38-4 100-69-6

100.117 105.138

91.2 159.5

0.998320

1.549520

C7H7N

1121-55-7

105.138

162

0.987920

1.553020

10822 4-Vinylpyridine

C7H7N

100-43-6

105.138

121150, 7933

0.987920

1.544920

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth

10821 3-Vinylpyridine

10823 10824 10825 10826 10827 10828 10829

C6H9NO C2H6Si C4H6OS C8H12O6Si C8H18O3Si C5H12Si C40H56O4

88-12-0 7291-09-0 1115-15-7 4130-08-9 78-08-0 754-05-2 126-29-4

111.141 58.155 102.155 232.263 190.313 100.235 600.871

193400, 9311 -22.8 8618 11510 160; 6220 55

1.0420

10830 Viquidil

C20H24N2O2

84-55-9

324.417

red pr 208 (MeOH, aleth) red ye amor 60

10831 Visnadine

C21H24O7

477-32-7

388.412

nd

85.5

C13H10O4

82-57-5

230.216

nd (w, MeOH)

144.5

C63H88CoN14 O14P C28H44O

68-19-9

1355.365

50-14-6

396.648

C27H44O

67-97-0

384.637

C29H50O2

59-02-9

430.706

No. Name

Synonym

10817 Vinyloxirane 10818 2-(Vinyloxy)ethanol 10819 Vinyl propanoate 10820 2-Vinylpyridine

Vinyl propionate

1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone Vinylsilane Vinyl sulfoxide Vinyltriacetoxysilane Vinyltriethoxysilane Vinyltrimethylsilane Violaxanthin

10832 Visnagin

10833 Vitamin B12

Vinylsilanetriol, triacetate

4-Methoxy-7-methyl-5 Hfuro[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-5one Cyanocobalamin

10834 Vitamin D2 10835 Vitamin D3 10836 Vitamin E

9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)trien-3-ol, (3β,5Z,7E)α-Tocopherol

Mol. Form.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

red to dk-br

col gas liq

13.5 -171.6

1.16920 0.90120 0.6520

1.422620 1.396025 1.391420

vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; vs chl

>300 pr (ace)

116.5

sub

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s os

84.5 pale ye oil

3.0

2100.1 0.01

10837 Vitamin E acetate

C31H52O3

58-95-7

472.743

-27.5

184

10838 Vitamin K1

C31H46O2

84-80-0

450.696

-20

1420.001

0.95025 0.9533

21

0.96425

1.504525 1.497

20

1.525025

10839 Vomicine

4-Hydroxy-19-methyl-16,19secostrychnidine-10,16-dione

C22H24N2O4

125-15-5

380.437

nd (80% al) 282 pr (ace)

10840 Warfarin

Coumadin

C19H16O4

81-81-2

308.328

cry (al)

161

10841 9H-Xanthene

10H-9-Oxaanthracene

C13H10O

92-83-1

182.217

ye lf (al)

100.5

10842 9H-Xanthen-9-ol

C13H10O2

90-46-0

198.217

nd (aq al)

125

10843 Xanthine 10844 Xanthone

C5H4N4O2 C13H8O2

69-89-6 90-47-1

152.112 196.202

ye pl (w) nd (al)

dec 174

10845 Xanthopterin

C6H5N5O2

119-44-8

179.137

10846 Xanthosine

C10H12N4O6

146-80-5

284.225

hyg ye amor >410 dec or oran pow (HOAc) pr cry (w)

10847 Xanthoxyletin

C15H14O4

84-99-1

258.270

pr (MeOH, peth)

133

553-19-5

228.243

pr (MeOH)

131.5

1420.1

92-95-5 81584-06-7 95-47-6

195.216 251.366 106.165

nd cry liq

56 57 -25.2

dec 283 1350.7 144.5

0.875525

1.501825

311

sub 351; 1463

9918

1.55925

10849 p-Xenylcarbimide 10850 Xibenolol 10851 o-Xylene

8,8-Dimethyl-2H,8H-benzo[1,2- C14H12O3 b:5,4-b’]dipyran-2-one 4-Isocyanato-1,1’-biphenyl C13H9NO C15H25NO2 1,2-Dimethylbenzene C8H10

10852 m-Xylene

1,3-Dimethylbenzene

C8H10

108-38-3

106.165

liq

-47.8

139.07

0.859825

1.494425

10853 p-Xylene

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

C8H10

106-42-3

106.165

mcl pr (al)

13.25

138.23

0.856525

1.492925

10848 Xanthyletin

s chl i H2O s EtOH, eth, CS2; i peth

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl sl EtOH, eth, ace; vs chl; s AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH, ace, diox i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl peth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs acid, alk sl cold H2O; vs hot H2O; dec acid i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth; vs bz, alk s EtOH, peth vs eth s EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-521

O O

OH

O

Vinyloxirane

2-(Vinyloxy)ethanol

O

N O

N

Vinyl propanoate

2-Vinylpyridine

O

3-Vinylpyridine

4-Vinylpyridine

Si H H

H

N

N

1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone

O S

Vinylsilane

Vinyl sulfoxide

OH

O Si O O O

O

Si O O

O

O

Si

HO

O Vinyltriacetoxysilane

Vinyltriethoxysilane

Vinyltrimethylsilane

Violaxanthin

H2N

O H 2N

O O

O

NH2

NR N Co

H2N H

H2N

N

N

O O NH

O

O

O

H

O

O

O Viquidil

H

N HO

O O

O

N

O

NH2 N

NH O P O O O

O

O

Visnadine

O

R = CN

O

O

HO

Visnagin

Vitamin B12

HO O

HO

HO Vitamin D2

Vitamin D3

Vitamin E

O

N

O H

O

N

O

O

OH O

O Vitamin E acetate

Vitamin K1

H

H HO

Vomicine

O N

HN OH

O

O

OH

H N

HN O

O

Warfarin

O

O

9H-Xanthene

9H-Xanthen-9-ol

O

N

O

Xanthine

Xanthone

OH

O

O

O

O Xanthyletin

O

N H

N O

NH N

NH2

Xanthopterin

O

Xanthoxyletin

H N

O

O HO

O

N

N H

O

O

O

OH OH Xanthosine

H N

N C O p-Xenylcarbimide

Xibenolol

o-Xylene

m-Xylene

p-Xylene

3-522

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

10854 2,3-Xylenol

2,3-Dimethylphenol

C8H10O

526-75-0

122.164

nd (w, dil al) 72.5

216.9

10855 2,4-Xylenol

2,4-Dimethylphenol

C8H10O

105-67-9

122.164

nd (w)

24.5

210.98

10856 2,5-Xylenol

2,5-Dimethylphenol

C8H10O

95-87-4

122.164

74.8

211.1

10857 2,6-Xylenol

2,6-Dimethylphenol

C8H10O

576-26-1

122.164

nd (w), pr (al-eth) lf or nd (al)

45.8

201.07

10858 3,4-Xylenol

3,4-Dimethylphenol

C8H10O

95-65-8

122.164

65.1

227

0.983020

10859 3,5-Xylenol 10860 Xylenol orange 10861 Xylitol

3,5-Dimethylphenol

108-68-9 1611-35-4 87-99-0

122.164 672.656 152.146

nd (w, peth) 63.4 dk red cry 286 dec mcl (al) 93.5

221.74

0.968020

Xylite

C8H10O C31H32N2O13S C5H12O5

10862 6-O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-Dglucose 10863 D-Xylose

Primeverose

C11H20O10

26531-85-1

312.271

cry (MeOH)

210

C5H10O5

58-86-6

150.130

mcl nd

90.5

10864 D-Xylulose 10865 L-Xylulose 10866 3,5-Xylyl methylcarbamate

D-threo-2-Pentulose L-threo-2-Pentulose 3,5-Dimethylphenyl methylcarbamate

C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C10H13NO2

551-84-8 527-50-4 2655-14-3

150.130 150.130 179.216

visc liq syrup cry

99

C21H26N2O3

146-48-5

354.442

nd (dil al)

241

C21H27ClN2O3

65-19-0

390.903

C18H22O5

17924-92-4

318.365

orth nd or pl 302 (w, dil HCl) cry 164

C10H13N5O4 C14H10O4Zn C18H36N2S4Zn C4H6N2S4Zn

30516-87-1 553-72-0 136-23-2 12122-67-7

267.242 307.636 474.161 275.773

C12H22O14Zn C10H14O4Zn C6H10O4Zn C6H12N2S4Zn

4468-02-4 14024-63-6 557-28-8 137-30-4

455.704 263.625 211.550 305.841

10867 Yohimbine 10868 Yohimbine hydrochloride

Tosanpin

10869 Zearalenone 10870 10871 10872 10873 10874 10875 10876 10877

Zidovudine Zinc benzoate Zinc bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate) Zinc N,N’ethylenebisdithiocarbamate Zinc gluconate Zinc 2,4-pentanedioate Zinc propanoate Ziram

3’-Azido-3’-deoxythymidine

Zineb

Zinc acetylacetonate Zinc, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioatoS,S’)-, (T-4)-

mp/˚C

cry (w)

121

cry

138 157 dec

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

0.965020

216

1.52520

sub 160

nD

Solubility

1.542020

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth s H2O, EtOH, ctc s H2O vs H2O, py, EtOH vs H2O, MeOH

1.542014

vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth s H2O vs H2O sl H2O; s os sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O i H2O; s alk, bz, EtOH, eth sl H2O

pow hyg pl or nd cry 250

1.6625

s DMSO sl EtOH i H2O; sl bz; s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-523 O

OH

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

2,4-Xylenol

2,5-Xylenol

OH

2,6-Xylenol

O O OH

H HO H

O

HO

OH

OH

OH HO OH 6-O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-D-glucose

3,4-Xylenol

CHO OH H OH CH2OH

SO3H

OH

H HO H

HO

O

Xylenol orange

CH2OH O H OH HO H CH2OH

D-Xylulose

CH2OH OH H OH CH2OH

OH N

3,5-Xylenol

CH2OH O HO H H OH CH2OH

D-Xylose

O

N O

2,3-Xylenol

O HO

Xylitol

O O

N

N H H N H

O

H H O

L-Xylulose

3,5-Xylyl methylcarbamate

OH

Yohimbine

O HN N

N H H HCl

O

HO

H

OH O

H O

O

N

O

OH

S

S Zn S

N3

O Zearalenone

NH

S

Zinc N,N’-ethylenebisdithiocarbamate

S

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

S

2

Zidovudine

S Zn

N

HO

H HO H H

2

Zn

O

O

Yohimbine hydrochloride

HN

O

Zinc benzoate

N S

Zinc bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate)

2

Zn

O

O Zn

2

Zinc gluconate

O

O

Zinc 2,4-pentanedioate

O

O O

Zn

O

Zinc propanoate

S

S Zn

N S

N S

Ziram

DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS When a material is placed in a magnetic field H, a magnetization M is induced in the material which is related to H by M = κH, where κ is called the volume susceptibility. Since H and M have the same dimensions, κ is dimensionless. A more useful parameter is the molar susceptibility χm, defined by χm = κVm = κ M/ρ where Vm is the molar volume of the substance, M the molar mass, and ρ the mass density. When the cgs system is used, the customary unit for χm is cm3 mol-1; the corresponding SI unit is m3 mol-1. Substances with no unpaired electrons are called diamagnetic; they have negative values of χm. This table gives values of the diamagnetic susceptibility for about 400 common organic compounds. All values refer to room temperature and atmospheric pressure and to the physical form

that is stable under these conditions. Substances are arranged by molecular formula in Hill order. A more extensive table may be found in Reference 1. In keeping with customary practice, the molar susceptibility is given here in units appropriate to the cgs system. These values should be multiplied by 4π to obtain values for use in SI equations (where the magnetic field strength H has units of A m-1).

References 1. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/16, Diamagnetic Susceptibility, Gupta, R. R., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986. 2. Barter, C., Meisenheimer, R. G., and Stevenson, D. P., J. Phys. Chem. 64, 1312, 1960. 3. Broersma, S., J. Chem. Phys. 17, 873, 1949. Molecular formula

Compound

73.2

CN4O8

Tetranitromethane

43.0

Tetrabromomethane

93.7

C2ClF3

Chlorotrifluoroethylene

49.1

Chlorotrifluoromethane

45.3

C2Cl4

Tetrachloroethylene

81.6

Molecular formula

Compound

CBrCl3

Bromotrichloromethane

CBr4 CClF3

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

CClN

Cyanogen chloride

32.4

C2Cl6

Hexachloroethane

112.8

CCl2F2

Dichlorodifluoromethane

52.2

C2HCl3

Trichloroethylene

65.8

CCl2O

Carbonyl chloride

47.9

C2HCl3O

Trichloroacetaldehyde

73.0

CCl3F

Trichlorofluoromethane

58.7

C2HCl3O

Dichloroacetyl chloride

69.0

CCl3NO2

Trichloronitromethane

75.3

C2HCl3O2

Trichloroacetic acid

73.0

CCl4

Tetrachloromethane

66.8

C2HCl5

Pentachloroethane

99.1

CHBrCl2

Bromodichloromethane

66.3

C2HF3O2

Trifluoroacetic acid

43.3

CHBr3

Tribromomethane

82.6

C2H2

Acetylene

20.8

CHCl3

Trichloromethane

58.9

C2H2Br4

1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane

123.4

CHI3

Triiodomethane

117.1

C2H2Cl2

1,1-Dichloroethylene

49.2

CH2BrCl

Bromochloromethane

55.1

C2H2Cl2

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene

51.0

CH2Br2

Dibromomethane

65.1

C2H2Cl2

trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene

48.9

CH2Cl2

Dichloromethane

46.6

C2H2Cl4

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

89.8

CH2I2

Diiodomethane

93.1

C2H3Cl

Chloroethylene

35.9

CH2N2

Cyanamide

24.8

C2H3ClO

Acetyl chloride

39.3

CH2O

Formaldehyde

18.6

C2H3N

Acetonitrile

27.8

CH2O2

Formic acid

19.9

C2H4

Ethylene

18.8

CH3Br

Bromomethane

42.8

C2H4Br2

1,2-Dibromoethane

78.9

CH3Cl

Chloromethane

32.0

C2H4Cl2

1,1-Dichloroethane

57.4

CH3F

Fluoromethane

17.8

C2H4Cl2

1,2-Dichloroethane

59.6

CH3I

Iodomethane

57.2

C2H4O

Acetaldehyde

22.2

CH3NO

Formamide

23.0

C2H4O

Ethylene oxide

30.5

CH3NO2

Nitromethane

21.0

C2H4O2

Acetic acid

31.8

CH4

Methane

17.4

C2H4O2

Methyl formate

31.1

CH4N2O

Urea

33.5

C2H5Br

Bromoethane

78.8

CH4O

Methanol

21.4

C2H5Cl

Chloroethane

69.9

CH5N

Methylamine

27.0

C2H5I

Iodoethane

69.1

CI4

Tetraiodomethane

136

C2H5NO

Acetamide

33.9

3-672

S03_06.indd 672

5/3/05 10:01:42 AM

Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds Molecular formula

Compound

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

C2H5NO2

Nitroethane

C2H5NO2 C2H6 C2H6O

3-673

Molecular formula

Compound

35.4

C4H6

1,2-Butadiene

35.6

Glycine

39.6

C4H6

1,3-Butadiene

32.1

Ethane

26.8

C4H6O2

Vinyl acetate

46.4

Ethanol

33.7

C4H6O3

Acetic anhydride

52.8

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

C2H6O

Dimethyl ether

26.3

C4H6O4

Succinic acid

58.0

C2H6O2

Ethylene glycol

38.9

C4H6O4

Dimethyl oxalate

55.7

C2H6S

Ethanethiol

47.0

C4H7N

Butanenitrile

50.4

C2H6S

Dimethyl sulfide

44.9

C4H8

1-Butene

41.0

C2H8N2

1,2-Ethanediamine

46.5

C4H8

cis-2-Butene

42.6

C2N2

Cyanogen

21.6

C4H8

trans-2-Butene

43.3

C3H4

Allene

25.3

C4H8

Isobutene

40.8

C3H4O2

Vinyl formate

34.7

C4H8

Cyclobutane

40.0

C3H5Br

3-Bromopropene

58.6

C4H8O

Ethyl vinyl ether

47.9

C3H5Cl

2-Chloropropene

47.8

C4H8O

1,2-Epoxybutane

54.8

C3H5Cl

3-Chloropropene

47.8

C4H8O

Butanal

45.9

C3H5N

Propanenitrile

38.6

C4H8O

2-Butanone

45.6

C3H6

Propene

30.7

C4H8O2

Butanoic acid

55.2

C3H6

Cyclopropane

39.2

C4H8O2

2-Methylpropanoic acid

56.1

C3H6O

Allyl alcohol

36.7

C4H8O2

Propyl formate

55.0

C3H6O

Propanal

34.2

C4H8O2

Ethyl acetate

54.1

C3H6O

Acetone

33.8

C4H8O2

Methyl propanoate

54.5

C3H6O

Methyloxirane

42.5

C4H8O2

1,4-Dioxane

52.2

C3H6O2

Propanoic acid

43.2

C4H9Br

1-Bromobutane

77.1

C3H6O2

Ethyl formate

42.4

C4H9Br

1-Bromo-2-methylpropane

79.9

C3H7Br

1-Bromopropane

65.6

C4H9Cl

1-Chlorobutane

67.1

C3H7Br

2-Bromopropane

65.1

C4H9Cl

2-Chlorobutane

67.4

C3H7Cl

1-Chloropropane

56.0

C4H9I

1-Iodobutane

93.6

C3H7I

1-Iodopropane

84.3

C4H9N

Pyrrolidine

54.8

C3H7N

Allylamine

40.1

C4H9NO

Morpholine

55.0

C3H7NO2

1-Nitropropane

45.0

C4H10

Butane

50.3

C3H7NO2

2-Nitropropane

45.4

C4H10

Isobutane

50.5

C3H7NO2

Ethyl carbamate

57.0

C4H10O

1-Butanol

56.4

C3H8

Propane

38.6

C4H10O

2-Butanol

57.6

C3H8O

1-Propanol

44.8

C4H10O

2-Methyl-1-propanol

57.6

C3H8O

2-Propanol

45.7

C4H10O

2-Methyl-2-propanol

56.6

C3H8O2

1,3-Propylene glycol

50.2

C4H10O

Diethyl ether

55.5

C3H8O2

Dimethoxymethane

47.3

C4H10O2

1,3-Butanediol

61.8

C3H8O3

Glycerol

57.1

C4H10O2

1,4-Butanediol

61.8

C4H2O3

Maleic anhydride

35.8

C4H10S

1-Butanethiol

70.2

C4H4N2

Pyrazine

37.8

C4H11N

Butylamine

58.9

C4H4N2

Pyrimidine

43.1

C4H11N

Isobutylamine

59.8

C4H4O

Furan

43.1

C4H11N

Diethylamine

56.8

C4H4O3

Succinic anhydride

47.5

C5H4O2

Furfural

47.2

C4H4O4

Maleic acid

49.6

C5H5N

Pyridine

48.7

C4H4O4

Fumaric acid

49.1

C5H6O2

Furfuryl alcohol

61.0

C4H4S

Thiophene

57.3

C5H7NO2

Ethyl cyanoacetate

67.3

C4H5N

Pyrrole

48.6

C5H8

2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene

46.0

S03_06.indd 673

5/3/05 10:01:42 AM

Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds

3-674 Molecular formula

Compound

C5H8O

Cyclopentanone

Molecular formula

Compound

51.6

C6H6ClN

o-Chloroaniline

79.5 76.6

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

C5H8O2

Methyl methacrylate

57.3

C6H6ClN

m-Chloroaniline

C5H8O2

2,4-Pentanedione

54.9

C6H6ClN

p-Chloroaniline

76.7

C5H10

1-Pentene

54.6

C6H6N2O2

o-Nitroaniline

67.4

C5H10

2-Methyl-2-butene

54.7

C6H6N2O2

m-Nitroaniline

69.7

C5H10

Cyclopentane

56.2

C6H6N2O2

p-Nitroaniline

68.0

C5H10O

Cyclopentanol

64.0

C6H6O

Phenol

60.6

C5H10O

Pentanal

57.5

C6H6O2

p-Hydroquinone

64.7

C5H10O

2-Pentanone

57.5

C6H6O2

Pyrocatechol

68.2

C5H10O

3-Pentanone

57.7

C6H6O2

Resorcinol

67.2

C5H10O2

Pentanoic acid

66.5

C6H7N

Aniline

62.4

C5H10O2

3-Methylbutanoic acid

67.7

C6H7N

4-Methylpyridine

59.8

C5H10O2

Butyl formate

65.8

C6H8

1,4-Cyclohexadiene

48.7

C5H10O2

Isobutyl formate

66.8

C6H8N2

o-Phenylenediamine

72.5

C5H10O2

Propyl acetate

65.9

C6H8N2

m-Phenylenediamine

70.4

C5H10O2

Isopropyl acetate

67.0

C6H8N2

p-Phenylenediamine

70.7

C5H10O2

Ethyl propanoate

66.3

C6H10

1,5-Hexadiene

55.1

C5H10O2

Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol

69.4

C6H10

1-Hexyne

64.5

C5H10O3

Diethyl carbonate

75.4

C6H10

Cyclohexene

58.0

C5H11N

Piperidine

64.2

C6H10O

Cyclohexanone

62.0

C5H12

Pentane

61.5

C6H10O3

Ethyl acetoacetate

71.7

C5H12

Isopentane

63.0

C6H10O4

Diethyl oxalate

81.7

C5H12

Neopentane

63.0

C6H12

1-Hexene

66.4

C5H12O

1-Pentanol

67.0

C6H12

2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene

65.9

C5H12O

2-Pentanol

69.1

C6H12

Cyclohexane

68

C5H12O2

1,5-Pentanediol

73.5

C6H12

Methylcyclopentane

70.2

C5H13N

Pentylamine

69.3

C6H12O

Hexanal

69.4

C6Cl6

Hexachlorobenzene

147.0

C6H12O

2-Hexanone

69.2

C6H4ClNO2

1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

75.5

C6H12O

3-Hexanone

69.0

C6H4ClNO2

1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene

77.2

C6H12O

4-Methyl-2-pentanone

69.7

C6H4ClNO2

1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene

74.7

C6H12O

Cyclohexanol

73.4

C6H4Cl2

o-Dichlorobenzene

84.4

C6H12O2

Hexanoic acid

78.1

C6H4Cl2

m-Dichlorobenzene

84.1

C6H12O2

Isopentyl formate

78.4

C6H4Cl2

p-Dichlorobenzene

81.7

C6H12O2

Isobutyl acetate

78.7

C6H4O2

p-Benzoquinone

36

C6H12O2

Propyl propanoate

77.7

C6H5Br

Bromobenzene

78.4

C6H12O3

Paraldehyde

86.1

C6H5Cl

Chlorobenzene

69.5

C6H14

Hexane

74.1

C6H5ClO

o-Chlorophenol

77.3

C6H14

2-Methylpentane

75.3

C6H5ClO

m-Chlorophenol

77.6

C6H14

3-Methylpentane

75.5

C6H5ClO

p-Chlorophenol

77.7

C6H14

2,2-Dimethylbutane

76.2

C6H5F

Fluorobenzene

58.4

C6H14

2,3-Dimethylbutane

76.2

C6H5I

Iodobenzene

92.0

C6H14O

1-Hexanol

79.5

C6H5NO2

Nitrobenzene

61.9

C6H14O

4-Methyl-2-pentanol

80.4

C6H5NO3

o-Nitrophenol

68.9

C6H14O

Dipropyl ether

79.4

C6H5NO3

m-Nitrophenol

65.9

C6H14O2

1,6-Hexanediol

84.3

C6H5NO3

p-Nitrophenol

66.9

C6H14O2

1,1-Diethoxyethane

81.4

C6H6

Benzene

54.8

C6H14O6

D-Glucitol

107.8

S03_06.indd 674

5/3/05 10:01:43 AM

Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds Molecular formula

Compound

C6H15N

Triethylamine

83.3

C7H5N

Benzonitrile

C7H6O

Benzaldehyde

C7H6O2

Salicylaldehyde

C7H6O3

Salicylic acid

C7H7Br

p-Bromotoluene

C7H7Cl

o-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

m-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl C7H7Cl

3-675

Molecular formula

Compound

C7H16

3,3-Dimethylpentane

89.5

65.2

C7H16O

1-Heptanol

91.7

60.7

C7H16O

4-Heptanol

92.1

66.8

C8H4O3

Phthalic anhydride

66.7

75

C8H6O4

Phthalic acid

83.6

88.7

C8H6O4

Isophthalic acid

84.6

82.4

C8H6O4

Terephthalic acid

83.5

79.7

C8H7N

Benzeneacetonitrile

76.9

p-Chlorotoluene

80.3

C8H7N

Indole

85.0

(Chloromethyl)benzene

81.6

C8H8

Styrene

68.2

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

C7H7NO

Benzamide

72.0

C8H8O

Acetophenone

72.5

C7H7NO2

o-Nitrotoluene

72.2

C8H8O2

o-Toluic acid

84.3

C7H7NO2

m-Nitrotoluene

72.7

C8H8O2

m-Toluic acid

83.0

C7H7NO2

p-Nitrotoluene

73.3

C8H8O2

p-Toluic acid

82.4

C7H8

Toluene

65.6

C8H8O2

Benzeneacetic acid

82.4

C7H8O

o-Cresol

73.3

C8H8O2

Methyl benzoate

81.6

C7H8O

m-Cresol

72.2

C8H8O3

Methyl salicylate

86.6

C7H8O

p-Cresol

72.4

C8H10

Ethylbenzene

77.3

C7H8O

Benzyl alcohol

71.8

C8H10

o-Xylene

77.7

C7H8O

Anisole

72.2

C8H10

m-Xylene

76.4

C7H9N

o-Methylaniline

74.9

C8H10

p-Xylene

77.0

C7H9N

m-Methylaniline

74.6

C8H10O

Phenetole

84.5

C7H9N

p-Methylaniline

72.5

C8H11N

N-Ethylaniline

85.6

C7H9N

N-Methylaniline

74.1

C8H11N

N,N-Dimethylaniline

85.1

C7H9N

2,4-Dimethylpyridine

71.3

C8H11N

2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine

83.1

C7H9N

2,6-Dimethylpyridine

72.5

C8H14O4

Ethyl succinate

105.0

C7H9NO

o-Methoxyaniline [o-Anisidine]

79.1

C8H16

1-Octene

88.8

C7H12O4

Diethyl malonate

92.6

C8H16

Cyclooctane

85.3

C7H14

1-Heptene

77.8

C8H16O2

Octanoic acid

99.5

C7H14

Cycloheptane

73.9

C7H14

Methylcyclohexane

78.9

C7H14O

1-Heptanal

81.0

C7H14O

2-Heptanone

80.5

C7H14O

3-Heptanone

80.7

C7H14O

4-Heptanone

80.5

C7H14O

2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

81.1

C7H14O2

Heptanoic acid

89.0

C7H14O2

Pentyl acetate

88.9

C7H14O2

Isopentyl acetate

89.4

C7H14O2

Butyl propanoate

89.1

C7H14O2

Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate

91.1

C7H16

Heptane

85.2

C7H16

3-Ethylpentane

86.2

C7H16

2,2-Dimethylpentane

87.0

C7H16

2,3-Dimethylpentane

87.5

C7H16

2,4-Dimethylpentane

87.5

S03_06.indd 675

C8H16O2

Hexyl acetate

100.9

C8H17Cl

1-Chlorooctane

114.9

C8H18

Octane

96.6

C8H18

4-Methylheptane

97.3

C8H18

3-Ethylhexane

97.8

C8H18

3,4-Dimethylhexane

99.1

C8H18

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

99.1

C8H18

2,3,4-Trimethylpentane

99.8

C8H18O

1-Octanol

101.6

C8H19N

Dibutylamine

103.7

C9H7N

Quinoline

86.1

C9H7N

Isoquinoline

83.9

C9H8

Indene

C9H10

Isopropenylbenzene

80.0

C9H10O2

Ethyl benzoate

93.8

C9H10O2

Benzyl acetate

93.2

C9H12

Propylbenzene

89.1

83

5/3/05 10:01:43 AM

Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds

3-676 Molecular formula

Compound

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

C9H12

Isopropylbenzene [Cumene]

89.5

C9H12

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene [Mesitylene]

92.3

C9H18

1-Nonene

100.1

C9H18O

2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone

104.3

C9H20

Nonane

108.1

C10H7Br

1-Bromonaphthalene

123.6

C10H7Cl

1-Chloronaphthalene

107.6

C10H8

Naphthalene

91.6

C10H8

Azulene

123.7

C10H8O

1-Naphthol

96.2

C10H8O

2-Naphthol

96.8

C10H9N

1-Naphthalenamine

92.5

C10H9N

2-Naphthalenamine

98.0

C10H10O2

Safrole

97.5

C10H10O4

Dimethyl terephthalate

101.6

C10H14

Butylbenzene

100.7

C10H14

tert-Butylbenzene

101.8

C10H14

Isobutylbenzene

101.7

C10H14

p-Cymene

102.8

C10H14

1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene

101.2

C10H14O

p-tert-Butylphenol

108.0

C10H15N

N,N-Diethylaniline

107.9

C10H16

d-Limonene

98.0

Molecular formula

Compound

C12H9N

Carbazole

119.9

C12H10

Acenaphthene

109.9

C12H10

Biphenyl

103.3

C12H10N2

Azobenzene

106.8

-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1

C12H11N

Diphenylamine

108.4

C12H14O4

Diethyl phthalate

127.5

C12H18

Hexamethylbenzene

122.5

C12H24O2

Dodecanoic acid

113.0

C13H9N

Acridine

118.8

C13H10O

Benzophenone

109.6

C13H12

Diphenylmethane

116.0

C13H28

Tridecane

153.7

C14H8O2

9,10-Anthracenedione

113.0

C14H10

Anthracene

129.8

C14H10

Phenanthrene

127.6

C14H10

Diphenylacetylene

C14H10O2

Benzil

106.8

C14H12O2

Benzyl benzoate

132.2

C14H14

1,2-Diphenylethane

127.8

C14H28O2

Tetradecanoic acid [Myristic acid]

176.0

C14H30

Tetradecane

166.2

C16H10

Pyrene

C16H32O2

Hexadecanoic acid [Palmitic acid]

116

147 198.6

C10H16

α-Pinene

100.7

C16H34

Hexadecane

187.6

C10H16

β-Pinene

101.9

C16H34O

1-Hexadecanol

183.5

C10H16O

Camphor, (+)

103.0

C18H12

Chrysene

148.0

C10H18

cis-Decahydronaphthalene

107.0

C18H14

o-Terphenyl

150.4

C10H18

trans-Decahydronaphthalene

107.6

C18H14

m-Terphenyl

155.5

C10H22

Decane

119.5

C18H14

p-Terphenyl

156.0

C11H10

1-Methylnaphthalene

102.9

C18H34O2

2-Methylnaphthalene

102.7

cis-9-Octadecenoic acid [Oleic acid]

208.5

C11H10 C11H24

Undecane

131.8

C18H36O2

220.8

C12H8

Acenaphthylene

111.6

Octadecanoic acid [Stearic acid]

C20H12

Perylene

167.5

S03_06.indd 676

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The Elements C. R. Hammond One of the most striking facts about the elements is their unequal distribution and occurrence in nature. Present knowledge of the chemical composition of the universe, obtained from the study of the spectra of stars and nebulae, indicates that hydrogen is by far the most abundant element and may account for more than 90% of the atoms or about 75% of the mass of the universe. Helium atoms make up most of the remainder. All of the other elements together contribute only slightly to the total mass. The chemical composition of the universe is undergoing continuous change. Hydrogen is being converted into helium, and helium is being changed into heavier elements. As time goes on, the ratio of heavier elements increases relative to hydrogen. Presumably, the process is not reversible. Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, and Hoyle, and more recently, Peebles, Penzias, and others have studied the synthesis of elements in stars. To explain all of the features of the nuclear abundance curve — obtained by studies of the composition of the earth, meteorites, stars, etc. — it is necessary to postulate that the elements were originally formed by at least eight different processes: (1) hydrogen burning, (2) helium burning, (3) χ process, (4) e process, (5) s process, (6) r process, (7) p process, and (8) the X process. The X process is thought to account for the existence of light nuclei such as D, Li, Be, and B. Common metals such as Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, Ti, Zn, etc. were likely produced early in the history of our galaxy. It is also probable that most of the heavy elements on Earth and elsewhere in the universe were originally formed in supernovae, or in the hot interior of stars. Studies of the solar spectrum have led to the identification of 67 elements in the sun’s atmosphere; however, all elements cannot be identified with the same degree of certainty. Other elements may be present in the sun, although they have not yet been detected spectroscopically. The element helium was discovered on the sun before it was found on Earth. Some elements such as scandium are relatively more plentiful in the sun and stars than here on Earth. Minerals in lunar rocks brought back from the moon on the Apollo missions consist predominantly of plagioclase {(Ca,Na)(Al,Si)O4O8} and pyroxene {(Ca,Mg,Fe)2Si2O6} — two minerals common in terrestrial volcanic rock. No new elements have been found on the moon that cannot be accounted for on Earth; however, three minerals, armalcolite {(Fe,Mg)Ti2O5}, pyroxferroite {CaFe6(SiO3)7}, and tranquillityite {Fe8(Zr,Y)Ti3Si3O2}, are new. The oldest known terrestrial rocks are about 4 billion years old. One rock, known as the “Genesis Rock,” brought back from the Apollo 15 Mission, is about 4.15 billion years old. This is only about one-half billion years younger than the supposed age of the moon and solar system. Lunar rocks appear to be relatively enriched in refractory elements such as chromium, titanium, zirconium, and the rare earths, and impoverished in volatile elements such as the alkali metals, in chlorine, and in noble metals such as nickel, platinum, and gold. Even older than the “Genesis Rock” are carbonaceous chondrites, a type of meteorite that has fallen to Earth and has been studied. These are some of the most primitive objects of the solar system yet found. The grains making up these objects probably condensed directly out the gaseous nebula from which the sun and planets were born. Most of the condensation of the grains probably was completed within 50,000 years of the time the disk of the nebula was first formed — about 4.6 billion years ago. It is now thought that this type of meteorite may contain a small percentage

of presolar dust grains. The relative abundances of the elements of these meteorites are about the same as the abundances found in the solar chromosphere. The X-ray fluorescent spectrometer sent with the Viking I spacecraft to Mars shows that the Martian soil contains about 12 to 16% iron, 14 to 15% silicon, 3 to 8% calcium, 2 to 7% aluminum, and one-half to 2% titanium. The gas chromatograph — mass spectrometer on Viking II found no trace of organic compounds. F. W. Clarke and others have carefully studied the composition of rocks making up the crust of the earth. Oxygen accounts for about 47% of the crust, by weight, while silicon comprises about 28% and aluminum about 8%. These elements, plus iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium, account for about 99% of the composition of the crust. Many elements such as tin, copper, zinc, lead, mercury, silver, platinum, antimony, arsenic, and gold, which are so essential to our needs and civilization, are among some of the rarest elements in the earth’s crust. These are made available to us only by the processes of concentration in ore bodies. Some of the so-called rareearth elements have been found to be much more plentiful than originally thought and are about as abundant as uranium, mercury, lead, or bismuth. The least abundant rare-earth or lanthanide element, thulium, is now believed to be more plentiful on earth than silver, cadmium, gold, or iodine, for example. Rubidium, the 16th most abundant element, is more plentiful than chlorine while its compounds are little known in chemistry and commerce. It is now thought that at least 24 elements are essential to living matter. The four most abundant in the human body are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. The seven next most common, in order of abundance, are calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, potassium, sulfur, sodium, and magnesium. Iron, copper, zinc, silicon, iodine, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, fluorine, tin, chromium, selenium, and vanadium are needed and play a role in living matter. Boron is also thought essential for some plants, and it is possible that aluminum, nickel, and germanium may turn out to be necessary. Ninety-one elements occur naturally on earth. Minute traces of plutonium-244 have been discovered in rocks mined in Southern California. This discovery supports the theory that heavy elements were produced during creation of the solar system. While technetium and promethium have not yet been found naturally on earth, they have been found to be present in stars. Technetium has been identified in the spectra of certain “late” type stars, and promethium lines have been identified in the spectra of a faintly visible star HR465 in Andromeda. Promethium must have been made near the star’s surface for no known isotope of this element has a halflife longer than 17.7 years. It has been suggested that californium is present in certain stellar explosions known as supernovae; however, this has not been proved. At present no elements are found elsewhere in the universe that cannot be accounted for here on earth. All atomic mass numbers from 1 to 238 are found naturally on earth except for masses 5 and 8. About 285 relatively stable and 67 naturally radioactive isotopes occur on earth totaling 352. In addition, the neutron, technetium, promethium, and the transuranic elements (lying beyond uranium) have now been produced artificially. In June 1999, scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory reported that they had found evidence of an isotope of Element 118 and its immediate decay 4-1

4-2 products of Elements 116, 114, and 112. This sequence of events tended to reinforce the theory that was predicted since the 1970s that an “island of stability” existed for nuclei with approximately 114 protons and 184 neutrons. This “island” refers to nuclei in which the decay lasts for a period of time instead of a decay that occurs instantaneously. However, on July 27, 2001, researchers at LBNL reported that their laboratory and the facilities at the GSI Laboratory in Germany and at Japanese laboratories failed to confirm the results of their earlier experiments where the fusion of a krypton atom with a lead target resulted in Element 118, with chains of decay leading to Elements 116, 114, and 112, and on down to Element 106. Therefore, the discovery was reported to be spurious. However, with the announcement it was said that different experiments at the Livermore Laboratory and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia indicated that Element 116 had since been created directly. (See also under Elements 116 and 118.) Laboratory processes have now extended the radioactive element mass numbers beyond 238 to about 280. Each element from atomic numbers 1 to 110 is known to have at least one radioactive isotope. As of December 2001, about 3286 isotopes and isomers were thought to be known and recognized. Many stable and radioactive isotopes are now produced and distributed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A., to customers licensed by the U.S. Department of Energy. The nucleus of an atom is characterized by the number of protons it contains, denoted by Z, and by the number of neutrons, N. Isotopes of an element have the same value of Z, but different values of N. The mass number A, is the sum of Z and N. For example, Uranium-238 has a mass number of 238, and contains 92 protons and 146 neutrons. There is evidence that the definition of chemical elements must be broadened to include the electron. Several compounds known as electrides have recently been made of alkaline metal elements and electrons. A relatively stable combination of a positron and electron, known as positronium, has also been studied. The well-known proton, neutron, and electron are now thought to be members of a group that includes other fundamental particles that have been discovered or hypothesized by physicists. These very elemental particles, of which all matter is made, are now thought to belong to one of two families: namely, quarks or leptons. Each of these two families consists of six particles. Also, there are four different force carriers that lead to interactions between particles. The six members or “flavors” of the quark family are called up, charm, top, down, strange, and bottom. The force carriers for the quarks are the gluon and the photon. The six members of the lepton family are the e neutrino, the mu neutrino, the tau neutrino, the electron, the muon particle, and the tau particle. The force carriers for these are the w boson and the z boson. Furthermore, it appears that each of these particles has an anti-particle that has an opposite electrical charge from the above particles. Quarks are not found individually, but are found with other quarks arranged to form composites known as hadrons. There are two basic types of hadrons: baryons, composed of three quarks, and mesons, composed of a quark and an anti-quark. Examples of baryons are the neutron and the proton. Neutrons are made of two down quarks and one up quark. Protons are made of two up quarks and one down quark. An example of the meson is the pion. This particle is made of an up quark and a down anti-quark. Such particles are unstable and tend to decay rapidly. The anti-particle of the proton is the anti-proton. The exception to the rule is the electron, whose anti-particle is the positron.

The Elements In recent years a search has been made for a hypothetical particle known as the Higgs particle or Higgs boson, suggested in 1966 by Peter Higgs of the University of Edinburgh, which could possibly explain why the carriers of the “electro-weak” field (w and z bosons) have mass. The Higgs particle is thought to be responsible possibly for the mass of objects throughout the universe. Many physicists now hold that all matter and energy in the universe are controlled by four fundamental forces: the electromagnetic force, gravity, a weak nuclear force, and a strong nuclear force. The gluon binds quarks together by carrying the strong nuclear force. Each of these natural forces is passed back and forth among the basic particles of matter by the force carriers mentioned above. The electromagnetic force is carried by the photon, the weak nuclear force by the intermediate vector boson, and the gravity by the graviton. For more complete information on these fundamental particles, please consult recent articles and books on nuclear or particle physics. The available evidence leads to the conclusion that elements 89 (actinium) through 103 (lawrencium) are chemically similar to the rare-earth or lanthanide elements (elements 57 to 71, inclusive). These elements therefore have been named actinides after the first member of this series. Those elements beyond uranium that have been produced artificially have the following names and symbols: neptunium, 93 (Np); plutonium, 94 (Pu); americium, 95 (Am); curium, 96 (Cm); berkelium, 97 (Bk); californium, 98 (Cf ); einsteinium, 99 (Es); fermium, 100 (Fm); mendelevium, 101 (Md); nobelium, 102 (No); lawrencium, 103 (Lr); rutherfordium, 104 (Rf ); dubnium, 105 (Db); seaborgium, 106 (Sg); bohrium, 107 (Bh); hassium, 108 (Hs); meitnerium, 109 (Mt); darmstadtium, 110 (Ds); and roentgenium, 111 (Rg). As of 2005, evidence has been reported for elements 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, and 118, but these elements have not been officially recognized or named. IUPAC recommends that until the existence of a new element is proven to their satisfaction, the elements are to have names and symbols derived according to these precise and simple rules: The name is based on the digits in the element’s atomic number. Each digit is replaced with these expressions, with the end using the usual –ium suffix as follows: 0 nil, 1 un, 2 bi, 3 tri, 4 quad, 5 pent, 6 hex, 7 sept, 8 oct, 9 enn. Double letter i’s are not used, as for example Ununbiium, but would be Ununbium. The symbol used would be the first letter of the three main syllables. For example, Element 126 would be Unbihexium, with the symbol Ubh. (See J. Chatt, Pure Appl. Chem. 51, 381, 1979; W. H. Koppenol, Pure Appl. Chem. 74, 787, 2002.) There are many claims in the literature of the existence of various allotropic modifications of the elements, some of which are based on doubtful or incomplete evidence. Also, the physical properties of an element may change drastically by the presence of small amounts of impurities. With new methods of purification, which are now able to produce elements with 99.9999% purity, it has been necessary to restudy the properties of the elements. For example, the melting point of thorium changes by several hundred degrees by the presence of a small percentage of ThO2 as an impurity. Ordinary commercial tungsten is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Pure tungsten, however, can be cut with a hacksaw, forged, spun, drawn, or extruded. In general, the value of a physical property given here applies to the pure element, when it is known. Many of the chemical elements and their compounds are toxic and should be handled with due respect and care. In recent years there has been greatly increased knowledge and awareness of the health hazards associated with chemicals, radioactive materials,

The Elements and other agents. Anyone working with the elements and certain of their compounds should become thoroughly familiar with the proper safeguards to be taken. Information on specific hazards and recommended exposure limits may also be found in Section 16. Reference should also be made to publications such as the following: 1. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Labor. With additions found in issues of the Federal Register. 2. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Energy. With additions found in issues of the Federal Register. (Published by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Supt. of Documents.) 3. Occupational Safety and Health Reporter (latest edition with amendments and corrections), Bureau of National Affairs, Washington, D.C. 4. Atomic Energy Law Reporter, Commerce Clearing House, Chicago, IL. 5. Nuclear Regulation Reporter, Commerce Clearing House, Chicago, IL. 6. TLVs® Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents is issued annually by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio. 7. The Sigma Aldrich Library of Regulatory and Safety Data. Vol. 3, Robert E. Lenga and Kristine L. Volonpal, Sigma Chemical Co. and Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc. 1993. 8. Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference, Richard J. Lewis, Sr., 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997. 9. Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 3rd ed., Noyes Publications, 2001/2. 10. Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Richard J. Lewis and N. Irving Sax, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999. 11. World Wide Limits for Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals in Air, Water, and Soil, Marshall Sittig, Noyes Publishers. The prices of elements as indicated in this article are intended to be only a rough guide. Prices may vary, over time, widely with supplier, quantity, and purity. The density of gases is given in grams per liter at 0°C and a pressure of 1 atm. Actinium — (Gr. aktis, aktinos, beam or ray), Ac; at. wt. (227); at. no. 89; m.p. 1050°C, b.p. 3198°C; sp. gr. 10.07 (calc.). Discovered by Andre Debierne in 1899 and independently by F. Giesel in 1902. Occurs naturally in association with uranium minerals. Thirty-four isotopes and isomers are now recognized. All are radioactive. Actinium-227, a decay product of uranium-235, is an alpha and beta emitter with a 21.77-year half-life. Its principal decay products are thorium-227 (18.72-day half-life), radium-223 (11.4-day half-life), and a number of short-lived products including radon, bismuth, polonium, and lead isotopes. In equilibrium with its decay products, it is a powerful source of alpha rays. Actinium metal has been prepared by the reduction of actinium fluoride with lithium vapor at about 1100 to 1300°C. The chemical behavior of actinium is similar to that of the rare earths, particularly lanthanum. Purified actinium comes into equilibrium with its decay products at the end of 185 days, and then decays according to its 21.77year half-life. It is about 150 times as active as radium, making it of value in the production of neutrons. Actinium-225, with a purity of 99%, is available from the Oak Ridge National

4-3 Laboratory to holders of a permit for about $500/millicurie, plus packing charges. Aluminum — (L. alumen, alum), Al; at. wt. 26.9815386(8); at. no. 13; m.p. 660.32°C; b.p. 2519°C; sp. gr. 2.6989 (20°C); valence 3. The ancient Greeks and Romans used alum in medicine as an astringent, and as a mordant in dyeing. In 1761 de Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base in alum, and Lavoisier, in 1787, thought this to be the oxide of a still undiscovered metal. Wohler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827, although an impure form was prepared by Oersted two years earlier. In 1807, Davy proposed the name alumium for the metal, undiscovered at that time, and later agreed to change it to aluminum. Shortly thereafter, the name aluminium was adopted to conform with the “ium” ending of most elements, and this spelling is now in use elsewhere in the world. Aluminium was also the accepted spelling in the U.S. until 1925, at which time the American Chemical Society officially decided to use the name aluminum thereafter in their publications. The method of obtaining aluminum metal by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite was discovered in 1886 by Hall in the U.S. and at about the same time by Heroult in France. Cryolite, a natural ore found in Greenland, is no longer widely used in commercial production, but has been replaced by an artificial mixture of sodium, aluminum, and calcium fluorides. Bauxite, an impure hydrated oxide ore, is found in large deposits in Jamaica, Australia, Suriname, Guyana, Russia, Arkansas, and elsewhere. The Bayer process is most commonly used today to refine bauxite so it can be accommodated in the Hall–Heroult refining process used to make most aluminum. Aluminum can now be produced from clay, but the process is not economically feasible at present. Aluminum is the most abundant metal to be found in the Earth’s crust (8.1%), but is never found free in nature. In addition to the minerals mentioned above, it is found in feldspars, granite, and in many other common minerals. Twenty-two isotopes and isomers are known. Natural aluminum is made of one isotope, 27Al. Pure aluminum, a silvery-white metal, possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nontoxic, has a pleasing appearance, can easily be formed, machined, or cast, has a high thermal conductivity, and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is nonmagnetic and nonsparking, stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used for kitchen utensils, outside building decoration, and in thousands of industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Although its electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but it can be alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, and other elements to impart a variety of useful properties. These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. These coatings soon form a thin layer of the protective oxide and do not deteriorate as do silver coatings. They have found application in coatings for telescope mirrors, in making decorative paper, packages, toys, and in many other uses. The compounds of greatest importance are aluminum oxide, the sulfate, and the soluble sulfate with potassium (alum). The oxide, alumina, occurs naturally as ruby, sapphire, corundum, and emery, and is used in glassmaking and refractories. Synthetic ruby and sapphire have found application in the construction of lasers

The Elements

4-4 for producing coherent light. In 1852, the price of aluminum was about $1200/kg, and just before Hall’s discovery in 1886, about $25/kg. The price rapidly dropped to 60¢ and has been as low as 33¢/kg. The price in December 2001 was about 64¢/ lb or $1.40/kg. Americium — (the Americas), Am; at. wt. 243; at. no. 95; m.p. 1176°C; b.p. 2011°C; sp. gr. 12; valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Americium was the fourth transuranium element to be discovered; the isotope 241 Am was identified by Seaborg, James, Morgan, and Ghiorso late in 1944 at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago as the result of successive neutron capture reactions by plutonium isotopes in a nuclear reactor:

239

β Pu(n,γ ) → 240 Pu(n,γ ) → 241 Pu → 

241

Am

Since the isotope 241Am can be prepared in relatively pure form by extraction as a decay product over a period of years from strongly neutron-bombarded plutonium, 241Pu, this isotope is used for much of the chemical investigation of this element. Better suited is the isotope 243Am due to its longer half-life (7.37 × 103 years as compared to 432.2 years for 241Am). A mixture of the isotopes 241Am, 242Am, and 243Am can be prepared by intense neutron irradiation of 241Am according to the reactions 241Am (n, γ) → 242Am (n, γ) → 243Am. Nearly isotopically pure, 243Am can be prepared by a sequence of neutron bombardments and chemical separations as follows: neutron bombardment of 241Am yields 242Pu by the reactions 241Am (n, γ) → 242Am → 242Pu, after chemical separation the 242Pu can be transformed to 243Am via the reactions 242Pu (n, γ) → 243Pu → 243Am, and the 243Am can be chemically separated. Fairly pure 242Pu can be prepared more simply by very intense neutron irradiation of 239Pu as the result of successive neutroncapture reactions. Seventeen radioactive isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Americium metal has been prepared by reducing the trifluoride with barium vapor at 1000 to 1200°C or the dioxide by lanthanum metal. The luster of freshly prepared americium metal is white and more silvery than plutonium or neptunium prepared in the same manner. It appears to be more malleable than uranium or neptunium and tarnishes slowly in dry air at room temperature. Americium is thought to exist in two forms: an alpha form which has a double hexagonal close-packed structure and a loose-packed cubic beta form. Americium must be handled with great care to avoid personal contamination. As little as 0.03 µCi of 241Am is the maximum permissible total body burden. The alpha activity from 241Am is about three times that of radium. When gram quantities of 241Am are handled, the intense gamma activity makes exposure a serious problem. Americium dioxide, AmO2, is the most important oxide. AmF3, AmF4, AmCl3, AmBr3, AmI3, and other compounds have been prepared. The isotope 241Am has been used as a portable source for gamma radiography. It has also been used as a radioactive glass thickness gage for the flat glass industry, and as a source of ionization for smoke detectors. Americum-243 (99%) is available from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a cost of about $750/g plus packing charges. Antimony — (Gr. anti plus monos - a metal not found alone), Sb; at. wt. 121.760(1); at. no. 51; m.p. 630.63°C; b.p. 1587°C; sp. gr. 6.68 (20°C); valence 0, –3, +3, or +5. Antimony was recognized in compounds by the ancients and was known as a metal at the beginning of the 17th century and possibly much earlier.

It is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found native, but more frequently as the sulfide, stibnite (Sb2S3); it is also found as antimonides of the heavy metals, and as oxides. It is extracted from the sulfide by roasting to the oxide, which is reduced by salt and scrap iron; from its oxides it is also prepared by reduction with carbon. Two allotropic forms of antimony exist: the normal stable, metallic form, and the amorphous gray form. The so-called explosive antimony is an ill-defined material always containing an appreciable amount of halogen; therefore, it no longer warrants consideration as a separate allotrope. The yellow form, obtained by oxidation of stibine, SbH3, is probably impure, and is not a distinct form. Natural antimony is made of two stable isotopes, 121Sb and 123Sb. Forty-five other radioactive isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Metallic antimony is an extremely brittle metal of a flaky, crystalline texture. It is bluish white and has a metallic luster. It is not acted on by air at room temperature, but burns brilliantly when heated with the formation of white fumes of Sb2O3. It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, and has a hardness of 3 to 3.5. Antimony, available commercially with a purity of 99.999 + %, is finding use in semiconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes, and Hall-effect devices. Commercial-grade antimony is widely used in alloys with percentages ranging from 1 to 20. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. Batteries, antifriction alloys, type metal, small arms and tracer bullets, cable sheathing, and minor products use about half the metal produced. Compounds taking up the other half are oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride. These are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints, ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery. Tartar emetic (hydrated potassium antimonyl tartrate) has been used in medicine. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic. Antimony costs about $1.30/kg for the commercial metal or about $12/g (99.999%). Argon — (Gr. argos, inactive), Ar; at. wt. 39.948(1); at. no. 18; m.p. –189.36°C; b.p. –185.85°C; tc –122.28°C; density 1.7837 g/L. Its presence in air was suspected by Cavendish in 1785, discovered by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay in 1894. The gas is prepared by fractionation of liquid air, the atmosphere containing 0.94% argon. The atmosphere of Mars contains 1.6% of 40Ar and 5 p.p.m. of 36Ar. Argon is two and one half times as soluble in water as nitrogen, having about the same solubility as oxygen. It is recognized by the characteristic lines in the red end of the spectrum. It is used in electric light bulbs and in fluorescent tubes at a pressure of about 400 Pa, and in filling photo tubes, glow tubes, etc. Argon is also used as an inert gas shield for arc welding and cutting, as a blanket for the production of titanium and other reactive elements, and as a protective atmosphere for growing silicon and germanium crystals. Argon is colorless and odorless, both as a gas and liquid. It is available in high-purity form. Commercial argon is available at a cost of about 3¢ per cubic foot. Argon is considered to be a very inert gas and is not known to form true chemical compounds, as do krypton, xenon, and radon. However, it does form a hydrate having a dissociation pressure of 105 atm at 0°C. Ion molecules such as (ArKr)+, (ArXe)+, (NeAr)+ have been observed spectroscopically. Argon also forms a clathrate with β-hydroquinone. This clathrate is stable and can be stored for a considerable time, but a true chemical bond does not exist. Van der Waals’ forces act to hold the argon. In August 2000, researchers at the University of Helsinki, Finland reported they made a new argon compound HArF

The Elements by shining UV light on frozen argon that contained a small amount of HF. Naturally occurring argon is a mixture of three isotopes. Seventeen other radioactive isotopes are now known to exist. Commercial argon is priced at about $70/300 cu. ft. or 8.5 cu. meters. Arsenic — (L. arsenicum, Gr. arsenikon, yellow orpiment, identified with arsenikos, male, from the belief that metals were different sexes; Arabic, Az-zernikh, the orpiment from Persian zerni-zar, gold), As; at. wt. 74.92160(2); at. no. 33; valence –3, 0, +3 or +5. Elemental arsenic occurs in two solid modifications: yellow, and gray or metallic, with specific gravities of 1.97, and 5.75, respectively. Gray arsenic, the ordinary stable form, has a triple point of 817°C and sublimes at 616°C and has a critical temperature of 1400°C. Several other allotropic forms of arsenic are reported in the literature. It is believed that Albertus Magnus obtained the element in 1250 A.D. In 1649 Schroeder published two methods of preparing the element. It is found native, in the sulfides realgar and orpiment, as arsenides and sulfarsenides of heavy metals, as the oxide, and as arsenates. Mispickel, arsenopyrite, (FeSAs) is the most common mineral, from which on heating the arsenic sublimes leaving ferrous sulfide. The element is a steel gray, very brittle, crystalline, semimetallic solid; it tarnishes in air, and when heated is rapidly oxidized to arsenous oxide (As2O3) with the odor of garlic. Arsenic and its compounds are poisonous. Exposure to arsenic and its compounds should not exceed 0.01 mg/m3 as elemental As during an 8-h work day. Arsenic is also used in bronzing, pyrotechny, and for hardening and improving the sphericity of shot. The most important compounds are white arsenic (As2O3), the sulfide, Paris green 3Cu(AsO2)2· Cu(C2H3O2)2, calcium arsenate, and lead arsenate; the last three have been used as agricultural insecticides and poisons. Marsh’s test makes use of the formation and ready decomposition of arsine (AsH3). Arsenic is available in high-purity form. It is finding increasing uses as a doping agent in solid-state devices such as transistors. Gallium arsenide is used as a laser material to convert electricity directly into coherent light. Natural arsenic is made of one isotope 75As. Thirty other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Arsenic (99%) costs about $75/50g. Purified arsenic (99.9995%) costs about $50/g. Astatine — (Gr. astatos, unstable), At; at. wt. (210); at. no. 85; m.p. 302°C; valence probably 1, 3, 5, or 7. Synthesized in 1940 by D. R. Corson, K. R. MacKenzie, and E. Segre at the University of California by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles. The longest-lived isotope, 210At, has a half-life of only 8.1 hours. Thirty-six other isotopes and isomers are now known. Minute quantities of 215At, 218At, and 219At exist in equilibrium in nature with naturally occurring uranium and thorium isotopes, and traces of 217At are in equilibrium with 233U and 239 Np resulting from interaction of thorium and uranium with naturally produced neutrons. The total amount of astatine present in the Earth’s crust, however, is probably less than 1 oz. Astatine can be produced by bombarding bismuth with energetic alpha particles to obtain the relatively long-lived 209–211 At, which can be distilled from the target by heating it in air. Only about 0.05 µg of astatine has been prepared to date. The “time of flight” mass spectrometer has been used to confirm that this highly radioactive halogen behaves chemically very much like other halogens, particularly iodine. The interhalogen compounds AtI, AtBr, and AtCl are known to form, but it is not yet known if astatine forms diatomic astatine mol-

4-5 ecules. HAt and CH3At (methyl astatide) have been detected. Astatine is said to be more metallic that iodine, and, like iodine, it probably accumulates in the thyroid gland. Barium — (Gr. barys, heavy), Ba; at. wt. 137.327(7), at. no. 56; m.p. 727°C; b.p. 1897°C; sp. gr. 3.62 (20°C); valence 2. Baryta was distinguished from lime by Scheele in 1774; the element was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. It is found only in combination with other elements, chiefly in barite or heavy spar (sulfate) and witherite (carbonate) and is prepared by electrolysis of the chloride. Large deposits of barite are found in China, Germany, India, Morocco, and in the U.S. Barium is a metallic element, soft, and when pure is silvery white like lead; it belongs to the alkaline earth group, resembling calcium chemically. The metal oxidizes very easily and should be kept under petroleum or other suitable oxygen-free liquids to exclude air. It is decomposed by water or alcohol. The metal is used as a “getter” in vacuum tubes. The most important compounds are the peroxide (BaO2), chloride, sulfate, carbonate, nitrate, and chlorate. Lithopone, a pigment containing barium sulfate and zinc sulfide, has good covering power, and does not darken in the presence of sulfides. The sulfate, as permanent white or blanc fixe, is also used in paint, in X-ray diagnostic work, and in glassmaking. Barite is extensively used as a weighting agent in oilwell drilling fluids, and also in making rubber. The carbonate has been used as a rat poison, while the nitrate and chlorate give green colors in pyrotechny. The impure sulfide phosphoresces after exposure to the light. The compounds and the metal are not expensive. Barium metal (99.2 + % pure) costs about $3/g. All barium compounds that are water or acid soluble are poisonous. Naturally occurring barium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Thirty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known to exist. Berkelium — (Berkeley, home of the University of California), Bk; at. wt. (247); at. no. 97; m.p. 996°C; valence 3 or 4; sp. gr. 14 (est.). Berkelium, the eighth member of the actinide transition series, was discovered in December 1949 by Thompson, Ghiorso, and Seaborg, and was the fifth transuranium element synthesized. It was produced by cyclotron bombardment of milligram amounts of 241Am with helium ions at Berkeley, California. The first isotope produced had a mass number of 243 and decayed with a half-life of 4.5 hours. Thirteen isotopes are now known and have been synthesized. The existence of 249 Bk, with a half-life of 320 days, makes it feasible to isolate berkelium in weighable amounts so that its properties can be investigated with macroscopic quantities. One of the first visible amounts of a pure berkelium compound, berkelium chloride, was produced in 1962. It weighed 3 billionth of a gram. Berkelium probably has not yet been prepared in elemental form, but it is expected to be a silvery metal, easily soluble in dilute mineral acids, and readily oxidized by air or oxygen at elevated temperatures to form the oxide. X-ray diffraction methods have been used to identify the following compounds: BkO2, BkO3, BkF3, BkCl, and BkOCl. As with other actinide elements, berkelium tends to accumulate in the skeletal system. The maximum permissible body burden of 249Bk in the human skeleton is about 0.0004 µg. Because of its rarity, berkelium presently has no commercial or technological use. Berkelium most likely resembles terbium with respect to chemical properties. Berkelium-249 is available from O.R.N.L. at a cost of $185/µg plus packing charges.

4-6 Beryllium — (Gr. beryllos, beryl; also called Glucinium or Glucinum, Gr. glykys, sweet), Be; at. wt. 9.012182(3); at no. 4; m.p. 1287°C; b.p. 2471°C; sp. gr. 1.848 (20°C); valence 2. Discovered as the oxide by Vauquelin in beryl and in emeralds in 1798. The metal was isolated in 1828 by Wohler and by Bussy independently by the action of potassium on beryllium chloride. Beryllium is found in some 30 mineral species, the most important of which are bertrandite, beryl, chrysoberyl, and phenacite. Aquamarine and emerald are precious forms of beryl. Beryllium minerals are found in the U.S., Brazil, Russia, Kazakhstan, and elsewhere. Colombia is known for its emeralds. Beryl (3BeO · Al2O3 · 6SiO2) and bertrandite (4BeO · 2SiO2 · H2O) are the most important commercial sources of the element and its compounds. Most of the metal is now prepared by reducing beryllium fluoride with magnesium metal. Beryllium metal did not become readily available to industry until 1957. The metal, steel gray in color, has many desirable properties. It is one of the lightest of all metals, and has one of the highest melting points of the light metals. Its modulus of elasticity is about one third greater than that of steel. It resists attack by concentrated nitric acid, has excellent thermal conductivity, and is nonmagnetic. It has a high permeability to X-rays, and when bombarded by alpha particles, as from radium or polonium, neutrons are produced in the ratio of about 30 neutrons/million alpha particles. At ordinary temperatures beryllium resists oxidation in air, although its ability to scratch glass is probably due to the formation of a thin layer of the oxide. Beryllium is used as an alloying agent in producing beryllium copper, which is extensively used for springs, electrical contacts, spot-welding electrodes, and nonsparking tools. It has found application as a structural material for high-speed aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, and communication satellites. It is being used in the windshield frame, brake discs, support beams, and other structural components of the space shuttle. Because beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays, ultra-thin Be-foil is finding use in X-ray lithography for reproduction of microminiature integrated circuits. Natural beryllium is made of 9Be and is stable. Eight other radioactive isotopes are known. Beryllium is used in nuclear reactors as a reflector or moderator for it has a low thermal neutron absorption cross section. It is used in gyroscopes, computer parts, and instruments where lightness, stiffness, and dimensional stability are required. The oxide has a very high melting point and is also used in nuclear work and ceramic applications. Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with the greatest of care. Beryllium and its compounds should not be tasted to verify the sweetish nature of beryllium (as did early experimenters). The metal, its alloys, and its salts can be handled safely if certain work codes are observed, but no attempt should be made to work with beryllium before becoming familiar with proper safeguards. Beryllium metal is available at a cost of about $5/g (99.5% pure). Bismuth — (Ger. Weisse Masse, white mass; later Wisuth and Bisemutum), Bi; at. wt. 208.98040(1); at. no. 83; m.p. 271.4°C; b.p. 1564°C; sp. gr. 9.79 (20°C); valence 3 or 5. In early times bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753. It is a white crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs native. The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance (Bi2S3) and bismite (Bi2O3). Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining

The Elements lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field). “Bismanol” is a permanent magnet of high coercive force, made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys that are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocouple material, and has found application as a carrier for U235 or U233 fuel in atomic reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming insoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine. Natural bismuth contains only one isotope 209 Bi. Forty-four isotopes and isomers of bismuth are known. Bismuth metal (99.5%) costs about $250/kg. Bohrium — (Named after Niels Bohr [1885–1962], Danish atomic and nuclear physicist.) Bh; at. wt. [264]. at. no. 107. Bohrium is expected to have chemical properties similar to rhenium. This element was synthesized and unambiguously identified in 1981 using the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (G.S.I.) in Darmstadt, Germany. The discovery team was led by Armbruster and Münzenberg. The reaction producing the element was proposed and applied earlier by a Dubna Group led by Oganessian in 1976. A target of 209Bi was bombarded by a beam of 54Cr ions. In 1983 experiments at Dubna using the 157-inch cyclotron, produced 262107 by the reaction 209Bi + 54 Cr. The alpha decay of 246Cf, the sixth member in the decay chain of 262107, served to establish a 1-neutron reaction channel. The IUPAC adopted the name Bohrium with the symbol Bh for Element 107 in August 1997. Five isotopes of bohrium are now recognized. One isotope of bohrium appears to have a relatively long life of 15 seconds. Work on this relatively longlived isotope has been performed with the 88-inch cyclotron at the Lawrence-Berkeley National Laboratory. Boron — (Ar. Buraq, Pers. Burah), B; at. wt. 10.811(7); at. no. 5; m.p. 2075°C; b.p. 4000°C; sp. gr. of crystals 2.34, of amorphous variety 2.37; valence 3. Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not discovered until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by Gay-Lussac and Thenard. The element is not found free in nature, but occurs as orthoboric acid usually in certain volcanic spring waters and as borates in borax and colemanite. Ulexite, another boron mineral, is interesting as it is nature’s own version of “fiber optics.” Important sources of boron are the ores rasorite (kernite) and tincal (borax ore). Both of these ores are found in the Mojave Desert. Tincal is the most important source of boron from the Mojave. Extensive borax deposits are also found in Turkey. Boron exists naturally as 19.9% 10B isotope and 80.1% 11 B isotope. Ten other isotopes of boron are known. High-purity crystalline boron may be prepared by the vapor phase reduction of boron trichloride or tribromide with hydrogen on

The Elements electrically heated filaments. The impure, or amorphous, boron, a brownish-black powder, can be obtained by heating the trioxide with magnesium powder. Boron of 99.9999% purity has been produced and is available commercially. Elemental boron has an energy band gap of 1.50 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of either silicon or germanium. It has interesting optical characteristics, transmitting portions of the infrared, and is a poor conductor of electricity at room temperature, but a good conductor at high temperature. Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color, and in rockets as an igniter. By far the most commercially important boron compound in terms of dollar sales is Na2B4O7 · 5H2O. This pentahydrate is used in very large quantities in the manufacture of insulation fiberglass and sodium perborate bleach. Boric acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile fiberglass and in cellulose insulation as a flame retardant. Next in order of importance is borax (Na2B4O7 · 10H2O) which is used principally in laundry products. Use of borax as a mild antiseptic is minor in terms of dollars and tons. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate glasses. The isotope boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons. Boron nitride has remarkable properties and can be used to make a material as hard as diamond. The nitride also behaves like an electrical insulator but conducts heat like a metal. It also has lubricating properties similar to graphite. The hydrides are easily oxidized with considerable energy liberation, and have been studied for use as rocket fuels. Demand is increasing for boron filaments, a high-strength, lightweight material chiefly employed for advanced aerospace structures. Boron is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Carboranes, metalloboranes, phosphacarboranes, and other families comprise thousands of compounds. Crystalline boron (99.5%) costs about $6/g. Amorphous boron (94–96%) costs about $1.50/g. Elemental boron and the borates are not considered to be toxic, and they do not require special care in handling. However, some of the more exotic boron hydrogen compounds are definitely toxic and do require care. Bromine — (Gr. bromos, stench), Br; at. wt. 79.904(1); at. no. 35; m.p. –7.2°C; b.p. 58.8°C; tc 315°C; density of gas 7.59 g/l, liquid 3.12 (20°C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered by Balard in 1826, but not prepared in quantity until 1860. A member of the halogen group of elements, it is obtained from natural brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Little bromine is extracted today from seawater, which contains only about 85 ppm. Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, volatilizing readily at room temperature to a red vapor with a strong disagreeable odor, resembling chlorine, and having a very irritating effect on the eyes and throat; it is readily soluble in water or carbon disulfide, forming a red solution, is less active than chlorine but more so than iodine; it unites readily with many elements and has a bleaching action; when spilled on the skin it produces painful sores. It presents a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling it. Much of the bromine output in the U.S. was used in the production of ethylene dibromide, a lead scavenger used in making gasoline antiknock compounds. Lead in gasoline, however, has been drastically reduced, due to environmental considerations. This will greatly affect future production of bromine. Bromine is also used in making fumigants,

4-7 flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicinals, sanitizers, inorganic bromides for photography, etc. Organic bromides are also important. Natural bromine is made of two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. Thirty-four isotopes and isomers are known. Bromine (99.8%) costs about $70/kg. Cadmium — (L. cadmia; Gr. kadmeia - ancient name for calamine, zinc carbonate), Cd; at. wt. 112.411(8); at. no. 48; m.p. 321.07°C; b.p. 767°C; sp. gr. 8.69 (20°C); valence 2. Discovered by Stromeyer in 1817 from an impurity in zinc carbonate. Cadmium most often occurs in small quantities associated with zinc ores, such as sphalerite (ZnS). Greenockite (CdS) is the only mineral of any consequence bearing cadmium. Almost all cadmium is obtained as a by-product in the treatment of zinc, copper, and lead ores. It is a soft, bluish-white metal which is easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc. It is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue; it is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder, for standard E.M.F. cells, for Ni-Cd batteries, and as a barrier to control atomic fission. The market for NiCd batteries is expected to grow significantly. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color TV tubes. It forms a number of salts, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium and solutions of its compounds are toxic. Failure to appreciate the toxic properties of cadmium may cause workers to be unwittingly exposed to dangerous fumes. Some silver solders, for example, contain cadmium and should be handled with care. Serious toxicity problems have been found from long-term exposure and work with cadmium plating baths. Cadmium is present in certain phosphate rocks. This has raised concerns that the long-term use of certain phosphate fertilizers might pose a health hazard from levels of cadmium that might enter the food chain. In 1927 the International Conference on Weights and Measures redefined the meter in terms of the wavelength of the red cadmium spectral line (i.e., 1 m = 1,553,164.13 wavelengths). This definition has been changed (see under Krypton). The current price of cadmium is about 50¢/g (99.5%). It is available in high purity form for about $550/kg. Natural cadmium is made of eight isotopes. Thirty-four other isotopes and isomers are now known and recognized. Calcium — (L. calx, lime), Ca; at. wt. 40.078(4); at. no. 20; m.p. 842°C; b.p. 1484°C; sp. gr. 1.54 (20°C); valence 2. Though lime was prepared by the Romans in the first century under the name calx, the metal was not discovered until 1808. After learning that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Davy was able to isolate the impure metal. Calcium is a metallic element, fifth in abundance in the Earth’s crust, of which it forms more than 3%. It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells. Never found in nature uncombined, it occurs abundantly as limestone (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O), and fluorite (CaF2); apatite is the fluorophosphate or chlorophosphate of calcium. The metal has a silvery color, is rather hard, and is prepared by electrolysis of the fused chloride to which calcium fluoride is added to lower the melting point. Chemically it is one of the alkaline earth elements; it readily forms a white coating of oxide in air, reacts with water, burns with a yellowred flame, largely forming the oxide. The metal is used as a reducing agent in preparing other metals such as thorium,

The Elements

4-8 uranium, zirconium, etc., and is used as a deoxidizer, desulfurizer, and inclusion modifier for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys. It is also used as an alloying agent for aluminum, beryllium, copper, lead, and magnesium alloys, and serves as a “getter” for residual gases in vacuum tubes. Its natural and prepared compounds are widely used. Quicklime (CaO), made by heating limestone and changed into slaked lime by the careful addition of water, is the great cheap base of the chemical industry with countless uses. Mixed with sand it hardens as mortar and plaster by taking up carbon dioxide from the air. Calcium from limestone is an important element in Portland cement. The solubility of the carbonate in water containing carbon dioxide causes the formation of caves with stalactites and stalagmites and is responsible for hardness in water. Other important compounds are the carbide (CaC2), chloride (CaCl2), cyanamide (CaCN2), hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and sulfide (CaS). Calcium sulfide is phosphorescent after being exposed to light. Natural calcium contains six isotopes. Sixteen other radioactive isotopes are known. Metallic calcium (99.5%) costs about $200/kg. Californium — (State and University of California), Cf; at. wt. (251); m.p. 900°C; sp. gr. 15.1; at. no. 98. Californium, the sixth transuranium element to be discovered, was produced by Thompson, Street, Ghioirso, and Seaborg in 1950 by bombarding microgram quantities of 242Cm with 35 MeV helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron. Californium (III) is the only ion stable in aqueous solutions, all attempts to reduce or oxidize californium (III) having failed. The isotope 249Cf results from the beta decay of 249Bk while the heavier isotopes are produced by intense neutron irradiation by the reactions:

249

β Bk(n,γ ) → 250 Bk → 

250

Cf and 249Cf(n,γ ) →250 Cf

followed by

250

Cf(n,γ ) → 251 Cf(n,γ ) → 252 Cf

The existence of the isotopes 249Cf, 250Cf, 251Cf, and 252Cf makes it feasible to isolate californium in weighable amounts so that its properties can be investigated with macroscopic quantities. Californium-252 is a very strong neutron emitter. One microgram releases 170 million neutrons per minute, which presents biological hazards. Proper safeguards should be used in handling californium. Twenty isotopes of californium are now recognized. 249Cf and 252Cf have half-lives of 351 years and 900 years, respectively. In 1960 a few tenths of a microgram of californium trichloride, CfCl3, californium oxychloride, CfOCl, and californium oxide, Cf2O3, were first prepared. Reduction of californium to its metallic state has not yet been accomplished. Because californium is a very efficient source of neutrons, many new uses are expected for it. It has already found use in neutron moisture gages and in well-logging (the determination of water and oil-bearing layers). It is also being used as a portable neutron source for discovery of metals such as gold or silver by on-the-spot activation analysis. 252Cf is now being offered for sale by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (O.R.N.L.) at a cost of $60/µg and 249Cf at a cost of $185/µg plus packing charges. It has been suggested that californium may be produced in certain stellar explosions, called supernovae, for the radioactive decay of 254Cf (55-day half-life) agrees with the characteristics of the light curves of such explosions observed through telescopes. This suggestion, however, is

questioned. Californium is expected to have chemical properties similar to dysprosium. Carbon — (L. carbo, charcoal), C; at. wt. 12.0107(8); at. no. 6; sublimes at 3825°C; triple point (graphite-liquid-gas), 4489°C; sp. gr. amorphous 1.8 to 2.1, graphite 1.9 to 2.3, diamond 3.15 to 3.53 (depending on variety); gem diamond 3.513 (25°C); valence 2, 3, or 4. Carbon, an element of prehistoric discovery, is very widely distributed in nature. It is found in abundance in the sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. Carbon in the form of microscopic diamonds is found in some meteorites. Natural diamonds are found in kimberlite or lamporite of ancient formations called “pipes,” such as found in South Africa, Arkansas, and elsewhere. Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. About 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now made synthetically. The energy of the sun and stars can be attributed at least in part to the wellknown carbon-nitrogen cycle. Carbon is found free in nature in three allotropic forms: amorphous, graphite, and diamond. Graphite is one of the softest known materials while diamond is one of the hardest. Graphite exists in two forms: alpha and beta. These have identical physical properties, except for their crystal structure. Naturally occurring graphites are reported to contain as much as 30% of the rhombohedral (beta) form, whereas synthetic materials contain only the alpha form. The hexagonal alpha type can be converted to the beta by mechanical treatment, and the beta form reverts to the alpha on heating it above 1000°C. Of recent interest is the discovery of all-carbon molecules, known as “buckyballs” or fullerenes, which have a number of unusual properties. These interesting molecules, consisting of 60 or 70 carbon atoms linked together, seem capable of withstanding great pressure and trapping foreign atoms inside their network of carbon. They are said to be capable of magnetism and superconductivity and have potential as a nonlinear optical material. Buckyball films are reported to remain superconductive at temperatures as high as 45 K. In combination, carbon is found as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the Earth and dissolved in all natural waters. It is a component of great rock masses in the form of carbonates of calcium (limestone), magnesium, and iron. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are chiefly hydrocarbons. Carbon is unique among the elements in the vast number and variety of compounds it can form. With hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements, it forms a very large number of compounds, carbon atom often being linked to carbon atom. There are close to ten million known carbon compounds, many thousands of which are vital to organic and life processes. Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossible. While it has been thought that silicon might take the place of carbon in forming a host of similar compounds, it is now not possible to form stable compounds with very long chains of silicon atoms. The atmosphere of Mars contains 96.2% CO2. Some of the most important compounds of carbon are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon disulfide (CS2), chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), benzene (C6H6), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and their derivatives. Carbon has fifteen isotopes. Natural carbon consists of 98.89% 12 C and 1.11% 13C. In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights. Carbon-14, an isotope with a half-life of 5715 years, has been widely used to date such materials as wood, archeological specimens, etc. A new brittle form of car-

The Elements bon, known as “glassy carbon,” has been developed. It can be obtained with high purity. It has a high resistance to corrosion, has good thermal stability, and is structurally impermeable to both gases and liquids. It has a randomized structure, making it useful in ultra-high technology applications, such as crystal growing, crucibles for high-temperature use, etc. Glassy carbon is available at a cost of about $35/10g. Fullerene powder is available at a cost of about $55/10mg (99%C10). Diamond powder (99.9%) costs about $40/g. Cerium — (named for the asteroid Ceres, which was discovered in 1801 only 2 years before the element), Ce; at. wt. 140.116(1); at. no. 58; m.p. 799°C; b.p. 3443°C; sp. gr. 6.770 (25°C); valence 3 or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Klaproth and by Berzelius and Hisinger; metal prepared by Hillebrand and Norton in 1875. Cerium is the most abundant of the metals of the so-called rare earths. It is found in a number of minerals including allanite (also known as orthite), monazite, bastnasite, cerite, and samarskite. Monazite and bastnasite are presently the two most important sources of cerium. Large deposits of monazite found on the beaches of Travancore, India, in river sands in Brazil, and deposits of allanite in the western United States, and bastnasite in Southern California will supply cerium, thorium, and the other rare-earth metals for many years to come. Metallic cerium is prepared by metallothermic reduction techniques, such as by reducing cerous fluoride with calcium, or by electrolysis of molten cerous chloride or other cerous halides. The metallothermic technique is used to produce highpurity cerium. Cerium is especially interesting because of its variable electronic structure. The energy of the inner 4f level is nearly the same as that of the outer or valence electrons, and only small amounts of energy are required to change the relative occupancy of these electronic levels. This gives rise to dual valency states. For example, a volume change of about 10% occurs when cerium is subjected to high pressures or low temperatures. It appears that the valence changes from about 3 to 4 when it is cooled or compressed. The low temperature behavior of cerium is complex. Four allotropic modifications are thought to exist: cerium at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure is known as γ cerium. Upon cooling to –16°C, γ cerium changes to β cerium. The remaining γ cerium starts to change to α cerium when cooled to –172°C, and the transformation is complete at –269°C. α Cerium has a density of 8.16; δ cerium exists above 726°C. At atmospheric pressure, liquid cerium is more dense than its solid form at the melting point. Cerium is an iron-gray lustrous metal. It is malleable, and oxidizes very readily at room temperature, especially in moist air. Except for europium, cerium is the most reactive of the “rare-earth” metals. It slowly decomposes in cold water, and rapidly in hot water. Alkali solutions and dilute and concentrated acids attack the metal rapidly. The pure metal is likely to ignite if scratched with a knife. Ceric salts are orange red or yellowish; cerous salts are usually white. Cerium is a component of misch metal, which is extensively used in the manufacture of pyrophoric alloys for cigarette lighters, etc. Natural cerium is stable and contains four isotopes. Thirtytwo other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. While cerium is not radioactive, the impure commercial grade may contain traces of thorium, which is radioactive. The oxide is an important constituent of incandescent gas mantles and it is emerging as a hydrocarbon catalyst in “self-cleaning” ovens. In this application it can be incorporated into oven walls to prevent the collection of cooking residues. As ceric sulfate it finds extensive use as a volumetric oxidizing agent in quan-

4-9 titative analysis. Cerium compounds are used in the manufacture of glass, both as a component and as a decolorizer. The oxide is finding increased use as a glass polishing agent instead of rouge, for it is much faster than rouge in polishing glass surfaces. Cerium compounds are finding use in automobile exhaust catalysts. Cerium is also finding use in making permanent magnets. Cerium, with other rare earths, is used in carbon-arc lighting, especially in the motion picture industry. It is also finding use as an important catalyst in petroleum refining and in metallurgical and nuclear applications. In small lots, cerium costs about $5/g (99.9%). Cesium — (L. caesius, sky blue), Cs; at. wt. 132.9054519(2); at. no. 55; m.p. 28.44°C; b.p. 671°C; sp. gr. 1.873 (20°C); valence 1. Cesium was discovered spectroscopically by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860 in mineral water from Durkheim. Cesium, an alkali metal, occurs in lepidolite, pollucite (a hydrated silicate of aluminum and cesium), and in other sources. One of the world’s richest sources of cesium is located at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. The deposits are estimated to contain 300,000 tons of pollucite, averaging 20% cesium. It can be isolated by electrolysis of the fused cyanide and by a number of other methods. Very pure, gas-free cesium can be prepared by thermal decomposition of cesium azide. The metal is characterized by a spectrum containing two bright lines in the blue along with several others in the red, yellow, and green. It is silvery white, soft, and ductile. It is the most electropositive and most alkaline element. Cesium, gallium, and mercury are the only three metals that are liquid at room temperature. Cesium reacts explosively with cold water, and reacts with ice at temperatures above –116°C. Cesium hydroxide, the strongest base known, attacks glass. Because of its great affinity for oxygen the metal is used as a “getter” in electron tubes. It is also used in photoelectric cells, as well as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of certain organic compounds. The metal has recently found application in ion propulsion systems. Cesium is used in atomic clocks, which are accurate to 5 s in 300 years. A second of time is now defined as being the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyper-fine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom. Its chief compounds are the chloride and the nitrate. Cesium has 52 isotopes and isomers with masses ranging from 112 to 148. The present price of cesium is about $50/g (99.98%) sealed in a glass ampoule. Chlorine — (Gr. chloros, greenish yellow), Cl; at. wt. 35.453(2); at. no. 17; m.p. –101.5°C; b.p. –34.04°C; tc 143.8°C; density 3.214 g/L; sp. gr. 1.56 (–33.6°C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele, who thought it contained oxygen; named in 1810 by Davy, who insisted it was an element. In nature it is found in the combined state only, chiefly with sodium as common salt (NaCl), carnallite (KMgCl3 · 6H2O), and sylvite (KCl). It is a member of the halogen (salt-forming) group of elements and is obtained from chlorides by the action of oxidizing agents and more often by electrolysis; it is a greenish-yellow gas, combining directly with nearly all elements. At 10°C one volume of water dissolves 3.10 volumes of chlorine, at 30°C only 1.77 volumes. Chlorine is widely used in making many everyday products. It is used for producing safe drinking water the world over. Even the smallest water supplies are now usually chlorinated. It is also extensively used in the production of paper products, dyestuffs, textiles, petroleum products, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, foodstuffs, solvents, paints, plastics, and many other consumer products. Most of the chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinat-

The Elements

4-10 ed compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. Further use is in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and in the extraction of bromine. Organic chemistry demands much from chlorine, both as an oxidizing agent and in substitution, since it often brings desired properties in an organic compound when substituted for hydrogen, as in one form of synthetic rubber. Chlorine is a respiratory irritant. The gas irritates the mucous membranes and the liquid burns the skin. As little as 3.5 ppm can be detected as an odor, and 1000 ppm is likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths. It was used as a war gas in 1915. Natural chlorine contains two isotopes. Twenty other isotopes and isomers are known. Chromium — (Gr. chroma, color), Cr; at. wt. 51.9961(6); at. no. 24; m.p. 1907°C; b.p. 2671°C; sp. gr. 7.15 (20°C); valence chiefly 2, 3, or 6. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin, who prepared the metal the next year, chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish. The principal ore is chromite (FeCr2O4), which is found in Zimbabwe, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, Iran, Albania, Finland, Democratic Republic of Madagascar, the Philippines, and elsewhere. The U.S. has no appreciable chromite ore reserves. The metal is usually produced by reducing the oxide with aluminum. Chromium is used to harden steel, to manufacture stainless steel, and to form many useful alloys. Much is used in plating to produce a hard, beautiful surface and to prevent corrosion. Chromium is used to give glass an emerald green color. It finds wide use as a catalyst. All compounds of chromium are colored; the most important are the chromates of sodium and potassium (K2CrO4) and the dichromates (K2Cr2O7) and the potassium and ammonium chrome alums, as KCr(SO4)2 · 12H2O. The dichromates are used as oxidizing agents in quantitative analysis, also in tanning leather. Other compounds are of industrial value; lead chromate is chrome yellow, a valued pigment. Chromium compounds are used in the textile industry as mordants, and by the aircraft and other industries for anodizing aluminum. The refractory industry has found chromite useful for forming bricks and shapes, as it has a high melting point, moderate thermal expansion, and stability of crystalline structure. Chromium is an essential trace element for human health. Many chromium compounds, however, are acutely or chronically toxic, and some are carcinogenic. They should be handled with proper safeguards. Natural chromium contains four isotopes. Twenty other isotopes are known. Chromium metal (99.95%) costs about $1000/kg. Commercial grade chromium (99%) costs about $75/kg. Cobalt — (Kobald, from the German, goblin or evil spirit, cobalos, Greek, mine), Co; at. wt. 58.933195(5); at. no. 27; m.p. 1495°C; b.p. 2927°C; sp. gr. 8.9 (20°C); valence 2 or 3. Discovered by Brandt about 1735. Cobalt occurs in the mineral cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite, and is often associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores, from which it is most frequently obtained as a by-product. It is also present in meteorites. Important ore deposits are found in Congo-Kinshasa, Australia, Zambia, Russia, Canada, and elsewhere. The U.S. Geological Survey has announced that the bottom of the north central Pacific Ocean may have cobalt-rich deposits at relatively shallow depths in waters close to the Hawaiian Islands and other U.S. Pacific territories. Cobalt is a brittle, hard metal, closely resembling iron and nickel in appearance. It has a magnetic permeability of about two thirds that of iron. Cobalt tends to exist as a mixture of two allotropes over a wide temperature

range; the β-form predominates below 400°C, and the α above that temperature. The transformation is sluggish and accounts in part for the wide variation in reported data on physical properties of cobalt. It is alloyed with iron, nickel and other metals to make Alnico, an alloy of unusual magnetic strength with many important uses. Stellite alloys, containing cobalt, chromium, and tungsten, are used for high-speed, heavy-duty, high-temperature cutting tools, and for dies. Cobalt is also used in other magnet steels and stainless steels, and in alloys used in jet turbines and gas turbine generators. The metal is used in electroplating because of its appearance, hardness, and resistance to oxidation. The salts have been used for centuries for the production of brilliant and permanent blue colors in porcelain, glass, pottery, tiles, and enamels. It is the principal ingredient in Sevre’s and Thenard’s blue. A solution of the chloride (CoCl2 · 6H2O) is used as sympathetic ink. The cobalt ammines are of interest; the oxide and the nitrate are important. Cobalt carefully used in the form of the chloride, sulfate, acetate, or nitrate has been found effective in correcting a certain mineral deficiency disease in animals. Soils should contain 0.13 to 0.30 ppm of cobalt for proper animal nutrition. Cobalt is found in Vitamin B-12, which is essential for human nutrition. Cobalt of 99.9+% purity is priced at about $250/kg. Cobalt-60, an artificial isotope, is an important gamma ray source, and is extensively used as a tracer and a radiotherapeutic agent. Single compact sources of Cobalt-60 vary from about $1 to $10/curie, depending on quantity and specific activity. Thirty isotopes and isomers of cobalt are known. Columbium — See Niobium. Copper — (L. cuprum, from the island of Cyprus), Cu; at. wt. 63.546(3); at. no. 29; f.p. 1084.62 °C; b.p. 2562°C; sp. gr. 8.96 (20°C); valence 1 or 2. The discovery of copper dates from prehistoric times. It is said to have been mined for more than 5000 years. It is one of man’s most important metals. Copper is reddish colored, takes on a bright metallic luster, and is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity). The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Copper occasionally occurs native, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite. Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and by electrolysis. Its alloys, brass and bronze, long used, are still very important; all American coins are now copper alloys; monel and gun metals also contain copper. The most important compounds are the oxide and the sulfate, blue vitriol; the latter has wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification. Copper compounds such as Fehling’s solution are widely used in analytical chemistry in tests for sugar. High-purity copper (99.999 + %) is readily available commercially. The price of commercial copper has fluctuated widely. The price of copper in December 2001 was about $1.50/kg. Natural copper contains two isotopes. Twenty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Curium — (Pierre and Marie Curie), Cm; at. wt. (247); at. no. 96; m.p. 1345°C; sp. gr. 13.51 (calc.); valence 3 and 4. Although curium follows americium in the periodic system, it was actually known before americium and was the third transuranium element to be discovered. It was identified by Seaborg, James,

The Elements and Ghiorso in 1944 at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago as a result of helium-ion bombardment of 239Pu in the Berkeley, California, 60-inch cyclotron. Visible amounts (30 µg) of 242Cm, in the form of the hydroxide, were first isolated by Werner and Perlman of the University of California in 1947. In 1950, Crane, Wallmann, and Cunningham found that the magnetic susceptibility of microgram samples of CmF3 was of the same magnitude as that of GdF3. This provided direct experimental evidence for assigning an electronic configuration to Cm+3. In 1951, the same workers prepared curium in its elemental form for the first time. Sixteen isotopes of curium are now known. The most stable, 247Cm, with a half-life of 16 million years, is so short compared to the Earth’s age that any primordial curium must have disappeared long ago from the natural scene. Minute amounts of curium probably exist in natural deposits of uranium, as a result of a sequence of neutron captures and β decays sustained by the very low flux of neutrons naturally present in uranium ores. The presence of natural curium, however, has never been detected. 242Cm and 244Cm are available in multigram quantities. 248Cm has been produced only in milligram amounts. Curium is similar in some regards to gadolinium, its rare-earth homolog, but it has a more complex crystal structure. Curium is silver in color, is chemically reactive, and is more electropositive than aluminum. CmO2, Cm2O3, CmF3, CmF4, CmCl3, CmBr3, and CmI3 have been prepared. Most compounds of trivalent curium are faintly yellow in color. 242Cm generates about three watts of thermal energy per gram. This compares to one-half watt per gram of 238Pu. This suggests use for curium as a power source. 244 Cm is now offered for sale by the O.R.N.L. at $185/mg plus packing charges. 248Cm is available at a cost of $160/µg, plus packing charges, from the O.R.N.L. Curium absorbed into the body accumulates in the bones, and is therefore very toxic as its radiation destroys the red-cell forming mechanism. The maximum permissible total body burden of 244Cm (soluble) in a human being is 0.3 µCi (microcurie). Darmstadtium — (Darmstadt, city in Germany), Ds. In 1987 Oganessian et al., at Dubna, claimed discovery of this element. Their experiments indicated the spontaneous fissioning nuclide 272110 with a half-life of 10 ms. More recently a group led by Armbruster at G.S.I. in Darmstadt, Germany, reported evidence of 269110, which was produced by bombarding lead for many days with more than 1018 nickel atoms. A detector searched each collision for Element 110’s distinct decay sequence. On November 9, 1994, evidence of 110 was detected. In 2003 IUPAC approved the name darmstadtium, symbol Ds, for Element 110. Seven isotopes of Element 110 are now recognized. Deuterium — an isotope of hydrogen — see Hydrogen. Dubnium — (named after the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia). Db; at. wt. [262]; at. no. 105. In 1967 G. N. Flerov reported that a Soviet team working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna may have produced a few atoms of 260105 and 261105 by bombarding 243Am with 22 Ne. Their evidence was based on time-coincidence measurements of alpha energies. More recently, it was reported that early in 1970 Dubna scientists synthesized Element 105 and that by the end of April 1970 “had investigated all the types of decay of the new element and had determined its chemical properties.” In late April 1970, it was announced that Ghiorso, Nurmia, Harris, K. A. Y. Eskola, and P. L. Eskola, working at the University of California at Berkeley, had positively identi-

4-11 fied Element 105. The discovery was made by bombarding a target of 249Cf with a beam of 84 MeV nitrogen nuclei in the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (HILAC). When a 15N nucleus is absorbed by a 249Cf nucleus, four neutrons are emitted and a new atom of 260105 with a half-life of 1.6 s is formed. While the first atoms of Element 105 are said to have been detected conclusively on March 5, 1970, there is evidence that Element 105 had been formed in Berkeley experiments a year earlier by the method described. Ghiorso and his associates have attempted to confirm Soviet findings by more sophisticated methods without success. In October 1971, it was announced that two new isotopes of Element 105 were synthesized with the heavy ion linear accelerator by A. Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley. Element 261105 was produced both by bombarding 250Cf with 15 N and by bombarding 249Bk with 16O. The isotope emits 8.93MeV α particles and decays to 257Lr with a half-life of about 1.8 s. Element 262105 was produced by bombarding 249Bk with 18 O. It emits 8.45 MeV α particles and decays to 258Lr with a half-life of about 40 s. Nine isotopes of Dubnium are now recognized. Soon after the discovery the names Hahnium and Joliotium, named after Otto Hahn and Jean-Frederic Joliot and Mme. Joliot-Curie, were suggested as names for Element 105. The IUPAC in August 1997 finally resolved the issue, naming Element 105 Dubnium with the symbol Db. Dubnium is thought to have properties similar to tantalum. Dysprosium — (Gr. dysprositos, hard to get at), Dy; at. wt. 160.500(1); at. no. 66; m.p. 1412°C; b.p. 2567°C; sp. gr. 8.551 (25°C); valence 3. Dysprosium was discovered in 1886 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but not isolated. Neither the oxide nor the metal was available in relatively pure form until the development of ion-exchange separation and metallographic reduction techniques by Spedding and associates about 1950. Dysprosium occurs along with other so-called rare-earth or lanthanide elements in a variety of minerals such as xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase, and blomstrandine. The most important sources, however, are from monazite and bastnasite. Dysprosium can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with calcium. The element has a metallic, bright silver luster. It is relatively stable in air at room temperature, and is readily attacked and dissolved, with the evolution of hydrogen, by dilute and concentrated mineral acids. The metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Small amounts of impurities can greatly affect its physical properties. While dysprosium has not yet found many applications, its thermal neutron absorption cross-section and high melting point suggest metallurgical uses in nuclear control applications and for alloying with special stainless steels. A dysprosium oxide-nickel cermet has found use in cooling nuclear reactor rods. This cermet absorbs neutrons readily without swelling or contracting under prolonged neutron bombardment. In combination with vanadium and other rare earths, dysprosium has been used in making laser materials. Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides, as sources of infrared radiation, have been used for studying chemical reactions. The cost of dysprosium metal has dropped in recent years since the development of ionexchange and solvent extraction techniques, and the discovery of large ore bodies. Thirty-two isotopes and isomers are now known. The metal costs about $6/g (99.9% purity). Einsteinium — (Albert Einstein [1879–1955]), Es; at. wt. (252); m.p. 860°C (est.); at. no. 99. Einsteinium, the seventh transura-

4-12 nic element of the actinide series to be discovered, was identified by Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley in December 1952 in debris from the first large thermonuclear explosion, which took place in the Pacific in November 1952. The isotope produced was the 20-day 253Es isotope. In 1961, a sufficient amount of einsteinium was produced to permit separation of a macroscopic amount of 253Es. This sample weighed about 0.01 µg. A special magnetic-type balance was used in making this determination. 253Es so produced was used to produce mendelevium. About 3 µg of einsteinium has been produced at Oak Ridge National Laboratories by irradiating for several years kilogram quantities of 239Pu in a reactor to produce 242Pu. This was then fabricated into pellets of plutonium oxide and aluminum powder, and loaded into target rods for an initial 1year irradiation at the Savannah River Plant, followed by irradiation in a HFIR (High Flux Isotopic Reactor). After 4 months in the HFIR the targets were removed for chemical separation of the einsteinium from californium. Nineteen isotopes and isomers of einsteinium are now recognized. 254Es has the longest half-life (276 days). Tracer studies using 253Es show that einsteinium has chemical properties typical of a heavy trivalent, actinide element. Einsteinium is extremely radioactive. Great care must be taken when handling it. Element 112 — In late February 1996, Siguard Hofmann and his collaborators at GSI Darmstadt announced their discovery of Element 112, having 112 protons and 165 neutrons, with an atomic mass of 277. This element was made by bombarding a lead target with high-energy zinc ions. A single nucleus of Element 112 was detected, which decayed after less than 0.001 sec by emitting an α particle, consisting of two protons and two neutrons. This created Element 110273, which in turn decayed by emitting an α particle to form a new isotope of Element 108 and so on. Evidence indicates that nuclei with 162 neutrons are held together more strongly than nuclei with a smaller or larger number of neutrons. This suggests a narrow “peninsula” of relatively stable isotopes around Element 114. GSI scientists are experimenting to bombard targets with ions heavier than zinc to produce Elements 113 and 114. A name has not yet been suggested for Element 112, although the IUPAC suggested the temporary name of ununbium, with the symbol of Uub, when the element was discovered. Element 112 is expected to have properties similar to mercury. Element 113 — (Ununtrium) See Element 115. Element 114 — (Ununquadium) Symbol Uuq. Element 114 is the first new element to be discovered since 1996. This element was found by a Russian–American team, including Livermore researchers, by bombarding a sheet of plutonium with a rare form of calcium hoping to make the atoms stick together in a new element. Radiation showed that the new element broke into smaller pieces. Data of radiation collected at the Russian Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in November and December 1998 were analyzed in January 1999. It was found that some of the heavy atoms created when 114 decayed lived up to 30 seconds, which was longer than ever seen before for such a heavy element. This isotope decayed into a previously unknown isotope of Element 112, which itself lasted 15 minutes. That isotope, in turn, decayed to a previously undiscovered isotope of Element 108, which survived 17 minutes. Isotopes of these and those with longer life-times have been predicted for some time by theorists. It appears that these isotopes are on the edge of the “island of stability,” and that some

The Elements of the isotopes in this region might last long enough for studies of their nuclear behavior and for a chemical evaluation to be made. No name has yet been suggested for Element 114; however, the temporary name of ununquadium with symbol Uuq may be used. Element 115— (Ununpentium) On February 2, 2004, it was reported that Element 115 had been discovered at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. Four atoms of this element were produced by JINR physicists and collaborators from the Lawrence Livermore (California) Laboratory using a 248-MeV beam of calcium-48 ions striking a target of americium-243 atoms. The nuclei of these atoms are said to have a life of 90 milliseconds. The relatively long lifetime of Element 115 suggests that these experiments might be getting closer to the “island of stability” long sought to exist by some nuclear physicists. These atoms were thought to decay first to Element 113 by the emission of an alpha particle, then decay further to Element 111 by alpha emission again, and then by three more alpha decay processes to Element 105 (dubnium), which after a long delay from the time of the initial interaction, fissioned. This experiment entailed separating four atoms from trillions of other atoms. A gas-filled separator, employing chemistry, was important in this experiment. Names for Elements 115, Element 113, and Element 111 have not yet been chosen. Element 116 — (Ununhexium) Symbol Uuh. As of January 2004 it is questionable if this element has been discovered. Element 117 — (Ununseptium) Symbol Uus. As of January 2004, this element remains undiscovered. Element 118 — (Ununoctium) Symbol Uuo. In June 1999 it was announced that Elements 118 and 116 had been discovered at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. A lead target was bombarded for more than 10 days with roughly 1 quintillion krypton ions. The team reported that three atoms of Element 118 were made, which quickly decayed into Elements 116, 114, and elements of lower atomic mass. It was said that the isotopes of Element 118 lasted only about 200 milliseconds, while the isotope of Element 116 lasted only 1.2 milliseconds. It was hoped that these elements might be members of “an island of stability, ” which had long been sought. At that time it was hoped that a target of bismuth might be bombarded with krypton ions to make Element 119, which, in turn, would decay into Elements 117, 115, and 113. On July 27, 2001 researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory announced that their discovery of Element 118 was being retracted because workers at the GSI Laboratory in Germany and at Japanese laboratories failed to confirm their results. However, it was reported that different experiments at the Livermore Laboratory and Joint Institute from Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia indicated that Element 116 had since been created. Researchers at the Australian National Laboratory suggest that super-heavy elements may be more difficult to make than previously thought. Their data suggest the best way to encourage fusion in making super-heavy elements is to combine the lightest projectiles possible with the heaviest possible targets. This would minimize a so-called “quasi-fission process” in which a projectile nucleus steals protons and neutrons from a target nucleus. In this process the two nuclei are said to fly apart without ever having actually combined.

The Elements Erbium — (Ytterby, a town in Sweden), Er; at. wt. 167.259(3); at. no. 68; m.p. 1529°C; b.p. 2868°C; sp. gr. 9.066 (25°C); valence 3, Erbium, one of the so-called rare-earth elements of the lanthanide series, is found in the minerals mentioned under dysprosium above. In 1842 Mosander separated “yttria,” found in the mineral gadolinite, into three fractions which he called yttria, erbia, and terbia. The names erbia and terbia became confused in this early period. After 1860, Mosander’s terbia was known as erbia, and after 1877, the earlier known erbia became terbia. The erbia of this period was later shown to consist of five oxides, now known as erbia, scandia, holmia, thulia and ytterbia. By 1905 Urbain and James independently succeeded in isolating fairly pure Er2O3. Klemm and Bommer first produced reasonably pure erbium metal in 1934 by reducing the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor. The pure metal is soft and malleable and has a bright, silvery, metallic luster. As with other rare-earth metals, its properties depend to a certain extent on the impurities present. The metal is fairly stable in air and does not oxidize as rapidly as some of the other rare-earth metals. Naturally occurring erbium is a mixture of six isotopes, all of which are stable. Twenty-seven radioactive isotopes of erbium are also recognized. Recent production techniques, using ion-exchange reactions, have resulted in much lower prices of the rare-earth metals and their compounds in recent years. The cost of 99.9% erbium metal is about $21/g. Erbium is finding nuclear and metallurgical uses. Added to vanadium, for example, erbium lowers the hardness and improves workability. Most of the rare-earth oxides have sharp absorption bands in the visible, ultraviolet, and near infrared. This property, associated with the electronic structure, gives beautiful pastel colors to many of the rare-earth salts. Erbium oxide gives a pink color and has been used as a colorant in glasses and porcelain enamel glazes. Europium — (Europe), Eu; at. wt. 151.964(1); at. no. 63; m.p. 822°C; b.p. 1596°C; sp. gr. 5.244 (25°C); valence 2 or 3. In 1890 Boisbaudran obtained basic fractions from samarium-gadolinium concentrates that had spark spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium. These lines subsequently have been shown to belong to europium. The discovery of europium is generally credited to Demarcay, who separated the rare earth in reasonably pure form in 1901. The pure metal was not isolated until recent years. Europium is now prepared by mixing Eu2O3 with a 10% excess of lanthanum metal and heating the mixture in a tantalum crucible under high vacuum. The element is collected as a silvery-white metallic deposit on the walls of the crucible. As with other rare-earth metals, except for lanthanum, europium ignites in air at about 150 to 180°C. Europium is about as hard as lead and is quite ductile. It is the most reactive of the rare-earth metals, quickly oxidizing in air. It resembles calcium in its reaction with water. Bastnasite and monazite are the principal ores containing europium. Europium has been identified spectroscopically in the sun and certain stars. Europium isotopes are good neutron absorbers and are being studied for use in nuclear control applications. Europium oxide is now widely used as a phosphor activator and europium-activated yttrium vanadate is in commercial use as the red phosphor in color TV tubes. Europiumdoped plastic has been used as a laser material. With the development of ion-exchange techniques and special processes, the cost of the metal has been greatly reduced in recent years. Natural europium contains two stable isotopes. Thirty-five other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Europium

4-13 is one of the rarest and most costly of the rare-earth metals. It is priced at about $60/g (99.9% pure). Fermium — (Enrico Fermi [1901–1954], nuclear physicist), Fm; at. wt. [257]; at. no. 100; m.p. 1527°C. Fermium, the eighth transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered, was identified by Ghiorso and co-workers in 1952 in the debris from a thermonuclear explosion in the Pacific in work involving the University of California Radiation Laboratory, the Argonne National Laboratory, and the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The isotope produced was the 20-hour 255Fm. During 1953 and early 1954, while discovery of elements 99 and 100 was withheld from publication for security reasons, a group from the Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockholm bombarded 238U with 16O ions, and isolated a 30-min α-emitter, which they ascribed to 250100, without claiming discovery of the element. This isotope has since been identified positively, and the 30-min half-life confirmed. The chemical properties of fermium have been studied solely with tracer amounts, and in normal aqueous media only the (III) oxidation state appears to exist. The isotope 254Fm and heavier isotopes can be produced by intense neutron irradiation of lower elements such as plutonium by a process of successive neutron capture interspersed with beta decays until these mass numbers and atomic numbers are reached. Twenty isotopes and isomers of fermium are known to exist. 257Fm, with a half-life of about 100.5 days, is the longest lived. 250Fm, with a half-life of 30 min, has been shown to be a product of decay of Element 254102. It was by chemical identification of 250Fm that production of Element 102 (nobelium) was confirmed. Fermium would probably have chemical properties resembling erbium. Fluorine — (L. and F. fluere, flow, or flux), F; at. wt. 18.9984032(5); at. no. 9; m.p. –219.67°C (1 atm); b.p. –188.12°C (1 atm); tc –129.02°C; density 1.696 g/L (0°C, 1 atm); liq. den. at b.p. 1.50 g/cm3; valence 1. In 1529, Georgius Agricola described the use of fluorspar as a flux, and as early as 1670 Schwandhard found that glass was etched when exposed to fluorspar treated with acid. Scheele and many later investigators, including Davy, Gay-Lussac, Lavoisier, and Thenard, experimented with hydrofluoric acid, some experiments ending in tragedy. The element was finally isolated in 1886 by Moisson after nearly 74 years of continuous effort. Fluorine occurs chiefly in fluorspar (CaF2) and cryolite (Na2AlF6), and is in topaz and other minerals. It is a member of the halogen family of elements, and is obtained by electrolyzing a solution of potassium hydrogen fluoride in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in a vessel of metal or transparent fluorspar. Modern commercial production methods are essentially variations on the procedures first used by Moisson. Fluorine is the most electronegative and reactive of all elements. It is a pale yellow, corrosive gas, which reacts with practically all organic and inorganic substances. Finely divided metals, glass, ceramics, carbon, and even water burn in fluorine with a bright flame. Until World War II, there was no commercial production of elemental fluorine. The atom bomb project and nuclear energy applications, however, made it necessary to produce large quantities. Safe handling techniques have now been developed and it is possible at present to transport liquid fluorine by the ton. Fluorine and its compounds are used in producing uranium (from the hexafluoride) and more than 100 commercial fluorochemicals, including many well-known high-temperature plastics. Hydrofluoric acid is extensively used for etching the glass of light bulbs, etc. Fluorochlorohydrocarbons have been extensively used in air

4-14 conditioning and refrigeration. However, in recent years the U.S. and other countries have been phasing out ozone-depleting substances, such as the fluorochlorohydrocarbons that have been used in these applications. It has been suggested that fluorine might be substituted for hydrogen wherever it occurs in organic compounds, which could lead to an astronomical number of new fluorine compounds. The presence of fluorine as a soluble fluoride in drinking water to the extent of 2 ppm may cause mottled enamel in teeth, when used by children acquiring permanent teeth; in smaller amounts, however, fluorides are said to be beneficial and used in water supplies to prevent dental cavities. Elemental fluorine has been studied as a rocket propellant as it has an exceptionally high specific impulse value. Compounds of fluorine with rare gases have now been confirmed. Fluorides of xenon, radon, and krypton are among those known. Elemental fluorine and the fluoride ion are highly toxic. The free element has a characteristic pungent odor, detectable in concentrations as low as 20 ppb, which is below the safe working level. The recommended maximum allowable concentration for a daily 8-hour time-weighted exposure is 1 ppm. Fluorine is known to have fourteen isotopes. Francium — (France), Fr; at. no. 87; at. wt. [223]; m.p. 27°C; valence 1. Discovered in 1939 by Mlle. Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute, Paris. Francium, the heaviest known member of the alkali metal series, occurs as a result of an alpha disintegration of actinium. It can also be made artificially by bombarding thorium with protons. While it occurs naturally in uranium minerals, there is probably less than an ounce of francium at any time in the total crust of the earth. It has the highest equivalent weight of any element, and is the most unstable of the first 101 elements of the periodic system. Thirtysix isotopes and isomers of francium are recognized. The longest lived 223Fr(Ac, K), a daughter of 227Ac, has a half-life of 21.8 min. This is the only isotope of francium occurring in nature. Because all known isotopes of francium are highly unstable, knowledge of the chemical properties of this element comes from radiochemical techniques. No weighable quantity of the element has been prepared or isolated. The chemical properties of francium most closely resemble cesium. In 1996, researchers Orozco, Sprouse, and co-workers at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, reported that they had produced francium atoms by bombarding 18O atoms at a gold target heated almost to its melting point. Collisions between gold and oxygen nuclei created atoms of francium-210 which had 87 protons and 123 neutrons. This team reported they had generated about 1 million francium-210 ions per second and held 1000 or more atoms at a time for about 20 secs in a magnetic trap they had devised before the atoms decayed or escaped. Enough francium was trapped so that a videocamera could capture the light given off by the atoms as they fluoresced. A cluster of about 10,000 francium atoms appeared as a glowing sphere about 1 mm in diameter. It is thought that the francium atoms could serve as miniature laboratories for probing interactions between electrons and quarks. Gadolinium — (gadolinite, a mineral named for Gadolin, a Finnish chemist), Gd; at. wt. 157.25(3); at. no. 64; m.p. 1313°C; b.p. 3273°C; sp. gr. 7.901 (25°C); valence 3. Gadolinia, the oxide of gadolinium, was separated by Marignac in 1880 and Lecoq de Boisbaudran independently isolated the element from Mosander’s “yttria” in 1886. The element was named for the mineral gadolinite from which this rare earth was originally

The Elements obtained. Gadolinium is found in several other minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are of commercial importance. The element has been isolated only in recent years. With the development of ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques, the availability and price of gadolinium and the other rare-earth metals have greatly improved. Thirtyone isotopes and isomers of gadolinium are now recognized; seven are stable and occur naturally. The metal can be prepared by the reduction of the anhydrous fluoride with metallic calcium. As with other related rare-earth metals, it is silvery white, has a metallic luster, and is malleable and ductile. At room temperature, gadolinium crystallizes in the hexagonal, close-packed α form. Upon heating to 1235°C, α gadolinium transforms into the β form, which has a body-centered cubic structure. The metal is relatively stable in dry air, but in moist air it tarnishes with the formation of a loosely adhering oxide film which splits off and exposes more surface to oxidation. The metal reacts slowly with water and is soluble in dilute acid. Gadolinium has the highest thermal neutron capture cross-section of any known element (49,000 barns). Natural gadolinium is a mixture of seven isotopes. Two of these, 155Gd and 157Gd, have excellent capture characteristics, but they are present naturally in low concentrations. As a result, gadolinium has a very fast burnout rate and has limited use as a nuclear control rod material. It has been used in making gadolinium yttrium garnets, which have microwave applications. Compounds of gadolinium are used in making phosphors for color TV tubes. The metal has unusual superconductive properties. As little as 1% gadolinium has been found to improve the workability and resistance of iron, chromium, and related alloys to high temperatures and oxidation. Gadolinium ethyl sulfate has extremely low noise characteristics and may find use in duplicating the performance of amplifiers, such as the maser. The metal is ferromagnetic. Gadolinium is unique for its high magnetic moment and for its special Curie temperature (above which ferromagnetism vanishes) lying just at room temperature. This suggests uses as a magnetic component that senses hot and cold. The price of the metal is about $5/g (99.9% purity). Gallium — (L. Gallia, France), Ga; at. wt. 69.723(1); at. no. 31; m.p. 29.76°C; b.p. 2204°C; sp. gr. 5.904 (29.6°C) solid; sp. gr. 6.095 (29.6°C) liquid; valence 2 or 3. Predicted and described by Mendeleev as ekaaluminum, and discovered spectroscopically by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, who in the same year obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in KOH, Gallium is often found as a trace element in diaspore, sphalerite, germanite, bauxite, and coal. Some flue dusts from burning coal have been shown to contain as much as 1.5% gallium. It is the only metal, except for mercury, cesium, and rubidium, which can be liquid near room temperatures; this makes possible its use in high-temperature thermometers. It has one of the longest liquid ranges of any metal and has a low vapor pressure even at high temperatures. There is a strong tendency for gallium to supercool below its freezing point. Therefore, seeding may be necessary to initiate solidification. Ultra-pure gallium has a beautiful, silvery appearance, and the solid metal exhibits a conchoidal fracture similar to glass. The metal expands 3.1% on solidifying; therefore, it should not be stored in glass or metal containers, as they may break as the metal solidifies. Gallium wets glass or porcelain, and forms a brilliant mirror when it is painted on glass. It is widely used in doping semiconductors and producing solid-state devices such as transistors. High-purity gallium is attacked slowly only by

The Elements mineral acids. Magnesium gallate containing divalent impurities such as Mn+2 is finding use in commercial ultraviolet activated powder phosphors. Gallium nitride has been used to produce blue light-emitting diodes such as those used in CD and DVD readers. Gallium has found application in the Gallex Detector Experiment located in the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory in Italy. This underground facility has been built by the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in the middle of a highway tunnel through the Abruzzese mountains, about 150 km east of Rome. In this experiment, 30.3 tons of gallium in the form of 110 tons of GaCl3-HCl solution are being used to detect solar neutrinos. The production of 71Ge from gallium is being measured. Gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light. Gallium readily alloys with most metals, and has been used as a component in low melting alloys. Its toxicity appears to be of a low order, but it should be handled with care until more data are forthcoming. Natural gallium contains two stable isotopes. Twenty-six other isotopes, one of which is an isomer, are known. The metal can be supplied in ultrapure form (99.99999+%). The cost is about $5/g (99.999%). Germanium — (L. Germania, Germany), Ge; at. wt. 72.64(2); at. no. 32; m.p. 938.25°C; b.p. 2833°C; sp. gr. 5.323 (25°C); valence 2 and 4. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as ekasilicon, and discovered by Winkler in 1886. The metal is found in argyrodite, a sulfide of germanium and silver; in germanite, which contains 8% of the element; in zinc ores; in coal; and in other minerals. The element is frequently obtained commercially from flue dusts of smelters processing zinc ores, and has been recovered from the by-products of combustion of certain coals. Its presence in coal insures a large reserve of the element in the years to come. Germanium can be separated from other metals by fractional distillation of its volatile tetrachloride. The tetrachloride may then be hydrolyzed to give GeO2; the dioxide can be reduced with hydrogen to give the metal. Recently developed zone-refining techniques permit the production of germanium of ultra-high purity. The element is a gray-white metalloid, and in its pure state is crystalline and brittle, retaining its luster in air at room temperature. It is a very important semiconductor material. Zone-refining techniques have led to production of crystalline germanium for semiconductor use with an impurity of only one part in 1010. Doped with arsenic, gallium, or other elements, it is used as a transistor element in thousands of electronic applications. Its application in fiber optics and infrared optical systems now provides the largest use for germanium. Germanium is also finding many other applications including use as an alloying agent, as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps, and as a catalyst. Germanium and germanium oxide are transparent to the infrared and are used in infrared spectrometers and other optical equipment, including extremely sensitive infrared detectors. Germanium oxide’s high index of refraction and dispersion make it useful as a component of glasses used in wide-angle camera lenses and microscope objectives. The field of organogermanium chemistry is becoming increasingly important. Certain germanium compounds have a low mammalian toxicity, but a marked activity against certain bacteria, which makes them of interest as chemotherapeutic agents. The cost of germanium is about $10/g (99.999% purity). Thirty isotopes and isomers are known, five of which occur naturally. Gold — (Sanskrit Jval; Anglo-Saxon gold), Au (L. aurum, gold); at. wt. 196.966569(4); at. no. 79; m.p. 1064.18°C; b.p. 2856°C;

4-15 sp. gr. ~19.3 (20°C); valence 1 or 3. Known and highly valued from earliest times, gold is found in nature as the free metal and in tellurides; it is very widely distributed and is almost always associated with quartz or pyrite. It occurs in veins and alluvial deposits, and is often separated from rocks and other minerals by sluicing and panning operations. About 25% of the world’s gold output comes from South Africa, and about two thirds of the total U.S. production now comes from South Dakota and Nevada. The metal is recovered from its ores by cyaniding, amalgamating, and smelting processes. Refining is also frequently done by electrolysis. Gold occurs in sea water to the extent of 0.1 to 2 mg/ton, depending on the location where the sample is taken. As yet, no method has been found for recovering gold from sea water profitably. It is estimated that all the gold in the world, so far refined, could be placed in a single cube 60 ft on a side. Of all the elements, gold in its pure state is undoubtedly the most beautiful. It is metallic, having a yellow color when in a mass, but when finely divided it may be black, ruby, or purple. The Purple of Cassius is a delicate test for auric gold. It is the most malleable and ductile metal; 1 oz. of gold can be beaten out to 300 ft2. It is a soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it more strength. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is unaffected by air and most reagents. It is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary systems in many countries. It is also extensively used for jewelry, decoration, dental work, and for plating. It is used for coating certain space satellites, as it is a good reflector of infrared and is inert. Gold, like other precious metals, is measured in troy weight; when alloyed with other metals, the term carat is used to express the amount of gold present, 24 carats being pure gold. For many years the value of gold was set by the U.S. at $20.67/troy ounce; in 1934 this value was fixed by law at $35.00/troy ounce, 9/10th fine. On March 17, 1968, because of a gold crisis, a two-tiered pricing system was established whereby gold was still used to settle international accounts at the old $35.00/troy ounce price while the price of gold on the private market would be allowed to fluctuate. Since this time, the price of gold on the free market has fluctuated widely. The price of gold on the free market reached a price of $620/troy oz. in January 1980. More recently, the U.K. and other nations, including the I.M.F. have sold or threatened to sell a sizeable portion of their gold reserves. This has caused wide fluctuations in the price of gold. Because this has damaged the economy of some countries, a moratorium for a few years has been declared. This has tended to stabilize temporarily the price of gold. The most common gold compounds are auric chloride (AuCl3) and chlorauric acid (HAuCl4), the latter being used in photography for toning the silver image. Gold has forty-eight recognized isotopes and isomers; 198Au, with a half-life of 2.7 days, is used for treating cancer and other diseases. Disodium aurothiomalate is administered intramuscularly as a treatment for arthritis. A mixture of one part nitric acid with three of hydrochloric acid is called aqua regia (because it dissolved gold, the King of Metals). Gold is available commercially with a purity of 99.999+%. For many years the temperature assigned to the freezing point of gold has been 1063.0°C; this has served as a calibration point for the International Temperature Scales (ITS-27 and ITS-48) and the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS-48). In 1968, a new International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS68) was adopted, which demanded that the freezing point of gold be changed to 1064.43°C. In 1990 a new International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) was adopted bringing the t.p.

4-16 (triple point) of H2O (t90 (°C)) to 0.01°C and the freezing point of gold to 1064.18°C. The specific gravity of gold has been found to vary considerably depending on temperature, how the metal is precipitated, and cold-worked. As of December 2001, gold was priced at about $275/troy oz. ($8.50/g). Hafnium — (Hafnia, Latin name for Copenhagen), Hf; at. wt. 178.49(2); at. no. 72; m.p. 2233°C; b.p. 4603°C; sp. gr. 13.31 (20°C); valence 4. Hafnium was thought to be present in various minerals and concentrations many years prior to its discovery, in 1923, credited to D. Coster and G. von Hevesey. On the basis of the Bohr theory, the new element was expected to be associated with zirconium. It was finally identified in zircon from Norway, by means of X-ray spectroscopic analysis. It was named in honor of the city in which the discovery was made. Most zirconium minerals contain 1 to 5% hafnium. It was originally separated from zirconium by repeated recrystallization of the double ammonium or potassium fluorides by von Hevesey and Jantzen. Metallic hafnium was first prepared by van Arkel and deBoer by passing the vapor of the tetraiodide over a heated tungsten filament. Almost all hafnium metal now produced is made by reducing the tetrachloride with magnesium or with sodium (Kroll Process). Hafnium is a ductile metal with a brilliant silver luster. Its properties are considerably influenced by the impurities of zirconium present. Of all the elements, zirconium and hafnium are two of the most difficult to separate. Their chemistry is almost identical; however, the density of zirconium is about half that of hafnium. Very pure hafnium has been produced, with zirconium being the major impurity. Natural hafnium contains six isotopes, one of which is slightly radioactive. Hafnium has a total of 41 recognized isotopes and isomers. Because hafnium has a good absorption cross section for thermal neutrons (almost 600 times that of zirconium), has excellent mechanical properties, and is extremely corrosion resistant, it is used for reactor control rods. Such rods are used in nuclear submarines. Hafnium has been successfully alloyed with iron, titanium, niobium, tantalum, and other metals. Hafnium carbide is the most refractory binary composition known, and the nitride is the most refractory of all known metal nitrides (m.p. 3310°C). Hafnium is used in gas-filled and incandescent lamps, and is an efficient “getter” for scavenging oxygen and nitrogen. Finely divided hafnium is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air. Care should be taken when machining the metal or when handling hot sponge hafnium. At 700°C hafnium rapidly absorbs hydrogen to form the composition HfH1.86. Hafnium is resistant to concentrated alkalis, but at elevated temperatures reacts with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, boron, sulfur, and silicon. Halogens react directly to form tetrahalides. The price of the metal is about $2/g. The yearly demand for hafnium in the U.S. is now in excess of 50,000 kg. Hahnium — A name previously used for Element 105, now named dubnium. Hassium — (named for the German state, Hesse) Hs; at. wt. [277]; at. no. 108. This element was first synthesized and identified in 1964 by the same G.S.I. Darmstadt Group who first identified Bohrium and Meitnerium. Presumably this element has chemical properties similar to osmium. Isotope 265108 was produced using a beam of 58Fe projectiles, produced by the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) to bombard a 208Pb target. Discovery of Bohrium and Meitnerium was made using detection of isotopes with odd proton and neutron numbers.

The Elements Elements having even atomic numbers have been thought to be less stable against spontaneous fusion than odd elements. The production of 265108 in the same reaction as was used at G.S.I. was confirmed at Dubna with detection of the seventh member of the decay chain 253Es. Isotopes of Hassium are believed to decay by spontaneous fission, explaining why 109 was produced before 108. Isotope 265108 and 266108 are thought to decay to 261106, which in turn decay to 257104 and 253102. The IUPAC adopted the name Hassium after the German state of Hesse in September 1997. In June 2001 it was announced that hassium is now the heaviest element to have its chemical properties analyzed. A research team at the UNILAC heavyion accelerator in Darmstadt, Germany built an instrument to detect and analyze hassium. Atoms of curium-248 were collided with atoms of magnesium-26, producing about 6 atoms of hassium with a half-life of 9 sec. This was sufficiently long to obtain data showing that hassium atoms react with oxygen to form hassium oxide molecules. These condensed at a temperature consistent with the behavior of Group 8 elements. This experiment appears to confirm hassium’s location under osmium in the periodic table. Helium — (Gr. helios, the sun), He; at. wt. 4.002602(2); at. no. 2; b.p. — 268.93°C; tc –267.96°C; density 0.1785 g/L (0°C, 1 atm); liquid density 0.125 g/mL at. b.p.; valence usually 0. Evidence of the existence of helium was first obtained by Janssen during the solar eclipse of 1868 when he detected a new line in the solar spectrum; Lockyer and Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element; in 1895, Ramsay discovered helium in the uranium mineral cleveite, and it was independently discovered in cleveite by the Swedish chemists Cleve and Langlet about the same time. Rutherford and Royds in 1907 demonstrated that α particles are helium nuclei. Except for hydrogen, helium is the most abundant element found throughout the universe. Helium is extracted from natural gas; all natural gas contains at least trace quantities of helium. It has been detected spectroscopically in great abundance, especially in the hotter stars, and it is an important component in both the proton–proton reaction and the carbon cycle, which account for the energy of the sun and stars. The fusion of hydrogen into helium provides the energy of the hydrogen bomb. The helium content of the atmosphere is about 1 part in 200,000. It is present in various radioactive minerals as a decay product. Much of the world’s supply of helium is obtained from wells in Texas, Colorado, and Kansas. The only other known helium extraction plants, outside the United States, in 1999 were in Poland, Russia, China, Algeria, and India. The cost of helium has fallen from $2500/ft3 in 1915 to about 2.5¢/cu.ft. (.028 cu meters) in 1999. Helium has the lowest melting point of any element and has found wide use in cryogenic research, as its boiling point is close to absolute zero. Its use in the study of superconductivity is vital. Using liquid helium, Kurti and co-workers, and others, have succeeded in obtaining temperatures of a few microkelvins by the adiabatic demagnetization of copper nuclei, starting from about 0.01 K. Liquid helium (He4) exists in two forms: He4I and He4II, with a sharp transition point at 2.174 K (3.83 cm Hg). He4I (above this temperature) is a normal liquid, but He4II (below it) is unlike any other known substance. It expands on cooling; its conductivity for heat is enormous; and neither its heat conduction nor viscosity obeys normal rules. It has other peculiar properties. Helium is the only liquid that cannot be solidified by lowering the temperature. It remains liquid down to absolute zero at ordinary pressures, but it can readily be solidified by increasing

The Elements the pressure. Solid 3He and 4He are unusual in that both can readily be changed in volume by more than 30% by application of pressure. The specific heat of helium gas is unusually high. The density of helium vapor at the normal boiling point is also very high, with the vapor expanding greatly when heated to room temperature. Containers filled with helium gas at 5 to 10 K should be treated as though they contained liquid helium due to the large increase in pressure resulting from warming the gas to room temperature. While helium normally has a 0 valence, it seems to have a weak tendency to combine with certain other elements. Means of preparing helium diflouride have been studied, and species such as HeNe and the molecular ions He+ and He++ have been investigated. Helium is widely used as an inert gas shield for arc welding; as a protective gas in growing silicon and germanium crystals, and in titanium and zirconium production; as a cooling medium for nuclear reactors, and as a gas for supersonic wind tunnels. A mixture of helium and oxygen is used as an artificial atmosphere for divers and others working under pressure. Different ratios of He/O2 are used for different depths at which the diver is operating. Helium is extensively used for filling balloons as it is a much safer gas than hydrogen. One of the recent largest uses for helium has been for pressurizing liquid fuel rockets. A Saturn booster such as used on the Apollo lunar missions required about 13 million ft3 of helium for a firing, plus more for checkouts. Liquid helium’s use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continues to increase as the medical profession accepts and develops new uses for the equipment. This equipment is providing accurate diagnoses of problems where exploratory surgery has previously been required to determine problems. Another medical application that is being developed uses MRI to determine by blood analysis whether a patient has any form of cancer. Lifting gas applications are increasing. Various companies in addition to Goodyear, are now using “blimps” for advertising. The Navy and the Air Force are investigating the use of airships to provide early warning systems to detect low-flying cruise missiles. The Drug Enforcement Agency has used radar-equipped blimps to detect drug smugglers along the southern border of the U.S. In addition, NASA is currently using helium-filled balloons to sample the atmosphere in Antarctica to determine what is depleting the ozone layer that protects Earth from harmful U.V. radiation. Research on and development of materials which become superconductive at temperatures well above the boiling point of helium could have a major impact on the demand for helium. Less costly refrigerants having boiling points considerably higher could replace the present need to cool such superconductive materials to the boiling point of helium. Natural helium contains two stable isotopes 3He and 4He. 3He is present in very small quantities. Six other isotopes of helium are now recognized. Holmium — (L. Holmia, for Stockholm), Ho; at. wt. 164.93032(2); at. no 67; m.p. 1472°C; b.p. 2700°C; sp. gr. 8.795 (25°C); valence + 3. The spectral absorption bands of holmium were noticed in 1878 by the Swiss chemists Delafontaine and Soret, who announced the existence of an “Element X.” Cleve, of Sweden, later independently discovered the element while working on erbia earth. The element is named after Cleve’s native city. Pure holmia, the yellow oxide, was prepared by Homberg in 1911. Holmium occurs in gadolinite, monazite, and in other rare-earth minerals. It is commercially obtained from monazite, occurring in that mineral to the extent of about 0.05%. It has been isolated by the reduction of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal. Pure holmium has a metallic

4-17 to bright silver luster. It is relatively soft and malleable, and is stable in dry air at room temperature, but rapidly oxidizes in moist air and at elevated temperatures. The metal has unusual magnetic properties. Few uses have yet been found for the element. The element, as with other rare earths, seems to have a low acute toxic rating. Natural holmium consists of one isotope 165Ho, which is not radioactive. Holmium has 49 other isotopes known, all of which are radioactive. The price of 99.9% holmium metal is about $20/g. Hydrogen — (Gr. hydro, water, and genes, forming), H; at. wt. 1.00794(7); at. no. 1; m.p. –259.1°C; b.p. –252.76°C; tc –240.18; density 0.08988 g/L; density (liquid) 0.0708 g/mL (–253°C); density (solid) 0.0706 g/mL (–262°C); valence 1. Hydrogen was prepared many years before it was recognized as a distinct substance by Cavendish in 1766. It was named by Lavoisier. Hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the universe, and it is thought that the heavier elements were, and still are, being built from hydrogen and helium. It has been estimated that hydrogen makes up more than 90% of all the atoms or three quarters of the mass of the universe. It is found in the sun and most stars, and plays an important part in the proton– proton reaction and carbon–nitrogen cycle, which accounts for the energy of the sun and stars. It is thought that hydrogen is a major component of the planet Jupiter and that at some depth in the planet’s interior the pressure is so great that solid molecular hydrogen is converted into solid metallic hydrogen. In 1973, it was reported that a group of Russian experimenters may have produced metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 2.8 Mbar. At the transition the density changed from 1.08 to 1.3 g/cm3. Earlier, in 1972, a Livermore (California) group also reported on a similar experiment in which they observed a pressure-volume point centered at 2 Mbar. It has been predicted that metallic hydrogen may be metastable; others have predicted it would be a superconductor at room temperature. On Earth, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, coal, etc. It is present as the free element in the atmosphere, but only to the extent of less than 1 ppm by volume. It is the lightest of all gases, and combines with other elements, sometimes explosively, to form compounds. Great quantities of hydrogen are required commercially for the fixation of nitrogen from the air in the Haber ammonia process and for the hydrogenation of fats and oils. It is also used in large quantities in methanol production, in hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking, and hydrodesulfurization. It is also used as a rocket fuel, for welding, for production of hydrochloric acid, for the reduction of metallic ores, and for filling balloons. The lifting power of 1 ft3 of hydrogen gas is about 0.076 lb at 0°C, 760 mm pressure. Production of hydrogen in the U.S. alone now amounts to about 3 billion cubic feet per year. It is prepared by the action of steam on heated carbon, by decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat, by the electrolysis of water, or by the displacement from acids by certain metals. It is also produced by the action of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum. Liquid hydrogen is important in cryogenics and in the study of superconductivity, as its melting point is only a 20°C above absolute zero. Hydrogen consists of three isotopes, most of which is 1H. The ordinary isotope of hydrogen, H, is known as protium. In 1932, Urey announced the discovery of a stable isotope, deuterium (2H or D) with an atomic weight of 2. Deuterium is present in natural hydrogen to the extent of 0.015%. Two years later an unstable isotope, tritium (3H), with an atomic weight of 3 was discovered. Tritium has a half-life

4-18 of about 12.32 years. Tritium atoms are also present in natural hydrogen but in a much smaller proportion. Tritium is readily produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen bomb. It is also used as a radioactive agent in making luminous paints, and as a tracer. On August 27, 2001 Russian, French, and Japanese physicists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research near Moscow reported they had made “super-heavy hydrogen,” which had a nucleus with one proton and four neutrons. Using an accelerator, they used a beam of helium-6 nuclei to strike a hydrogen target, which resulted in the occasional production of a hydrogen-5 nucleus plus a helium-2 nucleus. These unstable particles quickly disintegrated. This resulted in two protons from the He-2, a triton, and two neutrons from the H-5 breakup. Deuterium gas is readily available, without permit, at about $1/l. Heavy water, deuterium oxide (D2O), which is used as a moderator to slow down neutrons, is available without permit at a cost of 6c to $1/g, depending on quantity and purity. About 1000 tons (4,400,000 kg) of deuterium oxide (heavy water) are now in use at the Sudbury (Ontario) Neutrino Observatory. This observatory is taking data to provide new revolutionary insight into the properties of neutrinos and into the core of the sun. The heavy water is on loan from Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd. (AECL). The observatory and detectors are located 6800 ft (2072 m) deep in the Creighton mine of the International Nickel Co., near Sudbury. The heavy water is contained in an acrylic vessel, 12 m in diameter. Neutrinos react with the heavy water to produce Cherenkov radiation. This light is then detected with 9600 photomultiplier tubes surrounding the vessel. The detector laboratory is immensely clean to reduce background radiation, which otherwise hides the very weak signals from neutrinos. Quite apart from isotopes, it has been shown that hydrogen gas under ordinary conditions is a mixture of two kinds of molecules, known as ortho- and parahydrogen, which differ from one another by the spins of their electrons and nuclei. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form. The ortho form cannot be prepared in the pure state. Since the two forms differ in energy, the physical properties also differ. The melting and boiling points of parahydrogen are about 0.1°C lower than those of normal hydrogen. Consideration is being given to an entire economy based on solar- and nuclear-generated hydrogen. Located in remote regions, power plants would electrolyze sea water; the hydrogen produced would travel to distant cities by pipelines. Pollution-free hydrogen could replace natural gas, gasoline, etc., and could serve as a reducing agent in metallurgy, chemical processing, refining, etc. It could also be used to convert trash into methane and ethylene. Public acceptance, high capital investment, and the high present cost of hydrogen with respect to current fuels are but a few of the problems facing establishment of such an economy. Hydrogen is being investigated as a substitute for deep-sea diving applications below 300 m. Hydrogen is readily available from air product suppliers. Indium — (from the brilliant indigo line in its spectrum), In; at. wt. 114.818(3); at. no. 49; m.p. 156.60°C; b.p. 2072°C; sp. gr. 7.31 (20°C); valence 1, 2, or 3. Discovered by Reich and Richter, who later isolated the metal. Indium is most frequently associated with zinc materials, and it is from these that most commercial indium is now obtained; however, it is also found in iron, lead, and copper ores. Until 1924, a gram or so constituted the world’s supply of this element in isolated form. It is probably about as abundant as silver. About 4 million troy ounces of

The Elements indium are now produced annually in the Free World. Canada is presently producing more than 1,000,000 troy ounces annually. The present cost of indium is about $2 to $10/g, depending on quantity and purity. It is available in ultrapure form. Indium is a very soft, silvery-white metal with a brilliant luster. The pure metal gives a high-pitched “cry” when bent. It wets glass, as does gallium. It has found application in making low-melting alloys; an alloy of 24% indium–76% gallium is liquid at room temperature. Indium is used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, thermistors, liquid crystal displays, high definition television, batteries, and photoconductors. It can be plated onto metal and evaporated onto glass, forming a mirror as good as that made with silver but with more resistance to atmospheric corrosion. There is evidence that indium has a low order of toxicity; however, care should be taken until further information is available. Seventy isotopes and isomers are now recognized (more than any other element). Natural indium contains two isotopes. One is stable. The other, 115In, comprising 95.71% of natural indium is slightly radioactive with a very long half-life. Iodine — (Gr. iodes, violet), I; at. wt. 126.90447(3); at. no. 53; m.p. 113.7°C; b.p. 184.4°C; tc 546°C; density of the gas 11.27 g/L; sp. gr. solid 4.93 (20°C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered by Courtois in 1811. Iodine, a halogen, occurs sparingly in the form of iodides in sea water from which it is assimilated by seaweeds, in Chilean saltpeter and nitrate-bearing earth, known as caliche in brines from old sea deposits, and in brackish waters from oil and salt wells. Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several other methods of isolating the element are known. Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid, volatilizing at ordinary temperatures into a blue-violet gas with an irritating odor; it forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other halogens, which displace it from iodides. Iodine exhibits some metallic-like properties. It dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form beautiful purple solutions. It is only slightly soluble in water. Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Forty-two isotopes and isomers are recognized. Only one stable isotope, 127I, is found in nature. The artificial radioisotope 131I, with a half-life of 8 days, has been used in treating the thyroid gland. The most common compounds are the iodides of sodium and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3). Lack of iodine is the cause of goiter. Iodides and thyroxin, which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element. Care should be taken in handling and using iodine, as contact with the skin can cause lesions; iodine vapor is intensely irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. Elemental iodine costs about 25 to 75¢/g depending on purity and quantity. Iridium — (L. iris, rainbow), Ir; at. wt. 192.217(3); at. no. 77; m.p. 2446°C; b.p. 4428°C; sp. gr. 22.562 (20°C); valence 3 or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Tennant in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia. The name iridium is appropriate, for its salts are highly colored. Iridium, a metal of the platinum family, is white, similar to platinum, but with a slight yellowish cast. It is very hard and brittle, making it very hard to machine, form, or work. It is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, and was used in making the standard meter

The Elements bar of Paris, which is a 90% platinum–10% iridium alloy. This meter bar was replaced in 1960 as a fundamental unit of length (see under Krypton). Iridium is not attacked by any of the acids nor by aqua regia, but is attacked by molten salts, such as NaCl and NaCN. Iridium occurs uncombined in nature with platinum and other metals of this family in alluvial deposits. It is recovered as a by-product from the nickel mining industry. The largest reserves and production of the platinum group of metals, which includes iridium, is in South Africa, followed by Russia and Canada. The U.S. has only one active mine, located at Nye, MT. The presence of iridium has recently been used in examining the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary. Meteorites contain small amounts of iridium. Because iridium is found widely distributed at the K-T boundary, it has been suggested that a large meteorite or asteroid collided with the Earth, killing the dinosaurs, and creating a large dust cloud and crater. Searches for such a crater point to one in the Yucatan, known as Chicxulub. Iridium has found use in making crucibles and apparatus for use at high temperatures. It is also used for electrical contacts. Its principal use is as a hardening agent for platinum. With osmium, it forms an alloy that is used for tipping pens and compass bearings. The specific gravity of iridium is only very slightly lower than that of osmium, which has been generally credited as being the heaviest known element. Calculations of the densities of iridium and osmium from the space lattices give values of 22.65 and 22.61 g/cm3, respectively. These values may be more reliable than actual physical measurements. At present, therefore, we know that either iridium or osmium is the densest known element, but the data do not yet allow selection between the two. Natural iridium contains two stable isotopes. Forty-five other isotopes, all radioactive, are now recognized. Iridium (99.9%) costs about $100/g. Iron — (Anglo-Saxon, iron), Fe (L. ferrum); at. wt. 55.845(2); at. no. 26; m.p. 1538°C; b.p. 2861°C; sp. gr. 7.874 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, or 6. The use of iron is prehistoric. Genesis mentions that Tubal-Cain, seven generations from Adam, was “an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron.” A remarkable iron pillar, dating to about A.D. 400, remains standing today in Delhi, India. This solid shaft of wrought iron is about 7¼ m high by 40 cm in diameter. Corrosion to the pillar has been minimal although it has been exposed to the weather since its erection. Iron is a relatively abundant element in the universe. It is found in the sun and many types of stars in considerable quantity. It has been suggested that the iron we have here on Earth may have originated in a supernova. Iron is a very difficult element to produce in ordinary nuclear reactions, such as would take place in the sun. Iron is found native as a principal component of a class of iron–nickel meteorites known as siderites, and is a minor constituent of the other two classes of meteorites. The core of the Earth, 2150 miles in radius, is thought to be largely composed of iron with about 10% occluded hydrogen. The metal is the fourth most abundant element, by weight, making up the crust of the Earth. The most common ore is hematite (Fe2O3). Magnetite (Fe3O4) is frequently seen as black sands along beaches and banks of streams. Lodestone is another form of magnetite. Taconite is becoming increasingly important as a commercial ore. Iron is a vital constituent of plant and animal life, and appears in hemoglobin. The pure metal is not often encountered in commerce, but is usually alloyed with carbon or other metals. The pure metal is very reactive chemically, and rapidly corrodes, especially in moist air or at elevated temperatures. It has four allotropic forms,

4-19 or ferrites, known as α, β, γ, and δ, with transition points at 700, 928, and 1530°C. The α form is magnetic, but when transformed into the β form, the magnetism disappears although the lattice remains unchanged. The relations of these forms are peculiar. Pig iron is an alloy containing about 3% carbon with varying amounts of S, Si, Mn, and P. It is hard, brittle, fairly fusible, and is used to produce other alloys, including steel. Wrought iron contains only a few tenths of a percent of carbon, is tough, malleable, less fusible, and usually has a “fibrous” structure. Carbon steel is an alloy of iron with carbon, with small amounts of Mn, S, P, and Si. Alloy steels are carbon steels with other additives such as nickel, chromium, vanadium, etc. Iron is the cheapest and most abundant, useful, and important of all metals. Natural iron contains four isotopes. Twenty-six other isotopes and isomers, all radioactive, are now recognized. Krypton — (Gr. kryptos, hidden), Kr; at. wt. 83.798(2); at. no. 36; m.p. –157.36°C; b.p. –153.34 ± 0.10°C; tc –63.67°C; density 3.733 g/L (0°C); valence usually 0. Discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers in the residue left after liquid air had nearly boiled away, krypton is present in the air to the extent of about 1 ppm. The atmosphere of Mars has been found to contain 0.3 ppm of krypton. It is one of the “noble” gases. It is characterized by its brilliant green and orange spectral lines. Naturally occurring krypton contains six stable isotopes. Thirty other unstable isotopes and isomers are now recognized. The spectral lines of krypton are easily produced and some are very sharp. In 1960 it was internationally agreed that the fundamental unit of length, the meter, should be defined in terms of the orange-red spectral line of 86Kr. This replaced the standard meter of Paris, which was defined in terms of a bar made of a platinum-iridium alloy. In October 1983 the meter was again redefined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures as being the length of path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. Solid krypton is a white crystalline substance with a face-centered cubic structure that is common to all the rare gases. While krypton is generally thought of as a noble gas that normally does not combine with other elements, the existence of some krypton compounds has been established. Krypton difluoride has been prepared in gram quantities and can be made by several methods. A higher fluoride of krypton and a salt of an oxyacid of krypton also have been prepared. Molecule-ions of ArKr+ and KrH+ have been identified and investigated, and evidence is provided for the formation of KrXe or KrXe+. Krypton clathrates have been prepared with hydroquinone and phenol. 85Kr has found recent application in chemical analysis. By imbedding the isotope in various solids, kryptonates are formed. The activity of these kryptonates is sensitive to chemical reactions at the surface. Estimates of the concentration of reactants are therefore made possible. Krypton is used in certain photographic flash lamps for highspeed photography. Uses thus far have been limited because of its high cost. Krypton gas presently costs about $690/100 L. Kurchatovium — See Rutherfordium. Lanthanum — (Gr. lanthanein, to lie hidden), La; at. wt. 138.90547(7); at. no. 57; m.p. 920°C; b.p. 3464°C; sp. gr. 6.145 (25°C); valence 3. Mosander in 1839 extracted a new earth lanthana, from impure cerium nitrate, and recognized the new element. Lanthanum is found in rare-earth minerals such as cerite, monazite, allanite, and bastnasite. Monazite and bastnasite are principal ores in which lanthanum occurs

4-20 in percentages up to 25 and 38%, respectively. Misch metal, used in making lighter flints, contains about 25% lanthanum. Lanthanum was isolated in relatively pure form in 1923. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to much easier isolation of the so-called “rare-earth” elements. The availability of lanthanum and other rare earths has improved greatly in recent years. The metal can be produced by reducing the anhydrous fluoride with calcium. Lanthanum is silvery white, malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is one of the most reactive of the rare-earth metals. It oxidizes rapidly when exposed to air. Cold water attacks lanthanum slowly, and hot water attacks it much more rapidly. The metal reacts directly with elemental carbon, nitrogen, boron, selenium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and with halogens. At 310°C, lanthanum changes from a hexagonal to a face-centered cubic structure, and at 865°C it again transforms into a body-centered cubic structure. Natural lanthanum is a mixture of two isotopes, one of which is stable and one of which is radioactive with a very long halflife. Thirty other radioactive isotopes are recognized. Rareearth compounds containing lanthanum are extensively used in carbon lighting applications, especially by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. This application consumes about 25% of the rare-earth compounds produced. La2O3 improves the alkali resistance of glass, and is used in making special optical glasses. Small amounts of lanthanum, as an additive, can be used to produce nodular cast iron. There is current interest in hydrogen sponge alloys containing lanthanum. These alloys take up to 400 times their own volume of hydrogen gas, and the process is reversible. Heat energy is released every time they do so; therefore these alloys have possibilities in energy conservation systems. Lanthanum and its compounds have a low to moderate acute toxicity rating; therefore, care should be taken in handling them. The metal costs about $2/g (99.9%). Lawrencium — (Ernest O. Lawrence [1901–1958], inventor of the cyclotron), Lr; at. no. 103; at. mass no. [262]; valence + 3(?). This member of the 5f transition elements (actinide series) was discovered in March 1961 by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A. E. Larsh, and R. M. Latimer. A 3-µg californium target, consisting of a mixture of isotopes of mass number 249, 250, 251, and 252, was bombarded with either 10 B or 11B. The electrically charged transmutation nuclei recoiled with an atmosphere of helium and were collected on a thin copper conveyor tape which was then moved to place collected atoms in front of a series of solid-state detectors. The isotope of element 103 produced in this way decayed by emitting an 8.6-MeV alpha particle with a half-life of 8 s. In 1967, Flerov and associates of the Dubna Laboratory reported their inability to detect an alpha emitter with a half-life of 8 s which was assigned by the Berkeley group to 257 103. This assignment has been changed to 258Lr or 259Lr. In 1965, the Dubna workers found a longer-lived lawrencium isotope, 256Lr, with a half-life of 35 s. In 1968, Ghiorso and associates at Berkeley were able to use a few atoms of this isotope to study the oxidation behavior of lawrencium. Using solvent extraction techniques and working very rapidly, they extracted lawrencium ions from a buffered aqueous solution into an organic solvent, completing each extraction in about 30 s. It was found that lawrencium behaves differently from dipositive nobelium and more like the tripositive elements earlier in the actinide series. Ten isotopes of lawrencium are now recognized.

The Elements Lead — (Anglo-Saxon lead), Pb (L. plumbum); at. wt. 207.2(1); at. no. 82; m.p. 327.46°C; b.p. 1749°C; sp. gr. 11.35 (20°C); valence 2 or 4. Long known, mentioned in Exodus. The alchemists believed lead to be the oldest metal and associated it with the planet Saturn. Native lead occurs in nature, but it is rare. Lead is obtained chiefly from galena (PbS) by a roasting process. Anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), and minim (Pb3O4) are other common lead minerals. Lead is a bluish-white metal of bright luster, is very soft, highly malleable, ductile, and a poor conductor of electricity. It is very resistant to corrosion; lead pipes bearing the insignia of Roman emperors, used as drains from the baths, are still in service. It is used in containers for corrosive liquids (such as sulfuric acid) and may be toughened by the addition of a small percentage of antimony or other metals. Natural lead is a mixture of four stable isotopes: 204Pb (1.4%), 206Pb (24.1%), 207Pb (22.1%), and 208Pb (52.4%). Lead isotopes are the end products of each of the three series of naturally occurring radioactive elements: 206Pb for the uranium series, 207Pb for the actinium series, and 208Pb for the thorium series. Forty-three other isotopes of lead, all of which are radioactive, are recognized. Its alloys include solder, type metal, and various antifriction metals. Great quantities of lead, both as the metal and as the dioxide, are used in storage batteries. Lead is also used for cable covering, plumbing, and ammunition. The metal is very effective as a sound absorber, is used as a radiation shield around X-ray equipment and nuclear reactors, and is used to absorb vibration. Lead, alloyed with tin, is used in making organ pipes. White lead, the basic carbonate, sublimed white lead (PbSO4), chrome yellow (PbCrO4), red lead (Pb3O4), and other lead compounds are used extensively in paints, although in recent years the use of lead in paints has been drastically curtailed to eliminate or reduce health hazards. Lead oxide is used in producing fine “crystal glass” and “flint glass” of a high index of refraction for achromatic lenses. The nitrate and the acetate are soluble salts. Lead salts such as lead arsenate have been used as insecticides, but their use in recent years has been practically eliminated in favor of less harmful organic compounds. Care must be used in handling lead as it is a cumulative poison. Environmental concern with lead poisoning led to elimination of lead tetraethyl in gasoline. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has recommended that industries limit airborne lead to 50 µg/cu. meter. Lead is priced at about 90¢/kg (99.9%). Lithium — (Gr. lithos, stone), Li; at. wt. 6.941(2); at. no. 3; m.p. 180.5°C; b.p. 1342°C; sp. gr. 0.534 (20°C); valence 1. Discovered by Arfvedson in 1817. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, with a density only about half that of water. It does not occur free in nature; combined it is found in small amounts in nearly all igneous rocks and in the waters of many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it. Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from Nevada, Chile, and Argentina. Large deposits of spodumene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na and K, other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly the flame is a dazzling white. Since World War II, the production of lithium metal and its compounds has increased greatly. Because the metal has the highest specific heat of any solid element, it has found use in heat transfer applications; however, it is corrosive and re-

The Elements quires special handling. The metal has been used as an alloying agent, is of interest in synthesis of organic compounds, and has nuclear applications. It ranks as a leading contender as a battery anode material because it has a high electrochemical potential. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. The glass for the 200-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar contains lithium as a minor ingredient. Lithium chloride is one of the most hygroscopic materials known, and it, as well as lithium bromide, is used in air conditioning and industrial drying systems. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and hightemperature lubricant. Other lithium compounds are used in dry cells and storage batteries. Seven isotopes of lithium are recognized. Natural lithium contains two isotopes. The metal is priced at about $1.50/g (99.9%). Lutetium — (Lutetia, ancient name for Paris, sometimes called cassiopeium by the Germans), Lu; at. wt. 174.967(1); at. no. 71; m.p. 1663°C; b.p. 3402°C; sp. gr. 9.841 (25°C); valence 3. In 1907, Urbain described a process by which Marignac’s ytterbium (1879) could be separated into the two elements, ytterbium (neoytterbium) and lutetium. These elements were identical with “aldebaranium” and “cassiopeium,” independently discovered by von Welsbach about the same time. Charles James of the University of New Hampshire also independently prepared the very pure oxide, lutecia, at this time. The spelling of the element was changed from lutecium to lutetium in 1949. Lutetium occurs in very small amounts in nearly all minerals containing yttrium, and is present in monazite to the extent of about 0.003%, which is a commercial source. The pure metal has been isolated only in recent years and is one of the most difficult to prepare. It can be prepared by the reduction of anhydrous LuCl3 or LuF3 by an alkali or alkaline earth metal. The metal is silvery white and relatively stable in air. While new techniques, including ion-exchange reactions, have been developed to separate the various rare-earth elements, lutetium is still the most costly of all rare earths. It is priced at about $100/g (99.9%). 176Lu occurs naturally (97.41%) with 175Lu (2.59%), which is radioactive with a very long half-life of about 4 × 1010 years. Lutetium has 50 isotopes and isomers that are now recognized. Stable lutetium nuclides, which emit pure beta radiation after thermal neutron activation, can be used as catalysts in cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization. Virtually no other commercial uses have been found yet for lutetium. While lutetium, like other rare-earth metals, is thought to have a low toxicity rating, it should be handled with care until more information is available. Magnesium — (Magnesia, district in Thessaly) Mg; at. wt. 24.3050(6); at. no. 12; m.p. 650°C; b.p. 1090°C; sp. gr. 1.738 (20°C); valence 2. Compounds of magnesium have long been known. Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. It was isolated by Davy in 1808, and prepared in coherent form by Bussy in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. It does not occur uncombined, but is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals. The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water. Magnesium is a light, silvery-white, and fairly tough metal. It tarnishes slightly in air, and finely divided magnesium readily ignites upon heating in air and burns with a dazzling white flame. It is used in flashlight photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs. It is one third lighter than aluminum, and in alloys is essential for airplane and missile

4-21 construction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Magnesium is used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron, and is used as an additive to conventional propellants. It is also used as a reducing agent in the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. The hydroxide (milk of magnesia), chloride, sulfate (Epsom salts), and citrate are used in medicine. Dead-burned magnesite is employed for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters. Calcined magnesia is also used for water treatment and in the manufacture of rubber, paper, etc. Organic magnesium compounds (Grignard’s reagents) are important. Magnesium is an important element in both plant and animal life. Chlorophylls are magnesiumcentered porphyrins. The adult daily requirement of magnesium is about 300 mg/day, but this is affected by various factors. Great care should be taken in handling magnesium metal, especially in the finely divided state, as serious fires can occur. Water should not be used on burning magnesium or on magnesium fires. Natural magnesium contains three isotopes. Twelve other isotopes are recognized. Magnesium metal costs about $100/kg (99.8%). Manganese — (L. magnes, magnet, from magnetic properties of pyrolusite; It. manganese, corrupt form of magnesia), Mn; at. wt. 54.938045(5); at. no. 25; m.p. 1246°C; b.p. 2061°C; sp. gr. 7.21 to 7.44, depending on allotropic form; valence 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 7. Recognized by Scheele, Bergman, and others as an element and isolated by Gahn in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon. Manganese minerals are widely distributed; oxides, silicates, and carbonates are the most common. The discovery of large quantities of manganese nodules on the floor of the oceans holds promise as a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese together with many other elements in lesser abundance. Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in Ukraine, Brazil, Australia, Republic of So. Africa, Gabon, China, and India. Pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis. It is gray-white, resembling iron, but is harder and very brittle. The metal is reactive chemically, and decomposes in cold water slowly. Manganese is used to form many important alloys. In steel, manganese improves the rolling and forging qualities, strength, toughness, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness, and hardenability. With aluminum and antimony, especially with small amounts of copper, it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys. Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is soft, easily cut, and capable of being bent. The dioxide (pyrolusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry cells, and is used to “decolorize” glass that is colored green by impurities of iron. Manganese by itself colors glass an amethyst color, and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. The dioxide is also used in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine, and in drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and in medicine. Manganese is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin B1. Twenty-seven isotopes and isomers are known. Manganese metal (99.95%) is priced at about $800/kg. Metal of 99.6% purity is priced at about $80/kg.

4-22 Meitnerium — (Lise Meitner [1878–1968], Austrian–Swedish physicist and mathematician), Mt; at. wt [268]; at. no. 109. On August 29, 1992, Element 109 was made and identified by physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (G.S.I.), Darmstadt, Germany, by bombarding a target of 209Bi with accelerated nuclei of 58Fe. The production of Element 109 has been extremely small. It took a week of target bombardment (1011 nuclear encounters) to produce a single atom of 109. Oganessian and his team at Dubna in 1994 repeated the Darmstadt experiment using a tenfold irradiation dose. One fission event from seven alpha decays of 109 was observed, thus indirectly confirming the existence of isotope 266109. In August 1997, the IUPAC adopted the name meitnerium for this element, honoring L. Meitner. Four isotopes of meitnerium are now recognized. Mendelevium — (Dmitri Mendeleev [1834–1907]), Md; at. wt. (258); at. no. 101; m.p. 827°C; valence +2, +3. Mendelevium, the ninth transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered, was first identified by Ghiorso, Harvey, Choppin, Thompson, and Seaborg early in 1955 as a result of the bombardment of the isotope 253Es with helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron. The isotope produced was 256Md, which has a half-life of 78 min. This first identification was notable in that 256Md was synthesized on a one-atom-at-a-time basis. Nineteen isotopes and isomers are now recognized. 258Md has a half-life of 51.5 days. This isotope has been produced by the bombardment of an isotope of einsteinium with ions of helium. It now appears possible that eventually enough 258Md can be made so that some of its physical properties can be determined. 256Md has been used to elucidate some of the chemical properties of mendelevium in aqueous solution. Experiments seem to show that the element possesses a moderately stable dipositive (II) oxidation state in addition to the tripositive (III) oxidation state, which is characteristic of actinide elements. Mercury — (Planet Mercury), Hg (hydrargyrum, liquid silver); at. wt. 200.59(2); at. no. 80; t.p. –38.83°C; b.p. 356.62°C; tc 1477°C; sp. gr. 13.546 (20°C); valence 1 or 2. Known to ancient Chinese and Hindus; found in Egyptian tombs of 1500 B.C. Mercury is the only common metal liquid at ordinary temperatures. It only rarely occurs free in nature. The chief ore is cinnabar (HgS). Spain and China produce about 75% of the world’s supply of the metal. The commercial unit for handling mercury is the “flask,” which weighs 76 lb (34.46 kg). The metal is obtained by heating cinnabar in a current of air and by condensing the vapor. It is a heavy, silvery-white metal; a rather poor conductor of heat, as compared with other metals, and a fair conductor of electricity. It easily forms alloys with many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, which are called amalgams. Its ease in amalgamating with gold is made use of in the recovery of gold from its ores. The metal is widely used in laboratory work for making thermometers, barometers, diffusion pumps, and many other instruments. It is used in making mercuryvapor lamps and advertising signs, etc. and is used in mercury switches and other electrical apparatus. Other uses are in making pesticides, mercury cells for caustic soda and chlorine production, dental preparations, antifouling paint, batteries, and catalysts. The most important salts are mercuric chloride HgCl2 (corrosive sublimate — a violent poison), mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2 (calomel, occasionally still used in medicine), mercury fulminate (Hg(ONC)2), a detonator widely used in explosives, and mercuric sulfide (HgS, vermillion, a highgrade paint pigment). Organic mercury compounds are im-

The Elements portant. It has been found that an electrical discharge causes mercury vapor to combine with neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. These products, held together with van der Waals’ forces, correspond to HgNe, HgAr, HgKr, and HgXe. Mercury is a virulent poison and is readily absorbed through the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, or through unbroken skin. It acts as a cumulative poison and dangerous levels are readily attained in air. Air saturated with mercury vapor at 20°C contains a concentration that exceeds the toxic limit many times. The danger increases at higher temperatures. It is therefore important that mercury be handled with care. Containers of mercury should be securely covered and spillage should be avoided. If it is necessary to heat mercury or mercury compounds, it should be done in a well-ventilated hood. Methyl mercury is a dangerous pollutant and is now widely found in water and streams. The triple point of mercury, –38.8344°C, is a fixed point on the International Temperature Scale (ITS90). Mercury (99.98%) is priced at about $110/kg. Native mercury contains seven isotopes. Thirty-six other isotopes and isomers are known. Molybdenum — (Gr. molybdos, lead), Mo; at. wt. 95.94(2); at. no. 42; m.p. 2623°C; b.p. 4639°C; sp. gr. 10.22 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4?, 5?, or 6. Before Scheele recognized molybdenite as a distinct ore of a new element in 1778, it was confused with graphite and lead ore. The metal was prepared in an impure form in 1782 by Hjelm. Molybdenum does not occur native, but is obtained principally from molybdenite (MoS2). Wulfenite (PbMoO4) and powellite (Ca(MoW)O4) are also minor commercial ores. Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The U.S., Canada, Chile, and China produce most of the world’s molybdenum ores. The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate. The metal is silvery white, very hard, but is softer and more ductile than tungsten. It has a high elastic modulus, and only tungsten and tantalum, of the more readily available metals, have higher melting points. It is a valuable alloying agent, as it contributes to the hardenability and toughness of quenched and tempered steels. It also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures. It is used in certain nickel-based alloys, such as the Hastelloys® which are heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant to chemical solutions. Molybdenum oxidizes at elevated temperatures. The metal has found recent application as electrodes for electrically heated glass furnaces and forehearths. It is also used in nuclear energy applications and for missile and aircraft parts. Molybdenum is valuable as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum. It has found application as a filament material in electronic and electrical applications. Molybdenum is an essential trace element in plant nutrition. Some lands are barren for lack of this element in the soil. Molybdenum sulfide is useful as a lubricant, especially at high temperatures where oils would decompose. Almost all ultra-high strength steels with minimum yield points up to 300,000 lb/in.2 contain molybdenum in amounts from 0.25 to 8%. Natural molybdenum contains seven isotopes. Thirty other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive. Molybdenum metal costs about $1/g (99.999% purity). Molybdenum metal (99.9%) costs about $160/kg. Neodymium — (Gr. neos, new, and didymos, twin), Nd; at. wt. 144.242(3); at. no. 60; m.p. 1016°C; b.p. 3074°C; sp. gr. 7.008 (25°C); valence 3. In 1841 Mosander extracted from cerite a new rose-colored oxide, which he believed contained a new

The Elements element. He named the element didymium, as it was an inseparable twin brother of lanthanum. In 1885 von Welsbach separated didymium into two new elemental components, neodymia and praseodymia, by repeated fractionation of ammonium didymium nitrate. While the free metal is in misch metal, long known and used as a pyrophoric alloy for light flints, the element was not isolated in relatively pure form until 1925. Neodymium is present in misch metal to the extent of about 18%. It is present in the minerals monazite and bastnasite, which are principal sources of rare-earth metals. The element may be obtained by separating neodymium salts from other rare earths by ion-exchange or solvent extraction techniques, and by reducing anhydrous halides such as NdF3 with calcium metal. Other separation techniques are possible. The metal has a bright silvery metallic luster. Neodymium is one of the more reactive rare-earth metals and quickly tarnishes in air, forming an oxide that splits off and exposes metal to oxidation. The metal, therefore, should be kept under light mineral oil or sealed in a plastic material. Neodymium exists in two allotropic forms, with a transformation from a double hexagonal to a body-centered cubic structure taking place at 863°C. Natural neodymium is a mixture of seven isotopes, one of which has a very long half-life. Twenty-seven other radioactive isotopes and isomers are recognized. Didymium, of which neodymium is a component, is used for coloring glass to make welder’s goggles. By itself, neodymium colors glass delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm gray. Light transmitted through such glass shows unusually sharp absorption bands. The glass has been used in astronomical work to produce sharp bands by which spectral lines may be calibrated. Glass containing neodymium can be used as a laser material to produce coherent light. Neodymium salts are also used as a colorant for enamels. The element is also being used with iron and boron to produce extremely strong magnets. These are the most compact magnets commercially available. The price of the metal is about $4/g. Neodymium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. As with other rare earths, neodymium should be handled with care. Neon — (Gr. neos, new), Ne; at. wt. 20.1797(6); at. no. 10; t.p. –248.609°C; b.p. –246.053°C; tc –228.7°C; density of gas 0.89990 g/L (1 atm, 0°C); density of liquid at b.p. 1.204 g/cm3; valence 0. Discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898. Neon is a rare gaseous element present in the atmosphere to the extent of 1 part in 65,000 of air. It is obtained by liquefaction of air and separated from the other gases by fractional distillation. Natural neon is a mixture of three isotopes. Fourteen other unstable isotopes are known. It is very inert element; however, it is said to form a compound with fluorine. It is still questionable if true compounds of neon exist, but evidence is mounting in favor of their existence. The following ions are known from optical and mass spectrometric studies: Ne+, (NeAr)+, (NeH)+, and (HeNe+). Neon also forms an unstable hydrate. In a vacuum discharge tube, neon glows reddish orange. Of all the rare gases, the discharge of neon is the most intense at ordinary voltages and currents. Neon is used in making the common neon advertising signs, which accounts for its largest use. It is also used to make high-voltage indicators, lightning arrestors, wave meter tubes, and TV tubes. Neon and helium are used in making gas lasers. Liquid neon is now commercially available and is finding important application as an economical cryogenic refrigerant. It has over 40 times more refrigerating capacity per unit volume than liquid helium and more than three times that of liquid hydrogen. It

4-23 is compact, inert, and is less expensive than helium when it meets refrigeration requirements. Neon costs about $800/80 cu. ft. (2265 l). Neptunium — (Planet Neptune), Np; at. wt. (237); at. no. 93; m.p. 644°C; sp. gr. 20.25 (20°C); valence 3, 4, 5, and 6. Neptunium was the first synthetic transuranium element of the actinide series discovered; the isotope 239Np was produced by McMillan and Abelson in 1940 at Berkeley, California, as the result of bombarding uranium with cyclotron-produced neutrons. The isotope 237Np (half-life of 2.14 × 106 years) is currently obtained in gram quantities as a by-product from nuclear reactors in the production of plutonium. Twenty-three isotopes and isomers of neptunium are now recognized. Trace quantities of the element are actually found in nature due to transmutation reactions in uranium ores produced by the neutrons which are present. Neptunium is prepared by the reduction of NpF3 with barium or lithium vapor at about 1200°C. Neptunium metal has a silvery appearance, is chemically reactive, and exists in at least three structural modifications: α-neptunium, orthorhombic, density 20.25 g/cm3, β-neptunium (above 280°C), tetragonal, density (313°C) 19.36 g/cm3; γ-neptunium (above 577°C), cubic, density (600°C) 18.0 g/cm3. Neptunium has four ionic oxidation states in solution: Np+3 (pale purple), analogous to the rare earth ion Pm+3, Np+4 (yellow green); NpO+ (green blue); and NpO++ (pale pink). These latter oxygenated species are in contrast to the rare earths that exhibit only simple ions of the (II), (III), and (IV) oxidation states in aqueous solution. The element forms tri- and tetrahalides such as NpF3, NpF4, NpCl4, NpBr3, NpI3, and oxides of various compositions such as are found in the uranium-oxygen system, including Np3O8 and NpO2. Nickel — (Ger. Nickel, Satan or Old Nick’s and from kupfernickel, Old Nick’s copper), Ni; at. wt. 58.6934(2); at. no. 28; m.p. 1455°C; b.p. 2913°C; sp. gr. 8.902 (25°C); valence 0, 1, 2, 3. Discovered by Cronstedt in 1751 in kupfernickel (niccolite). Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from 5 to nearly 20% nickel. Nickel is obtained commercially from pentlandite and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces much of the world’s nickel. It is now thought that the Sudbury deposit is the result of an ancient meteorite impact. Large deposits of nickel, cobalt, and copper have recently been developed at Voisey’s Bay, Labrador. Other deposits of nickel are found in Russia, New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere. Nickel is silvery white and takes on a high polish. It is hard, malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromagnetic, and a fair conductor of heat and electricity. It belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals and is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms. It is extensively used for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys such as Invar®, Monel®, Inconel®, and the Hastelloys®. Tubing made of a copper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. Nickel is also now used extensively in coinage and in making nickel steel for armor plate and burglar-proof vaults, and is a component in Nichrome®, Permalloy®, and constantan. Nickel added to glass gives a green color. Nickel plating is often used to provide a protective coating for other metals, and finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. It is also used in ceramics, in the manufacture of Alnico magnets, and in batteries. The sulfate and the

4-24 oxides are important compounds. Natural nickel is a mixture of five stable isotopes; twenty-five other unstable isotopes are known. Nickel sulfide fume and dust, as well as other nickel compounds, are carcinogens. Nickel metal (99.9%) is priced at about $2/g or less in larger quantities. Niobium — (Niobe, daughter of Tantalus), Nb; or Columbium (Columbia, name for America); at. wt. 92.90638(2); at. no. 41; m.p. 2477°C; b.p. 4744°C, sp. gr. 8.57 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4?, 5. Discovered in 1801 by Hatchett in an ore sent to England more that a century before by John Winthrop the Younger, first governor of Connecticut. The metal was first prepared in 1864 by Blomstrand, who reduced the chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere. The name niobium was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in 1950 after 100 years of controversy. Most leading chemical societies and government organizations refer to it by this name. Some metallurgists and commercial producers, however, still refer to the metal as “columbium.” The element is found in niobite (or columbite), niobite-tantalite, pyrochlore, and euxenite. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks), as a constituent of pyrochlore. Extensive ore reserves are found in Canada, Brazil, Congo-Kinshasa, Rwanda, and Australia. The metal can be isolated from tantalum, and prepared in several ways. It is a shiny, white, soft, and ductile metal, and takes on a bluish cast when exposed to air at room temperatures for a long time. The metal starts to oxidize in air at 200°C, and when processed at even moderate temperatures must be placed in a protective atmosphere. It is used in arc-welding rods for stabilized grades of stainless steel. Thousands of pounds of niobium have been used in advanced air frame systems such as were used in the Gemini space program. It has also found use in super-alloys for applications such as jet engine components, rocket subassemblies, and heat-resisting equipment. The element has superconductive properties; superconductive magnets have been made with Nb-Zr wire, which retains its superconductivity in strong magnetic fields. Natural niobium is composed of only one isotope, 93Nb. Forty-seven other isotopes and isomers of niobium are now recognized. Niobium metal (99.9% pure) is priced at about 50¢/g. Nitrogen — (L. nitrum, Gr. nitron, native soda; genes, forming, N; at. wt. 14.0067(2); at. no. 7; m.p. –210.00°C; b.p. –195.798°C; tc –146.94°C; density 1.2506 g/L; sp. gr. liquid 0.808 (–195.8°C), solid 1.026 (–252°C); valence 3 or 5. Discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, but Scheele, Cavendish, Priestley, and others about the same time studied “burnt or dephlogisticated air,” as air without oxygen was then called. Nitrogen makes up 78% of the air, by volume. The atmosphere of Mars, by comparison, is 2.6% nitrogen. The estimated amount of this element in our atmosphere is more than 4000 trillion tons. From this inexhaustible source it can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. Nitrogen molecules give the orange-red, blue-green, blue-violet, and deep violet shades to the aurora. The element is so inert that Lavoisier named it azote, meaning without life, yet its compounds are so active as to be most important in foods, poisons, fertilizers, and explosives. Nitrogen can be also easily prepared by heating a water solution of ammonium nitrite. Nitrogen, as a gas, is colorless, odorless, and a generally inert element. As a liquid it is also colorless and odorless, and is similar in appearance to water. Two allotropic forms of solid nitrogen exist, with the transition from the α to the β form taking place at –237°C. When nitrogen is heated, it

The Elements combines directly with magnesium, lithium, or calcium; when mixed with oxygen and subjected to electric sparks, it forms first nitric oxide (NO) and then the dioxide (NO2); when heated under pressure with a catalyst with hydrogen, ammonia is formed (Haber process). The ammonia thus formed is of the utmost importance as it is used in fertilizers, and it can be oxidized to nitric acid (Ostwald process). The ammonia industry is the largest consumer of nitrogen. Large amounts of gas are also used by the electronics industry, which uses the gas as a blanketing medium during production of such components as transistors, diodes, etc. Large quantities of nitrogen are used in annealing stainless steel and other steel mill products. The drug industry also uses large quantities. Nitrogen is used as a refrigerant both for the immersion freezing of food products and for transportation of foods. Liquid nitrogen is also used in missile work as a purge for components, insulators for space chambers, etc., and by the oil industry to build up great pressures in wells to force crude oil upward. Sodium and potassium nitrates are formed by the decomposition of organic matter with compounds of the metals present. In certain dry areas of the world these saltpeters are found in quantity. Ammonia, nitric acid, the nitrates, the five oxides (N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2, and N2O5), TNT, the cyanides, etc. are but a few of the important compounds. Nitrogen gas prices vary from 2¢ to $2.75 per 100 ft3 (2.83 cu. meters), depending on purity, etc. Production of elemental nitrogen in the U.S. is more than 9 million short tons per year. Natural nitrogen contains two isotopes, 14N and 15N. Ten other isotopes are known. Nobelium — (Alfred Nobel [1833–1896], inventor of dynamite), No; at. wt. [259]; at. no. 102; valence +2, +3. Nobelium was unambiguously discovered and identified in April 1958 at Berkeley by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, J. R. Walton, and G. T. Seaborg, who used a new double-recoil technique. A heavy-ion linear accelerator (HILAC) was used to bombard a thin target of curium (95% 244Cm and 4.5% 246Cm) with 12C ions to produce 102254 according to the 246Cm (12C, 4n) reaction. Earlier in 1957 workers of the U.S., Britain, and Sweden announced the discovery of an isotope of Element 102 with a 10-min half-life at 8.5 MeV, as a result of bombarding 244Cm with 13C nuclei. On the basis of this experiment the name nobelium was assigned and accepted by the Commission on Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The acceptance of the name was premature, for both Russian and American efforts now completely rule out the possibility of any isotope of Element 102 having a half-life of 10 min in the vicinity of 8.5 MeV. Early work in 1957 on the search for this element, in Russia at the Kurchatov Institute, was marred by the assignment of 8.9 ± 0.4 MeV alpha radiation with a halflife of 2 to 40 sec, which was too indefinite to support claim to discovery. Confirmatory experiments at Berkeley in 1966 have shown the existence of 254102 with a 55-s half-life, 252102 with a 2.3-s half-life, and 257102 with a 25-s half-life. Twelve isotopes are now recognized, one of which — 255102 — has a half-life of 3.1 min. In view of the discoverer’s traditional right to name an element, the Berkeley group, in 1967, suggested that the hastily given name nobelium, along with the symbol No, be retained. Osmium — (Gr. osme, a smell), Os; at. wt. 190.23(3); at. no. 76; m.p. 3033°C; b.p. 5012°C; sp. gr. 22.587; valence 0 to +8, more usually +3, +4, +6, and +8. Discovered in 1803 by Tennant in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia. Osmium occurs in iridosmine and in platinum-bearing

The Elements river sands of the Urals, North America, and South America. It is also found in the nickel-bearing ores of the Sudbury, Ontario, region along with other platinum metals. While the quantity of platinum metals in these ores is very small, the large tonnages of nickel ores processed make commercial recovery possible. The metal is lustrous, bluish white, extremely hard, and brittle even at high temperatures. It has the highest melting point and the lowest vapor pressure of the platinum group. The metal is very difficult to fabricate, but the powder can be sintered in a hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 2000°C. The solid metal is not affected by air at room temperature, but the powdered or spongy metal slowly gives off osmium tetroxide, which is a powerful oxidizing agent and has a strong smell. The tetroxide is highly toxic, and boils at 130°C (760 mm). Concentrations in air as low as 10–7 g/m3 can cause lung congestion, skin damage, or eye damage. The tetroxide has been used to detect fingerprints and to stain fatty tissue for microscope slides. The metal is almost entirely used to produce very hard alloys, with other metals of the platinum group, for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, phonograph needles, and electrical contacts. The price of 99.9% pure osmium powder — the form usually supplied commercially — is about $100/g, depending on quantity and supplier. Natural osmium contains seven isotopes, one of which, 186Os, is radioactive with a very long half-life. Thirty-four other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive. The measured densities of iridium and osmium seem to indicate that osmium is slightly more dense than iridium, so osmium has generally been credited with being the heaviest known element. Calculations of the density from the space lattice, which may be more reliable for these elements than actual measurements, however, give a density of 22.65 for iridium compared to 22.61 for osmium. At present, therefore, we know either iridium or osmium is the heaviest element, but the data do not allow selection between the two. Oxygen — (Gr. oxys, sharp, acid, and genes, forming; acid former), O; at. wt. 15.9994(3); at. no. 8; t.p. –218.79°C; tc –118.56°C; valence 2. For many centuries, workers occasionally realized air was composed of more than one component. The behavior of oxygen and nitrogen as components of air led to the advancement of the phlogiston theory of combustion, which captured the minds of chemists for a century. Oxygen was prepared by several workers, including Bayen and Borch, but they did not know how to collect it, did not study its properties, and did not recognize it as an elementary substance. Priestley is generally credited with its discovery, although Scheele also discovered it independently. Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the sun, and it plays a part in the carbon–nitrogen cycle, one process thought to give the sun and stars their energy. Oxygen under excited conditions is responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors of the aurora. Oxygen, as a gaseous element, forms 21% of the atmosphere by volume from which it can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15% oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the Earth’s crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen. In the laboratory it can be prepared by the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide as a catalyst. The gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. The liquid and solid forms are a pale blue color and are strongly paramagnetic. Ozone (O3), a highly active compound, is formed by the action of an

4-25 electrical discharge or ultraviolet light on oxygen. Ozone’s presence in the atmosphere (amounting to the equivalent of a layer 3 mm thick at ordinary pressures and temperatures) is of vital importance in preventing harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from reaching the Earth’s surface. There has been recent concern that pollutants in the atmosphere may have a detrimental effect on this ozone layer. Ozone is toxic and exposure should not exceed 0.2 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average — 40-hour work week). Undiluted ozone has a bluish color. Liquid ozone is bluish black, and solid ozone is violet-black. Oxygen is very reactive and capable of combining with most elements. It is a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds. It is essential for respiration of all plants and animals and for practically all combustion. In hospitals it is frequently used to aid respiration of patients. Its atomic weight was used as a standard of comparison for each of the other elements until 1961 when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted carbon 12 as the new basis. Oxygen has thirteen recognized isotopes. Natural oxygen is a mixture of three isotopes. Oxygen 18 occurs naturally, is stable, and is available commercially. Water (H2O with 1.5% 18O) is also available. Commercial oxygen consumption in the U.S. is estimated to be 20 million short tons per year and the demand is expected to increase substantially in the next few years. Oxygen enrichment of steel blast furnaces accounts for the greatest use of the gas. Large quantities are also used in making synthesis gas for ammonia and methanol, ethylene oxide, and for oxy-acetylene welding. Air separation plants produce about 99% of the gas, electrolysis plants about 1%. The gas costs 5¢/ft3 ($1.75/cu. meter) in small quantities. Palladium — (named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered about the same time; Gr. Pallas, goddess of wisdom), Pd; at. wt. 106.42(1) at. no. 46; m.p. 1554.8°C; b.p. 2963°C; sp. gr. 12.02 (20°C); valence 2, 3, or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston. Palladium is found along with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in deposits of Russia, South Africa, Canada (Ontario), and elsewhere. Natural palladium contains six stable isotopes. Twenty-nine other isotopes are recognized, all of which are radioactive. It is frequently found associated with the nickel-copper deposits such as those found in Ontario. Its separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found. It is a steel-white metal, does not tarnish in air, and is the least dense and lowest melting of the platinum group of metals. When annealed, it is soft and ductile; cold working greatly increases its strength and hardness. Palladium is attacked by nitric and sulfuric acid. At room temperatures the metal has the unusual property of absorbing up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen, possibly forming Pd2H. It is not yet clear if this a true compound. Hydrogen readily diffuses through heated palladium and this provides a means of purifying the gas. Finely divided palladium is a good catalyst and is used for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. It is alloyed and used in jewelry trades. White gold is an alloy of gold decolorized by the addition of palladium. Like gold, palladium can be beaten into leaf as thin as 1/250,000 in. The metal is used in dentistry, watchmaking, and in making surgical instruments and electrical contacts. Palladium recently has been substituted for higher priced platinum in catalytic converters by some automobile companies. This has caused a large increase in the cost of palladium. The prices of the two metals are now, in 2002, about the same. Palladium, however, is less resistant to poisoning

4-26 by sulfur and lead than platinum, but it may prove useful in controlling emissions from diesel vehicles. The metal sells for about $350/tr. oz. ($11/g). Phosphorus — (Gr. phosphoros, light bearing; ancient name for the planet Venus when appearing before sunrise), P; at. wt. 30.973762(2); at. no. 15; m.p. (white) 44.15°C; b.p. 280.5°C; sp. gr. (white) 1.82, (red) 2.16, (black) 2.25 to 2.69; valence 3 or 5. Discovered in 1669 by Brand, who prepared it from urine. Phosphorus exists in four or more allotropic forms: white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). White phosphorus has two modifications: α and β with a transition temperature at –3.8°C. Never found free in nature, it is widely distributed in combination with minerals. Twenty-one isotopes of phosphorus are recognized. Phosphate rock, which contains the mineral apatite, an impure tricalcium phosphate, is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in the Russia, China, Morocco, and in Florida, Tennessee, Utah, Idaho, and elsewhere. Phosphorus in an essential ingredient of all cell protoplasm, nervous tissue, and bones. Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid; when pure it is colorless and transparent. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulfide. It takes fire spontaneously in air, burning to the pentoxide. It is very poisonous, 50 mg constituting an approximate fatal dose. Exposure to white phosphorus should not exceed 0.1 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average — 40hour work week). White phosphorus should be kept under water, as it is dangerously reactive in air, and it should be handled with forceps, as contact with the skin may cause severe burns. When exposed to sunlight or when heated in its own vapor to 250°C, it is converted to the red variety, which does not phosphoresce in air as does the white variety. This form does not ignite spontaneously and it is not as dangerous as white phosphorus. It should, however, be handled with care as it does convert to the white form at some temperatures and it emits highly toxic fumes of the oxides of phosphorus when heated. The red modification is fairly stable, sublimes with a vapor pressure of 1 atm at 417°C, and is used in the manufacture of safety matches, pyrotechnics, pesticides, incendiary shells, smoke bombs, tracer bullets, etc. White phosphorus may be made by several methods. By one process, tricalcium phosphate, the essential ingredient of phosphate rock, is heated in the presence of carbon and silica in an electric furnace or fuel-fired furnace. Elementary phosphorus is liberated as vapor and may be collected under water. If desired, the phosphorus vapor and carbon monoxide produced by the reaction can be oxidized at once in the presence of moisture to produce phosphoric acid, an important compound in making super-phosphate fertilizers. In recent years, concentrated phosphoric acids, which may contain as much as 70 to 75% P2O5 content, have become of great importance to agriculture and farm production. World-wide demand for fertilizers has caused record phosphate production. Phosphates are used in the production of special glasses, such as those used for sodium lamps. Bone-ash, calcium phosphate, is also used to produce fine chinaware and to produce monocalcium phosphate used in baking powder. Phosphorus is also important in the production of steels, phosphor bronze, and many other products. Trisodium phosphate is important as a cleaning agent, as a water softener, and for preventing boiler scale and corrosion of pipes and boiler tubes. Organic compounds of phosphorus are important. Amorphous (red) phosphorus costs about $70/kg (99%).

The Elements Platinum — (It. platina, silver), Pt; at. wt. 195.084(9); at. no. 78; m.p. 1768.2°C; b.p. 3825°C; sp. gr. 21.45 (20°C); valence 1?, 2, 3, or 4. Discovered in South America by Ulloa in 1735 and by Wood in 1741. The metal was used by pre-Columbian Indians. Platinum occurs native, accompanied by small quantities of iridium, osmium, palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium, all belonging to the same group of metals. These are found in the alluvial deposits of the Ural mountains and in Columbia. Sperrylite (PtAs2), occurring with the nickel-bearing deposits of Sudbury, Ontario, is a source of a considerable amount of metal. The large production of nickel offsets there being only one part of the platinum metals in two million parts of ore. The largest supplier of the platinum group of metals is now South Africa, followed by Russia and Canada. Platinum is a beautiful silvery-white metal, when pure, and is malleable and ductile. It has a coefficient of expansion almost equal to that of soda–lime–silica glass, and is therefore used to make sealed electrodes in glass systems. The metal does not oxidize in air at any temperature, but is corroded by halogens, cyanides, sulfur, and caustic alkalis. It is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but dissolves when they are mixed as aqua regia, forming chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6), an important compound. Natural platinum contains six isotopes, one of which, 190Pt, is radioactive with a long half-life. Thirtyseven other radioactive isotopes and isomers are recognized. The metal is used extensively in jewelry, wire, and vessels for laboratory use, and in many valuable instruments including thermocouple elements. It is also used for electrical contacts, corrosion-resistant apparatus, and in dentistry. Platinum–cobalt alloys have magnetic properties. One such alloy made of 76.7% Pt and 23.3% Co, by weight, is an extremely powerful magnet that offers a B-H (max) almost twice that of Alnico V. Platinum resistance wires are used for constructing hightemperature electric furnaces. The metal is used for coating missile nose cones, jet engine fuel nozzles, etc., which must perform reliably for long periods of time at high temperatures. The metal, like palladium, absorbs large volumes of hydrogen, retaining it at ordinary temperatures but giving it up at red heat. In the finely divided state platinum is an excellent catalyst, having long been used in the contact process for producing sulfuric acid. It is also used as a catalyst in cracking petroleum products. There is also much current interest in the use of platinum as a catalyst in fuel cells and in its use as antipollution devices for automobiles. Platinum anodes are extensively used in cathodic protection systems for large ships and ocean-going vessels, pipelines, steel piers, etc. Pure platinum wire will glow red hot when placed in the vapor of methyl alcohol. It acts here as a catalyst, converting the alcohol to formaldehyde. This phenomenon has been used commercially to produce cigarette lighters and hand warmers. Hydrogen and oxygen explode in the presence of platinum. The price of platinum has varied widely; more than a century ago it was used to adulterate gold. It was nearly eight times as valuable as gold in 1920. The price in January 2002 was about $430/troy oz. ($15/g), higher than the price of gold. Plutonium — (planet Pluto), Pu; at. wt. (244); at. no. 94; sp. gr. (α modification) 19.84 (25°C); m.p. 640°C; b.p. 3228°C; valence 3, 4, 5, or 6. Plutonium was the second transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered. The isotope 238 Pu was produced in 1940 by Seaborg, McMillan, Kennedy, and Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium in the 60inch cyclotron at Berkeley, California. Plutonium also exists

The Elements

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in trace quantities in naturally occurring uranium ores. It is formed in much the same manner as neptunium, by irradiation of natural uranium with the neutrons that are present. By far of greatest importance is the isotope Pu239, with a half-life of 24,100 years, produced in extensive quantities in nuclear reactors from natural uranium:

238

β U(n,γ ) → 239 U → 

239

β Np → 

239

Pu

Nineteen isotopes of plutonium are now known. Plutonium has assumed the position of dominant importance among the transuranium elements because of its successful use as an explosive ingredient in nuclear weapons and the place it holds as a key material in the development of industrial use of nuclear power. One kilogram is equivalent to about 22 million kilowatt hours of heat energy. The complete detonation of a kilogram of plutonium produces an explosion equal to about 20,000 tons of chemical explosive. Its importance depends on the nuclear property of being readily fissionable with neutrons and its availability in quantity. The world’s nuclear-power reactors are now producing about 20,000 kg of plutonium/yr. By 1982 it was estimated that about 300,000 kg had accumulated. The various nuclear applications of plutonium are well known. 238Pu has been used in the Apollo lunar missions to power seismic and other equipment on the lunar surface. As with neptunium and uranium, plutonium metal can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with alkaline-earth metals. The metal has a silvery appearance and takes on a yellow tarnish when slightly oxidized. It is chemically reactive. A relatively large piece of plutonium is warm to the touch because of the energy given off in alpha decay. Larger pieces will produce enough heat to boil water. The metal readily dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, or perchloric acid with formation of the Pu+3 ion. The metal exhibits six allotropic modifications having various crystalline structures. The densities of these vary from 16.00 to 19.86 g/cm3. Plutonium also exhibits four ionic valence states in aqueous solutions: Pu+3(blue lavender), Pu+4 (yellow brown), PuO+ (pink?), and PuO+2 (pink orange). The ion PuO+ is unstable in aqueous solutions, disproportionating into Pu+4 and PuO+2. The Pu+4 thus formed, however, oxidizes the PuO+ into PuO+2, itself being reduced to Pu+3, giving finally Pu+3 and PuO+2. Plutonium forms binary compounds with oxygen: PuO, PuO2, and intermediate oxides of variable composition; with the halides: PuF3, PuF4, PuCl3, PuBr3, PuI3; with carbon, nitrogen, and silicon: PuC, PuN, PuSi2. Oxyhalides are also well known: PuOCl, PuOBr, PuOI. Because of the high rate of emission of alpha particles and the element being specifically absorbed by bone marrow, plutonium, as well as all of the other transuranium elements except neptunium, are radiological poisons and must be handled with very special equipment and precautions. Plutonium is a very dangerous radiological hazard. Precautions must also be taken to prevent the unintentional formation of a critical mass. Plutonium in liquid solution is more likely to become critical than solid plutonium. The shape of the mass must also be considered where criticality is concerned. Plutonium-239 is available to authorized users from the O.R.N.L. at a cost of about $4.80/mg (99.9%) plus packing costs. Polonium — (Poland, native country of Mme. Curie [1867–1934]), Po; at. wt. (209); at. no. 84; m.p. 254°C; b.p. 962°C; sp. gr. 9.20; valence –2, 0, +2, +3(?), +4, and +6. Polonium was the first element discovered by Mme. Curie in 1898, while seeking

the cause of radioactivity of pitchblende from Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The electroscope showed it separating with bismuth. Polonium is also called Radium F. Polonium is a very rare natural element. Uranium ores contain only about 100 µg of the element per ton. Its abundance is only about 0.2% of that of radium. In 1934, it was found that when natural bismuth (209Bi) was bombarded by neutrons, 210Bi, the parent of polonium, was obtained. Milligram amounts of polonium may now be prepared this way, by using the high neutron fluxes of nuclear reactors. Polonium-210 is a low-melting, fairly volatile metal, 50% of which is vaporized in air in 45 hours at 55°C. It is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 138.39 days. A milligram emits as many alpha particles as 5 g of radium. The energy released by its decay is so large (140 W/g) that a capsule containing about half a gram reaches a temperature above 500°C. The capsule also presents a contact gamma-ray dose rate of 0.012 Gy/h. A few curies (1 curie = 3.7 × 1010 Bq) of polonium exhibit a blue glow, caused by excitation of the surrounding gas. Because almost all alpha radiation is stopped within the solid source and its container, giving up its energy, polonium has attracted attention for uses as a lightweight heat source for thermoelectric power in space satellites. Thirty-eight isotopes and isomers of polonium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 192 to 218. All are radioactive. Polonium-210 is the most readily available. Isotopes of mass 209 (half-life 102 years) and mass 208 (half-life 2.9 years) can be prepared by alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron, but these are expensive to produce. Metallic polonium has been prepared from polonium hydroxide and some other polonium compounds in the presence of concentrated aqueous or anhydrous liquid ammonia. Two allotropic modifications are known to exist. Polonium is readily dissolved in dilute acids, but is only slightly soluble in alkalis. Polonium salts of organic acids char rapidly; halide amines are reduced to the metal. Polonium can be mixed or alloyed with beryllium to provide a source of neutrons. It has been used in devices for eliminating static charges in textile mills, etc.; however, beta sources are more commonly used and are less dangerous. It is also used on brushes for removing dust from photographic films. The polonium for these is carefully sealed and controlled, minimizing hazards to the user. Polonium-210 is very dangerous to handle in even milligram or microgram amounts, and special equipment and strict control are necessary. Damage arises from the complete absorption of the energy of the alpha particle into tissue. The maximum permissible body burden for ingested polonium is only 0.03 µCi, which represents a particle weighing only 6.8 × 10–12 g. Weight for weight it is about 2.5 × 1011 times as toxic as hydrocyanic acid. The maximum allowable concentration for soluble polonium compounds in air is about 2 × 1011 µCi/cm3. Polonium209 is available on special order from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a cost of $3600/µCi plus packing costs. Potassium — (English, potash — pot ashes; L. kalium, Arab. qali, alkali), K; at. wt. 39.0983(1); at. no. 19; m.p. 63.5°C; b.p. 759°C; sp. gr. 0.89; valence 1. Discovered in 1807 by Davy, who obtained it from caustic potash (KOH); this was the first metal isolated by electrolysis. The metal is the seventh most abundant and makes up about 2.4% by weight of the Earth’s crust. Most potassium minerals are insoluble and the metal is obtained from them only with great difficulty. Certain minerals, however, such as sylvite, carnallite, langbeinite, and polyhalite are found in ancient lake and sea beds and form rather extensive deposits from which potassium and its salts can readily be obtained.

4-28 Potash is mined in Germany, New Mexico, California, Utah, and elsewhere. Large deposits of potash, found at a depth of some 1000 m in Saskatchewan, promise to be important in coming years. Potassium is also found in the ocean, but is present only in relatively small amounts compared to sodium. The greatest demand for potash has been in its use for fertilizers. Potassium is an essential constituent for plant growth and it is found in most soils. Potassium is never found free in nature, but is obtained by electrolysis of the hydroxide, much in the same manner as prepared by Davy. Thermal methods also are commonly used to produce potassium (such as by reduction of potassium compounds with CaC2, C, Si, or Na). It is one of the most reactive and electropositive of metals. Except for lithium, it is the lightest known metal. It is soft, easily cut with a knife, and is silvery in appearance immediately after a fresh surface is exposed. It rapidly oxidizes in air and should be preserved in a mineral oil. As with other metals of the alkali group, it decomposes in water with the evolution of hydrogen. It catches fire spontaneously on water. Potassium and its salts impart a violet color to flames. Twenty-one isotopes, one of which is an isomer, of potassium are known. Ordinary potassium is composed of three isotopes, one of which is 40K (0.0117%), a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 1.26 × 109 years. The radioactivity presents no appreciable hazard. An alloy of sodium and potassium (NaK) is used as a heat-transfer medium. Many potassium salts are of utmost importance, including the hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, cyanide, sulfate, chromate, and dichromate. Metallic potassium is available commercially for about $1200/ kg (98% purity) or $75/g (99.95% purity). Praseodymium — (Gr. prasios, green, and didymos, twin), Pr; at. wt. 140.90765(2); at. no. 59; m.p. 931°C; b.p. 3520°C; sp. gr. 6.773; valence 3. In 1841 Mosander extracted the rare earth didymia from lanthana; in 1879, Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated a new earth, samaria, from didymia obtained from the mineral samarskite. Six years later, in 1885, von Welsbach separated didymia into two others, praseodymia and neodymia, which gave salts of different colors. As with other rare earths, compounds of these elements in solution have distinctive sharp spectral absorption bands or lines, some of which are only a few Angstroms wide. The element occurs along with other rare-earth elements in a variety of minerals. Monazite and bastnasite are the two principal commercial sources of the rare-earth metals. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to much easier isolation of the rare earths and the cost has dropped greatly. Thirty-seven isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Praseodymium can be prepared by several methods, such as by calcium reduction of the anhydrous chloride or fluoride. Misch metal, used in making cigarette lighters, contains about 5% praseodymium metal. Praseodymium is soft, silvery, malleable, and ductile. It was prepared in relatively pure form in 1931. It is somewhat more resistant to corrosion in air than europium, lanthanum, cerium, or neodymium, but it does develop a green oxide coating that splits off when exposed to air. As with other rare-earth metals it should be kept under a light mineral oil or sealed in plastic. The rare-earth oxides, including Pr2O3, are among the most refractory substances known. Along with other rare earths, it is widely used as a core material for carbon arcs used by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. Salts of praseodymium are used to color glasses and enamels; when mixed with certain other materials, praseodymium produces an intense and unusually clean yellow color

The Elements in glass. Didymium glass, of which praseodymium is a component, is a colorant for welder’s goggles. The metal (99.9% pure) is priced at about $4/g. Promethium — (Prometheus, who, according to mythology, stole fire from heaven), Pm; at. no. 61; at. wt. (145); m.p. 1042°C; b.p. 3000°C (est.); sp. gr. 7.264 (25°C); valence 3. In 1902 Branner predicted the existence of an element between neodymium and samarium, and this was confirmed by Moseley in 1914. Unsuccessful searches were made for this predicted element over two decades, and various investigators proposed the names “illinium,” “florentium,” and “cyclonium” for this element. In 1941, workers at Ohio State University irradiated neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, deuterons, and alpha particles, resp., and produced several new radioactivities, which most likely were those of Element 61. Wu and Segre, and Bethe, in 1942, confirmed the formation; however, chemical proof of the production of Element 61 was lacking because of the difficulty in separating the rare earths from each other at that time. In 1945, Marinsky, Glendenin, and Coryell made the first chemical identification by using ion-exchange chromatography. Their work was done by fission of uranium and by neutron bombardment of neodymium. These investigators named the newly discovered element. Searches for the element on Earth have been fruitless, and it now appears that promethium is completely missing from the Earth’s crust. Promethium, however, has been reported to be in the spectrum of the star HR465 in Andromeda. It must be formed near the star’s surface, for no known isotope of promethium has a half-life longer than 17.7 years. Thirty-five isotopes and isomers of promethium, with atomic masses from 130 to 158 are now known. Promethium-145, with a half-life of 17.7 years, is the most useful. Promethium-145 has a specific activity of 940 Ci/g. It is a soft beta emitter; although no gamma rays are emitted, X-radiation can be generated when beta particles impinge on elements of a high atomic number, and great care must be taken in handling it. Promethium salts luminesce in the dark with a pale blue or greenish glow, due to their high radioactivity. Ion-exchange methods led to the preparation of about 10 g of promethium from atomic reactor fuel processing wastes in early 1963. Little is yet generally known about the properties of metallic promethium. Two allotropic modifications exist. The element has applications as a beta source for thickness gages, and it can be absorbed by a phosphor to produce light. Light produced in this manner can be used for signs or signals that require dependable operation; it can be used as a nuclear-powered battery by capturing light in photocells that convert it into electric current. Such a battery, using 147Pm, would have a useful life of about 5 years. It is being used for fluorescent lighting starters and coatings for self-luminous watch dials. Promethium shows promise as a portable X-ray source, and it may become useful as a heat source to provide auxiliary power for space probes and satellites. More than 30 promethium compounds have been prepared. Most are colored. Protactinium — (Gr. protos, first), Pa; at. wt. 231.03588(2); at. no. 91; m.p. 1572°C; sp. gr. 15.37 (calc.); valence 4 or 5. The first isotope of Element 91 to be discovered was 234Pa, also known as UX2, a short-lived member of the naturally occurring 238U decay series. It was identified by K. Fajans and O. H. Gohring in 1913 and they named the new element brevium. When the longer-lived isotope 231Pa was identified by Hahn and Meitner

The Elements

4-29

in 1918, the name protoactinium was adopted as being more consistent with the characteristics of the most abundant isotope. Soddy, Cranson, and Fleck were also active in this work. The name protoactinium was shortened to protactinium in 1949. In 1927, Grosse prepared 2 mg of a white powder, which was shown to be Pa2O5. Later, in 1934, from 0.1 g of pure Pa2O5 he isolated the element by two methods, one of which was by converting the oxide to an iodide and “cracking” it in a high vacuum by an electrically heated filament by the reaction

2PaI 5 → 2Pa + 5I 2 Protactinium has a bright metallic luster that it retains for some time in air. The element occurs in pitchblende to the extent of about 1 part 231Pa to 10 million of ore. Ores from Congo-Kinshasa have about 3 ppm. Protactinium has twenty-eight isotopes and isomers, the most common of which is 231Pr with a half-life of 32,500 years. A number of protactinium compounds are known, some of which are colored. The element is superconductive below 1.4 K. The element is a dangerous toxic material and requires precautions similar to those used when handling plutonium. In 1959 and 1961, it was announced that the Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority extracted by a 12-stage process 125 g of 99.9% protactinium, the world’s only stock of the metal for many years to come. The extraction was made from 60 tons of waste material at a cost of about $500,000. Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements.

Radium — (L. radius, ray), Ra; at. wt. (226); at. no. 88; m.p. 696°C; sp. gr. 5; valence 2. Radium was discovered in 1898 by M. and Mme. Curie in the pitchblende or uraninite of North Bohemia (Czech Republic), where it occurs. There is about 1 g of radium in 7 tons of pitchblende. The element was isolated in 1911 by Mme. Curie and Debierne by the electrolysis of a solution of pure radium chloride, employing a mercury cathode; on distillation in an atmosphere of hydrogen this amalgam yielded the pure metal. Originally, radium was obtained from the rich pitchblende ore found at Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The carnotite sands of Colorado furnish some radium, but richer ores are found in the Republic of Congo-Kinshasa and the Great Bear Lake region of Canada. Radium is present in all uranium minerals, and could be extracted, if desired, from the extensive wastes of uranium processing. Large uranium deposits are located in Ontario, New Mexico, Utah, Australia, and elsewhere. Radium is obtained commercially as the bromide or chloride; it is doubtful if any appreciable stock of the isolated element now exists. The pure metal is brilliant white when freshly prepared, but blackens on exposure to air, probably due to formation of the nitride. It exhibits luminescence, as do its salts; it decomposes in water and is somewhat more volatile than barium. It is a member of the alkaline-earth group of metals. Radium imparts a carmine red color to a flame. Radium emits alpha, beta, and gamma rays and when mixed with beryllium produce neutrons. One gram of 226Ra undergoes 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations per s. The curie (Ci) is defined as that amount of radioactivity which has the same disintegration rate as 1 g of 226Ra. Thirty-six isotopes are now known; radium 226, the common isotope, has a half-life of 1599 years. One gram of radium produces about 0.0001 mL (stp) of emanation, or radon gas, per day. This is pumped from the radium and sealed in minute tubes, which are used in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. One gram of radium yields about 4186 kJ per year. Radium is used in producing self-luminous

paints, neutron sources, and in medicine for the treatment of cancer. Some of the more recently discovered radioisotopes, such as 60Co, are now being used in place of radium. Some of these sources are much more powerful, and others are safer to use. Radium loses about 1% of its activity in 25 years, being transformed into elements of lower atomic weight. Lead is a final product of disintegration. Stored radium should be ventilated to prevent build-up of radon. Inhalation, injection, or body exposure to radium can cause cancer and other body disorders. The maximum permissible burden in the total body for 226Ra is 7400 becquerel. Radon — (from radium; called niton at first, L. nitens, shining), Rn; at. wt. (222); at. no. 86; m.p. –71°C; b.p. –61.7°C; tc 104°C; density of gas 9.73 g/L; sp. gr. liquid 4.4 at –62°C, solid 4; valence usually 0. The element was discovered in 1900 by Dorn, who called it radium emanation. In 1908 Ramsay and Gray, who named it niton, isolated the element and determined its density, finding it to be the heaviest known gas. It is essentially inert and occupies the last place in the zero group of gases in the Periodic Table. Since 1923, it has been called radon. Thirty-seven isotopes and isomers are known. Radon-222, coming from radium, has a half-life of 3.823 days and is an alpha emitter; Radon-220, emanating naturally from thorium and called thoron, has a half-life of 55.6 s and is also an alpha emitter. Radon-219 emanates from actinium and is called actinon. It has a half-life of 3.9 s and is also an alpha emitter. It is estimated that every square mile of soil to a depth of 6 inches contains about 1 g of radium, which releases radon in tiny amounts to the atmosphere. Radon is present in some spring waters, such as those at Hot Springs, Arkansas. On the average, one part of radon is present to 1 × 1021 part of air. At ordinary temperatures radon is a colorless gas; when cooled below the freezing point, radon exhibits a brilliant phosphorescence which becomes yellow as the temperature is lowered and orange-red at the temperature of liquid air. It has been reported that fluorine reacts with radon, forming radon fluoride. Radon clathrates have also been reported. Radon is still produced for therapeutic use by a few hospitals by pumping it from a radium source and sealing it in minute tubes, called seeds or needles, for application to patients. This practice has now been largely discontinued as hospitals can order the seeds directly from suppliers, who make up the seeds with the desired activity for the day of use. Care must be taken in handling radon, as with other radioactive materials. The main hazard is from inhalation of the element and its solid daughters, which are collected on dust in the air. Good ventilation should be provided where radium, thorium, or actinium is stored to prevent build-up of this element. Radon build-up is a health consideration in uranium mines. Recently radon build-up in homes has been a concern. Many deaths from lung cancer are caused by radon exposure. In the U.S. it is recommended that remedial action be taken if the air from radon in homes exceeds 4 pCi/L. Rhenium — (L. Rhenus, Rhine), Re; at. wt. 186.207(1); at. no. 75; m.p. 3185°C; b.p. 5596°C; sp. gr. 20.8 (20°C); valence –1, +1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Discovery of rhenium is generally attributed to Noddack, Tacke, and Berg, who announced in 1925 they had detected the element in platinum ores and columbite. They also found the element in gadolinite and molybdenite. By working up 660 kg of molybdenite they were able in 1928 to extract 1 g of rhenium. The price in 1928 was $10,000/g. Rhenium does not occur free in nature or as a compound in a distinct mineral

4-30 species. It is, however, widely spread throughout the Earth’s crust to the extent of about 0.001 ppm. Commercial rhenium in the U.S. today is obtained from molybdenite roaster-flue dusts obtained from copper-sulfide ores mined in the vicinity of Miami, Arizona, and elsewhere in Arizona and Utah. Some molybdenites contain from 0.002 to 0.2% rhenium. It is estimated that in 1999 about 16,000 kg of rhenium was being produced. The total estimated world reserves of rhenium is 11,000,000 kg. Natural rhenium is a mixture of two isotopes, one of which has a very long half-life. Thirty-nine other unstable isotopes are recognized. Rhenium metal is prepared by reducing ammonium perrhenate with hydrogen at elevated temperatures. The element is silvery white with a metallic luster; its density is exceeded by that of only platinum, iridium, and osmium, and its melting point is exceeded by that of only tungsten and carbon. It has other useful properties. The usual commercial form of the element is a powder, but it can be consolidated by pressing and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This produces a compact shape in excess of 90% of the density of the metal. Annealed rhenium is very ductile, and can be bent, coiled, or rolled. Rhenium is used as an additive to tungsten and molybdenum-based alloys to impart useful properties. It is widely used for filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gages. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductive at 10 K. Rhenium is also used as an electrical contact material as it has good wear resistance and withstands arc corrosion. Thermocouples made of Re-W are used for measuring temperatures up to 2200°C, and rhenium wire has been used in photoflash lamps for photography. Rhenium catalysts are exceptionally resistant to poisoning from nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, and are used for hydrogenation of fine chemicals, hydrocracking, reforming, and disproportionation of olefins. Rhenium has recently become especially important as a catalyst for petroleum refining and in making super-alloys for jet engines. Rhenium costs about $16/g (99.99% pure). Little is known of its toxicity; therefore, it should be handled with care until more data are available. Rhodium — (Gr. rhodon, rose), Rh; at. wt. 102.90550(2); at. no. 45; m.p. 1964°C; b.p. 3695°C; sp. gr. 12.41 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Wollaston discovered rhodium in 1803-4 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America. Rhodium occurs native with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide ores of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring here is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium in 1999 was only about 9000 kg. The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changes in air to the sesquioxide. At higher temperatures it converts back to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. Its major use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, thermocouple elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. It has a high reflectance and is hard and durable. Rhodium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst. Fifty-two isotopes

The Elements and isomers are now known. Rhodium metal (powder) costs about $180/g (99.9%). Roentgenium — (Wilhelm Roentgen, discoverer of X-rays), Rg. On December 20, 1994, scientists at GSI Darmstadt, Germany announced they had detected three atoms of a new element with 111 protons and 161 neutrons. This element was made by bombarding 83Bi with 28Ni. Signals of Element 111 appeared for less than 0.002 s, then decayed into lighter elements including Element 268109 and Element 264107. These isotopes had not previously been observed. In 2004 IUPAC approved the name roentgenium for Element 111. Roentgenium is expected to have properties similar to gold. Rubidium — (L. rubidus, deepest red), Rb; at. wt. 85.4678(3); at. no. 37; m.p. 39.30°C; b.p. 688°C; sp. gr. (solid) 1.532 (20°C), (liquid) 1.475 (39°C); valence 1, 2, 3, 4. Discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in the mineral lepidolite by use of the spectroscope. The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, carnallite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. Rubidium can be liquid at room temperature. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group and is the second most electropositive and alkaline element. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently in water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. As with other alkali metals, it forms amalgams with mercury and it alloys with gold, cesium, sodium, and potassium. It colors a flame yellowish violet. Rubidium metal can be prepared by reducing rubidium chloride with calcium, and by a number of other methods. It must be kept under a dry mineral oil or in a vacuum or inert atmosphere. Thirty-five isotopes and isomers of rubidium are known. Naturally occurring rubidium is made of two isotopes, 85Rb and 87Rb. Rubidium-87 is present to the extent of 27.83% in natural rubidium and is a beta emitter with a half-life of 4.9 × 1010 years. Ordinary rubidium is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic film in about 30 to 60 days. Rubidium forms four oxides: Rb2O, Rb2O2, Rb2O3, Rb2O4. Because rubidium can be easily ionized, it has been considered for use in “ion engines” for space vehicles; however, cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose. It is also proposed for use as a working fluid for vapor turbines and for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magnetohydrodynamic principle where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field. These conduct electricity and act like an armature of a generator thereby generating an electric current. Rubidium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes and as a photocell component. It has been used in making special glasses. RbAg4I5 is important, as it has the highest room-temperature conductivity of any known ionic crystal. At 20°C its conductivity is about the same as dilute sulfuric acid. This suggests use in thin film batteries and other applications. The present cost in small quantities is about $50/g (99.8% pure). Ruthenium — (L. Ruthenia, Russia), Ru; at. wt. 101.07(2); at. no. 44, m.p. 2334°C; b.p. 4150°C; sp. gr. 12.1 (20°C); valence 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Berzelius and Osann in 1827 examined the

The Elements

4-31

residues left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural mountains in aqua regia. While Berzelius found no unusual metals, Osann thought he found three new metals, one of which he named ruthenium. In 1844 Klaus, generally recognized as the discoverer, showed that Osann’s ruthenium oxide was very impure and that it contained a new metal. Klaus obtained 6 g of ruthenium from the portion of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia. A member of the platinum group, ruthenium occurs native with other members of the group of ores found in the Ural mountains and in North and South America. It is also found along with other platinum metals in small but commercial quantities in pentlandite of the Sudbury, Ontario, nickel-mining region, and in pyroxinite deposits of South Africa. Natural ruthenium contains seven isotopes. Twenty-eight other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive. The metal is isolated commercially by a complex chemical process, the final stage of which is the hydrogen reduction of ammonium ruthenium chloride, which yields a powder. The powder is consolidated by powder metallurgy techniques or by argon-arc welding. Ruthenium is a hard, white metal and has four crystal modifications. It does not tarnish at room temperatures, but oxidizes in air at about 800°C. The metal is not attacked by hot or cold acids or aqua regia, but when potassium chlorate is added to the solution, it oxidizes explosively. It is attacked by halogens, hydroxides, etc. Ruthenium can be plated by electrodeposition or by thermal decomposition methods. The metal is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium, and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistance. A ruthenium–molybdenum alloy is said to be superconductive at 10.6 K. The corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a hundredfold by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. It is a versatile catalyst. Hydrogen sulfide can be split catalytically by light using an aqueous suspension of CdS particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. It is thought this may have application to removal of H2S in oil refining and other industrial processes. Compounds in at least eight oxidation states have been found, but of these, the +2. +3. and +4 states are the most common. Ruthenium tetroxide, like osmium tetroxide, is highly toxic. In addition, it may explode. Ruthenium compounds show a marked resemblance to those of osmium. The metal is priced at about $25/g (99.95% pure). Rutherfordium — (Ernest Rutherford [1871–1937], New Zealand, Canadian, and British physicist); Rf; at. wt. [261]; at. no. 104. In 1964, workers of the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (Russia) bombarded plutonium with accelerated 113 to 115 MeV neon ions. By measuring fission tracks in a special glass with a microscope, they detected an isotope that decays by spontaneous fission. They suggested that this isotope, which has a half-life of 0.3 ± 0.1 s, might be 260104, produced by the following reaction:

242   94

22 Pu +10 Ne → 260 104 + 4 n

Element 104, the first transactinide element, is expected to have chemical properties similar to those of hafnium. It would, for example, form a relatively volatile compound with chlorine (a tetrachloride). The Soviet scientists have performed experiments aimed at chemical identification, and have attempted to show that the 0.3-s activity is more volatile than that of the relatively nonvolatile actinide trichlorides. This experiment does not fulfill the test of chemically separating the new element from all others, but it provides important evidence for

evaluation. New data, reportedly issued by Soviet scientists, have reduced the half-life of the isotope they worked with from 0.3 to 0.15 s. The Dubna scientists suggest the name kurchatovium and symbol Ku for Element 104, in honor of Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903–1960), late Head of Soviet Nuclear Research. The Dubna Group also has proposed the name dubnium for Element 104. In 1969, Ghiorso, Nurmia, Harris, K. A. Y. Eskola, and P. I. Eskola of the University of California at Berkeley reported they had positively identified two, and possibly three, isotopes of Element 104. The group also indicated that after repeated attempts so far they have been unable to produce isotope 260104 reported by the Dubna groups in 1964. The discoveries at Berkeley were made by bombarding a target of 249Cf with 12C nuclei of 71 MeV, and 13C nuclei of 69 MeV. The combination of 12C with 249Cf followed by instant emission of four neutrons produced Element 257104. This isotope has a half-life of 4 to 5 s, decaying by emitting an alpha particle into 253No, with a half-life of 105 s. The same reaction, except with the emission of three neutrons, was thought to have produced 258104 with a half-life of about 1/100 s. Element 259104 is formed by the merging of a 13C nuclei with 249 Cf, followed by emission of three neutrons. This isotope has a half-life of 3 to 4 s, and decays by emitting an alpha particle into 255No, which has a half-life of 185 s. Thousands of atoms of 257104 and 259104 have been detected. The Berkeley group believes its identification of 258104 was correct. Eleven isotopes of Element 104 have now been identified. The Berkeley group proposed the name rutherfordium (symbol Rf ) for the new element, in honor of Ernest Rutherford. This name was formally adapted by IUPAC in August 1997. Samarium — (Samarskite, a mineral), Sm; at. wt. 150.36(3); at. no. 62; m.p. 1072°C; b.p. 1794°C; sp. gr (α) 7.520 (25°C); valence 2 or 3. Discovered spectroscopically by its sharp absorption lines in 1879 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in the mineral samarskite, named in honor of a Russian mine official, Col. Samarski. Samarium is found along with other members of the rare-earth-elements in many minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are commercial sources. The largest producer of rare-earth minerals is now China, followed by the U.S., India, and Russia. It occurs in monazite to the extent of 2.8%. While misch metal containing about 1% of samarium metal has long been used, samarium has not been isolated in relatively pure form until recently. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have recently simplified separation of the rare earths from one another; more recently, electrochemical deposition, using an electrolytic solution of lithium citrate and a mercury electrode, is said to be a simple, fast, and highly specific way to separate the rare earths. Samarium metal can be produced by reducing the oxide with barium or lanthanum. Samarium has a bright silver luster and is reasonably stable in air. Three crystal modifications of the metal exist, with transformations at 734 and 922°C. The metal ignites in air at about 150°C. Thirty-three isotopes and isomers of samarium are now recognized. Natural samarium is a mixture of seven isotopes, three of which are unstable but have long half-lives. Samarium, along with other rare earths, is used for carbonarc lighting for the motion picture industry. The sulfide has excellent high-temperature stability and good thermoelectric efficiencies up to 1100°C. SmCo5 has been used in making a new permanent magnet material with the highest resistance to demagnetization of any known material. It is said to have an intrinsic coercive force as high as 2200 kA/m. Samarium oxide has been used in optical glass to absorb the infrared.

The Elements

4-32 Samarium is used to dope calcium fluoride crystals for use in optical masers or lasers. Compounds of the metal act as sensitizers for phosphors excited in the infrared; the oxide exhibits catalytic properties in the dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethyl alcohol. It is used in infrared absorbing glass and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors. The metal is priced at about $3.50/g (99.9%). Little is known of the toxicity of samarium; therefore, it should be handled carefully. Scandium — (L. Scandia, Scandinavia), Sc; at. wt. 44.955912(6); at. no. 21; m.p. 1541°C; b.p. 2836°C; sp. gr. 2.989 (25°C); valence 3. On the basis of the Periodic System, Mendeleev predicted the existence of ekaboron, which would have an atomic weight between 40 of calcium and 48 of titanium. The element was discovered by Nilson in 1878 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite, which had not yet been found anywhere except in Scandinavia. By processing 10 kg of euxenite and other residues of rare-earth minerals, Nilson was able to prepare about 2 g of scandium oxide of high purity. Cleve later pointed out that Nilson’s scandium was identical with Mendeleev’s ekaboron. Scandium is apparently a much more abundant element in the sun and certain stars than here on Earth. It is about the 23rd most abundant element in the sun, compared to the 50th most abundant on Earth. It is widely distributed on Earth, occurring in very minute quantities in over 800 mineral species. The blue color of beryl (aquamarine variety) is said to be due to scandium. It occurs as a principal component in the rare mineral thortveitite, found in Scandinavia and Malagasy. It is also found in the residues remaining after the extraction of tungsten from Zinnwald wolframite, and in wiikite and bazzite. Most scandium is presently being recovered from thortveitite or is extracted as a by-product from uranium mill tailings. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer, Brunger, and Grieneisen, who electrolyzed a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800°C. Tungsten wire and a pool of molten zinc served as the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Pure scandium is now produced by reducing scandium fluoride with calcium metal. The production of the first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was announced in 1960. Scandium is a silver-white metal that develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. It is relatively soft, and resembles yttrium and the rare-earth metals more than it resembles aluminum or titanium. It is a very light metal and has a much higher melting point than aluminum, making it of interest to designers of spacecraft. Scandium is not attacked by a 1:1 mixture of conc. HNO3 and 48% HF. Scandium reacts rapidly with many acids. Twentythree isotopes and isomers of scandium are recognized. The metal is expensive, costing about $200/g with a purity of about 99.9%. About 20 kg of scandium (as Sc2O3) are now being used yearly in the U.S. to produce high-intensity lights, and the radioactive isotope 46Sc is used as a tracing agent in refinery crackers for crude oil, etc. Scandium iodide added to mercury vapor lamps produces a highly efficient light source resembling sunlight, which is important for indoor or night-time color TV. Little is yet known about the toxicity of scandium; therefore, it should be handled with care. Seaborgium — (Glenn T. Seaborg [1912–1999], American chemist and nuclear physicist). Sg; at. wt. [266]; at no. 106. The discovery of Seaborgium, Element 106, took place in 1974 almost simultaneously at the Lawrence-Berkeley Laboratory and at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia. The Berkeley Group, under direction of Ghiorso, used the Super-

Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (Super HILAC) as a source of heavy 18O ions to bombard a 259-µg target of 249Cf. This resulted in the production and positive identification of 263106, which decayed with a half-life of 0.9 ± 0.2 s by the emission of alpha particles as follows:

263

106 α →

259

104 α →

255

No α →.

The Dubna Team, directed by Flerov and Organessian, produced heavy ions of 54Cr with their 310-cm heavy-ion cyclotron to bombard 207Pb and 208Pb and found a product that decayed with a half-life of 7 ms. They assigned 259106 to this isotope. It is now thought seven isotopes of Seaborgium have been identified. Two of the isotopes are believed to have halflives of about 30 s. Seaborgium most likely would have properties resembling tungsten. The IUPAC adopted the name Seaborgium in August 1997. Normally the naming of an element is not given until after the death of the person for which the element is named; however, in this case, it was named while Dr. Seaborg was still alive. Selenium — (Gr. Selene, moon), Se; at. wt. 78.96(3); at. no. 34; m.p. (gray) 221°C; b.p. (gray) 685°C; sp. gr. (gray) 4.79, (vitreous) 4.28; valence –2, +4, or +6. Discovered by Berzelius in 1817, who found it associated with tellurium, named for the Earth. Selenium is found in a few rare minerals, such as crooksite and clausthalite. In years past it has been obtained from flue dusts remaining from processing copper sulfide ores, but the anode muds from electrolytic copper refineries now provide the source of most of the world’s selenium. Selenium is recovered by roasting the muds with soda or sulfuric acid, or by smelting them with soda and niter. Selenium exists in several allotropic forms. Three are generally recognized, but as many as six have been claimed. Selenium can be prepared with either an amorphous or crystalline structure. The color of amorphous selenium is either red, in powder form, or black, in vitreous form. Crystalline monoclinic selenium is a deep red; crystalline hexagonal selenium, the most stable variety, is a metallic gray. Natural selenium contains six stable isotopes. Twentynine other isotopes and isomers have been characterized. The element is a member of the sulfur family and resembles sulfur both in its various forms and in its compounds. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. These properties make selenium useful in the production of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Selenium is also able to convert a.c. electricity to d.c., and is extensively used in rectifiers. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and is finding many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. It is used in xerography for reproducing and copying documents, letters, etc., but recently its use in this application has been decreasing in favor of certain organic compounds. It is used by the glass industry to decolorize glass and to make rubycolored glasses and enamels. It is also used as a photographic toner, and as an additive to stainless steel. Elemental selenium has been said to be practically nontoxic and is considered to be an essential trace element; however, hydrogen selenide and other selenium compounds are extremely toxic, and resemble arsenic in their physiological reactions. Hydrogen selenide in a concentration of 1.5 ppm is intolerable to man. Selenium occurs in some soils in amounts sufficient to produce serious effects on animals feeding on plants, such as locoweed, grown

The Elements in such soils. Selenium (99.5%) is priced at about $250/kg. It is also available in high-purity form at a cost of about $350/kg (99.999%). Silicon — (L. silex, silicis, flint), Si; at. wt. 28.0855(3); at. no. 14; m.p. 1414°C; b.p. 3265°C; sp. gr. 2.33 (25°C); valence 4. Davy in 1800 thought silica to be a compound and not an element; later in 1811, Gay Lussac and Thenard probably prepared impure amorphous silicon by heating potassium with silicon tetrafluoride. Berzelius, generally credited with the discovery, in 1824 succeeded in preparing amorphous silicon by the same general method as used earlier, but he purified the product by removing the fluosilicates by repeated washings. Deville in 1854 first prepared crystalline silicon, the second allotropic form of the element. Silicon is present in the sun and stars and is a principal component of a class of meteorites known as “aerolites.” It is also a component of tektites, a natural glass of uncertain origin. Natural silicon contains three isotopes. Twenty-four other radioactive isotopes are recognized. Silicon makes up 25.7% of the Earth’s crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. Silicon is not found free in nature, but occurs chiefly as the oxide and as silicates. Sand, quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper, and opal are some of the forms in which the oxide appears. Granite, hornblende, asbestos, feldspar, clay mica, etc. are but a few of the numerous silicate minerals. Silicon is prepared commercially by heating silica and carbon in an electric furnace, using carbon electrodes. Several other methods can be used for preparing the element. Amorphous silicon can be prepared as a brown powder, which can be easily melted or vaporized. Crystalline silicon has a metallic luster and grayish color. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Hyperpure silicon can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of ultra-pure trichlorosilane in a hydrogen atmosphere, and by a vacuum float zone process. This product can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus, or arsenic to produce silicon for use in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices that are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silicon is a relatively inert element, but it is attacked by halogens and dilute alkali. Most acids, except hydrofluoric, do not affect it. Silicones are important products of silicon. They may be prepared by hydrolyzing a silicon organic chloride, such as dimethyl silicon chloride. Hydrolysis and condensation of various substituted chlorosilanes can be used to produce a very great number of polymeric products, or silicones, ranging from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Elemental silicon transmits more than 95% of all wavelengths of infrared, from 1.3 to 6.7 µm. Silicon is one of man’s most useful elements. In the form of sand and clay it is used to make concrete and brick; it is a useful refractory material for high-temperature work, and in the form of silicates it is used in making enamels, pottery, etc. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Glass can be made in a very great variety of shapes, and is used as containers, window glass, insulators, and thousands of other uses. Silicon tetrachloride can be used to iridize glass. Silicon is important in plant and animal life. Diatoms in both fresh and salt water extract silica from the water to build up their cell walls. Silica is present in ashes of plants and in the human

4-33 skeleton. Silicon is an important ingredient in steel; silicon carbide is one of the most important abrasives and has been used in lasers to produce coherent light of 4560 Å. A remarkable material, first discovered in 1930, is Aerogel, which is now used by NASA in their space missions to collect cometary and interplanet dust. Aerogel is a highly insulative material that has the lowest density of any known solid. One form of Aerogel is 99.9% air and 0.1% SiO2 by volume. It is 1000 times less dense than glass. It has been called “blue smoke” or “solid smoke.” A block of Aerogel as large as a person may weigh less than a pound and yet support the weight of 1000 lbs (455 kg). This material is expected to trap cometary particles traveling at speeds of 32 km/sec. Aerogel is said to be non-toxic and non-inflammable. It has high thermal insulating qualities that could be used in home insulation. Its light weight may have aircraft applications. Regular grade silicon (99.5%) costs about $160/kg. Silicon (99.9999%) pure costs about $200/kg; hyperpure silicon is available at a higher cost. Miners, stonecutters, and other engaged in work where siliceous dust is breathed in large quantities often develop a serious lung disease known as silicosis. Silver — (Anglo-Saxon, Seolfor siolfur), Ag (L. argentum), at. wt. 107.8682(2); at. no. 47; m.p. 961.78°C; b.p. 2162°C; sp. gr. 10.50 (20°C); valence 1, 2. Silver has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in Genesis. Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C. Silver occurs native and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal silver producers in the western hemisphere. Silver is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper. Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver. Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially. Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. The alloys of silver are important. Sterling silver is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount. This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal. Silver is of utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going into this application. It is used for dental alloys. Silver is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver–zinc and silver–cadmium batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. It is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrodeposition, or by evaporation. When freshly deposited, it is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnishes and loses much of its reflectance. It is a poor reflector of ultraviolet. Silver fulminate (Ag2C2N2O2), a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process. Silver iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain. Silver chloride has interesting optical properties as it can be made transparent; it also is a cement for glass. Silver nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography. While silver itself is not considered to be toxic, most of its salts are poisonous. Natural silver contains two stable isotopes. Fifty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are

4-34 known. Silver compounds can be absorbed in the circulatory system and reduced silver deposited in the various tissues of the body. A condition, known as argyria, results with a greyish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. Silver has germicidal effects and kills many lower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals. Silver for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world. In recent times, however, consumption of silver has at times greatly exceeded the output. In 1939, the price of silver was fixed by the U.S. Treasury at 71¢/troy oz., and at 90.5¢/troy oz. in 1946. In November 1961 the U.S. Treasury suspended sales of nonmonetized silver, and the price stabilized for a time at about $1.29, the melt-down value of silver U.S. coins. The Coinage Act of 1965 authorized a change in the metallic composition of the three U.S. subsidiary denominations to clad or composite type coins. This was the first change in U.S. coinage since the monetary system was established in 1792. Clad dimes and quarters are made of an outer layer of 75% Cu and 25% Ni bonded to a central core of pure Cu. The composition of the one- and five-cent pieces remains unchanged. One-cent coins are 95% Cu and 5% Zn. Five-cent coins are 75% Cu and 25% Ni. Old silver dollars are 90% Ag and 10% Cu. Earlier subsidiary coins of 90% Ag and 10% Cu officially were to circulate alongside the clad coins; however, in practice they have largely disappeared (Gresham’s Law), as the value of the silver is now greater than their exchange value. Silver coins of other countries have largely been replaced with coins made of other metals. On June 24, 1968, the U.S. Government ceased to redeem U.S. Silver Certificates with silver. Since that time, the price of silver has fluctuated widely. As of January 2002, the price of silver was about $4.10/troy oz. (13¢/g); however the price has fluctuated considerably due to market instability. The price of silver in 2001 was only about four times the cost of the metal about 150 years ago. This has largely been caused by Central Banks disposing of some of their silver reserves and the development of more productive mines with better refining methods. Also, silver has been displaced by other metals or processes, such as digital photography. Sodium — (English, soda; Medieval Latin, sodanum, headache remedy), Na (L. natrium); at. wt. 22.98976928(2); at. no. 11; m.p. 97.80°C; b.p. 883°C; sp. gr. 0.971 (20°C); valence 1. Long recognized in compounds, sodium was first isolated by Davy in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic soda. Sodium is present in fair abundance in the sun and stars. The D lines of sodium are among the most prominent in the solar spectrum. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element on earth, comprising about 2.6% of the Earth’s crust; it is the most abundant of the alkali group of metals of which it is a member. The most common compound is sodium chloride, but it occurs in many other minerals, such as soda niter, cryolite, amphibole, zeolite, sodalite, etc. It is a very reactive element and is never found free in nature. It is now obtained commercially by the electrolysis of absolutely dry fused sodium chloride. This method is much cheaper than that of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide, as was used several years ago. Sodium is a soft, bright, silvery metal that floats on water, decomposing it with the evolution of hydrogen and the formation of the hydroxide. It may or may not ignite spontaneously on water, depending on the amount of oxide and metal exposed to the water. It normally does not ignite in air at temperatures below 115°C. Sodium should be handled with respect, as it can be dangerous when improperly handled. Metallic sodium is vital in the manufacture of sodamide and esters, and in the preparation of organic

The Elements compounds. The metal may be used to improve the structure of certain alloys, to descale metal, to purify molten metals, and as a heat transfer agent. An alloy of sodium with potassium, NaK, is also an important heat transfer agent. Sodium compounds are important to the paper, glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries. Soap is generally a sodium salt of certain fatty acids. The importance of common salt to animal nutrition has been recognized since prehistoric times. Among the many compounds that are of the greatest industrial importance are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (hypo, Na2S2O3 · 5H2O), and borax (Na2B4O7 · 10H2O). Seventeen isotopes of sodium are recognized. Metallic sodium is priced at about $575/kg (99.95%). On a volume basis, it is the cheapest of all metals. Sodium metal should be handled with great care. It should be kept in an inert atmosphere and contact with water and other substances with which sodium reacts should be avoided. Strontium — (Strontian, town in Scotland), Sr; at. wt. 87.62(1); at. no. 38; m.p. 777°C; b.p. 1382°C; sp. gr. 2.64; valence 2. Isolated by Davey by electrolysis in 1808; however, Adair Crawford in 1790 recognized a new mineral (strontianite) as differing from other barium minerals (baryta). Strontium is found chiefly as celestite (SrSO4) and strontianite (SrCO3). Celestite is found in Mexico, Turkey, Iran, Spain, Algeria, and in the U.K. The U.S. has no active celestite mines. The metal can be prepared by electrolysis of the fused chloride mixed with potassium chloride, or is made by reducing strontium oxide with aluminum in a vacuum at a temperature at which strontium distills off. Three allotropic forms of the metal exist, with transition points at 235 and 540°C. Strontium is softer than calcium and decomposes water more vigorously. It does not absorb nitrogen below 380°C. It should be kept under mineral oil to prevent oxidation. Freshly cut strontium has a silvery appearance, but rapidly turns a yellowish color with the formation of the oxide. The finely divided metal ignites spontaneously in air. Volatile strontium salts impart a beautiful crimson color to flames, and these salts are used in pyrotechnics and in the production of flares. Natural strontium is a mixture of four stable isotopes. Thirty-two other unstable isotopes and isomers are known to exist. Of greatest importance is 90Sr with a half-life of 29 years. It is a product of nuclear fallout and presents a health problem. This isotope is one of the best long-lived high-energy beta emitters known, and is used in SNAP (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power) devices. These devices hold promise for use in space vehicles, remote weather stations, navigational buoys, etc., where a lightweight, long-lived, nuclear-electric power source is needed. The major use for strontium at present is in producing glass for color television picture tubes. All color TV and cathode ray tubes sold in the U.S. are required by law to contain strontium in the face plate glass to block X-ray emission. Strontium also improves the brilliance of the glass and the quality of the picture. It has also found use in producing ferrite magnets and in refining zinc. Strontium titanate is an interesting optical material as it has an extremely high refractive index and an optical dispersion greater than that of diamond. It has been used as a gemstone, but it is very soft. It does not occur naturally. Strontium metal (99% pure) costs about $220/kg. Sulfur — (Sanskrit, sulvere; L. sulphurium), S; at. wt. 32.065(5); at. no. 16; m.p. 115.21°C; b.p. 444.61°C; tc 1041°C; sp. gr. (rhombic) 2.07, (monoclinic) 2.00 (20°C); valence 2, 4, or 6. Known to the

The Elements ancients; referred to in Genesis as brimstone. Sulfur is found in meteorites. A dark area near the crater Aristarchus on the moon has been studied by R. W. Wood with ultraviolet light. This study suggests strongly that it is a sulfur deposit. Sulfur occurs native in the vicinity of volcanoes and hot springs. It is widely distributed in nature as iron pyrites, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar, stibnite, gypsum, Epsom salts, celestite, barite, etc. Sulfur is commercially recovered from wells sunk into the salt domes along the Gulf Coast of the U.S. It is obtained from these wells by the Frasch process, which forces heated water into the wells to melt the sulfur, which is then brought to the surface. Sulfur also occurs in natural gas and petroleum crudes and must be removed from these products. Formerly this was done chemically, which wasted the sulfur. New processes now permit recovery, and these sources promise to be very important. Large amounts of sulfur are being recovered from Alberta gas fields. Sulfur is a pale yellow, odorless, brittle solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide. In every state, whether gas, liquid or solid, elemental sulfur occurs in more than one allotropic form or modification; these present a confusing multitude of forms whose relations are not yet fully understood. Amorphous or “plastic” sulfur is obtained by fast cooling of the crystalline form. X-ray studies indicate that amorphous sulfur may have a helical structure with eight atoms per spiral. Crystalline sulfur seems to be made of rings, each containing eight sulfur atoms that fit together to give a normal X-ray pattern. Twenty-one isotopes of sulfur are now recognized. Four occur in natural sulfur, none of which is radioactive. A finely divided form of sulfur, known as flowers of sulfur, is obtained by sublimation. Sulfur readily forms sulfides with many elements. Sulfur is a component of black gunpowder, and is used in the vulcanization of natural rubber and a fungicide. It is also used extensively is making phosphatic fertilizers. A tremendous tonnage is used to produce sulfuric acid, the most important manufactured chemical. It is used in making sulfite paper and other papers, as a fumigant, and in the bleaching of dried fruits. The element is a good electrical insulator. Organic compounds containing sulfur are very important. Calcium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, carbon disulfide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide are but a few of the many other important compounds of sulfur. Sulfur is essential to life. It is a minor constituent of fats, body fluids, and skeletal minerals. Carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide should be handled carefully. Hydrogen sulfide in small concentrations can be metabolized, but in higher concentrations it can quickly cause death by respiratory paralysis. It is insidious in that it quickly deadens the sense of smell. Sulfur dioxide is a dangerous component in atmospheric pollution. Sulfur (99.999%) costs about $575/kg. Tantalum — (Gr. Tantalos, mythological character, father of Niobe), Ta; at. wt. 180.94788(2); at. no. 73; m.p. 3017°C; b.p. 5458°C; sp. gr. 16.4; valence 2?, 3, 4?, or 5. Discovered in 1802 by Ekeberg, but many chemists thought niobium and tantalum were identical elements until Rose, in 1844, and Marignac, in 1866, showed that niobic and tantalic acids were two different acids. The early investigators only isolated the impure metal. The first relatively pure ductile tantalum was produced by von Bolton in 1903. Tantalum occurs principally in the mineral columbite-tantalite (Fe, Mn)(Nb, Ta)2O6. Tantalum ores are found in Australia, Brazil, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, CongoKinshasa, Nigeria, and Canada. Separation of tantalum from niobium requires several complicated steps. Several methods are used to commercially produce the element, including

4-35 electrolysis of molten potassium fluorotantalate, reduction of potassium fluorotantalate with sodium, or reacting tantalum carbide with tantalum oxide. Thirty-four isotopes and isomers of tantalum are known to exist. Natural tantalum contains two isotopes, one of which is radioactive with a very long half-life. Tantalum is a gray, heavy, and very hard metal. When pure, it is ductile and can be drawn into fine wire, which is used as a filament for evaporating metals such as aluminum. Tantalum is almost completely immune to chemical attack at temperatures below 150°C, and is attacked only by hydrofluoric acid, acidic solutions containing the fluoride ion, and free sulfur trioxide. Alkalis attack it only slowly. At high temperatures, tantalum becomes much more reactive. The element has a melting point exceeded only by tungsten and rhenium. Tantalum is used to make a variety of alloys with desirable properties such as high melting point, high strength, good ductility, etc. Scientists at Los Alamos have produced a tantalum carbide graphite composite material that is said to be one of the hardest materials ever made. The compound has a melting point of 3738°C. Tantalum has good “gettering” ability at high temperatures, and tantalum oxide films are stable and have good rectifying and dielectric properties. Tantalum is used to make electrolytic capacitors and vacuum furnace parts, which account for about 60% of its use. The metal is also widely used to fabricate chemical process equipment, nuclear reactors, and aircraft and missile parts. Tantalum is completely immune to body liquids and is a nonirritating metal. It has, therefore, found wide use in making surgical appliances. Tantalum oxide is used to make special glass with a high index of refraction for camera lenses. The metal has many other uses. The price of (99.9%) tantalum is about $2/g. Technetium — (Gr. technetos, artificial), Tc; at. wt. (98); at. no. 43; m.p. 2157°C; b.p. 4265°C; sp. gr. 11.50 (calc.); valence 0, +2, +4, +5, +6, and +7. Element 43 was predicted on the basis of the periodic table, and was erroneously reported as having been discovered in 1925, at which time it was named masurium. The element was actually discovered by Perrier and Segre in Italy in 1937. It was found in a sample of molybdenum that was bombarded by deuterons in the Berkeley cyclotron, and which E. Lawrence sent to these investigators. Technetium was the first element to be produced artificially. Since its discovery, searches for the element in terrestrial materials have been made without success. If it does exist, the concentration must be very small. Technetium has been found in the spectrum of S-, M-, and N-type stars, and its presence in stellar matter is leading to new theories of the production of heavy elements in the stars. Forty-three isotopes and isomers of technetium, with mass numbers ranging from 86 to 113, are known. 97Tc has a half-life of 2.6 × 106 years. 98Tc has a half-life of 4.2 × 106 years. The isomeric isotope 95mTc, with a half-life of 61 days, is useful for tracer work, as it produces energetic gamma rays. Technetium metal has been produced in kilogram quantities. The metal was first prepared by passing hydrogen gas at 1100°C over Tc2S7. It is now conveniently prepared by the reduction of ammonium pertechnetate with hydrogen. Technetium is a silvery-gray metal that tarnishes slowly in moist air. Until 1960, technetium was available only in small amounts and the price was as high as $2800/g, but the price is now of the order of $100/g. The chemistry of technetium is similar to that of rhenium. Technetium dissolves in nitric acid, aqua regia, and concentrated sulfuric acid, but is not soluble in hydrochloric acid of any strength. The element is a remarkable corrosion inhibitor for steel. It is reported that

4-36 mild carbon steels may be effectively protected by as little as 55 ppm of KTcO4 in aerated distilled water at temperatures up to 250°C. This corrosion protection is limited to closed systems, since technetium is radioactive and must be confined. 99 Tc has a specific activity of 6.2 × 108 Bq/g. Activity of this level must not be allowed to spread. 99Tc is a contamination hazard and should be handled in a glove box. The metal is an excellent superconductor at 11K and below. Tellurium — (L. tellus, earth), Te; at. wt. 127.60(3); at. no. 52; m.p. 449.51°C; b.p. 988°C; sp. gr. 6.23 (20°C); valence –2, 4, or 6. Discovered by Muller von Reichenstein in 1782; named by Klaproth, who isolated it in 1798. Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from the anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest producers of the element. Crystalline tellurium has a silvery-white appearance, and when pure exhibits a metallic luster. It is brittle and easily pulverized. Amorphous tellurium is formed by precipitating tellurium from a solution of telluric or tellurous acid. Whether this form is truly amorphous, or made of minute crystals, is open to question. Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms. Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light. It can be doped with silver, copper, gold, tin, or other elements. In air, tellurium burns with a greenish-blue flame, forming the dioxide. Molten tellurium corrodes iron, copper, and stainless steel. Tellurium and its compounds are probably toxic and should be handled with care. Workmen exposed to as little as 0.01 mg/m3 of air, or less, develop “tellurium breath,” which has a garlic-like odor. Forty-two isotopes and isomers of tellurium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 106 to 138. Natural tellurium consists of eight isotopes, two of which are radioactive with very long half-lives. Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium catalysts are used in the oxidation of organic compounds and are used in hydrogenation and halogenation reactions. Tellurium is also used in electronic and semiconductor devices. It is also used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices. Tellurium costs about 50¢/g, with a purity of about 99.5%. The metal with a purity of 99.9999% costs about $5/g. Terbium — (Ytterby, village in Sweden), Tb; at. wt. 158.92534(2); at. no. 65; m.p. 1356°C; b.p. 3230°C; sp. gr. 8.230; valence 3, 4. Discovered by Mosander in 1843. Terbium is a member of the lanthanide or “rare earth” group of elements. It is found in cerite, gadolinite, and other minerals along with other rare earths. It is recovered commercially from monazite in which it is present to the extent of 0.03%, from xenotime, and from euxenite, a complex oxide containing 1% or more of terbia. Terbium has been isolated only in recent years with the development of ion-exchange techniques for separating the rareearth elements. As with other rare earths, it can be produced by reducing the anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal in a tantalum crucible. Calcium and tantalum impurities can be removed by vacuum remelting. Other methods of isolation are possible. Terbium is reasonably stable in air. It is

The Elements a silver-gray metal, and is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Two crystal modifications exist, with a transformation temperature of 1289°C. Forty-two isotopes and isomers are recognized. The oxide is a chocolate or dark maroon color. Sodium terbium borate is used as a laser material and emits coherent light at 0.546 µm. Terbium is used to dope calcium fluoride, calcium tungstate, and strontium molybdate, used in solid-state devices. The oxide has potential application as an activator for green phosphors used in color TV tubes. It can be used with ZrO2 as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells that operate at elevated temperature. Few other uses have been found. The element is priced at about $40/g (99.9%). Little is known of the toxicity of terbium. It should be handled with care as with other lanthanide elements. Thallium — (Gr. thallos, a green shoot or twig), Tl; at. wt. 204.3833(2); at. no. 81; m.p. 304°C; b.p. 1473°C; sp. gr. 11.85 (20°C); valence 1, or 3. Thallium was discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by Crookes. The element was named after the beautiful green spectral line, which identified the element. The metal was isolated both by Crookes and Lamy in 1862 about the same time. Thallium occurs in crooksite, lorandite, and hutchinsonite. It is also present in pyrites and is recovered from the roasting of this ore in connection with the production of sulfuric acid. It is also obtained from the smelting of lead and zinc ores. Extraction is somewhat complex and depends on the source of the thallium. Manganese nodules, found on the ocean floor, contain thallium. When freshly exposed to air, thallium exhibits a metallic luster, but soon develops a bluish-gray tinge, resembling lead in appearance. A heavy oxide builds up on thallium if left in air, and in the presence of water the hydroxide is formed. The metal is very soft and malleable. It can be cut with a knife. Forty-seven isotopes of thallium, with atomic masses ranging from 179 to 210 are recognized. Natural thallium is a mixture of two isotopes. The element and its compounds are toxic and should be handled carefully. Contact of the metal with skin is dangerous, and when melting the metal adequate ventilation should be provided. Thallium is suspected of carcinogenic potential for man. Thallium sulfate has been widely employed as a rodenticide and ant killer. It is odorless and tasteless, giving no warning of its presence. Its use, however, has been prohibited in the U.S. since 1975 as a household insecticide and rodenticide. The electrical conductivity of thallium sulfide changes with exposure to infrared light, and this compound is used in photo­ cells. Thallium bromide-iodide crystals have been used as infrared optical materials. Thallium has been used, with sulfur or selenium and arsenic, to produce low melting glasses which become fluid between 125 and 150°C. These glasses have properties at room temperatures similar to ordinary glasses and are said to be durable and insoluble in water. Thallium oxide has been used to produce glasses with a high index of refraction. Thallium has been used in treating ringworm and other skin infections; however, its use has been limited because of the narrow margin between toxicity and therapeutic benefits. A mercury–thallium alloy, which forms a eutectic at 8.5% thallium, is reported to freeze at –60°C, some 20° below the freezing point of mercury. Thallium metal (99.999%) costs about $2/g. Thorium — (Thor, Scandinavian god of war), Th; at. wt. 232.03806(2); at. no. 90; m.p. 1750°C; b.p. 4788°C; sp. gr. 11.72; valence +2(?), +3(?), +4. Discovered by Berzelius in 1828. Thorium occurs in thorite (ThSiO4) and in thorianite

The Elements (ThO2 + UO2). Large deposits of thorium minerals have been reported in New England and elsewhere, but these have not yet been exploited. Thorium is now thought to be about three times as abundant as uranium and about as abundant as lead or molybdenum. The metal is a source of nuclear power. There is probably more energy available for use from thorium in the minerals of the Earth’s crust than from both uranium and fossil fuels. Any sizable demand for thorium as a nuclear fuel is still several years in the future. Work has been done in developing thorium cycle converter-reactor systems. Several prototypes, including the HTGR (high-temperature gas-cooled reactor) and MSRE (molten salt converter reactor experiment), have operated. While the HTGR reactors are efficient, they are not expected to become important commercially for many years because of certain operating difficulties. Thorium is recovered commercially from the mineral monazite, which contains from 3 to 9% ThO2 along with rare-earth minerals. Much of the internal heat the Earth produces has been attributed to thorium and uranium. Several methods are available for producing thorium metal: it can be obtained by reducing thorium oxide with calcium, by electrolysis of anhydrous thorium chloride in a fused mixture of sodium and potassium chlorides, by calcium reduction of thorium tetrachloride mixed with anhydrous zinc chloride, and by reduction of thorium tetrachloride with an alkali metal. Thorium was originally assigned a position in Group IV of the periodic table. Because of its atomic weight, valence, etc., it is now considered to be the second member of the actinide series of elements. When pure, thorium is a silvery-white metal which is air stable and retains its luster for several months. When contaminated with the oxide, thorium slowly tarnishes in air, becoming gray and finally black. The physical properties of thorium are greatly influenced by the degree of contamination with the oxide. The purest specimens often contain several tenths of a percent of the oxide. High-purity thorium has been made. Pure thorium is soft, very ductile, and can be coldrolled, swaged, and drawn. Thorium is dimorphic, changing at 1400°C from a cubic to a body-centered cubic structure. Thorium oxide has a melting point of 3300°C, which is the highest of all oxides. Only a few elements, such as tungsten, and a few compounds, such as tantalum carbide, have higher melting points. Thorium is slowly attacked by water, but does not dissolve readily in most common acids, except hydrochloric. Powdered thorium metal is often pyrophoric and should be carefully handled. When heated in air, thorium turnings ignite and burn brilliantly with a white light. The principal use of thorium has been in the preparation of the Welsbach mantle, used for portable gas lights. These mantles, consisting of thorium oxide with about 1% cerium oxide and other ingredients, glow with a dazzling light when heated in a gas flame. Thorium is an important alloying element in magnesium, imparting high strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures. Because thorium has a low work-function and high electron emission, it is used to coat tungsten wire used in electronic equipment. The oxide is also used to control the grain size of tungsten used for electric lamps; it is also used for high-temperature laboratory crucibles. Glasses containing thorium oxide have a high refractive index and low dispersion. Consequently, they find application in high quality lenses for cameras and scientific instruments. Thorium oxide has also found use as a catalyst in the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid, in petroleum cracking, and in producing sulfuric acid. Thorium has not found many uses due to its radioactive na-

4-37 ture and its handling and disposal problems. Thirty isotopes of thorium are known with atomic masses ranging from 210 to 237. All are unstable. 232Th occurs naturally and has a half-life of 1.4 × 1010 years. It is an alpha emitter. 232Th goes through six alpha and four beta decay steps before becoming the stable isotope 208Pb. 232Th is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic plate in a few hours. Thorium disintegrates with the production of “thoron” (220Rn), which is an alpha emitter and presents a radiation hazard. Good ventilation of areas where thorium is stored or handled is therefore essential. Thorium metal (99.8%) costs about $25/g. Thulium — (Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia), Tm; at. wt. 168.93421(2); at. no. 69; m.p. 1545°C; b.p. 1950°C; sp. gr. 9.321 (25°C); valence 3. Discovered in 1879 by Cleve. Thulium occurs in small quantities along with other rare earths in a number of minerals. It is obtained commercially from monazite, which contains about 0.007% of the element. Thulium is the least abundant of the rare-earth elements, but with new sources recently discovered, it is now considered to be about as rare as silver, gold, or cadmium. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have recently permitted much easier separation of the rare earths, with much lower costs. Only a few years ago, thulium metal was not obtainable at any cost; in 1996 the oxide cost $20/g. Thulium metal powder now costs $70/g (99.9%). Thulium can be isolated by reduction of the oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction of the anhydrous fluoride. The pure metal has a bright, silvery luster. It is reasonably stable in air, but the metal should be protected from moisture in a closed container. The element is silver-gray, soft, malleable, and ductile, and can be cut with a knife. Forty-one isotopes and isomers are known, with atomic masses ranging from 146 to 176. Natural thulium, which is 100% 169Tm, is stable. Because of the relatively high price of the metal, thulium has not yet found many practical applications. 169 Tm bombarded in a nuclear reactor can be used as a radiation source in portable X-ray equipment. 171Tm is potentially useful as an energy source. Natural thulium also has possible use in ferrites (ceramic magnetic materials) used in microwave equipment. As with other lanthanides, thulium has a low-to-moderate acute toxicity rating. It should be handled with care. Tin — (Anglo-Saxon, tin), Sn (L. stannum); at. wt. 118.710(7); at. no. 50; m.p. 231.93°C; b.p. 2602°C; sp. gr. (gray) 5.77, (white) 7.29; valence 2, 4. Known to the ancients. Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world’s supply comes from China, Indonesia, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and Colorado. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. Ordinary tin is composed of ten stable isotopes; thirty-six unstable isotopes and isomers are also known. Ordinary tin is a silver-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crystals, a “tin cry” is heard when a bar is bent. The element has two allotropic forms at normal pressure. On warming, gray, or α tin, with a cubic structure, changes at 13.2°C into white, or β tin, the ordinary form of the metal. White tin has a tetragonal structure. When tin is cooled below 13.2°C, it changes slowly from white to gray. This change is affected by impurities such as aluminum and zinc, and can be prevented by small additions of antimony or bismuth. This change from the α to β form is called the tin pest. Tin–lead alloys are used to make organ pipes. There are few if any uses

4-38

The Elements

for gray tin. Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. Such tin plate over steel is used in the so-called tin can for preserving food. Alloys of tin are very important. Soft solder, type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal, white metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze are some of the important alloys using tin. Tin resists distilled sea and soft tap water, but is attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Oxygen in solution accelerates the attack. When heated in air, tin forms SnO2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate salts with basic oxides. The most important salt is the chloride (SnCl2 · H2O), which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface (Pilkington process). Of recent interest is a crystalline tin–niobium alloy that is superconductive at very low temperatures. This promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Such magnets, made of tin–niobium wire, weigh but a few pounds and produce magnetic fields that, when started with a small battery, are comparable to that of a 100 ton electromagnet operated continuously with a large power supply. The small amount of tin found in canned foods is quite harmless. The agreed limit of tin content in U.S. foods is 300 mg/kg. The trialkyl and triaryl tin compounds are used as biocides and must be handled carefully. Over the past 25 years the price of commercial tin has varied from 50¢/lb ($1.10/kg) to about $6/kg. Tin (99.99% pure) costs about $260/kg.

other unstable isotopes are known. The metal is dimorphic. The hexagonal α form changes to the cubic β form very slowly at about 880°C. The metal combines with oxygen at red heat, and with chlorine at 550°C. Titanium is important as an alloying agent with aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and other metals. Alloys of titanium are principally used for aircraft and missiles where lightweight strength and ability to withstand extremes of temperature are important. Titanium is as strong as steel, but 45% lighter. It is 60% heavier than aluminum, but twice as strong. Titanium has potential use in desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. The metal has excellent resistance to sea water and is used for propeller shafts, rigging, and other parts of ships exposed to salt water. A titanium anode coated with platinum has been used to provide cathodic protection from corrosion by salt water. Titanium metal is considered to be physiologically inert; however, titanium powder may be a carcinogenic hazard. When pure, titanium dioxide is relatively clear and has an extremely high index of refraction with an optical dispersion higher than diamond. It is produced artificially for use as a gemstone, but it is relatively soft. Star sapphires and rubies exhibit their asterism as a result of the presence of TiO2. Titanium dioxide is extensively used for both house paint and artist’s paint, as it is permanent and has good covering power. Titanium oxide pigment accounts for the largest use of the element. Titanium paint is an excellent reflector of infrared, and is extensively used in solar observatories where heat causes poor seeing conditions. Titanium tetrachloride is used to iridize glass. This compound fumes strongly in air and has been used to produce smoke screens. The price of titanium metal (99.9%) is about $1100/kg.

Titanium — (L. Titans, the first sons of the Earth, myth.), Ti; at. wt. 47.867(1); at. no. 22; m.p. 1668°C; b.p. 3287°C; sp. gr. 4.51; valence 2, 3, or 4. Discovered by Gregor in 1791; named by Klaproth in 1795. Impure titanium was prepared by Nilson and Pettersson in 1887; however, the pure metal (99.9%) was not made until 1910 by Hunter by heating TiCl4 with sodium in a steel bomb. Titanium is present in meteorites and in the sun. Rocks obtained during the Apollo 17 lunar mission showed presence of 12.1% TiO2. Analyses of rocks obtained during earlier Apollo missions show lower percentages. Titanium oxide bands are prominent in the spectra of M-type stars. The element is the ninth most abundant in the crust of the Earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them. It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Deposits of ilmenite and rutile are found in Florida, California, Tennessee, and New York. Australia, Norway, Malaysia, India, and China are also large suppliers of titanium minerals. Titanium is present in the ash of coal, in plants, and in the human body. The metal was a laboratory curiosity until Kroll, in 1946, showed that titanium could be produced commercially by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium. This method is largely used for producing the metal today. The metal can be purified by decomposing the iodide. Titanium, when pure, is a lustrous, white metal. It has a low density, good strength, is easily fabricated, and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is ductile only when it is free of oxygen. The metal burns in air and is the only element that burns in nitrogen. Titanium is resistant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, most organic acids, moist chlorine gas, and chloride solutions. Natural titanium consists of five isotopes with atomic masses from 46 to 50. All are stable. Eighteen

Tungsten — (Swedish, tung sten, heavy stone); also known as wolfram (from wolframite, said to be named from wolf rahm or spumi lupi, because the ore interfered with the smelting of tin and was supposed to devour the tin), W; at. wt. 183.84(1); at. no. 74; m.p. 3422°C; b.p. 5555°C; sp. gr. 19.3 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In 1779 Peter Woulfe examined the mineral now known as wolframite and concluded it must contain a new substance. Scheele, in 1781, found that a new acid could be made from tung sten (a name first applied about 1758 to a mineral now known as scheelite). Scheele and Berman suggested the possibility of obtaining a new metal by reducing this acid. The de Elhuyar brothers found an acid in wolframite in 1783 that was identical to the acid of tungsten (tungstic acid) of Scheele, and in that year they succeeded in obtaining the element by reduction of this acid with charcoal. Tungsten occurs in wolframite, (Fe, Mn)WO4; scheelite, CaWO4; huebnerite, MnWO4; and ferberite, FeWO4. Important deposits of tungsten occur in California, Colorado, Bolivia, Russia, and Portugal. China is reported to have about 75% of the world’s tungsten resources. Natural tungsten contains five stable isotopes. Thirty-two other unstable isotopes and isomers are recognized. The metal is obtained commercially by reducing tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon. Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. Very pure tungsten can be cut with a hacksaw, and can be forged, spun, drawn, and extruded. The impure metal is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the highest tensile strength. The metal oxidizes in air and must be protected at elevated temperatures. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. The thermal expansion is about the same as borosilicate glass, which makes the metal useful for glass-

The Elements

4-39

to-metal seals. Tungsten and its alloys are used extensively for filaments for electric lamps, electron and television tubes, and for metal evaporation work; for electrical contact points for automobile distributors; X-ray targets; windings and heating elements for electrical furnaces; and for numerous spacecraft and high-temperature applications. High-speed tool steels, Hastelloy®, Stellite®, and many other alloys contain tungsten. Tungsten carbide is of great importance to the metal-working, mining, and petroleum industries. Calcium and magnesium tungstates are widely used in fluorescent lighting; other salts of tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries. Tungsten disulfide is a dry, high-temperature lubricant, stable to 500°C. Tungsten bronzes and other tungsten compounds are used in paints. Zirconium tungstate has found recent applications (see under Zirconium). Tungsten powder (99.999%) costs about $2900/kg. Uranium — (Planet Uranus), U; at. wt. 238.02891(3); at. no. 92; m.p. 1135°C; b.p. 4131°C; sp. gr. 19.1; valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Yellow-colored glass, containing more than 1% uranium oxide and dating back to 79 A.D., has been found near Naples, Italy. Klaproth recognized an unknown element in pitchblende and attempted to isolate the metal in 1789. The metal apparently was first isolated in 1841 by Peligot, who reduced the anhydrous chloride with potassium. Uranium is not as rare as it was once thought. It is now considered to be more plentiful than mercury, antimony, silver, or cadmium, and is about as abundant as molybdenum or arsenic. It occurs in numerous minerals such as pitchblende, uraninite, carnotite, autunite, uranophane, davidite, and tobernite. It is also found in phosphate rock, lignite, monazite sands, and can be recovered commercially from these sources. Large deposits of uranium ore occur in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Canada, and elsewhere. Uranium can be made by reducing uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals or by reducing uranium oxides by calcium, aluminum, or carbon at high temperatures. The metal can also be produced by electrolysis of KUF5 or UF4, dissolved in a molten mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl. High-purity uranium can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of uranium halides on a hot filament. Uranium exhibits three crystallographic modifications as follows: 





C C α 688  → β 776  →γ

Uranium is a heavy, silvery-white metal that is pyrophoric when finely divided. It is a little softer than steel, and is attacked by cold water in a finely divided state. It is malleable, ductile, and slightly paramagnetic. In air, the metal becomes coated with a layer of oxide. Acids dissolve the metal, but it is unaffected by alkalis. Uranium has twenty-three isotopes, one of which is an isomer and all of which are radioactive. Naturally occurring uranium contains 99.2745% by weight 238 U, 0.720% 235U, and 0.0055% 234U. Studies show that the percentage weight of 235U in natural uranium varies by as much as 0.1%, depending on the source. The U.S.D.O.E. has adopted the value of 0.711 as being their “official” percentage of 235U in natural uranium. Natural uranium is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic plate in an hour or so. Much of the internal heat of the Earth is thought to be attributable to the presence of uranium and thorium. 238U, with a half-life of 4.46 × 109 years, has been used to estimate the age of igneous rocks. The origin of uranium, the highest member of the naturally occurring elements — except perhaps for traces of nep-

tunium or plutonium — is not clearly understood, although it has been thought that uranium might be a decay product of elements of higher atomic weight, which may have once been present on Earth or elsewhere in the universe. These original elements may have been formed as a result of a primordial “creation,” known as “the big bang,” in a supernova, or in some other stellar processes. The fact that recent studies show that most trans-uranic elements are extremely rare with very short half-lives indicates that it may be necessary to find some alternative explanation for the very large quantities of radioactive uranium we find on Earth. Studies of meteorites from other parts of the solar system show a relatively low radioactive content, compared to terrestrial rocks. Uranium is of great importance as a nuclear fuel. 238U can be converted into fissionable plutonium by the following reactions:

238

β U(n,γ ) → 239 U → 

239

β Np → 

239

Pu

This nuclear conversion can be brought about in “breeder” reactors where it is possible to produce more new fissionable material than the fissionable material used in maintaining the chain reaction. 235U is of even greater importance, for it is the key to the utilization of uranium. 235U, while occurring in natural uranium to the extent of only 0.72%, is so fissionable with slow neutrons that a self-sustaining fission chain reaction can be made to occur in a reactor constructed from natural uranium and a suitable moderator, such as heavy water or graphite, alone. 235U can be concentrated by gaseous diffusion and other physical processes, if desired, and used directly as a nuclear fuel, instead of natural uranium, or used as an explosive. Natural uranium, slightly enriched with 235U by a small percentage, is used to fuel nuclear power reactors for the generation of electricity. Natural thorium can be irradiated with neutrons as follows to produce the important isotope 233U.

232

β Th(n,γ ) → 233 Th → 

233

β Pa → 

233

U

While thorium itself is not fissionable, 233U is, and in this way may be used as a nuclear fuel. One pound of completely fissioned uranium has the fuel value of over 1500 tons of coal. The uses of nuclear fuels to generate electrical power, to make isotopes for peaceful purposes, and to make explosives are well known. The estimated world-wide production of the 437 nuclear power reactors in operation in 1998 amounted to about 352,000 megawatt hours. In 1998 the U.S. had about 107 commercial reactors with an output of about 100,000 megawatt-hours. Some nuclear-powered electric generating plants have recently been closed because of safety concerns. There are also serious problems with nuclear waste disposal that have not been completely resolved. Uranium in the U.S. is controlled by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, under the Department of Energy. Uses are being found for the large quantities of “depleted” uranium now available, where uranium-235 has been lowered to about 0.2%. Depleted uranium has been used for inertial guidance devices, gyrocompasses, counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, ballast for missile reentry vehicles, and as a shielding material for tanks, etc. Concerns, however, have been raised over its low radioactive properties. Uranium metal is used for X-ray targets for production of high-energy X-rays. The nitrate has been used as photographic toner, and the acetate is used in analytical chemistry. Crystals of uranium nitrate are triboluminescent. Uranium salts have also been used for producing yellow “vase-

4-40 line” glass and glazes. Uranium and its compounds are highly toxic, both from a chemical and radiological standpoint. Finely divided uranium metal, being pyrophoric, presents a fire hazard. The maximum permissible total body burden of natural uranium (based on radiotoxicity) is 0.2 µCi for soluble compounds. Recently, the natural presence of uranium and thorium in many soils has become of concern to homeowners because of the generation of radon and its daughters (see under Radon). Uranium metal is available commercially at a cost of about $6/g (99.7%) in air-tight glass under argon. Vanadium — (Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis), V; at. wt. 50.9415(1); at. no. 23; m.p. 1910°C; b.p. 3407°C; sp. gr. 6.0 (18.7°C); valence 2, 3, 4, or 5. Vanadium was first discovered by del Rio in 1801. Unfortunately, a French chemist incorrectly declared that del Rio’s new element was only impure chromium; del Rio thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the French chemist’s statement. The element was rediscovered in 1830 by Sefstrom, who named the element in honor of the Scandinavian goddess Vanadis because of its beautiful multicolored compounds. It was isolated in nearly pure form by Roscoe, in 1867, who reduced the chloride with hydrogen. Vanadium of 99.3 to 99.8% purity was not produced until 1927. Vanadium is found in about 65 different minerals among which carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite are important sources of the metal. Vanadium is also found in phosphate rock and certain iron ores, and is present in some crude oils in the form of organic complexes. It is also found in small percentages in meteorites. Commercial production from petroleum ash holds promise as an important source of the element. China, South Africa, and Russia supply much of the world’s vanadium ores. High-purity ductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium or with magnesium–sodium mixtures. Much of the vanadium metal being produced is now made by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel, an adaptation of a process developed by McKechnie and Seybolt. Natural vanadium is a mixture of two isotopes, 50V (0.25%) and 51V (99.75%). 50V is slightly radioactive, having a long half-life. Twenty other unstable isotopes are recognized. Pure vanadium is a bright white metal, and is soft and ductile. It has good corrosion resistance to alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, and salt water, but the metal oxidizes readily above 660°C. The metal has good structural strength and a low-fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications. Vanadium is used in producing rust-resistant, spring, and high-speed tool steels. It is an important carbide stabilizer in making steels. About 80% of the vanadium now produced is used as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive. Vanadium foil is used as a bonding agent in cladding titanium to steel. Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst. It is also used in producing a superconductive magnet with a field of 175,000 gauss. Vanadium and its compounds are toxic and should be handled with care. Ductile vanadium is commercially available. Vanadium metal (99.7%) costs about $3/g. Wolfram — see Tungsten. Xenon — (Gr. xenon, stranger), Xe; at. wt. 131.293(6); at. no. 54; m.p. –111.74°C; b.p. –108.09°C; tc 16.58°C; density (gas) 5.887 ± 0.009 g/L, sp. gr (liquid) 2.95 (–109°C); valence usually 0. Discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898 in the residue left after evaporating liquid air components. Xenon is a member of the so-called noble or “inert” gases. It is present

The Elements in the atmosphere to the extent of about one part in twenty million. Xenon is present in the Martian atmosphere to the extent of 0.08 ppm. The element is found in the gases evolved from certain mineral springs, and is commercially obtained by extraction from liquid air. Natural xenon is composed of nine stable isotopes. In addition to these, thirty-five unstable isotopes and isomers have been characterized. Before 1962, it had generally been assumed that xenon and other noble gases were unable to form compounds. However, it is now known that xenon, as well as other members of the zero valence elements, do form compounds. Among the compounds of xenon now reported are xenon hydrate, sodium perxenate, xenon deuterate, difluoride, tetrafluoride, hexafluoride, and XePtF6 and XeRhF6. Xenon trioxide, which is highly explosive, has been prepared. More than 80 xenon compounds have been made with xenon chemically bonded to fluorine and oxygen. Some xenon compounds are colored. Metallic xenon has been produced, using several hundred kilobars of pressure. Xenon in a vacuum tube produces a beautiful blue glow when excited by an electrical discharge. The gas is used in making electron tubes, stroboscopic lamps, bactericidal lamps, and lamps used to excite ruby lasers for generating coherent light. Xenon is used in the atomic energy field in bubble chambers, probes, and other applications where its high molecular weight is of value. The perxenates are used in analytical chemistry as oxidizing agents. 133Xe and 135Xe are produced by neutron irradiation in air-cooled nuclear reactors. 133Xe has useful applications as a radioisotope. The element is available in sealed glass containers for about $20/L of gas at standard pressure. Xenon is not toxic, but its compounds are highly toxic because of their strong oxidizing characteristics. Ytterbium — (Ytterby, village in Sweden), Yb; at. wt. 173.04(3); at. no. 70; m.p. 824°C; b.p. 1196°C; sp. gr (α) 6.903 (β) 6.966; valence 2, 3. Marignac in 1878 discovered a new component, which he called ytterbia, in the Earth then known as erbia. In 1907, Urbain separated ytterbia into two components, which he called neoytterbia and lutecia. The elements in these earths are now known as ytterbium and lutetium, respectively. These elements are identical with aldebaranium and cassiopeium, discovered independently and at about the same time by von Welsbach. Ytterbium occurs along with other rare earths in a number of rare minerals. It is commercially recovered principally from monazite sand, which contains about 0.03%. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in recent years have greatly simplified the separation of the rare earths from one another. The element was first prepared by Klemm and Bonner in 1937 by reducing ytterbium trichloride with potassium. Their metal was mixed, however, with KCl. Daane, Dennison, and Spedding prepared a much purer form in 1953 from which the chemical and physical properties of the element could be determined. Ytterbium has a bright silvery luster, is soft, malleable, and quite ductile. While the element is fairly stable, it should be kept in closed containers to protect it from air and moisture. Ytterbium is readily attacked and dissolved by dilute and concentrated mineral acids and reacts slowly with water. Ytterbium has three allotropic forms with transformation points at –13° and 795°C. The beta form is a room-temperature, face-centered, cubic modification, while the high-temperature gamma form is a body-centered cubic form. Another bodycentered cubic phase has recently been found to be stable at high pressures at room temperatures. The beta form ordinarily has metallic-type conductivity, but becomes a semiconductor when the pressure is increased above 16,000 atm. The electri-

The Elements cal resistance increases tenfold as the pressure is increased to 39,000 atm and drops to about 80% of its standard temperature-pressure resistivity at a pressure of 40,000 atm. Natural ytterbium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Twenty-six other unstable isotopes and isomers are known. Ytterbium metal has possible use in improving the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel. One isotope is reported to have been used as a radiation source as a substitute for a portable X-ray machine where electricity is unavailable. Few other uses have been found. Ytterbium metal is available with a purity of about 99.9% for about $10/g. Ytterbium has a low acute toxicity rating. Yttrium — (Ytterby, village in Sweden near Vauxholm), Y; at. wt. 88.90585(2); at. no. 39; m.p. 1522°C; b.p. 3345°C; sp. gr. 4.469 (25°C); valence 3. Yttria, which is an earth containing yttrium, was discovered by Gadolin in 1794. Ytterby is the site of a quarry which yielded many unusually minerals containing rare earths and other elements. This small town, near Stockholm, bears the honor of giving names to erbium, terbium, and ytterbium as well as yttrium. In 1843 Mosander showed that yttria could be resolved into the oxides (or earths) of three elements. The name yttria was reserved for the most basic one; the others were named erbia and terbia. Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content. It is recovered commercially from monazite sand, which contains about 3%, and from bastnasite, which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. The metal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques. Yttrium has a silver-metallic luster and is relatively stable in air. Turnings of the metal, however, ignite in air if their temperature exceeds 400°C, and finely divided yttrium is very unstable in air. Yttrium oxide is one of the most important compounds of yttrium and accounts for the largest use. It is widely used in making YVO4 europium, and Y2O3 europium phosphors to give the red color in color television tubes. Many hundreds of thousands of pounds are now used in this application. Yttrium oxide also is used to produce yttrium iron garnets, which are very effective microwave filters. Yttrium iron, aluminum, and gadolinium garnets, with formulas such as Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12, have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron garnet is also exceptionally efficient as both a transmitter and transducer of acoustic energy. Yttrium aluminum garnet, with a hardness of 8.5, is also finding use as a gemstone (simulated diamond). Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) can be used to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and titanium, and to increase strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys. Alloys with other useful properties can be obtained by using yttrium as an additive. The metal can be used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. 90Y, one of the isotopes of yttrium, exists in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, a product of atomic explosions. Yttrium has been considered for use as a nodulizer for producing nodular cast iron, in which the graphite forms compact nodules instead of the usual flakes. Such iron has increased ductility. Yttrium is also finding application in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization. It also has potential use in ceramic and glass formulas, as the oxide has a high melting point and imparts shock resistance and low expansion characteristics to glass. Natural yttrium contains

4-41 but one isotope, 89Y. Forty-three other unstable isotopes and isomers have been characterized. Yttrium metal of 99.9% purity is commercially available at a cost of about $5/g. Zinc — (Ger. Zink, of obscure origin), Zn; at. wt. 65.409(4); at. no. 30; m.p. 419.53°C; b.p. 907°C; sp. gr. 7.134 (25°C); valence 2. Centuries before zinc was recognized as a distinct element, zinc ores were used for making brass. Tubal-Cain, seven generations from Adam, is mentioned as being an “instructor in every artificer in brass and iron.” An alloy containing 87% zinc has been found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania. Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. in India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Marggraf in 1746, who showed that it could be obtained by reducing calamine with charcoal. The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite or blende (sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). Canada, Japan, Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands are suppliers of zinc ores. Zinc is also mined in Alaska, Tennessee, Missouri, and elsewhere in the U.S. Zinc can be obtained by roasting its ores to form the oxide and by reduction of the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal. Other methods of extraction are possible. Naturally occurring zinc contains five stable isotopes. Twenty-five other unstable isotopes and isomers are recognized. Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal. It is brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable at 100 to 150°C. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolution of white clouds of the oxide. The metal is employed to form numerous alloys with other metals. Brass, nickel silver, typewriter metal, commercial bronze, spring brass, German silver, soft solder, and aluminum solder are some of the more important alloys. Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die castings, used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. An alloy called Prestal®, consisting of 78% zinc and 22% aluminum, is reported to be almost as strong as steel but as easy to mold as plastic. It is said to be so plastic that it can be molded into form by relatively inexpensive die casts made of ceramics and cement. It exhibits superplasticity. Zinc is also extensively used to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Neither zinc nor zirconium is ferromagnetic; but ZrZn2 exhibits ferromagnetism at temperatures below 35 K. Zinc oxide is a unique and very useful material to modern civilization. It is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical, and solid-state properties that have not yet been fully investigated. Lithopone, a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate, is an important pigment. Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights. The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficient animals require 50% more food to gain the same weight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc. Zinc is not considered to be toxic, but when freshly formed ZnO is inhaled a disorder known as the oxide shakes or zinc chills sometimes occurs. It is recommended that where zinc oxide is encountered good ventilation be provided. The commercial price of zinc in January 2002 was roughly 40¢/lb ($90 kg). Zinc metal with a purity of 99.9999% is priced at about $5/g.

4-42 Zirconium — (Syriac, zargun, color of gold), Zr; at. wt. 91.224(2); at. no. 40; m.p. 1855°C; b.p. 4409°C; sp. gr. 6.52 (20°C); valence +2, +3, and +4. The name zircon may have originated from the Syriac word zargono, which describes the color of certain gemstones now known as zircon, jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure. This mineral, or its variations, is mentioned in biblical writings. These minerals were not known to contain this element until Klaproth, in 1789, analyzed a jargon from Sri Lanka and found a new earth, which Werner named zircon (silex circonius), and Klaproth called Zirkonerde (zirconia). The impure metal was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small iron tube. Pure zirconium was first prepared in 1914. Very pure zirconium was first produced in 1925 by van Arkel and de Boer by an iodide decomposition process they developed. Zirconium is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analyses of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestrial rocks. Naturally occurring zirconium contains five isotopes. Thirty-one other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known to exist. Zircon, ZrSiO4, the principal ore, is found in deposits in Florida, South Carolina, Australia, South Africa, and elsewhere. Baddeleyite, found in Brazil, is an important zirconium mineral. It is principally pure ZrO2 in crystalline form having a hafnium content of about 1%. Zirconium also occurs in some 30 other recognized mineral species. Zirconium is produced commercially by reduction of the chloride with magnesium (the Kroll Process), and by other methods. It is a grayish-white lustrous metal. When finely divided, the metal may ignite spontaneously in air, especially at elevated temperatures. The solid metal is much more difficult to ignite. The inherent toxicity of zirconium compounds is low. Hafnium is invariably found in zirconium ores, and the separation is difficult. Commercial-grade zirconium contains

The Elements from 1 to 3% hafnium. Zirconium has a low absorption cross section for neutrons, and is therefore used for nuclear energy applications, such as for cladding fuel elements. Commercial nuclear power generation now takes more than 90% of zirconium metal production. Reactors of the size now being made may use as much as a half-million lineal feet of zirconium alloy tubing. Reactor-grade zirconium is essentially free of hafnium. Zircaloy® is an important alloy developed specifically for nuclear applications. Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by many common acids and alkalis, by sea water, and by other agents. It is used extensively by the chemical industry where corrosive agents are employed. Zirconium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes, as an alloying agent in steel, in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. It is used in poison ivy lotions in the form of the carbonate as it combines with urushiol. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconductive magnets. Alloyed with zinc, zirconium becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35 K. Zirconium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gem material. The impure oxide, zirconia, is used for laboratory crucibles that will withstand heat shock, for linings of metallurgical furnaces, and by the glass and ceramic industries as a refractory material. Its use as a refractory material accounts for a large share of all zirconium consumed. Zirconium tungstate is an unusual material that shrinks, rather than expands, when heated. A few other compounds are known to possess this property, but they tend to shrink in one direction, while they stretch out in others in order to maintain an overall volume. Zirconium tungstate shrinks in all directions over a wide temperature range of from near absolute zero to +777°C. It is being considered for use in composite materials where thermal expansion may be a problem. Zirconium of about 99.5% purity is available at a cost of about $2000/kg or about $4/g.

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds The compounds in this table were selected on the basis of their laboratory and industrial importance, as well as their value in illustrating trends in the variation of physical properties with position in the periodic table. An effort has been made to include the most frequently encountered inorganic substances; a limited number of organometallics are also covered. Many, if not most, of the compounds that are solids at ambient temperature can exist in more than one crystalline modification. In the absence of other information, the data given here can be assumed to apply to the most stable or common crystalline form. In many cases, however, two or more forms are of practical importance, and separate entries will be found in the table. Compounds are arranged primarily in alphabetical order by the most commonly used name. However, adjustments are made in many instances so as to bring closely related compounds together. For example, hydrides of elements such as boron, silicon, and germanium are grouped together immediately following the entry for the parent element, since they would otherwise be scattered throughout the table. Likewise, the oxoacids of an element are given in one group whenever a strict alphabetical order would separate them (e.g., sulfuric acid and fluorosulfuric acid). The Formula Index following the table provides another means of locating a compound. There is also an index to CAS Registry Numbers. The following data fields appear in the table: •

•

•

•

Name: Systematic name for the substance. The valence state of a metallic element is indicated by a Roman numeral, e.g., copper in the +1 state is written as copper(I) rather than cuprous, iron in the +3 state is iron(III) rather than ferric. Formula: The simplest descriptive formula is given, but this does not necessarily specify the actual structure of the compound. For example, aluminum chloride is designated as AlCl3, even though a more accurate representation of the structure in the solid phase (and, under some conditions, in the gas phase) is Al2Cl6 A few exceptions are made, such as the use of Hg2+2 for the mercury(I) ion. CAS Registry Number: Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number. An asterisk* following the CAS RN for a hydrate indicates that the number refers to the anhydrous compound. In most cases the generic CAS RN for the compound is given rather than the number for a specific crystalline form or mineral. Mol. Weight: Molecular weight (relative molar mass) as calculated with the 2005 IUPAC Recommended Atomic Weights. The number of decimal places corresponds to the number of places in the atomic weight of the least accurately known element (e.g., one place for lead compounds, two places for compounds of selenium, germanium, etc.); a maximum of three places is given. For compounds of

Ac - acetyl ace - acetone acid - acid solutions alk - alkaline solutions amorp - amorphous anh - anhydrous aq - aqueous

6679X_S04.indb 43

•

•

•

•

•

•



radioactive elements for which IUPAC makes no recommendation, the mass number of the isotope with longest half-life is used. Physical Form: The crystal system is given, when available, for compounds that are solid at room temperature, together with color and other descriptive features. Abbreviations are listed below. mp: Normal melting point in °C. The notation tp indicates the temperature where solid, liquid, and gas are in equilibrium at a pressure greater than one atmosphere (i.e., the normal melting point does not exist). When available, the triple point pressure is listed. bp: Normal boiling point in °C (referred to 101.325 kPa or 760 mmHg pressure). The notation sp following the number indicates the temperature where the pressure of the vapor in equilibrium with the solid reaches 101.325 kPa. See Reference 8, p. 23, for further discussion of sublimation points and triple points. A notation “sublimes” without a temperature being given indicates that there is a perceptible sublimation pressure above the solid at ambient temperatures. Density: Density values for solids and liquids are always in units of grams per cubic centimeter and can be assumed to refer to temperatures near room temperature unless otherwise stated. Values for gases are the calculated ideal gas densities in grams per liter at 25°C and 101.325 kPa; the unit is always specified for a gas value. Aqueous Solubility: Solubility is expressed as the number of grams of the compound (excluding any water of hydration) that will dissolve in 100 grams of water. The temperature in °C is given as a superscript. Solubility at other temperatures can be found for many compounds in the table “Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures” in Section 8. Qualitative Solubility: Qualitative information on the solubility in other solvents (and in water, if quantitative data are unavailable) is given here. The abbreviations are: i sl s vs reac

insoluble slightly soluble soluble very soluble reacts with the solvent

Data were taken from a wide variety of reliable sources, including monographs, treatises, review articles, evaluated compilations and databases, and in many cases the primary literature. Some of the most useful references for the properties covered here are listed below.

List of Abbreviations

blk - black brn - brown bz - benzene chl - chloroform col - colorless conc - concentrated cry - crystals, crystalline

cub - cubic cyhex - cyclohexane dec - decomposes dil - dilute diox - dioxane eth - ethyl ether EtOH - ethanol

exp - explodes, explosive extrap - extrapolated flam - flammable gl - glass, glassy grn - green hc - hydrocarbon solvents hex - hexagonal, hexane 4-43

3/24/08 1:35:25 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-44 hp - heptane

orth - orthorhombic

s - soluble in

hyd - hydrate

peth - petroleum ether

sl - slightly soluble in

silv - silvery

os - organic solvents

HT - high temperature

soln - solution

pow - powder

hyg - hygroscopic

sp - sublimation point

prec - precipitate

i - insoluble in

stab - stable

pur - purple

liq - liquid

subl - sublimes

py - pyridine

LT - low temperature

temp - temperature

reac - reacts with

MeOH - methanol

tetr - tetragonal

refrac - refractory

monocl - monoclinic

thf - tetrahydrofuran

rhom - rhombohedral

octahed - octahedral

tol - toluene

r.t. - room temperature

oran - orange

References

1. Phillips, S. L., and Perry, D.L., Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 2. Trotman-Dickenson, A. F., Executive Editor, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1-5, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 3. Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., Chemistry of the Elements, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997. 4. Wiberg, N., Wiberg, E., and Holleman, H. F., Inorganic Chemistry, 34th Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, 2001. 5. GMELIN Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 6. Chase, M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N.; JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985; Chase, M. W., NISTJANAF Thermochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph No. 9, 1998. 7. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/19A, “Thermodynamic Properties of Inorganic Materials compiled by SGTE”, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg; Part 1, 1999; Part 2; 1999; Part 3, 2000; Part 4, 2001. 8. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 9. Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, WileyInterscience, New York, 1985. 10. Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds, Chapman & Hall, New York, 1992. 11. Massalski, T. B., Ed., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd Edition, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1990. 12. Dinsdale, A.T., “SGTE Data for Pure Elements”, CALPHAD, 15, 317– 425, 1991. 13. Madelung, O., Semiconductors: Group IV Elements and III-IV Compounds, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991. No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Actinium Actinium bromide Actinium chloride Actinium fluoride Actinium iodide Actinium oxide Aluminum

Ac AcBr3 AcCl3 AcF3 AcI3 Ac2O3 Al

7440-34-8 33689-81-5 22986-54-5 33689-80-4 33689-82-6 12002-61-8 7429-90-5

227 467 333 284 608 502 26.982

8 9 10 11

Aluminum acetate Aluminum diacetate Aluminum ammonium sulfate Aluminum ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate Aluminum antimonide Aluminum arsenide Aluminum borate Aluminum borohydride Aluminum bromate nonahydrate Aluminum bromide

Al(C2H3O2)3 Al(OH)(C2H3O2)2 AlNH4(SO4)2 AlNH4(SO4)2 ∙ 12H2O

139-12-8 142-03-0 7784-25-0 7784-26-1

204.113 162.078 237.146 453.329

AlSb AlAs 2Al2O3 ∙ B2O3 Al(BH4)3 Al(BrO3)3 ∙ 9H2O AlBr3

25152-52-7 22831-42-1 11121-16-7 16962-07-5 11126-81-1* 7727-15-3

148.742 101.903 273.543 71.510 572.826 266.694

12 13 14 15 16 17

6679X_S04.indb 44

tp - triple point trans - transition, transformation tricl - triclinic trig - trigonal unstab - unstable viol - violet visc - viscous vs - very soluble in wh - white xyl - xylene yel - yellow

14. Lidin, R. A., Andreeva, L. L., and Molochko, V. A., Constants of Inorganic Substances, Begell House, New York, 1995. 15. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 16. The Combined Chemical Dictionary on CDROM, Version 9:1, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2005. 17. Macdonald, F., Editor, Chapman & Hall/CRC Combined Chemical Dictionary, . 18. Sangeeta, G., and LaGraff, J. R., Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Second Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005. 19. Stern, K. H., High Temperature Properties and Thermal Decomposition of Inorganic Salts with Oxyanions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001. 20. Donnay, J.D.H., and Ondik, H.M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volumes 2 and 4, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. 21. Robie, R., Bethke, P. M., and Beardsley, K. M., Selected X-ray Crystallographic Data, Molar Volumes, and Densities of Minerals and Related Substances, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1248, 1967. 22. Carmichael, R. S., Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 23. Deer, W. A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992. 24. Linstrom, P. J., and Mallard, W. G., Editors, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, June 2005, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, . 25. Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, Volumes 1–8; ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibrium Diagrams, Volumes 9–13, American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 1964–2001. Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

silv metal; cub wh hex cry wh hex cry wh hex cry wh cry wh hex cry silv-wh metal; cub cry wh hyg solid wh amorp powder wh powder col cry or powder

3198 800 subl 960 subl

brn cub cry oran cub cry; hyg needles flam liq wh hyg cry wh-yel monocl cry; hyg

1050

1977 660.32

2519

Density g cm–3 10 5.85 4.81 7.88

1065 1740 ≈1050 -64.5 62 97.5

>280 dec

Qualitative solubility s H2O

9.19 2.70

i H2O s H2O i H2O i H2O; s acid, alk

1.65

s H2O; sl ace i H2O sl H2O; i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH

dec

94.5

Solubility g/100 g H20

4.26 3.76 44.5 >100 dec 255

3.2

i H2O reac H2O s H2O reac H2O; s bz, tol

3/24/08 1:35:26 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-45

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

18 19 20 21

Aluminum bromide hexahydrate Aluminum carbide Aluminum chlorate nonahydrate Aluminum chloride

AlBr3 ∙ 6H2O Al4C3 Al(ClO3)3 ∙ 9H2O AlCl3

7784-11-4 1299-86-1 15477-33-5 7446-70-0

374.785 143.958 439.473 133.341

22 23 24 25 26 27

Aluminum chloride hexahydrate Dichloromethylaluminum Chlorodiethylaluminum Chlorodiisobutylaluminum Aluminum diboride Aluminum dodecaboride

AlCl3 ∙ 6H2O AlCl2CH3 AlCl(C2H5)2 AlCl(C4H9)2 AlB2 AlB12

7784-13-6 917-65-7 96-10-6 1779-25-5 12041-50-8 12041-54-2

241.432 112.923 120.557 176.664 48.604 156.714

28

Aluminum ethanolate

Al(C2H5O)3

555-75-9

162.163

29

Aluminum fluoride

AlF3

7784-18-1

30 31 32

AlF3 ∙ H2O AlF3 ∙ 3H2O Al2(SiF6)3 ∙ 9H2O

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Aluminum fluoride monohydrate Aluminum fluoride trihydrate Aluminum hexafluorosilicate nonahydrate Aluminum hydride Aluminum hydroxide Aluminum hydroxychloride Aluminum iodide Aluminum iodide hexahydrate Aluminum lactate Aluminum molybdate Aluminum nitrate Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate

42 43 44 45 46

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

col-yel hyg cry yel hex cry hyg cry wh hex cry or powder; hyg col hyg cry cry col liq hyg col liq powder yel-brn prisms

93 2100

>2200 dec

2.54 2.36

192.6

180 sp

2.48

45.125

2.398

45.125

140

83.977

liq, condenses to wh solid wh hex cry

32287-65-3 15098-87-0 17099-70-6

101.992 138.023 642.329

orth cry wh hyg cry hex prisms

AlH3 Al(OH)3 Al2(OH)5Cl ∙ 2H2O AlI3 AlI3 ∙ 6H2O Al(C3H5O3)3 Al2(MoO4)3 Al(NO3)3 Al(NO3)3 ∙ 9H2O

7784-21-6 21645-51-2 1327-41-9 7784-23-8 10090-53-6 18917-91-4 15123-80-5 13473-90-0 7784-27-2

30.006 78.004 210.483 407.695 515.786 294.192 533.78 212.997 375.134

Aluminum nitride Aluminum oleate Aluminum oxalate monohydrate Aluminum oxide (α) Aluminum oxide (γ)

AlN Al(C18H33O2)3 Al2(C2O4)3 ∙ H2O Al2O3 Al2O3

24304-00-5 688-37-9 814-87-9 1344-28-1 1344-28-1

40.989 871.342 336.035 101.961 101.961

col hex cry wh amorp powder gl solid wh leaflets yel hyg cry powder powder wh pow wh hyg solid wh hyg monocl cry blue-wh hex cry yel solid wh pow wh powder; hex soft wh pow

47

Aluminum oxyhydroxide (boehmite)

AlO(OH)

1318-23-6

59.989

wh orth cry

48 49 50

Aluminum oxyhydroxide (diaspore) AlO(OH) Aluminum palmitate Al(C15H31COO)3 Aluminum 2,4-pentanedioate Al(CH3COCHCOCH3)3

14457-84-2 555-35-1 13963-57-0

59.989 793.230 324.306

orth cry wh-yel powder pale yel prisms

51 52 53 54 55

Aluminum perchlorate Aluminum perchlorate nonahydrate Aluminum phosphate Aluminum phosphate dihydrate Aluminum phosphate trihydroxide

Al(ClO4)3 Al(ClO4)3 ∙ 9H2O AlPO4 AlPO4 ∙ 2H2O Al2(OH)3PO4

14452-39-2 14452-39-2 7784-30-7 13477-75-3 12004-29-4

325.334 487.471 121.953 157.984 199.957

56 57 58 59 60 61

Aluminum metaphosphate Aluminum hypophosphite Aluminum phosphide Aluminum selenide Aluminum silicate (andalusite) Aluminum silicate (kyanite)

Al(PO3)3 Al(H2PO2)3 AlP Al2Se3 Al2SiO5 Al2SiO5

32823-06-6 7784-22-7 20859-73-8 1302-82-5 12183-80-1 1302-76-7

263.898 221.948 57.956 290.84 162.046 162.046

62 63 64

Aluminum silicate (mullite) Aluminum silicate (sillimanite) Aluminum silicate dihydrate

3Al2O3 ∙ 2SiO2 Al2SiO5 Al2O3 ∙ 2SiO2 ∙ 2H2O

1302-93-8 12141-45-6 1332-58-7

426.052 162.046 258.161

65

Aluminum stearate

Al(C18H35O2)3

637-12-7

877.390

wh hyg cry wh hyg cry wh rhomb plates wh rhom cry wh or yel monocl cry col powder; tetr cry powder grn or yel cub cry yel-brown powder gray-grn cry blue or gray tricl cry col orth cry wh orth cry wh-yel powder; tricl wh powder

66 67 68 69 70 71

Aluminum monostearate Aluminum distearate Aluminum sulfate Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate Aluminum sulfide Aluminum telluride

Al(OH)2(C18H35O2) Al(OH)(C18H35O2)2 Al2(SO4)3 Al2(SO4)3 ∙ 18H2O Al2S3 Al2Te3

7047-84-9 300-92-5 10043-01-3 7784-31-8 1302-81-4 12043-29-7

344.467 610.928 342.151 666.426 150.158 436.76

yel-wh pow wh pow wh cry col monocl cry yel-gray powder gray-blk hex cry

6679X_S04.indb 45

100 dec 72.7 -74 -40 >920 dec 2070

2250 tp (220 MPa)

95100 0.96 0.95 3.19 2.55

1276 sp

3.10

0.5025

2.17 1.914

0.5025 0.5025

>500 dec

s EtOH, eth s bz, eth, hc reac H2O s eth, hx s dil HCl s hot HNO3; i acid, alk reac H2O; sl xyl

reac H2O i H2O; s alk, acid s H2O reac H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O

2.42 188.28

382

3.98

≈950 dec 73

135 dec

1.72

3000

68.925 68.925

2977

194.6

315

vs EtOH; sl ace vs EtOH; i pyr reac H2O i H2O; s EtOH, bz i H2O, EtOH; s acid i H2O, os; sl alk i H2O; s acid; sl alk

3.255

2054 trans to corundum 1200 trans to diasphore 227 dec 450

3.99 3.97

3.07

i H2O; s hot acid, alk

3.38

i H2O; s acid, alk i H2O, EtOH; s peth i H20; s bz, EtOH; sl hex s H2O, eth; i ctc

1.27

82 dec >1460 dec 1500

2.0 2.56 2.54 2.7

≈1525 220 dec 2550 960

2.78

1750 1816

s H2O, EtOH, CS2 reac H2O vs H2O; s EtOH s bz, ctc, chl

s H2O

>150 dec

dec 1000

Qualitative solubility

550 182.40

i H2O; sl acid i H2O

i H2O i H2O; s alk, acid reac H2O reac H2O

2.40 3.437 3.145 3.68 3.17 3.25 2.59

i H2O, acid, HF

115

1.070

155 145 1040 dec 86 dec 1100 ≈895

1.02

i H2O, EtOH, eth; s alk i H2O i H2O i EtOH

1.69 2.02 4.5

i H2O, acid, alk

38.525 38.525

3/24/08 1:35:28 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-46 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

72 73 74 75

Aluminum thiocyanate Aluminum titanate Aluminum zirconium Americium

Al(SCN)3 Al2TiO5 Al2Zr Am

538-17-0 12004-39-6 12004-50-1 7440-35-9

201.229 181.827 145.187 243

76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89

Americium(III) oxide Americium(III) bromide Americium(III) chloride Americium(III) fluoride Americium(III) iodide Americium(IV) fluoride Americium(IV) oxide Ammonia Ammonium acetate Ammonium azide Ammonium benzoate Ammonium bromate Ammonium bromide Ammonium caprylate

Am2O3 AmBr3 AmCl3 AmF3 AmI3 AmF4 AmO2 NH3 NH4C2H3O2 NH4N3 NH4C7H5O2 NH4BrO3 NH4Br NH4C8H15O2

12254-64-7 14933-38-1 13464-46-5 13708-80-0 13813-47-3 15947-41-8 12005-67-3 7664-41-7 631-61-8 12164-94-2 1863-63-4 13843-59-9 12124-97-9 5972-76-9

534 483 349 300 624 319 275 17.031 77.083 60.059 139.152 145.941 97.943 161.243

yel powder refrac solid metallic solid silv metal; hex or cub tan hex cry wh orth cry pink hex cry pink hex cry yel ortho cry tan monocl cry blk cub cry col gas wh hyg cry orth cry; flam wh cry or powder col hex cry wh hyg tetr cry hyg monocl cry

90 91 92 93 94

Ammonium carbamate Ammonium carbonate Ammonium chlorate Ammonium chloride Ammonium chromate

NH2COONH4 (NH4)2CO3 NH4ClO3 NH4Cl (NH4)2CrO4

1111-78-0 506-87-6 10192-29-7 12125-02-9 7788-98-9

78.071 96.086 101.490 53.492 152.071

95

Ammonium chromic sulfate dodecahydrate Ammonium cobalt(II) phosphate

NH4Cr(SO4)2 ∙ 12H2O

10022-47-6

CoNH4PO4

96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

Ammonium cobalt(II) phosphate monohydrate Ammonium cobalt(II) sulfate hexahydrate Ammonium copper(II) chloride Ammonium copper(II) chloride dihydrate Ammonium cyanide Ammonium dichromate Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Ammonium O,Odiethyldithiophosphate Ammonium dithiocarbamate Ammonium ferricyanide trihydrate Ammonium ferrocyanide trihydrate Ammonium fluoride Ammonium fluorosulfonate Ammonium formate Ammonium heptafluorotantalate Ammonium hexabromoosmate(IV)

Physical form mp/°C

500 1393 ≈950 >1000 dec -77.73 114 160 198 exp 542 dec ≈75

-33.33 exp

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility s H2O; i EtOH, eth

12

s acid

11.77 6.85 5.87 9.53 6.9 7.23 11.68 0.696 g/L 1.073 1.346 1.26

s acid s H2O

1484 20.230

s acid vs H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH; sl ace s H2O; sl EtOH vs H2O s EtOH, ace; sl eth reac H2O; s EtOH; i chl, bz vs H2O; s EtOH

2.429

78.325

cry powder col cry powder wh cry col cub cry yel cry

58 dec 102 exp 520.1 tp (dec) 338 sp 185 dec

1.80 1.519 1.90

10015 28.70 39.525 3725

478.343

blue-viol cry

94 dec

1.72

14590-13-7

171.943

CoNH4PO4 ∙ H2O

16827-96-6

189.959

(NH4)2Co(SO4)2 ∙ 6H2O

13586-38-4

395.227

red-viol powder (hyd) red-purp orth dec 450 plates red monocl prisms

1.90

s H2O; i EtOH

CuCl2 ∙ 2NH4Cl CuCl2 ∙ 2NH4Cl ∙ 2H2O

10060-13-6* 10060-13-6

241.435 277.465

yel hyg orth cry blue-grn tetr cry

110 dec

1.993

s H2O s H2O, EtOH

NH4CN (NH4)2Cr2O7

12211-52-8 7789-09-5

44.056 252.065

dec 180 dec

1.10 2.155

35.620

NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 (C2H5O)2P(S)SNH4

13462-93-6 7722-76-1 1068-22-0

158.975 115.026 203.264

col tetr cry oran-red monocl cry; hyg tetr cry wh tetr cry cry

300 dec 190 165

2.311 1.80

52.725 40.425

NH4NH2CSS (NH4)3Fe(CN)6 ∙ 3H2O (NH4)4Fe(CN)6 ∙ 3H2O NH4F NH4SO3F NH4CHO2 (NH4)2TaF7 (NH4)2OsBr6

513-74-6 14221-48-8* 14481-29-9* 12125-01-8 13446-08-7 540-69-2 12022-02-5 24598-62-7

110.202 320.110 338.149 37.037 117.100 63.057 350.014 705.73

yel ortho cry red cry yel cry wh hex cry; hyg col needles hyg cry hyg cry small blk cubes

99 dec

1.45

(NH4)2PtBr6 (NH4)3IrCl6 (NH4)2IrCl6 (NH4)2OsCl6 (NH4)2PdCl6

17363-02-9 15752-05-3 16940-92-4 12125-08-5 19168-23-1

710.585 459.050 441.012 439.03 355.22

powder grn pow blk cry powder red cry or powder red-brn hyg cry

(NH4)2PtCl6 (NH4)2RuCl6

16919-58-7 18746-63-9

443.879 349.87

red-oran cub cry red cry

121 122 123 124

(NH4)3AlF6 (NH4)3GaF6 (NH4)2GeF6 NH4PF6

7784-19-2 14639-94-2 16962-47-3 16941-11-0

195.087 237.828 222.71 163.003

cub cry col cub cry wh cry wh cub cry

125 126

Ammonium hexafluorosilicate Ammonium hexafluorotitanate

(NH4)2SiF6 (NH4)2TiF

16919-19-0 16962-40-6

178.153 197.934

wh cub or trig cry wh solid

6679X_S04.indb 46

2011

Density g cm–3

396 sp

Ammonium hexabromoplatinate(IV) Ammonium hexachloroiridate(III) Ammonium hexachloroiridate(IV) Ammonium hexachloroosmate(IV) Ammonium hexachloropalladate(IV) Ammonium hexachloroplatinate(IV) Ammonium hexachlororuthenate(IV) Ammonium hexafluoroaluminate Ammonium hexafluorogallate Ammonium hexafluorogermanate Ammonium hexafluorophosphate

119 120

1860 1645 1176

bp/°C

sl ace, MeOH; i EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; s acid s acid

dec 238 245 116

1.015

83.525

1.27

14320

vs H2O

sl EtOH; i ace

s H2O s H2O; i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH sl EtOH s H2O, EtOH, MeOH s EtOH sl H2O; s glycerol; i EtOH

145 dec

0.5920

dec

1.0925

dec

2.856 2.93 2.418

380 dec

3.065

0.520

>200 dec 380 58 dec

1.78 2.10 2.564 2.180

subl

dec

subl

2.011

s H2O, EtOH

i EtOH

s H2O

22.725

s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; s ace, EtOH, MeOH i EtOH, ace s H2O

3/24/08 1:35:29 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-47

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

127 128 129 130 131 132 133

(NH4)2ZrF6 (NH4)2HAsO4 NH4HCO3 (NH4)2HC6H5O7 NH4HF2 NH4C4H5O5 NH4HC2O4 ∙ H2O

16919-31-6 7784-44-3 1066-33-7 3012-65-5 1341-49-7 5972-71-4 5972-72-5*

241.291 176.004 79.056 226.184 57.044 151.118 125.081

wh hex cry wh powder col or wh prisms col cry wh orth cry orth cry col rhomb cry

(NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)2HPO3 ∙ H2O

7783-28-0 51503-61-8

132.055 134.071

wh cry hyg cry

155 dec

1.619

69.525

i EtOH, ace s H2O

136 137 138 139 140

Ammonium hexafluorozirconate(IV) Ammonium hydrogen arsenate Ammonium hydrogen carbonate Ammonium hydrogen citrate Ammonium hydrogen fluoride Ammonium hydrogen malate Ammonium hydrogen oxalate monohydrate Ammonium hydrogen phosphate Ammonium hydrogen phosphite monohydrate Ammonium hydrogen selenate Ammonium hydrogen sulfate Ammonium hydrogen sulfide Ammonium hydrogen sulfite Ammonium hydrogen tartrate

NH4HSeO4 NH4HSO4 NH4HS NH4HSO3 NH4HC4H4O6

10294-60-7 7803-63-6 12124-99-1 10192-30-0 3095-65-6

162.01 115.110 51.112 99.110 167.117

rhom cry wh hyg cry wh tetr or orth cry col cry wh cry

dec 147 dec dec

2.162 1.78 1.17 2.03 1.68

10020 1280 71.80

i EtOH, ace, py sl ace; i bz, eth

141 142

Ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hypophosphite

NH4OH NH4H2PO2

1336-21-6 7803-65-8

35.046 83.028

exists only in soln wh hyg cry

143 144 145

Ammonium iodate Ammonium iodide Ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate Ammonium iron(III) chromate Ammonium iron(III) oxalate trihydrate Ammonium iron(III) sulfate dodecahydrate Ammonium lactate

NH4IO3 NH4I (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 ∙ 6H2O

13446-09-8 12027-06-4 7783-85-9

192.941 144.943 392.139

150 551 dec ≈100 dec

NH4Fe(CrO4)2 (NH4)3Fe(C2O4)3 ∙ 3H2O

7789-08-4 13268-42-3

305.871 428.063

NH4Fe(SO4)2 ∙ 12H2O

7783-83-7

482.192

wh powder wh tetr cry; hyg blue-grn monocl cry red powder grn monocl cry; hyg col to viol cry

NH4C3H5O3

52003-58-4

107.108

col cry

92

NH4MgCl3 ∙ 6H2O

39733-35-2

256.794

hyg cry

dec 100

(NH4)2HgCl4 ∙ 2H2O

33445-15-7*

414.51

powder

s H2O; sl EtOH

(NH4)6W7O24 ∙ 6H2O

12028-48-7

1887.19

wh cry

s H2O; i EtOH

134 135

146 147 148 149 150

bp/°C

107 dec 125 160 dec

240 dec

Density g cm–3 1.154 1.99 1.586 1.48 1.50 1.15 1.56

Solubility g/100 g H20 24.825 60.220

sl H2O; s alk; i EtOH

dec

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i ace 405 sp

3.3 2.514 1.86

3.8425 17825

1.780

i H2O vs H2O; i EtOH

≈37

1.71

vs H2O; i EtOH

1.46

s H2O, EtOH; sl MeOH; i ace, eth s H2O

1720

7803-55-6 12054-85-2

116.979 1235.86

wh-yel cry col or grn-yel cry

200 dec 90 dec

155 156 157

(NH4)2Mo2O7 (NH4)3PO4 ∙ 12MoO3 NH4NO3

27546-07-2 12026-66-3 6484-52-2

339.95 1876.35 80.043

cry grn or yel cry wh hyg cry; orth

dec 169.7

158 159 160 161 162 163

Ammonium nitrite Ammonium nitroferricyanide Ammonium oleate Ammonium oxalate Ammonium oxalate monohydrate Ammonium palmitate

NH4NO2 (NH4)2Fe(CN)5NO NH4C18H33O2 (NH4)2C2O4 (NH4)2C2O4 ∙ H2O NH4C15H31CO2

13446-48-5 14402-70-1 544-60-5 1113-38-8 6009-70-7 593-26-0

64.044 252.016 299.493 124.096 142.110 273.455

wh-yel cry red-brn cry yel-brn paste col sol wh orth cry yel-wh powder

164

NH4B5O8 ∙ 4H2O

12007-89-5

272.150

wh cry

(NH4)2RhCl5 ∙ H2O

63771-33-5

334.262

red cry

dec 210

166 167

Ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate Ammonium pentachlororhodate(III) monohydrate Ammonium pentachlorozincate Ammonium perchlorate

(NH4)3ZnCl5 NH4ClO4

14639-98-6 7790-98-9

296.789 117.490

hyg orth cry wh orth cry

dec, exp

1.81 1.95

24.525

168 169

Ammonium permanganate Ammonium peroxydisulfate

NH4MnO4 (NH4)2S2O8

13446-10-1 7727-54-0

136.975 228.202

70 dec dec

2.22 1.982

7.915 83.525

170 171 172

Ammonium perrhenate Ammonium phosphate trihydrate Ammonium phosphomolybdate monohydrate Ammonium phosphotungstate dihydrate Ammonium picrate Ammonium polysulfide Ammonium salicylate

NH4ReO4 (NH4)3PO4 ∙ 3H2O (NH4)3PO4 ∙ 12MoO3 ∙ H2O (NH4)3PO4 ∙ 12WO3 ∙ 2H2O NH4C6H2N3O7 (NH4)2Sx NH4C7H5O3

13598-65-7 10361-65-6* 54723-94-3

268.244 203.133 1894.36

purp rhomb cry monocl cry or wh powder col powder wh prisms yel cry or powder

3.97

6.2320 25.025 0.02

1311-90-6

2967.18

cry powder

131-74-8 9080-17-5 528-94-9

246.135

yel orth cry yel unstab soln wh cry powder

153 154

165

173 174 175 176

6679X_S04.indb 47

155.151

sl EtOH, MeOH s H2O; i EtOH

≈160 dec

NH4VO3 (NH4)6Mo7O24 ∙ 4H2O

152

s H2O s H2O i EtOH, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH sl H2O, EtOH

Ammonium magnesium chloride hexahydrate Ammonium mercuric chloride dihydrate Ammonium metatungstate hexahydrate Ammonium metavanadate Ammonium molybdate(VI) tetrahydrate Ammonium dimolybdate Ammonium molybdophosphate Ammonium nitrate

151

Qualitative solubility

60 exp

dec 200260

2.326 2.498

4.820 43

i EtOH

1.72

0.0220 21325

s H2O sl H2O; s alk sl MeOH

1.69

22125

1.5 1.50

5.2025 5.2025

21 dec 22

i eth s H2O, EtOH s H2O; sl ace sl EtOH s H2O; sl bz, xyl; i ace, EtOH, ctc

7.0318

dec

vs H2O s MeOH; sl EtOH, ace; i eth

i ace

sl H2O exp

1.72

sl H2O reac acids vs H2O; s EtOH

3/24/08 1:35:31 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-48 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

177 178 179

Ammonium selenate Ammonium selenite Ammonium stearate

(NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)2SeO3 NH4C18H35O2

7783-21-3 7783-19-9 1002-89-7

179.04 163.04 301.509

wh monocl cry wh or red hyg cry yel-wh powder

dec dec 22

180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189

Ammonium sulfamate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium sulfide Ammonium sulfite Ammonium sulfite monohydrate Ammonium tartrate Ammonium tellurate Ammonium tetraborate tetrahydrate Ammonium tetrachloroaluminate Ammonium tetrachloropalladate(II)

NH4NH2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2S (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO3 ∙ H2O (NH4)2C4H4O6 (NH4)2TeO4 (NH4)2B4O7 ∙ 4H2O NH4AlCl4 (NH4)2PdCl4

7773-06-0 7783-20-2 12135-76-1 17026-44-7 7783-11-1 3164-29-2 13453-06-0 12228-87-4 7784-14-7 13820-40-1

114.124 132.140 68.142 116.140 134.155 184.147 227.68 263.377 186.833 284.31

131 280 dec ≈0 dec

190 191

Ammonium tetrachloroplatinate(II) Ammonium tetrachlorozincate

(NH4)2PtCl4 (NH4)2ZnCl4

13820-41-2 14639-97-5

372.973 243.298

192 193 194

Ammonium tetrafluoroantimonate Ammonium tetrafluoroborate Ammonium tetrathiocyanodiammo nochromate(III) monohydrate Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate Ammonium tetrathiotungstate Ammonium tetrathiovandate Ammonium thiocyanate

NH4SbF4 NH4BF4 NH4[Cr(NH3)2(SCN)4] ∙ H2O (NH4)2MoS4 (NH4)2WS4 (NH4)3VS4 NH4SCN

14972-90-8 13826-83-0 13573-16-5

215.793 104.844 354.440

wh hyg cry wh or brn orth cry yel-oran cry wh hyg cry col cry wh cry wh powder wh tetr cry wh hyg solid grn cry or red-brn pow red cry wh orth plates; hyg col cry wh powder; orth red cry

15060-55-6 13862-78-7 14693-56-2 1762-95-4

260.28 348.18 233.317 76.121

red cry oran cry dark viol cry col hyg cry

(NH4)2S2O3 (NH4)2TiO(C2O4)2 ∙ H2O

7783-18-8 10580-03-7

148.205 293.996

wh cry hyg cry

(NH4)10W12O41 (NH4)10W12O41 ∙ 5H2O

11120-25-5 1311-93-9

3042.44 3132.52

cry powder cry pow or plates

203

Ammonium thiosulfate Ammonium titanium oxalate monohydrate Ammonium tungstate(VI) Ammonium tungstate(VI) pentahydrate Ammonium uranate(VI)

(NH4)2U2O7

7783-22-4

624.131

204

Ammonium uranium fluoride

UO2(NH4)3F5

18433-40-4

419.135

205 206 207 208 209 210 211

Ammonium valerate Antimony (gray) Antimony (black) Stibine Trimethylstibine Pentamethylstibine Tetramethyldistibine

NH4C4H9CO2 Sb Sb SbH3 Sb(CH3)3 Sb(CH3)5 [Sb(CH3)2]2

42739-38-8 7440-36-0 7440-36-0 7803-52-3 594-10-5 15120-50-0 41422-43-9

119.163 121.760 121.760 124.784 166.863 196.933 303.658

212 213

SbAs K2(SbC4H2O6)2 ∙ 3H2O

12322-34-8 28300-74-5

196.682 667.873

214 215

Antimony arsenide Antimony potassium tartrate trihydrate Antimony(III) acetate Antimony(III) bromide

red-yel amorp powder grn-yel monocl cry hyg cry silv metal; hex blk amorp solid col gas; flam col flam liq col hyg liq yel flam liq or red solid hex cry col cry

Sb(C2H3O2)3 SbBr3

3643-76-3 7789-61-9

298.891 361.472

wh pow yel orth cry; hyg

97

288

4.35

216

Antimony(III) chloride

SbCl3

10025-91-9

228.119

col orth cry; hyg

73.4

220.3

3.14

98725

217 218

Antimony(III) fluoride Antimony(III) iodide

SbF3 SbI3

7783-56-4 7790-44-5

178.755 502.473

wh orth cry; hyg red rhomb cry

287 171

376 400

4.38 4.92

49225

219

Antimony(III) iodide sulfide

SbIS

13816-38-1

280.729

400

220 221 222

Antimony(III) oxide (senarmontite) Antimony(III) oxide (valentinite) Antimony(III) oxychloride

Sb2O3 Sb2O3 SbOCl

1309-64-4 1309-64-4 7791-08-4

291.518 291.518 173.212

dark red prisms or needles col cub cry wh orth cry wh momo cry

1425 1425

5.58 5.7

223 224

SbPO4 K3Sb(C2O4)3 ∙ 3H2O

12036-46-3 5965-33-3*

216.731 557.158

cry pow cry pow

225 226

Antimony(III) phosphate Antimony(III) potassium oxalate trihydrate Antimony(III) selenide Antimony(III) sulfate

sl H2O; i os sl H2O; i os reac H2O; i EtOH, eth reac H2O s H2O

Sb2Se3 Sb2(SO4)3

1315-05-5 7446-32-4

480.40 531.708

611 dec

5.81 3.62

sl H2O sl H2O

227 228

Antimony(III) sulfide Antimony(III) telluride

Sb2S3 Sb2Te3

1345-04-6 1327-50-0

339.715 626.32

grn orth cry wh cry powder; hyg gray-blk orth cry gray cry

550 620

4.562 6.5

i H2O; s conc HCl

195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202

6679X_S04.indb 48

bp/°C

Density g cm–3 2.194

11725 12125

0.89 160 dec 1.77

dec dec dec dec 87 304

1.41 1.601 3.024

dec 150 dec

2.936 1.879

487 dec 270 dec

1.871

76.425 64.225 64.225

Qualitative solubility i EtOH, ace sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, MeOH; i ace vs H2O; sl EtOH i EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH, alk i EtOH, ace s H2O vs H2O; s HNO3 s H2O, eth s H2O

100 dec dec ≈149

Solubility g/100 g H20

s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O

2520

s H2O, EtOH, ace; i bz vs H2O s H2O

2.71 dec

150 dec

1.30

s H2O

18125

1.678

vs EtOH; s ace; i chl vs H2O; i EtOH, eth vs H2O

2.3 2.3

s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH i H2O, alk; s acid s H2O; i EtOH

108 630.628 trans gray 0 -88 -62 -19 17

1587

6.68

-17 81 127

5.100 g/L 1.52

≈680

570 trans 655 170 dec

vs H2O, EtOH; s eth i dil acid sl H2O; s EtOH reac H2O

6.0 2.6

sl H2O

reac H2O; s ace, bz, chl s acid, EtOH, bz, ace reac H2O; s EtOH, ace; i ctc

3/24/08 1:35:33 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-49

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

229 230 231 232 233 234 235

Antimony(III,V) oxide Antimony(V) chloride Antimony(V) fluoride Antimony(V) dichlorotrifluoride Antimony(V) oxide Antimony(V) sulfide Argon

Sb2O4 SbCl5 SbF5 SbCl2F3 Sb2O5 Sb2S5 Ar

1332-81-6 7647-18-9 7783-70-2 7791-16-4 1314-60-9 1315-04-4 7440-37-1

307.518 299.025 216.752 249.661 323.517 403.845 39.948

yel orth cry col or yel liq hyg visc liq visc liq yel powder; cub oran-yel powder col gas

236

Arsenic (gray)

As

7440-38-2

74.922

gray metal; rhomb

237

Arsenic (black)

As

7440-38-2

74.922

blk amorp solid

238

Arsenic (yellow)

As

7440-38-2

74.922

soft yel cub cry

239 240 241 242 243 244 245

Arsine Diarsine Arsenic acid Arsenic acid hemihydrate Arsenious acid Arsenic diiodide Arsenic hemiselenide

AsH3 As2H4 H3AsO4 H3AsO4 ∙ 0.5H2O H3AsO3 As2I4 As2Se

7784-42-1 15942-63-9 7778-39-4 7778-39-4* 13464-58-9 13770-56-4 1303-35-1

77.946 153.875 141.944 150.951 125.944 657.461 228.80

col gas unstab liq exists only in soln wh hyg cry exists only in soln red cry blk cry

246 247

Arsenic sulfide Arsenic(III) bromide

As4S4 AsBr3

12279-90-2 7784-33-0

427.946 314.634

320 31.1

248

Arsenic(III) chloride

AsCl3

7784-34-1

181.281

red monocl cry col or yel orth cry; hyg col liq

249 250

Arsenic(III) ethoxide Arsenic(III) fluoride

As(C2H5O)3 AsF3

3141-12-6 7784-35-2

210.103 131.917

251

Arsenic(III) iodide

AsI3

7784-45-4

252 253

Arsenic(III) oxide (arsenolite) Arsenic(III) oxide (claudetite)

As2O3 As2O3

254 255

Arsenic(III) selenide Arsenic(III) sulfide

256 257 258

4 8.3 dec 75 dec -189.36 tp (69 kPa) 817 tp (3.70 MPa) trans gray As 270 trans gray As 358 -116

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

140 dec 141

6.64 2.34 3.10

-185.847

3.78 4.120 1.633 g/L

616 sp

5.75

Solubility g/100 g H20

0.320

Qualitative solubility reac H2O; s chl, ctc reac H2O reac H2O i H2O; s acid, alk sl H2O i H2O

4.9 1.97

s CS2

3.186 g/L

sl H2O

2.5

vs H2O, EtOH

565 221

3.5 3.40

-16

130

2.150

reac H2O; s os i H2O, os; dec acid, alk i H2O; sl bz; s alk reac H2O; s hc, ctc; vs eth, bz reac H2O; vs chl, ctc, eth

liq col liq

-5.9

166 57.13

1.21 2.7

455.635

red hex cry

141

424

4.73

1327-53-3 1327-53-3

197.841 197.841

wh cub cry wh monocl cry

274 314

460 460

3.86 3.74

As2Se3 As2S3

1303-36-2 1303-33-9

386.72 246.038

260 312

707

4.75 3.46

Arsenic(III) telluride Arsenic(V) chloride Arsenic(V) fluoride

As2Te3 AsCl5 AsF5

12044-54-1 22441-45-8 7784-36-3

532.64 252.187 169.914

brn-blk solid yel-oran monocl cry blk monocl cry stab at low temp col gas

621 ≈-50 dec -79.8

259 260

Arsenic(V) oxide Arsenic(V) selenide

As2O5 As2Se5

1303-28-2 1303-37-3

229.840 544.64

wh amorp powder blk solid

315 dec

261

Arsenic(V) sulfide

As2S5

1303-34-0

310.168

dec

262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273

Astatine Barium Barium acetate Barium acetate monohydrate Barium aluminate Barium aluminide Barium azide Barium bismuthate Barium bromate Barium bromate monohydrate Barium bromide Barium bromide dihydrate

At Ba Ba(C2H3O2)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2 ∙ H2O BaAl2O4 BaAl4 Ba(N3)2 BaBiO3 Ba(BrO3)2 Ba(BrO3)2 ∙ H2O BaBr2 BaBr2 ∙ 2H2O

7440-68-8 7440-39-3 543-80-6 5908-64-5 12004-04-5 12672-79-6 18810-58-7 12785-50-1 13967-90-3 10326-26-8 10553-31-8 7791-28-8

210 137.327 255.416 273.431 255.288 245.253 221.367 394.305 393.131 411.147 297.135 333.166

brn-yel amorp solid cry silv-yel metal; cub wh powder wh cry hex cry metallic solid monocl cry; exp bronze cry col monocl cry wh monocl cry wh orth cry wh cry

274 275 276

Barium calcium tungstate Barium carbide Barium carbonate

Ba2CaWO6 BaC2 BaCO3

15552-14-4 50813-65-5 513-77-9

594.57 161.348 197.336

cub cry gray tetr cry wh orth cry

277 278 279 280 281 282

Barium chlorate Barium chlorate monohydrate Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium chloride fluoride Barium chromate(V)

Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO3)2 ∙ H2O BaCl2 BaCl2 ∙ 2H2O BaClF Ba3(CrO4)2

13477-00-4 10294-38-9 10361-37-2 10326-27-9 13718-55-3 12345-14-1

304.229 322.245 208.233 244.264 191.778 643.968

wh cry wh monocl cry wh orth cry; hyg wh monocl cry wh cry grn-blk hex cry

6679X_S04.indb 49

-62.5 ≈100

36.1 137

302 727

1420 dec 1380 dec; 1555 (high pres.) 414 120 dec 961 ≈120 dec

2.0525 2.0525

s dil acid, alk; i EtOH i H2O; s alk i H2O; s alk

6.50 -52.8

6.945 g/L 4.32

1897

110 dec 1827 1097 ≈120 dec 1040 dec 260 dec 857 75 dec

reac H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz. tol

1835

1560

65.820

reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth vs EtOH i H2O, EtOH, eth; s alk i H2O; s alk s HNO3, os reac H2O; sl EtOH

3.62 2.47 2.19

79.225 79.225

2.936

17.320

sl EtOH; i eth

3.99 4.781 3.7

0.7925 0.83125 10025 10025

s ace i EtOH

3.74 4.308

0.001420

3.179 3.9 3.097

37.925 37.925 37.025 37.025

5.25

sl EtOH

s MeOH; i EtOH, ace, diox reac H2O s acid sl EtOH, ace s acid; sl EtOH, ace i EtOH s H2O

3/24/08 1:35:35 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-50 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

283 284 285

Barium chromate(VI) Barium citrate monohydrate Barium copper yttrium oxide

BaCrO4 Ba3(C6H5O7)2 ∙ H2O BaCuY2O5

10294-40-3 512-25-4* 82642-06-6

253.321 808.195 458.682

286

Barium copper yttrium oxide

Ba2Cu3YO7

109064-29-1

666.194

287

Barium copper yttrium oxide

Ba2Cu4YO8

114104-80-2

745.739

288

Barium copper yttrium oxide

Ba4Cu7Y2O15

124365-83-9

1411.933

289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297

Barium cyanide Barium dichromate dihydrate Barium disilicate Barium dithionate dihydrate Barium ferrite Barium ferrocyanide hexahydrate Barium fluoride Barium formate Barium hexaboride

Ba(CN)2 BaCr2O7 ∙ 2H2O BaSi2O5 BaS2O6 ∙ 2H2O BaFe12O19 Ba2Fe(CN)6 ∙ 6H2O BaF2 Ba(CHO2)2 BaB6

542-62-1 10031-16-0 12650-28-1 13845-17-5 11138-11-7 13821-06-2* 7787-32-8 541-43-5 12046-08-1

298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307

Barium hexafluorogermanate Barium hexafluorosilicate Barium hydride Barium hydrogen phosphate Barium hydrosulfide Barium hydrosulfide tetrahydrate Barium hydroxide Barium hydroxide monohydrate Barium hydroxide octahydrate Barium hypophosphite monohydrate Barium iodate Barium iodate monohydrate Barium iodide Barium iodide dihydrate Barium manganate(VI) Barium metaborate monohydrate Barium metaborate dihydrate Barium metaphosphate Barium metasilicate Barium molybdate Barium niobate Barium nitrate Barium nitride Barium nitrite Barium nitrite monohydrate Barium orthovanadate Barium oxalate Barium oxalate monohydrate Barium oxide

BaGeF6 BaSiF6 BaH2 BaHPO4 Ba(HS)2 Ba(HS)2 ∙ 4H2O Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 ∙ H2O Ba(OH)2 ∙ 8H2O Ba(H2PO2)2 ∙ H2O

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

1380

189.361 389.346 273.495 333.484 1111.456 594.694 175.324 227.362 202.193

yel orth cry gray-wh cry grn cry; not superconductor blk solid; HT superconductor HT superconductor HT superconductor wh cry powder brn-red needles wh orth cry wh cry magnetic solid yel monocl cry wh cub cry cry blk cub cry

2070

4.893 3.21 4.36

17125-80-3 13477-09-3 10048-98-3 25417-81-6 12230-74-9 17194-00-2 22326-55-2 12230-71-6 14871-79-5*

323.96 279.403 139.343 233.306 203.473 275.534 171.342 189.357 315.464 285.320

wh cry wh orth needles gray orth cry wh cry powder yel hyg cry yel rhomb cry wh powder wh powder wh monocl cry monocl plates

≈665 300 dec 1200 400 dec

4.56 4.29 4.16 4.16

Ba(IO3)2 Ba(IO3)2 ∙ H2O BaI2 BaI2 ∙ 2H2O BaMnO4 Ba(BO2)2 ∙ H2O Ba(BO2)2 ∙ 2H2O Ba(PO3)2 BaSiO3 BaMoO4 Ba(NbO3)2 Ba(NO3)2 Ba3N2 Ba(NO2)2 Ba(NO2)2 ∙ H2O Ba3(VO4)2 BaC2O4 BaC2O4 ∙ H2O BaO

10567-69-8 7787-34-0 13718-50-8 7787-33-9 7787-35-1 26124-86-7 23436-05-7 13466-20-1 13255-26-0 7787-37-3 12009-14-2 10022-31-8 12047-79-9 13465-94-6 7787-38-4 39416-30-3 516-02-9 13463-22-4 1304-28-5

487.132 505.148 391.136 427.167 256.263 240.962 258.977 295.271 213.411 297.27 419.136 261.336 439.994 229.338 247.353 641.859 225.346 243.361 153.326

476 dec 130 dec 711 740 dec

Ba(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 ∙ 8H2O Ba(ClO4)2 Ba(ClO4)2 ∙ 3H2O

12084-29-6*

479.665

328 329

Barium 2,4-pentanedioate octahydrate Barium perchlorate Barium perchlorate trihydrate

wh cry powder cry wh orth cry col cry grn-gray hyg cry wh powder wh prec wh powder col rhomb powder wh powder yel orth cry wh cub cry yel-brn cry col hex cry yel-wh hex cry hex cry wh powder wh cry powder wh-yel powder; cub and hex col hyg cry

13465-95-7 10294-39-0

336.228 390.274

col hex cry col cry

505

3.20 2.74

31225 31225

330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341

Barium permanganate Barium peroxide Barium plumbate Barium potassium chromate Barium pyrophosphate Barium selenate Barium selenide Barium selenite Barium silicide Barium sodium niobate Barium stannate Barium stannate trihydrate

Ba(MnO4)2 BaO2 BaPbO3 BaK2(CrO4)2 Ba2P2O7 BaSeO4 BaSe BaSeO3 BaSi2 Ba2Na(NbO3)5 BaSnO3 BaSnO3 ∙ 3H2O

7787-36-2 1304-29-6 12047-25-5 27133-66-0 13466-21-2 7787-41-9 1304-39-8 13718-59-7 1304-40-1 12323-03-4 12009-18-6 12009-18-6*

375.198 169.326 392.5 447.511 448.597 280.29 216.29 264.29 193.498 1002.167 304.035 358.081

brn-viol cry gray-wh tetr cry orth cry yel hex cry wh powder wh rhomb cry cub cry powder solid gray lumps wh orth cry cub cry wh cry powder

200 dec 450 dec

3.77 4.96

62.520 0.09120

1430 dec 1780

3.63 3.9 4.75 5.02

0.008820 0.01520

308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327

6679X_S04.indb 50

4.50

Solubility g/100 g H20

3.70 4.54

>900 dec 1560 1605 1450 1455 590 >500 dec 267 217 dec 707 400 dec 1973

22.120

sl EtOH i H2O, EtOH

2260

50 dec 408 78 dec

reac acid s H2O, acid

vs H2O; s EtOH reac H2O

dec 1420 140 dec 80 dec 1368

0.0002620

Qualitative solubility

3.743 2.18 2.90 5.23 5.00 5.15 5.0 4.85 3.3

0.16125 s H2O; i EtOH i H2O; s acid; i EtOH

0.01520

i H2O, EtOH; sl acid reac H2O s dil acid s H2O s H2O

4.9125 4.9125 4.9125

s acid s H2O; i EtOH

0.039625 0.039625 22125 22125 0.0004120 1.325

4.40 4.975 5.44 3.24 4.78 3.234 3.18 5.14 2.658 2.66 5.72(cub)

0.002120 10.325 79.525 79.525 0.0075 0.007520 1.520

s acid; i EtOH s EtOH, ace sl H2O sl H2O i H2O; sl acid i H2O; s acid i H2O sl EtOH, ace reac H2O i EtOH

s acid s dil acid, EtOH; i ace

320 (anh)

1180 1437

5.40 7.24

vs EtOH s MeOH; sl EtOH, ace; i eth reac EtOH reac dil acid vs H2O s acid reac H2O i H2O reac H2O i H2O sl H2O sl H2O; s acid

3/24/08 1:35:37 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-51

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

342 343 344 345 346

Barium stearate Barium strontium niobate Barium strontium tungstate Barium sulfate Barium sulfide

Ba(C18H35O2)2 BaSr(NbO3)4 Ba2SrWO6 BaSO4 BaS

6865-35-6 37185-09-4 14871-56-8 7727-43-7 21109-95-5

704.266 788.57 642.11 233.390 169.392

347 348 349

BaSO3 BaC4H4O6 BaPt(CN)4 ∙ 4H2O

7787-39-5 5908-81-6 13755-32-3

217.390 285.398 508.543

350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371

Barium sulfite Barium tartrate Barium tetracyanoplatinate(II) tetrahydrate Barium tetraiodomercurate(II) Barium thiocyanate Barium thiocyanate dihydrate Barium thiocyanate trihydrate Barium thiosulfate Barium thiosulfate monohydrate Barium titanate (BaTiO3) Barium titanate (BaTi2O5) Barium titanate (BaTi4O9) Barium titanium silicate Barium tungstate Barium uranium oxide Barium yttrium tungsten oxide Barium zirconate Barium zirconium silicate Berkelium (α form) Berkelium (β form) Beryllium Beryllium acetate Beryllium basic acetate Beryllium aluminate Beryllium aluminum metasilicate

BaHgI4 Ba(SCN)2 Ba(SCN)2 ∙ 2H2O Ba(SCN)2 ∙ 3H2O BaS2O3 BaS2O3 ∙ H2O BaTiO3 BaTi2O5 BaTi4O9 BaTi(SiO3)3 BaWO4 BaU2O7 Ba3Y3WO9 BaZrO3 BaO ∙ ZrO2 ∙ SiO2 Bk Bk Be Be(C2H3O2)2 Be4O(C2H3O2)6 BeAl2O4 Be3Al2(SiO3)6

10048-99-4 2092-17-3 2092-17-3* 68016-36-4 35112-53-9 7787-40-8 12047-27-7 12009-27-7 12009-31-3 15491-35-7 7787-42-0 10380-31-1 37265-86-4 12009-21-1 7440-40-6 7440-40-6 7440-41-7 543-81-7 1332-52-1 12004-06-7 1302-52-9

845.54 253.491 289.522 307.537 249.455 267.471 233.192 313.058 472.790 413.446 385.17 725.381 1006.53 276.549 336.634 247 247 9.012 127.101 406.312 126.973 537.502

372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381

Beryllium boride (BeB2) Beryllium boride (BeB6) Beryllium boride (Be2B) Beryllium boride (Be4B) Beryllium borohydride Beryllium bromide Beryllium carbide Beryllium carbonate tetrahydrate Beryllium basic carbonate Beryllium chloride

BeB2 BeB6 Be2B Be4B Be(BH4)2 BeBr2 Be2C BeCO3 ∙ 4H2O Be3(OH)2(CO3)2 BeCl2

12228-40-9 12429-94-6 12536-51-5 12536-52-6 17440-85-6 7787-46-4 506-66-1 60883-64-9 66104-24-3 7787-47-5

30.634 73.878 28.835 46.860 36.682 168.820 30.035 93.085 181.069 79.918

382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390

Beryllium fluoride Beryllium formate Beryllium hydride Beryllium hydrogen phosphate Beryllium hydroxide (α) Beryllium hydroxide (β) Beryllium iodide Beryllium nitrate trihydrate Beryllium nitride

BeF2 Be(CHO2)2 BeH2 BeHPO4 Be(OH)2 Be(OH)2 BeI2 Be(NO3)2 ∙ 3H2O Be3N2

7787-49-7 1111-71-3 7787-52-2 13598-15-7 13327-32-7 13327-32-7 7787-53-3 13597-99-4 1304-54-7

47.009 99.047 11.028 104.991 43.027 43.027 262.821 187.068 55.050

391 392 393

Beryllium oxalate trihydrate Beryllium oxide Beryllium 2,4-pentanedioate

BeC2O4 ∙ 3H2O BeO Be(CH3COCHCOCH3)2

15771-43-4 1304-56-9 10210-64-7

151.077 25.011 207.228

394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403

Beryllium perchlorate tetrahydrate Beryllium selenate tetrahydrate Beryllium sulfate Beryllium sulfate dihydrate Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate Beryllium sulfide Bismuth Bismuth acetate Bismuth subacetate Bismuth antimonide

Be(ClO4)2 ∙ 4H2O BeSeO4 ∙ 4H2O BeSO4 BeSO4 ∙ 2H2O BeSO4 ∙ 4H2O BeS Bi Bi(C2H3O2)3 BiOC2H3O2 BiSb

7787-48-6 10039-31-3 13510-49-1 14215-00-0 7787-56-6 13598-22-6 7440-69-9 22306-37-2 5142-76-7 12323-19-2

279.975 224.03 105.075 141.105 177.136 41.077 208.980 386.111 284.023 330.740

6679X_S04.indb 51

Physical form mp/°C wh powder pale yel solid hyg pow wh orth cry col cub cry or gray powder wh monocl cry wh cry yel powder or cry yel-red hyg cry hyg cry hyg wh cry wh needles; hyg wh cry powder wh cry powder wh tetr cry wh solid wh solid rhom blue-pur cry wh tetr cry oran-yel powder cub cry gray-wh cub cry wh pow hex cry cub cry hex cry wh cry wh cry orth cry col or grn-yel cry; hex refrac solid red solid pink cry refrac solid solid orth cry; hyg red cub cry wh solid wh powder wh-yel orth cry; hyg tetr cry or gl; hyg powder wh amorp solid cry wh powder or cry col tetr cry hyg needles yel-wh hyg cry gray refrac cry; cub rhom cry wh hex cry monocl cry powder hyg cry orth cry col tetr cry; hyg col cry col tetr cry col cub cry gray-wh soft metal col tablets thin cry plates cry

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility

160

1.145

1400 1580 2227

4.49 4.3

0.0003120 8.9425

i EtOH

4.44 2.98 2.076

0.001125

i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH sl H2O; i EtOH

dec

2.286 220 dec dec 1625

1475

3.5 6.02

1730

>1970 2070 1520 1160 125 dec 508 2127 100 dec

2471 330

subl 473 sp

3.465 1.90 0.360

2.71

3.01 1.168

vs H2O i H2O; sl acid, alk i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

1283

2.1

71.525

0.65 1.92 590 dec

270

reac H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, pyr reac H2O i H2O; s acid, alk s EtOH, eth, py; i bz, tol vs H2O; sl EtOH reac H2O; i os reac H2O; i eth, tol i H2O sl H2O, alk; s acid i H2O; s, acid, alk reac H2O; s EtOH s EtOH reac acid, alk

552 >250 dec 250 dec

475

s acid, alk i H2O, EtOH i H2O; s eth, os

1.25 3.65 2.64

1.90

250 dec 100 dec 1127 dec 92 ≈100 dec dec 271.406 250

i H2O, alk; sl acid

14.78 13.25 1.85

482

dec 320 2578 108

0.001620

5.52

415

≈200 dec dec 138 480 ≈30 2200

vs H2O, EtOH s ace, MeOH, EtOH s EtOH s EtOH i EtOH i EtOH i H2O

i H2O; s acid

1470 2500 trans to · 930 986 1287 60 dec 285

5.04

16725 16725 16725 0.220 0.2

i H2O, EtOH

4.32 10720

19825 2.03 2.5

1564

1.71 2.36 9.79

vs H2O 41.325 41.325

i EtOH reac hot H2O s acid i H2O i H2O; s dil acid

3/24/08 1:35:39 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-52 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

404

Bismuth arsenate

BiAsO4

13702-38-0

347.900

wh monocl cry

7.14

405 406

Bismuth basic carbonate Bismuth basic dichromate

(BiO)2CO3 Bi2O3 ∙ 2CrO3

5892-10-4

509.969 665.948

6.86

407 408 409

Bismuth citrate Bismuth hydride Bismuth hydroxide

BiC6H5O7 BiH3 Bi(OH)3

813-93-4 18288-22-7 10361-43-0

398.080 212.004 260.002

410 411

2Bi2O3 ∙ 3GeO2 Bi(CF3COCHCOCF3)3

12233-56-6 142617-56-9

1245.84 830.132

412 413 414

Bismuth germanium oxide Bismuth hexafluoro-2,4pentanedioate Bismuth molybdate Bismuth molybdate Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate

wh powder red-oran amorp pow wh powder col gas; unstab wh-yel amorp powder wh pow powder

Bi2MoO6 Bi2(MoO4)3 Bi(NO3)3 ∙ 5H2O

13565-96-3 51898-99-8 10035-06-0

609.90 897.77 485.071

yel solid monocl cry col tricl cry; hyg

≈75 dec

9.32 5.95 2.83

415

Bismuth subnitrate

Bi5O(OH)9(NO3)4

1304-85-4

1461.987

hyg cry powder

260 dec

4.928

416 417

Bismuth oleate Bismuth oxalate

Bi(C18H33O2)3 Bi2(C2O4)3

52951-38-9 6591-55-5

1053.340 682.018

soft yel-brn solid wh powder

418

Bismuth oxide

Bi2O3

1304-76-3

465.959

419 420 421 422

Bismuth tetroxide Bismuth oxybromide Bismuth oxychloride Bismuth oxyiodide

Bi2O4 BiOBr BiOCl BiOI

12048-50-9 7787-57-7 7787-59-9 7787-63-5

481.959 304.883 260.432 351.883

yel monocl cry or powder red-oran powder col tetr cry wh tetr cry red tetr cry

423 424

Bismuth oxynitrate Bismuth phosphate

BiONO3 BiPO4

10361-46-3 10049-01-1

286.985 303.951

wh powder monocl cry

425

Bismuth potassium iodide

BiK4I7

41944-01-8

1253.704

red cry

426 427 428

Bismuth selenide Bismuth stannate pentahydrate Bismuth sulfate

Bi2Se3 Bi2(SnO3)3 ∙ 5H2O Bi2(SO4)3

12068-69-8 12777-45-6 7787-68-0

654.84 1008.162 706.149

429 430 431

Bismuth sulfide Bismuth telluride Bismuth tribromide

Bi2S3 Bi2Te3 BiBr3

1345-07-9 1304-82-1 7787-58-8

514.156 800.76 448.692

blk hex cry wh cry wh needles or powder blk-brn orth cry gray hex plates yel cub cry

432

Bismuth trichloride

BiCl3

7787-60-2

315.339

433 434

Bismuth trifluoride Bismuth pentafluoride

BiF3 BiF5

7787-61-3 7787-62-4

265.975 303.972

435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449

Bismuth triiodide Bismuth trimethyl Bismuth titanate Bismuth tungstate Bismuth vanadate Bismuth zirconate Boron Diborane Tetraborane(10) Pentaborane(9) Pentaborane(11) Hexaborane(10) Hexaborane(12) Nonaborane(15) Decaborane(14)

BiI3 Bi(CH3)3 Bi4(TiO4)3 Bi2(WO4)3 BiVO4 2Bi2O3 ∙ 3ZrO2 B B2H6 B4H10 B5H9 B5H11 B6H10 B6H12 B9H15 B10H14

7787-64-6 593-91-9 12048-51-0 13595-87-4 14059-33-7 37306-42-6 7440-42-8 19287-45-7 18283-93-7 19624-22-7 18433-84-6 23777-80-2 12008-19-4 19465-30-6 17702-41-9

589.693 254.083 1171.516 1161.47 323.920 1301.587 10.811 27.670 53.323 63.126 65.142 74.945 76.961 112.418 122.221

col or yel cub cry; hyg wh-gray cub cry wh tetr needles; hyg blk-brn hex cry col flam liq wh orth cry wh powder orth cry wh pow blk rhomb cry col gas; flam unstab col gas flam col liq col liq; unstab col liq col liq col liq wh orth cry

450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457

Decaborane(16) Dodecaborane(16) Tridecaborane(19) Tetradecaborane(18) Hexadecaborane(20) Octadecaborane(22) Tetrabromodiborane Tetrachlorodiborane

B10H16 B12H16 B13H19 B14H18 B16H20 B18H22 B2Br4 B2Cl4

71595-75-0 89711-39-7 43093-20-5 55606-55-8 28265-11-4 11071-61-7 14355-29-4 13701-67-2

124.237 145.859 159.694 169.497 193.135 216.773 341.238 163.434

col cry col cry yel cry visc yel oil col cry yel cry col liq col liq; flam

6679X_S04.indb 52

-67

bp/°C

≈17

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

3.458 8.665 g/L 4.962

Qualitative solubility i H2O; sl conc HNO3 i H2O; s acid i H2O; s acid, alk i H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; s acid

1044 96

825

1890

8.9

305 560 dec 575 dec 300 dec

5.6 8.08 7.72 7.92

260 dec

4.93 6.32

710 dec

7.5

405 dec

5.08

850 580 219

462

6.78 7.74 5.72

234

441

4.75

727 151.4

900 230

8.3 5.55

408.6 -86

542 110

5.778 2.3 7.85

trans 500

0.0007820

s EtOH

2.34 1.131 g/L 2.180 g/L 0.60

i H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac hot H2O reac H2O reac hot H2O reac H2O

213

0.94

≈81 65 44

dec 170

subl

dec 20 66.5

i H2O; s acid i H2O; s EtOH reac H2O; s dil acid, ace; i EtOH reac H2O; s acid, EtOH, ace i H2O reac H2O

i H2O; s acid

4000 -92.49 18 60.10 65 108 dec ≈85

dec 100

reac H2O i H2O, EtOH; s acid i H2O i H2O, EtOH, chl; s HCl i H2O, EtOH; s acid sl H2O, dil acid; i EtOH reac H2O; s alk iodide soln i H2O i H2O reac H2O, EtOH

6.25

2075 -164.85 -120 -46.74 -122 -62.3 -82.3 2.7 98.78

≈110 180 ≈1 -92.6

reac H2O; s ace; i EtOH i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s eth; sl bz i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s acid

0.67

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, CS2, ctc s bz, hx s hx, CH2Cl2 s cyhex, CS2 s ctc, cyhex, thf s os reac H2O

3/24/08 1:35:40 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-53

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

458 459 460 461 462 463

Tetrafluorodiborane Borane carbonyl Borazine Boric acid Metaboric acid (α form) Metaboric acid (β form)

B2F4 BH3CO B3N3H6 H3BO3 HBO2 HBO2

13965-73-6 13205-44-2 6569-51-3 10043-35-3 13460-50-9 13460-50-9

97.616 41.845 80.501 61.833 43.818 43.818

464 465 466 467 468

Metaboric acid (γ form) Tetrafluoroboric acid Boron arsenide Boron carbide Boron nitride

HBO2 HBF4 BAs B4C BN

13460-50-9 16872-11-0 12005-69-5 12069-32-8 10043-11-5

43.818 87.813 85.733 55.255 24.818

469

Boron oxide

B2O3

1303-86-2

69.620

470

Boron phosphide

BP

20205-91-8

41.785

471 472 473 474 475 476

Boron silicide Boron sulfide Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride Boron trifluoride etherate

B6Si B2S3 BBr3 BCl3 BF3 BF3(C2H5)2O

12008-29-6 12007-33-9 10294-33-4 10294-34-5 7637-07-2 109-63-7

92.952 117.817 250.523 117.170 67.806 141.927

477 478 479

Boron triiodide Bromine Bromic acid

BI3 Br2 HBrO3

13517-10-7 7726-95-6 7789-31-3

391.524 159.808 128.910

480 481 482 483 484 485 486

Hypobromous acid Bromine dioxide Bromine monoxide Dibromine trioxide Dibromine pentoxide Bromine azide Bromine chloride

HOBr BrO2 Br2O Br2O3 Br2O5 BrN3 BrCl

13517-11-8 21255-83-4 21308-80-5 53809-75-9 58572-43-3 13973-87-0 13863-41-7

96.911 111.903 175.807 207.806 239.805 121.924 115.357

487

Bromine fluoride

BrF

13863-59-7

98.902

488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498

Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Bromosyl trifluoride Bromyl fluoride Perbromyl fluoride Cadmium Cadmium acetate Cadmium acetate dihydrate Cadmium antimonide Cadmium arsenide Cadmium azide

BrF3 BrF5 BrOF3 BrO2F BrO3F Cd Cd(C2H3O2)2 Cd(C2H3O2)2 ∙ 2H2O CdSb Cd3As2 Cd(N3)2

7787-71-5 7789-30-2 61519-37-7 22585-64-4 37265-91-1 7440-43-9 543-90-8 5743-04-4 12014-29-8 12006-15-4 14215-29-3

136.899 174.896 152.898 130.901 146.900 112.411 230.500 266.529 234.171 487.076 196.451

499

Cadmium borotungstate octadecahydrate Cadmium bromide

Cd5(BW12O40) ∙ 18H2O

1306-26-9

3743.20

CdBr2

7789-42-6

272.219

CdBr2 ∙ 4H2O CdCO3 Cd(ClO3)2 ∙ 2H2O CdCl2 CdCl2 ∙ H2O CdCl2 ∙ 2.5H2O

13464-92-1 513-78-0 22750-54-5* 10108-64-2 34330-64-8 7790-78-5

344.281 172.420 315.344 183.317 201.332 228.354

wh-yel hex cry; hyg wh-yel cry wh hex cry col hyg cry rhom cry; hyg wh cry wh rhomb leaflets

CdCrO4 Cd(CN)2 CdCr2O7 ∙ H2O Cd(C8H15O2)2 CdF2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(IO3)2

14312-00-6 542-83-6 69239-51-6 2420-98-6 7790-79-6 21041-95-2 7790-81-0

228.405 164.445 346.414 398.818 150.408 146.426 462.216

yel orth cry wh cub cry oran solid powder cub cry wh trig or hex cry wh powder

500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513

6679X_S04.indb 53

Cadmium bromide tetrahydrate Cadmium carbonate Cadmium chlorate dihydrate Cadmium chloride Cadmium chloride monohydrate Cadmium chloride hemipentahydrate Cadmium chromate Cadmium cyanide Cadmium dichromate monohydrate Cadmium 2-ethylhexanoate Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodate

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

col gas; flam col gas col liq col tricl cry col orth cry; hyg col monocl cry; hyg col cub cry col liq brn cub cry hard blk cry wh powder; hex or cub cry col gl or hex cry; hyg red cub cry or powder blk cry yel amorp solid col liq; hyg col liq or gas col gas liq

-34.0 -64 53

wh needles red liq stab only in aq soln exists aq soln unstab yel cry unstab brn solid oran needles (LT) col cry (low temp) red cry; exp dark red liq (<5¯C) unstab red-brn gas col hyg liq col liq col liq col liq col gas silv-wh metal col cry wh cry orth cry gray tetr cry yel-wh orth cry; exp yel cry

-56 -137 -58 170.9 176 201 236

130 dec 1100 dec 2350 2967

>3500

450

Density g cm–3 3.990 g/L 1.710 g/L 0.824 1.5 1.784 2.045

Solubility g/100 g H20

5.8025

2.487 ≈1.8 5.22 2.50 2.18 2.55

Qualitative solubility reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O sl EtOH s H2O s H2O s H2O vs H2O, EtOH i H2O, acid i H2O, acid

2.220

s EtOH reac H2O, acid

1125 dec 1980 563 -46 -107.3 -126.8 -60.4

91.3 12.5 -99.9 125.5

≈1.7 2.6 4.789 g/L 2.772 g/L 1.12525

49.7 -7.2

209.5 58.8

3.35 3.1028

reac H2O, EtOH reac H2O, EtOH s H2O reac H2O; vs eth, EtOH i H2O sl H2O s H2O s H2O

≈0 dec -17.5 dec dec -40 -20 dec ≈45 -66

exp 5 dec

≈-33

≈20 dec

4.043 g/L

8.77 -60.5 -5 -9 -110 321.069 255 130 dec 456 721 exp

125.8 41.3 dec >20 dec 55 dec 20 767

2.803 2.460

reac H2O; s eth, CS2

reac H2O reac H2O (exp) reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O i H2O; reac acid s H2O, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH

8.69 2.34 2.01 6.92 6.25 3.24

vs H2O 568

500 dec 80 dec 568

863

5.19

964

5.026 2.28 4.08

11525

sl ace, eth

11525

s ace, EtOH i H2O; s acid

3.327

2.640 12025 12025 12025

4.5 2.23

1.715

s ace; sl EtOH; i eth s ace i H2O s H2O

1075 130 dec

1750

6.33 4.79 6.48

4.3625 0.0001520 0.09125

s acid; i EtOH s dil acid s HNO3

3/24/08 1:35:42 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-54 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

514

Cadmium iodide

CdI2

7790-80-9

366.220

col hex flakes

388

744

5.64

515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541

Cadmium metasilicate Cadmium molybdate Cadmium niobate Cadmium nitrate Cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate Cadmium oxalate Cadmium oxalate trihydrate Cadmium oxide Cadmium 2,4-pentanedioate Cadmium perchlorate hexahydrate Cadmium phosphate Cadmium phosphide Cadmium selenate dihydrate Cadmium selenide Cadmium selenite Cadmium stearate Cadmium succinate Cadmium sulfate Cadmium sulfate monohydrate Cadmium sulfate octahydrate Cadmium sulfide Cadmium sulfite Cadmium telluride Cadmium tellurite Cadmium tetrafluoroborate Cadmium titanate Cadmium tungstate

CdSiO3 CdMoO4 Cd2Nb2O7 Cd(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 ∙ 4H2O CdC2O4 CdC2O4 ∙ 3H2O CdO Cd(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 Cd(ClO4)2 ∙ 6H2O Cd3(PO4)2 Cd3P2 CdSeO4 ∙ 2H2O CdSe CdSeO3 Cd(C18H35O2)2 CdC4H4O4 CdSO4 CdSO4 ∙ H2O CdSO4 ∙ 8H2O CdS CdSO3 CdTe CdTeO3 Cd(BF4)2 CdTiO3 CdWO4

13477-19-5 13972-68-4 12187-14-3 10325-94-7 10022-68-1 814-88-0 20712-42-9 1306-19-0 14689-45-3 10326-28-0 13477-17-3 12014-28-7 10060-09-0 1306-24-7 13814-59-0 2223-93-0 141-00-4 10124-36-4 7790-84-3 15244-35-6 1306-23-6 13477-23-1 1306-25-8 15851-44-2 14486-19-2 12014-14-1 7790-85-4

188.495 272.35 522.631 236.420 308.482 200.430 254.476 128.410 310.627 419.404 527.176 399.181 291.40 191.37 239.37 679.350 228.484 208.474 226.489 352.596 144.476 192.474 240.01 288.01 286.020 208.276 360.25

grn monocl cry col tetr cry cub cry wh cub cry; hyg col orth cry; hyg wh solid wh amorp powder brn cub cry wh solid or red cry wh hex cry powder grn tetr needles orth cry wh cub cry col prisms wh cry pow wh pow or needles col orth cry monocl cry col monocl cry yel-oran hex cry col prisms brn-blk cub cry col monocl cry col hyg liq orth cry wh monocl cry

1252 ≈900 dec ≈1410 360 59.5

542 543 544

Calcium Calcium acetate Calcium acetate monohydrate

Ca Ca(C2H3O2)2 Ca(C2H3O2)2 ∙ H2O

7440-70-2 62-54-4 5743-26-0

40.078 158.167 176.182

842 160 dec ≈150 dec

545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558

Calcium acetate dihydrate Calcium aluminate Calcium aluminate (β form) Calcium arsenate Calcium arsenite (1:1) Calcium borate hexahydrate Calcium boride Calcium bromate Calcium bromate monohydrate Calcium bromide Calcium bromide dihydrate Calcium bromide hexahydrate Calcium carbide Calcium carbonate (aragonite)

Ca(C2H3O2)2 ∙ 2H2O CaAl2O4 Ca3Al2O6 Ca3(AsO4)2 CaAsO3 CaB4O7 ∙ 6H2O CaB6 Ca(BrO3)2 Ca(BrO3)2 ∙ H2O CaBr2 CaBr2 ∙ 2H2O CaBr2 ∙ 6H2O CaC2 CaCO3

14977-17-4 12042-68-1 12042-78-3 7778-44-1 52740-16-6 13701-64-9* 12007-99-7 10102-75-7 10102-75-7* 7789-41-5 22208-73-7 13477-28-6 75-20-7 471-34-1

194.196 158.039 270.193 398.072 162.998 303.409 104.944 295.882 313.898 199.886 235.917 307.977 64.099 100.087

559

Calcium carbonate (calcite)

CaCO3

471-34-1

100.087

560 561 562

Calcium carbonate (vaterite) Calcium chlorate Calcium chlorate dihydrate

CaCO3 Ca(ClO3)2 Ca(ClO3)2 ∙ 2H2O

471-34-1 10137-74-3 10035-05-9

100.087 206.980 243.011

563

Calcium chloride

CaCl2

10043-52-4

110.984

564 565

Calcium chloride monohydrate Calcium chloride dihydrate

CaCl2 ∙ H2O CaCl2 ∙ 2H2O

13477-29-7 10035-04-8

128.999 147.015

566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573

Calcium chloride tetrahydrate Calcium chloride hexahydrate Calcium chlorite Calcium chromate Calcium chromate dihydrate Calcium citrate tetrahydrate Calcium cyanamide Calcium cyanide

CaCl2 ∙ 4H2O CaCl2 ∙ 6H2O Ca(ClO2)2 CaCrO4 CaCrO4 ∙ 2H2O Ca3(C6H5O7)2 ∙ 4H2O CaCN2 Ca(CN)2

25094-02-4 7774-34-7 14674-72-7 13765-19-0 10060-08-9 5785-44-4 156-62-7 592-01-8

183.046 219.075 174.982 156.072 192.102 570.494 80.102 92.112

silv-wh metal wh hyg cry wh needles or powder long col needles wh monocl cry wh cub cry; refr wh powder wh powder wh cry pow refrac solid wh pow wh monocl cry rhom cry; hyg wh cry pow wh hyg powder gray-blk orth cry wh orth cry or powder wh hex cry or powder col hex cry wh cry wh monocl cry; hyg wh cub cry or powder; hyg wh hyg cry hyg flakes or powder col tricl cry wh hex cry; hyg wh cub cry yel cry yel orth cry wh needles or pow col hex cry wh rhomb cry; hyg

6679X_S04.indb 54

5.10 5.4 6.28 3.6 2.45 3.32

340 dec 1559 sp

Solubility g/100 g H20

86.225

15625 15625 0.006025 0.006025

8.15

235 2.37 ≈1500 700 100 dec 1240

5.96 3.62 5.81

134

1.21

1000 105 40 dec ≈1480 dec ≈400 1042 695

4.69 3.79 3.08 4.826

i EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid

70.525 i H2O

0.3740 76.725 76.725 76.725

6.2 1.6 6.5 8.0

1162 (anh) 2235 180 dec 180 742

i H2O; s acid i H2O s EtOH s EtOH, ace

i H2O s dil HCl

dec 1050

1605 1535 dec

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace

191.525

0.0520

1484

Qualitative solubility

sl H2O; i EtOH i EtOH

i H2O; s acid sl H2O i H2O, dil acid vs H2O, EtOH

1.54 1.50

i H2O, acid; s NH4OH reac H2O; i bz s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH

2.98 3.04 3.6

s H2O reac H2O i H2O s dil acid sl H2O; s acid

0.003620

2.49

1815

3.33 3.38

15625

vs H2O s EtOH, ace vs H2O

38 dec 2300 825 dec

2.29 2.22 2.930

15625 0.0006620

reac H2O s dil acid

825 dec

2.710

0.0006620

s dil acid

2.653

s dil acid

2.711

0.001125 19725 19725

2.15

81.325

vs EtOH

260 dec 175 dec

2.24 1.85

81.3 81.325

s EtOH vs EtOH

30 dec

1.83 1.71 2.71

81.325

340 100 dec 775

1000 dec dec 200 dec 100 ≈1340

1935

2.50 subl

2.29

25

13.220 0.09623

s EtOH

reac H2O sl H2O; i EtOH, ace s dil acids i eth reac H2O s H2O, EtOH

3/24/08 1:35:44 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-55

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

574

Calcium dichromate trihydrate

CaCr2O7 ∙ 3H2O

14307-33-6*

310.112

red-oran cry

100 dec

2.37

575

Calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate Calcium 2-ethylhexanoate Calcium ferrocyanide dodecahydrate Calcium fluoride

Ca(H2PO4)2 ∙ H2O

10031-30-8

252.068

col tricl plates

100 dec

2.220

Ca(C8H15O2)2 Ca2Fe(CN)6 ∙ 12H2O

136-51-6

326.485 508.289

powder yel tricl cry

dec

1.68

8725

vs H2O; i EtOH

CaF2

7789-75-5

78.075

3.18

0.001625

sl acid

Calcium fluorophosphate Calcium fluorophosphate dihydrate Calcium formate Calcium hexaborate pentahydrate Calcium hexafluoro-2,4pentanedioate Calcium hexafluorosilicate dihydrate Calcium hydride

Ca5(PO4)3F CaPO3F ∙ 2H2O Ca(CHO2)2 2CaO ∙ 3B2O3 ∙ 5H2O Ca(CF3COCHCOCF3)2

12015-73-5 37809-19-1 544-17-2 12291-65-5 121012-90-6

504.302 174.079 130.113 411.091 454.180

wh cub cry or powder col hex cry col monocl cry orth cry col monocl cry powder

2.02 2.42

0.4227 16.620 125

i H2O i os i EtOH sl acid

CaSiF6 ∙ 2H2O

16925-39-6

218.185

col tetr cry

2.25

0.5220

i ace; reac hot H2O

CaH2

7789-78-8

42.094

CaHPO4 CaHPO4 ∙ 2H2O

7757-93-9 7789-77-7

136.057 172.088

588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595

Calcium hydrogen phosphate Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate Calcium hydrogen sulfite Calcium hydrosulfide hexahydrate Calcium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide phosphate Calcium hypochlorite Calcium hypophosphite Calcium iodate Calcium iodide

gray orth cry or powder wh tricl cry monocl cry

CaH2(SO3)2 Ca(HS)2 ∙ 6H2O Ca(OH)2 Ca5(OH)(PO4)3 Ca(OCl)2 Ca(H2PO2)2 Ca(IO3)2 CaI2

13780-03-5 1305-62-0 12167-74-7 7778-54-3 7789-79-9 7789-80-2 10102-68-8

202.220 214.315 74.093 502.311 142.983 170.055 389.883 293.887

col cry soft hex cry col hex cry powder wh monocl cry wh monocl cry hyg hex cry

596

Calcium iodide hexahydrate

CaI2 ∙ 6H2O

71626-98-7

401.978

597 598 599 600 601 602 603

Calcium metaborate Calcium metasilicate Calcium molybdate Calcium nitrate Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate Calcium nitride Calcium nitrite

Ca(BO2)2 CaSiO3 CaMoO4 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 ∙ 4H2O Ca3N2 Ca(NO2)2

13701-64-9 1344-95-2 7789-82-4 10124-37-5 13477-34-4 12013-82-0 13780-06-8

125.698 116.162 200.02 164.087 236.149 148.247 132.089

604 605

Calcium nitrite monohydrate Calcium oleate

Ca(NO2)2 ∙ H2O Ca(C18H33O2)2

10031-34-2 142-17-6

606 607 608 609 610

Calcium oxalate Calcium oxalate monohydrate Calcium oxide Calcium oxide silicate Calcium palmitate

CaC2O4 CaC2O4 ∙ H2O CaO Ca3OSiO4 Ca(C16H31O2)2

611 612 613 614 615 616

Calcium perborate heptahydrate Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate Calcium perchlorate Calcium perchlorate tetrahydrate Calcium permanganate Calcium peroxide

617 618 619

576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587

1418

bp/°C

2500

1650

Density g cm–3

3.201

300 dec dec 375 (exp) 135

1000

1.7

dec ≈100 dec

2.92 2.31

0.0225 0.0225

1.06 ≈2.2 3.155 2.350

0.16020

4.52 3.96

0.30625 21525

42 dec

2.55

21525

1540 1520 561 ≈40 dec 1195 392

2.92 4.35 2.5 1.82 2.67 2.23

dec >900 100 300 dec 783

1100

150.104 602.985

dec 100 dec 140

563-72-4 5794-28-5 1305-78-8 12168-85-3 542-42-7

128.097 146.112 56.077 228.317 550.910

wh cry powder cub cry gray-wh cub cry refrac solid wh-yel pow

200 dec 2613 2150 dec 155

Ca(BO3)2 ∙ 7H2O Ca(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 Ca(ClO4)2 Ca(ClO4)2 ∙ 4H2O Ca(MnO4)2 CaO2

19372-44-2 13477-36-6 15627-86-8 10118-76-0 1305-79-9

283.803 238.294 238.979 311.041 277.949 72.077

Calcium phosphate Calcium phosphide

Ca3(PO4)2 Ca3P2

7758-87-4 1305-99-3

310.177 182.182

gray-wh pow cry wh cry wh cry purp hyg cry wh-yel tetr cry; hyg wh amorp powder red-brn hyg cry

CaHPO3 ∙ H2O

25232-60-4

138.073

col monocl cry

dec 150

620 621

Calcium phosphonate monohydrate Calcium plumbate Calcium propanoate

Ca2PbO4 Ca(C3H5O2)2

12013-69-3 4075-81-4

351.4 186.219

dec

5.71

622 623 624 625

Calcium pyrophosphate Calcium selenate dihydrate Calcium selenide Calcium silicide (CaSi)

Ca2P2O7 CaSeO4 ∙ 2H2O CaSe CaSi

7790-76-3 7790-74-1 1305-84-6 12013-55-7

254.099 219.07 119.04 68.164

oran-brn orth cry monocl cry, powder wh powder wh monocl cry wh-brn cub cry orth cry

1353

3.09 2.75 3.8 2.39

Qualitative solubility vs H2O; reac EtOH; i eth, ctc sl H2O; s dil acid

reac H2O, EtOH

dec

wh hex needles or powder powder wh monocl cry wh tetr cry wh cub cry; hyg wh cry red-brn cub cry wh-yel hex cry; hyg col or yel cry pale yel solid

6679X_S04.indb 55

Solubility g/100 g H20

i EtOH i EtOH; s dil acid s H2O s H2O, EtOH s acid i H2O s H2O; i EtOH s HNO3; i EtOH s MeOH, EtOH, ace; i eth vs EtOH

0.1320 0.001120 14425 14425 94.625

0.0425 2.2 2.2 3.34

0.0006120 0.0006120

vs H2O; sl EtOH sl H2O; s bz; i EtOH, ace, eth s dil acid reac H2O; s acid i H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl bz s H2O, acid

dec 175 270 dec

2.65

18825

2.4 2.9

33120

≈200 dec 1670 ≈1600

3.14 2.51

0.0001220

1400 dec 1324

i H2O i EtOH; s conc acid s EtOH, MeOH, ace s EtOH, ace s H2O, acid; i EtOH sl EtOH

8.318

s EtOH, MeOH vs H2O reac EtOH sl H2O; s acid i EtOH; s dil acid reac H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O; i EtOH i H2O; s acid s H2O; sl MeOH, EtOH; i ace, bz i H2O; s dil acid reac H2O

3/24/08 1:35:46 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-56 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

626

Calcium silicide (CaSi2)

CaSi2

12013-56-8

96.249

gray hex cry

1040

627 628 629

Calcium stannate trihydrate Calcium stearate Calcium succinate trihydrate

CaSnO3 ∙ 3H2O Ca(C18H35O2)2 CaC4H4O4 ∙ 3H2O

12013-46-6* 1592-23-0 140-99-8

260.832 607.017 210.196

wh cry pow granular powder needles

dec ≈350 180

630 631 632

Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate hemihydrate Calcium sulfate dihydrate

CaSO4 CaSO4 ∙ 0.5H2O CaSO4 ∙ 2H2O

7778-18-9 10034-76-1 10101-41-4

136.141 145.149 172.171

1460

2.96

150 dec

2.32

633

Calcium sulfide

CaS

20548-54-3

72.143

2524

2.59

634 635 636 637

Calcium sulfite dihydrate Calcium tartrate tetrahydrate Calcium telluride Calcium tetrahydroaluminate

CaSO3 ∙ 2H2O CaC4H4O6 ∙ 4H2O CaTe Ca(AlH4)2

10257-55-3 3164-34-9* 12013-57-9 16941-10-9

156.172 260.210 167.68 102.105

orth cry wh powder monocl cry or powder wh-yel cub cry; hyg wh powder wh pow wh cub cry gray powder; flam

638 639 640 641 642 643 644

Calcium thiocyanate tetrahydrate Calcium thiosulfate hexahydrate Calcium titanate Calcium tungstate Calcium zirconate Californium Carbon (diamond)

Ca(SCN)2 ∙ 4H2O CaS2O3 ∙ 6H2O CaTiO3 CaWO4 CaZrO3 Cf C

2092-16-2 10124-41-1 12049-50-2 7790-75-2 12013-47-7 7440-71-3 7782-40-3

228.304 260.298 135.943 287.92 179.300 251 12.011

hyg cry tricl cry cub cry wh tetr cry powder hex or cub metal col cub cry

645

Carbon (graphite)

C

7782-42-5

12.011

soft blk hex cry

646 647

Carbon black Carbon (fullerene-C60)

C C60

1333-86-4 99685-96-8

12.011 720.642

648 649 650 651 652 653

Carbon (fullerene-C70) Fullerene fluoride Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbon suboxide Carbon disulfide

C70 C60F60 CO CO2 C3O2 CS2

115383-22-7 134929-59-2 630-08-0 124-38-9 504-64-3 75-15-0

840.749 1860.546 28.010 44.010 68.031 76.141

fine blk pow yel needles or plates red-brn solid col plates col gas col gas col gas col or yel liq

654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669

Carbon subsulfide Carbon diselenide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon sulfide selenide Carbon sulfide telluride Carbonyl bromide Carbonyl chloride Carbonyl fluoride Cyanogen Cyanogen azide Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride Cyanogen fluoride Cyanogen iodide Cerium

C3S2 CSe2 COS COSe CSSe CSTe COBr2 COCl2 COF2 C2N2 N3CN BrCN ClCN FCN ICN Ce

627-34-9 506-80-9 463-58-1 1603-84-5 5951-19-9 10340-06-4 593-95-3 75-44-5 353-50-4 460-19-5 764-05-6 506-68-3 506-77-4 1495-50-7 506-78-5 7440-45-1

100.162 169.93 60.075 106.97 123.04 171.68 187.818 98.916 66.007 52.034 68.038 105.922 61.471 45.016 152.922 140.116

670

Cerium boride

CeB6

12008-02-5

204.982

671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679

Cerium carbide Cerium carbide Cerium nitride Cerium silicide Cerium(II) hydride Cerium(II) iodide Cerium(II) sulfide Cerium(III) acetate sesqihydrate Cerium(III) ammonium nitrate tetrahydrate Cerium(III) ammonium sulfate tetrahydrate Cerium(III) bromide

CeC2 Ce2C3 CeN CeSi2 CeH2 CeI2 CeS Ce(C2H3O2)3 ∙ 1.5H2O (NH4)2Ce(NO3)5 ∙ 4H2O

12012-32-7 12115-63-8 25764-08-3 12014-85-6 13569-50-1 19139-47-0 12014-82-3 17829-82-2 13083-04-0

164.137 316.264 154.123 196.287 142.132 393.925 172.181 558.279

red liq yel liq col gas col gas; unstab yel liq red-yel liq; unstab col liq col gas col gas col gas col oily liq wh hyg needles col vol liq or gas col gas col needles silv metal; cub or hex blue refrac solid; hex red hex cry yel-brn cub cry refrac cub cry tetr cry cub cry bronze cry yel cub cry col cry col monocl cry

NH4Ce(SO4)2 ∙ 4H2O

21995-38-0*

422.341

monocl cry

CeBr3

14457-87-5

379.828

wh hex cry; hyg

680 681

6679X_S04.indb 56

bp/°C

Density g cm–3 2.50

Solubility g/100 g H20

0.20525 0.20525 0.20520

160 dec 45 dec 1980 1620 2550 900 4440 (12.4 GPa) 4489 tp (10.3 MPa)

i os

sl EtOH; s acid s dil acid; sl EtOH

4.87

1.87 3.98 6.06

3825 sp

reac H2O; s thf; i eth, bz vs H2O; s EtOH, ace s H2O; i EtOH 0.218

s hot acid

15.1 3.513

i H2O

2.2

i H2O i H2O s os

>280 >280 287 -205.02 -56.558 tp -112.5 -112.1

i cold H2O; reac hot H2O; s acid i H2O i H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s dil acid; i EtOH

sl H2O; i EtOH 0.007025 0.0410

1600 dec

Qualitative solubility

s bz, tol vs ace; s thf; i chl sl H2O; s chl, EtOH s H2O reac H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, os reac H2O i H2O; vs ctc, tol s H2O, EtOH reac H2O i H2O reac H2O reac H2O sl H2O; s bz, tol reac H2O sl H2O, eth; s EtOH

-191.5 -78.464 sp 6.8 46

1.145 g/L 1.799 g/L 2.781 g/L 1.263220

90 dec 125.5 -50 -21.7 84.5 20 dec 64.5 8 -84.57 -21.1

1.27 2.682320 2.456 g/L 4.372 g/L 1.99

61.5 13 -46

2.015 2.513 g/L 1.840 g/L 2.84 6.770

s H2O, EtOH, eth s dil acid

2550

4.87

i H2O, HCl

2250 1505 2557 1420

5.47 6.9 7.89 5.31 5.45

reac H2O

-1 -43.7 -138.8 -124.4 -85 -54 -127.78 -111.26 -27.83 exp 52 -6.55 -82 146.7 799

3443

808 2445 dec 115 74

2.5 4.043 g/L 2.698 g/L 2.127 g/L

s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth

i H2O reac H2O

5.9 2615

s H2O vs H2O s H2O

732

1457

s H2O

3/24/08 1:35:47 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-57

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

682 683 684 685 686 687 688

Cerium(III) bromide heptahydrate Cerium(III) carbonate Cerium(III) carbonate pentahydrate Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate Cerium(III) fluoride Cerium(III) hydride

CeBr3 ∙ 7H2O Ce2(CO3)3 Ce2(CO3)3 ∙ 5H2O CeCl3 CeCl3 ∙ 7H2O CeF3 CeH3

7789-56-2 537-01-9 72520-94-6 7790-86-5 18618-55-8 7758-88-5 13864-02-3

505.935 460.259 550.335 246.475 372.582 197.111 143.140

689 690 691 692 693 694 695

Cerium(III) hydroxide Cerium(III) iodide Cerium(III) iodide nonahydrate Cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Cerium(III) oxalate nonahydrate Cerium(III) oxide Cerium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate trihydrate Cerium(III) perchlorate hexahydrate Cerium(III) selenate Cerium(III) sulfate Cerium(III) sulfate octahydrate Cerium(III) sulfide Cerium(III) tungstate Cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate Cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate dihydrate Cerium(IV) fluoride Cerium(IV) hydroxide Cerium(IV) oxide

Ce(OH)3 CeI3 CeI3 ∙ 9H2O Ce(NO3)3 ∙ 6H2O Ce(C2O4)3 ∙ 9H2O Ce2O3 Ce(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 ∙ 3H2O Ce(ClO4)3 ∙ 6H2O Ce2(SeO4)3 Ce2(SO4)3 Ce2(SO4)3 ∙ 8H2O Ce2S3 Ce2(WO4)3 (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 (NH4)4Ce(SO4)4 ∙ 2H2O

15785-09-8 7790-87-6 7790-87-6* 10108-73-3* 13266-83-6 1345-13-7 15653-01-7 36907-38-7

711 712 713 714 715

Cerium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate Cesium Cesium acetate Cesium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate Cesium amide Cesium azide Cesium bromate Cesium bromide Cesium carbonate

716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741

696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710

6679X_S04.indb 57

Physical form mp/°C 732 dec 500

191.138 520.829 682.967 434.222 706.426 328.230 491.486

col hyg needles wh pow wh powder wh hex cry yel orth cry; hyg wh hex cry; hyg blk pow or blueblk cry wh solid yel orth cry; hyg wh-red cry col-red cry wh pow yel-grn cub cry yel hyg cry hyg col cry rhom cry col hyg cry wh orth cry red cub cry yel tetr cry red-oran cry cry pow

dec 200

13454-94-9 13454-94-9 12014-93-6 13454-74-5 16774-21-3 10378-47-9

546.559 709.11 568.420 712.542 376.427 1023.75 548.223 632.551

CeF4 Ce(OH)4 CeO2

10060-10-3 12014-56-1 1306-38-3

216.110 208.146 172.115

Ce(SO4)2 ∙ 4H2O Cs CsC2H3O2 CsAl(SO4)2 ∙ 12H2O

10294-42-5 7440-46-2 3396-11-0 7784-17-0

404.303 132.905 191.949 568.196

wh hyg powder yel-wh pow wh-yel powder; cub yel-oran orth cry silv-wh metal hyg lumps col cub cry

CsNH2 CsN3 CsBrO3 CsBr Cs2CO3

22205-57-8 22750-57-8 13454-75-6 7787-69-1 534-17-8

148.928 174.925 260.807 212.809 325.820

Cesium chlorate Cesium chloride Cesium chromate(IV) Cesium cyanide Cesium dibromoiodate Cesium fluoride Cesium fluoroborate Cesium formate Cesium hexafluorogermanate

CsClO3 CsCl Cs4CrO4 CsCN CsIBr2 CsF CsBF4 CsCHO2 Cs2GeF6

13763-67-2 7647-17-8 56320-90-2 21159-32-0 18278-82-5 13400-13-0 18909-69-8 3495-36-1

216.356 168.358 647.616 158.923 419.617 151.903 219.710 177.923 452.44

Cesium hydride Cesium hydrogen carbonate Cesium hydrogen fluoride Cesium hydrogen sulfate Cesium hydroxide Cesium iodate Cesium iodide Cesium metaborate Cesium molybdate Cesium nitrate Cesium nitrite Cesium oxide Cesium superoxide Cesium trioxide Cesium perchlorate Cesium periodate Cesium sulfate

CsH CsHCO3 CsHF2 CsHSO4 CsOH CsIO3 CsI CsBO2 Cs2MoO4 CsNO3 CsNO2 Cs2O CsO2 Cs2O3 CsClO4 CsIO4 Cs2SO4

58724-12-2 15519-28-5 12280-52-3 7789-16-4 21351-79-1 13454-81-4 7789-17-5 92141-86-1 13597-64-3 7789-18-6 13454-83-6 20281-00-9 12018-61-0 12134-22-4 13454-84-7 13478-04-1 10294-54-9

133.913 193.922 171.910 229.976 149.912 307.807 259.809 175.715 425.75 194.910 178.911 281.810 164.904 313.809 232.356 323.807 361.874

wh tetr cry hyg tetr cry; exp col hex cry wh cub cry; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg col hex cry wh cub cry; hyg yel hex cry wh cub cry; hyg dark oran cry wh cub cry; hyg wh orth cry wh cry wh cry wh cub cry; flam rhom cry tetr cry col rhom prisms wh-yel hyg cry wh monocl cry col cub cry; hyg cub cry wh cry wh hex or cub cry yel cry yel-oran hex cry yel tetr cry brn cry wh orth cry; hyg wh rhom prisms wh orth cry or hex prisms; hyg

807 90 dec 1430 dec (flam)

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

3.97 2180

6.157

760 150 dec dec 2210 ≈150

17625 3730

6.2

2.87 5.02 6.77

dec 450 ≈600 dec

4.77

2480

7.216

180 dec 28.5 194 117 dec

671

342 646 982 350 dec 703 555 dec

≈1300

1297

≈675 528 175 dec 170 dec 342.3 632 732 956.3 409 406 495 432 ≈400 ≈600 dec 1005

9.6620

2240 3.8325 12325 26115

3.57 3.988 4.24 3.34

7.7825 19125

4.64 3.2 1.017 4.10

57325 1.617

3.42 20915

≈1280

3.86 3.352 3.68 4.85 4.51 ≈3.7

reac H2O s H2O; i EtOH

1.97 3.70 ≈3.5 4.11 4.43 4.24

i H2O; s acid s H2O vs H2O; s EtOH s ace i H2O, EtOH; s acid i H2O; s acid vs EtOH

i H2O i H2O; s conc acid i H2O, dil acid

1011

326 636 793

3.91 1.873

s H2O, EtOH i H2O; s acid i H2O; s dil acid s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH i H2O reac H2O

s H2O, EtOH s H2O s H2O s H2O i H2O i H2O vs H2O

4.46 920 dec ≈250 dec 2450 1089

Qualitative solubility

30030 2.625 84.825

3.66

6718 27.925

4.65 3.77 4.25 3.327 4.26 4.24

2.0025 2.215 18225

s EtOH; i ace s EtOH, eth sl H2O s EtOH vs H2O vs H2O s H2O s MeOH; i diox, py sl H2O vs H2O sl cold H2O; s hot H2O reac H2O s EtOH s H2O s EtOH s EtOH, MeOH, ace s H2O s ace; sl EtOH s H2O vs H2O reac H2O reac H2O

i EtOH, ace, py

3/24/08 1:35:49 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-58 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

742 743 744 745

Cesium sulfide Cesium trifluoroacetate Chlorine Hypochlorous acid

Cs2S Cs(C2F3O2) Cl2 HOCl

12214-16-3 21907-50-6 7782-50-5 7790-92-3

297.876 245.920 70.906 52.460

746

Chloric acid

HClO3

7790-93-4

84.459

747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761

Perchloric acid Chlorine monoxide Chlorine dioxide Dichlorine trioxide Dichlorine hexoxide Dichlorine heptoxide Chlorine fluoride Chlorine trifluoride Chlorine pentafluoride Chlorosyl trifluoride Chloryl fluoride Chloryl trifluoride Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine perchlorate Chromium

HClO4 Cl2O ClO2 Cl2O3 Cl2O6 Cl2O7 ClF ClF3 ClF5 ClOF3 ClO2F ClO2F3 ClO3F ClOClO3 Cr

7601-90-3 7791-21-1 10049-04-4 17496-59-2 12442-63-6 10294-48-1 7790-89-8 7790-91-2 13637-63-3 30708-80-6 13637-83-7 38680-84-1 7616-94-6 27218-16-2 7440-47-3

100.459 86.905 67.452 118.904 166.902 182.902 54.451 92.448 130.445 108.447 86.450 124.447 102.449 134.904 51.996

762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770

Chromic acid Chromium antimonide Chromium arsenide Chromium boride (CrB) Chromium boride (CrB2) Chromium boride (Cr2B) Chromium boride (Cr5B3) Chromium carbide Chromium carbonyl

H2CrO4 CrSb Cr2As CrB CrB2 Cr2B Cr5B3 Cr3C2 Cr(CO)6

7738-94-5 12053-12-2 12254-85-2 12006-79-0 12007-16-8 12006-80-3 12007-38-4 12012-35-0 13007-92-6

118.010 173.756 178.914 62.807 73.618 114.803 292.414 180.009 220.056

771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778

Chromium nitride (CrN) Chromium nitride (Cr2N) Chromium phosphide Chromium selenide Chromium silicide (CrSi2) Chromium silicide (Cr3Si) Chromium(II) acetate monohydrate Chromium(II) bromide

CrN Cr2N CrP CrSe CrSi2 Cr3Si Cr(C2H3O2)2 ∙ H2O CrBr2

24094-93-7 12053-27-9 26342-61-0 12053-13-3 12018-09-6 12018-36-9 628-52-4* 10049-25-9

66.003 117.999 82.970 130.96 108.167 184.074 188.100 211.804

779

Chromium(II) chloride

CrCl2

10049-05-5

122.902

780 781

Chromium(II) chloride tetrahydrate Chromium(II) fluoride

Cr(H2O)4Cl2 ∙ 4H2O CrF2

13931-94-7 10049-10-2

267.024 89.993

782 783 784 785

Chromium(II) formate monohydrate Chromium(II) iodide Chromium(II) oxalate monohydrate Chromium(II) sulfate pentahydrate

Cr(CHOO)2 ∙ H2O CrI2 CrC2O4 ∙ H2O CrSO4 ∙ 5H2O

4493-37-2 13478-28-9 814-90-4* 13825-86-0

160.046 305.805 158.030 238.135

gray cub cry hex cry orth cry hex cry gray hex cry cub cry red monocl cry wh monocl cry; aq soln blue wh hyg needles; aq soln blue blue hyg cry blue-grn monocl cry red needles red-brn cry; hyg yel-grn powder blue cry

786 787 788 789 790 791 792

Chromium(II,III) oxide Chromium(III) acetate Chromium(III) acetate monohydrate Chromium(III) acetate hexahydrate Chromium(III) acetate hydroxide Chromium(III) bromide Chromium(III) bromide hexahydrate (α) Chromium(III) bromide hexahydrate (β) Chromium(III) chloride Chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate Chromium(III) fluoride Chromium(III) fluoride trihydrate Chromium(III) hydroxide sulfate Chromium(III) fluoride nonahydrate

Cr3O4 Cr(C2H3O2)3 Cr(C2H3O2)3 ∙ H2O Cr(C2H3O2)3 ∙ 6H2O Cr(C2H3O2)2(OH) CrBr3 CrBr3(H2O)4 ∙ 2H2O

12018-34-7 1066-30-4 25013-82-5 1066-30-4* 39430-51-8 10031-25-1 18721-05-6

219.986 229.127 247.143 337.220 187.092 291.708 399.799

cub cry blue-grn pwd gray-grn pow blue needles viol cry pow dark grn hex cry grn hyg cry

Cr(H2O)6Br3

10031-25-1*

399.799

viol hyg cry

CrCl3 [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl ∙ 2H2O

10025-73-7 10060-12-5

158.355 266.446

CrF3 CrF3 ∙ 3H2O Cr(OH)SO4 Cr(H2O)6F3 ∙ 3H2O

7788-97-8 16671-27-5 12336-95-7 102430-09-1

108.991 163.037 165.066 271.129

red-viol cry grn monocl cry; hyg grn needles grn hex cry grn cry rhom viol cry

793 794 795 796 797 798 799

6679X_S04.indb 58

Physical form mp/°C yel orth hyg cry hyg solid grn-yel gas grn-yel; stable only in aq soln exists only in aq soln col hyg liq yel-brn gas oran-grn gas dark brn solid red liq col oily liq; exp col gas gas col gas col liq col gas col gas col gas unstab yel liq blue-wh metal; cub aq soln only hex cry tetr cry refrac orth cry refrac solid; hex refrac solid tetr cry gray orth cry col orth cry

520 115 -101.5

bp/°C

-34.04

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

2.898 g/L

Qualitative solubility vs H2O vs H2O sl H2O s H2O vs H2O

-112 -120.6 -59 exp <25 3.5 -91.5 -155.6 -76.34 -103 -42 -115 -81.2 -147 -117 1907

≈90 dec 2.2 11 ≈200 82 -101.1 11.75 -13.1 27 -6 -21.6 -46.75 ≈45 dec 2671

1110 2100 2200 1875 1900 1895 130 dec

s H2O vs H2O sl H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

1.9 2.226 g/L 3.779 g/L 5.332 g/L

reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

3.534 g/L 5.087 g/L 4.187 g/L 1.810 7.15

reac dil acid s H2O

7.11 7.04 6.1 5.22

subl

1080 dec 1650 ≈1500 1490 1770 842 824

1.77 3.552 g/L 2.757 g/L

1120

51 dec 894

867

6.10 6.68 1.77

i H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl

5.9 6.8 5.25 6.1 4.91 6.4 1.79 4.236

sl H2O s H2O, EtOH

2.88

s H2O

3.79

s H2O sl H2O; i EtOH

5.1 2.468 210

s H2O s H2O sl H2O s dil acid; sl EtOH; i ace

6.1

812

4.68

sl H2O sl H2O; i EtOH s H2O vs H2O s hot H2O, bz s H2O, EtOH s H2O; i EtOH, eth

1152

1425

1300 dec

2.76

3.8 2.2

sl H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl ace; i eth i H2O, EtOH sl H2O sl H2O

3/24/08 1:35:51 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-59

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

800 801 802 803

Chromium(III) hydroxide trihydrate Chromium(III) iodide Chromium(III) nitrate Chromium(III) nitrate nonahydrate

Cr(OH)3 ∙ 3H2O CrI3 Cr(NO3)3 Cr(NO3)3 ∙ 9H2O

1308-14-1 13569-75-0 13548-38-4 7789-02-8

157.063 432.709 238.011 400.148

804

Chromium(III) oxide

Cr2O3

1308-38-9

151.990

blue-grn powder dark grn hex cry grn hyg powder grn-blk monocl cry grn hex cry

805 806 807

Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Chromium(III) perchlorate Chromium(III) phosphate

Cr(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 Cr(ClO4)3 CrPO4

21679-31-2 27535-70-2 7789-04-0

349.320 350.348 146.967

red monocl cry grn-blue cry blue orth cry

808

CrPO4 ∙ 3.5H2O

84359-31-9

210.021

blue-grn powder

CrPO4 ∙ 6H2O

84359-31-9

255.059

viol cry

K3Cr(C2O4)3 ∙ 3H2O

15275-09-9

487.394

CrK(SO4)2 ∙ 12H2O

7788-99-0

499.403

blue-grn monocl cry viol-blk cub cry

89 dec

1.83

Cr2(SO4)3 Cr2(SO4)3 ∙ 18H2O

10101-53-8 10101-53-8*

392.180 716.455

red pow viol cry

dec >700 dec 115

3.1 1.7

814 815 816 817 818

Chromium(III) phosphate hemiheptahydrate Chromium(III) phosphate hexahydrate Chromium(III) potassium oxalate trihydrate Chromium(III) potassium sulfate dodecahydrate Chromium(III) sulfate Chromium(III) sulfate octadecahydrate Chromium(III) sulfide Chromium(III) telluride Chromium(IV) chloride Chromium(IV) fluoride Chromium(IV) oxide

Cr2S3 Cr2Te3 CrCl4 CrF4 CrO2

12018-22-3 12053-39-3 15597-88-3 10049-11-3 12018-01-8

200.187 486.79 193.808 127.990 83.995

819 820 821

Chromium(V) fluoride Chromium(V) oxide Chromium(VI) fluoride

CrF5 Cr2O5 CrF6

14884-42-5 12218-36-9 13843-28-2

146.988 183.989 165.986

822 823

Chromium(VI) oxide Chromium(VI) tetrafluoride oxide

CrO3 CrOF4

1333-82-0 23276-90-6

99.994 143.989

brn-blk hex cry hex cry gas, stable at HT grn cry brn-blk tetr powder red orth cry blk needles yel solid; stable at low temp red orth cry dark red solid

824

Chromium(VI) dichloride dioxide

CrO2Cl2

14977-61-8

154.901

825 826

Chromium(VI) difluoride dioxide Cobalt

CrO2F2 Co

7788-96-7 7440-48-4

121.992 58.933

827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835

Cobaltocene Cobalt antimonide Cobalt arsenic sulfide Cobalt arsenide (CoAs) Cobalt arsenide (CoAs2) Cobalt arsenide (CoAs3) Cobalt boride (CoB) Cobalt boride (Co2B) Cobalt carbonyl

Co(C5H5)2 CoSb CoAsS CoAs CoAs2 CoAs3 CoB Co2B Co2(CO)8

1277-43-6 12052-42-5 12254-82-9 27016-73-5 12044-42-7 12256-04-1 12006-77-8 12045-01-1 10210-68-1

836 837 838 839 840 841

Cobalt disulfide Cobalt dodecacarbonyl Cobalt phosphide Cobalt silicide Cobalt(II) acetate Cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate

CoS2 Co4(CO)12 Co2P CoSi2 Co(C2H3O2)2 Co(C2H3O2)2 ∙ 4H2O

842 843

Cobalt(II) aluminate Cobalt(II) arsenate octahydrate

844 845 846 847 848

Cobalt(II) bromate hexahydrate Cobalt(II) bromide Cobalt(II) bromide hexahydrate Cobalt(II) carbonate Cobalt(II) basic carbonate

849 850 851

Cobalt(II) chlorate hexahydrate Cobalt(II) chloride Cobalt(II) chloride dihydrate

809 810 811 812 813

6679X_S04.indb 59

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

500 dec >60 dec 66.3

>100 dec

1.80

2320

≈3000

5.22

208

345

1.34

Solubility g/100 g H20

5.32

2.15 2.121

i H2O; s acid, alk

4.6

>500 dec

i H2O; s acid sl H2O vs H2O vs H2O i H2O, EtOH; sl acid, alk i H2O; s bz vs H2O i H2O, acid, aqua regia i H2O; s acid

5825 >1800

Qualitative solubility

s H2O

≈1300 >600 dec 277 ≈400 dec 117

197 55

≈250 dec

red liq

-96.5

117

1.91

30 1495

subl 2927

8.86

189.119 180.693 165.920 133.855 208.776 283.698 69.744 128.677 341.947

red-viol cry gray metal; hex or cub blk-purp cry hex cry silv-wh solid orth cry monocl cry cub cry refrac solid refrac solid oran cry

12013-10-4 17786-31-1 12134-02-0 12017-12-8 71-48-7 6147-53-1

123.063 571.854 148.840 115.104 177.022 249.082

cub cry blk cry gray needles gray cub cry pink cry red monocl cry

CoAl2O4 Co3(AsO4)2 ∙ 8H2O

13820-62-7 24719-19-5

176.894 598.760

Co(BrO3)2 ∙ 6H2O CoBr2 CoBr2 ∙ 6H2O CoCO3 2CoCO3 ∙ 3Co(OH)2 ∙ H2O Co(ClO3)2 ∙ 6H2O CoCl2 CoCl2 ∙ 2H2O

13476-01-2 7789-43-7 13762-12-4 513-79-1 7542-09-8

422.829 218.741 326.832 118.942 534.743

blue cub cry red monocl needles viol cry grn hex cry; hyg red hyg cry pink rhomb cry red-viol cry

7646-79-9 16544-92-6

333.927 129.839 165.870

dark red hyg cry blue hyg leaflets viol-blue cry

2.7

942 1460 1280 51 dec

60 dec 1386 1326

4.3 2.09 6.4 4.9

reac H2O i H2O; s acid

16925 reac H2O, ace, dmso reac H2O; s ctc, chl, bz reac H2O s dil acid

reac H2O, HNO3 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2

i H2O; s HNO3 s hot HCl vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH, dil acid i H2O i H2O; s dil acid

1.705

400 dec

678 47 dec dec 280 dec dec 61 737

1000 dec

100 dec

1049

s H2O; vs acid reac H2O

reac H2O

8.8 ≈6.1 8.22 7.2 6.84 7.25 8.1 1.78

1180

6425

3.8 7.0 7.922 g/L 2.89 4.89

34 dec 200 -100 dec

173 1202

s H2O; i EtOH

4.37 3.0 ≈2.5 4.91 2.46 4.2

113.220 113.2 0.0001420

3.36 2.477

56.225 56.225

vs H2O s MeOH, EtOH, ace i EtOH i H2O; s acid s H2O s EtOH, eth, ace, py

3/24/08 1:35:53 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-60 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

852

Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate

CoCl2 ∙ 6H2O

7791-13-1

237.930

853 854 855 856 857 858 859

Cobalt(II) chromate Cobalt(II) chromite Cobalt(II) citrate dihydrate Cobalt(II) cyanide Cobalt(II) cyanide dihydrate Cobalt(II) diiron tetroxide Cobalt(II) ferricyanide

CoCrO4 CoCr2O4 Co3(C6H5O7)2 ∙ 2H2O Co(CN)2 Co(CN)2 ∙ 2H2O CoFe2O4 Co3[Fe(CN)6]2

24613-38-5 13455-25-9 18727-04-3 542-84-7 20427-11-6 12052-28-7 14049-81-1

860 861 862 863

CoF2 CoF2 ∙ 4H2O Co(CHO2)2 ∙ 2H2O Co(CF3COCHCOCF3)2

865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874

Cobalt(II) fluoride Cobalt(II) fluoride tetrahydrate Cobalt(II) formate dihydrate Cobalt(II) hexafluoro-2,4pentanedioate Cobalt(II) hexafluorosilicate hexahydrate Cobalt(II) hydroxide Cobalt(II) hydroxide monohydrate Cobalt(II) iodate Cobalt(II) iodide Cobalt(II) iodide dihydrate Cobalt(II) iodide hexahydrate Cobalt(II) molybdate Cobalt(II) molybdate monohydrate Cobalt(II) nitrate Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate

875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

174.927 226.923 265.170 110.967 146.998 234.621 600.698

pink-red monocl cry yel-brn orth cry blue-grn cub cry rose red cry blue hyg cry pink-brn needles blk solid red needles

dec 150

10026-17-2 13817-37-3 6424-20-0 19648-83-0

96.930 168.992 184.998 473.035

red tetr cry red orth cry red cry powder powder

1127 dec 140 dec 197

CoSiF6 ∙ 6H2O

12021-68-0

309.100

pale red cry

Co(OH)2 Co(OH)2 ∙ H2O Co(IO3)2 CoI2 CoI2 ∙ 2H2O CoI2 ∙ 6H2O CoMoO4 CoMoO4 ∙ H2O Co(NO3)2 Co(NO3)2 ∙ 6H2O

21041-93-0 35340-84-2 13455-28-2 15238-00-3 13455-29-3 15238-00-3* 13762-14-6 18601-87-1 10141-05-6 10026-22-9

92.948 110.963 408.738 312.742 348.773 420.833 218.87 236.89 182.942 291.034

blue-grn cry blue solid blk-viol needles blk hex cry; hyg hyg grn cry red hex prisms blk monocl cry blk pow pale red powder red monocl cry; hyg

Cobalt(II) nitrite Cobalt(II) oleate Cobalt(II) orthosilicate Cobalt(II) oxalate Cobalt(II) oxalate dihydrate Cobalt(II) oxide Cobalt(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Cobalt(II) perchlorate Cobalt(II) perchlorate hexahydrate Cobalt(II) phosphate octahydrate

Co(NO2)2 Co(C18H33O2)2 Co2SiO4 CoC2O4 CoC2O4 ∙ 2H2O CoO Co(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 Co(ClO4)2 Co(ClO4)2 ∙ 6H2O Co3(PO4)2 ∙ 8H2O

18488-96-5 14666-94-5 12017-08-2 814-89-1 5965-38-8 1307-96-6 14024-48-7 13455-31-7 13478-33-6 10294-50-5

150.944 621.840 209.950 146.952 182.982 74.932 257.149 257.834 365.926 510.865

CoK2(SO4)2 ∙ 6H2O

10026-20-7

437.347

886 887

Cobalt(II) potassium sulfate hexahydrate Cobalt(II) selenate pentahydrate Cobalt(II) selenide

brn amorp pow red-viol orth cry pink powder pink needles gray cub cry bl-viol cry red needles dark red cry pink amorp powder red monocl cry

CoSeO4 ∙ 5H2O CoSe

14590-19-3 1307-99-9

291.97 137.89

red tricl cry yel hex cry

888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896

Cobalt(II) selenite dihydrate Cobalt(II) stannate Cobalt(II) stearate Cobalt(II) sulfate Cobalt(II) sulfate monohydrate Cobalt(II) sulfate heptahydrate Cobalt(II) sulfide Cobalt(II) telluride Cobalt(II) thiocyanate

CoSeO3 ∙ 2H2O Co2SnO4 Co(C18H35O2)2 CoSO4 CoSO4 ∙ H2O CoSO4 ∙ 7H2O CoS CoTe Co(SCN)2

19034-13-0 12139-93-4 1002-88-6 10124-43-3 13455-34-0 10026-24-1 1317-42-6 12017-13-9 3017-60-5

221.92 300.574 625.872 154.996 173.011 281.102 90.998 186.53 175.097

blue-red powder grn-blue cub cry purp solid red orth cry red monocl cry pink monocl cry blk amorp powder hex cry yel-brn powder

897 898 899

Cobalt(II) thiocyanate trihydrate Cobalt(II) titanate Cobalt(II) tungstate

Co(SCN)2 ∙ 3H2O CoTiO3 CoWO4

97126-35-7 12017-01-5 12640-47-0

229.143 154.798 306.77

viol rhomb cry grn rhomb cry blue monocl cry

900 901 902

Co3O4 Co(C2H3O2)3 NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]

1308-06-1 917-69-1 13600-89-0

240.798 236.064 295.054

blk cub cry grn hyg cry red-brn orth cry

900 dec 100 dec

903

Cobalt(II,III) oxide Cobalt(III) acetate Cobalt(III) ammonium tetranitrodiammine Cobalt(III) fluoride

CoF3

10026-18-3

115.928

brn hex cry

927

3.88

904 905 906 907 908

Cobalt(III) fluoride dihydrate Cobalt(III) hexammine chloride Cobalt(III) hydroxide Cobalt(III) nitrate Cobalt(III) oxide

Co2F6 ∙ 2H2O Co(NH3)6Cl3 Co(OH)3 Co(NO3)3 Co2O3

54496-71-8 10534-89-1 1307-86-4 15520-84-0 1308-04-9

267.887 267.475 109.955 244.948 165.864

red rhomb cry red monocl cry brn powder grn cub cry; hyg gray-blk powder

dec

2.19 1.71 ≈4 ≈3.0 5.18

864

6679X_S04.indb 60

87 dec

Density g cm–3 1.924

Solubility g/100 g H20 56.225

≈4.0 5.14 0.815 1.872

≈1400

4.46 2.22 2.13

1.425 1.425 5.0320

2.087

76.822

≈160 dec 136 dec 200 dec 520 dec 100 130 dec 1040

3.60

100 dec ≈55

Qualitative solubility s EtOH, ace, eth i H2O; s acid i H2O, conc acid i H2O i H2O, acid s hot HCl i H2O, HCl; s NH4OH s acid i EtOH

sl H2O; s acid

5.09 5.60

0.4620 20325

2.90 4.7

20325

s EtOH, eth, ace

2.49 1.88

10325 10325

s EtOH

0.4925 1345 250 dec dec 1830 167

4.63 3.02 6.44

dec 170

3.33 3.33 2.77

75 dec

2.22

dec 1055

2.51 7.65

74 >700 41 dec 1117

0.003720 0.0037

6.30 1.13 3.71 3.08 2.03 5.45 ≈8.8

11325

5515 i H2O, alk; s aqua regia i H2O i H2O; s alk 38.325 38.325 38.325

10325

6.11 1.97

895 dec

i EtOH, ace vs H2O i H2O; s acid vs H2O

10325

5.0 ≈7.8

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s dil HCl s acid, NH4OH sl acid; s NH4OH i H2O; s acid

sl EtOH, MeOH i H2O; s acid s EtOH, MeOH, ace, eth s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s hot conc acid i H2O; s acid, alk s H2O, EtOH s H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH i H2O; s acid s H2O; reac os i H2O; s conc acid

3/24/08 1:35:55 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-61

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

909 910 911

Co2O3 ∙ H2O Co(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 CoK3(NO2)6 ∙ 1.5H2O

12016-80-7 21679-46-9 13782-01-9*

183.880 356.257 479.284

brn-blk hex cry dark grn cry yel cub cry

912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920

Cobalt(III) oxide monohydrate Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Cobalt(III) potassium nitrite sesquihydrate Cobalt(III) sulfide Cobalt(III) titanate Copper Copper arsenide Copper nitride Copper phosphide Copper silicide Copper(I) acetate Copper(I) acetylide

Co2S3 Co2TiO4 Cu Cu3As Cu3N CuP2 Cu5Si CuC2H3O2 Cu2C2

1332-71-4 12017-38-8 7440-50-8 12005-75-3 1308-80-1 12019-11-3 12159-07-8 598-54-9 1117-94-8

214.061 229.731 63.546 265.560 204.645 125.494 345.816 122.590 151.113

921 922 923 924

Copper(I) azide Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(I) cyanide

CuN3 CuBr CuCl CuCN

14336-80-2 7787-70-4 7758-89-6 544-92-3

105.566 143.450 98.999 89.564

925 926 927 928

Copper(I) fluoride Copper(I) hydride Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) mercury iodide

CuF CuH CuI Cu2HgI4

13478-41-6 13517-00-5 7681-65-4 13876-85-2

82.544 64.554 190.450 835.30

blk cub cry grn-blk cub cry red metal; cub dark gray solid cub cry monocl cry solid col cry red amorp powder; exp tetr cry; exp wh cub cry; hyg wh cub cry wh powder or grn orth cry cub cry red-brn solid wh cub cry red cry powder

929 930 931 932

Copper(I) oxide Copper(I) selenide Copper(I) sulfide Copper(I) sulfite hemihydrate

Cu2O Cu2Se Cu2S Cu2SO3 ∙ 0.5H2O

1317-39-1 20405-64-5 22205-45-4 13982-53-1*

143.091 206.05 159.157 216.164

red-brn cub cry blue-blk tetr cry blue-blk orth cry wh-yel hex cry

933 934 935

Copper(I) sulfite monohydrate Copper(I) telluride Copper(I) thiocyanate

Cu2SO3 ∙ H2O Cu2Te CuSCN

35788-00-2 12019-52-2 1111-67-7

225.171 254.69 121.629

936

Copper(I,II) sulfite dihydrate

Cu2SO3 ∙ CuSO3 ∙ 2H2O

13814-81-8

386.795

937

Copper(II) acetate

Cu(C2H3O2)2

142-71-2

181.635

938 939 940

Copper(II) acetate monohydrate Copper(II) acetate metaarsenite Copper(II) basic acetate

6046-93-1 12002-03-8 52503-64-7

199.650 1013.795 369.271

941 942

Copper(II) acetylide Copper(II) arsenate

Cu(C2H3O2)2 ∙ H2O Cu(C2H3O2)2 ∙ 3Cu(AsO2)2 Cu(C2H3O2)2 ∙ CuO ∙ 6H2O CuC2 Cu3(AsO4)2

12540-13-5 7778-41-8

87.567 468.476

cry blue hex cry wh-yel amorp powder red prisms or powder blue-grn hyg powder grn monocl cry grn cry powder blue-grn cry or powder brn-blk solid; exp blue-grn cry

943 944 945 946

Copper(II) arsenite Copper(II) azide Copper(II) borate Copper(II) bromide

CuHAsO3 Cu(N3)2 Cu(BO2)2 CuBr2

10290-12-7 14215-30-6 39290-85-2 7789-45-9

187.474 147.586 149.166 223.354

947

Copper(II) butanoate monohydrate

Cu(C4H7O2)2 ∙ H2O

540-16-9

255.756

yel-grn powder brn orth cry; exp blue-grn powder blk monocl cry; hyg grn monocl plates

948 949

Copper(II) carbonate Copper(II) carbonate hydroxide

CuCO3 CuCO3 ∙ Cu(OH)2

1184-64-1 12069-69-1

123.555 221.116

cry grn monocl cry

950 951

Copper(II) chlorate hexahydrate Copper(II) chloride

Cu(ClO3)2 ∙ 6H2O CuCl2

14721-21-2 7447-39-4

338.540 134.452

952

Copper(II) chloride dihydrate

CuCl2 ∙ 2H2O

10125-13-0

170.483

953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962

Copper(II) chloride hydroxide Copper(II) chromate Copper(II) basic chromate Copper(II) chromite Copper(II) citrate hemipentahydrate Copper(II) cyanide Copper(II) cyclohexanebutanoate Copper(II) dichromate dihydrate Copper(II) ethanolate Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate

Cu2(OH)3Cl CuCrO4 CuCrO4 ∙ 2Cu(OH)2 CuCr2O4 Cu2C6H4O7 ∙ 2.5H2O Cu(CN)2 Cu(C10H17O2)2 CuCr2O7 ∙ 2H2O Cu(C2H5O)2 Cu(C2H5CO2CHCOCH3)2

1332-65-6 13548-42-0 12433-14-6 12018-10-9 10402-15-0 14763-77-0 2218-80-6 13675-47-3 2850-65-9 14284-06-1

213.567 179.540 374.661 231.536 360.221 115.580 402.028 315.565 153.667 321.813

blue-grn hyg cry yel-brn monocl cry; hyg grn-blue orth cry; hyg pale grn cry red-brn cry brn pow gray-blk tetr cry blue-grn cry grn powder powder red-brn tricl cry blue hyg solid grn cry

6679X_S04.indb 61

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

150 dec 213

Solubility g/100 g H20

2.6

1084.62 827 300 dec ≈900 825 dec

2562

483 423 474

1345 1490 dec

4.8 5.1 8.96

Qualitative solubility i H2O; s acid s bz, ace sl H2O; reac acid; i EtOH reac acid s conc HCl sl dil acid

5.84 4.20 subl

reac H2O

4.98 4.14 2.9

0.001220 0.004720

i ace i EtOH, ace i H2O, EtOH; s KCN soln

0.00002020

i dil acid i H2O, EtOH

7.1 60 dec 591 trans ≈60 (brn) 1244 1113 1129

≈1290

5.67

1800 dec

6.0 6.84 5.6

3.83 4.6 2.85

1127 1084

115

i H2O i H2O; s acid i H2O; sl acid sl H2O; s acid, alk; i EtOH, eth sl H2O; s HCl

240 dec

i H2O, dil acid, EtOH, ace; s eth i H2O, EtOH; s HCl

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth i H2O; reac acid sl H2O, EtOH; s dil acid, NH4OH

1.88

exp 100

498

900

200 dec 65 598 100 dec

≈2.6 3.859 4.710

12625

4.0 100 dec 993

3.4

16418 75.725

2.51

75.720

dec 260 5.4 100 dec 126 dec 2.286 120 dec 192

i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O, EtOH; s acid i H2O; s acid vs H2O; s EtOH, ace; i bz, eth s H2O, diox, bz; sl EtOH i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid vs EtOH s EtOH, ace vs EtOH, MeOH; s ace; i eth i H2O; s acid i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s HNO3 i H2O, dil acid sl H2O; s dil acid i H2O; s acid, alk vs H2O i os s EtOH, chl

3/24/08 1:35:57 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-62 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

963 964 965

Copper(II) 2-ethylhexanoate Copper(II) ferrate Copper(II) ferrocyanide

Cu(C8H15O2)2 CuFe2O4 Cu2Fe(CN)6

149-11-1 12018-79-0 13601-13-3

349.953 239.234 339.041

966 967 968 969 970 971 972

CuFeS2 CuF2 CuF2 ∙ 2H2O Cu(CHO2)2 Cu(CHO2)2 ∙ 4H2O CuC12H22O14 Cu(CF3COCHCOCF3)2

1308-56-1 7789-19-7 13454-88-1 544-19-4 5893-61-8 527-09-3 14781-45-4

CuSiF6 ∙ 4H2O

974

Copper(II) ferrous sulfide Copper(II) fluoride Copper(II) fluoride dihydrate Copper(II) formate Copper(II) formate tetrahydrate Copper(II) gluconate Copper(II) hexafluoro-2,4pentanedioate Copper(II) hexafluorosilicate tetrahydrate Copper(II) hydroxide

975 976 977 978

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

252 dec

183.521 101.543 137.574 153.581 225.641 453.841 477.648

powder blk cry red-br cub cry or powder yel tetr cry wh monocl cry blue monocl cry blue cry blue monocl cry bl-grn cry cry

12062-24-7

277.684

blue monocl cry

dec

Cu(OH)2

20427-59-2

97.561

blue-grn powder

Copper(II) iodate Copper(II) iodate monohydrate Copper(II) molybdate Copper(II) nitrate

Cu(IO3)2 Cu(IO3)2 ∙ H2O CuMoO4 Cu(NO3)2

13454-89-2 13454-90-5 13767-34-5 3251-23-8

413.351 431.367 223.48 187.555

dec 248 dec ≈500 255

subl

979 980

Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate Copper(II) nitrate hexahydrate

Cu(NO3)2 ∙ 3H2O Cu(NO3)2 ∙ 6H2O

10031-43-3 13478-38-1

241.602 295.647

114

170 dec

981

Copper(II) oleate

Cu(C18H33O2)2

1120-44-1

626.453

grn monocl cry blue tricl cry grn cry blue-grn orth cry; hyg blue rhomb cry blue rhomb cry; hyg blue-grn solid

982

Copper(II) oxalate

CuC2O4

814-91-5

151.565

blue-wh powder

310 dec

983 984

Copper(II) oxalate hemihydrate Copper(II) oxide

CuC2O4 ∙ 0.5H2O CuO

814-91-5* 1317-38-0

144.573 79.545

200 dec 1227

985 986

Cu(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 CuCl2 ∙ 3CuO ∙ 3.5H2O

13395-16-9 1332-40-7

261.762

987 988

Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Copper(II) oxychloride hemiheptahydrate Copper(II) perchlorate Copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate

blue-wh cry blk powder or monocl cry blue powder blue-grn pow

Cu(ClO4)2 Cu(ClO4)2 ∙ 6H2O

13770-18-8 10294-46-9

262.447 370.539

989

Copper(II) phosphate

Cu3(PO4)2

7798-23-4

380.581

grn hyg cry blue monocl cry; hyg blue-grn tricl cry

990

Copper(II) phosphate trihydrate

Cu3(PO4)2 ∙ 3H2O

10031-48-8

434.627

blue-grn orth cry

991

Copper(II) phthalocyanine

CuC32H16N8

147-14-8

576.069

bl-purp cry

992

Copper(II) selenate pentahydrate

CuSeO4 ∙ 5H2O

10031-45-5

296.58

blue tricl cry

993

Copper(II) selenide

CuSe

1317-41-5

142.51

994

Copper(II) selenite dihydrate

CuSeO3 ∙ 2H2O

15168-20-4

226.54

blue-blk needles or plates blue orth cry

995 996 997

Copper(II) silicate dihydrate Copper(II) stannate Copper(II) stearate

CuSiO3 ∙ 2H2O CuSnO3 Cu(C18H35O2)2

26318-99-0 12019-07-7 660-60-6

175.661 230.254 630.485

998

Copper(II) sulfate

CuSO4

7758-98-7

159.609

999 1000 1001

Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Copper(II) sulfate, basic Copper(II) sulfide

CuSO4 ∙ 5H2O Cu3(OH)4SO4 CuS

7758-99-8 1332-14-5 1317-40-4

249.685 354.730 95.611

grn-blue orth cry blue pow blue-grn amorp powder wh-grn amorp powder or rhomb cry blue tricl cry grn rhomb cry blk hex cry

1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007

CuC4H4O6 ∙ 3H2O CuTe CuTeO3 Cu(BF4)2 CuTiO3 Cu(CF3COCHCOCH3)2

815-82-7 12019-23-7 13812-58-3 14735-84-3 12019-08-8 14324-82-4

265.663 191.15 239.14 237.155 159.411 369.705

blue-grn powder yel orth cry blk glassy solid solid gray pow blue-purp cry

1008 1009

Copper(II) tartrate trihydrate Copper(II) telluride Copper(II) tellurite Copper(II) tetrafluoroborate Copper(II) titanate Copper(II) 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4pentanedioate Copper(II) tungstate Copper(II) tungstate dihydrate

CuWO4 CuWO4 ∙ 2H2O

13587-35-4 13587-35-4*

311.38 347.41

yel-brn powder grn powder

1010

Copper(II) vanadate

Cu(VO3)2

12789-09-2

261.425

powder

973

6679X_S04.indb 62

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

2.2 950 836 130 dec

156 98

1676

4.2 4.23 2.934

i H2O, acid, os

0.07525 0.07525 12.520 12.5

220 dec 2.56

99.717

3.37

284 dec dec 140 130 dec 82

5.241 4.872 3.4

0.1520 0.1520 0.038 14525

2.32 2.07

145 14525 25

0.002620 0.002620 6.31 subl

2.22

14630 14630

80 dec

2.56

27.425

550 dec

5.99

120 dec

Qualitative solubility

i H2O, HCl; s HNO3

i os sl EtOH; i os sl EtOH; i os s MeOH, ace, tol sl EtOH i H2O; s acid, conc alk s dil acid s dil H2SO4 s diox; reac eth vs EtOH s EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth i EtOH, eth; s NH4OH s NH4OH i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid sl H2O; s chl i H2O; s acid, NH4OH s eth, diox; i bz, ctc vs EtOH, HOAc, ace; sl eth i H2O; s acid, NH4OH i H2O; s acid, NH4OH i H2O, EtOH; s conc H2SO4 s acid, NH4OH; sl ace; i EtOH reac acid i H2O; s acid, NH4OH

3.31

≈250 560 dec

3.60

22.025

110 dec

22.025

trans 507

2.286 3.88 4.76

trans ≈400

7.09

i H2O, EtOH, eth; s py i EtOH

s MeOH; sl EtOH i H2O i H2O, EtOH, dil acid, alk sl H2O; s acid, alk i H2O s H2O

197

dec 260

s EtOH, tol 7.5 i H2O; sl HOAc; reac conc acid

3/24/08 1:35:58 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-63

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

1011

Curium

Cm

7440-51-9

247

1345

≈3100

13.51

162.500 205.744 176.507 218.671 322.308 233.406 416.309 411.693 402.212 577.088

silv metal; hex or cub silv metal; hex tetr cry cub cry orth cry blk solid blk cry purp cry yel needles wh hyg cry wh cry pow

1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021

Dy DyB4 DyN DySi2 DyBr2 DyCl2 DyI2 Dy(C2H3O2)3 ∙ 4H2O DyBr3 Dy2(CO3)3 ∙ 4H2O

7429-91-6 12310-43-9 12019-88-4 12133-07-2 83229-05-4 13767-31-2 36377-94-3 15280-55-4 14456-48-5 38245-35-1

DyCl3 DyCl3 ∙ 6H2O

1029 1030 1031

Dysprosium Dysprosium boride Dysprosium nitride Dysprosium silicide Dysprosium(II) bromide Dysprosium(II) chloride Dysprosium(II) iodide Dysprosium(III) acetate tetrahydrate Dysprosium(III) bromide Dysprosium(III) carbonate tetrahydrate Dysprosium(III) chloride Dysprosium(III) chloride hexahydrate Dysprosium(III) fluoride Dysprosium(III) hydride Dysprosium(III) hydroxide Dysprosium(III) iodide Dysprosium(III) nitrate pentahydrate Dysprosium(III) oxide Dysprosium(III) sulfate octahydrate Dysprosium(III) sulfide

1412 2500

2567

8.55 6.98 9.93 5.2

10025-74-8 15059-52-6

268.859 376.950

wh or yel cry bright yel cry

718 dec 162

DyF3 DyH3 Dy(OH)3 DyI3 Dy(NO3)3 ∙ 5H2O

13569-80-7 13537-09-2 1308-85-6 15474-63-2 10143-38-1*

219.495 165.524 213.522 543.213 438.591

grn cry hex cry yel or wh needles grn cry yel cry

1157

Dy2O3 Dy2(SO4)3 ∙ 8H2O Dy2S3

1308-87-8 10031-50-2 12133-10-7

372.998 757.310 421.195

Dysprosium(III) telluride Einsteinium Erbium Erbium boride Erbium acetate tetrahydrate Erbium bromide Erbium bromide hexahydrate Erbium chloride

Dy2Te3 Es Er ErB4 Er(C2H3O2)3 ∙ 4H2O ErBr3 ErBr3 ∙ 6H2O ErCl3

12159-43-2 7429-92-7 7440-52-0 12310-44-0 15280-57-6 13536-73-7 14890-44-9 10138-41-7

707.80 252 167.259 210.503 416.452 406.971 515.062 273.618

1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051

Erbium chloride hexahydrate Erbium fluoride Erbium hydride Erbium hydroxide Erbium iodide Erbium nitrate pentahydrate Erbium nitride Erbium oxide Erbium silicide Erbium sulfate Erbium sulfate octahydrate Erbium sulfide

ErCl3 ∙ 6H2O ErF3 ErH3 Er(OH)3 ErI3 Er(NO3)3 ∙ 5H2O ErN Er2O3 ErSi2 Er2(SO4)3 Er2(SO4)3 ∙ 8H2O Er2S3

10025-75-9 13760-83-3 13550-53-3 14646-16-3 13813-42-8 10168-80-6* 12020-21-2 12061-16-4 12020-28-9 13478-49-4 10031-52-4 12159-66-9

381.709 224.254 170.283 218.281 547.972 443.350 181.266 382.516 223.430 622.706 766.828 430.713

1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071

Erbium telluride Europium Europium boride Europium nitride Europium silicide Europium(II) bromide Europium(II) chloride Europium(II) fluoride Europium(II) iodide Europium(II) selenide Europium(II) sulfate Europium(II) sulfide Europium(II) telluride Europium(III) bromide Europium(III) chloride Europium(III) chloride hexahydrate Europium(III) fluoride Europium(III) iodide Europium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Europium(III) oxalate

Er2Te3 Eu EuB6 EuN EuSi2 EuBr2 EuCl2 EuF2 EuI2 EuSe EuSO4 EuS EuTe EuBr3 EuCl3 EuCl3 ∙ 6H2O EuF3 EuI3 Eu(NO3)3 ∙ 6H2O Eu2(C2O4)3

12020-39-2 7440-53-1 12008-05-8 12020-58-5 12434-24-1 13780-48-8 13769-20-5 14077-39-5 22015-35-6 12020-66-5 10031-54-6 12020-65-4 12020-69-8 13759-88-1 10025-76-0 13759-92-7 13765-25-8 13759-90-5 10031-53-5 3269-12-3

717.32 151.964 216.830 165.971 208.135 311.772 222.870 189.961 405.773 230.92 248.027 184.029 279.56 391.676 258.323 366.414 208.959 532.677 446.070 567.985

wh cub cry pale yel cry red-brn monocl cry solid metal; cub silv metal; hex tetr cry pink or wh cry viol hyg cry pink cry viol monocl cry; hyg pink hyg cry pink orth cry hex cry pink solid viol hex cry; hyg red cry cub cry pink powder orth cry hyg powder pink monocl cry red-brn monocl cry orth cry soft silv metal; cub cub cry cub cry tetr cry wh cry wh orth cry grn-yel cub cry grn cry brn cub cry col orth cry cub cry blk cub cry gray cry grn-yel needles wh-yel hyg cry wh hyg cry col cry; unstab wh-pink hyg cry wh solid

1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039

1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028

6679X_S04.indb 63

1550

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility s dil acid

721 dec 659 dec 120 879

reac H2O reac H2O s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O i H2O 1530

3.67

s H2O, MeOH

7.1 205 dec 978 88.6 2228 110

i H2O 208.425 3900

7.81

s acid sl H2O

6.08 ≈1550 860 1529 2450 950

2868

4.1

dec 1146

≈5.5 240.825 3920

dec dec 1730

1500 683 731 ≈1380 580

1526 dec 623 850 1276 ≈875 85 dec

s H2O; sl EtOH i H2O

7.8 ≈7.6

1014 130 dec

1213 822 ≈2600

s H2O s H2O, thf s H2O s H2O

≈1460

776

2344

i H2O; s acid

9.07 7.0 2.11

1529

10.6 8.64 7.26 3.68 3.20 6.07

i H2O s H2O s EtOH, ace i H2O; s acid

1320 1320

7.11 5.24 4.91 8.7 5.46

reac H2O

s H2O s H2O

4.9 6.5

s H2O

6.45 4.99 5.7 6.48

i H2O

s H2O

4.89 4.89

s H2O i H2O 19325 i H2O; s acid

3/24/08 1:36:00 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-64 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

1072 1073

Eu2O3 Eu(ClO4)3 ∙ 6H2O

1308-96-9 36907-40-1

351.926 558.407

pink powder wh or pink cry

3790

7.42

1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079

Europium(III) oxide Europium(III) perchlorate hexahydrate Europium(III) sulfate Europium(III) sulfate octahydrate Fermium Fluorine Fluorine monoxide Difluorine dioxide

Eu2(SO4)3 Eu2(SO4)3 ∙ 8H2O Fm F2 F2O F2O2

13537-15-0 10031-52-4 7440-72-4 7782-41-4 7783-41-7 7783-44-0

592.116 736.238 257 37.997 53.996 69.996

1080 1081

Fluorine tetroxide Fluorine nitrate

F2O4 FNO3

107782-11-6 7789-26-6

101.995 81.003

pale pink cry pink cry metal pale yel gas col gas red-oran solid, unstab gas red-brn solid col gas

1082 1083

Fluorine perchlorate Francium

FOClO3 Fr

10049-03-3 7440-73-5

118.449 223.000

1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091

Gadolinium Gadolinium boride Gadolinium nitride Gadolinium silicide Gadolinium(II) iodide Gadolinium(II) selenide Gadolinium(III) acetate tetrahydrate Gadolinium(III) bromide

Gd GdB6 GdN GdSi2 GdI2 GdSe Gd(C2H3O2)2 ∙ 4H2O GdBr3

7440-54-2 12008-06-9 25764-15-2 12134-75-7 13814-72-7 12024-81-6 15280-53-2 13818-75-2

157.25 222.12 171.26 213.42 411.06 236.21 406.44 396.96

1092

Gadolinium(III) chloride

GdCl3

10138-52-0

263.61

1093

GdCl3 ∙ 6H2O

19423-81-5

371.70

1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104

Gadolinium(III) chloride hexahydrate Gadolinium(III) fluoride Gadolinium(III) iodide Gadolinium(III) nitrate pentahydrate Gadolinium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Gadolinium(III) oxalate decahydrate Gadolinium(III) oxide Gadolinium(III) sulfate Gadolinium(III) sulfate octahydrate Gadolinium(III) sulfide Gadolinium(III) telluride Gallium

GdF3 GdI3 Gd(NO3)3 ∙ 5H2O Gd(NO3)3 ∙ 6H2O Gd2(C2O4)3 ∙ 10H2O Gd2O3 Gd2(SO4)3 Gd2(SO4)3 ∙ 8H2O Gd2S3 Gd2Te3 Ga

13765-26-9 13572-98-0 52788-53-1 19598-90-4 22992-15-0 12064-62-9 13628-54-1 13450-87-8 12134-77-9 12160-99-5 7440-55-3

214.25 537.96 433.34 451.36 758.71 362.50 602.69 746.81 410.70 697.30 69.723

1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115

Gallium antimonide Gallium arsenide Gallium nitride Gallium phosphide Gallium suboxide Gallium(II) chloride Gallium(II) selenide Gallium(II) sulfide Gallium(II) telluride Gallium(III) bromide Gallium(III) chloride

GaSb GaAs GaN GaP Ga2O GaCl2 GaSe GaS GaTe GaBr3 GaCl3

12064-03-8 1303-00-0 25617-97-4 12063-98-8 12024-20-3 24597-12-4 12024-11-2 12024-10-1 12024-14-5 13450-88-9 13450-90-3

191.483 144.645 83.730 100.697 155.445 140.629 148.68 101.788 197.32 309.435 176.082

1116

Gallium(III) fluoride

GaF3

7783-51-9

126.718

1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125

Gallium(III) fluoride trihydrate Gallium(III) hydride Gallium(III) hydroxide Gallium(III) iodide Gallium(III) nitrate Gallium(III) oxide Gallium(III) oxide hydroxide Gallium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Gallium(III) perchlorate hexahydrate Gallium(III) selenide Gallium(III) sulfate Gallium(III) sulfate octadecahydrate Gallium(III) sulfide

GaF3 ∙ 3H2O GaH3 Ga(OH)3 GaI3 Ga(NO3)3 Ga2O3 GaOOH Ga(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 Ga(ClO4)3 ∙ 6H2O

22886-66-4 13572-93-5 12023-99-3 13450-91-4 13494-90-1 12024-21-4 20665-52-5 14405-43-7 17835-81-3

180.764 72.747 120.745 450.436 255.738 187.444 102.730 367.047 476.166

wh cry yel cry wh cry hyg tricl cry wh monocl pow wh hyg powder col cry col monocl cry yel cub cry orth cry silv liq or gray orth cry brn cub cry gray cub cry gray hex cry yel cub cry brn powder wh orth cry hex cry hex cry monocl cry wh orth cry col needles or gl solid wh powder or col needles wh cry visc liq unstab prec monocl cry wh cry powder wh cry orth cry wh powder cry

Ga2Se3 Ga2(SO4)3 Ga2(SO4)3 ∙ 18H2O Ga2S3

12024-24-7 13494-91-2 13780-42-2 12024-22-5

376.33 427.634 751.909 235.641

cub cry hex cry octahed cry monocl cry

1126 1127 1128 1129

6679X_S04.indb 64

col gas; exp short-lived alkali metal silv metal; hex blk-brn cub cry cub cry orth cry bronze cry cub cry wh tricl cry wh monocl cry; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg col hyg cry

2291

4.99 375 dec 1527 -219.67 tp -223.8 -163.5

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility i H2O; s acid s H2O, EtOH

2.120 2.120

-188.12 -144.3 -57 (extrap) dec -185 -46

1.553 g/L 2.207 g/L 2.861 g/L

reac H2O sl H2O

3.311 g/L

-167.3 27

-16

4.841 g/L

reac H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace reac H2O

1313 2510

3273

7.90 5.31 9.10 5.9

-191 -175

s dil acid

1540 831 2170 dec 770

8.1 1.61 4.56

s H2O

602

4.52

s H2O

2.424

s H2O

1232 930 92 dec 91 dec dec 110 2339 500 dec 400 dec 1255 29.7666 tp 712 1238 >2500 1457 >660 172.4 960 965 824 123 77.9

2.41 2.33 3900

2204

>800 dec 535

279 201

>1000

7.41 4.1 4.14 6.1 7.7 5.91

2.6020 2.320

s EtOH i H2O; sl acid i H2O; s acid sl H2O sl H2O

reac alk

5.6137 5.3176 6.1 4.138 4.77 2.74 5.03 3.86 5.44 3.69 2.47 4.47

>140 dec -15

≈0 dec

212

340

4.5

subl

≈6.0 5.23 1.42

i H2O sl H2O

1807 193 dec 175

19025 19025

937

4.92

1090

3.7

s H2O, EtOH, eth s hot acid

s H2O, EtOH

3/24/08 1:36:02 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-65

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151

Gallium(III) telluride Germanium Germane Digermane Trigermane Tetragermane Pentagermane Bromogermane Chlorogermane Chlorotrifluorogermane Dibromogermane Dichlorogermane Dichlorodifluorogermane Dichlorodimethylgermane Fluorogermane Iodogermane Methylgermane Tribromogermane Trichlorogermane Trichlorofluorogermane Germanium(II) bromide Germanium(II) chloride

Ga2Te3 Ge GeH4 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 Ge4H10 Ge5H12 GeH3Br GeH3Cl GeF3Cl GeH2Br2 GeH2Cl2 GeF2Cl2 Ge(CH3)2Cl2 GeH3F GeH3I GeH3CH3 GeHBr3 GeHCl3 GeCl3F GeBr2 GeCl2

12024-27-0 7440-56-4 7782-65-2 13818-89-8 14691-44-2 14691-47-5 15587-39-0 13569-43-2 13637-65-5 14188-40-0 13769-36-3 15230-48-5 24422-21-7 1529-48-2 13537-30-9 13573-02-9 1449-65-6 14779-70-5 1184-65-2 24422-20-6 24415-00-7 10060-11-4

522.25 72.64 76.67 151.33 225.98 300.64 375.30 155.57 111.12 165.09 234.46 145.56 181.54 173.62 94.66 202.57 90.70 313.36 180.01 198.00 232.45 143.55

1152 1153 1154 1155

Germanium(II) fluoride Germanium(II) iodide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) selenide

GeF2 GeI2 GeO GeSe

13940-63-1 13573-08-5 20619-16-3 12065-10-0

110.64 326.45 88.64 151.60

1156 1157 1158 1159

Germanium(II) sulfide Germanium(II) telluride Germanium(IV) bromide Germanium(IV) chloride

GeS GeTe GeBr4 GeCl4

12025-32-0 12025-39-7 13450-92-5 10038-98-9

104.71 200.24 392.26 214.45

cub cry gray-wh cub cry col gas; flam col liq; flam col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq gas col liq col liq col gas liq col gas liq col gas col liq liq liq yel monocl cry wh-yel hyg powder wh orth cry; hyg oran-yel hex cry blk solid gray orth cry or brn powder gray orth cry cub cry wh cry col liq

1160 1161 1162

Germanium(IV) fluoride Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(IV) nitride

GeF4 GeI4 Ge3N4

7783-58-6 13450-95-8 12065-36-0

148.63 580.26 273.95

col gas red-oran cub cry orth cry

-15 tp 146 900 dec

1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168

Germanium(IV) oxide Germanium(IV) selenide Germanium(IV) sulfide Gold Bromoauric(III) acid pentahydrate Chloroauric(III) acid tetrahydrate

GeO2 GeSe2 GeS2 Au HAuBr4 ∙ 5H2O HAuCl4 ∙ 4H2O

1310-53-8 12065-11-1 12025-34-2 7440-57-5 17083-68-0 16903-35-8

104.64 230.56 136.77 196.967 607.667 411.848

1116 707 dec 530 1064.18 27

1169 1170 1171

Gold(I) bromide Gold(I) chloride Gold(I) cyanide

AuBr AuCl AuCN

10294-27-6 10294-29-8 506-65-0

276.871 232.420 222.985

wh hex cry yel-oran orth cry blk orth cry soft yel metal red-brn hyg cry yel monocl cry; hyg yel-gray tetr cry yel orth cry yel hex cry

165 dec 289 dec dec

8.20 7.6 7.2

1172

Gold(I) iodide

AuI

10294-31-2

323.871

120 dec

8.25

1173

Gold(I) sulfide

Au2S

1303-60-2

425.998

240 dec

≈11

1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189

Gold(III) bromide Gold(III) chloride Gold(III) cyanide trihydrate Gold(III) fluoride Gold(III) hydroxide Gold(III) iodide Gold(III) oxide Gold(III) selenate Gold(III) selenide Gold(III) sulfide Hafnium Hafnium boride Hafnium carbide Hafnium hydride Hafnium nitride Hafnium phosphide

AuBr3 AuCl3 Au(CN)3 ∙ 3H2O AuF3 Au(OH)3 AuI3 Au2O3 Au2(SeO4)3 Au2Se3 Au2S3 Hf HfB2 HfC HfH2 HfN HfP

10294-28-7 13453-07-1 535-37-5* 14720-21-9 1303-52-2 31032-13-0 1303-58-8 10294-32-3 1303-62-4 1303-61-3 7440-58-6 12007-23-7 12069-85-1 12770-26-2 25817-87-2 12325-59-6

436.679 303.326 329.065 253.962 247.989 577.680 441.931 822.81 630.81 490.128 178.49 200.11 190.50 180.51 192.50 209.46

yel-grn powder; tetr brn-blk cub cry; unstab red-br monocl cry red monocl cry wh hyg cry oran-yel hex cry brn powder unstab grn powder brn powder yel cry blk amorp solid unstab blk powder gray metal; hex gray hex cry refrac cub cry refrac tetr cry yel-brn cub cry hex cry

6679X_S04.indb 65

Physical form mp/°C 790 938.25 -165 -109 -105.6

-32 -52 -66.2 -15 -68 -51.8 -22

bp/°C 2833 -88.1 29 110.5 176.9 234 52 28 -20.3 89 69.5 -2.8 124

-15 -158 -25 -71 -49.8 122 dec

≈90 -23 dec 75.3 37.5 150 dec

110 428 700 dec 675

130 dec 550 dec

658 724 26.1 -51.50

Density g cm–3 5.57 5.3234 3.133 g/L 1.98-109 2.20-105

Solubility g/100 g H20

i H2O, dil acid, alk i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O reac H2O reac H2O

2.34 1.75 6.747 g/L 2.80 1.90 7.419 g/L 1.49 3.868 g/L

reac H2O reac H2O

reac H2O reac H2O

3.706 g/L

reac H2O reac H2O

1.93

reac H2O reac H2O; s eth, bz 3.64 5.4

reac H2O reac H2O

5.6

186.35 86.55

4.1 6.16 3.132 1.88

-36.5 sp 348

6.074 g/L 4.322

2856

4.25 4.56 3.01 19.3

i H2O; s conc HNO3 reac H2O reac H2O; s bz, eth, EtOH, ctc reac H2O reac H2O i H2O, acid, aqua regia i H2O

s aqua regia s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth

≈3.9

≈160 dec >160 dec 50 dec >300 ≈100 dec 20 dec ≈150 dec dec 200 dec 2233 3100 ≈3000 3310

Qualitative solubility

4.7

0.00003120

i H2O i H2O, EtOH, eth, dil acid i H2O; s CN soln

6820

i H2O, acid; s aqua regia s H2O, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH

subl

6.75 i H2O; s acid

4.65 4603

13.3 10.5 12.2 11.4 13.8 9.78

i H2O; s acid i H2O; s acid s aqua regia s HF

3/24/08 1:36:03 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-66 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

1190 1191

Hafnium silicide Hafnocene dichloride

HfSi2 Hf(C5H5)2Cl2

12401-56-8 12116-66-4

234.66 379.58

gray orth cry col hyg cry

≈1700 235

1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202

HfBr2 HfCl2 HfBr3 HfCl3 HfI3 HfBr4 HfCl4 HfF4 HfI4 HfO2 HfOCl2 ∙ 8H2O

13782-95-1 13782-92-8 13782-96-2 13782-93-9 13779-73-2 13777-22-5 13499-05-3 13709-52-9 13777-23-6 12055-23-1 14456-34-9

338.30 249.40 418.20 284.85 559.20 498.11 320.30 254.48 686.11 210.49 409.52

blue-blk cry blk solid blue-blk cry blk solid blk cry wh cub cry wh monocl cry wh monocl cry yel-oran cub cry wh cub cry wh tetr cry

dec 400 dec 400 dec 350 dec dec 424 tp 432 tp 1025 449 tp 2800 dec

1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212

Hafnium(II) bromide Hafnium(II) chloride Hafnium(III) bromide Hafnium(III) chloride Hafnium(III) iodide Hafnium(IV) bromide Hafnium(IV) chloride Hafnium(IV) fluoride Hafnium(IV) iodide Hafnium(IV) oxide Hafnium(IV) oxychloride octahydrate Hafnium(IV) selenide Hafnium(IV) silicate Hafnium(IV) sulfate Hafnium(IV) sulfide Hafnium(IV) titanate Helium Holmium Holmium acetate Holmium bromide Holmium chloride

HfSe2 HfSiO4 Hf(SO4)2 HfS2 HfTiO4 He Ho Ho(C2H3O2)3 HoBr3 HoCl3

12162-21-9 13870-13-8 15823-43-5 18855-94-2 12055-24-2 7440-59-7 7440-60-0 25519-09-9 13825-76-8 10138-62-2

336.41 270.57 370.62 242.62 290.36 4.003 164.930 342.062 404.642 271.289

1213 1214

Holmium chloride hexahydrate Holmium fluoride

HoCl3 ∙ 6H2O HoF3

14914-84-2 13760-78-6

379.381 221.925

1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221

Holmium iodide Holmium nitrate pentahydrate Holmium nitride Holmium oxalate decahydrate Holmium oxide Holmium silicide Holmium sulfide

HoI3 Ho(NO3)3 ∙ 5H2O HoN Ho2(C2O4)2 ∙ 10H2O Ho2O3 HoSi2 Ho2S3

13813-41-7 14483-18-2 12029-81-1 28965-57-3 12055-62-8 12136-24-2 12162-59-3

545.643 441.022 178.937 774.070 377.859 221.101 426.056

1222

Hydrazine

N2H4

302-01-2

32.045

brn hex cry tetr cry wh cry purp-brn hex cry wh pow col gas silv metal; hex yel cry yel hyg cry yel monocl cry; hyg hyg yel cry pink-yel orth cry; hyg yel hex cry hyg oran cry cub cry yel solid yel cub cry hex cry yel-oran monocl cry col oily liq

1223 1224 1225

Hydrazine acetate Hydrazine azide Hydrazine monohydrate

N2H4 ∙ CH3COOH N2H4 ∙ HN3 N2H4 ∙ H2O

13255-48-6 14662-04-5 7803-57-8

92.097 75.074 50.060

1226

Hydrazine hydrobromide

N2H4 ∙ HBr

13775-80-9

112.957

1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232

Hydrazine hydrochloride Hydrazine dihydrochloride Hydrazine hydroiodide Hydrazine nitrate Hydrazine dinitrate Hydrazine perchlorate hemihydrate

N2H4 ∙ HCl N2H4 ∙ 2HCl N2H4 ∙ HI N2H4 ∙ HNO3 N2H4 ∙ 2HNO3 N2H4 ∙ HClO4 ∙ 0.5H2O

2644-70-4 5341-61-7 10039-55-1 13464-97-6 13464-98-7 13762-65-7

68.506 104.967 159.957 95.058 158.071

1233 1234 1235 1236

Hydrazine sulfate Dihydrazine sulfate Hydrazoic acid Hydroxylamine

N2H4 ∙ H2SO4 (N2H4)2 ∙ H2SO4 HN3 H2NOH

10034-93-2 13464-80-7 7782-79-8 7803-49-8

130.124 162.169 43.028 33.030

1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248

Hydroxylamine hydrobromide Hydroxylamine hydrochloride Hydroxylamine perchlorate Hydroxylamine sulfate Hydrogen Hydrogen-d2 Hydrogen-t2 Hydrogen-d1 Hydrogen-t1 Hydrogen-d1,t1 Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen bromide-d

H2NOH ∙ HBr H2NOH ∙ HCl H2NOH ∙ HClO4 2(H2NOH) ∙ H2SO4 H2 D2 T2 HD HT DT HBr DBr

41591-55-3 5470-11-1

113.942 69.491 133.489 164.138 2.016 4.028 6.032 3.022 4.024 5.030 80.912 81.918

6679X_S04.indb 66

10039-54-0 1333-74-0 7782-39-0 10028-17-8 13983-20-5 14885-60-0 14885-61-1 10035-10-6 13536-59-9

bp/°C

Density g cm–3 7.6

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility s bz, chl; sl thf, eth; i hex

323 sp 317 sp 970 sp 394 sp ≈5400

4.90

reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O i H2O s H2O

7.1 5.6 9.68

7.46 7.0

2758 >500 dec

6.03 1980 dec 1472 dec 327 919 720

-268.93 2700

0.164 g/L 8.80

1470 1500

sl H2O; i EtOH s dil acid s H2O

3.7

s H2O

160 dec 1143

>2200

7.664

s H2O s H2O

994

5.4 s H2O, EtOH, ace 10.6

dec 40 2330

3900

8.41 7.1 5.92

s acid

1.54

113.55

1.0036

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH

cry hyg wh prism fuming liq

100 75 exp -51.7

119

1.030

wh monocl cry flakes wh orth cry wh orth cry hyg cry monocl cry; exp needles solid

84

≈190 dec

2.3

89 198 dec 125 70 104 dec 137

240 dec

1.5 1.42

exp

1.94

254 104 -80 33.1

dec >180 35.7 58

col orth cry hyg wh cry flakes col liq; exp wh orth flakes or needles monocl cry col monocl cry orth cry cry col gas; flam col gas col gas col gas col gas col gas col gas col gas

159 dec 88 170 -259.198 tp -254.42 -252.53 -256.55 -254.7 -253.5 -86.80 -87.54

vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH; i chl, eth s H2O, EtOH

2035

1.378

exp dec 120 -252.762 -249.48 -248.11 -251.02 -249.6 -238.9 -66.38 -66.9

20025 1.21 2.35 1.68

0.082 g/L 0.164 g/L 0.246 g/L 0.123 g/L

3.307 g/L

9425

s H2O; i os s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O vs H2O s H2O reac H2O, s EtOH; i eth, bz sl H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; i os s H2O vs H2O, MeOH s H2O vs H2O vs H2O sl H2O

vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O

3/24/08 1:36:05 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-67

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

1249 1250 1251 1252

Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen chloride dihydrate Hydrogen chloride-d Hydrogen cyanide

HCl HCl ∙ 2H2O DCl HCN

7647-01-0 13465-05-9 7698-05-7 74-90-8

36.461 72.492 37.467 27.026

col gas col liq col gas col liq or gas

-114.17 -17.7 -114.72 -13.29

-85 -84.4 26

0.687620

1253

Hydrogen fluoride

HF

7664-39-3

20.006

col gas

-83.36

20

0.818 g/L

1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272

Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen iodide-d Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen telluride Indium Indium antimonide Indium arsenide Indium nitride Indium phosphide Indium(I) bromide Indium(I) chloride Indium(I) iodide Indium(II) bromide Indium(II) chloride Indium(II) sulfide Indium(III) bromide

HI DI H2O2 H2Se H2S H2S2 H2Te In InSb InAs InN InP InBr InCl InI InBr2 InCl2 InS InBr3

10034-85-2 14104-45-1 7722-84-1 7783-07-5 7783-06-4 13465-07-1 7783-09-7 7440-74-6 1312-41-0 1303-11-3 25617-98-5 22398-80-7 14280-53-6 13465-10-6 13966-94-4 21264-43-7 13465-11-7 12030-14-7 13465-09-3

127.912 128.918 34.015 80.98 34.081 66.146 129.62 114.818 236.578 189.740 128.825 145.792 194.722 150.271 241.722 274.626 185.724 146.883 354.530

-50.76 -51.93 -0.43 -65.73 -85.5

-35.55 -36.2 150.2 -41.25 -59.55 70.7 -2 2072

5.228 g/L

1273

Indium(III) chloride

InCl3

10025-82-8

221.177

1274 1275 1276 1277 1278

Indium(III) chloride tetrahydrate Indium(III) fluoride Indium(III) fluoride trihydrate Indium(III) hydroxide Indium(III) iodide

InCl3 ∙ 4H2O InF3 InF3 ∙ 3H2O In(OH)3 InI3

22519-64-8 7783-52-0 14166-78-0 20661-21-6 13510-35-5

293.239 171.813 225.859 165.840 495.531

1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287

Indium(III) nitrate trihydrate Indium(III) oxide Indium(III) perchlorate octahydrate Indium(III) phosphate Indium(III) selenide Indium(III) sulfate Indium(III) sulfide Indium(III) telluride Iodine

In(NO3)3 ∙ 3H2O In2O3 In(ClO4)3 ∙ 8H2O InPO4 In2Se3 In2(SO4)3 In2S3 In2Te3 I2

13770-61-1 1312-43-2 13465-15-1 14693-82-4 1312-42-1 13464-82-9 12030-24-9 1312-45-4 7553-56-2

354.879 277.634 557.292 209.789 466.52 517.824 325.831 612.44 253.809

col or yel gas col gas col liq col gas; flam col gas; flam col liq col gas soft wh metal blk cub cry gray cub cry brn hex cry blk cub cry oran-red orth cry yel cub cry orth cry orth cry col orth cry red-brn orth cry hyg yel-wh monocl cry yel monocl cry; hyg wh cry wh hex cry; hyg wh cry cub cry yel-red monocl cry; hyg col cry yel cub cry wh cry wh orth cry blk hex cry hyg wh powder oran cub cry blk cub cry blue-blk plates

1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296

Iodic acid Periodic acid dihydrate Iodine tetroxide Iodine pentoxide Iodine hexoxide Iodine nonaoxide Iodine bromide Iodine chloride Iodine trichloride

HIO3 HIO4 ∙ 2H2O I2O4 I2O5 I2O6 I4O9 IBr ICl ICl3

7782-68-5 10450-60-9 12399-08-5 12029-98-0 65355-99-9 73560-00-6 7789-33-5 7790-99-0 865-44-1

175.910 227.940 317.807 333.806 349.805 651.613 206.808 162.357 233.263

col orth cry monocl hyg cry yel cry hyg wh cry yel solid hyg yel powder blk orth cry red cry or oily liq yel tricl cry; hyg

1297 1298

Iodine fluoride Iodine trifluoride

IF IF3

13873-84-2 22520-96-3

145.902 183.899

1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307

Iodine pentafluoride Iodine heptafluoride Iodosyl trifluoride Iodosyl pentafluoride Iodyl trifluoride Periodyl fluoride Iridium Iridium carbonyl Iridium(III) bromide

IF5 IF7 IOF3 IOF5 IO2F3 IO3F Ir Ir4(CO)12 IrBr3

7783-66-6 16921-96-3 19058-78-7 16056-61-4 25402-50-0 30708-86-2 7439-88-5 11065-24-0 10049-24-8

221.896 259.893 199.898 237.895 215.898 193.900 192.217 1104.989 431.929

wh pow (-78¯C) yel solid, stable at low temp yel liq col gas hyg col needles col liq yel solid col cry silv-wh metal; cub yel cry red-brn monocl cry

6679X_S04.indb 67

Density g cm–3 1.490 g/L 1.46

Solubility g/100 g H20

235 692 420

41420

583

4.0

195.122

1172 100 dec

656 608 712

>1200

dec 100 1912 ≈80

110 dec 122 dec 130 ≈300 dec dec 150 75 dec 40 27.38 101 tp (16 atm) -14 dec -28 dec 9.43 6.5 tp dec >110 4.5 41 dec >100 2446 210 dec

i acid sl acid reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

184.4

dec >85

s EtOH s H2O sl H2O; s dil acid s H2O

130822

7.18

i H2O; s hot acid

4.9 5.8 3.44 4.45 5.75 4.933

i H2O

200 dec

660 1050 667 113.7

s H2O, EtOH, alk s acid

4.39 4.4 4.69

207

vs H2O s H2O vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs H2O; s os s H2O vs H2O s H2O s H2O

1.44 3.310 g/L 1.393 g/L 1.334 5.298 g/L 7.31 5.7747 5.67 6.88 4.81 4.96 4.19 5.32 4.22 3.64 5.2 4.74

-49 156.60 524 942 1100 1062 285 225 364.4

Qualitative solubility

11720

0.0320

4.63

30825

4.2 4.98

253.420

s bz, EtOH, eth, ctc, chl i EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth sl H2O i EtOH, eth, CS2 reac H2O

116 dec 94.4 dec 64 sp dec

4.3 3.24 3.2

s H2O, EtOH, eth reac H2O; s EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH, bz

100.5 4.8 sp

3.19 10.62 g/L

reac H2O s H2O reac H2O

22.56220

s aqua regia

6.82

i H2O, acid, alk

subl 4428

3/24/08 1:36:07 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-68 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

1308 1309 1310 1311

Iridium(III) bromide tetrahydrate Iridium(III) chloride Iridium(III) fluoride Iridium(III) iodide

IrBr3 ∙ 4H2O IrCl3 IrF3 IrI3

10049-24-8* 10025-83-9 23370-59-4 7790-41-2

503.991 298.576 249.212 572.930

1312 1313

Iridium(III) oxide Iridium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

Ir2O3 Ir(CH3COCHCOCH3)3

1312-46-5 15635-87-7

432.432 489.541

1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319

Iridium(III) sulfide Iridium(IV) chloride Iridium(IV) oxide Iridium(IV) sulfide Iridium(VI) fluoride Iron

Ir2S3 IrCl4 IrO2 IrS2 IrF6 Fe

12136-42-4 10025-97-5 12030-49-8 12030-51-2 7783-75-7 7439-89-6

480.629 334.029 224.216 256.347 306.207 55.845

1320

Ferrocene

Fe(C5H5)2

102-54-5

186.031

1321

Tetracarbonyldihydroiron

Fe(CO)4H2

12002-28-7

169.902

1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340

Iron pentacarbonyl Iron nonacarbonyl Iron dodecacarbonyl Iron arsenide Iron boride (FeB) Iron boride (Fe2B) Iron carbide Iron phosphide (FeP) Iron phosphide (Fe2P) Iron phosphide (Fe3P) Iron disulfide Iron silicide Iron disilicide Iron(II) acetate Iron(II) acetate tetrahydrate Iron(II) aluminate Iron(II) arsenate Iron(II) arsenate hexahydrate Iron(II) bromide

Fe(CO)5 Fe2(CO)9 Fe3(CO)12 FeAs FeB Fe2B Fe3C FeP Fe2P Fe3P FeS2 FeSi FeSi2 Fe(C2H3O2)2 Fe(C2H3O2)2 ∙ 4H2O Fe(AlO2)2 Fe3(AsO4)2 Fe3(AsO4)2 ∙ 6H2O FeBr2

13463-40-6 15321-51-4 12088-65-2 12044-16-5 12006-84-7 12006-86-9 12011-67-5 26508-33-8 1310-43-6 12023-53-9 1317-66-4 12022-95-6 12022-99-0 3094-87-9 3094-87-9* 12068-49-4 10102-50-8 10102-50-8* 7789-46-0

195.896 363.781 503.656 130.767 66.656 122.501 179.546 86.819 142.664 198.509 119.975 83.931 112.016 173.934 245.994 173.806 445.373 553.465 215.653

1341 1342 1343 1344

Iron(II) bromide hexahydrate Iron(II) carbonate Iron(II) chloride Iron(II) chloride dihydrate

FeBr2 ∙ 6H2O FeCO3 FeCl2 FeCl2 ∙ 2H2O

13463-12-2 563-71-3 7758-94-3 16399-77-2

323.744 115.854 126.751 162.782

1345 1346 1347

Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate Iron(II) chromite Iron(II) fluoride

FeCl2 ∙ 4H2O FeCr2O4 FeF2

13478-10-9 1308-31-2 7789-28-8

198.813 223.835 93.842

1348 1349 1350

Iron(II) fluoride tetrahydrate Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(II) iodide

FeF2 ∙ 4H2O Fe(OH)2 FeI2

13940-89-1 18624-44-7 7783-86-0

165.904 89.860 309.654

1351 1352

Iron(II) iodide tetrahydrate Iron(II) molybdate

FeI2 ∙ 4H2O FeMoO4

7783-86-0* 13718-70-2

381.716 215.78

1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359

Iron(II) nitrate Iron(II) nitrate hexahydrate Iron(II) orthosilicate Iron(II) oxalate dihydrate Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Iron(II) perchlorate

Fe(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 ∙ 6H2O Fe2SiO4 FeC2O4 ∙ 2H2O FeO Fe(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 Fe(ClO4)2

14013-86-6 14013-86-6* 10179-73-4 6047-25-2 1345-25-1 14024-17-0 13933-23-8

179.854 287.946 203.774 179.894 71.844 254.061 254.746

1360

Iron(II) phosphate octahydrate

Fe3(PO4)2 ∙ 8H2O

14940-41-1

501.600

1361 1362 1363

Iron(II) selenide Iron(II) sulfate Iron(II) sulfate monohydrate

FeSe FeSO4 FeSO4 ∙ H2O

1310-32-3 7720-78-7 17375-41-6

134.81 151.908 169.923

6679X_S04.indb 68

Physical form mp/°C grn-brn cry brn monocl cry blk hex cry dark brn monocl cry blue-blk cry oran-yel cry orth cry brn hyg solid brn tetr cry orth cry yel cub cry; hyg silv-wh or gray met oran needles col liq, stab low temp yel oily liq; flam oran-yel cry dark grn cry gray orth cry refrac solid; orth refrac solid; tetr gray cub cry rhom cry gray hex needles gray solid blk cub cry gray cub cry gray tetr cry wh cry grn cry blk cub cry grn powder grn amorp powder yel-brn hex cry; hyg grn hyg cry gray-brn hex cry wh hex cry; hyg wh-grn monocl cry grn monocl cry blk cub cry wh tetr cry col hex cry wh-grn hex cry red-viol hex cry; hyg blk hyg leaflets brn-yel monocl cry grn solid grn solid brn orth cry yel cry blk cub cry oran-brn cry grn-wh hyg needles gray-blue monocl cry; hyg blk hex cry wh orth cry; hyg wh-yel monocl cry

bp/°C

763 dec 250 dec

1000 dec 270

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

5.30 ≈8.0 ≈7.4

subl

Qualitative solubility s H2O; i EtOH i H2O, acid, alk i H2O, dil acid i H2O, acid, bz, chl; s alk i H2O; sl hot HCl sl H2O; s tol, chl, ace, MeOH

10.2 ≈700 dec 1100 dec 44 1538

53.6 2861

172.5

249

-70

dec -20

-20.5 100 dec 140 1030 1658 1389 1227

103

1370 1100 >600 dec 1410 1220 190 dec dec

s H2O, EtOH

11.7 9.3 4.8 7.87

reac H2O s dil acid i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, dil HNO3 s alk

1.46 2.85 2.00 7.85 ≈7 7.3 7.694 6.07 6.8 6.74 5.02 6.1 4.74

i H2O; s eth, bz, ace

i H2O, dil acid, alk i H2O i H2O

s H2O s H2O, EtOH 4.3

dec 691

dec

i H2O i H2O; s acid vs EtOH

4.636

12025

4.64 3.944 3.16 2.39

12025 0.00006220 65.025 65.025

s EtOH

65.025

s EtOH

1100

1.93 5.0 4.09

594

2.20 3.4 5.3

90 dec 1115

2.87 5.6

27 dec 677 120 dec

1023

105 dec

sl H2O; s dil HF; i EtOH, eth 0.00005220 s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH i H2O 87.525 87.525

60 dec 150 dec 1377 170 >100 dec

4.30 2.28 6.0

0.07825

subl

s acid i H2O, alk; s acid sl bz, tol

21025 2.58

300 dec

vs EtOH, ace; sl bz

6.7 3.65 3.0

i H2O; s acid

29.525 29.525

i H2O

3/24/08 1:36:09 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-69

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

1364

Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate

FeSO4 ∙ 7H2O

7782-63-0

278.014

1365

Iron(II) sulfide

FeS

1317-37-9

87.910

1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372

Iron(II) tantalate Iron(II) tartrate Iron(II) telluride Iron(II) thiocyanate trihydrate Iron(II) titanate Iron(II) tungstate Iron(II,III) oxide

Fe(TaO3)2 FeC4H4O6 FeTe Fe(SCN)2 ∙ 3H2O FeTiO3 FeWO4 Fe3O4

12140-41-9 12125-63-2 6010-09-9 12168-52-4 13870-24-1 1317-61-9

513.737 203.916 183.45 226.055 151.710 303.68 231.533

1373

Iron(III) acetate, basic

FeOH(C2H3O2)2

10450-55-2

190.941

1374

Iron(III) ammonium citrate

Fe(NH4)3(C6H5O7)2

1185-57-5

488.160

1375 1376

Iron(III) arsenate dihydrate Iron(III) bromide

FeAsO4 ∙ 2H2O FeBr3

10102-49-5 10031-26-2

230.795 295.557

1377 1378

Iron(III) chloride Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate

FeCl3 FeCl3 ∙ 6H2O

7705-08-0 10025-77-1

162.204 270.295

1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397

Fe2(CrO4)3 FeC6H5O7 ∙ 5H2O Fe2(Cr2O7)3 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 FeF3 FeF3 ∙ 3H2O Fe(CHO2)3 Fe(OH)3 FeO(OH) Fe(VO3)3 Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)3 ∙ 6H2O Fe(NO3)3 ∙ 9H2O Fe2(C2O4)3 Fe2O3 Fe(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 Fe(ClO4)3 ∙ 6H2O FePO4 ∙ 2H2O Fe4(P2O7)3 ∙ 9H2O

10294-52-7 3522-50-7 10294-53-8 14038-43-8 7783-50-8 15469-38-2 555-76-0 1309-33-7 20344-49-4 65842-03-7 10421-48-4 13476-08-9 7782-61-8 19469-07-9 1309-37-1 14024-18-1 32963-81-8 10045-86-0 10058-44-3

459.671 335.021 759.654 859.229 112.840 166.886 190.897 106.867 88.852 352.665 241.860 349.951 403.997 375.747 159.688 353.169 462.288 186.847 907.348

1398 1399 1400

Iron(III) chromate Iron(III) citrate pentahydrate Iron(III) dichromate Iron(III) ferrocyanide Iron(III) fluoride Iron(III) fluoride trihydrate Iron(III) formate Iron(III) hydroxide Iron(III) hydroxide oxide Iron(III) metavanadate Iron(III) nitrate Iron(III) nitrate hexahydrate Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate Iron(III) oxalate Iron(III) oxide Iron(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Iron(III) perchlorate hexahydrate Iron(III) phosphate dihydrate Iron(III) pyrophosphate nonahydrate Iron(III) hypophosphite Iron(III) sodium pyrophosphate Iron(III) sulfate

Fe(H2PO2)3 FeNaP2O7 Fe2(SO4)3

7783-84-8 10045-87-1 10028-22-5

250.811 252.778 399.878

1401 1402

Iron(III) sulfate nonahydrate Iron(III) thiocyanate

Fe2(SO4)3 ∙ 9H2O Fe(SCN)3

13520-56-4 4119-52-2

562.015 230.092

wh-gray powder wh powder gray-wh rhomb cry; hyg yel hex cry red-viol hyg cry

1403

Krypton

Kr

7439-90-9

83.798

col gas

1404 1405

Krypton difluoride Krypton fluoride hexafluoroantimonate Lanthanum Lanthanum aluminum oxide Lanthanum boride Lanthanum bromate nonahydrate Lanthanum bromide Lanthanum carbide Lanthanum carbonate octahydrate Lanthanum chloride Lanthanum chloride heptahydrate Lanthanum fluoride Lanthanum hydride Lanthanum hydroxide Lanthanum iodate Lanthanum iodide Lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate

KrF2 KrFSb2F11

13773-81-4 39578-36-4

121.795 555.299

col tetr cry wh solid

La LaAlO3 LaB6 LaBrO3 ∙ 9H2O LaBr3 LaC2 La2(CO3)3 ∙ 8H2O LaCl3 LaCl3 ∙ 7H2O LaF3 LaH3 La(OH)3 La(IO3)3 LaI3 La(NO3)3 ∙ 6H2O

7439-91-0 12003-65-5 12008-21-8

138.905 213.885 203.771 684.749 378.617 162.926 601.960 245.264 371.371 195.900 141.929 189.927 663.614 519.619 433.011

silv metal; hex wh rhom cry blk cub cry; refrac hex cry wh hex cry; hyg tetr cry wh cry powder wh hex cry; hyg wh tricl cry; hyg wh hex cry; hyg blk cub cry wh amorp solid col cry wh orth cry; hyg wh hyg tricl cry

1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420

6679X_S04.indb 69

13536-79-3 12071-15-7 6487-39-4 10099-58-8 20211-76-1 13709-38-1 13864-01-2 14507-19-8 13870-19-4 13813-22-4 10277-43-7

Physical form mp/°C blue-grn monocl cry col hex or tetr cry; hyg brn tetr cry wh cry tetr cry grn monocl cry blk rhomb cry monocl cry blk cub cry or amorp powder brn-red amorp powder red or brn pow; hyg grn-brn powder dark red hex cry; hyg grn hex cry; hyg yel-oran monocl cry; hyg yel powder red-brn cry red-brn solid dark blue powder grn hex cry yel-brn tetr cry red-yel cry powder yel monocl cry red-brn orth cry gray-brn powder cry viol cub cry viol-gray hyg cry yel amorp powder red-brn hex cry red-oran cry viol cry gray-wh orth cry yel powder

bp/°C

≈60 dec 1188

Density g cm–3 1.895

dec

Solubility g/100 g H20 29.525

Qualitative solubility i EtOH i H2O; reac acid

4.7 7.33 0.88

914

6.8

≈1470

4.72 7.51 5.17

vs acid; s NH4OH s H2O, EtOH, eth

1597

i H2O; s acid i H2O; s EtOH, acid s H2O; i EtOH

dec dec 307.6 37 dec

≈316

3.18 4.5

45525

i H2O; s dil acid s EtOH, eth

2.90 1.82

91.225 91.225

s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, eth, ace

1.80 3.87 2.3

>1000

5.9225 5.9225

s H2O; sl EtOH

3.12 4.26

35 dec 47 dec 100 dec 1539 179

1.68

82.520 82.520 82.520

5.25 5.24 2.87

400 dec dec -157.38 tp (73.2 kPa) ≈25 dec dec 45

-153.34

920 trans cub 500 2715 dec 100 788 2360

3464

858 91 dec 1493

i H2O; s acid i H2O, EtOH; s acid

vs EtOH, ace s H2O, acid; i alk i H2O; s acid sl H2O; s os i H2O; s HCl i H2O; s acid

1.5 3.10

44020

2.1

44020

i H2O i H2O; s HCl sl EtOH; i ace

3.425 g/L

s H2O, EtOH, ace; i tol, chl sl H2O

3.24

reac H2O

6.15

s dil acid

4.76 5.06 5.1 5.29 2.6 3.84

vs H2O s H2O i H2O; s dil acid 95.725 95.725

5.9 5.36

dec 778 ≈40 dec

i H2O, EtOH; s acid s H2O; i EtOH s H2O, acid i H2O, dil acid, os i EtOH, eth, bz

s EtOH i H2O, acid

0.00002020 1.7 5.6 20025

s H2O vs EtOH; s ace

3/24/08 1:36:11 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-70 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

1421 1422 1423

LaN La2O3 La(ClO4)3 ∙ 6H2O

25764-10-7 1312-81-8 36907-37-6

152.912 325.809 475.021

cub cry wh amorp powder hyg col cry

3620

6.73 6.51

1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431

Lanthanum nitride Lanthanum oxide Lanthanum perchlorate hexahydrate Lanthanum silicide Lanthanum sulfate Lanthanum sulfate octahydrate Lanthanum sulfate nonahydrate Lanthanum monosulfide Lanthanum sulfide Lawrencium Lead

LaSi2 La2(SO4)3 La2(SO4)3 ∙ 8H2O La2(SO4)3 ∙ 9H2O LaS La2S3 Lr Pb

12056-90-5 10099-60-2 57804-25-8 10294-62-9 12031-30-0 12031-49-1 22537-19-5 7439-92-1

195.076 565.999 702.058 728.136 170.970 374.006 262 207.2

1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439

Plumbane Lead(II) acetate Lead(II) acetate trihydrate Lead(II) acetate, basic Lead(II) antimonate Lead(II) arsenate Lead(II) arsenite Lead(II) azide

PbH4 Pb(C2H3O2)2 Pb(C2H3O2)2 ∙ 3H2O Pb(C2H3O2)2 ∙ 2Pb(OH)2 Pb3(SbO4)2 Pb3(AsO4)2 Pb(AsO2)2 Pb(N3)2

15875-18-0 301-04-2 6080-56-4 1335-32-6 13510-89-9 3687-31-8 10031-13-7 13424-46-9

211.2 325.3 427.3 807.7 993.1 899.4 421.0 291.2

1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447

Lead(II) borate monohydrate Lead(II) bromate monohydrate Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) butanoate Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) carbonate, basic Lead(II) chlorate Lead(II) chloride

Pb(BO2)2 ∙ H2O Pb(BrO3)2 ∙ H2O PbBr2 Pb(C4H7O2)2 PbCO3 Pb(OH)2 ∙ 2PbCO3 Pb(ClO3)2 PbCl2

10214-39-8 10031-21-7 10031-22-8 819-73-8 598-63-0 1319-46-6 10294-47-0 7758-95-4

310.8 481.0 367.0 381.4 267.2 775.6 374.1 278.1

1448 1449 1450

Lead(II) chloride fluoride Lead(II) chlorite Lead(II) chromate

PbClF Pb(ClO2)2 PbCrO4

13847-57-9 13453-57-1 7758-97-6

261.7 342.1 323.2

1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456

Lead(II) chromate(VI) oxide Lead(II) citrate trihydrate Lead(II) cyanide Lead(II) 2-ethylhexanoate Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) fluoroborate

PbCrO4 ∙ PbO Pb3(C6H5O7)2 ∙ 3H2O Pb(CN)2 Pb(C7H15CO2)2 PbF2 Pb(BF4)2

18454-12-1 512-26-5 592-05-2 301-08-6 7783-46-2 13814-96-5

546.4 1053.8 259.2 493.6 245.2 380.8

1457

Lead(II) formate

Pb(CHO2)2

811-54-1

297.2

1458

Pb(CF3COCHCOCF3)2

19648-88-5

621.3

1459 1460 1461 1462 1463

Lead(II) hexafluoro-2,4pentanedioate Lead(II) hydrogen arsenate Lead(II) hydrogen phosphate Lead(II) hydroxide Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide

gray tetr cry hyg wh pow col cry hex cry yel cub cry red cub cry metal soft silv-gray metal; cub unstab col gas wh cry col cry wh powder oran-yel powder wh cry wh powder col orth needles; exp wh powder col cry wh orth cry col solid col orth cry wh hex cry col hyg cry wh orth needles or powder tetr cry yel monocl cry yel-oran monocl cry red powder wh cry powder wh-yel powder visc liq wh orth cry stab only in aq soln wh prisms or needles cry

PbHAsO4 PbHPO4 Pb(OH)2 Pb(IO3)2 PbI2

7784-40-9 15845-52-0 19783-14-3 25659-31-8 10101-63-0

347.1 303.2 241.2 557.0 461.0

1464 1465

Lead(II) lactate Lead(II) molybdate

Pb(C3H5O3)2 PbMoO4

18917-82-3 10190-55-3

385.3 367.1

wh monocl cry wh monocl cry wh powder wh orth cry yel hex cry or powder wh cry powder yel tetr cry

1466 1467 1468

Lead(II) niobate Lead(II) nitrate Lead(II) oleate

Pb(NbO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 Pb(C18H33O2)2

12034-88-7 10099-74-8 1120-46-3

489.0 331.2 770.1

1469 1470

Lead(II) oxalate Lead(II) oxide (litharge)

PbC2O4 PbO

814-93-7 1317-36-8

1471

Lead(II) oxide (massicot)

PbO

1472 1473 1474 1475

Lead(II) oxide hydrate Lead(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Lead(II) perchlorate Lead(II) perchlorate trihydrate

3PbO ∙ H2O Pb(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 Pb(ClO4)2 Pb(ClO4)2 ∙ 3H2O

6679X_S04.indb 70

2304 dec 100 1520 1150 dec 2300 2110 1627 327.462

280 75 dec dec

2.82 2.82 5.61 4.9 1749 -13 dec

i H2O; s dil acid vs H2O; s EtOH

2.720

11.3

3.25 2.55

sl H2O sl H2O i EtOH

s conc acid

44.320 vs H2O; sl EtOH 6.30

6.58 5.8 5.85 4.7

0.02318

892

5.6 5.53 6.69

1.3320 0.97525

951

6.582 ≈6.5 3.9 5.98

14418 1.0825

i EtOH i H2O; s dil HNO3 i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s acid vs EtOH s alk

0.03520 0.225 0.00001720

sl H2O; s alk s alk, dil acid

exp ≈350

7.05 dec 126 844

830

Qualitative solubility

5.0

1042 dec

500 dec ≈180 dec 371 ≈90 ≈315 dec 400 dec 230 dec 501

Solubility g/100 g H20

6.12

1293

1.56 8.44

i H2O, dil acid i H2O; s HNO3 i H2O; s dil HNO3 vs HOAc i H2O; s dil HNO3

i H2O s H2O; sl EtOH sl H2O; reac acid 0.067025 s H2O

190 dec 155

4.63

i EtOH

210

280 dec dec 145 dec 410

1.616

872 dec

5.943 5.66 5.69 6.50 6.16

≈1060

6.7

rhom or tetr cry col cub cry wax-like solid

1343 470

6.6 4.53

295.2 223.2

wh powder red tetr cry

5.28 9.35

1317-36-8

223.2

yel orth cry

300 dec trans to massicot 489 887

1311-11-1 15282-88-9 13453-62-8 13637-76-8

687.6 405.4 406.1 460.1

wh powder cry wh cry wh cry

i H2O; s HNO3, alk 0.0001220 0.002525 0.07625

59.725

0.0002520

9.64

s acid i EtOH s H2O, hot EtOH i H2O; s HNO3, NaOH i H2O sl EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth s dil HNO3 i H2O, EtOH; s dil HNO3 i H2O, EtOH; s dil HNO3 i H2O; s dil acid

7.41 143 100 dec

2.6

44125 44125

s EtOH

3/24/08 1:36:13 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-71

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

1476 1477 1478

Lead(II) phosphate Lead(II) hypophosphite Lead(II) metasilicate

Pb3(PO4)2 Pb(H2PO2)2 PbSiO3

7446-27-7 10294-58-3 10099-76-0

811.5 337.2 283.3

1479 1480

Pb2SiO4 PbSiF6 ∙ 2H2O

13566-17-1 1310-03-8

506.5 385.3

1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487

Lead(II) orthosilicate Lead(II) hexafluorosilicate dihydrate Lead(II) selenate Lead(II) selenide Lead(II) selenite Lead(II) sodium thiosulfate Lead(II) stearate Lead(II) sulfate Lead(II) sulfide

PbSeO4 PbSe PbSeO3 Na4Pb(S2O3)3 Pb(C18H35O2)2 PbSO4 PbS

7446-15-3 12069-00-0 7488-51-9 10101-94-7 1072-35-1 7446-14-2 1314-87-0

350.2 286.2 334.2 635.5 774.1 303.3 239.3

1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498

Lead(II) sulfite Lead(II) tantalate Lead(II) telluride Lead(II) thiocyanate Lead(II) thiosulfate Lead(II) titanate Lead(II) tungstate (stolzite) Lead(II) tungstate (raspite) Lead(II) metavanadate Lead(II) zirconate Lead(II,IV) oxide

PbSO3 Pb(TaO3)2 PbTe Pb(SCN)2 PbS2O3 PbTiO3 PbWO4 PbWO4 Pb(VO3)2 PbZrO3 Pb2O3

7446-10-8 12065-68-8 1314-91-6 592-87-0 13478-50-7 12060-00-3 7759-01-5 7759-01-5 10099-79-3 12060-01-4 1314-27-8

287.3 665.1 334.8 323.4 319.3 303.1 455.0 455.0 405.1 346.4 462.4

1499

Lead(II,II,IV) oxide

Pb3O4

1314-41-6

685.6

orth cry gray cub cry wh monocl cry wh cry wh powder orth cry blk powder or silv cub cry wh powder orth cry gray cub cry wh-yel powder wh cry yel tetr cry yel tetr cry monocl cry yel powder col orth cry blk monocl cry or red amorp powder red tetr cry

1500

Lead(IV) acetate

Pb(C2H3O2)4

546-67-8

443.4

col monocl cry

1501 1502 1503 1504

Lead(IV) bromide Lead(IV) chloride Lead(IV) fluoride Lead(IV) oxide

PbBr4 PbCl4 PbF4 PbO2

13701-91-2 13463-30-4 7783-59-7 1309-60-0

526.8 349.0 283.2 239.2

1505 1506 1507 1508

Lithium Lithium acetate Lithium acetate dihydrate Lithium aluminum hydride

Li LiC2H3O2 LiC2H3O2 ∙ 2H2O LiAlH4

7439-93-2 546-89-4 6108-17-4 16853-85-3

6.941 65.985 102.016 37.955

1509 1510 1511 1512

Lithium aluminum silicate Lithium amide Lithium arsenate Lithium azide

LiAlSi2O6 LiNH2 Li3AsO4 LiN3

12068-40-5 7782-89-0 13478-14-3 19597-69-4

186.090 22.964 159.743 48.961

1513

Lithium borohydride

LiBH4

16949-15-8

21.784

1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519

Lithium bromate Lithium bromide Lithium bromide monohydrate Lithium carbide Lithium carbonate Lithium chlorate

LiBrO3 LiBr LiBr ∙ H2O Li2C2 Li2CO3 LiClO3

13550-28-2 7550-35-8 23303-71-1 1070-75-3 554-13-2 13453-71-9

134.843 86.845 104.860 37.903 73.891 90.392

1520

Lithium chloride

LiCl

7447-41-8

42.394

1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530

Lithium chloride monohydrate Lithium chromate dihydrate Lithium citrate tetrahydrate Lithium cobaltite Lithium cyanide Lithium hydride-d Lithium dichromate dihydrate Lithium dihydrogen phosphate Lithium diisopropylamide Lithium ferrosilicon

LiCl ∙ H2O Li2CrO4 ∙ 2H2O Li3C6H5O7 ∙ 4H2O LiCoO2 LiCN LiD Li2Cr2O7 ∙ 2H2O LiH2PO4 LiN(C3H7)2 LiFeSi

16712-20-2 7789-01-7 6680-58-6 12190-79-3 2408-36-8 13587-16-1 10022-48-7 13453-80-0 4111-54-0 64082-35-5

60.409 165.906 281.983 97.873 32.959 8.955 265.901 103.928 107.123 90.872

unstab liq yel oily liq wh tetr cry; hyg red tetr cry or brn powder soft silv-wh metal cry wh rhomb cry gray-wh monocl cry wh monocl cry tetr cry col orth cry hyg monocl cry; exp wh-gray orth cry or powder hyg col orth cry wh cub cry; hyg wh orth cry wh hyg cry wh monocl cry col hyg rhom needles wh cub cry or powder; hyg hyg wh tetr cry yel orth cry; hyg wh cry dark gray pow wh orth cry hyg wh cry yel-red hyg cry col hyg cry hyg col cry dark brittle cry

6679X_S04.indb 71

Physical form mp/°C wh hex cry hyg cry powder wh monocl cry powder monocl cry col cry

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

1014 dec 764

7.01

743 dec

7.60

Solubility g/100 g H20

6.49

6.37 8.1 7.0

≈100 1087 1113

1.4 6.29 7.60

0.01325

0.004425

dec

1130 trans 400

7.9 8.164 3.82 5.18 7.9 8.24 8.46

530 dec

≈8 10.05

830

8.92

≈175

2.23

924 dec

-15 ≈600 290 dec

≈50 dec

180.50 286 58 dec >125 dec

1342

0.0520

0.0320 0.0320

s conc acid i H2O; s HNO3 i H2O sl H2O i H2O; s hot EtOH i acid; sl alk i H2O; s acid i H2O; s HNO3 i H2O i H2O, acid i H2O; s acid i H2O; reac HCl s alk s alk i H2O; reac HNO3 i H2O, alk; s acid i H2O; s alk; reac conc HCl i H2O, EtOH; s hot HCl reac H2O, EtOH; s bz, chl

6.7 9.64 0.534 1.3 0.917

1430 380

45.025 45.025

reac H2O vs EtOH s EtOH reac H2O, EtOH; s eth, thf

3.188 1.18 3.07 1.83

reac H2O sl H2O; s HOAc vs H2O s alk, eth, thf

268

380 dec

0.66

260 550 trans cub 33

≈1300

732 127.6

1300 dec 300 dec

3.464 3.46 1.65 2.11 1.119

610

1383

160 680 130 dec >100 dec

i H2O, EtOH sl H2O; i EtOH i H2O, os

vs H2O

1078 ≈500

dec 98 75 dec 210 (anh)

Qualitative solubility

65.425 18125 1454 1.3025 45925

vs H2O s EtOH, eth vs H2O reac H2O; i os s acid; i EtOH vs EtOH; sl ace

2.07

84.525

s EtOH, ace, py

1.78 2.15

45.925

vs H2O vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH i H2O

7525

0.82 2.34 2.461

reac H2O vs H2O 1260 s eth; i hc reac H2O

3/24/08 1:36:14 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-72 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

1531

Lithium fluoride

LiF

7789-24-4

25.939

1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538

Lithium formate monohydrate Lithium hexafluoroantimonate Lithium hexafluoroarsenate Lithium hexafluorophosphate Lithium hexafluorosilicate Lithium hexafluorostannate Lithium hydride

Li(CHO2) ∙ H2O LiSbF6 LiAsF6 LiPF6 Li2SiF6 Li2SnF6 LiH

6108-23-2 18424-17-4 29935-35-1 21324-40-3 17347-95-4 17029-16-2 7580-67-8

69.974 242.691 310.672 151.905 155.958 246.582 7.949

1539 1540 1541

Lithium hydrogen carbonate Lithium hydroxide Lithium hydroxide monohydrate

LiHCO3 LiOH LiOH ∙ H2O

5006-97-3 1310-65-2 1310-66-3

67.958 23.948 41.964

1542 1543 1544 1545 1546

Lithium hypochlorite Lithium iodate Lithium iodide Lithium iodide trihydrate Lithium manganate

LiOCl LiIO3 LiI LiI ∙ 3H2O Li2MnO3

13840-33-0 13765-03-2 10377-51-2 7790-22-9 12163-00-7

58.393 181.843 133.845 187.891 116.818

1547

Lithium metaborate

LiBO2

13453-69-5

49.751

1548 1549 1550

Lithium metaborate dihydrate Lithium metaphosphate Lithium metasilicate

LiBO2 ∙ 2H2O LiPO3 Li2SiO3

15293-74-0 13762-75-9 10102-24-6

85.782 85.913 89.966

1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561

Lithium molybdate Lithium niobate Lithium nitrate Lithium nitride Lithium nitrite Lithium nitrite monohydrate Lithium orthosilicate Lithium oxalate Lithium phosphate Lithium oxide Lithium perchlorate

Li2MoO4 LiNbO3 LiNO3 Li3N LiNO2 LiNO2 ∙ H2O LiSiO4 Li2C2O4 Li3PO4 Li2O LiClO4

13568-40-6 12031-63-9 7790-69-4 26134-62-3 13568-33-7 13568-33-7* 13453-84-4 30903-87-8 10377-52-3 12057-24-8 7791-03-9

173.82 147.845 68.946 34.830 52.947 70.962 99.025 101.901 115.794 29.881 106.392

1562

Lithium perchlorate trihydrate

LiClO4 ∙ 3H2O

13453-78-6

160.438

1563 1564 1565 1566 1567

Lithium peroxide Lithium selenate monohydrate Lithium selenite monohydrate Lithium stearate Lithium sulfate

Li2O2 Li2SeO4 ∙ H2O Li2SeO3 ∙ H2O LiC18H35O2 Li2SO4

12031-80-0 7790-71-8 15593-51-8 4485-12-5 10377-48-7

45.881 174.86 158.86 290.411 109.945

1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573

Li2SO4 ∙ H2O Li2S LiTaO3 Li2B4O7 Li2B4O7 ∙ 5H2O Li2Pt(CN)4 ∙ 5H2O

10102-25-7 12136-58-2 12031-66-2 12007-60-2 1303-94-2 14402-73-4

127.960 45.947 235.887 169.122 259.198 403.112

1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583

Lithium sulfate monohydrate Lithium sulfide Lithium tantalate Lithium tetraborate Lithium tetraborate pentahydrate Lithium tetracyanoplatinate pentahydrate Lithium tetrafluoroborate Lithium thiocyanate Lithium titanate Lithium tungstate Lithium vanadate Lithium zirconate Lutetium Lutetium boride Lutetium bromide Lutetium chloride

LiBF4 LiSCN Li2TiO3 Li2WO4 LiVO3 Li2ZrO3 Lu LuB4 LuBr3 LuCl3

14283-07-9 556-65-0 12031-82-2 13568-45-1 15060-59-0 12031-83-3 7439-94-3 12688-52-7 14456-53-2 10099-66-8

93.746 65.024 109.747 261.72 105.881 153.104 174.967 218.211 414.679 281.326

1584 1585 1586 1587 1588

Lutetium chloride hexahydrate Lutetium fluoride Lutetium iodide Lutetium iron oxide Lutetium nitrate

LuCl3 ∙ 6H2O LuF3 LuI3 Lu3Fe5O12 Lu(NO3)3

15230-79-2 13760-81-1 13813-45-1 12023-71-1 10099-67-9

389.417 231.962 555.680 996.119 360.982

6679X_S04.indb 72

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

wh cub cry or powder col-wh cry hyg pow rhom wh cry; hyg wh pow col hex cry wh pow gray cub cry or powder; hyg wh pow col tetr cry wh monocl cry or powder wh pow wh hyg hex cry wh cub cry; hyg wh hyg cry red-brn monocl cry wh monocl cry; hyg wh cry pow wh cry or gl solid wh orth needles

1673

2.640

hyg wh cry wh hex cry col hex cry; hyg red hex cry wh hyg cry col needles wh rhom cry col cry wh orth cry wh cub cry wh orth cry or powder wh hex cry wh hex cry monocl cry hyg cry cry wh monocl cry; hyg col cry wh cub cry; hyg wh pow wh tetr cry wh cry pow grn-yel cry hyg wh pow wh hyg cry wh pow wh trig pow yel pow wh solid silv metal; hex tetr cry wh hyg cry wh monocl cry; hyg col cry orth cry brn hex cry; hyg cry hyg col solid

848.2

Solubility g/100 g H20 0.13425

Qualitative solubility s acid s H2O

1.46 dec

dec 350

sl ace

692

473

reac H2O, EtOH

0.78

sl H2O sl EtOH sl EtOH

1.45 1.51

12.525 12.525

4.502 4.06 2.38 3.90

77.925 16525 16525

844

2.18

2.620

sl H2O; s EtOH

1201

1.8 1.8 2.52 2.66 4.30 2.38 1.27

44.825

s H2O i H2O i cold H2O; reac dil acid s H2O

1.615 2.39 2.12117 2.46 2.013 2.428

139.525

450 469 73

702 1240 253 813 222 >100 1256 dec 1205 1438 236

1626

1171

430 dec

95 dec

10225

0.02725 58.725

1.84

130 dec 1372 1650 917 dec 200

34.225

sl EtOH

2.920

sl H2O vs H2O; i EtOH sl H2O

subl 1400

dec 150 1182 1050

2200

s EtOH, ace, eth

2.06 1.64

3.71

3402

s H2O; i EtOH, eth

34.225

12025

1663 2600 1025 925

s EtOH reac H2O vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH

2.21

dec 1325 740

vs EtOH, ace i H2O

vs H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O

2.31 2.56 ≈220 860

vs H2O i EtOH

9.84 ≈7.0

vs H2O i H2O s H2O

s dil acid

3.98

vs H2O s H2O

8.3 ≈5.6

s H2O, EtOH i H2O vs H2O s H2O, EtOH

3/24/08 1:36:16 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-73

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

1589 1590

Lutetium nitride Lutetium oxide

LuN Lu2O3

12125-25-6 12032-20-1

188.974 397.932

1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597

Lutetium perchlorate hexahydrate Lutetium sulfate Lutetium sulfate octahydrate Lutetium sulfide Lutetium telluride Magnesium Magnesium acetate

Lu(ClO4)3 ∙ 6H2O Lu2(SO4)3 Lu2(SO4)3 ∙ 8H2O Lu2S3 Lu2Te3 Mg Mg(C2H3O2)2

14646-29-8 14986-89-1 13473-77-3 12163-20-1 12163-22-3 7439-95-4 142-72-3

581.410 638.122 782.244 446.129 732.73 24.305 142.394

1598 1599

Magnesium acetate monohydrate Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate

Mg(C2H3O2)2 ∙ H2O Mg(C2H3O2)2 ∙ 4H2O

60582-92-5 16674-78-5

160.409 214.454

1600 1601 1602 1603

Magnesium aluminate Magnesium aluminum silicate Magnesium amide Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate Magnesium antimonide Magnesium arsenide Magnesium diboride Magnesium hexaboride Magnesium dodecaboride Magnesium bromate hexahydrate Magnesium bromide Magnesium bromide hexahydrate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium carbonate dihydrate Magnesium carbonate trihydrate Magnesium carbonate pentahydrate Magnesium carbonate hydroxide tetrahydrate Magnesium carbonate hydroxide pentahydrate Magnesium carbonate dihydroxide trihydrate Magnesium chlorate hexahydrate Magnesium chloride

Mg(AlO2)2 Mg2Al3(AlSi5O18) Mg(NH2)2 MgNH4PO4 ∙ 6H2O

12068-51-8 1302-88-1 7803-54-5 13478-16-5

142.266 584.953 56.350 245.407

cub cry wh cub cry or powder col cry wh pow col cry gray rhomb cry orth cry silv-wh metal wh orth/monocl cry orth cry col monocl cry; hyg col cub cry blue cry wh powder; flam wh pow

Mg3Sb2 Mg3As2 MgB2 MgB6 MgB12 Mg(BrO3)2 ∙ 6H2O MgBr2 MgBr2 ∙ 6H2O MgCO3 MgCO3 ∙ 2H2O MgCO3 ∙ 3H2O MgCO3 ∙ 5H2O

12057-75-9 12044-49-4 12007-25-9 12008-22-9 12230-32-9 7789-36-8 7789-48-2 13446-53-2 546-93-0 5145-48-2 14457-83-1 61042-72-6

316.435 222.758 45.927 89.171 154.037 388.201 184.113 292.204 84.314 120.345 138.360 174.390

hex cry solid hex cry refrac solid refrac solid col cub cry wh hex cry; hyg col monocl cry wh hex cry col tricl cry col monocl cry wh monocl cry

39409-82-0 4MgCO3 ∙ Mg(OH)2 ∙ 4H2O 56378-72-4 4MgCO3 ∙ Mg(OH)2 ∙ 5H2O MgCO3 ∙ Mg(OH)2 ∙ 3H2O 12143-96-3

467.636

wh monocl cry

485.652

wh pow

dec 700

196.680

wh monocl cry

dec

Mg(ClO3)2 ∙ 6H2O MgCl2

13446-19-0 7786-30-3

299.299 95.211

≈35 dec 714

MgCl2 ∙ 6H2O MgCrO4 ∙ 7H2O MgCr2O4 Mg3(C6H5O7)2 Mg3(C6H5O7)2 ∙ 14H2O MgF2 Mg(CHO2)2 ∙ 2H2O Mg2GeO4 Mg2Ge MgH2 MgHPO4 ∙ 3H2O

7791-18-6 13423-61-5* 12053-26-8 3344-18-1 3344-18-1* 7783-40-6 6150-82-9 12025-13-7 1310-52-7 7693-27-8 7757-86-0

203.302 266.405 192.295 451.114 703.328 62.302 150.370 185.25 121.25 26.321 174.331

wh hyg cry wh hex leaflets; hyg wh hyg cry yel rhom cry deep grn cry wh cry wh cry pow wh tetr cry wh cry wh prec cub cry wh tetr cry wh powder

1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631

Mg(OH)2 Mg(IO3)2 ∙ 4H2O MgI2 MgI2 ∙ 6H2O MgI2 ∙ 8H2O Mg(BO2)2 ∙ 8H2O

1309-42-8 7790-32-1* 10377-58-9 66778-21-0 7790-31-0 13703-82-7*

58.320 446.172 278.114 386.205 422.236 254.047

1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643

Magnesium chloride hexahydrate Magnesium chromate heptahydrate Magnesium chromite Magnesium citrate Magnesium citrate tetradecahydrate Magnesium fluoride Magnesium formate dihydrate Magnesium germanate Magnesium germanide Magnesium hydride Magnesium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium iodate tetrahydrate Magnesium iodide Magnesium iodide hexahydrate Magnesium iodide octahydrate Magnesium metaborate octahydrate Magnesium metasilicate Magnesium metatitanate Magnesium molybdate Magnesium nitrate Magnesium nitrate dihydrate Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate

MgSiO3 MgTiO3 MgMoO4 Mg(NO3)2 Mg(NO3)2 ∙ 2H2O Mg(NO3)2 ∙ 6H2O

13776-74-4 12032-30-3 12013-21-7 10377-60-3 15750-45-5 13446-18-9

100.389 120.170 184.24 148.314 184.345 256.406

1644 1645

Magnesium nitride Magnesium nitrite trihydrate

Mg3N2 Mg(NO2)2 ∙ 3H2O

12057-71-5 15070-34-5

100.928 170.362

1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637

6679X_S04.indb 73

Physical form mp/°C 2427

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

3980

11.6 9.41

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility

42.320

s H2O, MeOH vs H2O s H2O

dec 350 (anh) dec >850 1750 dec 650 323 dec

1090

80 dec 2105

6.26 7.8 1.74 1.50

65.625

1.55 1.45

65.625

s dil acid

3.55 2.6 1.39 1.71

dec dec 1245 ≈1200 800 dec 1100 dec 1300 dec 200 dec 711 165 dec 990

vs EtOH i H2O reac H2O i H2O, EtOH; s acid

3.99 3.15 2.57

i H2O i H2O

2.29 3.72 2.0 3.010 2.8 1.8 3.04

165 dec >400

9825 10225 10225 0.1820

s EtOH i EtOH; s acid i H2O, ace, NH4OH

0.1816 0.3816

2.3 i H2O; s dil acid; i EtOH 2.04

1412

≈100 dec 2390

1.80 2.325

14225 56.025

sl EtOH

1.56 1.695 4.4

56.025 54.825

s EtOH

sl H2O sl H2O; s acid 1263 dec

2227

3.148

1117 327 550 dec

3.09 1.45 2.13

wh hex cry col monocl cry wh hex cry; hyg wh monocl cry wh orth cry; hyg wh pow

350 210 dec 634

2.37 3.3 4.43 2.35 2.10

wh monocl cry col hex cry wh pow wh cub cry wh cry col monocl cry; hyg yel cub cry wh hyg prisms

≈1550 dec 1565 ≈1060

41 dec 988 (anh)

≈100 dec ≈95 dec ≈1500 dec 100 dec

3.19 3.85 2.2 ≈2.3 1.45 1.46

0.01325 s H2O; i EtOH i H2O reac H2O sl H2O; s dil acid 0.0006920 11.125 14625

s dil acid

14625

s EtOH sl H2O i H2O; sl HF

15.925 71.225 71.225 71.225

s H2O

129.925

s EtOH

s EtOH s EtOH

2.71

3/24/08 1:36:18 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-74 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653

Magnesium orthosilicate Magnesium orthotitanate Magnesium oxalate Magnesium oxalate dihydrate Magnesium oxide Magnesium perborate heptahydrate Magnesium perchlorate Magnesium perchlorate hexahydrate Magnesium permanganate hexahydrate Magnesium peroxide Magnesium phosphate pentahydrate Magnesium phosphate octahydrate Magnesium pyrophosphate Magnesium pyrophosphate trihydrate Magnesium phosphide Magnesium selenate hexahydrate Magnesium selenide Magnesium selenite hexahydrate Magnesium hexafluorosilicate hexahydrate Magnesium silicide Magnesium stannide Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate monohydrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Magnesium sulfide Magnesium sulfite trihydrate Magnesium sulfite hexahydrate Magnesium tetrahydrogen phosphate dihydrate Magnesium thiocyanate tetrahydrate Magnesium thiosulfate hexahydrate Magnesium trisilicate Magnesium tungstate Magnesium vanadate Magnesium zirconate Magnesium zirconium silicate Manganese Manganocene Manganese antimonide (MnSb) Manganese antimonide (Mn2Sb) Manganese boride (MnB) Manganese boride (MnB2) Manganese boride (Mn2B) Manganese carbide Manganese carbonyl Manganese pentacarbonyl bromide Manganese phosphide (MnP) Manganese phosphide (Mn2P) Manganese silicide Manganese(II) acetate tetrahydrate Manganese(II) bromide Manganese(II) bromide tetrahydrate Manganese(II) carbonate Manganese(II) chloride Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate

Mg2SiO4 Mg2TiO4 MgC2O4 MgC2O4 ∙ 2H2O MgO Mg(BO3)2 ∙ 7H2O Mg(ClO4)2 Mg(ClO4)2 ∙ 6H2O

26686-77-1 12032-52-9 547-66-0 6150-88-5 1309-48-4 14635-87-1 10034-81-8 13446-19-0

140.694 160.475 112.324 148.354 40.304 268.030 223.206 331.298

wh orth cry wh cub cry wh powder wh powder wh cub cry wh pow wh hyg powder wh hyg cry

Mg(MnO4)2 ∙ 6H2O

10377-62-5

370.268

MgO2 Mg3(PO4)2 ∙ 5H2O

1335-26-8 7757-87-1*

Mg3(PO4)2 ∙ 8H2O Mg2P2O7 Mg2P2O7 ∙ 3H2O

1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703

6679X_S04.indb 74

Manganese(II) dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate Manganese(II) fluoride Manganese(II) hydroxide Manganese(II) hypophosphite monohydrate

bp/°C

1897 1840

Density g cm–3 3.21 3.53

Solubility g/100 g H20 0.03825 0.03825

2825

3600

3.6

250 dec 190 dec

2.2 1.98

blue-blk cry

dec

2.18

56.304 352.934

wh cub cry wh cry

100 dec 400 dec

≈3.0

13446-23-6 13446-24-7 10102-34-8

406.980 222.553 276.600

wh monocl cry col monocl plates wh powder

1395 100 dec

2.17 2.56 2.56

Mg3P2 MgSeO4 ∙ 6H2O MgSe MgSeO3 ∙ 6H2O MgSiF6 ∙ 6H2O

12057-74-8 13446-28-1 1313-04-8 15593-61-0 60950-56-3

134.863 275.35 103.27 259.36 274.472

yel cub cry wh monocl cry brn cub cry col hex cry wh cry

120 dec

2.06 1.928 4.2 2.09 1.79

Mg2Si Mg2Sn MgSO4 MgSO4 ∙ H2O MgSO4 ∙ 7H2O MgS MgSO3 ∙ 3H2O MgSO3 ∙ 6H2O Mg(H2PO4)2 ∙ 2H2O

22831-39-6 1313-08-2 7487-88-9 14168-73-1 10034-99-8 12032-36-9 19086-20-5 13446-29-2 15609-80-0

76.696 167.320 120.368 138.383 246.474 56.370 158.414 212.460 254.311

gray cub cry blue cub cry col orth cry col monocl cry col orth cry red-brn cub cry col orth cry wh hex cry wh hyg cry

Mg(SCN)2 ∙ 4H2O

306-61-6

212.531

wh hyg cry

MgS2O3 ∙ 6H2O Mg2Si3O8 MgWO4 Mg2V2O7 MgZrO3 MgO ∙ ZrO2 ∙ SiO2 Mn Mn(C5H5)2 MnSb Mn2Sb MnB MnB2 Mn2B Mn3C Mn2(CO)10 Mn(CO)5Br MnP Mn2P MnSi2 Mn(C2H3O2)2 ∙ 4H2O MnBr2 MnBr2 ∙ 4H2O

13446-30-5 14987-04-3 13573-11-0 13568-63-3 12032-31-4 52110-05-1 7439-96-5 1271-27-8 12032-82-5 12032-97-2 12045-15-7 12228-50-1 12045-16-8 12266-65-8 10170-69-1 14516-54-2 12032-78-9 12333-54-9 12032-86-9 6156-78-1 13446-03-2 10031-20-6

244.525 260.862 272.14 262.489 163.527 223.612 54.938 185.124 176.698 231.636 65.749 76.560 120.687 176.825 389.977 274.893 85.912 140.850 111.109 245.087 214.746 286.808

col cry wh powder wh monocl cry tricl cry col cry wh solid hard gray metal yel-brn cry hex cry tetr cry orth cry hex cry red-brn tetr cry refrac solid yel monocl cry oran-yel cry orth cry hex cry gray solid red monocl cry pink hex cry red hyg cry

MnCO3 MnCl2 MnCl2 ∙ 4H2O

598-62-9 7773-01-5 13446-34-9

114.947 125.844 197.906

>200 dec 650 87.5

Mn(H2PO4)2 ∙ 2H2O

18718-07-5

284.944

pink hex cry pink trig cry; hyg red monocl cry; hyg col hyg cry

MnF2 Mn(OH)2 Mn(H2PO2)2 ∙ H2O

7782-64-1 18933-05-6 10043-84-2

92.935 88.953 202.931

red tetr cry pink hex cry pink cry

900 dec >250

1102 771 1137 150 dec 150 dec 2226

1.99 3.60 2.66 2.57 1.67 2.68 2.12 1.72

200 dec dec 90

10025 10025

Qualitative solubility i H2O

i EtOH; s dil acid sl H2O; i EtOH sl H2O s EtOH s H2O

0.0000920

i H2O; s dil acid s dil acid

0.0000920

s acid i H2O; s acid

55.525

39.318

35.725 35.725 35.725 0.7925 0.7925

reac H2O reac H2O i H2O; s dil acid i EtOH reac H2O s H2O, dil HCl

sl EtOH reac H2O i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

170 dec

1.82

9325 0.01620

2060

6.89 3.1 4.23

1246 173 840 948 1890 1827 1580 1520 154

2061

i H2O, alk; sl acid s dil acids s py, thf; sl bz

7.3 6.9 7.0 6.45 5.3 7.20 6.89 1.75

1147 1327 1152 dec 80 698 64 dec

i EtOH i H2O, EtOH i EtOH

i H2O; s os s os

5.49 6.0 1.59 4.385

1190

3.70 2.977 1.913

s H2O, EtOH 15125 15125 0.0000820 77.325 77.325

s dil acid s py, EtOH; i eth s EtOH; i eth s H2O; i EtOH

3.98 3.26

1.0225 0.0003420 1520

i EtOH s H2O

3/24/08 1:36:20 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-75

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713

Manganese(II) iodide Manganese(II) iodide tetrahydrate Manganese(II) metasilicate Manganese(II) molybdate Manganese(II) nitrate Manganese(II) nitrate tetrahydrate Manganese(II) nitrate hexahydrate Manganese(II) orthosilicate Manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate Manganese(II) oxide

MnI2 MnI2 ∙ 4H2O MnSiO3 MnMoO4 Mn(NO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 ∙ 4H2O Mn(NO3)2 ∙ 6H2O Mn2SiO4 MnC2O4 ∙ 2H2O MnO

7790-33-2 7790-33-2* 7759-00-4 14013-15-1 10377-93-2 20694-39-7 10377-66-9 13568-32-6 6556-16-7 1344-43-0

308.747 380.809 131.022 214.88 178.947 251.009 287.039 201.960 178.987 70.937

1714

Mn(ClO4)2 ∙ 6H2O

15364-94-0

Mn2P2O7 MnSe MnSO4 MnSO4 ∙ H2O MnSO4 ∙ 4H2O MnS MnS MnS MnTe MnB4O7 ∙ 8H2O

1725 1726 1727 1728 1729

Manganese(II) perchlorate hexahydrate Manganese(II) pyrophosphate Manganese(II) selenide Manganese(II) sulfate Manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate Manganese(II) sulfate tetrahydrate Manganese(II) sulfide (α form) Manganese(II) sulfide (β form) Manganese(II) sulfide (γ form) Manganese(II) telluride Manganese(II) tetraborate octahydrate Manganese(II) titanate Manganese(II) tungstate Manganese(II,III) oxide Manganese(III) acetate dihydrate Manganese(III) fluoride

1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

638

5.04

1291

3.48 4.05 2.2 2.13 1.8 4.11 2.45 5.37

361.931

wh hex cry; hyg red cry red orth cry yel monocl cry col orth cry; hyg pink hyg cry rose monocl cry orth cry wh cry powder grn cub cry or powder pink hex cry

53731-35-4 1313-22-0 7785-87-7 10034-96-5 10101-68-5 18820-29-6 18820-29-6 18820-29-6 12032-88-1 12228-91-0

283.819 133.90 151.001 169.016 223.062 87.003 87.003 87.003 182.54 354.300

wh monocl cry gray cub cry wh orth cry red monocl cry red monocl cry grn cub cry red cub cry red hex cry hex cry red solid

1196 1460 700

MnTiO3 MnWO4 Mn3O4 Mn(C2H3O2)3 ∙ 2H2O MnF3

12032-74-5 13918-22-4 1317-35-7 19513-05-4 7783-53-1

150.803 302.78 228.812 268.100 111.933

Manganese(III) hydroxide Manganese(III) oxide Manganese(IV) oxide Manganese(VII) oxide Mendelevium Mercury Dimethyl mercury Mercury(I) acetate Mercury(I) bromate Mercury(I) bromide

MnO(OH) Mn2O3 MnO2 Mn2O7 Md Hg Hg(CH3)2 Hg2(C2H3O2)2 Hg2(BrO3)2 Hg2Br2

1332-63-4 1317-34-6 1313-13-9 12057-92-0 7440-11-1 7439-97-6 593-74-8 631-60-7 13465-33-3 15385-58-7

87.945 157.874 86.937 221.872 258 200.59 230.66 519.27 656.98 560.99

1740 1741 1742 1743

Mercury(I) carbonate Mercury(I) chlorate Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) chromate

Hg2CO3 Hg2(ClO3)2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2CrO4

6824-78-8 10294-44-7 10112-91-1 13465-34-4

461.19 568.08 472.09 517.17

red hex cry wh monocl cry brn tetr cry brn cry red monocl cry; hyg blk monocl cry blk cub cry blk tetr cry grn oil; exp metal heavy silv liq liq col scales col cry wh tetr cry or powder yel-brn cry wh rhom cry wh tetr cry brn-red solid

1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751

Mercury(I) fluoride Mercury(I) iodate Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) nitrate Mercury(I) nitrate dihydrate Mercury(I) nitrite Mercury(I) oxalate Mercury(I) oxide

Hg2F2 Hg2(IO3)2 Hg2I2 Hg2(NO3)2 Hg2(NO3)2 ∙ 2H2O Hg2(NO2)2 Hg2C2O4 Hg2O

13967-25-4 13465-35-5 15385-57-6 10415-75-5 14836-60-3 13492-25-6 2949-11-3 15829-53-5

439.18 750.99 654.99 525.19 561.22 493.19 489.20 417.18

1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757

Mercury(I) perchlorate tetrahydrate Mercury(I) sulfate Mercury(I) sulfide Mercury(I) thiocyanate Mercury(I) tungstate Mercury(II) acetate

Hg2(ClO4)2 ∙ 4H2O Hg2SO4 Hg2S Hg2(SCN)2 Hg2WO4 Hg(C2H3O2)2

65202-12-2 7783-36-0 51595-71-2 13465-37-7 38705-19-0 1600-27-7

672.14 497.24 433.25 517.34 649.02 318.68

1758

Mercury(II) amide chloride

Hg(NH2)Cl

10124-48-8

252.07

1759 1760 1761

Mercury(II) benzoate monohydrate Mercury(II) bromate Mercury(II) bromide

Hg(C7H5O2)2 ∙ H2O Hg(BrO3)2 HgBr2

32839-04-6 26522-91-8 7789-47-1

460.83 456.39 360.40

1762

Mercury(II) chlorate

Hg(ClO3)2

13465-30-0

367.49

1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724

6679X_S04.indb 75

yel cub cry yel-wh pow yel amorp powder cry col cry yel cry cry prob mixture of HgO+Hg cry wh-yel cry powder unstab blk pow col powder yel amorp solid wh-yel cry or powder wh solid wh cry cry wh rhomb cry or powder wh needles

37.1 dec 28 dec 150 dec 1842

Solubility g/100 g H20

16125 16125 16125 0.03220

Qualitative solubility s H2O, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH i H2O s diox, thf s EtOH vs EtOH i H2O s acid i H2O; s acid

2.10

850 dec

38 dec 1610

≈1150

3.71 5.45 3.25 2.95 2.26 4.0 3.3 ≈3.3 6.0

63.725 63.725 63.725

i H2O i H2O i EtOH i EtOH i H2O; s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid

1360 1567

4.55 7.2 4.84

>600 dec

3.54

i H2O; s HCl s eth, HOAc reac H2O

250 dec 1080 dec 535 dec 5.9 827 -38.8290

95 exp

≈4.3 ≈5.0 5.08 2.40

i H2O i H2O i H2O, HNO3 vs H2O

356.62 93

13.5336 3.17

i H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth i H2O; sl acid i H2O, EtOH, eth

dec dec 345 dec

7.307

130 dec ≈250 dec 525 tp

383 sp

6.409 7.16

subl

8.73

570 dec dec 175 290

0.0000045

0.003220

4.8 7.3

100 dec

9.8

64 7.56 dec dec dec 179 dec

3.28

318

i EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH i EtOH, eth i H2O EtOH; s conc HNO3 reac H2O i H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O sl H2O reac H2O i H2O; sl HNO3 i H2O; s HNO3

44225 0.05125 0.0325

subl

dec

0.000425

7.70

70 dec 100 dec

165 130 dec 241

0.005420

2510

5.38

6.05

1.215 0.15 0.6125

4.998

25

s dil HNO3 i H2O s HCl, KCNS i H2O, EtOH s EtOH i H2O, EtOH; s warm acid sl EtOH s acid sl chl; s EtOH, MeOH

3/24/08 1:36:22 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-76 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

1763

Mercury(II) chloride

HgCl2

7487-94-7

271.50

wh orth cry

304

5.6

7.3125

1764 1765 1766 1767 1768

Mercury(II) chromate Mercury(II) cyanide Mercury(II) dichromate Mercury(II) fluoride Mercury(II) fulminate

HgCrO4 Hg(CN)2 HgCr2O7 HgF2 Hg(CNO)2

13444-75-2 592-04-1 7789-10-8 7783-39-3 628-86-4

316.58 252.62 416.58 238.59 284.62

red monocl cry col tetr cry red cry powder wh cub cry; hyg gray cry

320 dec

6.06 4.00

11.425

645 dec exp

8.95 4.42

1769 1770 1771

Mercury(II) hydrogen arsenate Mercury(II) iodate Mercury(II) iodide (yellow)

HgHAsO4 Hg(IO3)2 HgI2

7784-37-4 7783-32-6 7774-29-0

340.52 550.40 454.40

1772

Mercury(II) iodide (red)

HgI2

7774-29-0

454.40

yel powder wh powder yel tetr cry or powder red pow

1773 1774 1775 1776 1777

Mercury(II) nitrate Mercury(II) nitrate monohydrate Mercury(II) nitrate dihydrate Mercury(II) oxalate Mercury(II) oxide

Hg(NO3)2 Hg(NO3)2 ∙ H2O Hg(NO3)2 ∙ 2H2O HgC2O4 HgO

10045-94-0 7783-34-8 22852-67-1 3444-13-1 21908-53-2

324.60 342.62 360.63 288.61 216.59

col hyg cry wh-yel hyg cry monocl cry powder red or yel orth cry

1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784

Mercury(II) oxide sulfate Mercury(II) oxycyanide Mercury(II) perchlorate trihydrate Mercury(II) phosphate Mercury(II) selenide Mercury(II) sulfate Mercury(II) sulfide (black)

(Hg3O2)SO4 Hg(CN)2 ∙ HgO Hg(ClO4)2 ∙ 3H2O Hg3(PO4)2 HgSe HgSO4 HgS

1312-03-4 1335-31-5 7616-83-3 7782-66-3 20601-83-6 7783-35-9 1344-48-5

729.83 469.21 453.54 791.71 279.55 296.65 232.66

1785

Mercury(II) sulfide (red)

HgS

1344-48-5

232.66

yel powder wh orth cry cry wh-yel powder gray cub cry wh monocl cry blk cub cry or powder red hex cry

1786 1787 1788 1789

Mercury(II) telluride Mercury(II) thiocyanate Mercury(II) tungstate Molybdenum

HgTe Hg(SCN)2 HgWO4 Mo

12068-90-5 592-85-8 37913-38-5 7439-98-7

328.19 316.75 448.43 95.94

1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804

Molybdophosphoric acid Molybdenum boride (Mo2B) Molybdenum boride (Mo2B5) Molybdenum carbide (MoC) Molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) Molybdenum carbonyl Molybdenum nitride (MoN) Molybdenum nitride (Mo2N) Molybdenum phosphide Molybdenum silicide (MoSi2) Molybdenum(II) bromide Molybdenum(II) chloride Molybdenum(II) iodide Molybdenum(III) bromide Molybdenum(III) chloride

H3P(Mo3O10)4 Mo2B Mo2B5 MoC Mo2C Mo(CO)6 MoN Mo2N MoP MoSi2 MoBr2 MoCl2 MoI2 MoBr3 MoCl3

51429-74-4 12006-99-4 12007-97-5 12011-97-1 12069-89-5 13939-06-5 12033-19-1 12033-31-7 12163-69-8 12136-78-6 13446-56-5 13478-17-6 14055-74-4 13446-57-6 13478-18-7

1825.25 202.69 245.94 107.95 203.89 264.00 109.95 205.89 126.91 152.11 255.75 166.85 349.75 335.65 202.30

1805 1806 1807 1808 1809

Molybdenum(III) fluoride Molybdenum(III) iodide Molybdenum(III) oxide Molybdenum(IV) bromide Molybdenum(IV) chloride

MoF3 MoI3 Mo2O3 MoBr4 MoCl4

20193-58-2 14055-75-5 1313-29-7 13520-59-7 13320-71-3

152.94 476.65 239.88 415.56 237.75

1810 1811 1812 1813 1814

Molybdenum(IV) fluoride Molybdenum(IV) iodide Molybdenum(IV) oxide Molybdenum(IV) selenide Molybdenum(IV) sulfide

MoF4 MoI4 MoO2 MoSe2 MoS2

23412-45-5 14055-76-6 18868-43-4 12058-18-3 1317-33-5

171.93 603.56 127.94 253.86 160.07

1815 1816

Molybdenum(IV) telluride Molybdenum(V) chloride

MoTe2 MoCl5

12058-20-7 10241-05-1

351.14 273.21

1817 1818 1819

Molybdenum(V) fluoride MoF5 Molybdenum(V) oxytrichloride MoOCl3 Molybdenum(VI) acid monohydrate H2MoO4 ∙ H2O

13819-84-6 13814-74-9 7782-91-4

190.93 218.30 179.97

6679X_S04.indb 76

gray cub cry monocl cry yel cry gray-blk metal; cub bright yel cry refrac tetr cry refrac hex cry refrac solid; cub gray orth cry wh orth cry hex cry gray cub cry blk hex cry gray tetr cry yel-red cry yel cry blk hyg cry grn hex cry dark red monocl cry yel-brn hex cry blk solid gray-blk powder blk cry blk cry grn cry blk cry brn-viol tetr cry gray hex cry blk powder or hex cry gray hex cry grn-blk monocl cry; hyg yel monocl cry blk monocl cry wh powder

277

175 dec 256

351

trans to yel 127 79

6.28

4.3 4.3 4.78 11.14

exp

4.44

subl 850

2000 1600 2577 2687 148 1750 790 dec

0.005525 0.00625

165 dec 500 dec

trans to blk HgS 344 673 ≈165 dec dec 2623

Solubility g/100 g H20

11.425

10.2

sl EtOH, ace, eth, chl s H2O; i EtOH s H2O, dil acid s H2O i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s acid

i H2O, acid; s aqua regia

8.17

4639

sl bz; s EtOH, MeOH, ace, eth sl H2O s EtOH; sl eth i H2O; s acid reac H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, NH4OH i H2O; s acid i H2O sl EtOH, ace, eth

i H2O, EtOH; s acid i H2O reac H2O i H2O; s acid, EtOH

8.21 6.47 7.70

8.63 3.71

Qualitative solubility

0.07025

s dil HCl i H2O, EtOH i H2O, dil acid, alk

9.2 ≈7.2

155 dec

≈1900 dec 700 dec 500 700 dec 500 dec 400 >600 927

9.18 1.96 9.20 9.46 7.34 6.2 4.88 3.71 5.28 4.89 3.74 4.64

dec 110 317 dec dec 100 ≈1800 dec >1200 1750

6.47 6.90 5.06

194

268

67 310

213.6 subl

7.7 2.93 3.5 3.1

i H2O; s bz; sl eth

i H2O; s HF i H2O, EtOH i H2O i H2O i H2O, EtOH i H2O, os i H2O i H2O i H2O; sl acid reac H2O reac H2O, sl chl; i eth, bz reac H2O i H2O i H2O, acid, alk i H2O; s conc acid

reac H2O; s EtOH, eth reac H2O reac H2O sl H2O; s alk

3/24/08 1:36:24 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-77

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

1820 1821 1822

Molybdenum(VI) dioxydichloride Molybdenum(VI) dioxydifluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride

MoO2Cl2 MoO2F2 MoF6

13637-68-8 13824-57-2 7783-77-9

198.85 165.94 209.93

1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833

Mo(PO3)6 MoO3 MoOCl4 MoOF4 MoS3 Nd NdB6 NdN Nd(C2H3O2)2 NdCl2 Nd(BrO3)3 ∙ 9H2O

133863-98-6 1313-27-5 13814-75-0 14459-59-7 12033-29-3 7440-00-8 12008-23-0 25764-11-8 6192-13-8 25469-93-6 15162-92-2

NdBr3 NdCl3 NdCl3 ∙ 6H2O

1848

Molybdenum(VI) metaphosphate Molybdenum(VI) oxide Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrachloride Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride Molybdenum(VI) sulfide Neodymium Neodymium boride Neodymium nitride Neodymium(II) acetate Neodymium(II) chloride Neodymium(III) bromate nonahydrate Neodymium(III) bromide Neodymium(III) chloride Neodymium(III) chloride hexahydrate Neodymium(III) fluoride Neodymium(III) hydroxide Neodymium(III) iodide Neodymium(III) nitrate Neodymium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Neodymium(III) oxide Neodymium(III) sulfate Neodymium(III) sulfate octahydrate Neodymium(III) sulfide Neodymium(III) telluride Neodymium(III) tris(cyclopentadienyl) Neon

1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

176 subl 270 17.5

250

569.77 143.94 253.75 187.93 192.14 144.242 209.108 158.249 321.373 215.148 690.086

yel-oran solid pale lilac cry wh cub cry or col liq; hyg yel powder wh-yel rhomb cry grn hyg powder volatile solid blk solid silv metal; hex blk cub cry blk cub cry red-purp cry grn hyg solid red hex cry

802 105 97.2 350 dec 1016 2610

1155 159 186.0

13536-80-6 10024-93-8 13477-89-9

383.954 250.601 358.692

viol orth cry; hyg viol hex cry purp cry

682 759 124 dec

1540 1600

5.3 4.13 2.3

NdF3 Nd(OH)3 NdI3 Nd(NO3)3 Nd(NO3)3 ∙ 6H2O Nd2O3 Nd2(SO4)3 Nd2(SO4)3 ∙ 8H2O Nd2S3 Nd2Te3 Nd(C5H5)3

13709-42-7 16469-17-3 13813-24-6 10045-95-1 14517-29-4 1313-97-9 13477-91-3 13477-91-3 12035-32-4 12035-35-7 1273-98-9

201.237 195.264 524.955 330.257 438.348 336.482 576.672 720.794 384.679 671.28 339.522

viol hex cry; hyg blue solid grn orth cry; hyg viol hyg. cry purp hyg cry blue hex cry; hyg pink needles red cry orth cry gray orth cry red-blue cry

1377 dec 210 787

2300

6.51

2233 ≈700 dec 350 dec 2207 1377 380

3760

Ne

7440-01-9

20.180

col gas

-246.053

0.825 g/L

sl H2O

Neptunium Neptunium(IV) oxide Nickel Nickelocene Nickel aluminide (NiAl) Nickel antimonide Nickel arsenide Nickel boride (NiB) Nickel boride (Ni2B) Nickel boride (Ni3B) Nickel carbonyl

Np NpO2 Ni Ni(C5H5)2 NiAl NiSb NiAs NiB Ni2B Ni3B Ni(CO)4

7439-99-8 12035-79-9 7440-02-0 1271-28-9 12003-78-0 12035-52-8 27016-75-7 12007-00-0 12007-01-1 12007-02-2 13463-39-3

237 269 58.693 188.879 85.675 180.453 133.615 69.504 128.198 186.891 170.734

silv metal grn cub cry wh metal; cub grn cry metallic solid hex cry hex cry grn refrac solid refrac solid refrac solid col liq

-248.609 tp (43 kPa) 644 2547 1455 173 1638 1147 967 1035 1125 1166 -19.3

s HCl

2913

20.2 11.1 8.90

Ni2P NiSi2 Ni2Si Ni3S2 Ni(C2H3O2)2 ∙ 4H2O NH4NiCl3 ∙ 6H2O

12035-64-2 12201-89-7 12059-14-2 12035-72-2 6018-89-9 16122-03-5*

148.361 114.864 145.473 240.210 248.842 291.182

hex cry cub cry orth cry yel hex cry grn monocl cry grn hyg cry

1100 993 1255 789 250 dec

Ni(NH4)2(SO4)2 Ni(NH4)2(SO4)2 ∙ 6H2O

15699-18-0 7785-20-8

286.895 394.987

blue-grn cry blue-grn cry

dec 250 dec 130

1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876

Nickel phosphide Nickel silicide (NiSi2) Nickel silicide (Ni2Si) Nickel subsulfide Nickel(II) acetate tetrahydrate Nickel(II) ammonium chloride hexahydrate Nickel(II) ammonium sulfate Nickel(II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate Nickel(II) arsenate octahydrate Nickel(II) bromide Nickel(II) bromide trihydrate Nickel(II) carbonate Nickel(II) chlorate hexahydrate Nickel(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate Nickel(II) chromate Nickel(II) cyanide tetrahydrate

Ni3(AsO4)2 ∙ 8H2O NiBr2 NiBr2 ∙ 3H2O NiCO3 Ni(ClO3)2 ∙ 6H2O NiCl2 NiCl2 ∙ 6H2O NiCrO4 Ni(CN)2 ∙ 4H2O

7784-48-7 13462-88-9 13462-88-9* 3333-67-3 13477-94-6 7718-54-9 7791-20-0 14721-18-7 13477-95-7

598.040 218.501 272.547 118.702 333.687 129.599 237.690 174.687 182.789

yel-grn powder yel hex cry; hyg yel-grn hyg cry grn rhomb cry grn cub cry yel hex cry; hyg grn monocl cry red solid grn plates

dec 963 200 dec

1877 1878

Nickel(II) fluoride Nickel(II) fluoride tetrahydrate

NiF2 NiF2 ∙ 4H2O

10028-18-9 13940-83-5

96.690 168.752

yel tetr cry grn pow

1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847

1866 1867

6679X_S04.indb 77

34.0

3074

3.31 3.5 2.54 3.28 4.70

0.1420

i H2O, os

7.01 4.93 7.69

s H2O

841 66 dec

10025 10025

5.85 15225 15225

dec 80 1031

7.24 7.120 2.85 5.46 7.0

s H2O vs EtOH; i eth, chl s EtOH i H2O i H2O s H2O s EtOH s EtOH, ace i H2O; s dil acid sl H2O

s thf

42.1 (exp ≈60)

i H2O; sl dil acid

8.74 7.77 7.13 7.90 8.17 1.31 7.33 4.83 7.40 5.87 1.74 1.65

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ace, ctc

1620

1.92

6.520

subl

4.98 5.10

13120

985 sp

4.389 2.07 3.51

4.7

s H2O, EtOH s H2O sl H2O s H2O; i EtOH i H2O; s acid

0.004320 67.525 67.525

200 dec 1380

reac H2O i MeCN, chl; sl HF reac H2O; vs hex, ctc i H2O, acid sl H2O; s alk, acid

2.5625

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth s dil acid vs H2O s EtOH s EtOH sl H2O i H2O; sl dil acid; s NH4OH i EtOH, eth sl H2O

3/24/08 1:36:26 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-78 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884

Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) hydroxide monohydrate Nickel(II) iodate Nickel(II) iodate tetrahydrate Nickel(II) iodide Nickel(II) iodide hexahydrate

Ni(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 ∙ H2O Ni(IO3)2 Ni(IO3)2 ∙ 4H2O NiI2 NiI2 ∙ 6H2O

12054-48-7 36897-37-7 13477-98-0 13477-99-1 13462-90-3 7790-34-3

92.708 110.723 408.498 480.560 312.502 420.593

1885 1886

Nickel(II) nitrate Nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate

Ni(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2 ∙ 6H2O

13138-45-9 13478-00-7

182.702 290.794

1887

Nickel(II) oxalate dihydrate

NiC2O4 ∙ 2H2O

6018-94-6

182.742

1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917

Nickel(II) oxide Nickel(II) perchlorate hexahydrate Nickel(II) phosphate octahydrate Nickel(II) selenate hexahydrate Nickel(II) selenide Nickel(II) stannate dihydrate Nickel(II) sulfate Nickel(II) sulfate hexahydrate Nickel(II) sulfate heptahydrate Nickel(II) sulfide Nickel(II) thiocyanate Nickel(II) titanate Nickel(II,III) sulfide Nickel(III) oxide Niobium Niobocene dichloride Niobium boride (NbB) Niobium boride (NbB2) Niobium carbide (NbC) Niobium carbide (Nb2C) Niobium nitride Niobium phosphide Niobium silicide Niobium(II) oxide Niobium(III) bromide Niobium(III) chloride Niobium(III) fluoride Niobium(III) iodide Niobium(IV) bromide Niobium(IV) chloride

NiO Ni(ClO4)2 ∙ 6H2O Ni3(PO4)2 ∙ 8H2O NiSeO4 ∙ 6H2O NiSe NiSnO3 ∙ 2H2O NiSO4 NiSO4 ∙ 6H2O NiSO4 ∙ 7H2O NiS Ni(SCN)2 NiTiO3 Ni3S4 Ni2O3 Nb Nb(C5H5)2Cl2 NbB NbB2 NbC Nb2C NbN NbP NbSi2 NbO NbBr3 NbCl3 NbF3 NbI3 NbBr4 NbCl4

1313-99-1 13637-71-3* 10381-36-9* 15060-62-5* 1314-05-2 12035-38-0 7786-81-4 10101-97-0 10101-98-1 16812-54-7 13689-92-4 12035-39-1 12137-12-1 1314-06-3 7440-03-1 12793-14-5 12045-19-1 12007-29-3 12069-94-2 12011-99-3 24621-21-4 12034-66-1 12034-80-9 12034-57-0 15752-41-7 13569-59-0 15195-53-6 13870-20-7 13842-75-6 13569-70-5

74.692 365.686 510.145 309.74 137.65 261.432 154.756 262.847 280.862 90.758 174.857 154.558 304.340 165.385 92.906 293.998 103.717 114.528 104.917 197.824 106.913 123.880 149.077 108.905 332.618 199.265 149.901 473.619 412.522 234.718

1918 1919 1920

Niobium(IV) fluoride Niobium(IV) iodide Niobium(IV) oxide

NbF4 NbI4 NbO2

13842-88-1 13870-21-8 12034-59-2

168.900 600.524 124.905

1921 1922 1923 1924 1925

Niobium(IV) selenide Niobium(IV) sulfide Niobium(IV) telluride Niobium(V) bromide Niobium(V) chloride

NbSe2 NbS2 NbTe2 NbBr5 NbCl5

12034-77-4 12136-97-9 12034-83-2 13478-45-0 10026-12-7

250.83 157.036 348.11 492.426 270.171

1926 1927 1928

Niobium(V) dioxyfluoride Niobium(V) ethoxide Niobium(V) fluoride

NbO2F Nb(OC2H5)5 NbF5

15195-33-2 3236-82-6 7783-68-8

143.903 318.209 187.898

1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934

Niobium(V) iodide Niobium(V) oxide Niobium(V) oxybromide Niobium(V) oxychloride Nitrogen Nitramide

NbI5 Nb2O5 NbOBr3 NbOCl3 N2 NO2NH2

13779-92-5 1313-96-8 14459-75-7 13597-20-1 7727-37-9 7782-94-7

727.428 265.810 348.617 215.264 28.013 62.028

grn cub cry grn hex needles grn plates grn tetr cry yel-grn hex cry grn pow grn-yel orth cry blue-grn tetr cry grn orth cry yel hex cry grn pwd brn hex cry cub cry gray-blk cub cry gray metal; cub hyg blk cry gray orth cry gray hex cry gray cub cry refrac hex cry gray cry; cub tetr cry gray hex cry gray cub cry dark brn solid blk solid blue cub cry blk solid dark brn cry viol-blk monocl cry blk tetr cry; hyg gray orth cry wh tetr cry or powder gray hex cry blk rhomb cry hex cry oran orth cry yel monocl cry; hyg wh cub cry col hyg liq col monocl cry; hyg yel-blk monocl cry wh orth cry yel-brn cry wh tetr cry col gas unstab wh cry

1935 1936 1937 1938

Nitric acid Nitrous acid Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide

HNO3 HNO2 N2O NO

7697-37-2 7782-77-6 10024-97-2 10102-43-9

63.013 47.014 44.012 30.006

col liq; hyg stab only in soln col gas col gas

6679X_S04.indb 78

Physical form mp/°C grn hex cry grn powder yel needles yel hex cry blk hex cry; hyg grn monocl cry; hyg grn cry grn monocl cry; hyg grn-wh solid

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

230 dec

4.1

dec 100 800

5.07 5.07 5.22

subl

56 dec

2.05

dec 150 1957 140

Solubility g/100 g H20

0.0001520 0.0001520 1.130

vs EtOH

99.225 99.225

s EtOH s EtOH

0.001225

i H2O; s acid, NH4OH i H2O; s acid s EtOH, ace s acid

158.825

976

2.314 7.2

35.520

4.01 2.07 1.98 5.5

40.425 40.425 40.425 55.025

995 ≈600 dec 2477 2270 3050 3608 3080 2300

s dil acid sl H2O sl H2O

15425 15425

6.72

980 dec 120 840 dec ≈100 dec

Qualitative solubility

sl EtOH s EtOH i H2O

5.0 4.77 4744

4300

1950 1937

8.57 7.5 6.97 7.82 7.8 8.47 6.5 5.7 7.30

i H2O; s hot acid i acid sl tol

i H2O, acid i H2O i HCl, acid

subl 400 4.2 dec 510 4.72 3.2

reac H2O reac H2O

>350 dec 503 1901

4.01 5.6 5.9

reac H2O

>1300

dec 800

subl 300 275 subl

265.2 205.8

361.6 247.4

6.3 4.4 7.6 4.36 2.78

5 80

203 234

4.0 1.258 2.70

327 1500 ≈320 dec

5.32 4.47

s H2O, EtOH reac H2O; s HCl, ctc reac H2O; s peth reac H2O; sl CS2, chl reac H2O i H2O; s HF

subl subl -195.798

3.72 1.145 g/L

-41.6

83

1.512920

sl H2O; i EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace, eth; i chl vs H2O

-90.8 -163.6

-88.48 -151.74

1.799 g/L 1.226 g/L

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O

-210.0 72 dec

3/24/08 1:36:28 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-79

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

1939

Nitrogen dioxide

NO2

10102-44-0

46.006

1940

Nitrogen trioxide

N2O3

10544-73-7

76.011

1941

Nitrogen tetroxide

N2O4

10544-72-6

92.011

1942 1943 1944 1945 1946

Nitrogen pentoxide Nitrogen tribromide Nitrogen trichloride Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrogen triiodide

N2O5 NBr3 NCl3 NF3 NI3

10102-03-1 15162-90-0 10025-85-1 7783-54-2 13444-85-4

108.010 253.719 120.366 71.002 394.720

1947 1948

Nitrogen chloride difluoride Chloramine

NClF2 NH2Cl

13637-87-1 10599-90-3

87.457 51.476

1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960

Fluoramine Difluoramine cis-Difluorodiazine trans-Difluorodiazine Tetrafluorohydrazine Nitrosyl bromide Nitrosyl chloride Nitrosyl fluoride Trifluoramine oxide Nitryl chloride Nitryl fluoride Nitrogen selenide

NH2F NHF2 N2F2 N2F2 N2F4 NOBr NOCl NOF NOF3 NO2Cl NO2F N4Se4

15861-05-9 10405-27-3 13812-43-6 13776-62-0 10036-47-2 13444-87-6 2696-92-6 7789-25-5 13847-65-9 13444-90-1 10022-50-1 12033-88-4

35.021 53.012 66.010 66.010 104.007 109.910 65.459 49.004 87.001 81.459 65.004 371.87

1961 1962

Nobelium Osmium

No Os

10028-14-5 7440-04-2

259.000 190.23

1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

Osmocene Osmium carbonyl Osmium pentacarbonyl Osmium nonacarbonyl Osmium(II) chloride Osmium(III) bromide Osmium(III) chloride

Os(C5H5)2 Os3(CO)12 Os(CO)5 Os2(CO)9 OsCl2 OsBr3 OsCl3

1273-81-0 15696-40-9 16406-49-8 28411-13-4 13444-92-3 59201-51-3 13444-93-4

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976

Osmium(IV) chloride Osmium(IV) fluoride Osmium(IV) oxide Osmium(V) fluoride Osmium(VI) fluoride Osmium(VI) tetrachloride oxide Osmium(VIII) oxide

OsCl4 OsF4 OsO2 OsF5 OsF6 OsOCl4 OsO4

1977 1978 1979 1980

Oxygen Ozone Palladium Palladium(II) acetate

1981

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

brn gas; equil with N2O4 blue solid or liq (low temp) col liq; equil with NO2 col hex cry unstab solid yel oily liq; exp col gas unstab blk cry; exp col gas yel liq

see N2O4

1.880 g/L

-101.1

≈3 dec

1.42

reac H2O

-9.3

21.15

1.4520

reac H2O

33 sp

2.0

s chl; sl ctc

71 -128.75

1.653 2.902 g/L

i H2O; s CS2, bz, ctc i H2O

-67

3.575 g/L

exp -100 -40 -206.79

-195 -66

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility reac H2O

s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, ctc

≈-110 -116 <-195 -172 -164.5 -56 -59.6 -132.5 -161 -145 -166 exp

320.42 906.81 330.28 632.55 261.14 429.94 296.59

unstab gas col gas col gas col gas col gas red gas yel gas col gas col gas col gas col gas red monocl cry; hyg metal blue-wh metal; hex col cry yel cry col liq oran-yel cry hyg brn solid dark gray cry gray cub cry

10026-01-4 54120-05-7 12036-02-1 31576-40-6 13768-38-2 36509-15-6 20816-12-0

332.04 266.22 222.23 285.22 304.22 348.04 254.23

red-blk orth cry yel cry yel-brn tetr cry hyg blue-grn cry yel cub cry dark brn hyg cry yel monocl cry

323 dec 230 dec 500 70 33.4 32 40.6

O2 O3 Pd Pd(C2H3O2)2

7782-44-7 10028-15-6 7440-05-3 3375-31-3

31.999 47.998 106.42 224.51

col gas blue gas silv-wh metal; cub oran-brn cry

-218.79 -193 1554.8 205 dec

Palladium(II) bromide

PdBr2

13444-94-5

266.23

250 dec

≈5.2

1982

Palladium(II) chloride

PdCl2

7647-10-1

177.33

679

4.0

s H2O, EtOH, ace

1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

Palladium(II) chloride dihydrate Palladium(II) cyanide Palladium(II) fluoride Palladium(II) iodide Palladium(II) nitrate Palladium(II) oxide

PdCl2 ∙ 2H2O Pd(CN)2 PdF2 PdI2 Pd(NO3)2 PdO

7647-10-1* 2035-66-7 13444-96-7 7790-38-7 10102-05-3 1314-08-5

213.36 158.45 144.42 360.23 230.43 122.42

red-blk monocl cry; hyg red rhomb cry; hyg brn cry yel solid viol tetr cry; hyg blk cry brn hyg cry grn-blk tetr cry

s os s hc s EtOH, eth i H2O, os, acid i H2O, os; s conc acid reac H2O; i os reac H2O i H2O, acid reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O; s hc sl H2O; s ctc, bz, EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH, os sl H2O s aqua regia i H2O; s MeCN, eth, ace i H2O

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

Palladium(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Palladium(II) sulfate dihydrate Palladium(II) sulfide cis-Dichlorodiamminepalladium(II) trans-Dichlorodiamminepalladium (II)

Pd(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 PdSO4 ∙ 2H2O PdS Pd(NH3)2Cl2 Pd(NH3)2Cl2

14024-61-4 13566-03-5 12125-22-3 15684-18-1 13782-33-7

304.64 238.51 138.49 211.39 211.39

oran-yel cry grn-brn cry gray tetr cry yel pow yel solid

6679X_S04.indb 79

827 3033 229 224 -15 65 dec dec >450 340 dec 450 dec

-23 -105.75 -111.45 -74 ≈0 -5.5 -59.9 -87.5 -15 -72.4

1.431 g/L 2.167 g/L 2.698 g/L 2.698 g/L 4.251 g/L 4.492 g/L 2.676 g/L 2.003 g/L 3.556 g/L 3.330 g/L 2.657 g/L 4.2

5012

22.58720

reac H2O reac H2O

reac H2O i H2O, eth, EtOH; sl bz, CS2 s aqua regia

3.48 dec 100

4.38 11.4 233 47.5 200 131.2 -182.953 -111.35 2963

4.1 5.1

6.4420

1.308 g/L 1.962 g/L 12.0

s H2O, EtOH, ace dec 952 360 dec dec 750 dec

5.76 6.0

reac H2O i H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; s dil HNO3 i H2O, acid; sl aqua regia s bz, chl

8.3

205 dec dec 6.7 0.02525 2.50

3/24/08 1:36:29 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-80 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

1994

Phosphorus (white)

P

7723-14-0

30.974

1995

Phosphorus (red)

P

7723-14-0

30.974

1996

Phosphorus (black)

P

7723-14-0

30.974

44.15

280.5

1.823

579.2

431 sp

2.16

i H2O; sl bz, EtOH, chl; s CS2 i H2O, os

2.69

i os

1.390 g/L

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth reac H2O

347.659 270.686

col waxlike cub cry red-viol amorp powder blk orth cry or amorp solid col gas; flam col liq col oily liq col gas red tricl needles gas col tetr cry col visc liq wh-yel cry wh hyg cry hyg cry or col oily liq gl solid; hyg col orth cry wh cry col liq col oily liq col visc liq yel-brn solid yel-grn orth cry pale yel monocl cry wh hyg cry col liq

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Phosphine Diphosphine Diphosphorus tetrachloride Diphosphorus tetrafluoride Diphosphorus tetraiodide Phosphonium chloride Phosphonium iodide Phosphoric acid Phosphotungstic acid Phosphonic acid Phosphinic acid

PH3 P2H4 P2Cl4 P2F4 P2I4 PH4Cl PH4I H3PO4 H3PW12O40 H3PO3 HPH2O2

7803-51-2 13445-50-6 13497-91-1 13824-74-3 13455-00-0 24567-53-1 12125-09-6 7664-38-2 12067-99-1 13598-36-2 6303-21-5

33.998 65.980 203.760 137.942 569.566 70.459 161.910 97.995 2880.05 81.996 65.997

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Metaphosphoric acid Hypophosphoric acid Diphosphoric acid Difluorophosphoric acid Hexafluorophosphoric acid Fluorophosphonic acid Phosphorus nitride (P3N5) Phosphorus sesquisulfide Phosphorus heptasulfide

HPO3 H4P2O6 H4P2O7 HPO2F2 HPF6 H2PFO3 P3N5 P4S3 P4S7

37267-86-0 7803-60-3 2466-09-3 13779-41-4 16940-81-1 13537-32-1 12136-91-3 1314-85-8 12037-82-0

79.980 161.976 177.975 101.978 145.972 99.986 162.955 220.090 348.350

2017 2018

Phosphonitrilic chloride trimer Phosphorus(III) bromide

(PNCl2)3 PBr3

940-71-6 7789-60-8

2019 2020 2021

Phosphorus(III) dibromide fluoride Phosphorus(III) bromide difluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride

PBr2F PBrF2 PCl3

15597-39-4 15597-40-7 7719-12-2

209.780 148.875 137.333

2022 2023 2024 2025

Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(III) iodide

PCl2F PClF2 PF3 PI3

15597-63-4 14335-40-1 7783-55-3 13455-01-1

120.878 104.424 87.969 411.687

2026

Phosphorus(III) oxide

P2O3

1314-24-5

109.946

2027 2028

Tetraphosphorus(III) hexoxide Phosphorus(III) selenide

P4O6 P2Se3

12440-00-5 1314-86-9

2029

Phosphorus(III) sulfide

P2S3

2030

Phosphorus(V) bromide

PBr5

2031

Phosphorus(V) tetrabromide fluoride Phosphorus(V) dibromide trifluoride Phosphorus(V) chloride

PBr4F

2032 2033 2034

610 -133.8 -99 -28 -86.5 125.5 18.5 42.4 89 74.4 26.5

73 dec 71.5 ≈-94 25 dec <-70 800 dec 173 308

-87.75 63.5 dec ≈180 dec -6.2 dec -27 sp 62.5 407 200 130

5.638 g/L 3.89 2.880 g/L 2.86 54820 1.65 1.49

1.583 1.82

sl H2O; s EtOH vs H2O reac H2O reac H2O vs H2O i H2O; s os i H2O; s bz; vs CS2 sl CS2

128.8 -41.5

173.2

1.98 2.8

col liq col gas col liq

-115 -133.8 -93

78.5 -16.1 76

6.085 g/L 1.574

-144 -164.8 -151.5 61.2

13.85 -47.3 -101.8 227 dec

4.941 g/L 4.268 g/L 3.596 g/L 4.18

reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH

23.8

173

2.13

reac H2O

219.891 298.83

col gas col gas col gas red-oran hex cry; hyg col monocl cry or liq soft wh cry oran-red cry

23.8 245

175.4 ≈380

1.31

12165-69-4

158.143

yel solid

290

490

7789-69-7

430.494

yel orth cry, hyg

≈100 dec

369.588

pale yel cry

87 dec

reac H2O; s bz, ctc, CS2, ace reac H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 reac H2O, EtOH; s CS2, ctc

3.61

PBr2F3

13445-58-4

247.777

yel-red liq

-20

15 dec

PCl5

10026-13-8

208.239

167 tp

160 sp

PCl4F

13498-11-8

191.784

wh-yel tetr cry; hyg col liq

-59

30 dec

PCl3F2

13537-23-0

175.330

col liq

-63

PCl2F3

13454-99-4

158.875

col gas

-125

7.1

6.494 g/L

2.1

142.421

col gas

-132

-43.4

5.821 g/L

2038 2039 2040

PF5 P2O5 P2Se5

7647-19-0 1314-56-3 1314-82-5

125.966 141.945 456.75

-93.8 562

-84.6 605

5.149 g/L 2.30

2041 2042

Phosphorus(V) sulfide Phosphonic difluoride

P2S5 POF2H

1314-80-3 14939-34-5

222.273 85.978

col gas wh orth cry; hyg blk-purp amorp solid grn-yel hyg cry volatile liq

285 >-120

515 ≈60 (gas unstab)

2.03

6679X_S04.indb 80

reac H2O reac H2O, EtOH s EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth

2.03 2.19

13498-11-8

2037

Qualitative solubility

407 523

PClF4

2036

3090

70923 110 dec

Phosphorus(V) tetrachloride fluoride Phosphorus(V) trichloride difluoride Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride Phosphorus(V) chloride tetrafluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Phosphorus(V) oxide Phosphorus(V) selenide

2035

Solubility g/100 g H20

reac H2O reac H2O, EtOH; s ace, CS2

reac H2O, EtOH; s bz, chl, eth

reac H2O; s CS2, ctc

reac H2O reac H2O, EtOH reac hot H2O, ctc; i CS2 reac H2O; s CS2

3/24/08 1:36:31 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-81

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

2043

Phosphoryl bromide

POBr3

7789-59-5

286.685

faint oran plates

55

191.7

2.822

2044 2045 2046 2047 2048

POBr2Cl POBr2F POBrCl2 POBrF2 POBrClF

13550-31-7 14014-19-8 13455-03-3 14014-18-7 14518-81-1

242.234 225.779 197.783 164.874 181.328

yel solid col liq col liq col liq col liq

31 -117.2 11 -84.8

165 110.1 136.5 31.6 79

2.10414

2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057

Phosphoryl dibromide chloride Phosphoryl dibromide fluoride Phosphoryl bromide dichloride Phosphoryl bromide difluoride Phosphoryl bromide chloride fluoride Phosphoryl chloride Phosphoryl dichloride fluoride Phosphoryl chloride difluoride Phosphoryl fluoride Phosphoryl iodide Phosphorothioc tribromide Phosphorothioc dibromide fluoride Phosphorothioc bromide difluoride Phosphorothioc trichloride

POCl3 POCl2F POClF2 POF3 POI3 PSBr3 PSBr2F PSBrF2 PSCl3

10025-87-3 13769-76-1 13769-75-0 13478-20-1 13455-04-4 3931-89-3 13706-10-0 13706-09-7 3982-91-0

153.332 136.877 120.423 103.968 427.686 302.751 241.845 180.940 169.398

col liq col liq col gas col gas viol cry yel cry yel liq yel liq fuming liq

1.18 -80.1 -96.4 -39.1 tp 53 37.8 -75.2 -136.9 -36.2

105.5 52.9 3.1 -39.7 sp

2058 2059 2060 2061 2062

Phosphorothioc dichloride fluoride Phosphorothioc chloride difluoride Phosphorothioc trifluoride Phosphorothioc triiodide Platinum

PSCl2F PSClF2 PSF3 PSI3 Pt

155698-29-6 2524-02-9 2404-52-6 63972-04-3 7440-06-4

152.943 136.489 120.034 443.752 195.084

-96.0 -155.2 -148.8 48 1768.2

64.7 6.3 -52.25 dec 3825

2063 2064 2065 2066

Hexachloroplatinic acid Hydrogen hexahydroxyplatinate(IV) Platinum(II) bromide Platinum(II) chloride

H2PtCl6 H2Pt(OH)6 PtBr2 PtCl2

16941-12-1 51850-20-5 13455-12-4 10025-65-7

409.818 299.144 354.892 265.990

col liq col gas col gas yel cry silv-gray metal; cub hyg yel-brn cry yel needles red-brn powder grn hex cry

2067 2068 2069

Platinum(II) cyanide Platinum(II) iodide Platinum(II) oxide

Pt(CN)2 PtI2 PtO

592-06-3 7790-39-8 12035-82-4

247.118 448.893 211.083

pale yel cry blk powder blk tetr cry

2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078

Platinum(II) sulfide Platinum(III) bromide Platinum(III) chloride Platinum(IV) bromide Platinum(IV) chloride Platinum(IV) chloride pentahydrate Platinum(IV) fluoride Platinum(IV) iodide Platinum(IV) oxide

PtS PtBr3 PtCl3 PtBr4 PtCl4 PtCl4 ∙ 5H2O PtF4 PtI4 PtO2

12038-20-9 25985-07-3 25909-39-1 68938-92-1 37773-49-2 13454-96-1 13455-15-7 7790-46-7 1314-15-4

227.149 434.796 301.443 514.700 336.896 426.972 271.078 702.702 227.083

tetr cry grn-blk cry grn-blk cry brn-blk cry red-brn cub cry red cry red cry brn-blk powder blk hex cry

600 130 dec 450

2079 2080 2081 2082 2083

PtS2 PtF6 Pt(NH3)2Cl2 Pt(NH3)2Cl2 H2PtCl6 ∙ 6H2O

12038-21-0 13693-05-5 15663-27-1 14913-33-8 16941-12-1

259.214 309.074 300.051 300.051 517.909

hex cry red cub cry yel solid pale yel solid brn-yel hyg cry

61.3 270 dec 270 dec 60

2084 2085

Platinum(IV) sulfide Platinum(VI) fluoride cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum trans-Diamminedichloroplatinum Hexachloroplatinic acid hexahydrate Platinum silicide Plutonium

PtSi Pu

12137-83-6 7440-07-5

223.170 244

2086 2087 2088 2089 2090 2091 2092 2093

Plutonium nitride Plutonium(II) oxide Plutonium(III) bromide Plutonium(III) chloride Plutonium(III) fluoride Plutonium(III) iodide Plutonium(III) oxide Plutonium(IV) fluoride

PuN PuO PuBr3 PuCl3 PuF3 PuI3 Pu2O3 PuF4

12033-54-4 12035-83-5 15752-46-2 13569-62-5 13842-83-6 13813-46-2 12036-34-9 13709-56-3

258 260 484 350 301 625 536 320

2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099

Plutonium(IV) oxide Plutonium(VI) fluoride Polonium Polonium(IV) chloride Polonium(IV) oxide Potassium

PuO2 PuF6 Po PoCl4 PoO2 K

12059-95-9 13693-06-6 7440-08-6 10026-02-5 7446-06-2 7440-09-7

276 358 209 351 241 39.098

2100

Potassium acetate

KC2H3O2

127-08-2

98.142

orth cry silv-wh metal; monocl gray cub cry cub cry grn orth cry grn hex cry purp hex cry grn orth cry; hyg blk cub cry red-brn monocl cry yel-brn cub cry red-brn orth cry silv metal; cub yel hyg cry yel cub cry soft silv-wh metal; cub wh hyg cry

6679X_S04.indb 81

212 dec 125.3 35.5 125

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility reac H2O; s bz, eth, chl

1.645

reac H2O, EtOH

4.922 g/L 4.250 g/L

reac H2O

2.85

1.635

reac H2O; s bz, ctc, chl, CS2

5.579 g/L 4.906 g/L 21.5

60 dec 100 250 dec 581 dec

6.65 6.0

325 dec 325 dec

6.4 14.1

i acid; s aqua regia s H2O, EtOH s H2O, acid, dil alk i H2O i H2O, EtOH, eth; s HCl i H2O, acid, alk i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s aqua regia

10.25 200 dec 435 dec 180 dec 327 dec

1229 640

5.26 4.30 2.43

69.1

0.25325 0.03625 14018

962 390 759

s DMF, DMSO vs EtOH

12.4 19.7 14.4 14.0 6.75 5.71 9.33 6.92 10.5 7.1

681 760 1396 777 2085 1037

309

s H2O i H2O; s conc acid, dil alk

7.85 ≈4.0

2.43

3228

sl EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH

11.8

2550

2390 51.6 254 ≈300 500 dec 63.5

0.4120 14225

s H2O s H2O i H2O; sl acid s H2O

11.5 5.08 9.20 s H2O, EtOH, ace

8.9 0.89 1.57

reac H2O 269

25

s EtOH; i eth

3/24/08 1:36:33 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-82 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

2101 2102 2103 2104

K2Al2O4 ∙ 3H2O KAlSi3O8 KAl(SO4)2 KAl(SO4)2 ∙ 12H2O

12003-63-3* 1327-44-2 10043-67-1 7784-24-9

250.204 278.332 258.205 474.389

wh orth cry col monocl cry wh hyg powder col cry

2105

Potassium aluminate trihydrate Potassium aluminum silicate Potassium aluminum sulfate Potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate Potassium amide

KNH2

17242-52-3

55.121

2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112

Potassium arsenate Potassium arsenite Potassium azide Potassium borohydride Potassium bromate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate

K3AsO4 KAsO2 KN3 KBH4 KBrO3 KBr K2CO3

13464-36-3 13464-35-2 20762-60-1 13762-51-1 7758-01-2 7758-02-3 584-08-7

256.215 146.019 81.118 53.941 167.000 119.002 138.206

2113 2114 2115 2116

Potassium carbonate sesquihydrate Potassium chlorate Potassium chloride Potassium chlorochromate

K2CO3 ∙ 1.5H2O KClO3 KCl KCrO3Cl

6381-79-9 3811-04-9 7447-40-7 16037-50-6

165.229 122.549 74.551 174.545

wh/yel-grn hyg cry col cry wh hyg powder tetr cry; exp wh cub cry wh hex cry col cub cry; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg granular cry wh monocl cry wh cub cry oran cry

2117 2118 2119

Potassium chromate Potassium citrate monohydrate Potassium cobalt(II) selenate hexahydrate Potassium cyanate Potassium cyanide Potassium cyanoaurite

K2CrO4 K3C6H5O7 ∙ H2O K2Co(SeO4)2 ∙ 6H2O

7789-00-6 6100-05-6 28041-86-3

194.191 324.410 531.14

yel orth cry col hyg cry red monocl cry

974 180 dec

2.73 1.98 2.51

65.025 17220

KCNO KCN KAu(CN)2

590-28-3 151-50-8 13967-50-5

81.115 65.116 288.099

wh tetr cry wh cub cry; hyg col cry

≈700 dec 622

2.05 1.55 3.45

7525 69.920 1420

Potassium dichromate Potassium dihydrogen arsenate Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Potassium dihydrogen phosphonate Potassium dithionate Potassium ferricyanide Potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate Potassium fluoride Potassium fluoride dihydrate Potassium fluoroborate Potassium fluorotantalate Potassium formate Potassium hexachloroosmate(IV) Potassium hexachloroplatinate Potassium hexacyanocobaltate Potassium hexafluoromanganate(IV) Potassium hexafluorosilicate Potassium hexafluorozirconate(IV) Potassium hydride Potassium hydrogen arsenate Potassium hydrogen carbonate Potassium hydrogen fluoride Potassium hydrogen iodate Potassium hydrogen oxalate hemihydrate Potassium hydrogen phosphate Potassium hydrogen phosphite Potassium hydrogen selenite Potassium hydrogen sulfate

K2Cr2O7 KH2AsO4 KH2PO4 KH2PO3

7778-50-9 7784-41-0 7778-77-0 13977-65-6

294.185 180.034 136.085 120.086

398 288 253

2.68 2.87 2.34

15.125 196 25.025

K2S2O6 K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 ∙ 3H2O KF KF ∙ 2H2O KBF4 K2TaF7 KCHO2 K2OsCl6 K2PtCl6 K3Co(CN)6 K2MnF6

13455-20-4 13746-66-2 14459-95-1 7789-23-3 13455-21-5 14075-53-7 16924-00-8 590-29-4 16871-60-6 16921-30-5 13963-58-1 16962-31-5

238.323 329.244 422.388 58.096 94.127 125.903 392.134 84.116 481.15 485.999 332.332 247.125

oran-red tricl cry col cry wh tetr cry col monocl hyg cry col hex cry red cry yel monocl cry wh cub cry monocl cry col orth cry col cry col hyg cry red cub cry yel-oran cub cry yel monocl cry yel hex cry

2.27 1.89 1.85 2.48 2.5 2.505 5.24 1.91

48.825 36.025 10225 10225 0.5525 0.50 33118

K2SiF6 K2ZrF6 KH K2HAsO4 KHCO3 KHF2 KH(IO3)2 KHC2O4 ∙ 0.5H2O

16871-90-2 16923-95-8 7693-26-7 21093-83-4 298-14-6 7789-29-9 13455-24-8 127-95-7

220.273 283.411 40.106 218.125 100.115 78.103 389.911

K2HPO4 K2HPO3 KHSeO3 KHSO4

7758-11-4 13492-26-7 7782-70-9 7646-93-7

174.176 158.177 167.06 136.169

KHS KHS ∙ 0.5H2O

1310-61-8 1310-61-8*

72.171 81.179

2153 2154 2155 2156

Potassium hydrogen sulfide Potassium hydrogen sulfide hemihydrate Potassium hydrogen sulfite Potassium hydrogen tartrate Potassium hydroxide Potassium hypochlorite

KHSO3 KHC4H4O6 KOH KOCl

7773-03-7 868-14-4 1310-58-3 7778-66-7

120.169 188.177 56.105 90.550

2157

Potassium phosphinate

KH2PO2

7782-87-8

104.087

2120 2121 2122 2123 2124 2125 2126 2127 2128 2129 2130 2131 2132 2133 2134 2135 2136 2137 2138 2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152

6679X_S04.indb 82

bp/°C

Density g cm–3 2.13 2.56

≈100 dec

1.72

Solubility g/100 g H20 5.920 5.920

335

≈500 dec 434 dec 734 899

357 771

dec dec 60 dec 858 41 dec 530 730 167

vs H2O; i EtOH i H2O

reac H2O, EtOH

1435 dec

dec

≈500 dec

1502

2.8

12525

2.04 1.11 3.27 2.74 2.29

49.717

2.34 1.988 2.5

8.1725 67.825 11125 11120 8.6125 35.525

250 dec dec

3.50 1.91

0.7720

wh cry col monocl cry cub cry col monocl prisms col monocl cry col tetr cry col cry wh cry

dec

2.27 3.48 1.43

0.08420 0.782

wh hyg cry wh hyg powder hyg orth cry wh monocl cry; hyg wh hex cry; hyg wh-yel hyg cry

dec dec >100 dec ≈200

2.32

≈450 ≈175

1.69 1.7

619 300 dec ≈100 dec 238.8 dec dec

wh cry powder 190 dec wh cry wh rhomb cry; hyg 406 exists only in aq soln wh hyg cry dec

Qualitative solubility

2.17 2.37 2.09

18.76 36.225 39.220 1.315 2.520 16825 17020

1327

1.98 2.044

50.625

s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O i EtOH sl EtOH i EtOH

i eth, ace reac H2O; s ace, acid vs H2O; sl EtOH

sl EtOH sl EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace i EtOH sl EtOH

sl H2O; i EtOH i EtOH, eth

sl EtOH

vs H2O; sl EtOH i EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH reac H2O i EtOH reac H2O i EtOH i EtOH i EtOH sl H2O; i EtOH sl EtOH s EtOH i EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH

s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH 4920 0.5720 12125

i EtOH s acid, alk; i EtOH s EtOH; s MeOH

vs H2O; s EtOH

3/24/08 1:36:35 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

KIO3 KI K3Fe(C2O4)3 ∙ 3H2O

7758-05-6 7681-11-0

214.001 166.003 491.243

wh monocl cry col cub cry grn monocl cry

560 dec 681 100

1323 230 dec

3.89 3.12 2.133

K2MnO4 KAsO3 K2S2O5 KBO2 K2MoO4 KNbO3 KNO3

10294-64-1 19197-73-0 16731-55-8 13709-94-9 13446-49-6 12030-85-2 7757-79-1

197.133 162.018 222.324 81.908 238.14 180.002 101.103

190 dec 660 ≈150 dec 947 919 ≈1100 334

KNO2 K2C2O4 K2C2O4 ∙ H2O K2O KBrO4 K2C2O6 ∙ H2O

7758-09-0 583-52-8 6487-48-5 12136-45-7 22207-96-1 589-97-9

85.104 166.216 184.231 94.196 183.000 216.230

grn cry wh solid wh powder wh hex cry wh hyg cry wh rhomb cry col orth cry or powder wh hyg cry wh pwd col cry gray cub cry wh cry oran or blue pow

438

KClO4 KIO4 KMnO4 K2O2 K2S2O8 K3PO4 K4P2O7 K4P2O7 ∙ 3H2O

7778-74-7 7790-21-8 7722-64-7 17014-71-0 7727-21-1 7778-53-2 7320-34-5 7790-67-2

138.549 230.001 158.034 110.196 270.322 212.266

K2S2O7 K2SeO4 K2Se K2SeO3 KAg(CN)2 KNaC4H4O6 ∙ 4H2O

No.

Name

Formula

2158 2159 2160

Potassium iodate Potassium iodide Potassium iron(III) oxalate trihydrate Potassium manganate Potassium metaarsenate Potassium metabisulfite Potassium metaborate Potassium molybdate Potassium niobate Potassium nitrate

2161 2162 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173

4-83

2188 2189

Potassium nitrite Potassium oxalate Potassium oxalate monohydrate Potassium oxide Potassium perbromate Potassium percarbonate monohydrate Potassium perchlorate Potassium periodate Potassium permanganate Potassium peroxide Potassium persulfate Potassium phosphate Potassium pyrophosphate Potassium pyrophosphate trihydrate Potassium pyrosulfate Potassium selenate Potassium selenide Potassium selenite Potassium silver cyanide Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate Potassium stannate trihydrate Potassium stearate

2190 2191

Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide

K2SO4 K2S

7778-80-5 1312-73-8

174.260 110.262

2192 2193 2194

Potassium sulfide pentahydrate Potassium sulfite Potassium sulfite dihydrate

K2S ∙ 5H2O K2SO3 K2SO3 ∙ 2H2O

37248-34-3 10117-38-1 7790-56-9

200.338 158.260 194.291

wh orth cry red-yel cub cry; hyg col rhomb cry col hex cry wh monocl cry

2195 2196 2197 2198 2199

KO2 K2TeO4 ∙ 3H2O K2TeO3 K2B4O7 ∙ 5H2O KAuCl4 ∙ 2H2O

12030-88-5 15571-91-2* 7790-58-1 1332-77-0 13682-61-6

71.097 323.84 253.80 323.513 413.908

yel tetr cry; hyg wh cry powder wh hyg cry wh cry powder yel monocl cry

380

K2PtCl4 K2Cd(CN)4 K2[Ni(CN)4] ∙ H2O

10025-99-7 14402-75-6 14220-17-8*

415.093 294.678 258.975

pink-red tetr cry cub cry red-oran cry

500 dec ≈450 dec 100

K2Pt(CN)4 ∙ 3H2O

562-76-5*

431.397

col rhomb prisms

2204 2205

Potassium superoxide Potassium tellurate(VI) trihydrate Potassium tellurite Potassium tetraborate pentahydrate Potassium tetrachloroaurate dihydrate Potassium tetrachloroplatinate Potassium tetracyanocadmate Potassium tetracyanonickelate monohydrate Potassium tetracyanoplatinate(II) trihydrate Potassium tetracyanozincate Potassium tetraiodomercurate(II)

K2Zn(CN)4 K2HgI4

14244-62-3 7783-33-7

247.676 786.40

cry pow yel hyg cry

2206 2207 2208 2209

Potassium thiocyanate Potassium thiosulfate Potassium titanate Potassium triiodide monohydrate

KSCN K2S2O3 K2TiO3 KI3 ∙ H2O

333-20-0 10294-66-3 12030-97-6 7790-42-3

97.181 190.325 174.062 437.827

2210 2211 2212 2213

Potassium triiodozincate Potassium thiocarbonate Potassium tungstate Potassium uranate

KZnI3 K2CS3 K2WO4 K2U2O7

7790-43-4 26750-66-3 7790-60-5 7790-63-8

485.221 186.403 326.04 666.251

col tetr cry; hyg col hyg cry wh orth cry brn monocl cry; hyg hyg cry yel-red hyg cry hyg cry oran cub cry

2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187

2200 2201 2202 2203

6679X_S04.indb 83

384.383

525 582 dec 490 ≈100 dec 1340 dec 1300 dec 300

7790-62-7 7790-59-2 1312-74-9 10431-47-7 506-61-6 6381-59-5

254.323 221.16 157.16 205.16 199.000 282.220

col needles wh powder red cub cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh cry wh cry

≈325

K2SnO3 ∙ 3H2O KC18H35O2

12142-33-5* 593-29-3

298.951 322.568

col cry wh pow 1069 948

sl EtOH i EtOH

49.525

reac acid; i EtOH

18325

400 dec

2.3 ≈2.3 2.3 4.64 2.105

i EtOH i H2O i EtOH

537 exp

1.915

31225

2.13 2.35

36.420

38.325

4.2125 6.520

exp

2.52 3.618 2.7

2.0825 0.5125 7.6025

2.48 2.564

4.720 10625

2.33 2.28 3.07 2.29

800 875 dec ≈70 dec

9.2225 14825 4.70

Qualitative solubility

s H2O; reac HCl

160 dec 740 275 dec

col orth cry; hyg col tetr cry purp orth cry yel amorp solid col cry wh orth cry; hyg wh cry col hyg cry

Solubility g/100 g H20

11425 21725

anh at 130

1.79 3.20

2.66 1.74

12.025

60 10625 10720

dec 2.16

≈460 dec 16.530

3.38 1.85

2520

sl EtOH sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth

reac EtOH reac H2O i EtOH s H2 vs H2O; i EtOH s H2O s H2O sl EtOH s H2O vs H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH sl cold H2O; s hot H2O, EtOH i EtOH s H2O, EtOH; i eth vs H2O, EtOH; i eth sl EtOH sl EtOH; dec dil acid reac H2O s H2O vs H2O sl EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O; i EtOH sl EtOH

s H2O

4.29 173

500 dec

1.88

1515 225 dec

3.1 3.5

921

3.12 6.12

23825 16525

vs H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH i EtOH reac H2O s H2O; reac EtOH, eth vs H2O vs H2O vs H2O; i EtOH i H2O; s acid

3/24/08 1:36:36 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-84 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

2214 2215 2216 2217

Potassium uranyl nitrate Potassium uranyl sulfate dihydrate Potassium zinc sulfate hexahydrate Potassium zirconium sulfate trihydrate Praseodymium Praseodymium boride Praseodymium nitride Praseodymium silicide Praseodymium(II) iodide Praseodymium(III) bromate Praseodymium(III) bromide Praseodymium(III) carbonate octahydrate Praseodymium(III) chloride

K(UO2)(NO3)3 K2(UO2)(SO4)2 ∙ 2H2O K2Zn(SO4)2 ∙ 6H2O K4Zr(SO4)4 ∙ 3H2O

18078-40-5 27709-53-1 13932-17-7 53608-79-0

495.140 576.381 443.823 685.914

grn-yel cry pow grn-yel cry pow cry wh cry pow

Pr PrB6 PrN PrSi2 PrI2 Pr(BrO3)3 PrBr3 Pr2(CO3)3 ∙ 8H2O

7440-10-0 12008-27-4 25764-09-4 12066-83-0 65530-47-4 15162-93-3 13536-53-3 14948-62-0

140.908 205.774 154.915 197.079 394.717 524.615 380.620 605.964

silv metal; hex blk cub cry cub cry tetr cry bronze solid grn cry grn hex cry; hyg grn silky plates

PrCl3

10361-79-2

247.267

PrCl3 ∙ 7H2O

10025-90-8

373.374

grn hex needles; hyg grn cry

PrF3 Pr(OH)3 PrI3 Pr(NO3)3 Pr(NO3)3 ∙ 6H2O

13709-46-1 16469-16-2 13813-23-5 10361-80-5 15878-77-0

197.903 191.930 521.621 326.923 435.014

grn hex cry grn solid orth hyg cry pale grn hyg cry grn needles

1399 dec 220 738

Pr2O3 Pr(ClO4)3 ∙ 6H2O

12036-32-7 13498-07-2*

329.813 547.351

wh hex cry hyg grn cry

2183 dec 200

Pr2(SO4)3 ∙ 8H2O

13510-41-3

714.125

grn monocl cry

Pr2S3 Pr2Te3 PrF4 Pm PmBr3 PmCl3 PmF3 PmI3 Pa

12038-13-0 12038-12-9 15192-24-2 7440-12-2 14325-78-1 13779-10-7 13709-45-0 13818-73-0 7440-13-3

378.010 664.62 216.902 145 385 251 202 526 231.036

cub cry cub cry yel-wh solid silv metal; hex red cry pale blue hyg cry pink solid red solid shiny metal; tetr or cub yel monocl cry wh metal; cub wh orth cry wh orth cry wh orth cry wh cub cry cry wh cry col gas silv-gray metal exists only in soln yel-wh cry wh cry wh cry red-brn monocl cry red-blk hyg cry blk solid purp-blk cry; hyg blue tetr cry gray orth cry tricl cry refrac solid tricl cry orth cry brn solid brn-blk solid yel-grn solid blue-blk tetr cry

2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227

2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244

Praseodymium(III) chloride heptahydrate Praseodymium(III) fluoride Praseodymium(III) hydroxide Praseodymium(III) iodide Praseodymium(III) nitrate Praseodymium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Praseodymium(III) oxide Praseodymium(III) perchlorate hexahydrate Praseodymium(III) sulfate octahydrate Praseodymium(III) sulfide Praseodymium(III) telluride Praseodymium(IV) fluoride Promethium Promethium(III) bromide Promethium(III) chloride Promethium(III) fluoride Promethium(III) iodide Protactinium

2245 2246 2247 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2259

Protactinium(V) chloride Radium Radium bromide Radium carbonate Radium chloride Radium fluoride Radium nitrate Radium sulfate Radon Rhenium Perrhenic acid Rhenium carbonyl Rhenium pentacarbonyl bromide Rhenium pentacarbonyl chloride Rhenium(III) bromide

PaCl5 Ra RaBr2 RaCO3 RaCl2 RaF2 Ra(NO3)2 RaSO4 Rn Re HReO4 Re2(CO)10 Re(CO)5Br Re(CO)5Cl ReBr3

13760-41-3 7440-14-4 10031-23-9 7116-98-5 10025-66-8 20610-49-5 10213-12-4 7446-16-4 10043-92-2 7440-15-5 13768-11-1 14285-68-8 14220-21-4 14099-01-5 13569-49-8

408.301 226 386 286 297 264 350 322 222 186.207 251.213 652.515 406.162 361.711 425.919

2260 2261 2262 2263 2264 2265 2266 2267 2268 2269 2270 2271 2272

Rhenium(III) chloride Rhenium(III) iodide Rhenium(IV) chloride Rhenium(IV) fluoride Rhenium(IV) oxide Rhenium(IV) selenide Rhenium(IV) silicide Rhenium(IV) sulfide Rhenium(IV) telluride Rhenium(V) bromide Rhenium(V) chloride Rhenium(V) fluoride Rhenium(V) oxide

ReCl3 ReI3 ReCl4 ReF4 ReO2 ReSe2 ReSi2 ReS2 ReTe2 ReBr5 ReCl5 ReF5 Re2O5

13569-63-6 15622-42-1 13569-71-6 15192-42-4 12036-09-8 12038-64-1 12038-66-3 12038-63-0 12067-00-4 30937-53-2 39368-69-9 30937-52-1 12165-05-8

292.566 566.920 328.019 262.201 218.206 344.13 242.378 250.337 441.41 585.727 363.472 281.199 452.411

2228 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235

6679X_S04.indb 84

bp/°C

dec 120

931 2610

Density g cm–3 3.36

3520

1712 758

5.28

786

4.0

110 dec

vs H2O vs H2O s H2O sl H2O

vs H2O s H2O i H2O; s acid 96.125

s EtOH

96.125

s EtOH

16525 16525

i H2O s H2O s EtOH s EtOH, ace

6.3 3.7 ≈5.8

3760

Qualitative solubility

6.77 4.84 7.46 5.46

693 dec 420 (anh)

6.9 s H2O, EtOH 2.83

1765 1500 dec 90 1042 625 655 1338 695 1572

Solubility g/100 g H20

1720

s H2O

5.1 ≈7.0 3000

7.26 s H2O s H2O s H2O 15.4

306 696 728

3.74 5 5.79

1000

4.9 6.7

70.620 24.520

s EtOH i H2O s EtOH

13.9 -71 3185

-61.7 5596

170 dec 90 subl 140 500 subl 500 dec dec 300 dec >300 subl 900 dec

2.87

i H2O, acid sl H2O i HCl vs H2O, os s os

6.10

s ace, MeOH, EtOH

4.81

s H2O

9.074 g/L 20.8

4.9 7.49 11.4

2000 7.6 8.50 110 dec 220 48

4.9 221.3

reac H2O

≈7

3/24/08 1:36:38 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-85

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

2273 2274 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280

Rhenium(VI) chloride Rhenium(VI) dioxydifluoride Rhenium(VI) fluoride Rhenium(VI) oxide Rhenium(VI) oxytetrachloride Rhenium(VI) oxytetrafluoride Rhenium(VII) fluoride Rhenium(VII) oxide

ReCl6 ReO2F2 ReF6 ReO3 ReOCl4 ReOF4 ReF7 Re2O7

31234-26-1 81155-18-2 10049-17-9 1314-28-9 13814-76-1 17026-29-8 17029-21-9 1314-68-7

398.925 256.203 300.197 234.205 344.018 278.200 319.196 484.410

red-grn solid col cry yel liq or cub cry red cub cry brn cry blue solid yel cub cry yel hyg cry

29 156 18.5 400 dec 29.3 108 48.3 327

2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2293

Rhenium(VII) trioxychloride Rhenium(VII) trioxyfluoride Rhenium(VII) dioxytrifluoride Rhenium(VII) oxypentafluoride Rhenium(VII) sulfide Rhodium Rhodium carbonyl Rhodium carbonyl chloride Rhodium dodecacarbonyl Rhodium(III) bromide Rhodium(III) chloride Rhodium(III) fluoride Rhodium(III) iodide

ReO3Cl ReO3F ReO2F3 ReOF5 Re2S7 Rh Rh6(CO)16 [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 Rh4(CO)12 RhBr3 RhCl3 RhF3 RhI3

7791-09-5 42246-24-2 57246-89-6 23377-53-9 12038-67-4 7440-16-6 28407-51-4 14523-22-9 19584-30-6 15608-29-4 10049-07-7 60804-25-3 15492-38-3

269.658 253.203 275.201 297.198 596.869 102.906 1065.594 388.758 747.743 342.618 209.265 159.901 483.619

4.5 147 90 43.8

128 164 185.4 73.0

1964 220 dec 124 150 dec 800 dec

3695

2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301 2302 2303 2304 2305

Rh(NO3)3 Rh(NO3)3 ∙ 2H2O Rh2O3 Rh2O3 ∙ 5H2O Rh2(SO4)3 RhO2 RhO2 ∙ 2H2O RhF6 Rb RbC2H3O2 RbAl(SO4)2 RbAl(SO4)2 ∙ 12H2O

10139-58-9 13465-43-5 12036-35-0 39373-27-8 10489-46-0 12137-27-8 12137-27-8 13693-07-7 7440-17-7 563-67-7 13530-57-9 7784-29-4

288.921 324.951 253.809 309.010 493.999 134.905 170.936 216.896 85.468 144.512 304.575 520.759

2306 2307 2308 2309

Rhodium(III) nitrate Rhodium(III) nitrate dihydrate Rhodium(III) oxide Rhodium(III) oxide pentahydrate Rhodium(III) sulfate Rhodium(IV) oxide Rhodium(IV) oxide dihydrate Rhodium(VI) fluoride Rubidium Rubidium acetate Rubidium aluminum sulfate Rubidium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate Rubidium azide Rubidium bromate Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate

col liq yel solid yel solid cream solid brn-blk tetr cry silv-wh metal; cub red-brn cry red-oran cry red hyg cry dark brn plates red monocl cry red hex cry blk monocl cry; hyg hyg brn solid blk solid gray hex cry yel pow red-yel solid blk tetr cry grn solid blk cub cry soft silv metal; cub wh hyg cry hex cry col cub cry

RbN3 RbBrO3 RbBr Rb2CO3

22756-36-1 13446-70-3 7789-39-1 584-09-8

127.488 213.370 165.372 230.945

317 430 692 837

2310 2311 2312 2313

Rubidium chlorate Rubidium chloride Rubidium chromate Rubidium dichromate

RbClO3 RbCl Rb2CrO4 Rb2Cr2O7

13446-71-4 7791-11-9 13446-72-5 13446-73-6

168.919 120.921 286.930 386.924

2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323

Rubidium cyanide Rubidium fluoride Rubidium fluoroborate Rubidium formate Rubidium hexafluorogermanate Rubidium hydride Rubidium hydrogen carbonate Rubidium hydrogen fluoride Rubidium hydrogen sulfate Rubidium hydroxide

RbCN RbF RbBF4 RbCHO2 Rb2GeF6 RbH RbHCO3 RbHF2 RbHSO4 RbOH

19073-56-4 13446-74-7 18909-68-7 3495-35-0 16962-48-4 13446-75-8 19088-74-5 12280-64-7 15587-72-1 1310-82-3

111.486 104.466 172.273 130.486 357.57 86.476 146.485 124.473 182.539 102.475

2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329

Rubidium iodate Rubidium iodide Rubidium molybdate Rubidium nitrate Rubidium nitrite Rubidium oxide

RbIO3 RbI Rb2MoO4 RbNO3 RbNO2 Rb2O

13446-76-9 7790-29-6 13718-22-4 13126-12-0 13825-25-7 18088-11-4

260.370 212.372 330.87 147.473 131.474 186.935

2330 2331 2332 2333

Rubidium perchlorate Rubidium permanganate Rubidium peroxide Rubidium selenide

RbClO4 RbMnO4 Rb2O2 Rb2Se

13510-42-4 13465-49-1 23611-30-5 31052-43-4

184.919 204.404 202.935 249.90

tetr cry; exp cub cry wh cub cry; hyg col monocl cry; hyg col cry wh cub cry; hyg yel rhom cry red tricl or yel monocl cry wh cub cry wh cub cry; hyg orth cry wh hyg cry wh cry wh cub cry; flam wh rhomb cry tetr cry col monocl cry gray-wh orth cry; hyg monocl or cub cry wh cub cry wh cry wh hex cry; hyg wh cry yel-brn cub cry; hyg wh hyg cry dark purp cry wh orth cry wh cub cry

6679X_S04.indb 85

bp/°C

33.8 223 171.7 73.7 360

717

600 dec dec 1100 dec dec >500 dec dec ≈70 39.30 246

795 612 dec dec 696 ≈170 dec 175 dec 188 208 385 dec 656 958 310 422 400 dec 597 300 dec 570 733

Solubility g/100 g H20

4.06(cry) 6.9

Qualitative solubility

s HNO3 i H2O, acid, alk reac H2O

4.32 6.10

s H2O, EtOH, eth, diox, py reac H2O

3.87

reac H2O 4.87 12.4

i H2O i acid, sl aqua regia s os reac H2O s H2O; i acid, os i H2O; s alk

2.52 5.56 5.38 5.4 6.4

i H2O i H2O; s aqua regia 8.2 sl H2O; s acid

688

≈100 dec

324 724

Density g cm–3

1340

dec 480 1390

1410

7.2 8.20 3.1 1.53

i H2O, sol HCl, alk

≈3.1 ≈1.9

1.6020

2.79 3.68 3.35

10716 2.9525 11625 22320

3.19 2.76 3.518 3.1

6.6325 93.925 76.225

2.3 3.2 2.82

30020

11620 3.3 2.9 3.2

17330

4.33 3.55

2.4425 16525

3.11

65.025

4.0 dec 900

2.9 3.24 3.8 3.22

sl H2O sl EtOH s H2O

2.60

1300

reac H2O vs H2O i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH

s H2O; i EtOH, eth i EtOH sl H2O s H2O reac H2O

s H2O s EtOH vs HCl s EtOH s H2O vs H2O vs H2O reac H2O

1.525 sl H2O reac H2O reac H2O

3/24/08 1:36:40 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-86 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339

Rubidium sulfate Rubidium sulfide Rubidium superoxide Ruthenium Ruthenium dodecacarbonyl Ruthenium pentacarbonyl

Rb2SO4 Rb2S RbO2 Ru Ru3(CO)12 Ru(CO)5

7488-54-2 31083-74-6 12137-25-6 7440-18-8 15243-33-1 16406-48-7

266.999 203.001 117.467 101.07 639.33 241.12

wh orth cry wh cub cry tetr cry silv-wh metal; hex oran cry col liq

2340 2341

Ru2(CO)9 Ru(NO)Cl3 ∙ H2O

63128-11-0 18902-42-6

454.23 255.45

stab below -40 hyg red cry

2342 2343 2344 2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351 2352

Ruthenium nonacarbonyl Ruthenium nitrosyl chloride monohydrate Hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride Ruthenium(III) bromide Ruthenium(III) chloride Ruthenium(III) fluoride Ruthenium(III) iodide Ruthenium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Ruthenium(IV) fluoride Ruthenium(IV) oxide Ruthenium(V) fluoride Ruthenium(VI) fluoride Ruthenium(VIII) oxide

Ru(NH3)6Cl3 RuBr3 RuCl3 RuF3 RuI3 Ru(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 RuF4 RuO2 RuF5 RuF6 RuO4

14282-91-8 14014-88-1 10049-08-8 51621-05-7 13896-65-6 14284-93-6 71500-16-8 12036-10-1 14521-18-7 13693-08-8 20427-56-9

309.61 340.78 207.43 158.07 481.78 398.39 177.06 133.07 196.06 215.06 165.07

col monocl cry brn hex cry blk-brn hex cry brn rhomb cry blk hex cry red-brn cry yel-red cry gray-blk tetr cry grn monocl cry dark brn orth cry yel monocl prisms

2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2360 2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2368 2369 2370 2371 2372 2373 2374 2375 2376 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 2386

Samarium Samarium boride Samarium silicide Samarium(II) bromide Samarium(II) chloride Samarium(II) fluoride Samarium(II) iodide Samarium(III) acetate trihydrate Samarium(III) bromate nonahydrate Samarium(III) bromide Samarium(III) carbonate Samarium(III) chloride Samarium(III) chloride hexahydrate Samarium(III) fluoride Samarium(III) iodide Samarium(III) nitrate Samarium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Samarium(III) oxide Samarium(III) sulfate octahydrate Samarium(III) sulfide Samarium(III) telluride Scandium Scandium boride Scandium bromide Scandium chloride Scandium fluoride Scandium hydroxide Scandium iodide Scandium nitrate Scandium oxide Scandium sulfate pentahydrate Scandium sulfide Scandium telluride Selenium (gray)

Sm SmB6 SmSi2 SmBr2 SmCl2 SmF2 SmI2 Sm(C2H3O2)3 ∙ 3H2O Sm(BrO3)3 ∙ 9H2O SmBr3 Sm2(CO3)3 SmCl3 SmCl3 ∙ 6H2O SmF3 SmI3 Sm(NO3)3 Sm(NO3)3 ∙ 6H2O Sm2O3 Sm2(SO4)3 ∙ 8H2O Sm2S3 Sm2Te3 Sc ScB2 ScBr3 ScCl3 ScF3 Sc(OH)3 ScI3 Sc(NO3)3 Sc2O3 Sc2(SO4)3 ∙ 5H2O Sc2S3 Sc2Te3 Se

7440-19-9 12008-30-9 12300-22-0 50801-97-3 13874-75-4 15192-17-3 32248-43-4 17829-86-6 63427-22-5 13759-87-0 5895-47-6 10361-82-7 13465-55-9 13765-24-7 13813-25-7 10361-83-8 13759-83-6 12060-58-1 13465-58-2 12067-22-0 12040-00-5 7440-20-2 12007-34-0 13465-59-3 10361-84-9 13709-47-2 17674-34-9 14474-33-0 13465-60-6 12060-08-1 15292-44-1 12166-29-9 12166-44-8 7782-49-2

150.36 215.23 206.53 310.17 221.27 188.36 404.17 381.54 696.20 390.07 480.75 256.72 364.81 207.36 531.07 336.38 444.47 348.72 733.03 396.92 683.52 44.956 66.578 284.668 151.315 101.951 95.978 425.669 230.971 137.910 468.176 186.107 472.71 78.96

2387

Selenium (α form)

Se

7782-49-2

78.96

silv metal; rhomb refrac solid orth cry brn cry brn cry purp cry grn cry hyg yel-wh solid pink hex cry yel cry wh-yel pow yel cry yel cry wh cry oran cry yel-wh hyg solid pale yel cry yel-wh cub cry yel cry gray-brn cub cry orth cry silv metal; hex refrac solid wh hyg cry wh hyg cry wh powder col amorp solid hyg yel cry wh cry wh cub cry col cry yel orth cry blk hex cry gray metallic cry; hex red monocl cry

2388

Selenium (vitreous)

Se

7782-49-2

78.96

blk amorp solid

2389 2390 2391 2392

Selenic acid Pentafluoroorthoselenic acid Selenous acid Selenium dioxide

H2SeO4 HOSeF5 H2SeO3 SeO2

7783-08-6 38989-47-8 7783-00-8 7446-08-4

144.97 190.96 128.97 110.96

2393

Selenium trioxide

SeO3

13768-86-0

126.96

wh hyg solid col solid wh hyg cry wh tetr needles or powder wh tetr cry; hyg

6679X_S04.indb 86

1066 425 412 2334 150 dec -22

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

4150

3.61 2.91 ≈3.0 12.1

s H2O i acid, aqua regia i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, hc s hex

5.3 3.1 5.36 6.0

dec 1300 86.5 54 25.4

7.05 3.90 3.54 3.29

227 200 dec 40 1794

669 855

s H2O i H2O, acid, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH i H2O, dil acid sl H2O reac H2O i H2O, acid

2.0320

reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O s H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH reac H2O

520 1.94

4.46 2.38

93.825 93.825

14425 78 2269

3780

1720 1541 2250 969 967 1552

2836

953

subl

7.6 2.93 5.87 7.31 2.99 3.17 9.33 2.4

reac H2O reac H2O s EtOH s H2O, MeOH, ace

2.6720

16925 2489 dec 110 1775

reac H2O sl H2O; vs ctc; reac EtOH

7.52 5.07 5.14 3.69

75 dec 640 dec >500 682 dec 1306 850

Qualitative solubility

50.825

dec 50

dec 500 ≈500 dec ≈600 dec dec 300 230

1072 2580

Solubility g/100 g H20

3.864

s H2O s H2O; i EtOH sl H2O i H2O; s dil acid s H2O, EtOH, CCD s EtOH s conc acid vs H2O

220.8

685

2.91 5.29 4.809

trans gray Se >120 trans gray Se 180 58 38 70 dec 340 tp

685

4.39

i H2O, EtOH; sl eth

685

4.28

i H2O; sl CS2

260 dec 47

2.95

vs H2O; reac EtOH

118

315 sp

3.0 3.95

subl

3.44

26422

i H2O, CS2

vs H2O; s EtOH s EtOH, MeOH; sl ace s H2O, os

3/24/08 1:36:42 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-87

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

2394

Selenium bromide

Se2Br2

7789-52-8

317.73

red liq

5

225 dec

3.60

2395

Selenium chloride

Se2Cl2

10025-68-0

228.83

yel-brn oily liq

-85

127 dec

2.774

2396

Selenium tetrabromide

SeBr4

7789-65-3

398.58

oran-red cry

123

2397 2398

Selenium tetrachloride Selenium tetrafluoride

SeCl4 SeF4

10026-03-6 13465-66-2

220.77 154.95

wh-yel cry col liq

305 tp -9.5

191.4 sp 101.6

2.6 2.75

2399 2400 2401

Selenium hexafluoride Selenium chloride pentafluoride Selenium oxybromide

SeF6 SeF5Cl SeOBr2

7783-79-1 34979-62-9 7789-51-7

192.95 209.41 254.77

col gas col gas red-yel solid

-34.6 tp -19 41.6

-46.6 sp 4.5 220 dec

7.887 g/L

2402

Selenium oxychloride

SeOCl2

7791-23-3

165.87

col or yel liq

8.5

177

2.44

2403 2404 2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411

Selenium oxyfluoride Selenium oxytetrafluoride Selenium dioxydifluoride Selenium monosulfide Selenium disulfide Selenium sulfide (Se2S6) Selenium sulfide (Se4S4) Selenium sulfide (Se6S2) Silicon

SeOF2 SeOF4 SeO2F2 SeS SeS2 Se2S6 Se4S4 Se6S2 Si

7783-43-9 53319-44-1 14984-81-7 7446-34-6 7488-56-4 75926-26-0 75926-28-2 75926-30-6 7440-21-3

132.96 170.95 148.96 111.03 143.09 350.31 444.10 537.89 28.086

col liq unstab col liq col gas

15 12 -99.5

125 65 -8.4

2.8

reac H2O; s CS2, bz, ctc reac H2O; s ctc, chl, bz, tol reac H2O

6.089 g/L

reac H2O

100 121.5 113 dec 121.5 1414

3265

2.3296

2412

Silane

SiH4

7803-62-5

32.118

red-yel cry oran needles red cry oran cry gray cry or brn amorp solid col gas; flam

-185

-111.9

1.313 g/L

2413

Disilane

Si2H6

1590-87-0

62.219

col gas; flam

-129.4

-14.8

2.543 g/L

2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422 2423 2424 2425 2426 2427 2428 2429 2430 2431 2432 2433 2434 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2441 2442 2443 2444 2445 2446 2447 2448 2449

Trisilane Tetrasilane 2-Silyltrisilane Cyclopentasilane Pentasilane 2-Silyltetrasilane 2,2-Disilyltrisilane Cyclohexasilane Hexasilane 2-Silylpentasilane 3-Silylpentasilane Heptasilane Bromosilane Dibromosilane Tribromosilane Tetrabromosilane Bromotrichlorosilane Dibromodichlorosilane Tribromochlorosilane Hexabromosilane Octabromotrisilane Chlorosilane Dichlorosilane Trichlorosilane Tetrachlorosilane Chlorotrifluorosilane Dichlorodifluorosilane Trichlorofluorosilane Trichloroiodosilane Hexachlorodisilane Octachlorotrisilane Fluorosilane Difluorosilane Trifluorosilane Tetrafluorosilane Hexafluorodisilane

Si3H8 Si4H10 Si4H10 Si5H10 Si5H12 Si5H12 Si5H12 Si6H12 Si6H14 Si6H14 Si6H14 Si7H16 SiH3Br SiH2Br2 SiHBr3 SiBr4 SiBrCl3 SiBr2Cl2 SiBr3Cl Si2Br6 Si3Br8 SiH3Cl SiH2Cl2 SiHCl3 SiCl4 SiClF3 SiCl2F2 SiCl3F SiCl3I Si2Cl6 Si3Cl8 SiH3F SiH2F2 SiHF3 SiF4 Si2F6

7783-26-8 7783-29-1 13597-87-0 289-22-5 14868-53-2 14868-54-3 15947-57-6 291-59-8 14693-61-9 14868-55-4 14868-55-4 14693-65-3 13465-73-1 13768-94-0 7789-57-3 7789-66-4 13465-74-2 13465-75-3 13465-76-4 13517-13-0 54804-32-9 13465-78-6 4109-96-0 10025-78-2 10026-04-7 14049-36-6 18356-71-3 14965-52-7 13465-85-5 13465-77-5 13596-23-1 13537-33-2 13824-36-7 13465-71-9 7783-61-1 13830-68-7

92.321 122.421 122.421 150.507 152.523 152.523 152.523 180.608 182.624 182.624 182.624 212.726 111.014 189.910 268.806 347.702 214.349 258.800 303.251 535.595 723.489 66.563 101.008 135.453 169.898 120.534 136.989 153.443 261.349 268.889 367.881 50.108 68.099 86.089 104.080 170.161

flam col liq col liq; flam col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col gas liq flam liq col fuming liq col liq col liq col liq col cry col liq col gas col gas; flam fuming liq col fuming liq col gas col gas col gas col liq col liq col liq col gas col gas col gas col gas col gas

-117.4 -89.9 -99.4 -10.5 -72.8 -109.9 -57.8 16.5 -44.7 -78.4 -69 -30.1 -94 -70.1 -73 5.39 -62 -45.5 -20.8 95 46 -118 -122 -128.2 -68.74 -138 -44

52.9 108.1 101.7 194.3 153.2 146.2 134.3 226 193.6 185.2 179.5 226.8 1.9 66 109 154 80.3 104 127 265

0.739 0.792 0.792 0.963 0.827 0.820 0.815

2450 2451 2452

Octafluorotrisilane Decafluorotetrasilane Iodosilane

Si3F8 Si4F10 SiH3I

14521-14-3 14521-15-4 13598-42-0

236.244 302.326 158.014

col liq col cry col liq

6679X_S04.indb 87

-60 2.5 -67 -122 -131 -90.2 -18.7 tp @ 780 mmHg -1.2 68 -57

3.38

2.44 3.29

-30.4 8.3 33 57.65 -70.0 -32 12.25 113.5 146 216 -98.6 -77.8 -95 -86 -19.1 sp

0.847 0.840 0.843 0.859 4.538 g/L

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility reac H2O; s CS2, chl reac H2O; s CS2, bz, ctc, chl reac H2O; s CS2, chl reac H2O reac H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O

i H2O; s acid s CS2; sl bz s bz; sl CS2 s CS2 i H2O, acid; s alk reac H2O; i EtOH, bz reac H2O, ctc, chl; s EtOH, bz reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

2.7 2.8 1.826 2.172 2.497

reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

2.721 g/L 4.129 g/L 1.331 1.5 4.927 g/L 5.599 g/L 6.272 g/L

reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

2.048 g/L 2.783 g/L 3.519 g/L 4.254 g/L

reac H2O reac H2O

42 85.1 45.6

3/24/08 1:36:44 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-88 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

2453 2454 2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460 2461 2462

Diiodosilane Triiodosilane Tetraiodosilane Hexaiododisilane Disiloxane Hexachlorodisiloxane Methylsilane Metasilicic acid Orthosilicic acid Fluorosilicic acid

SiH2I2 SiHI3 SiI4 Si2I6 (SiH3)2O (SiCl3)2O SiH3CH3 H2SiO3 H4SiO4 H2SiF6

13760-02-6 13465-72-0 13465-84-4 13510-43-5 13597-73-4 14986-21-1 992-94-9 7699-41-4 10193-36-9 16961-83-4

283.911 409.807 535.704 817.598 78.218 284.888 46.145 78.100 96.116 144.092

150 220 dec 287.35

4.1

60.085

col liq liq wh powder pale yel cry gas liq col gas wh amorp powder exists only in soln stab only in aq soln hard grn-black hex cry gray refrac solid; hex blk cub cry, stable >1200 col hex cry

2463

Silicon carbide (hexagonal)

SiC

409-21-2

40.097

2464

Silicon nitride (Si3N4)

Si3N4

12033-89-5

140.284

2465

Silicon monoxide

SiO

10097-28-6

44.085

2466

Silicon dioxide (α-quartz)

SiO2

14808-60-7

2467

Silicon dioxide (β-quartz)

SiO2

14808-60-7

60.085

col hex cry

2468

Silicon dioxide (tridymite)

SiO2

15468-32-3

60.085

col hex cry

2469 2470 2471

Silicon dioxide (cristobalite) Silicon dioxide (vitreous) Silicon monosulfide

SiO2 SiO2 SiS

14464-46-1 60676-86-0 12504-41-5

60.085 60.085 60.151

2472

Silicon disulfide

SiS2

13759-10-9

92.216

col hex cry col amorp solid yel-red hyg powder wh rhomb cry

2473 2474 2475 2476 2477 2478 2479

Silicon tetraacetate Silicon tetraboride Silicotungstic acid Silver Silver azide Silver subfluoride Silver(I) acetate

Si(C2H3O2)4 SiB4 H4SiO4 ∙ (W3O9)4 Ag AgN3 Ag2F AgC2H3O2

562-90-3 12007-81-7 12520-88-6 7440-22-4 13863-88-2 1302-01-8 563-63-3

264.262 71.330 2878.17 107.868 149.888 234.734 166.912

2480 2481 2482 2483 2484 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490

Silver(I) acetylide Silver(I) acetylide (AgC2H) Silver(I) arsenate Silver(I) benzoate Silver(I) bromate Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) carbonate Silver(I) chlorate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chlorite Silver(I) chromate

Ag2C2 AgC2H Ag3AsO4 Ag(C6H5CO2) AgBrO3 AgBr Ag2CO3 AgClO3 AgCl AgClO2 Ag2CrO4

7659-31-6 13092-75-6 13510-44-6 532-31-0 7783-89-3 7785-23-1 534-16-7 7783-92-8 7783-90-6 7783-91-7 7784-01-2

239.757 132.897 462.524 228.982 235.770 187.772 275.745 191.319 143.321 175.320 331.730

2491 2492 2493 2494 2495

Silver(I) citrate Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) dichromate Silver(I) diethyldithiocarbamate Silver(I) fluoride

Ag3C6H5O7 AgCN Ag2Cr2O7 Ag(C2H5)2NCS2 AgF

126-45-4 506-64-9 7784-02-3 1470-61-7 7775-41-9

512.705 133.886 431.724 256.138 126.866

2496 2497 2498 2499 2500 2501 2502 2503

Silver(I) hexafluoroantimonate Silver(I) hexafluoroarsenate Silver(I) hexafluorophosphate Silver(I) hydrogen fluoride Silver(I) iodate Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) lactate monohydrate Silver(I) metaphosphate

AgSbF6 AgAsF6 AgPF6 AgHF2 AgIO3 AgI AgC3H5O3 ∙ H2O AgPO3

26042-64-8 12005-82-2 26042-63-7 12249-52-4 7783-97-3 7783-96-2 128-00-7 13465-96-8

343.618 296.780 252.832 146.873 282.770 234.772 214.954 186.840

wh hyg cry gray refrac solid hyg yel cry silv metal; cub orth cry; exp yel hex cry wh needles or powder wh powder; exp wh powder; exp red cub cry powder wh tetr cry yel cub cry yel monocl cry wh tetr cry wh cub cry yel cry brn-red monocl cry wh cry powder wh-gray hex cry red cry powder yel-brn cub cry; hyg powder powder powder hyg cry wh orth cry yel powder; hex gray cry powder grn glass

2504 2505 2506 2507

Silver(I) molybdate Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) nitrite Silver(I) oxalate

Ag2MoO4 AgNO3 AgNO2 Ag2C2O4

13765-74-7 7761-88-8 7783-99-5 533-51-7

375.67 169.873 153.874 303.755

yel cub cry col rhomb cry yel needles wh cry powder

6679X_S04.indb 88

-1 8 120.5 250 -144 -28 -156.5

-15.2 137 -57.5

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility

3.197 g/L

i H2O; s HF s H2O 2830

3.16

1900

3.17

i H2O, EtOH

2.18 trans to beta quartz 573 trans to tridymite 867 trans cristobalite 1470 1722 1713 1090 1090

2950

2.648

i H2O, acid; s HF

2950

2.533

i H2O, acid; s HF

2950

2.265

i H2O, acid; s HF

2950 2950 940

2.334 2.196 1.85

i H2O, acid; s HF i H2O, acid; s HF reac H2O

subl

2.04

reac H2O, EtOH; i bz reac H2O; s ace, bz

110 1870 dec

600

2.4

vs H2O, EtOH 961.78 exp ≈250 100 dec dec

2162

dec 360 dec 430 218 230 455 105 exp

10.5 4.9 8.6 3.26

6.657

1502 270 dec 1547

5.21 6.47 6.077 4.430 5.56 5.625

320 dec

0.0008120 1.0420

0.00085 3020 0.19325 0.00001425 0.003620 17.625 0.0001925 0.5525 0.0000140

3.95 4.770

0.0000011

173 435

1159

5.852

17220

102 dec dec >200 558

1506

5.53 5.68

0.05325 0.000003

490 483 210 140 dec exp 140

6.37

440 dec

6.18 4.35 4.453 5.03

23425 0.41525 0.004320

reac H2O

s NH4OH

i H2O, acid, EtOH s acid sl EtOH

i H2O; s HNO3 i EtOH, dil acid sl H2O s py

i acid sl H2O, EtOH i H2O; s HNO3, NH4OH sl H2O sl EtOH, ace i EtOH; reac acid

3/24/08 1:36:46 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-89

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513

Silver(I) oxide Silver(I) perchlorate Silver(I) perchlorate monohydrate Silver(I) permanganate Silver(I) phosphate Silver(I) picrate monohydrate

Ag2O AgClO4 AgClO4 ∙ H2O AgMnO4 Ag3PO4 AgC6H2N3O7 ∙ H2O

20667-12-3 7783-93-9 14242-05-8 7783-98-4 7784-09-0 146-84-9

231.735 207.319 225.334 226.804 418.576 353.979

brn-blk cub cry col cub cry; hyg hyg wh cry viol monocl cry yel powder yel cry

2514 2515 2516 2517 2518

Silver(I) selenate Silver(I) selenide Silver(I) selenite Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) sulfide

Ag2SeO4 Ag2Se Ag2SeO3 Ag2SO4 Ag2S

7784-07-8 1302-09-6 7784-05-6 10294-26-5 21548-73-2

358.69 294.70 342.69 311.799 247.801

2519 2520 2521

Silver(I) sulfite Silver(I) telluride Silver(I) tetraiodomercurate(II)

Ag2SO3 Ag2Te Ag2HgI4

13465-98-0 12002-99-2 7784-03-4

295.799 343.34 923.94

orth cry gray hex needles needles col cry or powder gray-blk orth powder wh cry blk orth cry yel tetr cry

2522 2523 2524

Silver(I) thiocyanate Silver(I) thiosulfate Silver(II) oxide

AgSCN Ag2S2O3 AgO

1701-93-5 23149-52-2 1301-96-8

165.951 327.864 123.867

2525 2526 2527

Silver(I) tungstate Silver(II) fluoride Silver(II) oxide (Ag2O2)

Ag2WO4 AgF2 Ag2O2

13465-93-5 7783-95-1 25455-73-6

463.57 145.865 247.735

wh powder wh cry gray powder; monocl or cub yel cry 620 wh or gray hyg cry 690 gray-blk cub cry >100

2528 2529 2530 2531 2532 2533

Na NaC2H3O2 NaC2H3O2 ∙ 3H2O NaAlO2 NaAlH4 NaAl(SO4)2 ∙ 12H2O

7440-23-5 127-09-3 6131-90-4 1302-42-7 13770-96-2 10102-71-3

22.990 82.034 136.079 81.971 54.004 458.281

soft silv met; cub col cry col cry wh orth cry; hyg wh hyg solid col cry

97.794 328.2 58 dec 1650 174 dec ≈60

882.940

NaNH2 NaNH4HPO4 ∙ 4H2O

7782-92-5 13011-54-6

39.013 209.069

wh-grn orth cry monocl cry

210 ≈80 dec

500 dec

2536

Sodium Sodium acetate Sodium acetate trihydrate Sodium aluminate Sodium aluminum hydride Sodium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate Sodium amide Sodium ammonium phosphate tetrahydrate Sodium arsenate dodecahydrate

Na3AsO4 ∙ 12H2O

7778-43-0

424.072

col monocl prism

86 dec

2537

Sodium arsenite

NaAsO2

7784-46-5

129.911

2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552

Sodium azide Sodium borohydride Sodium bromate Sodium bromide Sodium bromide dihydrate Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate monohydrate Sodium carbonate decahydrate Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium chlorite Sodium chromate Sodium chromate tetrahydrate Sodium citrate dihydrate Sodium citrate pentahydrate

NaN3 NaBH4 NaBrO3 NaBr NaBr ∙ 2H2O Na2CO3 Na2CO3 ∙ H2O Na2CO3 ∙ 10H2O NaClO3 NaCl NaClO2 Na2CrO4 Na2CrO4 ∙ 4H2O Na3C6H5O7 ∙ 2H2O Na3C6H5O7 ∙ 5H2O

26628-22-8 16940-66-2 7789-38-0 7647-15-6 13466-08-5 497-19-8 5968-11-6 6132-02-1 7775-09-9 7647-14-5 7758-19-2 7775-11-3 10034-82-9 6132-04-3 6858-44-2

65.010 37.833 150.892 102.894 138.925 105.989 124.005 286.142 106.441 58.443 90.442 161.974 234.035 294.099 348.145

wh-gray hyg powder col hex cry wh cub cry; hyg col cub cry wh cub cry wh cry wh hyg powder col orth cry col cry col cub cry col cub cry wh hyg cry yel orth cry yel hyg cry wh cry hyg col cry

300 dec ≈400 dec 381 747 36 dec 856 100 dec 34 dec 248 800.7 ≈180 dec 794 dec 150 dec dec 150

2553

Sodium cyanate

NaCNO

917-61-3

65.007

col needles

550

1.89

2554 2555

Sodium cyanide Sodium cyanoborohydride

NaCN NaBH3(CN)

143-33-9 25895-60-7

49.008 62.843

wh cub cry; hyg wh hyg powder

562 240 dec

1.6 1.12

2556 2557

Sodium dichromate Sodium dichromate dihydrate

Na2Cr2O7 Na2Cr2O7 ∙ 2H2O

10588-01-9 7789-12-0

261.968 297.999

357 85 dec

2558 2559

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate Sodium dihydrogen hypophosphate hexahydrate

NaH2PO4 NaH2PO4 ∙ H2O

7558-80-7 10049-21-5

119.977 137.993

red hyg cry oran-red monocl cry col monocl cry wh hyg cry

200 dec 100 dec

NaH2PO4 ∙ 2H2O

13472-35-0

156.008

col orth cry

60 dec

Na2H2P2O6 ∙ 6H2O

7782-95-8

314.031

monocl plates

110 dec

2534 2535

2560 2561

6679X_S04.indb 89

bp/°C

≈200 dec 486 dec 43 dec dec 849

880 530 660 825 (high press.) 100 dec 955 trans to red cub ≈40 dec dec >100 dec

Density g cm–3 7.2 2.806 4.49 6.37

>550 dec

5.72 8.216 5.930 5.45 7.23

Solubility g/100 g H20

0.0025 55825 55825 0.9118 0.0064

0.8425

reac EtOH sl dil acid sl H2O, EtOH; i chl, eth i H2O sl H2O; s acid i H2O; s acid s acid, NH4OH

8.4 6.1

i H2O, dil acid

7.5

i H2O sl H2O; s NH4OH s alk; reac acid

0.002725 0.015

4.58 7.44

dec 630 1465

i EtOH; s acid, alk s bz, py, os

0.11820

0.0004620

1390

Qualitative solubility

0.97 1.528 1.45 4.63 1.24 1.61

50.425 50.425

39.720

s HNO3, NH4OH reac H2O i H2O; s acid, NH4OH reac H2O sl EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH i eth; s thf i EtOH

1.39 1.54

reac H2O s H2O; i EtOH

1.87

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth vs H2O; i EtOH

1.846 1.07 3.34 3.200 2.18 2.54 2.25 1.46 2.5 2.17 2.72

1.86

400 dec

40.820 5520 39.425 94.625 94.625 30.725 30.725 30.725 10025 36.025 6417 87.625 87.625 9225

58.220

sl EtOH; i eth reac EtOH i EtOH s EtOH sl EtOH i EtOH i EtOH i EtOH sl EtOH sl EtOH sl EtOH sl EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH, eth vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth sl EtOH vs H2O; s thf; sl EtOH; i bz, eth

18725 2.35

vs H2O; S HOAc 94.9 94.925

i EtOH

1.91

94.925

i EtOH

1.849

2.025

i EtOH

25

3/24/08 1:36:47 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-90 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

2562 2563 2564 2565

Sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate Sodium dithionate Sodium dithionate dihydrate Sodium ethanolate

Na2H2P2O7 Na2S2O4 Na2S2O6 ∙ 2H2O NaC2H5O

7758-16-9 7775-14-6 7631-94-9* 141-52-6

221.939 174.108 242.137 68.050

2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2571

Sodium ferricyanide monohydrate Sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate Sodium fluoride Sodium fluorophosphate Sodium formate Sodium germanate

Na3Fe(CN)6 ∙ H2O Na4Fe(CN)6 ∙ 10H2O NaF Na2PO3F NaCHO2 Na2GeO3

14217-21-1* 13601-19-9 7681-49-4 10163-15-2 141-53-7 12025-19-3

298.933 484.061 41.988 143.950 68.008 166.62

2572 2573

Sodium gold cyanide Sodium gold thiosulfate dihydrate

NaAu(CN)2 Na3Au(S2O3)2 ∙ 5H2O

15280-09-8 10233-88-2

271.991 526.223

2574

Sodium hexabromoplatinate(IV) hexahydrate Sodium hexachloroiridate(IV) hexahydrate Sodium hexachloroplatinate(IV) Sodium hexachloroplatinate(IV) hexahydrate Sodium hexafluoroaluminate

Na2PtBr6 ∙ 6H2O

39277-13-9

828.579

wh powder gray-wh powder col orth cry wh-yel hyg powder red hyg cry yel monocl cry col cub or tetr cry powder wh hyg cry wh monocl hyg cry wh-yel cry pow wh needles or prisms cry

Na2IrCl6 ∙ 6H2O

19567-78-3

559.006

cry

600 dec

Na2PtCl6 Na2PtCl6 ∙ 6H2O

16923-58-3 16923-58-3

453.782 561.873

yel hyg cry yel cry

110 dec

2.50

Na3AlF6

13775-53-6

209.941

1013

2.97

NaSbF6 NaPF6 ∙ H2O

16925-25-0 20644-15-9

258.740 185.969

col monocl cry; trans cub 560 wh cub cry col orth cry

Na2SiF6 Na3Co(NO2)6 NaH Na2HAsO4 Na2HAsO4 ∙ 7H2O

16893-85-9 14649-73-1 7646-69-7 7778-43-0 10048-95-0

188.056 403.935 23.998 185.908 312.014

wh hex cry yel-brn cry powder silv cub cry; flam wh powder wh monocl cry

NaHCO3 NaHF2 Na2HPO4 Na2HPO4 ∙ 7H2O

144-55-8 1333-83-1 7558-79-4 7782-85-6

84.007 61.995 141.959 268.066

wh monocl cry wh hex cry wh hyg powder col cry

≈50 dec >160 dec

Na2HPO4 ∙ 12H2O

10039-32-4

358.143

col cry

NaHSO4 NaHSO4 ∙ H2O

7681-38-1 10034-88-5

120.061 138.076

NaHS NaHS ∙ 2H2O NaHSO3 NaOH NaClO NaOCl ∙ 5H2O NaIO3 NaI NaI ∙ 2H2O

16721-80-5 16721-80-5 7631-90-5 1310-73-2 7681-52-9 10022-70-5 7681-55-2 7681-82-5 13517-06-1

56.063 92.094 104.061 39.997 74.442 164.518 197.892 149.894 185.925

2575 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580

2593 2594 2595 2596 2597 2598 2599 2600 2601

Sodium hexafluoroantimonate Sodium hexafluorophosphate monohydrate Sodium hexafluorosilicate Sodium hexanitrocobaltate(III) Sodium hydride Sodium hydrogen arsenate Sodium hydrogen arsenate heptahydrate Sodium hydrogen carbonate Sodium hydrogen fluoride Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate Sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate Sodium hydrogen sulfate Sodium hydrogen sulfate monohydrate Sodium hydrogen sulfide Sodium hydrogen sulfide dihydrate Sodium hydrogen sulfite Sodium hydroxide Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate Sodium iodate Sodium iodide Sodium iodide dihydrate

2602

Sodium bismuthate

NaBiO3

12232-99-4

279.968

2603 2604 2605

Sodium metabisulfite Sodium metaborate Sodium metasilicate

Na2S2O5 NaBO2 Na2SiO3

7681-57-4 7775-19-1 6834-92-0

190.107 65.800 122.064

2606 2607 2608 2609 2610 2611 2612 2613 2614 2615

Sodium metasilicate pentahydrate Sodium molybdate Sodium molybdate dihydrate Sodium molybdophosphate Sodium niobate Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite Sodium nitroferricyanide dihydrate Sodium orthovanadate Sodium oxalate

Na2SiO3 ∙ 5H2O Na2MoO4 Na2MoO4 ∙ 2H2O Na3PO4 ∙ 12MoO3 NaNbO3 NaNO3 NaNO2 Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] ∙ 2H2O Na3VO4 Na2C2O4

13517-24-3 7631-95-0 10102-40-6 1313-30-0 12034-09-2 7631-99-4 7632-00-0 13755-38-9 13721-39-6 62-76-0

212.140 205.92 241.95 1891.20 163.894 84.995 68.996 297.949 183.909 133.999

2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589 2590 2591 2592

6679X_S04.indb 90

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility

220 dec 52 dec 110 dec 260 dec

≈1.9 2.19

24.120 15.120

≈50 dec 996

1.46 2.78

2020 4.1325

s H2O; i EtOH i os i EtOH

1.92 3.31

94.925

sl EtOH

257.3 1083

1704 dec

dec 150

s H2O sl EtOH i EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH

s H2O, NH4OH vs H2O; i EtOH

3.09

5316 5316

s EtOH s EtOH; i eth i H2O

3.375 2.369

12920 1030

s EtOH, ace s EtOH, MeOH, ace

847

2.7

0.6720

425 dec ≈195 dec ≈50 dec

1.39

i EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH reac H2O, EtOH sl EtOH sl EtOH

1.87

5120 5120

2.20 2.08 1.7 ≈1.7

10.325 3.2520 11.825 11.825

i EtOH

≈35 dec

≈1.5

11.825

i EtOH

wh hyg cry wh monocl cry

≈315

2.43 2.10

28.525 28.525

reac EtOH

col rhomb cry yel hyg needles wh cry wh orth cry; hyg stab in aq soln pale grn orth cry wh orth cry wh cub cry; hyg hyg col monocl cry yel-brn hyg cry

350 55 dec

wh cry wh hex cry wh amorp solid; hyg wh pow col cub cry cry powder hyg solid rhom cry col hex cry; hyg wh orth cry; hyg red cry col hex prisms wh powder

323 anh form exp 18 422 661 69 dec

1.79

1388

1304

1.48 2.13 1.6 4.28 3.67 2.45

10025 79.925 9.4725 18425 3180

66.725 966 1089

1434

72 dec 687 100 dec 1422 306.5 284 860 ≈250 dec

>320 dec

2.46 2.61

≈3.5 ≈3.5 2.83 4.55 2.261 2.17 1.72

65.025 65.025

2.34

3.6125

91.225 84.825 4016

i EtOH

s H2O, EtOh, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O; sl EtOH s EtOH, MeOH s H2O i EtOH s EtOH, ace vs H2O i cold H2O, reac acid sl EtOH s H2O s cold H2O; reac hot H2O; i EtOH s H2O

vs H2O, EtOH i H2O sl EtOH, MeOH sl EtOH; reac acid sl EtOH s H2O; i EtOH i EtOH

3/24/08 1:36:49 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-91

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

2616 2617 2618 2619 2620 2621 2622 2623 2624 2625 2626 2627 2628 2629 2630 2631 2632 2633 2634 2635 2636 2637 2638 2639 2640

Sodium oxide Sodium perborate tetrahydrate Sodium perchlorate Sodium perchlorate monohydrate Sodium periodate Sodium periodate trihydrate Sodium permanganate trihydrate Sodium peroxide Sodium perrhenate Sodium persulfate Sodium phosphate Sodium phosphate dodecahydrate Sodium phosphate, chlorinated Sodium phosphide Sodium phosphinate Sodium phosphinate monohydrate Sodium phosphonate pentahydrate Sodium pyrophosphate Sodium selenate Sodium selenate decahydrate Sodium selenide Sodium selenite Sodium selenite pentahydrate Sodium stannate trihydrate Sodium stearate

Na2O NaBO3 ∙ 4H2O NaClO4 NaClO4 ∙ H2O NaIO4 NaIO4 ∙ 3H2O NaMnO4 ∙ 3H2O Na2O2 NaReO4 Na2S2O8 Na3PO4 Na3PO4 ∙ 12H2O Na3PO4 ∙ NaOCl Na3P NaH2PO2 NaH2PO2 ∙ H2O Na2HPO3 ∙ 5H2O Na4P2O7 Na2SeO4 Na2SeO4 ∙ 10H2O Na2Se Na2SeO3 Na2SeO3 ∙ 5H2O Na2SnO3 ∙ 3H2O NaC18H35O2

1313-59-3 7632-04-4 7601-89-0 7791-07-3 7790-28-5 13472-31-6 10101-50-5* 1313-60-6 13472-33-8 7775-27-1 7601-54-9 10101-89-0 56802-99-4 12058-85-4 7681-53-0 10039-56-2 13517-23-2 7722-88-5 13410-01-0 10102-23-5 1313-85-5 10102-18-8 26970-82-1 12209-98-2 822-16-2

61.979 153.861 122.441 140.456 213.892 267.938 195.972 77.979 273.195 238.105 163.940 380.124 238.383 99.943 87.979 105.994 216.036 265.902 188.94 369.09 124.94 172.94 184.054 266.734 306.460

wh amorp powder wh cry wh orth cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh tetr cry wh hex cry red-blk hyg cry yel hyg powder cry wh hyg cry col cry col hex cry wh cry red solid wh cry col hyg cry wh hex plates col cry col orth cry wh cry amorp solid wh tetr cry wh tetr cry col hex cry wh powder

2641 2642

Sodium succinate hexahydrate Sodium sulfate

Na2C4H4O4 ∙ 6H2O Na2SO4

150-90-3 7757-82-6

270.144 142.043

2643 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648 2649

Sodium sulfate heptahydrate Sodium sulfate decahydrate Sodium sulfide Sodium sulfide pentahydrate Sodium sulfide nonahydrate Sodium sulfite Sodium sulfite heptahydrate

Na2SO4 ∙ 7H2O Na2SO4 ∙ 10H2O Na2S Na2S ∙ 5H2O Na2S ∙ 9H2O Na2SO3 Na2SO3 ∙ 7H2O

13472-39-4 7727-73-3 1313-82-2 1313-83-3 1313-84-4 7757-83-7 10102-15-5

204.152 322.196 78.045 168.121 240.183 126.043 252.150

2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 2658 2659

Sodium superoxide Sodium tartrate dihydrate Sodium tellurate Sodium tellurite Sodium tetraborate Sodium tetraborate tetrahydrate Sodium tetraborate pentahydrate Sodium tetraborate decahydrate Sodium tetrachloroaluminate Sodium tetrachloroaurate(III) dihydrate Sodium tetrachloropalladate(II) trihydrate Sodium tetrachloroplatinate(II) tetrahydrate Sodium tetrafluoroberyllate Sodium tetrafluoroborate Sodium thioantimonate nonahydrate Sodium thiocyanate Sodium thiophosphate dodecahydrate Sodium thiosulfate Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate Sodium trimetaphosphate Sodium trimetaphosphate hexahydrate Sodium tripolyphosphate Sodium tungstate Sodium tungstate dihydrate Sodium uranate(VI) monohydrate

NaO2 Na2C4H4O6 ∙ 2H2O Na2TeO4 Na2TeO3 Na2B4O7 Na2B4O7 ∙ 4H2O Na2B4O7 ∙ 5H2O Na2B4O7 ∙ 10H2O NaAlCl4 NaAuCl4 ∙ 2H2O

12034-12-7 6106-24-7 10101-83-4 10102-20-2 1330-43-4 12045-87-3 12045-88-4 1303-96-4 7784-16-9 13874-02-7

54.989 230.082 237.58 221.58 201.220 273.281 291.296 381.373 191.784 397.800

cry powder wh orth cry or powder wh cry col monocl cry wh cub cry; hyg col orth cry wh-yel hyg cry wh hex cry wh monocl cry; unstab yel cub cry

Na2PdCl4 ∙ 3H2O

13820-53-6

348.26

brn-red hyg cry

Na2PtCl4 ∙ 4H2O

10026-00-3

454.938

red prisms

100

Na2BeF4 NaBF4 Na3SbS4 ∙ 9H2O

13871-27-7 13755-29-8 10101-91-4

130.986 109.795 481.127

orth cry wh orth prisms yel cry

575 384 dec 108

NaSCN Na3PO3S ∙ 12H2O

540-72-7 10101-88-9

81.073 396.190

col hyg cry hex hyg leaflets

287 60

Na2S2O3 Na2S2O3 ∙ 5H2O Na3(PO3)3 Na3(PO3)3 ∙ 6H2O

7772-98-7 10102-17-7 7785-84-4 7785-84-4

158.108 248.184 305.885 413.976

100 dec ≈50 dec

Na5P3O10 Na2WO4 Na2WO4 ∙ 2H2O Na2U2O7 ∙ H2O

7758-29-4 13472-45-2 10213-10-2 13721-34-1

367.864 293.82 329.85 652.049

col monocl cry col cry wh cry tricl-rhom hyg prisms wh hyg powder wh rhom cry wh orth cry yel powder

2660 2661 2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 2667 2668 2669 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674

6679X_S04.indb 91

wh powder wh rhomb prisms col gl solid; hyg wh monocl cry hex cry wh monocl cry orth cry oran-yel rhom cry

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

1134 60 dec 482 dec ≈130 dec ≈300 dec 175 dec 170 dec 675 300

2.27 2.52 2.02 3.86 3.22 2.47 2.805 5.39

20525 20525 14.425 14.425 14420

1583 ≈75

2.54 1.62

14.525 14.425 2525

>650 310 dec dec 200 988

2.53

>875

1.61 2.62

10025 10025 42920 7.0925 58.525 58.525

reac EtOH reac H2O vs H2O; reac EtOH s H2O i EtOH reac H2O s EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH

20 28.125

1.46 1.856 1.58 1.43 2.63 1.56

28.125 20.625 20.625 20.625 30.725 30.725

vs H2O i EtOH sl EtOH; i eth s EtOH; i eth sl EtOH; i eth i EtOH sl EtOH

6115

552

s acid

2.7

dec dec 140

dec 32 dec 1172 120 dec ≈50 dec 911

reac H2O reac H2O

reac H2O i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH, ace sl H2O, EtOH; vs hot H2O i EtOH i EtOH

89.825

120 dec 884

Qualitative solubility

2.2 1.545

reac H2O s H2O; i EtOH 0.8

743 dec 75 dec

1575

2.4 1.95 1.88 1.73 2.01

100 dec

3.1725 3.1725 3.1725 3.1725 15010

sl H2O sl MeOH

i EtOH s H2O s EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH

2.47 2.47 1.8

10820 2820

sl H2O sl EtOH i EtOH

15125 vs hot H2O

53

1.69 1.69 2.49 1.786

76.425 76.425 22 22

622 695 100 dec

4.18 3.25

2025 74.225 74.225

i EtOH i EtOH i EtOH

i EtOH i H2O; s acid

3/24/08 1:36:51 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-92 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

2675 2676 2677 2678 2679

Sodium vanadate(V) Sodium vanadate(V) tetrahydrate Strontium Strontium acetate Strontium arsenite tetrahydrate

NaVO3 NaVO3 ∙ 4H2O Sr Sr(C2H3O2)2 Sr(AsO2)2 ∙ 4H2O

13718-26-8 13718-26-8 7440-24-6 543-94-2 10378-48-0

121.930 193.992 87.62 205.71 373.52

col monocl prisms 630 yel-wh cry powder silv-wh metal; cub 777 col hyg cry dec wh powder

2680

Strontium bromate monohydrate

Sr(BrO3)2 ∙ H2O

14519-18-7

361.44

2681 2682 2683 2684 2685 2686 2687 2688 2689 2690

SrBr2 SrBr2 ∙ 6H2O SrC2 SrCO3 Sr(ClO3)2 SrCl2 SrCl2 ∙ 6H2O SrCrO4 Sr(CN)2 ∙ 4H2O SrFe(CN)6 ∙ 15H2O

10476-81-0 7789-53-9 12071-29-3 1633-05-2 7791-10-8 10476-85-4 10025-70-4 7789-06-2 52870-08-3 14654-44-5

247.43 355.52 111.64 147.63 254.52 158.53 266.62 203.61 211.72 569.80

2691

Strontium bromide Strontium bromide hexahydrate Strontium carbide Strontium carbonate Strontium chlorate Strontium chloride Strontium chloride hexahydrate Strontium chromate Strontium cyanide dihydrate Strontium ferrocyanide pentadecahydrate Strontium fluoride

yel hyg monocl cry wh tetr cry col hyg cry blk tetr cry wh orth cry; hyg col cry wh cub cry; hyg col hyg cry yel monocl cry wh hyg cry yel monocl cry

SrF2

7783-48-4

125.62

2692 2693 2694 2695 2696 2697 2698 2699

Strontium formate Strontium formate dihydrate Strontium hexaboride Strontium hydride Strontium hydroxide Strontium iodate Strontium iodide Strontium iodide hexahydrate

Sr(CHO2)2 Sr(CHO2)2 ∙ 2H2O SrB6 SrH2 Sr(OH)2 Sr(IO3)2 SrI2 SrI2 ∙ 6H2O

592-89-2 6160-34-5 12046-54-7 13598-33-9 18480-07-4 13470-01-4 10476-86-5 73796-25-5

177.66 213.69 152.49 89.64 121.64 437.43 341.43 449.52

2700 2701 2702 2703 2704

Strontium molybdate Strontium niobate Strontium nitrate Strontium nitride Strontium nitrite

SrMoO4 SrNb2O6 Sr(NO3)2 Sr3N2 Sr(NO2)2

13470-04-7 12034-89-8 10042-76-9 12033-82-8 13470-06-9

247.56 369.43 211.63 290.87 179.63

2705 2706 2707 2708 2709 2710 2711 2712 2713 2714 2715 2716 2717 2718 2719 2720 2721 2722 2723

Strontium orthosilicate Strontium oxalate monohydrate Strontium oxide Strontium perchlorate Strontium permanganate trihydrate Strontium peroxide Strontium phosphate Strontium selenate Strontium selenide Strontium silicide Strontium sulfate Strontium sulfide Strontium sulfite Strontium telluride Strontium thiosulfate pentahydrate Strontium titanate Strontium tungstate Strontium zirconate Sulfur (rhombic)

Sr2SiO4 SrC2O4 ∙ H2O SrO Sr(ClO4)2 Sr(MnO4)2 ∙ 3H2O SrO2 Sr3(PO4)2 SrSeO4 SrSe SrSi2 SrSO4 SrS SrSO3 SrTe SrS2O3 ∙ 5H2O SrTiO3 SrWO4 SrZrO3 S

13597-55-2 814-95-9 1314-11-0 13450-97-0 14446-13-0 1314-18-7 7446-28-8 7446-21-1 1315-07-7 12138-28-2 7759-02-6 1314-96-1 13451-02-0 12040-08-3 15123-90-7 12060-59-2 13451-05-3 12036-39-4 7704-34-9

267.32 193.65 103.62 286.52 379.54 119.62 452.80 230.58 166.58 143.79 183.68 119.69 167.68 215.22 289.82 183.49 335.46 226.84 32.065

2724

Sulfur (monoclinic)

S

7704-34-9

32.065

2725 2726 2727 2728 2729 2730

Sulfuric acid Peroxysulfuric acid Nitrosylsulfuric acid Chlorosulfonic acid Fluorosulfonic acid Sulfurous acid

H2SO4 H2SO5 HNOSO4 SO2(OH)Cl SO2(OH)F H2SO3

7664-93-9 7722-86-3 7782-78-7 7790-94-5 7789-21-1 7782-99-2

98.079 114.078 127.077 116.524 100.069 82.079

2731 2732

Sulfamic acid Sulfur dioxide

H2NSO3H SO2

5329-14-6 7446-09-5

97.094 64.064

6679X_S04.indb 92

wh cub cry or powder wh cry col rhom cry blk cub cry orth cry col orth cry; hyg tricl cry wh hyg cry wh-yel hex cry; hyg wh cry pow monocl cry wh cub cry refrac solid wh-yel hyg needles orth cry cry pow col cub cry col hyg cry purp cub cry wh tetr cry; unstab wh powder orth cry wh cub cry silv-gray cub cry wh orth cry gray cub cry col cry wh cub cry monocl needles wh cub cry col tetr cry col cry yel orth cry yel monocl needles, stable 95.3-120 col oily liq wh cry; unstab prisms col-yel liq col liq exists only in aq soln orth cry col gas

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility

2125 2125

1382

2.64 2.1

4025

120 dec

3.773

39.025

657 88 dec >1700 1494 120 dec 874 100 dec dec dec

4.216

10725 10725

1250

3.19 3.785 3.15 3.052 1.96 3.9

0.0003420 17625 54.725 54.725 0.10620

reac H2O; s EtOH vs H2O sl H2O, EtOH; sol dil acid

s EtOH; i eth i H2O s dil acid sl EtOH s EtOH s dil acid vs H2O

50 1477 71.9 100 dec 2235 1050 535 538 120 dec

2460

710 dec 1773 dec

1040 1225 570 1200 240 dec

4.24

0.02125

2.693 2.25 3.39 3.26 3.625 5.045 4.55 4.4

9.10 9.137

2.2525 0.16525 17725 17725

4.54 5.11 2.99

80.225

2.8

72.130

s dil acid

i EtOH, eth i H2O; s HNO3 reac H2O

s EtOH i H2O i H2O sl EtOH, ace reac H2O; s HCl s H2O

4.5 dec 150 2531

0.0000520 5.1

175 dec 215 dec

2.75 4.78 4.25 4.54 3.35 3.96 3.70

1600 1100 1606 2226 dec 100 dec 2080 dec 2600 95.3 (trans to monocl) 115.21

30625 25018 0.00001120 0.11520

0.013525 0.001525

4.83 2.17 5.1 6.187 444.61

2.07

444.61

2.00

10.31 45 dec 73 dec -80 -89

337

1.8302

152 163

1.75 1.726

≈205 dec -75.5

-10.05

2.15 2.619 g/L

36.325 0.1415

sl dil acid reac H2O s EtOH, MeOH reac H2O s acid s hot HCl

i EtOH; sl acid sl H2O; s acid s H2SO4, HCl i EtOH i H2O i EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, eth; s CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, eth; s CS2 vs H2O vs H2O reac H2O; s H2SO4 reac H2O; s py reac H2O

14.70

sl ace; i eth s H2O, EtOh, eth, chl

3/24/08 1:36:53 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-93

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

2733 2734 2735 2736 2737

Sulfur trioxide Sulfur trioxide (γ-form) Sulfur trioxide (β-form) Sulfur bromide (SSBr2) Sulfur chloride (SSCl2)

SO3 SO3 SO3 SSBr2 SSCl2

7446-11-9 7446-11-9 7446-11-9 13172-31-1 10025-67-9

80.063 80.063 80.063 223.938 135.036

wh needles col solid or liq wh needles red oily liq yel-red oily liq

62.2 16.8 30.5 -46 -77

subl 44.5 44.5 >25 dec 137

2738 2739 2740 2741 2742 2743 2744 2745

Sulfur fluoride (SSF2) Sulfur fluoride (FSSF) Sulfur dichloride Sulfur tetrafluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur bromide pentafluoride Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Sulfur decafluoride

SSF2 FSSF SCl2 SF4 SF6 SF5Br SF5Cl S2F10

16860-99-4 13709-35-8 10545-99-0 7783-60-0 2551-62-4 15607-89-3 13780-57-9 5714-22-7

102.127 102.127 102.971 108.059 146.055 206.961 162.510 254.114

col gas col gas red visc liq col gas col gas col gas col gas liq

-164.6 -133 -122 -125 -49.596 tp -79 -64 -52.7

4.174 g/L 4.174 g/L 1.62 4.417 g/L 5.970 g/L 8.459 g/L 6.642 g/L 2.08

2746 2747

Sulfuryl amide Sulfuryl chloride

(NH2)2SO2 SO2Cl2

7803-58-9 7791-25-5

96.109 134.970

orth plates col liq

93 -51

-10.6 15 59.6 -40.45 -63.8 sp 3.1 -19.05 30; dec 150 250 dec 69.4

2748

Sulfuryl fluoride

SO2F2

2699-79-8

102.061

col gas

-135.8

-55.4

4.172 g/L

2749 2750 2751 2752 2753

Sulfuryl bromide fluoride Sulfuryl chloride fluoride Pyrosulfuryl chloride Thionyl bromide Thionyl chloride

SO2BrF SO2ClF S2O5Cl2 SOBr2 SOCl2

13536-61-3 13637-84-8 7791-27-7 507-16-4 7719-09-7

162.966 118.515 215.033 207.872 118.970

col liq col gas col fuming liq yel liq yel fuming liq

-86 -124.7 -37 -50 -101

41 7.1 151 140 75.6

2754 2755 2756 2757 2758 2759 2760 2761 2762

Thionyl fluoride Sulfur fluoride oxide (SOF4) Sulfur fluoride hypofluorite Tetrasulfur tetranitride Tantalum Tantalum aluminide Tantalum boride (TaB) Tantalum boride (TaB2) Tantalum carbide (TaC)

SOF2 SOF4 F5SOF S4N4 Ta TaAl3 TaB TaB2 TaC

7783-42-8 13709-54-1 15179-32-5 28950-34-7 7440-25-7 12004-76-1 12007-07-7 12007-35-1 12070-06-3

86.061 124.058 162.054 184.287 180.948 261.893 191.759 202.570 192.959

-129.5 -99.6 -86 178.2 3017 ≈1400 2040 3100 3880

-43.8 -48.5 -35.1 subl 5458

2763 2764 2765

Tantalum carbide (Ta2C) Tantalum hydride Tantalum nitride

Ta2C TaH TaN

12070-07-4 13981-95-8 12033-62-4

373.907 181.956 194.955

col gas col gas col gas yel-oran cry gray metal; cub gray refrac powder refrac orth cry blk hex cry gold-brown powder; cub refrac hex cry gray metallic solid blk hex cry

2766 2767 2768 2769 2770 2771 2772 2773 2774 2775 2776 2777

Tantalum silicide Tantalum(III) bromide Tantalum(III) chloride Tantalum(IV) bromide Tantalum(IV) chloride Tantalum(IV) iodide Tantalum(IV) oxide Tantalum(IV) selenide Tantalum(IV) sulfide Tantalum(IV) telluride Tantalum(V) bromide Tantalum(V) chloride

TaSi2 TaBr3 TaCl3 TaBr4 TaCl4 TaI4 TaO2 TaSe2 TaS2 TaTe2 TaBr5 TaCl5

12039-79-1 13842-73-4 13569-67-0 13842-76-7 13569-72-7 14693-80-2 12036-14-5 12039-55-3 12143-72-5 12067-66-2 13451-11-1 7721-01-9

237.119 420.660 287.307 500.564 322.760 688.566 212.947 338.87 245.078 436.15 580.468 358.213

2778

Tantalum(V) fluoride

TaF5

7783-71-3

275.940

2779 2780

Tantalum(V) iodide Tantalum(V) oxide

TaI5 Ta2O5

14693-81-3 1314-61-0

815.470 441.893

2781 2782 2783 2784

Technetium Technetium(V) fluoride Technetium(VI) fluoride Tellurium

Tc TcF5 TcF6 Te

7440-26-8 31052-14-9 13842-93-8 13494-80-9

98 193 212 127.60

2785 2786

Telluric(VI) acid Tellurous acid

H6TeO6 H2TeO3

7803-68-1 10049-23-7

2787 2788

Tellurium dioxide Tellurium trioxide

TeO2 TeO3

7446-07-3 13451-18-8

6679X_S04.indb 93

4780

3327

2200 dec 220 dec 440 392 dec 300 400 dec

229.64 177.61

136 40 dec

159.60 175.60

wh orth cry yel-oran cry

733 430

Solubility g/100 g H20

1.90 2.63 1.69

Qualitative solubility reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth, ctc reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O sl H2O; s EtOH

i H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH reac H2O; s bz, tol, eth sl H2O, EtOH; s tol, ctc reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O; s bz, ctc, chl reac H2O; s bz, eth reac H2O

1.680

1.620 1.837 1.631 3.518 g/L 1.95-82 6.624 g/L

i H2O; reac alk, acid reac HF i H2O, acid, alk

16.4 7.02 14.2 11.2 14.3

i H2O, acid, alk s HF-HNO3 mixture

15.1 15.1 13.7

3090

gray powder gray-grn solid blk-grn solid dark blue solid dark grn solid gray-blk solid tetr cry hex cry blk hex cry monocl cry yel cry powder yel-wh monocl cry; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg blk hex cry; hyg wh rhomb cry or powder hex cry yel solid yel cub cry gray-wh rhomb cry wh monocl cry wh cry

Density g cm–3

i acid i H2O; sl aqua regia; reac alk

9.14

subl

5.77 4.35

265.8 216.6

348.8 239

10.0 6.7 6.86 9.4 4.67 3.68

96.9

229.5

4.74

496 1875

543

5.80 8.24

2157 50 37.4 449.51

4265 dec 55.3 988

11

>3000

i H2O

reac H2O; s EtOH s H2O, eth; sl CS2, ctc reac H2O i H2O, EtOH, acid; s HF

3.0 6.232 3.07 3.0

1245

s H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

5.9 5.07

i H2O, bz, CS2 50.130 sl H2O; s dil acid, alk i H2O; s alk, acid i H2O

3/24/08 1:36:55 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-94 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

bp/°C

2789

Tellurium dibromide

TeBr2

7789-54-0

287.41

grn-brn hyg cry

210

339

2790

Tellurium dichloride

TeCl2

10025-71-5

198.51

208

328

6.9

2791

Tellurium tetrabromide

TeBr4

10031-27-3

447.22

380

≈420 dec

4.3

reac H2O; s eth

2792

Tellurium tetrachloride

TeCl4

10026-07-0

269.41

224

387

3.0

2793 2794 2795 2796 2797 2798 2799 2800 2801 2802 2803 2804 2805 2806 2807 2808 2809 2810 2811 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817 2818 2819 2820 2821 2822 2823 2824 2825 2826 2827 2828 2829 2830 2831 2832

Tellurium tetrafluoride Tellurium decafluoride Tellurium tetraiodide Tellurium hexafluoride Terbium Terbium nitride Terbium silicide Terbium(III) bromide Terbium(III) chloride Terbium(III) chloride hexahydrate Terbium(III) iodide Terbium(III) nitrate Terbium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Terbium(III) oxide Terbium(III) sulfate octahydrate Terbium(III) sulfide Terbium(III) fluoride Terbium(IV) fluoride Thallium Thallium(I) acetate Thallium(I) azide Thallium(I) bromate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) carbonate Thallium(I) chlorate Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) chromate Thallium(I) cyanide Thallium(I) ethanolate Thallium(I) fluoride Thallium(I) formate Thallium(I) hexafluorophosphate Thallium(I) hydroxide Thallium(I) iodate Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) molybdate Thallium(I) nitrate Thallium(I) nitrite Thallium(I) oxalate Thallium(I) oxide

TeF4 Te2F10 TeI4 TeF6 Tb TbN TbSi2 TbBr3 TbCl3 TbCl3 ∙ 6H2O TbI3 Tb(NO3)3 Tb(NO3)3 ∙ 6H2O Tb2O3 Tb2(SO4)3 ∙ 8H2O Tb2S3 TbF3 TbF4 Tl TlC2H3O2 TlN3 TlBrO3 TlBr Tl2CO3 TlClO3 TlCl Tl2CrO4 TlCN TlC2H5O TlF TlCHO2 TlPF6 TlOH TlIO3 TlI Tl2MoO4 TlNO3 TlNO2 Tl2C2O4 Tl2O

15192-26-4 53214-07-6 7790-48-9 7783-80-4 7440-27-9 12033-64-6 12039-80-4 14456-47-4 10042-88-3 13798-24-8 13813-40-6 10043-27-3 13451-19-9 12036-41-8 13842-67-6 12138-11-3 13708-63-9 36781-15-4 7440-28-0 563-68-8 13847-66-0 14550-84-6 7789-40-4 6533-73-9 13453-30-0 7791-12-0 13473-75-1 13453-34-4 20398-06-5 7789-27-7 992-98-3 60969-19-9 12026-06-1 14767-09-0 7790-30-9 34128-09-1 10102-45-1 13826-63-6 30737-24-7 1314-12-1

203.59 445.18 635.22 241.59 158.925 172.932 215.096 398.637 265.284 373.375 539.638 344.940 453.031 365.849 750.161 414.046 215.920 234.919 204.383 263.427 246.403 332.285 284.287 468.776 287.834 239.836 524.761 230.401 249.443 223.381 249.401 349.347 221.390 379.285 331.287 568.71 266.388 250.389 496.786 424.766

129 -33.7 280 -37.6 tp 1359

195 dec 59

reac H2O; s EtOH, tol reac H2O

5.05 9.875 g/L 8.23 9.55 6.66

reac H2O; sl ace reac H2O

2833 2834 2835 2836 2837 2838 2839 2840 2841 2842 2843 2844 2845 2846 2847

Thallium(I) perchlorate Thallium(I) selenate Thallium(I) selenide Thallium(I) sulfate Thallium(I) sulfide Thallium(III) acetate Thallium(III) bromide tetrahydrate Thallium(III) chloride Thallium(III) chloride tetrahydrate Thallium(III) fluoride Thallium(III) nitrate Thallium(III) oxide Thallium(III) sulfate Thallium selenide Thorium

TlClO4 Tl2SeO4 Tl2Se Tl2SO4 Tl2S Tl(C2H3O2)3 TlBr3 ∙ 4H2O TlCl3 TlCl3 ∙ 4H2O TlF3 Tl(NO3)3 Tl2O3 Tl2(SO4)3 TlSe Th

13453-40-2 7446-22-2 15572-25-5 7446-18-6 1314-97-2 2570-63-0 13701-90-1 13453-32-2 13453-32-2* 7783-57-5 13746-98-0 1314-32-5 16222-66-5 12039-52-0 7440-29-1

303.834 551.73 487.73 504.830 440.832 381.514 516.157 310.742 382.804 261.378 390.398 456.765 696.955 283.34 232.038

2848 2849 2850

Thorium hydride Thorium boride Thorium(IV) bromide

ThH2 ThB6 ThBr4

16689-88-6 12229-63-9 13453-49-1

234.054 296.904 551.654

blk amorp solid; hyg yel-oran monocl cry wh monocl cry; hyg col cry col liq blk orth cry col gas silv metal; hex cub cry orth cry wh hex cry wh orth cry; hyg hyg cry hex cry; hyg pink hyg solid col needles wh cub cry wh cry cub cry wh solid wh monocl cry soft blue-wh metal hyg wh cry yel cry col needles yel cub cry wh monocl cry col hex cry wh cub cry yel cry wh hex plates cloudy liq wh orth cry hyg col needles wh cub cry yel needles wh needles yel cry powder yel-wh cub cry wh cry yel cub cry wh powder blk rhomb cry; hyg col orth cry orth cry gray plates wh rhomb prisms blue-blk cry hyg wh platelets yel orth cry monocl cry orth cry wh orth cry; hyg col cry brn cub cry col leaflets blk solid soft gray-wh metal; cub tetr cry refrac solid wh hyg cry

reac H2O; s eth; sl chl reac H2O; i ctc

6679X_S04.indb 94

830 582

-38.9 sp 3230

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

1490 4.35 4.35 ≈5.2

955

15725 89 2303 dec 360

Qualitative solubility

s H2O s H2O vs H2O s H2O s EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace

7.91 sl H2O 6.35

1175 dec 300 304 131 334 120 dec 460 273 dec 500 431

-3 326 101

2280 1473

11.8 3.68

exp 819

720

130 dec 826

139 dec

7.5 7.11 5.5 7.0 6.523 3.49 8.36 4.97 4.6 7.44

0.4930 0.05920 4.6920 3.9220 0.3320 0.00320

24525

34.318 0.058 0.008520

824

7.1

206 186

450 dec

9.5520 32.125 1.8320

579

≈1080

5.55 5.7 6.31 9.52 4.89 6.875

19.730 2.820

6.77 8.39

5.4725 0.0220

1367

550 dec

3.65 4.7 3.00 8.65

834

10.2

155

330 1750

2450 679

4788

i EtOH i EtOH sl acid, alk s H2O, acid, EtOH reac H2O vs H2O; s MeOH

441.7

501 >400 340 632 457 182 dec

i H2O i H2O i H2O; reac acid s H2O, EtOH s H2O s EtOH

sl HNO3 i EtOH i H2O s H2O; i EtOH s H2O s H2O, EtOH

i EtOH, eth i H2O, acid sl alk; s acid s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O reac H2O reac H2O i H2O; reac acid reac H2O i H2O, acid s acid

11.7 9.5 6.99 6520

3/24/08 1:36:57 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-95

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

2851 2852 2853

Thorium carbide Thorium dicarbide Thorium(IV) chloride

ThC ThC2 ThCl4

12012-16-7 12071-31-7 10026-08-1

244.049 256.059 373.850

2854

Thorium(IV) fluoride

ThF4

13709-59-6

308.032

2855 2856 2857 2858 2859 2860 2861 2862 2863 2864 2865 2866 2867 2868 2869 2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876 2877 2878 2879

Thorium(IV) iodide Thorium(IV) nitrate Thorium(IV) nitrate tetrahydrate Thorium nitride Thorium(IV) oxide Thorium(IV) selenide Thorium orthosilicate Thorium silicide Thorium(IV) sulfate nonahydrate Thorium(IV) sulfide Thulium Thulium(II) bromide Thulium(II) chloride Thulium(II) iodide Thulium(III) bromide Thulium(III) chloride Thulium(III) chloride heptahydrate Thulium(III) fluoride Thulium(III) hydroxide Thulium(III) iodide Thulium(III) nitrate Thulium(III) nitrate pentahydrate Thulium(III) oxalate hexahydrate Thulium(III) oxide Tin (gray)

ThI4 Th(NO3)4 Th(NO3)4 ∙ 4H2O ThN ThO2 ThSe2 ThSiO4 ThSi2 Th(SO4)2 ∙ 9H2O ThS2 Tm TmBr2 TmCl2 TmI2 TmBr3 TmCl3 TmCl3 ∙ 7H2O TmF3 Tm(OH)3 TmI3 Tm(NO3)3 Tm(NO3)3 ∙ 5H2O Tm2(C2O4)3 ∙ 6H2O Tm2O3 Sn

7790-49-0 13823-29-5 13470-07-0 12033-65-7 1314-20-1 60763-24-8 14553-44-7 12067-54-8 10381-37-0 12138-07-7 7440-30-4 64171-97-7 22852-11-5 60864-26-8 14456-51-0 13537-18-3 13778-39-7 13760-79-7 1311-33-7 13813-43-9 14985-19-4 36548-87-5 26677-68-9 12036-44-1 7440-31-5

739.656 480.058 552.119 246.045 264.037 389.96 324.122 288.209 586.301 296.168 168.934 328.742 239.840 422.743 408.646 275.293 401.400 225.929 219.956 549.647 354.949 445.025 710.016 385.866 118.710

cub cry yel monocl cry gray-wh tetr needles; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg wh-yel monocl cry hyg wh plates wh hyg cry refrac cub cry wh cub cry orth cry brn tetr cry tetr cry wh monocl cry dark brn cry silv metal; hex dark grn solid red or grn cry blk hyg solid wh hyg cry yel hyg cry hyg cry wh cry wh or grn prec yel hyg cry grn hyg solid grn hyg cry grn solid grn-wh cub cry cub cry

2880 2881 2882 2883 2884 2885 2886 2887 2888

Tin (white) Stannane Methylstannane (Dimethylamino)trimethystannane Tin monophosphide Tin triphosphide Tin(II) acetate Tin(II) bromide Tin(II) chloride

Sn SnH4 SnH3CH3 Sn(CH3)3N(CH3)2 SnP Sn4P3 Sn(C2H3O2)2 SnBr2 SnCl2

7440-31-5 2406-52-2 1631-78-3 993-50-0 25324-56-5 12286-33-8 638-39-1 10031-24-0 7772-99-8

118.710 122.742 136.769 207.890 149.684 567.761 236.799 278.518 189.616

silv tetr cry unstab col gas col gas liq dull metallic solid wh cry wh orth cry yel powder wh orth cry

2889

Tin(II) chloride dihydrate

SnCl2 ∙ 2H2O

10025-69-1

225.647

wh monocl cry

37 dec

2890

Tin(II) fluoride

SnF2

7783-47-3

156.707

215

2891 2892 2893 2894 2895 2896 2897 2898 2899 2900 2901 2902 2903

Tin(II) hexafluorozirconate Tin(II) hydroxide Tin(II) iodide Tin(II) oxalate Tin(II) oxide Tin(II) pyrophosphate Tin(II) selenide Tin(II) sulfate Tin(II) sulfide Tin(II) tartrate Tin(II) telluride Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) chloride

SnZrF6 Sn(OH)2 SnI2 SnC2O4 SnO Sn2P2O7 SnSe SnSO4 SnS SnC4H4O6 SnTe SnBr4 SnCl4

12419-43-1 12026-24-3 10294-70-9 814-94-8 21651-19-4 15578-26-4 1315-06-6 7488-55-3 1314-95-0 815-85-0 12040-02-7 7789-67-5 7646-78-8

323.924 152.725 372.519 206.729 134.709 411.363 197.67 214.773 150.775 266.781 246.31 438.326 260.522

wh monocl cry; hyg cry wh amorp solid red-oran powder wh powder blue-blk tetr cry wh amorp powder gray orth cry wh orth cry gray orth cry wh cry powder gray cub cry wh cry col fuming liq

806 29.1 -34.07

2904 2905 2906 2907

Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate Tin(IV) chromate Tin(IV) fluoride Tin(IV) iodide

SnCl4 ∙ 5H2O Sn(CrO4)2 SnF4 SnI4

10026-06-9 38455-77-5 7783-62-2 7790-47-8

350.598 350.697 194.704 626.328

wh-yel cry brn-yel cry powder wh tetr cry yel-brn cub cry

56 dec dec 442 143

2908

Tin(IV) oxide

SnO2

18282-10-5

150.709

gray tetr cry

1630

6.85

2909

Tin(IV) selenide

SnSe2

20770-09-6

276.63

red-brn cry

650

≈5.0

6679X_S04.indb 95

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

2500 ≈2650 770

921

10.6 9.0 4.59

1110

1680

6.1

566 55 dec 500 dec 2820 3350

837

Physical form mp/°C

1850 dec 1905 1545 619 718 756 954 845

Solubility g/100 g H20

19120 4400

1950

11.6 10.0 8.5 6.7 7.9 2.8 7.30 9.32

reac H2O reac H2O s H2O s H2O s H2O, EtOH s H2O i H2O 21225

3945 2602

8.6 5.769

2602 -51.8 1.4 126

7.287 5.017 g/L 5.590 g/L 1.22

subl 639 623

5.2 2.31 5.12 3.90

850 17810

2.71

17810

850

714

4.57

1210

5.28 3.56 6.45 4.009 6.18 4.15 5.08

205 114.15

6.5 3.34 2.234 2.04

705 subl 364.35

4.78 4.46

s EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace s alk oxalates sl acid

reac H2O reac H2O

4.21 320 280 dec 1080 dec 400 dec 861 378 dec 881

vs H2O, EtOH s EtOH reac H2O i H2O, alk; sl acid

i H2O; s acid s dil acid

1021

1 540 ≈550 183 215 247.0

reac H2O reac H2O s H2O, EtOH

4.220

1158

dec 50 2341 trans to wh Sn 13.2 231.93 -146

Qualitative solubility

0.9820

18.819

s dil HCl s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, ace, eth; i xyl s EtOH, NaOH; vs HCl s H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl s H2O s bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; s dil HCl i H2O, EtOH; s acid i H2O; s conc acid i H2O; s aqua regia i H2O; s conc acid s H2O, dil HCl vs H2O; s EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH, ctc, bz, ace vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, eth i H2O, EtOH; s hot conc alk i H2O; s alk, conc acid

3/24/08 1:36:59 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-96 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

2910 2911

Tin(IV) selenite Tin(IV) sulfide

Sn(SeO3)2 SnS2

7446-25-5 1315-01-1

372.63 182.840

cry powder gold-yel hex cry

600 dec

2912 2913

Titanium Titanocene dichloride

Ti Ti(C5H5)2Cl2

7440-32-6 1271-19-8

47.867 248.959

gray metal; hex red cry

1668 289

2914 2915

Titanium hydride Titanium boride

TiH2 TiB2

7704-98-5 12045-63-5

49.883 69.489

≈450 dec 3225

3.75 4.38

2916 2917 2918 2919

Titanium carbide Titanium nitride Titanium phosphide Titanium silicide

TiC TiN TiP TiSi2

12070-08-5 25583-20-4 12037-65-9 12039-83-7

59.878 61.874 78.841 104.038

gray-blk powder gray refrac solid; hex cub cry yel-brn cub cry gray hex cry blk orth cry

3067 2947 1990 1500

4.93 5.21 4.08 4.0

2920 2921

Titanium(II) bromide Titanium(II) chloride

TiBr2 TiCl2

13783-04-5 10049-06-6

207.675 118.773

blk powder blk hex cryc

dec 400 1035

2922 2923 2924 2925 2926

Titanium(II) iodide Titanium(II) oxide Titanium(II) sulfide Titanium(III) bromide Titanium(III) chloride

TiI2 TiO TiS TiBr3 TiCl3

13783-07-8 12137-20-1 12039-07-5 13135-31-4 7705-07-9

301.676 63.866 79.932 287.579 154.226

dec 400 1770 1927 dec 400 425 dec

2927 2928 2929 2930

Titanium(III) fluoride Titanium(III) iodide Titanium(III) oxide Titanium(III) sulfate

TiF3 TiI3 Ti2O3 Ti2(SO4)3

13470-08-1 13783-08-9 1344-54-3 10343-61-0

104.862 428.580 143.732 383.922

blk hex cry yel cub cry brn hex cry viol hex cry red-viol hex cry; hyg viol hex cry viol cry blk hex cry grn cry

2931 2932 2933

Titanium(III) sulfide Titanium(III,IV) oxide Titanium(IV) bromide

Ti2S3 Ti3O5 TiBr4

12039-16-6 12065-65-5 7789-68-6

191.929 223.598 367.483

2934 2935

Titanium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) fluoride

TiCl4 TiF4

7550-45-0 7783-63-3

189.679 123.861

blk hex cry blk monocl cry yel-oran cub cry; hyg col or yel liq wh hyg powder

2936 2937 2938 2939

Titanium(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) oxide (anatase) Titanium(IV) oxide (brookite) Titanium(IV) oxide (rutile)

TiI4 TiO2 TiO2 TiO2

7720-83-4 1317-70-0 12188-41-9 1317-80-2

555.485 79.866 79.866 79.866

red hyg powder brn tetr cry wh orth cry wh tetr cry

2940

TiOSO4 ∙ H2O

13825-74-6*

177.944

col orth cry

2941 2942

Titanium(IV) oxysulfate monohydrate Titanium(IV) sulfate Titanium(IV) sulfide

Ti(SO4)2 TiS2

13693-11-3 12039-13-3

239.992 111.997

2943

Tungsten

W

7440-33-7

183.84

2944 2945 2946 2947 2948 2949 2950 2951 2952 2953 2954

Tungstic acid Tungsten boride (W2B) Tungsten boride (WB) Tungsten boride (W2B5) Tungsten carbide (W2C) Tungsten carbide (WC) Tungsten carbonyl Tungsten nitride (WN2) Tungsten nitride (W2N) Tungsten silicide (WSi2) Tungsten silicide (W5Si3)

H2WO4 W2B WB W2B5 W2C WC W(CO)6 WN2 W2N WSi2 W5Si3

7783-03-1 12007-10-2 12007-09-9 12007-98-6 12070-13-2 12070-12-1 14040-11-0 60922-26-1 12033-72-6 12039-88-2 12039-95-1

249.85 378.49 194.65 421.74 379.69 195.85 351.90 211.85 381.69 240.01 1003.46

2955 2956 2957 2958 2959 2960

Tungsten(II) bromide Tungsten(II) chloride Tungsten(II) iodide Tungsten(III) bromide Tungsten(III) chloride Tungsten(III) iodide

WBr2 WCl2 WI2 WBr3 WCl3 WI3

13470-10-5 13470-12-7 13470-17-2 15163-24-3 20193-56-0 15513-69-6

343.65 254.75 437.65 423.55 290.20 564.55

wh-yel hyg cry yel-brn hex cry; hyg gray-wh metal; cub yel amorp powder refrac blk powder blk refrac powder refrac solid refrac hex cry gray hex cry wh cry hex cry gray cub cry blue-gray tetr cry blue-gray refrac solid yel powder gray solid oran-brn cry blk hex cry red solid blk solid

2961 2962 2963

Tungsten(IV) bromide Tungsten(IV) chloride Tungsten(IV) fluoride

WBr4 WCl4 WF4

14055-81-3 13470-13-8 13766-47-7

503.46 325.65 259.83

blk orth cry blk hyg powder red-brn cry

6679X_S04.indb 96

bp/°C

Density g cm–3 4.5

3287

1500

3227

960

950 dec dec 350 1842

4.506 1.60

4.0 3.13 5.02 4.95 3.85

s hot HF i H2O, EtOH; s dil HCl

1.73 2.798

155 1560

377

1843

≈3000

4.3 3.9 4.17 4.17

reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH, py reac H2O

2.71

i H2O, dil acid; s conc acid reac H2O

3.37

s H2O s H2SO4

150 dec

19.3 5.5 16.0 15.2 11.0 14.8 15.6 2.65 7.7 17.8 9.3 14.4

5.44 6.79 subl

240 subl 450 dec dec 800

i H2O, acid, alk; s HF reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH; i chl, eth reac H2O

4.486

136.45 subl 284

dec 400 dec 500 dec 800 dec 180 550 dec dec r.t.

i H2O; s HNO3 i H2O; s aqua regia

i H2O, dil acid, alk

-24.12 377

subl

sl H2O, bz; s chl, EtOH, tol i H2O

2.98

233.5

100 dec 2670 2665 2370 ≈2800 2785 170 dec 600 dec dec 2160 2320

i H2O; s hot HCl i H2O; s alk, aqua regia

2.64

3.56 4.24 3.37

5555

Qualitative solubility

i H2O; s conc acid s H2O reac H2O

1777 38.3

3422

Solubility g/100 g H20

4.62

i H2O, acid; s alk i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O; s HNO3/HF i H2O; s os

i H2O

i H2O sl H2O i H2O i H2O reac H2O i H2O; s ace; sl EtOH, chl reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O; s MeCN; i bz, tol, ctc

3/24/08 1:37:01 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-97

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

2964

Tungsten(IV) iodide

WI4

14055-84-6

691.46

blk cry

dec

2965 2966 2967 2968 2969 2970 2971

Tungsten(IV) oxide Tungsten(IV) selenide Tungsten(IV) sulfide Tungsten(IV) telluride Tungsten(V) bromide Tungsten(V) chloride Tungsten(V) ethanolate

WO2 WSe2 WS2 WTe2 WBr5 WCl5 W(C2H5O)5

12036-22-5 12067-46-8 12138-09-9 12067-76-4 13470-11-6 13470-14-9 62571-53-3

215.84 341.76 247.97 439.04 583.36 361.11 409.14

brn monocl cry gray hex cry gray hex cry gray orth cry brn-blk hyg solid blk-grn hyg cry powder

≈1500 dec

2972 2973 2974 2975 2976

Tungsten(V) fluoride Tungsten(V) oxytribromide Tungsten(V) oxytrichloride Tungsten(VI) bromide Tungsten(VI) chloride

WF5 WOBr3 WOCl3 WBr6 WCl6

19357-83-6 20213-56-3 14249-98-0 13701-86-5 13283-01-7

278.83 439.55 306.20 663.26 396.56

yel solid dark brn tetr cry grn tetr cry blue-blk cry purp hex cry; hyg

dec 20

2977 2978 2979 2980

Tungsten(VI) dioxydibromide Tungsten(VI) dioxydichloride Tungsten(VI) dioxydiiodide Tungsten(VI) fluoride

WO2Br2 WO2Cl2 WO2I2 WF6

13520-75-7 13520-76-8 14447-89-3 7783-82-6

375.65 286.75 469.65 297.83

red cry yel orth cry grn monocl cry yel liq or col gas

265 400 dec 1.9

17.1

4.67 6.39 3.44

2981

Tungsten(VI) oxide

WO3

1314-35-8

231.84

yel powder

1473

≈1700

7.2

2982 2983 2984 2985 2986 2987 2988 2989 2990 2991 2992 2993 2994 2995 2996 2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002 3003

Tungsten(VI) oxytetrabromide Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride Tungsten(VI) sulfide Uranium Uranium boride (UB2) Uranium boride (UB4) Uranium carbide (UC) Uranium carbide (UC2) Uranium carbide (U2C3) Uranium nitride (UN) Uranium nitride (U2N3) Uranium(III) bromide Uranium(III) chloride Uranium(III) fluoride Uranium(III) hydride Uranium(III) iodide Uranium(IV) bromide Uranium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) iodide Uranium(IV) oxide

WOBr4 WOCl4 WOF4 WS3 U UB2 UB4 UC UC2 U2C3 UN U2N3 UBr3 UCl3 UF3 UH3 UI3 UBr4 UCl4 UF4 UI4 UO2

13520-77-9 13520-78-0 13520-79-1 12125-19-8 7440-61-1 12007-36-2 12007-84-0 12070-09-6 12071-33-9 12076-62-9 25658-43-9 12033-83-9 13470-19-4 10025-93-1 13775-06-9 13598-56-6 13775-18-3 13470-20-7 10026-10-5 10049-14-6 13470-22-9 1344-57-6

519.46 341.65 275.83 280.04 238.029 259.651 281.273 250.040 262.050 512.090 252.036 518.078 477.741 344.388 295.024 241.053 618.742 557.645 379.841 314.023 745.647 270.028

red tetr cry red hyg cry wh monocl cry brn powder silv-wh orth cry refrac solid refrac solid gray cub cry gray tetr cry gray cub cry gray cub cry cub cry red hyg cry grn hyg cry blk hex cry gray-blk cub cry blk hyg cry brn hyg cry grn octahed cry grn monocl cry blk hyg cry brn cub cry

277 210 105

327 230 185.9

≈5.5 11.92 5.07

1135 2430 2530 2790 2350 ≈1700 dec 2805 dec 727 837 1495

4131

19.1 12.7 9.32

3004 3005 3006 3007

Uranium(IV,V) oxide Uranium(V) bromide Uranium(V) chloride Uranium(V) fluoride

U4O9 UBr5 UCl5 UF5

12037-15-9 13775-16-1 13470-21-8 13775-07-0

1096.111 637.549 415.294 333.021

3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3014 3015

Uranium(V,VI) oxide Uranium(VI) chloride Uranium(VI) fluoride Uranium(VI) oxide Uranium(VI) oxide monohydrate Uranium peroxide dihydrate Uranyl acetate dihydrate Uranyl chloride

U3O8 UCl6 UF6 UO3 UO3 ∙ H2O UO4 ∙ 2H2O UO2(C2H3O2)2 ∙ 2H2O UO2Cl2

1344-59-8 13763-23-0 7783-81-5 1344-58-7 12326-21-5 19525-15-6 6159-44-0 7791-26-6

842.082 450.747 352.019 286.027 304.043 338.057 424.146 340.934

cub cry brn hyg cry brn hyg cry pale blue tetr cry; hyg grn-blk orth cry grn hex cry wh monocl solid oran-yel cry yel orth cry yel hyg cry ye cry (HOAc) yel orth cry; hyg

3016 3017

Uranyl fluoride Uranyl hydrogen phosphate tetrahydrate Uranyl nitrate Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate Uranyl sulfate Uranyl sulfate trihydrate Vanadium

UO2F2 UO2HPO4 ∙ 4H2O

13536-84-0 18433-48-2

308.025 438.068

yel hyg solid yel cry pow

UO2(NO3)2 UO2(NO3)2 ∙ 6H2O UO2SO4 UO2SO4 ∙ 3H2O V

10102-06-4 13520-83-7 1314-64-3 20910-28-5 7440-62-2

394.037 502.129 366.090 420.137 50.942

yel cry yel orth cry; hyg yel cry yel cry gray-wh metal; cub

3018 3019 3020 3021 3022

6679X_S04.indb 97

1250 dec 1020 286 253

309 282

bp/°C 1730

333 286 105(0.05 mmHg)

337

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

10.8 9.2 7.6 9.43

Qualitative solubility reac H2O; s EtOH; i eth chl i H2O, os i H2O, HCl, alk reac H2O reac H2O s EtAc

3.88

reac H2O

≈5.9 ≈4.6 6.9 3.52

reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, os

440 subl

766 519 590 1036 506 2847

4370

i H2O reac H2O; vs ctc, cyhex i H2O, os; sl acid; s alk reac H2O reac H2O; s bz, CS2 reac H2O sl H2O; s alk

i H2O

11.3 12.7 14.3 11.3

reac H2O; sl EtOH i H2O s H2O vs H2O; i bz, ctc i H2O; s acid

5.51 8.9 11.1

791 1417

4.72 6.7

0.0125

10.97

s H2O s H2O, EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH s conc acid, alk s H2O, EtOH i H2O, dil acid; s conc acid

11.2 287 348 1300 dec 177 64.06 tp

reac H2O reac H2O s H2O

5.81

56.5 sp

570 dec 115 dec 80 dec 577

8.38 3.6 5.09 ≈7.3 7.05

reac H2O; s ctc, chl i H2O; s acid

2.89

64.420

60

118 dec

2.81

1910

3407

3.28 6.0

i H2O sl EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, ace; i bz i bz i H2O; s acid

12725 12725

s eth s EtOH, eth

15216

sl EtOH i H2O; s acid

3/24/08 1:37:02 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-98 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

3023 3024 3025 3026 3027 3028 3029 3030 3031 3032 3033 3034

Vanadocene Vanadocene dichloride Vanadium boride (VB) Vanadium boride (VB2) Vanadium carbide (VC) Vanadium carbide (V2C) Vanadium carbonyl Vanadium nitride Vanadium silicide (VSi2) Vanadium silicide (V3Si) Vanadium(II) bromide Vanadium(II) chloride

V(C5H5)2 V(C5H5)2Cl2 VB VB2 VC V2C V(CO)6 VN VSi2 V3Si VBr2 VCl2

1277-47-0 12083-48-6 12045-27-1 12007-37-3 12070-10-9 12012-17-8 14024-00-1 24646-85-3 12039-87-1 12039-76-8 14890-41-6 10580-52-6

181.128 252.034 61.753 72.564 62.953 113.894 219.002 64.949 107.113 180.911 210.750 121.848

viol cry; hyg dark grn cry refrac solid refrac solid refrac blk cry; cub hex cry blue-grn cry; flam blk powder; cub metallic prisms cub cry oran-brn hex cry grn hex plates

167 205 dec 2250 2450 2810 2167 60 dec 2050

3035 3036 3037 3038 3039 3040

Vanadium(II) fluoride Vanadium(II) iodide Vanadium(II) oxide Vanadium(II) sulfate heptahydrate Vanadium(III) bromide Vanadium(III) chloride

VF2 VI2 VO VSO4 ∙ 7H2O VBr3 VCl3

13842-80-3 15513-84-5 12035-98-2 36907-42-3 13470-26-3 7718-98-1

88.939 304.751 66.941 273.111 290.654 157.301

1490

3041 3042 3043

Vanadium(III) fluoride Vanadium(III) fluoride trihydrate Vanadium(III) iodide

VF3 VF3 ∙ 3H2O VI3

10049-12-4 10049-12-4* 15513-94-7

107.937 161.983 431.655

3044 3045

Vanadium(III) oxide Vanadium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

V2O3 V(CH3COCHCOCH3)3

1314-34-7 13476-99-8

149.881 348.266

blue hyg cry red-viol hex cry gray-blk cry viol cry blk-grn hyg cry red-viol hex cry; hyg yel-grn hex cry grn rhomb cry brn-blk rhomb cry; hyg blk powder brn cry

3046 3047 3048 3049

Vanadium(III) sulfate Vanadium(III) sulfide Vanadium(IV) bromide Vanadium(IV) chloride

V2(SO4)3 V2S3 VBr4 VCl4

13701-70-7 1315-03-3 13595-30-7 7632-51-1

390.071 198.078 370.558 192.754

yel powder grn-blk powder unstab purp cry red-brn liq

≈400 dec dec -23 dec -28

3050 3051 3052 3053 3054 3055

Vanadium(IV) fluoride Vanadium(IV) oxide Vanadium(V) fluoride Vanadium(V) dioxide fluoride Vanadium(V) dioxide chloride Vanadium(V) oxide

VF4 VO2 VF5 VO2F VO2Cl V2O5

10049-16-8 12036-21-4 7783-72-4 14259-82-6 13759-30-3 1314-62-1

126.936 82.941 145.934 101.939 118.394 181.880

grn hyg powder blue-blk powder col liq brn hyg cry oran hyg cry yel-brn orth cry

325 dec 1967 19.5 350 dec dec 180 681

3056 3057 3058 3059 3060 3061 3062 3063 3064 3065

Vanadium(V) sulfide Vanadyl bromide Vanadyl chloride Vanadyl dibromide Vanadyl dichloride Vanadyl difluoride Vanadyl selenite hydrate Vanadyl sulfate dihydrate Vanadyl tribromide Vanadyl trichloride

V2S5 VOBr VOCl VOBr2 VOCl2 VOF2 VOSeO3 ∙ H2O VOSO4 ∙ 2H2O VOBr3 VOCl3

12138-17-9 13520-88-2 13520-87-1 13520-89-3 10213-09-9 13814-83-0 133578-89-9 27774-13-6 13520-90-6 7727-18-6

262.208 146.845 102.394 226.749 137.847 104.938 211.92 199.035 306.653 173.300

grn-blk pow viol cry brn orth cry yel-brn cry grn hyg cry yel cry grn tricl plates blue cry powder deep red liq fuming red-yel liq

dec 480 dec

3066 3067 3068 3069 3070

Vanadyl trifluoride Water Water-d2 Water-t2 Xenon

VOF3 H2O D2O T2O Xe

13709-31-4 7732-18-5 7789-20-0 14940-65-9 7440-63-3

123.936 18.015 20.027 22.032 131.293

yel hyg powder col liq col liq col liq col gas

3071 3072

Xenon trioxide Xenon tetroxide

XeO3 XeO4

13776-58-4 12340-14-6

179.291 195.291

3073 3074 3075 3076

Xenon difluoride Xenon tetrafluoride Xenon hexafluoride Xenon fluoride oxide

XeF2 XeF4 XeF6 XeOF2

13709-36-9 13709-61-0 13693-09-9 13780-64-8

169.290 207.287 245.283 185.289

3077 3078 3079 3080

Xenon oxytetrafluoride Xenon dioxydifluoride Xenon difluoride trioxide Xenon pentafluoride hexafluoroarsenate

XeOF4 XeO2F2 XeO3F2 XeF5AsF6

13774-85-1 13875-06-4 15192-14-0 20328-94-3

223.286 201.289 217.288 415.197

col orth cry yel solid or col gas; exp col tetr cry col monocl cry col monocl cry yel solid, stab <-25 col liq col orth cry unstab at r.t. wh monocl cry

6679X_S04.indb 98

bp/°C

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility s bz, thf s H2O, chl, EtOH i H2O

5.77

i H2O

6.13 4.42 5.70 4.58 3.23

i H2O; s aqua regia s HF

subl

1935 1350

Density g cm–3

800 subl 910 subl

subl 800

5.44 5.758

dec 500 500 dec

subl

4.00 3.00

1395 ≈100 dec dec 300

subl

3.363

1957 ≈185

≈3000 subl

1790

reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, eth reac H2O reac H2O s acid reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O, EtOH sl H2O reac H2O

5.21 4.87 ≈1.0

i H2O s MeOH, ace, bz chl sl H2O i H2O; s hot HCl

4.7 151

1.816

subl 48.3

3.15 4.339 2.50

1750

3.35 3.0

127 180 dec 380 dec

0.0725

reac H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O i H2O; s acid, alk reac H2O reac H2O s thf s conc acid, alk; i EtOH i H2O; s acid, alk

1.72 2.88

reac H2O; s EtOH

3.506 -59 -79

170 127

1.829

300 0.00 3.82 4.48 -111.745 tp (81.6 kPa) exp ≈25 -35.9

480 99.974 101.42 101.51 -108.09

2.459 0.997025 1.104425 1.213825 5.366 g/L

129.03 tp 117.10 tp 49.48 exp ≈0

114.35 sp 115.75 sp 75.6

-46.2 30.8 exp -54.1 130.5

s H2O reac H2O reac H2O; s MeOH, eth, ace reac H2O vs EtOH, MeOH, ace

sl H2O

4.55

s H2O

4.32 4.04 3.56

sl H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O

3.170 4.10

reac H2O

≈0 dec

exp 3.51

3/24/08 1:37:04 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-99

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

3081

XeF5RuF6

39796-98-0

441.35

grn orth cry

152

3.79

XeF3SbF6

39797-63-2

424.039

3.92

Xe2F3AsF6

50432-32-1

508.494

99

3.62

3084

Xenon fluoride hexafluororuthenate

XeFRuF6

22527-13-5

365.35

110

3.78

3085

XeFSb2F11

15364-10-0

602.794

63

3.69

XeF3Sb2F11

35718-37-7

640.791

yel-grn tricl cry

82

3.98

3087 3088 3089 3090 3091 3092 3093 3094 3095 3096 3097 3098 3099 3100 3101 3102 3103 3104 3105 3106 3107 3108 3109 3110

Xenon fluoride undecafluoroantimonate Xenon trifluoride undecafluoroantimonate Ytterbium Ytterbium silicide Ytterbium(II) bromide Ytterbium(II) chloride Ytterbium(II) fluoride Ytterbium(II) iodide Ytterbium(III) acetate tetrahydrate Ytterbium(III) bromide Ytterbium(III) chloride Ytterbium(III) chloride hexahydrate Ytterbium(III) fluoride Ytterbium(III) iodide Ytterbium(III) nitrate Ytterbium(III) oxide Ytterbium(III) sulfate octahydrate Yttrium Yttrium aluminum oxide Yttrium antimonide Yttrium arsenide Yttrium boride Yttrium bromide Yttrium carbide Yttrium carbonate trihydrate Yttrium chloride

yel-grn monocl cry yel-grn monocl cry yel-grn monocl cry yel monocl cry

≈110

3083

Xenon pentafluoride hexafluororuthenate Xenon fluoride hexafluoroantimonate Xenon fluoride hexafluoroarsenate

Yb YbSi2 YbBr2 YbCl2 YbF2 YbI2 Yb(C2H3O2)3 ∙ 4H2O YbBr3 YbCl3 YbCl3 ∙ 6H2O YbF3 YbI3 Yb(NO3)3 Yb2O3 Yb2(SO4)3 ∙ 8H2O Y Y3Al5O12 YSb YAs YB6 YBr3 YC2 Y2(CO3)3 ∙ 3H2O YCl3

7440-64-4 12039-89-3 25502-05-0 13874-77-6 15192-18-4 19357-86-9 15280-58-7 13759-89-2 10361-91-8 19423-87-1 13760-80-0 13813-44-0 13768-67-7 1314-37-0 10034-98-7 7440-65-5 12005-21-9 12186-97-9 12255-48-0 12008-32-1 13469-98-2 12071-35-1 5970-44-5 10361-92-9

173.04 229.21 332.85 243.95 211.04 426.85 422.23 412.75 279.40 387.49 230.04 553.75 359.06 394.08 778.39 88.906 593.619 210.666 163.828 153.772 328.618 112.927 411.885 195.265

824

3111 3112 3113 3114 3115 3116 3117 3118 3119 3120 3121 3122 3123

Yttrium chloride hexahydrate Yttrium fluoride Yttrium hydroxide Yttrium iodide Yttrium iron oxide Yttrium nitrate Yttrium nitrate tetrahydrate Yttrium nitrate hexahydrate Yttrium oxide Yttrium phosphide Yttrium sulfate octahydrate Yttrium sulfide Zinc

YCl3 ∙ 6H2O YF3 Y(OH)3 YI3 Y3Fe5O12 Y(NO3)3 Y(NO3)3 ∙ 4H2O Y(NO3)3 ∙ 6H2O Y2O3 YP Y2(SO4)3 ∙ 8H2O Y2S3 Zn

10025-94-2 13709-49-4 16469-22-0 13470-38-7 12063-56-8 10361-93-0 13773-69-8 13494-98-9 1314-36-9 12294-01-8 7446-33-5 12039-19-9 7440-66-6

303.356 145.901 139.928 469.619 737.936 274.921 346.982 383.012 225.810 119.880 610.122 274.007 65.409

3124 3125 3126 3127 3128 3129 3130 3131 3132 3133 3134 3135 3136 3137 3138 3139 3140

Zinc acetate dihydrate Zinc ammonium sulfate Zinc antimonide Zinc arsenate Zinc arsenate octahydrate Zinc arsenide Zinc arsenite Zinc borate Zinc borate hemiheptahydrate Zinc borate pentahydrate Zinc bromate hexahydrate Zinc bromide Zinc caprylate Zinc carbonate Zinc carbonate hydroxide Zinc chlorate Zinc chloride

Zn(C2H3O2)2 ∙ 2H2O Zn(NH4)2(SO4)2 ZnSb Zn3(AsO4)2 Zn3(AsO4)2 ∙ 8H2O Zn3As2 Zn(AsO2)2 3ZnO ∙ 2B2O3 2ZnO ∙ 3B2O3 ∙ 3.5H2O 2ZnO ∙ 3B2O3 ∙ 5H2O Zn(BrO3)2 ∙ 6H2O ZnBr2 Zn(C8H15O2)2 ZnCO3 3Zn(OH)2 ∙ 2ZnCO3 Zn(ClO3)2 ZnCl2

5970-45-6 7783-24-6 12039-35-9 13464-44-3 13464-45-4 12006-40-5 10326-24-6 27043-84-1 12513-27-8 12536-65-1 13517-27-6 7699-45-8 557-09-5 3486-35-9 12070-69-8 10361-95-2 7646-85-7

219.527 293.611 187.169 474.065 618.187 346.070 279.250 383.466 434.69 461.753 429.305 225.217 351.816 125.418 549.107 232.311 136.315

silv metal; cub hex cry yel cry grn cry gray solid blk cry hyg col cry col cry wh hyg powder grn hyg cry wh cry yel cry col hyg solid col cub cry col cry silv metal; hex grn cub cry cub cry cub cry refrac solid col hyg cry refrac solid red-brn powder wh monocl cry; hyg hyg col cry wh hyg powder wh prec or pow hyg wh-yel cry cub cry wh hyg solid red-wh prisms hyg cry wh cry; cub cub cry red monocl cry yel cub cry blue-wh metal; hex wh powder wh cry silv-wh orth cry wh powder wh monocl cry powder col powder wh amorp powder wh cry wh powder wh hyg solid wh hex cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh hex cry wh powder yel hyg cry wh hyg cry

3082

3086

6679X_S04.indb 99

bp/°C

1196

673 721 1407 772 dec 70 956 dec 854 150 dec 1157 dec 700

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

reac H2O

6.90 7.54

s dil acid

5.27

2.09

2.57 8.2 23925

2355

4070

1522

3345

2310 2600 904 ≈2400 721

9.2 3.3 4.47 ≈4.5 5.97 5.59 3.72

1482

reac H2O; s dil acid

2.61

75.120

907

5.03 ≈4.4 2.6 3.87 7.134

237 dec

1.735

565

6.33 3.33 5.528

1015

980

≈670

732

i H2O; s dil acid vs H2O vs H2O; s EtOH i H2O i H2O s H2O, ace, EtOH

4.0

2439

60 dec 290

38.420

83.330

2.68

100 402 136 140 dec

reac H2O reac H2O i H2O reac H2O vs H2O s H2O s H2O vs H2O i H2O s H2O s EtOH s dil acid

4.13

dec 100 1155 dec 190 997 1555

1925 419.53

Qualitative solubility

14925 14925 14925

s EtOH

s dil acid 7.4716 s acid, alk 30.020 9.220 0.00007820 0.00007820

s EtOH reac H2O s acid, alk s acid, alk

3.64 4.22 3.64 2.57 4.5

48825

4.434

0.00009120

i H2O; s acid sl H2O; s dil acid i H2O sl HCl vs H2O vs EtOH; s eth sl H2O s dil acid, alk

2.15 2.907

20020 40825

vs H2O; s EtOH, ace

0.00725

3/24/08 1:37:06 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-100 No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

3141 3142 3143

Zinc chromate Zinc chromite Zinc citrate dihydrate

ZnCrO4 ZnCr2O4 Zn3(C6H5O7)2 ∙ 2H2O

13530-65-9 12018-19-8 546-46-3

181.403 233.399 610.456

yel prisms grn cub cry col powder

3144 3145

Zinc cyanide Zinc diethyl

Zn(CN)2 Zn(C2H5)2

557-21-1 557-20-0

117.443 123.531

wh powder col liq

3146 3147

Zinc dithionate Zinc fluoride

ZnS2O4 ZnF2

7779-86-4 7783-49-5

193.537 103.406

3148 3149 3150 3151 3152 3153 3154 3155 3156 3157 3158 3159 3160 3161

Zinc fluoride tetrahydrate Zinc fluoroborate hexahydrate Zinc formate dihydrate Zinc hexafluorosilicate hexahydrate Zinc hydroxide Zinc iodate Zinc iodide Zinc laurate Zinc molybdate Zinc nitrate Zinc nitrate hexahydrate Zinc nitride Zinc nitrite Zinc oleate

ZnF2 ∙ 4H2O Zn(BF4)2 ∙ 6H2O Zn(CHO2)2 ∙ 2H2O ZnSiF6 ∙ 6H2O Zn(OH)2 Zn(IO3)2 ZnI2 Zn(C12H23O2)2 ZnMoO4 Zn(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 ∙ 6H2O Zn3N2 Zn(NO2)2 Zn(C18H33O2)2

13986-18-0 27860-83-9 5970-62-7 16871-71-9 20427-58-1 7790-37-6 10139-47-6 2452-01-9 13767-32-3 7779-88-6 10196-18-6 1313-49-1 10102-02-0 557-07-3

175.468 347.109 191.474 315.576 99.424 415.214 319.218 464.029 225.35 189.418 297.510 224.240 157.420 628.316

wh amorp solid wh tetr needles; hyg wh orth cry hex cry wh cry wh cry col orth cry wh cry powder wh-yel hyg cry wh powder wh tetr cry wh powder col orth cry blue-gray cub cry hyg solid wh powder

3162 3163 3164 3165 3166

Zinc oxalate Zinc oxalate dihydrate Zinc tartrate dihydrate Zinc oxide Zinc 2,4-pentanedioate

ZnC2O4 ZnC2O4 ∙ 2H2O ZnC4H4O6 ∙ 2H2O ZnO Zn(CH3COCHCOCH3)2

547-68-2 4255-07-6 22570-08-7 1314-13-2 14024-63-6

153.428 189.458 249.511 81.408 263.625

wh pwd wh powder wh cry pow wh powder; hex cry

3167

Zinc pentanoate dihydrate

Zn(C5H9O2)2 ∙ 2H2O

556-38-7

303.687

scales or powder

3168 3169 3170

Zinc perchlorate hexahydrate Zinc permanganate hexahydrate Zinc peroxide

Zn(ClO4)2 ∙ 6H2O Zn(MnO4)2 ∙ 6H2O ZnO2

10025-64-6 23414-72-4 1314-22-3

372.402 411.372 97.408

wh cub cry; hyg blk orth cry; hyg yel-wh powder

3171 3172

Zinc phosphate Zinc phosphate tetrahydrate

Zn3(PO4)2 Zn3(PO4)2 ∙ 4H2O

7779-90-0 7543-51-3

386.170 458.231

wh monocl cry col orth cry

900

4.0 3.04

3173

Zinc phosphide

Zn3P2

1314-84-7

258.175

gray tetr cry

1160

4.55

3174 3175 3176 3177 3178 3179

Zinc pyrophosphate Zinc selenate pentahydrate Zinc selenide Zinc orthosilicate Zinc selenite Zinc stearate

Zn2P2O7 ZnSeO4 ∙ 5H2O ZnSe Zn2SiO4 ZnSeO3 Zn(C18H35O2)2

7446-26-6 13597-54-1 1315-09-9 13597-65-4 13597-46-1 557-05-1

304.761 298.44 144.37 222.902 192.37 632.348

wh cry powder tricl cry yel-red cub cry wh hex cry wh powder wh powder

50 dec >1100 1509 621 130

3180 3181 3182 3183

Zinc sulfate Zinc sulfate monohydrate Zinc sulfate heptahydrate Zinc sulfide (sphalerite)

ZnSO4 ZnSO4 ∙ H2O ZnSO4 ∙ 7H2O ZnS

7733-02-0 7446-19-7 7446-20-0 1314-98-3

161.472 179.487 287.578 97.474

col orth cry wh monocl cry col orth cry gray-wh cub cry

3184 3185 3186 3187 3188

Zinc sulfide (wurtzite) Zinc sulfite dihydrate Zinc telluride Zinc thiocyanate Zirconium

ZnS ZnSO3 ∙ 2H2O ZnTe Zn(SCN)2 Zr

1314-98-3 7488-52-0 1315-11-3 557-42-6 7440-67-7

97.474 181.503 193.01 181.573 91.224

3189 3190

Zirconocene dichloride Zirconium boride

Zr(C5H5)2Cl2 ZrB2

1291-32-3 12045-64-6

292.316 112.846

3191

Zirconium carbide

ZrC

12020-14-3

103.235

3192

Zirconium nitride

ZrN

25658-42-8

105.231

wh hex cry wh powder red cub cry wh hyg cry gray-wh metal; hex col cry gray refrac solid; hex gray refrac solid; cub yel cub cry

3193 3194

Zirconium phosphide Zirconium silicide

ZrP2 ZrSi2

12037-80-8 12039-90-6

153.172 147.395

orth cry gray powder

6679X_S04.indb 100

bp/°C

316

Density g cm–3 3.40 5.29

-28

118

1.852 1.2065

200 dec 872

1500

4.9 2.30 2.12 2.207

125 dec 450 128 >700

3.05 625

4.74

Solubility g/100 g H20

3.08

s acid; i ace

0.0004720

sl H2O; s dil acid, alk reac acid reac H2O; msc eth, peth, bz

4020 1.5525

2.067 6.22

5.220 0.00004220 0.6425 43825

12025 12025

70 dec

100 dec dec 150 1974 137 dec

2.56

>150 dec

680 dec 238 dec 100 dec trans wurtzite 1020 1700 200 dec 1239

0.002625 0.002625 0.02220

5.6

106 dec 212 exp

subl

2.2 2.45 1.57

3.75 2.59 5.65 4.1

121.325

63.425

subl

57.725 57.725 57.725

0.22425

1854.7

4409

248 3050

subl 150

6.52

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O i H2O vs EtOH i H2O reac H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid sl H2O; s EtOH, DMSO sl H2O; reac acid; s EtOH s EtOH s H2O; reac EtOH i H2O; reac acid, EtOH, ace i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid, alk i H2O, EtOH; reac acid; s bz i H2O; s dil acid

i H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz

4.09 5.9

vs H2O; s EtOH i EtOH s H2O

i H2O; s dil acid i H2O, dil acid

1.095 3.8 3.20 1.97 4.04

sl H2O

1.5525

4.3

36 dec 700 dec

Qualitative solubility

i EtOH i EtOH i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid i EtOH i H2O sl H2O; s EtOH s hot conc acid

6.17

3532

6.73

s HF

2952

7.09

s conc HF; sl dil acid

1620

≈5.1 4.88

i H2O, aqua regia; s HF

3/24/08 1:37:08 PM

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

4-101

No.

Name

Formula

CAS Reg No.

Mol. weight

Physical form mp/°C

3195 3196 3197 3198 3199 3200 3201 3202 3203 3204 3205

ZrBr2 ZrCl2 ZrF2 ZrH2 ZrI2 ZrBr3 ZrCl3 ZrF3 ZrI3 Zr(C2H3O2)2(OH)2 Zr(NH4)3OH(CO3)3 ∙ 2H2O

24621-17-8 13762-26-0 13842-94-9 7704-99-6 15513-85-6 24621-18-9 10241-03-9 13814-22-7 13779-87-8 14311-93-4 12616-24-9*

251.032 162.130 129.221 93.240 345.033 330.936 197.583 148.219 471.937 243.327 362.404

blue-blk cry blk cry blk cry gray tetr cry blk cry dark blue cry dark blue cry blue-grn cry dark blue cry wh amorp solid prisms; unstab

dec 400 772 902 800 dec 827 dec 300 627 927 727

3206 3207

Zirconium(II) bromide Zirconium(II) chloride Zirconium(II) fluoride Zirconium(II) hydride Zirconium(II) iodide Zirconium(III) bromide Zirconium(III) chloride Zirconium(III) fluoride Zirconium(III) iodide Zirconium(IV) acetate hydroxide Zirconium(IV) ammonium carbonate dihydrate Zirconium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) chloride

ZrBr4 ZrCl4

13777-25-8 10026-11-6

410.840 233.036

450 tp 437 tp

360 sp 331 sp

3.98 2.80

3208 3209 3210 3211 3212 3213 3214

Zirconium(IV) fluoride Zirconium(IV) hydroxide Zirconium(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) nitrate pentahydrate Zirconium(IV) orthosilicate Zirconium(IV) oxide Zirconium(IV) pyrophosphate

ZrF4 Zr(OH)4 ZrI4 Zr(NO3)4 ∙ 5H2O ZrSiO4 ZrO2 ZrP2O7

7783-64-4 14475-63-9 13986-26-0 13746-89-9 10101-52-7 1314-23-4 13565-97-4

167.218 159.254 598.842 429.320 183.308 123.223 265.167

wh cub cry wh monocl cry; hyg wh monocl cry wh amorp powder yel-oran cub cry wh hyg cry wh tetr cry wh amorp powder wh refrac solid

910 dec 500 100 dec 1540 dec 2710 dec 1550

912 sp 431 sp

4.43 3.25 4.85

4300

4.6 5.68

3215 3216 3217 3218 3219 3220

Zirconium(IV) sulfate Zirconium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate Zirconium(IV) sulfide Zirconium(IV) tungstate Zirconyl chloride Zirconyl chloride octahydrate

Zr(SO4)2 Zr(SO4)2 ∙ 4H2O ZrS2 Zr(WO4)2 ZrOCl2 ZrOCl2 ∙ 8H2O

14644-61-2 7446-31-3 12039-15-5 16853-74-0 7699-43-6 13520-92-8

283.349 355.411 155.354 586.90 178.129 322.252

wh hyg cry wh tetr cry red-brn hex cry grn pow wh solid tetr cry

6679X_S04.indb 101

bp/°C

Density g cm–3

Solubility g/100 g H20

Qualitative solubility

3.16

reac H2O

5.6

i H2O

3.05 4.26

reac H2O i H2O; s acid s H2O s H2O reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.525

410 dec 100 dec 1550

3.22 2.80 3.87

i H2O; s acid vs H2O vs H2O; s EtOH i H2O, acid i H2O; sl acid i H2O, dil acid; s HF s H2O; sl EtOH vs H2O i H2O

250 dec 400 dec

1.91

s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

3/24/08 1:37:09 PM

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS K.A. Gschneidner, Jr. TABLE 1. Data for the Trivalent Ions of the Rare Earth Elements Rare earth Scandium Yttrium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

Symbol Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Atomic no. 21 39 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Atomic wt.a 44.955910 88.90585 138.9055 140.115 140.90765 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.965 157.25 158.92534 162.50 164.93032 167.26 168.93421 173.04 174.967

No. 4f electrons 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Electronic configuration for R3+ S — — — 1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2 3 5/2 2 3/2 1 1/2 —

L — — — 3 5 6 6 5 3 0 3 5 6 6 5 3 —

J — — — 5/2 4 9/2 4 5/2 0 7/2 6 15/2 8 15/2 6 7/2 —

Spectroscopic ground state symbol — — — 2 F5/2 3 H4 4 I9/2 5 I4 6 H5/2 7 F0 8 S7/2 7 F6 6 H15/2 5 I8 4 I15/2 3 H6 2 F7/2 —

Note: For additional information, see Goldschmidt, Z.B., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978; DeLaeter, J.R., and Heumann, K.G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1313 , 1991; Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 2423, 1994. a 1993 standard atomic weights.

TABLE 2. Crystallographic Data for the Rare Earth Metals at 24°C (297 K) or Below Rare earth metal αSc αY αLa αCeb βCe γCec αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd α′Tbe αTb α′Dyf αDy Ho Er Tm αYbg βYb Lu

Crystal structurea hcp hcp dhcp fcc dhcp fcc dhcp dhcp dhcp rhombd bcc hcp ortho hcp ortho hcp hcp hcp hcp hcp fcc hcp

ao 3.3088 3.6482 3.7740 4.85b 3.6810 5.1610 3.6721 3.6582 3.65 3.6290d 4.5827 3.6336 3.605e 3.6055 3.595f 3.5915 3.5778 3.5592 3.5375 3.8799g 5.4848 3.5052

Lattice constants (Å) bo co — 5.2680 — 5.7318 — 12.171 — — — 11.857 — — — 11.8326 — 11.7966 — 11.65 — 26.207 — — — 5.7810 6.244e 5.706e — 5.6966 6.184f 5.678f — 5.6501 — 5.6178 — 5.5850 — 5.5540 — 6.3859g — — — 5.5494

Metallic radius CN = 12 (Å) 1.6406 1.8012 1.8791 1.72b 1.8321 1.8247 1.8279 1.8214 1.811 1.8041 2.0418 1.8013 1.784e 1.7833 1.774f 1.7740 1.7661 1.7566 1.7462 1.9451g 1.9392 1.7349

Atomic volume (cm3/mol) 15.039 19.893 22.602 17.2b 20.947 20.696 20.803 20.583 20.24 20.000 28.979 19.903 19.34e 19.310 19.00f 19.004 18.752 18.449 18.124 25.067g 24.841 17.779

Density (g/cm3) 2.989 4.469 6.146 8.16b 6.689 6.770 6.773 7.008 7.264 7.520 5.244 7.901 8.219e 8.230 8.551f 8.551 8.795 9.066 9.321 6.903g 6.966 9.841

Note: For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood, F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986; Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K., Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater., 1996, to be published. a hcp = hexagonal close-packed; P63/mmc, hP2, A3, Mg-type; dhcp = double-c hexagonal close-packed; P63/mmc, hP4, A3, αLa-type; fcc = face-centered cubic; Fm 3 m, cF4, A1, Cu-type; rhomb = rhombohedral; R 3 m, hR3, αSm-type; bcc = body-centered cubic; Im 3 m, cI2, A2, W-type; ortho = orthorhombic; Cmcm, oC4, α Dy-type. b At 77 K (–196°C). c Equilibrium room temperature (standard state) phase. d Rhombohedral is the primitive cell. Lattice parameters given are for the nonprimitive hexagonal cell. d At 220 K (–53°C). f At 86 K (–187°C). g At 23°C.

4-119

Section4.indb 119

5/2/05 9:24:50 AM

Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals

4-120

TABLE 3. Crystallographic Data for Rare Earth Metals at High Temperature Rare earth metal βSc βY βLa γLa δCe βPr βNd βPm βSm

Structure bcc bcc fcc bcc bcc bcc bcc bcc hcp

γSm βGd βTb βDy γYb

bcc bcc bcc bcc bcc

Lattice parameter (Å) 3.73 (est.) 4.10a 5.303 4.26 4.12 4.13 4.13 4.10 (est.) a = 3.6630 c = 5.8448 4.10 (est.) 4.06 4.07a 4.03a 4.44

Temp. (°C) 1337 1478 325 887 757 821 883 890 450b 922 1265 1289 1381 763c

Metallic radius CN = 8 (Å) CN = 12 (Å) 1.62 1.66 1.78 1.83 — 1.875 1.84 1.90 1.78 1.84 1.79 1.84 1.79 1.84 1.78 1.83 — 1.8176 1.77 1.76 1.76 1.75 1.92

1.82 1.81 1.81 1.80 1.98

Atomic volume (cm3/mol) 15.6 20.8 22.45 23.3 21.1 21.2 21.2 20.8 20.450

Density (g/ cm3) 2.88 4.28 6.187 5.97 6.65 6.64 6.80 6.99 7.353

20.8 20.2 20.3 19.7 26.4

7.25 7.80 7.82 8.23 6.57

Note: The rare earths Eu, Ho, Er, Tm, and Lu are monomorphic. For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood, F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986, 1. a Determined by extrapolation to 0% solute of a vs. composition data for R-Mg alloys at 24°C and corrected for thermal expansion to temperature given. b The hcp phase was stabilized by impurities and the temperature of measurement was below the equilibrium transition temperature (see Table 4). c The bcc phase was stabilized by impurities and the temperature of measurement was below the equilibrium transition temperature (see Table 4).

TABLE 4. High Temperature Transition Temperatures and Melting Point of Rare Earth Metals Rare earth metal Sc Y Lab Cec,d Pr Nd Pm Sme Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Transition I (α – β)a Phases Temp. (°C) 1337 hcp  bcc 1478 hcp  bcc 310 dhcp  fcc 139 dhcp  fcc (β - γ) 795 dhcp  bcc 863 dhcp  bcc 890 dhcp  bcc 734 rhom  hcp — — 1235 hcp  bcc 1289 hcp  bcc 1381 hcp  bcc — — — — — — 795 fcc  bcc (β - γ) — —

Transition II (β – γ)a Temp. (C°) Phases — — — — 865 fcc  bcc 726 fcc  bcc (γ - δ) — — — — — — 922 hcp  bcc — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

Melting point (C°) 1541 1522 918 798 931 1021 1042 1074 822 1313 1356 1412 1474 1529 1545 819 1663

Note: For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood, F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986; Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K., Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater., 34, 1717, 1996. a For all the transformations listed, unless otherwise noted. b On cooling, fcc → dhcp (β → α), 260°C. c The β  γ equilibrium transition temperature is 10 ± 5°C. d On cooling, fcc → dhcp (γ → β), –16°C. e On cooling, hcp → rhomb (β → α), 727°C.

TABLE 5. Low Temperature Transition Temperatures of the Rare Earth Metals Rare earth metal Ce

Tb Dy Yb

Transformation γ → βa γ→α β→α α → α′ α → α′ β→α

Cooling °C –16 –172 –228 –53 –187 –13

K 257 101 45 220 86 260

Rare earth metal Ce

Yb

Transformation α→β α→β+γ β → γa α→β

Heating °C –148 –104 139 7

K 125 169 412 280

Note: For additional information, see Beaudry, B.J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173; Koskenmaki, D.C. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., 1978, in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 337; Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K., Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater., 34, 1717, 1996. a The β  γ equilibrium transition temperature is 10 ± 5°C (283 ± 5K).

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TABLE 6. Heat Capacity, Standard Entropy, Heats of Transformation, and Fusion of the Rare Earth Metals Rare earth metal Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Heat capacity at 298 K (J/mol K) 25.5 26.5 27.1 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.3a 29.5 27.7 37.0 28.9 27.7 27.2 28.1 27.0 26.7 26.9

Standard entropy S°298 (J/mol K) 34.6 44.4 56.9 72.0 73.2 71.5 71.6a 69.6 77.8 68.1 73.2 75.6 75.3 73.2 74.0 59.9 51.0

trans. 1 αβ αβ αβ βγ αβ αβ αβ αβ — αβ αβ αβ — — — βγ —

Heat of transformation (kJ/mol) ∆Htr1 trans. 2 ∆Htr2 4.00 — — 4.99 — — 0.36 βγ 3.12 0.05 γδ 2.99 3.17 — — 3.03 — — 3.0a — — 0.2a βγ 3.11 — — — 3.91 — — 5.02 — — 4.16 — — — — — — — — — — — 1.75 — — — — —

Heat of fusion (kJ/mol) 14.1 11.4 6.20 5.46 6.89 7.14 7.7a 8.62 9.21 10.0 10.79 11.06 17.0a 19.9 16.8 7.66 22a

Note: For additional information, see Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1973; Wagman, D.D., Evans, W.H., Parker, V.B., Schumm, R.H., Halow, I., Bailey, S.M., Churney, K.L., and Nuttall, R.L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl 2, 1982; Amitin, E.B., Bessergenev, W.G., Kovalevskaya, Yu. A., and Paukov, I.E., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 15, 181, 1983; Amitin, E.B., Bessergenev, W.G., Kovalevskaya, Yu. A., and Paukov, I.E., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 15, 181, 1983. a Estimated.

TABLE 7. Vapor Pressures, Boiling Points, and Heats of Sublimation of Rare Earth Metals Rare earth metal Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Temperature in °Ca for a vapor pressure of 10 atm 10–6 atm 10–4 atm 10–2 atm (0.001 Pa) (0.101 Pa) (10.1Pa) (1013 Pa) 1036 1243 1533 1999 1222 1460 1812 2360 1301 1566 1938 2506 1290 1554 1926 2487 1083 1333 1701 2305 955 1175 1500 2029 — — — — 508 642 835 1150 399 515 685 964 1167 1408 1760 2306 1124 1354 1698 2237 804 988 1252 1685 845 1036 1313 1771 908 1113 1405 1896 599 748 964 1300 301 400 541 776 1241 1483 1832 2387 –8

Boiling pointa (°C) 2836 3345 3464 3443 3520 3074 3000b 1794 1529 3273 3230 2567 2700 2868 1950 1196 3402

Heat of sublimation at 25°C (kJ/mol) 377.8 424.7 431.0 422.6 355.6 327.6 348b 206.7 175.3 397.5 388.7 290.4 300.8 317.1 232.2 152.1 427.6

Note: For additional information, see Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1973; Beaudry, B.J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173. a International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) values. b Estimated.

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TABLE 8. Magnetic Properties of the Rare Earth Metals Effective magnetic moment Rare Paramagnetic at ~298 K Ferromagnetic at ~0 K 6 earth χA × 10 at 298 metal K (emu/mol) Theorya Obs. Theoryb Obs. αSc 295.2 — — — — αY 187.7 — — — — 95.9 — — — — αLa 105 — — — — βLa γCe 2,270 2.54 2.52 2.14 — βCe 2,500 2.54 2.61 2.14 — αPr 5,530 3.58 3.56 3.20 2.7c αNd 5,930 3.62 3.45 3.27 2.2c αPm — 2.68 — 2.40 — 0.85 1.74 0.71 0.5c αSm 1,278d Eu 30,900 7.94 8.48 7.0 5.9 7.94 7.98 7.0 7.63 185,000e αGd αTb 170,000 9.72 9.77 — — α′Tb — — — 9.0 9.34 98,000 10.64 10.83 — — αDy α′Dy — — — 10.0 10.33 Ho 72,900 10.60 11.2 10.0 10.34 Er 48,000 9.58 9.9 9.0 9.1 Tm 24,700 7.56 7.61 7.0 7.14 — — — — βYb 67d Lu 182.9 — — — —

Easy axis — — — — — — a b — a <110> 30° to c — b — a b 30° to c c — —

Curie temp. Cubic sites TC (K) c — — — — — — — — — — — — 14.4 — — 12.5 — — — — — 7.5 — 0 — — — 14.0 — — 90.4 — — — 293.4 317 — — 195 — 219.5 — — — 121 — — 90.5g — 19.5 73.0 — 18.7 61.7 — 32.0 41.0 — — — — — —

Néel temp. TN (K) Hex sites — — — — — 13.7 0.03 19.9 — 109 — — 230.0 — 180.2 — 132 85 58 — —

θp (K) ⊥c — — — — — — — 5 — — — 317 239 — 169 — 88.0 32.5 –17.0 — —

Polycryst. or avg. — — — — –50 –41 0 3.3 — — 100 317 224 — 153 — 83.0 42.2 2.3 — —

Note: For additional information, see McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., NorthHolland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411; Legvold, S., in Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 1, Wohlfarth, E.P., Ed., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1980, 183; Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D., Phys. Rev. B, 47, 5063, 1993; Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D., 1996, to be published; Steward, A.M. and Collocott, S.J., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 1, 677, 1988. a g[J(J + 1)]1/2. b gJ. c At 38 T and 4.2 K. d At 290 K. e At 350 K. g On cooling TC = 89.6 K and on warming TC = 91.5 K.

TABLE 9. Room Temperature Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, Thermal Conductivity, Electrical Resistance, and Hall Coefficient Rare earth metal αSc αY aLa bCe γCe αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd αTb αDy Ho Er Tm βYb Lu

Expansion (αi × 106) (°C–1) αc αpoly αa 7.6 15.3 10.2 6.0 19.7 10.6 4.5 27.2 12.1 — — — 6.3 — 6.3 4.5 11.2 6.7 7.6 13.5 9.6 16b 11b 9b 9.6 19.0 12.7 35.0 — 35.0 10.0c 9.4c 9.1c 9.3 12.4 10.3 7.1 15.6 9.9 7.0 19.5 11.2 7.9 20.9 12.2 8.8 22.2 13.3 26.3 — 26.3 4.8 20.0 9.9

Thermal conductivity (W/cm K) 0.158 0.172 0.134 — 0.113 0.125 0.165 0.15b 0.133 0.139b 0.105 0.111 0.107 0.162 0.145 0.169 0.385 0.164

Hall coefficient (Ri × 1012) Electrical resistance (µΩ⋅cm) (V⋅cm/A⋅Oe) ρa ρc ρpoly Ra Rc Rpoly 70.9 26.9 56.2a — — –0.13 72.5 35.5 59.6 –0.27 –1.6 — — — 61.5 — — –0.35 — — 82.8 — — — — — 74.4 — — +1.81 — — 70.0 — — +0.709 — — 64.3 — — +0.971 — — 75b — — — — — 94.0 — — –0.21 — — 90.0 — — +24.4 135.1 121.7 131.0 –10 –54 –4.48d 123.5 101.5 115.0 –1.0 –3.7 — 111.0 76.6 92.6 –0.3 –3.7 — 101.5 60.5 81.4 +0.2 –3.2 — 94.5 60.3 86.0 +0.3 –3.6 — 88.0 47.2 67.6 — — –1.8 — — 25.0 — — +3.77 76.6 34.7 58.2 +0.45 –2.6 –0.535

Note: For additional information, see Beaudry, B. J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173; McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411. a Calculated from single crystal values. b Estimated. c At 100°C. d At 77°C.

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TABLE 10. Electronic Specific Heat Constant (γ), Electron-Electron (Coulomb) Coupling Constant (µ*), Electron-Phonon Coupling Constant (λ), Debye Temperature at 0 K(θD), and Superconducting Transition Temperature Rare earth metal αSc αY αLa βLa αCe αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd α′Tb α′Dy Ho Er Tm αYb βYb Lu

γ (mJ/mol⋅K2) 10.334 7.878 9.45 11.5 12.8 20 f — 8.1 ± 1.5g f 4.48 3.71 4.9 2.1 8.7 f 3.30 8.36 8.194

µ* 0.16 0.15 0.08 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.14

λ 0.30 0.30 0.76 — — 1.07d 0.86d — 0.81d — 0.30 0.34d 0.32d 0.30d 0.33d 0.36d — — 0.31

θD (K) from

Heat capacity 345.3 244.4 150 140 179 155e 157e 159e 162e,f f 169 169.6 192 175e 176.9 179e 117.6 109 183.2

Elastic constants — 258 154 — — 153 163 — 169 118 182 177 183 190 188 200 118 — 185

Superconducting temperature (K) 0.050a 1.3b 5.10 6.00 0.022c — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.022h

Note: For additional information, see Sundström, L.J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 379; Scott, T., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 591; Probst, C. and Wittig, J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 749; Tsang, T.-W.E., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Schmidt, F.A., and Thome, D.K., Phys. Rev., B, 31, 235, 1985; Collocott, S.J., Hill, R.W. and Stewart, A.M., J. Phys. F, 18, L223, 1988; Hill, R.W. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., J. Phys. F, 18, 2545, 1988; Skriver, H.L. and Mertig, I., Phys. Rev. B, 41, 6553, 1990. Collocott, S.J. and Stewart, A.M., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 4, 6743, 1992; Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D., Phys. Rev. B, 47, 5063, 1993. a At 18.6 GPa. b At 11 GPa. c At 2.2 GPa. d Calculated value. e Estimated. f Heat capacity results have been reported, but the resultant γ and θD values are unreliable because of the presence of impurities and/or there was no reliable procedure or model to correct for the magnetic contribution to the heat capacity. g Based on the values reported for the purer Sm sample (IV). h At 4.5 GPa.

TABLE 11. Room Temperature Elastic Moduli and Mechanical Properties Rare earth Young’s (elastic) modulus metal Sc 74.4 Y 63.5 αLa 36.6 βCe — γCe 33.6 αPr 37.3 αNd 41.4 αPm 46b αSm 49.7 Eu 18.2 αGd 54.8 αTb 55.7 αDy 61.4 Ho 64.8 Er 69.9 Tm 74.0 βYb 23.9 Lu 68.6

Elastic moduli (GPa) Shear Bulk modulus modulus 29.1 56.6 25.6 41.2 14.3 27.9 — — 13.5 21.5 14.8 28.8 16.3 31.8 18b 33b 19.5 37.8 7.9 8.3 21.8 37.9 22.1 38.7 24.7 40.5 26.3 40.2 28.3 44.4 30.5 44.5 9.9 30.5 27.2 47.6

Poisson’s ratio 0.279 0.243 0.280 — 0.24 0.281 0.281 0.28b 0.274 0.152 0.259 0.261 0.247 0.231 0.237 0.213 0.207 0.261

Yield strength 0.2% offset 173a 42 126a 86 28 73 71 — 68 — 15 — 43 — 60 — 7 —

Mechanical properties (MPa) Ultimate tensile Uniform strength elongation (%) 255a 5.0a 129 34.0 130 7.9a 138 — 117 22.0 147 15.4 164 25.0 — — 156 17.0 — — 118 37.0 — — 139 30.0 — — 136 11.5 — — 58 43.0 — —

Reduction in area (%) 8.0a — — 24.0 30.0 67.0 72.0 — 29.5 — 56.0 — 30.0 — 11.9 — 92.0 —

Recryst. temp. (°C) 550 550 300 — 325 400 400 400b 440 300 500 500 550 520 520 600 300 600

Note: For additional information, see Scott, T., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., NorthHolland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 591. a Value is questionable. b Estimated.

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TABLE 12. Liquid Metal Properties Near the Melting Point Rare earth metal Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Density (g/cm3) 2.80 4.24 5.96 6.68 6.59 6.72 6.9b 7.16 4.87 7.4 7.65 8.2 8.34 8.6 9.0b 6.21 9.3

Surface tension (N/m) 0.954 0.871 0.718 0.706 0.707 0.687 0.680b 0.431 0.264 0.664 0.669 0.648 0.650 0.637 — 0.320 0.940

Viscosity (centipoise) — — 2.65 3.20 2.85 — — — — — — — — — — 2.67 —

Heat capacity (J/mol K) 44.2b 43.1 34.3 37.7 43.0 48.8 50b 50.2b 38.1 37.2 46.5 49.9 43.9 38.7 41.4 36.8 47.9b

Thermal Magnetic Electrical conductivity susceptibility χ resistivity (W/cm K) × 104 (emu/mol) (µΩ·cm) — — — — — — 0.238 1.20 133 0.210 9.37 130 0.251 17.3 139 0.195 18.7 151 — — 160b — 18.3 182 — 97 242 0.149 67 195 — 82 193 0.187 95 210 — 88 221 — 69 226 — 41 235b — — 113 — — 224

∆V (l→s)a (%) — — –0.6 +1.1 –0.02 –0.9 — –3.6 –4.8 –2.0 –3.1 –4.5 –7.4 –9.0 –6.9 –5.1 –3.6

Spectral emittance at λ = 645 nm ε (%) Temp. — — 36.8 1522–1647 25.4 920–1287 32.2 877–1547 28.4 931–1537 39.4 1021–1567 — — 43.7 1075 — — 34.2 1313–1600 — — 29.7 1412–1437 — — 37.2 1529–1587 — — — — — —

Note: For additional information, see Van Zytveld, J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 12, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., NorthHolland Physics, Amsterdam, 1989, 357. Stretz, L.A. and Bautista, R.G., in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 4, part I, H.H. Plumb, Ed., Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, 1972, 489. King, T.S., Baria, D.N., and Bautista, R.G., Met. Trans. B, 7, 411, 1976; Baria, D.N., King, T.S., and Bautista, R.G., Met. Trans. B, 7, 577, 1976. a Volume change on freezing. b Estimated.

TABLE 13. Ionization Potentials (Electronvolts) Rare earth Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

I Neutral atom 6.56144 6.217 5.5770 5.5387 5.464 5.5250 5.554 5.6437 5.6704 6.1500 5.8639 5.9389 6.0216 6.1078 6.18431 6.25416 5.42585

II Singly ionized 12.79967 12.24 11.060 10.85 10.55 10.73 10.90 11.07 11.241 12.09 11.52 11.67 11.80 11.93 12.05 12.1761 13.9

III Doubly ionized 24.75666 20.52 19.1773 20.198 21.624 22.1 22.3 23.4 24.92 20.63 21.91 22.8 22.84 22.74 23.68 25.05 20.9594

IV Triply ionized 73.4894 60.597 49.95 36.758 38.98 40.41 41.1 41.4 42.7 44.0 39.79 41.47 42.5 42.7 42.7 43.56 45.25

Note: For references, see the table “Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions” in Section 10.

V Quadruply ionized 91.65 77.0 61.6 65.55 57.53 — — — — — — — — — — — 66.8

TABLE 14. Effective Ionic Radii (Å)A Rare earth ion Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

CN = 6 — — — — — — — 1.19 1.17 — — — — — — 1.00 —

R2+

CN = 8 — — — — — — — 1.27 1.25 — — — — — — 1.07 —

CN = 6 0.745 0.900 1.045 1.010 0.997 0.983 0.97 0.958 0.947 0.938 0.923 0.912 0.901 0.890 0.880 0.868 0.861

R3+ CN = 8 0.87 1.015 1.18 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.07 1.06 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97

CN = 12 1.116 1.220 1.320 1.290 1.286 1.276 1.267 1.260 1.252 1.246 1.236 1.228 1.221 1.214 1.207 1.199 1.194

CN = 6 — — — 0.80 0.78 — — — — — 0.76 — — — — — —

R4+

CN = 8 — — — 0.97 0.96 — — — — — 0.88 — — — — — —

Note: For additional information, see Shannon, R.D. and Prewitt, C.T., Acta Cryst., 25, 925, 1969 and Shannon, R.D. and Prewitt, C.T., Acta Cryst., 26, 1046, 1970. a Radius of O2– is 1.40 Å for a coordination number (CN) of 6.

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Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Point Temperatures of the Elements This table summarizes the significant points on the phase diagrams for the elements for which data are available. Values are given for the solid-liquid-gas triple point ttp, normal melting point tm, normal boiling point tb, and critical temperature tc; all are on the ITS-90 scale. An “sp” notation indicates a sublimation point, where the vapor pressure of the solid phase reaches 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Transition temperatures between allotropic forms are included for several elements. The major data sources are listed below; values from Reference 1, which deals with reference points on the ITS-90 scale, were adopted when applicable.

Element Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic (gray) Astatine Barium Berkelium (β form) Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon (graphite) Carbon (diamond) Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead



ttp/˚C

–189.36 (69 kPa) 817 (3.70 MPa)

4489 (10.3 MPa)

–219.67 29.7666

–259.198 (7.2 kPa) 156.5936

–157.38 (73.2 kPa)

References 1. Bedford, R. E., Bonnier, G., Maas, H., and Pavese, F., Metrologia 33, 133, 1996. 2. Dinsdale, A.T., SGTE Data for Pure Elements, CALPHAD, 15, 317– 425, 1991. 3. Chase, M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D.J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 4. Gurvich, L.V., Veyts, I.V., and Alcock, C.B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 5. Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., Chemistry of the Elements, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997.

tm/˚C 1050 660.32 1176 630.628 302 727 986 1287 271.406 2075 –7.2 321.069 842 900 4440 (12.4 GPa) 799 28.5 –101.5 1907 1495 1084.62 1345 1412 860 1529 822 1527 27 1313 938.25 1064.18 2233 1472 –259.1 156.60 113.7 2446 1538 920 1627 327.462

tb/˚C 3198 2519 2011 1587 –185.847 616 sp

tc/˚C

–122.28 1400

1897 2471 1564 4000 58.8 767 1484

315

3825 sp 3443 671 –34.04 2671 2927 2562 ˜3100 2567

1665 143.8

2868 1529 –188.12 3273 2204 2833 2856 4603 –268.93 2700 –252.762 2072 184.4 4428 2861 –153.34 3464

–129.02

–267.96 –240.18 546 –63.67

1749

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Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Point Temperatures of the Elements

4-134 Element Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red) Phosphorus (black) Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenium (vitreous) Selenium (gray) Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur (rhombic) Sulfur (monoclinic) Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin (gray) Tin (white) Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

ttp/˚C

–38.837 –248.609 (43 kPa)

–209.999

590

39.26

–111.745 (81.6 kPa)

tm/˚C 180.50 1663 650 1246 827 –38.8290 2623 1016 644 1455 2477 –210.0 827 3033 –218.79 1554.8 44.15 610 1768.2 640 254 63.5 931 1042 1572 696 –71 3185 1964 39.30 2034 1072 1541 180 (trans to gray) 220.8 1414 961.78 97.794 777 95.3 (trans to monocl) 115.21 3017 2157 449.51 1359 304 1750 1545 13.2 (trans to white) 231.93 1668 3422 1135 1910 824 1522 419.53 1854.7

tb/˚C 1342 3402 1090 2061

tc/˚C 2950

356.62 4639 3074 –246.053

–228.7

2913 4744 –195.798

–146.94

5012 –182.953 2963 280.5 431 sp 3825 3228 962 759 3520 3000 –61.7 5596 3695 688 4150 1794 2836 685 685 3265 2162 882.940 1382 444.61 444.61 5458 4265 988 3230 1473 4788 1950 2602 2602 3287 5555 4131 3407 –108.09 1196 3345 907 4409

1491

–118.56 721 721

1950

104 1820

1493 1493 2300 1041 1041

16.58

HEAT CAPACITY OF THE ELEMENTS AT 25°C This table gives the specific heat capacity (cp) in J/g K and the molar heat capacity (Cp) in J/mol K at a temperature of 25°C and a Name Actinium Aluminum Antimony Argon Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine (Br2) Cadmium Calcium Carbon (graphite) Cerium Cesium Chlorine (Cl2) Chromium Cobalt Copper Dysprosium Erbium Europium Fluorine (F2) Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen (H2) Indium Iodine (I2) Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Mercury

cp J/g K 0.120 0.897 0.207 0.520 0.329 0.204 1.825 0.122 1.026 0.474 0.232 0.647 0.709 0.192 0.242 0.479 0.449 0.421 0.385 0.173 0.168 0.182 0.824 0.236 0.373 0.320 0.129 0.144 5.193 0.165 14.304 0.233 0.214 0.131 0.449 0.248 0.195 0.130 3.582 0.154 1.023 0.479 0.140

Cp J/mol K 27.2 24.20 25.23 20.786 24.64 28.07 16.443 25.52 11.087 75.69 26.020 25.929 8.517 26.94 32.210 33.949 23.35 24.81 24.440 28.16 28.12 27.66 31.304 37.03 26.03 23.222 25.418 25.73 20.786 27.15 28.836 26.74 54.43 25.10 25.10 20.786 27.11 26.84 24.860 26.86 24.869 26.32 27.983

pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar or 0.987 standard atmospheres) for all the elements for which reliable data are available. Name Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Nickel Niobium Nitrogen (N2) Osmium Oxygen (O2) Palladium Phosphorus (white) Platinum Potassium Praseodymium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur (rhombic) Tantalum Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin (white) Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

cp J/g K 0.251 0.190 1.030 0.444 0.265 1.040 0.130 0.918 0.246 0.769 0.133 0.757 0.193 0.094 0.137 0.243 0.363 0.238 0.197 0.568 0.321 0.712 0.235 1.228 0.306 0.708 0.140 0.202 0.182 0.129 0.118 0.160 0.227 0.523 0.132 0.116 0.489 0.158 0.155 0.298 0.388 0.278

Cp J/mol K 24.06 27.45 20.786 26.07 24.60 29.124 24.7 29.378 25.98 23.824 25.86 29.600 27.20 20.786 25.48 24.98 31.060 24.06 29.54 25.52 25.363 19.99 25.350 28.230 26.79 22.70 25.36 25.73 28.91 26.32 27.32 27.03 26.99 25.060 24.27 27.665 24.89 20.786 26.74 26.53 25.390 25.36

4-127

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5/2/05 9:25:01 AM

VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS — EQUATIONS C. B. Alcock This table gives coefficients in an equation for the vapor pressure of 65 metallic elements in both the solid and liquid state. Vapor pressures in the range 10-10 to 102 Pa (10-15 to 10-3 atm) are covered. The equation is: for p in atmospheres: log(p/atm) = A + BT-1 + ClogT + DT-3 for p in pascals: log (p/Pa) = 5.006 + A + BT-1 + ClogT + DT-3 for p in torr (mmHg): log (p/torr) = 2.881 + A + BT-1 + ClogT + DT-3 where T is the temperature in K. This equation reproduces the observed vapor pressures to an accuracy of 5% or better. The metals are listed alphabetically by name, and the melting point is included. Element Aluminum Aluminum Americium Barium Barium Beryllium Beryllium Cadmium Cadmium Calcium Cerium Cerium Cesium Cesium Chromium Cobalt Cobalt Copper Copper Curium Curium Dysprosium Erbium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Gadolinium Gallium Gallium Gold Gold Hafnium Holmium Indium Indium Iridium Iron Iron Lanthanum Lanthanum Lead Lead Lithium Lithium Lutetium Lutetium

Phase Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid

A 9.459 5.911 11.311 12.405 4.007 8.042 5.786 5.939 5.242 10.127 6.139 5.611 4.711 4.165 6.800 10.976 6.488 9.123 5.849 8.369 5.223 9.579 9.916 4.668 9.240 8.344 5.557 6.657 6.754 9.152 5.832 9.445 9.785 5.991 5.374 10.506 7.100 6.347 7.463 5.911 5.643 4.911 5.667 5.055 8.793 5.648

B -17342 -16211 -15059 -9690 -8163 -17020 -15731 -5799 -5392 -9517 -21752 -21200 -3999 -3830 -20733 -22576 -20578 -17748 -16415 -20364 -18292 -15336 -16642 -14380 -9459 -20861 -19389 -14208 -13984 -19343 -18024 -32482 -15899 -12548 -12276 -35099 -21723 -19574 -22551 -21855 -10143 -9701 -8310 -8023 -22423 -20302

The table following this one gives values of the vapor pressure at several temperatures in the 400 K to 2400 K range, as calculated from these equations. Reprinted with permission of the publisher, Pergamon Press.

Reference Alcock, C. B., Itkin, V. P., and Horrigan, M. K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, 1984.

C -0.7927

D

-1.3449 -2.2890 -0.4440

-1.4030

0.4391 -1.0280

-0.4094

-0.7317 -0.5770 -1.1114 -1.2154 -1.1661 -0.5775 -0.3413 -0.7479 -0.6735 -1.1753 -0.7500 0.4536 -0.3142

-0.6200

-0.5846

Range/k 298-mp mp-1800 298-mp 298-mp mp-1200 298-mp mp-1800 298-mp mp-650 298-mp 298-mp mp-2450 298-mp mp-550 298-2000 298-mp mp-2150 298-mp mp-1850 298-mp mp-2200 298-mp 298-mp mp-1900 298-mp 298-mp mp-2250 298-mp mp-1600 298-mp mp-2050 298-mp 298-mp 298-mp mp-1500 298-2500 298-mp mp-2100 298-mp mp-2450 298-mp mp-1200 298-mp mp-1000 298-mp mp-2350

mp/k 933 1449 1000 1560 594 1115 1071 302 2180 1768 1358 1618 1685 1802 1095 1586 303 1337 2506 1747 430 2719 1811 1191 600 454 1936

4-128

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Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Equations Element Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neodymium Neptunium Neptunium Nickel Nickel Niobium Osmium Palladium Palladium Platinum Platinum Plutonium Plutonium Plutonium Potassium Potassium Praseodymium Praseodymium Protactinium Protactinium Rhenium Rhodium Rhodium Rubidium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Scandium Silver Silver Sodium Sodium Strontium Tantalum Terbium Terbium Thallium Thallium Thorium Thorium Thulium Tin Tin Titanium Titanium Tungsten Tungsten Uranium Uranium Vanadium Vanadium Ytterbium Yttrium Yttrium Zinc Zinc Zirconium Zirconium

S04_06.indd 129

Phase Solid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid

A 8.489 12.805 5.116 11.529 8.996 4.912 19.643 10.076 10.557 6.666 8.882 9.419 9.502 5.426 4.882 6.386 26.160 18.858 3.666 4.961 4.402 8.859 4.772 10.552 6.177 11.543 10.168 6.802 4.857 4.312 9.755 9.988 6.650 5.795 9.127 5.752 5.298 4.704 9.226 16.807 9.510 5.411 5.971 5.259 8.668 -18.453 8.882 6.036 5.262 11.925 6.358 2.945 54.527 0.770 20.735 9.744 6.929 9.111 9.735 5.795 6.102 5.378 10.008 6.806

B -7813 -15097 -3190 -34626 -17264 -15824 -24886 -23378 -22606 -20765 -37818 -41198 -19813 -17899 -29387 -26856 -19162 -18460 -16658 -4646 -4453 -18720 -17315 -34869 -32874 -40726 -29010 -26792 -4215 -4040 -34154 -11034 -19721 -17681 -14999 -13827 -5603 -5377 -8572 -41346 -20457 -18639 -9447 -9037 -31483 -24569 -12270 -15710 -15332 -24991 -22747 -44094 -57687 -27729 -28776 -27132 -25011 -8111 -22306 -20341 -6776 -6286 -31512 -30295

4-129 C -0.8253 -1.7896

D

-1.1331 -0.9519 -3.9991 -1.3250 -0.8717 -0.2575 -0.3896 -0.9258 1.1039

-0.4527

-6.6675 -4.4720

-0.9512 -1.0075 -1.1629 -0.7068

-0.4723 -1.3287 0.2885

-0.3663

-0.7845

-1.1926 -3.2152 -0.9247

0.7437

-0.5288 6.6473 -0.9564 -1.3376 1.3677 -12.2231 2.6982 -4.0962 -0.5501 -1.0849 -0.8705

-0.7890

-1.5471

Range/k 298-mp 298-mp 298-400 298-2500 298-mp mp-2000 298-mp mp-2500 298-mp mp-2150 298-2500 298-2500 298-mp mp-2100 298-mp mp-2500 298-600 500-mp mp-2450 298-mp mp-600 298-mp mp-2200 298-mp mp-2500 298-2500 298-mp mp-2500 298-mp mp-550 298-mp 298-mp 298-mp mp-2000 298-mp mp-1600 298-mp mp-700 298-mp 298-2500 298-mp mp-2200 298-mp mp-1100 298-mp mp-2500 298-1400 298-mp mp-1850 298-mp mp-2400 298-2350 2200-2500 298-mp mp-2500 298-mp mp-2500 298-900 298-mp mp-2300 298-mp mp-750 298-m.p mp-2500

mp/k 923 1519 234 2895 1294 917 1728 2750 3306 1828 2041 913 337 1204 1845 3459 2236 312 2606 1347 1814 1235 371 1050 3280 1629 577 2023 1818 505 1943 3687 1408 2183 1092 1795 693 2127

5/4/05 8:41:38 AM

VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS — DATA The following values of the vapor pressure of metallic elements are calculated from the equations in the preceding table. All values

Metal Aluminum Americium Barium Beryllium Cadmium Calcium Cerium Cesium Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Gallium Gold Hafnium Holmium Indium Iridium Iron Lanthanum Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neptunium Nickel Niobium Osmium Palladium Platinum Plutonium Potassium Praseodymium Protactinium Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Silver Sodium Strontium Tantalum Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

mp/K 933 1449 1000 1560 594 1115 1071 302 2180 1768 1358 1618 1685 1802 1095 1586 303 1337 2506 1747 430 2719 1811 1191 601 454 1936 923 1519 234 2895 1294 917 1728 2750 3306 1828 2041 913 337 1204 1845 3459 2236 312 2606 1347 1814 1235 371 1050 3280 1629 577 2023 1818 505 1943 3687 1408 2183 1092 1795 693 2127

400 K

600 K 7.97×10-6

0.000280

18.2 2.36×10-5

are given in pascals. For conversion, note that 1 Pa = 7.50 μmHg = 9.87∙10-6 atm.

800 K

1000 K

Vapor Pressure in Pa 1200 K 1400 K 1600 K

3.06×10-10 3.88×10-7 0.0450 3.04×10-10

5.08×10-6 0.00167 7.11 4.96×10-6

0.00256 0.423 162 0.00314

0.218 21.35

6.10

81.4

0.312

9.12

113

0.146

25.5 2.47×10-11

8.91×10-8

2.97×10-5

0.00233

2.45×10-8 2.09×10-10 1.53×10-6 1.90×10-9 8.21×10-5 4.30×10-6 19.4 5.70×10-10 0.000565 3.72×10-8

7.59×10-5 1.00×10-6 0.00122 4.24×10-6 0.0241 0.00205

0.0239 0.000419 0.135 0.00103 1.362 0.163

1.54×10-6 0.114 5.44×10-5

2.32×10-5 0.0127

0.00837 1.413

0.000429 4.98 0.00920 1.35×10-11 0.546 40.9

5.54×10-9

2.51×10-5 5.09×10-8 68.1

0.0104 2.02×10-5

1.59×10-7

6.79×10-5

1800 K

2000 K

2200 K

2400 K

0.0691

1.04

9.56

60.8

1.80 0.0379 3.94 0.0629 27.5 4.23

52.1 1.15 54.4 1.17

774 16.0

0.0279 84.4 0.374 9.81×10-9 12.3

0.394

6.60×10-11

1.74×10-5

1.54×10-8 3.90×10-10 0.109 1.94×10-7

8.31×10-11

3.20×10-9 1.08×10-5

7.90×10-11

5.54×10-7 0.000489

0.00618 1.08

6.53×10-9

0.0152

21.5 5.55×10-7

0.00221

0.524

24.9

4.55×10-11

7.62×10-7

0.000483 3.31×10-9 1.09×10-6

0.0412 1.63×10-6 0.000471

1.64 109 3.28×10-11

12.1

82.1

0.618

7.39

56.2

6.68 1.63×10-6

67.0 9.69×10-5

0.00272

0.0437

1.48×10-9 0.961 0.00181

3.72×10-7 32.7 0.0596

3.06×10-5 36.8 0.976

0.00112

0.0225

9.61

64.7

0.00628

0.211

3.18

26.7

1.83×10-9 1.07 0.000168 0.0438 2.32×10-11

4.07×10-7 13.4 0.00604 1.37 9.54×10-9 1.85×10-10 3.07 0.00143 0.262

3.03×10-5 101 0.105 19.5 1.17×10-6 3.46×10-8 30.4 0.0689 2.20

0.00102

0.0189

1.06

7.28

5.98×10-5 2.49×10-6

0.00158 8.75×10-5

0.153 12.6

1.59 53.8

5.99×10-6

1.44 8.06×10-8 1.37×10-10 0.000571

13.2 5.57×10-6 2.22×10-8 0.0217

80.8 0.000174 1.41×10-6 0.422

0.00306 4.45×10-5 4.41

7.96×10-9

1.77×10-6

0.000133

0.00455

0.0858

52.5

140

2.19×10-10

0.0188

8.27×10-9

1.40×10-5 6.17×10-6

0.00277 2.34×10-8 0.000594

0.144 1.14×10-5 0.0182

1.03×10-8 1.95×10-8

2.16×10-5

0.00257

0.0904 3.44×10-10

96.9

1.69×10-8 0.165 8.17×10-8

0.000185 4.99×10-11

1.27×10-7

0.942 6.31×10-8 0.000603

1.134

121 4.18×10-6

0.000988

0.0585

1.15

3.36×10-10 12.5

1.87×10-8 88.0

5.21×10-7

1.59×10-5

0.0931

1.92×10-9 16.9

2.89×10-6

0.000154

0.00401

0.0610

5.94×10-5 1.26×10-9

0.0561 8.62×10-6

5.22 0.00310 9.69×10-9

3.33×10-11 130 0.207 7.44×10-6

2.00×10-8

6.03×10-10

4.85 0.00106

56.3 0.0493

9.47×10-10 2.79×10-10

2.87×10-6 4.35×10-7

4.27×10-6 0.000107

0.000263 0.00769

0.978 2.62×10-10 0.00678 0.233

10.6 3.01×10-8 0.0933 3.68

76.9 1.59×10-6 0.803 32.6

2.96×10-7

0.000117

0.0102

0.316

4.27

35.9

1.05×10-10

6.17×10-8

8.68×10-6

0.000450

0.0110

5.60 0.000429

1.03×10-9

0.00384

1.47×10-6

0.653

0.00221

51.0 0.000129 0.165

0.0300 7.61

1.80 131

43.6

91.3

6.74 6.66×10-11

0.155

4-130

Section4.indb 130

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Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts This table lists the liquid density at the melting point, ρm , for elements that are solid at room temperature, as well as for some representative salts of these elements. Densities at higher temperatures (up to the tmax given in the last column) may be estimated from the equation

Data for the elements were selected from the primary literature; the assistance of Gernot Lang in compiling these data is gratefully acknowledged. The molten salt data were derived from Reference 1.

ρ(t ) = ρm − k (t − tm )

References

where tm is the melting point and k is given in the fifth column of the table. If a value of tmax is not given, the equation should not be used to extrapolate more than about 20°C beyond the melting point.

1. Janz, G. J., Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Molten Salts: Correlation Equations for Critically Evaluated Density, Surface Tension, Electrical Conductance, and Viscosity Data, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 2, 1988. 2. Nasch, P. M., and Steinemann, S. G., Phys. Chem. Liq., 29, 43, 1995.



Formula Ag AgBr AgCl AgI AgNO3 Ag2SO4 Al AlBr3 AlCl3 AlI3 As Au B Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 BaF2 BaI2 Be BeCl2 BeF2 Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 Ca CaBr2 CaCl2 CaF2 CaI2 Cd CdBr2 CdCl2 CdI2 Ce CeCl3 CeF3 Co Cr Cs CsBr CsCl CsF CsI CsNO3 Cs2SO4 Cu CuCl



487_S04.indb 139

Name Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) sulfate Aluminum Aluminum bromide Aluminum chloride Aluminum iodide Arsenic Gold Boron Barium Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium fluoride Barium iodide Beryllium Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Bismuth Bismuth bromide Bismuth chloride Calcium Calcium bromide Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium iodide Cadmium Cadmium bromide Cadmium chloride Cadmium iodide Cerium Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) fluoride Cobalt Chromium Cesium Cesium bromide Cesium chloride Cesium fluoride Cesium iodide Cesium nitrate Cesium sulfate Copper Copper(I) chloride

tm/°C 961.78 430 455 558 210 660 660.32 97.5 192.6 188.32 817 1064.18 2075 727 857 961 1368 711 1287 415 552 271.406 219 234 842 742 775 1418 783 321.069 568 568 388 799 807 1430 1495 1907 28.44 636 646 703 632 409 1005 1084.62 423

ρm/g cm–3 9.320 5.577 4.83 5.58 3.970 4.84 2.375 2.647 1.302 3.223 5.22 17.31 2.08 3.338 3.991 3.174 4.14 4.26 1.690 1.54 1.96 10.05 4.76 3.916 1.378 3.111 2.085 2.52 3.443 7.996 4.075 3.392 4.396 6.55 3.25 4.659 7.75 6.3 1.843 3.133 2.79 3.649 3.197 2.820 3.1 8.02 3.692

k/g cm–3 °C–1 0.0009 0.001035 0.00094 0.00101 0.001098 0.001089 0.000233 0.002435 0.002711 0.0025 0.000544 0.001343

tmax 1500 667 627 802 360 770 1340 267 296 240

0.000299 0.000924 0.000681 0.000999 0.000977 0.00011 0.0011 0.000015 0.00135 0.002637 0.0023 0.000230 0.0005 0.000422 0.000391 0.000751 0.001218 0.00108 0.00082 0.001117 0.000710 0.00092 0.000936 0.00165 0.0011 0.000556 0.001223 0.001065 0.001282 0.001183 0.001166 0.00095 0.000609 0.00076

1550 900 1081 1727 975

1200

473 850 800 927 350 1484 791 950 2027 1028 500 720 807 700 1460 950 1927 1580 2100 510 860 906 912 907 491 1530 1630 585

4-139

4/10/06 10:04:53 AM

Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts

4-140 Formula Dy DyCl3 Er Eu Fe FeCl2 Ga GaBr3 GaCl3 GaI3 Gd GdCl3 GdI3 Ge Hf HgBr2 HgCl2 HgI2 Ho In InBr3 InCl3 InI3 Ir K KBr KCl KF KI KNO3 La LaBr3 LaCl3 LaF3 LaI3 Li LiBr LiCl LiF LiI LiNO3 Li2SO4 Lu Mg MgBr2 MgCl2 MgI2 Mn MnCl2 Mo Na NaBr Na2CO3 NaCl NaF NaI NaNO3 Na2SO4 Nd Ni NiCl2 Os Pb PbBr2 PbCl2

487_S04.indb 140

Name Dysprosium Dysprosium(III) chloride Erbium Europium Iron Iron(II) chloride Gallium Gallium(III) bromide Gallium(III) chloride Gallium(III) iodide Gadolinium Gadolinium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) iodide Germanium Hafnium Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) iodide Holmium Indium Indium(III) bromide Indium(III) chloride Indium(III) iodide Iridium Potassium Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium fluoride Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Lanthanum Lanthanum bromide Lanthanum chloride Lanthanum fluoride Lanthanum iodide Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium iodide Lithium nitrate Lithium sulfate Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium bromide Magnesium chloride Magnesium iodide Manganese Manganese(II) chloride Molybdenum Sodium Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide Sodium nitrate Sodium sulfate Neodymium Nickel Nickel(II) chloride Osmium Lead Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) chloride

tm/°C 1411 718 1529 822 1538 677 29.7666 123 77.9 212 1314 602 930 938.25 2233 241 277 256 1472 156.60 420 583 207 2446 63.38 734 771 858 681 334 920 788 858 1493 778 180.5 550 610 848.2 469 253 860 1663 650 711 714 634 1246 650 2623 97.794 747 856 800.7 996 661 306.5 884 1016 1455 1031 3033 327.462 371 501

ρm/g cm–3 8.37 3.62 8.86 5.13 6.98 2.348 6.08 3.116 2.053 3.630 7.4 3.56 4.12 5.60 12 5.126 4.368 5.222 8.34 7.02 3.121 2.140 3.820 19 0.828 2.127 1.527 1.910 2.448 1.865 5.94 4.933 3.209 4.589 4.29 0.512 2.528 1.502 1.81 3.109 1.781 2.003 9.3 1.584 2.62 1.68 3.05 5.95 2.353 9.33 0.927 2.342 1.972 1.556 1.948 2.742 1.90 2.069 6.89 7.81 2.653 20 10.66 5.73 4.951

k/g cm–3 °C–1 0.00143 0.00068 0.00157 0.0028 0.000572 0.000555 0.00062 0.00246 0.002083 0.002377

tmax 1540 987 1700 980 1680 877 400 135 141 252

0.000671 0.000908 0.00055

1007 1032 1600

0.003233 0.002862 0.003235

319 304 354

0.000836 0.0015 0.0021 0.0015

500 528 666 360

0.000232 0.000825 0.000583 0.000651 0.000956 0.000723 0.00061 0.000096 0.000777 0.000682 0.001110 0.00052 0.000652 0.000432 0.000490 0.000917 0.000546 0.000407

500 930 939 1037 904 457 1600 912 973 2177 907 285 739 781 1047 667 441 1214

0.000234 0.000478 0.000271 0.000651 0.00105 0.000437

900 935 826 888 1590 850

0.00023 0.000816 0.000448 0.000543 0.000636 0.000949 0.000715 0.000483 0.00076 0.000726 0.00066

600 945 1004 1027 1097 912 370 1077 1350 1700 1057

0.00122 0.00165 0.0015

700 600 710

4/10/06 10:04:54 AM

Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts Formula PbI2 Pd Pr PrCl3 Pt Pu Rb RbBr Rb2CO3 RbCl RbF RbI RbNO3 Rb2SO4 Re Rh Ru S Sb SbCl3 SbCl5 SbI3 Sc Se Si Sm Sn SnCl2 SnCl4 Sr SrBr2 SrCl2 SrF2 SrI2 Ta TaCl5 Tb Te ThCl4 ThF4 Ti TiCl4 Tl TlBr TlCl TlI TlNO3 Tl2SO4 Tm U UCl3 UCl4 UF4 V W Y YCl3 Yb Zn ZnBr2 ZnCl2 ZnI2 ZnSO4 Zr ZrCl4

487_S04.indb 141

Name Lead(II) iodide Palladium Praseodymium Praseodymium chloride Platinum Plutonium Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate Rubidium chloride Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium nitrate Rubidium sulfate Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Sulfur Antimony Antimony(III) chloride Antimony(V) chloride Antimony(III) iodide Scandium Selenium Silicon Samarium Tin Tin(II) chloride Tin(IV) chloride Strontium Strontium bromide Strontium chloride Strontium fluoride Strontium iodide Tantalum Tantalum(V) chloride Terbium Tellurium Thorium chloride Thorium fluoride Titanium Titanium(IV) chloride Thallium Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) nitrate Thallium(I) sulfate Thulium Uranium Uranium(III) chloride Uranium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) fluoride Vanadium Tungsten Yttrium Yttrium chloride Ytterbium Zinc Zinc bromide Zinc chloride Zinc iodide Zinc sulfate Zirconium Zirconium chloride

tm/°C 410 1554.8 931 786 1768.2 640 39.31 692 837 724 795 656 310 1066 3185 1964 2334 115.21 630.628 73.4 4 171 1541 220.8 1414 1072 231.93 247 –33 777 657 874 1477 538 3017 216.6 1359 449.51 770 1110 1668 -25 304 460 431 441.8 206 632 1545 1135 837 590 1036 1910 3422 1526 721 824 419.53 402 290 450 680 1854.7 437

4-141 ρm/g cm–3 5.691 10.38 6.50 3.23 19.77 16.63 1.46 2.715 2.84 2.248 2.87 2.904 2.519 2.56 18.9 10.7 10.65 1.819 6.53 2.681 2.37 4.171 2.80 3.99 2.57 7.16 6.99 3.36 2.37 6.980 3.70 2.727 3.470 4.085 15 2.700 7.65 5.70 3.363 6.058 4.11 1.807 11.22 5.98 5.628 6.15 4.91 5.62 8.56 17.3 4.84 3.572 6.485 5.5 17.6 4.24 2.510 6.21 6.57 3.47 2.54 3.878 3.14 5.8 1.643

k/g cm–3 °C–1 0.001594 0.001169 0.00093 0.00074 0.0024 0.001419 0.000451 0.001072 0.000640 0.000883 0.00102 0.001143 0.001068 0.000665

tmax 697 1700 1460 977 2200 950 800 907 1007 923 1067 902 417 1545

0.000895

2200

0.00080 0.00067 0.002293 0.001869 0.002483

160 745 77 77 322

0.00036

1500

0.000601 0.001253 0.002687

1200 480 138

0.000745 0.000578 0.000751 0.000885

1004 1037 1927 1026

0.004316

457

0.00035 0.0014 0.000759

600 847 1378

0.001735 0.00144 0.001755 0.0018 0.001761 0.001873 0.00130 0.00050

137 600 647 642 737 279 927 1675

0.007943 0.001945 0.000992

1057 667 1341

0.0005

845

0.0011 0.000959 0.00053 0.00136 0.00047

700 602 557 588 987

0.007464

492

4/10/06 10:04:55 AM

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS When a material is placed in a magnetic field H, a magnetization (magnetic moment per unit volume) M is induced in the material which is related to H by M = κH, where κ is called the volume susceptibility. Since H and M have the same dimensions, κ is dimensionless. A more useful parameter is the molar susceptibility χm , defined by χ m = κVm = κ M / ρ where Vm is the molar volume of the substance, M the molar mass, and ρ the mass density. When the cgs system is used, the customary units for χm are cm3 mol–1; the corresponding SI units are m3 mol–1. Substances that have no unpaired electron orbital or spin angular momentum generally have negative values of χm and are called diamagnetic. Their molar susceptibility varies only slightly with temperature. Substances with unpaired electrons, which are termed paramagnetic, have positive χm and show a much stronger temperature dependence, varying roughly as 1/T. The net susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is the sum of the paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions, but the former almost always dominates. This table gives values of χm for the elements and selected inorganic compounds. All values refer to nominal room temperature (285 to 300 K) unless otherwise indicated. When the physical state (s = solid, l = liquid, g = gas, aq = aqueous solution) is not given, the Name

Aluminum Aluminum trifluoride Aluminum oxide Aluminum sulfate Ammonia (g) Ammonia (aq) Ammonium acetate Ammonium bromide Ammonium carbonate Ammonium chlorate Ammonium chloride Ammonium fluoride Ammonium iodate Ammonium iodide Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiocyanate Antimony Stibine (g) Antimony(III) bromide Antimony(III) chloride Antimony(III) fluoride Antimony(III) iodide Antimony(III) oxide Antimony(III) sulfide Antimony(V) chloride Argon (g) Arsenic (gray) Arsenic (yellow) Arsine (g)

Formula Al AlF3 Al2O3 Al2(SO4)3 NH3 NH3 NH4C2H3O2 NH4Br (NH4)2CO3 NH4ClO3 NH4Cl NH4F NH4IO3 NH4I NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NH4SCN Sb SbH3 SbBr3 SbCl3 SbF3 SbI3 Sb2O3 Sb2S3 SbCl5 Ar As As AsH3

χm/10–6 cm3 mol–1 +16.5 –13.9 –37 –93 –16.3 –18.3 –41.1 –47 –42.5 –42.1 –36.7 –23 –62.3 –66 –33 –67 –48.1 –99 –34.6 –111.4 –86.7 –46 –147.2 –69.4 –86 –120.5 –19.32 –5.6 –23.2 –35.2

most common crystalline form is understood. An entry of Ferro. indicates a ferromagnetic substance. Substances are arranged in alphabetical order by the most common name, except that compounds such as hydrides, oxides, and acids are grouped with the parent element (the same ordering used in the table “Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds”). In keeping with customary practice, the molar susceptibility is given here in units appropriate to the cgs system. These values should be multiplied by 4π to obtain values for use in SI equations (where the magnetic field strength H has units of A m–1).

References 1. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/16, Diamagnetic Susceptibility, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, III/19, Subvolumes a to i2, Magnetic Properties of Metals, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 19861992. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/2, II/8, II/10, II/11,and II/12a, Coordination and Organometallic Transition Metal Compounds, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1966-1984. 4. Tables de Constantes et Données Numérique, Volume 7, Relaxation Paramagnetique, Masson, Paris, 1957.

Name Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) iodide Arsenic(III) oxide Arsenic(III) sulfide Barium Barium bromide Barium bromide dihydrate Barium carbonate Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium fluoride Barium hydroxide Barium iodate Barium iodide Barium iodide dihydrate Barium nitrate Barium oxide Barium peroxide Barium sulfate Beryllium Beryllium chloride Beryllium hydroxide Beryllium oxide Beryllium sulfate Bismuth Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Bismuth fluoride Bismuth hydroxide

Formula AsBr3 AsCl3 AsI3 As2O3 As2S3 Ba BaBr2 BaBr2·2H2O BaCO3 BaCl2 BaCl2·2H2O BaF2 Ba(OH)2 Ba(IO3)2 BaI2 BaI2·2H2O Ba(NO3)2 BaO BaO2 BaSO4 Be BeCl2 Be(OH)2 BeO BeSO4 Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 BiF3 Bi(OH)3

χm/10–6 cm3 mol–1 –106 –72.5 –142.2 –30.34 –70 +20.6 –92 –119.3 –58.9 –72.6 –100 –51 –53.2 –122.5 –124.4 –163 –66.5 –29.1 –40.6 –65.8 –9.0 –26.5 –23.1 –11.9 –37 –280.1 –147 –26.5 –61.2 –65.8

4-134

Section4.indb 134

5/2/05 9:25:17 AM

Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds Name Bismuth triiodide Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate Bismuth oxide Bismuth phosphate Bismuth sulfate Bismuth sulfide Boron Diborane (g) Boric acid (orthoboric acid) Boron trichloride Boron oxide Bromine (l) Bromine (g) Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Cadmium Cadmium bromide Cadmium bromide tetrahydrate Cadmium carbonate Cadmium chloride Cadmium chromate Cadmium cyanide Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodate Cadmium iodide Cadmium nitrate Cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate Cadmium oxide Cadmium sulfate Cadmium sulfide Calcium Calcium bromide Calcium carbonate Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium hydroxide Calcium iodate Calcium iodide Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Carbon (diamond) Carbon (graphite) Carbon monoxide (g) Carbon dioxide (g) Cerium (β) Cerium(II) sulfide Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) fluoride Cerium(III) sulfide Cerium(IV) oxide Cerium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate Cesium Cesium bromate Cesium bromide Cesium carbonate Cesium chlorate Cesium chloride Cesium fluoride

Section4.indb 135

Formula BiI3 Bi(NO3)3·5H2O Bi2O3 BiPO4 Bi2(SO4)3 Bi2S3 B B2H6 H3BO3 BCl3 B2O3 Br2 Br2 BrF3 BrF5 Cd CdBr2 CdBr2·4H2O CdCO3 CdCl2 CdCrO4 Cd(CN)2 CdF2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(IO3)2 CdI2 Cd(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2·4H2O CdO CdSO4 CdS Ca CaBr2 CaCO3 CaCl2 CaF2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(IO3)2 CaI2 CaO CaSO4 CaSO4·2H2O C C CO CO2 Ce CeS CeCl3 CeF3 Ce2S3 CeO2 Ce(SO4)2·4H2O Cs CsBrO3 CsBr Cs2CO3 CsClO3 CsCl CsF

χm/10–6 cm3 mol–1 –200.5 –159 –83 –77 –199 –123 –6.7 –21.0 –34.1 –59.9 –38.7 –56.4 –73.5 –33.9 –45.1 –19.7 –87.3 –131.5 –46.7 –68.7 –16.8 –54 –40.6 –41 –108.4 –117.2 –55.1 –140 –30 –59.2 –50 +40 –73.8 –38.2 –54.7 –28 –22 –101.4 –109 –15.0 –49.7 –74 –5.9 –6.0 –11.8 –21.0 +2500 +2110 +2490 +2190 +5080 +26 –97 +29 –75.1 –67.2 –103.6 –65 –56.7 –44.5

4-135 Name

Cesium iodide Cesium superoxide Cesium sulfate Chlorine (l) Chlorine trifluoride (g) Chromium Chromium(II) chloride Chromium(III) chloride Chromium(III) fluoride Chromium(III) oxide Chromium(III) sulfate Chromium(VI) oxide Cobalt Cobalt(II) bromide Cobalt(II) chloride Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate Cobalt(II) cyanide Cobalt(II) fluoride Cobalt(II) iodide Cobalt(II) sulfate Cobalt(II) sulfide Cobalt(II,III) oxide Cobalt(III) fluoride Cobalt(III) oxide Copper Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(I) cyanide Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) oxide Copper(II) bromide Copper(II) chloride Copper(II) chloride dihydrate Copper(II) fluoride Copper(II) fluoride dihydrate Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate Copper(II) nitrate hexahydrate Copper(II) oxide Copper(II) sulfate Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Copper(II) sulfide Dysprosium (α) Dysprosium(III) oxide Dysprosium(III) sulfide Erbium Erbium oxide Erbium sulfate octahydrate Erbium sulfide Europium Europium(II) bromide Europium(II) chloride Europium(II) fluoride Europium(II) iodide Europium(II) sulfide Europium(III) oxide Europium(III) sulfate Fluorine Gadolinium (350 K) Gadolinium(III) chloride

Formula CsI CsO2 Cs2SO4 Cl2 ClF3 Cr CrCl2 CrCl3 CrF3 Cr2O3 Cr2(SO4)3 CrO3 Co CoBr2 CoCl2 CoCl2·6H2O Co(CN)2 CoF2 CoI2 CoSO4 CoS Co3O4 CoF3 Co2O3 Cu CuBr CuCl CuCN CuI Cu2O CuBr2 CuCl2 CuCl2·2H2O CuF2 CuF2·2H2O Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3)2·3H2O Cu(NO3)2·6H2O CuO CuSO4 CuSO4·5H2O CuS Dy Dy2O3 Dy2S3 Er Er2O3 Er2(SO4)3·8H2O Er2S3 Eu EuBr2 EuCl2 EuF2 EuI2 EuS Eu2O3 Eu2(SO4)3 F2 Gd GdCl3

χm/10–6 cm3 mol–1 –82.6 +1534 –116 –40.4 –26.5 +167 +7230 +6350 +4370 +1960 +11800 +40 Ferro. +13000 +12660 +9710 +3825 +9490 +10760 +10000 +225 +7380 +1900 +4560 –5.46 –49 –40 –24 –63 –20 +685 +1080 +1420 +1050 +1600 +1170 +1570 +1625 +238 +1330 +1460 –2.0 +98000 +89600 +95200 +48000 +73920 +74600 +77200 +30900 +26800 +26500 +23750 +26000 +23800 +10100 +10400 –9.63 +185000 +27930

5/2/05 9:25:18 AM

Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds

4-136 Name Gadolinium(III) oxide Gadolinium(III) sulfate octahydrate Gadolinium(III) sulfide Gallium Gallium suboxide Gallium(II) sulfide Gallium(III) chloride Gallium(III) sulfide Germanium Germane (g) Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) sulfide Germanium(IV) chloride Germanium(IV) fluoride Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(IV) oxide Germanium(IV) sulfide Gold Gold(I) bromide Gold(I) chloride Gold(I) iodide Gold(III) chloride Hafnium Hafnium oxide Helium (g) Holmium Holmium oxide Hydrazine (l) Hydrogen (l, 20.3 K) Hydrogen (g) Hydrogen chloride (l) Hydrogen chloride (aq) Hydrogen fluoride (l) Hydrogen fluoride (aq) Hydrogen iodide (s, 195 K) Hydrogen iodide (l, 233 K) Hydrogen iodide (aq) Hydrogen peroxide (l) Hydrogen sulfide (g) Indium Indium(I) chloride Indium(II) chloride Indium(II) sulfide Indium(III) bromide Indium(III) chloride Indium(III) oxide Indium(III) sulfide Iodine Iodic acid Iodine pentoxide Iodine chloride Iodine trichloride Iodine pentafluoride Iridium Iridium(III) chloride Iridium(IV) oxide Iron Iron(II) bromide Iron(II) carbonate Iron(II) chloride

Section4.indb 136

Formula Gd2O3 Gd2(SO4)3·8H2O Gd2S3 Ga Ga2O GaS GaCl3 Ga2S3 Ge GeH4 GeO GeS GeCl4 GeF4 GeI4 GeO2 GeS2 Au AuBr AuCl AuI AuCl3 Hf HfO2 He Ho Ho2O3 N2H4 H2 H2 HCl HCl HF HF HI HI HI H2O2 H2S In InCl InCl2 InS InBr3 InCl3 In2O3 In2S3 I2 HIO3 I2O5 ICl ICl3 IF5 Ir IrCl3 IrO2 Fe FeBr2 FeCO3 FeCl2

χm/10–6 cm3 mol–1 +53200 +53280 +55500 –21.6 –34 –23 –63 –80 –11.6 –29.7 –28.8 –40.9 –72 –50 –171 –34.3 –53.9 –28 –61 –67 –91 –112 +71 –23 –2.02 +72900 +88100 –201 –5.44 –3.99 –22.6 –22 –8.6 –9.3 –47.3 –48.3 –50.2 –17.3 –25.5 –10.2 –30 –56 –28 –107 –86 –56 –98 –90 –48 –79.4 –54.6 –90.2 –58.1 +25 –14.4 +224 Ferro. +13600 +11300 +14750

Name Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate Iron(II) fluoride Iron(II) iodide Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) sulfate Iron(II) sulfate monohydrate Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate Iron(II) sulfide Iron(III) chloride Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate Iron(III) fluoride Iron(III) fluoride trihydrate Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate Krypton (g) Lanthanum (α) Lanthanum oxide Lanthanum sulfate nonahydrate Lanthanum sulfide Lead Lead(II) acetate Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) chromate Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) nitrate Lead(II) oxide Lead(II) phosphate Lead(II) sulfate Lead(II) sulfide Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium carbonate Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide (aq) Lithium iodide Lithium sulfate Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium bromide Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride Magnesium fluoride Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium iodide Magnesium oxide Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate monohydrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Manganese Manganese(II) bromide Manganese(II) carbonate Manganese(II) chloride Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate Manganese(II) fluoride Manganese(II) hydroxide

Formula FeCl2·4H2O FeF2 FeI2 FeO FeSO4 FeSO4·H2O FeSO4·7H2O FeS FeCl3 FeCl3·6H2O FeF3 FeF3·3H2O Fe(NO3)3·9H2O Kr La La2O3 La2(SO4)3·9H2O La2S3 Pb Pb(C2H3O2)2 PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbCrO4 PbF2 Pb(IO3)2 PbI2 Pb(NO3)2 PbO Pb3(PO4)2 PbSO4 PbS Li LiBr Li2CO3 LiCl LiF LiH LiOH LiI Li2SO4 Lu Mg MgBr2 MgCO3 MgCl2 MgF2 Mg(OH)2 MgI2 MgO MgSO4 MgSO4·H2O MgSO4·7H2O Mn MnBr2 MnCO3 MnCl2 MnCl2·4H2O MnF2 Mn(OH)2

χm/10–6 cm3 mol–1 +12900 +9500 +13600 +7200 +12400 +10500 +11200 +1074 +13450 +15250 +13760 +7870 +15200 –29.0 +95.9 –78 –262 –37 –23 –89.1 –90.6 –61.2 –73.8 –18 –58.1 –131 –126.5 –74 –42 –182 –69.7 –83.6 +14.2 –34.3 –27 –24.3 –10.1 –4.6 –12.3 –50 –41.6 +182.9 +13.1 –72 –32.4 –47.4 –22.7 –22.1 –111 –10.2 –42 –61 –135.7 +511 +13900 +11400 +14350 +14600 +10700 +13500

5/2/05 9:25:20 AM

Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds Name Manganese(II) iodide Manganese(II) oxide Manganese(II) sulfate Manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate Manganese(II) sulfate tetrahydrate Manganese(II) sulfide (α form) Manganese(II) sulfide (β form) Manganese(II,III) oxide Manganese(III) fluoride Manganese(III) oxide Manganese(IV) oxide Mercury (s, 234 K) Mercury (l) Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) fluoride Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) nitrate Mercury(I) oxide Mercury(I) sulfate Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) cyanide Mercury(II) fluoride Mercury(II) iodide Mercury(II) nitrate Mercury(II) oxide Mercury(II) sulfate Mercury(II) sulfide Mercury(II) thiocyanate Molybdenum Molybdenum(III) bromide Molybdenum(III) chloride Molybdenum(III) oxide Molybdenum(IV) bromide Molybdenum(IV) chloride Molybdenum(IV) oxide Molybdenum(V) chloride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) oxide Neodymium (α) Neodymium fluoride Neodymium oxide Neodymium sulfate Neodymium sulfide Neon (g) Neptunium Nickel Nickel(II) bromide Nickel(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate Nickel(II) fluoride Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) iodide Nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate Nickel(II) oxide Nickel(II) sulfate Nickel(II) sulfide Nickel(III) sulfide Niobium

Section4.indb 137

Formula MnI2 MnO MnSO4 MnSO4·H2O MnSO4·4H2O MnS MnS Mn3O4 MnF3 Mn2O3 MnO2 Hg Hg Hg2Br2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2F2 Hg2I2 Hg2(NO3)2 Hg2O Hg2SO4 HgBr2 HgCl2 Hg(CN)2 HgF2 HgI2 Hg(NO3)2 HgO HgSO4 HgS Hg(SCN)2 Mo MoBr3 MoCl3 Mo2O3 MoBr4 MoCl4 MoO2 MoCl5 MoF6 MoO3 Nd NdF3 Nd2O3 Nd2(SO4)3 Nd2S3 Ne Np Ni NiBr2 NiCl2 NiCl2·6H2O NiF2 Ni(OH)2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2·6H2O NiO NiSO4 NiS Ni3S2 Nb

χm/10–6 cm3 mol–1 +14400 +4850 +13660 +14200 +14600 +5630 +3850 +12400 +10500 +14100 +2280 –24.1 –33.5 –105 –120 –106 –166 –121 –76.3 –123 –94.2 –82 –67 –57.3 –165 –74 –46 –78.1 –55.4 –96.5 +72 +525 +43 -42.0 +520 +1750 +41 +990 –26.0 +3 +5930 +4980 +10200 +9990 +5550 –6.96 +575 Ferro. +5600 +6145 +4240 +2410 +4500 +3875 +4300 +660 +4005 +190 +1030 +208

Name Niobium(V) oxide Nitrogen (g) Nitric acid (l) Nitrous oxide (g) Nitric oxide (s, 90 K) Nitric oxide (l, 118 K) Nitric oxide (g) Nitrogen dioxide (g, 408 K) Nitrogen trioxide (g) Nitrogen tetroxide (g) Osmium Oxygen (s, 54 K) Oxygen (l, 90 K) Oxygen (g) Ozone (l) Palladium Palladium(II) chloride Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red) Phosphine (g) Phosphoric acid (aq) Phosphorous acid (aq) Phosphorus(III) chloride (l) Platinum Platinum(II) chloride Platinum(III) chloride Platinum(IV) chloride Platinum(IV) fluoride Plutonium Plutonium(IV) fluoride Plutonium(IV) oxide Plutonium(VI) fluoride Potassium Potassium bromate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chlorate Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium cyanide Potassium ferricyanide Potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate Potassium fluoride Potassium hydrogen sulfate Potassium hydroxide (aq) Potassium iodate Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium nitrite Potassium permanganate Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Potassium superoxide Potassium thiocyanate Praseodymium (α) Praseodymium chloride Praseodymium oxide Praseodymium sulfide Protactinium Rhenium

4-137 Formula Nb2O5 N2 HNO3 N2O NO NO NO NO2 N2O3 N2O4 Os O2 O2 O2 O3 Pd PdCl2 P P PH3 H3PO4 H3PO3 PCl3 Pt PtCl2 PtCl3 PtCl4 PtF4 Pu PuF4 PuO2 PuF6 K KBrO3 KBr K2CO3 KClO3 KCl K2CrO4 KCN K3Fe(CN)6 KF KHSO4 KOH KIO3 KI KNO3 KNO2 KMnO4 K2SO4 K2S KO2 KSCN Pr PrCl3 Pr2O3 Pr2S3 Pa Re

χm/10–6 cm3 mol–1 –10 –12.0 –19.9 –18.9 +19.8 +114.2 +1461 +150 –16 –23.0 +11 +10200 +7699 +3449 +6.7 +540 –38 –26.66 –20.77 –26.2 –43.8 –42.5 –63.4 +193 –54 –66.7 –93 +445 +525 +1760 +730 +173 +20.8 –52.6 –49.1 –59 –42.8 –38.8 –3.9 –37 +2290 –172.3 –23.6 –49.8 –22 –63.1 –63.8 –33.7 –23.3 +20 –67 –60 +3230 –48 +5530 +44.5 +8994 +10770 +277 +67

5/2/05 9:25:21 AM

Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds

4-138 Name Rhenium(IV) oxide Rhenium(IV) sulfide Rhenium(V) chloride Rhenium(VI) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Rhodium Rhodium(III) chloride Rhodium(III) oxide Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate Rubidium chloride Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium nitrate Rubidium sulfate Rubidium superoxide Ruthenium Ruthenium(III) chloride Ruthenium(IV) oxide Samarium (α) Samarium(II) bromide Samarium(III) bromide Samarium(III) oxide Samarium(III) sulfate octahydrate Samarium(III) sulfide Scandium (α) Selenium Selenium dioxide Selenium bromide Selenium chloride (l) Selenium hexafluoride (g) Silicon Silane (g) Disilane (g) Tetramethylsilane (l) Tetraethylsilane (l) Tetrabromosilane (l) Tetrachlorosilane (l) Silicon carbide Silicon dioxide Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) carbonate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) nitrite Silver(I) oxide Silver(I) phosphate Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) thiocyanate Silver(II) oxide Sodium Sodium acetate Sodium bromate Sodium bromide

Section4.indb 138

Formula ReO2 ReS2 ReCl5 ReO3 Re2O7 Rh RhCl3 Rh2O3 Rb RbBr Rb2CO3 RbCl RbF RbI RbNO3 Rb2SO4 RbO2 Ru RuCl3 RuO2 Sm SmBr2 SmBr3 Sm2O3 Sm2(SO4)3·8H2O Sm2S3 Sc Se SeO2 Se2Br2 Se2Cl2 SeF6 Si SiH4 Si2H6 (CH3)4Si (C2H5)4Si SiBr4 SiCl4 SiC SiO2 Ag AgBr Ag2CO3 AgCl Ag2CrO4 AgCN AgF AgI AgNO3 AgNO2 Ag2O Ag3PO4 Ag2SO4 AgSCN AgO Na NaC2H3O2 NaBrO3 NaBr

χm/10–6 cm3 mol–1 +44 +38 +1225 +16 –16 +102 –7.5 +104 +17 –56.4 –75.4 –46 –31.9 –72.2 –41 –88.4 +1527 +39 +1998 +162 +1278 +5337 +972 +1988 +1710 +3300 +295.2 –25 –27.2 –113 –94.8 –51 –3.12 –20.4 –37.3 –74.80 –120.2 –126 –87.5 –12.8 –29.6 –19.5 –61 –80.90 –49 –40 –43.2 –36.5 –80 –45.7 –42 –134 –120 –92.90 –61.8 –19.6 +16 –37.6 –44.2 –41

Name Sodium carbonate Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium dichromate Sodium fluoride Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium hydroxide (aq) Sodium iodate Sodium iodide Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite Sodium oxide Sodium peroxide Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfate decahydrate Sodium sulfide Sodium tetraborate Strontium Strontium bromide Strontium bromide hexahydrate Strontium carbonate Strontium chlorate Strontium chloride Strontium chloride hexahydrate Strontium chromate Strontium fluoride Strontium hydroxide Strontium iodate Strontium iodide Strontium nitrate Strontium oxide Strontium peroxide Strontium sulfate Sulfur (rhombic) Sulfur (monoclinic) Sulfuric acid (l) Sulfur dioxide (g) Sulfur trioxide (l) Sulfur chloride (l) Sulfur dichloride (l) Sulfur hexafluoride (g) Thionyl chloride (l) Tantalum Tantalum(V) chloride Tantalum(V) oxide Technetium Tellurium Tellurium dibromide Tellurium dichloride Tellurium hexafluoride (g) Terbium (α) Terbium oxide Thallium Thallium(I) bromate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) carbonate Thallium(I) chlorate Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) chromate Thallium(I) cyanide

Formula Na2CO3 NaClO3 NaCl Na2Cr2O7 NaF Na2HPO4 NaOH NaIO3 NaI NaNO3 NaNO2 Na2O Na2O2 Na2SO4 Na2SO4·10H2O Na2S Na2B4O7 Sr SrBr2 SrBr2·6H2O SrCO3 Sr(ClO3)2 SrCl2 SrCl2·6H2O SrCrO4 SrF2 Sr(OH)2 Sr(IO3)2 SrI2 Sr(NO3)2 SrO SrO2 SrSO4 S S H2SO4 SO2 SO3 SSCl2 SCl2 SF6 SOCl2 Ta TaCl5 Ta2O5 Tc Te TeBr2 TeCl2 TeF6 Tb Tb2O3 Tl TlBrO3 TlBr Tl2CO3 TlClO3 TlCl Tl2CrO4 TlCN

χm/10–6 cm3 mol–1 –41 –34.7 –30.2 +55 –15.6 –56.6 –15.8 –53 –57 –25.6 –14.5 –19.8 –28.10 –52 –184 –39 –85 +92 –86.6 –160 –47 –73 –61.5 –145 –5.1 –37.2 –40 –108 –112 –57.2 –35 –32.3 –57.9 –15.5 –14.9 –39 –18.2 –28.54 –62.2 –49.4 –44 –44.3 +154 +140 –32 +115 –38 –106 –94 –66 +170000 +78340 –50 –75.9 –63.9 –101.6 –65.5 –57.8 –39.3 –49

5/2/05 9:25:23 AM

Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds Name Thallium(I) fluoride Thallium(I) iodate Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) nitrate Thallium(I) nitrite Thallium(I) sulfate Thallium(I) sulfide Thorium Thorium(IV) oxide Thulium Thulium oxide Tin (gray) Tin(II) chloride Tin(II) chloride dihydrate Tin(II) oxide Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) chloride (l) Tin(IV) oxide Titanium Titanium(II) bromide Titanium(II) chloride Titanium(II) iodide Titanium(II) sulfide Titanium(III) bromide Titanium(III) chloride Titanium(III) fluoride Titanium(III) oxide Titanium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) oxide Tungsten Tungsten carbide Tungsten(II) chloride Tungsten(IV) oxide Tungsten(IV) sulfide Tungsten(V) bromide Tungsten(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Tungsten(VI) fluoride (g) Tungsten(VI) oxide Uranium Uranium(III) bromide Uranium(III) chloride Uranium(III) hydride Uranium(III) iodide

Section4.indb 139

Formula TlF TlIO3 TlI TlNO3 TlNO2 Tl2SO4 Tl2S Th ThO2 Tm Tm2O3 Sn SnCl2 SnCl2·2H2O SnO SnBr4 SnCl4 SnO2 Ti TiBr2 TiCl2 TiI2 TiS TiBr3 TiCl3 TiF3 Ti2O3 TiCl4 TiO2 W WC WCl2 WO2 WS2 WBr5 WCl5 WCl6 WF6 WO3 U UBr3 UCl3 UH3 UI3

χm/10–6 cm3 mol–1 –44.4 –86.8 –82.2 –56.5 –50.8 –112.6 –88.8 +97 –16 +24700 +51444 –37.4 –69 –91.4 –19 –149 –115 –41 +151 +720 +484 +1790 +432 +660 +1110 +1300 +132 –54 +5.9 +53 +10 –25 +57 +5850 +270 +387 –71 –53 –15.8 +409 +4740 +3460 +6244 +4460

Name Uranium(IV) bromide Uranium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) oxide Uranium(VI) fluoride Uranium(VI) oxide Vanadium Vanadium(II) bromide Vanadium(II) chloride Vanadium(III) bromide Vanadium(III) chloride Vanadium(III) fluoride Vanadium(III) oxide Vanadium(III) sulfide Vanadium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) oxide Vanadium(V) oxide Water (s, 273 K) Water (l, 293 K) Water (l, 373 K) Water (g, 373 K)) Xenon (g) Ytterbium (β) Yttrium (α) Yttrium oxide Yttrium sulfide Zinc Zinc carbonate Zinc chloride Zinc cyanide Zinc fluoride Zinc hydroxide Zinc iodide Zinc oxide Zinc phosphate Zinc sulfate Zinc sulfate monohydrate Zinc sulfate heptahydrate Zinc sulfide Zirconium Zirconium carbide Zirconium nitrate pentahydrate Zirconium(IV) oxide

4-139 Formula UBr4 UCl4 UF4 UO2 UF6 UO3 V VBr2 VCl2 VBr3 VCl3 VF3 V2O3 V2S3 VCl4 VO2 V2O5 H2O H2O H2O H2O Xe Yb Y Y2O3 Y2S3 Zn ZnCO3 ZnCl2 Zn(CN)2 ZnF2 Zn(OH)2 ZnI2 ZnO Zn3(PO4)2 ZnSO4 ZnSO4·H2O ZnSO4·7H2O ZnS Zr ZrC Zr(NO3)4·5H2O ZrO2

χm/10–6 cm3 mol–1 +3530 +3680 +3530 +2360 +43 +128 +285 +3230 +2410 +2910 +3030 +2757 +1976 +1560 +1215 +99 +128 –12.63 –12.96 –13.09 –13.1 –45.5 +67 +187.7 +44.4 +100 –9.15 –34 –55.33 –46 –34.3 –67 –108 –27.2 –141 –47.8 –63 –138 –25 +120 –26 –77 –13.8

5/2/05 9:25:24 AM

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC LIQUIDS This table gives the index of refraction n of several inorganic substances in the liquid state at specified temperatures. The measurements refer to ambient atmospheric pressure except for substances whose normal boiling points are greater than the indicated temperature; in this case the pressure is the saturated vapor pressure of the substance. All values refer to a wavelength of 589 nm unless otherwise indicated. Entries are arranged in alphabetical order by chemical formula as normally written. Data on the index of refraction at other temperatures and wavelengths may be found in Reference 1.

a b c

Formula Ar AsCl3 BBr3 BrF3 BrF5 Br2 COS CO2 CS2 C3O2 Cl2 CrO2Cl2 Fe(CO)5 GeBr4 GeCl4 HBr HCN HCl HClO4 HF HI HNO3 H2 H2O H2O2 H2S

Name Argon Arsenic(III) chloride Boron tribromide Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Bromine Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon suboxide Chlorine Chromyl chloride Iron pentacarbonyl Germanium(IV) bromide Germanium(IV) chloride Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen chloride Perchloric acid Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide Nitric acid Hydrogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide

H2SO4 H2S2

Sulfuric acid Hydrogen disulfide

t/°C –188 16 16 25 25 15 25 24 20 0 20 23 14 26 25 10 20 18 50 25 16 25 –253 20 28 –80 20 20 20

n 1.2312 1.604 1.312 1.4536 1.3529 1.659 1.3506 1.6630 1.62774 1.453 1.3834 1.524 1.523 1.6269 1.4614 1.325 1.26136 1.3287 a 1.3819 1.1574 1.466 1.393 1.1096 1.33336 1.4061 1.460 1.3682 1.4183 1.630

References 1. Wohlfarth, C., and Wohlfarth, B., Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, III/38A, Martienssen, W., Editor, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1996. 2. Francis, A.W., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 5, 534, 1960.

Formula He Kr NH3

Helium Krypton Ammonia

Name

NO N2 N2H4 N2O O2 PBr3 PCl3 PH3 P2O3 S SCl2 SF6 SOCl2 SO2 SO2Cl2 SO3 SSCl2 SbCl5 SiBr4 SiCl4 SnBr4 SnCl4 TiCl4 Xe

Nitric oxide Nitrogen Hydrazine Nitrous oxide Oxygen Phosphorus(III) bromide Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphine Phosphorus(III) oxide Sulfur Sulfur dichloride Sulfur hexafluoride Thionyl chloride Sulfur dioxide Sulfuryl chloride Sulfur trioxide Sulfur chloride Antimony(V) chloride Tetrabromosilane Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Xenon

t/°C –269 –157 –77 20 –90 –196 22 25 –183 25 21 17 27 125 14 25 10 25 12 20 20 22 31 25 31 25 18 –112

n 1.02451 c 1.3032 c 1.3944 b 1.3327 1.330 1.19876 b 1.470 1.238 1.2243 c 1.687 1.5122 1.317 1.540 1.9170 1.557 1.167 1.527 1.3396 1.444 1.40965 1.671 1.5925 1.5685 1.41156 1.6628 1.5086 1.6076 1.3918 c

At 581 nm At 578 nm At 546 nm

4-140

Section4.indb 140

5/2/05 9:25:25 AM

PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS index. For cubic crystals there is only a single value. See Reference 1 for details on the axis systems. Variations of several percent, depending on the origin and exact composition of the sample, are common.

The chemical formula, crystal system, density, hardness, and index of refraction of some common minerals are given in this table. Entries are arranged alphabetically by mineral name. The columns are: d Formula: Chemical formula for a typical sample of the mineral. Composition often varies considerably with the origin of the sample. d Crystal system: tricl = triclinic; monocl = monoclinic; orth = orthorhombic; tetr = tetragonal; hex = hexagonal; rhomb = rhombohedral; cub = cubic. d Density: Typical density in g/cm3. Individual samples may vary by a few percent. d Hardness: On the Mohs’ scale (range of 1 to 10, with talc = 1 and diamond = 10). d Index of refraction: Values are given for the three coordinate axes in the order of least, intermediate, and greatest

Name Acanthite Actinolite Aegirine Akermanite Alabandite Albite Allanite Allemontite Almandine Altaite Aluminite Alunite Alunogen Amblygonite Analcite Anatase Andalusite Andesine Andorite Andradite Anglesite Anhydrite Ankerite Anorthite Anorthoclase Anthophyllite Apatite Apophyllite Aragonite Arcanite Argentite Arsenolite Arsenopyrite Atacamite Augelite Augite Autunite Axinite

Formula

Ag2S Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH,F)2 NaFe(SiO3)2 Ca2MgSi2O7 MnS NaAlSi3O8 (Ca,Mn,Ce,La,Y,Th)2(Fe,Ti)(Al,Fe)O·OH (Si2O7)(SiO4) SbAs Fe3Al2Si3O12 PbTe Al2(SO4)(OH)4·7H2O (K,Na)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 Al2(SO4)3·18H2O (Li,Na)Al(PO4)(F,OH) NaAlSi2O6·H20 TiO2 Al2OSiO4 NaAlSi3O8·CaAl2Si2O8 PbAgSb3S6 Ca3(Fe,Ti)2Si3O12 PbSO4 CaSO4 Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2 CaAl2Si2O8 (Na,K)AlSi3O8 (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH,F)2 Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) KFCa4Si8O20·8H2O CaCO3 K2SO4 Ag2S As2O3 FeAsS Cu2(OH)3Cl Al2(PO4)(OH)3 (Ca,Mg,Fe,Ti,Al)2(Si,Al)2O6 Ca(UO22)(PO4)2·10H20 (Ca,Mn,Fe)3Al2BO3Si4O12(OH)

References 1. Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992. 2. Carmichael, R. S., Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Donnay, J. D. H., and Ondik, H. M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973.

Crystal system orth monocl monocl tetr cub tricl monocl

Density g/cm3 7.2 3.23 3.58 2.94 4.0 2.63 3.8

hex cub cub monocl rhomb monocl tricl cub tetr orth tricl rhomb cub orth orth rhomb tricl tricl rhomb hex tetr orth orth orth cub monocl rhomb monocl monocl tetr tricl

6.0 4.32 8.16 1.74 2.8 1.69 3.1 2.27 4.23 3.15 2.67 5.35 3.86 6.29 2.96 3.0 2.76 2.58 3.21 3.2 2.35 2.83 2.66 7.2 3.86 6.1 3.76 2.70 3.38 3.2 3.31

Hardness 2.3 5.5 6 5.5 3.8 6.3 5.8 3.5 6.8 3 1.5 3.8 1.8 5.8 5.5 5.8 7.5 6.3 3.3 6.8 2.8 3.5 3.8 6.3 6 5.8 5 4.8 3.5 2.3 1.5 5.8 3.3 4.8 6 2.3 6.8

nα

Index of refraction nβ nγ

1.624 1.763 1.632

1.655 1.800 1.640

1.664 1.815

1.527 1.75

1.531 1.78

1.538 1.80

1.464 1.592 1.47 1.604

1.470 1.478 1.613

2.561 1.639 1.553

1.644 1.557

1.830 1.459 1.572 1.467 1.591 1.486 2.488 1.635 1.550 1.887 1.877 1.570 1.529 1.577 1.523 1.645 1.645 1.535 1.531 1.494

1.883 1.575 1.720 1.585 1.528 1.658 1.648 1.536 1.680 1.494

1.894 1.614

1.861 1.576 1.707 1.577 1.691

1.880 1.588 1.738

1.590 1.529 1.668

1.686 1.497

1.755 1.831 1.574 1.703 1.553 1.684

1.694

4-141

Section4.indb 141

5/2/05 9:25:28 AM

Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals

4-142 Name Azurite Baddeleyite Barite Benitoite Bertrandite Beryl Beryllonite Biotite Bismuthinite Bixbyite Bloedite Boehmite Boracite Borax Bornite Boulangerite Bournonite Braggite Braunite Bravoite Breithauptite Brochantite Bromyrite Brookite Brucite Bunsenite Cacoxenite Calcite Caledonite Calomel Cancrinite Carnalite Carnotite Cassiterite Celestite Celsian Cerargyrite Cerussite Cervantite Chabazite Chalcanthite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Chiolite Chlorite Chloritoid Chondrodite Chromite Chrysoberyl Chrysocolla Cinnabar Claudetite Clinohumite Clinozoisite Cobaltite Colemanite Columbite Connellite Copiapite Coquimbite

Section4.indb 142

Formula

Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 ZrO2 BaSO4 BaTi(SiO3)3 Be4Si2O7(OH)2 Be3Al2(SiO3)6 NaBe(PO)4 K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2 Bi2S3 (Mn,Fe)2O3 Na2Mg(SO4)2·4H2O AlO(OH) Mg3B7O13Cl Na2B4O7·10H2O Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 PbCuSbS3 PtS (Mn,Si)2O3 (Ni,Fe)S2 NiSb Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 AgBr TiO2 Mg(OH)2 NiO Fe4(PO4)3(OH)3·12H20 CaCO3 Cu2Pb5(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 Hg2Cl2 (Na,Ca,K)7[Al6Si6O24](CO3,SO4,Cl,OH)2·H20 KMgCl3·6H20 K2(UO2)2(VO4)2·3H2O SnO2 SrSO4 BaAl2Si2O8 AgCl PbCO3 Sb2O4 Ca[Al2Si4O12]·6H2O CuSO4·5H2O Cu2S CuFeS2 Na5Al3F14 (Mg,Al,Fe)12(Si,Al)8O20(OH)16 FeAl4O2(SiO4)2(OH)4 Mg(OH,F)2·2Mg2SiO4 FeCr2O4 BeAl2O4 CuSiO3·2H2O HgS As2O3 Mg(OH,F)2·4Mg2SiO4 Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH) CoAsS Ca2B6O11·5H2O (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 Cu19(SO4)Cl4(OH)32·3H2O (Fe,Mg)Fe4(SO4)6(OH)2·20H2O Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O

Crystal system monocl monocl orth rhomb rhomb hex monocl monocl orth cub monocl orth rhomb monocl cub monocl rhomb tetr tetr cub hex monocl cub orth hex cub hex hex rhomb tetr hex rhomb rhomb tetr orth monocl cub orth orth trig tricl orth tetr tetr monocl monocl monocl cub orth rhomb hex monocl monocl monocl cub monocl rhomb hex tricl hex

Density g/cm3 3.77 5.7 4.49 3.65 2.6 2.64 2.81 3.0 6.78 4.95 2.25 3.44 2.94 1.73 5.07 6.1 5.83 10.2 4.78 4.62 ≈8.7 3.79 6.47 4.23 2.37 6.72 2.3 2.71 5.76 7.16 2.42 1.60 6.85 3.96 3.25 5.56 6.6 6.64 2.08 2.29 5.6 4.2 3.00 3.0 3.66 3.21 5.0 3.65 2.4 8.17 3.74 3.21 3.30 ≈6.1 2.42 5.20 3.36 2.13 2.1

Hardness 3.8 6.5 3.3 6.3 6 7.8 5.8 2.8 2 6.3 2.8 3.8 7.3 2.3 3 2.8 2.8 6.3 5.8 5.5 3.8 2.5 5.8 2.5 5.5 3.5 3 2.8 1.5 5.5 2.5 1.5 6.5 3.3 6.3 2.5 3.3 4.5 4.5 2.5 2.8 3.8 3.8 2.5 6.5 6.5 5.5 8.5 2 2.3 2.5 6 6.5 5.5 4.5 6 3 2.8 2.5

Index of refraction nβ nγ nα 1.730 1.758 1.838 2.13 2.19 2.20 1.636 1.637 1.648 1.757 1.804 1.589 1.602 1.613 1.582 1.589 1.552 1.558 1.561 1.595 1.651 1.651

1.483 1.64 1.66 1.447

1.486 1.65 1.66 1.469

1.487 1.66 1.67 1.472

1.728 2.253 2.583 1.575

1.771

1.800

2.584 1.59

2.700

1.580 1.486 1.818 1.973 1.495 1.466 1.75 2.006 1.622 1.583 2.071 1.804 1.482 1.514

1.646 1.658 1.866 2.656 1.509 1.475 1.92 2.097 1.624 1.588

1.909

1.494 1.95 1.631 1.594

2.076

2.079

1.537

1.543

1.349 1.62 1.721 1.615

1.62 1.726 1.634

1.342 1.61 1.717 1.604 2.16 1.746 1.575 2.814 1.87 1.633 1.693

1.748 1.597 3.143 1.92 1.647 1.700

2.01 1.668 1.712

1.586

1.592

1.614

1.731 1.52 1.54

1.752 1.54 1.56

1.59

1.756 1.598

5/2/05 9:25:31 AM

Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals Name Cordierite Corundum Cotunnite Covellite Cristobalite Crocoite Cryolite Cryolithionite Cubanite Cummingtonite Cuprite Danburite Datolite Daubreelite Derbylite Diamond Diaspore Digenite Diopside Dioptase Dolomite Douglasite Dyscrasite Eddingtonite Eglestonite Emplectite Enargite Enstatite Epidote Epsomite Erythrite Eucairite Euclasite Eudialite Eulytite Euxenite Fayalite Ferberite Fergussonite Fluorite Forsterite Franklinite Gahnite Galaxite Galena Galenabismuthite Ganomalite Gaylussite Gehlenite Geikielite Gibbsite Glauberite Glauconite Glaucophane Gmelinite Goethite Goslarite Greenockite Grossularite Gummite

Section4.indb 143

Formula

Al3(Mg,Fe)2Si5AlO18 Al2O3 PbCl2 CuS SiO2 PbCrO4 Na3AlF6 Na3Li3Al2F12 CuFe2S3 (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2 Cu2O CaSi2B2O8 CaBSiO4(OH) Cr2FeS4 Fe6Ti6Sb2O23 C AlO(OH) Cu2–xS CaMgSi2O6 CuSiO2(ΟH)2 CaMg(CO3)2 K2FeCl4·2H2O Ag3Sb BaAl2Si3O10·4H2O Hg4OCl2 CuBiS2 Cu3AsS4 MgSiO3 Ca2Al2(Al,Fe)OH(SiO4)3 MgSO4·7H2O (Co,Ni)3(AsO4)2·8H2O CuAgSe BeAlSiO4(OH) (Na,Ca,Ce)5(Fe,Mn)(Zr,Ti)(Si3O9)2 (OH,Cl) Bi4Si3O12 (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6 Fe2SiO4 FeWO4 (Y,Er,Ce,Fe)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O4 CaF2 Mg2SiO4 ZnFe2O4 ZnAl2O4 MnAl2O4 PbS PbBi2S4 (Ca,Pb)10(OH,Cl)2(Si2O7)3 Na2Ca(CO3)2·5H2O Ca2Al2SiO7 MgTiO3 Al(OH)3 Na2Ca(SO4)2 (K,Na,Ca)1.6(Fe,Al,Mg)4.0Si7.3Al0.7 O20(OH)4 Na2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2 (Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12]·6H2O FeO(OH) ZnSO4·7H2O CdS Ca3Al2Si3O12 UO3·H2O

4-143 Crystal system rhomb hex orth hex hex monocl monocl cub rhomb monocl cub rhomb monocl cub rhomb cub orth cub monocl rhomb rhomb orth rhomb rhomb cub rhomb rhomb monocl monocl orth monocl orth monocl hex cub rhomb orth monocl tetr cub orth cub cub cub cub rhomb hex monocl tetr hex monocl monocl monocl monocl hex orth orth hex cub orth

Density g/cm3 2.66 3.97 5.98 4.8 2.33 6.12 2.97 2.77 4.11 3.4 6.0 3.0 2.98 3.81 4.53 3.51 3.4 5.55 3.30 3.5 2.86 2.16 9.74 2.8 8.4 6.38 4.5 3.19 3.44 1.67 3.06 7.7 3.1 3.0 6.6 5.5 4.30 7.51 5.7 3.18 3.21 5.21 4.62 4.04 7.60 7.04 5.6 1.99 3.04 3.85 2.42 2.80 2.7 3.19 2.10 4.3 1.97 4.8 3.59 7.05

Hardness 7 9 2.5 1.8 6.5 2.8 2.5 2.8 3.5 5.5 3.8 7 5.3 5 10 6.8 2.8 6 5 3.5 3.8 2.5 2 3 5.5 6 2.3 2 2.5 7.5 5.5 4.5 6 6.5 4.3 6 4 7 6 7.8 7.8 2.5 3 3.5 2.8 5.5 5.5 3 2.8 2 6 4.5 5.3 2.3 3.3 6.8 3.8

Index of refraction nβ nγ nα 1.540 1.549 1.553 1.761 1.769 2.199 2.217 2.260 1.484 2.29 1.338 1.340

1.487 2.36 1.338

2.66 1.339

1.650

1.660

1.676

1.63 1.624

1.63 1.652

1.63 1.668

2.45 2.418 1.694

2.45

2.51

1.715

1.741

1.680 1.65 1.500 1.488

1.687 1.70 1.679 1.500

1.708

1.541 2.49

1.553

1.557

1.656 1.733 1.433 1.626

1.662 1.755 1.455 1.661

1.669 1.765 1.461 1.699

1.651 1.623 2.05 2.2 1.827

1.655 1.600

1.671 1.615

1.869

1.879

1.651

1.670

2.1 1.434 1.635 2.36 1.805 1.92 3.91 1.910 1.444 1.658 1.95 1.57 1.515 1.60 1.634 1.477 2.268 1.457 2.506 1.734

1.945 1.516 1.669 2.31 1.57 1.535 1.63 1.645 1.485 2.401 1.480 2.529

1.523

1.59 1.536 1.63 1.648 2.457 1.484

5/2/05 9:25:32 AM

Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals

4-144 Name Gypsum Halite Hambergite Hanksite Harmotome Hausmannite Haüyne Hedenbergite Helvite Hematite Hemimorphite Hercynite Herderite Hessite Heulandite Hopeite Hornblende Huebnerite Humite Huntite Hydrogrossularite Hydromagnesite Illite Ilmenite Iodyrite Jacobsite Jadeite Jamesonite Jarosite Kainite Kaliophylite Kaolinite Kernite Kieserite Kyanite Lanarkite Lanthanite Laumontite Laurionite Lawsonite Lazulite Lazurite Leadhillite Lepidocrocite Lepidolite Leucite Levyne Litharge Loellingite Maghemite Magnesite Magnetite Malachite Manganite Manganosite Marcasite Marialite Marshite Mascagnite Matlockite

Section4.indb 144

Formula

CaSO4·2H2O NaCl Be2(OH)(BO3) Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl Ba[Al2Si6O16]·6H2O Mn3O4 (Na,Ca)4-8Al6Si6O24(SO4,S)1-2 CaFeSi2O6 Mn4Be3Si3O12S Fe2O3 Zn4Si2O7(OH)2·H2O Fe(AlO2)2 CaBe(PO4)(Fe,OH) Ag2Te (Ca,Na2,K2)[Al2Si7O18]·6H2O Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O Ca2(Mg,Fe)4Al(Si7AlO22)(OH)2 MnWO4 Mg(OH,F)2·3Mg2SiO4 Mg3Ca(CO3)4 Ca3Al2Si2O8(SiO4)1-m(OH)4m 3MgCO3·Mg(OH)2·3H2O KAl4[Si7AlO20](OH)4 FeTiO3 AgI MnFe2O4 NaAlSi2O6 Pb4FeSb6S14 KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 KMg(SO4)Cl·3H2O KAlSiO4 Al4Si4O10(OH)8 Na2B4O7·4H2O MgSO4·H2O Al2OSiO4 Pb2(SO4)O (La,Ce)2(CO3)3·8H2O Ca4[Al8Si16O48]·16H2O Pb(OH)Cl CaAl2(OH)2Si2O7·H2O (Mg,Fe)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Na4SSi3Al3O12 Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2 FeO(OH) K2(Li,Al)5-6[Si6-7Al2-1O20](OH,F)4 KAlSi2O6 (Ca,Na2)Al2Si4O12·6H2O PbO FeAs2 Fe2O3 MgCO3 Fe3O4 Cu2(OH)2(CO3) MnO(OH) MnO FeS2 Na4Al3Si9O24Cl CuI (NH4)2SO4 PbClF

Crystal system monocl cub rhomb hex monocl tetr cub monocl cub hex rhomb cub monocl orth monocl orth monocl monocl orth trig cub monocl monocl rhomb hex cub monocl monocl rhomb monocl hex tricl monocl monocl tricl monocl rhomb monocl rhomb rhomb monocl cub monocl orth monocl tetr rhomb tetr rhomb cub hex cub monocl monocl cub cub tetr cub orth tetr

Density g/cm3 2.32 2.17 2.36 2.56 2.44 4.84 2.47 3.53 3.32 5.25 3.45 4.3 2.98 8.4 2.2 3.0 3.24 7.2 3.3 2.70 3.4 2.24 2.8 4.72 5.68 4.87 3.34 5.63 3.09 2.15 2.61 2.65 1.95 2.57 3.59 6.92 2.72 2.3 6.24 3.08 3.23 2.42 6.55 4.26 2.85 2.49 2.10 9.35 7.40 4.88 3.05 5.17 4.05 ≈4.3 5.37 5.02 2.56 5.67 1.77 7.05

Hardness 2 2 7.5 3.3 4.5 5.5 5.8 6 6 6 5 7.8 5.3 2.5 3.8 3.2 5.5 4.3 6 6.8 3.5 1.5 5.5 1.5 7.8 6 2.5 3 2.8 6 2.3 2.5 3.5 6.3 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.3 6 5.8 5.3 2.8 5 3.3 5.8 4.5 2 5.3 7.8 4 6 3.8 4 5.5 6.3 5.5 2.5 2.3 2.8

Index of refraction nβ nγ nα 1.520 1.525 1.530 1.544 1.56 1.59 1.63 1.461 1.481 1.506 1.507 1.511 2.15 2.46 1.502 1.721 1.727 1.746 1.739 2.91 3.19 1.614 1.617 1.636 1.835 1.592 1.612 1.621 1.498 1.58 1.67 2.17 1.625

1.498 1.59 1.67 2.22 1.636

1.506 1.59 1.69 2.32 1.657

1.70 1.523 1.56

1.527 1.59

1.545 1.59

2.21 2.3 1.649 1.715 1.494 1.532 1.549 1.454 1.520 1.715 1.928 1.52 1.508 2.08 1.655 1.615 1.500 1.87 1.94 1.536 1.510 1.496 2.535 2.63 1.536 2.42 1.655 2.25

1.541 2.346 1.520 2.006

2.22 1.654 1.820 1.505 1.537 1.564 1.472 1.533 1.722 2.007 1.587 1.517 2.12 1.675 1.64 2.00 2.20 1.565

1.663

1.516 1.565 1.488 1.584 1.731 2.036 1.613 1.519 2.16 1.685 1.650 2.01 2.51 1.566

1.501 2.665

1.741 1.875 2.25

1.909 2.53

1.548 1.523 2.145

1.533

5/2/05 9:25:34 AM

Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals Name Meionite Melanterite Melilite Mellite Mendipite Mesolite Metacinnabar Microcline Miersite Millerite Mimetite Minium Mirabilite Moissanite Molybdenite Monazite Monetite Monticellite Montmorillonite Montroydite Mordenite Muscovite Nantokite Natrolite Nepheline Newberyite Niccolite Norbergite Nosean Oldhamite Oligoclase Olivenite Olivine Opal Orpiment Orthoclase Orthopyroxene Paragonite Parisite Pectolite Penfieldite Pentlandite Percylite Periclase Perovskite Petalite Pharmacosiderite Phenakite Phillipsite Phlogopite Phosgenite Piemontite Pigeonite Pollucite Polybasite Powellite Prehnite Proustite Pseudobrookite Psilomelane

Section4.indb 145

Formula

Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 FeSO4·7H2O (Ca,Na)2(Mg,Fe,Al,Si)3O7 Al2C12O12·18H2O Pb3O2Cl2 Na2Ca2(Al2Si3O10)3·8H2O HgS KAlSi3O8 AgI NiS Pb5(AsO4,PO4)3Cl Pb3O4 Na2SO4·10H2O SiC MoS2 (Ce,La,Th)PO4 CaHPO4 Ca(Mg,Fe)SiO4 (0.5Ca,Na)0.7(Al,Mg,Fe)4 [(Si,Al)8O20](OH)4·nH2O HgO (Na,K,Ca)[Al2Si10O24]·7H2O KAl2Si3AlO10(OH,F)2 CuCl Na2Al2Si3O10·2H2O Na3KAl4Si4O16 MgHPO4·3H2O NiAs Mg(OH,F)2·Mg2SiO4 Na8Al6Si6O24SO4 CaS ([NaSi]0.9-0.7[CaAl]0.1-0.3)AlSi2O8 Cu2(AsO4)(OH) (Mg,Fe)SiO4 SiO2·nH2O As2S3 KAlSi3O8 (Mg,Fe)SiO3 NaAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 (Ce,La,Na)FCO3·CaCO3 Ca2NaH(SiO3)3 Pb4Cl6(OH)2 (Fe,Ni)9S8 PbCuCl2(OH)2 MgO CaTiO3 LiAlSi4O10 Fe3(AsO4)2(OH)3·5H2O Be2SiO4 K(Ca0.5,Na)2[Al3Si5O16]·6H2O KMg3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2 Pb2(CO3)Cl2 Ca2(Mn,Fe,Al)3O(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH) (Mg,Fe,Ca)(Mg,Fe)Si2O6 CsAlSi2O6 (Ag,Cu)16Sb2S11 Ca(Mo,W)O4 Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 Ag3AsS3 Fe2TiO5 BaMn9O16(OH)4

4-145 Crystal system tetr monocl tetr tetr rhomb orth cub monocl hex hex hex tetr monocl hex hex monocl tricl orth monocl orth orth monocl cub orth hex orth hex orth cub cub tricl rhomb rhomb amorp monocl monocl rhomb monocl hex tricl hex cub cub cub cub monocl cub rhomb monocl monocl tetr monocl monocl tetr monocl tetr rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb

Density g/cm3 2.78 1.89 3.00 1.64 7.24 2.26 7.70 2.56 5.68 5.5 7.24 8.9 1.46 3.16 5.06 5.2 2.92 3.18 2.5 11.14 2.13 2.83 4.14 2.23 2.61 2.13 7.77 3.21 2.35 2.59 2.64 4.2 3.81 1.9 3.46 2.56 3.6 2.85 4.42 2.88 6.6 4.8 3.6 3.98 2.42 2.80 2.98 2.2 2.83 6.13 3.49 3.38 2.9 6.1 4.35 2.93 5.57 4.36 4.71

Hardness 5.5 2 5.5 2.3 2.5 5 3 6.3 2.5 3.3 3.8 2.5 1.8 9.5 1.3 5 3.5 5.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 2.8 2.5 5 5.8 3.3 5.3 6.5 5.5 4 6.3 3 6.8 5 1.8 6 5.5 2.5 4.5 4.8 3.8 2.5 5.5 5.5 6.5 2.5 7.5 4.3 2.3 2.5 6 6 6.5 2.5 3.8 6.3 2.3 6 5.5

Index of refraction nβ nγ nα 1.559 1.595 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.639 1.645 1.511 1.539 2.24 2.27 2.31 1.506 1.522 2.20

1.526

2.128

2.147

1.394 2.648

1.396 2.691

1.398

1.787 1.587 1.647 1.55 2.37 1.478 1.563 1.930 1.478 1.534 1.514

1.789 1.61 1.655 1.57 2.50 1.480 1.596

1.840 1.640 1.664 1.57 2.65 1.482 1.602

1.481 1.538 1.517

1.491 1.533

1.565 1.495 2.137 1.539 1.77 1.73 1.44 2.40 1.523 1.709 1.572 1.672 1.603 2.13

1.573

1.592

1.543 1.80 1.76

1.547 1.85 1.78

2.81 1.527 1.712 1.602 1.771 1.610 2.21

3.02 1.531 1.723 1.605

1.511

1.519

2.05 1.735 2.34 1.506 1.690 1.654 1.494 1.560 2.118 1.762 1.702 1.517 1.971 1.622 2.792 2.38

1.670 1.497 1.597 2.145 1.773 1.703

1.980 1.628 3.088 2.39

1.530

1.639

1.505 1.598 1.796 1.728

1.648 2.42

5/2/05 9:25:35 AM

Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals

4-146 Name Pumpellyite Pyrargyrite Pyrite Pyrochlore Pyrochroite Pyrolusite Pyromorphite Pyrope Pyrophyllite Pyrrhotite Quartz Rammelsbergite Raspite Realgar Rhodochrosite Rhodonite Riebeckite Rutile Safflorite Samarskite Sapphirine Scapolite Scheelite Scolecite Scorodite Sellaite Senarmontite Serpentine Siderite Sillimanite Skutterudite Smithsonite Sodalite Sperrylite Spessartite Sphalerite Sphene Spinel Spodumene Stannite Staurolite Stercorite Stibiotantalite Stibnite Stilbite Stilpnomelane Stolzite Strengite Strontianite Struvite Sulfur Sylvanite Sylvite Talc Tantalite Tapiolite Tellurobismuthite Terlinguaite Tetrahedrite Thenardite

Section4.indb 146

Formula Ca2Al2(Al,Fe,Mg)[Si2(O,OH)7] (SiO4)(OH,O)3 Ag3SbS3 FeS2 NaCaNb2O6F Mn(OH)2 MnO2 Pb5(PO4,AsO4)3Cl Mg3Al2Si3O12 Al2Si4O10(OH)2 Fe7S8 SiO2 NiAs2 PbWO4 As4S4 MnCO3 (Mn,Fe,Ca)SiO3 Na2Fe5(Si8O22)(OH)2 TiO2 (Co,Fe)As2 (Y,Er,Ce,U,Ca,Fe,Pb,Th) (Nb,Ta,Ti,Sn)2O6 (Mg,Fe)2Al4O6SiO4 (Na,Ca)4Al3(Al,Si)3Si6O24 (Cl,F,OH,CO3,SO4) CaWO4 CaAl2Si3O10·3H2O Fe(AsO4)·2H2O MgF2 Sb2O3 Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 FeCO3 Al2OSiO4 (Co,Ni)As3 ZnCO3 Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2 PtAs2 Mn3Al2Si3O12 ZnS CaTiSiO4(O,OH,F) MgAl2O4 LiAlSi2O6 Cu2FeSn4 (Fe,Mg,Zn)2(Al,Fe,Ti)9O6 [(Si,Al)O4]4(O,OH)2 Na(NH4)H(PO4)·4H2O Sb(Ta,Nb)O4 Sb2S3 NaCa2[Al5Si13O36]·14H2O (K,Na,Ca)0.6(Fe,Mg)6Si8Al (O,OH)27·2H2O PbWO4 FePO4·2H2O SrCO3 Mg(NH4)(PO4)·6H2O S (Ag,Au)Te2 KCl Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6 FeTa2O6 Bi2Te3 Hg2OCl (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13 Na2SO4

Crystal system monocl rhomb cub cub hex tetr hex cub monocl hex hex orth monocl monocl hex orth monocl tetr rhomb rhomb monocl tetr tetr monocl rhomb tetr cub monocl hex rhomb cub rhomb cub cub cub cub monocl cub monocl tetr monocl tricl rhomb orth monocl monocl tetr orth orth rhomb orth monocl cub monocl rhomb tetr hex monocl cub orth

Density g/cm3 3.21 5.85 5.02 5.3 3.26 5.08 7.04 3.58 2.78 4.62 2.65 7.1 8.46 3.5 3.70 3.48 3.3 4.23 7.3 5.69 3.49 2.64 6.06 2.27 3.28 3.15 5.58 2.55 3.9 3.25 6.8 4.4 2.30 10.58 4.19 4.0 3.50 3.55 3.13 4.4 3.79 1.62 6.6 4.56 2.2 2.8 8.2 2.87 3.5 1.71 2.07 8.16 1.99 2.71 7.95 7.9 7.74 8.73 4.9 2.7

Hardness 5.5 2.5 6.3 5.3 2.5 6.3 3.8 6.8 1.5 4 7 5.8 2.8 1.8 3.8 6 5 6.2 4.8 5.5 7.5 5.5 4.8 5 3.8 5 2.3 3 4.3 7 5.8 4.3 5.8 6.5 6.8 3.8 5 7.8 6.8 4 7.5 2 5.5 2 3.8 3.5 2.8 4 3.5 2 2 1.8 2 1 6.5 6.3 1.8 2.5 3.8 2.8

Index of refraction nβ nγ nα 1.688 1.695 1.705 2.88 3.08

1.68

1.72

2.048 1.714 1.545

2.058

1.544

1.553

1.27 2.538 1.597 1.725 1.675 2.609

1.27 2.684 1.816 1.729 1.683 2.900

2.200 1.709 1.551 1.920 1.510 1.784 1.378 2.087 1.55 1.635 1.658 1.621 1.485

1.579

1.712 1.573 1.936 1.518 1.795 1.390 1.56 1.875 1.660

1.599

1.30 2.704 1.737 1.694

1.715

1.519 1.814

1.56 1.660

1.848

1.800 2.369 1.90 1.719 1.656

1.95

2.03

1.662

1.671

1.743 1.439 2.38

1.747 1.442 2.41

1.755 1.469 2.46

1.492 1.585 2.19 1.707 1.518 1.495 1.958

1.499 1.665 2.27 1.719 1.666 1.496 2.038

1.503 1.665

1.490 1.545 2.26 2.27

1.592 2.32 2.42

1.595 2.43

2.35

2.64

2.66

1.468

1.475

1.483

1.741 1.668 1.504 2.245

5/2/05 9:25:37 AM

Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals Name Thermonatrite Thomsenolite Thorianite Thorite Topaz Torbernite Tourmaline Tremolite Trevorite Tridymite TriphylliteLithiophyllite Troegerite Troilite Trona Turquois Ullmannite Uraninite Uvarovite Valentinite Vanadinite Variseite-Strengite Vaterite Vermiculite Vesuvianite Villiaumite Vivianite Wagnerite Wavellite Whewellite Willemite Witherite Wolframite Wollastonite Wulfenite Wurtzite Xenotime Zeunerite Zincite Zircon Zoisite

Section4.indb 147

4-147

Na2CO3·H2O NaCaAlF6·H2O ThO2 ThSiO4 Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2·8H2O Na(Mg,Fe,Mn,Li,Al)3Al6Si6O18 (BO3)3 Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH,F)2 NiFe2O4 SiO2 Li(Fe,Mn)PO4

Crystal system orth monocl cub tetr rhomb tetr rhomb monocl cub hex rhomb

(UO2)3(AsO4)2·12H2O FeS Na3H(CO3)2·2H2O Cu(Al,Fe)6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O NiSbS UO2 Ca3Cr2Si3O12 Sb2O3 Pb5(VO4)3Cl (Al,Fe)(PO4)·2H2O CaCO3 (Mg,Ca)0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6[(Al,Si)8O20] (OH)4·8H2O Ca10(Mg,Fe)2Al4(Si2O7)2(SiO4)5 (OH,F)4 NaF Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O Mg2(PO4)F Al3(OH)3(PO4)2·5H2O CaC2O4·H2O Zn2SiO4 BaCO3 (Fe,Mn)WO4 CaSiO3 PbMoO4 ZnS YPO4 Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2·10H2O ZnO ZrSiO4 Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)

tetr hex monocl tricl cub cub cub orth hex rhomb hex monocl tetr cub monocl monocl rhomb cub hex orth monocl monocl tetr hex tetr tetr hex tetr rhomb

Formula

Density g/cm3 2.25 2.98 10.0 6.7 3.53 3.22 3.14 3.0 5.33 2.27 3.46

Hardness 1.3 2 6.5 4.8 8 2.3 7 5.5 7.8 7 4.5 2.5 4 2.8 5.3 5.3 5.5 6.8 2.8 2.9 4

4.7 2.14 2.9 6.65 11.0 3.83 5.7 6.8 2.72 2.71 2.3 3.33 2.78 2.58 3.15 2.36 2.2 4.1 4.29 7.3 2.92 6.7 4.09 4.8

1.5 6.5 2.3 1.8 5.3 3.6 2.8 5.5 3.5 4.3 4.8 2.9 3.8 4.5

5.6 4.6 3.26

4 7.5 6

Index of refraction nβ nγ nα 1.420 1.506 1.524 1.407 1.414 1.415 2.200 1.8 1.618 1.620 1.627 1.582 1.592 1.62 1.65 1.599 1.612 1.622 2.3 1.475 1.476 1.479 1.68 1.68 1.69 1.59

1.630

1.412 1.70

1.492 1.73

1.540 1.75

2.35 2.416 1.654 1.645 1.556 1.73

2.35

1.865 2.18 2.350 1.635 1.550 1.542 1.72 1.327 1.598 1.568 1.527 1.491 1.691 1.529 2.26 1.628 2.283 2.356 1.721 1.606 2.013 1.94 1.695

1.629 1.572 1.535 1.554 1.719 1.676 2.32 1.639 2.403 2.378 1.816 2.029 1.99 1.699

1.668 1.556

1.652 1.582 1.553 1.650 1.677 2.42 1.642

1.711

5/2/05 9:25:38 AM

Crystallographic Data on Minerals This table contains x-ray crystallographic data on about 400 common minerals, as well as selected crystalline elements. Entries are arranged alphabetically by mineral name. The columns are: Name: Common name of the mineral. Formula: Chemical formula for a typical sample of the mineral. Composition often varies considerably with the origin of the sample. Crystal system: tricl = triclinic; monocl = monoclinic; orth = orthorhombic; tetr = tetragonal; hex = hexagonal; rhomb = rhombohedral; cubic = cubic. Structure type: Prototype for the structural arrangement of the crystallographic cell. Z: Number of formula units per the unit cell. a, b, c: Lengths of the cell edges in Å (1Å = 10-8 cm). α, β, γ : Angles between cell axes. Name Acanthite Acmite (Aegirine) Akermanite Alabandite Almandine (Almandite) Altaite Aluminum Alunite Analcite Anatase Andalusite Andradite Anglesite Anhydrite Annite Anorthite Anthophyllite Antimony Aragonite Arcanite Argentite Argentopyrite Arsenic Arsenolite Arsenopyrite Azurite Baddeleyite Banalsite Barite Berlinite Beryl Berzelianite Bismite Bismuth Bismuthinite Bixbyite

Formula Ag2S NaFe(SiO3)2 Ca2MgSi2O7 MnS Fe3Al2Si3O12

Crystal system monocl monocl tetr cubic cubic

PbTe Al KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 NaAlSi2O6·H20 TiO2 Al2OSiO4 Ca3Fe2Si3O12 PbSO4 CaSO4 KFe3[AlSi3O10](OH)2 CaAl2Si2O8 Mg7Si8O22(OH)2 Sb CaCO3 K2SO4 Ag2S AgFe2S3 As As2O3 FeAsS Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 ZrO2 BaNa2Al4Si4O16 BaSO4 AlPO4 Be3Al2(SiO3)6 Cu2Se Bi2O3 Bi Bi2S3 Mn2O3

cubic cubic rhomb cubic tetr orth cubic orth orth monocl tricl orth rhomb orth orth cubic orth rhomb cubic tricl monocl monocl orth orth hex hex cubic monocl rhomb orth cubic

Boehmite Borax

AlO(OH) Na2B4O7·10H2O

orth monocl

4-156

References 1. Robie, R.A., Bethke, P.M., and Beardsley, K.M., U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1248, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 2. Donnay, J.D.H., and Ondik, H.M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. 3. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992.

Structure type diopside melilite rock salt garnet rock salt copper

garnet barite anhydrite 1M mica primitive cell arsenic aragonite arcanite

arsenic diamond

baddeleyite barite α-quartz beryl pseudo-orth arsenic stibnite thallium trioxide lepidocrocite

Z 4 4 2 4 8

a/Å 4.228 9.658 7.8435 5.223 11.526

4 4 3 16 4 4 8 4 4 2 8 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 16 4 2 4 4 4 3 2 4 4 6 4 16

6.4606 4.049 6.982 13.733 3.785 7.7959 12.048 8.480 6.991 10.29 8.177 18.61 4.2996 5.741 5.772 4.870 6.64 3.760 11.074 5.760 5.008 5.1454 8.50 8.878 4.942 9.215 5.85 7.48 4.5367 11.150 9.411

4 4

2.868 11.858

b/Å 6.928 8.795

c/Å 7.862 5.294 5.010

α

β 99.58° 107.42°

γ

17.32

7.8983 5.398 6.996 9.33 12.877 18.01 7.968 10.072 11.47

9.514 5.5583 6.958 6.238 5.39 14.169 5.24 11.2516 4.959 7.483

93.17°

105.1° 115.85°

91.22°

6.45 10.555

5.690 5.844 5.2075 9.97 5.450

5.785 10.336 5.3107 16.72 7.152 10.97 9.192

8.14 11.300

5.83 11.8383 3.981

12.227 10.674

3.700 12.197

90.00°

112.23° 92.45° 99.23°

112.9°

106.68°

90.00°

Crystallographic Data on Minerals

4-157

Name Bornite (metastable) Breithauptite Brochantite Bromargyrite Bromellite Brookite Brucite

Formula Cu5FeS4 NiSb Cu4SO4(OH)6 AgBr BeO TiO2 Mg(OH)2

Crystal system cubic hex monocl cubic hex orth hex

Bunsenite Bustamite Cadmium telluride Cadmoselite Calcite Calomel Carbonate-apatite Cassiterite Cattierite Celestite Celsian Cerianite Cerussite Cervantite Chalcanthite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Chlorapatite Chlorargyrite Chloritoid Chloromagnesite Chondrodite Chrysoberyl Cinnabar Claudetite Clausthalite Clinoenstatite Clinoferrosilite Clinohumite Clinozoisite Cobalt olivine Cobalt oxide Cobalt sulfide Cobalt titanate Cobalticalcite Cobaltite Coesite Coffinite Colemanite Coloradoite Cooperite Copper

NiO CaMn(SiO3)2 CdTe CdSe CaCO3 Hg2Cl2 Ca10(PO4)6CO3·H2O SnO2 CoS2 SrSO4 BaAl2Si2O8 CeO2 PbCO3 Sb2O4 CuSO4·5H2O Cu2S CuFeS2 Ca5(PO4)3Cl AgCl FeAl4O2(SiO4)2(OH)4 MgCl2 2Mg2SiO4·MgF2 BeAl2O4 HgS As2O3 PbSe MgSiO3 FeSiO3 4Mg2SiO4·MgF2 Ca2Al3(SiO4)3OH Co2SiO4 CoO CoS CoTiO3 CoCO3 CoAsS SiO2 USiO4 Ca2B6O11·5H2O HgTe PtS Cu

cubic tricl cubic hex rhomb tetr hex tetr cubic orth monocl cubic orth orth tricl orth tetr hex cubic monocl rhomb monocl orth hex monocl cubic monocl monocl monocl monocl orth cubic cubic rhomb rhomb cubic monocl tetr monocl cubic tetr cubic

Corundum Cotunnite Covellite Cristobalite (α) Cristobalite (β) Cryolite Cubanite Cummingtonite Cuprite Danburite

Al2O3 PbCl2 CuS SiO2 SiO2 Na3AlF6 CuFe2S3 (Mg,Fe,Mn)7(Si4O11)2(OH)2 Cu2O CaB2Si2O8

rhomb orth hex tetr cubic monocl orth monocl cubic orth

Structure type niccolite rock salt zincite cadmium iodide rock salt sphalerite zincite calcite apatite rutile pyrite barite fluorite aragonite

apatite rock salt

olivine cinnabar rock salt

olivine rock salt sphalerite ilmenite calcite NiSbS zircon sphalerite face-centered cubic corundum

tremolite

Z 8 2 4 4 2 8 1

a/Å 10.94 3.942 13.066 5.7745 2.6979 5.456 3.147

4 6 4 2 6 4 1 2 4 4 8 4 4 4 2 96 4 2 4 8 3 2 4 3 4 4 8 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 16 4 4 4 2 4

4.177 7.736 6.4805 4.2977 4.9899 4.478 9.436 4.738 5.5345 8.359 8.627 5.4110 6.152 5.424 6.1045 11.881 5.2988 9.629 5.5491 9.48 3.632 7.89 5.4756 4.149 5.339 6.1255 9.620 9.7085 13.68 8.887 4.782 4.260 5.339 5.066 4.6581 5.60 7.152 6.995 8.743 6.4600 3.4699 3.6150

6 4 6 4 8 2 4 2 2 4

4.7591 4.535 3.792 4.971 7.1382 5.40 6.46 9.522 4.2696 8.04

b/Å

c/Å

9.85

5.155 6.022

9.182

7.157

α

β

γ

103.27°

4.3772 5.143 4.769 13.824

90.52°

94.58°

103.87°

7.0021 17.064 10.910 6.883 3.188 5.352 13.045

6.866 14.408

8.436 11.76 10.72 27.323

5.195 4.804 5.949 13.491 10.434 6.777

5.48

101.77°

12.984

18.18 17.795 10.29 4.4267 9.495 4.5405

8.825 9.0872 4.75 5.581 10.301

5.188 5.2284 10.27 10.14 6.003

108.33° 108.43° 100.83° 115.93°

4.743 9.4041

115.20°

97.57°

107.28°

109.03°

94.27°

13.918 14.958 12.379 11.264

7.152 6.263 6.102

120.00° 110.12°

6.1098

7.62

12.9894 9.05 16.34 6.918

5.60 11.12 18.223

7.776 6.23 5.332

8.77

7.74

90.18° 101.92°

77.43°

Crystallographic Data on Minerals

4-158 Name Datolite Daubreeite Diamond Diaspore Dickite Digenite

Formula CaBSiO4(OH) FeCr2S4 C AlO(OH) Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Cu1.79S

Crystal system monocl cubic cubic orth monocl cubic

Diopside Dioptase Dolerophanite Dolomite Dravite Elbaite Enargite Enstatite Epidote Epsomite Eskolaite Eucairite Euclase Famatimite Fayalite Fe-Cordierite Fe-Gehlenite Fe-Indialite Fe-Leucite Fe-Microcline Fe-Sanidine Fe-Skutterudite Ferberite Ferriannite Ferroselite Ferrotremolite Fluor-edenite Fluor-humite Fluor-norbergite Fluor-phlogopite Fluor-richterite Fluor-tremolite Fluorapatite Fluorite Forsterite Frohbergite Gahnite Galaxite Galena Gallium oxide Gehlenite Geikielite Gerhardite Gersdorfite Gibbsite Glauchroite Glaucodot Glaucophane I Glaucophane II Goethite Gold

CaMg(SiO3)2 CuSiO2(OH)2 Cu2O(SO4) CaMg(CO3)2 NaMg3Al6B3Si6O27(OH)4 NaLiAl7.67B3Si6O27(OH)4 Cu3AsS4 MgSiO3 Ca2Al2(Al,Fe)OH(SiO4)3 MgSO4·7H2O Cr2O3 AgCuSe AlBeSiO4(OH) Cu3SbS4 Fe2SiO4 Fe2Al3(AlSi5O18) Ca2Fe2SiO7 Fe2Al3(AlSi5O18) KFeSi2O6 KFeSi3O8 KFeSi3O8 FeAs2.95 FeWO4 KFe3[FeSi3O10](OH)2 FeSe2 Ca2Fe5[Si8O22](OH)2 NaCa2Mg5[AlSi7O22]F2 3Mg2SiO4·MgF2 Mg2SiO4·MgF2 KMg3[AlSi3O10]F2 Na2CaMg5[Si8O22]F2 Ca2Mg5[Si8O22]F2 Ca5(PO4)3F CaF2 Mg2SiO4 FeTe2 ZnAl2O4 MnAl2O4 PbS Ga2O3 Ca2Al2SiO7 MgTiO3 Cu2(NO3)(OH)3 NiAsS Al(OH)3 CaMnSiO4 (Co,Fe)AsS Na2Mg3Al2[Si8O22](OH)2 Na2Mg3Al2[Si8O22](OH)2 FeO(OH) Au

monocl rhomb monocl rhomb rhomb rhomb orth orth monocl orth rhomb orth monocl tetr orth orth tetr hex tetr tricl monocl cubic monocl monocl orth monocl monocl orth orth monocl monocl monocl hex cubic orth orth cubic cubic cubic rhomb tetr rhomb orth cubic monocl orth orth monocl monocl orth cubic

Goldmanite Goslarite

Ca3V2Si3O12 ZnSO4·7H2O

cubic orth

Structure type spinel diamond

deformed fluorite diopside phenacite calcite tourmaline tourmaline

corundum

olivine cordierite melilite beryl

wolframite marcasite tremolite tremolite

1M mica tremolite tremolite apatite fluorite olivine marcasite spinel spinel rock salt corundum melilite ilmenite

olivine tremolite tremolite face-centered cubic garnet epsomite

Z 4 8 8 4 4 4

a/Å 9.62 9.966 3.5670 4.401 5.150 5.5695

4 18 4 3 3 3 2 16 2 4 6 10 4 2 4 4 2 2 16 4 4 8 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 8 8 4 6 2 6 4 4 8 4 24 2 2 4 4

9.743 14.61 8.334 4.8079 15.942 15.842 6.426 8.829 8.89 11.86 4.9607 4.105 4.763 5.384 4.817 9.726 7.54 9.860 13.205 8.68 8.689 8.1814 4.732 5.430 4.801 9.97 9.847 10.243 8.727 5.299 9.823 9.781 9.3684 5.4638 4.758 5.265 8.0848 8.258 5.9360 4.9793 7.690 5.054 6.075 5.693 9.719 4.944 6.64 9.748 9.663 4.596 4.0786

8 4

12.070 11.779

b/Å 7.60

c/Å 4.84

9.421 8.940

2.845 14.736

8.923

5.251 7.80 7.628 16.010 7.224 7.009 6.144 5.192 10.19 6.858 13.599 6.31 4.618 10.770 6.105 9.287 4.855 9.285 13.970 7.340 7.319

6.312

7.422 18.22 5.63 11.99 20.35 14.29 10.477 17.065

13.10 13.12 5.708 9.404 5.778 18.34 18.00 20.72 10.271 9.188 17.96 18.01

4.965 10.341 3.587 5.30 5.282 4.735 4.709 10.135 5.268 5.267 6.8841

10.214 6.265

5.984 3.869

13.812

13.429 5.0675 13.898 5.592

5.0705 11.19 28.39 17.915 17.696 9.957

8.6412 6.529 5.64 5.273 5.277 3.021

12.050

6.822

α

β 90.15°

γ

103.58° 105.93° 108.4°

115.40°

100.25°

90.75°

116.05° 116.10° 90.00° 100.07° 104.50° 104.83°

99.92° 104.33° 104.52°

94.57°

102.78° 103.67°

86.23°

Crystallographic Data on Minerals

4-159

Name Graphite Greenockite Greigite Grossularite Grunerite Gudmundite Gypsum Hafnia Halite Hambergite Hardystonite Hauerite Hausmannite Hawleyite Heazelwoodite Hedenbergite Hematite Hemimorphite Hercynite Herzenbergite

Formula C CdS Fe3S4 Ca3Al2Si3O12 Fe7[Si8O22](OH)2 FeSbS CaSO4·2H2O HfO2 NaCl Be2(OH,F)BO3 Ca2ZnSi2O7 MnS2 Mn3O4 CdS Ni3S2 CaFe(SiO3)2 Fe2O3 Zn4(OH)2Si2O7·H2O Fe(AlO2)2 SnS

Crystal system hex hex cubic cubic monocl monocl monocl monocl cubic orth tetr cubic tetr cubic rhomb monocl rhomb orth cubic orth

Hessite Hexahydrite High albite (Analbite) High argentite High bornite High carnegeite High chalcocite High clinoenstatite High digenite High germania High leucite High naumanite High sanidine Huebnerite Huntite Hydroxylapatite Ice Ilmenite Indialite (Cordierite) Iodargyrite Iron (α)

Ag2Te MgSO4·6H2O NaAlSi3O8 Ag2S Cu5FeS4 NaAlSiO4 Cu2S MgSiO3 Cu2S GeO2 KAlSi2O6 Ag2Se KAlSi3O8 MnWO4 Mg3Ca(CO3)4 Ca5(PO4)3OH H2O FeTiO3 Mg2Al3(AlSi5O18) AgI Fe

monocl monocl tricl cubic cubic cubic hex tricl cubic hex cubic cubic monocl monocl rhomb hex hex rhomb hex hex cubic

Jacobsite Jadeite Jalpaite Johannsenite Kaliophilite Kalsilite Kaolinite Karelianite Keatite Kernite Kerschsteinite Klockmannite

MnFe2O4 NaAl(SiO3)2 Ag1.55Cu0.45S CaMn(SiO3)2 KAlSiO4 KAlSiO4 Al2Si2O5(OH)4 V2O3 SiO2 Na2B4O7·4H2O CaFeSiO4 CuSe

cubic monocl tetr monocl hex hex tricl rhomb tetr monocl orth hex

Knebelite Kyanite Larnite Laurite

MnFeSiO4 Al2OSiO4 Ca2SiO4 RuS2

orth tricl monocl cubic

Structure type graphite zincite spinel garnet tremolite

baddeleyite rock salt melilite pyrite sphalerite diopside corundum spinel germanium sulfide

α−quartz

wolframite calcite apatite ilmenite beryl zincite bodycentered cubic spinel diopside diopside

corundum

olivine deformed covellite olivine

pyrite

Z 4 2 8 8 2 8 4 4 4 8 2 4 8 4 3 4 6 2 8 4

a/Å 2.4612 4.1354 9.876 11.851 9.572 10.00 5.68 5.1156 5.6402 9.755 7.87 6.1014 8.136 5.833 5.746 9.854 5.025 8.370 8.150 4.328

4 8 4 4 1 4 2 8 4 3 16 2 4 2 3 2 4 6 2 2 2

8.13 10.110 8.160 6.269 5.50 7.325 3.961 10.000 5.725 4.987 13.43 4.993 8.615 4.834 9.498 9.418 4.5212 5.093 9.7698 4.5955 2.8664

8 4 16 4 54 2 2 6 12 4 4 78

8.499 9.409 8.673 9.83 26.930 5.1597 5.155 4.952 7.456 7.022 4.886 14.206

4 4 4 4

4.854 7.123 5.48 5.60

b/Å

c/Å 6.7079 6.7120

18.44 5.93 15.18 5.1722

5.342 6.73 6.29 5.2948

12.201

4.426 5.01

α

β

γ

101.77° 90.00° 113.83° 99.18°

9.422

10.719

7.134 5.263 13.735 5.120

11.190

3.978

4.48 7.212 12.870

8.09 24.41 7.106

8.934

6.722 5.170

9.024

104.23°

93.54°

111.9° 98.30° 116.36°

90.19°

88.27°

70.03°

91.01°

5.652

13.031 5.758

7.177 4.999 7.816 6.883 7.3666 14.055 9.3517 7.5005

115.98° 91.18°

8.564

5.220 11.756 5.27 8.522 8.7032 7.407 14.002 8.604 15.676 6.434 17.25

107.50°

91.68°

6.162 5.564 9.28

89.92°

9.04

8.959

9.151 11.146 10.602 7.848 6.76

105.00°

104.87°

89.93°

108.83°

101.25° 94.55°

105.97°

Crystallographic Data on Minerals

4-160 Name Lawrencite Lawsonite Lead

Formula FeCl2 CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O Pb

Crystal system rhomb orth cubic

Leonhardtite Lepidocrocite Lepidolite Leucite Lime Lime olivine Linnaeite Litharge Loellingite Low albite Low bornite Low cordierite Low germania Low nepheline Luzonite Mackinawite Magnesioriebeckite Magnesite Magnetite Malachite Maldonite Manganese sulfide (γ) Manganese sulfide (β) Manganosite Marcasite Margarite Marialite Marshite Mascagnite Massicot Matlockite Maucherite Meionite Melanophlogite Melanterite Melonite

MgSO4·4H2O FeO(OH) K2Al3Li2AlSi7O20(OH)4 KAlSi2O6 CaO Ca2SiO4 Co3S4 PbO FeAs2 NaAlSi3O8 Cu5FeS4 Mg2Al3(AlSi5O18) GeO2 NaAlSiO4 Cu3AsS4 FeS Na2Mg3Fe2[Si8O22](OH)2 MgCO3 Fe3O4 Cu2(OH)2CO3 Au2Bi MnS

monocl orth monocl tetr cubic orth cubic tetr orth tricl tetr orth tetr hex tetr tetr monocl rhomb cubic monocl cubic hex

MnS

Metacinnabar Miargyrite Microcline Miersite Millerite Minium Minnesotaite Mirabilite Mn-Indialite Molybdenite Molybdenum Molybdite Monteponite Monticellite Montroydite Mullite (2:1) Mullite (3:2) Muscovite

Structure type

Z 3 4 4

a/Å 3.593 8.787 4.9505

zincite

4 4 2 16 4 4 8 2 2 4 16 4 2 8 2 2 2 6 8 4 8 2

5.922 3.868 9.2 13.074 4.8108 5.091 9.401 3.9759 5.300 8.139 10.94 9.721 4.3963 9.986 5.289 3.675 9.733 4.6330 8.3940 9.502 7.958 3.976

cubic

sphalerite

4

5.611

MnO FeS2 CaAl2[AlSi2O10](OH)2 Na4Al3Si9O24Cl CuI (NH4)2SO4 PbO PbClF Ni11As8 Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 SiO2 FeSO4·7H2O NiTe2

cubic orth monocl tetr cubic orth orth tetr tetr tetr cubic monocl hex

rock salt marcasite 2M mica

4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 46 4 1

4.4448 4.443 5.13 12.064 6.0507 7.782 5.489 4.106 6.870 12.174 13.402 14.072 3.869

HgS AgSbS2 KAlSi3O8 AgI NiS Pb3O4 Fe3Si4O10(OH)2 Na2SO4·10H2O Mn2Al3(AlSi5O18) MoS2 Mo MoO3 CdO CaMgSiO4 HgO 2Al2O3·SiO2 3Al2O3·2SiO2 KAl2AlSi3O10(OH)2

cubic monocl tricl cubic rhomb tetr monocl monocl hex hex cubic orth cubic orth orth orth orth monocl

4 8 4 4 9 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 3 4

5.8517 12.862 8.582 6.4963 9.616 8.815 5.4 11.51 9.925 3.1604 3.1653 3.962 4.6953 4.827 6.608 7.5788 7.557 5.203

face-centered cubic

2M2 mica rock salt olivine spinel marcasite

rutile

tremolite calcite spinel

sphalerite arcanite

clathrate type cadmium iodide sphalerite

sphalerite

beryl molybdenite

rock salt olivine

2M2 mica

b/Å 5.836

c/Å 17.58 13.123

13.604 12.525 5.3

7.905 3.066 20.0 13.738

11.371

6.782

5.981 12.788 17.062

17.946

11.974

5.023 2.882 7.160 21.88 9.339 2.8626 8.330 10.440 5.030 5.299 15.016

α

β

γ

90.85° 98.00°

94.27°

116.57°

87.68°

103.30°

3.240

98.75°

6.432

5.423 8.92

3.3876 19.50 7.514

5.993 4.755

10.636 5.891 7.23 21.81 7.652

6.503

11.041 5.308

4.111 12.964

13.220 7.222

9.42 10.38

3.152 6.565 19.4 12.83 9.297 12.295

13.858

3.697

11.084 5.518 7.6909 7.6876 8.995

6.376 3.519 2.8883 2.8842 20.030

95.00°

105.57°

90.62°

98.63° 115.92°

100.00° 107.75°

94.47°

87.68°

Crystallographic Data on Minerals

4-161

Name Nacrite Nantokite Natroalunite Natrolite Neighborite Ni-Skutterudite Niccolite Nickel

Formula Al2Si2O5(OH)4 CuCl NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 Na2Al2Si3O10·2H2O NaMgF3 NiAs2.95 NiAs Ni

Crystal system monocl cubic rhomb orth orth cubic hex cubic

Nickel carbonate Nickel olivine Nickel selenide Niter Norsethite Oldhamite Orpiment Orthoclase Orthoferrosilite Otavite Paracelsian Paragonite Pararammelsbergite Paratellurite Parawollastonite Pectolite Pentlandite Pentlandite Periclase Perovskite Petalite Petzite Phenacite Phlogopite Picrochromite Piemontite Platinum

NiCO3 Ni2SiO4 NiSe2 KNO3 BaMg(CO3)2 CaS As2S3 KAlSi3O8 FeSiO3 CdCO3 BaAl2Si2O8 NaAl2AlSi3O10(OH)2 NiAs2 TeO2 CaSiO3 Ca2NaH(SiO3)3 Fe5.25Ni3.75S8 Fe4.75Ni5.25S8 MgO CaTiO3 LiAlSi4O10 Ag3AuTe2 Be2SiO4 KMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2 MgCr2O4 Ca2Al1.5Mn1.5(SiO4)3OH Pt

rhomb orth cubic orth rhomb cubic monocl monocl orth rhomb monocl monocl orth tetr monocl tricl cubic cubic cubic orth monocl cubic rhomb monocl cubic monocl cubic

Polymidite Portlandite

Ni3S4 Ca(OH)2

cubic hex

Powellite Protoenstatite Proustite Pseudowollastonite Pyrargyrite Pyrite Pyrolusite Pyrope Pyrophanite Pyrophyllite Pyroxmangite Pyrrhotite

CaMoO4 MgSiO3 Ag3AsS3 CaSiO3 Ag3SbS3 FeS2 MnO2 Mg3Al2Si3O12 MnTiO3 Al2Si4O10(OH)2 MnFe(SiO3)2 Fe0.980S

tetr orth rhomb tricl rhomb cubic tetr cubic rhomb monocl tricl hex

Pyrrhotite

Fe0.885S

hex

Quartz (α) Quartz (β) Rammelsbergite Realgar Retgersite Rhodochrosite

SiO2 SiO2 NiAs2 As4S4 NiSO4·4H2O MnCO3

hex hex orth monocl tetr rhomb

Structure type sphalerite

perovskite niccolite face-centered cubic calcite olivine pyrite aragonite calcite rock salt

enstatite calcite 2M1 mica

rock salt perovskite

phenacite 1M mica spinel face-centered cubic spinel cadmium iodide scheelite

pyrite rutile garnet ilmenite 2M1 mica defect niccolite defect niccolite

marcasite

calcite

Z 4 4 3 8 4 8 2 4

a/Å 8.909 5.416 6.974 18.30 5.363 8.3300 3.618 3.5238

b/Å 5.146

c/Å 15.697

18.63 7.676

16.69 6.60 5.503

6 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 16 6 4 4 8 4 12 2 4 4 4 4 2 8 18 2 8 2 4

4.5975 4.727 5.9604 6.431 5.020 5.689 11.49 8.562 9.080 4.9204 8.58 5.13 5.75 4.810 15.417 7.99 10.196 10.095 4.2117 5.3670 11.32 10.38 12.472 5.326 8.333 8.95 3.9231

8 1

9.480 3.5933

4 8 6 24 6 4 2 8 6 4 7 2

5.226 9.25 10.816 6.90 11.052 5.4175 4.388 11.459 5.155 5.14 7.56 3.446

2

3.440

5.709

3 3 2 16 4 6

4.9136 4.999 4.757 9.29 6.782 4.7771

5.4051 5.4592 3.542 6.57 18.28 15.664

α

β 113.70°

γ

5.034

10.121

14.723 5.915

9.164

5.414 16.75

9.59 12.996 18.431

4.25 7.193 5.238 16.298 9.08 19.32 11.428 7.613 7.066 7.02

9.583 8.89 5.82 7.321 7.04

7.6438 5.14

90.45° 116.02°

90.00° 95.17°

90.05°

5.4439 7.62

95.40° 95.27°

102.47°

105.90°

9.210

8.252 10.311

100.17°

5.70

9.41

115.70°

4.9086 8.74 11.78

11.43 5.32 8.6948 19.65 8.7177

90.00°

90.80°

90.00°

84.00°

99.92° 94.30°

113.70°

2.865

8.90 17.45

5.797 13.53

14.18 18.55 6.67 5.848

106.55°

Crystallographic Data on Minerals

4-162 Name Rhodonite Riebeckite Rutile Safflorite Sanmartinite Sapphirine Scacchite Scheelite Schorl Selenium Selenolite Sellaite Senarmontite

Formula MnSiO3 Na2Fe5FSi8O22(OH)2 TiO2 Co0.5Fe0.5As2 ZnWO4 Mg2Al4O6SiO4 MnCl2 CaWO4 NaFe3Al6B3Si6O27(OH)4 Se SeO2 MgF2 Sb2O3

Crystal system tricl monocl tetr orth monocl monocl rhomb tetr rhomb hex tetr tetr cubic

Shandite Shortite Siderite Silicon Sillimanite Silver

Ni3Pb2S2 Na2Ca2(CO3)3 FeCO3 Si Al2OSiO4 Ag

rhomb orth rhomb cubic orth cubic

Silver telluride I Silver telluride II Smithsonite Soda niter Sodium melilite Sperrylite Spessartite Sphalerite Sphene Spinel Spodumene Spodumene (β) Staurolite Sternbergite Stibnite Stilleite Stishovite Stolzite Stromeyerite Strontianite Sulfur (monoclinic)

Ag2Te Ag2Te ZnCO3 NaNO3 NaCaAlSi2O7 PtAs2 Mn3Al2Si3O12 ZnS CaTiSiO5 MgAl2O4 LiAl(SiO3)2 LiAl(SiO3)2 Fe2Al9Si4O22(OH)2 AgFe2S3 Sb2S3 ZnSe SiO2 PbWO4 Ag0.93Cu1.07S SrCO3 S

cubic cubic rhomb rhomb tetr cubic cubic cubic monocl cubic monocl tetr monocl orth orth cubic tetr tetr orth orth monocl

Sulfur (orthorhombic) Sulfur (rhombohedral) Sylvite Syngenite Synthetic anorthite Synthetic anorthite Talc Tantalum Teallite

S

orth

S

rhomb

KCl K2Ca(SO4)2·H2O CaAl2Si2O8 CaAl2Si2O8 Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Ta PbSnS2

cubic monocl hex orth monocl cubic orth

Tellurite Tellurium Tellurobismuthite Tennantite Tenorite Tephroite

TeO2 Te Bi2Te3 Cu12As4S13 CuO Mn2SiO4

orth hex rhomb cubic monocl orth

Structure type tremolite marcasite wolframite

scheelite tourmaline

rutile arsenic trioxide

calcite diamond face-centered cubic

calcite calcite melilite pyrite garnet sphalerite spinel diopside

stibnite sphalerite rutile scheelite aragonite S8 ring molecules S8 ring molecules S6 ring molecules rock salt

2M1 mica tungsten germanium sulfide tellurite selenium tetrahedrite olivine

Z 10 2 2 2 2 8 3 4 3 3 8 2 16

a/Å 7.682 9.729 4.5937 5.231 4.691 9.96 3.711 5.242 16.032 4.3642 8.35 4.621 11.152

3 2 6 8 4 4

5.576 4.961 4.6887 5.4305 7.4843 4.0862

2 4 6 6 2 4 8 4 4 8 4 4 2 8 4 4 2 4 4 4 48

5.29 6.585 4.6528 5.0696 8.511 5.968 11.621 5.4093 7.07 8.080 9.451 7.5332 7.90 11.60 11.229 5.6685 4.1790 5.4616 4.066 6.029 11.04

128

10.4646

18

10.818

4 2 2 2 4 2 2

6.2931 9.775 5.10 8.22 5.287 3.3058 4.266

8 3 3 2 4 4

5.607 4.4570 4.3835 10.190 4.684 4.871

b/Å 11.818 18.065 5.953 5.720 28.60

11.03

7.6730

c/Å 6.707 5.334 2.9618 2.962 4.925 9.85 17.59 11.372 7.149 4.9588 5.05 3.050

α 92.36°

β 93.95° 103.31°

89.36° 110.5°

13.658 7.12 15.373 5.7711

15.025 16.829 4.809

8.72

6.56

113.95°

8.387

110.07°

16.65 12.675 11.310

5.208 9.1540 5.63 6.63 3.8389

6.628 8.414 10.98

2.6649 12.046 7.972 5.107 10.92

12.8660

24.4860

90.00°

96.73°

4.280 7.156 8.60 9.158

6.251 14.72 4.83 18.95

11.419

4.090

12.034

5.463 5.9290 30.487

3.425 10.636

5.129 6.232

104.00°

99.50°

99.47°

γ 105.66°

Crystallographic Data on Minerals

4-163

Name Tetrahedrite Thenardite Thorianite Thorite Tiemannite Tin Titanium Titanium(III) oxide Topaz Tremolite Trevorite Tridymite (β) Trogtalite Troilite Tschermakite Tungsten Tungstenite Turquois Umangite Uraninite Ureyite Uvarovite Uvite Vaesite Valentinite

Formula Cu12Sb4S13 Na2SO4 ThO2 ThSiO4 HgSe Sn Ti Ti2O3 Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 NiFe2O4 SiO2 CoSe2 FeS CaAl2SiO6 W WS2 CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O Cu3Se2 UO2 NaCr(SiO3)2 Ca3Cr2Si3O12 CaMg4Al5B3Si6O27(OH)4 NiS2 Sb2O3

Crystal system cubic orth cubic tetr cubic tetr hex rhomb orth monocl cubic hex cubic hex monocl cubic hex tricl tetr cubic monocl cubic rhomb cubic orth

Vanthoffite Vaterite Villiaumite Violarite Willemite Witherite Wolframite Wollastonite Wulfenite Wurtzite Wustite

MgSO4·3Na2SO4 CaCO3 NaF FeNi2S4 Zn2SiO4 BaCO3 Fe0.5Mn0.5WO4 CaSiO3 PbMoO4 ZnS Fe0.953O

monocl hex cubic cubic rhomb orth monocl tricl tetr hex cubic

Xenotime Zinc

YPO4 Zn

tetr hex

Zinc telluride Zincite Zinkosite Zircon Zoisite

ZnTe ZnO ZnSO4 ZrSiO4 Ca2Al3(SiO4)3OH

cubic hex orth tetr orth

Structure type tetrahedrite thenardite fluorite zircon sphalerite

corundum tremolite spinel pyrite niccolite diopside molybdenite

fluorite diopside garnet tourmaline pyrite antimony trioxide

rock salt spinel phenacite aragonite wolframite scheelite zincite defect rock salt zircon hexagonal close pack sphalerite zincite barite zircon

Z 2 8 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 8 4 4 2 4 2 2 1 2 4 4 8 3 4 4

a/Å 10.327 5.863 5.5952 7.143 6.0853 5.8315 2.953 5.149 8.394 9.840 8.339 5.0463 5.8588 3.446 9.615 3.1653 3.154 7.424 6.402 5.4682 9.550 11.999 15.86 5.6873 4.914

2 6 4 8 18 4 2 6 4 2 4

9.797 7.135 4.6342 9.464 13.94 6.430 4.782 7.94 5.435 3.8230 4.3088

4 2

6.885 2.665

4 2 4 4 4

6.1020 3.2495 8.588 6.604 16.15

b/Å

c/Å

12.304

9.821

α

β

γ

6.327

8.792 18.052

3.1813 4.729 13.642 4.649 5.275

104.70°

8.2563

8.661

5.877 5.272

7.629

12.362 9.910 4.276

8.712

5.273

106.12°

68.61°

69.71°

65.08°

107.44°

7.19 12.468

5.421

9.217

8.199 8.524

8.904 5.731 7.32

9.309 5.314 4.982 7.07 12.110 6.2565 5.982 4.947

6.740 5.581

5.2069 4.770 5.979 10.06

113.50°

90.03°

90.57° 95.37°

103.43°

CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS The Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) has conducted a project to establish internationally agreed values for the thermodynamic properties of key chemical substances. This table presents the final results of the project. Use of these recommended, internally consistent values is encouraged in the analysis of thermodynamic measurements, data reduction, and preparation of other thermodynamic tables. The table includes the standard enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K, the entropy at 298.15 K, and the quantity H° (298.15 K)–H° (0). A value of 0 in the ∆fH° column for an element indicates the reference state for that element. The standard state pressure is 100000

Substance Ag Ag Ag+ AgCl Al Al Al+3 AlF3 Al2O3 Ar B B BF3 B2O3 Be Be BeO Br Br– Br2 Br2 C C CO CO2 CO2 CO3–2 Ca Ca Ca+2 CaO Cd Cd Cd+2 CdO CdSO4·8/3H2O Cl Cl– ClO4– Cl2 Cs Cs Cs+ Cu

State cr g aq cr cr g aq cr cr, corundum g cr, rhombic g g cr cr g cr g aq l g cr, graphite g g g aq, undissoc. aq cr g aq cr cr g aq cr cr g aq aq g cr g aq cr

Pa (1 bar). See the reference for information on the dependence of gas-phase entropy on the choice of standard state pressure. Substances are listed in alphabetical order of their chemical formulas when written in the most common form. The table is reprinted with permission of CODATA.

Reference Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989.

∆ f H ° (298.15 K) kJ ⋅ mol –1 0 284.9 ± 0.8 105.79 ± 0.08 –127.01 ± 0.05 0 330.0 ± 4.0 –538.4 ± 1.5 –1510.4 ± 1.3 –1675.7 ± 1.3 0 0 565 ± 5 –1136.0 ± 0.8 –1273.5 ± 1.4 0 324 ± 5 –609.4 ± 2.5 111.87 ± 0.12 –121.41 ± 0.15 0 30.91 ± 0.11 0 716.68 ± 0.45 –110.53 ± 0.17 –393.51 ± 0.13 –413.26 ± 0.20 –675.23 ± 0.25 0 177.8 ± 0.8 –543.0 ± 1.0 –634.92 ± 0.90 0 111.80 ± 0.20 –75.92 ± 0.60 –258.35 ± 0.40 –1729.30 ± 0.80 121.301 ± 0.008 –167.080 ± 0.10 –128.10 ± 0.40 0 0 76.5 ± 1.0 –258.00 ± 0.50 0

S° (298.15 K) J ⋅ K –1 ⋅ mol –1 42.55 ± 0.20 172.997 ± 0.004 73.45 ± 0.40 96.25 ± 0.20 28.30 ± 0.10 164.554 ± 0.004 –325 ± 10 66.5 ± 0.5 50.92 ± 0.10 154.846 ± 0.003 5.90 ± 0.08 153.436 ± 0.015 254.42 ± 0.20 53.97 ± 0.30 9.50 ± 0.08 136.275 ± 0.003 13.77 ± 0.04 175.018 ± 0.004 82.55 ± 0.20 152.21 ± 0.30 245.468 ± 0.005 5.74 ± 0.10 158.100 ± 0.003 197.660 ± 0.004 213.785 ± 0.010 119.36 ± 0.60 –50.0 ± 1.0 41.59 ± 0.40 154.887 ± 0.004 –56.2 ± 1.0 38.1 ± 0.4 51.80 ± 0.15 167.749 ± 0.004 –72.8 ± 1.5 54.8 ± 1.5 229.65 ± 0.40 165.190 ± 0.004 56.60 ± 0.20 184.0 ± 1.5 223.081 ± 0.010 85.23 ± 0.40 175.601 ± 0.003 132.1 ± 0.5 33.15 ± 0.08

H ° (298.15 K) − H ° (0) kJ ⋅ mol –1 5.745 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 12.033 ± 0.020 4.540 ± 0.020 6.919 ± 0.001 11.62 ± 0.04 10.016 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 1.222 ± 0.008 6.316 ± 0.002 11.650 ± 0.020 9.301 ± 0.040 1.950 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 2.837 ± 0.008 6.197 ± 0.001 24.52 ± 0.01 9.725 ± 0.001 1.050 ± 0.020 6.536 ± 0.001 8.671 ± 0.001 9.365 ± 0.003

5.736 ± 0.040 6.197 ± 0.001 6.75 ± 0.06 6.247 ± 0.015 6.197 ± 0.001 8.41 ± 0.08 35.56 ± 0.04 6.272 ± 0.001

9.181 ± 0.001 7.711 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 5.004 ± 0.008

5-1

Section5.indb 1

4/29/05 3:46:34 PM

CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics

5-2

Substance Cu Cu+2 CuSO4 F F– F2 Ge Ge GeF4 GeO2 H H+ HBr HCO3– HCl HF HI HPO4–2 HS – HSO4– H2 H2O H2O H2PO4– H2S H2S H3BO3 H3BO3 He Hg Hg Hg+2 HgO Hg2+2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2SO4 I I– I2 I2 K K K+ Kr Li Li Li+ Mg Mg Mg+2 MgF2 MgO N NH3 NH4+ NO3– N2 Na Na Na+

Section5.indb 2

State g aq cr g aq g cr g g cr, tetragonal g aq g aq g g g aq aq aq g l g aq g aq, undissoc. cr aq, undissoc. g l g aq cr, red aq cr cr g aq cr g cr g aq g cr g aq cr g aq cr cr g g aq aq g cr g aq

∆ f H ° (298.15 K) kJ ⋅ mol –1 337.4 ± 1.2 64.9 ± 1.0 –771.4 ± 1.2 79.38 ± 0.30 –335.35 ± 0.65 0 0 372 ± 3 –1190.20 ± 0.50 –580.0 ± 1.0 217.998 ± 0.006 0 –36.29 ± 0.16 –689.93 ± 0.20 –92.31 ± 0.10 –273.30 ± 0.70 26.50 ± 0.10 –1299.0 ± 1.5 –16.3 ± 1.5 –886.9 ± 1.0 0 –285.830 ± 0.040 –241.826 ± 0.040 –1302.6 ± 1.5 –20.6 ± 0.5 –38.6 ± 1.5 –1094.8 ± 0.8 –1072.8 ± 0.8 0 0 61.38 ± 0.04 170.21 ± 0.20 –90.79 ± 0.12 166.87 ± 0.50 –265.37 ± 0.40 –743.09 ± 0.40 106.76 ± 0.04 –56.78 ± 0.05 0 62.42 ± 0.08 0 89.0 ± 0.8 –252.14 ± 0.08 0 0 159.3 ± 1.0 –278.47 ± 0.08 0 147.1 ± 0.8 –467.0 ± 0.6 –1124.2 ± 1.2 –601.60 ± 0.30 472.68 ± 0.40 –45.94 ± 0.35 –133.26 ± 0.25 –206.85 ± 0.40 0 0 107.5 ± 0.7 –240.34 ± 0.06

S° (298.15 K) J ⋅ K –1 ⋅ mol –1 166.398 ± 0.004 –98 ± 4 109.2 ± 0.4 158.751 ± 0.004 –13.8 ± 0.8 202.791 ± 0.005 31.09 ± 0.15 167.904 ± 0.005 301.9 ± 1.0 39.71 ± 0.15 114.717 ± 0.002 0 198.700 ± 0.004 98.4 ± 0.5 186.902 ± 0.005 173.779 ± 0.003 206.590 ± 0.004 –33.5 ± 1.5 67 ± 5 131.7 ± 3.0 130.680 ± 0.003 69.95 ± 0.03 188.835 ± 0.010 92.5 ± 1.5 205.81 ± 0.05 126 ± 5 89.95 ± 0.60 162.4 ± 0.6 126.153 ± 0.002 75.90 ± 0.12 174.971 ± 0.005 –36.19 ± 0.80 70.25 ± 0.30 65.74 ± 0.80 191.6 ± 0.8 200.70 ± 0.20 180.787 ± 0.004 106.45 ± 0.30 116.14 ± 0.30 260.687 ± 0.005 64.68 ± 0.20 160.341 ± 0.003 101.20 ± 0.20 164.085 ± 0.003 29.12 ± 0.20 138.782 ± 0.010 12.24 ± 0.15 32.67 ± 0.10 148.648 ± 0.003 –137 ± 4 57.2 ± 0.5 26.95 ± 0.15 153.301 ± 0.003 192.77 ± 0.05 111.17 ± 0.40 146.70 ± 0.40 191.609 ± 0.004 51.30 ± 0.20 153.718 ± 0.003 58.45 ± 0.15

H ° (298.15 K) − H ° (0) kJ ⋅ mol –1 6.197 ± 0.001 16.86 ± 0.08 6.518 ± 0.001 8.825 ± 0.001 4.636 ± 0.020 7.398 ± 0.001 17.29 ± 0.10 7.230 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 8.648 ± 0.001 8.640 ± 0.001 8.599 ± 0.001 8.657 ± 0.001

8.468 ± 0.001 13.273 ± 0.020 9.905 ± 0.005 9.957 ± 0.010 13.52 ± 0.04 6.197 ± 0.001 9.342 ± 0.008 6.197 ± 0.001 9.117 ± 0.025 23.35 ± 0.20 26.070 ± 0.030 6.197 ± 0.001 13.196 ± 0.040 10.116 ± 0.001 7.088 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 6.197 ± 0.001 4.632 ± 0.040 6.197 ± 0.001 4.998 ± 0.030 6.197 ± 0.001 9.91 ± 0.06 5.160 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 10.043 ± 0.010

8.670 ± 0.001 6.460 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001

4/29/05 3:46:36 PM

CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics

Substance Ne O OH– O2 P P P2 P4 Pb Pb Pb+2 PbSO4 Rb Rb Rb+ S S SO2 SO4–2 S2 Si Si SiF4 SiO2 Sn Sn Sn+2 SnO SnO2 Th Th ThO2 Ti Ti TiCl4 TiO2 U U UO2 UO2+2 UO3 U3O8 Xe Zn Zn Zn+2 ZnO

Section5.indb 3

State g g aq g cr, white g g g cr g aq cr cr g aq cr, rhombic g g aq g cr g g cr, alpha quartz cr, white g aq cr, tetragonal cr, tetragonal cr g cr cr g g cr, rutile cr g cr aq cr, gamma cr g cr g aq cr

5-3 ∆ f H ° (298.15 K) kJ ⋅ mol –1 0 249.18 ± 0.10 –230.015 ± 0.040 0 0 316.5 ± 1.0 144.0 ± 2.0 58.9 ± 0.3 0 195.2 ± 0.8 0.92 ± 0.25 –919.97 ± 0.40 0 80.9 ± 0.8 –251.12 ± 0.10 0 277.17 ± 0.15 –296.81 ± 0.20 –909.34 ± 0.40 128.60 ± 0.30 0 450 ± 8 –1615.0 ± 0.8 –910.7 ± 1.0 0 301.2 ± 1.5 –8.9 ± 1.0 –280.71 ± 0.20 –577.63 ± 0.20 0 602 ± 6 –1226.4 ± 3.5 0 473 ± 3 –763.2 ± 3.0 –944.0 ± 0.8 0 533 ± 8 –1085.0 ± 1.0 –1019.0 ± 1.5 –1223.8 ± 1.2 –3574.8 ± 2.5 0 0 130.40 ± 0.40 –153.39 ± 0.20 –350.46 ± 0.27

S° (298.15 K) J ⋅ K –1 ⋅ mol –1 146.328 ± 0.003 161.059 ± 0.003 –10.90 ± 0.20 205.152 ± 0.005 41.09 ± 0.25 163.199 ± 0.003 218.123 ± 0.004 280.01 ± 0.50 64.80 ± 0.30 175.375 ± 0.005 18.5 ± 1.0 148.50 ± 0.60 76.78 ± 0.30 170.094 ± 0.003 121.75 ± 0.25 32.054 ± 0.050 167.829 ± 0.006 248.223 ± 0.050 18.50 ± 0.40 228.167 ± 0.010 18.81 ± 0.08 167.981 ± 0.004 282.76 ± 0.50 41.46 ± 0.20 51.18 ± 0.08 168.492 ± 0.004 –16.7 ± 4.0 57.17 ± 0.30 49.04 ± 0.10 51.8 ± 0.5 190.17 ± 0.05 65.23 ± 0.20 30.72 ± 0.10 180.298 ± 0.010 353.2 ± 4.0 50.62 ± 0.30 50.20 ± 0.20 199.79 ± 0.10 77.03 ± 0.20 –98.2 ± 3.0 96.11 ± 0.40 282.55 ± 0.50 169.685 ± 0.003 41.63 ± 0.15 160.990 ± 0.004 –109.8 ± 0.5 43.65 ± 0.40

H ° (298.15 K) − H ° (0) kJ ⋅ mol –1 6.197 ± 0.001 6.725 ± 0.001 8.680 ± 0.002 5.360 ± 0.015 6.197 ± 0.001 8.904 ± 0.001 14.10 ± 0.20 6.870 ± 0.030 6.197 ± 0.001 20.050 ± 0.040 7.489 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 4.412 ± 0.006 6.657 ± 0.001 10.549 ± 0.010 9.132 ± 0.002 3.217 ± 0.008 7.550 ± 0.001 15.36 ± 0.05 6.916 ± 0.020 6.323 ± 0.008 6.215 ± 0.001 8.736 ± 0.020 8.384 ± 0.020 6.35 ± 0.05 6.197 ± 0.003 10.560 ± 0.020 4.824 ± 0.015 7.539 ± 0.002 21.5 ± 0.5 8.68 ± 0.05 6.364 ± 0.020 6.499 ± 0.020 11.280 ± 0.020 14.585 ± 0.050 42.74 ± 0.10 6.197 ± 0.001 5.657 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 6.933 ± 0.040

4/29/05 3:46:37 PM

STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES This table gives the standard state chemical thermodynamic properties of about 2500 individual substances in the crystalline, liquid, and gaseous states. Substances are listed by molecular formula in a modified Hill order; all substances not containing carbon appear first, followed by those that contain carbon. The properties tabulated are: ΔfH°

Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation at 298.15 K in kJ/mol Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation at 298.15 K in kJ/mol Standard molar entropy at 298.15 K in J/mol K Molar heat capacity at constant pressure at 298.15 K in J/mol K

ΔfG° S° Cp

The standard state pressure is 100 kPa (1 bar). The standard states are defined for different phases by: •

• •

The standard state of a pure gaseous substance is that of the substance as a (hypothetical) ideal gas at the standard state pressure. The standard state of a pure liquid substance is that of the liquid under the standard state pressure. The standard state of a pure crystalline substance is that of the crystalline substance under the standard state pressure.

An entry of 0.0 for ΔfH° for an element indicates the reference state of that element. See References 1 and 2 for further information on reference states. A blank means no value is available. The data are derived from the sources listed in the references, from other papers appearing in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, and from the primary research literature. We are indebted to M. V. Korobov for providing data on fullerene compounds.

References 1. Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 3. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Vol. 14, Suppl.1, 1985. 4. Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Monograph 9, 1998. 5. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 6. Pedley, J. B., Naylor, R. D., and Kirby, S. P., Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds, Second Edition, Chapman & Hall, London, 1986. 7. Pedley, J. B., Thermochemical Data and Structures of Organic Compounds, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 1994. 8. Domalski, E. S., and Hearing, E. D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase , Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 25, 1-525, 1996. 9. Zabransky, M., Ruzicka , V., Majer, V., and Domalski, E. S., Heat Capacity of Liquids, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph No. 6, 1996. 10. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I.V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Vol. 1, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 11. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I.V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 12. NIST Chemistry Webbook , <webbook.nist.gov>

Crystal Molecular formula

Name

fH ° kJ/mol

fG ° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-96.9 71.3 -109.8 64.5

56.5 42.6 107.1 151.9 96.3 142.0

27.2 25.4 52.4

-66.2 -93.7 -33.4

115.5 149.4 140.9

56.8 102.9 93.1

-641.8 -11.2 27.6 121.4 -618.4 -40.7

217.6 121.3 117.0 100.0 200.4 144.0 28.3

142.3 65.9 88.0

fH ° kJ/mol

fG ° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Gas Cp J/mol K

fH ° kJ/mol

fG ° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

Substances not containing carbon: Ac Ag AgBr AgBrO3 AgCl AgClO3 AgClO4 AgF AgF2 AgI AgIO3 AgNO3 Ag2 Ag2CrO4 Ag2O Ag2O2 Ag2O3 Ag2O4S Ag2S Al

5-4

Actinium Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) bromate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chlorate Silver(I) perchlorate Silver(I) fluoride Silver(II) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) iodate Silver(I) nitrate Disilver Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) oxide Silver(II) oxide Silver(III) oxide Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) sulfide (argentite) Aluminum

0.0 0.0 -100.4 -10.5 -127.0 -30.3 -31.1 -204.6 -360.0 -61.8 -171.1 -124.4 -731.7 -31.1 -24.3 33.9 -715.9 -32.6 0.0

406.0 284.9

366.0 246.0

188.1 173.0

20.8 20.8

410.0

358.8

257.1

37.0

330.0

289.4

164.6

21.4

50.8

131.4 76.5 24.2

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula

Name

AlB3H12 AlBr AlBr3 AlCl AlCl2 AlCl3 AlF AlF3 AlF4Na AlH AlH3 AlH4K AlH4Li AlH4Na AlI AlI3 AlN AlO AlO4P AlP AlS Al2 Al2Br6 Al2Cl6 Al2F6 Al2I6 Al2O Al2O3 Al2S3 Am Ar As As AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsGa AsH3 AsH3O4 AsI3 AsIn AsO As2 As2O5 As2S3 At Au AuBr AuBr3 AuCl AuCl3 AuF3 AuH AuI Au2 B BBr BBr3 BCl BClO BCl3 BCsO2 BF BFO BF3 BF3H3N

Aluminum borohydride Aluminum monobromide Aluminum bromide Aluminum monochloride Aluminum dichloride Aluminum chloride Aluminum monofluoride Aluminum fluoride Sodium tetrafluoroaluminate Aluminum monohydride Aluminum hydride Potassium aluminum hydride Lithium aluminum hydride Sodium aluminum hydride Aluminum monoiodide Aluminum iodide Aluminum nitride Aluminum monoxide Aluminum phosphate Aluminum phosphide Aluminum monosulfide Dialuminum Aluminum hexabromide Aluminum hexachloride Aluminum hexafluoride Aluminum hexaiodide Aluminum oxide (Al 2O) Aluminum oxide (corundum) Aluminum sulfide Americium Argon Arsenic (gray) Arsenic (yellow) Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Gallium arsenide Arsine Arsenic acid Arsenic(III) iodide Indium arsenide Arsenic monoxide Diarsenic Arsenic(V) oxide Arsenic(III) sulfide Astatine Gold Gold(I) bromide Gold(III) bromide Gold(I) chloride Gold(III) chloride Gold(III) fluoride Gold hydride Gold(I) iodide Digold Boron (β-rhombohedral) Bromoborane(1) Boron tribromide Chloroborane(1) Chloroxyborane Boron trichloride Cesium metaborate Fluoroborane(1) Fluorooxyborane Boron trifluoride Aminetrifluoroboron

fH ° kJ/mol

fG ° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH ° kJ/mol -16.3

-527.2

180.2

-628.8

109.3

91.1

-1510.4

-1431.1

66.5

75.1

30.0

40.2

-44.7

78.7

83.2

-313.8 -318.0

-300.8 -287.0

159.0 20.2

98.7 30.1

-1733.8 -166.5

-1617.9

90.8

93.2

-1675.7 -724.0 0.0

-1582.3

0.0 14.6 -197.5

-906.3 -58.2 -58.6

-924.9 -169.0 0.0 0.0 -14.0 -53.3 -34.7 -117.6 -363.6

-67.8

50.9 116.9

79.0 105.1

35.1

24.6

-59.4 -53.6

-782.3 -168.6

64.2

213.1 75.7

145.0

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

289.1

194.6

fH ° kJ/mol 13.0 -4.0 -425.1 -47.7 -331.0 -583.2 -258.2 -1204.6 -1869.0 259.2

fG ° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

147.0 -42.0

379.2 239.5

35.6

-74.1

228.1

35.0

-283.7 -1188.2 -1827.5 231.2

215.0 277.1 345.7 187.9

31.9 62.6 105.9 29.4

65.5 -207.5

-305.0 -821.3 -71.0

fG ° kJ/mol

Gas

100.6

-704.2

-46.0 -183.7 -116.3 -115.5

5-5

-259.4 -774.2

216.3 181.2

126.6

36.0

91.2

65.3

218.4

30.9

200.9 485.9 -970.7 -1290.8 -2628.0 -516.7 -130.0

150.1 433.3

230.6 233.2

33.4 36.4

-1220.4

490.0

-159.0

259.4

45.7

0.0 302.5

261.0

154.8 174.2

20.8 20.8

-130.0 -261.5 -785.8

-159.0 -248.9 -770.8

363.9 327.2 289.1

79.2 75.7 65.6

66.4

68.9

222.8

38.1

388.3

80.6

46.2

105.8 47.8

105.4 163.6

116.5 116.3

47.4

25.4

70.0 222.2

171.9

239.4

35.0

366.1

326.3

180.5

20.8

295.0

265.7

211.2

29.2

521.0 195.4 -232.5 120.9

153.4 225.0 324.2 213.2

36.9 20.8 32.9 67.8 31.7

-388.7

290.1

62.7

-149.8

200.5

29.6

-1119.4

254.4

0.0 0.0

-972.0

5.9

-915.0

104.4

11.1 -239.7

-238.5

229.7

-427.2

-387.4

206.3

106.7

515.1 565.0 238.1 -205.6 149.5 -314.0 -403.8

80.6 -122.2 -607.0 -1136.0

-1353.9

5-6

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula BF3H3P BF4Na BH BHO2 BH3 BH3O3 BH4K BH4Li BH4Na BI3 BKO2 BLiO2 BN BNaO2 BO BO2 BO2Rb BS B2 B2Cl4 B2F4 B2H6 B2O2 B2O3 B2S3 B3H6N3 B4H10 B4Na2O7 B5H9 B5H11 B6H10 B9H15 B10H14 Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 BaCl2H4O2 BaF2 BaH2 BaH2O2 BaI2 BaN2O4 BaN2O6 BaO BaO4S BaS Be BeBr2 BeCl2 BeF2 BeH2O2 BeI2 BeO BeO4S BeS Bi BiClO BiCl3 BiH3O3 BiI3 Bi2 Bi2O3 Bi2O12S3 Bi2S3 Bk

Name Trihydro(phosphorus trifluoride)boron Sodium tetrafluoroborate Borane(1) Metaboric acid (β, monoclinic) Borane(3) Boric acid Potassium borohydride Lithium borohydride Sodium borohydride Boron triiodide Potassium metaborate Lithium metaborate Boron nitride Sodium metaborate Boron monoxide Boron dioxide Rubidium metaborate Boron monosulfide Diboron Tetrachlorodiborane Tetrafluorodiborane Diborane Diboron dioxide Boron oxide Boron sulfide Borazine Tetraborane(10) Sodium tetraborate Pentaborane(9) Pentaborane(11) Hexaborane(10) Nonaborane(15) Decaborane(14) Barium Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium fluoride Barium hydride Barium hydroxide Barium iodide Barium nitrite Barium nitrate Barium oxide Barium sulfate Barium sulfide Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium hydroxide Beryllium iodide Beryllium oxide Beryllium sulfate Beryllium sulfide Bismuth Bismuth oxychloride Bismuth trichloride Bismuth hydroxide Bismuth triiodide Dibismuth Bismuth oxide Bismuth sulfate Bismuth sulfide Berkelium

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-854.0 -1844.7

-1750.1

145.3

-794.3

-723.4

38.0

-1094.3 -227.4 -190.8 -188.6

-968.9 -160.3 -125.0 -123.9

90.0 106.3 75.9 101.3

86.1 96.1 82.6 86.8

-981.6 -1032.2 -254.4 -977.0

-923.4 -976.1 -228.4 -920.7

80.0 51.5 14.8 73.5

66.7 59.8 19.7 65.9

-971.0

-1273.5 -240.6

-3291.1

-913.0

-1194.3

-3096.0

94.3

54.0 100.0

189.5

120.3

-736.8 -806.7 -1293.2 -1156.8 -138.2

-792.6 -520.3 -1362.2 -456.0

62.5 146.0 123.7 203.0 96.4 63.0

-523.0

-464.8

262.3

-541.0

-392.7

199.6

28.1

29.2 42.2 36.0

71.1

20.7

349.2

70.8

647.5

614.5

212.3

29.5

25.0 -300.4

-4.0 -305.9

203.5 229.6

29.2 43.0

342.0 830.5 -490.4 -1440.1 36.4 -454.8 -843.8 67.0

288.8 774.0 -460.6 -1410.4 87.6 -462.3 -832.0

216.2 201.9 357.4 317.3 232.1 242.5 279.8

30.0 30.5 95.4 79.1 56.7 57.3 66.9

66.1

184.3

280.3

93.2

171.8

184.2

151.1

73.2 103.3 94.6 158.4 47.3 180.0

173.6 230.6 211.3 357.5 232.8 146.0

280.6 321.0 296.8 364.9 350.7 170.2

99.6 130.3 125.7 187.0 186.1 20.8

324.0

286.6

136.3

20.8

207.1

168.2

187.0

20.8

-265.7

-256.0

358.9

79.7

75.1 71.2 46.0

-493.7

151.5

113.5

-140.6

200.4

122.2

-322.1 -315.0

171.8 240.1 188.2

186.8

151.4 47.3 101.8 49.4 16.4 69.4 62.4 51.8 62.1 71.1 25.6 85.7 34.0 25.5

-580.1 -1093.8

137.7

62.8 111.7

214.0 72.1 132.2 78.2 9.5 108.0 75.8 53.4 45.5 121.0 13.8 77.9 34.0 56.7 120.5 177.0

-445.6 -979.4 -815.0

412.7 -551.0 93.3

74.1

42.7 73.2 56.3

0.0 -757.3 -855.0 -1456.9 -1207.1 -177.0 -944.7 -602.1 -768.2 -988.0 -548.0 -1473.2 -460.0 0.0 -353.5 -490.4 -1026.8 -902.5 -192.5 -609.4 -1205.2 -234.3 0.0 -366.9 -379.1 -711.3

442.7 -561.9 89.2 -994.1

105.0

-112.0

-175.3 219.7 -573.9 -2544.3 -143.1 0.0

36.9

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances

5-7

Crystal Molecular formula

Name

Br BrCl BrCl3Si BrCs BrCu BrF BrF3 BrF5 BrGe BrGeH3 BrH BrHSi BrH3Si BrH4N BrI BrIn BrK BrKO3 BrKO4 BrLi BrNO BrNa BrNaO3 BrO BrO2 BrRb BrSi BrTl Br2 Br2Ca Br2Cd Br2Co Br2Cr Br2Cu Br2Fe Br2H2Si Br2Hg Br2Hg2 Br2Mg Br2Mn Br2Ni Br2Pb Br2Pt Br2S2 Br2Se Br2Sn Br2Sr Br2Ti Br2Zn Br3Ce Br3ClSi Br3Dy Br3Fe Br3Ga Br3HSi Br3In Br3OP Br3P Br3Pt Br3Re Br3Ru Br3Sb Br3Sc Br3Ti Br4Ge Br4Pa

Bromine (atomic) Bromine chloride Bromotrichlorosilane Cesium bromide Copper(I) bromide Bromine fluoride Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Germanium monobromide Bromogermane Hydrogen bromide Bromosilylene Bromosilane Ammonium bromide Iodine bromide Indium(I) bromide Potassium bromide Potassium bromate Potassium perbromate Lithium bromide Nitrosyl bromide Sodium bromide Sodium bromate Bromine monoxide Bromine dioxide Rubidium bromide Bromosilyldyne Thallium(I) bromide Bromine Calcium bromide Cadmium bromide Cobalt(II) bromide Chromium(II) bromide Copper(II) bromide Iron(II) bromide Dibromosilane Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(I) bromide Magnesium bromide Manganese(II) bromide Nickel(II) bromide Lead(II) bromide Platinum(II) bromide Sulfur bromide Selenium dibromide Tin(II) bromide Strontium bromide Titanium(II) bromide Zinc bromide Cerium(III) bromide Tribromochlorosilane Dysprosium(III) bromide Iron(III) bromide Gallium(III) bromide Tribromosilane Indium(III) bromide Phosphoric tribromide Phosphorus(III) bromide Platinum(III) bromide Rhenium(III) bromide Ruthenium(III) bromide Antimony(III) bromide Scandium bromide Titanium(III) bromide Germanium(IV) bromide Protactinium(IV) bromide

fH° kJ/mol

-405.8 -104.6

fG° kJ/mol

-391.4 -100.8

Liquid

S° J/mol K

113.1 96.1

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

-175.2

113.0

-175.3 -393.8 -360.2 -287.9 -351.2

-169.0 -380.7 -271.2 -174.4 -342.0

113.0 95.9 149.2 170.1 74.3

-361.1 -334.1

-349.0 -242.6

86.8 128.9

-394.6

-381.8

110.0

-173.2

-167.4

120.5

-682.8 -316.2 -220.9 -302.1 -141.8 -249.8

-663.6 -296.3

130.0 137.2

-238.1

140.6

-170.7 -206.9 -524.3 -384.9 -212.1 -278.7 -82.0

-153.1 -181.1 -503.8

172.0 218.0 117.2

-261.9

161.5

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

111.9 14.6

82.4 -1.0

175.0 240.1 350.1

20.8 35.0 90.9

-93.8 -255.6 -428.9 235.6

-109.2 -229.4 -350.6

229.0 292.5 320.2

-36.3 -464.4

-53.4

274.8 198.7

33.0 66.6 99.6 37.1 56.4 29.1

262.4

52.8

52.9 54.7 -300.8 -458.6

-270.8

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

-240.5 -351.8

178.2 225.1

124.6

96.0 40.8 -56.9

3.7 -94.3

258.8 259.5

36.4 36.7

82.2 -143.1

82.4 -177.1

273.7 241.2

45.5 36.3

125.8 152.0

109.6 155.0

233.0 271.1

34.2 45.4

52.3 105.2 120.2

51.4

52.8

0.0

152.2

75.7

209.0 -37.7 30.9

38.6 3.1

245.5

36.0

309.7

65.5

377.1

95.3

76.7 79.5

80.1 -13.0 -21.0

-243.5 -717.6 -402.0 -328.7 -891.4 -836.2 -268.2 -386.6

-697.1

135.1

-312.1

138.5

-359.8

75.3

180.0 -355.6

-336.4

248.1

-317.6 -282.0

-328.5

348.6

80.8

-184.5

-175.7

240.2

-139.3

-162.8

359.8 348.1

89.9 76.0

-194.6

-223.9

372.9

80.2

-300.0

-318.0

396.2

101.8

-428.9 -458.6 -120.9 -167.0 -138.0 -259.4 -743.1 -548.5

-239.3

207.1

-523.8

176.6

-787.8

234.0

101.7 -347.7

-824.0

-331.4

280.7

5-8

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula

Name

Br4Pt Br4Si Br4Sn Br4Te Br4Ti Br4V Br4Zr Br5P Br5Ta Br6W Ca CaCl2 CaF2 CaH2 CaH2O2 CaI2 CaN2O6 CaO CaO4S CaS Ca3O8P2 Cd CdCl2 CdF2 CdH2O2 CdI2 CdO CdO4S CdS CdTe Ce CeCl3 CeI3 CeO2 CeS Ce2O3 Cf Cl ClCs ClCsO4 ClCu ClF ClFO3 ClF3 ClF5S ClGe ClGeH3 ClH ClHO ClHO4 ClH3Si ClH4N ClH4NO4 ClH4P ClI ClIn ClK ClKO3 ClKO4 ClLi ClLiO4 ClNO ClNO2 ClNa ClNaO2 ClNaO3

Platinum(IV) bromide Tetrabromosilane Tin(IV) bromide Tellurium tetrabromide Titanium(IV) bromide Vanadium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Phosphorus(V) bromide Tantalum(V) bromide Tungsten(VI) bromide Calcium Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium hydride Calcium hydroxide Calcium iodide Calcium nitrate Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfide Calcium phosphate Cadmium Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodide Cadmium oxide Cadmium sulfate Cadmium sulfide Cadmium telluride Cerium (γ, fcc) Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) iodide Cerium(IV) oxide Cerium(II) sulfide Cerium(III) oxide Californium Chlorine (atomic) Cesium chloride Cesium perchlorate Copper(I) chloride Chlorine fluoride Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine trifluoride Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Germanium monochloride Chlorogermane Hydrogen chloride Hypochlorous acid Perchloric acid Chlorosilane Ammonium chloride Ammonium perchlorate Phosphonium chloride Iodine chloride Indium(I) chloride Potassium chloride Potassium chlorate Potassium perchlorate Lithium chloride Lithium perchlorate Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Sodium chloride Sodium chlorite Sodium chlorate

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-156.5 -457.3 -377.4 -190.4 -616.7 -760.7 -269.9 -598.3 -348.5 0.0 -795.4 -1228.0 -181.5 -985.2 -533.5 -938.2 -634.9 -1434.5 -482.4 -4120.8 0.0 -391.5 -700.4 -560.7 -203.3 -258.4 -933.3 -161.9 -92.5 0.0 -1060.5 -669.3 -1088.7 -459.4 -1796.2 0.0 -443.0 -443.1 -137.2

-415.5 -314.6

-431.8 -331.4

377.9 411.9

97.1 103.4

131.5

-549.4 -336.8

-568.2

398.4

100.8

25.9 72.9 67.0 41.0 87.5

177.8

144.0

154.9

20.8

167.7

20.8

-350.2

264.4

-589.5

243.5

-984.8

41.6 108.4 68.5 41.4 83.4 142.0 193.2 38.1 106.5 56.5 236.0 51.8 115.3 77.4 96.0 161.1 54.8 123.0 64.9 100.0 72.0 151.0

-1024.6 -451.5 -1706.2

62.3 78.2 150.6

61.6 50.0 114.6

-414.5 -314.3 -119.9

101.2 175.1 86.2

52.5 108.3 48.5

-748.8 -1175.6 -142.5 -897.5 -528.9 -742.8 -603.3 -1322.0 -477.4 -3884.7 -343.9 -647.7 -473.6 -201.4 -228.7 -822.7 -156.5 -92.0

-443.9

277.8

149.4 42.0 99.7 47.4 227.8 26.0 74.7

111.8

80.0 43.4 99.6

26.9 87.4

-189.5 -1065.7

423.0

385.0

191.8

23.1

121.3

105.3

165.2

21.8

-50.3 -23.8 -163.2

-51.8 48.2 -123.0

217.9 279.0 281.6

32.1 64.9 63.9

155.2

124.2

-92.3 -78.7

-95.3 -66.1

247.0 263.7 186.9 236.7

36.9 54.7 29.1 37.2

250.7

51.0

-40.6 -314.4 -295.3 -145.2

-202.9 -88.8

94.6 186.2

84.1

-23.9 -186.2 -436.5 -397.7 -432.8 -408.6 -381.0

-411.2 -307.0 -365.8

-408.5 -296.3 -303.1 -384.4

82.6 143.1 151.0 59.3

-384.1

72.1

-262.3

123.4

51.3 100.3 112.4 48.0

50.5

-13.6

135.1

17.8 -75.0 -214.6

-5.5

247.6

35.6

-233.3

239.1

36.5

51.7 12.6

66.1 54.4

261.7 272.2

44.7 53.2

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula

Name

ClNaO4 ClO ClOV ClO2 ClO2 ClO4Rb ClRb ClSi ClTl Cl2 Cl2Co Cl2Cr Cl2CrO2 Cl2Cu Cl2Fe Cl2H2Si Cl2Hg Cl2Hg2 Cl2Mg Cl2Mn Cl2Ni Cl2O Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2O2U Cl2Pb Cl2Pt Cl2S Cl2S2 Cl2Sn Cl2Sr Cl2Ti Cl2Zn Cl2Zr Cl3Cr Cl3Dy Cl3Er Cl3Eu Cl3Fe Cl3Ga Cl3Gd Cl3HSi Cl3Ho Cl3In Cl3Ir Cl3La Cl3Lu Cl3N Cl3Nd Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3Os Cl3P Cl3Pr Cl3Pt Cl3Re Cl3Rh Cl3Ru Cl3Sb Cl3Sc Cl3Sm Cl3Tb Cl3Ti Cl3Tl Cl3Tm Cl3U

Sodium perchlorate Chlorine oxide Vanadyl chloride Chlorine dioxide Chlorine superoxide (ClOO) Rubidium perchlorate Rubidium chloride Chlorosilylidyne Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine Cobalt(II) chloride Chromium(II) chloride Chromyl chloride Copper(II) chloride Iron(II) chloride Dichlorosilane Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(I) chloride Magnesium chloride Manganese(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride Chlorine monoxide Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Uranyl chloride Lead(II) chloride Platinum(II) chloride Sulfur dichloride Sulfur chloride Tin(II) chloride Strontium chloride Titanium(II) chloride Zinc chloride Zirconium(II) chloride Chromium(III) chloride Dysprosium(III) chloride Erbium chloride Europium(III) chloride Iron(III) chloride Gallium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Holmium chloride Indium(III) chloride Iridium(III) chloride Lanthanum chloride Lutetium chloride Nitrogen trichloride Neodymium chloride Phosphoric trichloride Vanadyl trichloride Osmium(III) chloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Praseodymium chloride Platinum(III) chloride Rhenium(III) chloride Rhodium(III) chloride Ruthenium(III) chloride Antimony(III) chloride Scandium chloride Samarium(III) chloride Terbium chloride Titanium(III) chloride Thallium(III) chloride Thulium chloride Uranium(III) chloride

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

5-9 Liquid

S° J/mol K

-383.3

-254.9

142.3

-607.0

-556.0

75.0

Cp J/mol K

-437.2 -435.4

-306.9 -407.8

161.1 95.9

52.4

-204.1

-184.9

111.3

50.9

-312.5 -395.4

-269.8 -356.0

109.2 115.3

78.5 71.2

-220.1 -341.8

-175.7 -302.3

108.1 118.0

71.9 76.7

-224.3 -265.4 -641.3 -481.3 -305.3

-178.6 -210.7 -591.8 -440.5 -259.0

146.0 191.6 89.6 118.2 97.7

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

-510.8

221.8

150.5 136.0

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

101.8

98.1

226.6

31.5

102.5 89.1

120.5 105.0

256.8 263.7

42.0 46.0

36.9 223.1

33.9

329.8

84.5

285.7

60.5

97.9 -198.3 -320.0

266.2 309.8 311.9

45.4 66.5 77.0

-482.0

313.9

75.8

-558.5 -695.6

-512.9 -659.3

325.5 344.3

84.9 89.9

-287.0

-267.8

311.8

71.8

-538.1

-501.6

71.4 72.9 71.7 -245.6 -394.1

-1146.4 -314.1

fH° kJ/mol

189.9 -67.8 0.0

-579.5

-1243.9 -359.4 -123.4

Cp J/mol K

121.0 134.0

80.3 -212.5 -364.0

107.9

-50.0 -59.4 -325.1 -828.9 -513.8 -415.1 -502.0 -556.5 -1000.0 -998.7 -936.0 -399.5 -524.7 -1008.0

-781.1 -464.4 -369.4

114.9 87.4 111.5

75.6 69.8 71.3

-486.1

123.0

91.8

-266.1

100.0 -334.0 -454.8

142.3 142.0

96.7 88.0 -539.3

-1005.4 -537.2 -245.6 -1072.2 -945.6

-482.5

227.6

-513.0

88.0 -374.0 108.8 -649.0 230.0

-1041.0

113.0 -597.1 -734.7

-520.8 -668.5

222.5 244.3

-319.7

-272.3

217.1

138.8

-190.4 -1056.9 -182.0 -264.0 -299.2 -205.0 -382.2 -925.1 -1025.9 -997.0 -720.9 -315.1 -986.6 -866.5

100.0 -188.0

123.8

92.4

-323.7

184.1

107.9

-653.5

139.7

97.2

-799.1

159.0

102.5

5-10

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula

Name

Cl3V Cl3Y Cl3Yb Cl4Ge Cl4Hf Cl4Pa Cl4Pb Cl4Pt Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Te Cl4Th Cl4Ti Cl4U Cl4V Cl4Zr Cl5Nb Cl5P Cl5Pa Cl5Ta Cl6U Cl6W Cm Co CoF2 CoH2O2 CoI2 CoN2O6 CoO CoO4S CoS Co2S3 Co3O4 Cr CrF2 CrF3 CrI2 CrI3 CrO2 CrO3 CrO4Pb Cr2FeO4 Cr2O3 Cr3O4 Cs CsF CsF2H CsH CsHO CsHO4S CsH2N CsI CsNO3 CsO2 Cs2O Cs2O3S Cs2O4S Cs2S Cu CuF2 CuH2O2 CuI CuN2O6 CuO CuO4S CuO4W

Vanadium(III) chloride Yttrium chloride Ytterbium(III) chloride Germanium(IV) chloride Hafnium(IV) chloride Protactinium(IV) chloride Lead(IV) chloride Platinum(IV) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Tellurium tetrachloride Thorium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Protactinium(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Uranium(VI) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Curium Cobalt Cobalt(II) fluoride Cobalt(II) hydroxide Cobalt(II) iodide Cobalt(II) nitrate Cobalt(II) oxide Cobalt(II) sulfate Cobalt(II) sulfide Cobalt(III) sulfide Cobalt(II,III) oxide Chromium Chromium(II) fluoride Chromium(III) fluoride Chromium(II) iodide Chromium(III) iodide Chromium(IV) oxide Chromium(VI) oxide Lead(II) chromate Chromium iron oxide Chromium(III) oxide Chromium(II,III) oxide Cesium Cesium fluoride Cesium hydrogen fluoride Cesium hydride Cesium hydroxide Cesium hydrogen sulfate Cesium amide Cesium iodide Cesium nitrate Cesium superoxide Cesium oxide Cesium sulfite Cesium sulfate Cesium sulfide Copper Copper(II) fluoride Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(I) iodide Copper(II) nitrate Copper(II) oxide Copper(II) sulfate Copper(II) tungstate

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

-580.7 -1000.0 -959.8

-511.2

-990.4 -1043.0

-901.3 -953.0

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

131.0

93.2

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

-750.2 -531.8 190.8 192.0

-462.7

245.6

-687.0 -511.3

-619.8 -440.1

239.7 258.6

145.3 165.3

-804.2

-737.2

252.3

145.2

-569.4

-503.7

255.0

120.5

Cp J/mol K 75.0

-495.8 -884.5

-457.3

347.7

96.1

-657.0 -471.5

-617.0 -432.2

330.7 365.8

90.3 98.3

-964.4 -763.2 -809.6 -525.5

-932.0 -726.3 -786.6 -492.0

390.7 353.2 419.0 362.4

107.5 95.4

-703.7 -374.9

-646.0 -305.0

400.6 364.6

120.8 112.8

-329.3 -231.8

-326.4 -1186.2

-1094.1

190.4

138.5 120.3

-1019.2

-930.0

197.1

122.0

-980.5 -797.5 -443.5 -1145.0 -859.0 -1092.0 -602.5 0.0 0.0 -692.0 -539.7 -88.7 -420.5 -237.9 -888.3 -82.8 -147.3 -891.0 0.0 -778.0 -1159.0 -156.9 -205.0 -598.0

-889.9 -683.2

181.6 210.5

119.8 148.1

-1034.0

238.0

-962.0

285.8

175.7

-1013.0 -513.8

-928.0

431.0

30.0 82.0 79.0

24.8 68.8

424.7

380.3

179.5

23.0

-647.2 -454.3

-214.2 -782.3

53.0 118.0

55.2

-774.0

102.5 23.8

123.4 23.4

396.6

351.8

174.5

20.8

93.9

78.7

266.2

56.0

-1088.0

-292.9 -930.9 -1444.7 -1139.7 -1531.0 0.0 -553.5 -923.8 -54.2 -416.2 -1158.1 -118.4 -346.6 -506.0 -286.2 -345.8 -1134.7 -1443.0 -359.8 0.0 -542.7 -449.8 -67.8 -302.9 -157.3 -771.4 -1105.0

96.2

-1343.8 -1058.1

146.0 81.2

133.6 118.7

85.2 92.8 135.2

32.2 51.1 87.3

76.5

49.6

175.6

20.8

-525.5 -858.9 -371.8

104.2

69.9

-256.0

-256.5

254.8

49.7

-340.6 -406.5

123.1 155.2

52.8

-308.1

146.9

76.0

-1323.6

211.9

134.9

33.2

24.4

337.4

297.7

166.4

20.8

-69.5

96.7

54.1

-129.7 -662.2

42.6 109.2

42.3

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula

Name

CuS CuSe Cu2 Cu2O Cu2S Dy DyI3 Dy2O3 Er ErF3 Er2O3 Es Eu Eu2O3 Eu3O4 F FGa FGe FGeH3 FH FH3Si FH4N FI FIn FK FLi FNO FNO2 FNS FNa FO FO2 FRb FSi FTl F2 F2Fe F2HK F2HN F2HNa F2HRb F2Mg F2N F2N2 F2N2 F2Ni F2O F2OS F2O2 F2O2S F2O2U F2Pb F2Si F2Sr F2Zn F3Ga F3Gd F3HSi F3Ho F3N F3Nd F3OP F3P F3Sb F3Sc F3Sm

Copper(II) sulfide Copper(II) selenide Dicopper Copper(I) oxide Copper(I) sulfide Dysprosium Dysprosium(III) iodide Dysprosium(III) oxide Erbium Erbium fluoride Erbium oxide Einsteinium Europium Europium(III) oxide Europium(II,III) oxide Fluorine (atomic) Gallium monofluoride Germanium monofluoride Fluorogermane Hydrogen fluoride Fluorosilane Ammonium fluoride Iodine fluoride Indium(I) fluoride Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Sodium fluoride Fluorine oxide Fluorine superoxide (FOO) Rubidium fluoride Fluorosilylidyne Thallium(I) fluoride Fluorine Iron(II) fluoride Potassium hydrogen fluoride Difluoramine Sodium hydrogen fluoride Rubidium hydrogen fluoride Magnesium fluoride Difluoroamidogen cis-Difluorodiazine trans-Difluorodiazine Nickel(II) fluoride Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Fluorine dioxide Sulfuryl fluoride Uranyl fluoride Lead(II) fluoride Difluorosilylene Strontium fluoride Zinc fluoride Gallium(III) fluoride Gadolinium(III) fluoride Trifluorosilane Holmium fluoride Nitrogen trifluoride Neodymium fluoride Phosphoric trifluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Antimony(III) fluoride Scandium fluoride Samarium(III) fluoride

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

5-11 Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Gas Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-53.1 -39.5

-53.6

66.5

47.8 484.2

431.9

241.6

36.6

-168.6 -79.5 0.0 -620.5 -1863.1 0.0 -1711.0 -1897.9 0.0 0.0 -1651.4 -2272.0

-146.0 -86.2

93.1 120.9 75.6

63.6 76.3 27.7

290.4

254.4

196.6

20.8

149.8 73.2

116.3 28.1

317.1

280.7

195.6

20.8

-1808.7

155.6

108.5

77.8 146.0 205.0

27.7 122.2

175.3

142.2

188.8

20.8

-1556.8 -2142.0

79.4 -251.9 -33.4

62.3

158.8

-273.3

-275.4

252.8 173.8 238.4

22.7 33.3 34.7 51.6

-1771.5

-299.8 -464.0

-567.3 -616.0

-576.6

-348.7

-537.8 -587.7

-546.3

72.0

66.6 35.7

51.1

47.4

65.3 -95.7 -203.4

-118.5

236.2

33.4

-66.5

-51.0

248.1 260.4 259.8

41.3 49.8 44.1

109.0 25.4

105.3 39.4

216.4 259.5

32.0 44.5

7.1 -182.4 0.0

-24.3

225.8

32.6

202.8

31.3

252.8

43.4

49.0 41.6

46.9

-557.7 -324.7 -711.3 -927.7

-668.6 -859.7

87.0 104.3

68.1 76.9

-920.3 -922.6 -1124.2

-852.2 -855.6 -1071.1

90.9 120.1 57.2

75.0 79.4 61.6

-651.4

-604.1

73.6

43.1 69.5 82.0

57.8

249.9

41.0

24.5

41.8

19.2

58.2

247.5 278.7 277.2 284.0

43.3 56.8 62.1 66.0

-619.0

-628.0

252.7

43.9

271.9

60.5

64.1

-1653.5 -664.0

-1557.4 -617.1

135.6 110.5

103.2

-1216.3 -764.4 -1163.0

-1164.8 -713.3 -1085.3

82.1 73.7 84.0

70.0 65.7 -1297.0

-1707.0 -132.1

-90.6

260.8

53.4

-1254.3 -958.4

-1205.8 -936.9

285.4 273.1

68.8 58.7

-1247.0

-1234.0

300.5

67.8

-1657.0

-915.5 -1629.2 -1778.0

-1555.6

92.0

5-12

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula

Name

F3Th F3U F3Y F4Ge F4Hf F4N2 F4Pb F4S F4Si F4Th F4U F4V F4Xe F4Zr F5I F5Nb F5P F5Ta F5V F6H8N2Si F6Ir F6K2Si F6Mo F6Na2Si F6Os F6Pt F6S F6Se F6Si2 F6Te F6U F6W Fe FeI2 FeI3 FeMoO4 FeO FeO4S FeO4W FeS FeS2 Fe2O3 Fe2O4Si Fe3O4 Fm Fr Ga GaH3O3 GaI3 GaN GaO GaP GaSb Ga2 Ga2O Ga2O3 Gd Gd2O3 Ge GeH3I GeH4 GeI4 GeO GeO2 GeP GeS

Thorium(III) fluoride Uranium(III) fluoride Yttrium fluoride Germanium(IV) fluoride Hafnium fluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine Lead(IV) fluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane Thorium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) fluoride Vanadium(IV) fluoride Xenon tetrafluoride Zirconium(IV) fluoride Iodine pentafluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Tantalum(V) fluoride Vanadium(V) fluoride Ammonium hexafluorosilicate Iridium(VI) fluoride Potassium hexafluorosilicate Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Sodium hexafluorosilicate Osmium(VI) fluoride Platinum(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Selenium hexafluoride Hexafluorodisilane Tellurium hexafluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Iron Iron(II) iodide Iron(III) iodide Iron(II) molybdate Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) sulfate Iron(II) tungstate Iron(II) sulfide Iron disulfide Iron(III) oxide Iron(II) orthosilicate Iron(II,III) oxide Fermium Francium Gallium Gallium(III) hydroxide Gallium(III) iodide Gallium nitride Gallium monoxide Gallium phosphide Gallium antimonide Digallium Gallium suboxide Gallium(III) oxide Gadolinium Gadolinium(III) oxide Germanium Iodogermane Germane Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(IV) oxide Germanium phosphide Germanium(II) sulfide

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K 95.1

-1502.1 -1718.8

-1433.4 -1644.7

123.4 100.0

-1930.5

-1830.4

113.0

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-1166.1 -1058.5 -1288.7 -1190.2 -1669.8 -8.4

-1160.6 -1051.9 -1277.8 -1150.0

339.2 331.9 311.8 301.9

73.3 74.3 70.3

79.9

301.2

79.2

-763.2 -1615.0 -1759.0 -1598.7

-722.0 -1572.8 -1724.0 -1572.7

299.6 282.8 341.7 368.0

77.6 73.6 93.0 91.2

-822.5 -1739.7 -1594.4

-751.7 -1673.6 -1520.7

327.7 321.9 300.8

99.2 97.1 84.8

-1433.9

-1369.8

320.9

98.6

-544.0

-460.0

357.8

121.1

-1557.7

-1472.2

350.5

120.6

-1116.5 -1017.0 -2307.3

358.1 348.3 291.5 313.9 391.0

120.8 122.8 97.0 110.5 129.9

-2063.7 -1632.1 370.7

377.9 341.1 180.5

129.6 119.0 25.7

272.0

233.7

169.0

25.3

279.5

253.5

231.1

32.1

397.5

359.8

194.3

27.5

372.0

331.2

90.8 -56.9 -46.2

113.4 -106.3 -73.2

167.9 283.2 217.1 428.9 224.3

30.7 57.5 45.0 104.1 30.9

92.0

42.0

234.0

33.7

-941.8

-2097.8 -1914.2 -1403.3 -261.5 -1911.3

-2003.4 -1823.3

142.0 151.7

110.7 116.0

-1809.9

104.6

103.7

-1813.8

-1699.0

160.2

134.7

-2681.7 -579.7 -2956.0

-2365.3 -461.6 -2798.6

280.2 247.7 226.0

228.1

-2909.6

-2754.2

207.1 246.0 235.6

187.1

-864.8

-1903.6 -1480.3

-1585.5

-2427.0

-2299.7

219.1

129.5

-2197.0

-2068.5

227.6

166.8 -1747.7

0.0 -113.0

27.3

25.1

-975.0

129.3

118.5

-820.8 -1054.0 -100.4 -166.9 -742.2 -1379.0 -1015.4

107.5 131.8 60.3 52.9 87.4 145.2 146.4

100.6 114.6 50.5 62.2 103.9 132.9 143.4

0.0 -831.3

95.4 40.8 100.0 205.0

-1373.1

-1473.0

-1631.4

175.7

259.7

251.5

169.8

-1220.5 -1117.0 -2383.3 -1318.0 -2147.4 -1721.7 416.3 71.0

-1075.0 -272.0 -928.4 -1155.0 -100.0 -178.2 -824.2 -1479.9 -1118.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 -964.4 -238.9 -110.5 -88.0 -41.8

-38.9

76.1

26.1

5.6

100.0

48.5 438.5

-356.0 -1089.1 0.0 -1819.6 0.0

-141.8 -261.9 -580.0 -21.0 -69.0

-998.3

85.0 68.1 31.1

-144.3 -237.2 -521.4 -17.0 -71.5

271.1 50.0 39.7 63.0 71.0

92.1 37.0 106.7 23.3

52.1

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula

Name

GeTe Ge2 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 H HI HIO3 HK HKO HKO4S HLi HLiO HN HNO2 HNO3 HN3 HNa HNaO HNaO4S HNa2O4P HO HORb HOTl HO2 HO3P HO4RbS HO4Re HRb HS HSi HTa2 H2 H2KN H2KO4P H2LiN H2Mg H2MgO2 H2N H2NNa H2NRb H2N2O2 H2NiO2 H2O H2O2 H2O2Sn H2O2Sr H2O2Zn H2O3Si H2O4S H2O4Se H2S H2S2 H2Se H2Sr H2Te H2Th H2Zr H3ISi H3N H3NO H3O2P H3O3P H3O4P H3P H3Sb H3U

Germanium(II) telluride Digermanium Digermane Trigermane Hydrogen (atomic) Hydrogen iodide Iodic acid Potassium hydride Potassium hydroxide Potassium hydrogen sulfate Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Imidogen Nitrous acid Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Sodium hydride Sodium hydroxide Sodium hydrogen sulfate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Hydroxyl Rubidium hydroxide Thallium(I) hydroxide Hydroperoxy Metaphosphoric acid Rubidium hydrogen sulfate Perrhenic acid Rubidium hydride Mercapto Silylidyne Tantalum hydride Hydrogen Potassium amide Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Lithium amide Magnesium hydride Magnesium hydroxide Amidogen Sodium amide Rubidium amide Nitramide Nickel(II) hydroxide Water Hydrogen peroxide Tin(II) hydroxide Strontium hydroxide Zinc hydroxide Metasilicic acid Sulfuric acid Selenic acid Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen selenide Strontium hydride Hydrogen telluride Thorium hydride Zirconium(II) hydride Iodosilane Ammonia Hydroxylamine Phosphinic acid Phosphonic acid Phosphoric acid Phosphine Stibine Uranium(III) hydride

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

5-13 Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

20.0 137.3 193.7

-230.1 -57.7 -424.6 -1160.6 -90.5 -487.5

-379.4 -1031.3 -68.3 -441.5

81.2 138.1 20.0 42.8

68.9 27.9 49.6

-174.1 264.0 -56.3 -425.8 -1125.5 -1748.1

-33.5 -379.7 -992.8 -1608.2

40.0 64.4 113.0 150.5

-418.8 -238.9

-373.9 -195.8

94.0 88.0

-948.5 -1159.0 -762.3 -52.3

-32.6

-656.4

-69.0

-80.7 327.3

155.6 140.6

109.9

36.4 59.5

473.1 162.3 226.8 218.0 26.5

416.3

252.8

35.6

203.3 1.7

114.7 206.6

20.8 29.2

-232.0

-229.7

238.3

49.2

-229.0 351.5 -79.5 -133.9 294.1

-234.2 345.6 -46.0 -73.5 328.1

214.4 181.2 254.1 266.9 239.0

46.0 29.2 45.6 54.1 43.7

-191.0

-193.9

229.0

48.0

39.0 -238.0

34.2 -239.1

183.7 248.5

29.9 49.5

10.5

22.6

229.0

34.9

142.7 361.0

113.3

195.7

32.3

130.7

28.8

135.3 69.0

158.2

79.1

90.8 0.0

-128.9 -1568.3 -179.5 -75.3 -924.5 -123.8 -113.0 -89.5 -529.7

-561.1 -959.0 -641.9 -1188.7

-1415.9

134.9

116.6

-35.9 -833.5

31.1 63.2

35.4 77.0

-64.0

76.9

66.2

-447.2

88.0

-491.6

155.0

-553.5 -1092.4

81.2 134.0

-285.8 -187.8

-237.1 -120.4

70.0 109.6

75.3 89.1

-814.0

-690.0

156.9

138.9

184.9

194.6

195.0

33.9

-241.8 -136.3

-228.6 -105.6

188.8 232.7

33.6 43.1

-20.6 15.5 29.7

-33.4

205.8

15.9

219.0

34.2 51.5 34.7

-45.9

-16.4

270.9 192.8

54.4 35.1

5.4 145.1

13.5 147.8

210.2 232.8

37.1 41.1

-530.1 -18.1

84.1

-180.3 99.6 -139.7 -169.0

-114.2 -604.6 -964.4 -1284.4

-127.2

-100.0 -128.8

50.7 35.0

36.7 31.0

-595.4 -1124.3

-72.8

110.5

63.7

106.1

49.3

-1271.7

-1123.6

150.8

145.0

5-14

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula

Name

H4IN H4N2 H4N2O2 H4N2O3 H4N4 H4O4Si H4O7P2 H4P2 H4Si H4Sn H5NO H5NO3S H5NO4S H6Si2 H8N2O4S H8Si3 H9N2O4P H12N3O4P He Hf HfO2 Hg HgI2 HgO HgO4S HgS HgTe Hg2 Hg2I2 Hg2O4S Ho Ho2O3 I IIn IK IKO3 IKO4 ILi INa INaO3 INaO4 IO IRb ITl I2 I2Mg I2Ni I2Pb I2Sn I2Sr I2Zn I3In I3La I3Lu I3P I3Ru I3Sb I4Pt I4Si I4Sn I4Ti I4V I4Zr In InO InP

Ammonium iodide Hydrazine Ammonium nitrite Ammonium nitrate Ammonium azide Orthosilicic acid Diphosphoric acid Diphosphine Silane Stannane Ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hydrogen sulfite Ammonium hydrogen sulfate Disilane Ammonium sulfate Trisilane Ammonium hydrogen phosphate Ammonium phosphate Helium Hafnium Hafnium oxide Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Mercury(II) oxide Mercury(II) sulfate Mercury(II) sulfide (red) Mercury(II) telluride Dimercury Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) sulfate Holmium Holmium oxide Iodine (atomic) Indium(I) iodide Potassium iodide Potassium iodate Potassium periodate Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Sodium iodate Sodium periodate Iodine monoxide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine (rhombic) Magnesium iodide Nickel(II) iodide Lead(II) iodide Tin(II) iodide Strontium iodide Zinc iodide Indium(III) iodide Lanthanum iodide Lutetium iodide Phosphorus(III) iodide Ruthenium(III) iodide Antimony(III) iodide Platinum(IV) iodide Tetraiodosilane Tin(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) iodide Vanadium(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Indium Indium monoxide Indium phosphide

fH° kJ/mol -201.4

fG° kJ/mol -112.5

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

-183.9 274.2 -1332.9

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

121.2

98.9

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

117.0 50.6

-256.5 -365.6 115.5 -1481.1 -2241.0

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

151.1 112.5 192.0

149.3

95.4

159.4

238.5

48.4

20.9 34.3 162.8

56.9 188.3

204.6 227.7

42.8 49.0

80.3

127.3

272.7

80.8

0.0 619.2

576.5

126.2 186.9

20.8 20.8

61.4

31.8

175.0

20.8

108.8

68.2

288.1

37.4

300.8

264.8

195.6

20.8

106.8 7.5

70.2 -37.7

180.8 267.3

20.8 36.8

126.0

102.5

239.6

32.9

7.1 62.4

19.3

260.7

36.9

374.4

78.4

446.1

105.4

173.8 236.5

20.8 32.6

139.3

-2231.7 -5.0

-361.2

-254.0

165.6

154.9

-768.6 -1027.0 -1180.9

-901.7

220.1

187.5 92.5

-1566.9 -1671.9 0.0 -1144.7

-1088.2

43.6 59.3

-105.4 -90.8 -707.5 -58.2 -42.0

-101.7 -58.5

180.0 70.3

25.7 60.3

44.1

-50.6

82.4

48.4

-121.3 -743.1 0.0 -1880.7

-111.0 -625.8 -1791.1

233.5 200.7 75.3 158.2

-116.3 -327.9 -501.4 -467.2 -270.4 -287.8 -481.8 -429.3

-120.5 -324.9 -418.4 -361.4 -270.3 -286.1

130.0 106.3 151.5 175.7 86.8 98.5

-323.0

163.0

-333.8 -123.8 0.0 -364.0 -78.2 -175.5 -143.5 -558.1 -208.0 -238.0 -668.9 -548.0 -45.6 -65.7 -100.4 -72.8 -189.5

-328.9 -125.4 -358.2

118.4 127.6 116.1 129.7

-173.6

174.9

-209.0

161.1

-375.7

-371.5

0.0

132.0 27.2 115.0

75.9

28.0

52.9 106.5 51.0 52.1 92.0

53.2 54.4

77.4 81.6 -120.5

-481.6 0.0 -88.7

120.9

188.0

-77.0

249.4

84.9 125.7

57.8

26.7

59.8

45.4

-277.8 -122.6 243.3 387.0

208.7 364.4

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances

5-15

Crystal Molecular formula

Name

InS InSb In2 In2O3 In2S3 In2Te5 Ir IrO2 IrS2 Ir2S3 K KMnO4 KNO2 KNO3 KNa KO2 K2 K2O K2O2 K2O4S K2S K3O4P Kr La LaS La2O3 Li LiNO2 LiNO3 Li2 Li2O Li2O2 Li2O3Si Li2O4S Li2S Li3O4P Lr Lu Lu2O3 Md Mg MgN2O6 MgO MgO4S MgO4Se MgS Mg2 Mg2O4Si Mn MnN2O6 MnNaO4 MnO MnO2 MnO3Si MnS MnSe Mn2O3 Mn2O4Si Mn3O4 Mo MoNa2O4 MoO2 MoO3 MoO4Pb MoS2 Mo3Si

Indium(II) sulfide Indium antimonide Diindium Indium(III) oxide Indium(III) sulfide Indium(IV) telluride Iridium Iridium(IV) oxide Iridium(IV) sulfide Iridium(III) sulfide Potassium Potassium permanganate Potassium nitrite Potassium nitrate Potassium sodium Potassium superoxide Dipotassium Potassium oxide Potassium peroxide Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Potassium phosphate Krypton Lanthanum Lanthanum monosulfide Lanthanum oxide Lithium Lithium nitrite Lithium nitrate Dilithium Lithium oxide Lithium peroxide Lithium metasilicate Lithium sulfate Lithium sulfide Lithium phosphate Lawrencium Lutetium Lutetium oxide Mendelevium Magnesium Magnesium nitrate Magnesium oxide Magnesium sulfate Magnesium selenate Magnesium sulfide Dimagnesium Magnesium orthosilicate Manganese Manganese(II) nitrate Sodium permanganate Manganese(II) oxide Manganese(IV) oxide Manganese(II) metasilicate Manganese(II) sulfide (α form) Manganese(II) selenide Manganese(III) oxide Manganese(II) orthosilicate Manganese(II,III) oxide Molybdenum Sodium molybdate Molybdenum(IV) oxide Molybdenum(VI) oxide Lead(II) molybdate Molybdenum(IV) sulfide Molybdenum silicide

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Gas Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-138.1 -30.5

-131.8 -25.5

67.0 86.2

49.5

238.0 344.3 380.9

-925.8 -427.0 -175.3 0.0 -274.1 -138.0 -234.0 0.0 -837.2 -369.8 -494.6

-830.7 -412.5

104.2 163.6

92.0 118.0

35.5

25.1 57.3

665.3

617.9

193.6

20.8

64.7 171.7 152.1 133.1

29.6 117.6 107.4 96.4

89.0

60.5

160.3

20.8

-737.6 -306.6 -394.9

-284.9

-239.4

116.7

77.5 123.7

87.5

249.7

37.9

0.0 431.0

393.6

164.1 182.4

20.8 22.8

159.3

126.6

138.8

20.8

215.9

174.4

197.0

36.1

6.3

-361.5 -494.1 -1437.8 -380.7 -1950.2 0.0 -456.0 -1793.7 0.0 -372.4 -483.1 -597.9 -634.3 -1648.1 -1436.5 -441.4 -2095.8 0.0 0.0 -1878.2 0.0 0.0 -790.7 -601.6 -1284.9 -968.5 -346.0

-425.1 -1321.4 -364.0

102.1 175.6 105.0

131.5

27.1 59.0 108.8 24.8

-302.0 -381.1

56.9 73.2 127.3 29.1 96.0 90.0

-561.2

37.6

54.1

-1557.2 -1321.7

79.8 115.1

99.1 117.6

51.0 110.0

26.9 101.8

427.6

387.8

184.8

20.9

-1789.0

32.7 164.0 27.0 91.6

24.9 141.9 37.2 96.5

147.1

112.5

148.6

20.8

-589.4 -569.3 -1170.6 -341.8

50.3

45.6

-2055.1

95.1 32.0

118.5 26.3

280.7

238.5

173.7

20.8

59.7 53.1 89.1 78.2 90.8 110.5 163.2 155.6 28.7 159.7 46.3 77.7 166.1 62.6 106.3

45.4 54.1 86.4 50.0 51.0 107.7 129.9 139.7 24.1 141.7 56.0 75.0 119.7 63.6 93.1

658.1

612.5

182.0

20.8

-451.5 -1705.8

287.7 -2174.0 0.0 -576.3 -1156.0 -385.2 -520.0 -1320.9 -214.2 -106.7 -959.0 -1730.5 -1387.8 0.0 -1468.1 -588.9 -745.1 -1051.9 -235.1 -125.2

-362.9 -465.1 -1240.5 -218.4 -111.7 -881.1 -1632.1 -1283.2 -1354.3 -533.0 -668.0 -951.4 -225.9 -125.7

5-16

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula

Name

N NNaO2 NNaO3 NO NO2 NO2Rb NO3Rb NO3Tl NP N2 N2O N2O3 N2O4 N2O4Sr N2O5 N2O6Pb N2O6Ra N2O6Sr N2O6Zn N3Na N4Si3 Na NaO2 Na2 Na2O Na2O2 Na2O3S Na2O3Si Na2O4S Na2S Nb NbO NbO2 Nb2O5 Nd Nd2O3 Ne Ni NiO4S NiS Ni2O3 No O OP OPb OPb OPd ORa ORb2 ORh OS OSe OSi OSn OSr OTi OTl2 OU OV OZn O2 O2P O2Pb O2Rb O2Rb2 O2Ru

Nitrogen (atomic) Sodium nitrite Sodium nitrate Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Rubidium nitrite Rubidium nitrate Thallium(I) nitrate Phosphorus nitride Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen tetroxide Strontium nitrite Nitrogen pentoxide Lead(II) nitrate Radium nitrate Strontium nitrate Zinc nitrate Sodium azide Silicon nitride Sodium Sodium superoxide Disodium Sodium oxide Sodium peroxide Sodium sulfite Sodium metasilicate Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfide Niobium Niobium(II) oxide Niobium(IV) oxide Niobium(V) oxide Neodymium Neodymium oxide Neon Nickel Nickel(II) sulfate Nickel(II) sulfide Nickel(III) oxide Nobelium Oxygen (atomic) Phosphorus monoxide Lead(II) oxide (massicot) Lead(II) oxide (litharge) Palladium(II) oxide Radium oxide Rubidium oxide Rhodium monoxide Sulfur monoxide Selenium monoxide Silicon monoxide Tin(II) oxide Strontium oxide Titanium(II) oxide Thallium(I) oxide Uranium(II) oxide Vanadium(II) oxide Zinc oxide Oxygen Phosphorus dioxide Lead(IV) oxide Rubidium superoxide Rubidium peroxide Ruthenium(IV) oxide

fH° kJ/mol -358.7 -467.9

-367.4 -495.1 -243.9 -63.0

fG° kJ/mol -284.6 -367.0

-306.2 -395.8 -152.4

Liquid

S° J/mol K 103.8 116.5

172.0 147.3 160.7

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

-414.2 -510.9 -1100.8 -1554.9 -1387.1 -364.8 0.0 -405.8 -796.2 -1899.5 0.0 -1807.9 0.0 -872.9 -82.0 -489.5 0.0

-217.3 -219.0 -85.4 -523.0 -339.0

178.2

143.1

-796.1 -780.0

222.0 194.6

149.9

93.8 -642.6

96.9 101.3 51.3 115.9

-375.5 -447.7 -1012.5 -1462.8 -1270.2 -349.8

28.2 72.1

-1720.8

24.6 41.3 57.5 132.1 27.5 111.3

-759.7 -79.5

29.9 92.0 53.0

26.1 138.0 47.1

-187.9 -188.9

68.7 66.5

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

472.7

455.5

153.3

20.8

91.3 33.2

87.6 51.3

210.8 240.1

29.9 37.2

171.5 0.0 81.6 86.6 11.1

149.4 103.7 142.4 99.8

211.1 191.6 220.0 314.7 304.4

29.7 29.1 38.6 72.7 79.2

97.5

209.2

142.7

13.3

117.1

355.7

95.3

107.5

77.0

153.7

20.8

142.1

103.9

230.2

37.6

725.9

681.1

186.3

30.2

327.6

292.4

189.4

22.1

0.0 429.7

384.5

146.3 182.2

20.8 23.4

249.2 -28.5

231.7 -51.9

161.1 222.8

21.9 31.8

348.9

325.9

218.0

385.0 6.3 53.4 -99.6 15.1 1.5

-19.9 26.8 -126.4 -8.4

222.0 234.0 211.6 232.1

30.2 31.3 29.9 31.6

-281.6

205.2 252.1

29.4 39.5

76.6

75.1 95.0 145.9 113.9 149.6 83.7 36.4 48.1 54.5 137.2 71.5 158.6

-378.6 -740.5 -1766.0

Cp J/mol K

102.1 99.5

113.9

-218.4

S° J/mol K

92.9

50.3 -19.5 -762.3 -43.1 -451.9 -992.0 -978.2 -483.7 21.7 -743.5 0.0 -260.2

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

69.1 89.2 120.3 128.2

45.8 45.8 31.4

-280.7 -592.0 -519.7 -178.7

-251.9 -561.9 -495.0 -147.3

57.2 54.4 50.0 126.0

44.3 45.0 40.0

-431.8 -350.5

-404.2 -320.5

38.9 43.7

45.4 40.3

21.0

0.0 -279.9 -277.4 -278.7 -472.0 -305.0

-217.3

68.6

64.6

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula

Name

O2S O2Se O2Si O2Sn O2Te O2Th O2Ti O2U O2W O2Zr O3 O3PbS O3PbSi O3Pr2 O3Rh2 O3S O3Sc2 O3SiSr O3Sm2 O3Tb2 O3Ti2 O3Tm2 O3U O3V2 O3W O3Y2 O3Yb2 O4Os O4PbS O4PbSe O4Pb2Si O4Pb3 O4RaS O4Rb2S O4Ru O4SSr O4STl2 O4SZn O4SiSr2 O4SiZn2 O4SiZr O4TiZr O5Sb2 O5Ta2 O5Ti3 O5V2 O5V3 O7Re2 O7U3 O8S2Zr O8U3 O9U4 Os P P P P2 P4 Pa Pb PbS PbSe PbTe Pd PdS Pm

Sulfur dioxide Selenium dioxide Silicon dioxide (α-quartz) Tin(IV) oxide Tellurium dioxide Thorium(IV) oxide Titanium(IV) oxide Uranium(IV) oxide Tungsten(IV) oxide Zirconium(IV) oxide Ozone Lead(II) sulfite Lead(II) metasilicate Praseodymium oxide Rhodium(III) oxide Sulfur trioxide Scandium oxide Strontium metasilicate Samarium(III) oxide Terbium oxide Titanium(III) oxide Thulium oxide Uranium(VI) oxide Vanadium(III) oxide Tungsten(VI) oxide Yttrium oxide Ytterbium(III) oxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Lead(II) sulfate Lead(II) selenate Lead(II) orthosilicate Lead(II,II,IV) oxide Radium sulfate Rubidium sulfate Ruthenium(VIII) oxide Strontium sulfate Thallium(I) sulfate Zinc sulfate Strontium orthosilicate Zinc orthosilicate Zirconium(IV) orthosilicate Zirconium titanate Antimony(V) oxide Tantalum(V) oxide Titanium(III,IV) oxide Vanadium(V) oxide Vanadium(III,IV) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Uranium(IV,VI) oxide Zirconium(IV) sulfate Uranium(V,VI) oxide Uranium(IV,V) oxide Osmium Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red) Phosphorus (black) Diphosphorus Tetraphosphorus Protactinium Lead Lead(II) sulfide Lead(II) selenide Lead(II) telluride Palladium Palladium(II) sulfide Promethium

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

5-17 Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

-320.5 -225.4 -910.7 -577.6 -322.6 -1226.4 -944.0 -1085.0 -589.7 -1100.6 -669.9 -1145.7 -1809.6 -343.0 -454.5 -1908.8 -1633.9 -1823.0 -1865.2 -1520.9 -1888.7 -1223.8 -1218.8 -842.9 -1905.3 -1814.6 -394.1 -920.0 -609.2 -1363.1 -718.4 -1471.1 -1435.6 -239.3 -1453.1 -931.8 -982.8 -2304.5 -1636.7 -2033.4 -2024.1 -971.9 -2046.0 -2459.4 -1550.6 -1933.0 -1240.1 -3427.1 -2217.1 -3574.8 -4510.4 0.0 0.0 -17.6 -39.3

0.0 0.0 -100.4 -102.9 -70.7 0.0 -75.0 0.0

-856.3 -515.8 -270.3 -1169.2 -888.8 -1031.8 -533.9 -1042.8

41.5 49.0 79.5 65.2 50.6 77.0 50.5 50.4

-1062.1

109.6

-374.2 -1819.4 -1549.7 -1734.6

70.7 77.0 96.7 151.0

-1434.2 -1794.5 -1145.7 -1139.3 -764.0 -1816.6 -1726.7 -304.9 -813.0 -504.9 -1252.6 -601.2 -1365.6 -1316.9 -152.2 -1340.9 -830.4 -871.5 -2191.1 -1523.2 -1919.1 -1915.8 -829.2 -1911.2 -2317.4 -1419.5 -1803.0 -1066.0 -3242.9

78.8 139.7 96.1 98.3 75.9 99.1 133.1 143.9 148.5 167.8 186.6 211.3 138.0 197.4 146.4 117.0 230.5 110.5 153.1 131.4 84.1 116.7 125.1 143.1 129.3 131.0 163.0 207.1 250.5

-3369.5 -4275.1

282.6 334.1 32.6 41.1 22.8

-98.7 -101.7 -69.5 -67.0

51.9 64.8 91.2 102.5 110.0 37.6 46.0

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-300.1

248.2

39.9

-465.7

-471.5

274.6

51.4

142.7

163.2

238.9

39.2

-395.7

-371.1

256.8

50.7

-337.2

-292.8

293.8

74.1

-1100.0

-994.0

452.0

791.0 316.5

745.0 280.1

192.6 163.2

20.8 20.8

144.0 58.9 607.0 195.2

103.5 24.4 563.0 162.2

218.1 280.0 198.1 175.4

32.1 67.2 22.9 20.8

378.2

339.7

167.1

20.8

187.1

24.3

-296.8

44.4 52.6

fG° kJ/mol

-322.0

61.8 55.0 63.6 56.1 56.2

90.0 117.4 103.8 -441.0

-373.8

113.8

94.2 88.5 114.5 115.9 97.4 116.7 81.7 103.2 73.8 102.5 115.4 103.2 137.2 146.9 134.1

99.2 134.3 123.3 98.7 114.0 135.1 154.8 127.7 166.1 215.5 172.0 238.4 293.3 24.7 23.8 21.2

26.4 49.5 50.2 50.5 26.0

5-18

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula

Name

Po Pr Pt PtS PtS2 Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S S SSi SSn SSr STl2 SZn SZn S2 Sb Sb2 Sc Se Se Se SeSr SeTl2 SeZn Se2 Si Si2 Sm Sn Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Te2 Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr

Polonium Praseodymium Platinum Platinum(II) sulfide Platinum(IV) sulfide Plutonium Radium Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Radon Ruthenium Sulfur (rhombic) Sulfur (monoclinic) Silicon monosulfide Tin(II) sulfide Strontium sulfide Thallium(I) sulfide Zinc sulfide (wurtzite) Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) Disulfur Antimony Diantimony Scandium Selenium (gray) Selenium (α form) Selenium (vitreous) Strontium selenide Thallium(I) selenide Zinc selenide Diselenium Silicon Disilicon Samarium Tin (white) Tin (gray) Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Ditellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

73.2 41.6 55.1 74.7

27.2 25.9 43.4 65.9

71.0 76.8 36.9 31.5

31.1 25.5 25.0

28.5 32.1

24.1 22.6

-98.3 -467.8 -93.7

77.0 68.2 151.0

49.3 48.7

-201.3

57.7

46.0

0.0

45.7

25.2

0.0 0.0 6.7 5.0 -385.8 -59.0 -163.0

34.6 42.4

25.5 25.4

0.0 0.0 0.0 -81.6 -108.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

-76.1 -99.6

0.0 0.0 0.3 -100.0 -472.4 -97.1 -192.6 -206.0

-59.0 -163.0

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

355.6 565.3

320.9 520.5

189.8 192.4

21.4 25.5

159.0 80.9 769.9 556.9 0.0 642.7 277.2

130.0 53.1 724.6 510.8 595.8 236.7

176.5 170.1 188.9 185.8 176.2 186.5 167.8

20.8 20.8 20.8 21.0 20.8 21.5 23.7

112.5

60.9

223.7

32.3

128.6 262.3 235.6 377.8 227.1 227.1 227.1

79.7 222.1 187.0 336.0 187.0

228.2 180.3 254.9 174.8 176.7

32.5 20.8 36.4 22.1 20.8

146.0 450.0 594.0 206.7 301.2

96.2 405.5 536.0 172.8 266.2

252.0 168.0 229.9 183.0 168.5

35.4 22.3 34.4 30.4 21.3

164.4 782.0 388.7 678.0 196.7 168.2 602.0 473.0 182.2 232.2 533.0 514.2 849.4 0.0 421.3 152.3 130.4 608.8

130.9 739.3 349.7

381.1 118.4 94.8 566.5

164.6 185.2 203.6 181.1 182.7 268.1 190.2 180.3 181.0 190.1 199.8 182.3 174.0 169.7 179.5 173.1 161.0 181.4

20.8 20.9 24.6 20.8 20.8 36.7 20.8 24.4 20.8 20.8 23.7 26.0 21.3 20.8 25.9 20.8 20.8 26.7

671.3

158.1

20.8

318.5 330.6

74.6 80.0 85.3 69.3

172.0 84.0

0.0

18.8

20.0

0.0 0.0 -2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

69.6 51.2 44.1 55.0 41.5 73.2

29.5 27.0 25.8 26.8 25.4 28.9

49.7

25.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

51.8 30.7 64.2 74.0 50.2 28.9 32.6

27.3 25.0 26.3 27.0 27.7 24.9 24.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

44.4 59.9 41.6 39.0

26.5 26.7 25.4 25.4

5.7 2.4 107.2 167.4 112.1 52.0

8.5 6.1 66.7 112.3 86.0 65.0

0.1

fH° kJ/mol

Gas

157.1 118.0 560.7 428.4 147.4 197.5 488.4 754.4 807.1

Substances containing carbon: C C CAgN CAg2O3 CBaO3 CBeO3 CBrClF2 CBrCl2F CBrCl3 CBrF3

Carbon (graphite) Carbon (diamond) Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) carbonate Barium carbonate Beryllium carbonate Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromodichlorofluoromethane Bromotrichloromethane Bromotrifluoromethane

0.0 1.9 146.0 -505.8 -1213.0 -1025.0

2.9 156.9 -436.8 -1134.4

716.7

-41.1 -648.3

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula

Name

CBrN CBrN3O6 CBr2ClF CBr2Cl2 CBr2F2 CBr2O CBr3Cl CBr3F CBr4 CCaO3 CCaO3 CCdO3 CClFO CClF3 CClN CClN3O6 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3 CCl3F CCl4 CCoO3 CCs2O3 CCuN CFN CF2O CF3 CF3I CF4 CFeO3 CFe3 CH CHBrClF CHBrCl2 CHBrF2 CHBr2Cl CHBr2F CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHCsO3 CHFO CHF3 CHI3 CHKO2 CHKO3 CHN CHNO CHNS CHN3O6 CHNaO2 CHNaO3 CHO CH2 CH2BrCl CH2BrF CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2N2 CH2N2O4 CH2O

Cyanogen bromide Bromotrinitromethane Dibromochlorofluoromethane Dibromodichloromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Carbonyl bromide Tribromochloromethane Tribromofluoromethane Tetrabromomethane Calcium carbonate (calcite) Calcium carbonate (aragonite) Cadmium carbonate Carbonyl chloride fluoride Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Chlorotrinitromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichloromethyl Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Cobalt(II) carbonate Cesium carbonate Copper(I) cyanide Cyanogen fluoride Carbonyl fluoride Trifluoromethyl Trifluoroiodomethane Tetrafluoromethane Iron(II) carbonate Iron carbide Methylidyne Bromochlorofluoromethane Bromodichloromethane Bromodifluoromethane Chlorodibromomethane Dibromofluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Cesium hydrogen carbonate Formyl fluoride Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Potassium formate Potassium hydrogen carbonate Hydrogen cyanide Isocyanic acid (HNCO) Isothiocyanic acid Trinitromethane Sodium formate Sodium hydrogen carbonate Oxomethyl (HCO) Methylene Bromochloromethane Bromofluoromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Diazomethane Cyanamide Dinitromethane Formaldehyde

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

5-19 Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

140.5

-127.2

47.7 -1129.1 -1128.2 -669.4

212.5 91.7 88.0 92.5

144.3 83.5 82.3

112.1 -27.1

-301.3 -128.2 -713.0 -1139.7 96.2

-1054.3 111.3

204.5 84.5

-236.8

225.4

121.6 130.7

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

165.3

248.3

46.9

-96.2

-110.9

83.9

67.0

342.8 347.8 325.3 309.1 357.8 345.9 358.1

82.4 87.1 77.0 61.8 89.4 84.4 91.2

276.7

186.2 80.3

32.5

29.4 -1207.6 -1207.8 -750.6

fH° kJ/mol

-706.3 138.0 18.4 -477.4 -219.1 59.0 -268.3 -95.7

131.0

236.2

52.4 66.9 45.0

-439.4 -204.9

300.8 283.5

72.3 57.7 78.1 83.3

123.9 224.7 -639.8 -477.0 -587.8 -933.6

-740.6 25.1

-666.7 20.1

92.9 104.6

-464.0

264.5 307.4 261.6

41.8 46.8 49.6 70.9 61.1

304.3 316.4 295.1 327.7 316.8 330.9 280.9 293.1 295.7

63.2 67.4 58.7 69.2 65.1 71.2 55.9 60.9 65.7

246.6 259.7 356.2

39.9 51.0 75.0

201.8 238.0 247.8 435.6

35.9 44.9 46.9 134.1

224.7 194.9 287.6 276.3 293.2 264.4 270.2 246.7 309.7 242.9

34.6 33.8 52.7 49.2 54.7 47.0 51.0 42.9 57.7 52.5

358.1 218.8

86.4 35.4

82.1 105.9 595.8

-424.9

-22.3

-5.0

220.9

130.7

23.8 -482.6

8.0

-134.1

-73.7

201.7

114.2

-102.7

6.0

-966.1

-181.1 -679.7 -963.2

-695.4 251.0 -863.5

115.5 108.9

125.0

112.8

70.6

-32.8 -666.5 -950.8

-599.9 -851.0

103.8 101.7

135.1

124.7

127.6 -13.4

113.0

43.1 390.4

28.0 372.9

-95.4 -452.3 119.5

95.8

-61.5 -108.6

-102.5

82.7 87.6

-124.2 68.5

90.4

177.8

101.2

174.1

134.0

58.8 -104.9

5-20

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula (CH2O)x CH2O2 CH2S3 CH3 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4N2 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4N4O2 CH4O CH4S CH5N CH5NO3 CH5N3 CH5N3S CH5N5O2 CH6ClN CH6N2 CH6Si CHg2O3 CIN CI4 CKN CKNS CK2O3 CLi2O3 CMgO3 CMnO3 CN CNNa CNNaO CN4O8 CNa2O3 CO COS CO2 CO3Pb CO3Rb2 CO3Sr CO3Tl2 CO3Zn CS CS2 CSe2 CSi CSi C2 C2BrF5 C2Br2ClF3 C2Br2F4 C2Br4 C2Br6 C2Ca C2CaN2 C2CaO4

Name Paraformaldehyde Formic acid Trithiocarbonic acid Methyl Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrite Methyl nitrate Methane Ammonium cyanide Urea Thiourea Nitroguanidine Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Ammonium hydrogen carbonate Guanidine Hydrazinecarbothioamide 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine Methylamine hydrochloride Methylhydrazine Methylsilane Mercury(I) carbonate Cyanogen iodide Tetraiodomethane Potassium cyanide Potassium thiocyanate Potassium carbonate Lithium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Manganese(II) carbonate Cyanide Sodium cyanide Sodium cyanate Tetranitromethane Sodium carbonate Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Lead(II) carbonate Rubidium carbonate Strontium carbonate Thallium(I) carbonate Zinc carbonate Carbon monosulfide Carbon disulfide Carbon diselenide Silicon carbide (cubic) Silicon carbide (hexagonal) Dicarbon Bromopentafluoroethane 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Tetrabromoethene Hexabromoethane Calcium carbide Calcium cyanide Calcium oxalate

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas fH° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

129.0

99.0

-378.7

262.8

163.1

145.7 -111.2 -35.4 -81.9 -528.9

163.2

126.0

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

194.2 249.4 246.4 234.6 351.1 222.9 254.1

38.7 59.5 42.4 40.8 102.4 37.5 44.1

282.9

55.5

-50.5

305.8 186.3

76.6 35.7

-177.6 -425.0 24.0

-361.4

-59.8

0.4 -333.1 -89.1 -92.4

-849.4 -56.0 24.7 22.1 -298.1

-13.6 -254.0 -112.6

-14.4

171.8

106.6

-156.3

-43.4

217.1

157.3

134.0 -245.8 22.9

-665.9

-239.2 -46.7 -47.3

-166.6 -7.7 35.7

126.8 169.2 150.2

81.1 90.5 102.1

-201.0 -22.9 -22.5

-162.3 -9.3 32.7

239.9 255.2 242.9

44.1 50.3 50.1

54.2

180.0

165.9

134.9

94.7

187.0

278.8 256.5

71.1 65.9

225.5 474.0

196.6

256.8 391.9

48.3 95.9

437.6

407.5

202.6

29.2

503.7

176.1

120.9

-553.5 166.2 -392.9 -113.0 -200.2 -1151.0 -1215.9 -1095.8 -894.1

-468.1 185.0

180.0 96.2

-101.9 -178.3 -1063.5 -1132.1 -1012.1 -816.7

128.5 124.3 155.5 90.4 65.7 85.8

66.3 88.5 114.4 99.1 75.5 81.5

-87.5 -405.4

-76.4 -358.1

115.6 96.7

70.4 86.6

-1130.7

-1044.4

135.0

112.3

38.4

-699.1 -1136.0 -1220.1 -700.0 -812.8

-625.5 -1051.0 -1140.1 -614.6 -731.5

131.0 181.3 97.1 155.2 82.4

-59.8 -184.5 -1360.6

-62.8 -60.2

-64.9

16.6 16.5

70.0

82.4 -110.5 -142.0 -393.5

-137.2 -169.2 -394.4

197.7 231.6 213.8

29.1 41.5 37.1

280.3 116.7

228.8 67.1

210.6 237.8

29.8 45.4

775.9

199.4

43.2

-691.7

831.9 -1064.4 -656.6

-817.7

-789.1 387.1 441.9

102.7 139.3

87.4 117.6 81.4 79.7 89.0 164.8

-65.3 -62.8

14.4 -193.9 -80.8 -66.1 -122.0 -74.6

147.9 -92.9 -26.3

64.6

151.3

76.4

26.9 26.7

62.7

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2O2 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3N C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4O C2Cl6 C2F3N C2F4 C2F6 C2HBr C2HBrClF3 C2HBrClF3 C2HCl C2HClF2 C2HCl2F C2HCl2F3 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF C2HF3 C2HF3O2 C2HF5 C2H2 C2H2BrF3 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br4 C2H2ClF3 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2Cl3NO C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F3I C2H2I2 C2H2O C2H2O2 C2H2O4 C2H2O4Sr C2H2S C2H3Br C2H3BrO C2H3BrO2 C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2

Name Chlorotrifluoroethene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane Oxalyl chloride 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane Trichloroacetonitrile Tetrachloroethene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2difluoroethane Trichloroacetyl chloride Hexachloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethene Hexafluoroethane Bromoacetylene 1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2trifluoroethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane Chloroacetylene 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethene 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Trichloroethene Trichloroacetaldehyde Dichloroacetyl chloride Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Fluoroacetylene Trifluoroethene Trifluoroacetic acid Pentafluoroethane Acetylene 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane cis-1,2-Dibromoethene trans-1,2-Dibromoethene 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene Chloroacetyl chloride Dichloroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trichloroacetamide 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-iodoethane cis-1,2-Diiodoethene Ketene Glyoxal Oxalic acid Strontium formate Thiirene Bromoethene Acetyl bromide Bromoacetic acid Chloroethene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride Chloroacetic acid

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

5-21 Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-522.7

fH° kJ/mol

-960.2

111.7

-505.5 -1118.8 -937.0

-367.6 -745.0

170.1

-335.8 -716.8

-50.6

3.0

266.9

143.4

-10.9 -489.9

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

322.1

83.9 184.2

336.6

96.1

382.9

123.4

298.1 300.1 332.3 253.7

77.9 80.5 106.7 55.7

242.0 303.0 313.9 352.8 324.8

54.3 72.1 76.5 102.5 80.3

231.7

52.4

200.9

44.0

311.3 313.5

68.8 70.3

326.5 289.0 289.6 290.0

89.1 67.1 65.1 66.7

356.0 362.8 266.2 268.3

102.7 100.8 60.1 58.2

-48.3 -189.7 -662.7

247.6 272.5 320.6

51.8 60.6 86.2

-523.8

-407.0

173.6 -280.8 -202.8

237.3

-239.8 -143.6 -497.9 -658.9 -1344.2

198.2

-820.5

-675.3

-644.8

-720.0

-690.4

-315.5

-43.6 -234.5 -280.4

228.4

124.4 151.0

-9.0 -196.6 -241.0

173.8

-142.0

-289.1

-503.3 -187.6

-490.5 -1031.4 -1100.4 227.4 -694.5

-1069.9

209.9

-36.9 165.7 -23.9 -26.4 -24.3 -283.7 -496.3

24.1 27.3

201.5 198.4 195.9

111.3 116.4 116.8

2.8 4.6 5.0 -244.8

246.9

162.3

-149.2 -335.0

25.4 28.6

-358.0 -195.0

-829.9 -1393.3

-94.1

109.8

-67.9 91.0

-644.5 -207.4 -47.5 -212.0 -731.8

275.8 81.8

255.3 275.8

54.7 55.5

-223.5 59.4

300.0 79.2 -190.4 -383.5 37.2

-338.3 53.6

-242.8 -427.6

-205.8 -368.5

337.0 264.0 307.2 295.1 325.9

80.5 53.7 82.5 67.8 78.8

14.6 -272.9

-509.7

-208.0

200.8

117.0

5-22

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula

Name

C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C2H3I C2H3IO C2H3KO2 C2H3N C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NO2 C2H3NO3 C2H3NS C2H3NaO2 C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4I2 C2H4N2O2 C2H4N2O2 C2H4N2O4 C2H4N2O4 C2H4N2S2 C2H4N4 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O3 C2H4O3 C2H4S C2H4Si C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5F C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H5NO3 C2H5NS C2H6 C2H6Cd C2H6Hg C2H6N2O C2H6N4O2 C2H6N4O2 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2S

1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoethene Acetyl iodide Potassium acetate Acetonitrile Isocyanomethane Methyl isocyanate Nitroethene Oxamic acid Methyl isothiocyanate Sodium acetate Ethylene 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Diiodoethane Oxamide Ethanedial dioxime 1,1-Dinitroethane 1,2-Dinitroethane Ethanedithioamide 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine Acetaldehyde Oxirane Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Methyl formate Peroxyacetic acid Glycolic acid Thiirane Ethynylsilane Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Fluoroethane Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Glycine 2-Nitroethanol Ethyl nitrate Thioacetamide Ethane Dimethyl cadmium Dimethyl mercury N-Methylurea 1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxamide Oxalyl dihydrazide Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfone

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

-177.4 -190.8

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

227.4 232.6

144.3 150.9

fH° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

320.2 323.1 337.2

88.7 93.3 89.0

279.9

78.2

285.0

57.9

243.4 246.9

52.2 52.9

300.5

73.7

219.3

42.9

327.7

80.8

-70.8

305.1 308.4 282.5

76.2 78.7 67.8

-166.2 -52.6 -175.1 -432.2 -357.4

-133.0 -13.0

263.8 242.5

55.3 47.9

-374.2

283.5 285.3

-583.0 82.0

-504.9 96.8

63.4 64.4 82.4 87.1 53.3 72.6 64.5 62.8

-932.4

-144.4 -151.3 -138.8 -442.1 -744.6 -730.7 -888.4

-163.5

-126.4

-467.2

fG° kJ/mol

-723.0 40.6 130.8 -92.0 -661.2 79.4 -708.8

86.5 159.5

149.6 159.0

91.5

74.0 163.5

91.9 165.7

33.3 -552.3 -607.2

123.0

79.9 52.4

68.4

130.1 -66.2 -79.2 -158.4 -166.8

-73.8

223.3

136.0

211.8

126.3 128.4

9.3 -504.4 -90.5

-37.5 -313.4 -127.7 -126.4 -497.0 75.0 -387.1

-148.2 -165.2 -20.8 76.8

83.0 -192.2 -78.0 -216.9 -484.3 -386.1

-127.6 -11.8

160.2 153.9

89.0 88.0

-389.9

159.8

123.3 119.1

-90.5 -136.8 -295.4

-25.8 -59.3

198.7 190.8

100.8 104.3

-61.9 -112.1

-23.9 -60.4

318.6 255.2 269.4 286.7 276.0

-40.0 91.9

14.7

211.7

115.1

-8.1 126.5 -238.3

19.2

264.5 306.0

58.6 66.9

320.5

79.0

-32.0 146.9 146.1

229.2 303.0 306.0

52.5 83.3

-167.9 -112.6

281.6 266.4

65.6 64.4

-272.7

303.8 310.6

82.7 100.0

51.6

-317.0

115.0

91.3 123.8 134.4

-143.9 -528.5 -350.7 -190.4 -71.7 63.6 59.8

139.0 140.3

201.9 209.0

132.0

-277.6 -203.3 -204.2 -460.0

-174.8

160.7

112.3

-99.9

188.3 163.2

153.0 148.6

-103.8 -392.1 -154.1 11.4 -84.0 101.6 94.4

-332.8 -498.7 -295.2

-450.1

-302.4

142.0

-234.8 -184.1 -151.3 -392.2 -373.1

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula

Name

C2H6O3S C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2 C2H6Zn C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8ClN C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2O4 C2HgO4 C2I2 C2I4 C2K2O4 C2MgO4 C2N2 C2N4O6 C2Na2O4 C2O4Pb C3F8 C3H2N2 C3H2O2 C3H2O3 C3H3Cl3 C3H3F3 C3H3N C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H4 C3H4 C3H4 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl4 C3H4Cl4 C3H4F4O C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5BrO C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5I C3H5IO C3H5IO2 C3H5N C3H5N C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NO3

Dimethyl sulfite Dimethyl sulfate Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl zinc Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine Dimethylamine hydrochloride 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Ammonium oxalate Mercury(II) oxalate Diiodoacetylene Tetraiodoethene Potassium oxalate Magnesium oxalate Cyanogen Trinitroacetonitrile Sodium oxalate Lead(II) oxalate Perfluoropropane Malononitrile 2-Propynoic acid 1,3-Dioxol-2-one 1,2,3-Trichloropropene 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene Acrylonitrile Oxazole Isoxazole Allene Propyne Cyclopropene 2,3-Dichloropropene 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloropropane 1,2,2,3-Tetrachloropropane 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol 1H-Pyrazole Imidazole Acrolein 1,2-Propanedione Acrylic acid 2-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate cis-1-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene Bromoacetone 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropanoic acid Ethyl chloroformate Methyl chloroacetate 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 3-Iodopropene Iodoacetone 3-Iodopropanoic acid Propanenitrile 2-Propyn-1-amine Ethyl isocyanide Acrylamide Nitroacetone

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

5-23 Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol -523.6 -735.5 -73.6 -65.3 -54.3 -62.6 23.4 -74.1 -43.9

fG° kJ/mol

-5.5

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

207.0 196.4

117.9 118.1

235.4 201.6

146.1 129.2 130.0 137.7 195.5

70.0

182.3

206.4

198.0

fH° kJ/mol -483.4 -687.0 -46.1 -37.4 -9.7 -24.7 53.0 -47.5 -18.8

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-4.8

296.2 286.0

72.7 74.1

36.3 68.5

283.8 273.1

71.5 70.7

313.1

70.3

241.9

56.8

-289.3 -63.0 48.9 52.7 -1123.0 -678.2

172.6 164.1

-18.0 84.1 92.2

226.0

305.0 -1346.0 -1269.0 285.9 183.7

306.7 -1318.0

-851.4

-750.1

146.0

105.4 -1783.2 265.5

186.4 -193.2 -459.9 -101.8

-418.6 -614.2 180.6 -15.5 78.6 190.5 184.9 277.1

147.1 -48.0 42.1

-73.3 -208.7 -251.8 -1114.9 105.4 49.8

-1061.3 179.4 132.9

81.0

71.3 -309.1 -383.8 -329.9 -682.8 7.9 12.2

-148.4 -522.5

-271.0 175.3

145.7 122.1 133.9

125.1 131.6

-282.9 -508.4 40.8 45.2 -181.0 -21.0 -107.8 -475.8

-549.3 -505.3 -487.0 -230.6 53.7

183.6

-462.9 -444.0 -182.9 91.5 -130.5

119.3

51.7

-460.0

-212.1

110.6

15.5 205.7 108.6 -224.0 -278.6

141.7 -130.2

5-24

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula C3H5NO4 C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2O C3H6Cl2O C3H6I2 C3H6I2 C3H6N2O2 C3H6N2O2 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N6O6 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H6S C3H6S2 C3H6S2 C3H6S3 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7ClO2 C3H7ClO2 C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2S C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H8 C3H8N2O C3H8N2O C3H8N2O

Name Methyl nitroacetate Trinitroglycerol Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±) 1,3-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol 1,2-Diiodopropane 1,3-Diiodopropane Propanediamide N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide 1,1-Dinitropropane 1,3-Dinitropropane 2,2-Dinitropropane Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5triazine Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Thiolactic acid 1,3,5-Trioxane Thietane Methylthiirane 1,2-Dithiolane 1,3-Dithiolane 1,3,5-Trithiane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol 1-Fluoropropane 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine Cyclopropylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide Propanamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Ethyl carbamate DL-Alanine D-Alanine L-Alanine β-Alanine Sarcosine L-Cysteine Propyl nitrate Isopropyl nitrate DL-Serine L-Serine Propane N-Ethylurea N,N-Dimethylurea N,N'-Dimethylurea

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

-464.0 -370.9 4.0 35.2 -113.6 -198.8 -199.9 -205.8 -381.5 -385.3

Cp J/mol K

149.1

fH° kJ/mol -279.1 20.0 53.3 -71.6 -162.8 -159.2 -173.2 -316.3 -318.4 35.6

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

545.9

234.2

237.5

55.6

482.4

230.2

304.5 295.3 286.9

80.7 74.5 72.6

324.4

86.0

107.1

285.0

68.3

47.7 54.7 130.4

313.5 323.3 336.4

86.5 84.7 111.3

350.0

104.1

362.6

123.2

270.3

73.6

104.5

-9.0 -546.1 -544.2

-441.2 -100.7

-163.2 -207.1 -181.2

192.0 -171.8 -215.6 -248.4 -123.0 -110.8 -510.7

138.9 199.8 196.5

126.3 120.4

191.0

152.8 149.3 141.9 118.0

-445.9 -333.5 -468.4 -522.5

133.0

111.4 24.7 11.3

-285.9 -293.5 -30.0 -40.3 187.7

147.1 150.6

-338.2

-517.1 -563.6 -561.2 -604.0 -558.0 -513.3 -534.1

156.4

-167.2 -180.3 -497.3

-152.7

-413.3 -298.0 -465.9 60.6 45.8 0.0 10.0 80.0 -87.0 -99.4 -131.9 -144.9

184.9

-121.9 -130.5 -160.5 -172.3 -525.3 -517.5

-66.0 -74.8 -10.0 45.8 -239.3

-124.5 -185.6 -217.1 -94.7 -80.5 -455.7

170.3

77.0 -192.4 -259.0 -124.3 -138.9 -446.3

-465.9 -424.0 -367.3 -214.5 -229.7

-174.1 -191.0

-120.9

-103.8

-739.0 -732.7 -357.8 -319.1 -312.1

-23.4

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula

Name

C3H8N2O3 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S2 C3H9Al C3H9B C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H10ClN C3H10ClN C3H10N2 C3H10Si C3H12BN C3H12BN C4Cl6 C4F8 C4F10 C4H2N2 C4H2O3 C4H2O4 C4H3NO3 C4H4BrNO2 C4H4ClNO2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O3 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5NS C4H5N3O C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6N2O2 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2

Oxymethurea 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide 1,3-Propanedithiol Trimethyl aluminum Trimethylborane Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine Propylamine hydrochloride Trimethylamine hydrochloride 1,2-Propanediamine, (±) Trimethylsilane Trimethylamine borane Aminetrimethylboron Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane trans-2-Butenedinitrile Maleic anhydride 2-Butynedioic acid 2-Nitrofuran N-Bromosuccinimide N-Chlorosuccinimide Succinonitrile Pyrazine Pyrimidine Pyridazine Uracil Barbituric acid Furan Diketene Succinic anhydride Maleic acid Fumaric acid Thiophene trans-2-Butenenitrile 3-Butenenitrile 2-Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Cyclopropanecarbonitrile Succinimide 4-Methylthiazole Cytosine 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Cyclobutene 2,5-Piperazinedione Divinyl ether trans-2-Butenal trans-2-Butenoic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

5-25 Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

193.6 181.1

143.9 156.5

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

322.6 309.2 309.2

85.6 89.3 93.3

-35.9

314.7

88.5

-243.5 39.9 32.2

369.1 325.4 312.2 287.1

91.2 97.5 91.8

331.0

117.9

267.2

65.4

278.8

72.8

-717.0 -302.6 -318.1 -501.0 -480.8 -377.8 -669.6 -99.9 -105.9 -91.6 -79.4 -136.4 -143.1

190.8

244.0 206.3 242.5 233.5 239.1 -9.9 -32.1

209.4 238.9

171.1 162.0 218.9 144.6 145.3 144.6 155.6

-255.1 -272.6 -216.4 -429.8 -408.0 -348.5 -577.9 -67.8 -76.2 -59.6 -29.8 -74.1 -124.3

189.9 -382.8 -101.5 -112.3 -45.7

-246.4

278.2 218.3 208.5

164.1 163.8 137.9

-352.8 -70.1 -83.7 -23.6

-354.7 -282.9 -97.8 -142.5 -284.1

70.7 -79.3

-53.6

187.0 218.0 -24.5 -1542.6 127.2

268.2 -469.8 -577.3 -104.1 -335.9 -357.9 139.7 139.8

340.2 -398.3 -28.8

191.6

145.6

209.7 196.1 195.7 278.3 -302.9

145.9 224.9 -429.4 -634.7

-608.6 -789.4 -811.7

120.5

160.8 168.0

-62.3 -233.1

177.0

114.8

80.2 95.1 117.8

181.2

123.8

63.1 140.8

156.4

126.3 127.7

199.0

123.6

137.0 142.0

-459.0 67.9 -221.3

-34.8 -190.3 -527.9 -679.4 -675.8 114.9 134.3 159.7 108.2 182.8 -375.4 111.8

132.6 138.6 88.5 141.4 119.1

162.3 110.0 165.2 145.7 156.7

-446.5 -39.8 -138.7

-13.6 -100.6 161.1

-349.2

-314.4

126.1

5-26

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula

Name

C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H6S C4H6S C4H7ClO C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H7NO C4H7NO C4H7NO4 C4H7NO4 C4H7NO4 C4H7N3O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8I2 C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O4 C4H8N8O8 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H8S2 C4H8S2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl

Methyl acrylate γ-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate Succinic acid Dimethyl oxalate 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether 2-Chlorobutanoic acid 3-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chlorobutanoic acid Propyl chlorocarbonate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile Acetone cyanohydrin 2-Pyrrolidone 2-Methyl-2-oxazoline Iminodiacetic acid Ethyl nitroacetate L-Aspartic acid Creatinine 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,3-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 2,3-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,3-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 1,4-Diiodobutane Succinamide Dimethylglyoxime L-Asparagine N-Glycylglycine 1,4-Dinitrobutane Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran S-Ethyl thioacetate Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane 2-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1,3-Dithiane 1,4-Dithiane 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane, (±) 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol -362.2 -420.9 -624.4 -613.2

-940.5 -756.3

167.3

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

239.5

158.8 141.4 218.6

153.1 52.9 47.0 -208.1 -575.5 -556.3 -566.3 -533.4 -5.8 -13.8 -120.9 -286.2 -169.5

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

303.5 297.1

79.8 83.3

187.9 -140.8

568.8

275.5

-204.8 -215.7 -238.5 -184.1 -228.1 -475.9

343.7

103.4

339.9 302.4

101.7 76.3

309.6 333.5 326.2

92.5 110.4 109.7

-333.0 -366.5 -572.5 -582.5 -823.0 -708.9 90.7 86.9 -170.1

133.5 131.6

-492.7 33.6 23.4

-130.5

-932.6 -487.1 -973.3 -238.5 -20.8 -29.8 -33.3 -37.5 3.7 1.7 -142.1 -148.0 -140.3 -139.6 -156.6 -237.3 -229.8

227.0 219.9

118.0 127.0

0.1 -7.1 -11.4 -16.9 27.7 -91.6 -87.8 -102.0 -113.3 -195.0 -183.4

220.9 -30.0 -581.2 -199.7 -789.4 -747.7 -237.5 -167.4 -168.9 -239.2 -247.3 -273.3 -216.2 -268.2 -533.8 -500.3 -479.3 -379.7 -353.9 -386.9

230.9 246.6

147.0 163.7

239.1 204.3

158.7 124.0

222.2

178.6 173.0

257.7

170.7 171.2 143.9 152.1

270.2

-462.7 -443.6 -340.6 -315.3 -352.0

180.0 -72.9

-143.8 -154.9 -164.4 -188.1

-34.1 -10.0 0.0 -107.1 -120.3 -132.4 -154.4

45.8 72.4 84.5

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula

Name

C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9ClO C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9N3O2 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10Hg C4H10N2 C4H10N2O C4H10N2O2 C4H10N2O4 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10OS C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10O3S C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H10S2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C4H11NO3

2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Cyclobutanamine Pyrrolidine Butanamide N-Methylpropanamide 2-Methylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine 1-Nitrobutane 2-Nitroisobutane Propyl carbamate 4-Aminobutanoic acid 3-Nitro-2-butanol 2-Methyl-2-nitro-1-propanol DL-Threonine L-Threonine Creatine Butane Isobutane Diethyl mercury Piperazine Trimethylurea N-Nitrodiethylamine L-Asparagine, monohydrate 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether Diethyl sulfoxide 1,2-Butanediol, (±) 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dimethylacetal tert-Butyl hydroperoxide Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfite Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide 1,4-Butanedithiol Diethyl disulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine N,N-Dimethylethanolamine Diethanolamine Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

5-27 Liquid

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-192.8 -191.1 -211.3 -335.6

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

369.9

115.1

359.5

112.7

326.7 342.7

113.6 119.5

368.1

117.0

-161.1 -159.3 -182.2 -301.3 162.3

-107.5 5.6 -41.1

204.1

156.6

-364.8

-72.1 41.2 -3.6 -282.0

179.0 -368.6 -278.3

175.6 164.8

-192.5 -217.2

-282.6 -228.0 -143.9 -177.1 -471.4 -441.0

-552.6 -581.0 -390.0 -410.1 -758.8 -807.2 -537.2 -147.3 -154.2 30.1

140.9 182.8

-125.7 -134.2 75.3

-45.6 -330.5 -106.2

-53.0

-1086.6 -327.3 -342.6 -334.7 -359.2 -279.5 -266.0 -278.8 -268.0 -523.6 -501.0 -505.3 -541.5 -539.7 -376.6 -420.6 -293.6 -628.5 -600.7 -813.2 -124.7 -131.0 -132.0 -140.5 -119.4 -118.5 -124.7 -105.7 -120.1 -127.6 -137.5 -150.6 -132.6 -103.7 -253.7 -493.8 -717.8

233.5

225.8 214.9 214.7 193.3 172.4 262.9 253.8

177.2 196.9 181.5 218.6 175.6 165.4 161.9

223.4

200.1 213.0

-274.9 -292.8 -283.8 -312.5 -252.1 -238.1 -252.0 -205.6 -433.2 -428.7 -482.3

210.8 193.3

244.8

171.2

269.3 272.5 263.1

171.4 171.6 172.4

269.3

171.4 179.2 192.1 183.2 169.2

-389.7 -245.9 -571.2 -552.2 -756.3 -88.0 -96.9 -97.3 -109.6 -83.5 -82.2 -90.5 -50.6 -79.4 -91.9 -104.6 -121.0 -98.7 -72.2 -203.6 -397.1

5-28

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula C4H12BrN C4H12ClN C4H12ClN C4H12IN C4H12N2 C4H12Pb C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C4N2 C4NiO4 C5FeO5 C5H2F6O2 C5H3NO5 C5H4N4 C5H4N4O C5H4N4O2 C5H4N4O3 C5H4O2 C5H4O3 C5H4O3 C5H5F3O2 C5H5N C5H5NO C5H5N5 C5H5N5O C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6N2O2 C5H6O2 C5H6O4 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8N4O12 C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H8O4 C5H9ClO2 C5H9N C5H9N

Name Tetramethylammonium bromide Diethylamine hydrochloride Tetramethylammonium chloride Tetramethylammonium iodide 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediamine Tetramethyl lead Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine 2-Butynedinitrile Nickel carbonyl Iron pentacarbonyl Hexafluoroacetylacetone 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxylic acid 1H-Purine Hypoxanthine Xanthine Uric acid Furfural 2-Furancarboxylic acid 3-Methyl-2,5-furandione 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione Pyridine 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde Adenine Guanine cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Thymine Furfuryl alcohol trans-1-Propene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene trans-3-Pentenenitrile Cyclobutanecarbonitrile 1-Methylpyrrole 2-Methylpyrrole 3-Methylpyrrole Ethyl cyanoacetate 1,2-Pentadiene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2,3-Pentadiene 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentene Spiropentane Methylenecyclobutane Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Cyclopentanone 4-Pentenoic acid Allyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Methyl trans-2-butenoate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one Methyl acetoacetate Glutaric acid Propyl chloroacetate Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-99.9

359.0

143.9

-587.2

410.6

145.2

614.7

294.8

-251.0 -358.6 -276.4 -203.9 -133.9 97.9 -264.0 -52.3

-100.0

277.3

204.1

-90.3 135.9 -239.1 -18.8

254.0 500.4 -633.0 -774.0 -2286.7 -516.8 169.4 -110.8 -379.6 -618.8

145.6 161.1 173.2

-588.2 -705.3

313.4 338.1

204.6 240.6

134.5 151.3 166.1 -201.6

163.2

-504.5 -1040.2 100.2

132.7

-498.4

-106.4 96.9 -183.9

147.0

-151.0 -390.0 -447.2 -993.3 140.4 205.7

226.5 228.2 105.9 -462.8

529.2 -602.9

150.8 -276.2

204.0

134.3 -328.7 -211.8

-824.4 44.6 43.1 80.9 103.0 62.4 23.3 20.5

218.5

149.8

83.5 82.5 125.7 147.4 103.1 74.0 70.2

220.2 140.7 81.4 76.1 105.7 133.1 101.2 48.2 4.3 157.5 93.8

229.3 201.2 193.7

152.6 122.4 134.5

-538.6 -235.9 -430.6

75.5 34.0 185.2 121.6 -387.0 -192.1

184.1 -370.6 -382.9

-354.2 -341.9 191.2

-423.8 -461.3 -436.7 -623.2

-382.0 -406.5 -379.6

-515.5 -33.1 -39.8

-467.0 10.5 -2.3

-960.0

232.0

179.4

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula C5H9N C5H9NO C5H9NO C5H9NO2 C5H9NO4 C5H9NO4 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Br2 C5H10N2O C5H10N2O2 C5H10N2O3 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10OS C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O4 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H10S C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2

Name 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine 2-Piperidinone N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone L-Proline D-Glutamic acid L-Glutamic acid 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Methylcyclobutane Ethylcyclopropane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane 2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane N-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitropiperidine L-Glutamine Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone 3,3-Dimethyloxetane Tetrahydropyran S-Propyl thioacetate Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid Butyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate (Ethoxymethyl)oxirane 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxane cis-1,2-Cyclopentanediol trans-1,2-Cyclopentanediol Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl lactate Glycerol 1-acetate, (DL) D-Ribose D-Xylose α-D-Arabinopyranose Thiacyclohexane Cyclopentanethiol 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 2-Chloro-3-methylbutane Cyclopentylamine Piperidine Pentanamide 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide 1-Nitropentane DL-Valine L-Valine

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

5-29 Liquid

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

33.5 -306.6 -262.2

307.8

-515.2 -1005.3 -1009.7

-366.2

-46.9 -53.7 -58.2 -61.1 -51.5 -68.6 -105.1 -44.5 -24.8 -33.3 -26.3 -30.7

262.6 258.6 256.5 254.0 253.3 251.0 204.5

154.0 151.7 157.0 157.2 156.1 152.8 128.8

-21.1 -27.6 -31.9 -35.2 -27.5 -41.7 -76.4

-8.2

-137.6 16.6 -44.5

-31.1 -93.0 -826.4 -300.1 -267.2 -297.3 -296.5 -299.5 -182.2 -258.3 -294.5 -559.4 -554.5 -561.6

204.1

182.5

266.0 268.5

184.1 190.9 179.9

259.8

210.3

-242.5 -228.4 -258.8 -257.9 -262.6 -148.2 -223.4 -250.4 -491.9

362.9

-510.0 -491.3

-564.5 200.2 196.2 199.4

-518.9 -502.7

-481.6 -463.4

198.2 -296.5 -416.1

-376.9

-435.7 -681.5

-369.1 -637.9

-485.0 -490.1

310.0 254.0 -909.2 -1047.2 -1057.8 -1057.9 -106.3 -89.5 -170.2 -213.2 -216.0 -235.7 -226.6 -95.1 -86.4 -379.5 -399.7 -215.4 -628.9 -617.9

218.2 256.9

163.3 165.2

241.0 210.0

181.2 179.9

-63.5 -48.1 -128.9 -174.9 -179.7 -202.2 -185.1 -54.9 -47.1 -290.2 -313.1 -164.4 -455.1

53.1

323.0

109.7

390.9

137.1

5-30

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S C5H11NO4 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12N2O C5H12N2O C5H12N2O C5H12N2S C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12O3 C5H12O4 C5H12O5 C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C5H14N2 C6ClF5 C6Cl6 C6F6 C6F10 C6F12 C6HCl5O C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3N3O6 C6H3N3O7 C6H3N3O8 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2O C6H4F2 C6H4F2

Name 5-Aminopentanoic acid L-Methionine 2-Ethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol Pentane Isopentane Neopentane Butylurea tert-Butylurea N,N-Diethylurea Tetramethylurea Tetramethylthiourea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±) 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±) 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether 1,5-Pentanediol 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol Diethoxymethane 1,1-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3propanediol Pentaerythritol Xylitol 1-Pentanethiol 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol, (+) 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Pentylamine N,N,N',N'Tetramethylmethanediamine Chloropentafluorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexene Perfluorocyclohexane Pentachlorophenol Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-benzenediol 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorophenol o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-604.1 -577.5 -606.4

fH° kJ/mol -460.0 -413.5

-173.5 -178.4 -190.2

260.4

167.2 164.8

-146.9 -153.6 -168.0

-419.5 -417.4 -372.2 -262.2 -38.1 -351.6 -365.2 -368.9 -356.6 -356.4 -379.5 -366.6 -399.4 -290.6 -313.6 -303.6 -528.8

208.1 239.7

247.1

295.3 265.3 295.0

192.7 187.5 197.2

44.9 -294.6 -311.0 -314.9 -301.4 -300.7 -329.3 -313.5 -258.1 -283.7 -272.0 -450.8

-551.2 -450.5 -443.6 -459.4

-414.7 -429.9 271.1

-744.6 -920.6 -1118.5

-776.7 -151.3 -154.4 -154.4 -162.8 -158.8 -165.4 -142.9 -157.1 -144.8 -156.1

290.1

198.1

307.5 276.1 309.5

200.9 199.9 198.4

-110.0 -114.9 -114.9 -127.1 -121.3 -129.0 -102.4 -121.3 -104.8 -118.3

218.0

-858.4 -127.6

-292.5 -852.7 -1024.1

260.2

253.2

-51.1

-18.2

-991.3 -1963.5 -2406.3

-809.3 -35.5 -955.4 -1932.7 -2370.4

201.2 280.8

221.6

202.0 -841.8 -1007.7 -683.8

-806.5

-70.8

3.8 -8.1 -13.4

-63.1 -78.4 -37.0 -217.9 -467.5 -48.7

214.6 239.7 250.2 -17.5 -20.7

-42.3 -226.4

175.4

162.4

147.8 -330.0 -343.9

222.6 223.8

159.0 159.1

30.2 25.7 22.5 -156.3 -293.8 -309.2

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula C6H4F2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O5 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl2N C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5N3 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O6 C6H6O6 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2S C6H8O4 C6H8O6 C6H8O7 C6H9Cl3O2 C6H9Cl3O2 C6H9N C6H9N C6H9N C6H9NO3 C6H9NO6 C6H9N3O2

Name p-Difluorobenzene 1,2-Dinitrobenzene 1,3-Dinitrobenzene 1,4-Dinitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitrophenol p-Benzoquinone Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene 2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol 3,4-Dichloroaniline Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 2-Nitrophenol 1H-Benzotriazole 2,3-Dinitroaniline 2,4-Dinitroaniline 2,5-Dinitroaniline 2,6-Dinitroaniline 3,5-Dinitroaniline 1,5-Hexadiyne Benzene 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Phenol 2-Vinylfuran p-Hydroquinone Pyrocatechol Resorcinol 1,2,3-Benzenetriol 1,2,4-Benzenetriol 1,3,5-Benzenetriol 3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-furandione cis-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid trans-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile Adiponitrile 1,2-Benzenediamine 1,3-Benzenediamine 1,4-Benzenediamine Phenylhydrazine Bis(2-cyanoethyl) sulfide Dimethyl maleate L-Ascorbic acid Citric acid Butyl trichloroacetate Isobutyl trichloroacetate Cyclopentanecarbonitrile 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole 2,5-Dimethylpyrrole Triacetamide Nitrilotriacetic acid L-Histidine

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

5-31 Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

-342.3 -2.0 -27.0 -38.0 -232.7 -185.7

200.4 197.5 200.0

Cp J/mol K 157.5

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

348.8

120.4

129.7

269.2

82.4

-7.0

317.9

107.9

-306.7

-128.1 -122.9 60.9 11.1

219.2

154.3 150.1 188.7

52.0

-189.3 -181.3 -150.6 117.2 12.5

205.9 205.4

146.4 158.7 185.8

-344.9 -202.4 236.5 -11.7 -67.8 -44.3 -50.6 -38.9

-115.9 164.9 68.5 -221.5 335.5

384.2 49.1 -4.6 -20.3 -33.3 -26.1 -38.3 -42.0 -165.1

fG° kJ/mol

-36.0

129.0

-206.4 -197.7 -89.1

fH° kJ/mol

144.0

147.3 166.0 158.8 167.0 127.4

124.5

173.4

136.0 198.7

-9.4 -14.4 -20.7

63.8 58.4 58.8 -96.4 27.8 -265.3 -267.5 -274.7 -434.2 -444.0 -452.9

-10.3 -364.5 -354.1 -368.0 -551.1 -563.8 -584.6 -581.4 -1224.4

82.9

136.0

-1232.7 63.7 31.6 56.7 61.9 59.2 111.5 85.1 -0.3 -7.8 3.0

154.5

222.8

216.3 209.1

173.2 191.9 158.6 158.7 159.0 128.7

111.3 87.5 99.2 106.4 103.8 156.5 149.5

217.0

202.9

159.6 141.0 96.3

263.2 -1164.6 -1543.8 -545.8 -553.4 0.7

-492.3 -500.2 44.1

-16.7 -610.5

39.8 -550.1

-422.3

-1311.9 -466.7

5-32

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10Cl2O2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Cl C6H11ClO2 C6H11ClO2 C6H11ClO2 C6H11NO C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12N2O4S2 C6H12N2S4 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3

Name 1,5-Hexadiene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne Cyclohexene 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene 4-Methylcyclopentene Butyl dichloroacetate Cyclohexanone 2-Methylcyclopentanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl trans-2-butenoate Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Adipic acid Diethyl oxalate Ethylene glycol diacetate Chlorocyclohexane Ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate Propyl 3-chloropropanoate Butyl chloroacetate Caprolactam 1-Methyl-2-piperidinone 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane L-Cystine Thiram Butyl vinyl ether Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclopentanol Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Methyl pentanoate Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Paraldehyde

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Liquid Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol 54.1 78.4 -38.5 -36.4 -23.7 -17.6 -550.1 -271.2 -265.2

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol 84.2

214.6

148.3

182.2

-5.0 -3.8 7.4 14.6 -497.8 -226.1

212.5 -420.0 -395.0

-375.6 -350.2 248.0

-679.1

-626.5

-994.3 -805.5

-742.0 310.0

-207.2 -566.5 -537.6 -538.4 -329.4

156.8 -293.0 -74.2 -83.9 -85.5 -78.9 -86.1 -90.0 -78.2 -80.0 -98.5 -94.5 -94.6 -87.0 -91.6 -87.1 -93.2 -87.5 -101.4 -156.4 -137.9 -59.0 -96.2

-1032.7 40.2

-163.7 -513.8 -485.7 -487.4 -239.6 295.2

183.3

270.2

174.7 154.9

-43.5 -52.3 -53.9 -47.6 -54.4 -59.4 -49.5 -51.3 -66.9 -62.3 -63.1 -57.5 -61.5 -56.0 -62.4 -60.3 -68.1 -123.4 -106.2 -27.5

301.7 -218.8 280.3 -322.0 -320.2 -325.9 -328.6 -348.2 -345.5 -583.8 -529.2 -554.5

-514.2 -530.0

-673.1

305.3

232.0 210.4 213.3 216.9 213.3

208.2

227.8 231.0 233.8 228.0 229.3 257.9 221.3 376.0

-182.6 -278.9 -277.6 -286.0 -290.6 -286.2 -511.9 -485.3 -516.5

-471.1 -491.2

-631.7

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula

Name

C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12S C6H12S C6H12S C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14N2 C6H14N2O2 C6H14N4O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14OS C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14O4S C6H14O6 C6H14O6 C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S2 C6H15B C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N

β-D-Fructose D-Galactose α-D-Glucose D-Mannose L-Sorbose Thiepane Cyclohexanethiol Cyclopentyl methyl sulfide 1-Bromohexane 2-Chlorohexane Cyclohexylamine 2-Methylpiperidine, (±) Hexanamide N-Butylacetamide DL-Leucine D-Leucine L-Leucine DL-Isoleucine L-Isoleucine L-Norleucine 6-Aminohexanoic acid Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane Azopropane DL-Lysine D-Arginine 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether tert-Butyl ethyl ether Dipropyl sulfoxide 1,2-Hexanediol 1,6-Hexanediol 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Trimethylolpropane Triethylene glycol Dipropyl sulfate Galactitol D-Mannitol 1-Hexanethiol 2-Methyl-2-pentanethiol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanethiol Diisopropyl sulfide Butyl ethyl sulfide Methyl pentyl sulfide Dipropyl disulfide Triethylborane Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

5-33 Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

255.6

192.6

453.0

204.0

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

79.4

363.5

131.3

16.1

437.8

-1265.6 -1286.3 -1273.3 -1263.0 -1271.5 -140.7 -109.8 -194.2 -246.1 -147.6 -124.9 -423.0 -380.9 -640.6 -637.3 -637.4 -635.3 -637.8 -639.1 -637.3

200.1

-486.8

-198.7 -204.6 -202.4 -213.8 -207.4 11.5 -678.7 -623.5

250.6

290.6 292.5 272.5 287.8

195.6 193.7 190.7 191.9 189.7

-166.9 -174.6 -171.9 -185.9 -178.1 51.3

287.4

240.4

-315.9 -333.5

232.0 -377.5 -392.0 -392.4

286.2 248.0 275.9 273.0

-394.7 -396.4 -328.8 -351.5

-569.9

-65.8 -96.2 -64.7 -148.3 -204.3 -104.0 -84.4 -324.2 -305.9

323.9

293.4 221.6 216.8 159.0

-293.0 -319.2 -313.9 -254.9 -490.1 -461.2

-329.4 -577.1 -548.6 336.0 281.0 -491.4 -451.4

259.4 301.0 274.1

-453.5 -408.1

-750.9 -804.3 -859.0 -1317.0 -1314.5 -175.7 -188.3 -187.1 -181.6 -172.3 -167.1 -171.5 -194.6 -156.1 -178.5 -127.7

-725.0 -792.0

9.4

313.0

232.0

336.7

241.2

219.9

-129.9 -148.3 -147.9 -142.0 -127.8 -121.8 -118.3 -157.7 -116.0 -143.8 -92.7

5-34

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula

Name

C6H15NO C6H15NO3 C6H16N2 C6H18N3OP C6H18OSi2 C6MoO6 C6N4 C7F8 C7F14 C7F16 C7H3F5 C7H4Cl2O C7H4N2O6 C7H5ClO C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5NO C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5N3O6 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2O4 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8N2O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10O2 C7H10O2

2-Diethylaminoethanol Triethanolamine 1,6-Hexanediamine Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Hexamethyldisiloxane Molybdenum hexacarbonyl Tetracyanoethene Perfluorotoluene Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 3-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid Benzoyl chloride 2-Chlorobenzoic acid 3-Chlorobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzoic acid (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Benzoxazole 2-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid 4-Nitrobenzoic acid 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 1H-Benzimidazole 1H-Indazole 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenal 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid 4-Bromotoluene 2-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene 4-Fluorotoluene Benzamide Aniline-2-carboxylic acid Aniline-3-carboxylic acid Aniline-4-carboxylic acid 2-Nitrotoluene 3-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrotoluene (Nitromethyl)benzene Salicylaldoxime Toluene Phenylurea o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Ethyl 2-pentynoate Methyl 2-hexynoate

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-534.5 -856.0

535.0 490.0

238.5 205.0

167.6 165.4 167.7

351.0 352.5 347.0

130.2 125.5 126.2

-305.9 -664.2 -205.0

389.0

-558.3

-815.0 -982.8 623.8

-877.7

325.9

-541.5

433.8

321.0 311.4

242.3 -1311.1 -2931.1 -3420.0 -883.8 -189.7

355.5 561.8 306.4

262.3 353.1 419.0 225.8

-777.7 -912.1 705.0 -2897.2 -3383.6 -842.7

-409.8 -158.0 -404.5 -424.3 -428.9

163.2 163.2

-24.2 -378.8 -394.7 -392.2 -63.2 79.5 151.9 -66.4

209.1

188.4 165.2

215.7 44.8

243.3

-87.0 -385.2

-103.2 -325.0 -342.3 -341.0

167.6

221.2

172.0

146.8

181.7 243.0 33.2 -36.7 -294.0

222.0 -182.0 -589.9

-105.9 -494.8 12.0 166.8 -32.5 -186.9

-202.6 -401.1 -417.3 -410.0

171.2

177.8

18.9 -147.4 -100.9 -296.0 -283.6 -296.7

-9.7 -31.5 -48.1

172.3

31.0 30.7

-22.8 -183.7 12.4 -218.6 -204.6 -199.3

165.4 167.3

157.3

154.6 -194.0

212.6

224.9

-160.7 -114.8 34.2 -6.3 -8.1

216.7

217.9

150.2

207.2

-23.5

50.5 -128.6 -132.3 -125.4 -100.4 -67.9 94.4 56.4 54.6 55.3

207.1 48.1 19.4 16.1 18.7 12.7 18.3 22.5 -301.8 -242.7

243.7 248.5 248.8 244.2 240.7 241.7

189.5 184.8 184.7 185.2 191.8 184.5

101.6 67.1 63.6 66.5 58.1 68.8 72.0 -250.3

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula

Name

C7H11Cl3O2 C7H11N C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H12O4 C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14Br2 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O6 C7H15Br C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16

Isopentyl trichloroacetate Cyclohexanecarbonitrile Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 1-Methylbicyclo(3,1,0)hexane Methylenecyclohexane Vinylcyclopentane 1-Ethylcyclopentene 2-Methylenecyclohexanol Butyl acrylate Diethyl malonate Butyl 2-chloropropanoate Isobutyl 2-chloropropanoate Butyl 3-chloropropanoate Isobutyl 3-chloropropanoate Propyl 2-chlorobutanoate Heptanenitrile 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene trans-2-Heptene cis-3-Heptene trans-3-Heptene 5-Methyl-1-hexene cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene trans-3-Methyl-3-hexene 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 1,1,2,2-Tetramethylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromoheptane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Methyl hexanoate α-Methylglucoside 1-Bromoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

5-35 Liquid

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-580.9 -47.2 -95.1

-523.1 4.8 -54.8 1.7 -25.2

151.0 -33.2 -61.3 -34.8 -53.3 -277.6 -422.6 -571.7 -603.1 -557.9 -572.6 -630.7 -82.8 -97.9 -105.1 -109.5 -104.3 -109.3 -100.0 -115.9 -112.7 -117.0 -110.6 -123.1 -105.3 -121.7 -114.1 -117.7 -156.6 -190.1 -163.4 -172.1 -165.3 -171.2 -170.1 -168.1 -119.8 -212.3 -311.5

-356.1 -352.9 -390.2 -415.7 -416.1 -394.4 -413.2 -433.3 -610.2

fH° kJ/mol

-19.8 251.0 285.0

327.6

211.8

184.8 279.9 269.2

335.4

318.0

230.1 232.6

233.7

265.4 261.0 248.5

-553.0 -571.0 -577.2 -540.2

-375.3 -517.3 -549.6 -502.3 -517.3 -578.4 -31.0 -62.3

-65.7 -79.4 -76.8 -83.8 -81.6 -88.7 -72.6 -88.8 -79.5 -85.5 -118.1 -154.7 -126.9 -138.2 -129.5 -136.6 -135.8 -133.6 -157.9 -263.8 -297.1 -298.3 -313.6 -311.3 -327.0 -352.5 -350.9 -329.1 -347.5 -367.2 -536.2

-505.9 -527.0 -536.0 -492.2

-1233.3 -218.4 -224.2 -229.5 -226.4 -224.9

323.3

224.7 222.9

314.5

219.6

-167.8 -187.6 -194.5 -191.3 -189.5

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

5-36

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O2 C7H16O2 C7H16S C8H4O3 C8H5NO2 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6S C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9NO C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H12 C8H12 C8H12 C8H12N4 C8H12O2 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14ClN5 C8H14O3 C8H15ClO2 C8H15ClO2 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16

Name 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol tert-Butyl isopropyl ether 1,7-Heptanediol 2,2-Diethoxypropane 1-Heptanethiol Phthalic anhydride 1H-Indole-2,3-dione Phthalic acid Isophthalic acid Terephthalic acid Benzo[b]thiophene 1H-Indole Styrene Phenyl vinyl ether Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Acetanilide 1,7-Octadiyne Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2-Ethylphenol 3-Ethylphenol 4-Ethylphenol 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol Ethoxybenzene 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,5-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline 1-Octen-3-yne cis-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane trans-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane 2,2'-Azobis[isobutyronitrile] 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3cyclobutanedione Ethylidenecyclohexane Allylcyclopentane Atrazine Butanoic anhydride 3-Methylbutyl 2-chloropropanoate 3-Methylbutyl 3-chloropropanoate Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-2-Octene trans-2-Octene cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol -238.3 -233.1 -234.6 -234.2 -236.5 -403.3 -392.8 -574.2 -538.9 -200.5

-460.1 -268.2 -782.0 -803.0 -816.1 100.6 86.6

-416.5 -426.1 -429.2

-209.4

180.0

160.0

207.9

188.1

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

300.3

221.1

303.2

224.2

292.2

213.5 272.1

fH° kJ/mol -205.7 -198.7 -201.6 -201.0 -204.4 -336.5 -358.1 -506.9 -149.9 -371.4

-696.3 -717.9 166.3 156.5 147.9 22.7 -86.7

103.8 -26.2 -142.5

182.0

-343.5

221.3 249.0

-287.9

183.2 186.1 183.0 181.5

29.9 19.1 17.3 18.0 -145.2 -146.1 -144.1 -157.2 -163.8 -161.6 -162.1 -157.3 -162.4

174.9 163.6 169.0

179.3 334.4 -12.3 -24.4 -25.4 -24.4 -208.8 -214.3

-224.4 -241.1

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

206.9 -228.7

-246.6 -237.4 -242.3 -244.4 -152.6 -290.3 8.2 46.0 -39.2 -38.9

252.6 228.5

-101.6 -223.3 56.3 100.5

238.9 140.7 124.3 101.3 246.0 -379.9

166.5 143.5

237.6 -307.6 -103.5 -64.5

-59.5 -24.1

-125.4 283.7 -627.3 -593.4 -107.3 -124.5 -135.7 -135.7 -126.4 -144.9

241.0 239.0 239.0

-575.0 -539.4 -50.5 -81.3

-89.3 -107.7

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula

Name

C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17NO C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18N2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18O3 C8H18O3S C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S

3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane trans-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane trans-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane Octanal 2-Ethylhexanal 2-Octanone 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Isobutyl isobutanoate Propyl pentanoate Isopropyl pentanoate Methyl heptanoate 1-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane Octanamide Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane, (S) 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Azobutane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether tert-Butyl isobutyl ether 1,8-Octanediol 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Dibutyl sulfite Tetraethylene glycol Dibutyl sulfide Di-sec-butyl sulfide

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

5-37 Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol -137.9 -145.9 -142.4 -167.7 -212.1 -218.7 -211.8 -218.2 -222.9 -215.7 -215.6 -222.4 -188.8 -193.8 -190.8 -195.1 -194.4 -196.0

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

280.9 267.2 274.1 273.2 272.6 276.3 271.1 268.0 310.8

Cp J/mol K

211.8 209.2 210.2 209.4 209.4 212.8 212.1 210.2 216.3

fH° kJ/mol -100.3 -110.5 -104.9 -124.4 -171.5 -180.9 -172.1 -179.9 -184.6 -176.5 -176.6 -184.5 -147.7

-291.9 -299.6 273.3

-381.6 -636.0 -635.1

297.9

-338.3 -554.3 -559.5

282.8 -587.4 -583.0 -592.2 -567.1 -245.1 -291.3

285.1

-473.2

-269.0

273.7

356.4 362.6

254.6 252.0 250.2 251.1

249.2 246.6

329.3

239.1 245.6 247.3

239.2 -40.1 -426.5 -432.8 -377.9 -401.5 -399.6 -409.1

347.0

305.2 330.1 317.5 278.2 276.1

-542.9 -533.6 -544.9 -515.5 -189.3 -238.9 -362.7 -208.5 -215.3 -212.5 -211.9 -210.7 -224.5 -213.8 -219.2 -222.5 -219.9 -212.8 -211.0 -214.8 -220.0 -224.0 -216.3 -217.3 -226.0 9.2 -355.6 -365.3 -332.8 -360.6 -362.0 -369.0

-626.6 -681.7 354.9 341.4 -693.1 -981.7 -220.7 -220.7

S° J/mol K

-156.2

-348.5

-250.1 -255.0 -252.3 -251.6 -250.4 -261.9 -252.6 -257.0 -260.4 -257.5 -251.8 -249.6 -252.8 -256.9 -259.2 -253.5 -255.0

fG° kJ/mol

405.1

428.8 284.3

-625.3 -883.0 -167.7 -167.7

365.4

Cp J/mol K

5-38

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S2 C8H18S2 C8H19N C8H19N C8H20BrN C8H20O4Si C8H20Pb C8H20Si C9H6N2O2 C9H7N C9H7N C9H7NO C9H7NO C9H8 C9H8O4 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10Cl2N2O C9H10N2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO3 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O2 C9H13NO2 C9H13NO2 C9H13NO2 C9H13NO2 C9H14O C9H14O6 C9H15N C9H16 C9H16O4 C9H17NO C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H19N C9H19N C9H20 C9H20 C9H20

Name Di-tert-butyl sulfide Diisobutyl sulfide Dibutyl disulfide Di-tert-butyl disulfide Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Tetraethylammonium bromide Ethyl silicate Tetraethyl lead Tetraethylsilane Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Quinoline Isoquinoline 2-Quinolinol 8-Quinolinol Indene 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid Cyclopropylbenzene Indan Diuron 2,2'-Dipyrrolylmethane Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 2-Ethyltoluene 3-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2-Isopropylphenol 3-Isopropylphenol 4-Isopropylphenol Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide Ethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2carboxylate Ethyl 2,4-dimethylpyrrole-3carboxylate Ethyl 2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3carboxylate Ethyl 4,5-dimethylpyrrole-3carboxylate Isophorone Triacetin 3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylpyrrole 1-Nonyne Nonanedioic acid 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinone Propylcyclohexane 1α,3α,5β-1,3,5Trimethylcyclohexane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid Butyl pentanoate sec-Butyl pentanoate Isobutyl pentanoate Methyl octanoate N-Butylpiperidine 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Nonane 2,2-Dimethylheptane 2,2,3-Trimethylhexane

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

-232.6 -229.2 -222.9 -255.2 -206.0 -218.5

Cp J/mol K

292.9

fH° kJ/mol -188.8 -180.5 -160.6 -201.0 -156.6 -179.2

-342.7 52.7

533.1 464.6

364.4 307.4 298.1 287.8

141.2 144.3

216.0

196.2

200.5 204.6 -25.5

110.6

215.3

186.9

163.4

100.3 11.5

56.0

190.2

150.5 60.3

-144.9 82.1

109.6

-815.6

-329.0 126.2 246.0 148.5 -466.9 -685.1

213.6 214.0

203.0 216.4

-312.9 -38.3 -41.1 -46.4 -48.7 -49.8 -58.5 -61.8 -63.4 -233.7 -252.5

287.8

214.7 210.7

267.9

216.4 215.0 209.3

-270.0 -148.3

7.9 4.0 1.3 -1.8 -3.2 -9.5 -13.8 -15.9 -182.2 -196.0 -175.3 -78.4

-474.5 -463.2 -478.7 -470.3

-1330.8

458.3

253.5 384.7

-1245.0

-89.2 16.3

62.3

-1054.3 -334.2 -237.4

-397.2 -398.2 -408.5 -659.7 -613.3 -624.2 -620.0 -590.3 -171.8 -206.9 -274.7 -288.1 -282.7

311.9

242.0

401.4

303.6 297.3 362.4

284.4

-273.4 -192.3 -212.1 -340.7 -344.9 -357.6 -577.3 -560.2 -573.2 -568.6 -533.9 -159.9 -228.2

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20N2O C9H20O C9H20O2 C9H21N C10H6N2 C10H6N2 C10H6N2O4 C10H6N2O4 C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H7I C10H7I C10H7NO2 C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H10 C10H10 C10H10O C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16N2O8

Name 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3-Diethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane Tetraethylurea 1-Nonanol 1,9-Nonanediol Tripropylamine 2-Quinolinecarbonitrile 3-Quinolinecarbonitrile 1,5-Dinitronaphthalene 1,8-Dinitronaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene 1-Iodonaphthalene 2-Iodonaphthalene 1-Nitronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene 1-Tetralone Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl isophthalate Dimethyl terephthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene, (±) tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Thymol Dipentene d-Limonene α-Pinene β-Pinene α-Terpinene β-Myrcene cis, cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6octatriene Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

5-39 Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

-282.8 -293.3 -281.1 -284.0 -280.2 -277.5 -275.4 -272.7 -269.7 -278.3 -277.7 -280.0 -277.9 -380.0 -453.4

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

333.1

131.9

366.6

149.4 147.8

-242.6

278.2

-233.3

271.5

-237.1 -236.9 -241.6 -236.1 -316.4 -376.5

266.3

-657.6 -207.1

-161.0

246.5 242.3 29.8 39.7 54.6

212.6

55.4 161.5 144.3 42.6 78.5 212.3 -121.5 -124.1 67.8 60.2

201.6

167.4

165.7

179.0

166.9 172.8

119.8 137.4 233.8 235.1 111.2 150.6 289.1 -30.4 -29.9 132.8 134.3

71.6 84.2 -209.6 303.1 -730.9 -732.6

261.1 -29.2 -63.2 -66.4 -71.9 -69.8 -73.3 -78.6 -78.0 -68.5 -73.5 -72.8 -80.5 -86.0 -80.1 -84.8 -84.1 -87.8

-119.9 -309.7

245.6

217.5 243.4

26.0 -11.8 -18.4 -23.0 -21.9

236.4

215.1 -50.8 -54.5 -16.4 -7.7 14.5 -24.0

-1759.5

321.2

249.4 249.0

-218.5 -2.6 28.3 38.7 -20.6

224.1

5-40

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O4 C10H19N C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H21NO2 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O2 C10H22O2 C10H22S C10H22S C10H22S C10H23N C11H8O2 C11H8O2 C11H10 C11H10 C11H12N2O2 C11H14 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H20 C11H22 C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24O C12F27N C12H8 C12H8N2 C12H8O C12H8S C12H8S2 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2O C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H10O2 C12H10O2 C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H12N2 C12H14O4 C12H16 C12H17NO4 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H22 C12H22O4

Name Camphor, (±) 1,1'-Bicyclopentyl cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Sebacic acid Decanenitrile 1-Decene cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene Butylcyclohexane Decanoic acid Methyl nonanoate 1-Nitrodecane Decane 2-Methylnonane 5-Methylnonane 1-Decanol Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether 1,10-Decanediol Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether 1-Decanethiol Dipentyl sulfide Diisopentyl sulfide Octyldimethylamine 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene L-Tryptophan 1,1-Dimethylindan 1-tert-Butyl-3-methylbenzene 1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene Spiro[5.5]undecane 1-Undecene Methyl decanoate Undecane 1-Undecanol Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine Acenaphthylene Phenazine Dibenzofuran Dibenzothiophene Thianthrene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl trans-Azoxybenzene N-Nitrosodiphenylamine Diphenyl ether 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid 2-Naphthaleneacetic acid Diphenylamine 2-Aminobiphenyl 4-Aminobiphenyl p-Benzidine Diethyl phthalate Cyclohexylbenzene Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4dicarboxylate 3,9-Dodecadiyne 5,7-Dodecadiyne 1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene Cyclohexylcyclohexane Dodecanedioic acid

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

-319.4

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

271.2

-267.5 -178.9 -219.4 -230.6

265.0 264.9

232.0 228.5

425.0

300.8

345.0

271.0

-213.7 -594.9 -554.2

314.4 313.3 314.4 370.6 250.0 379.0

-249.5 -260.2 -258.6 -396.6

-1082.6 -158.4 -173.8 -163.6 -263.1 -684.3 -616.2 -351.5 -300.9 -309.8 -307.9 -478.1

-713.7

fH° kJ/mol

420.1 423.8

-169.2 -182.1 -921.9 -91.5 -123.3

-678.9 -309.9

-276.5 -266.4 -281.8 -232.8

476.1

350.0 350.4

-333.5 -346.1

-223.1 -232.5 56.3

44.9 -415.3

-211.5 -204.9 -221.5

220.0 251.0

254.8

224.4

196.0 238.1

106.7 -53.6 -109.7 -109.7

-1.6 -57.0 -67.2 -188.3

-144.6 -244.5 344.9 -640.5 -327.2 -504.8

344.9

-573.8 -270.8

418.4 186.7 237.0 -5.3 120.0 182.0 101.7 70.3 99.4 243.4 227.2 -32.1 -359.2 -371.9 130.2 93.8 81.0 70.7

166.4

188.9 209.4

190.4 198.4

233.9

216.6

259.7 328.8 83.4 205.1 286.0 200.7 156.0 181.4 342.0 -14.9

52.0

219.3 184.4

-776.6 -76.6

425.1

366.1

-688.4 -16.7

-916.7 197.8 181.5 -146.5 -162.4

306.3

245.6 -273.7

-1130.0

-77.4 -215.7 -976.9

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal Molecular formula C12H22O11 C12H22O11 C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H24O12 C12H25Br C12H25Cl C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O3 C12H27N C12H27O4P C13H8O2 C13H9N C13H9N C13H9N C13H10 C13H10N2 C13H10O C13H11N C13H12 C13H13N C13H14N2 C13H24O4 C13H26 C13H26O2 C13H28 C13H28O C14H8O2 C14H8O2 C14H8O4 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H10O4 C14H12 C14H12 C14H14 C14H14 C14H22 C14H22 C14H23N3O10 C14H27N C14H28O2 C14H28O2 C14H30O C15H16O2 C15H24 C15H24O C15H30 C15H30O2 C15H30O2 C15H32O C16H10 C16H10 C16H22O4 C16H22O11 C16H22O11 C16H26 C16H32 C16H32O2 C16H32O2 C16H33Br

Name Sucrose β-D-Lactose 1-Dodecene Dodecanoic acid Methyl undecanoate α-Lactose monohydrate 1-Bromododecane 1-Chlorododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate Xanthone Acridine Phenanthridine Benzo[f]quinoline 9H-Fluorene 9-Acridinamine Benzophenone 9-Methyl-9H-carbazole Diphenylmethane N-Benzylaniline 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane Tridecanedioic acid 1-Tridecene Methyl dodecanoate Tridecane 1-Tridecanol 9,10-Anthracenedione 9,10-Phenanthrenedione 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione Anthracene Phenanthrene Diphenylacetylene Benzil Benzoyl peroxide cis-Stilbene trans-Stilbene 1,1-Diphenylethane 1,2-Diphenylethane 1,3-Di-tert-butylbenzene 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene Pentetic acid Tetradecanenitrile Tetradecanoic acid Methyl tridecanoate 1-Tetradecanol 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane 1,3-Di-tert-butyl-5-methylbenzene 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Decylcyclopentane Pentadecanoic acid Methyl tetradecanoate 1-Pentadecanol Fluoranthene Pyrene Dibutyl phthalate α-D-Glucose pentaacetate β-D-Glucose pentaacetate Decylbenzene 1-Hexadecene Hexadecanoic acid Methyl pentadecanoate 1-Bromohexadecane

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

5-41 Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

484.8

360.7

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-2226.1 -2236.7 -774.6

404.3

-226.2 -737.9 -665.2

-165.4 -642.0 -593.8

-2484.1 -344.7 -392.3 -350.9 -528.5

375.8 438.1 452.0

-269.9 -321.1 -289.4 -436.6

-281.6 379.4 -191.5 179.4 141.9 150.6 89.9 159.2 -34.5 105.5 71.5 101.4

207.3

273.9 240.5 233.7 175.0

203.1 224.8

239.3

54.9 201.0 139.0

89.7 270.9

-1148.3 391.8 -693.0

-614.9 406.7

-599.4 -188.5 -154.7 -595.8 129.2 116.2 312.4 -153.9 -369.4

-75.7 -46.6 -471.7 207.5 215.1

210.5 220.6 225.9

230.9 207.5 -55.5 -281.7 252.3 236.1

183.3 136.9 48.7 51.5

142.9 -188.8

-212.0 -2225.2 -833.5

432.0

-629.6 -368.6 -245.8 -410.0

388.0

-174.9 -693.7 -635.3

-296.9

-861.7 -658.2 189.9 125.5

-260.2 -788.8 -717.9 -580.6

443.3

230.6 224.9

-367.3 -811.7 -743.9

-699.0 -656.9

-842.6

289.0 225.7 -750.9

230.2 229.7

-2249.4 -2232.6

-891.5

452.4

460.7

-218.3 -328.7 -838.1 -771.0 -444.5

587.9

488.9

-138.6 -248.4 -737.1 -680.0 -350.2

173.1

5-42

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Crystal

Molecular formula

Name

C16H34 C16H34O C16H36IN C17H34O2 C18H12 C18H12 C18H14 C18H14 C18H15N C18H15O4P C18H15P C18H30 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C18H36O2 C18H37Cl C18H38 C18H39N C19H16O C19H36O2 C19H36O2 C20H12 C20H12 C20H14O4 C20H38O2 C20H38O2 C20H40O2 C21H21O4P C22H14 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C22H44O2 C24H38O4 C24H51N C26H18 C26H54 C26H54 C28H18 C31H64 C32H66 C60 C70

Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Tetrabutylammonium iodide Heptadecanoic acid Benz[a]anthracene Chrysene o-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Triphenylamine Triphenyl phosphate Triphenylphosphine 1,3,5-Tri-tert-butylbenzene Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Stearic acid 1-Chlorooctadecane Octadecane Trihexylamine Triphenylmethanol Methyl oleate Methyl trans-9-octadecenoate Perylene Benzo[a]pyrene Diphenyl phthalate Ethyl oleate Ethyl trans-9-octadecenoate Eicosanoic acid Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Dibenz[a,h]anthracene trans-13-Docosenoic acid Butyl oleate Butyl stearate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Trioctylamine 9,10-Diphenylanthracene 5-Butyldocosane 11-Butyldocosane 9,9'-Bianthracene 11-Decylheneicosane Dotriacontane Carbon (fullerene-C 60) Carbon (fullerene-C 70)

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Liquid

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

Gas

S° J/mol K

-456.1 -686.5 -498.6 -924.4 170.8 145.3

Cp J/mol K 501.6

422.0 475.7

fH° kJ/mol

fG° kJ/mol

S° J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

-374.8 -517.0

-865.6 293.0 269.8

163.0 234.7

298.8 285.6

274.8 278.7

397.5

356.2 312.5

337.1

369.1 279.0 326.8

-320.0 577.0 619.0 -947.7

501.5

-567.4

480.2

-884.7 -544.1

-781.2 -446.0 -414.6

485.6 -433.0

-2.5 -734.5 -737.0 182.8

264.6

-649.9

274.9 254.8

-489.2

-1011.9 570.0

545.1 578.0

-775.8 -773.3 -940.0

-812.4 283.9

-960.7 -816.9 704.7 -585.0 308.7 -713.5 -716.0 326.2 -848.0 -968.3 2327.0 2555.0

2302.0 2537.0

426.0 464.0

520.0 650.0

465.6 -587.6 -593.4 454.3 -705.8 -697.2 2502.0 2755.0

2442.0 2692.0

544.0 614.0

512.0 585.0

Thermodynamic Properties As A Function of Temperature L. V. Gurvich, V. S. Iorish, V. S. Yungman, and O. V. Dorofeeva The thermodynamic properties C° (T), S°(T), H°(T)-H°(Tr), p -[G°(T)-H°(Tr)]/T and formation properties ∆f    H°(T), ∆fG°(T), log Kf°(T) are tabulated as functions of temperature in the range 298.15 to 1500 K for 80 substances in the standard state.The reference temperature, Tr, is equal to 298.15 K. The standard state pressure is taken as 1 bar (100,000 Pa). The tables are presented in the JANAF Thermochemical Tables format (Reference 2). The numerical data are extracted from IVTANTHERMO databases except for C2H4O, C3H6O, C6H6, C6H6O, C10H8, and CH5N, which

are based upon TRC Tables. See the references for information on standard states and other details.

References 1. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Eds., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, 4th ed., Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985.

Order of Listing of Tables No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Formula Ar Br Br2 BrH C C C2 C3 CO CO2 CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C3H6 C3H8 C6H6 C6H6 C10H8 C10H8 CH2O CH4O C2H4O C2H6O C2H4O2 C3H6O C6H6O CF4 CHF3 CClF3 CCl2F2 CHClF2 CH5N Cl Cl2 ClH Cu Cu CuO Cu2O

Name Argon Bromine Dibromine Hydrogen bromide Carbon (graphite) Carbon (diamond) Dicarbon Tricarbon Carbon oxide Carbon dioxide Methane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Cyclopropane Propane Benzene Benzene Naphthalene Naphthalene Formaldehyde Methanol Acetaldehyde Ethanol Acetic acid Acetone Phenol Carbon tetrafluoride Trifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Methylamine Chlorine Dichlorine Hydrogen chloride Copper Copper Copper oxide Dicopper oxide

41

CuCl2

Copper dichloride



487_S05.indb 43

State g g g g cr cr g g g g g g g g g g l g cr, l g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g cr, l g cr cr cr, l

No.

Formula

Name

State

42 43

CuCl2 F

Copper dichloride Fluorine

g g

44 45 46 47

F2 FH Ge Ge

Difluorine Hydrogen fluoride Germanium Germanium

g g cr, l g cr, l

GeO2

Germanium dioxide

49 50

48

GeCl4 H

Germanium tetrachloride Hydrogen

g g

51 52

H2 HO

Dihydrogen Hydroxyl

g g

H2O

Water

l

54 55

53

H 2O I

Water Iodine

g g

56

I2

Diiodine

cr, l

I2 IH K K

Diiodine Hydrogen iodide Potassium Potassium

g g cr, l g

61 62 63 64 65

K2O KOH KOH KCl KCl

Dipotassium oxide Potassium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Potassium chloride Potassium chloride

cr, l cr, l g cr, l g

66 67

N2 NO

Dinitrogen Nitric oxide

g g

68

Nitrogen dioxide

g

69 70

NO2

NH3 O

Ammonia Oxygen

g g

71 72 73

O2 S S

Dioxygen Sulfur Sulfur

g cr, l g

S2

57 58 59 60

74 75 76 77 78 79 80

Disulfur

g

S8

Octasulfur

g

SO2 Si Si

Sulfur dioxide Silicon Silicon

g cr g

SiO2

Silicon dioxide

cr

Silicon tetrachloride

g

SiCl4

5-43

3/14/06 2:39:00 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

5-44

H°–H° (Tr)

154.845 154.973 160.953 165.591 169.381 172.585 175.361 177.809 179.999 181.980 183.789 185.453 186.993 188.427

154.845 154.845 155.660 157.200 158.924 160.653 162.322 163.909 165.410 166.828 168.167 169.434 170.634 171.773

0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 16.667 18.746 20.824 22.903 24.982

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

175.017 175.146 181.126 185.765 189.559 192.776 195.575 198.061 200.302 202.347 204.231 205.980 207.612 209.142

175.017 175.018 175.833 177.373 179.097 180.827 182.499 184.093 185.604 187.034 188.390 189.676 190.900 192.065

0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.277 8.364 10.461 12.571 14.698 16.844 19.010 21.195 23.397 25.615

111.870 111.838 96.677 96.910 97.131 97.348 97.568 97.796 98.036 98.291 98.560 98.844 99.141 99.449

82.379 82.196 75.460 70.129 64.752 59.338 53.893 48.420 42.921 37.397 31.850 26.279 20.686 15.072

–14.432 –14.311 –9.854 –7.326 –5.637 –4.428 –3.519 –2.810 –2.242 –1.776 –1.386 –1.056 –0.772 –0.525

3. DIBROMINE Br2 (g) 298.15 36.057 300 36.074 332.25 36.340 400 36.729 500 37.082 600 37.305 700 37.464 800 37.590 900 37.697 1000 37.793 1100 37.883 1200 37.970 1300 38.060 1400 38.158 1500 38.264

245.467 245.690 249.387 256.169 264.406 271.188 276.951 281.962 286.396 290.373 293.979 297.279 300.322 303.146 305.782

245.467 245.468 245.671 246.892 249.600 252.650 255.720 258.694 261.530 264.219 266.763 269.170 271.451 273.615 275.673

0.000 0.067 1.235 3.711 7.403 11.123 14.862 18.615 22.379 26.154 29.938 33.730 37.532 41.343 45.164

30.910 30.836

4. HYDROGEN BROMIDE 29.141 298.15 300 29.141 400 29.220 500 29.454 600 29.872 700 30.431 800 31.063 900 31.709 1000 32.335 1100 32.919

HBr (g) 198.697 198.878 207.269 213.811 219.216 223.861 227.965 231.661 235.035 238.145

198.697 198.698 199.842 202.005 204.436 206.886 209.269 211.555 213.737 215.816

0.000 0.054 2.971 5.903 8.868 11.882 14.957 18.095 21.298 24.561

–36.290 –36.333 –52.109 –52.484 –52.844 –53.168 –53.446 –53.677 –53.864 –54.012

1. ARGON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

C°p Ar (g) 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786

2. BROMINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

487_S05.indb 44

kJ/mol ∆fH°

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T

T/K

Br (g) 20.786 20.786 20.787 20.798 20.833 20.908 21.027 21.184 21.365 21.559 21.752 21.937 22.107 22.258

S°

J/K.mol

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

∆fG°

3.105 2.933 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 –53.360 –53.466 –55.940 –56.854 –57.694 –58.476 –59.214 –59.921 –60.604 –61.271

Log Kf

–0.544 –0.511 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.348 9.309 7.305 5.939 5.023 4.363 3.866 3.478 3.166 2.909

3/14/06 2:39:01 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature T/K 1200 1300 1400 1500

487_S05.indb 45

C°p 33.454 33.938 34.374 34.766

J/K.mol

S° 241.032 243.729 246.261 248.646

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T 217.799 219.691 221.499 223.230

5-45 H°–H° (Tr) 27.880 31.250 34.666 38.123

kJ/mol ∆fH° –54.129 –54.220 –54.291 –54.348

∆fG° –61.925 –62.571 –63.211 –63.846

Log Kf 2.696 2.514 2.358 2.223

5. CARBON (GRAPHITE) 8.536 298.15 300 8.610 400 11.974 500 14.537 600 16.607 700 18.306 800 19.699 900 20.832 1000 21.739 1100 22.452 1200 23.000 1300 23.409 1400 23.707 1500 23.919

C (cr; graphite) 5.740 5.793 8.757 11.715 14.555 17.247 19.785 22.173 24.417 26.524 28.502 30.360 32.106 33.749

5.740 5.740 6.122 6.946 7.979 9.113 10.290 11.479 12.662 13.827 14.968 16.082 17.164 18.216

0.000 0.016 1.054 2.385 3.945 5.694 7.596 9.625 11.755 13.966 16.240 18.562 20.918 23.300

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

6. CARBON (DIAMOND) 6.109 298.15 300 6.201 400 10.321 500 13.404 600 15.885 700 17.930 800 19.619 900 21.006 1000 22.129 1100 23.020 1200 23.709 1300 24.222 1400 24.585 1500 24.824

C (cr; diamond) 2.362 2.400 4.783 7.431 10.102 12.709 15.217 17.611 19.884 22.037 24.071 25.990 27.799 29.504

2.362 2.362 2.659 3.347 4.251 5.274 6.361 7.479 8.607 9.731 10.842 11.934 13.003 14.047

0.000 0.011 0.850 2.042 3.511 5.205 7.085 9.118 11.277 13.536 15.874 18.272 20.714 23.185

1.850 1.846 1.645 1.507 1.415 1.361 1.338 1.343 1.372 1.420 1.484 1.561 1.646 1.735

2.857 2.863 3.235 3.649 4.087 4.537 4.993 5.450 5.905 6.356 6.802 7.242 7.675 8.103

–0.501 –0.499 –0.422 –0.381 –0.356 –0.339 –0.326 –0.316 –0.308 –0.302 –0.296 –0.291 –0.286 –0.282

7. DICARBON C2 (g) 298.15 43.548 300 43.575 400 42.169 500 39.529 600 37.837 700 36.984 800 36.621 900 36.524 1000 36.569 1100 36.696 1200 36.874 1300 37.089 1400 37.329 1500 37.589

197.095 197.365 209.809 218.924 225.966 231.726 236.637 240.943 244.793 248.284 251.484 254.444 257.201 259.785

197.095 197.096 198.802 201.959 205.395 208.758 211.943 214.931 217.728 220.349 222.812 225.133 227.326 229.405

0.000 0.081 4.403 8.483 12.342 16.078 19.755 23.411 27.065 30.728 34.406 38.104 41.824 45.570

830.457 830.506 832.751 834.170 834.909 835.148 835.020 834.618 834.012 833.252 832.383 831.437 830.445 829.427

775.116 774.772 755.833 736.423 716.795 697.085 677.366 657.681 638.052 618.492 599.006 579.596 560.261 540.997

–135.795 –134.898 –98.700 –76.933 –62.402 –52.016 –44.227 –38.170 –33.328 –29.369 –26.074 –23.288 –20.903 –18.839

8. TRICARBON C3 (g) 298.15 42.202 300 42.218 400 43.383 500 44.883 600 46.406 700 47.796 800 48.997

237.611 237.872 250.164 260.003 268.322 275.582 282.045

237.611 237.611 239.280 242.471 246.104 249.807 253.440

0.000 0.078 4.354 8.766 13.331 18.042 22.884

839.958 839.989 841.149 841.570 841.453 840.919 840.053

774.249 773.841 751.592 729.141 706.659 684.230 661.901

–135.643 –134.736 –98.147 –76.172 –61.519 –51.057 –43.217

3/14/06 2:39:03 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

5-46 –(G°–H° (Tr))/T 256.948 260.310 263.524 266.593 269.524 272.326 275.006

H°–H° (Tr) 27.835 32.879 37.999 43.182 48.417 53.695 59.010

kJ/mol ∆fH° 838.919 837.572 836.059 834.420 832.690 830.899 829.068

∆fG° 639.698 617.633 595.711 573.933 552.295 530.793 509.421

Log Kf –37.127 –32.261 –28.288 –24.982 –22.191 –19.804 –17.739

9. CARBON OXIDE CO (g) 29.141 197.658 298.15 197.838 300 29.142 206.243 400 29.340 212.834 500 29.792 218.321 600 30.440 223.067 700 31.170 227.277 800 31.898 231.074 900 32.573 234.538 1000 33.178 237.726 1100 33.709 240.679 1200 34.169 243.430 1300 34.568 246.005 1400 34.914 248.424 1500 35.213

197.658 197.659 198.803 200.973 203.419 205.895 208.309 210.631 212.851 214.969 216.990 218.920 220.763 222.527

0.000 0.054 2.976 5.930 8.941 12.021 15.175 18.399 21.687 25.032 28.426 31.864 35.338 38.845

–110.530 –110.519 –110.121 –110.027 –110.157 –110.453 –110.870 –111.378 –111.952 –112.573 –113.228 –113.904 –114.594 –115.291

–137.168 –137.333 –146.341 –155.412 –164.480 –173.513 –182.494 –191.417 –200.281 –209.084 –217.829 –226.518 –235.155 –243.742

24.031 23.912 19.110 16.236 14.319 12.948 11.915 11.109 10.461 9.928 9.482 9.101 8.774 8.488

CO2 (g) 213.783 214.013 225.305 234.895 243.278 250.747 257.492 263.644 269.299 274.529 279.393 283.936 288.196 292.205

213.783 213.784 215.296 218.280 221.762 225.379 228.978 232.493 235.895 239.172 242.324 245.352 248.261 251.059

0.000 0.069 4.004 8.307 12.909 17.758 22.811 28.036 33.404 38.893 44.483 50.159 55.908 61.719

–393.510 –393.511 –393.586 –393.672 –393.791 –393.946 –394.133 –394.343 –394.568 –394.801 –395.035 –395.265 –395.488 –395.702

–394.373 –394.379 –394.656 –394.914 –395.152 –395.367 –395.558 –395.724 –395.865 –395.984 –396.081 –396.159 –396.219 –396.264

69.092 68.667 51.536 41.256 34.401 29.502 25.827 22.967 20.678 18.803 17.241 15.918 14.783 13.799

11. METHANE CH4 (g) 298.15 35.695 300 35.765 400 40.631 500 46.627 600 52.742 700 58.603 800 64.084 900 69.137 1000 73.746 1100 77.919 1200 81.682 1300 85.067 1400 88.112 1500 90.856

186.369 186.590 197.501 207.202 216.246 224.821 233.008 240.852 248.379 255.607 262.551 269.225 275.643 281.817

186.369 186.370 187.825 190.744 194.248 198.008 201.875 205.773 209.660 213.511 217.310 221.048 224.720 228.322

0.000 0.066 3.871 8.229 13.199 18.769 24.907 31.571 38.719 46.306 54.289 62.630 71.291 80.242

–74.600 –74.656 –77.703 –80.520 –82.969 –85.023 –86.693 –88.006 –88.996 –89.698 –90.145 –90.367 –90.390 –90.237

–50.530 –50.381 –41.827 –32.525 –22.690 –12.476 –1.993 8.677 19.475 30.358 41.294 52.258 63.231 74.200

8.853 8.772 5.462 3.398 1.975 0.931 0.130 –0.504 –1.017 –1.442 –1.797 –2.100 –2.359 –2.584

12. ACETYLENE C2H2 (g) 298.15 44.036 300 44.174 400 50.388 500 54.751

200.927 201.199 214.814 226.552

200.927 200.927 202.741 206.357

0.000 0.082 4.829 10.097

227.400 227.397 227.161 226.846

209.879 209.770 203.928 198.154

–36.769 –36.524 –26.630 –20.701

T/K 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

S° 287.876 293.189 298.069 302.578 306.768 310.679 314.346

C°p 50.006 50.844 51.535 52.106 52.579 52.974 53.307

10. CARBON DIOXIDE 298.15 37.135 300 37.220 400 41.328 500 44.627 600 47.327 700 49.569 800 51.442 900 53.008 1000 54.320 1100 55.423 1200 56.354 1300 57.144 1400 57.818 1500 58.397

487_S05.indb 46

J/K.mol

3/14/06 2:39:05 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature J/K.mol

S° 236.842 246.021 254.331 261.947 268.995 275.565 281.725 287.528 293.014 298.218

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T 210.598 215.014 219.418 223.726 227.905 231.942 235.837 239.592 243.214 246.709

13. ETHYLENE C2H4 (g) 298.15 42.883 300 43.059 400 53.045 500 62.479 600 70.673 700 77.733 800 83.868 900 89.234 1000 93.939 1100 98.061 1200 101.670 1300 104.829 1400 107.594 1500 110.018

219.316 219.582 233.327 246.198 258.332 269.770 280.559 290.754 300.405 309.556 318.247 326.512 334.384 341.892

219.316 219.317 221.124 224.864 229.441 234.393 239.496 244.630 249.730 254.756 259.688 264.513 269.225 273.821

0.000 0.079 4.881 10.667 17.335 24.764 32.851 41.512 50.675 60.280 70.271 80.599 91.223 102.107

14. ETHANE C2H6 (g) 298.15 52.487 300 52.711 400 65.459 500 77.941 600 89.188 700 99.136 800 107.936 900 115.709 1000 122.552 1100 128.553 1200 133.804 1300 138.391 1400 142.399 1500 145.905

229.161 229.487 246.378 262.344 277.568 292.080 305.904 319.075 331.628 343.597 355.012 365.908 376.314 386.260

229.161 229.162 231.379 235.989 241.660 247.835 254.236 260.715 267.183 273.590 279.904 286.103 292.178 298.121

C3H6 (g) 237.488 237.832 256.695 275.637 294.092 311.763 328.564 344.501 359.616 373.961 387.588 400.549 412.892 424.662

T/K 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

C°p 58.121 60.970 63.511 65.831 67.960 69.909 71.686 73.299 74.758 76.077

15. CYCLOPROPANE 298.15 55.571 300 55.941 400 76.052 500 93.859 600 108.542 700 120.682 800 130.910 900 139.658 1000 147.207 1100 153.749 1200 159.432 1300 164.378 1400 168.689 1500 172.453

16. PROPANE C3H8 (g) 298.15 73.597

487_S05.indb 47

5-47

270.313

H°–H° (Tr) 15.747 21.704 27.931 34.399 41.090 47.985 55.067 62.317 69.721 77.264

kJ/mol ∆fH° 226.445 225.968 225.436 224.873 224.300 223.734 223.189 222.676 222.203 221.774

∆fG° 192.452 186.823 181.267 175.779 170.355 164.988 159.672 154.400 149.166 143.964

Log Kf –16.754 –13.941 –11.835 –10.202 –8.898 –7.835 –6.950 –6.204 –5.565 –5.013

52.400 52.341 49.254 46.533 44.221 42.278 40.655 39.310 38.205 37.310 36.596 36.041 35.623 35.327

68.358 68.457 74.302 80.887 87.982 95.434 103.142 111.036 119.067 127.198 135.402 143.660 151.955 160.275

–11.976 –11.919 –9.703 –8.450 –7.659 –7.121 –6.734 –6.444 –6.219 –6.040 –5.894 –5.772 –5.669 –5.581

0.000 0.097 5.999 13.177 21.545 30.972 41.334 52.525 64.445 77.007 90.131 103.746 117.790 132.209

–84.000 –84.094 –88.988 –93.238 –96.779 –99.663 –101.963 –103.754 –105.105 –106.082 –106.741 –107.131 –107.292 –107.260

–32.015 –31.692 –13.473 5.912 26.086 46.800 67.887 89.231 110.750 132.385 154.096 175.850 197.625 219.404

5.609 5.518 1.759 –0.618 –2.271 –3.492 –4.433 –5.179 –5.785 –6.286 –6.708 –7.066 –7.373 –7.640

237.488 237.489 239.924 245.177 251.801 259.115 266.755 274.516 282.277 289.965 297.538 304.967 312.239 319.344

0.000 0.103 6.708 15.230 25.374 36.854 49.447 62.987 77.339 92.395 108.060 124.257 140.915 157.976

53.300 53.195 47.967 43.730 40.405 37.825 35.854 34.384 33.334 32.640 32.249 32.119 32.215 32.507

104.514 104.832 122.857 142.091 162.089 182.583 203.404 224.441 245.618 266.883 288.197 309.533 330.870 352.193

–18.310 –18.253 –16.043 –14.844 –14.111 –13.624 –13.281 –13.026 –12.830 –12.673 –12.545 –12.437 –12.345 –12.264

270.313

0.000

–103.847

–23.458

4.110

3/14/06 2:39:07 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

5-48 S° 270.769 294.739 317.768 339.753 360.668 380.528 399.381 417.293 434.321 450.526 465.961 480.675 494.721

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T 270.314 273.447 280.025 288.162 297.039 306.245 315.555 324.841 334.026 343.064 351.929 360.604 369.080

17. BENZENE C6H6 (l) 298.15 135.950 300 136.312 400 161.793 500 207.599

173.450 174.292 216.837 257.048

173.450 173.453 179.082 190.639

0.000 .252 15.102 33.204

18. BENZENE C6H6 (g) 298.15 82.430 300 83.020 400 113.510 500 139.340 600 160.090 700 176.790 800 190.460 900 201.840 1000 211.430 1100 219.580 1200 226.540 1300 232.520 1400 237.680 1500 242.140

269.190 269.700 297.840 326.050 353.360 379.330 403.860 426.970 448.740 469.280 488.690 507.070 524.490 541.040

269.190 269.190 272.823 280.658 290.517 301.360 312.658 324.084 335.473 346.710 357.743 368.534 379.056 389.302

C10H8 (cr, l) 167.390 168.419 198.948

167.390 167.393 169.833

T/K 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

C°p 73.931 94.014 112.591 128.700 142.674 154.766 165.352 174.598 182.673 189.745 195.853 201.209 205.895

19. NAPHTHALENE 298.15 165.720 300 167.001 353.43 208.722 353.43 400 470

217.200 241.577 276.409

20. NAPHTHALENE 298.15 131.920 300 132.840 400 180.070 500 219.740 600 251.530 700 277.010 800 297.730 900 314.850 1000 329.170 1100 341.240 1200 351.500 1300 360.260 1400 367.780 1500 374.270

487_S05.indb 48

J/K.mol

kJ/mol ∆fH° –103.972 –110.33 –115.658 –119.973 –123.384 –126.016 –127.982 –129.380 –130.296 –130.802 –130.961 –130.829 –130.445

∆fG° –22.959 15.029 34.507 64.961 96.065 127.603 159.430 191.444 223.574 255.770 287.993 320.217 352.422

Log Kf 3.997 –0.657 –3.605 –5.655 –7.168 –8.331 –9.253 –10.000 –10.617 –11.133 –11.572 –11.947 –12.272

49.080 49.077 48.978 50.330

124.521 124.989 150.320 175.559

–21.815 –21.762 –19.630 –18.340

0.000 0.153 10.007 22.696 37.706 54.579 72.962 92.597 113.267 134.827 157.137 180.097 203.607 227.607

82.880 82.780 77.780 73.740 70.490 67.910 65.910 64.410 63.340 62.620 62.200 62.000 61.990 62.110

129.750 130.040 146.570 164.260 182.680 201.590 220.820 240.280 259.890 277.640 299.320 319.090 338.870 358.640

–22.731 –22.641 –19.140 –17.160 –15.903 –15.042 –14.418 –13.945 –13.575 –13.184 –13.029 –12.821 –12.643 –12.489

0.000 0.308 10.290

78.530 78.466 96.099

201.585 202.349 224.543

–35.316 –35.232 –33.186

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 18.980 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 53.702 J/K.mol, cr–l 252.650 169.833 29.270 96.099 224.543 280.916 181.124 39.917 96.067 241.475 322.712 199.114 58.091 97.012 266.859

–33.186 –31.533 –29.658

C10H8 (g) 333.150 333.970 378.800 423.400 466.380 507.140 545.520 581.610 615.550 647.500 677.650 706.130 733.110 758.720

333.150 333.157 338.950 351.400 367.007 384.146 401.935 419.918 437.806 455.426 472.707 489.568 506.009 522.019

H°–H° (Tr) 0.136 8.517 18.872 30.955 44.540 59.427 75.444 92.452 110.325 128.954 148.241 168.100 188.460

0.000 0.244 15.940 36.000 59.624 86.096 114.868 145.523 177.744 211.281 245.932 281.531 317.941 355.051

150.580 150.450 144.190 139.220 135.350 132.330 130.050 128.430 127.510 127.100 126.960 127.060 127.390 127.920

224.100 224.560 250.270 277.340 305.330 333.950 362.920 392.150 421.700 450.630 480.450 509.770 539.740 568.940

–39.260 –39.098 –32.681 –28.973 –26.581 –24.919 –23.696 –22.759 –22.027 –21.398 –20.913 –20.482 –20.137 –19.812

3/14/06 2:39:09 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature H°–H° (Tr)

H2CO (g) 218.760 218.979 229.665 238.900 247.270 255.011 262.236 269.014 275.395 281.416 287.108 292.500 297.616 302.479

218.760 218.761 220.192 223.028 226.381 229.924 233.517 237.088 240.603 244.042 247.396 250.660 253.833 256.915

0.000 0.066 3.789 7.936 12.534 17.560 22.975 28.734 34.792 41.111 47.655 54.392 61.297 68.346

–108.700 –108.731 –110.438 –112.073 –113.545 –114.833 –115.942 –116.889 –117.696 –118.382 –118.966 –119.463 –119.887 –120.249

–102.667 –102.630 –100.340 –97.623 –94.592 –91.328 –87.893 –84.328 –80.666 –76.929 –73.134 –69.294 –65.418 –61.514

17.987 17.869 13.103 10.198 8.235 6.815 5.739 4.894 4.213 3.653 3.183 2.784 2.441 2.142

22. METHANOL CH3OH (g) 298.15 44.101 239.865 240.139 300 44.219 253.845 400 51.713 266.257 500 59.800 277.835 600 67.294 288.719 700 73.958 298.987 800 79.838 308.696 900 85.025 317.896 1000 89.597 326.629 1100 93.624 334.930 1200 97.165 342.833 1300 100.277 350.367 1400 103.014 357.558 1500 105.422

239.865 239.866 241.685 245.374 249.830 254.616 259.526 264.455 269.343 274.158 278.879 283.497 288.007 292.405

0.000 0.082 4.864 10.442 16.803 23.873 31.569 39.817 48.553 57.718 67.262 77.137 87.304 97.729

–201.000 –201.068 –204.622 –207.750 –210.387 –212.570 –214.350 –215.782 –216.916 –217.794 –218.457 –218.936 –219.261 –219.456

–162.298 –162.057 –148.509 –134.109 –119.125 –103.737 –88.063 –72.188 –56.170 –40.050 –23.861 –7.624 8.644 24.930

28.434 28.216 19.393 14.010 10.371 7.741 5.750 4.190 2.934 1.902 1.039 0.306 –0.322 –0.868

C2H4O (g) 263.840 264.180 281.620 297.540 312.360 326.230 339.260 351.520 363.100 374.040 384.400 394.230 403.570 412.460

263.840 263.837 266.147 270.850 276.550 282.667 288.938 295.189 301.431 307.537 313.512 319.350 325.031 330.571

0.000 0.103 6.189 13.345 21.486 30.494 40.258 50.698 61.669 73.153 85.065 97.344 109.954 122.834

–166.190 –166.250 –169.530 –172.420 –174.870 –176.910 –178.570 –179.880 –180.850 –181.560 –182.070 –182.420 –182.640 –182.750

–133.010 –132.800 –121.130 –108.700 –95.720 –82.350 –68.730 –54.920 –40.930 –27.010 –12.860 1.240 15.470 29.580

23.302 23.122 15.818 11.356 8.334 6.145 4.487 3.187 2.138 1.283 0.560 –0.050 –0.577 –1.030

24. ETHANOL C2H5OH (g) 298.15 65.652 281.622 282.029 300 65.926 303.076 400 81.169 322.750 500 95.400 341.257 600 107.656 358.659 700 118.129 375.038 800 127.171 390.482 900 135.049 405.075 1000 141.934 418.892 1100 147.958 431.997 1200 153.232

281.622 281.623 284.390 290.115 297.112 304.674 312.456 320.276 328.033 335.670 343.156

0.000 0.122 7.474 16.318 26.487 37.790 50.065 63.185 77.042 91.543 106.609

–234.800 –234.897 –239.826 –243.940 –247.260 –249.895 –251.951 –253.515 –254.662 –255.454 –255.947

–167.874 –167.458 –144.216 –119.820 –94.672 –69.023 –43.038 –16.825 9.539 36.000 62.520

29.410 29.157 18.832 12.517 8.242 5.151 2.810 0.976 –0.498 –1.709 –2.721

C°p

21. FORMALDEHYDE 298.15 35.387 300 35.443 400 39.240 500 43.736 600 48.181 700 52.280 800 55.941 900 59.156 1000 61.951 1100 64.368 1200 66.453 1300 68.251 1400 69.803 1500 71.146

23. ACETALDEHYDE 298.15 55.318 300 55.510 400 66.282 500 76.675 600 85.942 700 94.035 800 101.070 900 107.190 1000 112.490 1100 117.080 1200 121.060 1300 124.500 1400 127.490 1500 130.090

487_S05.indb 49

kJ/mol ∆fH°

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T

T/K

S°

J/K.mol

5-49 ∆fG°

Log Kf

3/14/06 2:39:11 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

5-50 –(G°–H° (Tr))/T 350.473 357.612 364.571

H°–H° (Tr) 122.168 138.160 154.531

kJ/mol ∆fH° –256.184 –256.206 –256.044

∆fG° 89.070 115.630 142.185

Log Kf –3.579 –4.314 –4.951

25. ACETIC ACID C2H4O2 (g) 298.15 63.438 283.470 283.863 300 63.739 304.404 400 79.665 323.751 500 93.926 341.988 600 106.181 359.162 700 116.627 375.331 800 125.501 390.558 900 132.989 404.904 1000 139.257 418.429 1100 144.462 431.189 1200 148.760 443.240 1300 152.302 454.637 1400 155.220 465.432 1500 157.631

283.470 283.471 286.164 291.765 298.631 306.064 313.722 321.422 329.060 336.576 343.933 351.113 358.105 364.903

0.000 0.118 7.296 15.993 26.014 37.169 49.287 62.223 75.844 90.039 104.707 119.765 135.146 150.793

–432.249 –432.324 –436.006 –438.875 –440.993 –442.466 –443.395 –443.873 –443.982 –443.798 –443.385 –442.795 –442.071 –441.247

–374.254 –373.893 –353.840 –332.950 –311.554 –289.856 –267.985 –246.026 –224.034 –202.046 –180.086 –158.167 –136.299 –114.486

65.567 65.100 46.206 34.783 27.123 21.629 17.497 14.279 11.702 9.594 7.839 6.355 5.085 3.987

26. ACETONE C3H6O (g) 298.15 74.517 300 74.810 400 91.755 500 107.864 600 122.047 700 134.306 800 144.934 900 154.097 1000 162.046 1100 168.908 1200 174.891 1300 180.079 1400 184.556 1500 188.447

295.349 295.809 319.658 341.916 362.836 382.627 401.246 418.860 435.513 451.286 466.265 480.491 493.963 506.850

295.349 295.349 298.498 304.988 312.873 321.470 330.265 339.141 347.950 356.617 365.155 373.513 381.596 389.533

0.000 0.138 8.464 18.464 29.978 42.810 56.785 71.747 87.563 104.136 121.332 139.072 157.314 175.975

–217.150 –217.233 –222.212 –226.522 –230.120 –233.049 –235.350 –237.149 –238.404 –239.283 –239.827 –240.120 –240.203 –240.120

–152.716 –152.339 –129.913 –106.315 –81.923 –56.986 –31.673 –6.109 19.707 45.396 71.463 97.362 123.470 149.369

26.757 26.521 16.962 11.107 7.133 4.252 2.068 0.353 –1.030 –2.157 –3.110 –3.912 –4.607 –5.202

27. PHENOL C6H6O (g) 298.15 103.220 300 103.860 400 135.790 500 161.910 600 182.480 700 198.840 800 212.140 900 223.190 1000 232.490 1100 240.410 1200 247.200 1300 253.060 1400 258.120 1500 262.520

314.810 315.450 349.820 383.040 414.450 443.860 471.310 496.950 520.960 543.500 564.720 584.740 603.680 621.650

314.810 314.810 319.278 328.736 340.430 353.134 366.211 379.327 392.302 405.033 417.468 429.568 441.331 452.767

0.000 0.192 12.217 27.152 44.412 63.508 84.079 105.861 128.658 152.314 176.703 201.723 227.288 253.325

–32.630 –32.230 –10.180 12.970 36.650 60.750 85.020 109.590 134.280 158.620 183.350 208.070 233.050 257.540

5.720 5.610 1.330 –1.360 –3.190 –4.530 –5.550 –6.360 –7.010 –7.530 –7.980 –8.360 –8.700 –8.970

261.455 261.456 264.001 269.155 275.284 281.732 288.199 294.542

0.000 0.113 6.822 14.499 22.890 31.801 41.094 50.670

–888.518 –888.240 –873.120 –857.852 –842.533 –827.210 –811.903 –796.622

155.663 154.654 114.016 89.618 73.348 61.726 53.011 46.234

T/K 1300 1400 1500

C°p 157.849 161.896 165.447

J/K.mol

S° 444.448 456.298 467.591

28. CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE CF4 (g) 298.15 61.050 261.455 261.833 300 61.284 281.057 400 72.399 298.153 500 80.713 313.434 600 86.783 327.162 700 91.212 339.566 800 94.479 350.842 900 96.929

487_S05.indb 50

–96.400 –96.490 –100.870 –104.240 –106.810 –108.800 –110.300 –111.370 –111.990 –112.280 –112.390 –112.330 –112.120 –111.780 –933.200 –933.219 –933.986 –934.372 –934.490 –934.431 –934.261 –934.024

3/14/06 2:39:13 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature –(G°–H° (Tr))/T 300.695 306.629 312.334 317.811 323.069 328.116

H°–H° (Tr) 60.460 70.416 80.500 90.687 100.957 111.295

kJ/mol ∆fH° –933.745 –933.442 –933.125 –932.800 –932.470 –932.137

∆fG° –781.369 –766.146 –750.952 –735.784 –720.641 –705.522

259.675 259.676 261.807 266.149 271.368 276.917 282.542 288.116 293.572 298.879 304.022 308.997 313.804 318.449

0.000 0.095 5.722 12.275 19.593 27.519 35.930 44.732 53.854 63.240 72.849 82.647 92.607 102.709

–696.700 –696.735 –698.427 –699.715 –700.634 –701.253 –701.636 –701.832 –701.879 –701.805 –701.629 –701.368 –701.033 –700.635

–662.237 –662.023 –650.186 –637.969 –625.528 –612.957 –600.315 –587.636 –574.944 –562.253 –549.574 –536.913 –524.274 –511.662

116.020 115.267 84.905 66.647 54.456 45.739 39.196 34.105 30.032 26.699 23.922 21.573 19.561 17.817

30. CHLOROTRIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 66.886 285.419 285.834 300 67.111 306.646 400 77.528 324.797 500 85.013 340.794 600 90.329 355.020 700 94.132 367.780 800 96.899 379.317 900 98.951 389.827 1000 100.507 399.465 1100 101.708 408.357 1200 102.651 416.604 1300 103.404 424.290 1400 104.012 431.484 1500 104.512

CClF3 (g) 285.419 285.421 288.187 293.734 300.271 307.096 313.897 320.536 326.947 333.108 339.013 344.668 350.084 355.273

0.000 0.124 7.383 15.532 24.314 33.547 43.106 52.903 62.880 72.993 83.213 93.517 103.889 114.316

–707.800 –707.810 –708.153 –708.170 –707.975 –707.654 –707.264 –706.837 –706.396 –705.950 –705.505 –705.064 –704.628 –704.196

–667.238 –666.986 –653.316 –639.599 –625.901 –612.246 –598.642 –585.090 –571.586 –558.126 –544.707 –531.326 –517.977 –504.660

116.896 116.131 85.313 66.818 54.489 45.686 39.087 33.957 29.856 26.503 23.710 21.349 19.326 17.574

31. DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 72.476 300.903 301.352 300 72.691 323.682 400 82.408 342.833 500 89.063 359.500 600 93.635 374.189 700 96.832 387.276 800 99.121 399.053 900 100.801 409.742 1000 102.062 419.517 1100 103.030 428.515 1200 103.786 436.847 1300 104.388 444.602 1400 104.874 451.851 1500 105.270

CCl2F2 (g) 300.903 300.905 303.883 309.804 316.729 323.909 331.027 337.942 344.596 350.969 357.061 362.882 368.445 373.767

0.000 0.134 7.919 16.514 25.663 35.196 44.999 55.000 65.146 75.402 85.745 96.154 106.618 117.126

–486.000 –486.002 –485.945 –485.618 –485.136 –484.576 –483.984 –483.388 –482.800 –482.226 –481.667 –481.121 –480.588 –480.065

–447.030 –446.788 –433.716 –420.692 –407.751 –394.897 –382.126 –369.429 –356.799 –344.227 –331.706 –319.232 –306.799 –294.404

78.317 77.792 56.637 43.949 35.497 29.467 24.950 21.441 18.637 16.346 14.439 12.827 11.447 10.252

CHClF2 (g) 280.915 280.916 283.231 287.898 293.448

0.000 0.104 6.188 13.123 20.733

–475.000 –475.028 –476.390 –477.398 –478.103

–443.845 –443.652 –432.978 –422.001 –410.851

77.759 77.246 56.540 44.086 35.767

T/K 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

C°p 98.798 100.250 101.396 102.314 103.059 103.671

J/K.mol

S° 361.156 370.643 379.417 387.571 395.181 402.313

29. TRIFLUOROMETHANE CHF3 (g) 298.15 51.069 259.675 259.991 300 51.258 276.113 400 61.148 290.700 500 69.631 304.022 600 76.453 316.230 700 81.868 327.455 800 86.201 337.818 900 89.719 347.426 1000 92.617 356.370 1100 95.038 364.730 1200 97.084 372.571 1300 98.833 379.952 1400 100.344 386.921 1500 101.660

32. CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 55.853 280.915 281.261 300 56.039 298.701 400 65.395 314.145 500 73.008 328.003 600 78.940

487_S05.indb 51

5-51 Log Kf 40.814 36.381 32.688 29.564 26.887 24.568

3/14/06 2:39:15 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

5-52 J/K.mol

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T 299.294 305.172 310.956 316.586 322.033 327.289 332.352 337.228 341.923

H°–H° (Tr) 28.867 37.411 46.280 55.413 64.761 74.289 83.966 93.769 103.681

kJ/mol ∆fH° –478.574 –478.870 –479.031 –479.090 –479.068 –478.982 –478.843 –478.661 –478.443

∆fG° –399.603 –388.299 –376.967 –365.622 –354.276 –342.935 –331.603 –320.283 –308.978

CH5N (g) 242.881 243.196 258.986 273.486 287.063 299.826 311.865 323.239 334.006 344.233 353.944 363.190 372.012 380.426

242.881 242.893 244.975 249.244 254.431 260.008 265.749 271.511 277.220 282.861 288.374 293.775 299.061 304.209

0.000 0.091 5.604 12.121 19.579 27.873 36.893 46.555 56.786 67.509 78.685 90.239 102.131 114.326

–22.529 –22.614 –26.846 –30.431 –33.364 –35.712 –37.548 –38.949 –39.967 –40.681 –41.136 –41.376 –41.451 –41.381

32.734 33.077 52.294 72.510 93.382 114.702 136.316 158.138 180.098 201.822 224.240 246.364 268.504 290.639

–5.735 –5.759 –6.829 –7.575 –8.129 –8.559 –8.900 –9.178 –9.407 –9.584 –9.761 –9.899 –10.018 –10.121

34. CHLORINE Cl (g) 21.838 298.15 300 21.852 400 22.467 500 22.744 600 22.781 700 22.692 800 22.549 900 22.389 1000 22.233 1100 22.089 1200 21.959 1300 21.843 1400 21.742 1500 21.652

165.190 165.325 171.703 176.752 180.905 184.411 187.432 190.079 192.430 194.542 196.458 198.211 199.826 201.323

165.190 165.190 166.055 167.708 169.571 171.448 173.261 174.986 176.615 178.150 179.597 180.963 182.253 183.475

0.000 0.040 2.259 4.522 6.800 9.074 11.337 13.584 15.815 18.031 20.233 22.423 24.602 26.772

121.302 121.311 121.795 122.272 122.734 123.172 123.585 123.971 124.334 124.675 124.996 125.299 125.587 125.861

105.306 105.207 99.766 94.203 88.546 82.813 77.019 71.175 65.289 59.368 53.416 47.439 41.439 35.418

–18.449 –18.318 –13.028 –9.841 –7.709 –6.179 –5.029 –4.131 –3.410 –2.819 –2.325 –1.906 –1.546 –1.233

35. DICHLORINE Cl2 (g) 298.15 33.949 300 33.981 400 35.296 500 36.064 600 36.547 700 36.874 800 37.111 900 37.294 1000 37.442 1100 37.567 1200 37.678 1300 37.778 1400 37.872 1500 37.961

223.079 223.290 233.263 241.229 247.850 253.510 258.450 262.832 266.769 270.343 273.617 276.637 279.440 282.056

223.079 223.080 224.431 227.021 229.956 232.926 235.815 238.578 241.203 243.692 246.052 248.290 250.416 252.439

0.000 0.063 3.533 7.104 10.736 14.408 18.108 21.829 25.566 29.316 33.079 36.851 40.634 44.426

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

186.902 186.902

0.000 0.054

–92.310 –92.314

–95.298 –95.317

16.696 16.596

C°p 83.551 87.185 90.100 92.475 94.433 96.066 97.438 98.601 99.593

S° 340.533 351.936 362.379 371.999 380.908 389.196 396.941 404.206 411.044

33. METHYLAMINE 298.15 50.053 300 50.227 400 60.171 500 70.057 600 78.929 700 86.711 800 93.545 900 99.573 1000 104.886 1100 109.576 1200 113.708 1300 117.341 1400 120.542 1500 123.353

T/K 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

36. HYDROGEN CHLORIDE HCl (g) 29.136 186.902 298.15 187.082 300 29.137

487_S05.indb 52

Log Kf 29.818 25.353 21.878 19.098 16.823 14.927 13.324 11.950 10.759

3/14/06 2:39:17 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

487_S05.indb 53

J/K.mol

S° 195.468 201.990 207.354 211.943 215.980 219.604 222.907 225.949 228.774 231.414 233.893 236.232

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T 188.045 190.206 192.630 195.069 197.435 199.700 201.858 203.912 205.867 207.732 209.513 211.217

5-53 H°–H° (Tr) 2.969 5.892 8.835 11.812 14.836 17.913 21.049 24.241 27.488 30.786 34.132 37.522

kJ/mol ∆fH° –92.587 –92.911 –93.249 –93.577 –93.879 –94.149 –94.384 –94.587 –94.760 –94.908 –95.035 –95.146

T/K 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

C°p 29.175 29.304 29.576 29.988 30.500 31.063 31.639 32.201 32.734 33.229 33.684 34.100

37. COPPER 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1358

Cu (cr, l) 24.440 24.460 25.339 25.966 26.479 26.953 27.448 28.014 28.700 29.553 30.617 31.940 32.844

1358 1400 1500

32.800 32.800 32.800

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 13.141 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 83.951 52.443 42.788 84.950 53.403 44.166 87.213 55.583 47.446

38. COPPER 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

Cu (g) 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.788 20.793 20.803 20.823 20.856

166.397 166.525 172.505 177.143 180.933 184.137 186.913 189.361 191.551 193.532 195.341 197.006 198.548 199.986

166.397 166.397 167.213 168.752 170.476 172.205 173.874 175.461 176.963 178.380 179.719 180.986 182.186 183.325

0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 16.667 18.746 20.826 22.907 24.991

337.600 337.594 337.179 336.691 336.147 335.554 334.913 334.219 333.463 332.631 331.703 330.657 316.342 315.146

39. COPPER OXIDE 42.300 298.15 300 42.417 400 46.783 500 49.190 600 50.827 700 52.099 800 53.178 900 54.144 1000 55.040 1100 55.890 1200 56.709

CuO (cr) 42.740 43.002 55.878 66.596 75.717 83.651 90.680 97.000 102.751 108.037 112.936

42.740 42.741 44.467 47.852 51.755 55.757 59.691 63.491 67.134 70.615 73.941

0.000 0.078 4.564 9.372 14.377 19.526 24.791 30.158 35.617 41.164 46.794

–162.000 –161.994 –161.487 –160.775 –159.973 –159.124 –158.247 –157.356 –156.462 –155.582 –154.733

33.150 33.301 40.467 46.192 50.973 55.090 58.721 61.986 64.971 67.745 70.361 72.862 74.275

33.150 33.150 34.122 35.982 38.093 40.234 42.322 44.328 46.245 48.075 49.824 51.501 52.443

0.000 0.045 2.538 5.105 7.728 10.399 13.119 15.891 18.726 21.637 24.644 27.769 29.647

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

∆fG° –96.278 –97.164 –97.983 –98.746 –99.464 –100.145 –100.798 –101.430 –102.044 –102.645 –103.235 –103.817

Log Kf 12.573 10.151 8.530 7.368 6.494 5.812 5.265 4.816 4.442 4.124 3.852 3.615

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

9.676 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

297.873 297.626 284.364 271.215 258.170 245.221 232.359 219.581 206.883 194.265 181.726 169.270 157.305 145.987 –134.277 –134.105 –124.876 –115.803 –106.883 –98.102 –89.444 –80.897 –72.450 –64.091 –55.812

–52.185 –51.821 –37.134 –28.333 –22.475 –18.298 –15.171 –12.744 –10.806 –9.225 –7.910 –6.801 –5.869 –5.084 23.524 23.349 16.307 12.098 9.305 7.320 5.840 4.695 3.784 3.043 2.429

3/14/06 2:39:19 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

5-54 T/K 1300 1400 1500

S° 117.507 121.797 125.845

C°p 57.507 58.288 59.057

40. DICOPPER OXIDE 298.15 62.600 300 62.721 400 67.587 500 70.784 600 73.323 700 75.552 800 77.616 900 79.584 1000 81.492 1100 83.360 1200 85.202 1300 87.026 1400 88.836 1500 90.636

Cu2O (cr) 92.550 92.938 111.712 127.155 140.291 151.764 161.989 171.245 179.729 187.584 194.917 201.808 208.324 214.515

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T 77.118 80.158 83.070

H°–H° (Tr) 52.505 58.295 64.163

kJ/mol ∆fH° –153.940 –166.354 –165.589

92.550 92.551 95.078 99.995 105.643 111.429 117.121 122.629 127.920 132.992 137.850 142.507 146.978 151.276

0.000 0.116 6.654 13.580 20.789 28.235 35.894 43.755 51.809 60.052 68.480 77.092 85.885 94.858

–173.100 –173.102 –173.036 –172.772 –172.389 –171.914 –171.363 –170.750 –170.097 –169.431 –168.791 –168.223 –194.030 –193.438

108.070 108.071 110.957 116.532 122.884 127.732

0.000 0.133 7.577 15.336 23.282 29.329

–218.000 –217.975 –216.494 –214.873 –213.182 –211.185

∆fG° –47.601 –39.043 –29.975 –150.344 –150.203 –142.572 –134.984 –127.460 –120.009 –112.631 –105.325 –98.091 –90.922 –83.814 –76.756 –68.926 –60.010

Log Kf 1.913 1.457 1.044 26.339 26.152 18.618 14.101 11.096 8.955 7.354 6.113 5.124 4.317 3.648 3.084 2.572 2.090

41. COPPER DICHLORIDE 298.15 71.880 300 71.998 400 76.338 500 78.654 600 80.175 675 81.056

CuCl2 (cr, l) 108.070 108.515 129.899 147.204 161.687 171.183

675 700 800 871

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.700 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.037 J/K.mol, crII–crI 172.220 127.732 30.029 –211.185 –120.693 175.216 129.375 32.089 –210.719 –117.350 186.219 135.808 40.329 –208.898 –104.137 193.226 140.207 46.179 –192.649 –94.893

9.340 8.757 6.799 5.691

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 15.001 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 17.221 J/K.mol, crI–l 210.447 140.207 61.180 –192.649 –94.893 213.723 142.523 64.080 –191.640 –91.655 224.259 150.179 74.080 –188.212 –80.730 233.790 157.353 84.080 –184.873 –70.144 236.547 159.470 87.155 –183.867 –66.951

5.691 5.319 4.217 3.331 3.093

42. COPPER DICHLORIDE 298.15 56.814 300 56.869 400 58.992 500 60.111 600 60.761 700 61.168 800 61.439 900 61.630 1000 61.776 1100 61.900 1200 62.022 1300 62.159 1400 62.325 1500 62.531

CuCl2 (g) 278.418 278.769 295.456 308.752 319.774 329.173 337.360 344.608 351.109 357.003 362.394 367.364 371.976 376.283

278.418 278.419 280.679 285.010 289.911 294.865 299.677 304.274 308.638 312.771 316.685 320.395 323.916 327.265

0.000 0.105 5.911 11.871 17.918 24.015 30.147 36.301 42.471 48.655 54.851 61.060 67.284 73.526

–43.268 –43.271 –43.428 –43.606 –43.814 –44.060 –44.349 –44.688 –45.088 –45.566 –46.139 –46.829 –60.784 –61.613

–49.883 –49.924 –52.119 –54.271 –56.385 –58.462 –60.500 –62.499 –64.457 –66.372 –68.239 –70.053 –71.404 –72.133

8.739 8.692 6.806 5.670 4.909 4.362 3.950 3.627 3.367 3.152 2.970 2.815 2.664 2.512

43. FLUORINE F (g) 22.746 298.15 300 22.742 400 22.432 500 22.100

158.750 158.891 165.394 170.363

158.750 158.750 159.639 161.307

0.000 0.042 2.302 4.528

79.380 79.393 80.043 80.587

62.280 62.173 56.332 50.340

–10.911 –10.825 –7.356 –5.259

871 900 1000 1100 1130.75

487_S05.indb 54

J/K.mol

82.400 82.400 82.400 82.400 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000

–173.826 –173.552 –158.962 –144.765 –130.901 –120.693

30.453 30.218 20.758 15.123 11.396 9.340

3/14/06 2:39:20 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature kJ/mol ∆fH° 81.046 81.442 81.792 82.106 82.391 82.654 82.897 83.123 83.335 83.533

S° 174.368 177.717 180.595 183.117 185.362 187.386 189.227 190.917 192.479 193.930

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T 163.161 165.008 166.780 168.458 170.039 171.525 172.925 174.245 175.492 176.673

H°–H° (Tr) 6.724 8.897 11.052 13.193 15.324 17.447 19.563 21.675 23.782 25.886

202.790 202.984 212.233 219.739 226.070 231.545 236.365 240.669 244.557 248.103 251.363 254.381 257.191 259.820

202.790 202.790 204.040 206.453 209.208 212.017 214.765 217.409 219.932 222.334 224.619 226.794 228.866 230.843

0.000 0.058 3.277 6.643 10.117 13.669 17.279 20.934 24.625 28.346 32.093 35.863 39.654 43.466

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

45. HYDROGEN FLUORIDE HF (g) 29.137 173.776 298.15 173.956 300 29.137 400 29.149 182.340 500 29.172 188.846 600 29.230 194.169 700 29.350 198.683 800 29.549 202.614 900 29.827 206.110 1000 30.169 209.270 1100 30.558 212.163 1200 30.974 214.840 1300 31.403 217.336 1400 31.831 219.679 1500 32.250 221.889

173.776 173.776 174.919 177.078 179.496 181.923 184.269 186.505 188.626 190.636 192.543 194.355 196.081 197.729

0.000 0.054 2.968 5.884 8.804 11.732 14.676 17.645 20.644 23.680 26.756 29.875 33.037 36.241

–273.300 –273.302 –273.450 –273.679 –273.961 –274.277 –274.614 –274.961 –275.309 –275.652 –275.988 –276.315 –276.631 –276.937

–275.399 –275.412 –276.096 –276.733 –277.318 –277.852 –278.340 –278.785 –279.191 –279.563 –279.904 –280.217 –280.505 –280.771

48.248 47.953 36.054 28.910 24.142 20.733 18.174 16.180 14.583 13.275 12.184 11.259 10.466 9.777

46. GERMANIUM Ge (cr, l) 23.222 31.090 298.15 31.234 300 23.249 400 24.310 38.083 500 24.962 43.582 600 25.452 48.178 700 25.867 52.133 800 26.240 55.612 900 26.591 58.723 1000 26.926 61.542 1100 27.252 64.124 1200 27.571 66.509 1211.4 27.608 66.770

31.090 31.090 32.017 33.798 35.822 37.876 39.880 41.804 43.639 45.386 47.048 47.232

0.000 0.043 2.426 4.892 7.414 9.980 12.586 15.227 17.903 20.612 23.353 23.668

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 37.030 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 30.568 J/K.mol, cr–l 97.338 47.232 60.698 0.000 0.000 99.286 50.714 63.143 0.000 0.000 101.331 54.258 65.903 0.000 0.000 103.236 57.460 68.663 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

T/K 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

C°p 21.832 21.629 21.475 21.357 21.266 21.194 21.137 21.091 21.054 21.022

44. DIFLUORINE F2 (g) 298.15 31.304 300 31.337 400 32.995 500 34.258 600 35.171 700 35.839 800 36.343 900 36.740 1000 37.065 1100 37.342 1200 37.588 1300 37.811 1400 38.019 1500 38.214

1211.4 1300 1400 1500

487_S05.indb 55

J/K.mol

5-55

27.600 27.600 27.600 27.600

∆fG° 44.246 38.081 31.862 25.601 19.308 12.986 6.642 0.278 –6.103 –12.498

Log Kf –3.852 –2.842 –2.080 –1.486 –1.009 –0.617 –0.289 –0.011 0.228 0.435

3/14/06 2:39:22 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

5-56 T/K

S°

J/K.mol

H°–H° (Tr)

167.903 167.904 169.119 171.415 173.965 176.487 178.882 181.122 183.205 185.141 186.941 188.621 190.192 191.666

0.000 0.057 3.162 6.239 9.222 12.090 14.845 17.501 20.072 22.575 25.025 27.432 29.807 32.159

367.800 367.814 368.536 369.147 369.608 369.910 370.060 370.073 369.969 369.763 369.471 332.088 331.704 331.296

327.009 326.756 312.959 298.991 284.914 270.773 256.598 242.414 228.234 214.069 199.928 188.521 177.492 166.491

39.710 39.711 41.850 46.191 51.299 56.597 61.841 66.928 71.819 76.504 80.987 85.279 85.615

0.000 0.093 5.759 12.164 18.943 25.952 33.125 40.436 47.877 55.447 63.155 71.010 71.646

–580.200 –580.204 –579.893 –579.013 –577.915 –576.729 –575.498 –574.235 –572.934 –571.582 –570.166 –605.685 –584.059

–521.605 –521.242 –501.610 –482.134 –462.859 –443.776 –424.866 –406.113 –387.502 –369.024 –350.671 –329.732 –328.034

91.382 90.755 65.503 50.368 40.295 33.115 27.741 23.570 20.241 17.523 15.264 13.249 13.100

80.075 81.297

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 21.500 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 16.437 J/K.mol, crII–crI 156.827 85.615 93.146 –584.059 –328.034 161.617 89.858 99.601 –565.504 –312.415

13.100 11.757

78.500 78.500 78.500

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 17.200 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 12.392 J/K.mol, crI–l 174.009 89.858 116.801 –565.504 –312.415 174.685 90.582 117.743 –565.328 –310.228 180.100 96.372 125.593 –563.882 –292.057

11.757 11.575 10.170

47. GERMANIUM Ge (g) 298.15 30.733 300 30.757 400 31.071 500 30.360 600 29.265 700 28.102 800 27.029 900 26.108 1000 25.349 1100 24.741 1200 24.264 1300 23.898 1400 23.624 1500 23.426

167.903 168.094 177.025 183.893 189.334 193.758 197.439 200.567 203.277 205.664 207.795 209.722 211.483 213.105

48. GERMANIUM DIOXIDE GeO2 (cr, l) 298.15 50.166 39.710 40.021 300 50.475 56.248 400 61.281 70.519 500 66.273 82.872 600 69.089 93.671 700 70.974 103.247 800 72.449 111.857 900 73.764 119.696 1000 75.049 126.910 1100 76.378 133.616 1200 77.796 139.903 1300 79.332 140.390 1308 79.460 1308 1388 1388 1400 1500

49. GERMANIUM TETRACHLORIDE 298.15 95.918 348.393 348.987 300 96.041 377.342 400 100.750 400.114 500 103.206 419.067 600 104.624 435.266 700 105.509 449.396 800 106.096 461.917 900 106.504 473.155 1000 106.799 483.344 1100 107.020 492.664 1200 107.189 501.249 1300 107.320 509.206 1400 107.425 516.621 1500 107.509 50. HYDROGEN H (g) 20.786 298.15 300 20.786 400 20.786 500 20.786

487_S05.indb 56

kJ/mol ∆fH°

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T

C°p

114.716 114.845 120.824 125.463

GeCl4 (g) 348.393 348.395 352.229 359.604 367.980 376.463 384.715 392.611 400.113 407.224 413.961 420.349 426.416 432.185

0.000 0.178 10.045 20.255 30.652 41.162 51.744 62.375 73.041 83.733 94.444 105.169 115.907 126.654

114.716 114.716 115.532 117.071

0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196

∆fG°

–500.000 –499.991 –499.447 –498.845 –498.234 –497.634 –497.057 –496.509 –495.993 –495.512 –495.067 –531.677 –531.265 –530.861

–461.582 –461.343 –448.540 –435.882 –423.347 –410.914 –398.565 –386.287 –374.068 –361.899 –349.772 –334.973 –319.857 –304.771

217.998 218.010 218.635 219.253

203.276 203.185 198.149 192.956

Log Kf –57.290 –56.893 –40.868 –31.235 –24.804 –20.205 –16.754 –14.069 –11.922 –10.165 –8.703 –7.575 –6.622 –5.798

80.866 80.326 58.573 45.536 36.855 30.662 26.023 22.419 19.539 17.185 15.225 13.459 11.934 10.613 –35.613 –35.377 –25.875 –20.158

3/14/06 2:39:24 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature kJ/mol ∆fH° 219.867 220.476 221.079 221.670 222.247 222.806 223.345 223.864 224.360 224.835

S° 129.252 132.457 135.232 137.680 139.870 141.852 143.660 145.324 146.864 148.298

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T 118.795 120.524 122.193 123.780 125.282 126.700 128.039 129.305 130.505 131.644

H°–H° (Tr) 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 16.667 18.746 20.824 22.903 24.982

51. DIHYDROGEN H2 (g) 298.15 28.836 300 28.849 400 29.181 500 29.260 600 29.327 700 29.440 800 29.623 900 29.880 1000 30.204 1100 30.580 1200 30.991 1300 31.422 1400 31.860 1500 32.296

130.680 130.858 139.217 145.738 151.078 155.607 159.549 163.052 166.217 169.113 171.791 174.288 176.633 178.846

130.680 130.680 131.818 133.974 136.393 138.822 141.172 143.412 145.537 147.550 149.460 151.275 153.003 154.653

0.000 0.053 2.960 5.882 8.811 11.749 14.702 17.676 20.680 23.719 26.797 29.918 33.082 36.290

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

52. HYDROXYL OH (g) 29.886 298.15 300 29.879 400 29.604 500 29.495 600 29.513 700 29.655 800 29.914 900 30.265 1000 30.682 1100 31.135 1200 31.603 1300 32.069 1400 32.522 1500 32.956

183.737 183.922 192.476 199.067 204.445 209.003 212.979 216.522 219.731 222.677 225.406 227.954 230.347 232.606

183.737 183.738 184.906 187.104 189.560 192.020 194.396 196.661 198.810 200.848 202.782 204.621 206.374 208.048

0.000 0.055 3.028 5.982 8.931 11.888 14.866 17.874 20.921 24.012 27.149 30.332 33.562 36.836

39.349 39.350 39.384 39.347 39.252 39.113 38.945 38.763 38.577 38.393 38.215 38.046 37.886 37.735

34.631 34.602 33.012 31.422 29.845 28.287 26.752 25.239 23.746 22.272 20.814 19.371 17.941 16.521

–6.067 –6.025 –4.311 –3.283 –2.598 –2.111 –1.747 –1.465 –1.240 –1.058 –0.906 –0.778 –0.669 –0.575

T/K 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

487_S05.indb 57

J/K.mol

5-57

C°p 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786

∆fG° 187.639 182.219 176.712 171.131 165.485 159.781 154.028 148.230 142.393 136.522

Log Kf –16.335 –13.597 –11.538 –9.932 –8.644 –7.587 –6.705 –5.956 –5.313 –4.754

53. WATER 298.15 300 373.21

H2O (l) 75.300 75.281 76.079

69.950 70.416 86.896

69.950 69.951 71.715

0.000 0.139 5.666

–285.830 –285.771 –283.454

–237.141 –236.839 –225.160

41.546 41.237 31.513

54. WATER 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300

H2O (g) 33.598 33.606 34.283 35.259 36.371 37.557 38.800 40.084 41.385 42.675 43.932 45.138

188.832 189.040 198.791 206.542 213.067 218.762 223.858 228.501 232.792 236.797 240.565 244.129

188.832 188.833 190.158 192.685 195.552 198.469 201.329 204.094 206.752 209.303 211.753 214.108

0.000 0.062 3.453 6.929 10.509 14.205 18.023 21.966 26.040 30.243 34.574 39.028

–241.826 –241.844 –242.845 –243.822 –244.751 –245.620 –246.424 –247.158 –247.820 –248.410 –248.933 –249.392

–228.582 –228.500 –223.900 –219.050 –214.008 –208.814 –203.501 –198.091 –192.603 –187.052 –181.450 –175.807

40.046 39.785 29.238 22.884 18.631 15.582 13.287 11.497 10.060 8.882 7.898 7.064

3/14/06 2:39:26 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

5-58

487_S05.indb 58

T/K 1400 1500

C°p 46.281 47.356

S° 247.516 250.746

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T 216.374 218.559

H°–H° (Tr) 43.599 48.282

kJ/mol ∆fH° –249.792 –250.139

55. IODINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

I (g) 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.787 20.789 20.795 20.806 20.824 20.851 20.889 20.936

180.787 180.915 186.895 191.533 195.323 198.527 201.303 203.751 205.942 207.924 209.735 211.403 212.950 214.392

180.787 180.787 181.602 183.142 184.866 186.594 188.263 189.851 191.352 192.770 194.110 195.377 196.577 197.717

0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.432 12.510 14.589 16.669 18.751 20.835 22.921 25.013

106.760 106.748 97.974 75.988 76.190 76.385 76.574 76.757 76.936 77.109 77.277 77.440 77.596 77.745

70.172 69.945 58.060 50.202 45.025 39.816 34.579 29.319 24.038 18.740 13.426 8.098 2.758 –2.592

–12.294 –12.178 –7.582 –5.244 –3.920 –2.971 –2.258 –1.702 –1.256 –0.890 –0.584 –0.325 –0.103 0.090

56. DIIODINE I2 (cr, l) 298.15 54.440 300 54.518 386.75 61.531

116.139 116.476 131.039

116.139 116.140 117.884

0.000 0.101 5.088

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

386.75 400 457.67

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 15.665 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 40.504 J/K.mol, cr–l 171.543 117.884 20.753 0.000 0.000 174.223 119.706 21.807 0.000 0.000 184.938 127.266 26.395 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

79.555 79.555 79.555

J/K.mol

57. DIIODINE I2 (g) 298.15 36.887 300 36.897 400 37.256 457.67 37.385 500 37.464 600 37.613 700 37.735 800 37.847 900 37.956 1000 38.070 1100 38.196 1200 38.341 1300 38.514 1400 38.719 1500 38.959

260.685 260.913 271.584 276.610 279.921 286.765 292.573 297.619 302.083 306.088 309.722 313.052 316.127 318.989 321.668

260.685 260.685 262.138 263.652 264.891 267.983 271.092 274.099 276.965 279.681 282.249 284.679 286.981 289.166 291.245

0.000 0.068 3.778 5.931 7.515 11.269 15.037 18.816 22.606 26.407 30.220 34.047 37.890 41.751 45.635

62.420 62.387 44.391

58. HYDROGEN IODIDE 29.157 298.15 300 29.158 400 29.329 500 29.738 600 30.351 700 31.070 800 31.807 900 32.511 1000 33.156 1100 33.735 1200 34.249 1300 34.703 1400 35.106 1500 35.463

HI (g) 206.589 206.769 215.176 221.760 227.233 231.965 236.162 239.950 243.409 246.597 249.555 252.314 254.901 257.336

206.589 206.589 207.734 209.904 212.348 214.820 217.230 219.548 221.763 223.878 225.896 227.823 229.666 231.430

0.000 0.054 2.977 5.928 8.931 12.002 15.145 18.362 21.646 24.991 28.391 31.839 35.330 38.858

26.500 26.477 17.093 –5.481 –5.819 –6.101 –6.323 –6.489 –6.608 –6.689 –6.741 –6.775 –6.797 –6.814

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

∆fG° –170.132 –164.429

Log Kf 6.348 5.726

19.324 19.056 5.447 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

–3.385 –3.318 –0.711

1.700 1.546 –6.289 –9.946 –10.806 –11.614 –12.386 –13.133 –13.865 –14.586 –15.302 –16.014 –16.723 –17.432

–0.298 –0.269 0.821 1.039 0.941 0.867 0.809 0.762 0.724 0.693 0.666 0.643 0.624 0.607

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

3/14/06 2:39:28 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

T/K

C°p

59. POTASSIUM K (cr, l) 298.15 29.600 300 29.671 336.86 32.130 336.86 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1039.4

32.129 31.552 30.741 30.158 29.851 29.838 30.130 30.730 31.053

60. POTASSIUM K (g) 20.786 298.15 300 20.786 400 20.786 500 20.786 600 20.786 700 20.786 800 20.786 900 20.786 1000 20.786 1039.4 20.786 1100 20.786 1200 20.786 1300 20.789 1400 20.793 1500 20.801

S°

J/K.mol

64.680 64.863 68.422

0.000 0.055 1.188

kJ/mol ∆fH° 0.000 0.000 0.000

∆fG°

Log Kf 0.000 0.000 0.000

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 2.321 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 6.891 J/K.mol, cr–l 75.313 64.896 3.509 0.000 0.000 80.784 66.986 5.519 0.000 0.000 87.734 70.469 8.632 0.000 0.000 93.283 73.824 11.675 0.000 0.000 97.905 76.943 14.673 0.000 0.000 101.887 79.818 17.655 0.000 0.000 105.415 82.470 20.651 0.000 0.000 108.618 84.927 23.691 0.000 0.000 109.812 85.847 24.908 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

160.340 160.468 166.448 171.086 174.876 178.080 180.856 183.304 185.494 186.297 187.475 189.284 190.948 192.489 193.923

64.680 64.681 64.896

H°–H° (Tr)

0.000 0.000 0.000

61. DIPOTASSIUM OXIDE K2O (cr, l) 298.15 72.000 96.000 96.446 300 72.130 118.158 400 79.154 136.575 500 86.178 151.348 590 92.500

160.340 160.340 161.155 162.695 164.419 166.148 167.817 169.404 170.905 171.474 172.323 173.662 174.929 176.129 177.268

0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 15.408 16.667 18.746 20.825 22.904 24.983

89.000 88.984 85.598 84.563 83.599 82.680 81.776 80.859 79.897

96.000 96.001 98.914 104.647 110.662

0.000 0.133 7.698 15.964 24.005

–361.700 –361.704 –366.554 –366.043 –364.204

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

60.479 60.302 51.332 42.887 34.643 26.557 18.601 10.759 3.021 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

–10.596 –10.499 –6.703 –4.480 –3.016 –1.982 –1.215 –0.624 –0.158 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

–321.171 –320.920 –306.416 –291.423 –278.079

56.267 55.876 40.013 30.444 24.619

100.000 100.000 100.000

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.700 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.186 J/K.mol, crIII–crII 152.534 110.662 24.705 –364.204 –278.079 154.215 111.374 25.705 –363.968 –276.621 161.447 114.618 30.205 –358.901 –270.109

24.619 24.082 21.874

645 700 800 900 1000 1013

100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 4.000 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 6.202 J/K.mol, crII–crI 167.649 114.618 34.205 –358.901 –270.109 175.832 119.111 39.705 –357.592 –262.592 189.185 127.054 49.705 –355.224 –249.183 200.963 134.625 59.705 –352.919 –236.067 211.499 141.794 69.705 –350.732 –223.202 212.791 142.697 71.005 –323.459 –221.546

21.874 19.595 16.270 13.701 11.659 11.424

1013 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 27.000 kJ/mol, ∆trs S =26.654 J/K.mol, crI–l 239.444 142.697 98.005 –323.459 –221.546 247.684 150.679 106.705 –479.439 –203.633 256.385 159.131 116.705 –475.371 –178.740 264.389 166.924 126.705 –471.321 –154.185 271.800 174.154 136.705 –467.287 –129.941 278.699 180.896 146.705 –463.268 –105.986

11.424 9.670 7.780 6.195 4.848 3.691

590 600 645

487_S05.indb 59

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T

5-59

3/14/06 2:39:30 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

5-60 T/K

C°p

S°

J/K.mol

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T

62. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE KOH (cr, l) 298.15 64.900 78.870 79.272 300 65.038 99.007 400 72.519 115.993 500 80.000 119.159 520 81.496

0.000 0.120 6.998 14.624 16.239

kJ/mol ∆fH° –424.580 –424.569 –426.094 –424.572 –417.725

∆fG°

Log Kf

–378.747 –378.463 –362.765 –347.093 –344.002

66.354 65.895 47.372 36.260 34.555

520 600 678

79.000 79.000 79.000

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 6.450 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 12.404 J/K.mol, crII–crI 131.563 87.931 22.689 –417.725 –344.002 142.868 94.520 29.009 –416.274 –332.766 152.523 100.649 35.171 –405.464 –321.998

34.555 28.969 24.807

678 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 9.400 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 13.865 J/K.mol, crI–l 166.388 100.649 44.571 –405.464 –321.998 169.038 102.757 46.397 –404.981 –319.297 180.121 111.750 54.697 –402.808 –307.206 189.897 119.901 62.997 –400.694 –295.383 198.642 127.345 71.297 –398.668 –283.791 206.553 134.192 79.597 –475.618 –267.780 213.775 140.527 87.897 –472.711 –249.014 220.418 146.421 96.197 –469.843 –230.490 226.569 151.929 104.497 –467.011 –212.184 232.296 157.098 112.797 –464.217 –194.080

24.807 23.826 20.058 17.143 14.824 12.716 10.839 9.261 7.917 6.758

63. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE KOH (g) 49.184 238.283 298.15 238.588 300 49.236 253.053 400 51.178 264.591 500 52.178 274.163 600 52.804 282.340 700 53.296 289.487 800 53.758 295.846 900 54.229 301.585 1000 54.713 306.823 1100 55.203 311.647 1200 55.686 316.122 1300 56.153 320.300 1400 56.598 324.220 1500 57.016

238.283 238.284 240.243 243.998 248.251 252.551 256.730 260.730 264.533 268.143 271.570 274.827 277.927 280.884

0.000 0.091 5.124 10.296 15.547 20.853 26.206 31.605 37.052 42.548 48.092 53.684 59.322 65.003

–227.989 –228.007 –231.377 –232.309 –233.145 –233.934 –234.708 –235.495 –236.322 –316.077 –315.925 –315.764 –315.595 –315.420

–229.685 –229.696 –229.667 –229.129 –228.413 –227.562 –226.599 –225.538 –224.388 –218.535 –209.674 –200.826 –191.991 –183.169

40.239 39.993 29.991 23.937 19.885 16.981 14.795 13.090 11.721 10.377 9.127 8.069 7.163 6.378

64. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE KCl (cr, l) 51.300 82.570 298.15 82.887 300 51.333 97.886 400 52.977 109.867 500 54.448 119.921 600 55.885 128.649 700 57.425 136.430 800 59.205 143.523 900 61.361 150.121 1000 64.032 152.908 1044 65.405

82.570 82.571 84.605 88.498 92.919 97.413 101.812 106.058 110.138 111.882

0.000 0.095 5.312 10.685 16.201 21.865 27.694 33.719 39.983 42.830

–436.490 –436.481 –438.463 –437.990 –437.332 –436.502 –435.505 –434.337 –432.981 –485.450

–408.568 –408.395 –398.651 –388.749 –378.960 –369.295 –359.760 –350.360 –341.100 –336.720

71.579 71.107 52.058 40.612 32.991 27.557 23.490 20.334 17.817 16.847

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 26.320 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 25.210 J/K.mol, cr–l 178.118 111.882 69.150 –485.450 –336.720 181.880 115.351 73.182 –483.633 –328.790 188.145 121.160 80.382 –480.393 –314.856 193.908 126.537 87.582 –477.158 –301.192 199.244 131.542 94.782 –473.928 –287.778 204.211 136.223 101.982 –470.704 –274.594

16.847 15.613 13.705 12.102 10.737 9.562

1044 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

487_S05.indb 60

78.870 78.871 81.512 86.745 87.931

H°–H° (Tr)

72.000 72.000 72.000 72.000 72.000 72.000

3/14/06 2:39:31 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature H°–H° (Tr)

65. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE KCl (g) 298.15 36.505 239.091 239.317 300 36.518 249.904 400 37.066 258.212 500 37.384 265.048 600 37.597 270.857 700 37.769 275.910 800 37.907 280.382 900 38.041 284.397 1000 38.162 288.039 1100 38.279 291.375 1200 38.401 294.454 1300 38.518 297.313 1400 38.639 299.983 1500 38.761

239.091 239.092 240.532 243.267 246.344 249.441 252.441 255.302 258.014 260.581 263.010 265.312 267.496 269.574

0.000 0.068 3.749 7.473 11.222 14.991 18.775 22.572 26.383 30.205 34.039 37.885 41.743 45.613

–214.575 –214.594 –218.112 –219.287 –220.396 –221.461 –222.509 –223.568 –224.667 –304.696 –304.821 –304.941 –305.053 –305.159

–233.320 –233.436 –239.107 –244.219 –249.100 –253.799 –258.347 –262.764 –267.061 –266.627 –263.161 –259.684 –256.199 –252.706

40.876 40.644 31.224 25.513 21.686 18.938 16.868 15.250 13.950 12.661 11.455 10.434 9.559 8.800

66. DINITROGEN N2 (g) 298.15 29.124 300 29.125 400 29.249 500 29.580 600 30.109 700 30.754 800 31.433 900 32.090 1000 32.696 1100 33.241 1200 33.723 1300 34.147 1400 34.517 1500 34.842

191.608 191.788 200.180 206.738 212.175 216.864 221.015 224.756 228.169 231.311 234.224 236.941 239.485 241.878

191.608 191.608 192.752 194.916 197.352 199.812 202.208 204.509 206.706 208.802 210.801 212.708 214.531 216.275

0.000 0.054 2.971 5.911 8.894 11.936 15.046 18.222 21.462 24.759 28.108 31.502 34.936 38.404

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

67. NITRIC OXIDE NO (g) 29.862 210.745 298.15 210.930 300 29.858 219.519 400 29.954 226.255 500 30.493 231.879 600 31.243 236.754 700 32.031 241.081 800 32.770 244.979 900 33.425 248.531 1000 33.990 251.794 1100 34.473 254.811 1200 34.883 257.618 1300 35.234 260.240 1400 35.533 262.700 1500 35.792

210.745 210.746 211.916 214.133 216.635 219.168 221.642 224.022 226.298 228.469 230.540 232.516 234.404 236.209

0.000 0.055 3.041 6.061 9.147 12.310 15.551 18.862 22.233 25.657 29.125 32.632 36.170 39.737

91.277 91.278 91.320 91.340 91.354 91.369 91.386 91.405 91.426 91.445 91.464 91.481 91.495 91.506

87.590 87.567 86.323 85.071 83.816 82.558 81.298 80.036 78.772 77.505 76.237 74.967 73.697 72.425

–15.345 –15.247 –11.272 –8.887 –7.297 –6.160 –5.308 –4.645 –4.115 –3.680 –3.318 –3.012 –2.750 –2.522

NO2 (g) 240.166 240.397 251.554 260.939 269.147 276.471 283.083 289.106 294.631 299.729 304.459

240.166 240.167 241.666 244.605 248.026 251.575 255.107 258.555 261.891 265.102 268.187

0.000 0.069 3.955 8.167 12.673 17.427 22.381 27.496 32.741 38.090 43.526

34.193 34.181 33.637 33.319 33.174 33.151 33.213 33.334 33.495 33.686 33.898

52.316 52.429 58.600 64.882 71.211 77.553 83.893 90.221 96.534 102.828 109.105

–9.165 –9.129 –7.652 –6.778 –6.199 –5.787 –5.478 –5.236 –5.042 –4.883 –4.749

C°p

68. NITROGEN DIOXIDE 298.15 37.178 300 37.236 400 40.513 500 43.664 600 46.383 700 48.612 800 50.405 900 51.844 1000 53.007 1100 53.956 1200 54.741

487_S05.indb 61

kJ/mol ∆fH°

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T

T/K

S°

J/K.mol

5-61 ∆fG°

Log Kf

3/14/06 2:39:33 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

5-62 S° 308.867 312.994 316.871

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T 271.148 273.992 276.722

H°–H° (Tr) 49.034 54.603 60.224

69. AMMONIA NH3 (g) 298.15 35.630 300 35.678 400 38.674 500 41.994 600 45.229 700 48.269 800 51.112 900 53.769 1000 56.244 1100 58.535 1200 60.644 1300 62.576 1400 64.339 1500 65.945

192.768 192.989 203.647 212.633 220.578 227.781 234.414 240.589 246.384 251.854 257.039 261.970 266.673 271.168

192.768 192.769 194.202 197.011 200.289 203.709 207.138 210.516 213.816 217.027 220.147 223.176 226.117 228.971

0.000 0.066 3.778 7.811 12.174 16.850 21.821 27.066 32.569 38.309 44.270 50.432 56.779 63.295

70. OXYGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

161.058 161.194 167.430 172.197 176.060 179.310 182.115 184.584 186.789 188.782 190.599 192.270 193.815 195.254

161.058 161.059 161.912 163.511 165.290 167.067 168.777 170.399 171.930 173.372 174.733 176.019 177.236 178.389

205.148 205.330 213.873 220.695 226.454 231.470 235.925 239.937 243.585 246.930 250.019 252.888 255.568 258.081 32.070 32.210 37.030

T/K 1300 1400 1500

C°p 55.399 55.960 56.446

O (g) 21.911 21.901 21.482 21.257 21.124 21.040 20.984 20.944 20.915 20.893 20.877 20.864 20.853 20.845

71. DIOXYGEN O2 (g) 298.15 29.378 300 29.387 400 30.109 500 31.094 600 32.095 700 32.987 800 33.741 900 34.365 1000 34.881 1100 35.314 1200 35.683 1300 36.006 1400 36.297 1500 36.567 72. SULFUR S (cr, l) 22.690 298.15 300 22.737 368.3 24.237 368.3 388.36

487_S05.indb 62

J/K.mol

24.773 25.180

kJ/mol ∆fH° 34.124 34.360 34.604

∆fG° 115.363 121.603 127.827

Log Kf –4.635 –4.537 –4.451

–45.940 –45.981 –48.087 –49.908 –51.430 –52.682 –53.695 –54.499 –55.122 –55.589 –55.920 –56.136 –56.251 –56.282

–16.407 –16.223 –5.980 4.764 15.846 27.161 38.639 50.231 61.903 73.629 85.392 97.177 108.975 120.779

2.874 2.825 0.781 –0.498 –1.379 –2.027 –2.523 –2.915 –3.233 –3.496 –3.717 –3.905 –4.066 –4.206

0.000 0.041 2.207 4.343 6.462 8.570 10.671 12.767 14.860 16.950 19.039 21.126 23.212 25.296

249.180 249.193 249.874 250.481 251.019 251.500 251.932 252.325 252.686 253.022 253.335 253.630 253.908 254.171

231.743 231.635 225.677 219.556 213.319 206.997 200.610 194.171 187.689 181.173 174.628 168.057 161.463 154.851

–40.600 –40.331 –29.470 –22.937 –18.571 –15.446 –13.098 –11.269 –9.804 –8.603 –7.601 –6.753 –6.024 –5.392

205.148 205.148 206.308 208.525 211.045 213.612 216.128 218.554 220.878 223.096 225.213 227.233 229.162 231.007

0.000 0.054 3.026 6.085 9.245 12.500 15.838 19.244 22.707 26.217 29.768 33.352 36.968 40.611

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

32.070 32.070 32.554

0.000 0.042 1.649

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.401 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.089 J/K.mol, crII–crI 38.119 32.553 2.050 0.000 0.000 39.444 32.875 2.551 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000

3/14/06 2:39:35 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature T/K

C°p

S°

J/K.mol

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T

5-63 H°–H° (Tr)

kJ/mol ∆fH°

∆fG°

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 1.722 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 4.431 J/K mol, crI–l 43.875 32.872 4.273 0.000 0.000 44.824 33.206 4.647 0.000 0.000 53.578 36.411 8.584 0.000 0.000 60.116 39.842 12.164 0.000 0.000 65.278 43.120 15.511 0.000 0.000 69.557 46.163 18.715 0.000 0.000 72.693 48.496 21.351 0.000 0.000

Log Kf

.

388.36 400 500 600 700 800 882.38

31.710 32.369 38.026 34.371 32.451 32.000 32.000

73. SULFUR 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

S (g) 23.673 23.669 23.233 22.741 22.338 22.031 21.800 21.624 21.489 21.386 21.307 21.249 21.209 21.186

167.828 167.974 174.730 179.860 183.969 187.388 190.314 192.871 195.142 197.185 199.043 200.746 202.319 203.781

167.828 167.828 168.752 170.482 172.398 174.302 176.125 177.847 179.465 180.985 182.413 183.759 185.029 186.231

0.000 0.044 2.391 4.689 6.942 9.160 11.351 13.522 15.677 17.821 19.955 22.083 24.206 26.325

277.180 277.182 274.924 273.286 271.958 270.829 269.816 215.723 216.018 216.284 216.525 216.743 216.940 217.119

228.165 228.366 237.956 245.686 252.156 257.715 262.589 266.200 266.932 270.852 274.430 277.725 280.781 283.635 286.314

228.165 228.165 229.462 231.959 234.800 237.686 240.501 242.734 243.201 245.773 248.218 250.541 252.751 254.856 256.865

0.000 0.060 3.398 6.863 10.413 14.020 17.671 20.706 21.358 25.079 28.833 32.620 36.439 40.290 44.173

128.600 128.576 122.703 118.296 114.685 111.599 108.841 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

75. OCTASULFUR S8 (g) 298.15 156.500 432.536 433.505 300 156.768 400 167.125 480.190 500 173.181 518.176 600 177.936 550.180 700 182.441 577.948 800 186.764 602.596 900 190.595 624.821 1000 193.618 645.067 1100 195.684 663.625 1200 196.825 680.707 1300 197.195 696.480 1400 196.988 711.089 1500 196.396 724.662

432.536 432.539 438.834 451.022 464.951 479.152 493.071 506.495 519.355 531.639 543.359 554.539 565.206 575.389

0.000 0.290 16.542 33.577 51.137 69.157 87.620 106.494 125.712 145.185 164.817 184.524 204.237 223.909

SO2 (g) 248.219 248.466

248.219 248.220

0.000 0.074

74. DISULFUR S2 (g) 298.15 32.505 300 32.540 400 34.108 500 35.133 600 35.815 700 36.305 800 36.697 882.38 36.985 900 37.045 1000 37.377 1100 37.704 1200 38.030 1300 38.353 1400 38.669 1500 38.976

76. SULFUR DIOXIDE 298.15 39.842 300 39.909

487_S05.indb 63

101.277 101.231 80.642 66.185 55.101 46.349 39.177 –392.062 –387.728 –383.272 –378.786 –374.356 –370.048 –365.905 –296.810 –296.833

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

236.704 236.453 222.962 210.145 197.646 185.352 173.210 162.258 156.301 150.317 144.309 138.282 132.239 126.182

–41.469 –41.170 –29.115 –21.953 –17.206 –13.831 –11.309 –9.417 –8.164 –7.138 –6.282 –5.556 –4.934 –4.394

79.696 79.393 63.380 49.031 35.530 22.588 10.060

–13.962 –13.823 –8.276 –5.122 –3.093 –1.685 –0.657

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

48.810 48.484 32.003 21.409 13.549 7.343 2.263 6.554 50.614 94.233 137.444 180.283 222.785 264.984

–8.551 –8.442 –4.179 –2.237 –1.180 –0.548 –0.148 –0.380 –2.644 –4.475 –5.983 –7.244 –8.312 –9.227

–300.090 –300.110

52.574 52.253

3/14/06 2:39:37 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

5-64 T/K 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

C°p 43.427 46.490 48.938 50.829 52.282 53.407 54.290 54.993 55.564 56.033 56.426 56.759

S° 260.435 270.465 279.167 286.859 293.746 299.971 305.646 310.855 315.665 320.131 324.299 328.203

77. SILICON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

Si (cr) 19.789 19.855 22.301 23.610 24.472 25.124 25.662 26.135 26.568 26.974 27.362 27.737 28.103 28.462

18.810 18.933 25.023 30.152 34.537 38.361 41.752 44.802 47.578 50.130 52.493 54.698 56.767 58.719

18.810 18.810 19.624 21.231 23.092 25.006 26.891 28.715 30.464 32.138 33.737 35.265 36.728 38.130

0.000 0.037 2.160 4.461 6.867 9.348 11.888 14.478 17.114 19.791 22.508 25.263 28.055 30.883

78. SILICON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

Si (g) 22.251 22.234 21.613 21.316 21.153 21.057 21.000 20.971 20.968 20.989 21.033 21.099 21.183 21.282

167.980 168.117 174.416 179.204 183.074 186.327 189.135 191.606 193.815 195.815 197.643 199.329 200.895 202.360

167.980 167.980 168.843 170.456 172.246 174.032 175.748 177.375 178.911 180.358 181.723 183.014 184.236 185.396

SiO2 (cr) 41.460 41.736 55.744 68.505 79.919 90.114 99.674 104.298

41.460 41.461 43.311 47.094 51.633 56.414 61.226 63.533

79. SILICON DIOXIDE 298.15 44.602 300 44.712 400 53.477 500 60.533 600 64.452 700 68.234 800 76.224 848 82.967 848 900 1000 1100 1200

487_S05.indb 64

J/K.mol

67.446 67.953 68.941 69.940 70.947

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T 249.828 252.978 256.634 260.413 264.157 267.796 271.301 274.664 277.882 280.963 283.911 286.735

H°–H° (Tr) 4.243 8.744 13.520 18.513 23.671 28.958 34.345 39.810 45.339 50.920 56.543 62.203

kJ/mol ∆fH° –300.240 –302.735 –304.699 –306.308 –307.691 –362.075 –362.012 –361.934 –361.849 –361.763 –361.680 –361.605

∆fG° –300.935 –300.831 –300.258 –299.386 –298.302 –295.987 –288.647 –281.314 –273.989 –266.671 –259.359 –252.053

Log Kf 39.298 31.427 26.139 22.340 19.477 17.178 15.077 13.358 11.926 10.715 9.677 8.777

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.041 2.229 4.374 6.497 8.607 10.709 12.808 14.904 17.002 19.103 21.209 23.323 25.446

450.000 450.004 450.070 449.913 449.630 449.259 448.821 448.329 447.791 447.211 446.595 445.946 445.268 444.563

405.525 405.249 390.312 375.388 360.508 345.682 330.915 316.205 301.553 286.957 272.416 257.927 243.489 229.101

–71.045 –70.559 –50.969 –39.216 –31.385 –25.795 –21.606 –18.352 –15.751 –13.626 –11.858 –10.364 –9.085 –7.978

0.000 0.083 4.973 10.705 16.971 23.590 30.758 34.569

–910.700 –910.708 –910.912 –910.540 –909.841 –908.958 –907.668 –906.310

–856.288 –855.951 –837.651 –819.369 –801.197 –783.157 –765.265 –756.747

150.016 149.032 109.385 85.598 69.749 58.439 49.966 46.613

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.411 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 0.484 J/K.mol, crII–crII′ 104.782 63.532 34.980 –906.310 –756.747 108.811 66.033 38.500 –905.922 –747.587 116.021 70.676 45.345 –905.176 –730.034 122.639 75.104 52.289 –904.420 –712.557 128.768 79.323 59.333 –901.382 –695.148

46.613 43.388 38.133 33.836 30.259

3/14/06 2:39:39 PM

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature T/K

C°p

S°

J/K.mol

–(G°–H° (Tr))/T

5-65 H°–H° (Tr)

kJ/mol ∆fH°

∆fG°

PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 2.261 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.883 J/K mol, crII′–crI 130.651 79.323 61.594 –901.382 –695.148 136.372 83.494 68.742 –900.574 –677.994 141.707 87.463 75.941 –899.782 –660.903 146.709 91.248 83.191 –899.004 –643.867

Log Kf

.

1200 1300 1400 1500

71.199 71.743 72.249 72.739

80. SILICON TETRACHLORIDE SiCl4 (g) 298.15 90.404 331.446 332.006 300 90.562 359.019 400 96.893 381.058 500 100.449 399.576 600 102.587 415.500 700 103.954 429.445 800 104.875 441.837 900 105.523 452.981 1000 105.995 463.101 1100 106.349 472.366 1200 106.620 480.909 1300 106.834 488.833 1400 107.003 496.220 1500 107.141

487_S05.indb 65

331.446 331.448 335.088 342.147 350.216 358.432 366.455 374.155 381.490 388.456 395.068 401.347 407.316 413.000

0.000 0.167 9.572 19.456 29.616 39.948 50.392 60.914 71.491 82.109 92.758 103.431 114.123 124.830

–662.200 –662.195 –661.853 –661.413 –660.924 –660.417 –659.912 –659.422 –658.954 –658.515 –658.107 –657.735 –657.400 –657.104

–622.390 –622.143 –608.841 –595.637 –582.527 –569.501 –556.548 –543.657 –530.819 –518.027 –505.274 –492.553 –479.860 –467.189

30.259 27.242 24.658 22.421 109.039 108.323 79.505 62.225 50.713 42.496 36.338 31.553 27.727 24.599 21.994 19.791 17.904 16.269

3/14/06 2:39:40 PM

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS This table contains standard state thermodynamic properties of ions and neutral species in aqueous solution. It includes enthalpy and Gibbs energy of formation, entropy, and heat capacity, and thus serves as a companion to the preceding table, “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances”. The standard state is the hypothetical ideal solution with molality m = 1 mol/kg (mean ionic molality m± in the case of a species which is assumed to dissociate at infinite dilution). Further details on conventions may be found in Reference 1. Cations are listed by formula in the first part of the table, followed by anions and finally neutral species. All values refer to standard conditions of 25°C and 100 kPa pressure.

Species Cations Ag+ Al+3 AlOH+2 Ba+2 BaOH+ Be+2 Bi+3 BiOH+2 Ca+2 CaOH+ Cd+2 CdOH+ Ce+3 Ce+4 Co+2 Co+3 Cr+2 Cs+ Cu+ Cu+2 Dy+3 Er+3 Eu+2 Eu+3 Fe+2 Fe+3 FeOH+ FeOH+2 Fe(OH)2+ Ga+2 Ga+3 GaOH+2 Ga(OH)2+ Gd+3 H+ Hg+2 Hg2+2 HgOH+ Ho+3 In+ In+2 In+3

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 105.6 –531.0 –537.6 –382.8

–542.8 –75.9 –696.2 –537.2 –58.2 92.0 –143.5 –258.3 71.7 64.8 –699.0 –705.4 –527.0 –605.0 –89.1 –48.5 –324.7 –290.8

–211.7

–686.0 0 171.1 172.4 –84.5 –705.0

–105.0

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1

S°/ J mol–1K–1

Cp/ J mol–1K–1

77.1 –485.0 –694.1 –560.8 –730.5 –379.7 82.8 –146.4 –553.6 –718.4 –77.6 –261.1 –672.0 –503.8 –54.4 134.0

72.7 –321.7

21.8

–292.0 50.0 65.5 –665.0 –669.1 –540.2 –574.1 –78.9 –4.7 –277.4 –229.4 –438.0 –88.0 –159.0 –380.3 –597.4 –661.0 0 164.4 153.5 –52.3 –673.7 –12.1 –50.7 –98.0

133.1 40.6 –99.6 –231.0 –244.3 –8.0 –222.0 –137.7 –315.9 –29.0 –142.0

9.6 –129.7

–53.1 –73.2 –205.0 –301.0 –113.0 –305.0 –10.5

21.0 21.0 8.0

–331.0

–205.9 0 –32.2 84.5 71.0 –226.8

–151.0

0

17.0

References 1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Zemaitis, J. F., Clark, D. M., Rafal, M., and Scrivner, N. C., Handbook of Aqueous Electrolyte Thermodynamics, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1986.

Species InOH+2 In(OH)2+ K+ La+3 Li+ Lu+3 LuF+2 Mg+2 MgOH+ Mn+2 MnOH+ NH4+ N2H5+ Na+ Nd+3 Ni+2 NiOH+ PH4+ Pa+4 Pb+2 PbOH+ Pd+2 Po+2 Po+4 Pr+3 Pt+2 Ra+2 Rb+ Re+ Sc+3 ScOH+2 Sm+2 Sm+3 Sn+2 SnOH+ Sr+2 SrOH+ Tb+3 Te(OH)3+ Th+4 Th(OH)+3 Th(OH)2+2 Tl+

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 –370.3 –619.0 –252.4 –707.1 –278.5 –665.0 –466.9 –220.8 –450.6 –132.5 –7.5 –240.1 –696.2 –54.0 –287.9 –619.0 –1.7 149.0

–704.6 –527.6 –251.2 –614.2 –861.5 –691.6 –8.8 –286.2 –545.8 –682.8 –608.4 –769.0 –1030.1 –1282.4 5.4

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1 –313.0 –525.0 –283.3 –683.7 –293.3 –628.0 –931.4 –454.8 –626.7 –228.1 –405.0 –79.3 82.5 –261.9 –671.6 –45.6 –227.6 92.1 –24.4 –226.3 176.5 71.0 293.0 –679.1 254.8 –561.5 –284.0 –33.0 –586.6 –801.2 –497.5 –666.6 –27.2 –254.8 –559.5 –721.3 –651.9 –496.1 –705.1 –920.5 –1140.9 –32.4

S°/ Cp/ J mol–1K–1 J mol–1K–1 –88.0 25.0 102.5 21.8 –217.6 –13.0 13.4 68.6 –264.0 25.0 –138.1 –73.6 –17.0 113.4 151.0 59.0 –206.7 –128.9 –71.0

50.0 79.9 70.3 46.4 –21.0

10.5 –184.0

–209.0

–29.0

54.0 121.5 –255.0 –134.0 –211.7 –17.0 50.0 –32.6

–21.0

–226.0 111.7 –422.6 –343.0 –218.0 125.5

17.0

5-66

Section5.indb 66

4/29/05 3:47:27 PM

Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Systems Species

Tl+3 TlOH+2 Tl(OH)2+ Tm+3 U+3 U+4 Y+3 Y2(OH)2+4 Yb+2 Yb+3 Y(OH)+2 Zn+2 ZnOH+ Anions AlO2– Al(OH)4– AsO2– AsO4–3 BF4– BH4– BO2– B4O7–2 BeO2–2 Br– BrO– BrO3– BrO4– CHOO– CH3COO– C2O4–2 C2O4H– Cl– ClO– ClO2– ClO3– ClO4– CN– CO3–2 CrO4–2 Cr2O7–2 F– Fe(CN)6–3 Fe(CN)6–4 HB4O7– HCO3– HF2– HPO3F– HPO4–2 HP2O7–3 HS – HSO3– HSO4– HS2O4– HSe– HSeO3– HSeO4– H2AsO3– H2AsO4– H2PO4– H2P2O7–2

Section5.indb 67

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 196.6

–697.9 –489.1 –591.2 –723.4

–674.5 –153.9

–930.9 –1502.5 –429.0 –888.1 –1574.9 48.2 –772.4 –790.8 –121.6 –94.1 –67.1 13.0 –425.6 –486.0 –825.1 –818.4 –167.2 –107.1 –66.5 –104.0 –129.3 150.6 –677.1 –881.2 –1490.3 –332.6 561.9 455.6 –692.0 –649.9 –1292.1 –2274.8 –17.6 –626.2 –887.3 15.9 –514.6 –581.6 –714.8 –909.6 –1296.3 –2278.6

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1 214.6 –15.9 –244.7 –662.0 –476.2 –531.9 –693.8 –1780.3 –527.0 –644.0 –879.1 –147.1 –330.1 –830.9 –1305.3 –350.0 –648.4 –1486.9 114.4 –678.9 –2604.8 –640.1 –104.0 –33.4 18.6 118.1 –351.0 –369.3 –673.9 –698.3 –131.2 –36.8 17.2 –8.0 –8.5 172.4 –527.8 –727.8 –1301.1 –278.8 729.4 695.1 –2685.1 –586.8 –578.1 –1198.2 –1089.2 –1972.2 12.1 –527.7 –755.9 –614.5 44.0 –411.5 –452.2 –587.1 –753.2 –1130.2 –2010.2

5-67

S°/ Cp/ J mol–1K–1 J mol–1K–1 –192.0

–243.0 –188.0 –410.0 –251.0

25.0

–238.0

25.0

–112.1

46.0

–36.8 102.9 40.6 –162.8 180.0 110.5 –37.2 –159.0 82.4 42.0 161.7 199.6 92.0 86.6 45.6 149.4 56.5 42.0 101.3 162.3 182.0 94.1 –56.9 50.2 261.9 –13.8 270.3 95.0

–141.8

–87.9 –6.3

–136.4

–106.7

91.2 92.5 –33.5 46.0 62.8 139.7 131.8 79.0 135.1 149.4 110.5 117.0 90.4 163.0

–84.0

Species

I– IO– IO3– IO4– MnO4– MnO4–2 MoO4–2 NO2– NO3– N3– OCN– OH– PO4–3 P2O7–4 Re– S –2 SCN– SO3–2 SO4–2 S2–2 S2O3–2 S2O4–2 S2O8–2 Se–2 SeO3–2 SeO4–2 VO3– VO4–3 WO4–2 Neutral species AgBr AgCl AgF AgI AgNO3 Ag2SO4 AlBr3 AlCl3 AlF3 AlI3 Al2(SO4)3 BaBr2 BaCO3 BaCl2 BaF2 Ba(HCO3)2 BaI2 Ba(NO3)2 BaSO4 BeSO4 CCl3COOH CHCl2COOH CHOOCs CHOOH CHOOK CHOONH4 CHOONa CHOORb CH2ClCOOH CH3COOCs

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 –55.2 –107.5 –221.3 –151.5 –541.4 –653.0 –997.9 –104.6 –207.4 275.1 –146.0 –230.0 –1277.4 –2271.1 46.0 33.1 76.4 –635.5 –909.3 30.1 –652.3 –753.5 –1344.7 –509.2 –599.1 –888.3 –1075.7 –16.0 –61.6 –227.1 50.4 –101.8 –698.1 –895.0 –1033.0 –1531.0 –699.0 –3791.0 –780.7 –1214.8 –872.0 –1202.9 –1921.6 –648.0 –952.4 –1446.9 –1292.0 –516.3 –512.1 –683.8 –425.6 –677.9 –558.1 –665.7 –676.7 –501.3 –744.3

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1 –51.6 –38.5 –128.0 –58.5 –447.2 –500.7 –836.3 –32.2 –111.3 348.2 –97.4 –157.2 –1018.7 –1919.0 10.1 85.8 92.7 –486.5 –744.5 79.5 –522.5 –600.3 –1114.9 129.3 –369.8 –441.3 –783.6 –899.0

S°/ Cp/ J mol–1K–1 J mol–1K–1 111.3 –142.3 –5.4 118.4 222.0 191.2 –82.0 59.0 27.2 123.0 –97.5 146.4 –86.6 107.9 106.7 –10.8 –148.5 –220.5 –117.0 230.0 –14.6 144.3 –40.2 –29.0 20.1 –293.0 28.5 67.0 92.0 244.3 13.0 54.0 50.0

–26.9 –54.1 –201.7 25.5 –34.2 –590.3 –799.0 –879.0 –1322.0 –640.0 –3205.0 –768.7 –1088.6 –823.2 –1118.4 –1734.3 –663.9 –783.3 –1305.3 –1124.3

155.2 129.3 59.0 184.1 219.2 165.7 –74.5 –152.3 –363.2 12.1 –583.2 174.5 –47.3 122.6 –18.0 192.0 232.2 302.5 29.7 –109.6

–643.0 –351.0 –634.2 –430.4 –612.9 –635.1

226.0 92.0 192.0 205.0 151.0 213.0

–661.3

219.7

–120.1 –114.6 –84.9 –120.5 –64.9 –251.0

–87.9 –66.1 –7.9 –41.4

4/29/05 3:47:30 PM

Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Systems

5-68 Species CH3COOH CH3COOK CH3COONH4 CH3COONa CH3COORb (COOH)2 (CH3)3N CaBr2 CaCO3 CaCl2 CaF2 CaI2 Ca(NO3)2 CaSO4 CdBr2 CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CeCl3 CoBr2 CoCl2 CoI2 Co(NO3)2 CoSO4 CsBr CsCl CsF CsHCO3 CsHSO4 CsI CsNO3 Cs2CO3 Cs2S Cs2SO4 Cs2Se Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 DyCl3 ErCl3 EuCl2 EuCl3 FeBr2 FeBr3 FeCl2 FeCl3 FeF2 FeF3 FeI2 FeI3 Fe(NO3)3 FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 GdCl3 HBr HCN HCl HF HI

Section5.indb 68

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 –486.0 –738.4 –618.5 –726.1 –737.2 –825.1 –76.0 –785.9 –1220.0 –877.1 –1208.1 –653.2 –957.6 –1452.1 –319.0 –410.2 –741.2 –186.3 –490.6 –985.2 –1197.5 –301.2 –392.5 –168.6 –472.8 –967.3 –379.8 –425.4 –590.9 –950.3 –1145.6 –313.5 –465.6 –1193.7 –483.7 –1425.8 –350.0 –844.5 –1197.0 –1207.1 –862.0 –1106.2 –332.2 –413.4 –423.4 –550.2 –754.4 –1046.4 –199.6 –214.2 –670.7 –998.3 –2825.0 –1188.0 –121.6 150.6 –167.2 –332.6 –55.2

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1 –369.3 –652.6 –448.6 –631.2 –653.3 –673.9 93.1 –761.5 –1081.4 –816.0 –1111.2 –656.7 –776.1 –1298.1 –285.5 –340.1 –635.2 –180.8 –300.1 –822.1 –1065.6 –262.3 –316.7 –157.7 –276.9 –799.1 –396.0 –423.2 –570.8 –878.8 –1047.9 –343.6 –403.3 –1111.9 –498.3 –1328.6 –454.8 –157.0 –679.0 –1059.0 –1062.7 –967.7 –286.8 –316.7 –341.3 –398.3 –636.5 –840.9 –182.1 –159.4 –338.3 –823.4 –2242.8 –1059.0 –104.0 172.4 –131.2 –278.8 –51.6

S°/ Cp/ J mol–1K–1 J mol–1K–1 86.6 –6.3 189.1 15.5 200.0 73.6 145.6 40.2 207.9 45.6 133.5 111.7 –110.0 59.8 –80.8 169.5 239.7 –33.1 91.6 39.7 –100.8 149.4 219.7 –53.1 –38.0 50.0 109.0 180.0 –92.0 215.5 189.5 119.2 224.3 264.8 244.3 279.5 209.2 251.0 286.2 193.3 –79.5 –61.9 –75.3 –54.0 27.2 –68.6 –24.7 –146.4 –165.3 –357.3 84.9 18.0 123.4 –117.6 –571.5 –36.8 82.4 94.1 56.5 –13.8 111.3

–146.9

–152.7 –99.0

–389.0 –389.0 –402.0

–410.0 –141.8 –136.4 –106.7 –142.3

Species HNO3 HSCN H2SO4 HoCl3 KBr KCl KF KHCO3 KHSO4 KI KNO3 K2CO3 K2S K2SO4 K2Se LaCl3 LiBr LiCl LiF LiI LiNO3 Li2CO3 Li2SO4 LuCl3 MgBr2 MgCl2 MgI2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO4 MnBr2 MnCl2 MnI2 Mn(NO3)2 MnSO4 NH4Br NH4BrO3 NH4CN NH4Cl NH4ClO3 NH4ClO4 NH4F NH4HCO3 NH4HS NH4HSO3 NH4HSO4 NH4HSeO4 NH4H2AsO3 NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 NH4H3P2O7 NH4I NH4IO3 NH4NO2 NH4NO3 NH4OH NH4SCN (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2CrO4 (NH4)2Cr2O7 (NH4)2HAsO4

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 –207.4 76.4 –909.3 –1206.7 –373.9 –419.5 –585.0 –944.4 –1139.7 –307.6 –459.7 –1181.9 –471.5 –1414.0 –1208.8 –400.0 –445.6 –611.1 –333.7 –485.9 –1234.1 –1466.2 –1167.0 –709.9 –801.2 –577.2 –881.6 –1376.1 –464.0 –555.1 –331.0 –635.5 –1130.1 –254.1 –199.6 18.0 –299.7 –236.5 –261.8 –465.1 –824.5 –150.2 –758.7 –1019.9 –714.2 –847.3 –1042.1 –1428.8 –2409.1 –187.7 –354.0 –237.2 –339.9 –362.5 –56.1 –942.2 –1146.2 –1755.2 –1171.4

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1 –111.3 92.7 –744.5 –1067.3 –387.2 –414.5 –562.1 –870.0 –1039.2 –334.9 –394.5 –1094.4 –480.7 –1311.1 –437.2 –1077.3 –397.3 –424.6 –571.9 –344.8 –404.5 –1114.6 –1331.2 –1021.0 –662.7 –717.1 –558.1 –677.3 –1199.5

S°/ Cp/ J mol–1K–1 J mol–1K–1 146.4 –86.6 144.3 –40.2 20.1 –293.0 –57.7 –393.0 184.9 –120.1 159.0 –114.6 88.7 –84.9 193.7 234.3 –63.0 213.8 –120.5 248.9 –64.9 148.1 190.4 225.1 –251.0 –50.0 95.8 69.9 –0.4 124.7 160.2 –29.7 47.3 –96.0 26.8 –25.1 84.5 154.8 –118.0

–423.0 –73.2 –67.8 –38.1 –73.6 –18.0

–490.8

38.9

–222.0

–450.9 –972.7 –183.3 –60.7 93.0 –210.5 –87.3 –87.8 –358.1 –666.1 –67.2 –607.0 –835.2 –531.6 –666.4 –832.5 –1209.6 –2102.6 –130.9 –207.4 –111.6 –190.6 –236.5 13.4 –686.4 –886.4 –1459.5 –873.2

218.0 –53.6 195.8 275.1 207.5 169.9 275.7 295.4 99.6 204.6 176.1 253.1 245.2 262.8 223.8 230.5 203.8 326.0 224.7 231.8 236.4 259.8 102.5 257.7 169.9 277.0 488.7 225.1

–121.0 –243.0 –61.9

–155.6 –385.0

–56.5

–26.8

–3.8

–62.3 –17.6 –6.7 –68.6 39.7

4/29/05 3:47:33 PM

Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Systems Species (NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)2S (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)3PO4 NaBr NaCl NaF NaHCO3 NaHSO4 NaI NaNO3 Na2CO3 Na2S Na2SO4 Na2Se NdCl3 NiBr2 NiCl2 NiF2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2 NiSO4 PbBr2 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2 Pb(NO3)2 PrCl3 RaCl2 Ra(NO3)2 RaSO4 RbBr RbCl RbF

Section5.indb 69

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 –1557.2 –231.8 –900.4 –1174.3 –864.0 –1674.9 –361.7 –407.3 –572.8 –932.1 –1127.5 –295.3 –447.5 –1157.4 –447.3 –1389.5 –1197.9 –297.1 –388.3 –719.2 –164.4 –468.6 –963.2 –244.8 –336.0 –666.9 –112.1 –416.3 –1206.2 –861.9 –942.2 –1436.8 –372.7 –418.3 –583.8

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1 –1247.8 –72.6 –645.0 –903.1 –599.8 –1256.6 –365.8 –393.1 –540.7 –848.7 –1017.8 –313.5 –373.2 –1051.6 –438.1 –1268.4 –394.6 –1065.6 –253.6 –307.9 –603.3 –149.0 –268.5 –790.3 –232.3 –286.9 –582.0 –127.6 –246.9 –1072.7 –823.8 –784.0 –1306.2 –387.9 –415.2 –562.8

5-69

S°/ Cp/ J mol–1K–1 J mol–1K–1 193.3 212.1 197.5 246.9 –133.1 280.7 117.0 141.4 –95.4 115.5 –90.0 45.2 –60.2 150.2 190.8 –38.0 170.3 –95.8 205.4 –40.2 61.1 103.3 138.1 –201.0 –37.7 36.0 –15.1 –156.5 93.7 164.0 –108.8 175.3 123.4 –17.2 233.0 303.3 –42.0 167.0 347.0 75.0 203.9 178.0 107.5

–431.0

–439.0

Species RbHCO3 RbHSO4 RbI RbNO3 Rb2CO3 Rb2S Rb2SO4 SmCl3 SrBr2 SrCO3 SrCl2 SrI2 Sr(NO3)2 SrSO4 TbCl3 TlBr TlBr3 TlCl TlCl3 TlF TlI TlNO3 Tl2SO4 TmCl3 UCl4 UO2CO3 UO2(NO3)2 UO2SO4 YbCl3 ZnBr2 ZnCl2 ZnF2 ZnI2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO4

∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 –943.2 –1138.5 –306.4 –458.5 –1179.5 –469.4 –1411.6 –1193.3 –788.9 –1222.9 –880.1 –656.2 –960.5 –1455.1 –1184.1 –116.2 –168.2 –161.8 –305.0 –327.3 –49.8 –202.0 –898.6 –1199.1 –1259.8 –1696.6 –1434.3 –1928.8 –1176.1 –397.0 –488.2 –819.1 –264.3 –568.6 –1063.2

∆fG°/ kJ mol–1 –870.8 –1039.9 –335.6 –395.2 –1095.8 –482.0 –1312.5 –1060.2 –767.4 –1087.3 –821.9 –662.6 –782.0 –1304.0 –1045.5 –136.4 –97.1 –163.6 –179.0 –311.2 –84.0 –143.7 –809.3 –1055.6 –1056.8 –1481.5 –1176.0 –1698.2 –1037.6 –355.0 –409.5 –704.6 –250.2 –369.6 –891.6

S°/ Cp/ J mol–1K–1 J mol–1K–1 212.7 253.1 232.6 267.8 186.2 228.4 263.2 –42.7 –431.0 132.2 –89.5 80.3 190.0 260.2 –12.6 –59.0 –393.0 207.9 54.0 182.0 –23.0 111.7 236.8 272.0 271.1 –75.0 –385.0 –184.0 –154.4 195.4 –77.4 –71.0 –385.0 52.7 –238.0 0.8 –226.0 –139.7 –167.0 110.5 –238.0 180.7 –126.0 –92.0 –247.0

4/29/05 3:47:34 PM

HEAT OF COMBUSTION The heat of combustion of a substance at 25°C can be calculated from the enthalpy of formation (∆fH°) data in the table “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances” in this Section. We can write the general combustion reaction as X + O 2 → CO 2 (g ) + H 2 O (l) + other products For a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the reaction is simply  1 1  1 C a H b O c + a + b − cO 2 → a CO 2 (g ) + b H 2 O (l)  4 2  2 and the standard heat of combustion ∆cH°, which is defined as the negative of the enthalpy change for the reaction (i.e., the heat released in the combustion process), is given by Molecular formula

Name

∆cH°/kJ mol–1

Inorganic substances C CO H2 H3N H4N2 N2O

Carbon (graphite) Carbon monoxide (g) Hydrogen (g) Ammonia (g) Hydrazine (g) Nitrous oxide (g)

Hydrocarbons CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C3H6 C3H6 C3H8 C4H6 C4H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C10H8

Methane (g) Acetylene (g) Ethylene (g) Ethane (g) Propylene (g) Cyclopropane (g) Propane (g) 1,3-Butadiene (g) Butane (g) Pentane (l) Benzene (l) Cyclohexane (l) Hexane (l) Toluene (l) Heptane (l) Naphthalene (s)

890.8 1301.1 1411.2 1560.7 2058.0 2091.3 2219.2 2541.5 2877.6 3509.0 3267.6 3919.6 4163.2 3910.3 4817.0 5156.3

Alcohols and ethers CH4O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C3H8O

Methanol (l) Ethanol (l) Dimethyl ether (g) Ethylene glycol (l) 1-Propanol (l)

726.1 1366.8 1460.4 1189.2 2021.3

393.5 283.0 285.8 382.8 667.1 82.1

1 ∆c H o = −a∆f H o (CO 2 , g ) − b∆f H o (H 2 O, l) + ∆f H o (C a H b O c ) 2 = 393.51a + 142.915b + ∆f H o (C a H b O c ) This equation applies if the reactants start in their standard states (25°C and one atmosphere pressure) and the products return to the same conditions. The same equation applies to a compound containing another element if that element ends in its standard reference state (e.g., nitrogen, if the product is N2); in general, however, the exact products containing the other elements must be known in order to calculate the heat of combustion. The following table gives the standard heat of combustion calculated in this manner for a few representative substances.

Molecular formula C3H8O3 C4H10O C5H12O C6H6O

Name Glycerol (l) Diethyl ether (l) 1-Pentanol (l) Phenol (s)

Carbonyl compounds CH2O C2H2O C2H4O C3H6O C3H6O C4H8O

Formaldehyde (g) Ketene (g) Acetaldehyde (l) Acetone (l) Propanal (l) 2-Butanone (l)

570.7 1025.4 1166.9 1789.9 1822.7 2444.1

Acids and esters CH2O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C3H6O2 C4H8O2 C6H5NO2 C7H6O2

Formic acid (l) Acetic acid (l) Methyl formate (l) Methyl acetate (l) Ethyl acetate (l) Nicotinic acid (s) Benzoic acid (s)

254.6 874.2 972.6 1592.2 2238.1 2731.1 3228.2

Nitrogen compounds CHN CH3NO2 CH4N2O CH5N C2H3N C2H5NO C3H9N C5H5N C6H7N

Hydrogen cyanide (g) Nitromethane (l) Urea (s) Methylamine (g) Acetonitrile (l) Acetamide (s) Trimethylamine (g) Pyridine (l) Aniline (l)

671.5 709.2 632.7 1085.6 1247.2 1184.6 2443.1 2782.3 3392.8

∆cH°/kJ mol–1 1655.4 2723.9 3330.9 3053.5

5-70

Section5.indb 70

4/29/05 3:47:38 PM

Energy Content of Fuels Several fuels are compared in this table with respect to their energy content per unit mass and the amount of CO2 released per unit of available energy. The energy content is taken to be the negative of the standard enthalpy of combustion (see the table “Heat of Combustion” in this section for more details). The energy is assumed to be released by combustion with oxygen at normal atmospheric pressure, with products of gaseous CO2 and liquid H2O at room temperature. This quantity is often called the “gross heat of combustion” to distinguish it from the “net heat of combustion,” for which the water remains in the gas state. The latter quantity is typically 5% to 10% less than the values given here. The energy content is given both in SI units of MJ/kg and conventional units of BTU/lb. Values for the fossil fuels and other materials are typical; individual samples show wide variations. The last column gives the grams of carbon released as carbon dioxide per megajoule of energy. Examination of the table shows

Fuel Pure compounds Hydrogen

a

that the minimum CO2 release occurs for fuels that have a high ratio of hydrogen to carbon. Furthermore, fuels containing oxygen have a lower energy content and higher CO2 release than hydrocarbons with the same number of carbon atoms.

References 1. Domalski, E. S., Jobe, T. L., and Milne, T. A., Thermodynamic Data for Biomass Conversion and Waste Incineration, SERI/SP-271-2839, Solar Technical Information Program, U. S. Department of Energy, September 1986; see also NBSIR 78-1479, National Bureau of Standards, August 1978. 2. Green, D. W., and Ackers, D. E, Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Eighth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2007. 3. Transportation Energy Data Book, U. S. Department of Energy, May 2007, http://cta.ornl.gov/data/index.shtml. 4. Chemical Composition of Natural Gas, Union Gas Limited, http:// www.uniongas.com/aboutus/aboutng/composition.asp.

Energy content g of C MJ/kg BTU/lb per MJ

Fuel

Energy content g of C MJ/kg BTU/lb per MJ

141.8

61.0

  0.0

Fossil fuels Natural gasa

54.0

23.2

13.9

Methane

55.5

23.9

13.5

Gasoline

46.5

20.0

17.6

Ethane

51.9

22.3

15.4

Kerosene

46.4

20.0

18.5

Propane

50.3

21.7

16.2

Fuel oil

40.9

17.6

21.3

Hexane

48.3

20.8

17.3

Coal, high bituminous

36.3

15.6

23.5

Heptane

48.1

20.7

17.5

Coal, low bituminous

28.9

12.4

26.3

Octane

47.9

20.6

17.6

Coal, anthracite

34.6

14.9

27.3

Methanol

22.7

  9.7

16.5

Ethanol

29.7

12.8

17.6

1-Propanol

33.6

14.5

17.8

Other materials Wood, oak

18.9

  8.1

25.3

1-Butanol

36.1

15.5

18.0

Wood, locust

19.7

  8.5

25.7

1-Octanol

40.7

17.5

18.1

Wood, Ponderosa pine

20.0

  8.6

24.6

Methyl tert-butyl ether

38.2

16.4

17.8

Wood, redwood

20.7

  8.9

24.4

Charcoal, wood

34.7

14.9

26.8

Newsprint

18.6

  8.0

26.5

Cellulose

17.3

  7.5

25.6

Grass (lawn clippings)

19.3

  8.3

24.9

Assumed to be 95% methane, 2.5% ethane, and 2.5% inert compounds; however, the actual composition varies widely (see Reference 4).



6679X_S05.indb 71

5-71

4/11/08 11:29:31 AM

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER This table gives the electrical conductivity of highly purified water over a range of temperature and pressure. The first column of conductivity data refers to water at its own vapor pressure. Equations for calculating the conductivity at any temperature and pressure may be found in the reference.

Reference Marshall, W. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 32, 221, 1987.

Conductivity in µS/cm at the Indicated Pressure t/°C 0 25 100 200 300 400 600

Sat. vapor 0.0115 0.0550 0.765 2.99 2.41

50 MPa 0.0150 0.0686 0.942 4.08 4.87 1.17

100 MPa 0.0189 0.0836 1.13 5.22 7.80 4.91 0.134

200 MPa 0.0275 0.117 1.53 7.65 14.1 14.3 4.65

400 MPa 0.0458 0.194 2.45 13.1 28.9 39.2 33.8

600 MPa 0.0667 0.291 3.51 19.5 46.5 71.3 85.7

5-71

Section5.indb 71

4/29/05 3:47:39 PM

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS The following table gives the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of some acids, bases, and salts as a function of concentration. All values refer to 20°C. The conductivity κ (often called specific conductance in older literature) is the reciprocal of the resistivity. The molar conductivity Λ is related to this by Λ = κ/c, where c is the amount-of-substance concentration of the electrolyte. Thus if κ has units of millisiemens per centimeter (mS/cm), as in this table, and c is expressed in mol/L, then Λ has units of S

cm2 mol-1. For these electrolytes the concentration c corresponding to the mass percent values given here can be found in the table “Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions” in Section 7.

References 1. CRC Handbook of Chemistry, and Physics, 70th Edition, 1989, p. D221. 2. Wolf, A. V., Aqueous Solutions and Body Fluids, Hoeber, 1996.

Electrical Conductivity κ in mS/cm for the Indicated Concentration in Mass Percent Name Acetic acid Ammonia Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfate Barium chloride Calcium chloride Cesium chloride Citric acid Copper(II) sulfate Formic acid Hydrogen chloride Lithium chloride Magnesium chloride Magnesium sulfate Manganese(II) sulfate Nitric acid Oxalic acid Phosphoric acid Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Potassium hydrogen carbonate Potassium hydrogen phosphate Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium permanganate Potassium sulfate Silver(I) nitrate Sodium acetate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium citrate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium hydrogen carbonate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium hydroxide Sodium nitrate Sodium phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium thiosulfate Strontium chloride Sulfuric acid Trichloroacetic acid Zinc sulfate

Formula CH3COOH NH3 NH4Cl (NH4)2SO4 BaCl2 CaCl2 CsCl H3C(OH)(COO)3 CuSO4 HCOOH HCl LiCl MgCl2 MgSO4 MnSO4 HNO3 H2C2O4 H3PO4 KBr K2CO3 KCl

0.5% 0.3 0.5 10.5 7.4 4.7 8.1 3.8 1.2 2.9 1.4 45.1 10.1 8.6 4.1

KH2PO4 KHCO3 K2HPO4 KOH KI KNO3 KMnO4 K2SO4 AgNO3 NaCH3COO NaBr Na2CO3 NaCl Na3C6H5O7 NaH2PO4 NaHCO3 Na2HPO4 NaOH NaNO3 Na3PO4 Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 SrCl2 H2SO4 CCl3COOH ZnSO4

3.0 4.6 5.2 20.0 3.8 5.5 3.5 5.8 3.1 3.9 5.0 7.0 8.2

28.4 14.0 5.5 5.2 7.0 8.2

2.2 4.2 4.6 24.8 5.4 7.3 5.9 5.7 5.9 24.3 10.3 2.8

1% 0.6 0.7 20.4 14.2 9.1 15.7 7.4 2.1 5.4 2.4 92.9 19.0 16.6 7.6 6.2 56.1 21.8 10.1 10.2 13.6 15.7

2% 0.8 1.0 40.3 25.7 17.4 29.4 13.8 3.0 9.3 3.5 183 34.9 31.2 13.3 10.6 108 35.3 16.2 19.5 25.4 29.5

5.9 8.9 9.9 38.5 7.5 10.7 6.9 11.2 6.1 7.6 9.7 13.1 16.0 7.4 4.4 8.2 8.7 48.6 10.6 14.1 11.2 10.7 11.4 47.8 19.6 5.4

11.0 17.0 18.3 75.0 14.2 20.1 13.0 21.0 12.0 14.4 18.4 23.3 30.2 12.8 9.1 15.0 15.6 93.1 20.4 22.7 19.8 19.5 22.0 92 37.2 10.0

5% 1.2 1.1 95.3 57.4 40.4 67.0 32.9 4.7 19.0 5.6

10% 1.5 1.0 180 105 76.7 117 65.8 6.2 32.2 7.8

15% 1.7 0.7

20% 1.7 0.5

147 109.0 157 102 7.0 42.3 9.0

185 137.0 177 142 7.2 9.9

10.4

76.4 66.9 27.4 21.6

127 108 42.7 34.5

155 129 54.2 43.7

170 134 51.1 47.6

165 122 44.1

146 98

65.6 31.5 47.7 58.0 71.9

59.4 95.6 109 143

88.4 144 152 208

118 194 188

146

173

209

44.6 72.4

101

128

71.8 87.3

110 124

188 157

224 182

72.0 64.1 122 88.6 171 52.0 43.3

92.8 69.3 157

112 69.2 191

129 64.3 216

162

204 57.1 49.6

222 57.3 53.1

53.5 54.0

82.6

111

134

152

165

178

71.3 76.7 91.5

91.1 104 127

109 123 153

134 168

136 178

118

148 33.7

193 43.3

221

25.0 38.8 40.3 178 35.2 47.0 30.5 48.0 26.7 30.9 44.0 47.0 70.1 26.2 21.0 31.4 31.4 206 46.2 43.5 42.7 43.3 49.1 211 84.7 20.5

88.6 49.8 53.4 84.6 74.4 126 42.1 33.2

25% 1.6 0.4

30% 1.4

40% 1.1

50% 0.8

215 183

172

106

7.1 10.5

9.9

8.6

223

46.1

5-72

Section5.indb 72

4/29/05 3:47:43 PM

STANDARD KCl SOLUTIONS FOR CALIBRATING CONDUCTIVITY CELLS This table presents recommended electrolytic conductivity (κ) values for aqueous potassium chloride solutions with molalities of 0.01 mol/kg, 0.1 mol/kg and 1.0 mol/kg at temperatures from 0˚C to 50˚C. The values, which are based on measurements at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, provide primary standards for the calibration of conductivity cells. The measurements at 0.01 and 0.1 molal are described in Reference 1, while those at 1.0 molal are in Reference 2. Temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale. The uncertainty in the conductivity is about 0.03% for the 0.01 molal values and about 0.04% for the 0.1 and 1.0 molal values. The conductivity of water saturated with atmospheric CO2 is given in the last column. These values were subtracted from the original measurements to give the values in the second, third, and fourth columns. All κ values are given in units of 10-4 S/m (numerically equal to µS/cm). The assistance of Kenneth W. Pratt is appreciated.

t/˚C 0 5 10 15 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

0.01 m KCl 772.92 890.96 1 013.95 1 141.45 1 219.93 1 273.03 1 408.23 1 546.63 1 687.79 1 831.27 1 976.62 2 123.43

104 κ/S m–1 0.1 m KCl 1.0 m KCl 7 116.85 63 488 8 183.70 72 030 9 291.72 80 844 10 437.1 89 900 11 140.6 — 11 615.9 99 170 12 824.6 108 620 14 059.2 118 240 15 316.0 127 970 16 591.0 137 810 17 880.6 147 720 19 180.9 157 670

H2O (CO2 sat.) 0.58 0.68 0.79 0.89 0.95 0.99 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.51 1.61

References 1. Wu, Y. C., Koch, W. F., and Pratt, K. W., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 96, 191, 1991. 2. Wu, Y. C., Koch, W. F., Feng, D., Holland, L. A., Juhasz, E., Arvay, E., and Tomek, A., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 99, 241, 1994. 3. Pratt, K. W., Koch, W. F., Wu, Y. C., and Berezansky, P. A., Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 1783, 2001.

5-73

Section5.indb 73

4/29/05 3:47:44 PM

MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI The molar conductivity Λ of an electrolyte solution is defined as the conductivity divided by amount-of-substance concentration. The customary unit is S cm2mol–1 (i.e., Ω–1 cm2mol–1). The first part of this table gives the molar conductivity of the hydrohalogen acids at 25°C as a function of the concentration in mol/L. The second part gives the temperature dependence of Λ for HCl and HBr. More extensive tables and mathematical representations may be found in the reference. c/mol L–1 Inf. dil. 0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

c/ mol L–1 HCl 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5

HF 405.1

128.1 96.1 50.1 39.1 26.3 24.3

–20°C –10°C

85.5 79.3 73.7 68.5 63.6 58.9 54.4 50.2 46.3 42.7 39.4 36.4 33.6 31.2 28.9 26.8 24.9 23.1 21.4

HCl 426.1 424.5 422.6 421.2 415.7 411.9 398.9 391.1 360.7 332.2 305.8 281.4 258.9 237.6

131.7 120.8 111.3 102.7 94.9 87.8 81.1 74.9 69.1 63.7 58.6 54.0 49.8 45.9 42.3 39.1 36.1 33.4 31.0 28.7 26.7

HBr 427.7 425.9 424.3 422.9 417.6 413.7 400.4 391.9 361.9 334.5 307.6 281.7 257.8 236.8

HI 426.4 424.6 423.0 421.7 416.4 412.8 400.8 394.0 369.8 343.9 316.4 288.9 262.5 237.9

Reference Hamer, W. J., and DeWane, H. J., Electrolytic Conductance and the Conductances of the Hydrohalogen Acids in Water, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 33, 1970.

c/mol L–1 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

0°C

10°C

20°C

30°C

40°C

50°C

228.7 211.7 196.2 182.0 168.5 154.6 139.6 129.2 119.5 110.3 101.7 93.7 86.2 79.3 73.0 67.1 61.7 56.8 52.3 48.2 44.5 41.1 38.0 35.3 32.7

283.0 261.6 241.5 222.7 205.1 188.5 172.2 158.1 145.4 133.5 122.5 112.3 103.0 94.4 86.5 79.4 72.9 67.1 61.8 57.0 52.7 48.8 45.3 42.0 39.0

336.4 312.2 287.5 262.9 239.8 219.3 201.6 185.6 170.6 156.6 143.6 131.5 120.4 110.2 100.9 92.4 84.7 77.8 71.5 65.8 60.7 56.1 51.9 48.0 44.4

386.8 359.0 331.1 303.3 277.0 253.3 232.9 214.2 196.6 180.2 165.0 151.0 138.2 126.4 115.7 106.1 97.3 89.4 82.3 75.9 70.1 64.9 60.1 55.6 51.4

436.9 402.9 371.6 342.4 315.2 289.3 263.9 242.2 222.5 204.1 187.1 171.3 156.9 143.3 131.6 120.6 110.7 101.7 93.6 86.3 79.6 73.6 68.0 62.8 57.9

482.4 445.3 410.8 378.2 347.6 319.0 292.1 268.2 246.7 226.5 207.7 190.3 174.3 159.7 146.2 134.0 123.0 112.9 103.9 95.7 88.4 81.7 75.6 70.0 64.8

c/ mol L–1 HBr 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

HF

–20°C –10°C

84.0 78.0 72.3 67.0 61.8 56.8 51.9

150.8 136.8 125.7 116.1 107.5 99.0 91.4 84.2 77.2 70.7 64.6

HCl 218.3 200.0 183.1 167.4 152.9 139.7 127.7 116.9 107.0 98.2 90.3 83.1 76.6 70.7

HBr 217.5 199.4 182.4 166.5 151.8 138.2 125.7 114.2 103.8 94.4 85.8

HI 215.4 195.1 176.8 160.4 145.5 131.7 118.6 105.7

0°C

10°C

20°C

30°C

40°C

50°C

240.9 229.6 209.5 188.6 171.7 157.2 144.1 132.3 123.0 112.6 103.1 94.3 86.0 78.4

295.9 276.0 254.9 231.3 208.3 189.5 174.6 160.2 146.4 134.0 122.7 112.0 102.0 92.6

347.0 329.0 298.9 271.8 244.8 222.2 203.2 186.8 171.2 155.7 142.1 129.6 118.0 107.1

398.9 380.4 340.6 314.1 281.7 255.0 234.4 214.2 195.1 178.2 162.8 148.0 134.1 121.4

453.6 418.6 381.8 350.5 316.0 287.8 263.7 239.7 218.8 199.6 181.4 165.4 150.5 136.3

496.8 465.2 421.4 387.4 349.1 318.6 291.9 266.9 242.6 221.3 201.8 183.4 166.3 150.8

5-74

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Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes In Aqueous Solution Petr Vany´sek This table gives the equivalent (molar) conductivity Λ at 25°C for some common electrolytes in aqueous solution at concentrations up to 0.1 mol/L. The units of Λ are 10–4 m2 S mol–1. For very dilute solutions, the equivalent conductivity for any electrolyte of concentration c can be approximately calculated using the Debye–Hückel–Onsager equation, which can be written for a symmetrical (equal charge on cation and anion) electrolyte as

For a solution at 25°C and both cation and anion with charge |1|, the constants are A = 60.20 and B = 0.229. Λ° can be found from the next table, “Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution.” The equation is reliable for c < 0.001 mol/L; with higher concentration the error increases.

Λ = Λ° – (A + BΛ°)c1/2

Compound AgNO3 1/2BaCl2 1/2CaCl2 1/2Ca(OH)2 CuSO4 HCl KBr KCl KClO4 1/3K3Fe(CN)6 1/4K4Fe(CN)6 KHCO3 KI KIO4 KNO3 KMnO4 KOH KReO4 1/3LaCl3 LiCl LiClO4 1/2MgCl2 NH4Cl NaCl NaClO4 NaI NaOOCCH3 NaOH Na picrate 1/2Na2SO4 1/2SrCl2 ZnSO4

Infinite dilution Λ° 133.29 139.91 135.77 258 133.6 425.95 151.9 149.79 139.97 174.5 184 117.94 150.31 127.86 144.89 134.8 271.5 128.20 145.9 114.97 105.93 129.34 149.6 126.39 117.42 126.88 91.0 247.7 80.45 129.8 135.73 132.7

0.0005

0.001

131.29 135.89 131.86 — 121.6 422.53 149.8 147.74 138.69 166.4 — 116.04 148.2 125.74 142.70 132.7 — 126.03 139.6 113.09 104.13 125.55 147.5 124.44 115.58 125.30 89.2 245.5 78.7 125.68 131.84 121.3

130.45 134.27 130.30 — 115.20 421.15 148.9 146.88 137.80 163.1 167.16 115.28 143.32 124.88 141.77 131.9 234 125.12 137.0 112.34 103.39 124.15 146.7 123.68 114.82 124.19 88.5 244.6 78.6 124.09 130.27 114.47

Concentration (mol/L) 0.01 0.02 Λ 127.14 124.70 121.35 127.96 123.88 119.03 124.19 120.30 115.59 233 226 214 94.02 83.08 72.16 415.59 411.80 407.04 146.02 143.36 140.41 143.48 141.20 138.27 134.09 131.39 127.86 150.7 — — 146.02 134.76 122.76 112.18 110.03 107.17 144.30 142.11 139.38 121.18 118.45 114.08 138.41 132.75 132.34 — 126.5 — 230 228 — 121.31 118.49 114.49 127.5 121.8 115.3 109.35 107.27 104.60 100.52 98.56 96.13 118.25 114.49 109.99 143.9 141.21 138.25 120.59 118.45 115.70 111.70 109.54 106.91 121.19 119.18 116.64 85.68 83.72 81.20 240.7 237.9 — 75.7 73.7 — 117.09 112.38 106.73 124.18 120.23 115.48 95.44 84.87 74.20 0.005

0.05

0.1

115.18 111.42 108.42 — 59.02 398.89 135.61 133.30 121.56 — 107.65 — 134.90 106.67 126.25 — 219 106.40 106.2 100.06 92.15 103.03 133.22 111.01 102.35 112.73 76.88 — 66.3 97.70 108.20 61.17

109.09 105.14 102.41 — 50.55 391.13 131.32 128.90 115.14 — 97.82 — 131.05 98.2 120.34 113 213 97.40 99.1 95.81 88.52 97.05 128.69 106.69 98.38 108.73 72.76 — 61.8 89.94 102.14 52.61

5-76

6679X_S05.indb 76

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IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION Petr Vany´sek This table gives the molar (equivalent) conductivity λ for common ions at infinite dilution. All values refer to aqueous solutions at 25°C. It also lists the diffusion coefficient D of the ion in dilute aqueous solution, which is related to λ through the equation

Λ° = Λ + + Λ − where Λ+ and Λ– are equivalent ionic conductivities of the cation and anion. The more general formula is

D = ( RT / F 2 )(λ / | z |)

Λ ° = v+ Λ + + v− Λ −

where R is the molar gas constant, T the temperature, F the Faraday constant, and z the charge on the ion. The variation with temperature is fairly sharp; for typical ions, λ and D increase by 2 to 3% per degree as the temperature increases from 25°C. The diffusion coefficient for a salt, Dsalt, may be calculated from the D+ and D– values of the constituent ions by the relation

where ν+ and ν− refer to the number of moles of cations and anions to which one mole of the electrolyte gives a rise in the solution.

Dsalt

( z + | z − |)D+ D− = + z + D+ + | z − | D−

For solutions of simple, pure electrolytes (one positive and one negative ionic species), such as NaCl, equivalent ionic conductivity Λ°, which is the molar conductivity per unit concentration of charge, is defined as

Ion Inorganic Cations Ag+ 1/3Al3+ 1/2Ba2+ 1/2Be2+ 1/2Ca2+ 1/2Cd2+ 1/3Ce3+ 1/2Co2+ 1/3[Co(NH3)6]3+ 1/3[Co(en)3]3+ 1/6[Co2(trien)3]6+ 1/3Cr3+ Cs+ 1/2Cu2+ D+ 1/3Dy3+ 1/3Er3+ 1/3Eu3+ 1/2Fe2+ 1/3Fe3+ 1/3Gd3+ H+ 1/2Hg2+ 1/2Hg2+ 1/3Ho3+ K+ 1/3La3+ Li+ 1/2Mg2+ 1/2Mn2+ NH4+ N2H5+

Λ± 10–4 m2 S mol–1

D 10–5 cm2 s–1

61.9 61 63.6 45 59.47 54 69.8 55 101.9 74.7 69 67 77.2 53.6 249.9 65.6 65.9 67.8 54 68 67.3 349.65 68.6 63.6 66.3 73.48 69.7 38.66 53.0 53.5 73.5 59

1.648 0.541 0.847 0.599 0.792 0.719 0.620 0.732 0.904 0.663 0.306 0.595 2.056 0.714 6.655 0.582 0.585 0.602 0.719 0.604 0.597 9.311 0.913 0.847 0.589 1.957 0.619 1.029 0.706 0.712 1.957 1.571

References 1. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGrawHill, New York, 1972, 2–226. 2. Robinson, R. A., and Stokes, R. H., Electrolyte Solutions, Butterworths, London, 1959. 3. Lobo, V. M. M., and Quaresma, J. L., Handbook of Electrolyte Solutions, Physical Science Data Series 41, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989. 4. Conway, B. E., Electrochemical Data, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1952. 5. Milazzo, G., Electrochemistry: Theoretical Principles and Practical Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1963.

Ion Na+ 1/3Nd3+ 1/2Ni2+ 1/4[Ni2(trien)3]4+ 1/2Pb2+ 1/3Pr3+ 1/2Ra2+ Rb+ 1/3Sc3+ 1/3Sm3+ 1/2Sr2+ Tl+ 1/3Tm3+ 1/2UO22+ 1/3Y3+ 1/3Yb3+ 1/2Zn2+ Inorganic Anions Au(CN)2– Au(CN)4– B(C6H5)4– Br– Br3– BrO3– CN– CNO– 1/2CO32– Cl– ClO2– ClO3– ClO4– 1/3[Co(CN)6]3– 1/2CrO42–

Λ± 10–4 m2 S mol–1 50.08 69.4 49.6 52 71 69.5 66.8 77.8 64.7 68.5 59.4 74.7 65.4 32 62 65.6 52.8 50 36 21 78.1 43 55.7 78 64.6 69.3 76.31 52 64.6 67.3 98.9 85

D 10–5 cm2 s–1 1.334 0.616 0.661 0.346 0.945 0.617 0.889 2.072 0.574 0.608 0.791 1.989 0.581 0.426 0.550 0.582 0.703 1.331 0.959 0.559 2.080 1.145 1.483 2.077 1.720 0.923 2.032 1.385 1.720 1.792 0.878 1.132

5-76

Section5.indb 76

4/29/05 3:47:53 PM

Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution Ion F– 1/4[Fe(CN)6]4– 1/3[Fe(CN)6]3– H2AsO4– HCO3– HF2– 1/2HPO42– H2PO4– H2PO2– HS – HSO3– HSO4– H2SbO4– I– IO3– IO4– MnO4– 1/2MoO42– N(CN)2– NO2– NO3– NH2SO3– N3– OCN– OD– OH– PF6– 1/2PO3F2– 1/3PO43– 1/4P2O74– 1/3P3O93– 1/5P3O105– ReO4– SCN– 1/2SO32– 1/2SO42– 1/2S2O32– 1/2S2O42– 1/2S2O62– 1/2S2O82– Sb(OH)6– SeCN– 1/2SeO42– 1/2WO42– Organic Cations Benzyltrimethylammonium+ Isobutylammonium+ Butyltrimethylammonium+ Decylpyridinium+ Decyltrimethylammonium+ Diethylammonium+ Dimethylammonium+ Dipropylammonium+ Dodecylammonium+ Dodecyltrimethylammonium+ Ethanolammonium+ Ethylammonium+ Ethyltrimethylammonium+ Hexadecyltrimethylammonium+ Hexyltrimethylammonium+

Section5.indb 77

Λ± 10–4 m2 S mol–1 55.4 110.4 100.9 34 44.5 75 57 36 46 65 58 52 31 76.8 40.5 54.5 61.3 74.5 54.5 71.8 71.42 48.3 69 64.6 119 198 56.9 63.3 92.8 96 83.6 109 54.9 66 72 80.0 85.0 66.5 93 86 31.9 64.7 75.7 69

D 10–5 cm2 s–1 1.475 0.735 0.896 0.905 1.185 1.997 0.759 0.959 1.225 1.731 1.545 1.385 0.825 2.045 1.078 1.451 1.632 1.984 1.451 1.912 1.902 1.286 1.837 1.720 3.169 5.273 1.515 0.843 0.824 0.639 0.742 0.581 1.462 1.758 0.959 1.065 1.132 0.885 1.238 1.145 0.849 1.723 1.008 0.919

34.6 38 33.6 29.5 24.4 42.0 51.8 30.1 23.8 22.6 42.2 47.2 40.5 20.9 29.6

0.921 1.012 0.895 0.786 0.650 1.118 1.379 0.802 0.634 0.602 1.124 1.257 1.078 0.557 0.788

5-77 Ion Histidyl+ Hydroxyethyltrimethylarsonium+ Methylammonium+ Octadecylpyridinium+ Octadecyltributylammonium+ Octadecyltriethylammonium+ Octadecyltrimethylammonium+ Octadecyltripropylammonium+ Octyltrimethylammonium+ Pentylammonium+ Piperidinium+ Propylammonium+ Pyrilammonium+ Tetrabutylammonium+ Tetradecyltrimethylammonium+ Tetraethylammonium+ Tetramethylammonium+ Tetraisopentylammonium+ Tetrapentylammmonium+ Tetrapropylammonium+ Triethylammonium+ Triethylsulfonium+ Trimethylammonium+ Trimethylhexylammonium+ Trimethylsulfonium+ Tripropylammonium+ Organic Anions Acetate– p–Anisate– 1/2Azelate2– Benzoate– Bromoacetate– Bromobenzoate– Butyrate– Chloroacetate– m–Chlorobenzoate– o–Chlorobenzoate– 1/3Citrate3– Crotonate– Cyanoacetate– Cyclohexane carboxylate– 1/2 1,1–Cyclopropanedicarboxylate2– Decylsulfate– Dichloroacetate– 1/2Diethylbarbiturate2– Dihydrogencitrate– 1/2Dimethylmalonate2– 3,5–Dinitrobenzoate– Dodecylsulfate– Ethylmalonate– Ethylsulfate– Fluoroacetate– Fluorobenzoate– Formate– 1/2Fumarate2– 1/2Glutarate2– Hydrogenoxalate– Isovalerate– Iodoacetate– Lactate–

Λ± 10–4 m2 S mol–1 23.0 39.4 58.7 20 16.6 17.9 19.9 17.2 26.5 37 37.2 40.8 24.3 19.5 21.5 32.6 44.9 17.9 17.5 23.4 34.3 36.1 47.23 34.6 51.4 26.1

D 10–5 cm2 s–1 0.612 1.049 1.563 0.533 0.442 0.477 0.530 0.458 0.706 0.985 0.991 1.086 0.647 0.519 0.573 0.868 1.196 0.477 0.466 0.623 0.913 0.961 1.258 0.921 1.369 0.695

40.9 29.0 40.6 32.4 39.2 30 32.6 39.8 31 30.2 70.2 33.2 43.4 28.7 53.4 26 38.3 26.3 30 49.4 28.3 24 49.3 39.6 44.4 33 54.6 61.8 52.6 40.2 32.7 40.6 38.8

1.089 0.772 0.541 0.863 1.044 0.799 0.868 1.060 0.825 0.804 0.623 0.884 1.156 0.764 0.711 0.692 1.020 0.350 0.799 0.658 0.754 0.639 1.313 1.055 1.182 0.879 1.454 0.823 0.700 1.070 0.871 1.081 1.033

4/29/05 3:47:55 PM

Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution

5-78 Ion 1/2Malate2– 1/2Maleate2– 1/2Malonate2– Methylsulfate– Naphthylacetate– 1/2Oxalate2– Octylsulfate– Phenylacetate– 1/2o–Phthalate2– 1/2m–Phthalate2–

Section5.indb 78

Λ± 10–4 m2 S mol–1 58.8 61.9 63.5 48.8 28.4 74.11 29 30.6 52.3 54.7

D 10–5 cm2 s–1 0.783 0.824 0.845 1.299 0.756 0.987 0.772 0.815 0.696 0.728

Ion Picrate– Pivalate– Propionate– Propylsulfate– Salicylate– 1/2Suberate2– 1/2Succinate2– p–Sulfonate 1/2Tartarate2– Trichloroacetate–

Λ± 10–4 m2 S mol–1 30.37 31.9 35.8 37.1 36 36 58.8 29.3 59.6 35

D 10–5 cm2 s–1 0.809 0.849 0.953 0.988 0.959 0.479 0.783 0.780 0.794 0.932

4/29/05 3:47:56 PM

ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS Petr Vany´sek This table gives mean activity coefficients at 25°C for molalities in the range 0.1 to 1.0. See the following table for definitions, refer-

AgNO3 AlCl3 Al2(SO4)3 BaCl2 BeSO4 CaCl2 CdCl2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CoCl2 CrCl3 Cr(NO3)3 Cr2(SO4)3 CsBr CsCl CsI CsNO3 CsOH CsOAc Cs2SO4 CuCl2 Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeCl2 HBr HCl HClO4 HI HNO3 H2SO4 KBr KCl KClO3 K2CrO4 KF K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 KH2PO4 KI KNO3 KOAc KOH KSCN K2SO4 LiBr LiCl LiClO4 LiI LiNO3 LiOH LiOAc Li2SO4 MgCl2 MgSO4

0.1 0.734 0.337 0.035 0.500 0.150 0.518 0.2280 0.513 0.150 0.522 0.331 0.319 0.0458 0.754 0.756 0.754 0.733 0.795 0.799 0.456 0.508 0.511 0.150 0.5185 0.805 0.796 0.803 0.818 0.791 0.2655 0.772 0.770 0.749 0.456 0.775 0.268 0.139 0.731 0.778 0.739 0.796 0.798 0.769 0.441 0.796 0.790 0.812 0.815 0.788 0.760 0.784 0.468 0.529 0.150

0.2 0.657 0.305 0.0225 0.444 0.109 0.472 0.1638 0.464 0.103 0.479 0.298 0.285 0.0300 0.694 0.694 0.692 0.655 0.761 0.771 0.382 0.455 0.460 0.104 0.473 0.782 0.767 0.778 0.807 0.754 0.2090 0.722 0.718 0.681 0.382 0.727 0.212 0.0993 0.653 0.733 0.663 0.766 0.760 0.716 0.360 0.766 0.757 0.794 0.802 0.752 0.702 0.742 0.398 0.489 0.107

0.3 0.606 0.302 0.0176 0.419 0.0885 0.455 0.1329 0.442 0.0822 0.463 0.294 0.279 0.0238 0.654 0.656 0.651 0.602 0.744 0.761 0.338 0.429 0.439 0.0829 0.454 0.777 0.756 0.768 0.811 0.735 0.1826 0.693 0.688 0.635 0.340 0.700 0.184 0.0808 0.602 0.707 0.614 0.754 0.742 0.685 0.316 0.756 0.744 0.792 0.804 0.736 0.665 0.721 0.361 0.477 0.0874

0.4 0.567 0.313 0.0153 0.405 0.0769 0.448 0.1139 0.430 0.0699 0.459 0.300 0.281 0.0207 0.626 0.628 0.621 0.561 0.739 0.759 0.311 0.417 0.429 0.0704 0.448 0.781 0.755 0.766 0.823 0.725 — 0.673 0.666 0.599 0.313 0.682 0.167 0.0693 0.561 0.689 0.576 0.750 0.734 0.663 0.286 0.752 0.740 0.798 0.813 0.728 0.638 0.709 0.337 0.475 0.0756

ences, and data over a wider concentration range.

0.5 0.536 0.331 0.0143 0.397 0.0692 0.448 0.1006 0.425 0.0615 0.462 0.314 0.291 0.0190 0.603 0.606 0.599 0.528 0.739 0.762 0.291 0.411 0.426 0.0620 0.450 0.789 0.757 0.769 0.839 0.720 0.1557 0.657 0.649 0.568 0.292 0.670 0.155 0.0614 0.529 0.676 0.545 0.751 0.732 0.646 0.264 0.753 0.739 0.808 0.824 0.726 0.617 0.700 0.319 0.481 0.0675

0.6 0.509 0.356 0.014 0.391 0.0639 0.453 0.0905 0.423 0.0553 0.470 0.335 0.304 0.0182 0.586 0.589 0.581 0.501 0.742 0.768 0.274 0.409 0.427 0.0559 0.454 0.801 0.763 0.776 0.860 0.717 — 0.646 0.637 0.541 0.276 0.661 0.146 0.0556 0.501 0.667 0.519 0.754 0.733 0.633 0.246 0.758 0.743 0.820 0.838 0.727 0.599 0.691 0.307 0.491 0.0616

0.7 0.485 0.388 0.0142 0.391 0.0600 0.460 0.0827 0.423 0.0505 0.479 0.362 0.322 0.0181 0.571 0.575 0.567 0.478 0.748 0.776 0.262 0.409 0.431 0.0512 0.463 0.815 0.772 0.785 0.883 0.717 0.1417 0.636 0.626 0.518 0.263 0.654 0.140 0.0512 0.477 0.660 0.496 0.759 0.736 0.623 0.232 0.767 0.748 0.834 0.852 0.729 0.585 0.689 0.297 0.506 0.0571

0.8 0.464 0.429 0.0149 0.391 0.0570 0.470 0.0765 0.425 0.0468 0.492 0.397 0.344 0.0185 0.558 0.563 0.554 0.458 0.754 0.783 0.251 0.410 0.437 0.0475 0.473 0.832 0.783 0.795 0.908 0.718 — 0.629 0.618 — 0.253 0.650 0.135 0.0479 0.456 0.654 0.476 0.766 0.742 0.614 — 0.777 0.755 0.852 0.870 0.733 0.573 0.688 0.289 0.522 0.0536

0.9 0.446 0.479 0.0159 0.392 0.0546 0.484 0.0713 0.428 0.0438 0.511 0.436 0.371 0.0194 0.547 0.553 0.543 0.439 0.762 0.792 0.242 0.413 0.445 0.0446 0.488 0.850 0.795 0.808 0.935 0.721 — 0.622 0.610 — 0.243 0.646 0.131 0.0454 0.438 0.649 0.459 0.774 0.749 0.606 — 0.789 0.764 0.869 0.888 0.737 0.563 0.688 0.282 0.544 0.0508

1.0 0.429 0.539 0.0175 0.395 0.0530 0.500 0.0669 0.433 0.0415 0.531 0.481 0.401 0.0208 0.538 0.544 0.533 0.422 0.771 0.802 0.235 0.417 0.455 0.0423 0.506 0.871 0.809 0.823 0.963 0.724 0.1316 0.617 0.604 — 0.235 0.645 0.128 — 0.421 0.645 0.443 0.783 0.756 0.599 — 0.803 0.774 0.887 0.910 0.743 0.554 0.689 0.277 0.570 0.0485

5-79

Section5.indb 79

4/29/05 3:47:58 PM

Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts

5-80 MnCl2 MnSO4 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NaBr NaCl NaClO3 NaClO4 Na2CrO4 NaF NaH2PO4 NaI NaNO3 NaOAc NaOH NaSCN Na2SO4 NiCl2 NiSO4 Pb(NO3)2 RbBr RbCl RbI RbNO3 RbOAc Rb2SO4 SrCl2 TlClO4 TlNO3 UO2Cl2 UO2SO4 ZnCl2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO4

Section5.indb 80

0.1 0.516 0.150 0.770 0.740 0.439 0.782 0.778 0.772 0.775 0.464 0.765 0.744 0.787 0.762 0.791 0.766 0.787 0.445 0.522 0.150 0.395 0.763 0.764 0.762 0.734 0.796 0.451 0.511 0.730 0.702 0.544 0.150 0.515 0.531 0.150

0.2 0.469 0.105 0.718 0.677 0.356 0.741 0.735 0.720 0.729 0.394 0.710 0.675 0.751 0.703 0.757 0.727 0.750 0.365 0.479 0.105 0.308 0.706 0.709 0.705 0.658 0.767 0.374 0.462 0.652 0.606 0.510 0.102 0.462 0.489 0.140

0.3 0.450 0.0848 0.687 0.636 0.311 0.719 0.710 0.688 0.701 0.353 0.676 0.629 0.735 0.666 0.744 0.708 — 0.320 0.463 0.0841 0.260 0.673 0.675 0.671 0.606 0.756 0.331 0.442 0.599 0.545 0.520 0.0807 0.432 0.474 0.0835

0.4 0.442 0.0725 0.665 0.606 0.280 0.704 0.693 0.664 0.683 0.327 0.651 0.593 0.727 0.638 0.737 0.697 0.720 0.289 0.460 0.0713 0.228 0.650 0.652 0.647 0.565 0.753 0.301 0.433 0.559 0.500 0.505 0.0689 0.411 0.469 0.0714

0.5 0.440 0.0640 0.649 0.582 0.257 0.697 0.681 0.645 0.668 0.307 0.632 0.563 0.723 0.617 0.735 0.690 0.715 0.266 0.464 0.0627 0.205 0.632 0.634 0.629 0.534 0.755 0.279 0.430 0.527 — 0.517 0.0611 0.394 0.473 0.0630

0.6 0.443 0.0578 0.636 0.562 0.240 0.692 0.673 0.630 0.656 0.292 0.616 0.539 0.723 0.599 0.736 0.685 0.712 0.248 0.471 0.0562 0.187 0.617 0.620 0.614 0.508 0.759 0.263 0.431 — — 0.532 0.0566 0.380 0.480 0.0569

0.7 0.448 0.0530 0.625 0.545 0.226 0.689 0.667 0.617 0.648 0.280 0.603 0.517 0.724 0.583 0.740 0.681 0.710 0.233 0.482 0.0515 0.172 0.605 0.608 0.602 0.485 0.766 0.249 0.434 — — 0.549 0.0515 0.369 0.489 0.0523

0.8 0.455 0.0493 0.617 0.530 0.214 0.687 0.662 0.606 0.641 0.269 0.592 0.499 0.727 0.570 0.745 0.679 0.710 0.221 0.496 0.0478 0.160 0.595 0.599 0.591 0.465 0.773 0.238 0.441 — — 0.571 0.0483 0.357 0.501 0.0487

0.9 0.466 0.0463 0.609 0.516 0.205 0.687 0.659 0.597 0.635 0.261 0.582 0.483 0.731 0.558 0.752 0.678 0.711 0.210 0.515 0.0448 0.150 0.586 0.590 0.583 0.446 0.782 0.228 0.449 — — 0.595 0.0458 0.348 0.518 0.0458

1.0 0.479 0.0439 0.603 0.504 0.196 0.687 0.657 0.589 0.629 0.253 0.573 0.468 0.736 0.548 0.757 0.678 0.712 0.201 0.563 0.0425 0.141 0.578 0.583 0.575 0.430 0.792 0.219 0.461 — — 0.620 0.0439 0.339 0.535 0.0435

4/29/05 3:48:00 PM

MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION as

The mean activity coefficient γ of an electrolyte XaYb is defined

values refer to a temperature of 25°C. Substances are arranged in alphabetical order by formula.

γ = ( γ +a γ −b )l/( a+ b )

References

where γ+ and γ– are activity coefficients of the individual ions (which cannot be directly measured). This table gives the mean activity coefficients of about 100 electrolytes in aqueous solution as a function of concentration, expressed in molality terms. All

1. Hamer,W. J., and Wu, Y. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 1047, 1972. 2. Staples, B. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 385, 1977; 10, 767, 1981; 10, 779, 1981. 3. Goldberg, R. N. et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 263, 1978; 8, 923, 1979; 8, 1005, 1979; 10, 1, 1981; 10, 671, 1981.

Mean Activity Coefficient at 25°C m/mol kg 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000

AgNO3 0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.859 0.794 0.732 0.656 0.536 0.430 0.316 0.181 0.108 0.085

BaBr2 0.881 0.850 0.785 0.727 0.661 0.573 0.517 0.463 0.435 0.470 0.654

BaCl2 0.887 0.849 0.782 0.721 0.653 0.559 0.492 0.436 0.391 0.393

BaI2 0.890 0.853 0.792 0.737 0.678 0.600 0.551 0.520 0.536 0.664 1.242

m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000

Cd(NO2)2 0.881 0.837 0.759 0.681 0.589 0.451 0.344 0.247 0.148 0.098 0.069 0.054

Cd(NO3)2 0.888 0.851 0.787 0.728 0.664 0.576 0.515 0.465 0.428 0.437 0.517

CoBr2 0.890 0.854 0.794 0.740 0.681 0.605 0.556 0.523 0.538 0.685 1.421 13.9

CoCl2 0.889 0.852 0.789 0.732 0.670 0.586 0.528 0.483 0.465 0.532 0.864

m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000

CsCl 0.965 0.951 0.925 0.898 0.864 0.805 0.751 0.691 0.607 0.546 0.496 0.474 0.508

CsF 0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.876 0.830 0.792 0.755 0.721 0.726 0.803

CsI 0.965 0.951 0.925 0.898 0.863 0.804 0.749 0.688 0.601 0.534 0.470

CsNO3 0.964 0.951 0.924 0.897 0.860 0.796 0.733 0.655 0.529 0.421

–1

CaBr2 0.890 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.674 0.594 0.540 0.502 0.500 0.604 1.125 18.7

CoI2 0.887 0.849 0.783 0.724 0.661 0.582 0.540 0.527 0.596 0.845 2.287 55.3 196 CsOH 0.966 0.953 0.930 0.906 0.878 0.836 0.802 0.772 0.755 0.782

CaCl2 0.888 0.851 0.787 0.727 0.664 0.577 0.517 0.469 0.444 0.495 0.784 5.907 43.1

CaI2 0.890 0.853 0.791 0.736 0.677 0.600 0.552 0.524 0.554 0.729

Co(NO3)2 0.888 0.850 0.786 0.728 0.663 0.576 0.516 0.469 0.446 0.492 0.722 3.338

CsBr 0.965 0.951 0.925 0.898 0.864 0.806 0.752 0.691 0.605 0.540 0.485 0.454

Cs2SO4 0.885 0.845 0.775 0.709 0.634 0.526 0.444 0.369 0.285 0.233

CuBr2 0.889 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.674 0.594 0.541 0.504 0.503 0.591 0.859

5-81

Section5.indb 81

4/29/05 3:48:02 PM

Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration

5-82

Section5.indb 82

m/mol kg–1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000

CuCl2 0.887 0.849 0.783 0.722 0.654 0.561 0.495 0.441 0.401 0.405 0.453 0.601

m/mol kg–1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000

HF 0.551 0.429 0.302 0.225 0.163 0.106 0.0766 0.0550 0.0352 0.0249 0.0175 0.0110 0.0085 0.0077 0.0075

m/mol kg–1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 m/mol kg–1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000

Cu(ClO4)2 0.890 0.854 0.795 0.741 0.685 0.613 0.572 0.553 0.617 0.892 2.445

Cu(NO3)2 0.888 0.851 0.787 0.729 0.664 0.577 0.516 0.466 0.431 0.456 0.615 2.083

FeCl2 0.888 0.850 0.785 0.725 0.659 0.570 0.509 0.462 0.443 0.500 0.782

HBr 0.966 0.953 0.930 0.907 0.879 0.837 0.806 0.783 0.790 0.872 1.167 3.800 33.4

HCl 0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.876 0.832 0.797 0.768 0.759 0.811 1.009 2.380 10.4

HClO4 0.966 0.953 0.929 0.906 0.878 0.836 0.803 0.776 0.769 0.826 1.055 3.100 30.8 323

HI 0.966 0.953 0.931 0.909 0.884 0.847 0.823 0.811 0.845 0.969 1.363 4.760 49.100

HNO3 0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.875 0.829 0.792 0.756 0.725 0.730 0.788 1.063 1.644 2.212 2.607

H2SO4 0.804 0.740 0.634 0.542 0.445 0.325 0.251 0.195 0.146 0.125 0.119 0.197 0.527 1.077 1.701

KBr 0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.817 0.771 0.772 0.658 0.617 0.593 0.626

KCNS 0.965 0.951 0.927 0.901 0.869 0.815 0.768 0.716 0.647 0.598 0.556 0.525

KCl 0.965 0.951 0.927 0.901 0.869 0.816 0.768 0.717 0.649 0.604 0.573 0.593

KClO3 0.965 0.951 0.926 0.899 0.865 0.805 0.749 0.681 0.569

K2CrO4 0.886 0.847 0.779 0.715 0.643 0.539 0.460 0.385 0.296 0.239 0.199

KF 0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.818 0.773 0.726 0.670 0.645 0.658 0.871 1.715 3.120

KH2PO4* 0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.859 0.793 0.730 0.652 0.529 0.422

K2HPO4** 0.886 0.847 0.779 0.715 0.643 0.538 0.457 0.379 0.283

KI 0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.871 0.820 0.776 0.731 0.676 0.646 0.638

KNO3 0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.860 0.797 0.735 0.662 0.546 0.444 0.332

KOH 0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.871 0.821 0.779 0.740 0.710 0.733 0.860 1.697

K2SO4 0.885 0.844 0.772 0.704 0.625 0.511 0.424 0.343 0.251

LiBr 0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.877 0.832 0.797 0.767 0.754 0.803 1.012 2.696

LiCl 0.965 0.952 0.928 0.904 0.874 0.827 0.789 0.756 0.739 0.775 0.924 2.000

LiClO4 0.966 0.953 0.931 0.908 0.882 0.843 0.815 0.795 0.806 0.887 1.161

LiI 0.966 0.953 0.930 0.908 0.882 0.843 0.817 0.802 0.824 0.912 1.197

LiNO3 0.965 0.952 0.928 0.904 0.874 0.827 0.788 0.753 0.726 0.743 0.837 1.298

4/29/05 3:48:04 PM

Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration

Section5.indb 83

m/mol kg–1 10.000 15.000 20.000

KOH 6.110 19.9 46.4

K2SO4

LiBr 20.0 147 486

LiCl 9.600 30.9

m/mol kg–1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000

LiOH 0.964 0.950 0.923 0.895 0.858 0.794 0.735 0.668 0.579 0.522 0.484 0.493

Li2SO4 0.887 0.847 0.780 0.716 0.645 0.544 0.469 0.400 0.325 0.284 0.270

MgBr2 0.889 0.852 0.790 0.733 0.672 0.593 0.543 0.512 0.540 0.715 1.590 36.1

MgCl2 0.889 0.852 0.790 0.734 0.672 0.590 0.535 0.493 0.485 0.577 1.065 14.40

m/mol kg–1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000

Mn(ClO4)2 0.892 0.858 0.801 0.752 0.700 0.637 0.604 0.596 0.686 1.030 3.072

NH4Cl 0.965 0.952 0.927 0.901 0.869 0.816 0.769 0.718 0.649 0.603 0.569 0.563

NH4ClO4 0.964 0.950 0.924 0.895 0.859 0.794 0.734 0.663 0.560 0.479 0.399

(NH4)2HPO4** 0.882 0.839 0.763 0.688 0.600 0.469 0.367 0.273 0.171 0.114 0.074

m/mol kg–1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000

Na2CO3 0.887 0.847 0.780 0.716 0.644 0.541 0.462 0.385 0.292 0.229 0.182

NaCl 0.965 0.952 0.928 0.903 0.872 0.822 0.779 0.734 0.681 0.657 0.668 0.874

NaClO3 0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.818 0.771 0.719 0.646 0.590 0.537

m/mol kg–1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000

NaI 0.965 0.952 0.928 0.904 0.874 0.827 0.789 0.753 0.722 0.734 0.823

NaNO3 0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.866 0.810 0.759 0.701 0.617 0.550 0.480

NaOH 0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.819 0.775 0.731 0.685 0.674 0.714

5-83 LiClO4

LiI

LiNO3 2.500 3.960 4.970

MnBr2 0.889 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.674 0.595 0.543 0.508 0.519 0.650 1.224 6.697

MnCl2 0.888 0.850 0.786 0.727 0.662 0.574 0.513 0.464 0.437 0.477 0.661 1.539

NH4NO3 0.964 0.951 0.925 0.897 0.862 0.801 0.744 0.678 0.582 0.502 0.419 0.303 0.220 0.179 0.154

NaBr 0.965 0.952 0.928 0.903 0.873 0.824 0.783 0.742 0.697 0.687 0.730 1.083

NaBrO3 0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.867 0.811 0.759 0.698 0.605 0.528 0.449

NaClO4 0.965 0.952 0.928 0.903 0.872 0.821 0.777 0.729 0.668 0.630 0.608 0.648

Na2CrO4 0.887 0.849 0.783 0.722 0.653 0.554 0.479 0.406 0.318 0.261 0.231

NaF 0.965 0.951 0.926 0.901 0.868 0.813 0.764 0.710 0.633 0.573

Na2HPO4* 0.887 0.848 0.780 0.717 0.644 0.539 0.456 0.373 0.266 0.191 0.133

Na2SO3 0.887 0.847 0.779 0.716 0.644 0.540 0.462 0.386 0.296 0.237 0.196

Na2SO4 0.886 0.846 0.777 0.712 0.637 0.529 0.446 0.366 0.268 0.204 0.155

Na2WO4 0.886 0.846 0.777 0.712 0.638 0.534 0.457 0.388 0.320 0.291 0.291

NiBr2 0.889 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.675 0.596 0.546 0.514 0.535 0.692 1.476

MgI2 0.889 0.853 0.791 0.736 0.677 0.602 0.556 0.535 0.594 0.858 2.326 109.8

4/29/05 3:48:06 PM

Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration

5-84 m/mol kg–1 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000

NaI 1.402 4.011

NaNO3 0.388 0.329

NaOH 1.076 3.258 9.796 19.410

Na2SO3

Na2SO4

Na2WO4

NiBr2

m/mol kg–1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000

NiCl2 0.889 0.852 0.789 0.732 0.669 0.584 0.527 0.482 0.465 0.538 0.915 4.785

Ni(ClO4)2 0.891 0.855 0.797 0.745 0.690 0.621 0.582 0.567 0.639 0.946 2.812

Ni(NO3)2 0.889 0.851 0.787 0.730 0.666 0.581 0.524 0.481 0.467 0.528 0.797

Pb(ClO4)2 0.889 0.851 0.787 0.729 0.666 0.580 0.522 0.476 0.458 0.516 0.799 4.043 33.8

Pb(NO3)2 0.882 0.840 0.764 0.690 0.604 0.476 0.379 0.291 0.195 0.136

RbBr 0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.866 0.811 0.760 0.705 0.630 0.578 0.535 0.514

RbCl 0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.867 0.811 0.761 0.707 0.633 0.583 0.546 0.544

m/mol kg–1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000

RbF 0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.871 0.821 0.780 0.739 0.701 0.697 0.724

RbI 0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.866 0.810 0.759 0.703 0.627 0.574 0.532 0.517

RbNO3 0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.859 0.795 0.733 0.657 0.536 0.430 0.320

Rb2SO4 0.886 0.845 0.776 0.710 0.635 0.526 0.443 0.365 0.274 0.217

SrBr2 0.889 0.852 0.790 0.734 0.673 0.591 0.535 0.492 0.476 0.545 0.921

SrCl2 0.888 0.850 0.785 0.725 0.659 0.569 0.506 0.455 0.421 0.451 0.650

SrI2 0.890 0.854 0.793 0.740 0.681 0.606 0.557 0.526 0.542 0.686

m/mol kg–1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000

UO2Cl2 0.888 0.851 0.787 0.729 0.666 0.583 0.529 0.493 0.501 0.601 0.948

UO2(NO3)2 0.888 0.849 0.784 0.726 0.663 0.583 0.535 0.509 0.532 0.673 1.223 3.020

ZnBr2 0.890 0.854 0.794 0.741 0.683 0.606 0.553 0.515 0.516 0.558 0.578 0.788 2.317 5.381 7.965

ZnCl2 0.887 0.847 0.781 0.719 0.652 0.561 0.499 0.447 0.384 0.330 0.283 0.342 0.876 1.914 2.968

ZnI2 0.893 0.859 0.804 0.757 0.708 0.644 0.601 0.574 0.635 0.836 1.062 1.546 4.698

* The anion is H2PO4–. ** The anion is HPO4–2.

Section5.indb 84

4/29/05 3:48:07 PM

Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids The quantity given in this table is –∆dilH, the negative of the enthalpy (heat) of dilution to infinite dilution for aqueous solutions of several common acids; i.e., the negative of the enthalphy change when a solution of molality m at a temperature of 25°C is diluted with an infinite amount of water. The tabulated numbers thus represent the heat produced (or, if the value is negative, the heat absorbed) when the acid is diluted. The initial molality m is given in the first column. The second column gives the dilution ratio, which is the number of moles of water that must be added m 55.506 20 15 10 9 8 7 6 5.5506 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5551 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0925 0.0793 0.0694 0.0617 0.05551 0.05 0.02775 0.01850 0.01388 0.01110 0.00555 0.00278 0.00111 0.000555 0.000111 0



487_S05.indb 85

Dil. ratio 1.0 2.775 3.700 5.551 6.167 6.938 7.929 9.251 10 11.10 12.33 13.88 15.86 18.50 22.20 27.75 37.00 55.51 100 111.0 277.5 555.1 600 700 800 900 1000 1110 2000 3000 4000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000 500000 ∞

HF 14.88 14.34 13.87 13.81 13.77 13.73 13.69 13.66 13.62 13.58 13.53 13.47 13.45 13.43 13.40 13.36 13.30 13.22 13.20 13.09 12.80 12.79 12.70 12.61 12.50 12.42 12.24 11.29 10.66 10.25 9.874 8.912 7.531 5.439 3.766 1.255 0

HCl 45.61 19.87 15.40 10.24 9.213 8.201 7.217 6.268 5.841 5.318 4.899 4.402 3.958 3.506 3.063 2.623 2.167 1.695 1.234 1.172 0.761 0.556 0.540 0.502 0.473 0.448 0.427 0.406 0.310 0.251 0.226 0.197 0.142 0.105 0.067 0.042 0.021 0

to one mole of the acid to produce a solution of the molality in the first column.

Reference Parker, V. B., Thermal Properties of Aqueous Uni-Univalent Electrolytes, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. - Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 2, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965.

–∆dilH in kJ/mol at 25°C HClO4 HBr 48.83 13.81 19.92 7.920 14.29 2.013 8.694 1.280 7.719 0.611 6.786 0.046 5.925 -0.351 5.004 -0.490 4.590 -0.628 4.113 -0.732 3.711 -0.787 3.330 -0.820 2.966 -0.782 2.611 -0.724 2.301 -0.623 1.996 -0.431 1.665 -0.201 1.314 0.050 0.983 0.075 0.941 0.247 0.649 0.272 0.498 0.272 0.481 0.272 0.452 0.268 0.427 0.264 0.406 0.259 0.385 0.259 0.372 0.226 0.285 0.197 0.234 0.180 0.205 0.167 0.184 0.126 0.130 0.092 0.092 0.059 0.054 0.042 0.038 0.021 0.021 0 0

HI 21.71 14.02 7.615 6.569 5.607 4.728 3.975 3.577 3.197 2.828 2.460 2.105 1.787 1.527 1.318 1.125 0.933 0.736 0.711 0.536 0.439 0.427 0.402 0.385 0.368 0.351 0.339 0.264 0.218 0.192 0.172 0.121 0.084 0.050 0.038 0.021 0

HNO3 19.73 9.498 6.883 3.933 3.368 2.791 2.251 1.749 1.540 1.310 1.109 0.958 0.791 0.665 0.582 0.527 0.506 0.506 0.502 0.498 0.439 0.372 0.368 0.351 0.339 0.326 0.318 0.305 0.247 0.213 0.192 0.176 0.130 0.096 0.063 0.046 0.021 0

CH2O2 0.046 0.038 0.109 0.205 0.230 0.255 0.272 0.280 0.285 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.285 0.276 0.259 0.226 0.184 0.176 0.146 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.130 0.126 0.121 0.121 0.117 0.117 0.113 0.109 0.105 0.096 0.084 0.054 0.038 0

C2H4O2 2.167 2.075 1.962 1.824 1.782 1.724 1.648 1.540 1.477 1.393 1.310 1.218 1.121 1.025 0.912 0.803 0.678 0.544 0.423 0.406 0.331 0.289 0.285 0.285 0.280 0.276 0.272 0.272 0.264 0.259 0.259 0.255 0.243 0.230 0.222 0.209 0.167 0

5-85

3/14/06 2:40:12 PM

Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes This table gives the molar enthalpy (heat) of solution at infinite dilution for some common uni-univalent electrolytes. This is the enthalpy change when 1 mol of solute in its standard state is dissolved in an infinite amount of water. Values are given in kilojoules per mole at 25°C. Solute

∆sol H° kJ/mol –61.50 –74.84 –88.76 –32.95 –85.14 –81.67 8.79 –33.28 –0.86 –1.51

HF HCl HClO4 HClO4 · H2O HBr HI HIO3 HNO3 HCOOH CH3COOH

State g g l c g g c l l l

NH3 NH4Cl NH4ClO4 NH4Br NH4I NH4IO3 NH4NO2 NH4NO3 NH4C2H3O2 NH4CN NH4CNS CH3NH3Cl (CH3)3NHCl N(CH3)4Cl N(CH3)4Br N(CH3)4I

g c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

–30.50 14.78 33.47 16.78 13.72 31.80 19.25 25.69 –2.38 17.57 22.59 5.77 1.46 4.08 24.27 42.07

AgClO4 AgNO2 AgNO3

c c c

7.36 36.94 22.59

LiOH LiOH · H2O LiF LiCl LiCl · H2O LiClO4 LiClO4 · 3H2O LiBr LiBr · H2O

c c c c c c c c c

–23.56 –6.69 4.73 –37.03 –19.08 –26.55 32.61 –48.83 –23.26

Solute LiBr · 2H2O LiBrO3 LiI LiI · H2O LiI · 2H2O LiI · 3H2O LiNO2 LiNO2 · H2O LiNO3

Reference Parker, V. B., Thermal Properties of Uni-Univalent Electrolytes, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Series — Natl. Bur. Stand.(U.S.), No.2, 1965.

State c c c c c c c c c

∆sol H° kJ/mol –9.41 1.42 –63.30 –29.66 –14.77 0.59 –11.00 7.03 –2.51

NaOH NaOH · H2O NaF NaCl NaClO2 NaClO2 · 3H2O NaClO3 NaClO4 NaClO4 · H2O NaBr NaBr · 2H2O NaBrO3 NaI NaI · 2H2O NaIO3 NaNO2 NaNO3 NaC2H3O2 NaC2H3O2 · 3H2O NaCN NaCN · 0.5H2O NaCN · 2H2O NaCNO NaCNS

c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

–44.51 –21.41 0.91 3.88 0.33 28.58 21.72 13.88 22.51 –0.60 18.64 26.90 –7.53 16.13 20.29 13.89 20.50 –17.32 19.66 1.21 3.31 18.58 19.20 6.83

KOH KOH · H2O KOH · 1.5H2O KF KF · 2H2O KCl

c c c c c c

–57.61 –14.64 –10.46 –17.73 6.97 17.22

Solute

KClO3 KClO4 KBr KBrO3 KI KIO3 KNO2 KNO3 KC2H3O2 KCN KCNO KCNS KMnO4

State c c c c c c c c c c c c c

∆sol H° kJ/mol 41.38 51.04 19.87 41.13 20.33 27.74 13.35 34.89 –15.33 11.72 20.25 24.23 43.56

RbOH RbOH · H2O RbOH · 2H2O RbF RbF · H2O RbF · 1.5H2O RbCl RbClO3 RbClO4 RbBr RbBrO3 RbI RbNO3

c c c c c c c c c c c c c

–62.34 –17.99 0.88 –26.11 –0.42 1.34 17.28 47.74 56.74 21.88 48.95 25.10 36.48

CsOH CsOH · H2O CsF CsF · H2O CsF · 1.5H2O CsCl CsClO4 CsBr CsBrO3 CsI CsNO3

c c c c c c c c c c c

–71.55 –20.50 –36.86 –10.46 –5.44 17.78 55.44 25.98 50.46 33.35 40.00

5-86

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ENTHALPY OF HYDRATION OF GASES The molar enthalpy of hydration ΔhydH∞ is defined as the enthalpy change when one mole of an ideal gas is dissolved in an infinite amount of water. Another term for this quantity is enthalpy (heat) of solvation in water at infinite dilution. The enthalpy of hydration influences the distribution of a volatile compound between the aqueous solution phase and air and is thus important in fields such as environmental science, geochemistry, and chemical engineering. It is related to the enthalpy of solution of the liquid or solid phase, ΔsolH∞, by ΔhydH∞ = ΔsolH∞ – ΔvapH0



where ΔvapH0 is the molar enthalpy of vaporization. This table gives the molar enthalpy of hydration for a number of common substances.

Name

Mol. Form.

References 1. Plyasunov, A. V., and Shock, E. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data [Hydrocarbons, alcohols, and ketones] 46, 1016, 2001. 2. Plyasunov, A. V., Plyasunova, N. V., and Shock, E. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data [Esters] 49, 1152, 2004. 3. Plyasunov, A. V., Plyasunova, N. V., and Shock, E. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data [Ethers, diethers, and polyethers] 51, 276, 2006. 4. Plyasunova, N. V., Plyasunov, A. V., and Shock, E. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data [Thiols, sulfides, and polysulfides] 50, 246. 5. Plyasunov, A. V., Plyasunova, N. V., and Shock, E. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data [Nitriles and dinitriles] 51, 1481, 2006. 6. Plyasunov, A. V., and Shock, E. L., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta [Inorganics and halogen compounds; temperature dependence] 67, 4981, 2003. 7. Kühne, R., Ebert, R-U, and Schüürmann, G., Environ. Sci. Technol. [Compilation; temperature dependence] 39, 6705, 2005. 8. Mintz, C., Clark, M., Acree, W. E., and Abraham, M. H., J. Chem. Inf. Model. [Compilation and modelling] 47, 115, 2007.

ΔhydH∞/kJ mol–1 at 298.15 K

Name

Mol. Form.

ΔhydH∞/kJ mol–1 at 298.15 K

Acenaphthene

C12H10

–52.1

sec-Butyl acetate

C6H12O2

–51.9

Acetic acid

C2H4O2

–52.8

tert-Butyl acetate

C6H12O2

–46.2

Acetone

C3H6O

–39.7

Butylamine

C4H11N

–59.2

Acetonitrile

C2H3N

–34.9

sec-Butylamine

C4H11N

–57.1

Acetophenone

C8H8O

–53.3

tert-Butylamine

C4H11N

–59.0

Ammonia

H3N

–35.4

Butylbenzene

C10H14

–38.5

Aniline

C6H7N

–56.5

Butyl butanoate

C8H16O2

–63.5

Anisole

C7H8O

–41.4

Butyl ethyl ether

C6H14O

–48.4

Argon

Ar

–12.2

tert-Butyl ethyl ether

C6H14O

–53.4

Benzaldehyde

C7H6O

–42.1

4-tert-Butylphenol

C10H14O

–63.8

Benzene

C6H6

–28.1

Butyl propanoate

C7H14O2

–57.8

Benzonitrile

C7H5N

–48.5

1-Butyne

C4H6

–13.5

Benzyl alcohol

C7H8O

–66.9

Carbon dioxide

CO2

–17.9

Biphenyl

C12H10

–47.2

Carbon monoxide

CO

–11.1

Bromobenzene

C6H5Br

–33.5

Chlorine

Cl2

–23.4

Bromodichloromethane

CHBrCl2

–28.9

Chlorine dioxide

ClO2

–27.8

Bromoethane

C2H5Br

–29.5

Chlorobenzene

C6H5Cl

–30.6

Bromomethane

CH3Br

–23.8

2-Chloro-1,1′-biphenyl

C12H9Cl

–42.8

2-Bromo-2-methylpropane

C4H9Br

–25.4

1-Chlorobutane

C4H9Cl

–28.2

1,3-Butadiene

C4H6

–31.4

2-Chlorobutane

C4H9Cl

–34.6

Butane

C4H10

–24.8

Chlorodibromomethane

CHBr2Cl

–33.3

1,4-Butanediamine

C4H12N2

–91.6

Chlorodifluoromethane

CHClF2

–22.8

1,4-Butanediol

C4H10O2

–89.6

Chloroethane

C2H5Cl

–22.0

Butanenitrile

C4H7N

–42.1

Chlorofluoromethane

CH2ClF

–21.7

1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol

C4H10O4

–114

1-Chlorohexane

C6H13Cl

–34.5

1-Butanethiol

C4H10S

–36.3

Chloromethane

CH3Cl

–20.2

Butanoic acid

C4H8O2

–59.5

1-Chloropentane

C5H11Cl

–34.1

1-Butanol

C4H10O

–61.9

3-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO

–50.3

2-Butanol

C4H10O

–62.7

1-Chloropropane

C3H7Cl

–27.0

2-Butanone

C4H8O

–41.9

2-Chloropyridine

C5H4ClN

–42.6

1-Butene

C4H8

–24.1

3-Chloropyridine

C5H4ClN

–46.2

2-Butoxyethanol

C6H14O2

–73.6

2-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

–38.3

Butyl acetate

C6H12O2

–52.7

3-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

–37.0

5-88

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Enthalpy of Hydration of Gases Name

Mol. Form.

5-89 ΔhydH∞/kJ mol–1 at 298.15 K

Name

Mol. Form.

ΔhydH∞/kJ mol–1 at 298.15 K

4-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

–33.3

Dimethylamine

C2H7N

–53.1

o-Cresol

C7H8O

–64.8

2,4-Dimethylaniline

C8H11N

–58.7

m-Cresol

C7H8O

–58.7

2,5-Dimethylaniline

C8H11N

–61.5

p-Cresol

C7H8O

–61.3

2,6-Dimethylaniline

C8H11N

–60.5

Cycloheptanol

C7H14O

–74.6

N,N-Dimethylaniline

C8H11N

–49.6

Cyclohexane

C6H12

–30.0

2,3-Dimethylbutane

C6H14

–32.4

cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediol

C6H12O2

–82.4

3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone

C6H12O

–47.5

Cyclohexanol

C6H12O

–70.7

cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H16

–38.3

Cyclohexanone

C6H10O

–49.8

trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H16

–36.1

Cyclohexene

C6H10

–27.3

Dimethyl ether

C2H6O

–34.0

Cyclooctane

C8H16

–39.0

N,N-Dimethylformamide

C3H7NO

–62.9

cis-Cyclooctene

C8H14

–45.5

2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

C7H14O

–54.0

Cyclopentane

C5H10

–30.3

2,3-Dimethylpyridine

C7H9N

–57.7

Cyclopentanol

C5H10O

–58.5

2,4-Dimethylpyridine

C7H9N

–60.7

Cyclopentanone

C5H8O

–44.3

2,5-Dimethylpyridine

C7H9N

–54.9

Cyclopropane

C3H6

–15.4

2,6-Dimethylpyridine

C7H9N

–52.3

Dibromomethane

CH2Br2

–33.0

3,4-Dimethylpyridine

C7H9N

–50.5

Dibutylamine

C8H19N

–59.3

3,5-Dimethylpyridine

C7H9N

–51.3

Dibutyl ether

C8H18O

–55.8

Dimethyl sulfide

C2H6S

–31.5

o-Dichlorobenzene

C6H4Cl2

–37.3

Dimethyl sulfoxide

C2H6OS

–71.9

m-Dichlorobenzene

C6H4Cl2

–35.3

2,5-Dimethyltetrahydrofuran

C6H12O

–56.3

p-Dichlorobenzene

C6H4Cl2

–28.4

1,4-Dioxane

C4H8O2

–48.4

2,3-Dichloro-1,1′-biphenyl

C12H8Cl2

–45.6

1,2-Dipropoxyethane

C8H18O2

–76.8

2,4-Dichloro-1,1′-biphenyl

C12H8Cl2

–43.0

Dipropylamine

C6H15N

–65.2

2,4′-Dichloro-1,1′-biphenyl

C12H8Cl2

–44.2

Dipropyl ether

C6H14O

–49.9

2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl

C12H8Cl2

–45.6

Dipropyl sulfide

C6H14S

–47.7

Dichlorodifluoromethane

1-Dodecanol

C12H26O

–81.9

Ethane

C2H6

–17.9

1,2-Ethanediamine

C2H8N2

–76.1

1,2-Ethanediol

C2H6O2

–77.3

Ethanethiol

C2H6S

–28.9

Ethanol

C2H6O

–50.6

2-Ethoxyethanol

C4H10O2

–66.4

1-Ethoxy-2-methoxyethane

C5H12O2

–66.1

Ethyl acetate

C4H8O2

–45.3

Ethylamine

C2H7N

–53.7

2-Ethylaniline

C8H11N

–59.7

4-Ethylaniline

C8H11N

–65.0

Ethylbenzene

C8H10

–39.4

Ethyl butanoate

C6H12O2

–52.7

Ethylcyclohexane

C8H16

–36.8

Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate

C7H14O2

–50.3

Ethylene

C2H4

–13.7

Ethyl formate

C3H6O2

–38.1

Ethyl hexanoate

C8H16O2

–60.2

Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate

C7H14O2

–56.0

Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate

C7H14O2

–55.4

Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate

C6H12O2

–51.3

Ethyl pentanoate

C7H14O2

–56.5

Ethyl propanoate

C5H10O2

–49.5

2-Ethylpyridine

C7H9N

–55.7

CCl2F2

–26.0

2,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoro-1methoxyethane

C3H4Cl2F2O

–30.4

1,1-Dichloroethane

C2H4Cl2

–30.3

1,2-Dichloroethane

C2H4Cl2

–27.9

1,1-Dichloroethene

C2H2Cl2

–28.5

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

C2H2Cl2

–26.9

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene

C2H2Cl2

–29.3

Dichloromethane

CH2Cl2

–30.3

1,2-Dichloropropane

C3H6Cl2

–31.1

1,3-Dichloropropane

C3H6Cl2

–29.7

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane

C2Cl2F4

–20.2

1,2-Diethoxyethane

C6H14O2

–71.9

Diethylamine

C4H11N

–64.3

N,N-Diethylaniline

C10H15N

–45.7

p-Diethylbenzene

C10H14

–46.4

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

C6H14O3

–96.2

Diethyl ether

C4H10O

–46.4

Diethyl sulfide

C4H10S

–40.2

1,1-Difluoroethane

C2H4F2

–20.7

Difluoromethane

CH2F2

–17.2

Diiodomethane

CH2I2

–41.6

Diisopropyl ether

C6H14O

–51.7

1,2-Dimethoxyethane

C4H10O2

–59.3

6679X_S05.indb 89

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Enthalpy of Hydration of Gases

5-90 Name

Mol. Form.

ΔhydH∞/kJ mol–1 at 298.15 K

Name

Mol. Form.

ΔhydH∞/kJ mol–1 at 298.15 K

3-Ethylpyridine

C7H9N

–53.5

Isopropyl formate

C4H8O2

–43.0

4-Ethylpyridine

C7H9N

–52.2

1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene

C10H14

–34.6

9H-Fluorene

C13H10

–42.7

Krypton

Kr

–15.6

Fluorobenzene

C6H5F

–29.3

Methane

CH4

–12.0

Fluoromethane

CH3F

–16.1

Methanethiol

CH4S

–24.4

Glycerol

C3H8O3

–103.5

Methanol

CH4O

–52.0

Helium

He

–0.67

2-Methoxyethanol

C3H8O2

–60.4

1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane

C3HF7

–24.8

2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane

C6H14O

–52.5

Heptanal

C7H14O

–56.6

2-Methoxyphenol

C7H8O2

–62.6

Heptane

C7H16

–34.0

Methyl acetate

C3H6O2

–40.1

1-Heptanol

C7H16O

–72.1

Methylamine

CH5N

–45.3

2-Heptanol

C7H16O

–72.6

Methyl benzoate

C8H8O2

–50.3

4-Heptanol

C7H16O

–75.3

Methyl butanoate

C5H10O2

–47.5

2-Heptanone

C7H14O

–54.9

3-Methyl-1-butanol

C5H12O

–66.0

4-Heptanone

C7H14O

–58.1

2-Methyl-2-butanol

C5H12O

–68.4

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol

C3H2F6O

–57.1

3-Methyl-2-butanone

C5H10O

–57.6

Hexanal

C6H12O

–55.2

2-Methyl-2-butene

C5H10

–26.6

Hexane

C6H14

–31.9

Methyl tert-butyl ether

C5H12O

–48.7

Hexanedinitrile

C6H8N2

–66.6

Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate

C6H12O2

–46.2

1-Hexanol

C6H14O

–67.4

Methyl formate

C2H4O2

–32.0

3-Hexanol

C6H14O

–69.6

Methyl hexanoate

C7H14O2

–54.7

2-Hexanone

C6H12O

–48.9

Methyl isobutanoate

C5H10O2

–46.0

3-Hexanone

C6H12O

–46.0

4-Methylmorpholine

C5H11NO

–68.7

1-Hexene

C6H12

–30.4

1-Methylnaphthalene

C11H10

–45.0

Hexyl acetate

C8H16O2

–60.8

2-Methylnaphthalene

C11H10

–44.9

Hexylamine

C6H15N

–65.9

2-Methylpentane

C6H14

–30.5

Hexylbenzene

C12H18

–52.7

3-Methylpentane

C6H14

–36.8

Hydrogen

H2

–0.402

Methyl pentanoate

C6H12O2

–50.4

Hydrogen selenide

H2Se

–15.7

4-Methyl-2-pentanol

C6H14O

–69.9

Hydrogen sulfide

H2S

–18.0

4-Methyl-2-pentanone

C6H12O

–44.6

3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

C7H6O2

–70.7

1-Methylpiperidine

C6H13N

–65.8

3-Hydroxybenzonitrile

C7H5NO

–70.7

2-Methylpropanenitrile

C4H7N

–40.0

4-Hydroxybenzonitrile

C7H5NO

–70.3

Methyl propanoate

C4H8O2

–44.5

Iodoethane

C2H5I

–31.7

2-Methyl-1-propanol

C4H10O

–60.2

Iodomethane

CH3I

–28.2

2-Methyl-2-propanol

C4H10O

–62.9

1-Iodopropane

C3H7I

–35.3

Methyl propyl ether

C4H10O

–38.0

2-Iodopropane

C3H7I

–36.6

2-Methylpyridine

C6H7N

–50.3

Isobutanal

C4H8O

–40.0

3-Methylpyridine

C6H7N

–50.3

Isobutane

C4H10

–21.7

4-Methylpyridine

C6H7N

–51.8

Isobutene

C4H8

–22.7

N-Methylpyrrolidine

C5H11N

–63.4

Isobutyl acetate

C6H12O2

–51.8

2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

C5H10O

–51.4

Isobutyl formate

C5H10O2

–43.0

Morpholine

C4H9NO

–69.5

Isobutyl isobutanoate

C8H16O2

–55.3

Naphthalene

C10H8

–42.8

Isobutyl propanoate

C7H14O2

–54.7

Neon

Ne

–3.90

Isoflurane

C3H2ClF5O

–35.3

Neopentane

C5H12

–23.4

Isopentyl acetate

C7H14O2

–53.8

Nitric oxide

NO

–11.9

Isopentyl formate

C6H12O2

–47.7

Nitrobenzene

C6H5NO2

–43.8

Isophorone

C9H14O

–59.1

Nitroethane

C2H5NO2

–32.5

Isopropyl acetate

C5H10O2

–46.8

Nitrogen

N2

–1.04

Isopropylamine

C3H9N

–55.0

Nitromethane

CH3NO2

–35.7

Isopropylbenzene

C9H12

–33.7

2-Nitrophenol

C6H5NO3

–49.8

6679X_S05.indb 90

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Enthalpy of Hydration of Gases Name

Mol. Form.

5-91 ΔhydH∞/kJ mol–1 at 298.15 K

Name

Mol. Form.

ΔhydH∞/kJ mol–1 at 298.15 K

3-Nitrophenol

C6H5NO3

–67.7

Propylbenzene

C9H12

–36.4

4-Nitrophenol

C6H5NO3

–68.6

Propyl butanoate

C7H14O2

–54.9

1-Nitropropane

C3H7NO2

–34.4

Propyl formate

C4H8O2

–40.5

2-Nitropropane

C3H7NO2

–34.1

Propyl propanoate

C6H12O2

–51.2

2-Nitrotoluene

C7H7NO2

–46.4

Propyne

C3H4

–15.6

3-Nitrotoluene

C7H7NO2

–38.5

Pyridine

C5H5N

–42.1

Nitrous oxide

N2O

–19.8

Quinoline

C9H7N

–58.2

5-Nonanone

C9H18O

–62.8

Radon

Rn

–24.0

2-Nonanone

C9H18O

–65.3

Styrene

C8H8

–28.4

Octanal

C8H16O

–48.8

Succinonitrile

C4H4N2

–58.2

Octane

C8H18

–36.0

Sulfur hexafluoride

F6S

–20.7

1-Octanol

C8H18O

–74.1

1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene

C6H2Cl4

–35.0

2-Octanone

C8H16O

–58.3

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

C2H2Cl4

–34.8

1-Octene

C8H16

–39.2

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

C2H2Cl4

–36.2

Octylamine

C8H19N

–52.3

Tetrachloroethene

C2Cl4

–41.5

Oxygen

O2

–1.20

Tetrachloromethane

CCl4

–30.5

Pentachlorobenzene

C6HCl5

–39.9

Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether C10H22O5

Pentafluoroethane

C2HF5

–21.5

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

C2H2F4

–22.2

2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoro-1-propanol

C3H3F5O

–51.9

Tetrafluoroethene

C2F4

–15.1

Pentanal

C5H10O

–42.9

Tetrafluoromethane

CF4

–13.5

Pentane

C5H12

–28.3

2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol

C3H4F4O

–57.9

1,5-Pentanediamine

C5H14N2

–95.1

Tetrahydrofuran

C4H8O

–47.3

Pentanedinitrile

C5H6N2

–63.5

Tetrahydropyran

C5H10O

–48.9

Pentanenitrile

C5H9N

–45.6

Thiophene

C4H4S

–29.9

1-Pentanol

C5H12O

–61.9

Toluene

C7H8

–32.4

2-Pentanol

C5H12O

–63.3

Tribromomethane

CHBr3

–35.8

3-Pentanol

C5H12O

–59.6

1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene

C6H3Cl3

–32.6

2-Pentanone

C5H10O

–45.3

1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene

C6H3Cl3

–34.2

3-Pentanone

C5H10O

–49.6

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

C2H3Cl3

–28.7

Pentyl acetate

C7H14O2

–55.3

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

C2H3Cl3

–32.5

Pentylamine

C5H13N

–62.1

Trichloroethene

C2HCl3

–32.2

–126

Pentylbenzene

C11H16

–49.5

Trichlorofluoromethane

CCl3F

–19.8

Pentyl formate

C6H12O2

–48.1

Trichloromethane

CHCl3

–33.5

Perfluoropropene

C3F6

–17.4

Phenol

C6H6O

–57.7

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane

C2Cl3F3

–28.8

1-Phenyl-1-propanone

C9H10O

–61.9

Triethylamine

C6H15N

–69.7

Piperidine

C5H11N

–65.4

Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether

C8H18O4

–102.4

Propanal

C3H6O

–39.4

2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol

C2H3F3O

–50.2

Propanamide

C3H7NO

–73.4

Trifluoromethane

CHF3

–22.6

Propane

C3H8

–20.4

1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-propanol

C3H5F3O

–53.5

1,3-Propanediamine

C3H10N2

–85.6

Trimethylamine

C3H9N

–52.7

1,3-Propanediol

C3H8O2

–81.1

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

C9H12

–37.4

Propanenitrile

C3H5N

–39.5

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

C9H12

–36.6

1-Propanethiol

C3H8S

–30.2

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

C9H12

–39.1

Propanoic acid

C3H6O2

–56.5

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

C8H18

–31.0

1-Propanol

C3H8O

–59.9

2,3,4-Trimethylpentane

C8H18

–38.5

2-Propanol

C3H8O

–58.2

Xenon

Xe

–19.4

Propene

C3H6

–21.6

o-Xylene

C8H10

–37.7

2-Propoxyethanol

C5H12O2

–69.6

m-Xylene

C8H10

–38.6

Propyl acetate

C5H10O2

–48.7

p-Xylene

C8H10

–34.8

Propylamine

C3H9N

–56.0

6679X_S05.indb 91

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CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING The present compilation of kinetic data represents the 12th evaluation prepared by the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation. The Panel was established in 1977 by the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program Office for the purpose of providing a critical tabulation of the latest kinetic and photochemical data for use by modelers in computer simulations of stratospheric chemistry. The recommended rate data and cross sections are based on laboratory measurements. The major use of theoretical extrapolation of data is in connection with three–body reactions, in which the required pressure or temperature dependence is sometimes unavailable from laboratory measurements, and can be estimated by use of appropriate theoretical treatment. In the case of important rate constants for which no experimental data are available, the panel may provide estimates of rate constant parameters based on analogy to similar reactions for which data are available. Rate constants are expressed in the form k(T) = A exp(–E/RT), where A is the pre–exponential factor, E the activation energy, R the gas constant, and T the absolute temperature. Uncertainties are expressed by the factor f, e.g., a value of 4.2×10–10 with f = 2 indicates that the true value is believed to lie between 2.1×10–10 and 8.4×10–10. The value of f at other temperatures may be calculated from f(298), given in the last column, by:

f (T) = f (298) exp[(∆E/R)(1/T–1/298)] , where ∆E/R is the uncertainty in E/R. Table 1 covers rate constant data on second order reactions, grouped by class, while Table 2 covers association reactions. Relevant equilibrium constant data are given in Table 3. All concentrations are measured in molecules cm–3. Notes on each reaction, as well as related photochemical data, may be found in the reference. The assistance of Robert Hampson is gratefully acknowledged.

Reference DeMore, W. B., Sander, S. P., Golden, D. M., Hampson, R. F., Kurylo, M. J., Howard, C. J., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., and Molina, M. J., Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Modeling. Evaluation Number 12, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publication 97–4, Pasadena CA, 1997. The report is also available at the World Wide Web site < http:// remus.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/jpl97>.

TABLE 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions A cm3 molecule–1 s–1

E/R K

k (298 K) cm3 molecule–1 s–1

f(298)

Ox Reactions O + O3 → O2 + O2

8.0×10–12

2060±250

8.0×10–15

1.15

O(1D) Reactions O(1D) + O2 → O + O2 O(1D) + O3 → O2 + O2 → O2 + O + O O(1D) + H2 → OH + H O(1D) + H2O → OH + OH O(1D) + N2 → O + N2 O(1D) + N2O → N2 + O2 → NO + NO O(1D) + NH3 → OH + NH2 O(1D) + CO2 → O + CO2 O(1D) + CH4 → products O(1D) + HCl → products O(1D) + HF → OH + F O(1D) + HBr → products O(1D) + Cl2 → products O(1D) + CCl2O → products O(1D) + CClFO → products O(1D) + CF2O → products O(1D) + CCl4 → products (CFC–10) O(1D) + CH3Br → products O(1D) + CH2Br2 → products O(1D) + CHBr3 → products O(1D) + CH3F → products (HFC–41) O(1D) + CH2F2→ products (HFC–32) O(1D) + CHF3→ products (HFC–23)

3.2×10–11 1.2×10–10 1.2×10–10 1.1×10–10 2.2×10–10 1.8×10–11 4.9×10–11 6.7×10–11 2.5×10–10 7.4×10–11 1.5×10–10 1.5×10–10 1.4×10–10 1.5×10–10 2.8×10–10 3.6×10–10 1.9×10–10 7.4×10–11 3.3×10–10 1.8×10–10 2.7×10–10 6.6×10–10 1.5×10–10 5.1×10–11 9.1×10–12

–(70±100) 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 –(110±100) 0±100 0±100 0±100 –(120±100) 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100

4.0×10–11 1.2×10–10 1.2×10–10 1.1×10–10 2.2×10–10 2.6×10–11 4.9×10–11 6.7×10–11 2.5×10–10 1.1×10–10 1.5×10–10 1.5×10–10 1.4×10–10 1.5×10–10 2.8×10–10 3.6×10–10 1.9×10–10 7.4×10–11 3.3×10–10 1.8×10–10 2.7×10–10 6.6×10–10 1.5×10–10 5.1×10–11 9.1×10–12

1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.2

Reaction

5-87

Section5.indb 87

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5-88

A cm3 molecule–1 s–1 1.9×10–10 1.0×10–10 2.3×10–10 1.4×10–10 8.7×10–11 1.5×10–10 2.2×10–10 1.0×10–10 – 2.6×10–10 2.0×10–10 2.6×10–10 2.2×10–10 1.0×10–10 1.6×10–10 1.2×10–10 4.9×10–11 2.0×10–10 8.6×10–11 1.2×10–10 2×10–10 2×10–10 1×10–10 1.3×10–10 5×10–11 1.6×10–10 – 1.8×10–11 – 2.1×10–10 – – – –

E/R K 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 – 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 – 0±100 – 0±100 – – – –

k (298 K) cm3 molecule–1 s–1 1.9×10–10 1.0×10–10 2.3×10–10 1.4×10–10 8.7×10–11 1.5×10–10 2.2×10–10 1.0×10–10 2.0×10–14 2.6×10–10 2.0×10–10 2.6×10–10 2.2×10–10 1.0×10–10 1.6×10–10 1.2×10–10 4.9×10–11 2.0×10–10 8.6×10–11 1.2×10–10 2×10–10 2×10–10 1×10–10 1.3×10–10 5×10–11 1.6×10–10 1.5×10–13 1.8×10–11 8×10–13 2.1×10–10 3.9×10–13 1×10–12 2.8×10–13 1.8×10–14

f(298) 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 3.0 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.3 4 2 2 2 1.5

Singlet O2 Reactions O2(1∆) + O → products O2(1∆) + O2 → products O2(1∆) + O3 → O + 2O2 O2(1∆) + H2O → products O2(1∆) + N → NO + O O2(1∆) + N2 → products O2(1∆) + CO2 → products O2(1Σ) + O → products O2(1Σ) + O2 → products O2(1Σ) + O3 → products O2(1Σ) + H2O → products O2(1Σ) + N → products O2(1Σ) + N2 → products O2(1Σ) + CO2 → products

– 3.6×10–18 5.2×10–11 – – – – – – 2.2×10–11 – – 2.1×10–15 4.2×10–13

– 220±100 2840±500 – – – – – – 0±200 – – 0±200 0±200

<2×10–16 1.7×10–18 3.8×10–15 4.8×10–18 <9×10–17 <10–20 <2×10–20 8×10–14 3.9×10–17 2.2×10–11 5.4×10–12 <10–13 2.1×10–15 4.2×10–13

– 1.2 1.2 1.5 – – – 5.0 1.5 1.2 1.3 – 1.2 1.2

HOx Reactions O + OH → O2 + H O + HO2 → OH + O2 O + H2O2 → OH + HO2 H + O3 → OH + O2 H + HO2 → products OH + O3 → HO2 + O2 OH + H2 → H2O+ H

2.2×10–11 3.0×10–11 1.4×10–12 1.4×10–10 8.1×10–11 1.6×10–12 5.5×10–12

–(120±100) –(200±100) 2000±1000 470±200 0±100 940±300 2000±100

3.3×10–11 5.9×10–11 1.7×10–15 2.9×10–11 8.1×10–11 6.8×10–14 6.7×10–15

1.2 1.2 2.0 1.25 1.3 1.3 1.1

Reaction O(1D) + CHCl2F → products (HCFC–21) O(1D) + CHClF2 → products (HCFC–22) O(1D) + CCl3F → products (CFC–11) O(1D) + CCl2F2 → products (CFC–12) O(1D) + CClF3 → products (CFC–13) O(1D) + CClBrF2 → products (Halon–1211) O(1D) + CBr2F2 → products (Halon–1202) O(1D) + CBrF3 → products (Halon–1301) O(1D) + CF4 → CF4 + O (CFC–14) O(1D) + CH3CH2F → products (HFC–161) O(1D) + CH3CHF2 → products (HFC–152a) O(1D) + CH3CCl2F→ products (HCFC–141b) O(1D) + CH3CClF2 → products (HCFC–142b) O(1D) + CH3CF3 → products (HFC–143a) O(1D) + CH2ClCClF2 → products (HCFC–132b) O(1D) + CH2ClCF3 → products (HCFC–133a) O(1D) + CH2FCF3 → products (HFC–134a) O(1D) + CHCl2CF3 → products (HCFC–123) O(1D) + CHClFCF3 → products (HCFC–124) O(1D) + CHF2CF3 → products (HFC–125) O(1D) + CCl3CF3 → products (CFC–113a) O(1D) + CCl2FCClF2 → products (CFC–113) O(1D) + CCl2FCF3 → products (CFC–114a) O(1D) + CClF2CClF2 → products (CFC–114) O(1D) + CClF2CF3 → products (CFC–115) O(1D) + CBrF2CBrF2 → products (Halon–2402) O(1D) + CF3CF3 → O + CF3CF3 (CFC–116) O(1D) + CHF2CF2CF2CHF2 → products (HFC–338pcc) O(1D) + c–C4F8 → products O(1D) + CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 → products (HFC–43–10mee) O(1D) + C5F12 → products (CFC–41–12) O(1D) + C6F14 → products (CFC–51–14) O(1D) + 1,2–(CF3)2c–C4F6 → products O(1D) + SF6 → products

Section5.indb 88

Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling

4/29/05 3:48:16 PM

Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling

OH + HD → products OH + OH → H2O + O OH + HO2 → H2O + O2 OH + H2O2 → H2O+ HO2 HO2 + O3 → OH + 2O2 HO2 + HO2 → H2O2 + O2 H2O2 + O2

Reaction

NOx Reactions O + NO2 → NO + O2 O + NO3→ O2 + NO2 O + N2O5 → products O + HNO3 → OH + NO3 O + HO2NO2 → products H + NO2 → OH + NO OH + NO3 → products OH + HONO → H2O + NO2 OH + HNO3 → H2O + NO3 OH + HO2NO2 → products OH + NH3 → H2O + NH2 HO2 + NO → NO2 + OH HO2 + NO2 → ΗΟΝΟ + Ο2 HO2 + NO3 → products HO2 + NH2 → products N + O2 → NO + O N + O3 → NO + O2 N + NO → N2 + O N + NO2 → N2O + O NO + O3 → NO2 + O2 NO + NO3 → 2NO2 NO2 + O3 → NO3 + O2 NO2 + NO3 → NO + NO2 +O2 NO3 + NO3 → 2NO2 + O2 NH2 + O2 → products NH2 + O3 → products NH2 + NO → products NH2 + NO2 → products NH + NO → products NH + NO2 → products O3 + HNO2 → O2 + HNO3 N2O5 + H2O → 2HNO3 N2(A,v) + O2 → products N2(A,v) + O3 → products Reactions of Organic Compounds O + CH3 → products O + HCN → products O + C2H2 → products O + H2CO → products O + CH3CHO → CH3CO + OH O3 + C2H2 → products O3 + C2H4 → products O3 + C3H6 → products OH + CO → products OH + CH4 → CH3 + H2O OH + 13CH4 → 13CH3 + H2O OH + CH3D → products OH + H2CO → H2O + HCO

Section5.indb 89

5-89 A cm3 molecule–1 s–1 5.0×10–12 4.2×10–12 4.8×10–11 2.9×10–12 1.1×10–14 2.3×10–13 1.7×10–33[M]

E/R K 2130±200 240±240 –(250±200) 160±100 500± –(600±200) –(1000±400)

k (298 K) cm3 molecule–1 s–1 4.0×10–15 1.9×10–12 1.1×10–10 1.7×10–12 2.0×10–15 1.7×10–12 4.9×10–32[M]

6.5×10–12 1.0×10–11

–(120±120) 0±150

1.1 1.5

7.8×10–11 4.0×10–10

3400±750 340±300

1.8×10–11 See reference 1.3×10–12 1.7×10–12 3.5×10–12 See reference

390± 1.3 –(380±) 710±200 –(250±50)

9.7×10–12 1.0×10–11 <3.0×10–16 <3.0×10–17 8.6×10–16 1.3×10–10 2.2×10–11 4.5×10–12 4.6×10–12 1.6×10–13 8.1×10–12

1.5 1.2 1.15

1.5×10–11

3600±400

1.5 2.0 1.25

2.1×10–11 5.8×10–12 2.0×10–12 1.5×10–11 1.2×10–13 See reference 8.5×10–13

–(100±100) –(220±100) 1400±200 –(170±100) 2450±150

3.5×10–12 3.4×10–11 8.5×10–17 <2.0×10–16 3.0×10–11 1.2×10–11 1.8×10–14 2.6×10–11 3.2×10–17

1.5

4.3×10–12 4.0×10–12 2.1×10–12 4.9×10–11 3.5×10–13

930±500 –(450±150) –(650±250) 0±300 –(1140±500)

2.3×10–16 <6.0×10–21 1.9×10–13 1.8×10–11 1.9×10–11 4.9×10–11 1.6×10–11 <5.0×10–19 <2.0×10–21 2.5×10–12, v=0 4.1×10–11, v=0

1.1×10–10 1.0×10–11 3.0×10–11 3.4×10–11 1.8×10–11 1.0×10–14 1.2×10–14 6.5×10–15 1.5×10-13 x (1+0.6Patm) 2.45×10–12 See reference 3.5×10–12 1.0×10–11

2450±500

0±250 4000±1000 1600±250 1600±250 1100±200 4100±500 2630±100 1900±200 0±300

f(298) 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3

3.0 1.3 1.5 1.5

1.3 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.15

3.0 1.3 3.0 1.5 2.0

1.5 2.0 1.3 10 1.3 1.25 1.25 3 1.25 1.2 1.3

1775±100

1.1×10–10 1.5×10–17 1.4×10–13 1.6×10–13 4.5×10–13 1.0×10–20 1.7×10–18 1.1×10–17 1.5×10-13 x (1+0.6Patm) 6.3×10–15

1950 ± 200 0±200

5.0×10–15 1.0×10–11

1.15 1.25

1.1

4/29/05 3:48:18 PM

Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling

5-90 Reaction

OH + CH3OH → products OH + CH3OOH → products OH + HC(O)OH → products OH + HCN → products OH + C2H6 → H2O + C2H5 OH + C3H8 → H2O + C3H7 OH + CH3CHO → CH3CO + H2O OH + C2H5OH → products OH + CH3C(O)OH → products OH + CH3C(O)CH3 → CH3C(O)CH2 + H2O OH + CH3CN → products OH+ CH3ONO2 → products OH + CH3C(O)O2NO2 (PAN)→ products OH+ C2H5ONO2 → products HO2 + CH2O → adduct HO2 + CH3O2 → CH3OOH + O2 HO2 + C2H5O2 → C2H5OOH + O2 HO2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products NO3 + CO → products NO3 + CH2O → products NO3 + CH3CHO → products CH3 + O2 → products CH3 + O3 → products HCO + O2 → CO + HO2 CH2OH + O2 → CH2O + HO2 CH3O + O2 → CH2O + HO2 CH3O + NO → CH2O + HNO CH3O+ NO2 → CH2O + HONO CH3O2 + O3 → products CH3O2 + CH3O2 → products CH3O2 + NO → CH3O + NO2 CH3O2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products C2H5 + O2 → C2H4 + HO2 C2H5O + O2 → CH3CHO + HO2 C2H5O2 + C2H5O2 → products C2H5O2 + NO → products CH3C(O)O2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products CH3C(O)O2 + NO → products FOx Reactions O + FO → F + O2 O + FO2 → FO + O2 OH + CH3F → CH2F + H2O (HFC–41) OH + CH2F2 → CHF2 + H2O (HFC–32) OH + CHF3 → CF3 + H2O (HFC–23) OH + CF3OH → CF3O + H2O OH + CH3CH2F → products (HFC–161) OH + CH3CHF2 → products (HFC–152a) OH + CH2FCH2F → CHFCH2F (HFC–152) + H2O OH + CH3CF3 → CH2CF3 + H2O (HFC–143a) OH + CH2FCHF2 → products (HFC–143) OH + CH2FCF3 → CHFCF3 + H2O (HFC–134a) OH + CHF2CHF2 → CF2CHF2 (HFC–134) + H2O OH + CHF2CF3 → CF2CF3 + H2O (HFC–125) OH + CH3OCHF2 → products (HFOC–152a) OH + CF3OCH3 → CF3OCH2 + H2O (HFOC–143a) OH + CF2HOCF2H → CF2OCF2H (HFOC–134) + H2O OH + CF3OCHF2 → CF3OCF2 + H2O (HFOC–125)

Section5.indb 90

A cm3 molecule–1 s–1 6.7×10–12 3.8×10–12 4.0×10–13 1.2×10–13 8.7 × 10–12 1.0 × 10–11 5.6×10–12 7.0×10–12 4.0×10–13 2.2 × 10–12 7.8×10–13 5.0×10–13

E/R K 600±300 –(200±200) 0±200 400±150 1070±100 660±100 –(270±200) 235±100 –(200±400) 685±100 1050±200 890±500

8.2×10–13 6.7×10–15 3.8×10–13 7.5×10–13 4.5×10–13

450±300 –(600±600) –(800±400) –(700±250) –(1000±600)

1.4×10–12

1900±300

5.4×10–12 3.5×10–12 9.1×10–12 3.9×10–14 See reference 1.1 × 10–11

220±150 –(140±140) 0±200 900±300

2.5×10–13 3.0×10–12 1.3×10–12

–(190±190) –(280±60) –(640±200)

6.3 × 10–14 6.8×10–14 2.6×10–12 2.9×10–12 5.3×10–12

550±200 0±300 –(365±150) –(500±150) –(360±150)

2.7×10–11 5.0×10–11 3.0×10–12 1.9×10–12 1.0×10–12

0±250 0±250 1500±300 1550±200 2440±200

7.0×10–12 2.4×10–12 1.7×10–11 1.8×10–12 4.0×10–12 1.5×10–12 1.6×10–12 5.6×10–13 6.0×10–12 1.5×10–12 1.9×10–12 4.7×10–13

1100±300 1260±200 1500±500 2170±150 1650±300 1750±200 1680±300 1700±300 1530±150 1450±150 2000±150 2100±300

1200±600

k (298 K) cm3 molecule–1 s–1 8.9×10–13 7.4×10–12 4.0×10–13 3.1×10–14 2.4×10–13 1.1×10–12 1.4×10–11 3.2×10–12 8.0×10–13 2.2×10–13 2.3×10–14 2.4×10–14 <4 × 10–14 1.8×10–13 5.0×10–14 5.6×10–12 8.0×10–12 1.3×10–11 <4.0×10–19 5.8×10–16 2.4×10–15 <3.0×10–16 2.6×10–12 5.5×10–12 9.1×10–12 1.9×10–15 2.0 × 10–13 <3.0×10–17 4.7×10–13 7.7×10–12 1.1×10–11 <2.0×10–14 1.0×10–14 6.8×10–14 8.7×10–12 1.5×10–11 1.8×10–11 2.7×10–11 5.0×10–11 2.0×10–14 1.0×10–14 2.8×10–16 <2×10–17 1.7×10–13 3.5×10–14 1.1×10–13 1.2×10–15 1.6×10–14 4.2×10–15 5.7×10–15 1.9×10–15 3.5×10–14 1.2×10–14 2.3×10–15 4.1×10–16

f(298) 1.2 1.5 1.3 3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.15 1.5 3 3 5 2 1.5 2 1.3 1.3 2 1.3 1.3 1.5 5 1.5 1.15 1.5 1.5 2 1.2 1.5 1.4 3.0 5.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.1 1.5 1.1 2.0 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2

4/29/05 3:48:20 PM

Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling Reaction OH + CF3CH2CH3 → products (HFC–263fb) OH + CH2FCF2CHF2 → products (HFC–245ca) OH + CHF2CHFCHF2 → products (HFC–245ea) OH + CF3CHFCH2F → products (HFC–245eb) OH + CHF2CH2CF3 → products (HFC–245fa) OH + CF3CF2CH2F → CF3CF2CHF (HFC–236cb) +H2O OH + CF3CHFCHF2 → products (HFC–236ea) OH + CF3CH2CF3 → CF3CHCF3 (HFC–236fa) +H2O OH + CF3CHFCF3 → CF3CFCF3+H2O (HFC–227ea) OH + CHF2OCH2CF3 → products (HFOC–245fa) OH + CF3CH2CF2CH3 → products (HFC–365mfc) OH + CF3CH2CH2CF3 → products (HFC–356mff ) OH + CF3CF2CH2CH2F → products (HFC–356mcf ) OH + CHF2CF2CF2CF2H → products (HFC–338pcc) OH + CF3CH2CF2CH2CF3 → products (HFC–458mfcf ) OH + CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 → products (HFC–43–10mee) OH + CF3CF2CH2CH2CF2CF3 → (HFC–55–10–mcff ) products F + O3 → FO + O2 F + H2 → HF + H F + H2O → HF + OH F + HNO3 → HF + NO3 F + CH4 → HF + CH3 FO + O3 → products FO + NO → NO2 + F FO + FO → 2 F + O2 FO2 + O3 → products FO2 + NO → FNO + O2 FO2 + NO2 → products FO2 + CO → products FO2 + CH4 → products CF3O + O2 → FO2 + CF2O CF3O + O3 → CF3O2 + O2 CF3O + H2O → OH + CF3OH CF3O + NO → CF2O + FNO CF3O + NO2 → products CF3O + CO → products CF3O + CH4 → CH3 + CF3OH CF3O + C2H6 → C2H5 + CF3OH CF3O2 + O3 → CF3O + 2O2 CF3O2 + CO → CF3O + CO2 CF3O2 + NO → CF3O + NO2 ClOx Reactions O + ClO → Cl + O2 O + OClO → ClO + O2 O + Cl2O → ClO + ClO O + HCl → OH + Cl O + HOCl → OH + ClO O + ClONO2 → products O3 + OClO → products O3 + Cl2O2 → products OH + Cl2 → HOCl + Cl OH + ClO → products OH + OClO → HOCl + O2 OH + HCl → H2O + Cl OH + HOCl → H2O + ClO OH + ClNO2 → HOCl + NO2 OH + ClONO2 → products

Section5.indb 91

5-91 A cm3 molecule–1 s–1 – 2.4×10–12 – – 6.1×10–13 1.5×10–12 1.1×10–12 1.3×10–12 5.0×10–13 2.6×10–12 2.0×10–12 3.0×10–12 1.7×10–12 7.8×10–13 1.2×10–12 5.2×10–13 – 2.2×10–11 1.4×10–10 1.4×10–11 6.0×10–12 1.6×10–10

E/R K – 1660±150 – – 1330±150 1750±500 1590±150 2480±150 1700±300 1610±150 1750±200 1800±300 1110±200 1530±200 1830±200 1500±300 – 230±200 500±200 0±200 –(400±200) 260±200

k (298 K) cm3 molecule–1 s–1 4.2×10–14 9.1×10–15 1.6×10–14 1.5×10–14 7.0×10–15 4.2×10–15 5.3×10–15 3.2×10–16 1.7×10–15 1.2×10–14 5.7×10–15 7.1×10–15 4.2×10–14 4.6×10–15 2.6×10–15 3.4×10–15 8.3×10–15 1.0×10–11 2.6×10–11 1.4×10–11 2.3×10–11 6.7×10–11 <1 × 10–14 2.2×10–11 1.0×10–11 <3.4×10–16 7.5×10–13 4.0×10–14 <5.1×10–16 <2×10–16 <1.5 × 10–18 1.8 × 10–14 <2 × 10–17 5.4 × 10–11

8.2×10–12 1.0×10–11

–(300±200) 0±250

7.5×10–12 3.8×10–11

690±400 2040±500

<3 × 10–11 2 × 10–12 3 × 10–12 3.7 × 10–11 See reference

5000 1400±600 >3600 –(110±70)

2.6 × 10–12 4.9 × 10–12

1420±200 400±100

5.4 × 10–12

–(320±150)

<2 × 10–15 2.2 × 10–14 1.3 × 10–12 <3 × 10–15 <5 × 10–16 1.6 × 10–11

3.0×10–11 2.4×10–12 2.7×10–11 1.0×10–11 1.7×10–13 2.9×10–12 2.1×10–12 – 1.4×10–12 1.1×10–11 4.5×10–13 2.6×10–12 3.0×10–12 2.4×10–12 1.2×10–12

–(70±70) 960±300 530±150 3300±350 0±300 800±200 4700±1000 – 900±400 –(120±150) –(800±200) 350±100 500±500 1250±300 330±200

3.8×10–11 1.0×10–13 4.5×10–12 1.5×10–16 1.7×10–13 2.0×10–13 3.0×10–19 <1.0×10–19 6.7×10–14 1.7×10–11 6.8×10–12 8.0×10–13 5.0×10–13 3.6×10–14 3.9×10–13

f(298) 1.5 1.3 2.0 2.0 1.2 2.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.0 1.3 1.3 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0

1.3 1.2

1.1 1.2

1.1 1.2 2.0 1.3 2.0 3.0 1.5 2.5 – 1.2 1.5 2.0 1.2 3.0 2.0 1.5

4/29/05 3:48:21 PM

5-92 Reaction OH + CH3Cl → CH2Cl + H2O OH + CH2Cl2 → CHCl2 + H2O OH + CHCl3 → CCl3 + H2O OH + CCl4 → products OH + CFCl3 → products (CFC–11) OH + CF2Cl2 → products (CFC–12) OH + CH2ClF → CHClF + H2O (HCFC–31) OH + CHFCl2 → CFCl2 + H2O (HCFC–21) OH + CHF2Cl → CF2Cl + H2O (HCFC–22) OH + CH3OCl → products OH + CH3CCl3 → CH2CCl3 + H2O (HCC–140) OH + C2HCl3 → products OH + C2Cl4 → products OH + CCl3CHO → H2O + CCl3CO OH + CH3CFCl2 → CH2CFCl2 + H2O (HCFC–141b) OH + CH3CF2Cl → CH2CF2Cl + H2O (HCFC–142b) OH + CH2ClCF2Cl → CHClCF2Cl (HCFC–132b) + H2O OH + CHCl2CF2Cl → CCl2CF2Cl (HCFC–122) + H2O OH + CHFClCFCl2 → CFClCFCl2 (HCFC–122a) + H2O OH + CH2ClCF3 → CHClCF3 + H2O (HCFC–133a) OH + CHCl2CF3 → CCl2CF3 + H2O (HCFC–123) OH + CHFClCF2Cl → CFClCF2Cl (HCFC–123a) + H2O OH + CHFClCF3 → CFClCF3 + H2O (HCFC–124) OH + CH3CF2CFCl2 → products (HCFC–243cc) OH + CF3CF2CHCl2 → products (HCFC–225ca) OH + CF2ClCF2CHFCl → products (HCFC–225cb) HO2 + Cl → HCl + O2 → OH + ClO HO2 + ClO → HOCl + O2 H2O + ClONO2 → products NO + OClO → NO2 + ClO NO + Cl2O2 → products NO3 + HCl → HNO3 + Cl HO2NO2 + HCl → products Cl + O3 → ClO + O2 Cl + H2 → HCl + H Cl + H2O2 → HCl + HO2 Cl + NO3 → ClO + NO2 Cl + N2O → ClO + N2 Cl + HNO3 → products Cl + CH4 → HCl + CH3 Cl + CH3D → products Cl + H2CO → HCl + HCO Cl + CH3O2 → products Cl + CH3OH → CH2OH + HCl Cl + C2H6 → HCl + C2H5 Cl + C2H5O2 → ClO + C2H5O → HCl + C2H4O2 Cl + CH3CN → products Cl + CH3CO3NO2 → products Cl + C3H8 → HCl + C3H7 Cl + OClO → ClO + ClO Cl + ClOO → Cl2 + O2 → ClO + ClO Cl + Cl2O → Cl2 + ClO Cl + Cl2O2 → products Cl + HOCl → products Cl + ClNO → NO + Cl2

Section5.indb 92

Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling A cm3 molecule–1 s–1 4.0×10–12 3.8×10–12 2.0×10–12 ~1.0×10–12 ~1.0×10–12 ~1.0×10–12 2.8×10–12 1.7×10–12 1.0×10–12 2.4×10–12 1.8×10–12 4.9×10–13 9.4×10–12 8.2×10–12 1.7×10–12 1.3×10–12 3.6×10–12 1.0×10–12 1.0×10–12 5.2×10–13 7.0×10–13 9.2×10–13 8.0×10–13 7.7×10–13 1.0×10–12 5.5×10–13 1.8×10–11 4.1×10–11 4.8×10–13 – 2.5×10–12 – – – 2.9×10–11 3.7×10–11 1.1×10–11 2.4×10–11 See reference – 1.1×10–11 – 8.1×10–11 – 5.4×10–11 7.7×10–11 – – 1.6×10–11 – 1.2×10–10 3.4×10–11 2.3×10–10 1.2×10–11 6.2×10–11 – 2.5×10–12 5.8×10–11

E/R K 1400±250 1050±150 900±150 >2300 >3700 >3600 1270±200 1250±150 1600±150 360±200 1550±150 –(450±200) 1200±200 600±300 1700±150 1800±150 1600±400 900±150 1250±150 1100±300 900±150 1280±150 1350±150 1700±300 1100±200 1250±200 –(170±200) 450±200 –(700±) – 600±300 – – – 260±100 2300±200 980±500 0±400

k (298 K) cm3 molecule–1 s–1 3.6×10–14 1.1×10–13 1.0×10–13 <5.0×10–16 <5.0×10–18 <6.0×10–18 3.9×10–14 2.6×10–14 4.7×10–15 7.2×10–13 1.0×10–14 2.2×10–12 1.7×10–13 1.1×10–12 5.7×10–15 3.1×10–15 1.7×10–14 4.9×10–14 1.5×10–14 1.3×10–14 3.4×10–14 1.3×10–14 8.6×10–15 2.6×10–15 2.5×10–14 8.3×10–15 3.2×10–11 9.1×10–12 5.0×10–12 <2.0×10–21 3.4×10–13 <2.0×10–14 <5.0×10–17 <1.0×10–21 1.2×10–11 1.6×10–14 4.1×10–13 2.4×10–11

– 1400±150 – 30±100 – 0±250 90±90 – – 2140±300 – –(40±250) –(160±200) 0±250 0±250 –(130±130) – 130±250 –(100±200)

<2.0×10–16 1.0×10–13 7.4×10–14 7.3×10–11 1.6×10–10 5.4×10–11 5.7×10–11 7.4×10–11 7.7×10–11 1.2×10–14 <1×10–14 1.4×10–10 5.8×10–11 2.3×10–10 1.2×10–11 9.6×10–11 1.0×10–10 1.6×10–12 8.1×10–11

f(298) 1.2 1.4 1.2 – – – 1.2 1.2 1.1 3.0 1.1 1.25 1.25 1.5 1.2 1.2 2.0 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.5 2.0 1.4 – 2.0 – – – 1.15 1.25 1.5 1.5 – 1.1 2.0 1.15 1.5 1.5 1.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.25 3.0 3.0 1.2 2.0 1.5 1.5

4/29/05 3:48:23 PM

Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling Reaction

Cl + ClONO2 → products Cl + CH3Cl → CH2Cl + HCl Cl + CH2Cl2 → HCl + CHCl2 Cl + CHCl3 → HCl + CCl3 Cl + CH3F → HCl + CH2F (HFC–41) Cl + CH2F2 → HCl + CHF2 (HFC–32) Cl + CF3H → HCl + CF3 (HFC–23) Cl + CH2FCl → HCl + CHFCl (HCFC–31) Cl + CHFCl2 → HCl + CFCl2 (HCFC–21) Cl + CHF2Cl → HCl + CF2Cl (HCFC–22) Cl + CH3CCl3 → CH2CCl3 + HCl Cl + CH3CH2F → HCl + CH3CHF (HFC–161) → HCl + CH2CH2F Cl + CH3CHF2 → HCl + CH3CF2 (HFC–152a) → HCl + CH2CHF2 Cl + CH2FCH2F → HCl + CHFCH2F (HFC–152) Cl + CH3CFCl2 → HCl + CH2CFCl2 (HCFC–141b) Cl + CH3CF2Cl → HCl + CH2CF2Cl (HCFC–142b) Cl + CH3CF3 → HCl + CH2CF3 (HFC–143a) Cl + CH2FCHF2 → HCl + CH2FCF2 (HFC–143) → HCl + CHFCHF2 Cl + CH2ClCF3 → HCl + CHClCF3 (HCFC–133a) Cl + CH2FCF3 → HCl + CHFCF3 (HFC–134a) Cl + CHF2CHF2 → HCl + CF2CHF2 (HCF–134) Cl + CHCl2CF3 → HCl + CCl2CF3 (HCFC–123) Cl + CHFClCF3 → HCl + CFClCF3 (HCFC–124) Cl + CHF2CF3 → HCl + CF2CF3 (HFC–125) ClO + O3 → ClOO + O2 → OClO + O2 ClO + H2 → products ClO + NO → NO2 + Cl ClO + NO3 → ClOO + NO2 ClO + N2O → products ClO + CO → products ClO + CH4 → products ClO + H2CO → products ClO + CH3O2 → products ClO + ClO → Cl2 + O2 → ClOO + Cl → OClO + Cl HCl + ClONO2 → products CH2ClO + O2 → CHClO + HO2 CH2ClO2 + HO2 → CH2ClO2H + O2 CH2ClO2 + NO → CH2ClO + NO2 CCl3O2 + NO → CCl2O + NO2 + Cl CCl2FO2 + NO → CClFO + NO2 + Cl CClF2O2 + NO → CF2O + NO2 + Cl BrOx Reactions O + BrO → Br + O2 O + HBr → OH + Br O + HOBr → OH + BrO OH + Br2 → HOBr + Br OH + BrO → products OH + HBr → H2O + Br OH + CH3Br → CH2Br + H2O OH + CH2Br2 → CHBr2 + H2O OH + CHBr3 → CBr3 + H2O

Section5.indb 93

5-93 A cm3 molecule–1 s–1 6.5×10–12 3.2×10–11 3.1×10–11 8.2×10–12 2.0×10–11 1.2×10–11 – 1.2×10–11 5.5×10–12 5.9×10–12 2.8×10–12 1.8×10–11 1.4×10–11 6.4×10–12 7.2×10–12 2.6×10–11 1.8×10–12 1.4×10–12 1.2×10–11 5.5×10–12 7.7×10–12 1.8×10–12 – 7.5×10–12 4.4×10–12 1.1×10–12 – – 1.0×10–12 ~1.0×10–12 6.4×10–12 4.7×10–13 ~1.0×10–12 ~1.0×10–12 ~1.0×10–12 ~1.0×10–12 3.3×10–12 1.0×10–12 3.0×10–11 3.5×10–13 – – 3.3 × 10–13 7 × 10–12 7.3 × 10–12 4.5 × 10–12 3.8 × 10–12

E/R K –(135±50) 1250±200 1350±500 1325±300 1200±500 1630±500 – 1390±500 1675±200 2430±200 1790±400 290±500 880±500 950±500 2390±500 1060±500 2000±300 2420±500 3880±500 1610±500 1720±500 1710±500 – 2430±500 1750±500 1800±500 – – >4000 >4800 –(290±100) 0±400 >4300 >3700 >3700 >2100 115±115 1590±300 2450±500 1370±300 – – –(820±200) –(300±200) –(270±200) –(350±200) –(400±200)

k (298 K) cm3 molecule–1 s–1 1.0×10–11 4.8×10–13 3.3×10–13 9.6×10–14 3.5×10–13 5.0×10–14 3.0×10–18 1.1×10–13 2.0×10–14 1.7×10–15 7.0×10–15 6.8×10–12 7.3×10–13 2.6×10–13 2.4×10–15 7.5×10–13 2.2×10–15 4.2×10–16 2.6×10–17 2.5×10–14 2.4×10–14 5.9×10–15 1.5×10–15 2.2×10–15 1.2×10–14 2.7×10–15 2.4×10–16 <1.4×10–17 <1.0×10–18 <1.0×10–19 1.7×10–11 4.7×10–13 <6.0×10–19 <4.0×10–18 <4.0×10–18 <1.0×10–15 2.2×10–12 4.8×10–15 8.0×10–15 3.5×10–15 <1.0×10–20 6 × 10–14 5.2 × 10–12 1.9 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11

f(298) 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.5 5.0 2.0 1.3 1.3 2.0 3.0 3.0 1.3 3.0 3.0 1.2 1.2 5.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 – – – 1.15 1.5 – – – – 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 – 5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2

1.9×10–11 5.8×10–12 1.2×10–10 4.2×10–11 – 1.1×10–11 4.0×10–12 2.4×10–12 1.6×10–12

–(230±150) 1500±200 430±300 0±600 – 0±250 1470±150 900±300 710±200

4.1×10–11 3.8×10–14 2.8×10–11 4.2×10–11 7.5×10–11 1.1×10–11 2.9×10–14 1.2×10–13 1.5×10–13

1.5 1.3 3.0 1.3 3.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.0

4/29/05 3:48:25 PM

5-94 Reaction OH + CHF2Br → CF2Br + H2O OH + CH2ClBr → CHClBr + H2O OH + CF2ClBr → products OH + CF2Br2 → products OH + CF3Br → products OH + CH2BrCF3 → CHBrCF3 + H2O OH + CHFBrCF3 → CFBrCF3 OH + CHClBrCF3 → CClBrCF3 + H2O OH + CF2BrCHFCl → CF2BrCFCl + H2O OH + CF2BrCF2Br → products HO2 + Br → HBr + O2 HO2 + BrO → products NO3 + HBr → HNO3 + Br Cl + CH2ClBr → HCl + CHClBr Cl + CH3Br → HCl + CH2Br Cl + CH2Br2 → HCl + CHBr2 Br + O3 → BrO + O2 Br + H2O2 → HBr + HO2 Br + NO3 → BrO + NO2 Br + H2CO → HBr + HCO Br + OClO → BrO + ClO Br + Cl2O → BrCl + ClO Br + Cl2O2 → products BrO + O3 → products BrO + NO → NO2 + Br BrO + NO3 → products BrO + ClO → Br + OClO → Br + ClOO → BrCl + O2 BrO + BrO → products CH2BrO2 + NO → CH2O + NO2 + Br IOx Reactions O + I2 → IO + I O + IO → O2 + I OH + I2 → ΗΟΙ + Ι OH + HI → H2O + I OH + CH3I → H2O + CH2I OH + CF3I → HOI + CF3 HO2 + I → HI + O2 HO2 + IO → HOI + O2 NO3 + HI → HNO3 + I I + O3 → IO + O2 I + BrO → IO + Br IO + NO → I + NO2 IO + ClO → products IO + BrO → products IO + IO → products INO + INO → I2 + 2NO INO2 + INO2 → I2 + 2NO2 SOx Reactions O + SH → SO + H O + CS → CO + S O + H2S → OH + SH O + OCS → CO + SO O + CS2 → CS + SO O + CH3SCH3 → CH3SO + CH3 O + CH3SSCH3 → CH3SO + CH3S

Section5.indb 94

Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling A cm3 molecule–1 s–1 1.1×10–12 2.3×10–12 – – – 1.4×10–12 7.2×10–13 1.3×10–12 9.3×10–13 – 1.5×10–11 3.4×10–12 – 4.3×10–11 1.5×10–11 6.4×10–12 1.7×10–11 1.0×10–11 – 1.7×10–11 2.6×10–11 2.1×10–11 – ~1.0×10–12 8.8×10–12 – 1.6×10–12 2.9×10–12 5.8×10–13 1.5×10–12 4×10–12

E/R K 1400±200 930±150 – – – 1340±200 1110±150 995±150 1250±150 – 600±600 –(540±200) – 1370±500 1060±100 810±100 800±200 >3000 – 800±200 1300±300 470±150 – >3200 –(260±130) – –(430±200) –(220±200) –(170±200) –(230±150) –(300±200)

k (298 K) cm3 molecule–1 s–1 1.0×10–14 1.0×10–13 <1.5×10–16 <5.0×10–16 <1.2×10–16 1.6×10–14 1.8×10–14 4.5×10–14 1.4×10–14 <1.5×10–16 2.0×10–12 2.1×10–11 <1.0×10–16 4.3×10–13 4.3×10–13 4.2×10–13 1.2×10–12 <5.0×10–16 1.6×10–11 1.1×10–12 3.4×10–13 4.3×10–12 3.0×10–12 <2.0×10–17 2.1×10–11 1.0×10–12 6.8×10–12 6.1×10–12 1.0×10–12 3.2×10–12 1.1 × 10–11

f(298) 1.1 1.2 – – – 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 – 2.0 1.5 – 3.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 – 2.0 1.3 2.0 1.3 2.0 – 1.15 3.0 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.15 1.5

1.4×10–10

0±250

3.1×10–12

1120±500

1.5×10–11

1090±500

See reference 2.3×10–11 – 9.1×10–12 5.1×10–12 – 1.5×10–11 8.4×10–11 2.9×10–11

1.4×10–10 1.2×10–10 1.8×10–10 3.0×10–11 7.2×10–14 3.1×10–14 3.8×10–13 8.4×10–11

1.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 2.0 1.5

870±200 – –(240±150) –(280±200) – –(500±500) 2620±600 2600±1000

1.2×10–12 1.2×10–11 2.0×10–11 1.3×10–11 6.9×10–11 8.0×10–11 1.3×10–14 4.7×10–15

1.2 2.0 1.2 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 3.0

– 2.7×10–10 9.2×10–12 2.1×10–11 3.2×10–11 1.3×10–11 5.5×10–11

– 760±250 1800±550 2200±150 650±150 –(410±100) –(250±100)

1.6×10–10 2.1×10–11 2.2×10–14 1.3×10–14 3.6×10–12 5.0×10–11 1.3×10–10

5.0 1.1 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.3

4/29/05 3:48:26 PM

Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling Reaction

O3 + H2S → products O3 + CH3SCH3 → products O3 + SO2 → SO3 + O2 OH + H2S → SH + H2O OH + OCS → products OH + CS2 → products OH + CH3SH → CH3S + H2O OH + CH3SCH3 → H2O + CH2SCH3 OH + CH3SSCH3 → products OH + S → H + SO OH + SO → H + SO2 HO2 + H2S → products HO2 + CH3SH → products HO2 + CH3SCH3 → products HO2 + SO2 → products NO2 + SO2 → products NO3+ H2S → products NO3 + OCS → products NO3 + CS2 → products NO3 + CH3SH → products NO3 + CH3SCH3→ CH3SCH2 + HNO3 NO3 + CH3SSCH3 → products NO3 + SO2 → products N2O5 + CH3SCH3 → products CH3O2 + SO2 → products F + CH3SCH3 → products Cl + H2S → HCl + SH Cl + OCS → products Cl + CS2 → products Cl + CH3SH → CH3S + HCl Cl + CH3SCH3 → products ClO + OCS → products ClO + CH3SCH3 → products ClO + SO → Cl +SO2 ClO + SO2 → Cl + SO3 Br + H2S → HBr + SH Br + CH3SH → CH3S + HBr Br + CH3SCH3 → products BrO + CH3SCH3 → products BrO + SO → Br + SO2 IO + CH3SH → products IO + CH3SCH3 → products S + O2 → SO + O S + O3 → SO + O2 SO + O2 → SO2 + O SO + O3 → SO2 + O2 SO + NO2 → SO2 + NO SO + OClO → SO2 + ClO SO3 + H2O → products SO3 + NO2 → products SH + O2 → OH + SO SH + O3 → HSO + O2 SH + H2O2 → products SH + NO2 → HSO + NO SH + Cl2 → ClSH + Cl SH + BrCl → products SH + Br2 → BrSH + Br SH + F2 → FSH + F

Section5.indb 95

5-95 A cm3 molecule–1 s–1 – – 3.0×10–12 6.0×10–12 1.1×10–13 See reference 9.9×10–12 1.2×10–11 6.0×10–11 – – – – – – – – – – 4.4×10–13 1.9×10–13 1.3×10–12 – – – – 3.7×10–11 – – 1.2×10–10 See reference – – 2.8×10–11 – 1.4×10–11 9.2×10–12 See reference 1.5×10–14

E/R K – – >7000 75±75 1200±500 – –(360±100) 260±100 –(400±200) – – – – – – – – – – –(210±210) –(500±200) 270±270 – – – – –(210±100) – – –(150±50) – – – 0±50 – 2750±300 390±100

k (298 K) cm3 molecule–1 s–1 <2.0×10–20 <1.0×10–18 <2.0×10–22 4.7×10–12 1.9×10–15 – 3.3×10–11 5.0×10–12 2.3×10–10 6.6×10–11 8.6×10–11 <3.0×10–15 <4.0×10–15 <5.0×10–15 <1.0×10–18 <2.0×10–26 <8.0×10–16 <1.0×10–16 <4.0×10–16 8.9×10–13 1.0×10–12 5.3×10–13 <7.0×10–21 <1.0×10–17 <5.0×10–17 2.4.×10–10 7.4×10–11 <1.0×10–16 <4.0×10–15 2.0×10–10 – <2.0×10–16 9.5×10–15 2.8×10–11 <4.0×10–18 1.4×10–15 2.5×10–12

–(850±200)

2.3×10–12

0±200

2.6×10–13 3.6×10–12 1.4×10–11

2400±500 1100±200 0±50

2.6×10–13 5.7×10–11 6.6×10–16 1.2×10–14 2.3×10–12 1.2×10–11 8.4×10–17 9.0×10–14 1.4×10–11 1.9×10–12 – 1.0×10–19 <4.0×10–19 3.5×10–12 <5.0×10–15 6.5×10–11 1.7×10–12 7.4×10–11 1.0×10–10 4.0×10–13

See reference

9.0×10–12

280±200

2.9×10–11 1.7×10–11 2.3×10–11 6.0×10–11 4.3×10–11

–(240±50) 690±200 –(350±200) –(160±160) 1390±200

f(298) – – – 1.2 2.0 – 1.2 1.15 1.2 3.0 2.0 – – – – – – – – 1.25 1.2 1.4 – – –

2.0 1.25 – – 1.25 – – 2.0 1.3 – 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.4 2.0 1.5 1.2 2.0 2.0 1.2 1.2 3.0 – 10.0 – 1.3 – 1.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

4/29/05 3:48:28 PM

Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling

5-96 Reaction

HSO + O2 → products HSO + O3 → products HSO + NO → products HSO + NO2 → HSO2 + NO HSO2 + O2 → HO2 + SO2 HOSO2 + O2 → HO2 + SO3 CS + O2 → OCS + O CS + O3 → OCS + O2 CS + NO2 → OCS + NO CH3S + O2 → products CH3S + O3 → products CH3S + NO → products CH3S + NO2 → CH3SO + NO CH2SH + O2 → products CH2SH + O3 → products CH2SH + NO → products CH2SH + NO2 → products CH3SO + O3 → products CH3SO + NO2 → CH3SO2 + NO CH3SOO + O3 → products CH3SOO + NO → products CH3SO2+ NO2 → products CH3SCH2 + NO3 → products CH3SCH2O2 + NO → CH3SCH2O + NO2 CH3SS + O3 → products CH3SS + NO2 → products CH3SSO + NO2 → products

A cm3 molecule–1 s–1

E/R K

1.3×10–12

330±200

2.0×10–12

–(290±100)

2.1×10–11

–(320±100)

1.1×10–11 2.2×10–11

0±100 0±100

1.0×10–9 – 2.8×10–10 7.3×10–10 3.7×10–10 1.1×10–9 6.0×10–11 2.6×10–11 2.2×10–10 1.5×10–10 2.8×10–10 2.2×10–11 – 2.3×10–10 2.8×10–10

95±50 – 1600±400 0±200 0±400 570±300 0±800 0±600 0±400 0±400 0±400 0±600 – 0±400 0±400

Metal Reactions Na + O3 → NaO + O2 → NaO2 + O Na + N2O → NaO + N2 Na + Cl2 → NaCl + Cl NaO + O → Na + O2 NaO + O3 → NaO2 + O2 → Na + 2O2 NaO + H2 → NaOH + H NaO + H2O → NaOH + OH NaO + NO → Na + NO2 NaO + HCl → products NaO2 + O→ NaO + O2 NaO2 + NO→ NaO + NO2 NaO2 + HCl→ products NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

k (298 K) cm3 molecule–1 s–1 <2.0×10–17 1.0×10–13 <1.0×10–15 9.6×10–12 3.0×10–13 4.4×10–13 2.9×10–19 3.0×10–16 7.6×10–17 <3.0×10–18 5.3×10–12 <1.0×10–13 6.1×10–11 6.5×10–12 3.5×10–11 1.9×10–11 5.2×10–11 6.0×10–13 1.2×10–11 <8.0×10–13 1.1×10–11 2.2×10–11 3.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–11 4.6×10–13 1.8×10–11 4.5×10–12

f(298) – 1.3 – 2.0 3.0 1.2 2.0 3.0 3.0 – 1.15 – 1.15 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.4 – 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

7.3×10–10 <4.0×10–11 1.3×10–12 7.3×10–10 3.7×10–10 1.6×10–10 6.0×10–11 2.6×10–11 2.2×10–10 1.5×10–10 2.8×10–10 2.2×10–11 <10–14 2.3×10–10 2.8×10–10

1.2 – 1.2 1.3 3.0 1.5 3.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 3.0 5.0 – 3.0 3.0

TABLE 2. Rate Constants for Association Reactions

The values quoted are suitable for air as the third body, M. The integer in parentheses is the power of ten.

Reaction

Low pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)–n cm6 molecule–2 s–1 k0(300) n

High pressure limit k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)–m cm3 molecule–1 s–1 k∞ (300) m

Ox Reactions O + O2→ O3

(6.0±0.5) (–34)

2.3±0.5

—

—

O( D) Reactions O(1D) + N2→ N2O

(3.5±3.0) (–37)

0.6

—

—

1

Section5.indb 96

4/29/05 3:48:29 PM

Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling

Reaction

5-97

Low pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)–n cm6 molecule–2 s–1 k0(300) n

High pressure limit k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)–m cm3 molecule–1 s–1 k∞ (300) m

HOx Reactions H + O2 → HO2 OH + OH → H2O2

(5.7±0.5) (–32) (6.2±1.2) (–31)

1.6±0.5 1.0

(7.5±4.0) (–11) (2.6±1.0) (–11)

0±1.0 0±0.5

NOx Reactions O + NO → NO2 O + NO2 → NO3 OH + NO → HONO OH + NO2 → HNO3 HO2 + NO2 → HO2NO2 NO2 + NO3 → N2O5 NO3 → NO + O2

(9.0±2.0) (–32) (9.0±1.0) (–32) (7.0±1.0) (–31) (2.5±0.1) (–30) (1.8±0.3) (–31) (2.2±0.5) (–30) See reference

1.5±0.3 2.0±1.0 2.6±0.3 4.4±0.3 3.2±0.4 3.9±1.0

(3.0±1.0) (–11) (2.2±0.3) (–11) (3.6±1.0) (–11) (1.6±0.2) (–11) (4.7±1.0) (–12) (1.5±0.8) (–12)

0±1.0 0±1.0 0.1±0.5 1.7±0.2 1.4±1.4 0.7±0.4

Hydrocarbon Reactions CH3 + O2 → CH3O2 C2H5 + O2 → C2H5O2 OH + C2H2 → HOCHCH OH + C2H4 → HOCH2CH2 CH3O + NO → CH3ONO CH3O + NO2 → CH3ONO2 C2H5O + NO → C2H5ONO C2H5O + NO2 → C2H5ONO2 CH3O2 + NO2 → CH3O2NO2 CH3C(O)O2 + NO2 → CH3C(O)O2NO2

(4.5±1.5) (–31) (1.5±1.0) (–28) (5.5±2.0) (–30) (1.0±0.6) (–28) (1.4±0.5) (–29) (1.1±0.4) (–28) (2.8±1.0) (–27) (2.0±1.0) (–27) (1.5±0.8) (–30) (9.7±3.8) (–29)

3.0±1.0 3.0±1.0 0.0±0.2 0.8±2.0 3.8±1.0 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0 5.6±2.8

(1.8±0.2) (–12) (8.0±1.0) (–12) (8.3±1.0) (–13) (8.8±0.9) (–12) (3.6±1.6) (–11) (1.6±0.5) (–11) (5.0±1.0) (–11) (2.8±0.4) (–11) (6.5±3.2) (–12) (9.3±0.4)(–12)

1.7±1.7 0±1.0 –2 0 0.6±1.0 1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 2.0±2.0 1.5±0.3

FOx Reactions F + O2 → FO2 F + NO → FNO F + NO2 → FNO2 FO + NO2 → FONO2 CF3 + O2 → CF3O2 CF3O + NO2 → CF3ONO2 CF3O2 + NO2CF3O2NO2 CF3O + CO → CF3OCO CF3O → CF2O + F

(4.4±0.4) (–33) (1.8±0.3) (–31) (6.3±3.0) (–32) (2.6±2.0) (–31) (3.0±0.3) (–29) See reference (2.2±0.5) (–29) (2.5±0.2) (–31) See reference

1.2±0.5 1.0±10 2.0±2.0 1.3±1.3 4.0±2.0

– (2.8±1.4) (–10) (2.6±1.3) (–10) (2.0±1.0) (–11) (4.0±1.0) (–12)

– 0.0±1.0 0.0±1.0 1.5±1.5 1.0±1.0

5.0±1.0 –

(6.0±1.0) (–12) (6.8±0.4) (–14)

2.5±1.0 –1.2

ClOx Reactions Cl + O2 → ClOO Cl + NO → ClNO Cl + NO2 ClONO → ClNO2 Cl + CO → ClCO Cl + C2H2 → ClC2H2 Cl + C2H4 → ClC2H4 Cl + C2Cl4 → C2Cl5 ClO + NO2 → ClONO2 OClO + NO3 → O2ClONO2 ClO + ClO → Cl2O2 ClO + OClO → Cl2O3 OClO + O → ClO3 CH2Cl + O2 → CH2ClO2 CHCl2 + O2 → CHCl2O2 CCl3 + O2 → CCl3O2 CFCl2 + O2 → CFCl2O2 CF2Cl + O2 → CF2ClO2 CCl3O2 + NO2 → CCl3O2NO2 CFCl2O2 + NO2 → CFCl2O2NO2 CF2ClO2 + NO2 → CF2ClO2NO2

(2.7±1.0) (–33) (9.0±2.0) (–32) (1.3±0.2) (–30) (1.8±0.3) (–31) (1.3±0.5) (–33) ((5.9±1.0) (–30) (1.6±1) (–29) (1.4±0.6) (–28) (1.8±0.3) (–31) See reference (2.2±0.4) (–32) (6.2±1.0) (–32) (1.9±0.5) (–31) (1.9±0.1) (–30) (1.3±0.1) (–30) (6.9±0.2) (–31) (5.0±0.8) (–30) (3.0±1.5) (–30) (5.0±1.0) (–29) (3.5±0.5) (–29) (3.3±0.7) (–29)

1.5±0.5 1.6±0.5 2.0±1.0 2.0±1.0 3.8±0.5 2.1±1.0 3.3±1.0 8.5±1.0 3.4±1.0

– – (1.0±0.5) (–10) (1.0±0.5) (–10) – (2.1±0.4) (–10) (3.1±2) (–10) (4.0±1.0) (–11) (1.5±0.7) (–11)

– – 1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 – 1.0±0.5 1.0±0.5 1.2±0.5 1.9±1.9

3.1±0.5 4.7±0.6 1.1±1.0 3.2±0.2 4.0±0.2 6.4±0.3 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0 5.0±1.0 5.0±1.0 6.7±1.3

(3.5±2) (–12) (2.4±1.2) (–11) (3.1±0.8) (–11) (2.9±0.2) (–12) (2.8±0.2) (–12) (2.4±0.2) (–12) (6.0±1.0) (–12) (3±2) (–12) (6.0±1.0) (–12) (6.0±1.0) (–12) (4.1±1.9) (–12)

1.0±1.0 0±1.0 0±1.0 1.2±0.6 1.4±0.6 2.1±0.6 1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 2.5±1.0 2.5±1.0 2.8±0.7

Section5.indb 97

4/29/05 3:48:31 PM

Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling

5-98

Reaction

Low pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)–n cm6 molecule–2 s–1 k0(300) n

High pressure limit k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)–m cm3 molecule–1 s–1 k∞ (300) m

BrOx Reactions Br + NO2 → BrNO2 BrO + NO2 → BrONO2

(4.2±0.8) (–31) (5.2±0.6) (–31)

2.4±0.5 3.2±0.8

(2.7±0.5) (–11) (6.9±1.0) (–12)

0±1.0 2.9±1.0

IOx Reactions I + NO → INO I + NO2 → INO2 IO + NO2 → IONO2

(1.8±0.5) (–32) (3.0±1.5) (–31) (5.9±2.0) (–31)

1.0±0.5 1.0±1.0 3.5±1.0

(1.7±1.0) (–11) (6.6±5.0) (–11) (9.0±1.0) (–12)

0±1.0 0±1.0 1.5±1.0

SOx Reactions HS + NO → HSNO CH3S +NO → CH3SNO O + SO2 → SO3 OH + SO2 → HOSO2 CH3SCH2 + O2 → CH3SCH2O2 SO3 + NH3 → H3NSO3

(2.4±0.4) (–31) (3.2±0.4) (–29) (1.3±)(–33) (3.0±1.0) (–31) See reference (3.9±0.8) (–30)

3.0±1.0 4.0±1.0 –3.6±0.7 3.3±1.5

(2.7±0.5) (–11) (3.9±0.6) (–11)

0 2.7±1.0

(1.5±0.5) (–12)

0

3.0±3.0

(4.7±1.3) (–11)

0±1.0

Metal Reactions Na + O2 → NaO2 NaO + O2 → NaO3 NaO + CO2 → NaCO3 NaOH + CO2 → NaHCO3

(3.2±0.3) (–30) (3.5±0.7) (–30) (8.7±2.6) (–28) (1.3±0.3) (–28)

1.4±0.3 2.0±2.0 2.0±2.0 2.0±2.0

(6.0±2.0) (–10) (5.7±3.0) (–10) (6.5±3.0) (–10) (6.8±4.0) (–10)

0±1.0 0±1.0 0±1.0 0±1.0

K(T)/cm3 molecule–1 = A exp (B/T) [200 < T/K < 300] Reaction HO2 + NO2 → HO2NO2 NO + NO2 → N2O3 NO2 + NO2 → N2O4 NO2 + NO3 → N2O5 CH3O2 + NO2 → CH3O2NO2 CH3C(O)O2 + NO2 → CH3C(O)O2NO2 F + O2 → FOO Cl + O2 → ClOO Cl + CO → ClCO ClO + O2 → ClO.O2 ClO + ClO → Cl2O2 ClO + OClO → Cl2O3 OClO + NO3 → O2ClONO2 OH + CS2 → CS2OH CH3S + O2 → CH3SO2

Section5.indb 98

TABLE 3. Equilibrium Constants

A/cm3 molecule–1 2.1x10–27 3.3x10–27 5.2x10–29 2.7x10–27 1.3x10–28 9.0x10–29 3.2x10–25 5.7x10–25 1.6x10–25 2.9x10–26 1.3x10–27 1.1x10–24 1x10–28 4.5x10–25 1.8x10–27

B/K 10900±1000 4667±100 6643±250 11000±500 11200±1000 14000±200 6100±1200 2500±750 4000±500 <3700 8744±850 5455±300 9300±1000 5140±500 5545±300

K (298 K) 1.6x10–11 2.1x10–20 2.5x10–19 2.9x10–11 2.7x10–12 2.3x10–8 2.5x10–16 2.5x10–21 1.1x10–19 <7.2x10–21 7.2x10–15 9.8x10–17 3.6x10–15 1.4x10–17 2.2x10–19

f (298 K) 5 2 2 1.3 2 2 1.0 2 5 – 1.5 3 5 1.4 1.4

4/29/05 3:48:32 PM

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AIR These tables summarize the thermodynamic properties of air in the liquid and gaseous states. The first table refers to liquid and gaseous air at equilibrium as a function of temperature. The tabulated properties are: p(boil): Bubble point pressure (i.e., the pressure at which boiling begins as the pressure of the liquid is lowered) p(con): Dew point pressure (pressure at which condensation begins as the pressure of the gas is raised) ΔvapH: Enthalpy of vaporization ρ(liq): Density of the liquid phase ρ(gas): Density of the gas phase cp(liq): Specific heat capacity at constant pressure of the liquid phase cp(gas): Specific heat capacity at constant pressure of the gas phase Note that the normal boiling point of air, i.e., the temperature at which p(boil) reaches 1 standard atmosphere (1.01325 bar) is 78.7 K (–194.5°C).

The second table gives the density of air as a function of temperature and pressure. The horizontal lines indicate the boundary between the liquid region (above) and the gas region (below). At temperatures above 132.5 K, air is in the supercritical region where liquid and gas cannot be distinguished. The references give data on other thermodynamic properties and values at additional pressures and temperatures, as well as correlating equations.

References 1. Sytchev, V. V., Vasserman, A. A., Kozlov, A. D., Spiridonov, G. A., and Tsymarny, V. A., Thermodynamic Properties of Air, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington, 1987. 2. Vargaftik, N.B., Vinogradov, Y. K., and Yargin, V. S., Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Third Edition, Begell House, New York, 1996.

Thermodynamic Properties along the Boiling and Condensation Curves T K 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100



p(boil) bar 0.3401 0.3910 0.4478 0.5110 0.5810 0.6583 0.7435 0.8371 0.9396 1.0515 1.1736 1.3063 1.4502 1.6060 1.7742 1.9554 2.1504 2.3597 2.5839 2.8238 3.0798 3.3528 3.6434 3.9521 4.2797 4.6269 4.9942 5.3823 5.7920 6.2238 6.6785

p(con) bar 0.1939 0.2292 0.2694 0.3150 0.3664 0.4242 0.4889 0.5610 0.6410 0.7295 0.8272 0.9345 1.0521 1.1806 1.3206 1.4727 1.6376 1.8160 2.0085 2.2157 2.4385 2.6773 2.9330 3.2063 3.4979 3.8084 4.1387 4.4896 4.8616 5.2558 5.6727

∆vapH J/g 200.5 200.8 201.0 200.9 200.8 200.5 200.1 199.7 199.1 198.5 197.8 197.0 196.2 195.3 194.3 193.4 192.3 191.3 190.0 188.9 187.6 186.3 185.0 183.5 182.0 180.5 179.0 177.4 175.7 173.9 172.2

ρ(liq) g/mL 0.91444 0.90996 0.90548 0.90099 0.89650 0.89201 0.88750 0.88297 0.87843 0.87386 0.86926 0.86464 0.85999 0.85530 0.85057 0.84580 0.84099 0.83614 0.83124 0.82629 0.82128 0.81622 0.81111 0.80593 0.80069 0.79538 0.79001 0.78456 0.77903 0.77343 0.76774

ρ(gas) g/L 0.980 1.144 1.325 1.533 1.761 2.017 2.300 2.611 2.953 3.325 3.735 4.179 4.665 5.191 5.758 6.370 7.029 7.736 8.495 9.313 10.19 11.12 12.11 13.17 14.31 15.51 16.79 18.15 19.59 21.12 22.74

cp(liq) J/g K

cp(gas) J/g K

1.881 1.907 1.933 1.957 1.981 2.004 2.027 2.050 2.073 2.096 2.119

1.261 1.268 1.277 1.286 1.295 1.306 1.317 1.329 1.342 1.357 1.373

6-1

Thermodynamic Properties of Air

6-2 T K 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 132.5

p(boil) bar 7.1567 7.6590 8.1861 8.7387 9.3174 9.9229 10.556 11.217 11.907 12.626 13.375 14.155 14.967 15.810 16.687 17.597 18.541 19.519 20.534 21.584 22.672 23.797 24.961 26.163 27.406 28.689 30.014 31.381 32.792 34.246 35.745 37.289 38.079

p(con) bar 6.1133 6.5783 7.0685 7.5849 8.1282 8.6993 9.2992 9.9286 10.589 11.280 12.004 12.761 13.552 14.379 15.242 16.142 17.081 18.059 19.078 20.138 21.241 22.388 23.579 24.817 26.102 27.435 28.817 30.250 31.735 33.272 34.864 36.511 37.356

∆vapH J/g 170.4 168.5 166.5 164.5 162.5 160.3 158.0 155.7 153.4 150.9 148.3 145.7 143.0 140.1 137.1 134.0 130.8 127.5 123.9 120.1 116.2 112.0 107.6 103.0 97.9 92.4 86.5 79.8 72.3 63.5 52.9 38.9 29.8

ρ(liq) g/mL 0.76196 0.75609 0.75012 0.74405 0.73786 0.73156 0.72513 0.71856 0.71185 0.70499 0.69796 0.69075 0.68335 0.67574 0.66789 0.65980 0.65143 0.64275 0.63372 0.62431 0.61446 0.60411 0.59317 0.58154 0.56909 0.55561 0.54085 0.52439 0.50558 0.48324 0.45493 0.41434 0.38555

ρ(gas) g/L 24.46 26.29 28.22 30.27 32.44 34.74 37.17 39.75 42.49 45.39 48.47 51.74 55.21 58.91 62.85 67.04 71.53 76.33 81.49 87.03 93.01 99.49 106.54 114.26 122.77 132.21 142.81 154.89 168.88 185.46 205.77 231.32 246.43

cp(liq) J/g K 2.142 2.166 2.191 2.217 2.244 2.273 2.303 2.336 2.370 2.408 2.448 2.492 2.541 2.595 2.654 2.721 2.796 2.882 2.980 3.094 3.227 3.386 3.579 2.817 4.119 4.514 5.053 5.831 7.048 9.201 13.901 29.272 50.758

cp(gas) J/g K 1.390 1.409 1.429 1.452 1.476 1.503 1.532 1.564 1.599 1.638 1.681 1.729 1.782 1.841 1.907 1.981 2.065 2.161 2.271 2.398 2.548 2.725 2.938 3.199 3.525 3.944 4.498 5.264 6.382 8.122 11.083 16.445 20.343

Density of Air in the Single-Phase Region in g/mL T/K 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700

1 0.9146 0.8692 0.003984 0.003556 0.003215 0.002937 0.002705 0.002507 0.002336 0.001745 0.001394 0.001161 0.000995 0.000871 0.000774 0.000696 0.000580 0.000497

5 0.9157 0.8703 0.8220 0.01964 0.01725 0.01548 0.01408 0.01294 0.01199 0.00881 0.00700 0.00581 0.00498 0.00435 0.00386 0.00348 0.00290 0.00248

Pressure in bar (1 bar = 0.1 MPa) 10 20 30 50 100 0.9170 0.9195 0.9218 0.9263 0.9363 0.8716 0.8743 0.8768 0.8816 0.8926 0.8237 0.8271 0.8304 0.8366 0.8504 0.7695 0.7745 0.7792 0.7878 0.8062 0.03874 0.7113 0.7190 0.7324 0.7585 0.03347 0.08596 0.6393 0.6651 0.7058 0.02982 0.06910 0.1355 0.5687 0.6454 0.02703 0.05984 0.1028 0.3183 0.5738 0.02480 0.05346 0.08765 0.1878 0.4878 0.01784 0.03654 0.05611 0.09789 0.2141 0.01406 0.02837 0.04290 0.07249 0.1480 0.01164 0.02334 0.03508 0.05859 0.1169 0.00995 0.01988 0.02979 0.04950 0.09779 0.00869 0.01734 0.02595 0.04300 0.08455 0.00772 0.01539 0.02300 0.03808 0.07470 0.00694 0.01384 0.02068 0.03420 0.06704 0.00578 0.01152 0.01722 0.02847 0.05580 0.00496 0.00988 0.01476 0.02441 0.04788

200 0.9528 0.9114 0.8735 0.8352 0.7958 0.7549 0.7124 0.6682 0.6224 0.4075 0.2869 0.2249 0.1873 0.1617 0.1428 0.1282 0.1070 0.09208

500

1000

0.9266 0.8969 0.8670 0.8374 0.8086 0.7804 0.7529 0.6248 0.5202 0.4412 0.3825 0.3381 0.3036 0.2760 0.2345 0.2045

0.9479 0.9201 0.8950 0.8720 0.8506 0.7582 0.6788 0.6114 0.5555 0.5091 0.4700 0.4367 0.3830 0.3416

Thermodynamic Properties of Air T/K 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

1 0.000435 0.000387 0.000348 0.000317 0.000290 0.000268 0.000249 0.000232

5 0.00217 0.00193 0.00174 0.00158 0.00145 0.00134 0.00124 0.00116

6-3 Pressure in bar (1 bar = 0.1 MPa) 10 20 30 50 100 0.00434 0.00865 0.01292 0.02138 0.04198 0.00386 0.00769 0.01149 0.01902 0.03740 0.00347 0.00692 0.01035 0.01714 0.03373 0.00316 0.00630 0.00941 0.01560 0.03073 0.00289 0.00577 0.00863 0.01431 0.02822 0.00267 0.00533 0.00797 0.01322 0.02609 0.00248 0.00495 0.00741 0.01228 0.02426 0.00232 0.00462 0.00692 0.01147 0.02268

200 0.08096 0.07231 0.06537 0.05967 0.05490 0.05084 0.04735 0.04431

500 0.1817 0.1637 0.1491 0.1370 0.1267 0.1179 0.1103 0.1036

1000 0.3087 0.2818 0.2595 0.2406 0.2244 0.2103 0.1980 0.1870

PROPERTIES OF WATER IN THE RANGE 0–100 °C This table summarizes the best available values of the density, specific heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp), vapor pressure, viscosity, thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, and surface tension for liquid water in the range 0 – 100 °C. All values (except vapor pressure) refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The temperature scale is IPTS-68.

References 1. L. Harr, J. S. Gallagher, and G. S. Kell, NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984.

t °C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Ref.

Density g/cm3 0.99984 0.99970 0.99821 0.99565 0.99222 0.98803 0.98320 0.97778 0.97182 0.96535 0.95840 1−3

Cp J/g K 4.2176 4.1921 4.1818 4.1784 4.1785 4.1806 4.1843 4.1895 4.1963 4.2050 4.2159 2

Vap. pres. kPa 0.6113 1.2281 2.3388 4.2455 7.3814 12.344 19.932 31.176 47.373 70.117 101.325 1, 3

2. K. N. Marsh, Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 3. J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 4. D. G. Archer and P. Wang, The dielectric constant of water and DebyeHückel limiting law slopes, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 371, 1990. 5. N. B. Vargaftik, et al., International tables of the surface tension of water, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 817, 1983.

Ther. cond. mW/K m 561.0 580.0 598.4 615.4 630.5 643.5 654.3 663.1 670.0 675.3 679.1 3

Visc. µPa s 1793 1307 1002 797.7 653.2 547.0 466.5 404.0 354.4 314.5 281.8 3

Diel. const. 87.90 83.96 80.20 76.60 73.17 69.88 66.73 63.73 60.86 58.12 55.51 4

Surf. ten. mN/m 75.64 74.23 72.75 71.20 69.60 67.94 66.24 64.47 62.67 60.82 58.91 5

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION OF WATER The enthalpy (heat) of vaporization of water is tabulated as a function of temperature on the IPTS-68 scale.

t °C 0 25 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

∆vapH kJ/mol 45.054 43.990 43.350 42.482 41.585 40.657 39.684 38.643 37.518 36.304

Reference Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell, Oxford, 1987. t °C 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 374

∆vapH kJ/mol 34.962 33.468 31.809 29.930 27.795 25.300 22.297 18.502 12.966 2.066

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ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION OF WATER The enthalpy (heat) of vaporization of water is tabulated as a function of temperature on the IPTS-68 scale.

t °C 0 25 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

∆vapH kJ/mol 45.054 43.990 43.350 42.482 41.585 40.657 39.684 38.643 37.518 36.304

Reference Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell, Oxford, 1987. t °C 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 374

∆vapH kJ/mol 34.962 33.468 31.809 29.930 27.795 25.300 22.297 18.502 12.966 2.066

6-2

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FIXED POINT PROPERTIES OF H2O AND D2O Temperatures are given on the IPTS-68 scale.

3. Kestin, J. et. al., Thermophysical properties of fluid D2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 601, 1984. 4. Kestin, J. et. al., Thermophysical properties of fluid H2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 175, 1984. 5. Hill, P. G., MacMillan, R. D. C., and Lee, V., A fundamental equation of state for heavy water, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, 1, 1982.

References 1. Haar, L., Gallagher, J. S., and Kell, G. S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. 2. Levelt Sengers, J. M. H., Straub, J., Watanabe, K., and Hill, P. G., Assessment of critical parameter values for H2O and D2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 193, 1985.

H2O

Unit Molar mass Melting point(101.325 kPa) Boiling point(101.325 kPa) Triple point temperature Triple point pressure Triple point density(l) Triple point density(g) Critical temperature Critical pressure Critical density Critical specific volume Maximum density(saturated liquid) Temperature of maximum density

g/mol °C °C °C Pa g/cm3 mg/L °C MPa g/cm3 cm3/g g/cm3 °C

18.01528 0.00 100.00 0.01 611.73 0.99978 4.885 373.99 22.064 0.322 3.11 0.99995 4.0

D2O

20.02748 3.82 101.42 3.82 661 1.1055 5.75 370.74 21.671 0.356 2.81 1.1053 11.2

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SATURATED H2O AND D2O This table gives the thermal conductivity λ for water (H2O or D2O) in equilibrium with its vapor. Values for the liquid (λl) and vapor (λv) are listed, as well as the vapor pressure.

t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350

P/kPa 0.6 1.2 2.3 4.2 7.4 12.3 19.9 31.2 47.4 70.1 101.3 476 1555 3978 8593 16530

H2O λ l / (mW/K m) 561.0 580.0 598.4 615.4 630.5 643.5 654.3 663.1 670.0 675.3 679.1 682.1 663.4 621.4 547.7 447.6

λ v / (mW/K m) 16.49 17.21 17.95 18.70 19.48 20.28 21.10 21.96 22.86 23.80 24.79 30.77 39.10 51.18 71.78 134.59

References 1. Sengers, J.V. and Watson, J.T.R., Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 2. Matsunaga, N. and Nagashima, A., Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 933, 1983.

P/kPa 1.0 2.0 3.7 6.5 11.1 18.2 28.8 44.2 66.1 96.2 465 1546 3995 8688 16820

D2O λ l / (mW/K m) 575 589 600 610 618 625 629 633 635 636 625 592 541 473 391

λ v / (mW/K m) 17.0 17.8 18.5 19.3 20.2 21.0 21.9 22.8 23.8 24.8 30.8 39.0 52.0 75.2 143.0

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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SATURATED H2O AND D2O This table gives the thermal conductivity λ for water (H2O or D2O) in equilibrium with its vapor. Values for the liquid (λl) and vapor (λv) are listed, as well as the vapor pressure.

t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350

P/kPa 0.6 1.2 2.3 4.2 7.4 12.3 19.9 31.2 47.4 70.1 101.3 476 1555 3978 8593 16530

H2O λ l / (mW/K m) 561.0 580.0 598.4 615.4 630.5 643.5 654.3 663.1 670.0 675.3 679.1 682.1 663.4 621.4 547.7 447.6

λ v / (mW/K m) 16.49 17.21 17.95 18.70 19.48 20.28 21.10 21.96 22.86 23.80 24.79 30.77 39.10 51.18 71.78 134.59

References 1. Sengers, J.V. and Watson, J.T.R., Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 2. Matsunaga, N. and Nagashima, A., Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 933, 1983.

P/kPa 1.0 2.0 3.7 6.5 11.1 18.2 28.8 44.2 66.1 96.2 465 1546 3995 8688 16820

D2O λ l / (mW/K m) 575 589 600 610 618 625 629 633 635 636 625 592 541 473 391

λ v / (mW/K m) 17.0 17.8 18.5 19.3 20.2 21.0 21.9 22.8 23.8 24.8 30.8 39.0 52.0 75.2 143.0

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STANDARD DENSITY OF WATER This table gives the density ρ of water in the temperature range from 0°C to 100°C at a pressure of 101325 Pa (one standard atmosphere). From 0°C to 40°C the values are taken from the IUPAC publication in Reference 1 and refer to standard mean ocean water (SMOW), free from dissolved salts and gases. SMOW is a standard water sample of high purity and known isotopic composition. Methods of correcting for different isotopic compositions are discussed in Reference 1. The remaining values are taken from the NIST Chemistry WebBook, Reference 2. Note that the IUPAC values refer to the IPTS-68 temperature scale, while the NIST values are based on the ITS-90 scale (where the normal boiling point is 99.974°C). The conversion between these scales can be found in Sec. 1. The difference between the scales leads to a difference in the density of water of about 20 ppm in the neighborhood of 100°C and much less at lower temperatures. t/°C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2

ρ/g cm–3 0.9998493 0.9998558 0.9998622 0.9998683 0.9998743 0.9998801 0.9998857 0.9998912 0.9998964 0.9999015 0.9999065 0.9999112 0.9999158 0.9999202 0.9999244 0.9999284 0.9999323 0.9999360 0.9999395 0.9999429 0.9999461 0.9999491 0.9999519 0.9999546 0.9999571 0.9999595 0.9999616 0.9999636 0.9999655 0.9999672 0.9999687 0.9999700 0.9999712 0.9999722 0.9999731 0.9999738 0.9999743 0.9999747 0.9999749 0.9999750 0.9999748 0.9999746

t/°C 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4

ρ/g cm–3 0.9999742 0.9999736 0.9999728 0.9999719 0.9999709 0.9999696 0.9999683 0.9999668 0.9999651 0.9999632 0.9999612 0.9999591 0.9999568 0.9999544 0.9999518 0.9999490 0.9999461 0.9999430 0.9999398 0.9999365 0.9999330 0.9999293 0.9999255 0.9999216 0.9999175 0.9999132 0.9999088 0.9999043 0.9998996 0.9998948 0.9998898 0.9998847 0.9998794 0.9998740 0.9998684 0.9998627 0.9998569 0.9998509 0.9998448 0.9998385 0.9998321 0.9998256

t/°C 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6

References 1. Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 2. Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Friend, D.G., “Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems” in NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Eds. P.J. Linstrom and W.G. Mallard, June 2005, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, 20899 (http://webbook.nist.gov). 3. Wagner, W., and Pruss, A., “The IAPWS formulation 1995 for the thermodynamic properties of ordinary water substance for general and scientific use”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 387-535, 2002. 4. Saul, A., and Wagner, W., “A Fundamental Equation for Water Covering the Range From the Melting Line to 1273 K at Pressures up to 25000 MPa”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 18, 1537-1564, 1989.

ρ/g cm–3 0.9998189 0.9998121 0.9998051 0.9997980 0.9997908 0.9997834 0.9997759 0.9997682 0.9997604 0.9997525 0.9997444 0.9997362 0.9997279 0.9997194 0.9997108 0.9997021 0.9996932 0.9996842 0.9996751 0.9996658 0.9996564 0.9996468 0.9996372 0.9996274 0.9996174 0.9996074 0.9995972 0.9995869 0.9995764 0.9995658 0.9995551 0.9995443 0.9995333 0.9995222 0.9995110 0.9994996 0.9994882 0.9994766 0.9994648 0.9994530 0.9994410 0.9994289

t/°C 12.7 12.8 12.9 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8

ρ/g cm–3 0.9994167 0.9994043 0.9993918 0.9993792 0.9993665 0.9993536 0.9993407 0.9993276 0.9993143 0.9993010 0.9992875 0.9992740 0.9992602 0.9992464 0.9992325 0.9992184 0.9992042 0.9991899 0.9991755 0.9991609 0.9991463 0.9991315 0.9991166 0.9991016 0.9990864 0.9990712 0.9990558 0.9990403 0.9990247 0.9990090 0.9989932 0.9989772 0.9989612 0.9989450 0.9989287 0.9989123 0.9988957 0.9988791 0.9988623 0.9988455 0.9988285 0.9988114

t/°C 16.9 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 19.9 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9 21.0

ρ/g cm–3 0.9987942 0.9987769 0.9987595 0.9987419 0.9987243 0.9987065 0.9986886 0.9986706 0.9986525 0.9986343 0.9986160 0.9985976 0.9985790 0.9985604 0.9985416 0.9985228 0.9985038 0.9984847 0.9984655 0.9984462 0.9984268 0.9984073 0.9983877 0.9983680 0.9983481 0.9983282 0.9983081 0.9982880 0.9982677 0.9982474 0.9982269 0.9982063 0.9981856 0.9981649 0.9981440 0.9981230 0.9981019 0.9980807 0.9980594 0.9980380 0.9980164 0.9979948

6-4

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Standard Density of Water t/°C 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.9 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 23.9 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 24.9 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.9 26.0

487_S06.indb 5

ρ/g cm–3 0.9979731 0.9979513 0.9979294 0.9979073 0.9978852 0.9978630 0.9978406 0.9978182 0.9977957 0.9977730 0.9977503 0.9977275 0.9977045 0.9976815 0.9976584 0.9976351 0.9976118 0.9975883 0.9975648 0.9975412 0.9975174 0.9974936 0.9974697 0.9974456 0.9974215 0.9973973 0.9973730 0.9973485 0.9973240 0.9972994 0.9972747 0.9972499 0.9972250 0.9972000 0.9971749 0.9971497 0.9971244 0.9970990 0.9970735 0.9970480 0.9970223 0.9969965 0.9969707 0.9969447 0.9969186 0.9968925 0.9968663 0.9968399 0.9968135 0.9967870

t/°C 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8 26.9 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 27.8 27.9 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8 28.9 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 29.8 29.9 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 30.8 30.9 31.0

6-5 ρ/g cm–3 0.9967604 0.9967337 0.9967069 0.9966800 0.9966530 0.9966259 0.9965987 0.9965714 0.9965441 0.9965166 0.9964891 0.9964615 0.9964337 0.9964059 0.9963780 0.9963500 0.9963219 0.9962938 0.9962655 0.9962371 0.9962087 0.9961801 0.9961515 0.9961228 0.9960940 0.9960651 0.9960361 0.9960070 0.9959778 0.9959486 0.9959192 0.9958898 0.9958603 0.9958306 0.9958009 0.9957712 0.9957413 0.9957113 0.9956813 0.9956511 0.9956209 0.9955906 0.9955602 0.9955297 0.9954991 0.9954685 0.9954377 0.9954069 0.9953760 0.9953450

t/°C 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 31.8 31.9 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 32.9 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.7 33.8 33.9 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.9 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 35.8 35.9 36.0

ρ/g cm–3 0.9953139 0.9952827 0.9952514 0.9952201 0.9951887 0.9951572 0.9951255 0.9950939 0.9950621 0.9950302 0.9949983 0.9949663 0.9949342 0.9949020 0.9948697 0.9948373 0.9948049 0.9947724 0.9947397 0.9947071 0.9946743 0.9946414 0.9946085 0.9945755 0.9945423 0.9945092 0.9944759 0.9944425 0.9944091 0.9943756 0.9943420 0.9943083 0.9942745 0.9942407 0.9942068 0.9941728 0.9941387 0.9941045 0.9940703 0.9940359 0.9940015 0.9939671 0.9939325 0.9938978 0.9938631 0.9938283 0.9937934 0.9937585 0.9937234 0.9936883

t/°C 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 36.8 36.9 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.7 37.8 37.9 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.7 38.8 38.9 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.7 39.8 39.9 40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.0 45.0 46.0 47.0 48.0 49.0 50.0

ρ/g cm–3 0.9936531 0.9936178 0.9935825 0.9935470 0.9935115 0.9934759 0.9934403 0.9934045 0.9933687 0.9933328 0.9932968 0.9932607 0.9932246 0.9931884 0.9931521 0.9931157 0.9930793 0.9930428 0.9930062 0.9929695 0.9929328 0.9928960 0.9928591 0.9928221 0.9927850 0.9927479 0.9927107 0.9926735 0.9926361 0.9925987 0.9925612 0.9925236 0.9924860 0.9924483 0.9924105 0.9923726 0.9923347 0.9922966 0.9922586 0.9922204 0.99183 0.99144 0.99104 0.99063 0.99021 0.98979 0.98936 0.98893 0.98848 0.98804

t/°C ρ/g cm–3 51.0 0.98758 52.0 0.98712 53.0 0.98665 54.0 0.98617 55.0 0.98569 56.0 0.98521 57.0 0.98471 58.0 0.98421 59.0 0.98371 60.0 0.98320 61.0 0.98268 62.0 0.98216 63.0 0.98163 64.0 0.98109 65.0 0.98055 66.0 0.98000 67.0 0.97945 68.0 0.97890 69.0 0.97833 70.0 0.97776 71.0 0.97719 72.0 0.97661 73.0 0.97603 74.0 0.97544 75.0 0.97484 76.0 0.97424 77.0 0.97364 78.0 0.97303 79.0 0.97241 80.0 0.97179 81.0 0.97116 82.0 0.97053 83.0 0.96990 84.0 0.96926 85.0 0.96861 86.0 0.96796 87.0 0.96731 88.0 0.96664 89.0 0.96598 90.0 0.96531 91.0 0.96463 92.0 0.96396 93.0 0.96327 94.0 0.96258 95.0 0.96189 96.0 0.96119 97.0 0.96049 98.0 0.95978 99.0 0.95907 99.974 0.95837

3/14/06 3:03:51 PM

VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS This table gives the following properties of aqueous solutions of NaCl as a function of temperature and concentration: Specific volume v (reciprocal of density) in cm3/g Isothermal compressibility κT = -(1/v)(∂v/∂P)T in GPa-1 Cubic expansion coefficient αv = (1/v)(∂v/∂T)P in kK-1

t/°C

0.100

0.250

487_S06.indb 7

Reference Rogers, P. S. Z., and Pitzer, K. S., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, 15, 1982.

Molality in mol/kg 0.750 1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

Specific volume v in cm3/g 0 0.995732 10 0.995998 20 0.997620 25 0.998834 30 1.000279 40 1.003796 50 1.008064 60 1.0130 70 1.0186 80 1.0249 90 1.0317 100 1.0391

0.989259 0.989781 0.991564 0.992832 0.994319 0.997883 1.002161 1.0071 1.0127 1.0188 1.0256 1.0329

0.978889 0.979804 0.981833 0.983185 0.984735 0.988374 0.992668 0.9976 1.0031 1.0092 1.0157 1.0228

0.968991 0.970256 0.972505 0.973932 0.975539 0.979243 0.983551 0.9885 0.9939 0.9999 1.0063 1.0133

0.959525 0.961101 0.963544 0.965038 0.966694 0.970455 0.974772 0.9797 0.9851 0.9909 0.9972 1.0040

0.925426 0.927905 0.930909 0.932590 0.934382 0.938287 0.942603 0.9474 0.9526 0.9581 0.9640 0.9703

0.896292 0.899262 0.902565 0.904339 0.906194 0.910145 0.914411 0.9191 0.9240 0.9293 0.9348 0.9406

0.870996 0.874201 0.877643 0.879457 0.881334 0.885276 0.889473 0.8940 0.8987 0.9037 0.9089 0.9144

0.848646 0.851958 0.855469 0.857301 0.859185 0.863108 0.867241 0.8716 0.8762 0.8809 0.8858 0.8910

Compressibility κT in GPa–1 0 0.503 10 0.472 20 0.453 25 0.447 30 0.443 40 0.438 50 0.438 60 0.44 70 0.45 80 0.46 90 0.47 100 0.49

0.492 0.463 0.446 0.440 0.436 0.432 0.431 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.48

0.475 0.449 0.433 0.428 0.425 0.421 0.421 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.47

0.459 0.436 0.422 0.417 0.414 0.411 0.411 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.46

0.443 0.423 0.411 0.407 0.404 0.401 0.402 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45

0.389 0.377 0.371 0.369 0.367 0.367 0.369 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.41 0.42

0.346 0.341 0.338 0.337 0.337 0.338 0.340 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39

0.315 0.313 0.313 0.313 0.313 0.315 0.317 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.37

0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.296 0.299 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34

0.024 0.156 0.254 0.296 0.334 0.402 0.464 0.52 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.72

0.069 0.186 0.274 0.312 0.347 0.410 0.467 0.52 0.57 0.62 0.67 0.71

0.110 0.213 0.292 0.327 0.359 0.417 0.470 0.52 0.57 0.61 0.66 0.70

0.237 0.297 0.349 0.373 0.395 0.438 0.479 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.63 0.66

0.313 0.349 0.384 0.401 0.418 0.451 0.484 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64

0.355 0.380 0.406 0.420 0.433 0.460 0.486 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.59 0.61

Cubic expansion coefficient αV in kK–1 0 –0.058 –0.026 0.123 10 0.102 0.232 20 0.218 0.278 25 0.267 0.320 30 0.311 0.394 40 0.389 0.460 50 0.458 0.52 60 0.52 0.58 70 0.58 0.63 80 0.64 0.68 90 0.69 0.73 100 0.74



0.500

All data refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The reference gives properties over a wider range of temperature and pressure.

6-7

3/14/06 3:03:57 PM

DENSITY OF D2O Reference

Density of liquid D2O in g/cm3 at a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar).

Kirillin, V.A., Ed., Heavy Water: Thermophysical Properties, Gosudarstvennoe Energeticheskoe Izdatel’stvo, Moscow, 1963. t/°C

3.8

5

Density

1.1053

1.1055

t/°C Density t/°C Density

Section6.indb 7

35 1.1019 70 1.0847

40 1.1001 75 1.0815

10 1.1057 45 1.0979 80 1.0783

15 1.1056 50 1.0957 85 1.0748

20 1.105 55 1.0931 90 1.0712

25 1.1044 60 1.0905 95 1.0673

30 1.1034 65 1.0875 100 1.0635

4/29/05 4:16:59 PM

PROPERTIES OF ICE AND SUPERCOOLED WATER The common form of ice at ambient temperature and pressure is hexagonal ice, designated as ice Ih (see phase diagram in Section 12). The data given here refer to that form. Data have been taken from the references indicated; values have been interpolated and smoothed in some cases. All properties are sensitive to the method of preparation of the sample, since air or other gases are sometimes occluded. For this reason there is often disagreement among values found in the literature.

Density values (except at 0°C) and the thermal expansion coefficient were calculated from the temperature variation in the crystal lattice constants of ice (see Ref. 1). The thermal expansion coefficient appears to become negative around –200°C, but there is considerable scatter in the data.

Density of ice Ih and supercooled water in g cm–3

Phase transition properties:

t/°C 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –80 –100 –120 –140 –160 –180 Ref.

ρ (supercooled water) 0.9998 0.9982 0.9935 0.9839

ρ (ice) 0.9167 0.9187 0.9203 0.9216 0.9228 0.9240 0.9252 0.9274 0.9292 0.9305 0.9314 0.9331 0.9340 1 t/°C 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –80 –100 –120 –140 –160 –180 –200 –220 –240 –250 Ref.

∆fusH(0°C) = 333.6 J/g (Ref. 2) ∆subH(0°C) = 2838 J/g (Ref. 2) Other properties of ice Ih:

αV: cubic thermal expansion coefficient, αV = −(1/V)(∂V/∂t)p κ : adiabatic compressibility, κ = –(1/V)( ∂V/∂p)S ε : relative permittivity (dielectric constant) . k : thermal conductivity cp: specific heat capacity at constant pressure

8 αV/10−6 °C−1 159 155 149 143 137 130 122 105 85 77 60 45 30

1,2,3,5

κ/10−5 MPa−1 13.0 12.8 12.7 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.1 11.9 11.6 11.4 11.3 11.2 11.1 11.0 10.9 10.9 10.9 1,5

References 1. Eisenberg, D., and Kauzmann, W., The Structure and Properties of Water, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1969. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, V/1b, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982. 3. LaPlaca, S., and Post, B., Acta Cryst., 13, 503, 1960. [Thermal expansion of lattice] 4. Brill, R., and Tippe, A., Acta Cryst., 23, 343, 1967. [Thermal expansion of lattice]

ε 91.6 94.4 97.5 99.7 101.9 106.9 119.5

6

k/W cm−1 °C−1 0.0214 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.028 0.030 0.033 0.037 0.042 0.049 0.057 0.070 0.087 0.118 0.20 0.32 7

cp/J g−1 °C−1 2.11 2.03 1.96 1.88 1.80 1.72 1.65 1.50 1.36 1.23 1.10 0.97 0.83 0.67 0.50 0.29 0.17 1

5. Leadbetter, A. J., Proc. Roy. Soc. A 287, 403, 1965. [Compressibility and thermal expansion] 6. Auty, R. P., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 20, 1309, 1952. [Dielectric constant] 7. Slack, G. A., Phys. Rev. B, 22, 3065, 1980. [Thermal conductivity] 8. Hare, D. E., and Sorensen, C. M., J. Chem. Phys., 87, 4840, 1987. [Supercooled water] 9. Hobbs, P. V., Ice Physics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1974.

6-5

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VAPOR PRESSURE OF ICE The values of the vapor (sublimation) pressure of ice in this table were calculated from the equation recommended by the International Association for the Properties of Steam (IAPS) in 1993. Temperature values correspond to the ITS-90 temperature scale. The uncertainty in the pressure is estimated to be 0.1% for t > –25°C and 0.5% for t < –25°C. The first entry in the table is the triple point of water. t/°C 0.01 0 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –6 –7 –8 –9 –10 –11 –12 –13 –14 –15

Section6.indb 7

p/Pa 611.657 611.15 562.67 517.72 476.06 437.47 401.76 368.73 338.19 309.98 283.94 259.90 237.74 217.32 198.52 181.22 165.30

t/°C –16 –17 –18 –19 –20 –21 –22 –23 –24 –25 –26 –27 –28 –29 –30 –31 –32

Reference Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994.

p/Pa 150.68 137.25 124.92 113.62 103.26 93.77 85.10 77.16 69.91 63.29 57.25 51.74 46.73 42.16 38.01 34.24 30.82

t/°C –33 –34 –35 –36 –37 –38 –39 –40 –45 –50 –55 –60 –65 –70 –75 –80

p/Pa 27.71 24.90 22.35 20.04 17.96 16.07 14.37 12.84 7.202 3.936 2.093 1.080 0.540 0.261 0.122 0.055

4/29/05 4:16:59 PM

VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER FROM 0 TO 370°C This table gives the vapor pressure of water at intervals of 1° C from the melting point to the critical point.

t/°C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

P/kPa 0.61129 0.65716 0.70605 0.75813 0.81359 0.87260 0.93537 1.0021 1.0730 1.1482 1.2281 1.3129 1.4027 1.4979 1.5988 1.7056 1.8185 1.9380 2.0644 2.1978 2.3388 2.4877 2.6447 2.8104 2.9850 3.1690 3.3629 3.5670 3.7818 4.0078 4.2455 4.4953 4.7578 5.0335 5.3229 5.6267 5.9453 6.2795 6.6298 6.9969 7.3814 7.7840 8.2054 8.6463 9.1075 9.5898 10.094 10.620 11.171 11.745 12.344 12.970

t/°C 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

P/kPa 13.623 14.303 15.012 15.752 16.522 17.324 18.159 19.028 19.932 20.873 21.851 22.868 23.925 25.022 26.163 27.347 28.576 29.852 31.176 32.549 33.972 35.448 36.978 38.563 40.205 41.905 43.665 45.487 47.373 49.324 51.342 53.428 55.585 57.815 60.119 62.499 64.958 67.496 70.117 72.823 75.614 78.494 81.465 84.529 87.688 90.945 94.301 97.759 101.32 104.99 108.77 112.66

Reference Haar, L., Gallagher, J. S., and Kell, G. S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. t/°C 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155

P/kPa 116.67 120.79 125.03 129.39 133.88 138.50 143.24 148.12 153.13 158.29 163.58 169.02 174.61 180.34 186.23 192.28 198.48 204.85 211.38 218.09 224.96 232.01 239.24 246.66 254.25 262.04 270.02 278.20 286.57 295.15 303.93 312.93 322.14 331.57 341.22 351.09 361.19 371.53 382.11 392.92 403.98 415.29 426.85 438.67 450.75 463.10 475.72 488.61 501.78 515.23 528.96 542.99

t/°C 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207

P/kPa 557.32 571.94 586.87 602.11 617.66 633.53 649.73 666.25 683.10 700.29 717.83 735.70 753.94 772.52 791.47 810.78 830.47 850.53 870.98 891.80 913.03 934.64 956.66 979.09 1001.9 1025.2 1048.9 1073.0 1097.5 1122.5 1147.9 1173.8 1200.1 1226.9 1254.2 1281.9 1310.1 1338.8 1368.0 1397.6 1427.8 1458.5 1489.7 1521.4 1553.6 1586.4 1619.7 1653.6 1688.0 1722.9 1758.4 1794.5

6-8

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4/29/05 4:17:01 PM

Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C t/°C 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249

Section6.indb 9

P/kPa 1831.1 1868.4 1906.2 1944.6 1983.6 2023.2 2063.4 2104.2 2145.7 2187.8 2230.5 2273.8 2317.8 2362.5 2407.8 2453.8 2500.5 2547.9 2595.9 2644.6 2694.1 2744.2 2795.1 2846.7 2899.0 2952.1 3005.9 3060.4 3115.7 3171.8 3228.6 3286.3 3344.7 3403.9 3463.9 3524.7 3586.3 3648.8 3712.1 3776.2 3841.2 3907.0

t/°C 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291

6-9 P/kPa 3973.6 4041.2 4109.6 4178.9 4249.1 4320.2 4392.2 4465.1 4539.0 4613.7 4689.4 4766.1 4843.7 4922.3 5001.8 5082.3 5163.8 5246.3 5329.8 5414.3 5499.9 5586.4 5674.0 5762.7 5852.4 5943.1 6035.0 6127.9 6221.9 6317.0 6413.2 6510.5 6608.9 6708.5 6809.2 6911.1 7014.1 7118.3 7223.7 7330.2 7438.0 7547.0

t/°C 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333

P/kPa 7657.2 7768.6 7881.3 7995.2 8110.3 8226.8 8344.5 8463.5 8583.8 8705.4 8828.3 8952.6 9078.2 9205.1 9333.4 9463.1 9594.2 9726.7 9860.5 9995.8 10133 10271 10410 10551 10694 10838 10984 11131 11279 11429 11581 11734 11889 12046 12204 12364 12525 12688 12852 13019 13187 13357

t/°C 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 373.98

P/kPa 13528 13701 13876 14053 14232 14412 14594 14778 14964 15152 15342 15533 15727 15922 16120 16320 16521 16725 16931 17138 17348 17561 17775 17992 18211 18432 18655 18881 19110 19340 19574 19809 20048 20289 20533 20780 21030 21283 21539 21799 22055

4/29/05 4:17:01 PM

BOILING POINT OF WATER AT VARIOUS PRESSURES Data are based on the equation of state recommended by the International Association for the Properties of Steam in 1984, as presented in Haar, Gallagher, and Kell, NBS-NRC Steam Tables

P/mbar 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 905 910

T/°C 32.88 45.82 53.98 60.07 64.98 69.11 72.70 75.88 78.74 81.34 83.73 85.95 88.02 89.96 91.78 93.51 95.15 96.71 96.87 97.02

P/mbar 915 920 925 930 935 940 945 950 955 960 965 970 975 980 985 990 995 1000 1005 1010

T/°C 97.17 97.32 97.47 97.62 97.76 97.91 98.06 98.21 98.35 98.50 98.64 98.78 98.93 99.07 99.21 99.35 99.49 99.63 99.77 99.91

(Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984). The temperature scale is IPTS-68. Note that: 1 mbar = 100 Pa = 0.000986923 atmos = 0.750062 mmHg. P/mbar 1013.25 1015 1020 1025 1030 1035 1040 1045 1050 1055 1060 1065 1070 1075 1080 1085 1090 1095 1100 1150

T/°C 100.00 100.05 100.19 100.32 100.46 100.60 100.73 100.87 101.00 101.14 101.27 101.40 101.54 101.67 101.80 101.93 102.06 102.19 102.32 103.59

P/mbar 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150

T/°C 104.81 105.99 107.14 108.25 109.32 110.36 111.38 112.37 113.33 114.26 115.18 116.07 116.94 117.79 118.63 119.44 120.24 121.02 121.79 122.54

6-10

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MELTING POINT OF ICE AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURE This table gives values of the melting temperature of ice at various pressures, as calculated from the equation for the ice I liquid water phase boundary recommended by the International Association for the Properties of Steam (IAPS). Temperatures are on the ITS-90 scale. See the Reference for information on forms of ice that exist at higher pressures. The transition points for transformations of the various forms of ice (in each case in equilibrium with liquid water) are:

ice I - ice III ice III - ice V ice V - ice VI ice VI - ice VII

209.9 MPa 350.1 632.4 2216

–21.985°C –16.986 0.16 82

Reference Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994.

p/MPa 0.1 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30

Section6.indb 10

t/°C 0.00 −0.06 −0.14 −0.21 −0.29 −0.36 −0.74 −1.52 −2.32

p/MPa 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

t/°C −3.15 −4.02 −4.91 −5.83 −6.79 −7.78 −8.80 −9.86 −10.95

p/MPa 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210

t/°C −12.07 −13.22 −14.40 −15.62 −16.85 −18.11 −19.39 −20.69 −22.00

4/29/05 4:17:02 PM

PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAM AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE This table gives properties of compressed water and superheated steam at selected pressures and temperatures. The properties included are density ρ, enthalpy H, entropy S, heat capacity at constant pressure Cp, and static dielectric constant (relative permittivity). The table was generated from the formulation approved by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam for general and scientific use. The reference state for this table is the liquid at the triple point, at which the internal energy and entropy are taken as zero. A duplicate entry in the temperature column indicates a phase transition (liquid–vapor) at that temperature; property values are then given for both phases. In the 100 MPa section of the table, an entry is given at the critical temperature, 647.10 K. Temperatures refer to the ITS-90 scale, on which the normal boiling point of water is 373.12 K (99.97°C). p/MPa 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

T/K 273.16 300 325 350 372.76 372.76 375 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 273.16 300 325 350 375 400 450 453.03 453.03 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900

ρ/kg m–3 999.84 996.56 987.19 973.73 958.63 0.59034 0.58653 0.54761 0.48458 0.43514 0.39507 0.36185 0.33384 0.30988 0.28915 0.27102 0.25504 0.24085 0.22815 0.21673 0.20640 0.19701 0.18844 0.18058 1000.3 996.96 987.58 974.13 957.43 937.87 890.39 887.13 5.1450 4.5323 4.0581 3.6871 3.3843 3.1305 2.9140 2.7265 2.5624 2.4174

H/J g–1 0.10 112.65 217.15 321.84 417.50 2674.9 2679.6 2730.4 2829.7 2928.6 3028.1 3128.8 3230.8 3334.4 3439.5 3546.3 3654.8 3765.0 3876.9 3990.7 4106.1 4223.4 4342.3 4463.0 1.02 113.48 217.93 322.56 427.64 533.47 749.20 762.51 2777.1 2891.2 3001.8 3109.0 3215.2 3321.7 3429.0 3537.5 3647.3 3758.5

References 1. Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, September 1996; available from Executive Secretary of IAPWS, Electric Power Research Institute, 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304-1395. 2. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Mallard, W. G., and Linstrom, P. J., Eds., March 1998, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899 (http://webbook.nist.gov). 3. Pruss, A. and Wagner, W., to be published. 4. Fernandez, D. P., Goodwin, A. R. H., Lemmon, E. W., Levelt Sengers, J. M. H., and Williams, R. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 26, 1125, 1997. [Dielectric constant] S/J g–1K–1 0.0000 0.3931 0.7276 1.0380 1.3028 7.3588 7.3713 7.5025 7.7365 7.9447 8.1344 8.3096 8.4730 8.6264 8.7715 8.9093 9.0408 9.1668 9.2879 9.4045 9.5172 9.6263 9.7321 9.8348 0.0000 0.3928 0.7272 1.0374 1.3274 1.6005 2.1086 2.1381 6.5850 6.8250 7.0359 7.2224 7.3925 7.5504 7.6984 7.8384 7.9715 8.0986

Cp/J g–1K–1 4.2194 4.1806 4.1819 4.1945 4.2152 2.0784 2.0686 2.0078 1.9752 1.9813 2.0010 2.0268 2.0557 2.0867 2.1191 2.1525 2.1868 2.2216 2.2568 2.2921 2.3273 2.3621 2.3965 2.4302 4.2150 4.1781 4.1798 4.1925 4.2158 4.2535 4.3924 4.4045 2.7114 2.2795 2.1647 2.1292 2.1254 2.1368 2.1566 2.1816 2.2098 2.2402

Diel. const. 87.90 77.75 69.32 61.79 55.61 1.006 1.006 1.005 1.004 1.003 1.003 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 87.93 77.78 69.36 61.82 55.09 49.06 38.81 38.23 1.042 1.034 1.028 1.024 1.020 1.017 1.015 1.013 1.012 1.011

6-11

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Properties of Water and Steam as a Function of Temperature and Pressure

6-12 p/MPa 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Section6.indb 12

T/K 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 273.16 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 550 584.15 584.15 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 273.16 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 550 600 647.10 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200

ρ/kg m–3 2.2882 2.1723 2.0678 1.9729 1.8865 1.8074 1004.8 1001.0 991.46 978.09 961.62 942.42 896.16 838.02 761.82 688.42 55.463 49.773 40.479 35.355 31.810 29.107 26.933 25.123 23.580 22.241 21.063 20.017 19.078 18.230 1045.3 1037.2 1026.6 1013.6 998.59 981.82 943.51 899.21 848.78 791.49 730.24 726.21 651.77 568.52 482.23 404.66 343.61 298.61 265.45 240.32 220.62 204.71 191.53

H/J g–1 3871.3 3985.7 4101.8 4219.5 4338.9 4460.0 10.1 121.7 225.6 329.7 434.4 539.6 753.9 977.1 1218 1408 2725 2820 3022 3177 3314 3443 3568 3691 3813 3935 4057 4180 4304 4429 95.4 201.4 301.3 401.7 502.6 603.7 807.8 1015 1228 1448 1665 1679 1925 2188 2466 2742 3000 3231 3440 3631 3809 3979 4142

S/J g–1K–1 8.2206 8.3380 8.4512 8.5608 8.6669 8.7699 0.000 0.390 0.723 1.031 1.320 1.592 2.096 2.566 3.027 3.360 5.616 5.775 6.100 6.330 6.520 6.686 6.838 6.978 7.110 7.235 7.354 7.469 7.579 7.685 –0.008 0.362 0.682 0.979 1.258 1.518 1.999 2.436 2.842 3.225 3.573 3.595 3.958 4.322 4.681 5.016 5.310 5.560 5.774 5.961 6.127 6.278 6.417

Cp/J g–1K–1 2.2721 2.3048 2.3380 2.3713 2.4044 2.4371 4.173 4.153 4.160 4.173 4.195 4.230 4.355 4.602 5.140 6.123 7.140 5.136 3.396 2.874 2.645 2.531 2.473 2.445 2.436 2.439 2.450 2.466 2.485 2.507 3.905 3.979 4.008 4.025 4.040 4.056 4.110 4.196 4.323 4.501 4.733 4.750 5.083 5.449 5.610 5.380 4.887 4.382 3.978 3.683 3.471 3.319 3.209

Diel. const. 1.010 1.009 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.006 88.30 78.11 69.67 62.13 55.40 49.39 39.17 30.79 23.53 18.70 1.404 1.365 1.267 1.214 1.179 1.154 1.134 1.118 1.105 1.095 1.086 1.078 1.072 1.066 91.83 81.22 72.58 64.95 58.19 52.20 42.15 34.15 27.67 22.29 17.97 17.72 13.75 10.34 7.562 5.571 4.284 3.477 2.956 2.601 2.347 2.158 2.011

4/29/05 4:17:04 PM

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF WATER AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE The following table summarizes the relative permittivity (static dielectric constant) of liquid water and steam over a wide range of temperature and pressure. Values are given from slightly above the freezing point to 1000 K and at pressures from normal atmospheric to 1000 MPa (about 10000 atm). The values are generated from an equation that correlates the best experimental measurements from a large number of sources. The correlating equation and full details of the formulation may be found in Reference 1. T/K 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200

0.1 87.16 85.19 83.27 81.39 79.55 77.75 75.99 74.27 72.58 70.93 64.70 59.00 1.006 1.005 1.005 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.003 1.003 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001

1 87.20 85.23 83.30 81.42 79.58 77.78 76.02 74.30 72.61 70.97 64.73 59.03 53.83 49.06 44.70 40.70 1.041 1.038 1.034 1.028 1.024 1.020 1.017 1.015 1.013 1.012 1.011 1.010 1.009 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.006

2 87.24 85.27 83.34 81.46 79.62 77.82 76.06 74.33 72.65 71.00 64.77 59 07 53.86 49.10 44.74 40.74 37.04 33.61 1.074 1.059 1.049 1.041 1.036 1.031 1.027 1.024 1.022 1.020 1.018 1.016 1.015 1.014 1.013

5 87.36 85.39 83.46 81.57 79 73 77.93 76.17 74.44 72.76 71.11 64.87 59.17 53.97 49.21 44.85 40 85 37.17 33.75 30.55 1.177 1.137 1.112 1.095 1.082 1.071 1.063 1.056 1.050 1.046 1.041 1.038 1.035 1.032

Temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale. Liquid–vapor boundaries are indicated by horizontal lines.

Reference Fernandez, D. P., Goodwin, A. R. H., Lemmon, E. W., Levelt Sengers, J. M. H., and Williams, R. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 26, 1125, 1997.

Pressure in MPa

10 87.57 85.59 83.65 81.76 79.92 78.11 76.35 74.62 72.93 71.28 65.04 59.34 54.14 49.39 45.04 41.05 37.37 33.97 30.79 23.53 1.365 1.267 1.214 1.179 1.154 1.134 1.118 1.105 1.095 1.086 1.078 1.072 1.066

20 87.97 85.98 84.04 82.14 80.29 78.48 76.71 74.98 73.28 71.63 65.38 59.68 54.48 49.73 45.39 41.42 37.76 34.39 31.25 24.18 17.50 2.066 1.603 1.452 1.365 1.307 1.265 1.232 1.206 1.184 1.167 1.151 1.139

50 89.16 87.14 85.17 83.24 81.37 79.54 77.75 76.01 74.30 72.64 66.36 60.65 55.45 50.71 46.39 42.45 38.84 35.53 32.47 25.73 19.90 14.50 8.963 4.424 2.844 2.269 1.975 1.793 1.668 1.576 1.505 1.449 1.403

100 91 05 88.98 86.96 84.99 83.08 81.22 79.40 77.63 75.90 74.22 67.89 62.15 56.94 52.20 47.90 43.98 40.40 37.14 34.15 27.67 22.29 17.72 13.75 10.34 7.562 5.571 4.284 3.477 2.956 2.601 2.347 2.158 2.011

200 94.55 92.38 90.27 88.22 86.24 84.31 82.43 80.61 78.84 77.11 70.65 64.83 59.57 54.80 50.48 46.55 42.99 39.75 36.79 30.46 25.34 21.12 17.60 14.65 12.17 10.10 8.416 7.066 6.003 5.172 4.523 4.012 3.606

500 103.7 101.3 98.91 96.64 94.44 92.31 90.25 88.26 86.34 84.48 77.58 71.45 65.95 61.00 56.53 52.48 48.81 45.47 42.44 35.99 30.82 26.62 23.17 20.30 17.88 15.83 14.08 12.57 11.27 10.14 9.160 8.309 7.569

1000

101.3 99.06 96.87 94.76 87.07 80.36 74.43 69.12 64.35 60.03 56.11 52.55 49.30 42.38 36.82 32.31 28.60 25.51 22.91 20.70 18.80 17.15 15.72 14.45 13.34 12.35 11.47

6-13

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PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF WATER AT VARIOUS FREQUENCIES The permittivity of liquid water in the radiofrequency and microwave regions can be represented by the Debye equation (References 1 and 2):

Other useful quantities that can be calculated from the values in the table are the loss tangent:

ε s − ε∞ 1 + ω 2 τ2 (ε − ε ∞ )ωτ ε ′′ = s 1 + ω 2 τ2

and the absorption coefficient α which describes the power attentuation per unit length (P = P0 e–αl):

ε ′= ε ∞ +

α=

where ε = ε´ + i ε is the (complex) relative permittivity (i.e., the absolute permittivity divided by the permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.854.10-12 F m-1 ). Here εs is the static permittivity (see Reference 3 and the table “Properties of Water in the Range 0–100°C” in this Section); ε∞ is a parameter describing the permittivity in the high frequency limit; τ is the relaxation time for molecular orientation; and ω = 2πf is the angular frequency. The values in this table have been calculated from parameters given in Reference 2: ε∞ τ/ps

0°C 5.7 17.67

25°C 5.2 8.27

Frequency 0 1 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 500 MHz 1 GHz 2 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 5 GHz 10 GHz 20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz

tan δ = ε ′′/ ε ′

and c is the speed of light. The last equation is valid when ε/ε´ << 1.

50°C 4.0 4.75

ε´ 87.90 87.90 87.90 87.90 87.89 87.86 87.65 86.90 84.04 79.69 74.36 68.54 42.52 19.56 12.50 9.67 8.28

0°C

ε 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.09 0.91 1.82 4.55 9.01 17.39 24.64 30.49 34.88 40.88 30.78 22.64 17.62 14.34

π f ε ′′ c ε′

ε´ 78.36 78.36 78.36 78.36 78.36 78.35 78.31 78.16 77.58 76.62 75.33 73.73 62.81 40.37 26.53 18.95 14.64

References 1. Fernendez, D. P., Mulev, Y., Goodwin, A. R. H., and Levelt Sengers, J. M. H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 24, 33, 1995. 2. Kaatze, U., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 34, 371, 1989. 3. Archer, D. G., and Wang, P., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 817, 1983.

25°C

ε 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.38 0.76 1.90 3.79 7.52 11.13 14.58 17.81 29.93 36.55 33.25 28.58 24.53

ε´ 69.88 69.88 69.88 69.88 69.88 69.88 69.87 69.82 69.65 69.36 68.95 68.45 64.49 52.57 40.57 31.17 24.42

50°C

ε 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.20 0.39 0.98 1.96 3.92 5.85 7.75 9.62 18.05 28.99 32.74 32.43 30.47

6-14

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THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS These tables give thermodynamic and transport properties of some important fluids, as generated from the equations of state presented in the references below. The properties tabulated are density (ρ), energy (E), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), isochoric heat capacity (Cv), isobaric heat capacity (Cp), speed of sound (vs), viscosity (η), thermal conductivity (λ), and dielectric constant (D). All extensive properties are given on a molar basis. Not all properties are included for every substance. The references should be consulted for information on the uncertainties and the reference states for E, H, and S. Values are given as a function of temperature for several isobars. The phase can be determined by noting the sharp decrease in density between two successive temperature entries; all lines above

this point refer to the liquid phase, and all lines below refer to the gas phase. If there is no sharp discontinuity in density, all data in the table refer to the supercritical region (i.e., the isobar is above the critical pressure).

References 1. Younglove, B. A., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part I, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 2. Younglove, B. A., and Ely, J. F., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. 3. McCarty, R. D., Thermodynamic Properties of Helium, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923, 1973.

NITROGEN (N2) T K

ρ mol/L

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

η µPa s

λ mW/m K

D

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 70 30.017 77.25 28.881 77.25 0.163 100 0.123 200 0.060 300 0.040 400 0.030 500 0.024 600 0.020 700 0.017 800 0.015 900 0.013 1000 0.012 1500 0.008

–3828 –3411 1546 2041 4140 6223 8308 10414 12563 14770 17044 19383 21786 34530

–3824 –3407 2161 2856 5800 8717 11635 14573 17554 20593 23698 26869 30103 47004

73.8 79.5 151.6 159.5 179.9 191.8 200.2 206.7 212.2 216.8 221.0 224.7 228.1 241.8

28.5 27.8 21.6 21.1 20.8 20.8 20.9 21.2 21.8 22.4 23.1 23.7 24.3 26.4

57.2 57.8 31.4 30.0 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.6 30.1 30.7 31.4 32.0 32.6 34.7

203.9 152.2 5.3 6.8 12.9 18.0 22.2 26.1 29.5 32.8 35.8 38.7 41.5 54.0

143.5 133.8 7.6 9.6 18.4 25.8 32.3 38.5 44.5 50.5 56.3 62.0 67.7 93.3

1.45269 1.43386 1.00215 1.00162 1.00079 1.00053 1.00040 1.00032 1.00026 1.00023 1.00020 1.00017 1.00016 1.00010

P = 1 MPa 70 80 90 100 103.75 103.75 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500

30.070 28.504 26.721 24.634 23.727 1.472 0.614 0.402 0.300 0.240 0.200 0.171 0.150 0.133 0.120 0.080

–3838 –3267 –2685 –2073 –1828 1788 4048 6171 8273 10389 12544 14756 17032 19374 21778 34527

–3805 –3232 –2648 –2032 –1786 2467 5675 8661 11609 14563 17554 20600 23709 26884 30121 47029

73.6 81.3 88.2 94.6 97.1 138.1 160.3 172.5 180.9 187.5 193.0 197.7 201.8 205.6 209.0 222.7

28.9 27.8 26.7 26.2 26.2 24.1 21.0 20.9 20.9 21.3 21.8 22.4 23.1 23.7 24.3 26.4

56.9 57.7 59.4 64.4 67.8 45.0 30.4 29.6 29.5 29.7 30.2 30.8 31.4 32.1 32.7 34.8

205.9 139.5 100.1 73.1 64.8 7.6 13.2 18.1 22.4 26.1 29.6 32.8 35.9 38.8 41.5 54.0

144.1 130.7 115.3 98.5 91.8 12.5 19.3 26.3 32.7 38.8 44.8 50.7 56.5 62.2 67.8 93.4

1.45355 1.42760 1.39824 1.36417 1.34947 1.01954 1.00812 1.00529 1.00395 1.00315 1.00262 1.00224 1.00196 1.00174 1.00157 1.00104

P = 10 MPa 65.32 100 200 300 400

31.120 26.201 7.117 3.989 2.898

–4176 –2328 3037 5667 7941

–3855 –1946 4442 8174 11392

68.6 92.0 136.4 151.7 161.0

31.8 27.4 22.7 21.4 21.3

53.8 56.3 45.5 33.4 31.3

275.7 90.2 17.6 20.1 23.7

153.8 112.3 30.4 31.9 36.7

1.47067 1.38942 1.09698 1.05347 1.03860

6-15

Section6.indb 15

4/29/05 4:17:09 PM

Thermophysical Properties of Fluids

6-16 T K 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500

E J/mol 10148 12361 14613 16919 19283 21705 34504

H J/mol 14492 17575 20683 23837 27046 30308 47283

S J/mol K 167.9 173.5 178.3 182.5 186.3 189.8 203.5

Cv J/mol K 21.5 21.9 22.5 23.2 23.8 24.4 26.5

Cp J/mol K 30.8 30.9 31.3 31.8 32.4 32.9 34.8

η µPa s 27.1 30.4 33.5 36.4 39.3 42.0 54.3

λ mW/m K 42.0 47.4 53.0 58.6 64.1 69.6 94.7

ρ mol/L

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

η µPa s

λ mW/m K

D

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 60 40.049 80 37.204 100 0.123 120 0.102 140 0.087 160 0.076 180 0.067 200 0.060 220 0.055 240 0.050 260 0.046 280 0.043 300 0.040 320 0.038 340 0.035 360 0.033 380 0.032

–5883 –4814 2029 2458 2881 3301 3720 4138 4556 4974 5393 5812 6234 6657 7082 7510 7941

–5880 –4812 2840 3442 4035 4624 5210 5796 6381 6966 7552 8138 8726 9316 9908 10503 11100

72.4 87.7 172.9 178.4 182.9 186.9 190.3 193.4 196.2 198.8 201.1 203.3 205.3 207.2 209.0 210.7 212.3

34.9 31.0 21.4 21.0 20.9 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.9 20.9 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.6

53.4 53.6 30.5 29.8 29.5 29.4 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.4 29.4 29.5 29.7 29.8 30.0

425.2 251.7 7.5 9.0 10.5 11.9 13.3 14.6 15.9 17.2 18.4 19.5 20.6 21.7 22.8 23.8 24.8

188.2 166.1 9.3 11.2 13.1 15.0 16.7 18.4 20.1 21.7 23.2 24.8 26.3 27.8 29.3 30.8 32.2

1.55619 1.51114 1.00146 1.00121 1.00103 1.00090 1.00080 1.00072 1.00065 1.00060 1.00055 1.00051 1.00048 1.00045 1.00042 1.00040 1.00038

ρ mol/L 2.302 1.918 1.647 1.445 1.288 1.162 0.783

D 1.03055 1.02538 1.02175 1.01904 1.01694 1.01526 1.01020

OXYGEN (O2) TK

Section6.indb 16

P = 1 MPa 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380

40.084 37.254 34.153 1.198 0.950 0.802 0.698 0.620 0.559 0.509 0.468 0.433 0.403 0.377 0.355 0.335 0.317

–5887 –4822 –3741 2163 2683 3151 3598 4035 4466 4894 5321 5748 6174 6602 7032 7463 7898

–5863 –4795 –3712 2997 3735 4398 5030 5647 6255 6858 7458 8056 8654 9252 9851 10452 11056

72.3 87.6 99.7 156.7 162.4 166.8 170.5 173.8 176.7 179.3 181.7 183.9 186.0 187.9 189.7 191.4 193.1

34.9 31.0 28.5 24.0 22.2 21.5 21.2 21.1 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.1 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.5 21.7

53.3 53.5 55.2 40.6 34.4 32.2 31.2 30.6 30.3 30.1 29.9 29.9 29.9 29.9 30.0 30.1 30.2

428.5 253.8 155.6 9.4 10.8 12.2 13.5 14.8 16.1 17.3 18.5 19.6 20.7 21.8 22.8 23.9 24.9

188.4 166.4 137.9 13.9 14.9 16.3 17.7 19.3 20.8 22.3 23.8 25.2 26.7 28.2 29.6 31.1 32.6

1.55674 1.51192 1.46381 1.01429 1.01133 1.00955 1.00831 1.00738 1.00665 1.00606 1.00556 1.00515 1.00479 1.00448 1.00421 1.00397 1.00376

P = 10 MPa 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

40.419 37.727 34.881 31.721 27.890 22.379 13.232 8.666

–5931 –4893 –3856 –2796 –1662 –322 1489 2681

–5684 –4628 –3570 –2481 –1304 125 2245 3835

71.5 86.7 98.5 108.4 117.5 127.0 139.5 147.9

35.1 31.6 29.1 27.3 26.2 26.1 26.6 24.0

53.0 52.7 53.4 55.9 62.9 84.8 105.9 60.6

461.8 274.4 171.0 113.0 76.3 48.6 26.2 21.2

189.9 168.6 141.2 115.1 91.8 71.2 46.8 34.0

1.56210 1.51936 1.47500 1.42677 1.36972 1.29037 1.16560 1.10650

4/29/05 4:17:10 PM

Thermophysical Properties of Fluids

220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380

TK

ρ mol/L 6.868 5.836 5.134 4.613 4.205 3.874 3.598 3.363 3.161

E J/mol 3424 4029 4573 5086 5581 6063 6538 7009 7477

6-17 H J/mol 4880 5742 6521 7254 7959 8645 9318 9982 10641

S J/mol K 152.9 156.6 159.7 162.5 164.9 167.1 169.1 171.0 172.8

Cv J/mol K 22.6 22.0 21.8 21.6 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.9 22.0

Cp J/mol K 46.4 40.6 37.6 35.8 34.7 33.9 33.4 33.0 32.8

η µPa s 20.5 20.8 21.4 22.1 22.9 23.7 24.6 25.4 26.3

λ mW/m K 30.8 30.1 30.2 30.8 31.6 32.6 33.7 34.9 36.1

D 1.08380 1.07090 1.06219 1.05575 1.05073 1.04667 1.04329 1.04043 1.03796

HYDROGEN (H2) TK

Section6.indb 17

ρ mol/L

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

vs m/s

D

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 15 37.738 20 35.278 40 0.305 60 0.201 80 0.151 100 0.120 120 0.100 140 0.086 160 0.075 180 0.067 200 0.060 220 0.055 240 0.050 260 0.046 280 0.043 300 0.040 400 0.030

–605 –524 491 748 1030 1370 1777 2237 2723 3216 3703 4179 4641 5093 5535 5970 8093

–603 –521 818 1244 1694 2202 2776 3401 4054 4714 5367 6009 6638 7256 7865 8466 11421

11.2 15.8 75.6 84.3 90.7 96.4 101.6 106.4 110.8 114.7 118.1 121.2 123.9 126.4 128.6 130.7 139.2

9.7 11.3 12.5 13.1 15.3 18.7 21.8 23.8 24.6 24.6 24.1 23.4 22.8 22.3 21.9 21.6 21.0

14.4 19.1 21.3 21.6 23.7 27.1 30.2 32.2 33.0 32.9 32.4 31.8 31.2 30.6 30.2 29.9 29.3

1319 1111 521 636 714 773 827 883 940 998 1054 1110 1163 1214 1263 1310 1518

1.24827 1.23093 1.00186 1.00122 1.00091 1.00073 1.00061 1.00052 1.00046 1.00041 1.00037 1.00033 1.00030 1.00028 1.00026 1.00024 1.00018

P = 1 MPa 15 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 400

38.109 35.852 3.608 2.098 1.523 1.204 0.999 0.854 0.747 0.663 0.597 0.543 0.498 0.460 0.427 0.399 0.299

–609 –532 399 697 994 1343 1756 2219 2709 3204 3693 4170 4634 5087 5530 5966 8091

–583 –504 676 1173 1651 2174 2758 3390 4048 4712 5368 6012 6643 7263 7873 8475 11433

10.9 15.5 54.1 64.3 71.1 77.0 82.3 87.1 91.5 95.4 98.9 102.0 104.7 107.2 109.5 111.5 120.1

10.1 11.4 12.9 13.2 15.4 18.8 21.9 23.9 24.7 24.6 24.1 23.5 22.9 22.3 21.9 21.6 21.0

14.1 18.4 28.4 23.5 24.7 27.7 30.6 32.5 33.2 33.1 32.5 31.9 31.2 30.7 30.3 30.0 29.4

1315 1155 498 635 719 779 835 891 949 1006 1063 1118 1171 1222 1271 1317 1525

1.25089 1.23496 1.02209 1.01280 1.00928 1.00733 1.00608 1.00520 1.00454 1.00404 1.00363 1.00330 1.00303 1.00279 1.00259 1.00242 1.00182

P = 10 MPa 20 40 60 80 100 120

39.669 31.344 21.273 14.830 11.417 9.357

–568 –209 255 686 1110 1571

–316 110 725 1360 1986 2640

13.0 27.3 39.7 48.8 55.8 61.8

10.9 13.2 13.8 15.9 19.3 22.4

15.0 27.0 32.5 31.1 31.9 33.5

1458 1171 931 886 904 941

1.26198 1.20354 1.13527 1.09303 1.07109 1.05801

4/29/05 4:17:11 PM

Thermophysical Properties of Fluids

6-18 TK 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 400

ρ mol/L 7.969 6.963 6.195 5.588 5.094 4.683 4.336 4.038 3.780 2.869

E J/mol 2068 2583 3099 3604 4094 4569 5030 5481 5924 8073

H J/mol 3323 4020 4713 5393 6057 6704 7336 7958 8570 11559

S J/mol K 67.0 71.7 75.7 79.3 82.5 85.3 87.8 90.1 92.3 100.9

Cv J/mol K 24.3 25.0 24.9 24.4 23.7 23.1 22.6 22.1 21.8 21.2

Cp J/mol K 34.6 34.9 34.4 33.6 32.8 32.0 31.3 30.8 30.4 29.6

vs m/s 989 1042 1096 1150 1203 1254 1302 1349 1394 1592

D 1.04925 1.04294 1.03814 1.03436 1.03129 1.02874 1.02659 1.02475 1.02315 1.01753

HELIUM (He-4) E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 3 35.794 4 32.477 5 2.935 10 1.238 20 0.602 50 0.240 100 0.120 200 0.060 300 0.040 400 0.030 500 0.024 600 0.020 700 0.017 800 0.015 900 0.013 1000 0.012 1500 0.008

–39 –27 52 120 247 623 1247 2494 3741 4988 6236 7483 8730 9977 11224 12471 18707

–36 –24 86 201 413 1039 2079 4158 6237 8315 10394 12472 14551 16630 18708 20787 31179

9.8 13.3 39.1 55.2 69.9 89.0 103.4 117.8 126.3 132.3 136.9 140.7 143.9 146.7 149.1 151.3 159.7

7.6 9.1 12.7 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

P = 1 MPa 3 4 5 10 20 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500

39.703 38.210 35.818 15.378 6.067 2.353 1.186 0.597 0.399 0.300 0.240 0.200 0.172 0.150 0.133 0.120 0.080

–42 –34 –22 78 228 617 1245 2495 3742 4990 6237 7485 8732 9979 11227 12474 18710

–16 –7 6 143 393 1042 2089 4170 6249 8327 10406 12484 14562 16641 18719 20798 31190

8.6 11.2 14.0 32.2 49.8 69.8 84.3 98.7 107.1 113.1 117.8 121.5 124.7 127.5 130.0 132.2 140.6

P = 10 MPa 4 5 10 20 50

51.978 51.118 46.872 37.092 19.192

–24 –18 23 154 572

169 177 236 423 1093

6.7 8.5 16.6 29.5 49.9

TK

Section6.indb 18

ρ mol/L

vs m/s

η µPa s

D

9.4 16.3 27.1 21.7 21.0 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8

222 185 120 185 264 417 589 833 1020 1177 1316 1441 1557 1664 1765 1861 2279

3.85 3.33 1.39 2.26 3.58 6.36 9.78 15.14 19.93 24.29 28.36 32.22 35.89 39.43 42.85 46.16 61.55

1.05646 1.05114 1.00456 1.00192 1.00093 1.00037 1.00019 1.00009 1.00006 1.00005 1.00004 1.00003 1.00003 1.00002 1.00002 1.00002 1.00001

7.1 8.3 9.7 12.3 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

7.8 10.9 15.1 30.5 22.9 21.1 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8

300 290 269 198 274 428 597 838 1024 1180 1319 1444 1559 1666 1767 1862 2280

5.63 5.01 4.38 3.07 3.94 6.53 9.89 15.21 19.96 24.32 28.38 32.23 35.91 39.44 42.86 46.17 61.55

1.06274 1.06034 1.05650 1.02402 1.00943 1.00365 1.00184 1.00093 1.00062 1.00046 1.00037 1.00031 1.00027 1.00023 1.00021 1.00019 1.00012

6.0 7.9 11.0 12.6 12.9

7.3 9.3 14.5 20.7 22.4

586 576 546 498 541

24.27 18.16 9.31 6.99 8.07

1.08262 1.08122 1.07432 1.05854 1.03003

4/29/05 4:17:12 PM

Thermophysical Properties of Fluids

6-19

ρ mol/L 10.525 5.605 3.829 2.908 2.344 1.963 1.689 1.481 1.320 1.189 0.797

E J/mol 1231 2500 3755 5006 6256 7505 8754 10003 11252 12500 18742

H J/mol 2181 4284 6367 8445 10522 12599 14676 16753 18830 20907 31294

S J/mol K 65.0 79.6 88.0 94.0 98.6 102.4 105.6 108.4 110.9 113.0 121.5

Cv J/mol K 12.8 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

Cp J/mol K 21.3 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8

vs m/s 674 889 1063 1212 1346 1467 1580 1685 1784 1877 2289

η µPa s 10.93 15.82 20.25 24.54 28.56 32.38 36.04 39.56 42.96 46.26 61.62

D 1.01640 1.00871 1.00595 1.00452 1.00364 1.00305 1.00262 1.00230 1.00205 1.00185 1.00124

ρ mol/L

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

vs m/s

η µPa s

λ mW/m K

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 85 35.243 90 0.138 100 0.123 120 0.102 140 0.087 160 0.076 180 0.067 200 0.060 220 0.055 240 0.050 260 0.046 280 0.043 300 0.040 320 0.038 340 0.035 360 0.033 380 0.032

–4811 1077 1211 1471 1727 1980 2232 2483 2734 2984 3234 3484 3734 3984 4234 4484 4734

–4808 1802 2024 2456 2881 3302 3722 4141 4559 4976 5394 5811 6227 6644 7060 7477 7893

53.6 129.4 131.8 135.7 139.0 141.8 144.3 146.5 148.5 150.3 152.0 153.5 155.0 156.3 157.6 158.7 159.9

23.1 13.1 12.9 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

44.7 22.5 21.9 21.4 21.1 21.0 21.0 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8

820 174 184 203 220 235 250 263 276 289 300 312 323 333 344 354 363

278.8 7.5 8.2 9.8 11.4 13.0 14.5 16.0 17.5 18.9 20.3 21.6 22.9 24.2 25.4 26.6 27.8

132.4 6.0 6.6 7.8 9.0 10.2 11.4 12.5 13.7 14.8 15.8 16.9 17.9 18.9 19.9 20.8 21.7

P = 1 MPa 85 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380

35.307 34.542 32.909 1.181 0.945 0.799 0.697 0.619 0.559 0.509 0.468 0.433 0.403 0.377 0.355 0.335 0.317

–4820 –4598 –4145 1210 1544 1838 2116 2384 2648 2908 3167 3423 3679 3934 4188 4441 4694

–4792 –4569 –4115 2057 2603 3089 3551 3999 4438 4873 5304 5732 6159 6583 7007 7429 7851

53.5 56.1 60.9 114.3 118.5 121.8 124.5 126.9 128.9 130.8 132.6 134.2 135.6 137.0 138.3 139.5 140.6

23.1 21.6 19.9 14.7 13.5 13.0 12.8 12.7 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

44.6 44.7 46.2 30.1 25.4 23.6 22.7 22.2 21.8 21.6 21.5 21.4 21.3 21.2 21.2 21.1 21.1

823 808 753 189 212 231 247 262 275 288 301 312 324 334 345 355 365

281.3 242.7 185.0 10.3 11.8 13.3 14.8 16.3 17.7 19.1 20.4 21.8 23.1 24.3 25.5 26.7 27.9

133.0 124.2 109.2 9.3 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.2 14.2 15.3 16.3 17.3 18.3 19.2 20.2 21.1 22.0

P = 10 MPa 90 100 120 140

35.208 33.744 30.525 26.609

–4694 –4271 –3396 –2447

–4410 –3974 –3069 –2072

55.0 59.6 67.8 75.5

21.9 20.4 18.8 17.6

43.2 44.0 46.9 54.1

846 800 672 526

265.2 205.0 131.2 85.9

129.5 115.1 92.1 71.7

TK 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500

ARGON (Ar) TK

Section6.indb 19

4/29/05 4:17:13 PM

Thermophysical Properties of Fluids

6-20 ρ mol/L 20.816 12.296 8.442 6.776 5.787 5.105 4.596 4.195 3.869 3.596 3.364 3.164

TK 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380

E J/mol –1279 228 1118 1661 2087 2458 2798 3119 3427 3726 4017 4303

H J/mol –799 1042 2302 3137 3815 4416 4974 5503 6012 6506 6989 7464

S J/mol K 83.9 94.8 101.4 105.4 108.4 110.8 112.9 114.7 116.3 117.8 119.2 120.5

Cv J/mol K 17.4 17.3 15.3 14.2 13.7 13.4 13.2 13.1 13.0 13.0 12.9 12.9

Cp J/mol K 78.6 83.6 48.6 36.8 31.6 28.8 27.1 25.9 25.0 24.4 23.9 23.5

vs m/s 357 257 268 284 300 314 327 339 350 361 372 381

η µPa s 51.3 27.8 23.3 22.8 23.2 23.9 24.8 25.7 26.7 27.7 28.7 29.7

λ mW/m K 52.8 32.0 23.6 21.6 21.3 21.4 21.8 22.3 22.9 23.5 24.2 24.9

METHANE (CH4) TK

ρ mol/L

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar)

Section6.indb 20

E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

η µPa s

λ mW/m K

D

100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 500 600

27.370 0.099 0.081 0.069 0.061 0.054 0.048 0.044 0.040 0.037 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.027 0.024 0.020

–5258 3026 3667 4301 4935 5571 6216 6875 7552 8252 8979 9737 10528 11354 12215 14047 18111

–5254 4039 4896 5743 6587 7434 8288 9156 10042 10951 11887 12853 13852 14886 15956 18204 23101

73.0 156.5 162.7 168.0 172.5 176.5 180.1 183.4 186.4 189.4 192.1 194.8 197.4 199.9 202.3 207.1 216.0

33.4 25.4 25.2 25.2 25.3 25.5 26.0 26.6 27.5 28.5 29.7 30.9 32.3 33.7 35.2 38.0 42.9

54.1 34.6 34.0 33.8 33.8 34.0 34.4 35.0 35.9 36.9 38.0 39.3 40.7 42.1 43.5 46.4 51.3

156.3 5.0 5.9 6.9 7.8 8.7 9.6 10.4 11.2 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 15.0 15.7 17.0 19.4

208.1 13.4 16.2 19.1 21.9 24.8 27.8 30.9 34.1 37.6 41.2 45.1 49.1 53.3 57.6 66.5 84.1

1.65504 1.00193 1.00159 1.00136 1.00119 1.00105 1.00095 1.00086 1.00079 1.00073 1.00068 1.00063 1.00059 1.00056 1.00053 1.00047 1.00039

P = 1 MPa 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 500 600

27.413 25.137 0.969 0.765 0.644 0.560 0.497 0.448 0.408 0.375 0.347 0.323 0.302 0.284 0.268 0.241 0.200

–5268 –3882 3282 4041 4736 5410 6081 6758 7449 8160 8897 9662 10460 11291 12157 13997 18073

–5231 –3842 4315 5348 6289 7197 8093 8991 9901 10829 11781 12760 13770 14814 15892 18153 23070

72.9 85.3 140.9 147.3 152.3 156.6 160.4 163.8 167.0 169.9 172.8 175.5 178.1 180.6 183.1 187.8 196.8

33.4 32.4 27.9 26.4 25.9 25.9 26.2 26.8 27.6 28.6 29.7 31.0 32.4 33.8 35.2 38.1 43.0

54.0 57.4 45.2 38.9 36.8 36.0 35.8 36.1 36.7 37.6 38.6 39.8 41.1 42.4 43.8 46.6 51.4

158.1 89.2 6.2 7.1 8.0 8.9 9.7 10.6 11.4 12.1 12.9 13.6 14.4 15.1 15.7 17.0 19.5

208.9 168.2 18.4 20.6 23.1 25.8 28.7 31.7 34.9 38.3 41.9 45.7 49.6 53.8 58.1 66.9 84.5

1.65617 1.59261 1.01911 1.01507 1.01268 1.01102 1.00979 1.00882 1.00803 1.00738 1.00683 1.00636 1.00595 1.00559 1.00527 1.00474 1.00394

P = 10 MPa 100 27.815 125 25.754 150 23.441

–5362 –4036 –2655

–5003 –3648 –2229

72.0 84.1 94.4

33.8 32.7 31.4

53.2 55.3 58.6

175.4 100.4 65.7

217 178.8 144.6

1.66668 1.60895 1.54553

4/29/05 4:17:14 PM

Thermophysical Properties of Fluids TK 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 500 600

ρ mol/L 20.613 16.602 10.547 7.013 5.530 4.685 4.115 3.695 3.366 3.101 2.880 2.692 2.389 1.963

E J/mol –1175 542 2680 4289 5387 6320 7192 8047 8903 9774 10666 11584 13507 17700

6-21 H J/mol –689 1144 3628 5714 7195 8454 9622 10753 11874 12999 14138 15298 17692 22795

S J/mol K 103.9 113.6 125.3 134.1 139.8 144.2 147.9 151.3 154.4 157.3 160.0 162.7 167.7 177.0

Cv J/mol K 30.3 30.1 30.8 29.3 28.7 28.9 29.6 30.5 31.7 32.9 34.3 35.7 38.5 43.3

Cp J/mol K 65.5 84.7 102.2 67.4 53.4 48.0 45.8 44.9 44.8 45.2 46.0 46.9 48.9 52.9

η µPa s 44.9 29.4 17.6 14.3 13.8 13.9 14.3 14.7 15.2 15.8 16.3 16.9 18.0 20.2

λ mW/m K 113.4 85.8 61.0 47.6 44.1 44.6 46.6 49.2 52.3 55.7 59.4 63.3 71.6 88.3

Cp J/mol K

vs m/s

D 1.47021 1.36789 1.22352 1.14481 1.11297 1.09513 1.08322 1.07450 1.06773 1.06227 1.05775 1.05392 1.04775 1.03911

ETHANE (C2H6) E J/mol

H J/mol

S J/mol K

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 95 21.50 100 21.32 125 20.41 150 19.47 175 18.49 200 0.062 225 0.054 250 0.049 275 0.044 300 0.040 325 0.037 350 0.035 375 0.032 400 0.030 450 0.027 500 0.024 600 0.020

–14555 –14210 –12468 –10717 –8938 5503 6401 7349 8360 9439 10592 11823 13133 14525 17548 20883 28429

–14550 –14205 –12463 –10712 -8933 7123 8238 9401 10624 11914 13278 14719 16240 17841 21282 25035 33415

80.2 83.8 99.3 112.1 123.1 210.1 215.4 220.3 224.9 229.4 233.8 238.1 242.3 246.4 254.5 262.4 277.6

47.2 47.1 45.0 43.4 42.7 34.5 36.5 38.9 41.6 44.5 47.6 50.7 54.0 57.2 63.6 69.7 80.9

68.7 69.3 69.8 70.4 72.1 43.8 45.5 47.7 50.2 53.1 56.1 59.2 62.4 65.6 72.0 78.1 89.3

1970 1943 1775 1587 1396 258 273 287 300 312 324 335 345 355 375 393 428

1.93480 1.92500 1.87634 1.82726 1.77671 1.00208 1.00183 1.00164 1.00148 1.00136 1.00125 1.00116 1.00108 1.00101 1.00090 1.00081 1.00067

P = 1 MPa 95 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 600

21.514 21.334 20.427 19.494 18.515 17.464 16.288 0.564 0.489 0.435 0.393 0.360 0.333 0.310 0.272 0.244 0.201

–14562 –14217 –12478 –10731 –8957 –7127 –5199 6762 7902 9063 10273 11546 12889 14306 17367 20730 28313

–14515 –14170 –12429 –10679 –8903 –7070 –5137 8534 9949 11363 12815 14321 15893 17534 21038 24836 33278

80.2 83.7 99.2 112.0 123.0 132.7 141.8 198.7 204.1 209.0 213.7 218.1 222.5 226.7 234.9 242.9 258.3

47.3 47.2 45.0 43.4 42.7 42.9 43.8 41.6 43.2 45.5 48.3 51.3 54.4 57.5 63.8 69.9 81.0

68.7 69.3 69.8 70.3 72.0 74.9 80.2 57.5 56.2 57.2 59.1 61.5 64.2 67.1 73.0 78.9 89.8

1972 1946 1778 1592 1402 1209 1008 260 280 297 311 325 337 349 370 390 427

1.93537 1.92560 1.87709 1.82823 1.77800 1.72513 1.66733 1.01909 1.01650 1.01467 1.01327 1.01214 1.01121 1.01043 1.00917 1.00819 1.00677

P = 10 MPa 95

21.624

–14626

–14163

79.5

47.4

68.5

2000

1.94104

TK

Section6.indb 21

ρ mol/L

Cv J/mol K

D

4/29/05 4:17:15 PM

Thermophysical Properties of Fluids

6-22 TK 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 600

ρ mol/L 21.448 20.570 19.678 18.758 17.793 16.760 15.620 14.301 12.666 10.398 7.292 5.182 4.182 3.204 2.677 2.076

E J/mol –14286 –12572 –10858 –9130 –7363 –5535 –3609 –1539 757 3443 6643 9419 11577 15379 19135 27160

H J/mol –13819 –12086 –10350 –8596 –6801 –4938 –2969 –839 1547 4404 8015 11349 13968 18500 22870 31978

PROPANE (C3H8)

Section6.indb 22

Cv J/mol K 47.4 45.5 43.9 43.3 43.5 44.3 45.8 47.9 50.8 54.7 58.8 60.0 61.4 65.8 71.2 81.8

Cp J/mol K 69.1 69.3 69.6 70.8 73.0 76.4 81.5 89.4 102.7 129.1 150.1 115.7 96.9 87.5 88.0 94.7

vs m/s 1974 1814 1637 1459 1284 1110 935 758 577 399 290 289 310 347 378 427

D 1.93146 1.88436 1.83753 1.79010 1.74134 1.69017 1.63488 1.57249 1.49740 1.39745 1.26832 1.18570 1.14797 1.11193 1.09288 1.07142

\

E J/mol

H J/mol

P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 90 16.526 100 16.295 125 15.726 150 15.156 175 14.577 200 13.982 225 13.339 250 0.050 275 0.045 300 0.041 325 0.037 350 0.035 375 0.032 400 0.030 450 0.027 500 0.024 600 0.020

–21486 –20639 –18495 –16319 –14096 –11806 –9395 9194 10691 12297 14019 15862 17827 19912 24441 29428 40677

P = 1 MPa 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 600

–21486 –20639 –18495 –16319 –14096 –11806 –9424 –6919 –4252 –1360 13278 15259 17318 19472 24092 29137 40455

TK

S J/mol K 83.0 98.5 111.1 121.9 131.5 140.3 148.6 156.7 165.0 174.1 184.8 194.1 200.8 211.5 220.7 237.3

ρ mol/L

16.526 16.295 15.726 15.156 14.577 13.982 13.361 12.696 11.962 11.102 0.428 0.383 0.349 0.322 0.279 0.248 0.203

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

vs m/s

–21426 –20577 –18432 –16253 –14028 –11735 –9387 11213 12930 14752 16689 18744 20921 23217 28166 33573 45658

87.3 96.2 115.4 131.3 145.0 157.3 168.5 257.6 264.1 270.5 276.7 282.8 288.8 294.7 306.4 317.7 339.7

59.2 59.6 59.2 58.9 59.5 61.0 63.4 57.2 61.6 66.2 71.1 76.0 80.9 85.7 95.2 104.1 120.4

84.5 85.2 86.5 88.0 90.3 93.5 97.9 66.8 70.7 75.1 79.8 84.6 89.5 94.3 103.6 112.6 128.8

2126 2041 1856 1685 1521 1359 1197 228 239 249 259 269 278 286 303 318 347

2.07988 2.05806 2.00674 1.95796 1.91036 1.86300 1.81487 1.00238 1.00215 1.00195 1.00179 1.00166 1.00154 1.00144 1.00128 1.00115 1.00095

–21426 –20577 –18432 –16253 –14028 –11735 –9349 –6840 –4169 –1270 15614 17869 20183 22582 27672 33172 45374

87.2 96.2 115.3 131.2 144.9 157.2 168.4 179.0 189.1 199.2 255.2 261.9 268.3 274.4 286.4 298.0 320.2

59.3 59.7 59.2 59.0 59.6 61.1 63.4 66.4 70.0 74.1 74.1 78.0 82.2 86.7 95.7 104.4 120.5

84.5 85.2 86.4 88.0 90.2 93.4 97.7 103.3 110.8 121.9 89.6 91.2 94.2 97.8 105.9 114.1 129.7

2128 2043 1859 1690 1526 1365 1205 1045 881 708 233 248 261 272 293 312 344

2.08034 2.05856 2.00736 1.95873 1.91132 1.86421 1.81642 1.76672 1.71316 1.65216 1.02067 1.01846 1.01678 1.01544 1.01337 1.01184 1.00968

D

4/29/05 4:17:16 PM

Thermophysical Properties of Fluids

Section6.indb 23

6-23

TK

ρ mol/L

E J/mol

H J/mol

P = 10 MPa 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 600

16.590 16.364 15.810 15.259 14.705 14.141 13.562 12.960 12.322 11.631 10.860 9.973 8.905 7.561 4.614 3.241 2.242

–21553 –20714 –18595 –16448 –14261 –12016 –9692 –7268 –4721 –2027 843 3924 7270 10957 18845 25567 38131

–20951 –20103 –17962 –15793 –13581 –11309 –8955 –6496 –3909 –1167 1764 4927 8393 12279 21013 28652 42591

S J/mol K

Cv J/mol K

Cp J/mol K

86.5 95.4 114.5 130.3 144.0 156.1 167.2 177.5 187.4 196.9 206.3 215.7 225.2 235.3 255.8 272.0 297.4

59.9 60.1 59.6 59.3 59.9 61.4 63.7 66.7 70.2 74.1 78.4 82.9 87.7 93.0 101.8 107.8 121.7

84.4 85.1 86.1 87.5 89.5 92.4 96.1 100.7 106.4 113.2 121.5 132.0 146.1 165.7 167.8 142.7 140.5

vs m/s 2146 2068 1895 1733 1577 1425 1277 1133 991 851 715 582 455 339 249 276 332

D 2.08489 2.06350 2.01342 1.96617 1.92048 1.87557 1.83076 1.78529 1.73826 1.68849 1.63437 1.57361 1.50271 1.41671 1.24060 1.16439 1.11122

4/29/05 4:17:17 PM

Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases Henry V. Kehiaian This table gives second virial coefficients of about 110 inorganic and organic gases as a function of temperature. Selected data from the literature have been fitted by least squares to the equation n

B / cm 3 mol −1 = ∑ a(i)[(To / T ) − 1]i −1



i =1

where To = 298.15 K. The table gives the coefficients a(i) and values of B at fixed temperature increments, as calculated from this smoothing equation.

Compounds Not Containing Carbon Mol. form. Ar

Name Argon

a(1) = –16 a(2) = –60 a(3) = –9.7 a(4) = –1.5

BF3

Boron trifluoride

ClH

a(1) = –106 a(2) = –330 a(3) = –251 a(4) = –80 Hydrogen chloride

a(1) = –144 a(2) = –325 a(3) = –277 a(4) = –170 Cl2

Chlorine

a(1) = –303 a(2) = –555 a(3) = 9 a(4) = 329 a(5) = 68



T/K 100 120 140 160 180 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 190 230 270 310 350 390 430 470 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 350 400 450

B/cm3 mol–1 –184 –131 –98 –76 –60 –48 –16 –1 7 12 15 18 20 22 –338 –202 –129 –85 –56 –37 –23 –451 –269 –181 –132 –102 –81 –66 –54 –508 –483 –457 –432 –407 –383 –360 –339 –318 –299 –221 –166 –126

The equation may be used with the tabulated coefficients for interpolation within the indicated temperature range. It should not be used for extrapolation beyond this range. Compounds are listed in the modified Hill order (see Introduction), with carbon-containing compounds following those compounds not containing carbon. A useful compilation of virial coefficient data from the literature may be found in: J. H. Dymond and E. B. Smith, The Virial Coefficients of Pure Gases and Mixtures, A Critical Compilation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980. Mol. form.

Name

F2

Fluorine

F4Si

a(1) = 8.5 a(2) = –163.2 a(3) = 84.0 a(4) = –27.9 Silicon tetrafluoride

a(1) = –138 a(2) = –312

F5I

Iodine pentafluoride

a(1) = –3077 a(2) = –8474 a(3) = –9116

F5P

Phosphorus pentafluoride

a(1) = –186 a(2) = –345

F6Mo

Molybdenum hexafluoride

T/K 500 600 700 800 900 80 110 140 170 200 230 260 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410

B/cm3 mol–1 –97 –59 –36 –22 –12 –378 –165 –109 –79 –55 –33 –14 –268 –213 –170 –136 –108 –84 –64 –47 –32 –2540 –2344 –2172 –2021 –1890 –1775 –1674 –1587 –1510 –1443

320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460

–162 –143 –127 –112 –98 –86 –75 –64

300 310 320

–896 –810 –737

6-27

Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases

6-28 Mol. form.

Name a(1) = –914 a(2) = –2922 a(3) = –4778

F6S

Sulfur hexafluoride

F6U

a(1) = –279 a(2) = –647 a(3) = –335 a(4) = –72 Uranium hexafluoride

a(1) = –1204 a(2) = –2690 a(3) = –2144 F6W

Tungsten hexafluoride

a(1) = –719 a(2) = –1143

H2

Hydrogen

a(1) = 15.4 a(2) = –9.0 a(3) = –0.21

H2O

Water

a(1) = –1158 a(2) = –5157 a(3) = –10301 a(4) =–10597 a(5) = –4415

T/K 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 600 700 800 900 1000

B/cm3 mol–1 –677 –627 –586 –553 –527 –506 –491 –685 –416 –275 –190 –135 –96 –68 –1030 –905 –805 –724 –658 –604 –560 –641 –578 –523 –473 –428 –387 –350 –317 –230 –151 –108 –82 –64 –52 –42 –35 –24 –16 –11 –7 –3 11 15 18 –1126 –850 –660 –526 –428 –356 –301 –258 –224 –197 –175 –104 –67 –44 –30 –20

Mol. form.

Name

H3N

Ammonia

a(1) = –271 a(2) = –1022 a(3) = –2715 a(4) = –4189

H3P

Phosphine

a(1) = –146 a(2) = –733 a(3) = 1022 a(4) = –1220

He

Helium

a(1) = 12.44 a(2) = –1.25

Kr

Krypton

a(1) = –51 a(2) = –118 a(3) = –29 a(4) = –5

NO

Nitric oxide

a(1) = –12

T/K 1100 1200 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 400 420 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 50 70 90 110 150 250 650 700 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 120 130 140 150

B/cm3 mol–1 –14 –11 –302 –265 –236 –213 –194 –179 –166 –154 –144 –135 –118 –101 –457 –404 –364 –332 –305 –281 –258 –235 –213 –190 –166 –172 –48 –24 –13 –7 –3 –1 1 6 8 10 10 11 12 13 13 –363 –307 –263 –229 –201 –178 –159 –143 –129 –117 –75 –51 –23 –8 2 8 –232 –176 –138 –113

Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases Mol. form.

N2

Name a(2) = –119 a(3) = 89 a(4) = –73

Nitrogen

a(1) = –4.3 a(2) = –55.7 a(3) = –11.8

N2O

Nitrous oxide

a(1) = –130 a(2) = –307 a(3) = –248

Ne

Neon

a(1) = 10.8 a(2) = –7.5 a(3) = –0.4

O2

Oxygen

a(1) = –16 a(2) = –62 a(3) = –8 a(4) = –3

O2S

Sulfur dioxide

T/K 160 170 180 190 200 210 230 250 270 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 400 500 600 700 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 300 400 500 600 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 350 400 290 320 350

6-29 B/cm3 mol–1 –96 –83 –73 –65 –58 –52 –42 –32 –24 –274 –161 –104 –71 –49 –34 –24 –15 –4 9 16 21 24 –219 –181 –151 –128 –110 –96 –85 –76 –68 –25 –13 –6 –1 2 4 6 7 11 13 14 15 –241 –161 –117 –88 –69 –55 –44 –36 –29 –23 –18 –14 –10 –7 –1 –465 –354 –276

Mol. form.

Name a(1) = –430 a(2) = –1193 a(3) = –1029

Xe

Xenon

a(1) = –130 a(2) = –262 a(3) = –87

T/K 380 410 440 470 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 300 350 400 500 600 650

B/cm3 mol–1 –221 –181 –153 –132 –421 –377 –340 –307 –280 –255 –234 –215 –199 –184 –129 –93 –69 –39 –21 –14

Compounds Containing Carbon Mol. form. CClF3

Name Chlorotrifluoromethane

CCl2F2

a(1) = –223 a(2) = –504 a(3) = –340 a(4) = –291 Dichlorodifluoromethane

a(1) = –486 a(2) = –1217 a(3) = –1188 a(4) = –698 CCl3F

Trichlorofluoromethane

a(1) = –786 a(2) = –1428 a(3) = –142 CCl4

Tetrachloromethane

CF4

a(1) = –1600 a(2) = –4059 a(3) = –4653 Tetrafluoromethane

a(1) = –88 a(2) = –238 a(3) = –70

T/K 240 290 340 390 440 490 540 250 280 310 340 370 400 430 460 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 320 340 360 380 400 420 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700

B/cm3 mol–1 –369 –237 –165 –119 –86 –60 –39 –769 –570 –441 –353 –289 –241 –204 –174 –1140 –879 –689 –545 –431 –340 –265 –1345 –1171 –1040 –942 –868 –814 –137 –87 –55 –32 –16 –4 14 25

Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases

6-30 Mol. form.

Name

CHClF2

Chlorodifluoromethane

CHCl2F

a(1) = –347 a(2) = –575 a(3) = 187 Dichlorofluoromethane

a(1) = –562 a(2) = –862

CHCl3

Trichloromethane

a(1) = –1193 a(2) = –2936 a(3) = –1751

CHF3

Trifluoromethane

a(1) = –177 a(2) = –399 a(3) = –250

CH2Cl2

Dichloromethane

a(1) = –913 a(2) = –3371 a(3) = –5013

CH2F2

Difluoromethane

a(1) = –321 a(2) = –754 a(3) = –1300

CH3Br

Bromomethane

a(1) = –559 a(2) = –1324

T/K 800 300 325 350 375 400 425 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 400 420 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 280 290 300 310 320 340 360 380

B/cm3 mol–1 33 –343 –298 –257 –221 –188 –158 –728 –634 –557 –491 –434 –385 –343 –305 –271 –1001 –926 –858 –797 –740 –689 –642 –599 –559 –433 –350 –288 –241 –204 –174 –151 –132 –116 –103 –91 –706 –634 –574 –524 –482 –447 –420 –380 –357 –375 –343 –316 –294 –275 –260 –248 –238 –645 –596 –551 –509 –469 –396 –332 –274

Mol. form. CH3Cl

Name Chloromethane

a(1) = –407 a(2) = –887 a(3) = –385

CH3F

Fluoromethane

a(1) = –209 a(2) = –525 a(3) = –365

CH3I

Iodomethane

a(1) = –844 a(2) = –3353 a(3) = –6590

CH4

Methane

a(1) = –43 a(2) = –114 a(3) = –19 a(4) = –7

CH4O

Methanol

a(1) = –1752 a(2) = –4694

CH5N

Methylamine

a(1) = –459 a(2) = –1191 a(3) = –995

T/K 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 600 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 300 325 350 375 400 425 450

B/cm3 mol–1 –466 –402 –348 –304 –266 –234 –206 –182 –161 –142 –126 –112 –58 –244 –205 –174 –150 –129 –112 –99 –87 –725 –646 –582 –531 –492 –462 –441 –427 –328 –276 –237 –206 –181 –160 –143 –128 –116 –105 –66 –43 –27 –16 0 10 –1431 –1299 –1174 –1056 –945 –840 –741 –646 –557 –451 –367 –304 –257 –220 –192 –170

Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases Mol. form.

Name

CO

Carbon monoxide

a(1) = –9 a(2) = –58 a(3) = –18

CO2

Carbon dioxide

a(1) = –127 a(2) = –288 a(3) = –118

CS2

C2Cl2F4

Carbon disulfide

a(1) = –807 a(2) = –1829 a(3) = –1371 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane

a(1) = –812 a(2) = –1773 a(3) = –963

C2Cl3F3

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane

a(1) = –999 a(2) = –1479

C2H2

Ethyne

a(1) = –216 a(2) = –375 a(3) = –716

6-31

T/K 500 550 210 240 270 300 330 360 420 480 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 280 310 340 370 400 430 300

B/cm3 mol–1 –140 –122 –36 –24 –15 –8 –3 1 7 11 –244 –204 –172 –146 –126 –108 –94 –81 –71 –62 –30 –13 –1 7 12 16 19 –932 –740 –603 –504 –431 –375 –801

320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 290

–695 –608 –536 –475 –423 –379 –341 –307 –279 –253 –1041

310 330 350 370 390 410 430 450 200 210 220 230 240 250 260

–943 –856 –780 –712 –651 –596 –546 –500 –573 –500 –440 –390 –349 –315 –287

Mol. form.

Name

C2H3N

Ethanenitrile

a(1) = –5840 a(2) = –29175 a(3) = –47611

C2H4

Ethene

a(1) = –140 a(2) = –296 a(3) = –101

C2H4Cl2

1,2-Dichloroethane

a(1) = –1362 a(2) = –3240 a(3) = –2100

C2H4O

Ethanal

a(1) = –1217 a(2) = –4647 a(3) = –5725 C2H4O2

Methyl methanoate

a(1) = –1035 a(2) = –3425 a(3) = –4203

C2H5Cl

Chloroethane

a(1) = –777 a(2) = –2205 a(3) = –1764

C2H6

Ethane

a(1) = –184 a(2) = –376 a(3) = –143 a(4) = –54

T/K 270 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550 570 290 320 350 380 410 440 470 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340

B/cm3 mol–1 –263 –3468 –2971 –2563 –2233 –1970 –1765 –1610 –1499 –1425 –218 –172 –139 –113 –92 –76 –63 –52 –812 –716 –635 –566 –508 –458 –416 –379 –347 –319 –295 –1352 –927 –654 –482 –375 –314 –283 –821 –744 –677 –620 –571 –528 –492 –461 –435 –634 –450 –330 –249 –195 –157 –131 –114 –409 –337 –284 –242 –209 –181 –159 –140

Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases

6-32 Mol. form.

Name

C2H6O

Ethanol

a(1) = –4475 a(2) = –29719 a(3) = –56716

C2H6O

Dimethyl ether

a(1) = –455 a(2) = –965

C2H7N

Dimethylamine

a(1) = –662 a(2) = –1504 a(3) = –667

C2H7N

Ethylamine

a(1) = –785 a(2) = –2012 a(3) = –1397

C3H6

Cyclopropane

a(1) = –388 a(2) = –861 a(3) = –538

C3H6

Propene

a(1) = –347 a(2) = –727 a(3) = –325

T/K 360 380 400 500 600 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420

B/cm3 mol–1 –123 –109 –96 –52 –24 –2710 –2135 –1676 –1317 –1043 –843 –705 –622 –536 –517 –499 –482 –465 –449 –433 –418 –606 –563 –523 –487 –454 –423 –395 –369 –345 –322 –773 –710 –654 –604 –558 –517 –480 –447 –416 –389 –363 –383 –356 –332 –310 –290 –272 –256 –241 –227 –215 –204 –395 –342 –299 –262 –232 –205 –183 –163

Mol. form.

Name

C3H6O

2-Propanone

a(1) = –2051 a(2) = –8903 a(3) = –18056 a(4) = –16448

C3H6O

Ethyl methanoate

a(1) = –1371 a(2) = –4231 a(3) = –4312 C3H6O

Methyl ethanoate

a(1) = –1709 a(2) = –6348 a(3) = –9650

C3H7Cl

1-Chloropropane

a(1) = –1121 a(2) = –3271 a(3) = –3786 a(4) = –1974

C3H8

Propane

a(1) = –386 a(2) = –844 a(3) = –720 a(4) = –574

C3H8O

1-Propanol

a(1) = –2690 a(2) = –12040 a(3) = –16738

T/K 440 460 480 500 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 310 340 370 400 430 460 490 520 550 580 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 440 480 520 560 380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420

B/cm3 mol–1 –146 –131 –118 –106 –1996 –1522 –1198 –971 –806 –683 –586 –506 –437 –375 –1003 –916 –839 –771 –712 –660 –614 –1320 –1186 –1074 –980 –903 –840 –789 –749 –1001 –772 –614 –501 –417 –352 –302 –261 –227 –198 –641 –527 –444 –381 –331 –292 –259 –232 –208 –169 –138 –112 –90 –873 –826 –783 –744 –709 –679 –651 –627 –606

Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases Mol. form. C3H8O

Name 2-Propanol

a(1) = –3165 a(2) = –16092 a(3) = –24197

C3H9N

Trimethylamine

a(1) = –737 a(2) = –1669 a(3) = –986 C4H8

1-Butene

a(1) = –633 a(2) = –1442 a(3) = –932 C4H8O

2-Butanone

a(1) = –2282 a(2) = –5907

C4H8O2

Propyl methanoate

a(1) = –2118 a(2) = –7299 a(3) = –8851

C4H8O2

Ethyl ethanoate

a(1) = –2272 a(2) = –8818 a(3) = –13130

C4H8O2

Methyl propanoate

a(1) = –2216 a(2) = –7339 a(3) = –8658

C4H9Cl

1-Chlorobutane

a(1) = –1643 a(2) = –4897 a(3) = –6178 a(4) = –3718

T/K 380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 330 370 410 450 490 530 570

6-33 B/cm3 mol–1 –821 –766 –717 –674 –636 –604 –576 –552 –533 –675 –628 –585 –547 –512 –480 –450 –624 –539 –470 –413 –366 –327 –294 –2056 –1878 –1712 –1555 –1407 –1267 –1135 –1496 –1354 –1231 –1126 –1035 –957 –890 –834 –1543 –1385 –1254 –1144 –1055 –982 –923 –878 –1588 –1444 –1319 –1211 –1117 –1037 –968 –908 –1224 –898 –691 –551 –449 –371 –309

Mol. form.

Name

T/K

C4H10

Butane

250 280 310 340 370 400 430 460 490 520 550 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 350 360 370 380 390 400 420 440 390 400 410 420 430 440 380 390 400 410 420 380 390 400 410 420 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390

a(1) = –735 a(2) = –1835 a(3) = –1922 a(4) = –1330

C4H10

2-Methylpropane

a(1) = –707 a(2) = –1719 a(3) = –1282

C4H10O

1-Butanol

a(1) = –2629 a(2) = –6315

C4H10O

2-Methyl-1-propanol

a(1) = –2269 a(2) = –5065 C4H10O

2-Butanol

C4H10O

a(1) = –2232 a(2) = –5209 2-Methyl-2-propanol

C4H10O

a(1) = –1952 a(2) = –4775 Diethyl ether

a(1) = –1226 a(2) = –4458 a(3) = –7746 a(4) = –10005 C4H11N

Diethylamine

a(1) = –1522 a(2) = –5204 a(3) = –15047 a(4) = –28835

B/cm3 mol–1 –1170 –863 –668 –536 –442 –371 –315 –270 –232 –199 –171 –900 –697 –553 –450 –374 –317 –273 –240 –215 –1693 –1544 –1402 –1268 –1141 –1021 –796 –593 –1076 –979 –887 –800 –716 –636 –1110 –1005 –906 –811 –721 –924 –827 –736 –649 –567 –1550 –1199 –954 –776 –638 –525 –428 –340 –1228 –1134 –1056 –988 –926 –868 –812 –755

Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases

6-34 Mol. form.

Name

C5H5N

Pyridine

a(1) = –1765 a(2) = –3431

C5H10

Cyclopentane

C5H10

a(1) = –1062 a(2) = –2116 1-Pentene

a(1) = –1055 a(2) = –2377 a(3) = –1189

C5H10O

2-Pentanone

a(1) = –4962 a(2) = –26372 a(3) = –46537 C5H12

Pentane

a(1) = –1254 a(2) = –3345 a(3) = –2726

C5H12

2-Methylbutane

a(1) = –1095 a(2) = –2503 a(3) = –1534

C5H12

2,2-Dimethylpropane

a(1) = –931 a(2) = –2387 a(3) = –2641 a(4) = –1810

T/K 400 350 360 370 380 390 400 420 440 300 305 310 315 320 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 300 310 320 330 340 350 400 450 500 550 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 400 450 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380

B/cm3 mol–1 –697 –1257 –1176 –1099 –1026 –957 –892 –770 –659 –1049 –1015 –981 –949 –918 –966 –898 –836 –780 –729 –681 –638 –598 –561 –527 –495 –2850 –2420 –2076 –1804 –1595 –1440 –1332 –1234 –1130 –1038 –957 –884 –818 –579 –436 –348 –294 –1263 –1166 –1079 –1001 –931 –867 –810 –757 –557 –424 –916 –843 –780 –724 –674 –629 –590 –554 –521

Mol. form.

Name

C6H6

Benzene

a(1) = –1477 a(2) = –3851 a(3) = –3683 a(4) = –1423

C6H7N

2-Methylpyridine

a(1) = –2940 a(2) = –8813 a(3) = –7809

C6H7N

3-Methylpyridine

C6H7N

a(1) = –6304 a(2) = –30415 a(3) = –44549 4-Methylpyridine

C6H12

a(1) = –6553 a(2) = –32873 a(3) = –49874 Cyclohexane

a(1) = –1733 a(2) = –5618 a(3) = –9486 a(4) = –7936

C6H12

Methylcyclopentane

C6H14

a(1) = –1512 a(2) = –2910 Hexane

a(1) = –1961 a(2) = –6691

T/K 390 400 450 500 550 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 400 450 500 550 600 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 380 390 400 410 420 430 380 390 400 410 420 430 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 305 315 325 335 345 300 310 320 330 340

B/cm3 mol–1 –492 –464 –357 –279 –218 –1588 –1454 –1335 –1231 –1139 –1056 –983 –712 –542 –429 –349 –291 –1656 –1523 –1404 –1297 –1202 –1117 –1040 –972 –1819 –1612 –1448 –1322 –1230 –1166 –1787 –1578 –1417 –1297 –1214 –1163 –1698 –1391 –1170 –1007 –883 –786 –707 –641 –584 –534 –488 –446 –406 –368 –1447 –1357 –1272 –1192 –1117 –1920 –1724 –1561 –1424 –1309

Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases Mol. form.

C6H15N

Name a(3) = –13167 a(4) = –15273

Triethylamine

a(1) = –2061 a(2) = –5735 a(3) = –5899

C7H8

Toluene

a(1) = –2620 a(2) = –7548 a(3) = –6349

C7H14

1-Heptene

a(1) = –2491 a(2) = –6230 a(3) = –3780

C7H16

Heptane

a(1) = –2834 a(2) = –8523 a(3) = –10068 a(4) = –5051

T/K 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 430 450 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480

6-35 B/cm3 mol–1 –1209 –1123 –1046 –978 –916 –859 –806 –707 –616 –1562 –1444 –1340 –1249 –1169 –1099 –1037 –983 –1641 –1511 –1394 –1289 –1195 –1110 –1034 –965 –903 –1781 –1651 –1532 –1424 –1324 –1233 –1150 –1073 –2782 –2297 –1928 –1641 –1415 –1233 –1085 –963 –862 –775

Mol. form.

Name

C8H10

1,2-Dimethylbenzene

a(1) = –5632 a(2) = –22873 a(3) = –28900 C8H10

1,3-Dimethylbenzene

a(1) = –5808 a(2) = –23244 a(3) = –27607 C8H10

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

a(1) = –4921 a(2) = –16843 a(3) = –16159 C8H16

1-Octene

a(1) = –3273 a(2) = –6557 C8H18

Octane

a(1) = –4123 a(2) = –13120 a(3) = –16408 a(4) = –8580

T/K 500 540 580 620 660 700 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 360 370 380 390 400 410 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

B/cm3 mol–1 –702 –583 –490 –416 –355 –304 –2046 –1848 –1681 –1543 –1428 –1335 –1261 –2082 –1865 –1679 –1521 –1388 –1276 –1184 –2043 –1851 –1680 –1529 –1395 –1276 –1171 –2147 –2000 –1861 –1729 –1604 –1485 –4042 –2511 –1704 –1234 –936 –732 –583 –468 –375

VAN DER WAALS CONSTANTS FOR GASES The van der Waals equation of state for a real gas is ( P + n a/V )(V – nb) = nRT 2

2

where P is the pressure, V the volume, T the temperature, n the amount of substance (in moles), and R the gas constant. The van der Waals constants a and b are characteristic of the substance and are independent of temperature. They are related to the critical temperature and pressure, Tc and Pc, by a = 27 R Tc / 64 Pc 2

Substance Acetic acid Acetone Acetylene Ammonia Aniline Argon Benzene Bromine Butane 1-Butanol 2-Butanone Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloromethane Cyclohexane Cyclopropane Decane 1-Decanol Diethyl ether Dimethyl ether Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Ethane Ethanol Ethylene Fluorine Furan Helium Heptane 1-Heptanol Hexane 1-Hexanol Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide

2

b = RTc / 8 Pc

a bar L2/mol2 17.71 16.02 4.516 4.225 29.14 1.355 18.82 9.75 13.89 20.94 19.97 3.658 11.25 1.472 6.343 25.80 11.66 7.566 21.92 8.34 52.74 59.51 17.46 8.690 69.38 75.70 5.580 12.56 4.612 1.171 12.74 0.0346 31.06 38.17 24.84 31.79 8.46 0.2452 4.500 3.700 11.29 9.565 6.309

This table gives values of a and b for some common gases. Most of the values have been calculated from the critical temperature and pressure values given in the table “Critical Constants” in this section. Van der Waals constants for other gases may easily be calculated from the data in that table. To convert the van der Waals constants to SI units, note that 1 bar L2/mol2 = 0.1 Pa m6/mol2 and 1 L/mol = 0.001 m3/mol.

Reference Reid, R. C, Prausnitz, J. M., and Poling, B. E., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987.

b L/mol 0.1065 0.1124 0.0522 0.0371 0.1486 0.0320 0.1193 0.0591 0.1164 0.1326 0.1326 0.0429 0.0726 0.0395 0.0542 0.1454 0.0903 0.0648 0.1411 0.0747 0.3043 0.3086 0.1333 0.0774 0.3758 0.3750 0.0651 0.0871 0.0582 0.0290 0.0926 0.0238 0.2049 0.2150 0.1744 0.1856 0.0462 0.0265 0.0442 0.0406 0.0881 0.0739 0.0530

Substance Hydrogen sulfide Isobutane Krypton Methane Methanol Methylamine Neon Neopentane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrous oxide Octane 1-Octanol Oxygen Ozone Pentane 1-Pentanol Phenol Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propene Pyridine Pyrrole Silane Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Tetrachloromethane Tetrachlorosilane Tetrafluoroethylene Tetrafluoromethane Tetrafluorosilane Tetrahydrofuran Thiophene Toluene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Trimethylamine Water Xenon

a bar L2/mol2 4.544 13.32 5.193 2.303 9.476 7.106 0.208 17.17 1.46 1.370 5.36 3.58 3.852 37.88 44.71 1.382 3.570 19.09 25.88 22.93 9.39 16.26 15.82 8.442 19.77 18.82 4.38 6.865 7.857 20.01 20.96 6.954 4.040 5.259 16.39 17.21 24.86 20.15 15.34 5.378 13.37 5.537 4.192

b L/mol 0.0434 0.1164 0.0106 0.0431 0.0659 0.0588 0.0167 0.1411 0.0289 0.0387 0.0443 0.0545 0.0444 0.2374 0.2442 0.0319 0.0487 0.1449 0.1568 0.1177 0.0905 0.1079 0.1109 0.0824 0.1137 0.1049 0.0579 0.0568 0.0879 0.1281 0.1470 0.0809 0.0633 0.0724 0.1082 0.1058 0.1497 0.1317 0.1019 0.0640 0.1101 0.0305 0.0516

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MEAN FREE PATH AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF GASES In the simplest version of the kinetic theory of gases, molecules are treated as hard spheres of diameter d which make binary collisions only. In this approximation the mean distance traveled by a molecule between successive collisions, the mean free path l, is related to the collision diameter by: kT l= π 2 Pd 2 where P is the pressure, T the absolute temperature, and k the Boltzmann constant. At standard conditions (P = 100 000 Pa and T = 298.15 K) this relation becomes: l=

9.27 ⋅ 10 27 d2

where l and d are in meters. Using the same model and the same standard pressure, the collision diameter can be calculated from the viscosity η by the kinetic theory relation: η=

2.67 ⋅ 10 −20 ( MT )1/2 d2

where η is in units of µPa s and M is the molar mass in g/mol. Kinetic theory also gives a relation for the mean velocity v of molecules of mass m: Gas Air Ar CO2 H2 He Kr N2 NH3 Ne O2 Xe

d 3.66·10–10 m 3.58 4.53 2.71 2.15 4.08 3.70 4.32 2.54 3.55 4.78

 8kT  v =  πm 

1/2

= 145.5(T /M )1/2 m/s

Finally, the mean time τ between collisions can be calculated from the relation τv= l. The table below gives values of l, v, and τ for some common gases at 25°C and atmospheric pressure, as well as the value of d, all calculated from measured gas viscosities (see References 2 and 3 and the table “Viscosity of Gases” in this section). It is seen from the above equations that the mean free path varies directly with T and inversely with P, while the mean velocity varies as the square root of T and, in this approximation, is independent of P. A more accurate model, in which molecular interactions are described by a Lennard-Jones potential, gives mean free path values about 5% lower than this table (see Reference 4).

‒

‒

References 1. Reid, R. C., Prausnitz, J. M., and Poling, B. E., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987. 2. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 3. Vargaftik, N. B., Tables of Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Second Edition, John Wiley, New York, 1975. 4. Kaye, G. W. C., and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 15th Edition, Longman, London, 1986.

l 6.91·10–8 m 7.22 4.51 12.6 20.0 5.58 6.76 4.97 14.3 7.36 4.05

‒

v 467 m/s 397 379 1769 1256 274 475 609 559 444 219

τ 148 ps 182 119 71 159 203 142 82 256 166 185

6-34

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INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE ON FREEZING POINTS This table illustrates the variation of the freezing point of representative types of liquids with pressure. Substances are listed in alphabetical order. Note that 1 MPa = 0.01 kbar = 9.87 atm.

Substance Acetic acid Acetophenone Aniline Benzene Benzonitrile Benzyl alcohol Bromobenzene Bromoethane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Bromopropane p-Bromotoluene Butanoic acid 1-Butanol Carbon disulfide Chlorobenzene p-Chlorotoluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol 1,2-Dibromoethane p-Dichlorobenzene Dichloromethane N,N-Dimethylaniline 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Formamide Formic acid Furan Hexamethyldisiloxane Menthol Methyl benzoate 2-Methyl-2-butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Naphthalene Nitrobenzene m-Nitrotoluene Pentachloroethane Potassium Potassium chloride Propanoic acid Silver chloride Sodium Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Tetrachloromethane Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

Molecular formula C2H4O2 C8H8O C6H7N C6H6 C7H5N C7H8O C6H5Br C2H5Br C10H7Br C3H7Br C7H7Br C4H8O2 C4H10O CS2 C6H5Cl C7H7Cl C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C6H12 C6H12O C2H4Br2 C6H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C8H11N C4H8O2 C2H6O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O C6H18OSi2 C10H20O C8H8O2 C5H12O C4H10O C10H8 C6H5NO2 C7H7NO2 C2HCl5 K ClK C3H6O2 AgCl Na ClNa FNa CCl4 CHBr3 CHCl3 H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

References 1. Isaacs, N. S., Liquid Phase High Pressure Chemistry, John Wiley, New York, 1981. 2. Merrill, L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 1205, 1977; 11, 1005, 1982. Freezing point in °C at: 0.1 MPa 100 MPa 1000 MPa 16.6 37 20.0 41.2 –6.0 13.5 140 5.5 33.4 –12.8 7.6 –15.2 0.2 –30.6 –12 108 –118.6 –108 –1.8 6.1 –110 –98 28.0 56.7 –5.7 13.8 –89.8 –77.2 –111.5 –98 –45.2 –28 84 6.9 33.1 29.8 47.7 11.8 25.6 35.8 56.2 6.6 32.5 25.5 62.3 9.9 34.0 52.7 79.1 –95.1 –83 2.5 26.3 11 23 –114.1 –108 –15.5 10.8 8.3 20.6 –85.6 –73 –66 –37 42 60 –15 31.8 –8.8 13.4 25.4 58.1 78.2 115.7 5.7 13.5 15.5 40.6 –29.0 –6.3 63.7 78 170 771 945 –20.7 –1.2 455 545 97.8 106 167 800.7 997 996 1115 –23.0 14.2 8.1 31.5 –63.6 –45.2 0.0 –9.0 –25.2 –3.5 –47.8 –25.2 13.2 46.0

6-35

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4/29/05 4:17:32 PM

CRITICAL CONSTANTS The parameters of the liquid–gas critical point are important constants in determining the behavior of fluids. This table lists the critical temperature, pressure, and molar volume, as well as the normal boiling point, for over 1000 inorganic and organic substances. The properties and their units are: Tb: Normal boiling point in kelvins at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atmosphere); an “s” following the value indicates a sublimation point (temperature at which the solid is in equilibrium with the gas at a pressure of 101.325 kPa) Tc: Critical temperature in kelvins Pc: Critical pressure in megapascals Vc: Critical molar volume in cm3/mol The number of digits given for Tb, Tc, and Pc indicates the estimated accuracy of these quantities; however, values of Tc greater than 750 K may be in error by 10 K or more. Although most Vc values are given to three figures, they cannot be assumed accurate to better than a few percent. All values are experimentally determined except for a few values, indicated by an asterisk*, that are based on extrapolations. Methods of measurement are described and critiqued in Reference 1. Some of the compounds in the table undergo thermal decomposition at temperatures near the critical temperature. The listed values were obtained by pulse heating methods, as described in the references by Nikitin, et al. (References 16, 31, 48, 50, etc.). Many of the critical constants in this table are taken from reviews produced by the IUPAC Commission on Thermodynamics (References 1–9). Compounds are listed alphabetically by name, with compounds not containing carbon preceding those that do contain carbon.

References 1. Ambrose, D., and Young, C. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 345, 1995. [IUPAC Part 1] 2. Ambrose, D., and Tsonopoulos, C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 531, 1995. [IUPAC Part 2] 3. Tsonopoulos, C., and Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 547, 1995. [IUPAC Part 3] 4. Gude, M., and Teja, A. S., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 1025, 1995. [IUPAC Part 4] 5. Daubert, T. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 365, 1996. [IUPAC Part 5] 6. Tsonopoulos, C., and Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 645, 1996. [IUPAC Part 6] 7. Kudcharker, A. P., Ambrose, D., and Tsonopoulos, C., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 46, 457, 2001. [IUPAC Part 7] 8. Tsonopoulos, C., and Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 480, 2001. [IUPAC Part 8] 9. Marsh, K. N., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 305, 2006. [IUPAC Part 9] 10. Das, A., Frenkel, M., Gadalla, N. A. M., Kudchadker, S., Marsh, K. N., Rodgers, A. S., and Wilhoit, R. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 22, 659, 1993. 11. Wilson, L. C., Wilson, H. L., Wilding, W. V., and Wilson, G. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 1252, 1996. 12. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 2002 (core with supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 13. Morton, D. W., Lui, M. P. W., Tran, C. A., and Young, C. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 45, 437, 2000. 14. VonNiederhausern, D. M., Wilson, L. C., Giles, N. F., and Wilson, G. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 154, 2000.



15. VonNiederhausern, D. M., Wilson, G. M., and Giles, N. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 157, 2000. 16. Nikitin, E. D., Popov, A. P., Bogatishcheva, N. S., and Yatluk, Y. G., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 1012, 2002. 17. Wilson, G. M., VonNiederhausern, D. M., and Giles, N. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 761, 2002. 18. Wang, B. H., Adcock, J. L., Mathur, S. B., and Van Hook, W. A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 23, 699, 1991. 19. Chae, H. B., Schmidt, J. W., and Moldover, M. R., J. Phys. Chem. 94, 8840, 1990. 20. Dillon, I. G., Nelson, P. A., and Swanson, B. S., J. Chem. Phys. 44, 4229, 1966. 21. Physical Constants of Hydrocarbon and Non-Hydrocarbon Compounds, ASTM Data Series DS 4B, ASTM, Philadelphia, 1988. 22. Nowak, P., Tielkes, T., Kleinraum, R., and Wagner, W., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 29, 885, 1997. 23. Steele, W. V., Chirico, R. D., Nguyen, A., and Knipmeyer, S. E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 27, 311, 1995 24. Duan, Y. Y., Shi, L., Zhu, M. S., and Han, L. Z., J. Chem. Eng. Data 44, 501, 1999. 25. Weber, L. A., and Defibaugh, D. R., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 382, 1996. 26. Duarte-Garza, H. A., Hwang, C. A., Kellerman, S. A., Miller, R. C., Hall, K. R., and Holste, J. C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 497, 1997. 27. Weber, L. A., and Defibaugh, D. R., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 1477, 1996. 28. Fujiwara, K., Nakamura, S., and Noguchi, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 55, 1998. 29. Widiatmo, J. V., Morimoto, Y., and Watanabe, K., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 1246, 2002. 30. Duarte-Garza, H. A., Stouffer, C. E., Hall, K. R., Holste, J. C., Marsh, K. N., and Gammon, B. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 745, 1997. 31. Nikitin, E. D., Pavlov, P. A., Popov, A. P., and Nikitina, H. E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 27, 945, 1995. 32. Sako, T., Sato, M., Nakazawa, N., Oowa, M., Yasumoto, M., Ito, H., and Yamashita, S., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 802, 1996. 33. Zhang, H-L, Sato, H., and Watanabe, K., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 1281, 1995. 34. Sifner, O., and Klomfar, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, 63, 1994. 35. Younglove, B. A., and McLinden, M. O., J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data 23, 731, 1994. 36. Tillner-Roth, R., and Baehr, H. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, 657, 1994. 37. Xiang, H. W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 30, 1161, 2001. 38. Goodwin, A. H. R., Defibaugh, D. R., and Weber, L. A., J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 846, 1998. 39. Lim, J. S., Park, K. H., Lee, B. G., and Kim, J-D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 1580, 2001. 40. Linstrom, P. J., and Mallard, W. G., Eds., NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, June 2005, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, http:// webbook.nist.gov. 41. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 2001, Chapter 19. Refrigerants, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, 2001. 42. Fialho, P. S., and Nieto de Castro, C. A., Int. J. Thermophys. 21, 385, 2000. 43. Vargaftik, N. B., Int. J. Thermophys. 11, 467, 1990 44. Vargaftik, N.B., Vinogradov, Y. K., and Yargin, V. S., Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Third Edition, Begell House, New York, 1996. 45. Schmidt, J. W., Carrillo-Nava, E., and Moldover, M. R., Fluid Phase Equilibria, 122, 187, 1996. 46. Defibaugh, D. R., Gillis, K. A., Moldover, M. R., Morrison, G., and Schmidt, J. W., Fluid Phase Equilibria 81, 285, 1992. 47. Salvi-Narkhede, M., Wang, B-H., Adcock, J. L., and Van Hook, W. A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 24, 1065, 1992.

6-39

Critical Constants

6-40 48. Nikitin, E. D., Pavlov, P. A., and Popov, A. P., Fluid Phase Equilib. 189, 151, 2001. 49. Ambrose, D., Vapor-Liquid Constants of Fluids, in Stevenson, R. M., and Malanowski, S., Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Elsevier, New York, 1987. 50. Nikitin, E. D., and Popov, A. P., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1335, 2006. 51. Nikitin, E. D., Popov, A. P., and Yatluk, Y. G., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1326, 2006. 52. Higashi, Y., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 406, 2006. 53. Chirico, R. D., and Steele, W. V., J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 697, 2005. 54. Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 785, 2006. 55. Goodwin, R. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14, 849, 1985. 56. Nikitin, E. D., Popov, A. P., and Yatluk, Y. G., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 609, 2006. 57. Nikitin, E. D., Popov, A. P., Bogatishcheva, N. S., and Yatluk, Y. G., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 1515, 2004. 58. Nikitin, E. D., Popov, A. P., and Bogatishcheva, N. S., J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 1137, 2003. 59. Morton, D. W., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 283, 2004. 60. VonNiederhausern, D. M., Wilson, G. M., and Giles, N. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1982, 2006. 61. Otake, K., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 1380, 2003. 62. Wu, J., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 704, 2004. 63. Sako, T., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 1078, 2001. 64. Otake, K., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 1643, 2004. 65. Yasumoto, M., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 1368, 2003. 66. Uchida, Y., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 1615, 2004. 67. Yasumoto, M., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 596, 2005.

Name Compounds not containing carbon Aluminum bromide Aluminum chloride Aluminum iodide Ammonia Ammonium chloride Antimony(III) bromide Antimony(III) chloride Antimony(III) iodide Argon Arsenic Arsenic(III) chloride Arsine Beryllium Bismuth Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride Boron triiodide Bromine Cesium Chlorine Chlorine pentafluoride Chlorotrifluorosilane Diborane Dichlorodifluorosilane Difluoramine cis-Difluorodiazine

68. Masui, G., Honda, Y., and Uematsu, M., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 38, 1711, 2006. 69. Varushchenko, R. M., et al., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 33, 733, 2001. 70. Funke, M., Kleinrahm, R., and Wagner, W., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 34, 717, 2002. 71. Velasco, S., et al., Fluid Phase Equilib. 244, 11, 2006. 72. Ihmels, E. C., Fischer, K., and Gmehling, J., Fluid Phase Equilib. 228229, 155, 2005. 73. Sato, M., Masui, G., and Uematsu, M., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 37, 931, 2005. 74. Cibulka, I., Takagi, T., and Ruzicka, K., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 2, 2001. 75. Steele, W. V., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 648, 2002. 76. Steele, W. V., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 667, 2002. 77. Steele, W. V., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 725, 2002. 78. Diefenbacher, A., Crone, M., and Turk, M., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 30, 481, 1998. 79. Steele, W. V., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 700, 2002. 80. Nikitin, E. D., Pavlov, P. A., and Popov, A. P., Fluid Phase Equilib. 149, 223, 1998. 81. VonNiederhausern, D. M., Wilson, G. M., and Giles, N. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1986, 2006. 82. VonNiederhausern, D. M., Wilson, G. M., and Giles, N. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1990, 2006. 83. Huber, M. L., Laesecke, A., and Friend, D. G., The Vapor Pressure of Mercury, NISTIR 6643, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, March, 2006; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45, 7351.

Mol Form. AlBr3 AlCl3 AlI3 H3N ClH4N Br3Sb Cl3Sb I3Sb Ar As AsCl3 AsH3 Be Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 BBr3 BCl3 BF3 BI3 Br2 Cs Cl2 ClF5 ClF3Si B2H6 Cl2F2Si F2HN F2N2

Tb/K

Tc/K

Pc/MPa

Vc/cm3mol–1

528 453 s 655 239.82 611 s 561 493.5 673 87.30 889 s 403 210.7 2744 1837 735 714 364.4 285.80 173.3 482.7 332.0 944 239.11 260.1 203.2 180.8 241 250 167.40

763 620 983 405.56 1155 904 794 1102 150.87 1673 654 373.1 5205* 4620* 1220 1179 581 455 260.8 773 588 1938 416.9 416 307.7 289.8 369.0 403 272

2.89 2.63

310 257 408 69.8

11.357 163.5

300 272 4.898

12.0 3.87 4.98 10.34 9.4 7.991 5.27 3.46 4.05 3.5 7.09

75 35 252

301 261 272 239 115 356 127 341 123 233

Ref. 49 49 49 49,73 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 71 71 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 43 49 49 49 49 49 49 49

Critical Constants

6-41 Name

trans-Difluorodiazine Fluorine Fluorine monoxide Gallium(III) bromide Gallium(III) chloride Gallium(III) iodide Germane Germanium Germanium(IV) bromide Germanium(IV) chloride Germanium(IV) iodide Hafnium(IV) bromide Hafnium(IV) chloride Hafnium(IV) iodide Helium Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen sulfide Iodine Iodine bromide Iron Krypton Lithium Manganese Mercury Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) iodide Molybdenum(V) chloride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Neon Niobium(V) chloride Niobium(V) fluoride Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen chloride difluoride Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrosyl chloride Nitrous oxide Nitryl fluoride Osmium(VIII) oxide Oxygen Ozone Perchloryl fluoride Phosphine Phosphonium chloride Phosphorothioc chloride difluoride Phosphorothioc trifluoride

Mol Form. F2N2 F2 F2O Br3Ga Cl3Ga GaI3 GeH4 Ge Br4Ge Cl4Ge GeI4 Br4Hf Cl4Hf HfI4 He H4N2 H2 BrH ClH FH HI H2O2 H2Se H2S I2 BrI Fe Kr Li Mn Hg Br2Hg Cl2Hg HgI2 Cl5Mo F6Mo Ne Cl5Nb F5Nb NO N2 ClF2N N2O4 F3N ClNO N2O FNO2 O4Os O2 O3 ClFO3 H3P ClH4P ClF2PS F3PS

Tb/K 161.70 85.03 128.8 552 474 613 185.1 3106 459.50 359.70 621 596 s 590 s 667 s 4.22 386.70 20.28 206.77 188 293 237.60 423.4 231.90 213.60 457.6 389 3134 119.93 1615 2334 629.77 591 577 624 541 307.2 27.10 520.6 507 121.41 77.35 206 294.30 144.40 267.7 184.67 200.8 404.4 90.20 161.80 226.40 185.40 246 s 279.5 220.90

Tc/K 260 144.13 215 806.7 694 951 312.2 9802* 718 553.2 973 746 725.7 916 5.19 653 32.97 363.2 324.7 461 424.0 728* 411 373.1 819 719 9340* 209.48 3223* 4325* 1764 1012 973 1072 850 473 44.4 803.5 737 180 126.21 337.5 431 234.0 440 309.52 349.5 678 154.59 261.1 368.4 324.5 322.3 439.2 346.0

Pc/MPa 5.57 5.172

4.95

3.861

5.42 0.227 14.7 1.293 8.55 8.31 6.48 8.31 22* 8.92 9.00

5.525 67* 167

Vc/cm3mol–1 66 303 263 395 147 392 330 500 415 314 528 57 65 81 69

99 155 139 91 66* 43 174

4.75 2.76 4.88 6.28 6.48 3.39 5.15 10.1 4.46

369 226 42 397 155 58 90 167 126

7.245

97

5.043 5.57 5.37 6.54 7.37 4.14 3.82

73 89 161

Ref. 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 71 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 31 49 49,54 49 49 71 49,54 20 71 49,83 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49,54 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49

Critical Constants

6-42 Name

Phosphorus Phosphorus(III) bromide Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Potassium Radon Rhenium(VII) oxide Rhenium(VI) oxytetrachloride Rubidium Selenium Selenium hexafluoride Selenium oxychloride Silver Sodium Sulfur Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Sulfur trioxide Tantalum(V) bromide Tantalum(V) chloride Tellurium Tellurium hexafluoride Tellurium tetrachloride Tetrabromosilane Tetrachlorosilane Tetrafluorohydrazine Tetrafluorosilane Tetraiodosilane Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) chloride Tin(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) iodide Tribromosilane Trichlorofluorosilane Trichlorosilane Trifluoramine oxide Tungsten(VI) chloride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Uranium(VI) fluoride Vanadyl chloride Water Xenon Xenon difluoride Xenon tetrafluoride Zirconium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) iodide

Mol Form. P Br3P Cl3P Cl5P ClF2P Cl2FP F3P K Rn O7Re2 Cl4ORe Rb Se F6Se Cl2OSe Ag Na S ClF5S O2S F6S F4S O3S Br5Ta Cl5Ta Te F6Te Cl4Te Br4Si Cl4Si F4N2 F4Si I4Si Br4Sn Cl4Sn I4Sn Br4Ti Cl4Ti I4Ti Br3HSi Cl3FSi Cl3HSi F3NO Cl6W F6W Cl4OW F6U ClOV H2O Xe F2Xe F4Xe Br4Zr Cl4Zr I4Zr

Tb/K 553.7 446.4 349.3 433 s 225.9 287.00 171.4 1032 211.5 633 496 961 958 226.55 s 450 2435 1156 717.76 254.10 263.10 209.35 s 232.70 317.7 622 512.50 1261 234.25 s 660 427 330.80 199 187 560.50 478 387.30 637.50 506.7 409.60 650 382 285.40 306 185.7 610 290.3 503 329.65 s 400 373.2 165.03 387.50 s 388.90 s 633 s 604 s 704 s

Tc/K 994 711 563 646 362.4 463.0 271.2 2223* 377 942 781 2093* 1766 345.5 730 6410* 2573* 1314 390.9 430.64 318.723 364 491.0 974 767 2329* 356 1002 663 508.1 309 259.0 944 744 591.9 968 795.7 638 1040 610.0 438.6 479 303 923 444 782 505.8 636 647.14 289.733 631 612 805 778 960

Pc/MPa

Vc/cm3mol–1 300 264

4.52 4.96 4.33 16* 6.28

16* 27.2 7.09 35* 20.7

209* 334 362 247*

235 116*

7.884 3.77

122 197

8.2

127 461 402

8.56

310 382 326

3.593 3.75 3.72

3.75

4.66

558 417 351 531 391 339 505 305

3.58 6.43 4.34 4.66 22.06 5.842 9.32 7.04 5.77

268 147 422 233 338 250 171 56 118 148 188 424 319 530

Ref. 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 20 49 49 49 20 49 49 49 71 20 49 49 49,54 49,70 49 49 49 49 71 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 34,54 49 49 49 49 49

Critical Constants

6-43 Name

Compounds containing carbon Acenaphthylene Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetophenone Acetylene Acridine Acrylonitrile Allene Allyl alcohol Allylamine Allyl ethyl ether 2-Aminobiphenyl 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine Aniline Anisole Anthracene Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzeneacetic acid Benzenebutanoic acid Benzeneethanol Benzeneheptanoic acid Benzenehexanoic acid Benzenepentanoic acid Benzenepropanoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzo[b]thiophene Benzyl alcohol [1,1’-Bicyclohexyl]-2-one Biphenyl Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine 1,1-Bis(difluoromethoxy)-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Bis(difluoromethyl) ether [HFE-134] Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamine Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether Bis(trimethylsilyl)methane Bromobenzene 1-Bromobutane Bromochlorodifluoromethane [R-12B1] Bromodifluoromethane [R-22B1] Bromoethane 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene Bromomethane Bromopentafluorobenzene 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane

Mol Form.

Tb/K

Tc/K

C12H8 C2H4O C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C8H8O C2H2 C13H9N C3H3N C3H4 C3H6O C3H7N C5H10O C12H11N C4H11NO2 C4H12N2O C6H7N C7H8O C14H10 C7H6O C6H6 C8H8O2 C10H12O2 C8H10O C13H18O2 C12H16O2 C11H14O2 C9H10O2 C7H5N C13H10O C8H6S C7H8O C12H20O C12H10 C4H13N3 C4H2F8O2 C2H2F4O C24H38O4 C5H13NO2 C4H4F6O C7H20Si2 C6H5Br C4H9Br CBrClF2 CHBrF2 C2H5Br C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF CH3Br C6BrF5 C3H7Br C3H7Br

553 293.3 391.1 412.7 329.20 354.80 475 188.45 s 618.01 350.5 238.8 370.5 326.5 340.8 572 494 512 457.32 426.9 613.1 452.0 353.24 538.7 563 491.9

792 466 590.7 606 508.1 545.5 709.6 308.3 891.1 540 394 547.1 540.0 518 838 721.2 739.2 705 646.5 869.3 695 562.05 766 783 723.5 798 794 790 776 700 830 764 715 787 773 710 449.81 420.25 835 741.9 476.31 573.9 670 572 426.88 411.98 503.9 669.6 652.0 654.8 464 601 536 521

553.0 464.3 578.6 494 478.46 537 529.3 480 319.95 275 657 520 336.91 406 429.21 374.8 269.5 258.6 311.7 427 423 424.7 276.7 410 344.3 332.7

Pc/MPa

Vc/cm3mol–1

3.20 5.78 4.0 4.70 4.85 4.01 6.138 3.21 4.66 5.25 5.64 4.83 3.93 4.80 4.65 5.63 4.24 4.7 4.895 3.95 3.21 3.99 2.47 2.60 2.95 3.46 4.2 3.35 4.76 4.3 3.38 4.4 2.421 4.228 1.07 4.16 2.783 1.99 4.52 4.254 5.132 6.23

154 171 213 171 388 112.2 548

584

291 341 554 256

568 379

497

223

324 325 246 275 215

153 3.0 270 266

Ref. 21 7 7 7 7,54 9,14 7,23 6 10 9,11,12 6 60,4 9 7 9 82 17 9,49 7,11,12 49 7 3 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 9,49 7 8 49 7 3 9,14,17 63 46 51 82 65 8 49 74 49 47 49 13 13 13 74 49 74 74

Critical Constants

6-44 Name Bromotrifluoromethane [R-13B1] 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1,3-Butadiene Butanal Butane 1,4-Butanediamine 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol Butanenitrile 1-Butanethiol Butanoic acid 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Butanone 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene 2-Butoxyethanol 1-tert-Butoxy-2-ethoxyethane 2-Butoxyethyl acetate 1-tert-Butoxy-2-methoxyethane 1-Butoxy-2-propanol Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Butyl acrylate Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Butyl butanoate Butylcyclohexane tert-Butylcyclohexane tert-Butyl ethyl ether Butyl methyl ether Butyl propanoate Butyl vinyl ether 1-Butyne 2-Butyne γ-Butyrolactone Carbazole Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbonyl chloride 3-Carene Chlorobenzene 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane

Mol Form. CBrF3 C7H4BrF3 C7H4BrF3 C7H4BrF3 C4H6 C4H8O C4H10 C4H12N2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H7N C4H10S C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H14O2 C8H18O2 C8H16O3 C7H16O2 C7H16O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C7H12O2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C8H16O2 C10H20 C10H20 C6H14O C5H12O C7H14O2 C6H12O C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O2 C12H9N CO2 CS2 CO COS CCl2O C10H16 C6H5Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl

Tb/K 215.4 440.7 424.7 433 268.74 348.0 272.7 431.7 463.7 480.7 508 390.8 371.7 436.90 390.88 372.66 352.74 266.89 276.86 274.03 441.6 421.2 465 444.7 399.3 385 368.3 418 350.15 335.88 317.19 456.46 446.5 442.3 439 453 444.7 345.8 343.31 420.0 367 281.23 300.1 477 627.84 194.6 s 319 81.7 223 281 444 404.87 351.6 341.4

Tc/K 340.2 656.5 627.1 629.8 425 537 425.16 651 680 692.4 723.8 585.4 570 615.2 563.0 536.2 536.7 419.29 435.75 428.61 634 585 640.7 574 624.9 575.6 571 541.2 601.2 531.9 514 483.7 660.5 652.5 647.5 612.1 653.1 652.0 509.4 512.7 594.5 540 440 488.7 732.5 901.8 304.13 552 132.86 375 455 658 633.4 539.2 518.6

Pc/MPa 3.97

4.32 4.32 3.787 4.54 5.21 5.18 5.52 3.88 4.0 4.06 4.414 4.202 4.207 4.005 4.226 4.027 3.27 2.694 2.739 3.14 3.01 3.04 2.84 4.20 5.0 3.85 2.89 3.025 2.90 2.56 2.934 3.37 3.20 4.60 5.10 3.13 7.375 7.90 3.494 5.88 5.67 4.52

Vc/cm3mol–1 Ref. 196 49 13 13 13 221 6 258 7 255 2,67 9,56 303 7,23 305 7,23,81 17 9,49 324 8 292 7 274 4 269 4 267 7 235.8 6,72 235.6 6,72 237.3 6,72 424 7 7 549 7 7 14 7 7 82 82 9,10 9,10 293 9,10 497 3 490 75 485 75 7 58,59 59 395 7 329 7 7 384 7 208 6 49 7,11,82 454 10 94 22 173 49 93 49,54,55 137 49,54 190 49 487 6 308 13,49 13 13

Critical Constants

6-45 Name

Chlorocyclohexane 1-Chloro-2,4-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2,5-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3,4-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3,5-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane [R-142b] 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene Chlorodifluoromethane [R-22] Chloroethane [R-160] Chloroethene [R-1140] 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene Chlorofluoromethane [R-31] 1-Chloroheptane 1-Chlorohexane Chloromethane [R-40] 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 3-Chloro-3-methylpentane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Chloromethylsilane 1-Chlorooctane Chloropentafluoroacetone Chloropentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluoroethane [R-115] 1-Chloropentane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 3-Chloropropene 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane [R-124a] 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane [R-124] 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane [R-133a] Chlorotrifluoroethene [R-1113] Chlorotrifluoromethane [R-13] o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cycloheptane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanethiol Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclohexylamine Cyclononane Cyclooctane Cyclopentane Cyclopentanol Cyclopentanone Cyclopentene Cyclopropane 1,3-Decadiene cis-Decahydronaphthalene

Mol Form. C6H11Cl C6H3ClF2 C6H3ClF2 C6H3ClF2 C6H3ClF2 C2H3ClF2 C2HClF2 CHClF2 C2H5Cl C2H3Cl C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C6H4ClF CH2ClF C7H15Cl C6H13Cl CH3Cl C5H11Cl C6H13Cl C4H9Cl CH5ClSi C8H17Cl C3ClF5O C6ClF5 C2ClF5 C5H11Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H5Cl C2HClF4 C2HClF4 C2H2ClF3 C2ClF3 CClF3 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C2N2 C4H8 C7H14 C6H12 C6H12S C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C6H13N C9H18 C8H16 C5H10 C5H10O C5H8O C5H8 C3H6 C10H18 C10H18

Tb/K 415 400 401 400 391.7 264.1 254.7 232.5 285.5 259.4 410.8 400.8 403 264.1 433.6 408.3 249.06 358.8 389 324.1 280 456.7 281 391.11 234.1 381.6 319.7 308.9 318.3 261.5 261 279.3 245.4 191.8 464.19 475.42 475.13 252.1 285.8 391.6 353.88 432.0 433.99 428.58 356.13 407 451.6 422 322.5 413.57 403.72 317.4 240.34 442 469.0

Tc/K 586 609.6 612.5 609.2 592.0 410.34 400.6 369.5 460.4 432 633.8 615.9 620.1 427 614 599 416.25 509.1 528 500 517.8 643 410.6 570.81 353.2 571.2 503 484 514 399.9 395.65 425.01 379 302 697.6 705.8 704.6 400 460.0 604.2 553.8 684 647.1 665 560.4 626.8 682 647.2 511.7 619.5 624 506.5 398.0 615 702.3

Pc/MPa

4.048 4.46 5.035 5.3 5.67

Vc/cm3mol–1

226 197 164 179

5.70

6.679

139

2.878 3.238 3.229

376 252

4.58

3.72 3.643 4.05 3.870 4.17 4.36 4.07 6.0 4.98 3.82 4.08

244 244 228 212 180

210 353 308 401

4.401 4.6

3.34 3.56 4.51 4.9 4.60 4.80 5.54 3.20

410 260

245 162

Ref. 13 13 13 13 13 19,32,65 49 18 49 12 13 13 13 37 13 13 49 13 13 13 49 13 49 49 49 13 49 13 49 49 42 40 49 49 7 7 7 9,49 49 5 5,58,59 8 11,12 7 6 9,59 21 5,59 5 4 7 6 5 49 49

Critical Constants

6-46 Name

trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decanal Decane 1,10-Decanediamine Decanedioic acid Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 2-Decanol 3-Decanol 4-Decanol 5-Decanol 2-Decanone 3-Decanone 4-Decanone 5-Decanone 1-Decene Decylbenzene Diallyl sulfide Dibenzofuran Dibenzothiophene 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Dibromodifluoromethane [R-12B2] 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane [R-114B2] Dibutylamine Dibutyl disulfide Dibutyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether Dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl sulfide m-Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane [R-12] Dichlorodimethylsilane 1,1-Dichloroethane [R-150a] 1,2-Dichloroethane [R-150] cis-1,2-Dichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene [R-1130] 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane [R-141b] Dichlorofluoromethane [R-21] 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane [R-C316] 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane [R-216ca] Dichloromethane [R-30] 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane [R-114a] 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane [R-114] 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane [R-123a] 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane [R-123] Didecyl phthalate 1,1-Diethoxyethane 1,2-Diethoxyethane Diethoxymethane 2,2-Diethoxypropane

Mol Form. C10H18 C10H20O C10H22 C10H24N2 C10H18O4 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H20 C16H26 C6H10S C12H8O C12H8S C2Br2ClF3 CBr2F2 C2H4Br2 C4Br2F8 C2Br2F4 C8H19N C8H18S2 C8H18O C8H18O C16H22O4 C8H18S C6H4Cl2 CCl2F2 C2H6Cl2Si C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H3Cl2F CHCl2F C4Cl2F6 C3Cl2F6 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C6Cl2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl2F3 C28H46O4 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C5H12O2 C7H16O2

Tb/K 460.5 481.7 447.30 627.0 541.9 504.3 484 486 483.7 474 483 476 479.7 477 443.7 566 411.8 560 605.7 366 295.91 404.8 370 320.50 432.8 499 413.43 380.38 613 458 446 243.4 343.5 330.5 356.7 333.3 321.9 305.2 282.1 332.7 308.9 313 369.6 394.1 430.9 276.6 276.7 302.7 300.97 375.40 394.4 361 387

Tc/K 687.1 674 617.7 736 845 722 687.3 668.6 666.1 663.7 663.2 671.8 667.6 662.9 661.0 617 752 653 824 897 560.7 471.3 583.0 532.5 487.8 607.5 711 584 550 797 650 685.7 384.95 520.4 523 561 544.2 516.5 477.5 451.58 497* 453 510 578.5 614.6 626 418.6 418.78 461.6 456.83 870 540 542 531.7 510.7

Pc/MPa 2.60 2.11 2.43 2.50 2.10 2.315

2.22 1.72 3.64 3.86 3.61 4.45 7.2 2.39 3.393 3.11 2.5 3.0

Vc/cm3mol–1 599 624

638 649 646 643 643 646 625 628 628 628 584

495 512 368

341

1.66 2.48 4.136 3.49 5.07 5.4 5.51 4.194 5.18 2.73* 2.753 6.10

5.32 3.30 3.252 3.661 0.94 3.22

217 350 236 225

255 196 386*

294 297 278 278

Ref. 49 7 2,54 9,56 57 7 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 6 16 8 7 8 49 49 49 49 49 9,59 82 7 49 51 8 13 49 49 49 49 49 49 26,42 49 12 41 49 13 13 49 49 42 19 35 51 7 7 7 7

Critical Constants

6-47 Name

Diethylamine p-Diethylbenzene Diethyl disulfide Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether Diethyl ether Diethyl oxalate Diethyl phthalate Diethyl succinate Diethyl sulfide o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene 1,1-Difluoroethane [R-152a] 1,1-Difluoroethene [R-1132a] 2,2-Difluoroethylbis(trifluoromethyl)amine Difluoromethane [R-32] 3-Difluoromethoxy-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane 3-Difluoromethoxy-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Difluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether [HFE-245mf ] 2,4-Difluorotoluene 2,5-Difluorotoluene 2,6-Difluorotoluene 3,4-Difluorotoluene Diheptyl phthalate Dihexyl phthalate 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran Diisobutylamine Diisopentyl sulfide Diisopropylamine 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene Diisopropyl ether 1,2-Dimethoxyethane Dimethoxymethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethylamine N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Dimethyl carbonate cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

Mol Form. C4H11N C10H14 C4H10S2 C4H10O3 C8H18O3 C6H14O3 C10H20O4 C8H18O3 C6H14O3 C8H16O4 C5H12O3 C7H16O3 C4H10O C6H10O4 C12H14O4 C8H14O4 C4H10S C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H2F2 C4H3F8N CH2F2 C4H3F7O C4H4F6O C3H3F5O C3H3F5O C7H6F2 C7H6F2 C7H6F2 C7H6F2 C22H34O4 C20H30O4 C5H8O C8H19N C10H22S C6H15N C12H18 C12H18 C6H14O C4H10O2 C3H8O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C2H7N C8H11N C6H14 C6H14 C6H12O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C3H6O3 C8H16

Tb/K 328.7 456.9 427.2 519.0 461 435 518 504 469 491.7 466 486 307.7 458.9 568 490.9 365.3 367 355.8 362 249.10 187.5 324.50 221.6 319.09 348.6 302.15 302.39 390 391 385 385 633 359 412.8 484 357.1 483.5 483.5 341.6 357.7 315 369 356 280.03 467.30 322.88 331.08 379.3 328.8 314.4 346.5 363.7 403.0

Tc/K 499.7 657.9 642 750 612 617 693.9 692 670 673.5 672 680 466.7 645.8 776 663 557.8 566.0 548.4 556.9 386.7 302.9 460.20 351.56 455.10 505.35 445 443.99 581.4 587.8 581.8 598.5 830 817 562 584.4 664 523.1 675 676.2 500.3 540 491 543.0 510 437.2 688 489.0 500.0 570.9 497.7 477.4 521.0 557 606

Pc/MPa 3.754 2.803 4.7

2.15 2.79 3.167 2.59 3.67 3.00 3.644 3.06 2.26 3.90

4.40 4.50 4.46 2.642 5.83 2.773 3.279 3.46

1.24 1.34 4.56 3.20 3.02 2.33 2.36 2.832 3.90 3.96

5.34 3.6 3.10 3.15 3.43

4.80 2.95

Vc/cm3mol–1 Ref. 304 9,49 3 8 7 7 7 17 7 11,12 17 11,12 489 7 281 7 82 51 7 317.6 8,15 13 13 13,49 179 19,49 154 49 61 123 42 65 65 65 38 13 13 13 13 51 51 268 7 9,49 8 9,49 617 77 82 386 7 308 7 213 7 7 7 9,49 9,49 358 5 361 5 382 7 59 59 59 252 7 21

Critical Constants

6-48 Name trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethylformamide 2,2-Dimethylheptane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane Dimethyl malonate 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,2-Dimethyloxirane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene Dimethyl phthalate 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Dimethyl sulfide 1,3-Dimethyltricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane Dinonyl phthalate Dioctyl phthalate 1,4-Dioxane Dipentyl phthalate Diphenyl ether Diphenylmethane Dipropylamine Dipropylene glycol Dipropyl ether Dipropyl phthalate Diundecyl phthalate Docosane Docosanoic acid 1-Docosanol Dodecane 1,12-Dodecanediamine Dodecanedioic acid 1-Dodecanethiol

Mol Form. C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C9H20 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C5H8O4 C12H12 C4H8O C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H14 C7H14 C10H10O4 C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C2H6S C12H20 C26H42O4 C24H38O4 C4H8O2 C18H26O4 C12H10O C13H12 C6H15N C6H14O3 C6H14O C14H18O4 C30H50O4 C22H46 C22H44O2 C22H46O C12H26 C12H28N2 C12H22O4 C12H26S

Tb/K 396.7 393.3 397.7 392.6 360.7 372.7 365.1 364.0 364.9 382.89 248.4 426 405.9 380.01 388.77 382.7 382.27 385.12 390.88 454.6 538 325 352.4 362.93 353.64 359.21 357.5 345.7 556.9 434.27 431.53 430.13 417.16 452.25 444.99 310.48 476.53 686 374.7 531.2 538.2 382.5 503.7 363.23 577.7 641.8

489.47

549.9

Tc/K 596 591 598 587.7 547 565 553 551 553 607.8 400.378 649.6 576.7 549.8 563.5 553.5 550.0 562.0 568.8 647 775 499.9 520.5 537.3 519.8 536.4 533.6 516 772 655.5 647 644.3 624.0 683.7 667.7 503 704 858 840 588 811 767 760 555.8 705.2 530.6 784 886 786 837 827 658 767 859 733.7

Pc/MPa 2.94 2.94 2.94 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.45 5.07 5.356 2.35 2.53 2.63 2.56 2.49 2.65 2.69 3.60 3.23 4.35 2.77 2.91 2.74 2.95

2.77 4.10 3.95 3.85 3.85 4.20 4.05 5.53 2.75 1.02 1.08 5.21 1.43 2.71 3.63 3.38 3.028 1.90 0.89 0.98 1.11 1.07 1.82 2.01 2.15 1.81

Vc/cm3mol–1

169 262 478 468 472 482 443 466 377 601 416 393 418 414

356 361 361 361 355 361 203.7 566

238

563

754

Ref. 21 21 21 5 21 21 21 21 21 8,81 7,62,67 49 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 77 3 82 5 5 5 5 59 59 51 9,23 9,23 9,23 9,23 9,23 9,23 8 69 51 51 7 51 7 3 9,59 82 7 51 51 2 48 80 2 9,56 57 60

Critical Constants

6-49 Name

Dodecanoic acid 1-Dodecanol 2-Dodecanone 3-Dodecanone 4-Dodecanone 5-Dodecanone 6-Dodecanone 1-Dodecene Eicosane Eicosanoic acid 1-Eicosanol Ethane 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,2-Ethanediol 1,1-Ethanediol, diacetate Ethanethiol Ethanol Ethoxybenzene 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 4-Ethoxy-1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluorobutane Ethyl acetate Ethylamine N-Ethylaniline Ethylbenzene Ethyl butanoate Ethyl trans-2-butenoate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Ethylene Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate Ethyl formate Ethyl heptanoate 3-Ethylhexane Ethyl hexanoate 2-Ethylhexanoic acid 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl methyl ether 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Ethyl methyl sulfide Ethyl nonanoate Ethyl octanoate 3-Ethylpentane Ethyl pentanoate 2-Ethylphenol 3-Ethylphenol 4-Ethylphenol Ethyl propanoate Ethyl propyl ether S-Ethyl thioacetate

Mol Form. C12H24O2 C12H26O C12H24O C12H24O C12H24O C12H24O C12H24O C12H24 C20H42 C20H40O2 C20H42O C2H6 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C6H10O4 C2H6S C2H6O C8H10O C6H12O3 C7H16O C6H5F9O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H11N C8H10 C6H12O2 C6H10O2 C8H16 C7H14 C7H14O2 C2H4 C7H14O3 C3H6O2 C9H18O2 C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C10H20O2 C7H14O2 C3H8O C8H18 C8H18 C6H12O2 C3H8S C11H22O2 C10H20O2 C7H16 C7H14O2 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C5H10O2 C5H12O C4H8OS

Tb/K 533 519.7

487.0 616 601 629 184.6 390 470.5 442 308.2 351.44 442.96 429.6 374.6 350.04 350.26 289.7 476.2 409.34 394.5 411 405.1 376.7 391.6 169.38 439 327.6 460 391.8 440 501 457.8 472 408.2 280.6 388.81 391.42 383.3 339.9 500.2 481.7 366.7 419.3 477.7 491.6 491.1 372.3 336.36 389.6

Tc/K 743 719.4 702 701 697 695 694 658 768 820 809 305.32 613.1 720 618.2 499 514.0 647 608.0 546 482.02 523.3 456 700 617.15 568.8 599 606.9 569.5 566 282.34 621.0 508.54 634 565.5 615.2 674 640.6 642 582.4 437.9 567.1 576.5 554 533 664 649 540.6 593.3 703.0 716.4 716.4 546.7 500.2 590.55

Pc/MPa 1.93 1.994

Vc/cm3mol–1

752 752 759 759 762 1.93 1.07 1.20 1.30 4.872 6.71 8 2.97 5.49 6.137 3.4 3.17 2.935 1.976 3.87 5.6

145.5

207 168 441 463 286 180

3.609 3.1

374 415

3.25 3.40 2.95 5.041 2.66 4.74

375 465 131 458 229

2.61

455

2.78 2.8 2.09

528

4.38 2.70 2.81 3.1 4.25

222 442 455 415

2.89

416

3.45 3.370 4.075

342 339 319

681

Ref. 48 4 7 7 7 7 7 6 3 48 49 2 9,11,12 7,14 82 8 4 7 7,23 7 65 7 9,49 9,49 3,15 7 7 21,58,59 5 79 6 7 7 7 5 7 7 4 7 7 7 5 5 7 8 7 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 11,12

Critical Constants

6-50 Name

2-Ethyltoluene 3-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene Ethyl vinyl ether Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane [R-161] Fluoroethene [R-1141] Fluoromethane [R-41] 2-Fluorotoluene 3-Fluorotoluene 4-Fluorotoluene Formic acid Furan Furfural Glycerol Heneicosane Heptadecane Heptadecanoic acid 1-Heptadecanol 2,2,3,3,5,5,6-Heptafluoro-1,4-dioxane 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-Heptafluoropentan-4-one 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane [HFC-227ea] 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-2-trifluoromethoxybutane 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane Heptanal 2-Heptanamine Heptane Heptanedioic acid Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene trans-2-Heptene trans-3-Heptene Heptylbenzene Hexachloroethane [R-110] Hexadecane Hexadecanoic acid 1-Hexadecanol 1,5-Hexadiene Hexafluoroacetylacetone Hexafluorobenzene Hexafluoroethane [HFC-116] 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoro-3-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxy)propane 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane [HFC-236ea] 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane [HFC-236fa] 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoro-3-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)propane 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoro-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propane 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-2-methoxypropane

Mol Form. C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C4H8O C6H5F C2H5F C2H3F CH3F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F CH2O2 C4H4O C5H4O2 C3H8O3 C21H44 C17H36 C17H34O2 C17H36O C4HF7O2 C5H3F7O C3HF7 C5H2F10O C16H34 C7H14O C7H17N C7H16 C7H12O4 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C13H20 C2Cl6 C16H34 C16H32O2 C16H34O C6H10 C5H2F6O2 C6F6 C2F6 C6H3F11O C3H2F6 C3H2F6 C6H4F10O C5H3F9O C5H3F9O

Tb/K 438.4 434.5 435 308.7 357.88 235.5 201 194.8 388 388 389.8 374 304.7 434.9 563 629.7 575.2 597 312.72 337.40 257.65 322.72 519.5 426.0 415 371.6 615.1 495.4 449.60 432 430 429 424.20 420 417 366.79 371.6 371 368.9 513 457.85 s 560.01 624.7 585 332.6 327.30 353.41 195.1 360.64 277.65 272.2 379.07 345.87 326.50

Tc/K 651 637 640.2 475 560.09 375.31 327.9 317.28 591.2 591.8 592.1 588 490.2 670* 850 778 736 792 780 452.88 476.55 375.00 447.40 692 617 598.0 540.2 842 678 632.6 608.3 605.4 602.6 611.4 606.6 602.0 537.3 548.5 542.8 538.6 708 695 723 785 770 508 485.1 516.73 293.03 486.48 412.41 398.07 516.2 475.74 462.72

Pc/MPa 3.38 3.25 3.23 4.07 4.551 5.028 5.24 5.897

5.3 5.89* 7.5 1.03 1.34 1.37 1.50 2.866 2.578 2.930 2.140

Vc/cm3mol–1

269 144 108

218

1103

284

3.16

434

2.74 3.28 3.16 3.058 3.021

428

2.97

2.92

2.14 3.34* 1.40 1.49 1.61 2.767 3.273 3.048 1.950 3.416 2.17 2.233 2.366

435 442 434 432 436 433 434 409

412* 1034

335 222 271

Ref. 21 21 3 7 49 49 49 49,54 13 13 13 7 7 7 7 2 2 48 49 63 61 39,47,66 63 5 7 9,59 2 57 7 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 6 59 59 59 16 12 2 48 49 6 49 49 49,54 65 33,64,66 45 65 65 63

Critical Constants

6-51 Name

Hexamethylbenzene Hexanal Hexane 1,6-Hexanediamine 1,6-Hexanedioic acid 1,6-Hexanediol Hexanenitrile Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene Hexyl acetate Hexylamine Hexylbenzene Hydrogen cyanide Indan 1H-Indole Iodobenzene Iodomethane Isobutanal Isobutane Isobutene Isobutyl acetate Isobutylamine Isobutylbenzene Isobutyl butanoate Isobutylcyclohexane Isobutyl formate Isobutyl isobutanoate Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate Isobutyl propanoate Isopentane Isopentyl acetate Isopentyl butanoate Isopentyl formate Isopentyl propanoate Isopropyl acetate Isopropylamine Isopropylbenzene Isopropylcyclohexane Isopropyl formate 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene Isopropyl methyl ether Isoquinoline Isoxazole d-Limonene Maleic acid Mesityl oxide

Mol Form. C12H18 C6H12O C6H14 C6H16N2 C6H10O4 C6H14O2 C6H11N C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C8H16O2 C6H15N C12H18 CHN C9H10 C8H7N C6H5I CH3I C4H8O C4H10 C4H8 C6H12O2 C4H11N C10H14 C8H16O2 C10H20 C5H10O2 C8H16O2 C9H18O2 C7H14O2 C5H12 C7H14O2 C9H18O2 C6H12O2 C8H16O2 C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C9H18 C4H8O2 C10H14 C4H10O C9H7N C3H3NO C10H16 C4H4O4 C6H10O

Tb/K 536.6 404 341.88 477.7 610.5 481 436.80 478.4 430.8 413 408 400.8 396.7 336.63 342.0 341.1 339.6 340.3 444.7 406.0 499.3 299 451.12 526.8 461.6 315.58 337.7 261.42 266.3 389.7 340.90 445.94 430.1 444.5 371.4 421.8 441.7 410 301.03 415.7 452 396.7 433.4 361.8 304.91 425.56 428.0 341.4 450.3 303.92 516.37 368 451 403

Tc/K 758 592 507.6 685 841 740.8 633.8 655 610.3 585.9 582.4 587.1 583.0 504.0 513.4 509.0 510.2 507.4 618.4 592.3 695 457 684.9 794 721 528 544 407.885 418.09 561 519 650 611 642.1 551 602 621 584 460.4 586.1 619 578 611 531.0 472.2 631.0 632.2 535 652 464.4 803 552.0 653 620 605

Pc/MPa 3.46 3.025 3.59 3.85 4.08 3.30 3.38 3.417 3.31 3.36 3.30 3.320 3.21

2.35 5.4 3.95 4.8 4.52

Vc/cm3mol–1 378 368

413 387 384 383 377 378 355.1

135 356 351

5.1 3.6390 4.010 2.99 4.07 3.05

255.5 239.8 401 278

3.88

355

3.38 2.76

306

3.31 4.55 3.209

344 219

3.95 2.8 3.762

470 4.00

353

Ref. 3 7 2 9,56 57 81 9,49 7 4 4 4 7 7 6 59 59 59 59 7 9,59 16 9,49 3 10 49 49 7 5,52,68 6,72 7 10 4 7 59 7 7 7 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 9,59 3 59 7 3 7 9,10 49 6 7 7

Critical Constants

6-52 Name

Methane Methanethiol Methanol 2-Methoxy-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Methoxy-2,4-dimethylbenzene 2-Methoxyethanol 2-Methoxyethyl acetate 4-Methoxy-1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluorobutane 3-Methoxy-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 5-Methoxy-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluoropentane Methyl acetate Methylamine 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Methylanisole 3-Methylanisole 4-Methylanisole α-Methylbenzenemethanol Methyl benzoate 4-Methylbenzonitrile 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol Methyl butanoate 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanone 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Methyl tert-butyl ether 9-Methyl-9H-carbazole Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 2-Methylcyclopentanone 2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline Methyl dodecanoate Methyl formate 2-Methylfuran 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane Methyl heptanoate 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 2-Methyl-3-heptanone 5-Methyl-3-heptanone 2-Methyl-1-heptene 2-Methyl-2-heptene 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane

Mol Form. CH4 CH4S CH4O C9H12O C9H12O C3H8O2 C5H10O3 C5H5F7O C4H4F6O C6H14O C6H6F8O C3H6O2 CH5N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H8O2 C8H7N C5H12S C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H12O C13H11N C7H14 C6H12 C6H10O C9H13N C13H26O2 C2H4O2 C5H6O C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H16 C7H16 C7H16

Tb/K 111.67 279.1 337.8 467 465 397.3 416 344.13 341.02 359.3 395.83 330.02 266.83 473.5 476.5 473.6 469.4 444 448.7 448.7 478 472 490.2 389 376.0 449.7 400.7 404.3 375.6 386.1 367.48 304.4 293.3 311.71 328.2 616.79 374.08 345.0 412.7 467.3 540 304.9 337.9 390.81 392.1 390.87 447 443 445 431 434 392.5 395.8 363.19 365

Tc/K 190.56 470 512.5 677.3 682 597.6 630.0 481.54 487 535 546.1 506.5 430.8 717 709 667 702 662.0 665.3 666 699 702 723 594 554.5 629 575.4 577.2 543.7 556.1 553.0 467.0 452.7 470 497.1 890 572.1 532.7 631 668 712 487.2 528 559.7 563.6 561.7 628 623.5 621.2 614.9 619.0 567.5 568.9 530.4 535.2

Pc/MPa 4.599 7.23 8.084

5.285 2.381 3.1 3.20 2.5 4.750 7.62 4.7 4.2 2.4 5.2

3.77 4.02

3.47 3.40 3.94 3.93 3.71 3.87 3.80 3.8 3.53 3.42 3.430 3.38 3.48 3.79 3.1 6.00 4.7 2.50 2.55 2.54

2.74 2.81

Vc/cm3mol–1 Ref. 98.60 2 147 8 117 4 7 7 263 7,11,12 7 65 65 374 7 65 228 7 141 9,49 346 9,49 9,49 9,49 9,49 7 7 7 14 408 76 9,49 8 340 7 7 4 4 4 4 308 7 49,59 304.9 6 6 7 572 10 369 5,58 318 5 7 9,49 7 172 7 247 7 488 5 464 5 476 5 7 4 4 7 7 59 59 421 5 404 5

Critical Constants

6-53 Name

5-Methyl-2-hexanone 2-Methyl-3-hexanone 2-Methyl-1-hexene 5-Methyl-1-hexene N-Methylhexylamine Methylhydrazine Methyl isobutanoate 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methyloctane Methyloxirane Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether [HFE-245mc] 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane Methyl pentanoate 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methyl-1,3-propanediol Methyl propanoate 2-Methylpropanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Methylpropylamine Methyl propyl ether 2-Methylpyrazine 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 1-Methylpyrrole 2-Methylpyrrole 3-Methylpyrrole N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 2-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline Methyl salicylate Methylsilane 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (Methylthio)benzene Trichloromethylsilane Methyl trifluoromethyl ether [HFE-143m] 4-Morpholinecarboxaldehyde Naphthalene 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine

Mol Form. C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H14 C7H17N CH6N2 C5H10O2 C10H20O C11H10 C11H10 C9H20 C3H6O C3H3F5O C6H14 C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14O C4H10O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H11N C4H10O C5H6N2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5H9NO C10H9N C10H9N C8H8O3 CH6Si C5H10O C7H8S CH3Cl3Si C2H3F3O C5H9NO2 C10H8 C10H9N C10H9N

Tb/K 417 408 365 358.5 360.7 365.7 489 517.9 514.3 416.4 308 278.74 333.41 336.42 400.6 422 425.1 394.3 404.8 399.7 395.6 389.7 335.3 327.1 340.5 329.5 372 484.8 353.0 427.60 381.04 355.6 336 312.3 410 402.53 417.29 418.51 385.96 420.8 416.1 475 519.7 520.7 496.1 215.7 351 467.5 338.8 249.15 512 491.1 573.9 579.4

Tc/K 604.1 593.3 541.8 528.7 592 567 540.7 694 772 761 582.8 485 406.80 497.7 504.6 590 604.4 603.5 559.5 574.4 576.0 575.6 574.6 521.0 493.1 509.3 496.3 546.5 708.0 530.7 605.0 547.8 506.2 550 476.2 634 621 644.6 646.0 596.0 654 647 721.8 778 787 709 352.4 537 705.9 517 377.92 779.3 748.4 850 850

Pc/MPa

8.24 3.43

Vc/cm3mol–1

271 339

3.60 2.31 5.2 2.887 3.04 3.12 3.20 3.45

190 301 368 368 422

3.46 3.52 3.270

3.042 5.35 4.00 3.70 4.295 3.972 3.1 3.801 5.01 4.62 4.65 4.67 4.86 5.08 5.08 4.0 4.3

3.76 4.05 3.28 3.640 5.08 4.05 5.0 4.9

391 282 290 274 275

285 300 300 300 271 266 266 311 447 434

267 348 218 407 438 438

Ref. 7 7 59 59 9,59 49 7 49 3 3 5 7 32,64 5 5 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 59 59 59 59 7 17 7 7 4 4 9 7 9,49 9,10 9,10 9,10 10 10 10 49 9 9 7 8 7 60 49 47,66 82 3,60 10 10

Critical Constants

6-54 Name

Neopentane Nitromethane Nonadecane 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-Nonafluorohexan-5-one Nonanal Nonane 1,9-Nonanediamine Nonanedioic acid Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 3-Nonanol 4-Nonanol 2-Nonanone 3-Nonanone 4-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 1-Nonene Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Octanal Octane 1,8-Octanediamine Octanedioic acid Octanenitrile 1-Octanethiol Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 3-Octanol 4-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 4-Octanone 1-Octene trans-2-Octene trans-4-Octene Octylamine Octylbenzene Oxazole Oxirane Paraldehyde 1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane Pentadecane Pentadecanoic acid 1-Pentadecanol Pentafluorobenzene 3,3,4,4,4-Pentafluorobutan-2-one Pentafluoroethane [HFC-125] 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropentan-3-one Pentafluorophenol 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane [R-245cb] 1,1,2,2,3-Pentafluoropropane [HFC-245ca] 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane [HFC-245fa] 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoro-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propane

Mol Form. C5H12 CH3NO2 C19H40 C6H3F9O C9H18O C9H20 C9H22N2 C9H16O4 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18 C18H38 C18H38O C8H16O C8H18 C8H20N2 C8H14O4 C8H15N C8H18S C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H19N C14H22 C3H3NO C2H4O C6H12O3 C7HF15 C15H32 C15H30O2 C15H32O C6HF5 C4H3F5O C2HF5 C5H5F5O C6HF5O C3H3F5 C3H3F5 C3H3F5 C5H3F9O

Tb/K 282.63 374.34 603.1 360.47 464 423.97 531.8 630.2 527.7 486.52 466.7 468 465.7 468.5 463 460.7 461.60 420.1 589.5 608 444 398.82 498.7 618.6 478.40 472.3 512 468.31 452.5 444 449.5 445.7 440.7 436 394.44 398 395.5 452.8 537 342.7 283.8 397.5 369.2 543.8 573 358.89 314.37 224.65 335.24 418.8 255.8 298.2 288.5 343.4

Tc/K 433.74 588 755 498.97 659 594.55 726 844 712 670.7 649.6 648.0 645.1 652.2 648.1 643.7 641.4 594.0 747 790 639 568.7 712 843 674.4 667 693 652.5 629.6 628.5 625.1 632.7 627.7 623.8 567.0 569.8 566.3 641 725 550.8 469 563 495.8 708 777 757 530.97 453.03 339.20 475.54 609 380.11 447.57 427.16 473.01

Pc/MPa 3.196 5.87 1.16 2.198 2.68 2.281 2.63 2.72 2.35 2.528 2.53

2.48

2.32 1.29 1.44 2.96 2.49 2.80 2.97 2.85 2.87 2.777 2.754

2.68

2.6 1.98 6.77 7.2

1.48 1.57 1.60 3.531 2.912 3.617 2.642 4.0 3.137 3.651 2.244

Vc/cm3mol–1 Ref. 307 5,54 173 49 3 61 543 7 555 2,54 9,56 57 7 572 4 575 4 577 4 575 4 560 7,11,12 560 7 560 7 560 7 526 6 1189 2 49 488 7 492 2 9,56 57 9,49 504 8 519 7 497 4 519 4 515 4 515 4 497 7 497 7 497 7 468 6 59 59 517 9 16 82 142 7 7 49 966 2 48 80 324 49 63 214 30,64,66 61 348 49 273 49 45 260 45,54 65

Critical Constants

6-55 Name

2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene Pentanal Pentane Pentanedioic acid Pentanenitrile Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene Pentyl acetate Pentylbenzene Pentyl formate 1-Pentyne Perfluoroacetone Perfluorobutane Perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran Perfluorocyclobutane [R-C318] Perfluorocyclohexane Perfluorocyclohexene Perfluorodecalin Perfluorodecane Perfluorodimethoxymethane Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane Perfluoroethyl ethyl ether Perfluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether Perfluoroheptane Perfluoro-1-heptene Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-1-hexene Perfluoroisobutane Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether [HFE-347mmy] Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Perfluoro-3-methylpentane Perfluoronaphthalene Perfluorononane Perfluorooctane Perfluorooxetane Perfluoropentane Perfluoropropane [HFC-218] Perfluoropropyl methyl ether [HFE-347mcc] Perfluorotoluene Phenanthrene Phenanthridine Phenol Phenyl acetate Phenyl isocyanate α-Pinene Piperazine Piperidine

Mol Form. C7H3F5 C5H10O C5H12 C5H8O4 C5H9N C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C7H14O2 C11H16 C6H12O2 C5H8 C3F6O C4F10 C8F16O C4F8 C6F12 C6F10 C10F18 C10F22 C3F8O2 C6F14 C4H5F5O C4H2F8O C7F16 C7F14 C6F14 C6F12 C4F10 C4H3F7O C7F14 C6F14 C6F14 C10F8 C9F20 C8F18 C3F6O C5F12 C3F8 C4H3F7O C7F8 C14H10 C13H9N C6H6O C8H8O2 C7H5NO C10H16 C4H10N2 C5H11N

Tb/K 390.7 376 309.21 576.0 414.5 459.3 411.13 392.5 389.40 375.41 374.9 303.11 310.08 309.49 422.4 478.6 403.6 313.3 245.8 271.3 375.8 267.3 325.95 s 325.2 415 417.4 263 333.0 301.26 301.04 355.7 354.2 330.3 330.2 273 302.49 349.5 330.8 331.6 482 390.76 379.1 244.8 302.4 236.6 307.38 376.70 613 622.1 455.02 469 436 429.4 421.8 379.37

Tc/K 566.52 567 469.7 840 610.3 637.2 588.1 560.3 559.6 561.1 561.4 464.8 475 471 599 675 576 493.5 357.14 386.4 500.2 388.46 457.2 461.8 566 542 372.3 463 431.23 421.68 474.8 478.2 448.77 454.4 395.4 433.30 485.91 455.3 450 673.1 524 502 361.8 420.59 345.1 437.70 534.47 869 895 694.2 685.7 656.9 644 656.3 594.1

Pc/MPa 3.126 3.97 3.370 4.27 3.58 3.63 3.897 3.675 3.683 3.729 3.56 3.69 3.52 2.73 2.58 3.46 2.84 2.323 1.607 2.784 2.43 1.52 1.45 2.333 1.87 2.533 2.330 1.62 1.868

2.553 2.019 1.923 1.69 1.56 1.66 3.03 2.045 2.680 2.481 2.705 3.6 5.93 3.59 4.00 5.42

Vc/cm3mol–1 Ref. 384 49 313 7 311 2 57 9,49 346 7 326 4 329 4 325 4 321 7 331 7 298.4 6 6 49 470 7,23 16 412 7 49 329 49 378 49 588 49 324 49 49 49 49 49 363 18 525 49 366 32 409 32 664 49 49 606 49 49 49 369 32 570 49 532 49 49 49 49 49 272 18,47 473 49 299 49 377 32 428 49 4 548 10 7 17 82 454 6 269 9,81 9,10

Critical Constants

6-56 Name

Propanal Propane 1,3-Propanediamine Propanenitrile 1-Propanethiol Propanoic acid 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propene 2-Propoxyethanol 1-Propoxy-2-propanol Propyl acetate Propylamine Propylbenzene Propyl butanoate Propylcyclohexane Propylene carbonate 1,2-Propanediol 1,3-Propanediol 1,2-Propylene glycol 1-tert-butyl ether 1-Methoxy-2-propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Propyl formate Propyl isobutanoate Propyl 3-methylbutanoate Propyl propanoate Propyne Pyrazine Pyridine Pyrocatechol Pyrrole Pyrrolidine Quinoline Resorcinol Squalene Stearic acid Styrene Succinic acid Sulfolane o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane [R-112] 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane [R-130] Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloromethane [R-10] Tetracosane Tetradecane Tetradecanedioic acid Tetradecanoic acid 1-Tetradecanol 2-Tetradecanone 3-Tetradecanone 4-Tetradecanone 7-Tetradecanone

Mol Form. C3H6O C3H8 C3H10N2 C3H5N C3H8S C3H6O2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H6 C5H12O2 C6H14O2 C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C7H14O2 C9H18 C4H6O3 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C7H16O2 C4H10O2 C6H12O3 C4H8O2 C7H14O2 C8H16O2 C6H12O2 C3H4 C4H4N2 C5H5N C6H6O2 C4H5N C4H9N C9H7N C6H6O2 C30H50 C18H36O2 C8H8 C4H6O4 C4H8O2S C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C2Cl4F2 C2H2Cl4 C2Cl4 CCl4 C24H50 C14H30 C14H26O4 C14H28O2 C14H30O C14H28O C14H28O C14H28O C14H28O

Tb/K 321 231.1 413.2 370.29 341.0 414.30 370.4 355.5 225.46 423.0 423 374.69 320.37 432.39 416.2 429 515 460.8 487.6 425.2 392 420 354.1 408.6 429.1 395.7 250.0 388 388.38 518 402.94 359.71 510.31 549.7 694.5 623 418 508.2 560.5 605 636 649 366.0 418.4 394.5 350.0 664.5 526.73

560

Tc/K 505 369.83 632 561.3 537 598.5 536.8 508.3 364.9 615 605.1 549.7 499.2 638.35 593.1 630.8 762.7 676.4 718.2 600.7 579.8 597.8 538.0 579.4 609 570 402.4 627 620.0 800 640 569 782 836 795.9 803 635.2 851 868 857 883 908 551 661.15 620.2 556.6 800 693 862 763 747 728 727 725 723

Pc/MPa 5.26 4.248 5.59 4.26 4.6 4.67 5.169 4.764 4.60 3.65 3.051 3.36 4.74 3.200 2.72 2.86 4.14 5.941 6.55 2.72 4.113 3.01 4.06

3.06 5.63 6.70 5.65 6.24 5.7 5.7 6.24 0.59 1.33 3.87 6.59 6.0 2.99 2.48 2.99

4.516 0.87 1.57 1.90 1.64 1.81

Vc/cm3mol–1 Ref. 204 7 203 2,67 9,56 246 9,49 286 8 233 7 218 4 222 4 185 6 364 7 14 345 7 9,59 440 3 7 58,59 17 7,14 14,17 60 11,12 432 7 285 7 7 7 7 163.5 6 229 9 247 9,10 81 9,10 245 9,10 9,10 81 15 48 15 57 82 731 3 724 3 729 3 49 49 49 276 49 2 894 2 57 48 49 896 7 896 7 900 7 904 7

Critical Constants

6-57 Name

Tetraethylene glycol Tetraethylsilane 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro-2-(2,2-difluoromethoxy)ethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane [HFC-134a] 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane [HFC-134] Tetrafluoroethene [HFC-1114] 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether [HFE-236me] 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl ether Tetrafluoromethane [R-14] 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propane 4,4,5,5-Tetrafluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dioxolane 3,4,4,4-Tetrafluoro-3-trifluoromethylbutan-2-one Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydropyran Tetrahydrothiophene 1,2,4,5-Tetraisopropylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Thiophene Thymol Toluene Triacontane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane [R-140a] 1,1,2-Trichloroethane [R-140] Trichloroethene [R-1120] Trichlorofluoromethane [R-11] Trichloromethane [R-20] 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane [R-113a] 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane [R-113] Tricosane Tridecane 1-Tridecanol 2-Tridecanone 3-Tridecanone 4-Tridecanone 5-Tridecanone 6-Tridecanone 7-Tridecanone Tridecylbenzene Triethylamine Triethylene glycol Trifluoroacetic acid

Mol Form. C8H18O5 C8H20Si C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C4H4F6O C2H2F4 C2H2F4 C2F4 C3H2F6O C4H3F7O CF4 C5H4F8O C4HF7O2 C5H3F7O C4H8O C10H12 C5H10O C4H8S C18H30 C10H14 C8H18 C10H22 C10H22 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4H4S C10H14O C7H8 C30H62 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 CCl3F CHCl3 C6Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C23H48 C13H28 C13H28O C13H26O C13H26O C13H26O C13H26O C13H26O C13H26O C19H32 C6H15N C6H14O4 C2HF3O2

Tb/K 601 427.9 367.5 357.6 363.4 352.13 246.6 253.3 197.3 296.50 329.37 145.2 366.32 304.98 328.78 338 480.8 361 394.3 532 470.0 379.60 433.5 410.6 413.4 406.2 395.44 414.7 299.8 351 357.2 505.7 383.78 725.1 347.24 387.0 360.36 296.9 334.32 471.6 318.7 320.9 653 508.62 547 536

534 619 362 558 346

Tc/K 800 605 550.83 535.25 543.35 501.08 374.13 391.74 306.5 428.95 463.89 227.6 510.07 435.06 467.64 540.5 720 572 632 703 676 567.8 623.0 581.4 607.5 592.6 574.6 607.5 448.6 521.8 580 698 591.80 842 545 602* 544.2 471.1 536.4 684.8 482.9 487.3 790 675 734 717 716 712 710 709 708 790 535.6 780 491.3

Pc/MPa 3.2 2.50 3.791 3.747 3.801 3.090 4.053 4.615 3.94 3.050 2.713 3.74 2.581 2.645 2.522 5.19 3.65 4.77 5.4 1.60 2.9 2.87 2.51 2.19 2.74 2.60 2.49 2.72 2.821 2.981 5.70 4.110 0.64 4.30 4.48* 5.02 4.47 5.47 3.27 3.42 0.92 1.68 1.935

Vc/cm3mol–1 587 313

201 191 172 315 140

224 408 263 913 461

361.6 219 316

281* 247 239 448 325 823 820 823 823 826 826 830

1.54 3.03 3.3 3.258

389 204

Ref. 7 8 49 49 49 65 36,64,66 19,42 49 32 65 49 65 63 63 7 4 7 8 77 3 49 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 7 3,15 60 49 12 49 18 49 49 40 49 2 2 49 7 7 7 7 7 7 16 9,49 7 49

Critical Constants

6-58 Name

Trifluoroacetonitrile 1,2,3-Trifluorobenzene 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane [R-143a] 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane [R-143] 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether [HFE-143a] Trifluoroiodomethane Trifluoromethane [R-23] Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether [HFE-125] Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether [HFE-227ca2] 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene Trimethylamine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Trimethyl borate 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane Trimethylchlorosilane 1α,3α,5β-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane Tripropylamine Undecafluorocyclohexane Undecane Undecanoic acid 1-Undecanol 2-Undecanone 3-Undecanone 4-Undecanone 5-Undecanone 6-Undecanone Undecylbenzene Vinyl acetate o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol

Mol Form. C2F3N C6H3F3 C6H3F3 C6H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H3F3 C3H5F3O CF3I CHF3 C2HF5O C3HF7O C3H3F3 C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C3H9BO3 C7H16 C3H9ClSi C9H18 C10H22 C9H20 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C9H21N C6HF11 C11H24 C11H22O2 C11H24O C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O C17H28 C4H6O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O

Tb/K 204.4 368 363 348.7 225.90 276.9 304.77 250.7 191.1 235 270 256 276.02 449.27 442.53 437.89 340.7 354.01 333 413.7 428.9 397.24 383 372.37 388.0 386.7 429 335.2 469.1 553 518 504.7 500 500 501 589 346.0 417.7 412.27 411.52 490.1 484.13 484.3 474.22 500 494.89

Tc/K 311.11 560.3 551.1 530.9 345.86 429.8 448.98 396.44 298.98 354.0 387.78 376.2 433 664.5 649.1 637.3 501.7 531.1 497.8 602.2 609.5 569.8 563.5 543.8 573.5 566.4 637.9 477.7 639 728 703.6 688 685 681 679 678 763 519.2 630.3 617.0 616.2 722.8 707.6 706.9 701.0 729.8 715.6

Pc/MPa 3.618

3.764 5.241 3.513 3.953 4.82 3.33 2.293 3.80 4.08 3.454 3.232 3.127 3.59 2.95 3.20 2.32 2.73 2.57 2.82 2.73

1.98 2.13 2.147

1.64 4.185 3.732 3.541 3.511

Vc/cm3mol–1 Ref. 202 49 13 13 13 194 27,28 207 40 277 32 226 24 135 42,78 192 25,45,46 337 18,47 211 49 257 9,49 3 3 3 49 398 5 366 49 5 5 5 436 5 468 5 455 5 461 5 9 49 689 2 48 718 4 692 7 692 7 692 7 692 7 692 7 16 7 370 3 375 3 378 3 7 7 7 7 7 7

SUBLIMATION PRESSURE OF SOLIDS This table gives the sublimation (vapor) pressure of some representative solids as a function of temperature. Entries include simple inorganic and organic substances in their solid phase below room temperature, as well as polycyclic organic compounds which show measurable sublimation pressure only at elevated temperatures. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. Values marked by * represent the solid–liquid–gas triple point. Note that some pressure values are in pascals (Pa) and others are in kilopascals (kPa). For conversion, 1 kPa = 7.506 mmHg = 0.0098692 atm. Ar Argon BrH Hydrogen bromide Br2 Bromine ClH Hydrogen chloride Cl2 Chlorine F4Si Tetrafluorosilane F6S Sulfur hexafluoride HI Hydrogen iodide H2O Water H2S Hydrogen sulfide H3N Ammonia I2 Iodine Kr Krypton NO Nitric oxide Xe Xenon CHN Hydrogen cyanide CH4 Methane CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane C2H2 Acetylene C2H4O2 Acetic acid C5H12 Neopentane

T/K p/kPa T/K p/kPa T/K p/Pa T/K p/kPa T/K p/Pa T/K p/kPa T/K p/kPa T/K p/kPa T/K p/Pa T/K p/kPa T/K p/kPa T/K p/Pa T/K p/kPa T/K p/kPa T/K p/kPa T/K p/kPa T/K p/kPa T/K p/kPa T/K p/kPa T/K p/Pa T/K p/kPa T/K p/kPa T/K p/kPa

55 0.2 135 0.1 170 0.069 120 0.1 120 0.144 130 0.2 150 0.4 160 0.2 190 0.032 140 0.2 160 0.1 240 0.081 80 0.4 85 0.1 110 0.3 200 0.2 65 0.1 50 0.1 130 0.032 275 0.004 130 0.2 250 0.092 200 0.7

60 0.8 140 0.3 180 0.416 130 0.5 130 1.52 140 0.9 165 2.6 170 0.8 210 0.702 150 0.6 170 0.4 250 0.297 90 2.7 90 0.4 120 1.5 210 0.4 70 0.3 55 0.6 140 0.187 300 0.056 140 0.7 260 0.199 210 1.6

References 1. Lide, D. R. and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 3. Oja, V. and Suuberg, E. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 43, 486, 1998.

65 2.8 150 1.1 190 2.04 140 1.9 140 11.2 150 3.9 180 11.3 180 2.2 225 4.942 160 1.9 180 1.2 260 0.971 95 6.0 95 1.3 130 4.9 220 1.0 75 0.8 60 2.6 155 1.674 325 0.383 150 2.6 270 0.406 220 3.6

70 7.7 160 3.3 200 8.45 150 5.8 150 63.1 160 14.0 190 25.9 190 5.3 240 27.28 165 3.2 190 3.5 270 2.89 100 12.1 100 3.8 140 14.0 230 2.2 80 2.1 65 8.2 170 9.987 350 1.62 160 7.8 280 0.79 230 7.3

75 18.7 170 8.7 210 30.3 155 9.5 160 283 170 43.8 200 54.5 200 11.7 250 76.04 170 5.2 195 5.8 280 7.92 105 22.8 105 10.0 150 34.2 240 4.8 85 4.9 68.13* 15.4* 185 44.02 375 5.30 170 20.6 289.7* 1.29* 240 13.9

80 40.7 180 20.1 220 96.0 159.0* 13.5* 170* 1054* 175 74.2 210 106.1 210 23.6 260 195.8 175 8.3 195.4* 6.12* 290 20.1 110 40.4 109.5* 21.9* 155 51.1 250 9.7 90.69* 11.70*

83.81* 68.8* 185.1* 27.4* 230 273

240* 710*

180 122.4 220 195.1 220 44.1 270 470.1 180 12.7

186.3* 220.8* 223.1* 232.7* 222.4* 49.3* 273.16* 611.66* 187.6* 22.7*

300 47.9 115.8* 73.1*

310* 107*

160 74.2 255 13.6

161.4* 81.7* 259.83* 18.62*

194.7 101.3 400 14.8 180 49.0

205 227.1 425 36.4 190 106.3

216.58* 518.0* 459.9* 107.4* 192.4* 126.0*

250 24.8

255 32.4

256.58* 35.8*

6-52

Section6.indb 52

4/29/05 4:17:49 PM

Sublimation Pressure of Solids C6H6Cl6 1,2,3,4,5,6–Hexa– chlorocyclohexane (Lindane) C6H6O2 Resorcinol C6H6O2 p–Hydroquinone C10H8 Naphthalene C12H8N2 Phenazine C12H8O Dibenzofuran C12H9N Carbazole C13H7NO2 Benz[g]isoquinoline–5,10–dione C13H8O 1H–Phenalen–1–one C13H8O2 3–Hydroxy–1H–phenalen–1–one C13H9N Acridine C13H9N Phenanthridine C14H10 Anthracene C14H10 Phenanthrene C16H10 Pyrene C16H10O 1–Pyrenol C16H12S Benzo[b]naphtho–(2,1– d)thiophene C17H12 11H–Benzo[b]fluorene C18H10O4 6,11–Dihydroxy–5,12– naphthacenedione C18H12 Chrysene C18H12 Naphthacene C20H12 Perylene C22H14 Pentacene C24H12 Coronene

Section6.indb 53

6-53

T/K p/Pa

300 0.01

320 0.13

330 0.39

340 1.04

350 2.66

360 6.42

370 14.8

380 32.7

T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa

330 1.03 350 1.20 250 0.036 290 0.0013 300 0.408 350 0.086 330 0.006 330 0.040 400 0.006 290 0.0024 310 0.020 320 0.014 300 0.025 320 0.008 360 0.005 330 0.001

340 2.78 360 3.18 270 0.514 300 0.0046 310 1.21 355 0.140 340 0.018 340 0.113 410 0.018 300 0.0085 320 0.066 330 0.043 310 0.085 330 0.024 370 0.016 340 0.004

350 7.09 370 7.96 280 1.662 310 0.0150 320 3.35 360 0.245 350 0.053 350 0.302 420 0.053 310 0.0278 330 0.206 340 0.125 320 0.270 340 0.073 380 0.047 350 0.012

360 17.2 380 19.0 290 4.918 320 0.0448 330 8.71

370 39.6 390 43.4 300 13.43

380 87.6 400 95.1 310 34.15

330 182.9

353.43* 999.6*

340 21.4

350 50.0

360 0.148

370 0.394

380 0.994

430 0.144 320 0.0845 340 0.603 350 0.342 330 0.796 350 0.208 390 0.135 360 0.036

360 1.01 340 2.02 360 0.556 400 0.364 370 0.098

370 2.38 350 4.89 370 1.32

380 5.35 360 11.2 380 2.86

390 11.5

380 0.255

390 0.631

T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa

340 0.003 420 0.008

350 0.009 430 0.022

360 0.029 440 0.055

370 0.085 450 0.131

380 0.235

390 0.619

400 1.55

T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa T/K p/Pa

390 0.087 390 0.005 390 0.006 450 0.002 430 0.004

400 0.221 400 0.014 400 0.015 460 0.006 440 0.010

410 0.539 410 0.035 410 0.040 470 0.013 450 0.021

420 1.26 420 0.084 420 0.102 480 0.031 460 0.046

430 0.194 430 0.246 490 0.069 470 0.097

440 0.432

450 0.928

460 1.929

480 0.197

490 0.389

500 0.747

390 6.30

4/29/05 4:17:50 PM

VAPOR PRESSURE This table gives vapor pressure data for about 1800 inorganic and organic substances. In order to accommodate elements and compounds ranging from refractory to highly volatile in a single table, the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches specified pressure values is listed. The pressure values run in decade steps from 1 Pa (about 7.5 µm Hg) to 100 kPa (about 750 mm Hg). All temperatures are given in °C. The data used in preparing the table came from a large number of sources; the main references used for each substance are indicated in the last column. Since the data were refit in most cases, values appearing in this table may not be identical with values in the source cited. The temperature entry in the 100 kPa column is close to, but not identical with, the normal boiling point (which is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches 101.325 kPa). Although some temperatures are quoted to 0.1°C, uncertainties of several degrees should generally be assumed. Values followed by an “e” were obtained by extrapolating (usually with an Antoine equation) beyond the region for which experimental measurements were available and are thus subject to even greater uncertainty. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. Substances not containing carbon are listed first, followed by those that contain carbon. To locate an organic compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. The indexes to “Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds” in Section 4 can be used in a similar way. More extensive and detailed vapor pressure data on selected important substances appear in other tables in this section of the Handbook. These substances are flagged by a symbol following the name as follows: * **

See “Vapor Pressure of Fluids below 300 K” See “IUPAC Recommended Data for Vapor Pressure Calibration” *** See “Vapor Pressure of Ice” and “Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C” The following notations appear after individual temperature entries: s — Indicates the substance is a solid at this temperature. e — Indicates an extrapolation beyond the region where experimental measurements exist. i — Indicates the value was calculated from ideal gas hermodynamic functions, such as those in the JANAF Thermochemical Tables (see Reference 8).

References 1. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Stull, D., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, Gray, D.E., Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. 3. Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1973. 4. Stull, D., Ind. Eng. Chem., 39, 517, 1947. 5. TRCVP, Vapor Pressure Database, Version 2.2P, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.

6. TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 7. Ohe, S., Computer Aided Data Book of Vapor Pressure, Data Book Publishing Co., Tokyo, 1976. 8. Chase, M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D.J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 9. Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, VCH Publishers, New York, 1993. 10. Jacobsen, R.T., et. al, International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 10. Ethylene, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 11. Wakeham, W.A., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 12. Methanol, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 12. Janz, G.J., Molten Salts Handbook, Academic Press, New York, 1967. 13. Ohse, R.W. Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994. 14. Gschneidner, K.A., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition, p. 4–112, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. 15. Leider, H.R., Krikorian, O.H., and Young, D.A., Carbon, 11, 555, 1973. 16. Ruzicka, K., and Majer, V., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 1, 1994. 17. Tillner–Roth, R., and Baehr, H.D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 657, 1994. 18. Younglove, B.A., and McLinden, M.O., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 731, 1994. 19. Outcalt, S.L., and McLinden, M.O., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 605, 1996. 20. Weber, L.A., and Defibaugh, D.R., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 382, 1996. 21. Rodrigues, M.F., and Bernardo-Gil, M.G., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 581, 1996. 22. Piacente, V., Gigli, G., Scardala, P., and Giustini, A., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 9815, 1996. 23. Barton, J.L., and Bloom, H., J. Phys. Chem., 60, 1413, 1956. 24. Sense, K.A., Alexander, C.A., Bowman, R.E., and Filbert, R.B., J. Phys. Chem., 61, 337, 1957. 25. Ewing, C.T., and Stern, K.H., J. Phys. Chem. 78, 1998, 1974. 26. Cady, G.H., and Hargreaves, G.B., J. Chem. Soc., 1563, 1961; 1568, 1961. 27. Skudlarski, K., Dudek, J., and Kapala, J., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 19, 857, 1987. 28. Wagner, W., and de Reuck, K.M., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 9. Oxygen, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 29. Marsh, K.N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 30. Alcock, C.B., Itkin, V.P., and Horrigan, M.K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, 1984. 31. Stewart, R.B., and Jacobsen, R.T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989. 32. Sifner, O., and Klomfar, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 63, 1994. 33. Bah, A., and Dupont–Pavlovsky, N., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 869, 1995. 34. Behrens, R.G., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 4, 175, 1972. 35. Behrens, R.G., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 5, 173, 1973. 36. Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. 37. Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515. 1994. 38. Behrens, R.G., Lemons, R.S., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 6, 457, 1974. 39. Boublik, T., Fried, V., and Hala, E., The Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances, Second Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984. 40. Goodwin, R.D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 849, 1985. 41. Younglove, B.A., and Ely, J.F., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987.

6-54

Section6.indb 54

4/29/05 4:17:51 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form.

Name

Substances not containing carbon: Ag Silver AgBr Silver(I) bromide AgCl Silver(I) chloride AgI Silver(I) iodide Al Aluminum Aluminum borohydride AlB3H12 Aluminum trichloride AlCl3 Aluminum trifluoride AlF3 Aluminum triiodide AlI3 Aluminum oxide Al2O3 Ar Argon* As Arsenic Arsenic(III) chloride AsCl3 Arsenic(III) fluoride AsF3 Arsenic(III) iodide AsI3 Arsenic(III) oxide (arsenolite) As2O3 At Astatine Gold Au B Boron Boron tribromide BBr3 Boron trichloride* BCl3 Boron trifluoride* BF3 Tetrafluorodiborane B2F4 Diborane B2H6 Pentaborane(9) B5H9 Ba Barium Beryllium Be Beryllium bromide BeBr2 Beryllium chloride BeCl2 Beryllium fluoride BeF2 Beryllium iodide BeI2 Bi Bismuth Bismuth tribromide BiBr3 Bismuth trichloride BiCl3 BrCs Cesium bromide BrH Hydrogen bromide* Bromosilane BrH3Si Ammonium bromide BrH4N BrK Potassium bromide BrLi Lithium bromide Sodium bromide BrNa BrRb Rubidium bromide BrTl Thallium(I) bromide Bromine* Br2 Cadmium bromide Br2Cd Mercury(II) bromide Br2Hg Thionyl bromide Br2OS Lead(II) bromide Br2Pb Sulfur bromide Br2S2 Indium(III) bromide Br3In Phosphorus(V) oxybromide Br3OP Phosphorus(III) bromide Br3P Antimony(III) bromide Br3Sb Germanium(IV) bromide Br4Ge Tin(IV) bromide Br4Sn Zirconium(IV) bromide Br4Zr Phosphorus(V) bromide Br5P Ca Calcium Cd Cadmium

Section6.indb 55

6-55 1 Pa

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa

1010 569 i 670 594 1209

1140 656 i 769 686 1359

1302 765 i 873 803 1544

58.4 s 744 s

76.5 s 819 s

97.1 s 906 s

280 s

–226.4 s 323 s

2122 –220.3 s 373 s –8 e

1509 905 i 1052 959 1781 –46.8 120.7 s 1008 s 218 2351 –212.4 s 433 s 21.3

133.7 s 88 s 1373 2075

163.0 s 119 s 1541 2289

–173.9 s

–166.0 s

196.8 s 156 s 1748 2549 –45 e –94.0 –156.0 s

187 236.2 s 202 s 2008 2868 –15 e –70.5 –143.0 s

1782 1093 i 1264 1177 2091 –9.4 148.2 s 1130 s 285 2629 –201.7 s 508 s 63.1 8.1 261 283.0 258 s 2347 3272 27.5 –37.4 –125.9

–147.0 –34.8 1115 1750 335 s 339 s 869 333 s 1052 273 i 248.9 834 i –123.8 s –81.0 246 s

–125.8 3.8 1413 2054 397 s 402 s 999 402 s 1265 348 i 328.6 1019 i –101.5 s –47.3 310.4 s

334 2805 3799 90.4 12.3 –101.1 –34 –92.6 57.6 1897 2469 473 s 487 1172 e 487 1562 455 i 438.7 1293 e –67.0 2.2 395.1 s

868 931 903 509 –29.3 s

1049 1120 1087 635 2.5

1308 1389 1350 817 58.4

174 s 27.8 597 78.4 328.7 s 64 e 42.3 136.5 51 67 245 s 31 s 954 472

227 s 72.9 726 128.1 364.8 s 115.5 94.6 196.9 105 122 295 s 65.5 s 1170 594

318 139.6 914 200.9

–162 e 638 s 1189 s 203 s 196 s

765 1335 240 s 237 s 686 e 229 s 768

912 1518 283 s 284 s 767 e 276 s 892 217 s

531 s

601 s –153.3 s

701 i –140.4 s

121 s 597 s

154 s 674 s 630

195 s 773 733 791 766

–87.7 s 373 s 71 s –49 e 374 –7 e

–71.8 s 435 s 98 s –29 e 431 15 e

–52.7 s 509 s 132 s –5 e 502 42 e 304.6 s

–23 e

5e

167 s –19 s 683 s 310 s

203 s 4s 798 s 381

188 s 668

136 s 591 s 257 s

100 kPa

Ref.

2160 1359 i 1561 1503 2517 45.5 180.5 s 1276 s 385 2975 –186.0 601 s 129.4 56.0 367 e

2 9 4 4 2 4 4 8 4 4 1,5,31 3 1 4 7 34 2 2 2 1 4 4 1 1 4 9 2 4 4 7 4 2 4,9 1,4 9 5 4 5 25 4 4 4 4 1 27 4 5 4 5 1 5 5 1 4 4 4 5 2 2

191.4 172.6 286.5 188 204 356 s 110.1 1482 767

4/29/05 4:17:52 PM

Vapor Pressure

6-56 Mol. form. CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 CdO Ce ClCs ClCu ClF ClF2P ClF3 ClF5 ClH ClHO3S ClH4N ClK ClLi ClNO ClNO2 ClNa ClO2 ClRb ClTl Cl2 Cl2Co Cl2FP Cl2F3P Cl2Fe Cl2Hg Cl2Mg Cl2Mn Cl2Ni Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2Pb Cl2S Cl2S2 Cl2Sn Cl2Zn Cl3Fe Cl3HSi Cl3N Cl3OP Cl3P Cl4Po Cl4Se Cl4Si Cl4Te Cl4Zr Cl5P Co Cr Cs CsF CsI Cu CuI Dy Er

Section6.indb 56

Name Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide Cadmium oxide Cerium Cesium chloride Copper(I) chloride Chlorine fluoride* Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Chlorine trifluoride Chlorine pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride* Chlorosulfonic acid Ammonium chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Sodium chloride Chlorine dioxide* Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine* Cobalt(II) chloride Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride Iron(II) chloride Mercury(II) chloride Magnesium chloride Manganese(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Lead(II) chloride Sulfur dichloride Sulfur chloride Tin(II) chloride Zinc chloride Iron(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Nitrogen trichloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Polonium(IV) chloride Selenium tetrachloride Tetrachlorosilane* Tellurium tetrachloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Cobalt Chromium Cesium Cesium fluoride Cesium iodide Copper Copper(I) iodide Dysprosium Erbium

1 Pa 412 s 296 s 770 s 1719

–40 e 91 s 625 s

–121 e 653 s

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 471 s 541 s 634 768 1257 1461 344 s 406 498 622 866 s 983 s 1128 s 1314 s 1921 2169 2481 2886 730 864 1043 459 543 675 914 –144.4 –122.6 –119.5 –91.1

–20 e 121 s 704 s 649 i –116 s –113 e 733 s

5e 159 s 804 761 i –100 s –102 e 835 777

–145 s

–133.7 s

–120.2 s

100 kPa 959 1742 795 1558 s 3432 1297 1477 –90.2 –47.6

Ref. 23, 27 4 4,27 4 14 4 4 5 5

–71.1

–33.0 –59 –118.0 85.0 263.1 s 1137 1101 i –50.2 –60.9 1182 –34.3 1105 626 –76.1 818 –37.4

11.4 –14 –85.2 153.6 339.5 s 1411 1381 i –5.7 –15.7 1461 10.5 1379 806 –34.2 1048 13.5

5 7 1,5 5 5 23,25 8 5 5 23,25 5 4 4 1 4 5

–77.1

–44.3

3e

7

685 174.5 s 908 760 747 s –27.1 –27 e 637 –16.7 21.0 381 497 i 229 s –56 e –25 e

821 228.5 s 1111 933 852 s 14.6 11.8 765 15.3 67.2 479 596 i 268 s –21 e 13.2 39.9 14.5 300.6 141.4 s 0e 299.4 272 s 111.4 s 2482 2257 477.1 999 1029 2131 864 2031 i 2279 i

1025 304.0 1414 1189 985 s 75.2 69.0 949 58.7 137.1 622 726 i 319 31.6 70.6 105.0 75.7 389.4 191.1 s 57.3 387.8 336 s 158.9 s 2925 2669 667.0 1249 1278 2563 1331 2558 i 2859 i

4 4 4 4 4 5 5 23 5 5 4 4,9,12 4 7 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 9 5 2 2 13,30 4 4,25 2 4 3 3

–63.7 –88 e –138.2 s 38.7 204.7 s 945 905 i –78.7 s –86.1 987 916 504 –103.6 s

–120 e

–101 e

64.4 s

94.7 s

130.8 s 762

534 s –99 e

592 s –81 e

662 s –58 e

–76 e –55 e 305 i 118 s

–61 e –36 e 253 356 i 153 s

541 e –41 e –12 e 308 419 i 190 s –81 e

–93 e

–77 e

–55 e

–26.0

23 s

45 s

71 s

117 s –2 s 1517 1383 s 144.5

146 s 19 s 1687 1534 s 195.6

181 s 44 s 1892 1718 s 260.9

523 s 1236

595 s 1388

692 1577

1105 s 1231 s

1250 s 1390 s

1431 i 1612 i

102 s –39 e 237 e 222 s 74 s 2150 1950 350.0 825 854 1816 636 1681 i 1890 i

4/29/05 4:17:54 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form. Eu FH FHO3S FK FLi FNO FNO2 FNO3 FNa FRb F2 F2O F2OS F2O2Re F2Pb F2Xe F2Zn F3N F3OP F3P F4MoO F4ORe F4OW F4S F4Se F4Si F5Mo F5Nb F5ORe F5Os F5P F5Re F5Ta F6Ir F6Mo F6Os F6Re F6S F6Se F6Te F6W F10S2 Fe Fr Ga Gd Ge HI HKO HNO3 HN3 HNaO H2 H2I2Si H2O H2O2 H2O4S H2S H2S2

Section6.indb 57

Name Europium Hydrogen fluoride* Fluorosulfonic acid Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Fluorine nitrate Sodium fluoride Rubidium fluoride Fluorine* Fluorine monoxide* Thionyl fluoride Rhenium(VI) dioxydifluoride Lead(II) fluoride Xenon difluoride Zinc fluoride Nitrogen trifluoride* Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride* Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride Rhenium(VI) oxytetrafluoride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Selenium tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane* Molybdenum(V) fluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Rhenium(VII) oxypentafluoride Osmium(V) fluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Rhenium(V) fluoride Tantalum(V) fluoride Iridium(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Osmium(VI) fluoride Rhenium(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride* Selenium hexafluoride Tellurium hexafluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Sulfur decafluoride Iron Francium Gallium Gadolinium Germanium Hydrogen iodide* Potassium hydroxide Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen* Diiodosilane Water*** Hydrogen peroxide Sulfuric acid Hydrogen sulfide* Hydrogen disulfide

6-57

–21 s

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 684 s 799 s 961 1179 –71.1 –33.7 4e 28 e 59.1 101.3 869 1017 1216 896 1024 1188 1395 –131 e –116.1 –94.3 –156 e –144 e –128.1 –106.0 –149 e –135 e –115.1 –87.4 920 s 1058 1218 1426 910 1001 1145 –229.5 s –222.9 s –214.8 –204.3 –204.7 –195.9 –184.2 –168.2 –124 e –106.5 –81.5 89.2 131.9 865 1054 2.9 s 31.8 s 67.9 s 813 s 911 i 1048 i 1237 i –194 e –185 e –172.8 –155.5 –113 s –100 s –83.7 s –64.1 s –152 e –132.6 3s 33 s 69.3 s 117.3

5s 2s

26 s 25 s

50.7 s 52.1 s

–166 s

–157 s

–145.6 s

–103 s

–84 s

–157 s

–148 s

–59 s 74.1 –137 s 58.8

80.1 s 84.3 s –110.0 13.6 –132.3 s 86.6 80 –28 s 113.2 –124.5 s 99.5

–88 s –98 s –89 s –97 s –158 s –143 s –142 s –107 s

–71 s –82 s –73 s –82 s –147 s –132 s –130 s –92 s

–51 s –64 s –54 s –63 s –133.6 s –118 s –115 s –74 s

–27 s –41.2 s –30.6 s –40.2 s –116.6 s –100.7 s –96 s –52.1 s

1455 s 131 e 1037 1563 i 1371 –146 s 520 e

1617 181 e 1175 1755 i 1541 –135.2 s 601 e

513

605

1818 246 e 1347 1994 i 1750 –120.8 s 704 –37 e –79 e 722

2073 335 e 1565 2300 i 2014 –101.9 s 842 –9 e –54 e 874

–60.7 s

–42.2 s

72

103 –149 s

–20.3 s 13 e 140 –136 s

11.8 7.0 45 e 187 –118.9 s –27 e

1 Pa 590 s –14 e 801 s

–160 e

–235 s –211.7

731 s –201 e –124 s

117.1 126.7 –82.1 51.6 –115.7 s 140.3 140 13.7 s 162.3 –108.6 s 152 e 119 3.8 s –13.4 s –1.7 s –11.9 s –94.4 s –77.8 s –71.8 s –24.8 s –22.0 2406 465 e 1852 2703 i 2360 –75.9 s 1035 28.4 –18.0 1080 –258.6 70.5 45.8 89.0 248 –95.9 s 12.2

100 kPa 1523 19.2 162.2 1499 1672 –60.1 –72.6 –45.0 1702 1409 –188.3 –144.9 –44.1 185 e 1292 114 s 1503 i –129.2 –39.7 s –101.4 184.1

Ref. 14 1,5 5 4 4,12,25 5 5 5 4,12,24 4,12 1,5 5 5 26 4 1,5 9 5 5 5 26

171.2 185.4 –40.3 104.7 –94.9 s 213 e 224 72.8 226 e –84.8 221 e 229 53.1 33.5 47.4 33.4 –64.1 s –46.5 s –39.1 s 16.9 28.5 2859 673 e 2245 3262 i 2831 –35.9 1325 82.2 35.7 1377 –252.8 149.4 99.6 149.8 330 –60.5 70.7

26 26 5 5 4,7 26 4 26 26 5 26 4 26 26 26 26 5 5 5 26 5 2 2 2 3 2 5 4 5 5 4 1 4 36,37 5 4 1,5 5

4/29/05 4:17:55 PM

Vapor Pressure

6-58 Mol. form. H2Se H2Te H3ISi H3N H3NO H3P H4IN H4N2 H4Si He Hf Hg HgI2 Ho IK ILi INa IRb ITl I2 I2Pb I2Zn I3Sb I4Sn I4Zr In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo MoO3 NO N2 N2O N2O4 N2O5 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni OPb OSr O2 O2S O2Se O2Si O3 O3P2 O3S O3Sb2 O5P2 O7Re2 Os

Section6.indb 58

Name Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen telluride Iodosilane Ammonia* Hydroxylamine Phosphine* Ammonium iodide Hydrazine Silane* Helium* Hafnium Mercury** Mercury(II) iodide Holmium Potassium iodide Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine (rhombic) Lead(II) iodide Zinc iodide Antimony(III) iodide Tin(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Indium Iridium Potassium Krypton* Lanthanum Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Molybdenum(VI) oxide Nitric oxide* Nitrogen* Nitrous oxide* Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen pentoxide Sodium Niobium Neodymium Neon* Nickel Lead(II) oxide Strontium oxide Oxygen* Sulfur dioxide* Selenium dioxide Silicon dioxide Ozone* Phosphorus(III) oxide Sulfur trioxide Antimony(III) oxide (valentinite) Phosphorus(V) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Osmium

426.1 s

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –134 s –120 s –102.8 s –78.9 s –46.6 –47.7 –10.1 –127 s –112 s –94.5 s –71.3 43.7 73.3 –173 s –161 s –145 s –122.7 159 s 201 s 253 s 318.4 s 14.7 55.6 –181 –165.4 –143.7 –270.6 2681 3004 3406 3921 76.6 120.0 175.6 250.3 115.6 s 152.4 s 197.8 s 255.1 s 1311 s 1502 i 1767 i 2137 i 731 866 1052 619 710 824 972 753 883 1058 733 866 1045 520 644 9.3 s 35.9 s 68.7 s 108 s 470 558 682 351 s 409 s 488 i 598 i 214.9 292.0 167.1 242.7 220 s 259 s 305 s 361 s 1052 1212 1417 1689 2684 2979 3341 3796 256.5 328 424 559 –208.0 s –199.4 s –188.9 s –174.6 s 1935 i 2185 i 2499 i 2905 i 612.3 722.1 871.2 1064.3 1829.8 2072.8 2380 i 2799 i 500 s 588 s 698 859 1074 s 1220 s 1418 1682 2721 3039 3434 3939 801 935 –195 s –188 s –179.3 s –168.1 s –232 s –226.8 s –220.2 s –211.1 s –157 s –145.4 s –131.1 s –112.9 s –78 s –61 s –41.1 s –16.6 s –56 s –40 s –19.9 s 3.9 s 344.2 424.3 529 673 2934 3251 3637 4120 1501.2 1725.3 2023 i 2442 i –260 s –258 s –255 s –252 s 1677 1881 2137 2468 816 928 1065 1241 1903 s 2047 s 2235 s 2488 s –211.9 –200.5 –98 s –80 s –52.2 153.9 s 188 s 228 s 275 s 2149 i 2368 i –182 e –172 e –158 e –139.7 47.3 100.3 –20 s 6.6 s 478 s 539 s 610 s 907

285 s 147 s 2887 s

328 s 176 s 3150

1 Pa –145 s

–139 s –182 s 125 s

2416 42.0 85.1 s 1159 s 545

–12.8 s 301 s

187 s 923 2440 s 200.2 –214.0 s 1732 i 524.3 1633 s 428 s 955 s 2469 s –201 s –236 s –167 s –92 s –71 s 280.6 2669 1322.3 –261 s 1510 724 1789 s

124.5 s 1966 i –189 e

377.5 s 208 s 3478

434.4 s 244 s 3875

500.5 s 284 s 4365

100 kPa –41.5 –2.3 45.2 –33.6 109.8 –88.0 405.2 s 113 e –111.8 –268.9 4603 355.9 353.6 2691 i 1322 1170 1301 1302 821 184.0 869 750 i 401.2 347.7 430 s 2067 4386 756.2 –153.6 3453 i 1337.1 3390 i 1088 2060 4606 1151 –151.9 –195.9 –88.7 28.7 33.2 880.2 4740 3063 i –246.1 2911 1471

–111.5 172.8 44.5 1420

Ref. 5 5 4 1,5,6 4 5 5 5 4 2 9 29,30 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 1,2 4 9 4 4 4 2 2 13,30 5 3 13,30 3 2 2 2 4 5 1,5 5 5 5 13,30 2 3 2 2 4 4 1,28 1,5 38 8 5 4 5 4,35

591 362 4983

4 4 2

–183.1 –10.3 315 s

4/29/05 4:17:56 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form. P P Pb PbS Pd Po Pr Pt Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr

Name Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red) Lead Lead(II) sulfide Palladium Polonium Praseodymium Platinum Plutonium Radium Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Radon* Ruthenium Sulfur Antimony Scandium Selenium Silicon Samarium Tin Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon* Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium

Substances containing carbon: C Carbon (graphite) Bromochloro-difluoromethane CBrClF2 Bromotrichloromethane CBrCl3 Bromotrifluoromethane* CBrF3 CBrN Cyanogen bromide Dibromodifluoromethane CBr2F2 Tetrabromomethane CBr4 Chlorotrifluoromethane CClF3 CClN Cyanogen chloride Dichlorodifluoromethane* CCl2F2 Carbonyl chloride CCl2O Trichlorofluoromethane* CCl3F Trichloronitromethane CCl3NO2 Tetrachloromethane* CCl4 CFN Cyanogen fluoride Tetrafluoromethane* CF4 Bromodifluoromethane CHBrF2 Tribromomethane CHBr3 Chlorodifluoromethane* CHClF2 Dichlorofluoromethane CHCl2F

Section6.indb 59

6-59

2360 1709 609 844 s 2052 1828 s 3204 s –190 s 1610.1 463 s 337 s 2366

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 34 s 69 115 180 216 s 256 s 303 s 362 s 815 956 1139 1387 741 s 838 s 953 s 1088 s 1624 1844 2122 2480 573 e 730.2 1699.4 1954 i 2298 i 2781 i 2277 e 2542 2870 3283 1680 1925 2238 2653 633 s 764 936 1173 212.5 278.9 368 496.1 3341 3736 4227 4854 2223 2476 2790 3132 –152 s –139 s –121.4 s –97.6 s 2538 2814 3151 3572 135 176 235 318 603 s 738 946 1218 1531 s 1733 i 1993 i 2340 i 279 344 431 540 1829 2066 2363 2748 833 s 967 s 1148 i 1402 i 1384 1582 1834 2165 609 s 717 s 866 1072 3324 3684 4122 4666 1706.1 1928 i 2232 i 2640 i 2725 e 3051 e 3453 e 3961 e 502 e 615 e 768.8 2634 2975 3410 3986 1898 2130 e 2419 2791 704 824 979 1188 962 s 1108 s 1297 s 1548 i 2291 2586 2961 3454 2016 2250 2541 2914 3500 3864 4306 4854 –181 s –170 s –155.8 s –136.6 s 1802.3 2047 i 2354 i 2763 i 540 s 637 s 774 s 993 i 397 s 477 579 717 2618 2924 3302 3780

–136 e

2566 s –123 e

2775 s –106 e

–168 e

–156 e

–142 e

–110 e –167 e –94.6 s –138 e –113 e –107 e –59 e –70.8 s –135 s –193 s –128 s

–91 e 25.6 s –155 e –78.1 s –122 e –96 e –89 e –30 e –53.5 s –121.2 s –183.9 s –111.4 s

–141 e –70 e

–126 e –61 e

1 Pa 6s 182 s 705 656 s 1448 s 1497.7 2057 1483 546 s 160.4 3030 s 2015 –163 s 2315 s 102 s 534 s 1372 s 227 1635 728 s 1224 523 s 3024 1516.1 2454 e

–176 e –150 e –127 e

–79.4 s –199.9 s

–152 e –76 e

3016 s –83.4 –6 e –122.8 –13 s –66 e 65.8 s –139 e –57 s –101.8 –73 e –63 e 4.4 –24.4 s –104.1 s –171.6 –89.7 s 30.5 –107.1 –49 e

3299 s –51.8 38.9 –96.6 17.7 s –30 e 111.6 –116 e –29 s –73.1 –40.6 –28.5 47.8 15.8 –82.8 s –153.9 –59.7 s 78.3 –80.5 –28.7

100 kPa 276 431 s 1754 1280 2961 963.3 3506 i 3821 3226 1526 685.3 5681 3724 –62.3 4115 444 1585 2828 i 685 3264 1788 i 2620 1373 5361 3218 i 4621 e 992.4 4782 3285 1485 1944 i 4129 3406 5550 –108.4 3334 i 1192 i 912 e 4405

Ref. 3,9 2,3 2 4 2 5 3 2 2 2 13,30 2 2 5 2 3 2,3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 5 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 5,32 3 3 2 2

3635 s –4.3 104.4 –58.1 61.0 22.5 188.9 –81.7 13.0 –30.0 7.2 23.3 112.0 76.2 –46.2 –128.3 –16 s 148.8 –41.1 8.6

15 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 1 5 1

4/29/05 4:17:57 PM

Vapor Pressure

6-60 Mol. form. CHCl3 CHF3 CHI3 CHN CHNO CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3AsF2 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4Cl2Si CH4O CH4S CH5ClSi CH5N CH6N2 CH6OSi CH6Si CIN CNNa CN4O8 CO COS COSe CO2 CS2 CSe2 C2Br2ClF3 C2Br2F4 C2Br4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3N C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4O C2Cl6 C2F3N C2F4 C2F4N2O4

Section6.indb 60

Name Trichloromethane* Trifluoromethane* Triiodomethane Hydrogen cyanide* Cyanic acid Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane* Difluoromethane* Diiodomethane Formaldehyde* Formic acid Methyldifluoroarsine Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane* Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane* Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrate Methane* Dichloromethylsilane Methanol* Methanethiol Chloromethylsilane Methylamine Methylhydrazine Methyl silyl ether Methylsilane Cyanogen iodide Sodium cyanide Tetranitromethane Carbon monoxide* Carbon oxysulfide* Carbon oxyselenide Carbon dioxide* Carbon disulfide Carbon diselenide 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Tetrabromoethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,1-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Trichloroacetonitrile Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Trichloroacetyl chloride Hexachloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro-1,2-dinitroethane

1 Pa

51.1 s

–83 e

–156.7

–56 s

–140.2 s

–220 s –87 e –129 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –61 e –34 e 4.3 –152 e –136 e –114.4 82.7 s 121 e –77 s –52.6 s –22.7 s –81.1 –56.8 –23.9 –69 e –50 e –25 e 11.4 –37 e –7 e 35.2 –124 e –108 e –86.2 –55.7 –92 e –73 e –48 e –12.5 –145.8 –131.9 –113.6 –88.6 17 e 55 e 106.1 –91 e –61.7 –40.4 s –22.3 s –0.8 s 37.0 –15 e 22.1 –124 –99 –77 e –44.3 –128.6 s –114.7 s –96 e –67.1 –83 e –61 e –33 e 7e –130 e –111 e –49 e –12.4 22 e 53 e 93 e 145.0 –2 e 40 e –75 e –55 e –27 e 9.8 –214.2 s –206.8 s –197 s –183.6 s –77 e –51 e –14 e –69 e –47.5 –20.4 15.2 –115 e –97 e –74 e –41.7 –115 e –97.9 –74.4 –41.5 –76.7 –48.1 –31 e –4.7 32.9 –90.2 –61.8 –144 e –124.6 –97.5 672 e

–159.1 s

–146 e

–148.9 s –96 e

–97 e –54.5 s –134 e

798 –223 s –136 e –120 –136.7 s –76 e –24 e

961 18.0 –216.5 s –117 e –98 –121.6 s –49 e 9.4

1182 61.8 –207.2 s –90.0 –67 –103.1 s –10.9 56.2

–75 e –31.7 s –119 e

–46 e –3.5 s –99 e

–7.2 32.2 s –71 e –80.3 –45.4 –44.9

–76.8

–22 e

–7.6 s

9.9 s

–25 e 33.6 s

–16 e 10 e –7 e 7e 67.7 s –126.1 –132.3 –30 e

–8.2 25.3 54.4 31.0 32.3 51.7 116.9 s –102.5 –109.7 6.4

100 kPa 60.8 –82.3 218.0 25.4 23 e 67.7 96.5 –9.4 39.3 –51.9 181.6 –19.3 100.2 76.1 –64 3.3 –24.4 65.7 –78.6 42.1 218 e 100.8 63 e –161.7 40.5 64.2 5.7 8.3 –6.6 91 e –18 e –57.5 153.8 1497 124 e –191.7 –50.4 –22 –78.6 s 45.9 127 e 92.3

Ref. 1 1 5 1,5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 1 1,5 5 4 1 1,33 1 1 1 5 1 5 5,41 1 11 1 5 1 1 1 5 5 4 5 40 1 4 5 1 1 5

47.1 226.0 –28.4 –39.4 2.7 3.2 45.6 47.3 85.1 120.7 91.1 92.5 117.8 184.2 s –67.8 –75.8 59.5

5 5 1 1 5 5 1,5 1,5 1 1 5 1 1,5 5 1 1 5

4/29/05 4:17:58 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form. C2F6 C2HBrClF3 C2HBr3O C2HClF4 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2HF5O C2H2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F4 C2H2F4 C2H2O C2H3Br C2H3BrO C2H3Br3 C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C2H3I C2H3IO C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NS C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4N2O6 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2

Section6.indb 61

Name Hexafluoroethane** 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Tribromoacetaldehyde 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Trichloroethylene Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether Acetylene* cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene trans-1,2–Dibromoethylene 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chloroacetyl chloride 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane Ketene Bromoethylene Acetyl bromide 1,1,2-Tribromoethane Chloroethylene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride Chloroacetic acid 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethylene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoethylene Acetyl iodide Acetonitrile Methylisocyanate Methyl thiocyanate Ethylene* 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Ethylene glycol dinitrate Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate

6-61 1 Pa

–74 e

–147 e

14 e –116 e

–101 e –58 e

–124 e –78 e –18 e –139 e –100 e

4e

–42.8 s

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –155.2 s –137.5 s –113.4 s –41.4 –4.8 15.0 52.7 103.0 –110 e –87.6 –57.0 –101.0 –82.2 –57.4 –23.3 –59 e –39 e –12 e 26.7 –41.6 –9.8 33.8 83.8 130.0 –23 e 3e 37.4 86.0 16.8 –136 e –121 e –102 e –75.0 –146.6 s –130.7 s –110.6 s –45 e –21 e 10 e 52.2 –4 e 42.2 103.6 –11 e 22 e 64.1 119 e 38 e 69 e 109 e 163.7 –101 e –82 e –57 e –21.4 –62 e –34 e 3.8 –44 e –7.5 –87 e –68 e –42.2 –6.8 –23.7 5.6 46.1 –40 e –15 e 17 e 62.2 –22 e 1e 32.4 76.9 –94.3 –66.8 –96.0 –66.9 –151 e –135 e –115 e –88.2 –110 e –92 e –68 e –34.5 –65 e –49 e –25 e 13.9 4e 32 e 68 e 117.1 –127 e –110 e –89 e –59.0 –123 e –107 e –85.3 –55.4 –85 e –66 e –40 e –3.6 78.4 123.9 –101 e –83 e –57.9 –22.7 –50 e –23.8 14.1 -25.3 14.2 –23 e 7e 49.9 –153.3 –135.2 –109.9 –64.1 –113 e –86.6 –33 e –8 e 26.0 –41 e –3 e –0.6 47 e –20 e 21.4 –43.5 –10.2 –18.4 16.2 63.5 –155.6 –135.1 –0.4 41.7 –49 e –26 e 5e 46.4 18 e 62.2 –69.9 –36.1 –84 e –64 e –36.7 1.0 –16.4 23.7 –115.2 –94.6 –66.1 25.6 51.0 81 e 117 e –105 e –87 e –62.8 –29.4 –111 e –93 e –70 e –37.0 –26.7 s –8 s 14.2 s 55.9 –95 e –76 e –51.8 –18.1

100 kPa –78.4 s 49.8 173.5 –12.1 26.7 86.8 97.4 197.2 159.4 71.4 –35.4 –84.8 s 114.8 107.4 177.8 193 e 242.9 31.2 60.3 47.3 46.3 105.6 129.7 144.7 –26.4 –23.3 –50.0 15.4 84 e 188.4 –14.1 –10.5 50.4 188.9 31.4 73.4 73.7 113.4 –72.2 17.0 –47.8 74 e 55.6 107.0 81.2 38.8 132.5 –104.0 105.7 107.6 130.9 15.8 56.9 83.1 –24.3 162 e 20.0 10.2 117.5 31.4

Ref. 1,5 1 5 5 18 1 5 1,5 1 1,5 20 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 1 1 17 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 1 5 1,10 6 5 1 5 1 1 19 5 5 1 1,5 5

4/29/05 4:18:00 PM

Vapor Pressure

6-62 Mol. form. C2H4O3 C2H4O3 C2H5AsF2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5ClO C2H5Cl3OSi C2H5Cl3Si C2H5F C2H5FO C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6 C2H6Cl2Si C2H6Hg C2H6N2O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7BO2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3ClF5O C3Cl6 C3F6 C3F6O C3F8 C3HN C3H2F6O C3H3F5 C3H3N C3H3NS C3H4 C3H4 C3H4ClF3 C3H4Cl2O C3H4Cl2O2 C3H4Cl4 C3H4F4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3

Section6.indb 62

Name Peroxyacetic acid Glycolic acid Ethyldifluoroarsine Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Chloromethyl methyl ether Trichloroethoxysilane Trichloroethylsilane Fluoroethane 2-Fluoroethanol Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethyl nitrate Ethane* Dichlorodimethylsilane Dimethyl mercury N-Nitrosodimethylamine Ethanol Dimethyl ether* Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Ethyl hydroperoxide Dimethyl sulfone Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Dimethoxyborane Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen Chloropentafluoroacetone Hexachloropropene Perfluoropropene Perfluoroacetone Perfluoropropane Cyanoacetylene 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol 1,1,1,2,2–Pentafluoropropane 2-Propenenitrile Thiazole Allene* Propyne 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 1,1-Dichloroacetone Methyl dichloroacetate 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol Acrolein Propenoic acid Vinyl formate 2-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate

1 Pa

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 14.4 55.3

–111 e –126 e –61 e –96 e –78 e –79 e

–96 e –112 e –39 e –80 e –60 e –61 e –142 e

–94 e

–78 e –74 e 39.1 s 13 e –44 e –63 e –173.2

16.7 s –61 e –81 e –183.3 s

–36 e –77 e –94 e –12 e –59 e –36.0 –38 e –127 e –22 e –56 e –55 e 65.2 s 41 e –21 e –41 e –161.3

–6.0 –51.3 –70 e 23 e –32 e –4.6 –8 e –106.3 8.3 –27.9 –30 e 102.8 78 e 8.3 –12 e –145.3

–52 e –33 e –98.5 s –93 e 40 e –122 e –113 e –124 e –58.7 s

–13.5 30.7 –7 e –96.8 65.0 86.1 6.8 109 e –53 e –51.2 1.7 –59.2 –53 e –66.9 66.2 17.0 –25.6 –9 e –79.2 s –71 e 79 e –101 e –94 e –105 e –35.6 s

–72 e

–50 e

–22 e

–129 e

–118 e

–102 e

–87 e

–68 e

–44 e –48 e

–25 e –28 e

0e –2 e –10 e –67 e

–101.4 –94 e –43 e 1e 33 e 32 e 17 e –40 e 35 e –34 e 45.5

–73 e

–56 e –135 e

2e –70 e

24 e –49 e

–112 e

–97 e –96 e –53 e –101.9

–71 e –116 e

11 e

–127 s –122 e –12 e –150 e

–49 e –114.1 s –109 e 11 e –138 e –139 e

–87 e

12.7 s

–21 e 37 e

–34 e –118 e 27.4 51.1 –25 e –78 e –77 e –29 e –83.5 –71 e –88 e 35 e

–58 e 8e

35.0 –15.5 –37.0 67.1 6e 38.7 34.9 –78.7 47.5 11.9 4.1 150.8 127.9 50.1 28.2 –122.8 11.1 29.0 80.5 29.2 –67.6 115.9 132.5 47.0 166.8 –18 e –16.0 45.0 –25.4 –27 e –37.2 109.0 57.5 10.5 26.4 –54.9 s –39.4 132.8 –72 e –67.8 –77.5 –7 s 12.7 –60 e 17.7 54.4 –76.7 –65.3 –8 e 47.8 77.7 79.1 53.9 –3.0 78.0 –1.6 93.8

100 kPa 109.7 99.9 93.1 38.0 12.0 127.3 61 e 102.0 98.7 –37.9 99 e 71.9 55 e 218.2 199.1 113.5 87 e –88.8 70.1 92.1 149.8 78.0 –25.1 188.6 196.9 101 e 248.9 34.7 37.0 109.3 25 e 16.4 6.6 170.6 116.6 63 e 88 e –21.4 7.4 213.6 –30.6 –27.6 –37.0 42.0 57.1 –17.9 77.0 117.8 –34.7 –23.2 45.3 118.0 142.3 149.5 107.2 52.8 140.7 46.2 159.3 247

Ref. 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 41 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 1 1 5 5 1 1,5 5 5 1 1 1 1,5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:01 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form. C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5Cl3 C3H5Cl3Si C3H5I C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NO C3H5NS C3H5NS C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6BrCl C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2O C3H6N2O4 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7ClO C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO3 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2

Section6.indb 63

Name cis-1-Bromopropene 2-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene cis-1-Chloropropene trans-1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Methyl chloroacetate 1,1,3-Trichloropropane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Trichloro-2-propenylsilane 3-Iodopropene Propanenitrile Acrylamide 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile Ethyl thiocyanate Ethyl isothiocyanate Trinitroglycerol Propene* Cyclopropane 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol 1,1-Dinitropropane Allyl alcohol Methyl vinyl ether Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3,5-Trioxane Thietane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 2-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propyl nitrate Propane* 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol

6-63 1 Pa –100 e –112 e –98 e –114 e –120 e –107 e

–51 e

–80 e –69.4 –11 e –39 e 48.6 –160.6 –51 e –46 e –30 e –78 e –65 e

–9 e –63 e

–95 –109 e

–95 e

–95 e –106 e

–133 e –78 e –89 e –39 e –13.3 s –56 e

–156.9 –54 e –65 e –98 e –11 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –84 e –64 e –37 e 1.0 –95 e –75 e –47 e –9 e –80 e –58 e –28 e 12 e –100 e –81 e –55 e –20.1 –97 e –77 e –52 e –16.2 –106 e –87 e –63 e –28.7 –92 e –72.4 –46.3 –9.8 –21 e 11 e 53.8 –28 e –5 e 25 e 66.9 –31 e –5 e 28 e 75.3 2e 37 e 84.9 53.0 –62 e –39 e –8 e 36 e –55.3 –36.0 –7.9 35.2 109.6 161 e 18 e 53 e 96.1 150.3 –20 e 4e 35 e 79.1 17.4 66 e 75.7 118 e 191 e 353 e –149.0 –134.3 –114.9 –88.2 –124 e –104 e –75.7 –31 e –6 e 28 e 74.1 –26 e –2 e 31 e 75.3 –9 e 17 e 52 e 98.7 –14 e 27.0 –61 e –38.1 –8.1 33.7 –46 e –22 e 10 e 54.0 –28 e 10.8 21.8 59.0 107.6 12 e 39 e 73.2 120 e –48 e –21.9 6.8 44.5 –114 e –89 e –52.7 –69 e –42 e –6 e –81.8 –62.8 –35.6 1.3 –95 e –76 e –51.5 –17.2 0e 35.1 79.9 –80 e –61 e –35 e 1e –79 e –59 e –33 e 3.3 –72 e –50 e –22 e 17.0 53 e –62 e –40 e –9 e 32.5 –78 e –57 e –28 e 11.6 –84 e –65 e –39.6 –1.7 –90 e –71 e –44.5 –8.1 –91 e –74 e –51.1 –17.8 23 e 63.8 –120 e –103 e –80.7 –49.4 –60 e –37 e –6 e 36.9 –71 e –47 e –16.3 26.5 –88 e –65 e –37 e 0.4 –20 e 5e 38.0 83.9 13 s 43 e 83.8 136.1 –37 e –13 e 20 e 64.8 –48 e –22 e 10.7 55.6 –23.9 6.1 48.1 –145.6 –130.9 –111.4 –83.8 –38 e –16 e 10 e 47 e –49 e –28 e –1.3 33.6 –89 e –77 e –60 e –34.8 13 e 42 e 78 e 125.0

100 kPa 57.4 48.0 69.6 32.4 37.0 22.3 44.6 115.5 129.1 145.1 156.3 116.5 101.5 97.4 220.8 143.4 136 e 1007 e –47.9 –33.1 142.9 139.5 166.8 87.7 95.9 119.9 68.9 173.9 187 e 96.2 4.6 47.7 55.7 33.9 140.8 54.0 56.6 75.3 113.7 94.5 70.6 59.1 46.2 35.4 125.7 –2.8 102.0 89.2 52 e 152.6 206.3 130.8 119.8 111 e –42.3 96.9 82.0 7.0 187.2

Ref. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1,5 5 1,5 1 1 1 1 5 1 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 1,41 1,5 1,5 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:02 PM

Vapor Pressure

6-64 Mol. form. C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S2 C3H9As C3H9BO3 C3H9BS C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C3H9O4P C3H9P C3H9Sb C3H10N2 C3N2O C4Cl6 C4F6O3 C4F8 C4F10 C4H2Cl2O2 C4H2Cl2S C4H2O3 C4H3ClS C4H3IS C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5Cl C4H5ClO C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5NS C4H5NS C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6Cl2O2 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2

Section6.indb 64

Name 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide 1,3–Propanedithiol Trimethylarsine Trimethyl borate Methyl dimethylthioborane Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 1-Amino-2-propanol Trimethyl phosphate Trimethylphosphine Trimethylstibine 1,2-Propanediamine Carbonyl dicyanide Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride 2,5-Dichlorothiophene Maleic anhydride 2-Chlorothiophene 2-Iodothiophene 1-Buten-3-yne Succinonitrile Furan Diketene Succinic anhydride Fumaric acid Thiophene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 2-Methyl-2-propenoyl chloride Ethyl trichloroacetate 3-Butenenitrile Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Methyl cyanoacetate Allyl isothiocyanate 4-Methylthiazole 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene* 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Ethyl dichloroacetate Divinyl ether trans-2-Butenal 3-Buten-2-one Cyclobutanone cis-Crotonic acid trans-Crotonic acid 3-Butenoic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate

1 Pa 4e –57 e –93 e 96 e –94 e –102 e –94 e –53 e

–31 e

–1 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 30 e 62 e 101 e 149.9 –37 e –12 e 21 e 63.8 –81 e –64 e –42 e –9.3 113 e 136 e 168 e 213.4 –78 e –57 e –29.1 9.6 –87 e –67 e –41 e –3 e –78 e –57 e –29.7 8.8 –28 e 3e 43 e 97 e –74 e –45 e –5.4 –14 e 15.6 –62 e –30.4 11.4 –37.8 0.4 –81 e –63 e –38.3 –4.1 –91 e –74 e –50.4 –17.6 –114 e –97 e –75.0 –43.8 18 e 53.2 98.2 –7 e 23.6 62.8 116.0 –81 e –53 e –15.0 –56 e –23.8 19 e –35.4 –12.0 18.8 61 e –21.7 15.3 22 e 50 e 86.7 137.0 –63 e –39 e –7.1 –122 e

–105 e 8.0 –20 e

–62 e

–35 e –25 e –96.1

24.8 s

–78 e

–82 e 45.6 22 e 73.7 2e 23 e –73.4

–49.8 94.3 81.4 127.9 51.8 94.9 –41.8

–54 e 19.3 121 e

–20 e 63.3 180.8 23.7 0.3 36.4 100.1 53.7 29.0 66.7 134.0 89 e –38.9 –51.9 –39.4 –23.9 89.1 –22.1 39.7 21 e 37.1 106.7 120.8 105.6 99.9 16.2

123.9 s

150 s

180 s

–113 e

–95 e –57 e

–67 e

–48 e

–71 e –35 e 15.3 –23.1

–3 e –45 e

19 e –27 e

–8 e 48 e –3 e

–17 e –41 e –5 e 51.9 9.3 –12 e 24 e 84 e 32.1

–132 e

–117 e

–125 e

–111 e –89.2 s

–98 e –106 e –94 e –73.8 s 2.6 –80 e –33 e

–72.8 –83 e –71.2 –53.5 s 40.1 –56 e –3 e

–34 e 30 e

–4 e 63 e 74 e 61 e 56 e –22 e

–74 e

–99 e –56 e

–19 e

2e

–88 e

–71 e

27 e 22 e –50 e

100 kPa 214.0 124.3 41.7 287 e 67.4 52.2 66.3 172.4 52.0 67.9 70.7 57.3 46.9 31.5 2.6 157.9 192.0 37.1 80 e 119 e 65.2 209.7 38.8 –6.2 –2.5 159.8 171 e 201.7 123 e 181.0 4.9 266.0 31.0 126 e 260.8 83.7 59.0 98.2 166.6 118.4 89.8 129.4 204.6 198 e 67.0 10.5 –4.7 7.8 26.6 156.3 28.0 102.4 81.0 97 e 168.9 184.9 168.6 161.5 72.2

Ref. 5 1 5 1 1,5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1

4/29/05 4:18:03 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form. C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br3 C4H7Br3 C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl3Si C4H9F C4H9F C4H9I

Section6.indb 65

Name Methyl acrylate 2,3-Butanedione gamma-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate Dimethyl oxalate trans-1-Bromo-1-butene 2-Bromo-1-butene cis-2-Bromo-2-butene trans-2-Bromo-2-butene 1,2,3-Tribromobutane 1,2,4-Tribromobutane 3-Chloro-1-butene cis-2-Chloro-2-butene trans-2-Chloro-2-butene 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene Ethyl chloroacetate Butanenitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 1,1-Dichlorobutane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane 2,2-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Isopropyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Butyltrichlorosilane 1-Fluorobutane 2-Fluorobutane 1-Iodobutane

6-65 1 Pa

–44 e –40 e –87 e –87 e –90 e –86 e 0e –3 e –100 e –102 e

–67 e –139.0 –131.2 –139.1 –130 e –54 e –13 e

–32 e –135 e –88 e –85 e –94 e –30.1 –78 e –80 e –83 e –80 e 17 e

–66 e –68.4 –86 e –85 e –87 e –96 e –94 e

–114 e –117 e –62 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –71 e –48 e –18 e 22 e 30.7 –17 e 24 e 72 e 130.2 –25 e –1 e 31 e 75.1 –5 e 43 e 112 e 220 e 50.5 98.1 –68 e –43.3 –11.4 31.9 –70 e –48 e –20 e 20.7 –72 e –49.0 –18.5 23.5 –67 e –43.4 –12.0 31.0 23 e 53 e 91 e 143.7 20 e 49 e 87 e 139.4 –64 e –36 e 4e –83 e –62 e –34 e 6e –86 e –65 e –37 e 3e –75 e –54 e –25 e 13.8 –2.6 32.6 79.1 –48 e –24 e 8e 52.3 –125.2 –107.8 –85.3 –53.7 –117.4 –99.8 –76.7 –44.8 –102 e –80 e –47.6 –125.5 –108.2 –85.5 –54.5 –71.8 –38.1 –116 e –99.3 –76.3 –44.2 –30 e 0.4 39.6 92.1 9e 37 e 74 e 124.0 –25 e 6e 49.3 –28.4 5.8 53.1 –26 e 0e 35 e 82.4 –58 e –35 e –5 e 37.8 –9 e 19.8 56.9 106.9 –102 e –81 e –53.1 –16.5 –114 e –87 e –53 e –5.5 –72 e –50 e –22 e 16.6 –56 e –29 e 8e –68 e –46 e –18.1 21.2 –78 e –57.3 –29.8 9e 12.9 52.2 101.4 –8.2 18.1 50.5 92.9 –62 e –42 e –15.1 23.0 –65 e –47 e –22.2 13.2 –66 e –45 e –18 e 20.4 –64 e –43 e –15.8 22.2 44 e 77 e 117.4 168.5 –37 e –3 e 43.4 39.6 49 e 87 e 135 e 198.0 –47 e –23 e 9.4 54.1 –53.9 –34.1 –5.4 37.6 –68 e –46 e –16 e 26.6 –68 e –46 e –16 e 26.8 11.7 –71 e –49 e –21 e 18.4 –80 e –59 e –31.0 8.5 –78 e –56.6 –28.7 10.2 –4.2 77.2 –99 e –80 e –55 e –20.0 –103 e –85 e –60.7 –26.7 –43 e –19 e 14 e 60.5

100 kPa 79.9 84.8 203 e 139.7 410 e 163.0 94.4 80.6 85.2 93.5 219.5 214.5 63.6 66.4 62.2 71.5 143.8 117.2 –6.6 3.4 0.6 –7.3 12.1 4.2 166.1 196.5 113.4 123.1 153.4 102.1 177.9 34.7 62.1 74.5 63.8 79.2 65.6 163.3 154.0 80.4 67.7 76.8 79.0 234.9 106.0 101.0 283.5 120.5 101.1 90.7 91.1 72.4 78.1 67.9 68.5 50.3 148.4 32.1 24.7 130.0

Ref. 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1,5 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 1 1 1,5 5 1,5 5 1 1 5 5 1 5 1 1,5 5 5 1,5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:05 PM

Vapor Pressure

6-66 Mol. form. C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO3 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2S C4H10O3 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H10S2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C4H12BN C4H12Cl2OSi2 C4H12O4Si C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C4NiO4 C5F12 C5FeO5 C5H4ClN C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6N2 C5H6O

Section6.indb 66

Name 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Methylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide 2-Butanone oxime Morpholine Isobutyl nitrate Butane* Isobutane* 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dimethylacetal Diethylperoxide Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide 1,4-Butanedithiol Diethyl disulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine N,N-Dimethylethanolamine Diethanolamine (Dimethylamino)dimethyl-borane 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3tetramethyldisiloxane Tetramethyl silicate Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Diethylenetriamine Nickel carbonyl Perfluoropentane Iron pentacarbonyl 2-Chloropyridine Furfural Pyridine 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Pentanedinitrile 2-Methylfuran

1 Pa –70 e –75.1 s

–8 e

–134.3 –37 e –50 e –39 e –111 e

–4 e

–49 e –89 e

35 e –77 e –86 e

–80 e –78 e –85 e –17 e –46 e

–85 e –52 e 53 e

–10 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –51 e –27 e 5e 50 e –47 e –21.4 12.0 56.8 –58.8 s –39.5 s -5.2 41 e –59 e –38 e –10 e 28.5 81.1 105 e 8e 28.0 56.4 98.2 –18 e 7e 38.9 81.9 21 e 64.5 –18 e 15.1 59.2 –121.0 –103.9 –81.1 –49.1 –129.0 –113.0 –90.9 –59.4 –20 e 0e 28 e 64 e –34 e –14 e 12.6 48.2 –24 e –5 e 20.9 56.0 34.4 –96 e –77 e –52.6 –17.8 –40 e –11.3 –56 e –21.2 23 e 55 e 94 e 142.9 45 e 77 e 116 e 164.7 15 e 43 e 77 e 121.2 –29 e –3 e 30 e 73.6 –44 e –15 e 25.2 –74 e –55 e –29 e 7.7 –39 e 3.6 31 e 114.2 58 e 86 e 123 e 173.6 3e 36 e 79 e 134 e –59 e –37 e –6 e 35.4 –69 e –47 e –17 e 23.4 –66 e –44 e –15 e 26.5 5.8 –62 e –40 e –10.8 30.3 –61 e –38 e –8 e 33.1 –68 e –46 e –17 e 23.4 5e 32 e 69.1 119.9 –26 e 0e 35 e 82.4 –46 e –18.1 20.0 –55 e –29.1 7.5 –67 e –42.4 –8.1 –70 e –50 e –24.5 12.0 –46 e –26 e 5e –31 e –6 e 27 e 70.9 77 e 107 e 146 e 197.3 –81 e –60.1 –31.9 7.0 –33 e –9 e 23.8 69.1

13 e

–26 e

–8 e

24.1

52 e

–83 e –55.0 43 e

14.4 –59 e –25.6 80 e

7.4 16 e –23 e –77 e 85 e –66 e

–54.7 0 45.8 47 e 8e –51 e 126 e –35 e

59.3 –25 e 16.6 129.6 –12 –20.9 44 97.3 92.4 51.0 –14 e 178 e 6e

100 kPa 119.5 120.0 100.0 86.2 165.7 142.9 128.5 123.0 –0.8 –12.0 117.4 99.2 107.6 82.1 34.1 38.7 30.4 206.1 227.6 180.3 135.3 85.2 64.1 65.0 282.0 245.2 208.3 98.0 84.5 88.1 63.8 91.7 95.1 84.3 195.1 153.5 75.9 62.3 43.7 67.3 55.2 133 e 268 e 64.2 136.5

Ref. 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1,41 1,41 1 1,5 1,5 1,5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5

119.7 26.7 77.7 198 e 42 28.6 105 169.9 161.4 114.9 39.8 245 e 64.5

5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 1 1 5 5 1

4/29/05 4:18:06 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form. C5H6O2 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H8O4 C5H8O4 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Br2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10N2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2

Section6.indb 67

Name Furfuryl alcohol 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene 1-Methylpyrrole Ethyl cyanoacetate 1,2-Pentadiene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2,3-Pentadiene 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne 3-Methyl-1-butyne Cyclopentene Spiropentane 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 4-Pentenoic acid Vinyl propanoate Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one Methyl acetoacetate Glutaric acid Dimethyl malonate Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate Isopropyl chloroacetate Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Ethylcyclopropane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclo-propane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclo-propane 1,5-Dibromopentane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane 3-(Dimethylamino)-propanenitrile Cyclopentanol Allyl ethyl ether Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid

6-67 1 Pa –30 e

16 e –109 e –109 e –120 e –106 e –111 e –115 e –100 e –109 e –110 e

0e

–22 e

–54 e 1e –118.9 –113.8 –114.5 –117.7 –125.0 –113.4 –118 e –118 e –122 e 1e –31 e

–71 e

–69 e

–7.4 –10 e –15.8

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –5 e 25 e 62.6 109.3 –58 e –32 e 2e 47.9 –53 e –28 e 6e 50.6 8e 49.9 39 e 67.0 102.1 146.7 –93 e –73 e –46.1 –9.7 –93 e –73 e –47.0 –10.5 –75 e –49.0 –13 e –105 e –86 e –60.9 –26.2 –90 e –70 e –42.9 –6.3 –95 e –75 e –49.2 –13.1 –100 e –81 e –55.4 –19.7 –75 e –49.1 –13.5 –85 e –65 e –37.9 –0.5 –82 e –57.5 –23.1 –94 e –74 e –48 e –11.1 –95 e –76 e –51 e –15 e –35 e –5 e 36.0 –57 e –31 e 3e 49 e –39 e –14 e 19 e 64 e –22 e 22.0 19 e 44 e 77 e 122.0 31.2 –55 e –32.7 –2.8 38.5 –31 e –1 e 39.7 –5 e 24.7 67.8 5e 35.1 74.4 128.3 50.1 101.1 121 e 153.2 191.9 240.3 1e 30.0 66.7 114.7 1.4 36.4 82.5 –2 e 35.0 83.3 –34 e –8 e 26 e 72.2 41.1 24 e 53.1 92.3 147.2 –103.4 –84.0 –58.8 –23.3 –98.1 –78.4 –52.7 –16.8 –98.9 –79.1 –53.3 –17.5 –102.2 –82.7 –57.2 –21.9 –110.1 –91.2 –66.7 –32.1 –97.6 –77.7 –51.6 –15.8 –77.0 –45.4 –7.1 –102 e –83 e –57 e –20 e –103 e –83 e –57 e –20 e –108 e –89 e –63 e –27 e 25 e 54 e 93 e 145.6 30 e 77.4 –10 e 17 e 54 e 104.1 51.1 101.8 –13 e 11.5 42.2 82.5 –56 e –28.7 9.8 –53 e –31 e –1 e 40.8 –1 e 40.3 –31 e –1 e 40 e –54 e –34 e –6.9 32.2 –15 e 26.0 –20 e 19.7 15.3 42.7 76.3 122.1 10 e 36 e 69 e 112.8 4e 30.0 64.7 110.6

100 kPa 169.7 112.2 115.1 112.3 205.6 44.5 43.7 42 e 25.6 47.9 40.4 33.7 39.9 55.7 28.6 43.8 38.6 97.3 112 e 130.3 84.9 187.5 94 e 99.2 100.0 137.4 207.0 171.3 302.5 180.2 146.0 148.1 140.9 104.8 229 e 29.6 36.6 36.0 30.8 19.7 38.2 48.8 35.5 36.6 27.8 221.8 147.8 178.9 171.4 140.0 67.2 102.6 101.9 101.6 94.0 88 e 79.8 185.7 175.2 176.1

Ref. 5 1 1 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:07 PM

Vapor Pressure

6-68 Mol. form. C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10S C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11F C5H11I C5H11I C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO3 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C6BrF5 C6ClF5

Section6.indb 68

Name Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Thiacyclohexane Cyclopentanethiol 1-Bromopentane 2-Bromopentane 3-Bromopentane 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloropentane 3-Chloropentane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 1-Chloro-2,2-dimethyl-propane 1-Fluoropentane 1-Iodopentane 1-Iodo-3-methylbutane Cyclopentylamine Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 3-Methylbutyl nitrate Pentane** Isopentane Neopentane* Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether 1,5-Pentanediol Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether Diethoxymethane Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-Pentanethiol 2-Pentanethiol 3-Pentanethiol 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Pentylamine Bromopentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluorobenzene

1 Pa –69 e –69 e –69 e –68 e –83 e –40 e –47 e

–60 e –69 e –68 e –67 e –73 e –80 e –77 e

–97 e –47 e –66 e

–115.5 –119 e

–27 e –35 e –41 e –27 e –22 e

–92 e 25 e

–60 e –70 e –70 e

–64 e –72 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –29 e 2e 44.4 –53 e –31 e –3 e 37.4 –51 e –29 e 0e 40.9 –61 e –40 e –11 e 29.8 –52 e –30 e –1 e 38.9 –50 e –28 e 0.9 41.7 –65 e –41 e –11 e 31 e –16 e 15 e 55 e 106 e –42 e –17 e 17 e 61.6 –26 e 0e 34 e 79.4 24 e 71.1 18 e 64 e –41 e –16 e 16 e 61.5 –51 e –27 e 5e 49.7 –50 e –26 e 6e 50.8 –49 e –25 e 8e 52.4 –55 e –32 e –1 e 42.5 –62 e –39 e –9 e 33.2 –60 e –37 e –7 e 34.9 –52 e –21 e 21.8 –17 e 23.5 –80 e –60 e –32 e 5.7 –27 e –1 e 34 e 83.0 –34 e –6.6 28.8 77.3 –48 e –26 e 4e 45.8 2e 43.3 –23 e 18.5 –26 e 1.0 35.5 81.7 –99.8 –80.0 –54.0 –18.1 –105 e –86 e –61 e –26 e –107.5 s –90.8 s –68.8 s –38.5 s 20.7 58.0 106.7 –10 e 12 e 41 e 79.8 –19 e 1e 28.0 64.9 –25 e –4 e 24 e 61.1 –11 e 9e 36.2 73.4 –7 e 13 e 39.1 75.7 –5 e 17.7 50.6 –3 e 22.7 58.2 59.2 –54 e –27 e 12 e –66 e –39 e –2 e –77 e –57 e –30.5 6.7 52 e 85 e 125 e 175.1 40 e 85.6 –65 e –43 e –14 e 27.3 12 e 40 e 76 e 124.2 –41 e –17 e 15 e 60 e –52 e –28 e 3e 46.6 –51 e –28 e 4e 47.7 8.0 52.3 7.8 51.9 –8.0 34.6 –43 e –19 e 13 e 57 e –7.8 34.7 –46 e –23 e 9e 52.7 –54 e –31 e 0e 42.7 –52 e –29 e 1e 42.8 –10 e 23 e 68 e –44 e –21 e 11 e 53.8

100 kPa 105.7 97.6 101.2 88.2 98.7 102.3 92.1 176.8 125.9 144.1 141.2 131.7 129.1 116.9 118.1 119.9 107.9 96.1 97.3 85.2 83.9 62.4 156.5 147.8 108 e 105.8 78 e 147.0 35.7 27.5 9.2 179.5 137.4 118.7 114.9 128.3 130.1 101.7 111.1 112.7 69.8 54.8 63.4 238.9 149.3 87.7 193.7 126.2 111.9 113.4 118.5 117.9 98.7 123.0 98.4 118.0 106.9 104.0 136.0 117.6

Ref. 5 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1 1,5 5 5 1 5 1 5 1,5 5 5 1 1 1,5 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1

4/29/05 4:18:09 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form. C6Cl3F3 C6F6 C6F12 C6F14 C6F14 C6F14 C6F14 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3O C6H3F3 C6H4Br2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4O2 C6H5AsCl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl3Si C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O3 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8 C6H8 C6H8 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8O4 C6H8S C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10

Section6.indb 69

Name 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexane Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Perfluoro-3-methylpentane Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene m-Dibromobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene p-Benzoquinone Dichlorophenylarsine Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Trichlorophenylsilane Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene p-Nitrophenol 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne Benzene** o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol 1,2,3-Benzenetriol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Adiponitrile m-Phenylenediamine Phenylhydrazine Dimethyl maleate 2,5-Dimethylthiophene trans-1,3-Hexadiene trans-1,4-Hexadiene 1,5-Hexadiene cis,cis-2,4-Hexadiene trans,cis-2,4-Hexadiene trans,trans-2,4-Hexadiene trans-2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Hexyne

6-69 1 Pa –19 e

–95 e

–7 e 15.4 s

–45.5 s –4.1 s 6.9

–30 e 72.6 s –82 e

–5 e 87.8 s –9.7 s

–56.5 –58.2 s –88 e 30 e

–86 e –98 e –99 e –89 e –92 e –91 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 4e 32 e 70 e 121.7 –56.9 s –36 s –11.5 s 22.6 –46.2 s –7.6 s –75 e –57 e –32 e 2.8 –33 e 2.9 –80 e –60 e –34 e 2.8 4.3 –41 e –13 e 27 e 39 e 82 e –36 e –7 e 33.8 –43 e –14 e 25.5 30.7 71.8 114.0 169.5 18.2 16 e 44 e 83 e 137.0 35.8 s 97 e 156.0 –13 e 16.3 53.9 104.6 –22 e 8.0 46.7 97.8 –21.8 s 8s 46.7 s 99.0 17.8 s 43.5 s 74.3 s 111.6 s 35.2 70 e 113 e 170 e –25 e 1e 34.9 83.1 –43 e –17 e 16.8 62.9 45.8 97.9 39.7 80.2 135.1 45.0 86.5 142.0 33 e 70.2 122.6 –16.9 24.2 –7 e 20.9 58.5 110.6 10 e 40 e 78 e 132 e 97.4 s –66 e –44.3 –16.0 23.7 –40 s –15.1 s 20.0 10 e 39.0 75.2 131.4 19.7 49.4 94.2 162 e 192.0 252.6 9.6 s 34.1 s 68.9 113.7 162.0 222.8 –15 e 12 e 47 e 96.0 –2.5 26.7 63.5 112.5 –37.8 –13.9 18.3 62.9 –5 e 28.8 75.2 –43.1 s –3.9 s 29.6 76.1 21 e –71 e –50 e –21 e 19 e –15 e 27.3 61 e 100 e 148.6 211.8 94.5 140.2 200.8 38 e 69 e 109 e 163.9 5e 36 e 76 e 127.3 –43 e –16 e 20 e 67.5 –70 e –51 e –24 e 14 e –81 e –60 e –33 e 7e –84 e –64 e –37 e 0.9 18 e –73 e –52 e –23 e 18 e –23 e 18 e –75 e –54 e –26 e 14 e –59 e –30 e 9.7 –75 e –54 e –26 e 12.8

100 kPa 197.9 79.9 48.9 s 56.8 57.1 57.9 59.3 85.3 145.2 94.0 84.1 89.9 245.7 75.0 218.2 238 e 180.0 172.5 173.6 245 e 155.4 131.3 173.9 213.4 219.9 201 e 84.4 187.8 210.3 83.6 79.7 208.3 1069 e 331.2 181.4 308.3 168.6 183.5 129.0 143.7 144.9 78 e 79.9 85.0 297 e 285.0 242.5 197 e 134.8 72 e 65 e 59.2 79.6 79.6 79.6 75.6 68.1 71.0

Ref. 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 1,5 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:10 PM

Vapor Pressure

6-70 Mol. form. C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10Cl2 C6H10Cl2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10S C6H11Cl C6H11N C6H11N C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Cl2 C6H12Cl2O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2

Section6.indb 70

Name 2-Hexyne 3-Hexyne 4-Methyl-1-pentyne 4-Methyl-2-pentyne Cyclohexene 1,1-Dichlorocyclohexane cis-1,2-Dichlorocyclohexane 4-Methyl-4-penten-2-one Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Vinyl butanoate Ethyl methacrylate Allyl glycidyl ether Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Diethyl oxalate Dimethyl succinate Ethylene glycol diacetate Diallylsulfide Chlorocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 4-Methylpentanenitrile Caprolactam 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane Isopropylcyclopropane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopropane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane 1,2-Dichlorohexane 2,2´-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether Butyl vinyl ether Isobutyl vinyl ether Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 3-Methyl-2-pentanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid 4-Methylpentanoic acid

1 Pa –84 e –86 e –97 e –91 e –87 e –39 e –59 e –56 e

–25 e –32 e –5 e –17 e –58 e –40 e 36.8 s –99.8 –97 e –94 e –96 e –95 e –98 e –104 e –105 e –95 e –95 e –93 e –102 e –100 e –98 e –103 e –110 e –85.6 s –97 e –99 e –104 e –105 e –109 e

–87 e –87 e –56 e –43 e

–61 e

36 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –67 e –46 e –17 e 23.6 –69 e –48 e –19.1 21.0 –81 e –61 e –34 e 4.1 –74 e –54 e –26 e 13.8 –70 e –49 e –19 e 21 e –19 e 8e 43 e 93.5 27 e 69 e 125.7 –41 e –17 e 14 e 57.0 –25 e 1e 36 e 84 e –37 e –13 e 19 e 63.5 53 e 8e 53.2 40.1 85.7 –3 e 25.7 62.3 111.3 –15 e 6e 36 e 77.6 18 e 44.9 79.4 124.3 30 e 70.4 123.3 6e 35.0 71.9 121.1 –38 e –12.4 21.7 68.8 –35 e –9 e 25 e 71.6 –19 e 8e 43 e 91.5 –50 e –20 e 20 e 75.2 58.9 s 86.6 s –82.8 –61.4 –33.7 5.2 –80 e –58 e –30 e 9.9 –78 e –57 e –30 e 9.3 –79 e –59 e –30.8 7.9 –79 e –58 e –30.0 8.8 –82 e –62 e –34.2 4.1 –88 e –68 e –41.5 –3.6 –89 e –69 e –41.6 –3.6 –78 e –58 e –30 e 9.0 –79 e –58 e –30 e 8.9 –77 e –55 e –27.4 11.7 –86 e –66 e –38.7 –0.9 –84 e –64 e –36.8 1.2 –81 e –60 e –32 e 6.6 –87 e –67 e –39.9 –1.9 –95 e –76 e –50.8 –14.5 –75 e –54 e –25 e 14 e –68.9 s –47.6 s –19.8 s 19.3 –80 e –58 e –28.8 11.6 –82 e –61 e –32 e 9e –88 e –68 e –40 e –1 e –89 e –69 e –41 e –3 e –94 e –73 e –46 e –7 e 49 e 98.1 –1 e 27.3 63.4 112.3 –67 e –42 e –9.3 33.6 –68 e –44 e –13 e 26.5 –37 e –13 e 19 e 62.6 –21 e 4.2 34.5 61.9 –40 e –16 e 15 e 58.5 8.5 52.7 –43 e –21 e 9e 51.5 50.2 –30 e 0e 42.5 34 e 61 e 99.2 33 e 59 e 93 e 139.3 49 e 67.1 92.9 133.6

100 kPa 84.1 81.0 60.7 72.7 82.6 170.5 206.2 121.0 155.2 129.3 114.5 116.8 152.8 180.2 142.9 185.2 195.4 190.0 138.1 142.1 163.2 155.2 270 63.1 68.5 67.5 66.0 66.7 61.7 53.8 53.5 66.9 67.3 70.0 56.0 58.2 64.3 55.2 40.8 72.9 80.4 71.4 70.2 57.9 56.3 52.0 171.7 182.1 93.2 80.7 127.8 127.2 123.1 117.0 116.1 113.0 105.7 160.7 204.5 206.8

Ref. 5 1,5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5 5 1 1 1 5

4/29/05 4:18:11 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form. C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12S C6H12S C6H12S C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13F C6H13I C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H15N C6H15N

Section6.indb 71

Name Diethylacetic acid Isopentyl formate Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Methyl pentanoate Methyl isopentanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Paraldehyde Cyclohexanethiol cis-Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethylthiophene Tetrahydro-3-methyl-2H-thiopyran 1-Bromohexane 1-Chlorohexane 1-Fluorohexane 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether tert-Butyl ethyl ether 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Ethylene glycol diethyl ether 1,2,6-Hexanetriol Dipropylene glycol Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Trimethylolpropane Triethylene glycol 1-Hexanethiol 2-Hexanethiol Dipropyl sulfide Diisopropyl sulfide Isopropyl propyl sulfide Butyl ethyl sulfide Hexylamine Butylethylamine

6-71 1 Pa –9 e –60 e –63 e –63 e –62 e –49 e –65 e

–41 e –25 e

–53 e –48 e –45 e –55 e –80 e –33 e –96.4 s –100 e –99 e –103 e –28 e –43 e

–29 e –43 e

–37 e –80 e –78 e –90 e –8 e –31 e –68 e 92 e

–42 e 73 e 44 e –45 e –50 e –50 e –65 e –49 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 16 e 46 e 83 e 130.7 –41 e –17 e 15 e 59.1 –43 e –19 e 14 e 61.0 –45 e –21 e 10 e 53.4 –42 e –18 e 14 e 58.3 –34 e –14 e 14.3 55.2 –47 e –24.6 5.4 47.3 19.2 63.7 53.3 –17 e 13 e 50.1 98.5 –8 e 14 e 44.6 88.0 17 e 62.2 84.8 –34 e –8 e 25 e 72.0 –27 e 0e 35 e 84.1 –25 e 2e 36 e 83.7 –36 e –11 e 21 e 66.7 –62 e –40 e –11 e 30.4 –11 e 16 e 53 e 104.0 –9 e 22 e 66.6 –79.2 –57.6 –29.3 9.8 –84 e –64 e –36 e 2e –83 e –62 e –34.3 4.6 –90 e –71.5 –45.5 –7.7 –87 e –66 e –39.0 –0.4 5e 28 e 56.8 97.3 –10 e 12 e 41.4 81.5 –23 e 1e 33 e 75.4 14 e 45.9 88.3 24 e 53 e 92.4 –15 e 3e 27.1 63.0 36.5 76.1 –24 e 0e 30 e 71.9 29.8 68.8 –23 e –4 e 22.9 61.1 –5 e 17 e 46 e 85.7 –16 e 9e 42 e 84.3 –5 e 23 e 61.3 –63 e –41 e –12 e 28.8 –76 e –55 e –28 e 11 e –61 e –39 e –10 e 31.0 –74 e –53 e –24.6 14.4 17 e 48 e 86 e 134.4 –8 e 20 e 55 e 103.2 –49 e –26 e 3.7 44.2 –59 e –35.3 –2.8 44.4 114.8 146.0 191 e 110 e 162.6 40 e 80.3 132.4 –20 e 8.3 44.3 92.3 98 e 128 e 167.8 220.5 74 e 109.0 152.6 207.2 –25 e 1e 35 e 81.7 –32 e –8 e 25 e 69.9 –30 e –6 e 28 e 73.6 –47 e –23 e 9e 53.1 18.5 63.8 –30 e –5 e 29 e 74.8 –10 e 22 e 66.0 6.1 47.7

100 kPa 192.5 124 e 125.6 116 e 122.0 121.1 109.8 127.4 116.3 164 e 155.6 124 e 158.3 142.1 157.5 154.8 134.6 91.1 180.8 133.5 68.3 59.9 62.9 49.4 57.6 157.1 139.6 135.1 147.6 151.4 120.9 133.8 131.3 126.0 121.1 146.1 142.5 118.2 89.7 68.1 91.9 72.6 197.5 170.2 101.9 118.8 231.4 201.4 159.4 295 e 277.9 152.2 138.4 142.4 119.6 131.6 143.8 130.6 107.0

Ref. 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:12 PM

Vapor Pressure

6-72 Mol. form. C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO C6H15NO3 C6H15O4P C6H16N2 C6H16O2Si C6H18Cl2O2Si3 C6H18OSi2 C6MoO6 C7F14 C7F16 C7HF15 C7H3ClF3NO2 C7H3F5 C7H4ClF3 C7H4ClF3 C7H4ClF3 C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4F3NO2 C7H4F4 C7H5BrO C7H5ClO C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5NS C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7ClO C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO3 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8Cl2Si C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8S C7H9N

Section6.indb 72

Name Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine 2-Diethylaminoethanol Triethanolamine Triethyl phosphate Hexamethylenediamine Diethoxydimethylsilane 1,5-Dichloro-1,1,3,3,5,5hexamethyltrisiloxane Hexamethyldisiloxane Molybdenum hexacarbonyl Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane 1-Chloro-2-nitro-4trifluoromethyl)benzene 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene o-Chlorobenzoyl chloride m-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene Benzoyl bromide Benzoyl chloride (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Phenyl isothiocyanate 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene (Dichloromethyl)benzene Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Bromotoluene m-Bromotoluene p-Bromotoluene (Bromomethyl)benzene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-2-methoxy-benzene o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene 2-Nitroanisole Toluene Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene Dichloromethylphenylsilane o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 3-Methylbenzenethiol Benzylamine

1 Pa

–58 e 75 e

–62 e –29 e

3e

–53 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –48 e –25 e 6e 47.5 –47 e –17.5 23.5 –45 e –29 e –5 e 29.9 97 e 108 e 148 e 196 e 256.7 34 76 132 76.0 128.2 –44 e –21.2 9.1 51.0 –7 e 22.2 59.7 110.5 –56 e 17.4 s

–34 e 42.8 s

–62 e

–41 e

26 e

55 e

–34 e

11 e

–20 e 1e –9 e –9 e

9e

39 e –38 e 42.6 27.5 40.6

–6 e

23.9

–13 e

6e 9e

–34 e

–9 e –1 e –10 e –11 e

33 e 38 e 31 19 e 29 e 17 e 19.4

–41 e

–24 e –21 e

25.4 3e 6e

–15 e

–34 e –22 e

11 e

23 e

–11 e 2e –50 e –48 e –48 e 40 e

15 e –78.1

45 e –57.1

–6.4 s 20.8 –0.2 s 8e

12.8 s 33.6 20.7 s 28 e –21 e 0e

–67 e

17.7 33 e –26 e –25 e –24 e 62 e 45 e 82 e –31.3 32.4 40.2 52.4 52.7 54 e 4e 29 e 25.6

100 kPa 108.8 84.0 88.5 160.6 334 e 211 199.0 113.0 183.4

Ref. 5 5 1 5 5 4 5 5 5

–5 e 73.1 s –21 e –14 e –7 e 92.8

37.1 109.9 s 18 e 24.7 35.9 145.2

100.1 155.4 s 75.9 82.1 96.0 222.0

5 5 1 1 5 5

11 e 34.5 24.2 24.2 93 e 87.8 76.2 –6 e 83.9 67.0 81.5 –3 e 63.1 79.4 68.3 76 e 72 54.6 68 e 54 e 58.1 57 e 66.8 38 e 41 e 40 e 55.4 72 e 5e 7e 7e 94 e 89.7 129 e 1.5 –15 e 71.8 72.3 82.6 83.1 88 e 38 e 66 e 62.6

53.6 81.8 69.8 70.4 149 e 147 e 127.3 38.6 139.5 120.4 136.2 39 e 115.7 105 e 119.5 129.3 130 104.6 120.7 104.8 109.9 107.8 121.7 86.3 89 e 88.9 106.3 125.2 49.0 51.0 51 e 141.9 148.7 189.4 45.2 27.4 126.0 120.3 130.6 130.7 134.7 84 e 117.9 112.7

117.0 151.8 137.2 138.1 237.0 225.0 202.2 102.3 218.0 196.7 213.0 101.6 190.0 117 e 199.1 208.4 213 178.3 196.2 181.1 183.1 183.8 198.3 158.7 161.8 161.5 178.9 201 e 113.9 116.1 116.2 221.9 231.3 271.8 110.1 91 e 205.0 190.5 201.8 201.5 204.9 153.2 194.6 183.9

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1 1,5 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:14 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form. C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10N2 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O3 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H13ClO C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14

Section6.indb 73

Name o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Ethylpyridine 3-Ethylpyridine 4-Ethylpyridine 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Toluene-2,4-diamine 1-Heptyne 2-Heptyne 3-Heptyne 5-Methyl-1-hexyne 5-Methyl-2-hexyne 2-Methyl-3-hexyne 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentyne 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyne Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane Cycloheptene 1-Methylbicyclo(3,1,0)hexane Methylenecyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexene 4-Methylcyclohexene 1-Ethylcyclopentene 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentene 1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene Cycloheptanone Butyl acrylate Propyl methacrylate Ethyl levulinate Diethyl malonate Dimethyl glutarate Heptanoyl chloride 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene trans-2-Heptene cis-3-Heptene trans-3-Heptene 2-Methyl-1-hexene 4-Methyl-1-hexene 2-Methyl-2-hexene cis-3-Methyl-2-hexene trans-4-Methyl-2-hexene trans-5-Methyl-2-hexene trans-2-Methyl-3-hexene 3-Ethyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene

6-73 1 Pa 1.0 3.8 –16 e –46 e –38 e –35 e

–75 e –71 e –80 e –75 e –78 e

–76 e –72 e –76 e –75 e –75 e –77 e –52 e

–23 e –11 e –17 e –82.1 –79 e –79 e –80 e –80 e –81 e –84 e –80 e –79 e –83 e –83 e –84 e –85 e –85 e –88 e –87 e –94 e –79 e –84 e –83 e –82 e –90 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 18.8 42.6 76.1 125.6 22.0 46.2 80.1 128.8 77.1 126.2 6e 34 e 70.3 121.1 –26 e –1 e 33 e 79.3 –17 e 9e 44 e 92.7 –15 e 11 e 46 e 94.4 42 e 89.9 –25 e 3.7 40.0 87.5 4e 39 e 86.2 –3 e 29.9 75.8 –9 e 19 e 55 e 104.8 11 e 48 e 98 e 100.4 145.3 202.9 –57 e –35 e –5 e 37.1 –51 e –27 e 4e 46.9 –53 e –31 e 0e 42.7 –62 e –40 e –11 e 30.1 –57 e –34 e –4 e 38.6 –61 e –39 e –9 e 32.6 –73 e –52 e –24 e 15.9 –70 e –48 e –19 e 21.4 49.9 –30.0 3.4 47.5 29.8 –58 e –35 e –5 e 38 e –53 e –30 e 1e 45 e –59 e –36 e –5 e 37.9 –57 e –34 e –3 e 40.7 –57 e –34 e –3 e 40.2 –59 e –36 e –5.5 37.3 18 e 53.7 104.0 –31 e –4.5 30.4 78.0 26 e 73.8 17 e 45.3 82.6 133.2 4e 36.0 76.4 128.5 15 e 47 e 87.7 139.8 4e 29.4 59.7 96.9 –63.8 –40.6 –10.7 31.1 –61 e –38 e –8 e 34.3 –61 e –39 e –8 e 34.0 –62 e –40 e –10 e 32.3 –62 e –40 e –10 e 32.2 –64 e –42 e –12 e 29.3 -67 e –45 e –16 e 25.3 –63 e –40 e –10 e 32.0 –62 e –39 e –9 e 33.4 –66 e –44 e –15 e 25.9 –66 e –44 e –15 e 26.3 –67 e –45 e –16 e 24.6 –68 e –46 e –17 e 23.2 –68 e –46 e –17 e 23.4 –71 e –50 e –21 e 20.0 –71 e –50 e –21 e 18.1 –78 e –57 e –28 e 11.5 –62 e –39 e –9 e 33.5 –68 e –46 e –18 e 22.6 –65 e –43 e –14 e 27.2 –64 e –42 e –13 e 29.0 –73 e –51 e –22 e 18.6

100 kPa 199.9 202.9 199.9 195.8 149.0 166.5 168.6 160.6 157.9 156.6 143.6 178.6 171.5 279.5 99.5 111.5 106.4 91.4 102.0 94.8 75.6 82.6 116.3 108 e 92.6 103.0 109.8 102.3 105.8 105.3 101.5 178.7 146.9 139.7 205.7 198.3 209.5 144.0 93.2 98.0 97.5 95.3 95.2 91.6 86.3 95.0 96.8 87.1 87.7 85.5 83.7 83.8 81.2 77.1 72.1 96.9 82.9 88.8 91.1 80.0

Ref. 1,5 1,5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 1 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:15 PM

Vapor Pressure

6-74 Mol. form. C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15F C7H15I C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16S C7H17N C7H18N2 C8F18 C8H4O3 C8H6O C8H7Cl C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H7NO4 C8H8 C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2

Section6.indb 74

Name trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Isobutyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Propyl isobutanoate Isopropyl isobutanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Methyl hexanoate 4-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone 1-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 1-Fluoroheptane 1-Iodoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 1-Heptanethiol Heptylamine N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine Perfluorooctane Phthalic anhydride Benzofuran o-Chlorostyrene 2-Methylbenzonitrile 4-Methylbenzonitrile Benzeneacetonitrile Indole Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate Styrene 1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene Acetophenone Phenyl acetate

1 Pa –90 e –91 e –79 e –76 e

–83 e –84 e –84 e –41 e

–27 e –61 e 24 e –58 e –51 e –35 e –35 e

–57 e –47 e –30 e –39 e –64 e –19 e –78.6 –82 e –81 e –81 e –90 e –87 e –89 e –88 e

–9 e –8 e –16 e –30 e

48.2 s –33 e

–3 e 20.6 s 17 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –73 e –52 e –23 e 16.6 –75 e –53 e –24.2 16.3 6e 51.1 –62 e –39 e –7.9 35.5 –59 e –35 e –5 e 38.4 –69 e –47 e –17 e 24.8 –38 e –8 e 34.9 –66 e –43 e –13 e 28.4 –66 e –44 e –14 e 28.2 –67 e –44 e –14 e 27.4 –21 e 4e 37 e 83.7 –22 e 3e 36 e 82.2 –28 e 0e 36 e 83.2 –6 e 18.8 50.2 90.3 –27 e –2 e 31.0 76.6 –42 e –18 e 14 e 58.5 46 e 72 e 107 e 154.6 –39 e –14 e 20 e 70.1 –30 e –4 e 30.3 76.2 –19 e 2e 31 e 72.0 –19 e 3e 32.0 74.9 –28 e –5.7 24.5 67.5 –44 e –19.7 12.2 56.0 –36 e –10 e 23.9 69.5 –26 e 2e 36.6 83.3 43 e 89.8 –9 e 18 e 54 e 104.4 –19 e 7e 41 e 88.6 –45 e –22 e 10 e 53.3 3e 32 e 71 e 123.8 –60.2 –37.0 –6.6 35.4 –65 e –43 e –13 e 27.8 –64 e –42 e –12 e 29.2 –63 e –41 e –11 e 30.5 –73 e –52 e –22.9 17.6 –68.4 –45.3 –14.9 26.8 –72 e –50 e –21.3 19.2 –71 e –49 e –18.8 22.9 –23.2 18.1 17 e 40 e 70.1 112.5 7e 27 e 55.0 95.2 7e 27 e 54.5 93.9 1e 22 e 51 e 91.9 9e 35 e 73.1 –9 e 18 e 53 e 102.7 5e 39 e 86.7 50.1 99.9 5e 45.0 72.4 s 192.7 –16 e 12 e 47.9 97.7 –10 e 20 e 58 e 110.8 1e 32.1 72.2 126.6 40.1 78.7 134.3 23 e 55.3 97.4 153.7 44.5 s 49 e 89 e 140 e 208 e –31 e –5 e 28.6 75.4 24.3 71.0 36 e 73 e 125.3 3e 33.1 72.2 123.9

100 kPa 76.3 77.5 118.4 100.5 103.0 87.4 99.0 91.4 91.1 90.3 152.3 150.6 147.0 143.4 144.4 124.8 222.6 149 e 141.4 136.1 142.8 133.3 120.1 134.4 149 e 160 e 178.4 159.9 117.4 203.4 98.0 89.7 91.5 93.1 78.8 89.3 80.1 85.6 80.4 176 e 158.7 156.3 154.6 135.5 176.4 156.4 167.7 105.6 284.2 170.7 188 e 204.7 221.3 233.1 254.0 302 e 144.7 140.1 201.5 195.5

Ref. 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:16 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form. C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9NO2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H12 C8H12 C8H12O4 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O3 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H15Br C8H15ClO C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16

Section6.indb 75

Name Methyl benzoate 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde Methyl salicylate 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-4-nitrobenzene Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene o-Ethylphenol m-Ethylphenol p-Ethylphenol 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol Phenetole 2-Phenoxyethanol 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene p-Ethylaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Xylidine 2,6-Xylidine 5-Ethyl-2-picoline o-Phenetidine 1,5-Cyclooctadiene 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diethyl maleate 2,5-Dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne 1-Ethylcyclohexene Cyclohexyl acetate Butyl methacrylate Butanoic anhydride Ethyl succinate Dipropyl oxalate Dimethyl adipate (2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane Octanoyl chloride Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-2-Octene trans-2-Octene cis-3-Octene trans-3-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene 2-Methyl-1-heptene 2,2-Dimethyl-cis-3-hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-hexene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene

6-75 1 Pa 9e –1 e –30 e –27 e 10 e –56.2

5.6 14.3 s 13.4 s –3.1 s 19.7 s 16.5 s 2e 21 e 18 e –2 e –15 e –2 e –33 e 0e –62 e –6 e –38 e –59 e –52 e –55 e –56 e –55 e

–28 e –6 e –4 e –14 e 1e –15 e –65.7 –59 e –59 e –65 e –61 e –63 e –65 e –66 e –74 e –65 e –79 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –1 e 29 e 68 e 121.2 35 e 68.1 110.8 167.9 22 e 51 e 88.8 141.8 –9 e 18 e 54 e 103.7 –6 e 22 e 58 e 108.7 36 e 69 e 111.6 168 e –36.8 –12.0 21.1 67.1 –7 e 27 e 74.2 –35 e –10 e 23.4 69.8 22.4 68.9 16.9 44.5 81.1 130.9 29.2 57.5 91.9 144.8 60 e 95.5 144.6 34.3 s 57.2 s 91.4 141.7 50.2 85.5 137.2 33.2 s 55.9 s 87.4 137.0 16.7 s 39.6 s 75.3 125.9 40.2 s 63.7 s 102.1 152.3 37.2 s 61.1 s 98.0 147.9 25 e 54 e 92 e 143.6 –9 e 17 e 51 e 99 e 46 e 75.9 115.4 168.7 34 e 56 e 86.7 135.5 21 e 49 e 87 e 139.4 8e 38 e 76.4 128.8 28 e 66 e 118.1 21 e 51 e 88 e 139.1 37 e 80 e 137.7 –9.3 20 e 27 e 60 e 102.2 156.0 –37 e –8 e 30 e 80.2 –43 e –19 e 14.1 59.9 20 e 52.2 93.5 148.4 –26 e –10 e 14 e 50.8 –40 e –16 e 16 e 60.3 –33 e –8 e 25 e 70.6 –35 e –11 e 22 e 66.8 –36 e –12 e 21 e 65.6 –35 e –11 e 22 e 68 e 103.1 47 e 93.3 –2 e 30 e 71 e 123.8 20 e 51.0 91.1 143.7 20 e 49.9 88.6 140.4 28 e 61 e 103 e 156.1 8e 36.9 75.3 129.7 22 e 46 e 74.7 109 e 8e 37 e 75 e 127.7 –46.1 –21.4 10.5 54.9 –41 e –17 e 15 e 59 e –41 e –17 e 14 e 59 e –46 e –22 e 10 e 55.1 –43 e –19 e 13 e 57 e –44 e –20 e 11 e 56 e –46 e –22 e 10 e 54.6 –48 e –24 e 8e 52.3 –56 e –33 e –3 e 40.1 –47 e –23 e 10 e 54.3 –53 e –30 e 1e 43.8 –61 e –38 e –7 e 36.2

100 kPa 198.9 248.5 219.9 177.9 183.9 245 e 135.7 143.9 138.7 137.9 204.0 217.9 217.5 216.4 210.5 210.6 200.6 226.4 221.3 217.7 169.3 244.8 223 e 216.7 204.2 193.6 210.9 217.7 178.0 228.1 150 e 129 e 224.8 115.1 125.8 137.8 132.8 131.4 136.5 172.9 159.0 196.5 216.1 213.0 227.3 212.5 150 e 204.4 120.9 125.2 124.5 122.4 122.8 122.1 121.8 118.7 105.0 121.3 107.9 101.0

Ref. 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:18 PM

Vapor Pressure

6-76 Mol. form. C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O4 C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H17F C8H17I C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O

Section6.indb 76

Name 2,3,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane Isopropylcyclopentane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopentane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 1´,2´,4a-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclo-pentane 1´,2a,4´-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclo-pentane 1-Propylcyclopentanol Octanal 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Isopentyl propanoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Propyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl hexanoate Methyl heptanoate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane 1-Fluorooctane 1-Iodooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 3-Octanol

–31 e –30 e –16 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –49 e –26 e 6e 50.0 –56 e –33 e –2 e 40.4 30 e 78 e –42 e –17 e 15.8 61.9 –27 e 5e 50.6 –44 e –20 e 14 e 59.7 –49 e –25 e 8e 53.9 –48 e –23 e 10 e 55.6 –45 e –23 e 8e 51.5 –47 e –23 e 10 e 55.3 –27 e 5e 50.6 –41 e –16 e 16.5 62.1 –46 e –21 e 12 e 57.3 –49 e –24 e 8e 53.2 –44 e –19 e 13.3 59.1 2e 46.2 –59 e –36 e –5 e 38.7 –52 e –28 e 4e 48.9 –56 e –33 e –1 e 42.8 24 e 43 e 69.0 108.4 6e 45.7 97.8 –3 e 23 e 57 e 103.8 8e 47.7 97 e 11.3 42.1 81.7 58 e 85 e 120 e 165.5 108 e 159.6 –13 e 16 e 52.8 100.4 3.1 40.7 90.6 –26 e 0.4 34.8 81.1 1.8 38.9 87.9 –9 e 18.7 53.9 100.7 –9 e 19 e 54.2 102.4 10.6 43.9 86.2 141.3

–17 e –25 e

6e –4 e

34 e 23 e

–6 e –69 e –67 e –65 e

18 e –42.6 –49.1 –48.1 –47 e

48 e –17.9 –24.5 –23.6 –24 e

–73 e

–55 e

–32 e

–71 e –72 e

–53 e –54 e

–30 e –30 e

–69 e –70 e –74 e –81.9 –72 e –74 e –62.5 s 12 e

–50 e –51 e –56 e –63.4 –54 e –54.5 –44 s 30 e

12 e

24 e

–27 e –27 e –32 e –39.8 –30 e –30.0 –20.9 s 53 e 40 e 40 e

1 Pa –68 e –73 e –61 e

–68 e –68 e –62 e –66 e –60 e –65 e –67 e –63 e –77 e –70 e –74 e 9e

37 e –37 e –47 e

72 e 59 e 29 e 87 e 14.4 7.6 8.5 7.8 8e –1.5 5e 0.6 0.7 1.4 7e 5e 5e –0.8 –8.9 2.1 2.2 8.9 s 84 e 69.9 64 e

123.8 108.8 100.3 74.6 142.5 58.9 51.6 52.7 51.6 52.1 41.6 49.2 43.9 43.8 45.4 50.9 48.9 50.2 43.1 34.0 46.9 46.7 48.8 s 128.2 112.5 102.8

100 kPa 115.8 104.5 150.7 131.3 119.1 129.2 122.9 123.1 120.9 123.8 118.9 130.5 125.9 121.0 127.6 113.2 104.4 116.2 108.8 173.5 170.2 172.1 161 e 134.6 238.4 226.6 164 e 159.8 147.0 155.6 166.2 172 e 216.6

Ref. 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

200.3 182.9 172.4 141.8 224.5 125.3 117.2 118.5 117.2 118.1 106.4 115.1 109.0 108.6 111.5 117.3 115.2 117.8 109.4 98.8 114.3 113.1 105.8 194.8 179.4 174.1

5 5 5 5 5 16 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 1,39 1,39 1

4/29/05 4:18:19 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form. C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18O3 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C8H20O4Si C8H20Si C9F20 C9H6N2O2 C9H7N C9H7N C9H8 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H11Br C9H11Cl C9H11Cl C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H14O C9H14O6 C9H16O4 C9H17N C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18

Section6.indb 77

Name 4-Octanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 4-Methyl-4-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethyl-2-hexanol 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanol Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether 1,2-Dipropoxyethane Di-tert-butyl peroxide Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Tetraethylene glycol 1-Octanethiol Dibutyl sulfide Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Ethyl silicate Tetraethylsilane Perfluorononane Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene cis-1-Propenylbenzene trans-1-Propenylbenzene Isopropenylbenzene Indan 2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene 1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene 1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Benzyl ethyl ether Phenyl propyl ether Phenyl isopropyl ether 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline N,N-Dimethyl-o-toluidine Amphetamine Isophorone Triacetin Diethyl glutarate Nonanenitrile 1-Nonene 2-Methyl-1-octene Butylcyclopentane Propylcyclohexane

6-77 1 Pa –52 e –35 e –17 e –13 e –2 e –55 e

–13 e

14 e –32 e 89 e –15 e –22 e –37 e –57 e –77 e

–1.3

–38 e

–33 e –3 e –18 e –11 e –8 e –23 e –43 e –46 e –40 e –42 e –41 e –37 e –39 e

–20 e 12 e –25 e

37.6 –1 e –3 e –50.1 –53 e –45 e –46 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 40 e 66.9 107.3 –28 e 1e 39 e 87.6 –16 e 8e 40 e 84.8 1e 24 e 55 e 97.2 45 e 75 e 118.3 4e 26 e 55 e 96.3 –7 e 13 e 40 e 79.8 9e 24 e 47 e 82.6 –35 e –8 e 26 e 73.0 –19 e 12.1 55.4 –33 e –2 e 41.7 14 e 46 e 86 e 137.7 –44.2 –2.0 63.6 –26 e 4.3 46.6 37 e 66.8 104.9 153 e –7 e 25 e 64.9 117.1 117 e 151.1 192.2 242.9 6e 34 e 71 e 122.1 0e 27 e 63 e 113.5 –16 e 10 e 44 e 90.8 –36 e –9.0 25.5 72.2 –52 e –21 e 21.6 80.5 –6.5 30.5 80.6 40 e 39 e 72 e 113.9 169.7 23.7 55.4 96.8 153.4 30.2 60.7 101.3 157.9 12 e 53.0 106.8 –15.4 13.3 51.4 103.7 –16 e 13.3 51.6 103.7 3.2 41.5 92.8 –12 e 16 e 52 e 102.3 23 e 54 e 93.2 144.6 8e 39 e 80.1 135.1 15 e 46.6 86.9 139.5 15 e 45 e 84 e 138.1 –1 e 27 e 64 e 114.6 3e 31 e 69 e 120.5 –23 e 4e 38 e 86.7 –26 e –1 e 33 e 80.9 –19 e 8e 43 e 92.1 –21 e 5e 40.4 88.9 –21 e 6e 41 e 89.2 –12 e 15 e 52 e 101.5 –16 e 11 e 47 e 95.9 –18 e 9e 43.7 92.4 –10 e 20.4 59.3 111.3 –10 e 21 e 61 e 113.9 –1 e 23 e 56 e 103.7 36 e 66 e 104.1 154.9 –3 e 24.4 60.6 110.7 33 e 70.1 118 e 1e 33.1 75.1 132.4 62 e 90 e 124 e 165 e 26 e 60.2 103.3 159.6 21 e 50.9 90.7 145.4 –29.4 –3.3 30.4 77.1 –34 e –9 e 25 e 72 e –24 e 1e 36 e 84 e –26 e 0e 35.1 83.6

100 kPa 176.0 155.0 153.0 160.7 184.2 160.3 146.1 150.4 141.2 120.6 106.8 206.9 179.2 110.5 230.4 189 e 307.3 198.5 188.4 159.1 139.0 164.1 152.6 114.7 247 e 236.5 242.7 181.0 178.4 178.4 164.9 177.5 214.5 212.8 211 e 218.5 190.5 197.8 158.8 152.0 164.7 160.8 161.5 175.6 168.9 164.3 184.5 189.3 176.9 226 e 184.5 202.0 215.1 214 e 236.5 225.1 146.4 144.1 156.1 156.2

Ref. 1,39 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:20 PM

Vapor Pressure

6-78 Mol. form. C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H19Cl C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20S C9H21BO3 C9H21N C9H21N C10F8 C10F22 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N

Section6.indb 78

Name Isopropylcyclohexane trans-1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclo-hexane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclohexane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane 1´,2a,4a-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclo-hexane 1´,3´,5´-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclo-hexane Isobutylcyclopentane cis-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclo-pentane trans-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclo-pentane 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylcyclo-pentane Nonanal 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6–Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid Heptyl acetate Isopentyl butanoate Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate Propyl hexanoate Methyl octanoate 1-Chlorononane Nonane 2-Methyloctane 3-Methyloctane 4-Methyloctane 2,2-Dimethylheptane 2,3-Dimethylheptane 2,6-Dimethylheptane 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3-Diethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 1-Nonanol 3-Nonanol 4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-pentanol 1-Nonanethiol Triisopropyl borate Nonylamine Tripropylamine Perfluoronaphthalene Perfluorodecane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene** Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthalenamine 2-Naphthalenamine

1 Pa –48 e –53 e –60 e –71 e –72 e –105 e –52 e –56 e –72 e

–32 e 48 e –16 e

–26 e –26 e –11 e –46.8 –49 e –49 e –50 e –58 e –53 e –55 e –66.1 –65.1 –58 e –60 e –62 e –53 e –58 e –61 e –57 e

13 e –2 e

–39 e 5.2 s 17 e 14 e 3.2 s 24.1 s

36.3 s

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –28 e –2 e 33 e 81.3 –33 e –8 e 25 e 71.8 –12 e 23 e 71.5 –41 e –16 e 18 e 65.2 –50 e –22 e 15 e 65.7 –50 e –22 e 14 e 65.1 –88 e –64 e –28 e 31 e –33 e –7 e 28 e 77 e –36 e –11 e 23 e 72 e –54 e –30 e 2e 47 e –3 e 27.4 65.5 115.6 8e 35 e 71 e 121.0 –1 e 39.1 94 e –12 e 14 e 48 e 96.2 69 e 97 e 133 e 182.7 6e 34 e 70 e 119.9 55 e 105.6 11.3 48.3 97.9 –2 e 28 e 65.1 113.4 –9 e 13 e 40 e 76 e 11 e 39 e 76 e 127.8 –26.0 0.0 34.0 80.8 –30 e –5 e 28 e 73.9 –29 e –5 e 29 e 74.7 –30 e –6 e 27 e 73.2 –39 e –15 e 18 e 63.6 –33 e –9 e 25 e 70.8 –36 e –12 e 21 e 66.4 –9 e 24 e 70.6 –46.4 –21.3 11.8 57.7 –45.8 –21.2 11.2 56.2 –38 e –13 e 20 e 66.7 –41 e –16 e 17 e 62.3 –43 e –18 e 15 e 61.0 –33 e –7 e 28 e 76.3 –9 e 26 e 73.7 –38 e –13 e 20 e 66.7 21 e 68.5 –42 e –17 e 16 e 62.5 –49 e –25 e 8e 53.2 –37 e –12 e 22 e 69.7 40 e 64 e 96.9 141.0 24 e 47 e 78 e 123.0 45 e 76.4 121.3 31 e 54 e 84.5 128.1 58 100 21 e 49 e 87 e 140.4 73.1 9e 37 e 75 e 126.2 –18 e 8e 42 e 88.2 25.1 s 48.1 s 52 e 45 e 80.3 126.7 189.8 39 e 70.5 112.8 171.6 24.1 s 49.3 s 80.7 135.6 46 s 71.5 s 103.3 162.6 137.2 196.7 140.7 200.5 62 e 99.0 146.9 210.7 65.9 s 103 s 150.9 215.1

100 kPa 154.0 141.5 145.5 136.1 140.7 140.0 147.0 152.0 145.8 117.4 184.6 194.0 188 e 167.7 255.1 191.9 178.4 168.3 178 e 127.9 204.7 150.3 142.8 143.7 141.9 132.3 140.0 134.7 139.9 126.0 123.7 137.2 130.9 130.2 148.9 145.7 136.2 139.8 132.6 121.8 141.1 213.0 194.2 192.0 194.7 167 219.2 139.0 202.1 156.0 132.9 280.5 258.6 217.5 244.0 281.8 286.8 300.1 305.5

Ref. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 1 1 5,39 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:22 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form. C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H10 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H16O C10H18 C10H18

Section6.indb 79

Name 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 6-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline m-Divinylbenzene Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl isophthalate Dimethyl terephthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 2-Ethylstyrene 3-Ethylstyrene 4-Ethylstyrene Estragole 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol 2-Phenylethyl acetate Propyl benzoate Ethyl phenylacetate Isoeugenol Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene o-Cymene m-Cymene p-Cymene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 2-Butylphenol Butyl phenyl ether Thymol 2-Methyl-5-isopropylaniline N-Butylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline Dipentene d-Limonene l-Limonene β-Myrcene α-Pinene β-Pinene Camphene Terpinolene β-Phellandrene (+)-Camphor Pulegone 1-Decyne cis-Decahydronaphthalene

6-79 1 Pa 5.3 29 e 27 e 15 e –29 e 27 e 56.6 s –21 e –31 e –28 e –31 e

9e –4 e –8 e –9 e –28 e –35 e –37 e –36 e –39 e –34 e –33 e –28 e –28 e –28 e –22 e –24 e –27 e –25 e –28 e –27 e –29 e –29 e –19 e 7e –16 e 18.9 s 19 e 11 e –11 e –42 e –45 e –33 e –48 e –43 e

–15.8 s 37 e –34 e –26 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 31.9 63.8 102.9 165.8 54 e 85 e 127 e 183.0 51 e 81 e 122 e 179.2 40 e 70 e 111 e 166.1 –4 e 27.1 67.6 122.1 56 e 92.7 137.8 195.8 85 e 129.5 189.2 79.4 s 106.1 s 137.9 s 197.9 3e 33.2 74.1 127.4 –8 e 21 e 60 e 111.7 –5.3 24.1 62.6 116 e –8.2 21.3 60.5 115 e 48.5 88.0 140.7 54.1 96.0 152.2 37 e 72 e 115.9 173.8 22 e 54 e 96 e 152.3 18 e 50.2 92.3 149.2 19 e 52 e 95 e 150.2 125 e 185.3 –7 e 21 e 56.9 107.6 –14 e 13 e 48 e 98.3 –16 e 10 e 46 e 94.9 –15 e 12 e 47.9 97.8 –16 e 13 e 51 e 103.1 –13 e 14 e 50 e 99.9 –12 e 16 e 52 e 102.2 –6 e 21 e 58 e 107.9 –7 e 20 e 56 e 106.2 –6 e 21 e 57 e 108.1 0e 28 e 66 e 117.2 –2 e 26 e 63 e 113.6 –2 e 26 e 63 e 113.7 –5 e 23 e 60 e 110.6 –4 e 24 e 61 e 112.2 –6 e 21 e 58 e 108.3 –6 e 22 e 58.2 108.9 –8 e 20 e 56.1 106.5 –7 e 20 e 56.6 107.4 7e 36 e 74 e 126.6 3e 32 e 69 e 120.9 119.9 31 e 61 e 101 e 155.2 8e 38 e 77 e 131.3 37.9 s 59.5 101.2 155.0 43 e 72 e 107.4 150 e 35 e 66 e 106 e 160.9 14 e 44.3 84.2 138.4 –19 e 10.6 48.7 100.2 –21 e 9.1 48.0 100.4 –12 e 16 e 52.0 102.3 9.4 47.3 98.3 –27 e –1 e 33.6 82.2 –22 e 5.0 40.6 90.5 90.7 26.5 64.9 115.4 16 e 53.2 104 e 10 s 41.5 s 80.8 s 131.4 s 49.1 66.4 92.2 135.1 –13 e 14 e 51 e 100.3 –4 e 24 e 62.4 115.5

100 kPa 247.2 265.1 264.5 247.3 199 e 272.7 273 e 282 e 207.8 187 e 193 e 196 e 214.6 231.5 252.9 232.0 230.5 225 e 267.1 182.8 172.8 168.6 172.3 177.8 174.6 176.6 182.9 180.6 183.3 193.4 189.2 189.5 186.4 187.9 183.2 184.3 181.3 182.8 204.5 197.5 196.3 234.4 209.7 230.4 204 e 241.0 216.3 173.9 174.5 177.0 171.0 155.1 165.5 160.1 184.6 171.0 207.6 220.2 173.5 195.3

Ref. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 21 5 21 21 4 5 5 5 5 5 1

4/29/05 4:18:23 PM

Vapor Pressure

6-80 Mol. form. C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O4 C10H18O4 C10H18O4 C10H19N C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O4 C10H21Br C10H21Cl C10H21F C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O2 C10H22O5 C10H22S C10H22S C10H23N C10H30O3Si4 C10H30O5Si5 C11H8O2 C11H8O2 C11H10 C11H10 C11H12O2 C11H12O3 C11H14 C11H14 C11H14 C11H14O2 C11H16

Section6.indb 80

Name trans-Decahydronaphthalene α-Terpineol Eucalyptol trans-Geraniol Sebacic acid Dipropyl succinate Diethyl adipate Decanenitrile 1-Decene Cyclodecane Butylcyclohexane Isobutylcyclohexane tert-Butylcyclohexane Decanal Decanoic acid Octyl acetate 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Isopentyl isopentanoate Ethyl octanoate Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate 1-Bromodecane 1-Chlorodecane 1-Fluorodecane Decane 2-Methylnonane 3-Methylnonane 4-Methylnonane 5-Methylnonane 2,4-Dimethyloctane 2,7-Dimethyloctane 2,2,6-Trimethylheptane 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane 2,4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane 2,2,3,3,4-Pentamethylpentane 2,2,3,4,4-Pentamethylpentane 1-Decanol 4-Decanol Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether 1-Decanethiol Diisopentylsulfide Dipentylamine Decamethyltetrasiloxane Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Ethyl trans-cinnamate Myristicin 4-Isopropylstyrene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-5-methylnaphthalene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methylnaphthalene Butyl benzoate Pentylbenzene

1 Pa

4e 125.9 s 11 e 4e 13 e –35.5

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –10 e 18 e 55.3 107.9 48 89 142 10.6 48.5 100.3 31 e 63.2 104.3 157.7

58 e –26 e –11 e

–9 e –16 e –18 e 16 e 80 e –3 e 5e

–17 e 6e

9e 34 e

72.1 72 e 66 e 13.7 29 e 18 e 10 e 9e 47.2 108 e 27 e 26 e 22 e 41 e 69 e

9e 2e –22 e –34 e –34 e –36 e –36 e

33 e 25 e 0e –10.6 –14 e –14 e –16 e –16 e

63 e 54 e 27 e 16.7 12 e 12 e 10 e 10 e

–39 e –46 e

–19 e –27 e

–46 e

–25 e

–46 e

30 e 18 e –31 e

–26 e –24 e –29 e 50 e 37 e –8 e

0e

20 e

7e –2 e 0e 1e –10 e 0e 3e –3 e 75 e 61 e 22 e 14.0 44 e

11 e

34 e

64 e 7e

–31 e –2 e

–6 e 19 e

26 e 46 e

5e

29 e

23 e –25 e 9e 17 e 6e –14 e

53 e –1 e 31 e 36 e 34 e 8e

60 e 57 e 79 88.9 30.2 60 e 62 e 67.9 37 e

–31 e –37 e –39 e

38 e 35 e 36 e –13.7

100 kPa 186.8 217 175.4 229.6

115.4 116.6 105.8 49.0 68 e 54 e 46 e 45 e 86.3 145 e 66.3 57.6 62.8 81.4 112.6

172.3 171.2 160.6 97.9 121.3 104.7 95.9 95.3 137.7 195.2 120.0 107.1 116.9 133.2 169.2

250.4 239.5 241.6 170.1 201.8 180.4 170.8 171.1 208.0 269.5 198.2 197.2 193.6 203 e 245.4

Ref. 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

104 e 92 e 64 e 52.3 47 e 47 e 45 e 45 e 38 e 41 e 32 e 35 e 36 e 22 e 35 e 39 e 33 e 109 e 93 e 60 e 51.5 78.4 138 e 103 e 82 e 77 e 66.8 82 e 191.9 197.9 102 e 99 e 125 135.2 70.3 99 e 97 e 110.3 74 e

159.2 145.7 113.3 101.1 94.8 95.1 93.1 92.6 84.9 88.4 78.5 82.7 85.6 68.3 83.2 89.1 82.8 157.3 139 e 111.6 101.8 127.1 200.9 157.5 118 e 127.7 118.8 132.9 239.3 246.0 159.1 156.0 187 196.0 124.5 153.1 147.8 165 e 126.7

240.0 225.3 185.7 173.7 166.5 167.3 165.2 164.6 155.4 159.4 148.4 155.2 159.8 137.0 156.5 165.5 158.7 230.6 210 e 186.2 172.8 202.9 275.3 238.6 139 e 202.0 193.9 210.4 299.6 308.1 244.1 240.5 271 279.4 202.1 233.8 228.5 237 e 204.9

5 5 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,39 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:24 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form. C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H20 C11H20 C11H20O2 C11H20O4 C11H21N C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24O C11H24S C12F27N C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2 C12H10O C12H10O C12H10O C12H10S C12H11N C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H14O4 C12H16 C12H16 C12H16O2 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H20O2 C12H20O4 C12H22 C12H22

Section6.indb 81

Name p-tert-Butyltoluene 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene 1-Undecyne 2-Undecyne 10-Undecenoic acid Ethyl diethylmalonate Undecanenitrile 1-Undecene cis-2-Undecene trans-2-Undecene cis-4-Undecene trans-4-Undecene cis-5-Undecene trans-5-Undecene Pentylcyclohexane Hexylcyclopentane 2-Undecanone 6-Undecanone Undecanoic acid Heptyl butanoate Propyl octanoate Methyl decanoate Undecane 2-Methyldecane 3-Methyldecane 4-Methyldecane 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane 1-Undecanol 1-Undecanethiol Trinonafluorobutylamine Acenaphthylene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl Azobenzene Diphenyl ether 1-Acetonaphthone 2-Acetonaphthone Diphenyl sulfide Diphenylamine 1-Ethylnaphthalene 2-Ethylnaphthalene 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene Diethyl phthalate p-Isopropenylisopropylbenzene Cyclohexylbenzene 3-Methylbutyl benzoate Hexylbenzene 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene Geranyl acetate Dibutyl maleate 1-Dodecyne Cyclohexylcyclohexane

6-81 1 Pa –24 e –26 e –13 e –22 e –17 e 35 e

–21.6 –14 e –14 e –19 e –17 e –19 e –18 e –17 e –15 e 17 e 68 e 2e –2 e 10 e –18.4 –20 e –35 e –38 e 52.2 23 e 24 s

37 e 48.3 s 20 e 48 s 16 e 14 e 26 e 31.5 s 12 e –11 e

–2 e –14 e –14 e –6 e 46.3 s –14 e 12.3 –11 e

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa –2 e 27 e 64.1 115.5 –1 e 29.5 69.5 123.5 6e 36 e 75.7 129.6 11 e 40 e 79.4 132.1 0e 29 e 67 e 118.5 6e 35 e 74 e 127.4 67 e 105 e 150.0 205.4 74 e 105 e 149.4 78.6 120.3 177.3 1.2 29.7 66.4 117.1 7e 34 e 70.2 120.6 7e 33 e 69.3 119.6 3e 30 e 66.6 117.1 4e 31 e 67.1 117.4 2e 30 e 66.2 116.7 3e 31 e 67.0 117.4 6e 34 e 72 e 124.2 7e 36 e 73 e 125.0 37 e 64.3 103.0 153.6 28 e 57 e 95 e 148.4 90 e 118 e 156 e 207.2 29 e 62 e 102.6 155.1 23 e 55 e 94.0 145.2 33 e 62 e 100.9 154.0 4.3 32.6 69.5 120.2 1e 28 e 64 e 114.0 –10 e 22 e 61.9 115.6 –12 e 20 e 60.8 113.9 43 e 94 e 80.0 82 e 118 e 167.6 47 e 77 e 118 e 173.6 3e 29.0 63.3 109.9 49.8 s 80.6 s 254.7 126.2 187 e 69.0 111.1 169.5 98.1 144.8 206.7 44 e 75 e 116 e 173 e 69 e 107.0 154.6 215.2 118.7 163.0 221.1 51 e 88.7 137.5 202.2 102.8 150.5 213.7 41 e 72 e 114 e 171.8 39 e 71 e 113 e 171.2 51 e 82 e 123 e 180.5 53.1 s 78.8 s 115.9 175 e 51 e 96 e 150.5 215.9 15 e 46 e 87 e 142.4 28 e 58 e 98 e 154.7 66 e 115.0 177.7 22 e 51 e 90 e 144.5 9e 37 e 74 e 125.9 8e 36 e 74 e 125.5 18 e 49 e 90 e 148.8 72.5 s 81.7 s 121.8 s 178.3 11 e 44 e 87 e 145.0 67.7 110.8 166.9 50.4 94.0 144.2 203 e 13 e 43 e 82 e 135.8 20 e 53.1 96.0 154.1

100 kPa 190.8 200.2 207.6 207.7 194.5 205.4 274.5 219 e 259.9 192.2 196 e 195 e 192 e 193 e 191 e 192 e 202.7 202.5 232.6 226.9 283.6 224.7 215 e 232 e 195.4 188.7 190.4 186.4 170.4 244.1 256.8 176.8 354.0 276 e 254.7 292.7 257.4 294.9 300.3 291.8 301.4 257.7 257.3 265.7 260 e 296.2 221 e 239.5 261.4 225.5 203.2 202.6 238 e 263.7 229.8 242.9 272 e 214.4 237.2

Ref. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5 5 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:26 PM

Vapor Pressure

6-82 Mol. form. C12H22O2 C12H22O4 C12H23N C12H24 C12H24 C12H24 C12H24O C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H25Br C12H25Cl C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O3 C12H27N C12H27N C12H27O4P C12H36O6Si6 C13H9N C13H9N C13H10 C13H10O2 C13H10O3 C13H12 C13H13N C13H14 C13H20 C13H24O2 C13H26 C13H26 C13H26 C13H26O2 C13H26O2 C13H28 C13H28O C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12 C14H12 C14H12O2 C14H14 C14H15N C14H16 C14H16 C14H22 C14H26O4 C14H27N C14H28 C14H28 C14H28 C14H28O2 C14H30 C14H30O C14H31N C14H42O5Si6 C15H18 C15H24 C15H30

Section6.indb 82

Name Methyl 10-undecenoate Dimethyl sebacate Dodecanenitrile 1-Dodecene Hexylcyclohexane Heptylcyclopentane Dodecanal Dodecanoic acid Decyl acetate Ethyl decanoate 1-Bromododecane 1-Chlorododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tributylamine Triisobutylamine Tributyl phosphate Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane Acridine Phenanthridine Fluorene Phenyl benzoate Phenyl salicylate Diphenylmethane Methyldiphenylamine 1-Isopropylnaphthalene Heptylbenzene Ethyl 10-undecenoate 1-Tridecene Heptylcyclohexane Octylcyclopentane Tridecanoic acid Methyl dodecanoate Tridecane 1-Tridecanol Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzil cis-Stilbene trans-Stilbene Benzoin 1,1-Diphenylethane Dibenzylamine 1-Butylnaphthalene 2-Butylnaphthalene Octylbenzene Diethyl sebacate Tetradecanenitrile 1-Tetradecene Octylcyclohexane Nonylcyclopentane Tetradecanoic acid Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Tetradecylamine Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane 1-Pentylnaphthalene Nonylbenzene Nonylcyclohexane

1 Pa 10 e 36 e –8.3 –3 e –1 e 78 e 12 e 8e 31 e 27 e –5.4 5e –26 e

18 e 79 s 48.4 s

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 38 e 73 e 116 e 172.2 53 e 97 150 214 60 e 92 e 133 e 190.5 15.2 44.8 82.9 135.4 20 e 50 e 89 e 143.1 22 e 51 e 90 e 143.5 70 e 116.2 175.9 100 e 128 e 166 e 219.1 40 e 74 e 115.1 168.1 35 e 69 e 111.8 166.1 57 e 90 e 132 e 190.8 51 e 81 e 122 e 178.7 18.2 47.6 85.8 138.2 133 e 185.0 34.4 70.2 115.3 174.1 1e 35 e 77.7 134.5 1e 28.9 64.9 112.5 205 e 41 e 69 e 108 e 162.2 124.4 176.2 246.0

102.3

35 e 27 e 12 e 32 e 4.1 11 e 13 e 87 e 38 e 7.2 71.6 89.2 s 53 s

45 e 63 e 51 e 36 e 55 e 28.5 34 e 36 e 109 e 61 e 31.5 101.0 125.9 s 83 s

26 e

54 e

19 e 48 e 67 e 44 e 20.1 52 e 16.1 16.9 25 e 96 e 19.1 80.0

47 e 77 e 82 e 67 e 46.2 83 e 79 e 41.3 44.3 49 e 118 e 44.1 110.5

6e 34 e 33.0 35 e

36 e 62 e 58.9 60 e

77 e 98.4 82 e 66 e 86 e 59.0 65 e 66 e 138 e 90 e 61.8 103 e 151.5 s 120.8 123 88 e

82.0 113.1 103 e 98 e 79.1 120 114.0 72.7 77.8 80 e 147 e 75.3 149.6 104 e 72 e 96 e 92.0 92 e

137.4 151.4 166.0 119.3 143.1 123.2 107 e 125.2 98.3 105 e 106 e 176 e 130 e 101.1 140 e 165 s 170.4 175 130.4 155.6 181 125.3 158.9 135 e 139 e 121.9 166 159.0 113.2 120.0 120 e 186 e 115.7 152 e 147 e 117 e 141.3 135.4 134 e

205.4 217.9 224.8 177.7 201.6 180.8 162.7 179.5 152.5 160.9 160.9 230.3 184.9 155.1 192.3 238.8 238.4 246 183 e 218.1 248 181 e 218.5 186.7 197.5 178.1 225 219.7 168.7 177.6 177.2 241.3 171.1 205.3 206.1 176.0 202.2 193.7 193.4

100 kPa 247.1 293 275.5 212.8 224.2 223.5 256.6 298.1 238 e 238 e 275.3 262.6 215.8 264.1 253.8 213.4 178.5 288.3 244.7 345.4 295 e 313.3 312.4 263.6 281.6 267.3 246.2 258.4 232.3 244.3 243.1 311.5 269 e 234.9 273.1 340.2 337.7 346 253 e 305.8 342 254 e 299.4 288.6 287.4 263.8 305 306.3 250.6 263.2 261.5 325.6 253.0 286.7 290.9 259.1 289 e 281.4 280.9

Ref. 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 5 1,5 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5

4/29/05 4:18:27 PM

Vapor Pressure Mol. form. C15H30 C15H30O2 C15H32 C16H22O4 C16H32 C16H32O2 C16H34 C16H34O C16H35N C17H10O C17H34O2 C17H36 C17H36O C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C18H30 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H36O C18H36O2 C18H38 C18H38O C19H16 C19H36O2 C19H40 C20H42 C20H42O C20H60O8Si9 C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H44 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C22H44O2 C22H44O2 C22H46 C23H48 C24H38O4 C24H38O4 C24H50 C25H52 C26H54 C27H56 C28H58 C29H60 C30H62 C70

Section6.indb 83

Name Decylcyclopentane Methyl tetradecanoate Pentadecane Dibutyl phthalate 1-Hexadecene Hexadecanoic acid Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Hexadecylamine Benzanthrone Methyl hexadecanoate Heptadecane 1-Heptadecanol o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Hexaethylbenzene Oleic acid Elaidic acid Stearaldehyde Stearic acid Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Triphenylmethane Methyl oleate Nonadecane Eicosane 1-Eicosanol Eicosamethylnonasiloxane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Tri-m-cresyl phosphate Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Heneicosane Brassidic acid Erucic acid Butyl oleate Behenic acid Butyl stearate Docosane Tricosane Dioctyl phthalate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Tetracosane Pentacosane Hexacosane Heptacosane Octacosane Nonacosane Squalane Carbon (fullerene-C70)

6-83 1 Pa 37 e 30.5 38.4 41.1 99.5 63 e 65 e 51.5 94 e 66 e 87 e 127.1 s 94 e

61.5 106 e 81 s 85 e 71.1 80.4 119 e 119.0 147.8 140.6 82.3 134 e 126 e 95.5 145.4 99.6 83.5 102.9 130 e 122.0 115.0 119.7 125.1 136.7 136.5 148.2 66 e 598 s

Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 10 Pa 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 61 e 93 e 134 e 192.5 75 e 110 155 214 56.1 88.1 129.6 186.3 104.0 142.7 191.5 254.5 65.0 98.1 140.5 198.8 136 e 165 e 205 e 261.9 67.4 100.3 142.7 200.7 130.6 171.9 175 e 229.0 91 e 126 e 171 e 232.6 184 e 229.3 290.3 377.2 93 129 177 78.5 112.0 155.3 214.5 117 e 146 e 185 e 240.1 94 e 129 e 176 e 241.3 118 e 156 e 206.6 275.3 154.7 s 217.2 284.0 144.1 206.8 126 e 165.5 214.5 277.0 124 e 166 216 280 142 e 186 e 246.9 153 e 183 e 223 e 281.6 89.0 123.1 167.3 227.6 130 e 160 e 200.5 257.3 112 e 175 e 254.6 114 e 149.7 195.6 256 e 99.1 133.8 178.8 240.1 108.9 144.2 189.8 252.1 143 e 173 e 213 e 270.0 141 e 183.1 236.7 156.1 201.0 256.3 326.3 177.3 211.4 251.3 298 e 174 e 214 e 262 e 320 e 113.5 152.2 201.6 263.8 166 e 203.6 249.8 307.6 160 e 199.4 247.4 306.5 124.2 158 e 198 e 245 e 176.5 213.7 259.3 316.2 128 e 162 e 201 e 249 e 115.0 154.0 203.6 274.8 135.1 174.8 221 e 285.3 163.7 203.8 252 e 311 e 153.2 189.2 231.3 281.1 148.1 188.5 239.1 295.4 152.7 193.2 244.4 305.0 158.8 200.1 252.1 314.3 168.8 206.5 255.8 323.3 169.8 210.9 263.1 332.0 182.8 221.2 271.5 340.2 84 e 105.8 131.9 163.7 662 s

100 kPa 278.8 295 270.1 339.4 284.3 350.2 286.3 311.7 320.5 511 e 302 e 323.3 336.3 374.6 383.0 297.5 359.7 361 336.7 374.5 316 e 343.0 360.0 340 e 330 e 344 e 355.1 307.1 418 e 355 e 392 e 355.9 382.0 381.1 304 e 390 e 307 e 368.0 379.5 385 e 341.1 390.6 401.1 411.3 421.2 430.6 439.7 203.2

Ref. 5 4 16 4 5 5 16 5 5 5 4 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 16 5 5 5 16 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 22

4/29/05 4:18:28 PM

VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K This table gives vapor pressures of 67 important fluids in the temperature range 2 to 300 K. Helium (4He), hydrogen (H2), and neon (Ne) are covered on this page. The remaining fluids are listed on subsequent pages by molecular formula in the Hill order (see Introduction). The data have been taken from evaluated sources; references are listed at the end of the table. Helium T/K P/kPa 2.2 5.3 2.3 6.7 2.4 8.3 2.5 10.2 2.6 12.4 2.7 14.8 2.8 17.5 2.9 20.6 3.0 24.0 3.1 27.8 3.2 32.0 3.3 36.5 3.4 41.5 3.5 47.0 3.6 52.9 3.7 59.3 3.8 66.1 3.9 73.5 4.0 81.5 4.1 90.0

T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175

Hydrogen T/K P/kPa 14.0 7.90 14.5 10.38 15.0 13.43 15.5 17.12 16.0 21.53 16.5 26.74 17.0 32.84 17.5 39.92 18.0 48.08 18.5 57.39 19.0 67.96 19.5 79.89 20.0 93.26 20.5 108.2 21.0 124.7 21.5 143.1 22.0 163.2 22.5 185.3 23.0 209.4 23.5 235.7

Ar Argon 0.1 0.2 0.8 2.8 7.7 18.7 40.7 79.0 134 213 324 473 666 910 1214 1584 2027 2553 3170 3892 4736

s s s s s s s

T/K 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 38.0 39.0 40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.0

Neon P/kPa 51.3 71.8 98.5 132.1 173.5 223.8 284.0 355.2 438.6 535.2 646.2 772.8 916.4 1078 1260 1462 1688 1939 2216 2522

BCl3 Boron trichloride

BF3 Boron trifluoride

7.7 13.4 22.3 35.2 53.7 79.1 113

Pressures are given in kilopascals (kPa). Note that: 1 kPa = 7.50062 Torr 100 kPa = 1 bar 101.325 kPa = 1 atmos “s” following an entry indicates that the compound is solid at that temperature. Helium T/K P/kPa 4.2 99.0 4.3 108.7 4.4 119.0 4.5 129.9 4.6 141.6 4.7 153.9 4.8 167.0 4.9 180.8 5.0 195.4 5.1 210.9

Ref.

17,18

BrH Hydrogen bromide

0.1 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.9 3.3 5.4 8.7 13.4

s s s s s s s s s

Br2 Bromine

Hydrogen T/K P/kPa 24.0 264.2 24.5 295.1 25.0 328.5 25.5 364.3 26.0 402.9 26.5 444.3 27.0 488.5 27.5 535.7 28.0 586.1 28.5 639.7 29.0 696.7 29.5 757.3 30.0 821.4 30.5 889.5 31.0 961.5 31.5 1038.0 32.0 1119.0 32.5 1204.0 1

T/K

Neon P/kPa

13

ClF Chlorine fluoride

ClH Hydrogen chloride

0.1 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.1 3.6 6.0 9.5 14.6 21.8 31.7 44.8 62.0

0.1 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.9 3.4 5.8 9.5 14.7 22.0 31.9 45.1

s s s s s s s s

6-84

Section6.indb 84

4/29/05 4:18:32 PM

Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures Below 300 K

T/K 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210

Section6.indb 85

Ar Argon

8,15 ClO2 Chlorine dioxide

BCl3 Boron trichloride 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.8 2.6 3.8 5.2 7.2 9.7 12.9 17.0 22.0 28.1 35.6 44.5 55.1 67.6 82.2 99.1 119 141 166 12 Cl2 Chlorine

BF3 Boron trifluoride 157 214 285 372 479 608 762 944 1160 1413 1709 2056 2460 2913 3481 4123 4874

12 Cl4Si Silicon tetrachloride

6-85 BrH Hydrogen bromide 20.1 s 29.5 s 37.9 51.8 69.5 91.8 119 153 194 242 299 366 443 532 633 748 878 1023 1185 1364 1562 1780 2018 2278 2561 12 FH Hydrogen fluoride

Br2 Bromine

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.7 2.6 3.8 5.5 7.3 9.5 12.3 15.6 19.7 24.6 30.5 12 F2 Fluorine 0.4 1.5 4.8 12.3 27.6 55.3 101 172 276 420 615 870 1196 1605 2108 2721 3458 4339

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9

1.8 2.8 4.2 6.1 8.7 12.3 16.9 22.9

0.1

0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.7

s s s s s s s s s s

ClF Chlorine fluoride 84.2 112 147 190 242 304 378 464 564 680 812 961 1130 1319 1529 1762 2019 2301 2608 2941 3303 3693 4111 4560 5039 12

ClH Hydrogen chloride 62.5 84.7 113 148 190 242 304 377 463 563 678 811 961 1132 1325 1542 1784 2054 2354 2686 3053 3457 3901 4388 4921 12

F2O Difluorine oxide

F3N Nitrogen trifluoride

0.1 0.2 0.5 1.2 2.6 5.3 10.1 18.0 30.5 49.3 76.7 115 168 237 328 444 588 766 981 1238 1541 1895 2303 2771 3302 3899 4567 5308

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 2.0 4.0 7.3 12.8 21.1 33.5 51.1 75.4 108 150 205 273 357 459 581 726 896 1092 1319 1578 1871 2203

4/29/05 4:18:33 PM

Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures Below 300 K

6-86

T/K 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

T/K 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

Section6.indb 86

ClO2 Chlorine dioxide 1.4 2.3 3.5 5.3 7.6 10.8 14.9 20.1 26.6 34.6 44.4 56.1 69.9 86.2 105 127 151 179 12 F3P Phosphorus trifluoride 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.9 3.5 5.9 9.5 14.9 22.5 33.1 47.3 66.0 90.1 121 159 206 262 330 410 503 611 736 877 1037 1217 1418 1640 1885 2154 2448 2767 3112

12

Cl2 Chlorine 30.5 40.1 51.9 66.4 84.0 105 130 160 194 234 280 332 392 459 535 619 714 818 5

Cl4Si Silicon tetrachloride 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.8 3.8 5.0 6.6 8.6 11.1 14.2 17.9 22.3 27.7 34.0 12

FH Hydrogen fluoride 2.3 3.2 4.4 5.9 7.9 10.3 13.4 17.2 21.8 27.4 34.2 42.2 51.8 63.1 76.3 91.7 110 130 12

F4Si Silicon tetrafluoride

F6S Sulfur hexafluoride

HI Hydrogen iodide

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.9 3.8 7.5 14.0 25.2 43.8 74.2 122 197 280 376 488 618 766 932 1117 1324 1555 1816 2111 2449 2841 3301

12

s s s s s s s s s s s s s

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.5 2.6 4.4 7.1 11.3 17.3 25.9 38.0 54.4 76.6 106 145 195 249 305 371 448 536 636 750 878 1021 1181 1358 1554 1768 2003 2258 2534 12,15

s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.3 2.2 3.4 5.3 8.0 11.7 16.8 23.6 32.5 44.0 56.2 71.4 89.7 112 137 168 203 244 290 343 404 472 548 633 727 831 12

s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

F2O Difluorine oxide

F2 Fluorine

12

12

H2S Hydrogen sulfide

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.9 3.2 5.2 8.3 12.7 18.9 26.6 36.7 49.8 66.4 87.1 113 144 182 227 281 344 416 500 597 706 830 969 1124 1297 1488 1698 1929 2181 12,15

s s s s s s s s s s s

F3N Nitrogen trifluoride 2577 2995 3464 3991

1

H3N Ammonia

H3P Phosphine

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.1 3.5 5.8 8.7 12.6 17.9 24.9 34.1 45.9 60.8 79.6 103 131 165 207 256 313 381 460 552 655 774 909 1062 11

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.3 2.3 3.9 6.2 9.6 14.5 21.1 30.0 41.6 56.6 75.6 99.2 128 163 205 254 312 379 456 544 644 756 881 1019 1172 1341 1525 1725 1942 2176 2428 2699 2987 3295 3621 12

s s s s s s s s

4/29/05 4:18:35 PM

Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures Below 300 K T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

T/K 100 105 110 115 120 125 130

Section6.indb 87

H4Si Silane

0.1 0.2 0.4 1.0 1.9 3.5 6.1 10.0 15.8 24.1 35.3 50.3 69.8 94.6 126 164 210 265 331 408 498 602 722 859 1017 1196 1398 1628 1888 2180 2509 2880 3296 3763 4288

Kr Krypton

0.1 0.4 1.1 2.7 6.0 12.1 22.8 40.4 68.0 103 150 211 290 388 509 655 830 1037 1278 1557 1877 2241 2655 3120 3641 4223 4870

NO Nitric oxide

s s s s s s s s s

0.1 0.4 1.3 3.8 10.0 23.5 46.8 86.5 151 248 391 592 867 1231 1703 2302 3050 3971 5089 6433

12

13, 15

12, 15

O3 Ozone 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.0 2.0 3.8 6.8

Rn Radon

Xe Xenon 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.5 2.7 4.9

0.1

s s s s s

6-87 N2 Nitrogen 0.4 s 1.8 s 6.3 s 17.4 38.6 76.1 137 229 361 541 779 1084 1467 1939 2513 3209

1

s s s s s s s

CBrF3 Bromotrifluoromethane

N2O Nitrous oxide

0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.3 2.5 4.3 7.1 11.4 17.6 26.4 38.5 54.7 75.9 103 138 181 234 298 374 465 571 694 835 996 1179 1385 1615 1870 2152 2462 2802 3172 3573 4006 4473 4973 5508 12 CClF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane

O2 Oxygen

O2S Sulfur dioxide

0.2 0.7 2.3 6.3 14.5 30.1 56.8 99.3 163 254 379 543 756 1022 1351 1749 2225 2788 3448 4219

3 CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.0 3.0 4.4 6.3 9.0 12.6 17.3 23.3 31.1 40.9 53.2 68.3 86.7 109 136 168 205 249 300 359 426 12 CCl3F Trichlorofluoromethane

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6

4/29/05 4:18:36 PM

Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures Below 300 K

6-88

T/K 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155

Section6.indb 88

O3 Ozone 11.5 18.7 29.1 43.7 63.6 89.9 124 168 222 289 367 468 584 721 881 1068 1285 1536 1824 2155 2534 2968 3464 4031 4678 5417

12 CCl4 Tetrachloromethane

Rn Radon 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.5 2.4 3.8 5.8 8.6 12.5 17.7 24.5 33.2 44.4 58.2 75.3 96 121 151 185

15 CF4 Tetrafluoromethane

0.1 0.3 0.8 1.7 3.4 6.5 11.5 19.3 30.8 47.4 70.2 101 141 191

Xe Xenon 8.5 14.0 22.2 34.2 51.1 74.2 101 134 173 222 280 348 428 521 628 750 889 1045 1220 1416 1633 1872 2136 2425 2742 3087 3462 3869 4310 4786 5299

s s s s s s

12,13 CO Carbon monoxide 0.1 s 0.6 s 2.6 s 8.2 s 21.0 44.4 83.7 147 239 371 545 771 1067 1428 1877 2400 3064

CBrF3 Bromotrifluoromethane 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.5 2.5 3.9 5.9 8.8 12.8 18.1 25.1 34.1 45.6 60.0 77.8 99.5 126 157 194 237 287 344 410 485 570 665 771 889 1021 1166 1325 1501 1692 12

CClF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane 1.1 2.0 3.3 5.3 8.3 12.6 18.6 26.8 37.6 51.7 69.7 92.3 120 155 196 246 304 372 451 542 646 763 896 1044 1210 1394 1598 1823 2071 2343 2641 2968 3325 3716 12

COS Carbon oxysulfide

CO2 Carbon dioxide

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.7

CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.1 3.2 4.8 6.9 9.9 13.7 18.8 25.2 33.3 43.3 55.5 70.4 88.1 109 134 163 196 234 278 327 383 445 515 593 679 12 CHClF2 Chlorodifluomethane

s s s s s

CCl3F Trichlorofluoromethane

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.9 4.1 5.6 7.6 10.1 13.3 17.2 22.1 28.0 35.1 43.7 53.8 65.7 79.6 95.6 114.1 12 CHCl3 Trichloromethane

0.1 0.3

4/29/05 4:18:38 PM

Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures Below 300 K

T/K 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

T/K 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260

Section6.indb 89

CCl4 Tetrachloromethane

1.5 2.1 2.8 3.7 4.9 6.4 8.2 10.5 13.2 16.5 12 CHF3 Trifluoromethane 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.4 2.5 4.3 7.1 11.1 17.0 25.3 36.5 51.4 70.9 95.8 127 166 214 271 340 421 516 626 754 900 1067 1257 1472 1713

CF4 Tetrafluoromethane 254 332 425 537 669 824 1005 1216 1460 1743 2073 2457 2907 3438

12

9

CHN Hydrogen cyanide

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 1.5 2.2 3.3 4.7 6.8 9.7 13.6 18.8

CO Carbon monoxide

s s s s s s s s s s s s

CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.4 2.0 2.8 3.8 5.3 7.1 9.5

6-89 COS Carbon oxysulfide 1.3 2.2 3.4 5.2 7.8 11.3 15.9 22.1 30.0 40.1 52.7 68.2 87.2 110 137 169 207 250 301 358 423 497 580 673 777 892 1019 1159 1313 12 CH2F2 Difluoromethane

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.7 2.8 4.4 6.8 10.2 14.8 21.2 29.5 40.5 54.5 72.1 94.1 121 154 193 240 295 360 434 521

CO2 Carbon dioxide 3.1 5.7 9.9 16.8 27.6 44.0 68.4 104 155 227 327 465 599 734 893 1075 1283 1519 1785 2085 2419 2790 3203 3658 4161 4714 5318 5984 6713 6, 19

s s s s s s s s s s s s

CHClF2 Chlorodifluomethane 0.5 0.8 1.4 2.3 3.6 5.5 8.1 11.8 16.7 23.1 31.5 42.1 55.3 71.7 91.6 116 144 178 218 264 317 377 446 525 613 711 821 944 1080 12

CH2O CH3Cl Formaldehyde Chloromethane

1.3 2.0 3.0 4.4 6.4 9.1 12.7 17.4 23.4 31.0 40.6 52.5 67.0 84.6 106 131

2.1 3.1 4.6 6.7 9.5 13.1 17.9 24.0 31.8 41.4 53.3 67.7 85.1 106 131 159

CHCl3 Trichloromethane

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.7 3.7 5.0 6.6 8.7 11.3 14.4 18.3 22.9 28.5 12 CH3F Fluoromethane

0.6 1.2 2.1 3.6 5.9 9.3 14.1 20.9 29.9 42.0 57.6 77.4 102 133 171 216 270 333 408 495 595 711 843 993 1163 1355

4/29/05 4:18:39 PM

Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures Below 300 K

6-90

T/K 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

T/K 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

Section6.indb 90

CHF3 Trifluoromethane 1984 2287 2624 3000 3418 3881 4393 12 CH4 Methane 0.1 0.3 0.8 2.1 4.9 10.6 20.0 34.5 57.0 88.4 133 192 269 368 491 642 824 1041 1297 1594 1937 2331 2779 3288 3865 4520

2,16

CHN Hydrogen cyanide 24.1 30.5 38.3 47.7 58.8 72.1 87.6 105.9 12,16 CH4O Methanol

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.7 2.4 3.3 4.5 6.2 8.3 11 14.4 18.7 12

CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane 12.4 16.1 20.7 26.3 33.0 41.1 50.8 62.1 12

CH2F2 Difluoromethane 620 732 860 1004 1165 1346 1547 1770 12

C2H2 Acetylene

0.1 0.3 0.7 1.3 2.6 4.6 7.8 12.8 20.6 32.2 49.0 72.9 106 146 190 244 309 385 475 579 699 837 993 1170 1370 1593 1843 2121 2429 2771 3150 3567 4028 4535 5093 12,16

s s s s s s s s s s s s s

C2H4 Ethylene

0.3 0.8 1.4 2.7 4.5 7.7 11.9 18.3 27.5 39.9 56.4 77.9 105 140 182 234 296 369 456 557 673 806 958 1128 1321 1535 1774 2039 2331 2652 3005 3391 3813 4275

4

CH2O CH3Cl Formaldehyde Chloromethane 161 193 196 232 236 277 283 327 337 385 399 450 470 524 549 606 12 12 C2H6 Ethane

0.1 0.4 0.7 1.3 2.2 3.8 6.0 9.7 15.0 21.5 31.0 42.9 59.0 78.7 104 135 172 217 271 334 407 492 590 700 826 967 1125 1301 1496 1712 1949 2210 2495 2806 3146 3515 3917 4355 2

C2H6O Dimethyl ether

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.4 2.1 3.2 4.7 6.8 9.6 13.3 18.1 24.3 32.1 41.9 53.9 68.6 86.3 108 133 162 197 237 283 335 395 463 538 623 12

CH3F Fluoromethane 1571 1813 2084 2387 2724 3099 3516 3978 12 C3H4 Propadiene

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.7 2.7 4.1 6.1 8.9 12.5 17.4 23.7 31.6 41.4 53.5 68.2 85.8 107 131 160 193 230 273 322 376 438 506 582 666 759 12

4/29/05 4:18:41 PM

Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures Below 300 K

T/K 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.

C3H6 Propylene 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.2 2.0 3.1 4.7 7.0 10.1 14.2 19.7 26.9 35.9 47.3 61.3 78.5 99.2 124 153 188 228 274 327 387 456 533 619 715 822 940 1069 1212 7

C3H8 Propane

0.8 1.4 2.2 3.3 5.0 7.3 10.5 15.0 20.1 27.0 36.0 47.0 60.0 77.0 97.0 120 148 180 218 261 311 367 431 502 582 671 769 878 998 2

C4H6 Buta-1,3diene

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.3 3.4 4.8 6.7 9.2 12.5 16.7 21.9 28.4 36.3 46.0 57.6 71.3 87.6 107 129 154 184 217 255 297 12

References 1. B. A. Younglove, Thermophysical properties of fluids. I. Ethylene, parahydrogen, nitrogen trifluoride, and oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Supp. 1, 1982. 2. B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. 3. W. Wagner, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Oxygen, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 4. R. T. Jacobsen, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Ethylene, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 5. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Chlorine, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 6. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Carbon Dioxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1976. 7. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Propylene, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980. 8. R. B. Stewart and R. T. Jacobsen, Thermophysical properties of argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989. 9. R. D. Goodwin, Carbon monoxide thermophysical properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 849, 1985.

Section6.indb 91

6-91 C4H10 Butane

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 1.9 2.8 4.0 5.7 7.8 10.6 14.1 18.5 24.1 30.9 39.1 49.1 61.0 75.0 91.5 111 133 159 188 221 258 2

C4H10 Isobutane

0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.7 2.5 3.7 5.3 7.4 10.2 13.8 18.3 24.0 31.1 39.8 50.3 62.9 77.8 95.4 116 140 167 198 234 274 319 370 2

C5H12 Pentane

1.0 1.5 2.1 3.0 4.2 5.7 7.6 10.0 13.0 16.6 21.1 26.6 33.1 40.8 50.0 60.7 73.2 14

C5H12 Neopentane

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.6 2.4 3.6 5.2 7.3 10.2 13.9 18.7 24.8 32.4 41.6 51.4 63.0 76.6 92.3 111 131 155 182 12,16

s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

10. R. D. Goodwin, Methanol thermophysical properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 799, 1987. 11. L. Haar, Thermodynamic properties of ammonia, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 635, 1978. 12. DIPPR Data Compilation of Pure Compound Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties Data, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1987. 13. V. A. Rabinovich, et al., Thermophysical Properties of Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1987. 14. K. N. Marsh, Recommended Reference Methods for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 15. TRC Thermodynamic Tables: Non-Hydrocarbons, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 1985. 16. R. M. Stevenson and S. Malanowski, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Elsevier, New York, 1987. 17. S. Angus and K. M. de Reuck, International Tables of the Fluid State: Helium-4, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977. 18. R. D. McCarty, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923, 1973. 19. R. Span and W. Wagner, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 1509, 1996.

4/29/05 4:18:41 PM

Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions This table gives the vapor pressure of water above saturated solutions of some common salts at ambient temperatures. Data on pure water are given on the last line for comparison. The references provide additional information on water activity, osmotic coefficient, and enthalpy of vaporization.

Salt BaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeSO4 KBr KIO3 K2CO3 LiCl Mg(NO3)2 MnCl2 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NaBr NaCl NaNO2 NaNO3 RbCl ZnSO4 Water



487_S06.indb 93

10°C 0.971 0.701 1.113 0.978 0.953 1.100 0.541 0.128 0.726 0.697 0.971 0.853 0.901 0.722 0.921 0.703 0.884 0.862 0.945 1.228

15°C 1.443 1.015 1.574 1.516 1.338 1.564 0.802 0.193 0.999 1.064 1.328 1.152 1.319 1.004 1.285 0.994 1.244 1.215 1.401 1.706

References

1. 2. 3. 4.

Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 24, 619, 1992. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 63, 1993. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 1513, 1993. Apelblat, A. and Korin, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 30, 59, 1998.

Vapor Pressure in kPa 20°C 2.073 1.381 2.189 2.208 1.853 2.177 1.134 0.279 1.339 1.515 1.836 1.524 1.871 1.376 1.768 1.381 1.719 1.684 1.986 2.339

25°C 2.887 1.772 2.996 3.035 2.533 2.970 1.536 0.384 1.749 2.020 2.481 1.972 2.573 1.858 2.401 1.888 2.335 2.298 2.698 3.169

30°C 3.903 2.154 4.037 3.950 3.419 3.979 1.997

35°C 5.133 2.487 5.363 4.884 4.563 5.236 2.499

40°C 6.576

2.231 2.535

2.782 3.002

3.397

3.439 2.475 3.218 2.540 3.121 3.088 3.523 4.246

4.474 3.255 4.262 3.368 4.109 4.089 4.431 5.627

6.778 3.016

4.229 5.581 4.403 5.333 5.343 5.382 7.381

Ref. 1 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 1

6-93

3/14/06 3:07:57 PM

IUPAC Recommended Data for Vapor Pressure Calibration These precise vapor pressure values are recommended as secondary standards. Values are given in kPa (1 kPa = 0.0098692 atm = 7.5006 Torr). Reprinted by permission of IUPAC.

T/K 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600

CO2(s) 27.62 68.44 155.11 327.17

H2O(s)

0.0002 0.0007 0.0026 0.0089 0.0273 0.0760 0.1958 0.4701

C10H8(s) 3.04·10-11 4.33·10-10 4.69·10-9 4.02·10-8 2.82·10-7 1.66·10-6 8.37·10-6 3.69·10-5 1.446·10-4 5.09·10-4 0.00163 0.004798 0.01308 0.03328 0.07956 0.1797 0.3854 0.7884

References 1. Marsh, K.N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 2. Ruzicka, K., Fulem, M., and Ruzicka, V., “Recommended Vapor Pressure of Solid Naphthalene”, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 50, 1956–1970, 2005.

n–C5H12

7.60 12.98 21.15 33.11 50.01 73.17 104.07 144.3 195.7 260.1 339.4 435.9 551.5 688.8 850.2 1038 1256 1507 1793 2120 2490 2910

C6H6

C6F6

5.148 8.606 13.816 21.389 32.054 46.656 66.152 91.609 124.192 165.2 215.9 277.7 353.2 441.0 545.5 667.6 808.8 971.1 1156 1366 1602 1868 2164 2494 2861 3267 3717 4216 4770

4.322 7.463 12.328 19.576 30.009 44.578 64.380 90.664 124.816 168.4 223.0 290.4 372.6 471.5 589.3 728.3 890.9 1080 1297 1547 1833 2159 2530 2954

H2O

0.485 0.991 1.919 3.535 6.228 10.540 17.202 27.167 41.647 62.139 90.453 128.74 179.48 245.54 330.15 436.89 569.73 732.99 931.36 1169.9 1453.9 1789.0 2181.4 2637.3 3163.3 3766.4 4453.9 5233.5 6113.4 7102.0 8208.6 9443.0 10816 12339

Hg

0.138 0.215 0.329 0.493 0.724 1.045 1.485 2.078 2.866 3.899 5.239 6.955 9.131 11.861 15.256 19.438 25.547 30.74 38.19 47.09 57.64

6-94

487_S06.indb 94

3/14/06 3:08:00 PM

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION The molar enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ∆vapH, which is defined as the enthalpy change in the conversion of one mole of liquid to gas at constant temperature, is tabulated here for about 950 inorganic and organic compounds. Values are given, when available, both at the normal boiling point tb, referred to a pressure of 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg), and at 25°C. The values in this table were measured either by calorimetric techniques or by application of the Claperyon equation to the variation of vapor pressure with temperature. See Reference 1 for a discussion of the accuracy of different experimental techniques and methods of estimating enthalpy of vaporization at other temperatures. Several of the references present empirical techniques for correlating enthalpy of vaporization with molecular structure. Compounds are listed by systematic name, with compounds not containing carbon preceding those that do contain carbon. To locate a compound by molecular formula or CAS Registry Number, use the indexes to the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3, which point to the entry in that table from which the name can be determined.

References 1. Majer, V., and Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985.

Name Compounds not containing carbon Aluminum Aluminum borohydride Aluminum bromide Aluminum iodide Ammonia Antimony(III) bromide Antimony(III) chloride Antimony(III) iodide Argon Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsenic(V) fluoride Arsenic(III) iodide Arsine Barium Beryllium chloride Beryllium iodide Bismuth Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Boron Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride Boron triiodide



2. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/4, Caloric Quantities of State, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961. 4. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 5. Ruzicka, K., and Majer, V., Simultaneous Treatment of Vapor Pressures and Related Thermal Data Between the Triple and Normal Boiling Temperatures for n-Alkanes C5–C20, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 1, 1994. 6. Verevkin, S. P., Thermochemistry of Amines: Experimental Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation of Some Aliphatic and Aromatic Amines, J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 29, 891, 1997. 7. Cady, G. H., and Hargreaves, G. B., The Vapor Pressure of Some Heavy Transition Metal Hexafluorides, J. Chem. Soc., 1563, 1578, 1961. 8. Steele, W. V., Chirico, R. D., Knipmeyer, S. E., and Nguyen, A., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 1255, 1996. 9. Nichols, G., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 475, 2006. 10. Dias, A. M. A., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 1328, 2005. 11. Umnahanant, P., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 2246, 2006. 12. Raganov, G. N., Pisarev, P. N., and Emel’yanenko, V. N., J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 1114, 2005. 13. Verevkin, S. P., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1896, 2006. 14. Verevkin, S. P., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 38, 1111, 2006.

Mol. Form. Al AlB3H12 AlBr3 AlI3 H3N Br3Sb Cl3Sb I3Sb Ar AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsF5 AsI3 AsH3 Ba BeCl2 BeI2 Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 B BBr3 BCl3 BF3 BI3

tb °C

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol

2519 44.5 255 382 –33.33 288 220.3 400 –185.85 221 130 57.13 –52.8 424 –62.5 1897 482 590 1564 462 441 4000 91.3 12.5 –99.9 209.5

294 30 23.5 32.2 23.33 59 45.19 68.6 6.43 41.8 35.01 29.7 20.8 59.3 16.69 140 105 70.5 151 75.4 72.61 480 30.5 23.77 19.33 40.5

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol

19.86

23.1

6-101

Enthalpy of Vaporization

6-102 Name

Bromine Bromine fluoride Bromine pentafluoride Bromine trifluoride Bromosilane Cadmium Cadmium bromide Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Chlorine fluoride Chlorine monoxide Chlorine trifluoride Chlorosilane Chlorotrifluorosilane Chromium(II) chloride

Chromium(VI) dichloride dioxide Diborane Dibromosilane Dichlorodifluorosilane Dichlorosilane Difluorine dioxide Difluorosilane Digermane Diphosphine Disilane Fluorine Fluorine monoxide Fluorosilane Gallium Gallium(III) bromide Gallium(III) chloride Gallium(III) iodide Germane Germanium Germanium(IV) bromide Germanium(IV) chloride Gold Helium Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen telluride Indium(I) bromide Indium(I) iodide Iodine

Mol. Form. Br2 BrF BrF5 BrF3 BrH3Si Cd Br2Cd CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 Cl2 ClO2 ClF Cl2O ClF3 ClH3Si ClF3Si Cl2Cr

Cl2CrO2 B2H6 Br2H2Si Cl2F2Si Cl2H2Si F2O2 F2H2Si Ge2H6 H4P2 H6Si2 F2 F2O FH3Si Ga Br3Ga Cl3Ga GaI3 GeH4 Ge Br4Ge Cl4Ge Au He H4N2 HN3 H2 BrH ClH H2S2 HI H2O2 H2Se H2S H2Te BrIn IIn I2

tb °C 58.8 20 41.3 125.8 1.9 767 863 964 1750 744 –34.04 11 –101.1 2.2 11.75 –30.4 –70.0

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 29.96 25.1 30.6 47.57 24.4 99.87 115 124.3 214 115 20.41 30 24 25.9 27.53 21 18.7

1120 117 –92.49 66 –32 8.3 –57 –77.8 29 63.5 –14.8 –188.12 –144.3 –98.6 2204 279 201 340 –88.1 2833 186.35 86.55 2856 –268.93 113.55 35.7 –252.76 –66.38 –85 70.7 –35.55 150.2 –41.25 –59.55 –2 656 712 184.4

197 35.1 14.28 31 21.2 25 19.1 16.3 25.1 28.8 21.2 6.62 11.09 18.8 254 38.9 23.9 56.5 14.06 334 41.4 27.9 324 0.08 41.8 30.5 0.90 16.15 19.76 19.7 18.67 19.2 92 90.8 41.57

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 30.91

17.65

24.2

44.7

12.69 9.08 33.78 17.36 51.6 14.08

Enthalpy of Vaporization Name Iodine pentafluoride Iridium(VI) fluoride Krypton Lead Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) iodide Lithium fluoride Lithium hydroxide Mercury Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) iodide Molybdenum(V) chloride Molybdenum(V) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) oxide Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride Neon Niobium(V) chloride Niobium(V) fluoride Nitric acid Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrosyl chloride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitrous oxide Nitryl chloride Nitryl fluoride Osmium(V) fluoride Osmium(VI) fluoride Oxygen Pentaborane(11) Perchloryl fluoride Phosphine Phosphorothioc trifluoride Phosphorus Phosphorus(III) bromide Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Phosphorus(III) iodide Phosphoryl bromide Phosphoryl chloride Rhenium(VII) dioxytrifluoride Rhenium(V) fluoride Rhenium(VI) fluoride Rhenium(VI) oxytetrafluoride Selenium Selenium tetrafluoride

6-103 Mol. Form. F5I F6Ir Kr Pb Br2Pb Cl2Pb F2Pb I2Pb FLi HLiO Hg Br2Hg Cl2Hg HgI2 Cl5Mo F5Mo F6Mo MoO3 F4MoO Ne Cl5Nb F5Nb HNO3 NO N2 N2O4 F3N ClNO FNO N 2O ClNO2 FNO2 F5Os F6Os O2 B5H11 ClFO3 H3P F3PS P Br3P Cl3P ClF2P Cl2FP F3P F5P I3P Br3OP Cl3OP F3O2Re F5Re F6Re F4ORe Se F4Se

tb °C 100.5 53.6 –153.34 1749 892 951 1293 872 1673 1626 356.62 318 304 351 268 213.6 34.0

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 41.3 30.9 9.08 179.5 133 127 160.4 104 147 188 59.11 58.89 58.9 59.2 62.8 51.8 29.0

1155 186.0 –246.05 247.4 234 83 –151.74 –195.79 21.15 –128.75 –5.5 –59.9 –88.48 –15 –72.4 233 47.5 –182.95 65 –46.75 –87.75 –52.25 280.5 173.2 76 –47.3 13.85 –101.8 –84.6 227 191.7 105.5 185.4 221.3 33.8 171.7 685 101.6

138 50.6 1.71 52.7 52.3

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol

39.1 13.83 5.57 38.12 11.56 25.78 19.28 16.53 25.7 18.05 65.6 28.1 6.82 31.8 19.33 14.6 19.6 12.4 38.8 30.5 17.6 24.9 16.5 17.2 43.9 38 34.35 65.7 58.1 28.7 61.0 95.48 47.2

14.2 32.1

38.6

Enthalpy of Vaporization

6-104 Name

Silane Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Sodium hydroxide Stannane Stibine Sulfur Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Sulfur trioxide Sulfuryl chloride Tantalum(V) bromide Tantalum(V) chloride Tantalum(V) fluoride Tellurium Tellurium tetrachloride

Tetraborane(10) Tetrabromosilane Tetrachlorosilane Tetrafluorodiborane Tetrafluorohydrazine Tetraiodosilane Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) sulfide Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Thionyl chloride Thionyl fluoride Thorium(IV) chloride Thorium(IV) fluoride Tin(II) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Tin(II) chloride Tin(IV) chloride Tin(II) iodide Tin(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) bromide Titanium(II) chloride Titanium(III) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) iodide Tribromosilane Trichlorosilane Trifluorosilane Trigermane Trisilane Tungsten(VI) chloride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride Vanadium(IV) chloride Vanadium(V) fluoride

Mol. Form. H4Si AgBr AgCl AgI HNaO H4Sn H3Sb S O2S F6S F4S O3S Cl2O2S Br5Ta Cl5Ta F5Ta Te Cl4Te

B4H10 Br4Si Cl4Si B2F4 F4N2 I4Si BrTl ClTl ITl STl2 FNS Cl2OS F2OS Cl4Th F4Th Br2Sn Br4Sn Cl2Sn Cl4Sn I2Sn I4Sn Br4Ti Cl2Ti Cl3Ti Cl4Ti I4Ti Br3HSi Cl3HSi F3HSi Ge3H8 H8Si3 Cl6W F6W Cl4OW F4OW Cl4V F5V

tb °C –111.9 1502 1547 1506 1388 –51.8 –17 444.61 –10.05

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 12.1 198 199 143.9 175 19.05 21.3 45 24.94

–40.45 44.5 69.4 348.8 239 229.5 988

26.44 40.69 31.4 62.3 54.8 56.9 114.1

387 18 154 57.65 –34.0 –74 287.35 819 720 824 1367 4.8 75.6 –43.8 921 1680 639 205 623 114.15 714 364.35 233.5 1500 960 136.45 377 109 33 –95 110.5 52.9 337 17.1 230 185.9 151 48.3

77 27.1 37.9 28.7 28 13.27 50.2 99.56 102.2 104.7 154 22.2 31.7 21.8 146.4 258 102 43.5 86.8 34.9 105 56.9 44.37 232 124 36.2 58.4 34.8

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol

22.92 8.99 43.14 30.1

29.7

31

25.7 16.2 32.2 28.5 52.7 26.5 67.8 59.5 41.4 44.52

42.5

Enthalpy of Vaporization

6-105

Name Vanadyl trichloride Water Xenon Zinc bromide Zinc chloride Zinc fluoride

Mol. Form. Cl3OV H2O Xe Br2Zn Cl2Zn F2Zn

Compounds containing carbon Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetophenone Acrolein Acrylonitrile Allyl acetate Allyl alcohol

C2H4O C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C8H8O C3H4O C3H3N C5H8O2 C3H6O

2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol Aniline Anisole Azobutane Azopropane Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzenethiol Benzonitrile Benzyl acetate Benzyl alcohol Benzylamine N-Benzylaniline Benzyl benzoate Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Bis(ethoxymethyl) ether Bromobenzene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane Bromochloromethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Bromoethane Bromoethene 1-Bromoheptane 1-Bromohexane Bromomethane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Bromooctane 1-Bromopentane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 3-Bromopropene 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butanal

C4H11NO C6H7N C7H8O C8H18N2 C6H14N2 C7H6O C6H6 C6H6S C7H5N C9H10O2 C7H8O C7H9N C13H13N C14H12O2 C4H8Cl2O C6H14O3 C6H5Br C4H9Br C4H9Br CH2BrCl C2HBrClF3 C2H5Br C2H3Br C7H15Br C6H13Br CH3Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C10H7Br C8H17Br C5H11Br C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H5Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H8O

tb °C 127 99.97 –108.09 670 732 1500

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 36.78 40.65 12.57 118 126 190.1

20.1 117.9 139.5 56.05 81.65 202 52.6 77.3 103.5

25.76 23.70 38.2 29.10 29.75 43.98 28.3 32.6 36.3

97.4 165.5 184.17 153.7

40.0 50.6 42.44 38.97

114 178.8 80.09 169.1 191.1 213 205.31 185 306.5 323.5 178.5 140.6 156.06 101.6 91.3 68.0 50.2 38.5 15.8 178.9 155.3 3.5 91.1 73.3 281 200.8 129.8 71.1 59.5 70.1 10.9 –4.41 74.8

42.5 30.72 39.93 45.9 49.4 50.48

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 43.98

25.47 23.36 30.99 32.94 55.40

55.83 46.90 49.31 39.88 33.83 47.56

60.16 79.6 53.6 45.2 36.17 32.51 30.77 30.0 28.08 27.04 23.4

23.91 31.33 29.23 39.3 35.01 29.84 28.33 30.24 24.02 22.47 31.5

44.69 44.54 36.64 34.41 29.61 28.03 50.60 45.89 22.81 34.82 31.81 55.77 41.28 32.01 30.17 32.73 23.21 20.86

Enthalpy of Vaporization

6-106 Name

Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 1,4-Butanedithiol Butanenitrile 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol Butanoic acid Butanoic anhydride 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Butanone 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene 2-Butoxyethanol Butyl acetate

tert-Butyl acetate Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Butylcyclohexane Butylcyclopentane Butylethylamine Butyl ethyl ether Butyl ethyl sulfide Butyl formate tert-Butyl isobutyl ether Butyl methyl ether sec-Butyl methyl ether Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Butyl propyl ether Butyl vinyl ether 1-Butyne 2-Butyne-1,4-diol

γ-Butyrolactone Camphor, (+) Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 2-Chloroaniline Chlorobenzene 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Chloroethene 1-Chloroheptane 1-Chlorohexane Chloromethane

Mol. Form. C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10S2 C4H7N C4H10S C4H10S C4H8O2 C8H14O3 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H14O2 C6H12O2

C6H12O2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H20 C9H18 C6H15N C6H14O C6H14S C5H10O2 C8H18O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12S C5H12S C7H16O C6H12O C4H6 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C10H16O CS2 CO C6H6ClN C6H5Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl CHClF2 C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H3Cl C7H15Cl C6H13Cl CH3Cl

tb °C –0.5 190.5 207.5 235 195.5 117.6 98.5 85.0 163.75 200 117.73 99.51 79.59 –6.26 3.71 0.88 168.4

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 22.44 52.84 54.31

126.1 95.1 77.00 62.73 44.04 183.31 173.3 169.1 180 156.6 107.5 92.3 144.3 106.1 112.0 70.16 59.1 123.4 98.9 118.1 94 8.08 238 204 207.4 46 –191.5 208.8 131.72 78.4 68.2 –40.7 12.3 128.6 –13.8 160.4 135.1 –24.09

36.28 33.07 31.81 29.92 28.27 38.87

33.68 32.23 30.59 50.0 43.29 40.75 31.30 22.07 23.34 22.72

36.16 33.97 31.63 37.01 36.58 33.11 29.55 28.09 34.47 31.47 33.72 31.58 24.52 52.2 59.5 26.74 6.04 44.4 35.19 30.39 29.17 20.2 24.65 41.4 20.8 35.67 21.40

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 21.02 71.55 74.46 77.1 55.10 39.33 36.63 33.99 40.45 52.35 49.72 34.79 20.22 22.16 21.40 56.59 43.86 38.03 35.72 32.85 29.64 50.8 48.1 47.6 49.36 45.89 40.15 36.32 44.51 41.11 40.5 32.37 30.23 40.46 35.84 40.22 36.17 23.35 81.5

27.51

40.97 33.51 31.53

47.66 42.83 18.92

Enthalpy of Vaporization Name 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Chloronaphthalene 1-Chlorooctane Chloropentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluoroethane 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloropentane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 3-Chloropropene 2-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene Chlorotrifluoromethane Cholesterol o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Cyclohexane Cyclohexanecarbonitrile Cyclohexanethiol Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene 1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile Cyclohexylamine Cyclohexylbenzene Cyclohexylcyclohexane Cyclopentane Cyclopentanecarbonitrile Cyclopentanethiol Cyclopentanol Cyclopentanone 1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile Cyclopropane Cyclopropanecarbonitrile Cyclopropylbenzene Cyclopropyl methyl ketone cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decane 1,10-Decanediol Decanenitrile 1-Decanethiol 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decylbenzene 1,4-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane

6-107 Mol. Form. C5H11Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C10H7Cl C8H17Cl C6ClF5 C2ClF5 C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H5Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl CClF3 C27H46O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C2N2 C4H8 C5H7N C6H12 C7H11N C6H12S C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C7H9N C6H13N C12H16 C12H22 C5H10 C6H9N C5H10S C5H10O C5H8O C6H7N C3H6 C4H5N C9H10 C5H8O C10H18 C10H18 C10H22 C10H22O2 C10H19N C10H22S C10H22O C10H20 C16H26 C4H8Br2 C2Br2ClF3 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2

tb °C 98.9 68.5 50.9 259 183.5 117.96 –39.1 108.4 97.0 46.5 35.7 45.1 159.0 162.4 –81.37 360 dec 191.04 202.27 201.98 –21.1 12.6 149.6 80.73 184 158.8 160.84 155.43 82.98 134 240.1 238 49.3 170 132.1 140.42 130.57 –32.81 135.1 173.6 111.3 195.8 187.3 174.15 243 240.6 231.1 170.5 293 197 93 131.6 97

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 32.02 29.22 27.55 52.1 34.76 19.41 33.15 31.79 27.18 26.30 29.0 37.5 38.7 15.8

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 36.24 31.67 28.98 52.42 41.07 38.24 36.03 28.35 26.90

148.0 45.19 47.40 47.45 23.33 24.19 36.88 29.97 37.06

30.46 36.14

27.30 35.32 36.35 20.05 35.55 34.07 41.0 40.2 39.58

31.17 34.77 32.92

61.71 19.75 23.51 44.34 33.01 51.92 44.57 62.01 45.06 33.47 53.55 43.67 60.8 57.98 28.52 43.43 41.42 57.05 42.72 44.98 16.93 41.94 50.22 39.41

51.42 120.0 66.84 65.48 81.50 50.43 78.2 53.09 35.04 41.73 36.97

Enthalpy of Vaporization

6-108 Name 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Dibutylamine Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether Dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl sulfide Di-tert-butyl sulfide o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Dichlorodifluoromethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane Dichlorofluoromethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane 1,2-Dichlorohexane Dichloromethane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane 1,3-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Dicyclopropyl ketone Diethanolamine 1,1-Diethoxyethane 1,2-Diethoxyethane Diethoxymethane Diethylamine Diethyl carbonate Diethyl disulfide Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethyl ether Diethyl malonate Diethyl oxalate 3,3-Diethylpentane Diethyl sulfide o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene 1,1-Difluoroethane 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Diiodomethane

Mol. Form. C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C2Br2F4 C8H19N C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C16H22O4 C8H18S C8H18S C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 CCl2F2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2

C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H3Cl2F CHCl2F C3Cl2F6 C6H12Cl2 CH2Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C7H10O C4H11NO2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C5H12O2 C4H11N C5H10O3 C4H10S2 C4H10O3 C8H18O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C5H12O3 C4H10O C7H12O4 C6H10O4 C9H20 C4H10S C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C2H4F2 C4H6S C4H6S CH2I2

tb °C 141.9 167.3 47.35 159.6 140.28 121.1 107.23 340 185 149.1 180 173 174 124.1 161 –29.8 57.3

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 35.61

83.5 31.6 60.1 48.7 32.0 8.9 34.1 173 40 148.3 179 120.9 3.5 161 268.8 102.25 121.2 88 55.5 126 154.0 245.8 188 162 196 193 34.5 200 185.7 146.3 92.1 94 82.6 89 –24.05 112.1 122.4 182

31.98 26.14 30.2 28.9 26.06 25.2 26.28

27.03 38.44 36.49 34.06 32.15 79.2 33.26 39.66 38.62 38.79 33.90 20.1 28.85

28.06 36.45 35.18 23.3

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 41.67 47.45 28.39 49.45 44.97 40.84 37.61 52.96 43.76 50.21 48.58 49.0 39.58 46.36 30.62 35.16 26.48

26.48 26.93 48.16 28.82 43.89 50.71 40.75 53.70

65.2 36.28 36.28 31.33 29.06 37.58 52.3 36.17 47.5 46.6 26.52 54.8 42.0 34.61 31.77 32.21 31.10 31.77 21.56 33.24 34.83 42.5

43.20 43.20 35.65 31.31 43.60 45.18 58.40 44.69

27.10

42.0 35.80 36.18 34.59 35.54 19.08 37.74 39.95

Enthalpy of Vaporization

6-109 Name

Diisobutyl sulfide Diisopentyl ether Diisopropylamine Diisopropyl ether Diisopropyl sulfide Diketene 1,2-Dimethoxyethane N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,5-Dimethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanethiol 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane Dimethyl decanedioate Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl glutarate Dimethyl heptanedioate 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane Dimethyl 1,6-hexanedioate 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene 2,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyne-2,5-diol 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Dimethyl malonate Dimethyl nonanedioate 2,4-Dimethyloctane Dimethyl octanedioate Dimethyl oxalate 3,3-Dimethyloxetane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane

Mol. Form. C8H18S C10H22O C6H15N C6H14O C6H14S C4H4O2 C4H10O2 C4H9NO C2H7N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14S C6H12O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C7H14 C12H22O4 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H12O4 C9H16O4 C9H20O C9H18O C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H14O4 C8H18O2 C8H16 C8H16 C8H14O2 C2H8N2 C5H8O4 C11H20O4 C10H22 C10H18O4 C4H6O4 C5H10O C7H16 C7H16

tb °C 171 172.5 83.9 68.4 120.0 126.1 84.5 165 6.88 214 214 194.15 49.73 57.93 126.1 106.1 55.6 41.2 73.3 119.6 129.8 123.5 120.1 124.5 124.4 119.4 90.8 109.74 –24.8 153 214 174.5 169.4 106.86 115.62 109.5 109.12 111.97 117.73 214 105.5 100.8 205 63.9 181.4 156 268 163.5 80.6 79.2 89.78

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 35.1 30.40 29.10 33.80 36.80 32.42 26.40

26.31 27.38 33.39

29.64 32.51 33.47 32.96 32.91 33.39 33.28 32.56 30.40 33.78 21.51

32.07 33.17 32.51 32.54 32.31 33.24

32.55

36.47

30.85 29.23 30.46

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 48.71 34.61 32.12 39.60 42.89 36.39 50.24 25.05 61.3 61.7 52.83 27.68 29.12 39.3 37.91 29.18 26.61 32.51 37.92 39.70 38.36 38.26 39.16 39.02 37.90 34.20 86.4 37.86 18.51 46.89 65.7 73.5 65.17 50.92 37.28 38.78 37.76 37.85 37.53 38.97 69.0 85.2 36.86 37.03 82.8 35.0 57.5 82.3 47.13 78.1 54.7 33.94 32.42 34.26

Enthalpy of Vaporization

6-110 Name 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Dimethyl succinate Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether 1,2-Dipropoxyethane Dipropylamine Dipropyl ether Dipropyl sulfide 1-Docosanol Dodecane 1,12-Dodecanediol Dodecanenitrile 1-Dodecanol 1-Dodecene Dodecylbenzene Eicosane 1-Eicosanol 1,2-Epoxybutane Ethane 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,2-Ethanediol 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate 1,2-Ethanedithiol Ethanethiol Ethanol Ethanolamine Ethoxybenzene 2-Ethoxyethanol 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate 1-Ethoxy-2-methoxyethane N-Ethylacetamide Ethyl acetate Ethyl acrylate N-Ethylaniline Ethylbenzene Ethyl butanoate

Mol. Form. C7H16 C7H16 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C5H9N C5H12S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C6H10O4

C2H6S C2H6OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C12H10O C8H18O2 C6H15N C6H14O C6H14S C22H46O C12H26 C12H26O2 C12H23N C12H26O C12H24 C18H30 C20H42 C20H42O C4H8O C2H6 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C6H10O4 C2H6S2 C2H6S C2H6O C2H7NO C8H10O C4H10O2 C6H12O3 C5H12O2 C4H9NO C4H8O2 C5H8O2 C8H11N C8H10 C6H12O2

tb °C 80.49 86.06 125.6 125.4 81.6 72.5 83.4 80.4 76.7 106.1 103.7 161.12 158.38 156.98 144.01 179.10 171.84

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 29.55 29.62 36.09 34.64

32.40 39.08 38.53 38.68 37.46 39.99 39.46

196.4 37.33 189 106.1 101.5 258.0 163.2 109.3 90.08 142.9

33.47 31.31 36.60

216.32

44.09

277 260 213.8 328 343 356 63.4 –88.6 117 197.3 190 146.1 35.0 78.29 171 169.81 135 156.4 103.5 205 77.11 99.4 203.0 136.16 121.3

27.0 43.1 34.37 34.16 48.2

58.49 30.3 14.69 37.98 50.5 37.93 26.79 38.56 49.83 39.22 40.76 34.33 31.94 34.7 35.57 35.47

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 32.88 33.03 42.34 41.51 33.03 31.13 34.19 32.56 32.81 37.35 36.4 47.82 47.49 47.04 45.34 50.50 49.33 61.0 27.65 39.09 38.60 50.62 40.04 35.69 44.21 135.9 61.52 135 76.12 90.8 60.78 86.6 101.81 125.9 5.16 44.98 63.9 61.44 44.68 27.30 42.32 51.04 48.21 52.61 39.83 64.89 35.60 58.3 42.24 42.68

Enthalpy of Vaporization

6-111 Name

2-Ethyl-1-butanol 2-Ethyl-1-butene Ethyl chloroacetate Ethylcyclobutane Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethyl dichloroacetate Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Ethylene N-Ethylformamide Ethyl formate 3-Ethylhexane Ethyl hexanoate 2-Ethylhexanoic acid 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethylhexyl acetate 2-Ethylhexylamine Ethylisopropylamine Ethyl isopropyl ether Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Ethyl methyl sulfide 3-Ethylpentane Ethyl pentanoate 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol Ethyl pentyl ether Ethyl propanoate Ethyl propyl ether Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl trichloroacetate Ethyl vinyl ether Fluorobenzene 1-Fluorooctane 2-Fluorotoluene 4-Fluorotoluene Formamide Formic acid Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol Glycerol triacetate Heptadecane 1-Heptadecanol 6-Heptadecanol 7-Heptadecanol 9-Heptadecanol Heptane 1,7-Heptanediol

Mol. Form. C6H14O C6H12 C4H7ClO2 C6H12 C8H16 C7H14 C4H6Cl2O2 C7H14O2 C2H4 C3H7NO C3H6O2 C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C10H20O2 C8H19N C5H13N C5H12O C5H12S C7H14O2 C7H14 C8H16 C8H18 C8H18 C8H16 C6H12O2 C3H8S C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12S C4H5Cl3O2 C4H8O C6H5F C8H17F C7H7F C7H7F CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O C5H4O2 C5H6O2 C3H8O3 C9H14O6 C17H36 C17H36O C17H36O C17H36O C17H36O C7H16 C7H16O2

tb °C 147 64.7 144.3 70.8 131.9 103.5 155 118.4 –103.77 198 54.4 118.6 167 228 184.6 199 169.2

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 43.2

69.6 54.1 107.5 135.0 89 121.6 115.66 118.27 109.5 110.1 66.7 93.5 146.1 142 117.6 99.1 63.21 118.6 167.5 35.5 84.73 142.3 115 116.6 220 101 31.5 161.7 171 290 259 302.0 324

29.94 28.21 32.74 37.0

98.4 262

31.77

40.43 28.67 34.04 31.96 34.51 13.53 29.91 33.59

54.2 43.5 40.0

33.20 32.93 32.78 33.67 29.53 31.12 36.96 34.41 33.88 28.94 34.24 26.2 31.19 40.43 35.4 34.08 22.69 27.10 43.2 53.6 61.0 53.58

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 31.13 49.47 31.24 40.56 36.40 50.60 41.25 58.44 31.96 39.64 51.72 75.60 68.51

33.13 30.08 37.78 34.35 38.85 38.52 37.99 37.27 39.83 31.85 35.22 47.01 57.34 41.01 39.21 31.43 39.97 50.97 34.58 49.65 39.42 60.15 20.10 27.45

85.74 86.47 112.5 108.6 108.2 108.5 36.57 97.9

Enthalpy of Vaporization

6-112 Name

1-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene trans-2-Heptene cis-3-Heptene trans-3-Heptene Heptylamine Heptylbenzene 1-Hexacosanol Hexadecane 1,16-Hexadecanediol 1-Hexadecanol 1-Hexadecene Hexadecylbenzene Hexafluoroacetylacetone Hexafluorobenzene

Hexafluoroethane Hexane 1,6-Hexanediol Hexanenitrile 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene Hexylamine Hexylbenzene Hexyl methyl ether Indan Iodobenzene 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane Iodoethane 1-Iodohexane Iodomethane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane 1-Iodopentane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Isobutane Isobutyl acetate Isobutylamine Isobutylbenzene Isobutyl formate Isobutyl isobutanoate Isobutyl methyl ether Isopentane Isopentyl acetate

Mol. Form. C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H17N C13H20 C26H54O C16H34 C16H34O2 C16H34O C16H32 C22H38 C5H2F6O2 C6F6 C2F6 C6H14 C6H14O2 C6H11N C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H15N C12H18 C7H16O C9H10 C6H5I C4H9I C4H9I C2H5I C6H13I CH3I C4H9I C4H9I C5H11I C3H7I C3H7I C4H10 C6H12O2 C4H11N C10H14 C5H10O2 C8H16O2 C5H12O C5H12 C7H14O2

tb °C 176.45 157 151.05 93.64 98.4 98 95.8 95.7 156 240

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol

286.86

51.84

312 284.9 385 54.15

27.05

80.32 –78.1 68.73 208 163.65 157.6 140 127.6 123.5 63.48 68.8 67.9 66.4 67.1 132.8 226.1 126.1 177.97 188.4 130.5 120.1 72.3 181.3 42.43 121.1 100.1 157.0 102.5 89.5 –11.73 116.5 67.75 172.79 98.2 148.6 58.6 27.88 142.5

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 66.81

42.5

31.66 16.15 28.85

44.50 41.01 36.35 35.36

36.54 34.93 39.63 39.5 34.66 33.27 29.44 27.34 33.54 31.43 32.08 30.68 21.30 35.9 30.61 33.6 38.2 28.02 24.69 37.5

47.24 35.49 36.26 36.27 35.81 35.84 49.96 64.2 153.7 81.35 163 107.7 80.25 104.8 30.58 35.71 31.56 90.2 47.91 61.61 58.46 43.14 42.47 30.61 32.19 31.60 31.23 31.55 45.10 60.4 42.07 48.79 40.63 38.46 31.93 49.75 27.97 38.83 35.41 45.27 36.25 34.06 19.23 33.85 48.0

30.13 24.85

Enthalpy of Vaporization Name Isopentyl isopentanoate Isopropyl acetate Isopropylamine Isopropylbenzene Isopropylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclopentane Isopropylmethylamine 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene Isopropyl methyl ether Isopropyl methyl sulfide Isopropylpropylamine Isopropyl propyl sulfide Isoquinoline Mesityl oxide Methane Methanol 2-Methoxyethanol 2-Methoxyethyl acetate Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile Methylamine 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline Methyl benzoate 1-Methylbicyclo[3,1,0]hexane 3-Methylbutanenitrile 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol Methyl butanoate 2-Methylbutanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanone 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene (1-Methylbutyl)benzene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl chloroacetate Methyl cyanoacetate Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane Methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate 2-Methyldecane 4-Methyldecane Methyl dichloroacetate

6-113 Mol. Form. C10H20O2 C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C9H18 C8H16 C4H11N C10H14 C4H10O C4H10S C6H15N C6H14S C9H7N C6H10O CH4 CH4O C3H8O2 C5H10O3 C3H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H5N CH5N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C8H8O2 C7H12 C5H9N C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C11H16 C5H12O C3H5ClO2 C4H5NO2 C6H10O2 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C5H8O2 C11H24 C11H24 C3H4Cl2O2

tb °C 190.4 88.7 31.76 152.41 154.8 126.5 50.4 177.1 30.77 84.8 96.9 132.1 243.22 130 –161.48 64.6 124.1

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 45.9 32.93 27.83

143 56.87 80.7 90.3 –6.32 200.3 203.3 200.4 199 93.1 127.5 119.1 99.1 109.8 102.8 177 127.5 131.1 102.4 112.9 94.33 31.2 20.1 38.56 199 55.0 129.5 200.5 135.5 100.93 155 165 167.5 71.8 114.9 189.3 187 142.9

43.9 30.32 33.1 31.8 25.60 44.6 44.9 44.3

33.56 28.71 38.2 26.05 30.71 32.14 35.11 49.0 36.1 8.19 35.21 37.54

31.07 35.10 33.79 31.37 33.79

44.07 39.04 32.35 25.50 26.31 27.94 39.23 48.2 37.13 31.27 79.0 48.5 53.0 29.08 35.25 40.25 40.70 39.28

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 37.20 28.36 45.13 44.02 39.44 30.69 26.41 34.15 37.23 41.78 60.26

37.43 45.17 32.29

23.37

55.57 34.77 41.64 39.45 35.67 37.5 39.28 46.91 55.16 55.61 50.10 53.0 36.78 25.92 23.77 27.06 53.0 29.82 46.73 44.72 35.36

31.64 41.27 54.28 53.76 47.72

Enthalpy of Vaporization

6-114 Name Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Methyl dodecanoate N-Methylformamide Methyl formate 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane Methyl heptanoate 2-Methyl-2-heptanol 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane Methyl hexanoate 2-Methyl-2-hexanol 5-Methyl-3-hexanol cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene trans-3-Methyl-3-hexene Methylhydrazine Methyl isobutanoate Methyl methacrylate 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnonane 3-Methylnonane 5-Methylnonane Methyl octanoate Methyloxirane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Methyl pentanoate 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 2-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene Methyl pentyl ether Methyl pentyl sulfide 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Methyl propanoate 2-Methylpropanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Methyl propyl ether Methyl propyl sulfide

Mol. Form. C6H12O2 C13H26O2 C2H5NO C2H4O2 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C7H16 C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14 C7H14 CH6N2 C5H10O2

C5H8O2 C11H10 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C9H18O2 C3H6O C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O2 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14O C6H14S C4H7N C4H10S C4H10S C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10S

tb °C 101.1 267 199.51 31.7 117.66 118.9 117.72 174 156 90.04 92 149.5 143 147 95.4 93.5 87.5

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 33.42

92.5 100.5 244.7 167.1 167.9 165.1 192.9 35 60.26 63.27 197.1 127.4 149 151.9 121.1 131.6 117.5 116.5 113.5 62.1 54.2 53.9 67.3 67.7 70.4 56.3 58.6 99 145.1 103.9 88.5 64.2 79.8 154.45 107.89 82.4 39.1 95.6

32.61 36.0 45.5 38.23 38.26 38.14

27.92 33.26 33.66 33.35

30.62 30.9 38.55

36.12

27.35 27.79 28.06 57.3 35.36 50.2 44.46 39.59 44.2 34.16 34.49 33.84

32.02 37.41 32.39 31.01 28.45 32.24 41.82 39.07 26.75 32.08

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 38.76 77.17 56.19 28.35 39.67 39.83 39.69 51.62 62.87 34.87 48.04 58.57 59.82 36.31 35.70 40.37 37.32

49.63 49.71 49.34 56.41 27.89 29.89 30.28 43.10 60.47 54.77 40.53 40.61 39.79 30.48 28.62 28.71 31.60 32.09 31.35 29.48 29.97 36.85 45.24 37.13 34.63 30.78 35.85 35.30 50.82 46.69 27.60 36.24

Enthalpy of Vaporization

6-115 Name

2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 6-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline Methyl salicylate 4-Methylthiazole 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene Methyl trichloroacetate Molybdenum carbonyl Morpholine Naphthalene Neopentane Nitrobenzene Nitroethane

Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Nonadecane Nonane 1,9-Nonanediol 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone Nonylbenzene Octadecane 1-Octadecanol cis-9-Octadecenoic acid Octane 1,8-Octanediol Octanenitrile Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 1-Octene Octylbenzene 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne Oxetane 2-Oxetanone Oxirane Pentachloroethane Pentadecane 1,15-Pentadecanediol 1-Pentadecanol Pentadecylbenzene Pentafluorobenzene 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane Pentane

Mol. Form. C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C8H8O3 C4H5NS C5H6S C5H6S C3H3Cl3O2 C6MoO6 C4H9NO C10H8 C5H12 C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 CH3NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C19H40 C9H20 C9H20O2 C9H20O C9H18O C9H18O C15H24 C18H38 C18H38O C18H34O2 C8H18 C8H18O2 C8H15N C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16 C14H22 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C3H6O C3H4O2 C2H4O C2HCl5 C15H32 C15H32O2 C15H32O C21H36 C6HF5 C7H3F5 C12H26 C5H12

tb °C 129.38 144.14 145.36 246.5 262 258.6 247.5 222.9 133.3 112.6 115.5 153.8 701 128 217.9 9.48 210.8

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 36.17 37.35 37.51

114.0 101.19 131.1 120.2 329.9 150.82

38.0 33.99 38.5 36.8 56.93 37.18

213.37 195.3 188.45 280.5 316.3 335 360 125.67 205.25 239 195.16 179.3 121.29 264 126.3 137.6 133.1 131.6 47.6 162 10.6 162.0 270.6 300 373 85.74 117.5 177.8 36.06

46.7 37.58 33.90 34.24 72.51 37.1 43.2 22.74

55.23 67.4 34.41

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 42.48 44.44 44.56 66.1 67.6 67.7 65.7 43.85 38.87 39.43 48.33

21.84 55.01 38.27

96.4 46.55 112.5 76.86 56.44 53.30 74.1 91.44 116.8 41.49 104.9 56.80

58.5 70.98 44.4 34.07 35.83 37.26 36.94 36.0 28.67 25.54 36.9 50.08

32.15 34.75 25.79

40.34 69.1 42.30 44.49 43.92 42.73 29.85 47.03 24.75 76.77 139 103.5 100.3 36.27 41.12 48.97 26.43

Enthalpy of Vaporization

6-116 Name

1,5-Pentanediol 2,4-Pentanedione Pentanenitrile 1-Pentanethiol Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene trans-3-Pentenenitrile Pentyl acetate Pentylamine Pentylbenzene Pentylcyclohexane Perfluorobutane Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorodecalin Perfluorohexane Perfluorononane Perfluorooctane Perfluorotoluene Phenanthrene Phenol Piperidine Propanal Propane 1,3-Propanediamine 1,2-Propanediol 1,3-Propanediol 1,3-Propanedithiol Propanenitrile 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Propanoic acid Propanoic anhydride 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propene 2-Propoxyethanol Propyl acetate Propylamine Propylbenzene Propylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane Propyl formate Propyl propanoate Pyridazine Pyridine Pyrimidine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine

Mol. Form. C5H12O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H12S C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H7N C7H14O2 C5H13N C11H16 C11H22 C4F10 C4F8 C10F18 C6F14 C9F20 C8F18 C7F8 C14H10 C6H6O C5H11N C3H6O C3H8 C3H10N2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8S2 C3H5N C3H8S C3H8S C3H6O2 C6H10O3 C3H8O C3H8O C3H6 C5H12O2 C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C9H18 C8H16 C4H8O2 C6H12O2 C4H4N2 C5H5N C4H4N2 C4H5N C4H9N

tb °C 239 138 141.3 126.6 186.1 137.98 119.3 116.25 102.26 101.7 29.96 36.93 36.34 144 149.2 104.3 205.4 203.7 -1.9 -5.91 142.02 57.14 117.61 105.9 103.55 340 181.87 106.22 48 -42.1 139.8 187.6 214.4 172.9 97.14 67.8 52.6 141.15 170 97.2 82.3 -47.69 149.8 101.3 47.22 159.24 156 131 80.9 122.5 208 115.23 123.8 129.79 86.56

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 60.7 34.30 36.09 34.88 44.1 44.36 41.40 33.44 33.45 25.20

37.09 38.42 34.01

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 83.0 41.77 43.60 41.24 57.02 54.21 54.0 38.40 38.52 25.47 26.86 26.76 44.77 48.56 40.08 55.1 53.88

22.9 23.2

33.38

45.69 28.31 19.04 40.85 52.4 57.9 31.81 29.54 27.91 41.7 41.44 39.85 18.42 41.40 33.92 29.55

34.70 33.61 35.54 35.09 43.09 38.75 33.01

41.54 32.47 45.27 41.13 40.52 75.50 57.82 39.29 29.62 14.79 50.16 69.8 49.66 36.03 31.89 29.45 32.14 47.45 45.39 14.24 52.12 39.72 31.27 46.22 45.08 41.08 37.53 43.45 53.47 40.21 49.79 45.09 37.52

Enthalpy of Vaporization

6-117 Name

Quinoline Salicylaldehyde Spiro[2.2]pentane Styrene Succinonitrile 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloromethane Tetradecane 1,14-Tetradecanediol Tetradecanenitrile 1-Tetradecanol Tetradecylbenzene Tetrahydrofuran Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydropyran Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane Tetranitromethane Thiacyclohexane Thietane Thiophene Toluene Triacetamide Tribromomethane Tributylamine Tributyl borate 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tridecane 1,13-Tridecanediol 1-Tridecanol Tridecylbenzene Triethylamine Triethylene glycol Trifluoroacetic acid 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Trimethylamine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane

Mol. Form. C9H7N C7H6O2 C5H8 C8H8 C4H4N2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl4 C2Cl4 CCl4 C14H30 C14H30O2 C14H27N C14H30O C20H34 C4H8O C5H10O2 C10H12 C5H10O

C4H8S C8H18 C9H20 CN4O8 C5H10S C3H6S C4H4S C7H8 C6H9NO3 CHBr3 C12H27N C12H27BO3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 CCl3F CHCl3 C3H5Cl3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C13H28 C13H28O2 C13H28O C19H32 C6H15N C6H14O4 C2HF3O2 C2H3F3 C7H5F3 C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C7H16 C7H14 C9H20 C9H20

tb °C 237.16 197 39 145 266 243.5 145.2 121.3 76.8 253.58

287 359 65 178 207.6

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 49.7 38.2 26.76 38.7 48.5 48.7 37.64 34.68 29.82 48.16

29.81 45.2 43.9

88 121.1 106.45 122.29 126.1 141.8 95.0 84.0 110.63

32.51 40.74 35.96 32.32 31.48 33.18

149.1 216.5 234 74.09 113.8 87.21 23.7 61.17 157 45.5 47.7 235.47

39.66 46.9 56.1 29.86 34.82 31.40 25.1 29.24 37.1 26.85 27.04 46.20

274 346 89 285 73 -47.25 102.1 2.87 176.12 169.38 164.74 80.86 77.9 124.09 131.4

31.17 34.66

31.01 71.4 33.3 18.99 32.63 22.94

28.90 33.65 34.43

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 59.30 27.49

45.71 39.68 32.43 71.73 149.7 85.29 98.9 95.8 31.99

34.58 39.43 42.90 38.49 49.93 42.58 35.97 34.70 38.01 60.41 46.05

32.50 40.24 34.54 31.28 28.08 28.40 66.68 133 94.7 91.8 34.84

37.60 21.66 49.05 47.93 47.50 32.05 32.09 40.16 41.41

Enthalpy of Vaporization

6-118 Name 3,5,5-Trimethyl-1-hexanol 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene 2,3,6-Trimethylpyridine 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine Undecane 1,11-Undecanediol Undecanenitrile 1-Undecanol Undecylbenzene Vinyl acetate o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol

Mol. Form. C9H20O C11H24 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H16O C8H16 C8H16 C8H11N C8H11N C12F27N C11H24 C11H24O2 C11H21N C11H24O C17H28 C4H6O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O

tb °C 194 168.1 110 99.22 114.8 113.5 135.1 101.4 104.9 171.6 170.6 178 195.9

ΔvapH(tb) kJ/mol 38.22 31.94 30.79 32.12 32.36 35.64

39.95 39.87 46.4 41.91

253 245 316 72.8 144.5 139.07 138.23 210.98 211.1 201.07 227 221.74

34.6 36.24 35.66 35.67

ΔvapH(25°C) kJ/mol 67.86 49.91 36.91 35.14 37.27 37.75 43.30 35.59 37.23 50.61 50.33 56.58 132 71.14 85.8 82.4 43.43 42.65 42.40 64.96

46.9 75.31 85.03 82.01

Enthalpy of Fusion This table lists the molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion, ΔfusH, of over 1100 inorganic and organic compounds. All values refer to the enthalpy change at equilibrium between the liquid phase and the most stable solid phase at the phase transition temperature. Most values of ΔfusH are given at the normal melting point tm. However, a “t” following the entry in the melting point column indicates a triple-point temperature, where the solid, liquid, and gas phases are in equilibrium. Temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale. A * following an entry indicates that the value includes the enthalpy of transition between crystalline phases whose transformation occurs within 1°C of the melting point. Substances are listed by name, either an IUPAC systematic name or, in the case of drugs and other complex compounds, a common synonym. Inorganic compounds, including metal salts of organic acids, are listed first, followed by organic compounds. The molecular formula in the Hill convention is included.

References 1. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 2. Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph No. 9, 1998. 3. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition; Vol. 2, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1991; Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Molecular formula tm/°C Name Inorganic compounds (including salts of organic acids) Actinium Ac 1050 Al 660.32 Aluminum 97.5 Aluminum bromide AlBr3 192.6 Aluminum chloride AlCl3 2250 t Aluminum fluoride AlF3 188.28 Aluminum iodide AlI3 2054 Al2O3 Aluminum oxide (α) Aluminum sulfide Al2S3 1100 Americium Am 1176 -77.73 H3N Ammonia 520.1 Ammonium chloride ClH4N 238 Ammonium fluoride FH4N 551 Ammonium iodide H4IN 169.7 Ammonium nitrate H4N2O3 Antimony (gray) Sb 630.628 97 Antimony(III) bromide Br3Sb 73.4 Antimony(III) chloride Cl3Sb 287 Antimony(III) fluoride F3Sb 171 Antimony(III) iodide I3Sb 655 Antimony(III) oxide O3Sb2 (valentinite) 550 Antimony(III) sulfide S3Sb2 Argon Ar -189.36 Arsenic (gray) As 817 31.1 AsBr3 Arsenic(III) bromide -16 Arsenic(III) chloride AsCl3 -5.9 Arsenic(III) fluoride AsF3 141 Arsenic(III) iodide AsI3



6679X_S06.indb 119

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 12.0 10.71 11.25 35.35 0.56 15.90 111.1 66 14.39 5.66 10.6 12.6 21 5.86 19.79 14.6 12.97 22.8 22.8 54 47.9 1.18 24.44 11.7 10.1 10.4 21.8

4. Dinsdale, A. T., “SGTE Data for Pure Elements”, CALPHAD, 15, 317425, 1991. 5. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/8A, “Enthalpies of Fusion and Transition of Organic Compounds,” Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1995. 6. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/19A, “Thermodynamic Properties of Inorganic Materials compiled by SGTE,” SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg; Part 1, 1999; Part 2; 1999; Part 3, 2000; Part 4, 2001. 7. Janz, G. J., et al., Physical Properties Data Compilations Relevant to Energy Storage. II. Molten Salts, Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 61, Part 2, 1979. 8. Dirand, M., Bouroukba, M., Chevallier, V., Petitjean, D., Behar, E., and Ruffier-Meray, V., “Normal Alkanes, Multialkane Synthetic Model Mixtures, and Real Petroleum Waxes: Crystallographic Structures, Thermodynamic Properties, and Crystallization,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 47, 115-143, 2002. 9. Linstrom, P. J., and Mallard, W. G., Editors, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, June 2005, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, . 10. Thermodynamic Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, TRC Thermodynamic Tables, . 11. Sangster, J., “Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Systems of Drugs,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 889, 1999.

Name Arsenic(III) oxide (claudetite) Arsenic(V) oxide Arsenic(III) selenide Arsenic(III) sulfide Arsenic sulfide Arsenic(III) telluride Barium Barium bromide Barium carbonate

Molecular formula As2O3 As2O5 As2Se3 As2S3 As4S4 As2Te3 Ba BaBr2 CBaO3

Barium chloride Barium fluoride Barium hydride Barium hydroxide Barium iodide Barium oxide Barium sulfate Barium sulfide Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium carbide Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium iodide Beryllium nitride Beryllium oxide Beryllium sulfate Bismuth Bismuth oxide

BaCl2 BaF2 BaH2 BaH2O2 BaI2 BaO BaO4S BaS Be BeBr2 CBe2 BeCl2 BeF2 BeI2 Be3N2 BeO BeO4S Bi Bi2O3

ΔfusH/kJ tm/°C mol-1 314 18 730 60 377 40.8 312 28.7 307 25.4 375 46.0 727 7.12 857 32.2 1555 40 (high pres.) 961 15.85 1368 23.36 1200 25 408 16 711 26.5 1973 46 1580 40 2227 63 1287 7.895 508 18 2127 75.3 415 8.66 552 4.77 480 20.92 2200 111 2578 86 1127 6 11.106 271.406 825 14.7

6-119

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Enthalpy of Fusion

6-120 Name Bismuth sulfide Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Bismuth trifluoride Bismuth triiodide Boric acid Boron Boron nitride Boron oxide Boron sulfide Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride Bromine Bromine pentafluoride Cadmium Cadmium bromide Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide Cadmium nitrate Calcium Calcium bromide Calcium carbonate (calcite) Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium hydride Calcium iodide Calcium nitrate Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfide Carbon (graphite) Cerium Cerium(III) bromide Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) fluoride Cerium(III) iodide Cerium(III) oxide Cerium(IV) oxide Cesium Cesium carbonate Cesium chloride Cesium chromate Cesium fluoride Cesium hydride Cesium hydroxide Cesium iodide Cesium metaborate Cesium molybdate Cesium nitrate Cesium nitrite Cesium oxide Cesium peroxide Cesium sulfate Chlorine Chromium Chromium(II) bromide Chromium(III) bromide Chromium(II) chloride Chromium(III) chloride

6679X_S06.indb 120

Molecular formula Bi2S3 BiBr3 BiCl3 BiF3 BiI3 BH3O3 B BN B2O3 B2S3 BCl3 BF3 Br2 BrF5 Cd Br2Cd CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 CdN2O6 Ca Br2Ca CCaO3 CaCl2 CaF2 CaH2 CaI2 CaN2O6 CaO CaO4S CaS C Ce Br3Ce CeCl3 CeF3 CeI3 Ce2O3 CeO2 Cs CCs2O3 ClCs CrCs2O4 CsF CsH CsHO CsI BCsO2 Cs2MoO4 CsNO3 CsNO2 Cs2O Cs2O2 Cs2O4S Cl2 Cr Br2Cr Br3Cr Cl2Cr Cl3Cr

tm/°C 777 219 234 649 408.6 170.9 2075 2967 450 563 -107.3 -126.8 -7.2 -60.5 321.069 568 568 1075 388 360 842 742 1330 775 1418 1000 783 561 2613 1460 2524 4489 799 732 807 1430 760 2250 2480 28.5 793 646 963 703 528 342.3 632 732 956.3 409 406 495 594 1005 -101.5 1907 842 812 824 827

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 78.2 21.7 23.6 21.6 39.1 22.3 50.2 81 24.56 48.12 2.10 4.20 10.57 5.67 6.21 33.35 48.58 22.6 15.3 18.3 8.54 29.1 36 28.05 30 6.7 41.8 23.4 80 28 70 117.4 5.460 51.9 53.1 55.6 51.0 120 80 2.09 31 20.4 35.3 21.7 15 7.78 25.7 27 31.8 13.8 10.9 20 22 35.7 6.40 21.00 45 60 45.0 60

Name Chromium(II) fluoride Chromium(III) fluoride Chromium(II) iodide Chromium(III) iodide Chromium(III) oxide Chromium(VI) oxide Chromium(II) sulfide Cobalt Cobalt(II) bromide Cobalt(II) chloride Cobalt(II) fluoride Cobalt(II) iodide Cobalt(II) selenite Cobalt(II) sulfide Copper Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(II) chloride Copper(II) fluoride Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) oxide Copper(II) oxide Copper(I) sulfide Curium Decaborane(14) Dysprosium Dysprosium(III) fluoride Dysprosium(III) oxide Einsteinium Erbium Erbium chloride Erbium fluoride Erbium oxide Europium Europium(II) bromide Europium(III) chloride Europium(III) fluoride Europium (II) oxide Europium(III) oxide Fluorine Gadolinium Gadolinium(III) bromide Gadolinium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) fluoride Gadolinium(III) iodide Gadolinium(III) oxide Gallium Gallium antimonide Gallium arsenide Gallium(III) bromide Gallium(III) chloride Gallium(III) iodide Gallium(III) oxide Germanium Germanium(IV) bromide Germanium(II) iodide Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(IV) oxide Germanium(II) selenide Germanium(II) sulfide

Molecular formula CrF2 CrF3 CrI2 CrI3 Cr2O3 CrO3 CrS Co Br2Co Cl2Co CoF2 CoI2 CoO3Se CoS Cu BrCu ClCu Cl2Cu CuF2 CuI Cu2O CuO Cu2S Cm B10H14 Dy DyF3 Dy2O3 Es Er Cl3Er ErF3 Er2O3 Eu Br2Eu Cl3Eu EuF3 EuO Eu2O3 F2 Gd Br3Gd Cl3Gd F3Gd GdI3 Gd2O3 Ga GaSb AsGa Br3Ga Cl3Ga GaI3 Ga2O3 Ge Br4Ge GeI2 GeI4 GeO2 GeSe GeS

tm/°C 894 1425 867 857 2432 197 1567 1495 678 737 1127 520 659 1117 1084.62 483 423 598 836 591 1244 1227 1129 1345 98.78 1412 1157 2408 860 1529 776 1146 2418 822 683 623 647 1967 2350 -219.67 1313 785 602 1232 930 2425 29.7666 712 1238 123 77.9 212 1807 938.25 26.1 428 146 1116 675 658

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 34 66 46 61 125 14.2 25.5 16.20 43 46.0 58.1 35 16.3 30 13.26 5.1 7.08 15.0 55 7.93 65.6 49 9.62 14.64 21.97 11.35 58.6 120 9.41 19.90 32.6 28.2 130 9.21 25.1 33.1 6.40 40 117 0.51 9.67 38.1 40.6 52.4 54.0 60 5.585 25.1 87.64 11.7 11.51 12.9 100 36.94 12 33.3 19.1 12.6 24.7 21.3

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Enthalpy of Fusion Name Germanium(IV) sulfide Germanium(II) telluride Gold Hafnium Hafnium nitride Hafnium(IV) oxide Holmium Holmium bromide Holmium chloride Holmium fluoride Holmium oxide Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Indium Indium antimonide Indium arsenide Indium(I) bromide Indium(III) bromide Indium(I) chloride Indium(III) chloride Indium(III) fluoride Indium(I) iodide Indium(II) iodide Indium(III) iodide Indium(III) oxide Indium(II) sulfide Iodine Iodine chloride Iridium Iridium(VI) fluoride Iron Iron boride (FeB) Iron(II) bromide Iron(II) chloride Iron(III) chloride Iron(II) fluoride Iron(III) fluoride Iron(II) iodide Iron(II) oxide Iron(II,III) oxide Iron(III) oxide Iron sodium oxide Iron(II) sulfide Krypton Lanthanum Lanthanum bromide Lanthanum chloride Lanthanum fluoride Lanthanum iodide Lead Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) iodide

6679X_S06.indb 121

6-121 Molecular formula GeS2 GeTe Au Hf HfN HfO2 Ho Br3Ho Cl3Ho F3Ho Ho2O3 H4N2 H2 BrH ClH FH HI H2O2 H2S In InSb AsIn BrIn Br3In ClIn Cl3In F3In IIn I2In I3In In2O3 InS I2 ClI Ir F6Ir Fe BFe Br2Fe Cl2Fe Cl3Fe F2Fe F3Fe FeI2 FeO Fe3O4 Fe2O3 FeNaO2 FeS Kr La Br3La Cl3La F3La I3La Pb Br2Pb Cl2Pb F2Pb I2Pb

tm/°C 840 724 1064.18 2233 3310 2800 1472 919 720 1143 2415 1.54 -259.198 t -86.80 -114.17 -83.36 -50.76 -0.43 -85.5 156.60 524 942 285 420 225 583 1172 364.4 155 207 1912 692 113.7 27.38 2446 44 1538 1658 691 677 307.6 1100 367 594 1377 1597 1539 1347 1188 -157.38 920 788 858 1493 778 327.462 371 501 830 410

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 16.3 47.3 12.55 27.20 62.8 96 11.76 50.1 30.5 56.3 130 12.66 0.12 2.41 2.00 4.58 2.87 12.50 2.38 3.291 47.7 77.0 24.3 26 9.20 27 64 17.26 1.29 18.48 105 36.0 15.52 11.6 41.12 8.40 13.81 62.66 43.0 42.83 40 50 0.58 39 24.1 138 87 49.4 31.5 1.64 6.20 54.0 54.4 50.2 56.1 4.774 16.44 21.88 14.7 23.4

Name Lead(II) oxide (massicot) Lead(II) sulfate Lead(II) sulfide Lithium Lithium aluminate Lithium bromide Lithium carbonate Lithium chloride Lithium chromate Lithium fluoride Lithium hexafluoroaluminate Lithium hydride Lithium hydride-d Lithium hydroxide Lithium iodide Lithium metasilicate Lithium nitrate Lithium nitrite Lithium oxide Lithium perchlorate Lithium sulfate Lutetium Lutetium oxide Magnesium Magnesium bromide Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride Magnesium fluoride Magnesium hydride Magnesium iodide Magnesium orthosilicate Magnesium oxide Magnesium phosphate Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfide Magnesium tetraboride Manganese Manganese(II) bromide Manganese(II) chloride Manganese(II) fluoride Manganese(II) iodide Manganese(II) oxide Manganese(II) sulfide (α form) Mercury Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) fluoride Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(II) iodide (yellow) Mercury(II) sulfide (black) Metaboric acid (γ form) Molybdenum Molybdenum boride (Mo2B5) Molybdenum(IV) chloride Molybdenum(V) chloride Molybdenum(VI) dioxydichloride Molybdenum(V) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Molybdenum monoboride Molybdenum(VI) oxide

Molecular formula OPb O4PbS PbS Li AlLiO2 BrLi CLi2O3 ClLi CrLi2O4 FLi AlF6Li3 HLi DLi HLiO ILi Li2O3Si LiNO3 LiNO2 Li2O ClLiO4 Li2O4S Lu Lu2O3 Mg Br2Mg CMgO3 Cl2Mg F2Mg H2Mg I2Mg Mg2O4Si MgO Mg3O8P2 MgO4S MgS B4Mg Mn Br2Mn Cl2Mn F2Mn I2Mn MnO MnS Hg Br2Hg Cl2Hg F2Hg Hg2I2 HgI2 HgS BHO2 Mo B5Mo2 Cl4Mo Cl5Mo Cl2MoO2

tm/°C 887 1087 1113 180.50 1610 550 732 610 482 848.2 785 692 694 473 469 1201 253 222 1438 236 860 1663 2490 650 711 990 714 1263 327 634 1897 2825 1348 1137 2226 727 1246 698 650 900 638 1842 1530 -38.829 241 277 645 290 256 820 236 2623 2210 317 194 176

F5Mo F6Mo BMo MoO3

45.67 17.5 2600 802

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 25.6 40.2 49.4 3.00 87.9 17.66 44.8 19.8 30.5 27.09 86.19 21.8 22 20.9 14.6 28 26.7 9.2 35.6 29.3 9.00 18.65 133 8.48 39.3 59 43.1 58.7 14 26 71 77 121 14.6 63 0.0 12.91 33.5 30.7 30 41.8 43.9 26.1 2.295 17.9 19.41 23.0 31.4 15.6 40 14.3 37.48 226 16.7 19 17.0 6.1 4.33 55.23 48.7

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Enthalpy of Fusion

6-122 Name Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrachloride Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride Molybdenum(V) oxytrichloride Molybdenum(III) sulfide Neodymium Neodymium(III) bromide Neodymium(III) chloride Neodymium(III) fluoride Neodymium(III) iodide Neon Neptunium Nickel Nickel boride (Ni2B) Nickel boride (Ni3B) Nickel(II) bromide Nickel(II) chloride Nickel(II) fluoride Nickel(II) iodide Nickel(II) oxide Nickel(II) sulfide Nickel disulfide Nickel subsulfide Niobium Niobium(V) bromide Niobium(V) chloride Niobium(V) fluoride Niobium(V) iodide Niobium nitride Niobium(II) oxide Niobium(IV) oxide Niobium(V) oxide Nitric acid Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrous oxide Osmium Osmium(VIII) oxide Oxygen Palladium Palladium(II) chloride Phosphinic acid Phosphonic acid Phosphoric acid Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red) Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus heptasulfide Phosphorus(V) oxide Phosphorus sesquisulfide Phosphoryl chloride Platinum Plutonium Plutonium(III) bromide Plutonium(III) chloride Plutonium(III) fluoride Plutonium(IV) fluoride Plutonium(VI) fluoride

6679X_S06.indb 122

Molecular formula Cl4MoO F4MoO Cl3MoO Mo2S3 Nd Br3Nd Cl3Nd F3Nd I3Nd Ne Np Ni BNi2 BNi3 Br2Ni Cl2Ni F2Ni I2Ni NiO NiS NiS2 Ni3S2 Nb Br5Nb Cl5Nb F5Nb I5Nb NNb NbO NbO2 Nb2O5 HNO3 NO N2 N2O4 N2O Os O4Os O2 Pd Cl2Pd H3O2P H3O3P H3O4P P P Cl3P P4S7 O5P2 P4S3 Cl3OP Pt Pu Br3Pu Cl3Pu F3Pu F4Pu F6Pu

tm/°C 105 97.2 310 1807 1016 682 759 1377 787 -248.609 644 1455 1125 1166 963 1031 1380 800 1957 976 1007 789 2477 254 205.8 80 327 2050 1937 1901 1512 -41.6 -163.6 -210.0 -9.3 -90.8 3033 40.6 -218.79 1554.8 679 26.5 74.4 42.4 44.15 579.2 -93 308 562 173 1.18 1768.2 640 681 760 1396 1037 51.6

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 14.3 4 22 0.13 7.14 45.3 48.5 54.8 41.5 0.328 3.20 17.48 42.15 72.28 56 77.9 69 48 50.7 30.1 65.7 19.7 30 24.0 33.9 12.2 37.7 46.0 85.4 92 104.3 10.5 2.30 0.71 14.65 6.54 57.85 14.3 0.44 16.74 18.41 9.7 12.8 13.4 0.659 18.54 7.10 36.6 27.2 20.1 13.1 22.175 2.824 58.6 63.6 59.8 42.7 18.6

Name Plutonium(III) iodide Plutonium(III) oxide Plutonium(IV) oxide Polonium Potassium Potassium aluminate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium cyanide Potassium fluoride Potassium fluoroborate Potassium hydride Potassium hydrogen fluoride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium metaborate Potassium nitrate Potassium nitrite Potassium oxide Potassium peroxide Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Potassium superoxide Praseodymium Praseodymium(III) bromide Praseodymium(III) chloride Praseodymium(III) fluoride Praseodymium(III) iodide Protactinium Radium Rhenium Rhenium(VII) oxide Rhodium Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate Rubidium chloride Rubidium fluoride Rubidium hydride Rubidium hydroxide Rubidium iodide Rubidium metaborate Rubidium nitrate Rubidium nitrite Rubidium oxide Rubidium peroxide Rubidium sulfate Rubidium superoxide Ruthenium Ruthenium(V) fluoride Samarium Samarium(III) oxide Scandium Scandium chloride Scandium fluoride Scandium oxide Selenium (gray) Selenium dioxide

Molecular formula I3Pu O3Pu2 O2Pu Po K AlKO2 BrK CK2O3 ClK CrK2O4 CKN FK BF4K HK F2HK HKO IK BKO2 KNO3 KNO2 K2O K2O2 K2O4S K2S KO2 Pr Br3Pr Cl3Pr F3Pr I3Pr Pa Ra Re O7Re2 Rh Rb BrRb CO3Rb2 ClRb FRb HRb HORb IRb BO2Rb NO3Rb NO2Rb ORb2 O2Rb2 O4Rb2S O2Rb Ru F5Ru Sm O3Sm2 Sc Cl3Sc F3Sc O3Sc2 Se O2Se

tm/°C 777 2085 2390 254 63.5 1713 734 899 771 974 622 858 570 619 238.8 406 681 947 334 438 740 545 1069 948 535 931 693 786 1399 738 1572 696 3185 327 1964 39.30 692 873 724 795 585 385 656 860 310 422 505 570 1066 540 2334 101 1072 2335 1541 967 1552 2489 220.8 360

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 50.2 113 67 10.0 2.335 82 25.52 27.6 26.28 33.0 14.6 27.2 17.66 21 6.62 7.90 24.0 31.38 9.6 16.7 27 20.5 36.6 16.15 20.6 6.89 47.3 50.6 57.3 53.1 12.34 7.7 34.08 65.7 26.59 2.19 23.3 30 24.4 25.8 22 8.0 22.1 31 4.6 12.1 20 21 37.3 21 38.59 74.5 8.62 119 14.10 67.4 62.6 127 6.69 17.6

4/11/08 1:30:31 PM

Enthalpy of Fusion Name Silicon Silicon dioxide (cristobalite) Silicon monosulfide Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) oxide Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) sulfide Sodium Sodium bromate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium chromate Sodium cyanide Sodium fluoride Sodium formate Sodium hexafluoroaluminate Sodium hexafluorosilicate Sodium hydride Sodium hydroxide Sodium iodate Sodium iodide Sodium metaborate Sodium metasilicate Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite Sodium oxide Sodium peroxide Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfide Sodium sulfite Strontium Strontium bromide Strontium carbonate Strontium chloride Strontium fluoride Strontium hydride Strontium hydroxide Strontium iodide Strontium nitrate Strontium oxide Strontium sulfate Strontium sulfide Sulfur (monoclinic) Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfuric acid Sulfur trioxide (γ-form) Tantalum Tantalum boride (TaB2) Tantalum(V) bromide Tantalum(V) chloride Tantalum(V) fluoride Tantalum(V) iodide Tantalum nitride (TaN) Tantalum nitride (Ta2N)

6679X_S06.indb 123

6-123 Molecular formula Si O2Si SSi Ag AgBr AgCl AgI AgNO3 Ag2O Ag2O4S Ag2S Na BrNaO3 BrNa CNa2O3 ClNaO3 ClNa CrNa2O4 CNNa FNa CHNaO2 AlF6Na3 F6Na2Si HNa HNaO INaO3 INa BNaO2 Na2O3Si NNaO3 NNaO2 Na2O Na2O2 Na2O4S Na2S Na2O3S Sr Br2Sr CO3Sr Cl2Sr F2Sr H2Sr H2O2Sr I2Sr N2O6Sr OSr O4SSr SSr S F6S H2O4S O3S Ta B2Ta Br5Ta Cl5Ta F5Ta I5Ta NTa NTa2

tm/°C 1414 1722 1090 961.78 430 455 558 210 827 660 836 97.794 381 747 856 248 800.7 794 562 996 257.3 1013 847 638 323 422 661 966 1089 306.5 284 1134 675 884 1172 911 777 657 1494 874 1477 1050 535 538 570 2531 1606 2226 115.21 -49.596 10.31 16.8 3017 3100 240 216.6 96.9 496 3090 2727

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 50.21 9.6 31 11.30 9.163 13.054 9.414 11.72 15 17.99 7.9 2.60 28.11 26.23 29.7 22.6 28.16 24.7 8.79 33.35 17.7 114.4 99.6 26 6.60 35.1 23.7 36.2 51.8 15.5 14.9 47.7 24.5 23.85 19 25.9 7.43 10.5 40 16.22 29.7 23 23 19.7 44.6 81 36 63 1.721 5.02 10.71 8.60 36.57 83.68 37.7 35.1 12 7.74 6.7 92.0

Name Tantalum(V) oxide Technetium Tellurium Tellurium dioxide Tellurium tetrabromide Tellurium tetrachloride Terbium Terbium(III) bromide Terbium(III) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tetraiodosilane Thallium Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) carbonate Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) fluoride Thallium(I) formate Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) nitrate Thallium(I) oxide Thallium(III) oxide Thallium(I) sulfate Thallium(I) sulfide Thorium Thorium(IV) bromide Thorium(IV) chloride Thorium(IV) fluoride Thorium(IV) iodide Thorium(IV) oxide Thulium Thulium(III) chloride Thulium(III) fluoride Tin (white) Tin(II) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Tin(II) chloride Tin(IV) chloride Tin(II) fluoride Tin(IV) fluoride Tin(II) iodide Tin(IV) iodide Tin(II) oxide Tin(IV) oxide Tin(II) sulfide Tin(II) telluride Titanium Titanium boride Titanium(IV) bromide Titanium(II) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) fluoride Titanium(IV) iodide Titanium nitride Titanium(III) oxide Titanium(IV) oxide (rutile) Titanium(II) sulfide Tungsten Tungsten boride (WB) Tungsten boride (W2B) Tungsten boride (W2B5)

Molecular formula O5Ta2 Tc Te O2Te Br4Te Cl4Te Tb Br3Tb Cl3Tb Cl4Si I4Si Tl BrTl CO3Tl2 ClTl FTl CHO2Tl ITl NO3Tl OTl2 O3Tl2 O4STl2 STl2 Th Br4Th Cl4Th F4Th I4Th O2Th Tm Cl3Tm F3Tm Sn Br2Sn Br4Sn Cl2Sn Cl4Sn F2Sn F4Sn I2Sn I4Sn OSn O2Sn SSn SnTe Ti B2Ti Br4Ti Cl2Ti Cl4Ti F4Ti I4Ti NTi O3Ti2 O2Ti STi W BW BW2 B5W2

tm/°C 1875 2157 449.51 733 380 224 1359 830 582 -68.74 120.5 304 460 273 431 326 101 441.7 206 579 834 632 457 1750 679 770 1110 566 3350 1545 845 1158 231.93 232 29.1 247.0 -34.07 215 442 320 402 977 1630 881 806 1668 2920 38.3 1035 -24.12 377 155 2947 1842 1912 1927 3422 2800 2740 2370

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 120 33.29 17.38 28.9 24.7 18.9 10.15 31.5 19.5 7.60 19.7 4.142 16.4 18 15.56 13.87 10.9 14.7 9.6 30.3 53 23.8 23.0 13.81 54.4 43.9 41.8 48.1 90 16.84 34.9 28.9 7.148 18.0 12.2 14.52 9.20 10.5 27.6 18.0 0.16 27.7 23.4 31.6 45.2 14.15 100.4 12.9 34.3 9.97 41 19.8 66.9 104.6 68 32 52.31 80 117 240

4/11/08 1:30:33 PM

Enthalpy of Fusion

6-124 Name Tungsten(V) bromide Tungsten(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) oxide Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride Uranium Uranium(III) bromide Uranium(IV) bromide Uranium(IV) chloride Uranium(III) fluoride Uranium(IV) fluoride Uranium(V) fluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Uranium(IV) iodide Uranium(IV) oxide Uranyl chloride Vanadium Vanadium(II) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Vanadium(II) fluoride Vanadium(III) fluoride Vanadium(V) fluoride Vanadium(II) oxide Vanadium(III) oxide Vanadium(IV) oxide Vanadium(V) oxide Water Xenon Xenon difluoride Xenon tetrafluoride Xenon hexafluoride Ytterbium Ytterbium(III) chloride Yttrium Yttrium chloride Yttrium fluoride Yttrium oxide Zinc Zinc bromide Zinc chloride Zinc fluoride Zinc iodide Zinc oxide Zinc phosphide (ZnP2) Zinc selenite Zinc sulfide (wurtzite) Zinc telluride Zirconium Zirconium boride Zirconium(II) bromide Zirconium(III) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Zirconium(II) chloride Zirconium(III) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Zirconium(II) fluoride Zirconium(III) fluoride Zirconium(IV) fluoride

6679X_S06.indb 124

Molecular formula Br5W Cl5W Cl6W F6W O3W Cl4OW F4OW U Br3U Br4U Cl4U F3U F4U F5U F6U I4U O2U Cl2O2U V Cl2V Cl4V F2V F3V F5V OV O3V2 O2V O5V2 H2O Xe F2Xe F4Xe F6Xe Yb Cl3Yb Y Cl3Y F3Y O3Y2 Zn Br2Zn Cl2Zn F2Zn I2Zn OZn P2Zn O3SeZn SZn TeZn Zr B2Zr Br2Zr Br3Zr Br4Zr Cl2Zr Cl3Zr Cl4Zr F2Zr F3Zr F4Zr

tm/°C 286 253 282 1.9 1473 210 105 1135 727 519 590 1495 1036 348 64.06 506 2847 577 1910 1350 -28 1490 1395 19.5 1790 1957 1545 681 0.00 -111.745 t 129.03 117.1 49.48 824 854 1522 721 1155 2439 419.53 402 325 872 450 1974 980 621 1827 1295 1854.7 3050 827 727 450 722 627 437 902 927 910

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 17.2 20.6 6.69 4.10 73 18.8 6 9.14 43.9 55.2 44.8 36.8 47 35 19.2 42.1 74.2 44.06 21.5 35.0 2.30 44 57 49.96 50 140 56.0 64 6.01 2.27 16.8 16.3 5.74 7.66 35.4 11.39 31.5 27.9 81 7.068 15.7 10.30 40 17 70 92.9 46.4 30 63 21.00 104.6 28 33 27.0 30 29 37.7 50 61

Name Zirconium(II) iodide Zirconium(III) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Zirconium nitride Zirconium(IV) oxide Zirconium(IV) sulfide

Molecular formula I2Zr I3Zr I4Zr NZr O2Zr S2Zr

Organic compounds Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetaminophen Acetanilide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Allene Allobarbital 2-Aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic acid 3-Amino-1-propanol Aminopyrine Ampyrone Aniline Anisole Anthracene Antipyrine trans-Azobenzene trans-Azoxybenzene Barbital Benzaldehyde Benzamide Benz[a]anthracene Benzene Benzeneacetic acid 1,2-Benzenediamine 1,3-Benzenediamine 1,4-Benzenediamine Benzenethiol p-Benzidine Benzil Benzocaine Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzo[c]phenanthrene Benzophenone Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[e]pyrene p-Benzoquinone Benzoyl chloride Benzyl alcohol 2,2’-Binaphthalene Biphenyl Bromobenzene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane

C12H10 C12H8 C2H4O C2H5NO C8H9NO2 C8H9NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C3H4O2 C3H3N C3H4 C10H12N2O3 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C3H9NO C13H17N3O C11H13N3O C6H7N C7H8O C14H10 C11H12N2O C12H10N2 C12H10N2O C8H12N2O3 C7H6O C7H7NO C18H12 C6H6 C8H8O2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H6S C12H12N2 C14H10O2 C9H11NO2 C7H6O2 C7H5N C18H12 C13H10O C20H12 C20H12 C6H4O2 C7H5ClO C7H8O C20H14 C12H10 C6H5Br C4H9Br C4H9Br

tm/°C 827 727 500 2952 2710 1550

93.4 91.8 -123.37 80.16 169.3 114.3 16.64 -74.1 -94.7 -43.82 12.5 -83.48 -136.6 172 146 188.2 12.4 107.5 109 -6.02 -37.13 215.76 112 67.88 34.6 190 -57.1 127.3 160.5 5.49 76.5 102.1 66.0 141.1 -14.93 127 94.87 89.7 122.35 -13.99 68 47.9 181.1 181.4 115 -0.4 -15.4 187.9 68.93 -30.72 -112.6 -112.65

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 28 33 32 67.4 90 45

21.49 6.9 2.31 15.59 30.5 21.3 11.73 10.5 5.77 8.16 9.51 6.23 4.40 32.3 20.5 22.5 19.7 27.6 24.9 10.54 12.9 29.4 27.3 22.52 17.9 24.7 9.32 19.5 21.4 9.87 16.3 23.1 15.57 23.8 11.48 19.1 23.5 22.3 18.02 9.1 16.3 18.19 17.3 16.6 18.5 19.2 8.97 38.9 18.57 10.70 9.23 6.89

4/11/08 1:30:34 PM

Enthalpy of Fusion Name Bromoethane Bromoethene 1-Bromoheptane 1-Bromohexane Bromomethane 1-Bromonaphthalene 2-Bromonaphthalene 1-Bromooctane 1-Bromopentane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane Bromotrichloromethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butanal Butane 1,4-Butanediol 1-Butanethiol Butanoic acid 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Butanone 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene cis-2-Butenoic acid trans-2-Butenoic acid tert-Butylamine Butylbenzene Butylcyclohexane Butyl methyl ether 1-Butyne 2-Butyne γ-Butyrolactone Caffeine Carbazole Carbon dioxide Carbon diselenide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbonyl chloride Chloroacetic acid 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline Chlorobenzene 2-Chlorobenzoic acid Chlorocyclohexane Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane Chloroethene Chloromethane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene Chloropentafluoroethane

6679X_S06.indb 125

6-125 Molecular formula C2H5Br C2H3Br C7H15Br C6H13Br CH3Br C10H7Br C10H7Br C8H17Br C5H11Br C3H7Br C3H7Br CBrCl3 C4H6 C4H6 C4H8O C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10S C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H11N C10H14 C10H20 C5H12O C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O2 C8H10N4O2 C12H9N CO2 CSe2 CS2 CO COS CCl2O C2H3ClO2 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H5Cl C7H5ClO2 C6H11Cl CHClF2 C2H5Cl C2H3Cl CH3Cl C4H9Cl C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C2ClF5

tm/°C -118.6 -139.54 -56.1 -83.7 -93.68 6.1 55.9 -55.0 -88.0 -110.3 -89.0 -5.65 -136.2 -108.91 -96.86 -138.3 20.4 -115.7 -5.1 -88.6 -88.5 -86.64 -185.34 -138.88 -105.52 15 71.5 -66.94 -87.85 -74.73 -115.7 -125.7 -32.2 -43.61 236.3 246.3 -56.558 -43.7 -112.1 -205.02 -138.8 -127.78 63 -1.9 -10.28 70.5 -45.31 140.2 -43.81 -157.42 -138.4 -153.84 -97.7 -25.60 -2.5 58.0 32.1 44.4 82 -99.4

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 7.47 5.12 21.8 18.1 5.98 15.2 14.4 24.7 14.37 6.44 6.53 2.53 6.96 7.98 10.77 4.66 18.70 10.46 11.59 9.37 5.97 8.39 3.96 7.31 9.76 12.6 13.0 0.882 11.22 14.16 10.85 6.03 9.23 9.57 22.0 24.1 9.02 6.36 4.39 0.833 4.73 5.74 12.28 11.9 10.15 20.0 9.6 25.6 2.043 4.12 4.45 4.92 6.43 2.07 12.9 14.0 17.9 19.4 14.1 1.86

Name 2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 2-Chlorotoluene Chlorotrifluoroethene Chrysene Coronene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyanamide Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cycloheptane Cycloheptanol Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclohexylamine Cyclohexylbenzene Cyclooctane Cyclopentane Cyclopentanol Cyclopentene Cyclopentylamine Cyclopropane Cyclopropylamine cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene Dichloromethane 1,2-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane Diethyl ether 3,3-Diethylpentane Diethyl sulfide o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene Diisopropyl ether 1,2-Dimethoxyethane Dimethoxymethane

Molecular formula C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H7Cl C2ClF3 C18H12 C24H12 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O CH2N2 C2N2 C4H8 C7H14 C7H14O C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C6H13N C12H16 C8H16 C5H10 C5H10O C5H8 C5H11N C3H6 C3H7N C10H18 C10H18 C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C2H4Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C2Br2F4 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C4H10O C9H20 C4H10S C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H14O C4H10O2 C3H8O2

tm/°C 9.4 32.6 42.8 -122.9 -117.18 -35.8 -158.2 255.5 437.4 31.03 12.24 34.77 45.56 -27.83 -90.7 -8.46 7.2 6.59 25.93 -27.9 -103.5 -17.8 7.07 14.59 -93.4 -17.5 -135.0 -82.7 -127.58 -35.39 -42.9 -30.4 -4.0 -29.6 31.4 6.9 -66.3 9.84 -55.49 -34.5 -110.32 -17.0 -24.8 53.09 -96.9 -35.7 -122.56 -80.0 -97.2 -100.53 -33.9 -92.53 -116.2 -33.1 -103.91 -47.1 -69.12 -85.4 -69.20 -105.1

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 13.0 14.9 14.1 5.54 7.39 9.6 5.55 26.2 19.2 15.82 10.71 12.71 7.27 8.11 1.09 1.88 1.60 2.68 1.78 1.328 3.29 17.5 15.6 2.41 0.61 1.535 3.36 8.31 5.44 13.18 9.49 14.41 34.5 28.72 27.8 43 13.81 10.89 8.94 14.6 7.04 12.4 12.6 18.19 7.87 8.84 6.51 7.2 4.60 6.40 2.30 1.51 7.19 10.09 10.90 11.05 8.58 12.04 12.6 8.33

4/11/08 1:30:36 PM

Enthalpy of Fusion

6-126 Name Dimethylamine 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethylformamide 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Dimethyl oxalate 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfone Dimethyl sulfoxide N,N-Dimethylurea N,N’-Dimethylurea Dimethyl zinc 1,4-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxolane Diphenylamine Diphenyl ether Diphenylmethane Dipropyl ether Divinyl ether Docosane Dodecane Dodecanoic acid 1-Dodecanol 1-Dodecene Dotriacontane Eicosane 1-Eicosanol Estradiol benzoate Ethane 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,2-Ethanediol Ethanethiol Ethanol Ethinylestradiol Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethylcyclohexane Ethylene Ethyl methyl sulfide 3-Ethylpentane 2-Ethyltoluene 3-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene Fluoranthene 9H-Fluorene Fluorobenzene

6679X_S06.indb 126

Molecular formula C2H7N C6H14 C6H14 C6H12 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C4H6O4 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C2H6S C2H6O2S C2H6OS C3H8N2O C3H8N2O C2H6Zn C4H8O2 C3H6O2 C12H11N C12H10O C13H12 C6H14O C4H6O C22H46 C12H26 C12H24O2 C12H26O C12H24 C32H66 C20H42 C20H42O C25H28O3 C2H6 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6O C20H24O2 C4H8O2 C8H10 C8H16 C2H4 C3H8S C7H16 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C16H10 C13H10 C6H5F

tm/°C -92.18 -98.8 -128.10 -74.19 -33.3 -49.8 -88.15 -75.53 -90.07 -87.39 -36.93 -84.67 -141.5 -60.48 -57.20 -8.9 54.8 -123.7 -119.2 -134.4 -98.24 108.9 17.89 182.1 106.6 -43.0 11.85 -97.22 53.2 26.864 25.4 -114.8 -100.6 43.6 -9.57 43.8 23.9 -35.2 69.4 36.6 65.4 193 -182.79 11.14 -12.69 -147.88 -114.14 183.5 -83.8 -94.96 -111.3 -169.15 -105.93 -118.55 -79.83 -95.6 -62.35 110.19 114.77 -42.18

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 5.94 0.58 0.79 6.45 2.07 1.64 10.49 10.82 9.87 9.31 12.33 9.19 4.94 7.90 10.07 13.64 21.1 5.82 6.85 6.85 7.99 18.30 14.37 23.0 13.0 6.83 12.84 6.57 18.5 17.22 18.6 10.8 7.9 48.8 36.8 36.3 40.2 19.9 75.8 69.9 42 41.8 2.72* 22.58 9.96 4.98 4.931 27.9 10.48 9.18 8.33 3.35 9.76 9.55 9.96 7.6 12.7 18.69 19.58 11.31

Name Formamide Formic acid Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol Heneicosane Heptacosane Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 1-Heptene Hexachlorobenzene Hexachloroethane Hexacontane Hexacosane Hexadecane Hexadecanoic acid 1-Hexadecanol Hexafluorobenzene Hexafluoroethane Hexamethylbenzene Hexanal Hexane 1,6-Hexanedioic acid 1,6-Hexanediol 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone Hexatetracontane Hexatriacontane 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene Hydrogen cyanide p-Hydroquinone 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid Imidazole Indan Indene Indomethacin Iodobenzene Isobutane Isobutene Isopentane Isopropylamine Isopropylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene Isoquinoline Khellin Maleic anhydride Methane Methanethiol Methanol Methyl acetate Methylamine 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline

Molecular formula CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O C5H4O2 C5H6O2 C3H8O3 C21H44 C27H56 C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H14 C6Cl6 C2Cl6 C60H122 C26H54 C16H34 C16H32O2 C16H34O C6F6 C2F6 C12H18 C6H12O C6H14 C6H10O4 C6H14O2 C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C46H94 C36H74 C6H12 C6H12 CHN C6H6O2 C7H6O3 C3H4N2 C9H10 C9H8 C19H16ClNO4 C6H5I C4H10 C4H8 C5H12 C3H9N C9H12 C10H14 C9H7N C14H12O5 C4H2O3 CH4 CH4S CH4O C3H6O2 CH5N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N

tm/°C 2.49 8.3 -85.61 -38.1 -14.6 18.1 40.01 59.23 22.0 -43.4 -90.55 -7.17 -33.2 -118.9 228.83 186.8t 99.3 56.1 18.12 62.5 49.2 5.03 -100.05 165.5 -56 -95.35 152.5 41.5 -47.4 -55.5 -55.4 87.6 75.8 -139.76 -141.11 -13.29 172.4 159.0 89.5 -51.38 -1.5 160 -31.3 -159.4 -140.7 -159.77 -95.13 -96.02 -67.94 26.47 154 52.56 -182.47 -123 -97.53 -98.25 -93.5 -14.41 -31.3 43.6

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 8.44 12.68 3.80 14.37 13.13 18.3 45.21 61.9 40.16 23.2 14.03 15.13 18.17 12.41 25.2 9.75 193.2 60.0 53.36 53.7 33.6 11.59 2.69 20.6 13.3 13.08 36.3 22.2 15.38 14.9 13.49 176.0 87.7 9.35 8.88 8.41 26.8 14.2 12.82 8.60 10.20 36.9 9.75 4.54 5.92 5.15 7.33 7.33 9.66 13.54 32.3 13.60 0.94 5.91 3.215 7.49 6.13 11.66 7.9 18.9

4/11/08 1:30:38 PM

Enthalpy of Fusion Name Methyl benzoate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanone 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Methylcyclopropane 2-Methylfuran 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 2-Methylhexane Methylhydrazine Methyl methacrylate 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Methyl nitrate Methyloxirane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine N-Methylurea Morpholine Naphthalene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol Neopentane Niacinamide 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitromethane 2-Nitrophenol 3-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol Nitrosobenzene 4-Nitrotoluene Nonacosane Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 5-Nonanone Octacosane Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol Octatriacontane

6679X_S06.indb 127

6-127 Molecular formula C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12O C5H10O C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H12O C7H14 C6H12 C4H8 C5H6O C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C7H16 CH6N2 C5H8O2 C11H10 C11H10 CH3NO3 C3H6O C6H14 C6H14 C4H10O C4H10O C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C2H6N2O C4H9NO C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C5H12 C6H6N2O C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 CH3NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO C7H7NO2 C29H60 C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H18O C28H58 C18H38 C18H38O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C38H78

tm/°C -12.4 -145.9 -9.1 -93.1 -137.53 -168.43 -133.72 -108.6 -126.6 -142.42 -177.6 -91.3 -109.02 -120.48 -121.0 -118.2 -52.36 -47.55 -30.43 34.6 -83.0 -111.9 -153.6 -162.90 -101.9 25.69 -66.68 -18.14 3.67 104.9 -4.8 80.26 95.0 121.5 -16.4 130 71.0 113.4 147.5 5.7 -89.5 -28.38 44.8 96.8 113.6 67 51.63 63.7 32.0 -19.3 -53.46 12.4 -3.8 61.1 28.2 57.9 -56.82 16.5 -14.8 78.6

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 9.74 4.93 4.46 9.34 7.91 5.36 7.60 7.60 6.75 6.93 2.8 8.55 11.92 11.69 10.8 9.19 10.42 14.4 6.95 12.13 8.24 6.53 6.27 5.30 6.32 6.70 9.72 14.18 12.58 14.0 14.5 19.01 23.1 18.1 3.10 23.2 16.1 23.6 21.2 12.12 9.85 9.70 17.7 20.6 18.8 31.0 16.81 66.9 45.8 30.5 15.47 19.82 24.93 65.1 61.7 45 20.73 21.35 23.7 133.2

Name 1-Octene 2-Oxepanone Oxetane Oxirane 4-Oxopentanoic acid Paraldehyde Pentachloroethane Pentacontane Pentacosane Pentadecane cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene Pentaerythritol Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene Pentane Pentanedioic acid Pentanenitrile 1-Pentanethiol Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Pentatriacontane 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene Perfluoroacetone Perfluorobutane Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluoroheptane Perfluorohexane Perfluoropropane Perfluorotoluene Perylene Phenacetin Phenanthrene Phenobarbital Phenol α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid Phenylbutazone Phenylhydrazine Piperidine Potassium acetate Propane 1,3-Propanediol Propanenitrile 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Propanoic acid 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propene Propylamine Propylbenzene Propylcyclohexane Pyrazine 1H-Pyrazole

Molecular formula C8H16 C6H10O2 C3H6O C2H4O C5H8O3 C6H12O3 C2HCl5 C50H102 C25H52 C15H32 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H12O4 C6HF5 C6HF5O C7H3F5 C5H12 C5H8O4 C5H9N C5H12S C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C35H72 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C3F6O C4F10 C4F8 C7F16 C6F14 C3F8 C7F8 C20H12 C10H13NO2 C14H10 C12H12N2O3 C6H6O C14H12O2 C19H20N2O2 C6H8N2 C5H11N C2H3KO2 C3H8 C3H8O2 C3H5N C3H8S C3H8S C3H6O2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H6 C3H9N C9H12 C9H18 C4H4N2 C3H4N2

tm/°C -101.7 -1.0 -97 -112.5 33 12.6 -28.78 92.1 53.93 9.95 -140.8 -87.4 -148.2 258 -47.4 37.5 -29.78 -129.67 97.8 -96.2 -75.65 -33.6 -77.6 -76.8 -39 74.6 -165.12 -151.36 -140.21 -125.45 -129.1 -40.19 -51.2 -88.2 -147.70 -65.49 277.76 134 99.24 174.0 40.89 147.29 105 20.6 -11.02 309 -187.63 -27.7 -92.78 -113.13 -130.5 -20.5 -124.39 -87.9 -185.24 -84.75 -99.6 -94.9 51.0 70.7

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 15.31 13.83 6.5 5.17 9.22 13.5 11.3 162.4 56.9 34.6 5.64 7.14 6.12 4.8 10.87 16.41 13.1 8.40 20.3 9 17.53 14.16 10.50 10.63 11.59 86.3 5.94 7.11 8.35 8.38 7.66 2.77 6.95 6.84 0.477 11.54 31.9 33.0 16.46 27.8 11.51 31.3 27.7 14.05 14.85 7.65 3.50 7.1 5.03 5.48 5.74 10.66 5.37 5.41 3.003 10.97 9.27 10.37 12.9 14.0

4/11/08 1:30:40 PM

Enthalpy of Fusion

6-128 Name Pyrene Pyridine Pyrocatechol Pyrrole Pyrrolidine Quinoline Resorcinol Sebacic acid Sodium acetate Sodium hydrogen carbonate Spiro[2.2]pentane Stearic acid trans-Stilbene Styrene Succinic acid Succinic anhydride Succinonitrile Sulfacetamide Sulfadiazine Sulfamerazine Sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfapyridine Sulfathiazole Sulfisoxazole o-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Tetrabromomethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloromethane Tetracontane Tetracosane Tetradecane Tetradecanoic acid 1-Tetradecanol 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene Tetrafluoroethene Tetrafluoromethane Tetrahydrofuran Tetrahydropyran Tetrahydrothiophene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Tetramethyl lead 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Tetratetracontane Tetratriacontane 1H-Tetrazole

6679X_S06.indb 128

Molecular formula C16H10 C5H5N C6H6O2 C4H5N C4H9N C9H7N C6H6O2 C10H18O4 C2H3NaO2 CHNaO3 C5H8 C18H36O2 C14H12 C8H8 C4H6O4 C4H4O3 C4H4N2 C8H10N2O3S C10H10N4O2S C11H12N4O2S C10H11N3O3S C11H12N4O3S C11H11N3O2S C9H9N3O2S2 C11H13N3O3S C18H14 C18H14 CBr4 C2Cl4F2 C2H2Cl4 C2Cl4 CCl4 C40H82 C24H50 C14H30 C14H28O2 C14H30O C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C2F4 CF4 C4H8O C5H10O C4H8S C10H14 C4H12Pb C9H20 C9H20 C4H12Si C4H12Sn C44H90 C34H70 CH2N4

tm/°C 150.62 -41.70 104.6 -23.39 -57.79 -14.78 109.4 130.9 328.2 527 -107.0 69.3 124.2 -30.65 187.9 119 58.06 183 258 236 170 182.5 192 202 196 56.20 213.9 92.3 24.8 -42.4 -22.3 -22.62 81.5 50.4 5.82 54.2 38.2 -46.25 3.88 -131.15 -183.60 -108.44 -49.1 -96.2 79.3 -30.2 -9.75 -66.54 -99.06 -55.1 85.6 72.5 157.3

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 17.36 8.28 22.8 7.91 8.58 10.66 20.4 40.8 17.9 25 6.43 61.2 27.7 10.9 32.4 20.4 3.70 22.4 42.6 38.7 32.2 31.3 34.4 26.4 30.2 17.19 35.3 3.76 3.67 9.17 10.88 2.56 135.5 54.4 45.07 45.1 25.1* 6.36 15.05 7.72 0.704 8.54 1.8 7.35 21 10.80 2.33 9.74 6.87 9.30 149.6 79.4 18.2

Name Thiazole Thietane Thiophene Thiourea Thymol Toluene o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Triacontane 1,3,5-Triazine Tribromomethane Trichloroacetic acid 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane Tricosane Tridecane 1-Tridecanol 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Trimethoprim Trimethylamine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Trinitroglycerol 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 1,3,5-Trioxane Triphenylamine Triphenylene Tritriacontane Undecane Urea o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,3-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol

Molecular formula C3H3NS C3H6S C4H4S CH4N2S C10H14O C7H8 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C30H62 C3H3N3 CHBr3 C2HCl3O2 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 CCl3F CHCl3 C2Cl3F3

tm/°C -33.62 -73.24 -38.21 178 49.5 -94.95 103.5 109.9 179.6 65.1 80.3 8.69 59.2 51.3 16.92 62.8 -30.01 -36.3 -84.7 -110.44 -63.41 -36.22

ΔfusH/kJ mol-1 9.57 8.25 5.07 14.0 21.3 6.64 19.5 15.7 22.7 68.3 14.56 11.05 5.90 17.9 16.4 18.1 2.35 11.46 8.45 6.89 9.5 2.47

C23H48 C13H28 C13H28O C2H3F3 CHF3 CHI3 C14H18N4O3 C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C7H16 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C3H5N3O9 C7H5N3O6 C3H6O3 C18H15N C18H12 C33H68 C11H24 CH4N2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O

47.76 -5.4 31.7 -111.3 -155.2 121.2 199 -117.1 -25.4 -43.77 -44.72 -24.6 -107.3 122.9 13.5 80.5 60.29 126.5 197.8 71.2 -25.5 133.3 -25.2 -47.8 13.25 72.5 74.8 45.8 65.1 63.4

50.86 28.50 41.4 6.19 4.06 16.44 49.4 7 8.18 13.19 9.51 2.26 9.20 15.4 21.87 22.9 15.11 24.9 24.74 79.5 22.2 13.9 13.6 11.6 17.12 21.0 23.4 18.9 18.1 17.4

4/11/08 1:30:42 PM

Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Liquid Density This table gives data on the variation of the density of some common liquids with pressure and temperature. The pressure dependence is described to first order by the isothermal compressibility coefficient κ defined as

κ = -(1/V) (∂V/∂P)T

where V is the volume, and the temperature dependence by the cubic expansion coefficient α,

α = (1/V) (∂V/∂T)P

Substances are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. More precise data on the variation of density with temperature over a wide temperature range can be found in Reference 1. Molecular formula Cl3P H2O

Name Phosphorus trichloride Water

Hg CCl4

Mercury Tetrachloromethane

CHBr3 CHCl3

Tribromomethane Trichloromethane

CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH3I CH4O

Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Iodomethane Methanol

CS2

Carbon disulfide

C2Cl4 C2HCl3 C2H2Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O2

Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetic acid

C2H5Br C2H5I C2H6O

Bromoethane Iodoethane Ethanol

C2H6O2 C3H6O

Ethylene glycol Acetone

C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C4H8O2

1-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propanediol 1,3-Propanediol Glycerol Ethyl acetate

References 1. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Le Neindre, B., Effets des Hautes et Très Hautes Pressions, in Techniques de l’Ingénieur, Paris, 1991. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/4, High-Pressure Properties of Matter, Springer–Verlag, Heidelberg, 1980. 4. Riddick, J.A., Bunger, W.B., and Sakano, T.K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 5. Isaacs, N. S., Liquid Phase High Pressure Chemistry, John Wiley, New York, 1981.

Isothermal compressibility t/°C κ × 104/MPa–1 20 9.45 20 4.591 25 4.524 30 4.475 20 0.401 20 10.50 40 12.20 70 15.6 50 8.76 20 9.96 50 12.9 27 6.85 25 10.3 27 10.3 20 12.14 40 13.83 20 9.38 40 10.6 25 7.56 25 8.57 25 11.2 20 7.97 30 8.46 20 9.08 80 13.7 20 11.53 20 9.82 20 11.19 70 15.93 20 3.64 20 12.62 40 15.6 0 10.22 0 12.09 0 10.22 0 8.43 40 13.32 0 4.45 0 4.09 0 2.54 20 11.32 60 16.2

Cubic thermal expansion t/°C α × 103/°C–1 20 1.9 20 0.206 25 0.256 30 0.302 20 0.1811 20 1.14 40 1.21 70 1.33 25 0.91 20 1.21 50 1.33 25 25 20 40 20 35 25 25 25 25 20 20 80 20 25 20 70 20 20 40 25 20 25 0 40 20 20 20 20 60

1.39 1.26 1.49 1.59 1.12 1.16 1.02 1.17 1.36 0.93 1.14 1.08 1.38 1.31 1.17 1.40 1.67 0.626 1.46 1.57 1.2 1.4 1.09 1.22 1.55 0.695 0.61 0.520 1.35 1.54

6-120

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Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Liquid Density

487_S06.indb 121

Molecular formula C4H9Br C4H9I C4H10O C4H10O

Name 1-Bromobutane 1-Iodobutane 1-Butanol Diethyl ether

C4H10O3 C5H10 C5H11Br C5H11I C5H12 C5H12O C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5NO2 C6H6

Diethylene glycol Cyclopentane 1-Bromopentane 1-Iodopentane Pentane 1-Pentanol Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene

C6H6O C6H7N

Phenol Aniline

C6H12

Cyclohexane

C6H14

Hexane

C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H15NO3 C7H8

2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol Triethanolamine Toluene

C7H8O C7H14 C7H16 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H16 C8H18

Anisole Cycloheptane Heptane o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Cyclooctane Octane

C8H18O C9H12 C9H14O6 C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30 C15H32 C16H22O4 C16H34

1-Octanol Mesitylene Triacetin Nonane Decane Undecane Dodecane Tridecane Tetradecane Pentadecane Butyl phthalate Hexadecane

C19H36O2

Methyl oleate

Isothermal compressibility t/°C κ × 104/MPa–1 25 10.26 0 7.73 0 8.10 20 18.65 30 20.85 0 3.34 20 13.31 0 8.42 0 7.56 25 21.80 0 7.71 20 6.46 20 7.45 20 4.93 25 9.66 45 11.28 60 6.05 20 4.53 80 6.32 20 11.30 60 15.2 25 16.69 45 20.27 0 13.97 0 14.57 20 17.97 25 8.24 0 3.61 20 8.96 50 11.0 20 6.60 20 9.22 25 14.38 25 8.10 20 8.46 25 8.59 20 8.03 25 12.82 45 15.06 25 7.64 25 8.14 0 4.49 25 11.75 25 10.94 25 10.31 25 9.88 25 9.48 25 9.10 25 8.82 0 5.0 25 8.57 45 9.78 0 6.18

6-121 Cubic thermal expansion t/°C α × 103/°C–1 20 1.13 25 1.02 0 1.12 20 1.65 30 1.72 20 0.635 20 1.35 25 1.04 25 0 20 20 25 25 45 60 20 80 20 60 25 45 25 25 25 25 55 20 50 20

1.64 1.02 0.86 0.94 0.833 1.14 1.21 0.82 0.81 0.91 1.15 1.29 1.41 1.52 1.43 1.40 1.39 1.03 0.53 1.05 1.13 0.951

25 25 20 25

1.26 0.96 0.99 1.00

25 45 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

1.16 1.23 0.827 0.94 0.94 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.87

25

0.86

60

0.85

3/14/06 3:09:03 PM

Properties of Cryogenic Fluids This table gives physical and thermodynamic properties of eight cryogenic fluids. The properties are: Molar mass in grams per mole Triple point temperature in kelvins Triple point pressure in kilopascals Liquid density at the triple point in grams per milliliter ∆fusH @ Tt Enthalpy of fusion at the triple point in joules per gram Tb Normal boiling point in kelvins at a pressure of 101325 pascals (760 mmHg) ∆vapH @ Tb Enthalpy of vaporization at the normal boiling point in joules per gram ρ (l) @ Tb Liquid density at the normal boiling point in grams per milliliter ρ (g) @ Tb Vapor density at the normal boiling point in grams per liter Cp (l) @ Tb Liquid heat capacity at constant pressure at the normal boiling point in joules per gram kelvin p (g) @ Tb Vapor heat capacity at constant pressure at the C normal boiling point in joules per gram kelvin Tc Critical temperature in kelvins Pc Critical pressure in megapascals ρc Critical density in grams per milliliter M Tt Pt ρt (l)

Property M Tt Pt ρt (l) ∆fusH @ Tt Tb ∆vapH @ Tb ρ (l) @ Tb ρ (g) @ Tb Cp (l) @ Tb Cp (g) @ Tb Tc Pc ρc

Units g/mol K kPa g/mL J/g K J/g g/mL g/L J/g K J/g K K MPa g/mL

Air 28.96 59.75 0.959 78.67 198.7 0.8754 3.199 1.865 132.5 3.766 0.316

N2 28.014 63.15 12.463 0.870 25.3 77.35 198.8 0.807 4.622 2.042 1.341 126.20 3.390 0.313

O2 31.999 54.3584 0.14633 1.306 13.7 90.188 213.1 1.141 4.467 1.699 0.980 154.581 5.043 0.436

H2 2.0159 13.8 7.042 0.0770 59.5 20.28 445 0.0708 1.3390 9.668 12.24 32.98 1.293 0.031

In the case of air, the value given for the triple point temperature is the incipient solidification temperature, and the normal boiling point value is the incipient boiling (bubble) point. See Reference 3 for more details.

References 1. Younglove, B. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as database). 3. Sytchev, V. V., et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Air, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, 1987. 4. Jacobsen, R. T., Stewart, R. B., and Jahangiri, M., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 735, 1986. [Nitrogen] 5. Stewart, R. B., Jacobsen, R. T., and Wagner, W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 917, 1991. [Oxygen] 6. McCarty, R. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923, 1973. [Helium] Also, Donnelly, R. J., private communication. 7. Stewart, R. B. and Jacobsen, R. T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989. [Argon] 8. Setzmann, U. and Wagner, W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1061, 1991. [Methane] 9. Vargaftik, N. B., Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, 2nd ed., John Wiley, New York, 1975.

He 4.0026

4.2221 20.7 0.124901 16.89 4.545 9.78 5.1953 0.227460 0.06964

Ne 20.180 24.5561 50 1.251 16.8 27.07 84.8 1.204 9.51 1.877 44.40 2.760 0.484

Ar 39.948 83.8058 68.95 1.417 28.0 87.293 161.0 1.396 5.79 1.078 0.570 150.663 4.860 0.531

Kr 83.800 115.8 72.92 2.449 16.3 119.92 108.4 2.418 8.94 0.533 0.248 209.40 5.500 0.919

Xe 131.290 161.4 81.59 2.978 13.8 165.10 96.1 2.953 0.340 0.158 289.73 5.840 1.110

CH4 16.043 90.694 11.696 0.4515 58.41 111.668 510.83 0.4224 1.816 3.481 2.218 190.56 4.592 0.1627

6-122

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PROPERTIES OF LIQUID HELIUM The following data were obtained by a critical evaluation of all existing experimental measurements on liquid helium, using a fitting procedure described in the reference. All values refer to liquid helium at saturated vapor pressure; temperatures are on the ITS–90 scale. Several properties show a singularity at the lambda point (2.1768 K). p : vapor pressure ρ : density Cs : molar heat capacity ∆vapH : molar enthalpy of vaporization T/K 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

p/kPa

0.01558 0.4715 3.130 10.23 24.05 47.05 81.62 130.3 196.0

ρ/g cm–3 0.1451397 0.1451377 0.1451183 0.1451646 0.1456217 0.1448402 0.1412269 0.1360736 0.1289745 0.1188552

Cs /J mol–1K–1 0 0.010 0.415 4.468 21.28 9.083 9.944 12.37 15.96 21.8 44.7

ε : relative permittivity (dielectric constant) σ : surface tension α : coefficient of linear expansion η : viscosity λ : thermal conductivity

Reference Donnelly, R. J., and Barenghi, C. F., J. Phys. Chem. Reference Data, 27, 1217, 1998. ∆vapH/J mol–1 59.83 70.24 80.33 89.35 93.07 92.50 94.11 92.84 87.00 75.86 47.67

ε 1.057255 1.057254 1.057246 1.057265 1.057449 1.057135 1.055683 1.053615 1.050770 1.046725

σ /mΝ m−1 0.3530 0.3471 0.3322 0.3021 0.2623 0.2161 0.1626 0.1095 0.0609 0.0157

103α/K–1 0.000 0.107 0.309 –2.36 –12.2 39.4 61.5 88.7 129 211

η/µPa s

3.873 1.346 1.468 3.259 3.517 3.509 3.319

λ /W cm–1K–1

0.1497 0.1717 0.1868 0.1965

6-120

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Properties of Refrigerants This table gives physical properties of compounds that have been used as working fluids in traditional refrigeration systems or are under consideration as replacements in newer systems. Some are also used as solvents and blowing agents. Many of the compounds listed are believed to be less harmful to the environment than the traditional halocarbon refrigerants. Compounds are listed by their ASHRAE standard refrigerant designations (Reference 1), which appear in the first column. These codes are often prefixed by symbols such as CFC– (for chlorofluorocarbon), HCFC– (for hydrochlorofluorocarbon), or simply R– (for refrigerant). The molecular formula and CAS Registry Number are also given. The properties tabulated are: tm tb

normal melting point in °C normal boiling point in °C (at 101.325 kPa or 760 mmHg) tc critical temperature in °C TLV threshold limit value, which is the maximum safe concentration in air in the workplace, expressed as the timeweighted average (TWA) in parts per million by volume over an 8-hr workday and 40-hr workweek. A value followed by C is an absolute ceiling limit.

Code 10 11 12 12B1 12B2 13 13B1 14 20 21 22 22B1 23 30 31 32 40 41 50 110 111 112 112a 113 113a 114 114a 114B2 115 116 120 121 121a 122



6679X_S06.indb 133

Name

Tetrachloromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Bromochlorodifluoromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Tetrafluoromethane Trichloromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Bromodifluoromethane Trifluoromethane Dichloromethane Chlorofluoromethane Difluoromethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Methane Hexachloroethane Pentachlorofluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chloropentafluoroethane Hexafluoroethane Pentachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2-fluoroethane 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane

References 1. ASHRAE Standard 34-1997, Number Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants. 2. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 2001, Chapter 19. Refrigerants, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, 2001. 3. Platzer, B., Polt, A., and Mauer, G., Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, Springer, Berlin, 1990. 4. Sako, T., Sato, M., Nakazawa, N., Oowa, M., Yasumoto, M., Ito, H., and Yamashita, S., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 802, 1996. 5. Schmidt, J. W., Carrillo-Nava, E., and Moldover, M. R., Fluid Phase Equilibria, 122, 187, 1996. 6. Salvi-Narkhede, M., Wang, B.-H., Adcock, J. L., and Van Hook, W. A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 24, 1065, 1992. 7. Fialho, P. S., and Nieto de Castro, C. A., Int. J. Thermophys., 21, 385, 2000. 8. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 2002 (core with supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA.

Further references and additional data on the critical properties may be found in the table “Critical Constants” in this section.

Molecular formula CCl4 CCl3F CCl2F2 CBrClF2 CBr2F2 CClF3 CBrF3 CF4 CHCl3 CHCl2F CHClF2 CHBrF2 CHF3 CH2Cl2 CH2ClF CH2F2 CH3Cl CH3F CH4 C2Cl6 C2Cl5F C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Br2F4 C2ClF5 C2F6 C2HCl5 C2HCl4F C2HCl4F C2HCl3F2

CAS Reg. No. 56–23–5 75–69–4 75–71–8 353–59–3 75–61–6 75–72–9 75–63–8 75–73–0 67–66–3 75–43–4 75–45–6 1511–62–2 75–46–7 75–09–2 593–70–4 75–10–5 74–87–3 593–53–3 74–82–8 67–72–1 354–56–3 76–12–0 76–11–9 76–13–1 354–58–5 76–14–2 374–07–2 124–73–2 76–15–3 76–16–4 76–01–7 354–14–3 354–11–0 354–21–2

tm/°C –22.62 –110.44 –158 –159.5 –110.1 –181 –172 –183.60 –63.41 –135 –157.42 –145 –155.2 –97.2 –135.1 –136.8 –97.7 –141.8 –182.47 186.8 101.3 24.8 41.0 –36.22 14.37 –92.53 –56.6 –110.32 –99.4 –100.05 –28.78 –82.6 –95.3 –140

tb/°C 76.8 23.7 –29.8 –3.7 22.76 –81.4 –57.8 –128.0 61.17 8.9 –40.7 –14.6 –82.1 40 –9.1 –51.6 –24.09 –78.4 –161.48 184.7 sp 138 92.8 92.8 47.7 45.5 3.5 3.4 47.35 –39.1 –78.1 162.0 116.7 117.1 71.9

tc/°C 283.4 197.9 111.80 153.73 198.1 29 67.0 –45.5 263.2 178.43 96.3 138.83 25.83 237 154 78.41 143.10 44.6 –82.59 422

TLV 5 1000C 1000

278

500 500 1000

214.1 209.7 145.63 145.4 214.6 80.0 20

100 1000 10 10 1000

50

50 1000 1

1000

1000

6-133

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Properties of Refrigerants

6-134 Code 122a 122b 123 123a 124 124a 125 E125 130 131 132 132b 133 133a 133b 134 134a E134 140 140a 141 141b 142 142b 143 143a 143m E143a 150 150a 151 151a 152 152a 160 161 170 216ca 218 227ca2 227ea 227me 236ea 236fa 236me 245ca 245cb 245fa 245mc 245mf 245qc 254pc 290 C316 C317 C318 347mcc 347mmy 600 600a

6679X_S06.indb 134

Name 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Pentafluoroethane Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane Bis(difluoromethyl) ether 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Methyl trifluoromethyl ether 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1-Chloro-2-fluoroethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Chloroethane Fluoroethane Ethane 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane Perfluoropropane Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane Trifluoromethyl 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether 1,1,2,2,3-Pentafluoropropane 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether Difluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether Difluoromethyl 1,1,2-trifluoroethyl ether Methyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether Propane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluorocyclobutane Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluoropropyl methyl ether Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether Butane Isobutane

Molecular formula C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3F2 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl2F3 C2HClF4 C2HClF4 C2HF5 C2HF5O C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl3F C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2H2F4 C2H2F4 C2H2F4O C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl2F C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClF2 C2H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C3H5F3O C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4ClF C2H4ClF C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H5Cl C2H5F C2H6 C3Cl2F6 C3F8 C3HF7O C3HF7 C3HF7O C3H2F6 C3H2F6 C3H2F6O C3H3F5 C3H3F5 C3H3F5 C3H3F5O C3H3F5O C3H3F5O C3H4F4O C3H8 C4Cl2F6 C4ClF7 C4F8 C4H3F7O C4H3F7O C4H10 C4H10

CAS Reg. No. 354–15–4 354–12–1 306–83–2 354–23–4 2837–89–0 354–25–6 354–33–6 3822–68–2 79–34–5 359–28–4 431–06–1 1649–08–7 431–07–2 75–88–7 421–04–5 359–35–3 811–97–2 1691–17–4 79–00–5 71–55–6 430–57–9 1717–00–6 338–65–8 75–68–3 430–66–0 420–46–2 421–14–7 460–43–5 107–06–2 75–34–3 762–50–5 1615–75–4 624–72–6 75–37–6 75–00–3 353–36–6 74–84–0 662–01–1 76–19–7 2356–61–8 431–89–0 2356–62–9 431–63–0 690–39–1 57041–67–5 679–86–7 1814–88–6 460–73–1 22410–44–2 1885–48–9 69948–24–9 425–88–7 74–98–6 356–18–3 377–41–3 115–25–3 375–03–1 22052–84–2 106–97–8 75–28–5

tm/°C –174 –107 –78 –117 –103 –157 –42.4 –101.2 –101.2 –105.5 –89 –103.3 –36.3 –30.01 –60 –103.5 –130.8 –84 –111.3 –149 –35.7 –96.9

–117 –138.4 –143.2 –182.79 –125.4 –147.70 –141 –131

–93.6

–107 –187.63 –24.2 –39.1 –40.19

–138.3 –159.4

tb/°C 72.5 73 27.82 29.5 –12 –11.7 –48.1 –38 145.2 102.4 59.6 46.2 17.3 6.1 12 –19.9 –26.08 2 113.8 74.09 73.8 32.0 35.1 –9.1 3.7 –47.25 –23.66 31.62 83.5 57.3 52.8 16.2 26 –24.05 12.3 –37.7 –88.6 35.7 –36.6 –3 –16.4 –9.6 6.1 –1.0 23.35 25.0 –17.4 15.3 5.59 29.24 43.1 37.1 –42.1 59.5 25 –5.9 34.23 29.34 –0.5 –11.73

tc/°C 183.68 188.4 122.50 126.7 66.02 80.8 388.00

TLV

1

151.86 118.59 101.03 147.10 329 272

10 350

204.1 137.19 156.6 72.71 104.87 175.83 288 250

113.5 187.2 102.16 32.17 180 71.9 114.63 101.89

10 100

100 1000

139.23 124.92 155.80 174.42 106.96 154.05 133.65 170.84

96.68 224 115.31 164.55 160.15 151.97 134.6

1000

1000 1000

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Properties of Refrigerants Code 610 611 717 744 764 1112a 1113 1114 1120 1130 1132a 1140 1141 1150 1270

6679X_S06.indb 135

6-135 Name

Diethyl ether Methyl formate Ammonia Carbon dioxide Sulfur dioxide 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene Chlorotrifluoroethene Tetrafluoroethene Trichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1-Difluoroethene Chloroethene Fluoroethene Ethylene Propene

Molecular formula C4H10O C2H4O2 H3N CO2 O2S C2Cl2F2 C2ClF3 C2F4 C2HCl3 C2H2Cl2 C2H2F2 C2H3Cl C2H3F C2H4 C3H6

CAS Reg. No. 60–29–7 107–31–3 7664–41–7 124–38–9 7446–09–5 79–35–6 79–38–9 116–14–3 79–01–6 156–60–5 75–38–7 75–01–4 75–02–5 74–85–1 115–07–1

tm/°C –116.2 –99 –77.73 –56.56 –75.5 –116 –158.2 –131.15 –84.7 –49.8 –144 –153.84 –160.5 –169.15 –185.24

tb/°C 34.5 31.7 –33.33 –78.5 sp –10.05 19 –27.8 –75.9 87.21 48.7 –85.7 –13.8 –72 –103.77 –47.69

tc/°C 193.5 214.0 132.3 30.98 157.6 106 33.3 271.0 243.3 29.7 159 54.7 9.19 91.7

TLV 400 100 25 5000 2

2 50 200 500 1

4/11/08 1:30:48 PM

Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates Carolyn A. Koh and E. Dendy Sloan Gas clathrate hydrates (also known as gas hydrates) are crystalline inclusion compounds composed of hydrogen-bonded water cavities (host) which encage small gas (guest) molecules. Generally, a maximum of one guest molecule occupies each water cavity. Typical guest molecules that form gas hydrates are meth-

ane, ethane, carbon dioxide, and propane (see gas hydrate phase equilibria data in Table II). The structural and physical properties of gas hydrates are given in Tables Ia and Ib. Data have been taken from the references indicated.

Table Ia. Gas Hydrate Structural Properties (Ref. 1) Structure

sI

sII

sH

Cubic

Cubic

Hexagonal

Pm3n (No. 223)b

Fd3m (No. 227)b

P6/mmm (No. 191)b

Crystal system Space group

Lattice description

Primitive

Face centered

Hexagonal

Lattice parametersa

a = 12 Å α = β = γ = 90o

a = 17.3 Å α = β = γ = 90o

a = 12.2 Å, c = 10.1 Å α = β = 90ο, γ = 120o

Ideal unit cell formula

6(51262)·2(512).46H2O

8(51264)·16(512)·136H2O

1(51263)·3(512)·2(435663)·34H2O

Cavity

Small

Large

Small

Large

Small

Medium

Large

Description

5

5 6

5

5 6

5

456

51268

2

6

16

8

3

2

1

Average cavity radiusc (Å)

3.95

4.33

3.91

4.73

3.94d

4.04d

5.79d

20

24

20

28

20

20

36

12

Number of cavities/unit cell H2O molecules/cavitye

12 2

12

12 4

12

3 6 3

c d

Lattice parameters are a function of temperature, pressure, and guest composition. Typical average values given. Space group reference numbers from the International Tables of Crystallography. The average cavity radius will vary with temperature, pressure, and guest composition. From the atomic coordinates measured using single crystal x-ray diffraction on 2,2-dimethylpentane·5(Xe,H2S)·34H2O at 173 K (Ref. 2). The Rietveld refinement package, GSAS was used to determine the atomic distances for each cage oxygen to the cage center. e Number of oxygen atoms at the periphery of each cavity.

a

b

Table Ib. Physical Properties of sI, sII Hydrates Compared to Ice, Ih (Ref. 1,3,4,5) Property

Dielectric constant at 273 K

H2O reorientation time at 273 K (µs)

Ice

sI

sII

94

~58

~58

21

~10

~10

H2O diffusion jump time (µs)

2.7

>200

>200

Poisson’s ratio

0.3301

Isothermal Young’s modulus at 268 K (109 Pa)

9.5

8.4est

8.2est

0.31403

0.31119f

f

8.762

8.482f

f

f

Bulk modulus (GPa)

9.097

3.488f

3.574f

3.6663f

Compressional velocity, Vp (m/s)

3870.1f

3778f

3821.8f

1949

1963.6

Shear modulus (GPa)

Shear velocity, Vs (m/s)

f

Linear thermal expansion at 200 K (K ) –1

Thermal conductivity (W m K ) at 263 K –1

–1

Adiabatic bulk compression at 273 K (GPa) Heat capacity (J kg K ) –1

–1

Refractive index (632.8 nm, –3°C) Density (g/cm3)

f

56 x 10

2001.14g

77 x 10

–6

52 x 10–6

–6

2.18±0.01

h

12 1700±200

h

0.51±0.01

0.50±0.01h

14est

14est

2080

2130±40h

h

1.3082 (Ref. 9) 1.346 (Ref. 9) 1.350 (Ref. 9) 0.91j

0.94

1.291k

At 253–268 K, 22.4–32.8 MPa (ice, Ih), 258–288 K, 27.1–62.1 MPa (CH4, sI), 258–288 K, 30.5–91.6 MPa (CH4–C2H6, sII), Ref. 6. At 258–288 K, 26.6–62.1 MPa, Ref. 7. At 248–268 K (ice, Ih), 253–288 K (CH4, sI), 248–265.5 K (THF, sII), Ref. 8. j Fractional occupancy (calculated from a theoretical model) in small (S) and large (L) cavities: sI = CH4: 0.87 (S) and CH4: 0.973 (L); sII = CH4: 0.672 (S), 0.057 (L); C2H6: 0.096 (L) only; C3H8: 0.84 (L) only. k Calculated for 2,2-dimethylpentane.5(Xe,H2S).34H2O, Ref. 2; est = estimated. f

g

h

6-136

6679X_S06.indb 136

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Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates

6-137

References for Table I 1. Sloan, E.D. and Koh, C.A., Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, 2008. 2. Udachin, K.A., Ratcliffe, C.I., Enright, G.D., and Ripmeester, J.A., Supramol. Chem., 8, 173, 1997. 3. Davidson, D.W., Natural Gas Hydrates (Cox, J.L., Ed.) Butterworths, Boston, 1, 1983. 4. Davidson, D.W., Handa, Y.P., and Ripmeester, J.A., J. Phys. Chem., 90, 6549, 1986. 5. Ripmeester, J.A., Ratcliffe, C.I., Klug, D.D., and Tse, J.S., in Proc. First International Conference on Natural Gas Hydrates, (Sloan, E.D.,

6.

7. 8.

9.

Happel, J., and Hnatow, M.A., eds.) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 715, 161, 1994. Helgerud, M.B., Circone, S., Stern, L., Kirby, S., and Lorenson, T.D., in Proc. Fourth International Conference on Gas Hydrates, Yokohama May 19–23, 2002, 716, 2002. Helgerud, M.B., Waite, W.F., Kirby, S.H., and Nur, A., Can. J. Phys., 81, 47, 2003. Waite, W.F., Gilbert, L.Y., Winters, W.J., and Mason, D.H., in Proc. Fifth International Conference on Gas Hydrates, Trondheim, Norway, June 13–16, Paper 5042, 2005. Bylov, M. and Rasmussen, P., Chem. Eng. Sci., 52, 3295, 1997.

Table II: Phase Equilibria Data of Gas Clathrate Hydrates hydrates are stable are listed here for typical guest molecules (Tables IIa–d). For example, data for methane hydrate show that at 277.1 K methane hydrate will dissociate at pressures below 3.81 MPa.

This table gives measured phase equilibria data of sI and sII gas clathrate hydrates (see Table I for gas hydrate structure and physical property data). The temperature and pressure conditions at which gas

Table IIa. Methane Hydrate (Ref. 1)

6679X_S06.indb 137

I–H–V

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

262.4

1.79

266.5

2.08

268.6

2.22

270.9

2.39

264.2

1.90

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

LW–H–V

273.7

2.77

275.9

3.43

280.4

5.35

282.6

6.77

274.3

2.90

277.1

3.81

280.9

5.71

284.3

8.12

275.4

3.24

279.3

4.77

281.5

6.06

285.9

9.78

275.9

3.42

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

295.7

33.99

295.9

35.30

301.0

64.81

302.0

77.50

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

Ref. 2 LW-H-V

LW–H–V

285.7

  9.62

285.7

  9.62

295.9

34.75

300.9

62.40

286.3

10.31

289.0

13.96

298.7

48.68

301.6

68.09

286.1

10.10

292.1

21.13

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

275.4

2.87

277.2

3.90

279.2

4.90

281.2

6.10

276.2

3.37

278.2

4.50

Ref. 3

Ref. 4

LW-H-V

Ref. 5 I–H–V

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

190.2

  0.08251

208.2

0.222

243.2

0.9550

262.4

1.798

198.2

0.1314

218.2

  0.3571

Ref. 6

4/11/08 1:30:50 PM

Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates

6-138

Table IIb. Ethane Hydrate (Ref. 1) T (K)

P (kPa)

260.8

  294

260.9

  290

269.3

  441

273.4

  545

275.4 277.6

Phases

T (K)

P (kPa)

Phases

285.8

2537

Lw–H–V

I–H–V

287.0

3054

LW–H–V

I–H–V

287.7

4909

LW–H–LE

LW–H–V

287.8

3413

LW–H–LE

  669

LW–H–V

287.8

4289

LW–H–LE

  876

LW–H–V

288.1

3716

LW–H–LE

279.1

1048

LW–H–V

288.1

6840

LW–H–LE

219.7

1131

LW–H–V

288.2

4944

LW–H–LE

281.1

1317

LW–H–V

288.2

5082

LW–H–LE

282.8

1641

LW–H–V

288.3

4358

LW–H–LE

284.4

2137

LW–H–V

288.4

6840

LW–H–LE

284.6

2055

LW–H–V

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

263.6

313

266.5

357

269.3

405

272.0

457

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

273.7

510

278.7

931

280.4

1165

283.2

1689

273.7

503

278.7

931

280.9

1255

284.3

1986

274.8

579

279.3

1007

281.5

1345

285.4

2303

275.9

662

279.8

1083

282.1

1448

285.4

2310

277.6

814

280.4

1165

282.6

1558

286.5

2730

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

277.5

780

279.9

1040

283.3

1660

286.5

2620

278.1

840

281.5

1380

284.5

2100

I–H–V

I–H–V

LW–H–V

LW–H–V

Ref. 7

Ref. 2

Ref. 8

Table IIc. Propane Hydrate (Ref. 1)

6679X_S06.indb 138

I–H–V

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

261.2

100

267.4

132

269.8

149

272.9

172

264.2

115

267.6

135

272.2

167

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

273.7

183

274.8

232

275.9

301

277.1

386

273.7

183

275.4

270

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

T (K)

P (kPa)

247.9

48.2

251.6

58.3

258.2

81.1

260.9

94.5

251.4

58.3

255.4

69.6

260.8

90.5

262.1

99.4

LW–H–V

Ref. 2 I–H–V

Ref. 9

4/11/08 1:30:51 PM

Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates

6-139 Feed composition: xH2O = 0.9503, xC3H8 = 0.0407 Q2 at T = 278.62, P = 0.6 MPa LW–H–V

LW–H–L xC3H8

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

276.77

0.368

278.71

0.643

277.01

0.377

278.75

0.893

277.22

0.405

278.75

1.393

277.36

0.425

278.75

1.891

277.44

0.433

278.78

1.893

277.87

0.473

278.80

2.391

278.01

0.527

278.80

2.891

278.22

0.483

278.79

2.893

278.55

0.547

278.75

3.891

278.77

3.391

278.81

4.391

278.79

5.892

278.86

6.392

278.88

6.892

278.80

8.393

278.84

8.893

278.89

9.893

Ref. 10

Table IId. Carbon Dioxide Hydrate (Ref. 1) LW–H–V

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

279.6

2.74

282.1

4.01

282.8

4.36

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

282.9

5.03

283.1

6.47

283.6

11.98

283.9

14.36

282.9

5.62

283.2

9.01

l W –H–lCO2

Ref. 11

Overall feed composition: xH2O = 0.8668, xCO2 = 0.1332 Q2 at 283.27 K and 4.48 MPa LW–H–V

6679X_S06.indb 139

l W –H–lCO2

T (K)

P (MPa)

T (K)

P (MPa)

276.52

1.82

283.33

5.97

277.85

1.95

283.36

7.35

278.52

2.21

279.49

2.62

280.44

2.88

281.49

3.35

281.97

3.68

282.00

3.69

282.45

3.85

282.50

4.01

Ref. 12

4/11/08 1:30:54 PM

Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates

6-140

References for Table II 1. Sloan, E.D. and Koh, C.A., Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, 2008. 2. Deaton, W.M. and Frost, E.M., Jr., Gas Hydrates and Their Relation to the Operation of Natural-Gas Pipe Lines, U.S. Bureau of Mines Monograph 8, p. 101, 1946. 3. Kobayashi, R. and Katz, D.L., Trans AIME, 186, 66, 1949. 4. McLeod, H.O. and Campbell, J.M., J. Petl Tech., 222, 590, 1961. 5. Thakore, J.L. and Holder, G.D., Ind. Eng Chem. Res., 26, 462, 1987. 6. Makogon, T.Y. and Sloan, E.D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 39, 351, 1994.

6679X_S06.indb 140

7. Roberts, O.L., Brownscombe, E.R., and Howe, L.S., Oil Gas J., 39, 37, 1940. 8. Holder, G.D. and Grigoriou, G.C., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 12, 1093, 1980. 9. Holder, G.D. and Godbole, S.P., AIChE J., 28, 930, 1982. 10. Mooijer-van den Heuvel, M.M., Peters, C.J., and de Swaan Arons, J., Fluid Phase Equilib., 193, 245, 2002. 11. Ng, H.-J. and Robinson, D.B., Fluid Phase Equilib., 21, 145, 1985. 12. Mooijer-van den Heuvel, M.M., Witteman, R., and Peters, C.J., Fluid Phase Equilib., 21, 145, 1985.

4/11/08 1:30:54 PM

IONIC LIQUIDS Ionic liquids are a class of organic salts with relatively low melting points. The term usually implies a melting point of 100°C or lower, and many are liquid at room temperature. They offer several advantages as solvents, such as very low vapor pressure, good thermal stability, and nonflammable behavior. For these reasons they are attractive as constituents of environmentally friendly chemical processes. This table lists some of the ionic liquids that have been studied. The following properties are given: Mol. Form. — molecular formula in the Hill convention CASRN — Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number Mol. Wt. — molecular weight (relative molar mass) tm — normal melting point in °C; the notation “gl” indicates a glass–liquid transition, rather than a crystal–liquid transition ρ — density in g/cm3. The subscript indicates the temperature in °C; if there is no superscript, room temperature can be assumed. η — viscosity in mPa s. The subscript indicates the temperature in °C; if there is no superscript, room temperature can be assumed. Name 1-Benzyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 1-Butyl-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium bromide 1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride 1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide 1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium octylsulfate 1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate 1-Butyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium bromide 1-Butyl-3,4-dimethylpyridinium chloride 1-Butyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium chloride 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium (diethylene glycol monomethyl ether)sulfate 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methide 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium octylsulfate 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoroacetate 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate 1-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium bromide 1-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium chloride 1-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate

6-136

The phase behavior of ionic liquids can be complicated. Some are crystalline at low temperatures and show a sharp transition from crystal to liquid state (a true melting point) as the temperature is raised, but others exist as a glass at low temperatures and convert to a liquid at the glass–liquid transition temperature, denoted by a small change in heat capacity. Still others are glasses at very low temperatures, transform to crystals as the temperature is raised, and finally become liquid at a still higher temperature. See Reference 3 for a discussion of the types of phase behavior.

References 1. Ionic Liquids Database-(ILThermo), NIST Standard Reference Database #147, 2006, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, . 2. Ionic Liquids — New Materials for New Applications, 2006, < ildb. merck.de/ionicliquids/en/startpage.htm >. 3. Crosthwaite, J. M., Muldoon, M. J., Dixon, J. K., Anderson, J. L., and Brennecke, J. F., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 37, 559, 2005. 4. Sun, J., Forsyth, M., and MacFarlane, D. R., J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 8858, 1998. 5. Fredlake, C. P., Crosthwaite, J. M., Hert, D. G., Aki, S. N. V. K., and Brennecke, J. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 954, 2004. Mol. Form. C11H13BF4N2 C11H19BrN2 C9H17ClN2 C9H17F6N2P C9H17IN2 C17H34N2O4S C9H17N2BF4 C10H18F3N2O3S C11H18BrN C11H18ClN C11H18ClN C10H18N2O2 C10H15F6N3O4S2 C8H15BrN2 C8H15ClN2 C10H15N5 C13H27N2O6S C8H15F6N2P C8H15IN2 C12H15F9N2O6S2 C9H18N2O4S C8H15N3O3 C16H32N2O4S C8H15BF4N2 C15H22N2O3S C10H15F3N2O2 C9H15F3N2O3S C12H16F6N2O4S2 C10H16BrN C10H16ClN C10H16F6NP

CASRN 500996-04-3 98892-75-2 227617-70-1 108203-70-9 402846-78-0

174899-83-3 85100-77-2 79917-90-1 448245-52-1 174501-64-5 65039-05-6 731774-32-6 401788-98-5 179075-88-8 445473-58-5 174501-65-6 410522-18-8 174899-94-6 174899-66-2

125652-55-3

Mol. Wt 260.039 259.186 188.697 298.208 280.148 362.528 240.049 303.321 244.172 199.721 199.721 198.262 419.364 219.122 174.671 205.260 339.427 284.182 266.122 550.437 250.315 201.223 348.501 226.023 310.412 252.233 288.286 430.386 230.145 185.694 295.205

tm/°C 63 222 99 –58 gl 97 90 37 41 95 72 100 –2 78 67 –6 –62 gl 11 –72 13 31 –85 gl 72

ρ/g cm–3

η/mPa s

1.241623

1.076240

1.437025

44025 7025

1.0825 1.058024 1.36720 1.4425 1.5725 1.21225 1.1540 1.07 1.204822

103325 38220 110025

6735 12025 7025

13 –84 gl –36 gl 117 46

1.301323 6325

Ionic Liquids Name 1-Butyl-4-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate 1-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium methylsulfate 1-Butyl-4-methylpyridinium tetrafluorborate 1-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium methylsulfate 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoroacetate 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate 1-Butylnicotinic acid 1-Butylpyridinium bromide 1-Butylpyridinium chloride 1-Butylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate 1-Butylpyridinium methylsulfate 1-Butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate 1-Butylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate Cocosalky pentaethoxi methylammonium methylsulfate 1-Decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide 1-Decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1,1-Dibutylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide N,N-Diethyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-2-propanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium chloride 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium methoxyethylsulfate 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate 1,2-Dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1,1-Dimethylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate 1-Dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-Dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-Dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate N-Ethyl-N,N-bis(1-methylethyl)-1-heptanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide 1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate 1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(pentafluroethyl)phosphinate 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium octyl sulfate 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate N-Ethyl-N-methyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-2-propanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide

6-137 Mol. Form. C10H16F6NP C11H19NO4S C10H16BF4N C10H16BF4N C11H20F6N2O4S2 C11H20N4 C9H20F6NP C10H23NO4S C11H20F3NO2 C10H20F3NO3S C15H20F18NP C16H22F6N2O6S2 C9H14BrN C9H14ClN C9H14F6NP C10H17NO4S C9H14BF4N C10H14F3NO3S C23H51NO9S C14H27BrN2 C14H27ClN2 C14H26F6N2O4S2 C12H24F6N2O4S2

CASRN 401788-99-6 343952-33-0 223437-11-4 370865-80-8 330671-29-9

367522-96-1 851856-47-8 874-80-6 1124-64-7 186088-50-6 203389-28-0 390423-43-5 188589-32-4 171058-18-7 210230-41-4

C7H9F6N3O4S2 C5H9ClN2 C7H15N2O4P C8H16N2O5S C6H12N2O4S C6H9F3N2O3S C10H15F6N3O4S2 C12H14F18NP C16H31ClN2 C16H31F6N2P C16H31BF4N2 C17H34F6N2O4S2

174899-81-1 79917-88-7 654058-04-5 790663-78-4 97345-90-9 121091-30-3 169051-76-7

C9H13F6N3O4S2 C7H13BrN2 C8H16N2O4S C7H13BF4N2 C8H13F3N2O3S C10H11F10N2O2P C8H11F6N3O4S2 C6H11BrN2 C6H11ClN2 C8H16N2O4S C6H11F6N2P C7H14N2O3S C14H28N2O4S C6H11BF4N2 C7H11N3S C13H18N2O3S C7H11F3N2O3S C11H22F6N2O4S2

174899-90-2 98892-76-3

114569-84-5 219947-93-0 244193-59-7 210230-53-8

307492-75-7 174899-72-0 174899-82-2 65039-08-9 65039-09-0 342573-75-5 155371-19-0 145022-45-3 790663-79-5 143314-16-3 331717-63-6 328090-25-1 145022-44-2 210230-42-5

Mol. Wt 295.205 261.339 237.046 237.046 422.408 208.304 287.226 253.360 255.278 291.331 587.272 516.475 216.118 171.667 281.178 247.312 223.019 285.283 517.718 303.281 258.830 464.487 438.450 377.284 132.591 222.178 252.288 208.235 246.206 419.364 545.191 286.883 396.394 338.235 508.583 405.337 205.095 236.289 211.996 274.260 412.164 391.311 191.068 146.617 236.289 256.128 206.262 320.448 197.969 169.247 282.358 260.233 424.424

tm/°C 44 <–50

ρ/g cm–3 1.19 1.184225

–76 gl <–50 85 10 31 3 4 15 105 127 75 <–50

η/mPa s

17725 1.394 1.02

25

1.17 1.25 1.59 53125

1.22 1.21425

35 280025 16 38 41 148

112

20

1.57025 126 1.25330 1.31425 43 11 107 97

1.45722 1.81

90.025

–82 gl

1.2720

36225

25 138 46 94 110 20 –17 77 85

1.491323

1.53 1.521323

3225

1.238825

10025

59.6 1.243725 14 <–50 56

1.252660 1.11 1.38525

140

36.125

Ionic Liquids

6-138 Name 1-Ethyl-3-methylpyridinium ethylsulfate 1-Ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium methylsulfate 1-Ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate 1-Ethylnicotinic acid ethyl ester ethylsulfate 1-Ethylpyridinium bromide 1-Ethylpyridinium chloride 1-Ethylpyridinium ethylsulfate 1-Ethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate 1-Ethylpyridinium trifluoroacetate 1-Ethylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Heptyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-Hexadecyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride 1-Hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-Hexyl-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Hexyl-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium bromide 1-Hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride 1-Hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 1-Hexyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Hexyl-2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Hexyl-3-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Hexyl-3-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium bromide 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate 1-Hexyl-4-(4-methylpiperidino)pyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Hexyl-4-(4-methylpiperidino)pyridinium bromide 1-Hexyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Hexyl-3-methylpyridinium bromide 1-Hexyl-2-propyl-3,5-diethylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Hexylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Hexylpyridinium bromide 1-Hexylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate 1-Hexylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate 1-Methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 1-Methylimidazolium tosylate 1-Methyl-3-octadecylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Methyl-3-octadecylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl sulfate 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium nitrate 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium octylsulfate 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate 1-Methyl-3-octylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Methyl-3-octylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Methyl-3-pentylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-Methyl-3-propylimidazolium chloride

Mol. Form. C10H17NO4S C8H19NO4S C7H16BF4N C12H19NO6S C7H10BrN C7H10ClN C9H15NO4S C7H10BF4N C9H10F3NO2 C9H10F6N2O4S2 C11H21F6N2P C21H41ClN2 C20H39ClN2 C15H23F6N3O4S2 C13H23BrN2 C13H21F6N3O4S2 C11H21ClN2 C11H21BF4N2 C15H22F6N2O4S2 C17H26F6N2O4S2

CASRN

15302-90-6 1906-79-2 2294-38-4 350-48-1 474461-33-1 712354-97-7 357915-04-9 61546-01-8

384347-22-2 455270-59-4 384347-21-1

C16H25F6N3O4S2 C14H25BrN2 C12H19F6N3O4S2 C10H19BrN2 C10H19ClN2 C10H19F6N2P C10H19BF4N2 C11H19F3N2O3S C19H29F6N3O4S2

501.508

382150-50-7 171058-17-6 304680-35-1 244193-50-8 460345-16-8

C17H29BrN2 C14H20F6N2O4S2 C12H20BrN C20H32F6N2O4S2 C13H18F6N2O4S2 C11H18BrN C11H18F6NP C12H18F3NO3S C4H7BF4N2 C11H14N2O3S C24H43F6N3O4S2 C28H43F18N2P C12H23BrN2 C12H23ClN2 C17H34N2O6S C12H23N3O3 C20H40N2O4S C12H23BF4N2 C13H23F3N2O3S C16H24F6N2O4S2 C15H28F6N2O4S2 C9H17F6N2P C7H13ClN2

Mol. Wt 247.312 225.307 201.014 305.347 188.065 143.614 233.285 194.966 221.176 388.306 326.262 357.017 342.990 487.482 287.239 461.444 216.751 268.103 472.467 500.519

74440-81-6

151200-14-5 63458-90-2 404001-51-0

61545-99-1 64697-40-1 595565-55-2 203389-27-9 244193-52-0 403842-84-2

280779-52-4 79917-89-8

tm/°C –71 gl 23 69 –44 gl 122 119

η/mPa s 15025

1.23 320025

13725 1.302 1.27320 1.53625 1.27421 20

–84 gl 210 222 –69 196 –5 46 14 10 –66 gl

11125 1.36125

119 –7 –49 gl –75 gl –79 gl –79 gl 28 37

341.329 458.440 258.198 542.599

33 gl –82 gl –37 gl –67 gl

444.413 244.172 309.232 313.336 169.917 254.305 615.736 780.599

0 46 48 62 63 89 52 43

–87 gl

13125

1.15 10425 24525

–2

301.266 447.417 247.175 202.724 312.235 254.076 316.340 541.571

275.228 230.777 394.526 257.329 404.608 282.129 344.393 486.493 478.514 298.208 160.644

ρ/g cm–3

11225

1.370825

6825

1.040025 1.29425 1.13637 1.24

340000040 58525

8525 20625 8025

1.008825

410000040 124020

76 –81 gl 14 –80 –12 –80 gl 62

1.10425 1.19

34125 11225

1.29 1.33321

Ionic Liquids Name 1-Methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 3-Methyl-1-tetradecylimidazolium chloride 1-Methyl-3-tetradecylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate Methyltrioctylammonium trifluoroacetate Methyltrioctylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate 1-Nonyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-Octylpyridinium chloride 1-Pentyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-(3,4,5,6-Perfluorohexyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-Propyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide 1-Propyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate Pyridinium ethoxyethylsulfate Tetrabutylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide Tetrabutylammonium docusate Tetrabutylammonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate Tetrabutylammonium tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide Tetramethylammonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate N,N,N-Tributyl-1-heptanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide N,N,N-Tributyl-1-heptanaminium trifluoromethanesulfonate N,N,N-Tributyl-1-hexanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide Tributylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide N,N,N-Tributyl-1-octanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide N,N,N-Tributyl-1-octanaminium trifluoromethanesulfonate N,N,N-Triethylethanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide N,N,N-Triethyl-1-heptanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide N,N,N-Triethyl-1-hexanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide N,N,N-Triethyl-1-octanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium acetate Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride Trihexyltetradecylphosphonium hexafluorophosphate Trihexyltetradecylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate Triisobutylmethylphosphonium p-toluenesulfonate N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-heptanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-hexanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide N,N,N-Trimethylmethanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-octanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide N,N,N-Tripropyl-1-propanaminium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide

6-139 Mol. Form. C10H18F6N2O4S2 C18H35ClN2 C18H35BF4N2 C27H54F3NO2 C26H54F3NO3S C13H25F6N2P C14H23F6N3O4S2 C12H23F6N2P C13H22ClN C10H15F6N3O4S2 C12H10F15N3O<s C7H13BrN2 C7H13BF4N2 C9H15NO5S C18H35F6N2O4S2 C36H73NO7S C22H36F18NP C20H36F9NO6S3

C14H20F18NP C21H42F6N2O4S2 C20H42F3NO3S C20H40F6N2O4S2 C15H30F6N2O4S2 C22H44F6N2O4S2 C21H44F3NO3S C10H20F6N2O4S2 C15H30F6N2O4S2 C14H28F6N2O4S2 C16H32F6N2O4S2 C34H71O2P C34H68F6NO4PS2 C32H68ClP C32H68F6P2 C32H68BF4P C38H68F18P2 C20H37O3PS C12H24F6N2O4S2 C11H22F6N2O4S2 C6H12F6N2O4S2 C13H26F6N2O4S2 C14H28F6N2O4S2

CASRN 223437-05-6 171058-21-2 244193-61-1 121107-16-2 121107-18-4 343952-29-4 178631-04-4 304680-36-2 4086-73-1 280779-53-5

Mol. Wt 408.381 314.937 366.289 481.719 517.772 354.315 475.471 340.288 227.774 419.364 609.331

tm/°C 195 116 <–50 56 14 –84 gl –82 gl 46

η/mPa s

0.97 1.2021 1.32525 1.23725

73425

–56

205.095 211.996 249.284 522.610 664.033 687.473

37 –17

196958-57-3 394692-80-9 210230-50-5 210230-54-9 210230-49-2 405514-94-5 210230-51-6 210230-58-3 161401-26-9 210230-47-0 210230-46-9 210230-48-1 460092-04-0 460092-03-9 258864-54-9 374683-44-0 374683-55-3

653.684 575.261 564.689 433.612 550.663 480.530 578.715 447.639 410.397 480.530 466.503 494.556 542.901 764.002 519.309 628.820 570.661 928.866

96 97 –67 gl –55 gl 26

344774-05-6 210230-44-7 210230-43-6 161401-25-8 210230-45-8 210230-39-0

388.545 438.450 424.424 354.290 452.476 466.503

630393-27-0 210230-40-3

ρ/g cm–3

1.24025 1.28125

92 –62 gl 58

–63 gl –57 gl –79 gl 20 –74 gl

39 25 <–50

–73 gl –74 gl 133 –73 gl 105

10325

1200025

1.1720

60625

1.1520 1.26624 1.1220 1.0220

59525

1.2620 1.2720 1.2520 0.89025 1.06725 0.8925

7625 16725 20225

57425 200025

0.94 1.18 1.06925 1.2820 1.3320

15325 15325

1.2720

18125

DENSITY AND SPECIFIC VOLUME OF MERCURY The data in this table have been adjusted to the ITS–90 temperature scale. The uncertainty in density values is 0.0003 g/mL between –20 and –10°C; 0.0001 or less between –10 and 200°C; and 0.0002 between 200 and 300°C. t/°C –20 –19 –18 –17 –16 –15 –14 –13 –12 –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

ρ/(g/mL) 13.64461 13.64212 13.63964 13.63716 13.63468 13.63220 13.62972 13.62724 13.62476 13.62228 13.61981 13.61733 13.61485 13.61238 13.60991 13.60743 13.60496 13.60249 13.60002 13.59755 13.59508 13.59261 13.59014 13.58768 13.58521 13.58275 13.58028 13.57782 13.57535 13.57289 13.57043 13.56797 13.56551 13.56305 13.56059 13.55813 13.55567 13.55322 13.55076 13.54831 13.54585 13.54340 13.54094 13.53849 13.53604 13.53359 13.53114 13.52869 13.52624 13.52379

v/(mL/kg) 73.2890 73.3024 73.3157 73.3291 73.3424 73.3558 73.3691 73.3824 73.3958 73.4091 73.4225 73.4358 73.4492 73.4625 73.4759 73.4892 73.5026 73.5160 73.5293 73.5427 73.5560 73.5694 73.5827 73.5961 73.6095 73.6228 73.6362 73.6495 73.6629 73.6763 73.6896 73.7030 73.7164 73.7297 73.7431 73.7565 73.7698 73.7832 73.7966 73.8100 73.8233 73.8367 73.8501 73.8635 73.8769 73.8902 73.9036 73.9170 73.9304 73.9438

t/°C 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

ρ/(g/mL) 13.52134 13.51889 13.51645 13.51400 13.51156 13.50911 13.50667 13.50422 13.50178 13.49934 13.49690 13.49446 13.49202 13.48958 13.48714 13.48470 13.48226 13.47982 13.47739 13.47495 13.47251 13.47008 13.46765 13.46521 13.46278 13.46035 13.45791 13.45548 13.45305 13.45062 13.44819 13.44576 13.44333 13.44090 13.43848 13.43605 13.43362 13.43120 13.42877 13.42635 13.42392 13.42150 13.41908 13.41665 13.41423 13.41181 13.40939 13.40697 13.40455 13.40213

Reference Ambrose, D., Metrologia, 27, 245, 1990. v/(mL/kg) 73.9572 73.9705 73.9839 73.9973 74.0107 74.0241 74.0375 74.0509 74.0643 74.0777 74.0911 74.1045 74.1179 74.1313 74.1447 74.1581 74.1715 74.1850 74.1984 74.2118 74.2252 74.2386 74.2520 74.2655 74.2789 74.2923 74.3057 74.3192 74.3326 74.3460 74.3594 74.3729 74.3863 74.3998 74.4132 74.4266 74.4401 74.4535 74.4670 74.4804 74.4939 74.5073 74.5208 74.5342 74.5477 74.5612 74.5746 74.5881 74.6016 74.6150

t/°C 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300

ρ/(g/mL) 13.39971 13.39729 13.39487 13.39245 13.39003 13.38762 13.38520 13.38278 13.38037 13.37795 13.37554 13.37313 13.37071 13.36830 13.36589 13.36347 13.36106 13.35865 13.35624 13.35383 13.35142 13.3273 13.3033 13.2793 13.2553 13.2314 13.2075 13.1836 13.1597 13.1359 13.1120 13.0882 13.0644 13.0406 13.0167 12.9929 12.9691 12.9453 12.9214 12.8975 12.8736

v/(mL/kg) 74.6285 74.6420 74.6554 74.6689 74.6824 74.6959 74.7094 74.7229 74.7364 74.7498 74.7633 74.7768 74.7903 74.8038 74.8173 74.8308 74.8443 74.8579 74.8714 74.8849 74.8984 75.0337 75.1693 75.3052 75.4413 75.5778 75.7147 75.8519 75.9895 76.1274 76.2659 76.4047 76.5440 76.6838 76.8241 76.9650 77.1064 77.2484 77.3909 77.5341 77.6779

6-124

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Thermal Properties of Mercury Lev R. Fokin The first of these tables gives the molar heat capacity at constant pressure of liquid and gaseous mercury as a function of temperature. To convert to specific heat in units of J/g K, divide these values by 200.59, the atomic weight of mercury. t/°C –38.84 –20 0 20 25 40 60 80 100 120

Cp/(J/mol K)

Liquid 28.2746 28.1466 28.0190 27.9002 27.8717 27.7897 27.6880 27.5952 27.5106 27.4349

Gas 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786

t/°C 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320

Liquid 27.3675 27.3090 27.2588 27.2169 27.1834 27.1583 27.1412 27.1320 27.1303 27.1366

The second table gives the molar heat capacity of solid mercury in its rhombohedral (α–mercury) form.

Cp/(J/mol K) 0.99* 0.97** 1.6 4.6 7.6 10.33

t/°C –268.99 –268.99 –268.15 –263.15 –258.15 –253.15

t/°C –248.15 –243.15 –233.15 –223.15 –213.15 –203.15

Cp/(J/mol K) 12.74 14.78 17.90 19.94 21.40 22.42

The final table gives the cubic thermal expansion coefficient α, the isothermal compressibility coefficient κT , and the speed of sound U for liquid mercury as a function of temperature. These properties are defined as follows: 1  ∂v  α=   v  ∂T  p



t/°C –20 0 20 40 60 80 100

1  ∂v  κT = −   v  ∂P  T

α × 10 /K 1.818 1.8144 1.8110 1.8083 1.8064 1.8053 1.8051 4

–1

 ∂P  U2 =    ∂ρ  s

κT × 106/bar–1 At 1 bar At 1000 bar 3.83 3.918 3.78 4.013 3.87 4.109 3.96 4.207 4.308 4.14 4.410

ρ = v −1

U/m s 1470 1460.8 1451.4 1442.0 1432.7 1423.4 1414.1

–1

Reference Douglas, T. B., Ball, A. T., and Ginnings, D. C., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stands., 46, 334, 1951. Cp/(J/mol K) Gas 20.786 20.786 20.790 20.790 20.794 20.794 20.799 20.807 20.815 20.824

t/°C 340 356.73 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500

Liquid 27.1500 27.1677 27.1709 27.1981 27.2324 27.2738 27.3207 27.3742 27.4332 27.4985

Cp/(J/mol K) Gas 20.836 20.849 20.853 20.870 20.891 20.916 20.941 20.974 21.008 21.046

References 1. Busey and Giaque, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 806, 1953. 2. Amitin, Lebedeva, and Paukov, Rus. J. Phys. Chem., 2666, 1979. t/°C –193.15 –183.15 –173.15 –153.15 –133.15 –113.15

Cp/(J/mol K) 23.16 23.76 24.24 25.00 25.61 26.15

t/°C –93.15 –73.15 –53.15 –38.87

Cp/(J/mol K) 26.69 27.28 27.96 28.5

* Superconducting state ** Normal state

where v is the specific volume (given in the table on the preceding page).

Reference Vukalovich, M. P., et al., Thermophysical Properties of Mercury, Moscow Standard Press, 1971.

t/°C 120 140 160 180 200 250 300

α × 10 /K 1.8058 1.8074 1.8100 1.8136 1.818 1.834 1.856 4

–1

κT × 106/bar–1 At 1 bar At 1000 bar 4.513 4.33 4.622 4.731 4.53 4.844 4.96 5.26 5.59

U/m s–1 1404.7 1395.4 1386.1 1376.7 1367 1344 1321

6-128

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MELTING CURVE of MERCURY The solid–liquid phase boundary of mercury provides a convenient means of calibrating pressures up to 1 GPa in the neighborhood of room temperature. The best representation of this curve is given by:

Reference Molinar, G. F., Bean, V., Houck, J., and Welch, B., Metrologia 16, 21, 1980; 28, 353, 1991.

p/GPa = 1.932845 • 10–2d + 1.8333 • 10–6d2 + 5.9791 • 10–8d3 where d = t/°C – 38.8344. Temperature is on the ITS-90 scale, and the relation is valid for pressures up to about 1.2 GPa. The following table is calculated from this equation. p vs. t



6679X_S06.indb 147

t vs. p

t/°C

P/GPa

P/GPa

t/°C

–38.83

0.000

0.010

–38.32

–35.00

0.074

0.020

–37.80

–30.00

0.171

0.050

–36.25

–25.00

0.268

0.100

–33.66

–20.00

0.365

0.200

–28.50

–15.00

0.463

0.300

–23.35

–10.00

0.560

0.400

–18.21

–5.00

0.658

0.500

–13.08

0.00

0.757

0.600

–7.97

5.00

0.856

0.700

–2.88

10.00

0.955

0.800

2.18

15.00

1.055

0.900

7.23

20.00

1.156

1.000

12.24

25.00

1.257

1.100

17.23

30.00

1.359

1.200

22.19

6-147

4/11/08 1:31:02 PM

VAPOR PRESSURE OF MERCURY The following table gives the vapor pressure of mercury in kilopascals (100 kPa = 1 bar) from the triple point (234.3156 K) to the critical point (1764 K). The data are generated from the formulation of Huber, Laesecke, and Friend in Reference 1, which is based on a critical evaluation of all the published data on mercury vapor pressure and related thermodynamic properties. The estimated uncertainty in the vapor pressure is: –38 to –10°C    0 to 130°C 140 to 350°C 360 to 620°C 630 to 1491°C

3% 1% 0.15% 0.5% 5%

Note that the table refers to mercury vapor in equilibrium with liquid mercury, in the absence of air or other gases.

References 1. Huber, M. L., Laesecke, A., and Friend, D. G., The Vapor Pressure of Mercury, NISTIR 6643, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, March 2006. 2. Huber, M. L., Laesecke, A., and Friend, D. G., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45, 7351, 2006. 3. Vargaftik, N. B., Vinogradov, Y. K., and Yargin, V. S., Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Third Edition, Begell House, New York, 1996.

Most of the entries in this table carry one significant figure beyond the estimated accuracy. t/°C –38.83 –30 –20 –10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

p/kPa 2.985 × 10–7 9.451 × 10–7 3.160 × 10–6 9.625 × 10–6 2.699 × 10–5 2.979 × 10–5 3.287 × 10–5 3.623 × 10–5 3.991 × 10–5 4.393 × 10–5 4.833 × 10–5 5.312 × 10–5 5.836 × 10–5 6.406 × 10–5 7.028 × 10–5 7.705 × 10–5 8.441 × 10–5 9.242 × 10–5 0.0001011 0.0001106 0.0001208 0.0001320 0.0001440 0.0001571 0.0001713 0.0001866 0.0002032 0.0002211 0.0002404 0.0002613 0.0002839 0.0003082 0.0003344 0.0003627 0.0003931 0.0004259 0.0004611 0.0004990 0.0005398 0.0005835 0.0006305 0.0006809

t/°C 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290

p/kPa 0.0007350 0.0007929 0.0008551 0.0009216 0.0009928 0.001069 0.001151 0.001238 0.001331 0.001430 0.001537 0.001650 0.001771 0.002506 0.003508 0.004862 0.006673 0.009075 0.01223 0.01635 0.02167 0.02850 0.03721 0.06209 0.1009 0.1599 0.2478 0.3759 0.5592 0.8168 1.1728 1.6573 2.3071 3.1670 4.2906 5.7414 7.5939 9.9347 12.863 16.494 20.955 26.392

t/°C 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710

p/kPa 32.965 40.856 50.260 61.396 74.498 89.823 107.65 128.26 151.99 179.17 210.15 245.32 285.07 329.82 380.00 436.07 498.51 567.81 644.46 729.01 821.99 923.96 1035.5 1157.2 1289.6 1433.3 1589.1 1757.4 1939 2135 2345 2570 2811 3069 3344 3637 3949 4281 4632 5005 5399 5815

t/°C 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1491

p/kPa 6254 6718 7205 7718 8258 8824 9417 10040 10690 11370 12080 12820 13600 14410 15250 16120 17030 17980 18960 19980 21040 22140 23270 24450 25670 26930 28230 29580 30970 38600 47450 57590 69100 82100 96600 112700 130000 150000 167000

6-148

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SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS The surface tension γ of about 200 liquids is tabulated here as a function of temperature. Values of γ are given in units of millinewtons per meter (mN/m), which is equivalent to dyn/cm in cgs units. The values refer to a nominal pressure of one atmosphere (about 100 kPa) except in cases where the indicated temperature is above the normal boiling point of the substance; in those cases, the applicable pressure is the saturation vapor pressure at the temperature in question. The uncertainty of the values is 0.1 to 0.2 mN/m or less in most cases. Values at temperatures between the points tabulated can be obtained by linear interpolation to a good approximation. Mol. formula Br2 Cl2O2S Cl3OP Cl3P Cl4Si H2O H4N2 Hg CCl4 CS2 CHBr3 CHCl3 CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2O2 CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4O CH5N C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5I C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C3H5Br

Name

Bromine Sulfuryl chloride Phosphoryl chloride Phosphorus trichloride Silicon tetrachloride Water Hydrazine Mercury Tetrachloromethane Carbon disulfide Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Formic acid Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methanol Methylamine Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Iodoethane Nitroethane Ethanol Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfide Ethanethiol Dimethyl disulfide Dimethylamine Ethylamine Ethanolamine 3-Bromopropene

10°C 43.68

19.78 74.23 488.55 33.81

32.19 39.04 23.23

22.54 26.72 25.36 30.38 34.02 23.22

25.27

Substances are listed by molecular formula in the modified Hill order, with substances not containing carbon appearing before those that do contain carbon. A more extensive compilation of surface tension may be found in Reference 1.

References 1. Jasper, J. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 841, 1972. 2. Kahl, H., Wadewitz, T., and Winkelmann, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 48, 580, 2003.

25°C 40.95 28.78 32.03 27.98 18.29 71.99 66.39 485.48 26.43 31.58 44.87 26.67 39.05 27.20 37.13 30.34 57.03 36.53 22.07 19.15 34.15 13.53 35.58 25.18 34.02 28.66 39.55 24.07 31.86 20.50 27.10 24.36 23.62 28.46 32.13 21.97 42.92 47.99 24.06 23.08 33.39 26.34 19.20 48.32 26.31

γ in mN/m 50°C 36.40

75°C

100°C

28.85 24.81 15.80 67.94

25.66

63.57

58.91

480.36 23.37 27.87 41.60 23.44 35.33

475.23 20.31

470.11 17.25

34.38

31.64

54.92 32.33 20.14

52.82

31.20 11.42 32.41 22.07 30.65 25.51 36.25

28.26

28.29 17.10 24.61 20.43

24.72

25.24 29.00 19.89 40.06 45.76

38.33 20.20 31.61

50.71

29.24

26.07

27.27

23.89

32.95

22.13 16.50

12.57

43.54

41.31

30.04

45.53 23.17

42.73

6-127

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Surface Tension of Common Liquids

6-128 Mol. formula C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5N C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4S C4H5N C4H6O3 C4H7N C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9N C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H8 C5H8O C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2

Section6.indb 128

Name 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Propanenitrile 1,2-Dichloropropane Acetone Allyl alcohol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Propanoic acid 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane N,N-Dimethylformamide 2-Nitropropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 2-Methoxyethanol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Propylamine Trimethylamine Pyridazine Pyrimidine Thiophene Pyrrole Acetic anhydride Butanenitrile 2-Butanone 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate Butanoic acid 1-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane 1-Iodobutane Pyrrolidine 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 2-Ethoxyethanol Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine Isobutylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine Furfural Pyridine Cyclopentene Cyclopentanone N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Pentanal Butyl formate

10°C 38.40

24.57 26.63 25.16 26.66 27.08 25.03 23.16 20.49 37.56 31.02 24.48 22.11 32.32

49.51

38.71 34.08

25.13 26.32 27.58 24.85 29.79 30.58 26.28 23.74

26.22

45.08 24.45 34.45 41.94 17.10 18.61 24.07

26.95 26.05

25°C 23.14 36.36 26.75 28.32 22.72 25.28 23.18 24.73 26.20 25.26 23.25 21.30 19.16 35.74 29.29 23.32 20.93 30.84 24.20 21.33 21.75 13.41 47.96 30.33 30.68 37.06 31.93 26.92 23.97 32.75 23.39 24.44 26.05 25.90 23.18 28.24 29.23 24.93 22.54 19.96 16.65 28.35 44.77 24.57 23.44 21.75 16.87 19.85 43.09 36.56 22.20 32.80 40.21 15.45 17.15 21.88 23.25 24.74 25.44 24.52

γ in mN/m 50°C 32.96 23.87 25.22 19.65 23.02 21.51 23.72 22.21 20.30

75°C 29.56

100°C 26.16

22.12 20.77

21.23

32.70 26.39 21.38 18.96 28.38 21.02 18.39

29.66

26.62

19.43 16.98 25.92

23.46

45.37 27.80 27.36 34.31 28.34 24.33 21.16 29.28 20.49 21.29 23.75 23.08 20.39 25.67 26.98 22.69 20.56 17.71

42.78 25.28

40.19 22.75

24.75 21.73

21.16

25.80 17.58

22.32 14.68

21.45 20.27

17.45

23.09

20.51

20.44 18.57

18.20 16.58

26.11 42.57 21.80 20.63 19.02

23.86 40.37

21.62 38.17

39.78 33.29

36.46 30.03

33.14

30.05 37.33

27.30 34.45

24.55 31.57

18.22 21.62 22.13 22.91 21.95

19.39

16.82

4/29/05 4:19:27 PM

Surface Tension of Common Liquids Mol. formula C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H11Cl C5H11N C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H13N C6H4Cl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6O C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10O C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H13Cl C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C7H5N C7H6O C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14

Section6.indb 129

Name Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate 1-Chloropentane Piperidine Pentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol Pentylamine m-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene Phenol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine Adiponitrile Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Hexanenitrile Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 1-Hexene Cyclohexanol 2-Hexanone Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Paraldehyde 1-Chlorohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane Diisopropyl ether 1-Hexanol 1,1-Diethoxyethane 2-Butoxyethanol Triethylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole N-Methylaniline 2,3-Dimethylpyridine Benzylamine Methylcyclohexane 1-Heptene

6-129 10°C 25.48 23.37 25.55 26.34 26.01 30.64 17.15 26.67 24.96 24.94 37.15 36.98 34.78

28.47 40.40

25°C 23.80 21.76 23.80 24.62 24.40 28.91 15.49 25.36 23.45 23.71 24.69 35.43 35.24 32.99 39.70 41.18 26.66 38.71

42.12 33.00 45.45 26.17 34.57 27.37 24.16 21.72 17.90 32.92 25.45 24.88 23.06 23.94 25.63 25.73 31.22 17.89 16.88 17.61 17.27 25.81 20.89 26.14 20.22 22.31 19.14 38.79 38.00 27.73 36.90 35.69

23.17 20.94 21.66 22.14 32.57 32.34 30.02 36.89 38.66 23.65 35.91 40.56 25.00 38.20 39.41 29.90 43.02 23.12 31.46 25.11 21.26 18.82 15.33 30.50 22.72 22.21 20.53 21.33 22.97 23.13 28.25 15.33 14.39 14.96 14.65 23.81 18.31 24.10 17.74 19.75 16.45 35.90 35.27 24.85 34.38 33.38

35.10 36.90 32.71 39.30 23.29 19.80

32.09 34.47 30.04 36.27 20.46 17.33

28.22

28.01 36.43 25.91 23.47 19.44

26.48 24.58 25.51 27.22 27.28 19.42 18.37 19.20

27.36

39.63 29.46

24.98 21.29

γ in mN/m 50°C 21.00 19.08 20.88 21.76 21.71 26.03

75°C 18.20 16.40 17.96 18.89 19.02 23.14

100°C 15.40

16.03 16.33 20.26

20.99 18.43 19.61 19.58 29.70 29.44 27.04 34.09 36.13 20.64 33.10 37.66 21.77 35.53 36.69 26.79 40.58

18.80 15.92 17.56

28.36 22.84 15.44

25.25

28.09

25.67

19.54 17.99 18.71 20.32 20.54 25.28

16.87 15.46 16.10 17.66 17.94

21.80 15.74 22.06

19.80

26.83 26.54 24.06 31.28 33.61 30.29 34.77 32.86

20.02

17.20 33.00 32.55 21.98 31.85 31.07 27.89 29.08 32.05 27.36 33.23

29.82 19.10 29.32 28.76 24.44

14.85

4/29/05 4:19:28 PM

Surface Tension of Common Liquids

6-130 Mol. formula C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H16 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H19N C8H19N C9H7N C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H18O C9H20 C9H20O C10H12 C10H22 C10H22O C11H24 C12H10O C12H27N C13H28 C14H12O2 C14H30 C16H34 C18H38

Section6.indb 130

Name

2-Heptanone Pentyl acetate Heptanoic acid Heptane 3-Methylhexane Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Phenetole N,N-Dimethylaniline N-Ethylaniline Ethylcyclohexane Octane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 1-Octanol Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Quinoline Cumene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Mesitylene 5-Nonanone Nonane 1-Nonanol 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Decane 1-Decanol Undecane Diphenyl ether Tributylamine Tridecane Benzyl benzoate Tetradecane Hexadecane Octadecane

10°C 26.67 21.14 20.76

40.98 30.39 31.41 30.13

26.73 22.57 20.77 28.30

44.19 29.27 30.74 28.89 23.79 29.03 24.75 29.61 25.56

26.86 44.47 27.43

25°C 26.12 25.17 27.76 19.66 19.31 39.04 37.17 39.22 28.75 29.76 28.47 28.01 32.41 35.52 36.33 25.15 21.14 19.40 27.10 24.12 21.72 42.59 27.69 29.20 27.55 26.28 22.38 27.89 33.17 23.37 28.51 24.21 26.75 24.39 25.55 42.82 26.13 27.05 27.87

γ in mN/m 50°C 23.48 22.69 25.64 17.19 16.88 36.15 34.25 36.28 26.01 27.01 25.71 25.32 29.65 32.90 33.65 22.51 18.77 17.12 25.12 21.74 19.44 39.94 25.05 26.64 25.31 23.85 20.05 26.00 30.78 21.07 26.68 21.96 24.80 22.32 23.37 40.06 23.96 24.91 25.77

75°C 20.20 14.73 14.46 33.27 31.32 33.35 23.28 24.25 22.95 22.64 26.89 30.27 30.98

100°C 17.72

30.41 20.54 21.50 20.19 19.95

16.39 14.84

14.01 12.56

19.36 17.16 37.28 22.42 24.07 23.07

34.62 19.78 21.51 20.82

17.71 24.10 28.40 18.77 24.85 19.70

15.37 22.20 16.47 23.02 17.45

20.24 21.19 37.31 21.78 22.78 23.66

19.01 34.55 19.61 20.64 21.55

4/29/05 4:19:29 PM

SURFACE TENSION OF AQUEOUS MIXTURES The composition dependence of the surface tension of binary mixtures of several compounds with water is given in this table. The data are tabulated as a function of the mass percent of the non-aqueous component. Data for methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol are taken from Reference 1, which also gives values at other temperatures.

Compound Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol Butanoic acid 2-Butanone γ-Butyrolactone Chloroacetic acid Diethanolamine N,N-Dimethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylformamide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethylene glycol Formic acid Glycerol Methanol Morpholine Nitric acid Propanoic acid 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Pyridine Sulfolane Sulfuric acid Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid

t/°C 30 25 20 25 30 30 30 20 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 20 20 30 25 25 30 30 25 20 50 25 25

References 1. Vazquez, G., Alvarez, E., and Navaza, J. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 611, 1995. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/16, Surface Tension, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, 1997.

Surface Tension in mN/m for the Specified Mass %

0% 71.2 72.0 72.8 72.0 71.2 71.2 71.2 72.8 71.2 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.01 72.8 72.8 72.0 72.01 72.8 72.8 71.2 72.01 72.01 71.2 71.2 72.0 72.8 67.9 72.0 72.0

10% 51.4 44.9 48.5 66.1 58.1 61.2 42.4 41.6 64 59.8 66.8 72.0 65.4

20% 43.3 40.5 40.2 60.4 51.6 56.9 37.5 32.2 58 53.6 63.2 72.0 59.2

30% 41.2 36.7 34.1 55.1 48.7 54.2 35.5

40% 38.2 33.0 31.6 50.1 45.8 52.0 34.8

50% 37.4 30.1 30.6 45.6 43.9 50.7 32.2

53 51.3 60.7 72.4 53.8

50 49.7 58.8 73.5 49.6

47.53 68.5 66 70.5 56.18 65.1 71.9 46.6 34.32 40.42 60.5 62.6 52.8

37.97 64.9 60 69.5 47.21 60.7 70.7 42.2 27.84 30.57 54.9 58.8 51.2

32.98 61.9 55.7 68.5 41.09 58.9 68.9 37.7 25.98 26.82 50.7 55.7 48.0

30.16 52.2 67.9 36.51 56.7 66.6 35.6 25.26 25.27 47.2 53.8 46.8

73.5 56.7 55.8

75.1 51.0 46.5

73.6 46.7 42.8

71.2 44.1 41.6

48 48.3 57.2 74.9 47.3 41.2 27.96 57.0 50.3 67.4 32.86 53.0 63.8 33.1 24.80 24.26 44.5 52.8 46.6 62.5 68.0 43.0 40.6

60% 36.1 29.4 30.0 43.3 42.4 49.5 30.8 25.2 46 47.5 55.7 75.4 46.9 39.6 26.23

70% 33.5 29.4 29.6 41.9 41.2 47.9 29.2

80% 31.5 27.6 29.1 40.8 40.0 46.6 27.4

90% 30.2 24.5 28.7 39.2 39.0 45.2 26.3

45 46.1 54.3 73.0 44.9 37.9 25.01

44

42.8

52.7 65.7 42.3 36.2 23.82

50.6 54.7 38.4 34.5 22.72

48.8 66.9 29.83 49.6 60.6 31.7 24.49 23.51 41.5 51.7 45.8 61.6 64.1 42.5 39.4

47.1 66.5 27.48 47.0 56.8 30.2 24.08 22.68 38.6 50.8 45.0 59.6 60.0 41.5 38.3

44.7 65.7 25.54 43.7 52.6 28.2 23.86 22.14 37.6 49.6 43.6 57.1 56.4 38.9 37.4

40.9 64.5 23.93 41.8 47.9 27.4 23.59 21.69 36.3 48.2 40.9 54.9 53.6 34.7 36.5

100% 26.3 23.1 28.4 35.8 37.0 43.8 25.5 24.6 42.7 47.2 36.4 35.2 33.7 21.82 48.2 38.0 62.5 22.51 38.7 42.6 25.8 23.28 21.22 35.5 47.0 37.0 50.9 51.7 29.4

6-131

Section6.indb 131

4/29/05 4:19:31 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Christian Wohlfarth The permittivity of a substance (often called the dielectric constant) is the ratio of the electric displacement D to the electric field strength E when an external field is applied to the substance. The quantity tabulated here is the relative permittivity, which is the ratio of the actual permittivity to the permittivity of a vacuum; it is a dimensionless number. The table gives the static relative permittivity εr, i.e., the relative permittivity measured in static fields or at low frequencies where no relaxation effects occur. The fourth column of the table lists the value of εr at the temperature specified in the third column, usually 293.15 or 298.15 K. Otherwise, the temperature closest to 293.15 K was chosen, or (as it is the case for many of the substances included here) εr is given at the only temperature for which data are available. The static permittivity refers to nominal atmospheric pressure as long as the corresponding temperature is below the normal boiling point. Otherwise, at temperatures above the normal boiling point, the pressure is understood to be the saturated vapor pressure of the substance considered. For substances where information on the temperature dependence of the permittivity is available, the table gives the coefficients of a simple polynomial fitting of permittivity to temperature with an equation of the form

calculate dielectric constants within the fitted temperature range but should not be used for extrapolation outside this range. The user who needs dielectric constant data with more accuracy than can be provided by this equation is referred to Reference 1, which gives the original data together with their literature source. Substances are listed by molecular formula in modified Hill order, with substances not containing carbon preceding those that do contain carbon. * Indicates that the isomer was not specified in the original reference. ** Indicates a compound for which the cubic term is needed:

εr(T) = a + bT + cT 2 + dT 3

1. Wohlfarth, Ch., Static Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures, Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Editor in Chief, O. Madelung, Group IV, Macroscopic and Technical Properties of Matter, Volume 6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991. 2. Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.



where T is the absolute temperature in K. Since the parameter d was used in only a few cases where the quadratic fit was not satisfactory, only a, b, and c are listed as columns in the table, while the d values are given at the end of this introduction. For all other substances, d = 0. The temperature range of the fit is given in the last column. The coefficients of the fitting equation can be used to Mol. form. AlBr3 Ar AsH3 BBr3 B2H6 B5H9 BrF3 BrF5 BrH BrNO Br2 Br2OS Br3OV Br4Ge Br4Sn ClFO3 ClF3 ClF5 ClH ClNO Cl2 Cl2F3P Cl2OS Cl2OSe Cl2O2S

6-148

Name Aluminum tribromide Argon Arsine Boron tribromide Diborane Pentaborane(9) Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Nitrosyl bromide Bromine Thionyl bromide Vanadyl tribromide Germanium(IV) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine trifluoride Chlorine pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride Nitrosyl chloride Chlorine Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride Thionyl chloride Selenium oxychloride Sulfuryl chloride

T/K 373.2 140.00 200.9 273.2 180.66 298.2 298.2 297.7 186.8 288.4 297.9 293.2 298.2 299.9 303.45 150.2 293.2 193.2 158.9 285.2 208.0 228.63 298.2 293.2 293.2

εr 3.38 1.3247 2.40 2.58 1.8725 21.1 106.8 7.91 8.23 13.4 3.1484 9.06 3.6 2.955 3.169 2.194 4.394 4.28 14.3 18.2 2.147 2.8129 8.675 46.2 9.1

Ethanol N-Methylacetamide 1,2-Propylene glycol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol N-Butylacetamide

d = –0.15512E-05 d = –0.12998E-04 d = –0.32544E-05 d = –0.48841E-06 d = –0.89512E-06 d = –0.45229E-06 d = –0.25968E-05 d = –0.48716E-05

References

a

b

c

Range/K

0.12408E+01 0.37674E+01

0.68755E-02 –0.97454E-02

–0.45344E-04 0.14537E-04

87-149 157-201

0.23848E+01 0.40952E+03

–0.29501E–02 –0.24414E+01

0.64189E-06 0.38225E-02

108-181 226-298

0.11428E+02

–0.11822E-01

262-298

0.32701E+01

–0.12535E-03

273-327

0.61112E+01 0.34450E+01 0.50001E+01 0.23808E+01 0.96716E+01 0.78192E+01 0.47316E+02

–0.84211E-02 –0.16083E-02 –0.60383E-02 –0.38629E-03 –0.18000E-01 –0.20860E-01 –0.28455E+00

203-298 300-316 304-316 125-150 273-313 193-256 159-258

0.29440E+01 0.46501E+01

–0.44649E-02 –0.80358E-02

–0.57143E-05 0.13132E-04 0.48650E-03 0.30388E-05

208-240 172-229

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Mol. form. Cl2S Cl2S2 Cl3F2P Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3P Cl3PS Cl4FP Cl4Ge Cl4Pb Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Ti Cl4V Cl5P Cl5Sb FH F2 F5I F6S F6Xe F7I F10S2 HI H2 H2O H2O2 H2S H3N H4N2 He I2 Kr Mn2O7 NO N2 N2O3 N2O4 Ne O2 O2S O3 O3S P S Se Xe CBrClF2 CBrCl3 CBrF3 CBr2Cl2 CBr2F2 CBr3Cl CBr3F CBr3NO2 CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3D CCl3F CCl3NO2 CCl4 CF4

Name Sulfur dichloride Sulfur chloride Phosphorus(V) trichloride difluoride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Vanadyl trichloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trichloride Phosphorus(V) tetrachloride fluoride Germanium(IV) chloride Lead(IV) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Antimony(V) chloride Hydrogen fluoride Fluorine Iodine pentafluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Xenon hexafluoride Iodine heptafluoride Sulfur decafluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Hydrazine Helium Iodine Krypton Manganese(VII) oxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen tetroxide Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ozone Sulfur trioxide Phosphorus Sulfur Selenium Xenon Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromotrichloromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Dibromodichloromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Tribromochloromethane Tribromofluoromethane Tribromonitromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichloromethane-d Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloronitromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrafluoromethane

T/K 298.2 288.2 268.0 293.2 298.2 290.2 298.2 272.64 273.2 293.2 273.2 273.2 257.4 298.2 433.2 293.0 273.2 53.48 293.2 223.2 328.2 298.2 293.2 220.2 13.52 293.2 290.2 283.2 293.2 298.2 2.055 391.25 119.80 293.2 1.997 63.15 203.2 293.2 26.11 54.478 298.2 90.2 291.2 307.2 407.2 510.65 161.35 123.2 293.2 123.2 298.2 273.2 333.2 293.2 298.2 123.2 123.2 295.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 126.3

6-149 εr 2.915 4.79 2.3752 14.1 3.4 3.498 4.94 2.6499 2.463 2.78 2.248 3.014 2.843 3.05 2.85 3.222 83.6 1.4913 37.13 1.81 4.10 1.75 2.0202 3.87 1.2792 80.100 74.6 5.93 16.61 51.7 1.0555 11.08 1.664 3.28 1.4680 31.13 2.44 1.1907 1.5684 16.3 4.75 3.11 4.096 3.4991 5.44 1.880 3.920 2.405 3.730 2.542 2.939 2.601 3.00 9.034 3.010 3.500 4.30 4.67 3.00 7.319 2.2379 1.685

a

b

c

0.28905E+01

–0.19228E-02

215-268

0.59098E+01

–0.83322E-02

290-333

0.33503E+01 –0.55078E+01

–0.29651E-02 0.64881E-01

0.58041E+01 0.43951E+01 0.33668E+01

–0.27129E-01 –0.48805E-02 –0.19675E-02

0.45413E+01 0.50352E+03 0.14144E+01 0.95184E+02

–0.45078E-02 –0.19297E+01 0.26387E-02 –0.19800E+00

0.51557E+03 0.13327E+01 0.24921E+03 0.48511E+03 0.14736E+02 0.66756E+02 0.22061E+03 0.10640E+01 0.64730E+02

–0.44552E+01 –0.51946E-02 –0.79069E+00 –0.23145E+01 –0.33675E-01 –0.24696E+00 –0.89633E+00 –0.35584E-02 –0.29266E+00

0.37655E+01

–0.16463E-02

0.12550E+01 0.92287E+02 0.28212E+01 0.12667E+01 0.15434E+01 0.52045E+02 0.86344E+01

0.67949E-02 –0.43306E+00 –0.13000E-02 –0.29064E-02 0.14615E-02 –0.16125E+00 –0.54807E-01

0.79018E+00 0.51651E+01 0.67569E+01

0.23911E-01 –0.77381E-02 –0.25829E-02

0.52442E+01 0.29249E+01 0.54154E+01 0.32330E+01 0.67296E+01

–0.11000E-01 –0.17650E-02 –0.13680E-01 –0.23162E-02 –0.22133E-01

0.53203E+01 0.16079E+02 0.43677E+01 0.46984E+01

–0.11061E-01 –0.23630E-01 –0.11020E-01 –0.97600E-02

0.10688E-04

206-323 298-328 123-173 123-223

0.53203E+01 0.14403E+02 0.28280E+01 0.20350E+01

–0.11061E-01 –0.24178E-01 –0.20339E-02 –0.27616E-02

0.10688E-04

206-323 276-333 283-333 126-142

–0.13091E-03 0.51678E-04

0.14372E-02 –0.28356E-04

0.96795E-02 0.72997E-03 0.31020E-02 0.96740E-05 0.25913E-03 0.11066E-02 0.39759E-03

Range/K

244-273 246-273 207-273 234-273 237-257 276-320 200-273 54-144 273-313

220-236 14-19 273-372 233-303 212-363 238-323 278-323 2-4 391-441 283-312

–0.56704E-04 0.65000E-03 –0.21964E-04 0.11042E-03 0.12596E-03 –0.42826E-04 0.89120E-05

0.30213E-04

0.71795E-07

63-126 203-243 253-293 26-29 55-154 213-449 90-185 307-358 407-479 511-575 123-223 273-333 123-173 298-333 139-273

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids

6-150 Mol. form. CHBr3 CHCl3 CHF3 CHN CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3ClO2S CH3DO CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4O CH5N CN4O8 COS COSe CO2 CS2 C2Br2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2O2 C2Cl3N C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2HBr3O C2HCl3 C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2I2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl2NO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F3O C2H3N C2H3NO C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2

Name Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Hydrogen cyanide Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Methanesulfonyl chloride Methan-d1-ol Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrite Methyl nitrate Methane Methanol Methylamine Tetranitromethane Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Oxalyl chloride Trichloroacetonitrile Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Tribromoacetaldehyde Trichloroethylene 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid Acetylene cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Dichloroacetic acid 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene Acetyl chloride Chloroacetic acid 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Acetonitrile Methyl isocyanate Ethylene 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane

T/K 283.2 293.2 294.0 293.2 283.2 298.0 152.2 298.2 298.2 275.7 295.2 293.2 297.5 131.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 200.0 293.2 91.0 293.2 215.2 293.2 185.0 283.2 295.0 293.2 298.2 273.2 294.35 292.2 303.2 308.2 293.2 301.5 303.2 298.2 333.2 298.2 293.2 195.0 298.2 298.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 207.2 293.2 345.65 295.2 338.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 288.7 270.0 283.2 293.2 298.2

εr 4.404 4.8069 5.2 114.9 7.77 8.93 53.74 5.32 51.1 9.71 10.0 34.0 31.68 51.0 6.97 111.0 37.27 20.77 23.9 1.6761 33.0 16.7 2.317 4.47 3.47 1.4492 2.6320 2.34 2.4842 3.470 7.85 2.268 2.52 7.6 3.390 4.01 6.8 4.34 3.716 8.42 2.4841 7.08 2.88 6.72 4.60 9.20 2.14 8.33 9.22 8.50 4.46 15.8 12.35 16.3 7.243 7.1937 27.68 36.64 21.75 1.4833 7.41 4.9612 10.10

a 0.71707E+01 0.15115E+02 0.11442E+03 0.37331E+04 0.18060E+02 0.40452E+02 0.19428E+03

b –0.98000E-02 –0.51830E-01 –0.75600E+00 –0.23180E+02 –0.36333E-01 –0.17748E+00 –0.12939E+01

0.14040E+03 0.40580E+02 0.42775E+02 0.10384E+03 0.20839E+03 0.11338E+03 0.24264E+02 0.26076E+03 0.11227E+03 0.11071E+03

c

0.23942E-03 0.24280E-02

Range/K 283-343 218-323 130-263 258-299 283-313 184-306 152-224

–0.24673E+00 –0.18418E+00 –0.16175E+00 –0.33838E+00 –0.10318E+01 –0.63979E+00 –0.93914E-01 –0.61145E+00 –0.35591E+00 –0.73428E+00

–0.17151E-03 0.26219E-03 0.17108E-03 0.34156E-03 0.14740E-02 0.96983E-03 0.11926E-03 0.34296E-03 0.34206E-03 0.14054E-02

287-358 195-276 190-392 293-373 176-298 150-299 223-303 278-333 288-343 110-260

0.15996E+01 0.19341E+03 0.34398E+02

0.27434E-02 –0.92211E+00 –0.73630E-01

–0.22086E-04 0.12839E-02 –0.41279E-04

91-184 177-293 198-258

0.84702E+01 0.48740E+01 0.79062E+00 0.45024E+01

–0.21488E-01 –0.49425E-02 0.10639E-01 –0.12054E-01

–0.28510E-04 0.19147E-04

143-185 219-283 220-300 154-319

0.36663E+01

–0.42271E-02

–0.36255E-06

193-273

0.58319E+01 0.75423E+01

–0.80828E-02 –0.11667E-01

0.13412E+01 0.65972E+01 0.21652E+02

0.90000E-02 –0.96800E-02 –0.68146E-01

0.16246E+02

–0.31500E-01

0.11014E+02 0.19606E+02

–0.10859E-01 –0.49847E-01

0.17310E+02 0.37576E+02 0.27705E+02 0.17147E+02 0.90593E+02 0.29724E+03

–0.14674E-01 –0.70400E-01 –0.10621E+00 –0.33371E-01 –0.21421E+00 –0.15508E+01

0.13546E+01 0.19493E+02 0.67142E+01 0.24429E+02

0.62614E-02 –0.59054E-01 –0.59800E-02 –0.48000E-01

0.56803E-04 0.13562E-02 0.36963E-01

302-338 303-333 –0.24130E-14 0.78571E-04

333-393 298-338 263-323

303-333

0.49242E-05

0.12424E-03 0.22591E-02 –0.21374E-04 0.58036E-04

284-363 207-233

338-393 303-333 258-318 288-318 293-318 288-333 200-270 263-363 293-313 288-318

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Mol. form. C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2O C2H4N2O6 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O3S C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C3Cl6O C3F6O C3HN C3H2F6O C3H3ClO3 C3H3N C3H3NO2 C3H4 C3H4 C3H4ClF3 C3H4ClNO C3H4Cl2O C3H4F4O C3H4O C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5BrO2 C3H5Br3 C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClN2O6 C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5I C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NS

Name 1,2-Dichloroethane Bis(chloromethyl) ether Ethylene glycol dinitrate Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Methyl formate Ethylene glycol sulfite Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Acetaldoxime Nitroethane Methyl carbamate Ethyl nitrate Ethane Ethanol** Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfone Dimethyl sulfate Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine Hexachloroacetone Perfluoroacetone Cyanoacetylene 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol 4-Chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Acrylonitrile Cyanoacetic acid Allene Propyne 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate 1,1-Dichloroacetone 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol Propargyl alcohol Ethylene carbonate 3-Bromopropene 2-Bromopropanoic acid 1,2,3-Tribromopropane 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate Epichlorohydrin Ethyl chloroformate Methyl chloroacetate 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 3-Iodopropene Propanenitrile Ethyl isocyanate Ethyl isothiocyanate

T/K 293.2 293.2 293.2 291.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 288.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 363.7 293.2 298.2 288.2 328.2 293.2 95.0 293.2 258.0 293.2 293.2 383.2 298.2 298.2 294.2 293.2 298.2 273.2 293.2 293.2 291.9 202.2 291.9 293.2 313.2 293.2 277.2 269.0 246.0 295.2 288.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 313.2 293.2 294.2 303.2 299.25 293.2 293.2 293.2 308.7 293.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 293.2

6-151 εr 10.42 3.51 28.26 21.0 12.42 14.30 6.20 9.20 39.6 9.01 9.45 25.80 7.82 18.3 67.6 189.0 4.70 29.11 18.48 19.7 1.9356 25.3 6.18 47.24 41.4 47.39 55.0 6.667 6.70 7.26 9.6 8.7 31.94 13.82 3.925 2.104 72.3 16.70 62.0 33.0 33.4 2.025 3.218 7.32 29.1 14.6 21.03 20.8 89.78 7.0 11.0 6.00 8.92 8.2 17.50 22.6 9.736 12.0 7.5 6.1 29.7 19.7 19.6

a 0.24404E+02

b –0.47892E-01

c

Range/K 293-343

0.52661E+02

–0.21337E+00

0.25947E-03

293-243

–0.15731E+02 0.19699E+02 0.85483E+02 0.28473E+02 0.60693E+02 0.11155E+03 0.25598E+02 0.61405E+02 –0.20055E+03 0.10383E+04

0.12662E+00 –0.36429E-01 –0.15400E+00 –0.85495E-01 –0.31290E+00 –0.30149E+00 –0.94367E-01 –0.14474E+00 0.15515E+01 –0.43165E+01

–0.17738E-03

293-363 288-302 298-328 243-308 237-293 140-175 183-343 273-298 364-448 276-353

0.57406E+02 0.36773E+02

–0.97657E-01 –0.55700E-01

0.20185E+01 0.15145E+03 0.22389E+02 0.38478E+02 0.14355E+03 0.10830E+03

–0.51493E-03 –0.87020E+00 –0.86524E-01 0.16939E+00 –0.48573E+00 –0.15900E+00

0.11228E+02 0.19109E+02 0.30163E+02 0.14890E+03 0.48922E+02 0.76423E+01 0.34809E+01 0.91803E+03

–0.13500E-01 –0.32000E-01 –0.79000E-01 –0.62491E+00 –0.17021E+00 –0.15838E-01 –0.92883E-02 –0.49149E+01

0.77143E-03 0.17262E-03 0.10618E-04 0.12282E-04 0.69104E-02

293-333 298-323 233-273 253-293 273-333 269-303 151-238 281-314

0.11109E+03

–0.36806E+00

0.34879E-03

233-413

0.26049E+01 0.60871E+01 0.22361E+02 0.64311E+02

–0.44147E-03 –0.11730E-01 –0.68840E-01 –0.12217E+00

–0.63420E-05

156-269 185-246 275-313 288-403

0.99895E+02 0.20746E+03

–0.38911E+00 –0.37610E+00

0.11024E+02

–0.16596E-01

303-358

0.15356E+02

–0.18250E-01

309-349

0.82222E+02

–0.22937E+00

0.67971E-04 0.47154E-03 0.11424E-03 –0.22392E-02 0.48398E-02

276-333 328-368 –0.48148E-05 0.19570E-02 0.91291E-04 –0.47423E-03 0.46703E-03

0.60594E-04

0.40776E-03

0.17424E-03

95-295 163-523 155-258 288-343 293-423 383-398

213-293 313-343

213-473

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids

6-152 Mol. form. C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6N2O4 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C3H7ClO2 C3H7I C3H7I C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S2 C3H8S2 C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9O4P C4Cl6 C4Cl6O3 C4F6O3 C4H2Cl4O3 C4H2O3 C4H3F7O C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4S C4H5Cl

Name Trinitroglycerol Propene 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dinitropropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid Dimethyl carbonate 1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 3-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Chloro-2-propanol 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane N-Ethylformamide N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide** 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propyl nitrite Isopropyl nitrite Ethyl carbamate Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol** 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol 1,2-Propanedithiol 1,3-Propanedithiol Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine Trimethyl phosphate Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Trichloroacetic anhydride Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride Dichloroacetic anhydride Maleic anhydride 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-butanol Succinonitrile Pyrazine Furan Thiophene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene

T/K 293.2 220.0 283.2 293.2 250.4 293.2 303.2 293.2 325.1 293.2 290.2 293.2 298.2 288.2 288.2 296.2 298.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 215.2 153.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 288.2 288.2 250.0 260.0 328.2 293.19 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 288.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 273.2 296.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 326.2 298.2 298.2 323.2 277.1 293.2 293.2

εr 19.25 2.1365 4.60 9.482 31.90 8.37 10.27 11.37 42.4 19.7 18.5 21.01 3.44 8.57 7.07 30.0 3.087 15.55 8.09 9.46 8.588 36.0 59.0 31.0 7.07 8.19 102.7 38.25 179.0 24.70 26.74 12.35 13.92 14.14 1.6678 20.8 20.18 27.5 35.1 17.2 2.644 46.53 5.937 5.952 7.24 8.11 2.2762 10.21 5.08 5.6268 2.440 20.6 2.55 5.0 2.7 15.8 52.75 14.4 62.6 2.80 2.88 2.739 4.914

a

b

c

Range/K

0.29623E+01 0.54973E+01 0.29193E+02

–0.37564E-02 –0.31695E-02 –0.94450E-01

0.92800E-04

220-250 283-333 293-368

0.18915E+02 0.21609E+02 0.32421E+02

–0.35907E-01 –0.37333E-01 –0.72188E-01

0.62714E+02

–0.14771E+00

0.37879E-05

213-303

0.88157E+02 0.18793E+01 0.15884E+02 0.13190E+02

–0.34300E+00 0.46841E-02 –0.25333E-01 –0.21226E-01

0.38925E-03 0.19983E-05

273-323 289-408 288-318 276-318

0.17769E+02 0.26195E+02 0.21214E+02 0.12436E+03 –0.19169E+02

–0.32599E-01 –0.72995E-01 –0.43130E-01 –0.60841E+00 0.13605E+01

0.13744E+02

–0.22745E-01

0.64764E+03 0.15364E+03 0.15975E+04 0.94999E+02 0.60138E+02 0.70552E+02 0.74578E+02 0.32431E+02 0.22883E+01 0.98045E+02 0.10416E+03 0.24546E+03 0.11365E+03 0.11803E+03 0.25877E+01 0.77503E+02 0.11602E+02

–0.28499E+01 –0.60367E+00 –0.90451E+01 –0.38358E+00 –0.11566E+00 –0.40362E+00 –0.38283E+00 –0.65097E-01 –0.23276E-02 –0.36860E+00 –0.41011E+00 –0.15738E+01 –0.36680E+00 –0.58000E+00 –0.93019E-03 –0.37984E-01 –0.19580E-01

0.14667E+02 0.66607E+01

–0.32660E-01 0.31310E-01

0.25000E-04 –0.87500E-04

293-333 303-343

–0.19492E+02 0.17719E+02 0.40429E+02 0.39745E+01

0.29806E+00 –0.59022E-01 –0.21441E+00 –0.51331E-02

–0.69284E-03 0.54780E-04 0.32634E-03

223-273 204-296 213-298 273-298

0.17724E+03

–0.54654E+00

0.54046E-03

236-351

0.13636E+01 0.32941E+01

0.12864E-01 –0.19019E-02

–0.22701E-04

188-277 253-293

281-323 303-333 245-293

0.55454E-04 0.92060E-03 –0.55567E-02

274-328 186-328 273-313 145-215 153-177 293-323

0.34286E-02 0.71505E-03 0.18345E-01 0.48480E-03 0.66687E-03 0.57071E-03 0.28571E-04 0.84710E-06 0.36422E-03 0.42049E-03 0.38068E-02 0.33766E-03 0.81001E-03 0.38472E-05 –0.23107E-03

298-338 213-353 303-473 276-333 276-303 110-310 150-300 328-368 90-300 193-493 193-493 193-403 288-328 254-318 171-293 288-343 273-318

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Mol. form. C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5N C4H5NO C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO

Name Ethyl trichloroacetate Pyrrole Allyl isocynate 1,3-Butadiene Divinyl ether Ethoxyacetylene Cyclobutanone Methyl acrylate 2,3-Butanedione γ-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate cis-2-Bromo-2-butene trans-2-Bromo-2-butene 2-Bromobutanoic acid Ethyl bromoacetate Methyl 3-bromopropanoate Propyl chlorocarbonate Methyl 2-chloropropanoate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene cis-2-Butene Isobutene 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,3-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 2,3-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane 1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,4-Dioxane 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid Ethyl methyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monoacetate 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Methylpropanamide N-Ethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide 2-Butanone oxime

T/K 293.2 293.0 288.2 265.0 288.2 298.2 298.2 303.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 220.0 296.0 288.7 293.2 293.2 303.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 308.2 296.0 293.2 298.2 293.2 295.2 287.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 296.2 293.2 303.2 283.2 298.2 273.2 293.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 283.2 293.0 293.2 293.2 294.2 293.2

6-153 εr 8.428 8.00 15.15 2.050 3.94 8.05 14.27 7.03 4.04 39.0 22.45 66.14 5.38 6.76 7.2 9.75 5.81 11.2 11.45 24.83 24.42 28.18 2.2195 1.960 2.1225 4.74 9.14 8.68 6.245 4.1 7.74 9.30 7.15 21.20 13.45 18.56 7.52 2.98 2.58 6.92 6.0814 6.200 2.2189 37.7 31.5 2.985 12.95 7.315 8.64 7.70 10.98 7.276 8.564 7.027 9.663 6.27 7.873 6.65 8.30 170.0 135.0 38.85 3.4

a

b

c

Range/K

0.12672E+02 0.34299E+02 0.27674E+01

–0.14075E-01 –0.66444E-01 –0.26738E-02

–0.62671E-05

293-357 288-333 185-265

0.43974E+02 0.11968E+02 0.46907E+01

–0.15712E+00 –0.16500E-01 –0.22302E-02

0.19264E-03

220-317 303-333 278-348

0.15940E+03

–0.39530E+00

0.26284E-03

273-333

0.15627E+02 0.36001E+01

–0.19600E-01 0.72500E-02

303-333 303-343

0.22449E+02 0.53884E+02 0.52554E+02 0.11054E+03 0.29354E+01 0.28802E+01 0.33701E+01 0.11199E+03 0.34031E+02 0.20944E+02 0.23849E+02

–0.36250E-01 –0.99257E-01 –0.96000E-01 –0.47945E+00 –0.32580E-02 –0.31064E-02 –0.43295E-02 –0.63334E+00 –0.13254E+00 –0.55620E-01 –0.96300E-01

0.91250E-03 0.16250E-03 0.50000E-04 0.12500E-03

303-343 293-333 293-313 298-338 220-250 197-296 220-289 293-333 293-333 303-333 293-333

0.31925E+02 0.59766E+01 0.39429E+02

–0.13232E+00 0.49300E-01 –0.20028E+00

0.17007E-03 –0.12500E-03 0.30917E-03

293-356 308-338 165-296

0.15457E+02 0.30739E+02 0.15010E+01

0.90152E-01 –0.12946E+00 0.50046E-02

–0.27100E-03 0.17195E-03

293-333 224-295 287-403

0.15646E+02 0.12798E+02 0.27299E+01

–0.44066E-01 –0.22540E-01 –0.17440E-02

0.39137E-04

293-433 293-333 293-313

0.22542E+02 0.18461E+02 0.37558E+02 0.35085E+02 0.13565E+02 0.30376E+02 0.14945E+02 0.35077E+02 0.16493E+02 0.10883E+02 0.76780E+01 0.38191E+02

–0.79306E-01 –0.32933E-01 –0.20571E+00 –0.14075E+00 –0.10161E-01 –0.11377E+00 –0.33747E-01 –0.12867E+00 –0.50262E-01 –0.14680E-02 0.69900E-02 –0.15462E+00

0.89867E-04 0.35496E-03 0.19960E-03 –0.38750E-04 0.13429E-03 0.23036E-04 0.14304E-03 0.52485E-04 –0.30000E-04 –0.37500E-04 0.17941E-03

183-363 274-328 112-273 258-293 273-323 273-323 273-323 273-323 293-323 293-323 283-323 274-333

0.74494E+03 0.15420E+03

–0.31400E+01 –0.57506E+00

0.36131E-02 0.61911E-03

213-353 294-433

0.68182E-03

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids

6-154 Mol. form. C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2S C4H10O3 C4H10O3S C4H10O4 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO2 C4H12O2Si C4H12O3Si C4H12O4Si C4H12Si C4H12Si C4H13N3 C5FeO5 C5H4BrN C5H4ClN C5H4F8O C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H5NO C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H7Cl3O2 C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O4 C5H9BrO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2

Name Morpholine tert-Butyl nitrite Propyl carbamate Ethyl-N-methyl carbamate N-Acetylethanolamine Butyl nitrate Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol** 2-Butanol** 2-Methyl-1-propanol** 2-Methyl-2-propanol** Diethyl ether 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfite 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine Diethylamine Diethanolamine Dimethoxydimethylsilane Trimethoxymethylsilane Tetramethyl silicate Diethylsilane Tetramethylsilane Diethylenetriamine Iron pentacarbonyl 2-Bromopyridine 2-Chloropyridine 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1-pentanol Furfural Pyridine Pyridine-1-oxide 2-Methylfuran Furfuryl alcohol Propyl trichloroacetate Ethyl cyanoacetate 1,3-Pentadiene* 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentene Cyclopentanone Ethyl acrylate Methyl trans-2-butenoate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Dimethyl malonate Ethyl 2-bromopropanoate Isobutyl chlorocarbonate Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate Ethyl 3-chloropropanoate Methyl 4-chlorobutanoate

T/K 298.2 298.2 338.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 295.0 295.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 296.7 293.2 293.2 293.2 393.2 293.2 288.2 288.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 343.0 293.2 298.2 298.2 263.2 298.2 294.0 293.2 295.0 298.2 303.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 303.2

εr 7.42 11.47 12.06 21.10 96.6 13.10 1.7697 1.7518 17.84 17.26 17.93 12.47 4.2666 22.4 28.8 31.9 13.38 7.30 28.61 31.82 15.6 28.2 29.2 5.204 5.645 4.961 5.475 5.723 4.71 3.680 25.75 3.663 4.9 6.0 2.544 1.921 12.62 2.602 23.18 27.32 15.30 42.1 13.260 35.94 2.76 16.85 8.32 31.62 2.319 2.054 2.098 2.083 13.58 6.05 6.6645 6.32 26.524 9.82 9.4 9.1 11.95 10.19 9.51

a

b

c

Range/K

0.24356E+02 0.11477E+03 0.37016E+03

–0.36400E-01 –0.47568E+00 –0.13113E+01

0.54127E-03 0.13214E-02

338-378 298-373 298-348

0.22379E+01 0.23295E+01 0.10578E+03 0.13850E+03 0.10762E+03 0.22541E+03 0.79725E+01 0.63702E+02 0.72883E+02 0.13079E+03

–0.13884E-02 –0.19953E-02 –0.50587E+00 –0.75146E+00 –0.51398E+00 –0.14990E+01 –0.12519E-01 –0.13807E+00 –0.14770E+00 –0.46985E+00

–0.66711E-06 0.14197E-06 0.84733E-03 0.14086E-02 0.83702E-03 0.34050E-02

0.46320E-03

135-303 115-303 193-553 172-533 173-533 298-503 283-301 278-323 278-323 288-328

0.48832E+02 0.13128E+03 0.13973E+03

–0.24218E+00 –0.52719E+00 –0.54725E+00

0.34413E-03 0.60465E-03 0.61149E-03

256-318 253-333 288-343

0.11201E+02 0.10866E+02

–0.20767E-01 –0.17993E-01

273-318 273-318

0.10597E+02

–0.17500E-01

283-313

0.13322E+02 0.26462E+02 0.73435E+02

–0.44176E-01 –0.13750E+00 –0.21377E+00

0.50250E-04 0.20373E-03 0.17500E-03

223-333 243-323 273-323

0.57840E+02

–0.23873E+00

0.28841E-03

213-333

0.73391E+02 0.98702E+02

–0.23678E+00 –0.34237E+00

0.22930E-03 0.34502E-03

298-398 298-398

0.43991E+02 0.20878E+02

–0.15150E+00 0.16450E+00

0.15925E-03 –0.35269E-03

293-323 343-398

0.29994E+01 0.28170E+01 0.28177E+01 0.24083E+02 0.47827E+02

–0.34578E-02 –0.23147E-02 –0.27597E-02 –0.30286E-01 –0.24394E+00

0.85300E-06 –0.43975E-06 0.89346E-06 –0.16802E-04 0.35000E-03

178-294 198-293 171-319 219-298 303-343

0.32098E+02

–0.14568E+00

0.20000E-03

303-343

0.26470E+02

–0.76656E-01

0.67888E-04

293-433

0.25965E+02 0.21951E+02 0.17127E+02

–0.46250E-01 –0.38750E-01 –0.25000E-01

303-343 303-343 303-343

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Mol. form. C5H9N C5H9N C5H9NO C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2S C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O4 C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11F C5H11I C5H11I C5H11I C5H11I C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO C5H11NO C5H11NO2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O

Name Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile Isobutyl isocyanate N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Ethylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopentane 1,4-Dibromopentane 1,5-Dibromopentane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 3-Methyl sulfolane Diethyl carbonate Ethyl lactate 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1-acetate 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane 1-Bromopentane 3-Bromopentane 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 1-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 1-Fluoropentane 1-Iodopentane 3-Iodopentane 1-Iodo-3-methylbutane 2-Iodo-2-methylbutane Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide N,N-Diethylformamide 2-Pentanone oxime Pentyl nitrite Pentane Isopentane Neopentane Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol

T/K 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 294.4 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 301.2 303.2 298.2 297.2 303.2 242.2 298.2 299.2 298.2 291.5 293.2 292.0 222.75 293.2 293.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.0 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 333.2

6-155 εr 20.04 21.1 11.638 32.55 2.011 2.180 1.979 1.9687 1.933 4.39 9.05 9.14 6.89 9.92 18.5 10.00 9.051 15.45 17.00 10.37 5.66 6.97 2.661 6.10 6.41 5.62 5.76 5.48 13.48 29.4 2.820 15.4 38.57 9.21 6.31 8.37 6.33 6.654 6.10 12.31 3.931 5.78 7.432 5.6 8.192 4.33 32.2 20.13 29.6 3.3 7.21 1.8371 1.845 1.769 23.10 15.13 13.71 13.35 15.63 15.63 5.78 12.1 8.35

a 0.55793E+02 0.58418E+02 0.38026E+02

b –0.15750E+00 –0.16884E+00 –0.12714E+00

c 0.12432E-03 0.14131E-03 0.12679E-03

Range/K 183-333 293-453 293-353

–0.11438E+01

0.25420E-01

–0.50000E-04

273-293

0.26064E+01 0.24287E+01

–0.19578E-02 –0.15304E-02

–0.53908E-06 –0.13095E-06

225-296 278-313

0.26443E+02 0.38192E+02 0.19016E+02

–0.88640E-01 –0.15648E+00 –0.57954E-01

0.10000E-03 0.20000E-03 0.56801E-04

293-333 303-333 293-356

0.10565E+03

–0.44244E+00

0.48657E-03

258-323

0.18645E+02 0.40893E+02 0.12690E+02 0.30695E+02 0.19793E+02

–0.32395E-01 –0.10423E+00 0.95177E-01 –0.10962E+00 –0.76071E-01

–0.16157E-05 0.60557E-04 –0.27321E-03 0.13810E-03 0.94852E-04

280-333 204-353 233-353 293-328 234-333

0.33491E+01 0.21532E+02

–0.75156E-02 –0.84106E-01

0.17820E-04 0.10952E-03

250-344 288-323

0.17677E+02

–0.61404E-01

0.69196E-04

253-353

0.38604E+02

–0.19171E+00

0.27128E-03

301-343

0.53158E+02

–0.93730E-01

0.47275E-04

298-398

0.31225E+02 0.10653E+03

–0.43531E-01 –0.26439E+00

–0.28571E-04 –0.62371E-04

273-373 215-242

0.20954E+02

–0.78743E-01

0.98908E-04

183-328

0.27743E+02 0.18626E+02 0.22228E+02 0.55104E+02

–0.13927E+00 –0.54719E-01 –0.93189E-01 –0.29866E+00

0.22627E-03 0.47143E-04 0.12991E-03 0.47840E-03

123-292 273-323 171-297 201-223

0.15753E+02

–0.50543E-01

0.56401E-04

293-323

0.82317E+01

–0.11229E-01

–0.71429E-05

293-333

0.10400E+03

–0.46017E+00

0.60000E-03

298-328

0.22384E+01 0.10949E+02

–0.12985E-02 –0.63057E-01

–0.16182E-06 0.10835E-03

143-293 251-296

0.73397E+02 0.16437E+03 0.12838E+03 0.14020E+02 0.79733E+02 0.11662E+03

–0.28165E+00 –0.86506E+00 –0.60980E+00 0.13948E+00 –0.31272E+00 –0.69756E+00

0.28427E-03 0.11955E-02 0.75000E-03 –0.45000E-03 0.32014E-03 0.10920E-02

213-513 273-323 288-318 288-318 173-513 268-318

0.92350E+02

–0.41870E+00

0.50000E-03

333-373

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids

6-156 Mol. form. C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O4 C5H12O5 C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S4 C5H13N C5H13N3 C5H14OSi C6F6 C6F14 C6H3N3O7 C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrNO2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4FI C6H4FI C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2O4 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO2S C6H5ClS C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NOS C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6BrN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2

Name 1,2-Pentanediol 1,4-Pentanediol 1,5-Pentanediol 2,3-Pentanediol 2,4-Pentanediol Diethoxymethane Tetramethoxymethane Xylitol 1-Pentanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol Tetrakis(methylthio)methane Pentylamine 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine Ethoxytrimethylsilane Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorohexane 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene o-Dibromobenzene m-Dibromobenzene p-Dibromobenzene 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-iodobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene o-Diiodobenzene m-Diiodobenzene p-Diiodobenzene 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 1,3-Dinitrobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Benzenesulfonyl chloride 4-Chlorobenzenethiol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene N-Sulfinylaniline Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene m-Bromoaniline o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline

T/K 296.8 295.7 293.2 296.9 294.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 343.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 294.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 328.2 293.2 293.2 368.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 323.2 323.2 393.2 293.2 293.2 328.2 298.2 298.2 301.2 301.2 323.2 323.2 393.2 303.2 323.2 353.2 365.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 293.2 314.2 323.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.0 323.2 373.2 393.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 353.0

εr 17.31 26.74 26.2 17.37 24.69 2.527 2.40 40.0 4.847 5.087 2.818 4.27 11.5 3.013 2.029 1.76 4.0 4.72 4.85 2.60 20.2 7.86 4.81 2.57 6.10 4.96 3.34 37.7 20.9 8.09 10.12 5.02 2.3943 8.22 3.12 13.38 5.01 5.41 4.11 2.88 93.77 20.54 5.23 22.9 5.45 5.6895 7.40 6.255 11.18 28.90 3.59 5.465 4.59 6.97 35.6 16.50 35.45 42.20 2.2825 13.0 13.40 13.3 47.3

a 0.18436E+03 0.13568E+03 0.11858E+03 0.95876E+02 0.11914E+03 0.25294E+01

b –0.10682E+01 –0.59198E+00 –0.45920E+00 –0.46463E+00 –0.52569E+00 0.73988E-04

c 0.17037E-02 0.75398E-03 0.49341E-03 0.67434E-03 0.69607E-03 –0.28331E-06

Range/K 197-297 193-318 243-343 238-297 224-294 227-293

0.71131E+01 0.15116E+02

–0.30228E-02 –0.50700E-01

–0.16414E-04 0.56250E-04

273-333 273-333

0.11274E+02

–0.34965E-01

0.37706E-04

223-353

0.24041E+01

–0.83086E-03

–0.14286E-05

298-338

0.81413E+02 –0.81849E-02 0.93214E+01

–0.27645E+00 0.62671E-01 –0.20273E-01

0.27367E-03 –0.12222E-03 0.16667E-04

328-413 293-353 293-353

0.16800E+03 0.77193E+02

–0.59708E+00 –0.25118E+00

0.59957E-03 0.23798E-03

323-436 323-433

0.13629E+02 0.77565E+01 0.26999E+01

0.10622E-02 –0.93333E-02 –0.35325E-03

–0.44444E-04 –0.26880E-14 –0.17619E-05

293-353 293-353 328-363

0.59107E+02 0.14448E+02 0.31150E+02

–0.23611E+00 –0.46982E-01 –0.14428E+00

0.27987E-03 0.51948E-04 0.20000E-03

273-323 273-323 323-353

0.45596E+03 0.60484E+02 0.12533E+02 0.10406E+03 0.94100E+01 0.19471E+02 0.29755E+02

–0.17746E+01 –0.17280E+00 –0.30115E-01 –0.34133E+00 –0.12537E-01 –0.70786E-01 –0.11256E+00

0.19105E-02 0.15218E-03 0.26674E-04 0.32609E-03 –0.31127E-05 0.82466E-04 0.12390E-03

303-398 323-398 353-398 365-413 234-333 293-430 296-448

0.31997E+02 0.83886E+02

–0.94241E-01 –0.23405E+00

0.88392E-04 0.19713E-03

314-453 323-473

0.89442E+01

–0.20008E-01

0.17641E-04

243-323

0.11212E+03 0.33827E+02 0.18967E+03 0.22901E+03 0.26706E+01

–0.35211E+00 –0.62123E-01 –0.66144E+00 –0.74264E+00 –0.91648E-03

0.31128E-03 0.26774E-04 0.66532E-03 0.68006E-03 –0.14257E-05

279-533 323-453 373-458 393-463 293-513

0.18900E+03

–0.56977E+00

0.47484E-03

353-468

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Mol. form. C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H8 C6H8 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8O2 C6H9Cl3O2 C6H9Cl3O2 C6H9N C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Br C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H11Cl C6H11N C6H11N C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2 C6H12Cl2 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O

Name m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol Pyrocatechol Resorcinol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 3-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Phenylhydrazine 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine 1,4-Cyclohexanedione Butyl trichloroacetate Isobutyl trichloroacetate Cyclopentanecarbonitrile 1,5-Hexadiene cis,cis-2,4-Hexadiene trans,trans-2,4-Hexadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene* 3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene Butoxyacetylene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl 2-butenoate Ethyl methacrylate Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Monomethyl glutarate Diethyl oxalate Dimethyl succinate Ethylene glycol diacetate Bromocyclohexane Ethyl 2-bromobutanoate Ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate Chlorocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 4-Methylpentanenitrile Cyclohexanone oxime 1-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane 1,6-Dibromohexane 3,4-Dibromohexane 1,6-Dichlorohexane 1-Methylcyclopentanol Isobutyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone

T/K 398.0 428.0 303.2 388.2 393.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 303.0 293.0 323.2 318.2 184.2 296.0 293.2 293.2 308.2 351.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 294.0 297.0 297.0 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 293.2 298.2 293.0 273.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 290.2 303.2 303.2 303.2 303.2 298.2 295.2 362.2 294.0 295.0 296.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 308.2 310.1 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2

6-157 εr 35.6 78.5 12.40 17.57 13.55 4.26 7.06 10.18 11.10 12.2 36.4 28.26 2.68 2.211 7.15 2.436 2.653 4.40 7.480 7.667 22.68 2.125 2.163 2.123 2.422 2.426 2.599 2.102 2.621 2.2176 6.62 16.1 15.6 5.4 5.68 14.0 18.30 8.37 8.266 7.19 7.7 8.0026 8.57 8.55 7.9505 17.26 17.5 3.04 2.077 1.978 2.069 1.954 2.0243 1.9853 1.965 8.52 6.732 8.60 7.11 3.34 14.56 13.11 12.73

a 0.20352E+03 0.48673E+03 0.63391E+02 0.74930E+02 0.30252E+02 0.57155E+01 0.89534E+01 0.34560E+02 0.19643E+03 0.33765E+02 0.11705E+03 0.59851E+02

b –0.66582E+00 –0.15040E+01 –0.24988E+00 –0.22142E+00 –0.56443E-01 –0.70336E-02 0.38990E-02 –0.11980E+00 –0.11167E+01 –0.10113E+00 –0.35301E+00 –0.12682E+00

c 0.61310E-03 0.12857E-02 0.26930E-03 0.18919E-03 0.35578E-04 0.73617E-05 –0.36310E-04 0.12500E-03 0.16667E-02 0.93860E-04 0.32000E-03 0.86622E-04

Range/K 398-468 428-468 303-433 388-463 393-463 303-358 293-413 293-333 303-333 274-333 323-398 318-398

0.27459E+01

–0.16975E-02

–0.36461E-06

232-356

0.69830E+02 0.30014E+01 0.27284E+01 0.26774E+01

–0.25303E+00 –0.28668E-02 –0.17178E-02 –0.16977E-02

0.31491E-03 –0.31026E-06 –0.62926E-06 –0.55637E-06

201-293 151-294 234-351 232-353

0.51328E+01 0.26258E+01 0.58591E+01 0.30598E+01

–0.12774E-01 –0.17990E-02 –0.17099E-01 –0.39841E-02

0.14215E-04 0.12035E-06 0.20856E-04 0.37554E-05

198-323 223-323 184-296 141-313

0.41577E+02

–0.11463E+00

0.92454E-04

253-423

0.40962E+02

–0.20520E+00

0.29286E-03

303-343

0.16779E+02 0.21938E+02 0.13551E+02 0.25093E+02

–0.39839E-01 –0.66226E-01 –0.23109E-01 –0.95171E-01

0.38095E-04 0.66800E-04 0.55440E-05 0.12224E-03

293-363 293-368 293-433 223-290

0.49005E+02 0.77044E+02

–0.23193E+00 –0.40784E+00

0.32500E-03 0.60000E-03

303-333 303-333

0.31476E+01 0.24338E+01 0.30691E+01

–0.50003E-02 –0.11323E-02 –0.45458E-02

0.46673E-05 –0.13720E-05 0.39898E-05

149-294 157-295 155-296

0.24293E+01 0.21587E+01

–0.12095E-02 –0.22450E-03

–0.58741E-06 –0.12500E-05

283-333 293-323

–0.55185E+01

0.11746E+00

–0.23658E-03

274-328

0.11277E+02 0.75444E+02 0.48060E+01 0.70378E+02 0.36341E+02 0.66857E+02

0.67200E-02 –0.36617E+00 –0.50000E-02 –0.29385E+00 –0.97119E-01 –0.28552E+00

–0.50000E-04 0.47021E-03 –0.41495E-14 0.35289E-03 0.61896E-04 0.34422E-03

308-338 310-333 293-323 243-293 204-373 243-293

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids

6-158 Mol. form. C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12S C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13ClO C6H13I C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14OS C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2S C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14O6 C6H14O6 C6H14S C6H15B C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15OP C6H15O4P C6H15PS C6H16O2Si C6H16Si C6H18N3OP C6H18N4 C6H18OSi2 C6H18O3Si3

Name Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid 2-Ethylbutanoic acid tert-Butylacetic acid Pentyl formate Isopentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Methyl pentanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Cyclohexanethiol 1-Bromohexane 1-Chlorohexane 6-Chloro-1-hexanol 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine N-Propylpropanamide N-Butylacetamide** N,N-Diethylacetamide Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 3-Methyl-1-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Dipropyl sulfoxide 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Dipropyl sulfone 1,2,6-Hexanetriol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Triethylene glycol D-Glucitol D-Mannitol 1-Hexanethiol Triethylborane Hexylamine Dipropylamine Triethylamine Triethylphosphine oxide Triethyl phosphate Triethylphosphine sulfide Diethoxydimethylsilane Triethylsilane Hexamethylphosphoric triamide N,N´-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2ethanediamine Hexamethyldisiloxane Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane

T/K 293.2 298.2 296.2 296.2 292.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 301.2 293.2 298.2 303.2

εr 16.40 2.600 2.72 2.85 5.7 5.44 5.07 5.135 5.672 5.068 5.249 5.18 4.992 18.2 7.567

298.2 298.2 293.2 242.2 293.3 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 362.2 293.2 297.0 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 285.3 298.2 293.2 353.2 443.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 323.2 298.2 371.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2

5.420 5.82 6.104 21.6 5.35 4.547 118.1 104.0 32.1 1.8865 1.886 1.886 1.869 1.889 13.03 11.06 9.66 15.2 4.322 6.19 10.5 3.38 3.805 30.37 25.86 3.90 32.62 31.5 7.23 23.69 35.5 24.6 4.436 1.974 4.08 2.923 2.418 35.5 13.20 39.0 3.216 2.323 31.3 10.76

293.2 343.2

2.179 2.139

a 0.10173E+03 0.21730E+01

b –0.43072E+00 0.14840E-02

c 0.47926E-03 –0.16526E-06

Range/K 293-423 298-433

0.29257E+02 0.13825E+02 0.12427E+02 0.55435E+02 0.14323E+02

–0.14028E+00 –0.43994E-01 –0.32035E-01 –0.30494E+00 –0.46048E-01

0.20000E-03 0.48214E-04 0.24286E-04 0.46107E-03 0.49286E-04

288-323 253-353 273-323 273-323 273-323

0.48698E+02

–0.25660E+00

0.37237E-03

301-343

0.23290E+02

–0.71566E-01

0.65000E-04

303-323

0.15233E+02 0.15994E+02 –0.73364E+01 0.16685E+02

–0.44385E-01 –0.43647E-01 0.46377E+00 –0.61309E-01

0.43039E-04 0.33393E-04 –0.14202E-02 0.77262E-04

274-328 273-323 195-242 293-323

0.58846E+03 0.70739E+03

–0.22012E+01 –0.37369E+01

0.20870E-02 0.71585E-02

298-328 253-493

0.19768E+01 0.20745E+01 0.24739E+01 0.22740E+01 0.24305E+01 0.62744E+02

0.70933E-03 0.50871E-03 –0.23190E-02 –0.96229E-03 –0.20081E-02 –0.24214E+00

–0.34470E-05 –0.39286E-05 0.10714E-05 –0.14286E-05 0.53571E-06 0.24704E-03

293-473 273-323 273-323 273-313 273-323 233-513

0.14054E+03 0.14600E+02

–0.72925E+00 –0.72670E-01

0.97821E-03 0.11742E-03

243-393 161-297

0.84868E+02 0.14531E+03 0.99099E+01 0.70195E+02 0.26127E+03 0.28291E+02 0.91845E+02

–0.23486E+00 –0.65285E+00 –0.33403E-01 –0.15008E+00 –0.14552E+01 –0.11236E+00 –0.33827E+00

0.18198E-03 0.83503E-03 0.44048E-04 0.86506E-04 0.22765E-02 0.14000E-03 0.36062E-03

303-373 203-333 223-303 303-398 261-285 298-333 253-333

0.11774E+02

–0.37298E-01

0.41875E-04

273-333

0.80244E+01 0.11376E+02 0.29205E+01

–0.16627E-01 –0.49796E-01 –0.14007E-02

0.10874E-04 0.71792E-04 –0.13469E-05

253-373 243-323 233-323

0.61230E+02

–0.26047E+00

0.33333E-03

298-333

0.95666E+02 0.50699E+02

–0.29769E+00 –0.21730E+00

0.26407E-03 0.27582E-03

283-363 213-333

0.34537E+01

–0.61530E-02

0.61544E-05

213-313

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Mol. form. C6H19NSi2 C7F14 C7F16 C7H3Cl5 C7H4ClNO C7H5BrO C7H5ClO C7H5FO C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5NO C7H6ClNO2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7BrO C7H7BrO C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO2S C7H7ClO3S C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7I C7H7N C7H7N C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2S C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2S C7H8O2S C7H8S C7H8S C7H8S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N

Name Hexamethyldisilazane Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene 4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate Benzoyl bromide Benzoyl chloride Benzoyl fluoride (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Phenyl isocyanate 4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 2,6-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene (Dichloromethyl)benzene Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Bromotoluene m-Bromotoluene p-Bromotoluene (Bromomethyl)benzene o-Bromoanisole p-Bromoanisole o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene p-Chloroanisole p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene p-Iodotoluene 2-Vinylpyridine 4-Vinylpyridine Benzyl nitrite o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrothioanisole 2-Nitroanisole 3-Nitroanisole 4-Nitroanisole Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 2-Methoxyphenol 3-Methoxyphenol 4-Methoxyphenol Ethyl thiophene-2-carboxylate Methyl phenyl sulfone Benzenemethanethiol 4-Methylbenzenethiol (Methylthio)benzene Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline

T/K 294.2 298.2 289.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 301.2 301.2 301.2 301.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 343.2 314.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 308.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.0 303.2 331.2 346.0 293.2 318.2 338.2 296.35 298.2 298.2 298.2 303.2 294.2 298.2 298.2 333.7 293.2 373.2 298.2 323.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 333.2

6-159 εr 2.273 1.82 1.847 4.8 3.177 21.33 23.0 22.7 9.22 25.9 8.940 28.07 5.68 3.36 9.39 6.9 17.85 18.35 4.641 5.566 5.503 6.658 8.96 7.40 4.721 5.763 6.25 6.854 7.84 22.6 27.2 4.23 5.41 5.88 4.4 9.126 10.50 7.78 26.26 24.95 22.2 21.7 45.75 25.7 26.95 2.379 6.76 12.44 13.05 11.916 4.30 11.95 11.59 11.05 6.18 37.9 4.705 4.74 4.88 5.18 6.138 5.816 5.058

a 0.23358E+01

b 0.16127E-02

c –0.62078E-05

Range/K 294-333

0.40896E+01 0.84231E+02

–0.31667E-02 –0.31089E+00

0.32857E-03

288-348 283-313

0.57605E+02 0.17541E+02

–0.13354E+00 –0.29790E-01

0.87767E-04 0.15476E-05

273-453 293-353

0.35046E+02 0.51315E+02 0.10229E+02 0.11522E+02 0.10014E+02 0.18482E+02 0.12023E+02 0.74367E+01 0.11507E+02 0.13921E+02 0.20265E+01 0.17108E+02 0.64019E+01

–0.61271E-01 –0.15379E+00 –0.25050E-01 –0.24946E-01 –0.13918E-01 –0.57207E-01 –0.59116E-02 0.12648E-01 –0.31148E-01 –0.37186E-01 0.40060E-01 –0.45285E-01 0.30560E-01

0.16222E-04 0.14111E-03 0.20357E-04 0.15714E-04 –0.50000E-05 0.57321E-04 –0.13787E-04 –0.42128E-04 0.27143E-04 0.31786E-04 –0.87500E-04 0.35000E-04 –0.87500E-04

301-346 289-453 273-323 273-323 273-293 273-323 303-358 303-358 273-323 273-323 293-333 273-323 293-333

0.10420E+03 0.62492E+02

–0.41726E+00 –0.16235E+00

0.51607E-03 0.12844E-03

273-323 303-403

0.16684E+03 0.65402E+02 0.59811E+02 0.32584E+01 0.21633E+02 0.81716E+02 0.70253E+02 0.13661E+03 0.10887E+02 0.31751E+02 0.37279E+02 0.39483E+02

–0.58196E+00 –0.16460E+00 –0.10955E+00 –0.34410E-02 –0.71069E-01 –0.35039E+00 –0.28870E+00 –0.72127E+00 –0.32372E-01 –0.88173E-01 –0.12113E+00 –0.12142E+00

0.57382E-03 0.12560E-03 0.36042E-04 0.15937E-05 0.70590E-04 0.39878E-03 0.31979E-03 0.10225E-02 0.33629E-04 0.72953E-04 0.11698E-03 0.10841E-03

293-423 318-443 338-443 207-316 298-453 274-463 298-453 303-333 294-413 291-448 298-433 334-453

0.16628E+02 0.87052E+01 0.21841E+02

–0.68276E-01 –0.15347E-01 –0.97630E-01

0.94636E-04 0.95238E-05 0.13750E-03

298-358 323-358 303-343

0.10988E+02 0.13477E+02 0.78897E+01

–0.18976E-01 –0.35551E-01 –0.10196E-01

0.91958E-05 0.33135E-04 0.51190E-05

298-398 298-398 333-403

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids

6-160 Mol. form. C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H10N2 C7H11Cl3O2 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O5 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C7H14Cl2 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H15Br C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15I C7H15I C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16

Name N-Methylaniline 2-Ethylpyridine 4-Ethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine-1-oxide o-Methoxyaniline m-Methoxyaniline p-Methoxyaniline 1-Methyl-1-phenylhydrazine Isopentyl trichloroacetate 1,6-Heptadiene Cycloheptene Cycloheptanone 2-Methylcyclohexanone 3-Methylcyclohexanone 4-Methylcyclohexanone Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Cyclohexyl formate Butyl acrylate Monomethyl adipate Diethyl malonate Dimethyl glutarate 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1,3-diacetate 1-Heptene 2-Methyl-2-hexene 3-Ethyl-2-pentene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane 1,2-Dibromoheptane 2,3-Dibromoheptane 3,4-Dibromoheptane 1,7-Dichloroheptane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone Cyclohexanemethanol 2-Methylcyclohexanol* 3-Methylcyclohexanol* 4-Methylcyclohexanol* Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Methyl hexanoate 1-Bromoheptane 2-Bromoheptane 4-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 2-Chloroheptane 3-Chloroheptane 4-Chloroheptane 1-Iodoheptane 3-Iodoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane

T/K 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 303.2 298.2 333.2 292.2 293.2 293.0 295.0 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 304.2 293.2 301.2 293.2 304.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 295.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 333.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 291.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 295.2 295.2 293.2 295.2 295.2 295.2 298.2 295.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2

εr 5.96 8.33 10.98 9.60 7.33 46.11 5.230 8.76 7.85 7.3 7.287 2.161 2.265 13.16 14.0 12.4 12.35 2.67 6.47 5.25 6.69 7.550 7.87 9.80 2.092 2.962 2.051 2.0784 2.024 3.77 5.08 4.70 8.34 9.07 11.95 12.7 12.60 13.53 9.70 9.375 13.79 13.45 3.04 4.79 4.72 4.838 4.3 4.71 4.71 4.615 5.255 6.46 6.81 5.521 6.52 6.70 6.54 4.92 6.39 1.9209 1.9221 1.920 1.942

a

b

c

Range/K

0.36397E+02 –0.73831E+01 0.25895E+02 0.17714E+02 0.22765E+03 0.79911E+01 0.28179E+02 0.30149E+02

–0.15070E+00 0.14326E+00 –0.73900E-01 –0.39080E-01 –0.90760E+00 –0.92183E-02 –0.97840E-01 –0.10523E+00

0.18750E-03 –0.27500E-03 0.62500E-04 0.12500E-04 0.10011E-02 0.37879E-06 0.11027E-03 0.11467E-03

293-333 293-333 293-333 293-333 298-398 303-393 289-393 333-453

0.30815E+01 0.32309E+01 0.17511E+03

–0.36095E-02 –0.42373E-02 –0.11221E+01

0.16354E-05 0.32572E-05 0.19417E-02

184-293 227-363 258-298

0.38296E+02 0.11962E+02 0.14809E+02 0.20697E+02 0.28321E+02 0.21755E+01

–0.19109E+00 –0.23973E-01 –0.31207E-01 –0.57794E-01 –0.89073E-01 0.13896E-02

0.27006E-03 0.20608E-04 0.24066E-04 0.48405E-04 0.86891E-04 –0.57049E-05

301-343 293-433 304-393 293-433 258-374 273-323

0.25136E+01

–0.15089E-02

0.84915E-07

278-333

0.38348E+02

–0.12531E+00

0.12005E-03

253-413

0.41520E+02 0.52353E+02 0.10164E+03 0.17315E+03 0.65896E+02 0.65021E+02 0.36423E+01 0.12091E+02

–0.13839E+00 –0.17695E+00 –0.45839E+00 –0.98794E+00 –0.21954E+00 –0.22896E+00 –0.31996E-02 –0.36536E-01

0.13497E-03 0.15195E-03 0.54762E-03 0.14634E-02 0.14107E-03 0.17946E-03 0.39362E-05 0.39732E-04

253-393 293-333 333-368 273-323 273-323 273-323 288-423 253-353

0.15289E+02

–0.50621E-01

0.57753E-04

203-343

0.14279E+02

–0.39431E-01

0.32321E-04

273-323

0.11856E+02

–0.33493E-01

0.34368E-04

294-323

0.24740E+01 0.24759E+01 0.27089E+01 0.23771E+01

–0.22577E-02 –0.22535E-02 –0.37908E-02 –0.15140E-02

0.12428E-05 0.12500E-05 0.37500E-05 0.10093E-06

273-373 293-323 273-323 163-363

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Mol. form. C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O3 C7H16S C7H17N C7H18O3Si C8H4F6 C8H6 C8H6Cl2 C8H6Cl4 C8H6Cl4 C8H6O C8H7N C8H7NO2 C8H7NO4 C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9BrO C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O

Name 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol 2-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-3-hexanol 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-pentanol Ethyl pentyl ether Ethyl isopentyl ether Triethoxymethane 1-Heptanethiol Heptylamine Triethoxymethylsilane 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Phenylacetylene 2,5-Dichlorostyrene 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6dimethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4,6dimethylbenzene Phenoxyacetylene Benzeneacetonitrile 4-Methoxyphenyl isocyanate Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate Styrene Acetophenone Benzeneacetic acid Benzyl formate Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate (Hydroxyacetyl)benzene 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde Methyl salicylate 1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2-nitrobenzene Methyl 2-aminobenzoate Ethyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol 1-Phenylethanol Phenetole

6-161

T/K 293.2 293.2 293.2 291.3 293.2 293.2 293.7 296.1 296.2 297.0 297.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 303.2 298.2 298.2 293.2

εr 1.915 1.929 1.902 1.9419 1.930 11.75 9.72 7.07 6.18 3.257 4.990 3.248 3.158 6.020 3.6 3.955 4.779 4.194 3.81 3.845 5.98 2.98 2.58 8.0

293.2

5.4

298.2 299.2 333.2 300.1 293.2 298.2 353.2 303.2 298.2 302.7 298.2 303.2 314.4 298.2 298.2 298.2 313.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 273.4 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 343.2 303.2 338.2 313.2 333.2 323.2 293.2 293.2 293.2

4.76 17.87 10.26 27.76 2.4737 17.44 3.47 6.34 5.403 6.642 21.33 22.0 8.80 5.55 5.56 5.42 7.04 4.36 5.18 5.16 21.9 21.9 8.95 2.4463 2.562 2.359 2.2735 4.81 5.060 5.36 4.90 9.02 9.06 12.31 8.77 4.216

a 0.23414E+01 0.25637E+01 0.23979E+01 0.24007E+01

b –0.14362E-02 –0.26328E-02 –0.17436E-02 –0.16802E-02

c –0.51322E-07 0.16071E-05 0.17857E-06 0.36069E-06

Range/K 153-353 273-323 273-323 291-322

0.60662E+02 0.10050E+03 0.19586E+03 0.28995E+03

–0.24049E+00 –0.49793E+00 –0.11465E+01 –0.18499E+01

0.25155E-03 0.64504E-03 0.17175E-02 0.30109E-02

239-513 207-365 248-349 270-301

0.59724E+02

–0.32417E+00

0.47058E-03

244-372

0.37318E+02

–0.17095E+00

0.22022E-03

283-393

0.66541E+01

–0.55450E-02

–0.12500E-04

293-323

0.71333E+01 0.87794E+01

–0.97320E-02 –0.24363E-01

–0.12500E-05 0.25325E-04

273-333 253-373

0.82175E+02 0.20780E+02

–0.37416E+00 –0.31571E-01

0.53220E-03

299-343 333-403

0.44473E+01 0.26099E+02 0.24104E+01 0.26162E+02 0.11327E+02 0.17486E+02 0.42286E+02

–0.11422E-01 0.64048E-02 0.30000E-02 –0.11026E+00 –0.26707E-01 –0.51027E-01 –0.69215E-01

0.16000E-04 –0.11905E-03 0.14787E-03 0.22938E-04 0.50222E-04 –0.35714E-05

293-313 298-333 353-393 303-358 298-404 303-393 298-368

0.20501E+02

–0.39045E-01

0.68298E-05

223-398

0.23146E+02

–0.75753E-01

0.77778E-04

313-358

0.35969E+01 0.36163E+01 0.28421E+01 0.23140E+01 0.14399E+02 0.22125E+02 0.18049E+02 0.12284E+02 0.54423E+02 0.54251E+02 0.12170E+03 0.32971E+02 –0.15043E+02

–0.53169E-02 –0.40177E-02 –0.10191E-02 0.97221E-03 –0.41438E-01 –0.85543E-01 –0.54991E-01 –0.32996E-01 –0.21153E+00 –0.21647E+00 –0.63124E+00 –0.12042E+00 0.13752E+00

0.47500E-05 0.14286E-05 –0.21429E-05 –0.37500E-05 0.39244E-04 0.96548E-04 0.51656E-04 0.29867E-04 0.22508E-03 0.23542E-03 0.87776E-03 0.12809E-03 –0.24500E-03

293-323 273-323 273-323 293-363 343-433 303-363 338-455 313-453 333-453 323-453 278-333 293-423 293-313

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids

6-162 Mol. form. C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H10O2S C8H10S C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H12N2O2 C8H12O4 C8H12O4 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16Br2 C8H16Cl2 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O3 C8H17Br C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H17F C8H17I C8H17NO2 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18

Name 2-Methylanisole 3-Methylanisole 4-Methylanisole 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene Ethyl phenyl sulfone (Ethylthio)benzene p-Ethylaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 4-Ethoxyaniline Hexamethylene diisocyanate Diethyl maleate Diethyl fumarate 1,7-Octadiene cis-Cyclooctene 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexene 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexene Methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Cyclohexyl acetate Butanoic anhydride 2-Methylpropanoic anhydride Diisopropyl oxalate Diethyl succinate Dimethyl adipate Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-3-Octene trans-3-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene 3-Methyl-2-heptene* 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene Cyclooctane 1,8-Dibromooctane 1,8-Dichlorooctane 2-Octanone 3-Octanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Pentyl propanoate Isopentyl propanoate Butyl butanoate Propyl pentanoate Ethyl hexanoate Methyl heptanoate Isopentyl lactate 1-Bromooctane 2-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane 2-Chlorooctane 1-Fluorooctane 1-Iodooctane 1-Nitrooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane

T/K 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 333.7 348.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 288.2 298.2 296.2 293.0 296.0 296.0 296.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 295.0 298.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 288.2 296.2 293.2 293.2 273.2 298.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 273.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.95

εr 3.502 3.967 3.914 4.45 5.363 5.60 39.0 4.95 4.84 5.87 4.90 7.807 7.43 14.41 7.560 6.56 2.186 2.306 2.144 2.182 4.87 5.08 12.8 13.6 6.403 6.098 6.84 13.90 2.113 2.062 2.002 2.053 2.004 2.436 2.431 2.0908 2.116 7.43 7.64 9.51 10.50 2.85 2.64 4.42 4.552 5.21 4.39 4.0 4.45 4.355 11.2 5.0957 5.44 5.05 5.42 3.89 4.67 11.46 1.948 1.9519 1.9617 1.9498 1.9619

a 0.50825E+01 0.12830E+02 0.86608E+01 0.74604E+01 0.11911E+02 0.11289E+02

b –0.62297E-02 –0.49701E-01 –0.23510E-01 –0.13445E-01 –0.30804E-01 –0.20765E-01

c 0.28571E-05 0.66429E-04 0.25000E-04 0.10737E-04 0.29643E-04 0.11987E-04

Range/K 293-333 293-333 293-333 293-443 298-358 334-463

0.84052E+01 0.20990E+02

–0.13549E-01 –0.57419E-01

0.62835E-05 0.44286E-04

289-453 298-358

0.26715E+02 0.13953E+02

–0.42696E-01 –0.21969E-01

0.17817E-05

288-403 298-343

0.28376E+01 0.31115E+01 0.26443E+01 0.29951E+01

–0.17442E-02 –0.32058E-02 –0.17973E-02 –0.34615E-02

–0.16141E-05 0.16713E-05 0.35815E-06 0.24026E-05

214-293 269-406 211-374 213-373

0.10709E+02 0.80213E+01 0.11739E+02

–0.16328E-01 0.11810E-02 –0.17281E-01

0.56000E-05 –0.26400E-04 0.11447E-05

293-368 293-343 293-433

0.24348E+01

0.34200E-03

–0.50000E-05

273-323

0.25036E+01 0.94117E+00

–0.12460E-02 0.61520E-01

–0.23175E-06 –0.13333E-03

295-411 298-328

–0.16219E+02

0.18799E+00

–0.34156E-03

293-333

0.29391E+01

–0.38721E-03

0.17665E+02 0.79684E+01

–0.71718E-01 –0.12000E-01

0.95635E-04 0.15266E-13

273-373 298-318

0.11007E+02

–0.32800E-01

0.35714E-04

253-353

0.48649E+02 0.12404E+02

–0.21253E+00 –0.35050E-01

0.27619E-03 0.34542E-04

273-373 283-353

0.11346E+02

–0.25120E-01

0.13450E-04

274-328

0.12452E+02

–0.41229E-01

0.50108E-04

233-313

0.22590E+01

–0.84212E-03

–0.75758E-06

233-393

0.25821E+01

–0.26804E-02

0.19404E-05

294-324

288-423

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Mol. form. C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18OS C8H18O2 C8H18O2S C8H18O4 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C8H20O4Si C8H20Si C8H20Sn C8H23N5 C8H24O4Si4 C9H6N2O2 C9H6O2 C9H7N C9H7N C9H8O C9H8O4 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10OS C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3 C9H10O3

Name 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 3-Octanol 4-Octanol 2-Methyl-1-heptanol 3-Methyl-1-heptanol 4-Methyl-1-heptanol 5-Methyl-1-heptanol 6-Methyl-1-heptanol 2-Methyl-2-heptanol 3-Methyl-2-heptanol 4-Methyl-2-heptanol 5-Methyl-2-heptanol 6-Methyl-2-heptanol 2-Methyl-3-heptanol 3-Methyl-3-heptanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 6-Methyl-3-heptanol 2-Methyl-4-heptanol 3-Methyl-4-heptanol 4-Methyl-4-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Dibutyl sulfoxide 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol Dibutyl sulfone Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether Tetraethylene glycol 1-Octanethiol Dibutyl sulfide Octylamine Dibutylamine Ethyl silicate Tetraethylsilane Tetraethylstannane Tetraethylenepentamine Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one Quinoline Isoquinoline Cinnamaldehyde 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 1-Propenylbenzene Allylbenzene Isopropenylbenzene 4-Acetylthioanisole Ethyl benzoate Methyl 4-methylbenzoate Benzyl acetate Phenyl propanoate 4-Acetylanisole Ethyl salicylate Methyl 2-methoxybenzoate

T/K 293.2 292.1 291.49 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.1 290.3 290.6 290.4 290.3 292.2 289.6 290.0 278.5 290.1 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.3 290.0 296.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 313.2 293.2 323.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 293.2 343.2 293.2 298.2 305.8 333.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 355.2 293.2 306.2 303.2 293.2 313.2 308.2 294.2

6-163 εr 1.9645 1.9814 1.9869 1.960 1.943 1.9780 1.9738 10.30 8.13 5.55 4.48 5.16 2.884 4.63 7.68 10.54 3.43 7.47 3.59 7.5 6.41 3.260 3.013 3.312 3.832 4.992 3.338 7.46 2.902 7.58 4.50 3.0830 24.73 18.73 25.72 7.62 20.44 3.949 4.29 3.58 2.765 2.50 2.090 2.241 9.40 2.390 8.433 34.04 9.16 11.0 17.72 6.55 2.73 2.63 2.28 11.34 6.20 4.3 5.34 4.77 17.3 8.48 7.7

a

b

c

Range/K

0.26849E+01 0.25983E+01

–0.33712E-02 –0.28027E-02

0.32949E-05 0.24195E-05

292-324 292-324

0.23677E+01

–0.14768E-02

0.94261E-07

173-373

0.51647E+02 0.63760E+02 0.12505E+03 0.51049E+02 0.61698E+02 0.84687E+01 0.48612E+02 0.54581E+02 0.57997E+02

–0.20371E+00 –0.27643E+00 –0.70646E+00 –0.26664E+00 –0.33647E+00 –0.33712E-01 –0.26773E+00 –0.24772E+00 –0.23517E+00

0.21320E-03 0.31075E-03 0.10245E-02 0.37280E-03 0.49066E-03 0.49793E-04 0.39972E-03 0.29734E-03 0.24663E-03

258-513 213-513 223-383 243-403 236-328 241-316 237-332 235-328 265-328

0.39178E+02 0.39715E+02 0.68568E+02 0.77520E+02 –0.59739E+01 –0.38440E+01 –0.48003E+01 0.61967E+01 0.23037E+02 0.42102E+00 0.33354E+02

–0.17976E+00 –0.23115E+00 –0.40706E+00 –0.41724E+00 0.56700E-01 0.42327E-01 0.50740E-01 –0.63750E-02 –0.98029E-01 0.10427E-01 –0.14077E+00

0.24218E-03 0.36771E-03 0.67433E-03 0.59448E-03 –0.83125E-04 –0.61250E-04 –0.75000E-04 0.12479E-03 –0.20438E-05 0.17750E-03

229-329 240-333 230-279 239-329 343-403 343-403 343-403 343-383 283-383 230-333 230-330

0.86074E+02 0.91244E+01 0.65383E+01 0.67156E+02 0.57919E+02 0.66248E+02

–0.42636E+00 –0.21785E-01 –0.16172E-01 –0.16448E+00 –0.17128E+00 –0.16417E+00

0.55078E-03 0.21018E-04 0.14969E-04 0.92275E-04 0.12949E-03 0.12001E-03

208-318 283-393 293-314 313-393 233-333 323-398

0.83547E+02 0.63667E+01

–0.31691E+00 –0.87920E-02

0.34689E-03 0.18750E-05

253-333 273-333

0.77931E+01 0.52504E+01

–0.20015E-01 –0.10538E-01

0.19347E-04 0.71485E-05

273-373 243-323

0.40553E+02 0.36286E+01 0.22174E+02 0.11311E+03 0.33432E+02 0.14412E+03 0.41837E+02 0.69994E+01

–0.16681E+00 –0.56885E-02 –0.66982E-01 –0.33804E+00 –0.13497E+00 –0.79935E+00 –0.11060E+00 –0.14553E-02

0.20659E-03 0.50874E-05 0.68571E-04 0.31324E-03 0.17788E-03 0.11839E-02 0.10401E-03

213-333 296-333 293-353 343-423 258-323 298-323 306-354 333-416

0.18216E+02

–0.62361E-01

0.72884E-04

288-343

0.11727E+02

–0.30869E-01

0.32340E-04

303-358

0.18910E+02

–0.35623E-01

0.46529E-05

225-321

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids

6-164 Mol. form. C9H11Br C9H11NO C9H11NO C9H11NO2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O2S C9H12S C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H14OSi C9H14O6 C9H14Si C9H16O2 C9H16O2 C9H16O2 C9H16O4 C9H17N C9H18 C9H18Br2 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H19Br C9H19Cl C9H19NO C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20N2O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H21B

Name (3-Bromopropyl)benzene N-Ethylbenzamide N,N-Dimethylbenzamide Ethyl 2-aminobenzoate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Benzenepropanol α-Ethylbenzenemethanol α,α-Dimethylbenzenemethanol 1-Phenyl-2-propanol Benzyl ethyl ether 2,6-Dimethylanisole 3,5-Dimethylanisole Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate Benzenepropanethiol Benzylethylamine N-Propylaniline 2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline 4-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline Trimethylphenoxysilane Triacetin Trimethylphenylsilane 2-Nonenoic acid Cyclohexyl propanoate Ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Diethyl glutarate Nonanenitrile 1-Nonene 1,9-Dibromononane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone Di-tert-butyl ketone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Ethylheptanoic acid Heptyl acetate Pentyl butanoate Isopentyl butanoate Isobutyl pentanoate Methyl octanoate 1-Bromononane 1-Chlorononane N,N-Dibutylformamide Nonane 2-Methyloctane 4-Methyloctane 2,4-Dimethylheptane 2,5-Dimethylheptane 2,6-Dimethylheptane Tetraethylurea 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 3-Nonanol 4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol Tripropylborane

T/K 302.2 352.7 318.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.6 298.2 296.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 295.2 293.2 287.65 293.2 294.9 293.2 293.2 293.2 301.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.8 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2

εr 5.41 42.6 20.77 4.14 2.370 2.381 2.595 2.365 2.265 2.656 2.377 2.279 11.97 6.68 5.61 9.35 3.90 3.780 3.711 6.40 4.36 4.3 5.48 3.4 3.9 3.3953 7.11 2.3533 2.5 4.82 4.64 6.659 12.08 2.180 7.153 9.14 10.6 10.0 9.91 2.475 2.39 1.98 4.2 4.08 4.0 3.8 4.101 4.74 4.803 18.4 1.9722 1.967 1.967 1.89 1.89 1.987 14.29 8.83 6.66 4.49 3.69 3.54 2.026

a 0.11360E+02 –0.20109E+03 0.76725E+02

b –0.27471E-01 0.17866E+01 –0.26908E+00

c 0.25775E-04 –0.31065E-02 0.29409E-03

Range/K 302-358 353-389 318-443

0.26933E+01 0.31149E+01

0.21679E-03 –0.30801E-02

–0.44643E-05 0.19643E-05

273-323 273-323

0.76006E+01 0.31517E+01 0.38998E+01 0.94482E+02 0.44520E+02 0.57072E+01 0.10762E+03

–0.29118E-01 –0.30634E-02 –0.88072E-02 –0.45540E+00 –0.21505E+00 0.86568E-02 –0.56026E+00

0.41786E-04 0.14286E-05 0.11149E-04 0.59307E-03 0.29443E-03 –0.29580E-04 0.76915E-03

273-323 273-323 288-358 213-303 233-373 303-373 233-373

0.76700E+01 0.54981E+01

–0.18298E-01 –0.56651E-02

0.17143E-04 –0.14286E-05

293-333 293-333

0.82411E+01

–0.15034E-01

0.73617E-05

303-358

0.17819E+02 0.21463E+01

–0.53656E-01 0.32711E-02

0.57759E-04 –0.86264E-05

219-304 288-323

0.22710E+01 0.18931E+02

0.15797E-02 –0.57764E-01

–0.64286E-05 0.60000E-04

273-323 293-343

0.33178E+02 0.25039E+01

–0.11290E+00 0.67274E-03

0.11454E-03 –0.24180E-05

273-393 295-365

0.59029E+01

–0.49905E-02

–0.34292E-05

301-343

0.79870E+01 0.95528E+01

–0.10488E-01 –0.16200E-01

–0.13450E-05 –0.16365E-13

274-328 293-323

0.23894E+01

–0.14830E-02

0.14881E-06

253-393

0.52820E+02 0.97467E+02 0.10136E+03 0.55214E+02 0.27954E+01 –0.25463E+01

–0.18790E+00 –0.51103E+00 –0.55612E+00 –0.31920E+00 0.30000E-02 0.35320E-01

0.19580E-03 0.71429E-03 0.80000E-03 0.50000E-03 –0.52375E-13 –0.50000E-04

205-411 288-343 288-308 288-308 288-308 288-308

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Mol. form. C9H21N C9H21N C9H21O4P C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H7NO2 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14N2 C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H16O C10H17Cl C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O2 C10H18O4 C10H20 C10H20

Name Nonylamine Tripropylamine Tripropyl phosphate 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene 1-Nitronaphthalene Naphthalene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 6-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline Methyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate Dimethyl phthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 4-Ethylstyrene Dicyclopentadiene Tetrahydro-2-naphthol* 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol 2-Phenylethyl acetate Benzyl propanoate Phenyl butanoate Propyl benzoate Ethyl phenylacetate Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene L-Nicotine 1-Phenyl-2-methyl-2-propanol Butyl phenyl ether Thymol N,N-Diethylaniline γ-Terpinene d-Limonene l-Limonene Terpinolene α-Pinene β-Pinene α-Terpinene β-Myrcene Carvenone d-Fenchone 2-Chlorobornane Pinane cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Eucalyptol Cyclohexyl butanoate Diethyl adipate 1-Decene cis-5-Decene

T/K 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 333.2 363.2 373.0 413.0 333.2 393.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 328.9 293.2 298.2 298.2 313.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 297.2 303.0 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 356.0 293.2 298.2 293.2 333.2 303.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 294.2 368.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2

6-165 εr 3.42 2.380 10.93 4.768 5.04 19.68 2.54 5.03 4.95 5.20 5.26 7.24 9.31 8.48 6.58 5.31 8.66 2.771 3.350 2.43 11.70 10.68 9.55 4.93 5.11 4.48 5.78 5.320 2.359 2.357 2.359 2.318 2.2322 2.594 2.369 2.259 2.275 2.538 2.223 8.937 5.71 3.734 4.259 5.15 2.2738 2.3746 2.3738 2.2918 2.1787 2.4970 2.4526 2.3 18.8 12.8 5.21 2.1456 2.219 2.184 4.57 4.58 6.109 2.136 2.071

a 0.53575E+01 0.33380E+01 0.33166E+02 0.10561E+02 0.84861E+01 0.36267E+02

b –0.71982E-02 –0.86332E-02 –0.10514E+00 –0.27671E-01 –0.12357E-01 –0.41283E-01

c 0.19481E-05 0.18322E-04 0.10000E-03 0.27655E-04 0.26899E-05 –0.25595E-04

Range/K 293-373 243-293 293-373 293-323 274-328 333-403

0.16489E+02 0.92865E+01 0.10577E+02 0.19722E+02 0.11688E+02 0.17788E+02 0.21696E+02 0.19356E+02 0.19579E+02

–0.46700E-01 –0.10500E-01 –0.22114E-01 –0.60679E-01 –0.78400E-02 –0.32580E-01 –0.63400E-01 –0.61900E-01 –0.69970E-01

0.42857E-04 0.42501E-15 0.17857E-04 0.60714E-04 –0.25000E-04 0.12500E-04 0.62500E-04 0.62500E-04 0.80889E-04

373-453 413-453 333-453 393-473 293-333 293-333 293-333 293-333 329-371

0.29172E+01

0.12832E-02

–0.59453E-05

298-343

0.30564E+01 0.98978E+02

–0.20000E-02 –0.48267E+00

0.82443E-15 0.63008E-03

313-373 293-363

0.52377E+02

–0.24380E+00

0.33333E-03

273-323

0.42301E+01

0.13962E-01

–0.36426E-04

303-358

0.10927E+02

–0.20535E-01

0.11745E-04

303-358

0.28348E+01 0.27924E+01 0.28055E+01 0.25266E+01

–0.68586E-03 –0.38350E-03 –0.92614E-03 –0.25121E-03

–0.32143E-05 –0.37500E-05 –0.25000E-05 –0.24867E-05

273-323 273-323 273-323 277-333

0.33822E+01 0.26834E+01 0.21347E+02 0.21922E+02

–0.33630E-02 –0.10327E-02 –0.57177E-01 –0.84231E-01

0.17475E-05 –0.73533E-06 0.50655E-04 0.99475E-04

273-412 356-430 293-363 298-423

0.50773E+01

0.15399E-01

–0.50000E-04

303-328

0.25410E+01 0.26615E+01

–0.11420E-02 –0.21241E-02

0.15092E-06 0.16864E-05

293-373 293-373

0.14824E+02 0.19091E+01

–0.40749E-01 0.33442E-02

0.37600E-04 –0.87500E-05

293-343 273-323

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids

6-166 Mol. form. C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20Br2 C10H20Cl2 C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H21Br C10H21Cl C10H21NO C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22OS C10H22O5 C10H22S C10H23N C10H30O3Si4 C10H30O5Si5 C11H10 C11H10 C11H10O C11H10O C11H12O2 C11H12O3 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H16 C11H16 C11H22 C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H23Br C11H24 C11H24O C11H25N C12F27N C12H8O C12H10 C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H10O C12H10OS C12H10O2S C12H10S

Name trans-5-Decene 5-Methyl-4-nonene 2,4,6-Trimethyl-3-heptene 1,10-Dibromodecane 1,10-Dichlorodecane 2-Decanone Menthol 2,2-Dimethyloctanoic acid Octyl acetate 2-Methylheptyl acetate Pentyl pentanoate Isopentyl pentanoate Isopentyl isopentanoate Methyl nonanoate 1-Bromodecane 1-Chlorodecane N,N-Dibutylacetamide Decane 2,7-Dimethyloctane 4-Propylheptane 1-Decanol 2-Decanol 3-Decanol 4-Decanol 5-Decanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-octanol Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether Dipentyl sulfoxide Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipentyl sulfide Decylamine Decamethyltetrasiloxane Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene 1-Methoxynaphthalene 2-Methoxynaphthalene Ethyl trans-cinnamate Ethyl benzoylacetate Benzyl butanoate Phenyl pentanoate Butyl benzoate Isobutyl benzoate 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene 1-Undecene 2-Undecanone Nonyl acetate Pentyl hexanoate 1-Bromoundecane Undecane 1-Undecanol Undecylamine Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine Dibenzofuran Biphenyl trans-Azoxybenzene Diphenyl ether 2-Acetonaphthone Diphenyl sulfoxide Diphenyl sulfone Diphenyl sulfide

T/K 298.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 308.2 287.2 309.3 296.2 288.2 288.2 305.6 292.2 288.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 348.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 313.2 293.2 353.2 293.2 303.2 301.2 293.2 303.2 291.2 293.2 334.0 293.2 285.3 293.2 288.2 272.6 293.2 313.2 293.2 293.2 373.2 348.2 311.2 283.2 333.2 344.7 406.2 298.2

εr 2.030 2.175 2.293 6.56 6.68 8.3 3.90 2.8 4.18 4.27 4.076 3.6 4.39 3.943 4.44 4.581 19.1 1.9853 1.98 1.9955 7.93 5.82 4.05 3.42 3.24 7.86 2.798 2.817 18.8 7.68 3.826 3.31 2.370 2.50 2.915 2.747 4.020 3.563 5.63 13.50 4.55 4.30 5.52 5.39 2.264 2.358 2.137 8.3 3.87 4.22 4.61 1.9972 5.98 3.25 2.15 3.00 2.53 5.2 3.726 13.03 16.6 21.1 5.43

a

b

c

Range/K

0.17350E+02 –0.57423E+01

–0.50328E-01 0.94220E-01

0.48633E-04 –0.17500E-03

303-368 308-338

0.68202E+01

–0.15894E-01

0.20837E-04

309-358

–0.34691E+01 0.23285E+02 0.77641E+01

0.58106E-01 –0.11538E+00 –0.14335E-01

–0.10952E-03 0.17143E-03 0.73740E-05

288-323 288-323 306-393

0.14698E+02

–0.57726E-01

0.76190E-04

288-323

0.11202E+02 0.68741E+01

–0.33491E-01 –0.12210E-02

0.36314E-04 –0.22500E-04

274-328 293-323

0.24054E+01

–0.15445E-02

0.44643E-06

253-393

0.47195E+02 0.13621E+03 0.52090E+02 –0.11260E+02 –0.25832E+01 0.69536E+02

–0.20740E+00 –0.81000E+00 –0.31020E+00 0.93960E-01 0.31456E-01 –0.34596E+00

0.24942E-03 0.12500E-02 0.50000E-03 –0.15000E-03 –0.40000E-04 0.46250E-03

293-343 288-308 288-308 288-308 288-308 293-333

0.44690E+01

–0.63710E-02

0.25000E-05

293-323

0.61497E+01

–0.12801E-01

0.10606E-04

293-373

0.45126E+01

–0.76480E-02

0.75000E-05

293-333

0.71885E+01 0.56702E+01

–0.14838E-01 –0.69754E-02

0.13750E-04 0.28571E-05

293-333 353-373

0.93644E+01

0.74280E-01

–0.20000E-03

303-323

0.77854E+01

–0.34972E-02

–0.13149E-04

303-358

0.30196E+01 0.22132E+01

–0.22619E-02 0.13121E-02

0.83831E-06 –0.53571E-05

334-413 273-323

0.83503E+01

–0.18449E-01

0.14286E-04

288-323

0.23637E+01

–0.12500E-02

–0.85869E-16

283-363

0.54945E+01

–0.96161E-02

0.66017E-05

293-373

0.26869E+01

0.63072E-03

–0.30995E-05

348-428

0.14538E+03

–0.73040E+00

0.10000E-02

333-363

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Mol. form. C12H11N C12H11NO C12H12 C12H12O C12H14O2 C12H14O4 C12H16O C12H16O C12H16O2 C12H16O3 C12H16O3 C12H17NO C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H20O2 C12H22O C12H22O C12H22O6 C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H25Br C12H25Cl C12H25I C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O C12H27BO3 C12H27N C12H27N C12H27O4P C12H28O4Si C12H28Sn C12H30OSi2 C13H10O C13H10O3 C13H12 C13H12O C13H18O2 C13H20 C13H20O C13H20O C13H24O4 C13H26 C13H26O C13H26O2 C13H26O2 C13H27Br C13H28 C13H28 C13H28O C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12O2 C14H12O3 C14H14 C14H14O C14H15N C14H16O2Si C14H18O2

Name Diphenylamine N-1-Naphthylenylacetamide 1,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 1-Ethoxynaphthalene Propyl cinnamate Diethyl phthalate 2-Cyclohexylphenol 4-Cyclohexylphenol Pentyl benzoate Pentyl salicylate Isopentyl salicylate N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide Hexylbenzene 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene l-Bornyl acetate Dicyclohexyl ether Cyclododecanone Dibutyl tartrate 1-Dodecene Decyl acetate Ethyl decanoate Methyl undecanoate 1-Bromododecane 1-Chlorododecane 1-Iodododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol 2-Butyl-1-octanol Tributyl borate Dodecylamine Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate Tetrapropoxysilane Tetrapropylstannane Hexaethyldisiloxane Benzophenone Phenyl salicylate Diphenylmethane Benzyl phenyl ether Hexyl benzoate Heptylbenzene α-Ionone* β-Ionone* Diethyl nonanedioate 1-Tridecene 7-Tridecanone Ethyl undecanoate Methyl dodecanoate 1-Bromotridecane Tridecane 5-Butylnonane 1-Tridecanol Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzil Benzyl benzoate Benzyl salicylate 1,2-Diphenylethane Dibenzyl ether Dibenzylamine Dimethyldiphenoxysilane Pentyl cinnamate

T/K 323.2 433.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 328.2 404.2 293.2 301.2 293.12 298.2 293.2 293.2 449.0 303.2 293.2 303.2 314.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 363.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 300.2 290.2 303.2 313.2 293.2 293.2 292.4 297.65 303.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 281.15 293.2 293.2 333.2 502.0 383.2 368.2 303.2 301.2 331.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2

6-167 εr 3.73 24.3 2.7250 3.3 5.45 7.86 3.97 4.42 5.07 6.25 7.26 11.66 2.3 2.256 2.172 4.46 3.45 11.4 9.4 2.152 3.75 3.75 3.671 4.07 4.17 3.91 2.0120 5.82 3.28 2.23 3.07 2.340 8.34 3.21 2.267 2.259 12.62 6.92 2.540 3.748 4.80 2.26 10.78 11.66 5.133 2.139 7.6 3.55 3.539 4.19 2.0213 2.0319 4.02 2.649 2.72 13.04 5.26 4.12 2.47 3.821 3.446 3.500 4.89

a

b

c

Range/K

0.84739E+02

–0.12391E+00

–0.35714E-04

433-533

0.13129E+02

–0.19190E-01

–0.36060E-05

225-397

0.35710E+01 0.60791E+01 0.95324E+01 0.39327E+02

–0.46912E-02 0.98200E-02 –0.31740E-01 –0.13248E+00

0.35088E-05 –0.50000E-04 0.37500E-04 0.13298E-03

449-489 303-323 293-333 303-423

0.22581E+01

0.11106E-02

–0.50000E-05

273-323

0.70969E+01

–0.15080E-01

0.12500E-04

293-353

0.86103E+01 0.10002E+02 0.34641E+01 0.23697E+01 0.18518E+02

–0.20891E-01 –0.27798E-01 0.97404E-02 –0.12200E-02 –0.44859E-01

0.18994E-04 0.27559E-04 –0.27602E-04 –0.36375E-16 0.99900E-05

274-328 274-328 293-323 283-363 303-358

0.27999E+01 0.19846E+01 0.26304E+02

0.44810E-02 0.28108E-02 –0.88480E-01

–0.11905E-04 –0.54545E-05 0.92857E-04

303-373 233-293 293-373

0.36559E+01 0.34130E+02 0.26545E+02 0.30638E+01

–0.72406E-02 –0.10249E+00 –0.11180E+00 –0.17286E-02

0.85714E-05 0.10268E-03 0.15220E-03

298-333 300-420 290-358 303-333

0.14154E+01

0.66514E-02

–0.14286E-04

273-323

0.23731E+01

–0.12000E-02

–0.21841E-15

283-363

0.20571E+02

–0.69169E-01

0.66667E-04

502-516

–0.23599E+02 0.76856E+01

0.22715E+00 –0.80000E-02

–0.34667E-03 –0.80361E-15

368-393 303-358

0.31178E+01 0.80154E+01

–0.21572E-02 –0.20536E-01

0.59800E-06 0.21250E-04

331-451 293-333

0.51669E+01

–0.77001E-02

0.70156E-05

283-353

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids

6-168 Mol. form. C14H22 C14H26O4 C14H26O4 C14H28O2 C14H28O2 C14H28O2 C14H29Br C14H30 C14H30O C14H31N C15H12O4 C15H26O6 C15H30O2 C15H31Br C15H32 C15H32O C15H33N C15H33N C16H22O4 C16H32O2 C16H32O2 C16H32O2 C16H33Br C16H33I C16H34 C16H34O C16H35N C16H36Sn C17H12O3 C17H34O C17H34O2 C17H36 C17H36O C18H26O4 C18H28O2 C18H30O2 C18H30O4 C18H32O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C18H36O2 C18H36O2 C18H36O2 C18H36O2 C18H37Br C18H38O C18H39BO3 C18H39N C19H16 C19H18O3Si C19H32O2 C19H34O2 C19H36O2 C19H38O C19H38O2 C19H40 C20H30O4 C20H38O2 C20H40O2 C20H40O2 C20H40O2 C20H42O C20H42O

Name Octylbenzene Diisobutyl adipate Diethyl sebacate Dodecyl acetate Ethyl laurate Methyl tridecanoate 1-Bromotetradecane Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Tetradecylamine Phenyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate Tributyrin Methyl tetradecanoate 1-Bromopentadecane Pentadecane 1-Pentadecanol Pentadecylamine Triisopentylamine Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecanoic acid Ethyl myristate Methyl pentadecanoate 1-Bromohexadecane 1-Iodohexadecane Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Hexadecylamine Tetrabutylstannane 2-Naphthyl salicylate 9-Heptadecanone Methyl palmitate Heptadecane 1-Heptadecanol Dipentyl phthalate Phenyl laurate Linolenic acid Dicyclohexyl adipate Linoleic acid Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Stearic acid Hexadecyl acetate Ethyl palmitate Methyl heptadecanoate 1-Bromooctadecane 1-Octadecanol Trihexyl borate Octadecylamine Triphenylmethane Methyltriphenoxysilane Methyl linolenate Methyl linoleate Methyl oleate 10-Nonadecanone Methyl stearate Nonadecane Dihexyl phthalate Ethyl oleate Octadecyl acetate Ethyl stearate Methyl nonadecanoate 1-Eicosanol Didecyl ether

T/K 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 273.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 318.2 312.55 384.2 282.8 293.2 293.35 293.2 333.2 313.25 294.2 293.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 333.2 328.35 293.2 293.0 328.2 313.2 293.2 333.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 308.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 308.2 303.2 313.2 303.35 333.2 293.2 326.35 367.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 353.2 313.2 293.2 293.2 301.2 308.2 313.2 313.2 338.2 293.2

εr 2.26 5.19 4.995 3.6 3.94 3.442 3.84 2.0343 4.42 2.90 4.33 5.72 3.352 3.88 2.0391 3.70 2.85 2.29 6.58 2.417 3.50 3.296 3.68 3.57 2.0460 3.69 2.71 9.74 6.30 5.43 3.124 2.0578 3.41 6.00 3.28 2.825 4.84 2.754 2.336 4.54 2.314 3.19 3.07 3.07 3.53 3.38 2.22 2.67 2.46 3.628 3.355 3.466 3.211 5.37 3.021 2.0706 5.62 3.17 3.07 2.958 2.982 3.13 2.644

a

b

c

Range/K

0.39143E+02

–0.20965E+00

0.32000E-03

303-313

0.10058E+02 0.23832E+01 0.12272E+02

–0.33905E-01 –0.11900E-02 –0.24667E-01

0.43528E-04 –0.51229E-16 –0.13168E-13

274-328 283-363 318-358

0.13152E+02

–0.36684E-01

0.36795E-04

199-283

0.23792E+01

–0.11600E-02

–0.71069E-16

283-363

0.12444E+02

–0.20000E-01

0.52642E+01

–0.60000E-02

–0.47358E-15

293-353

0.58668E+01 0.79531E+01 0.23861E+01 0.85935E+01

–0.73333E-02 –0.22859E-01 –0.11600E-02 –0.14714E-01

–0.52666E-14 0.26955E-04 0.25555E-15 –0.45533E-13

298-328 293-323 293-363 333-363

0.56115E+02 0.11229E+02 0.44176E+02

–0.24812E+00 –0.18857E-01 –0.21183E+00

0.30682E-03 0.70332E-05 0.28571E-03

293-313 293-353 328-363

0.23627E+01

–0.10400E-02

–0.10397E-12

293-308

0.33867E+01

–0.19181E-02

274-368

0.32073E+01 0.25385E+01

–0.15477E-02 –0.69448E-03

275-368 275-368

0.27159E+01 0.47310E+01 0.57938E+01

–0.13300E-02 –0.50000E-02 –0.12294E-01

0.41338E-14 0.10919E-04

293-373 308-348 303-455

0.46790E+01 0.73784E+01

–0.30355E-02 –0.12000E-01

–0.24798E-05 –0.22871E-13

303-332 333-363

0.40201E+01

–0.66507E-02

0.65329E-05

367-448

0.57033E+01 0.44569E+01 0.70930E+01

–0.11223E-01 –0.45000E-02 –0.19081E-01

0.93447E-05 0.33923E-14 0.19555E-04

301-423 308-348 331-440

0.21700E+01 0.41465E+01

0.12497E-01 –0.62240E-02

–0.28571E-04 0.37500E-05

338-363 293-333

293-333

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Mol. form. C20H60O8Si9 C21H21O4P C21H38O6 C22H42O2 C22H44O2 C22H46 C22H46O C24H20O4Si C24H38O4 C26H50O4 C27H50O6 C30H58O4 C30H62 C30H62 C34H66O4 C34H68O2 C38H74O4 C39H74O6 C51H98O6 C57H104O6 C57H104O6 C57H110O6

Name Eicosamethylnonasiloxane Tricresyl phosphate* 1,2,3-Propanetriyl hexanoate Butyl oleate Butyl stearate Docosane 1-Docosanol Tetraphenoxysilane Dioctyl phthalate Dioctyl sebacate 1,2,3-Propanetriyl octanoate Ethylene glycol ditetradecanoate Triacontane 2,6,10,15,19,23Hexamethyltetracosane Ethylene glycol dipalmitate Hexadecyl stearate Ethylene glycol distearate Glycerol trilaurate Glycerol tripalmitate Glycerol trioleate Glycerol trielaidate Glycerol tristearate

Isomer was not specified in the original reference. Cubic term is needed; see introduction.

*

**

6-169

T/K 293.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 348.2 333.2 293.2 299.2 293.2 343.2 373.2 373.2

εr 2.645 6.7 4.476 4.00 3.120 2.0840 2.94 3.4915 5.22 4.01 3.931 2.98 1.9112 1.9106

348.2 333.2 353.2 313.2 328.2 293.2 313.2 353.2

2.89 2.61 2.79 3.287 2.901 3.109 2.980 2.740

a 0.57840E+01

b –0.16568E-01

c 0.20000E-04

Range/K 293-323

0.73894E+02

–0.46261E+00

0.75500E-03

298-343

0.82062E+01

–0.25069E-01

0.28571E-04

348-373

–0.29131E+01

0.32206E-01

–0.44154E-04

328-393

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF GASES This table gives the relative permittivity ε (often called the dielectric constant) of some common gases at a temperature of 20°C and pressure of one atmosphere (101.325 kPa). Values of the permanent dipole moment µ in Debye Units (1 D = 3.33564 × 10–30 C m) are also included. The density dependence of the permittivity is given by the equation  4π N α 4π N µ 2  ε −1 = ρm  + ε −2 9kT   3 where ρm is the molar density, N is Avogadro’s number, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and α is the molecular polarizability. Therefore, in regions where the gas can be considered ideal, ε – 1 is approximately proportional to the pressure at constant temperature. For nonpolar gases (µ = 0), ε –1 is inversely proportional to temperature at constant pressure.

Mol. form.

Name

ε

Compounds not containing carbon Air (dry, CO2 free) Ar Argon Boron trifluoride BF3 BrH Hydrogen bromide ClH Hydrogen chloride Nitrogen trifluoride F3N Sulfur hexafluoride F6S HI Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen H2 Hydrogen sulfide H2S Ammonia H3N He Helium Kr Krypton NO Nitric oxide Nitrogen N2 Nitrous oxide N2O Ne Neon Oxygen O2 Sulfur dioxide O2S Ozone O3 Xe Xenon

µ/D

1.0005364 1.0005172 1.0011 1.00279 1.00390 1.0013 1.00200 1.00214 1.0002538 1.00344 1.00622 1.0000650 1.00078 1.00060 1.0005480 1.00104 1.00013 1.0004947 1.00825 1.0017 1.00126

0 0 0.827 1.109 0.235 0 0.448 0 0.97 1.471 0 0 0.159 0 0.161 0 0 1.633 0.534 0

The number of significant figures indicates the accuracy of the values given. The values of ε for air, Ar, H2, He, N2, O2, and CO2 are recommended as reference values; these are accurate to 1 ppm or better. The second part of the table gives the permittivity of water vapor in equilibrium with liquid water as a function of temperature (derived from Reference 4).

References 1. A. A. Maryott and F. Buckley, Table of Dielectric Constants and Electric Dipole Moments of Substances in the Gaseous State, National Bureau of Standards Circular 537, 1953. 2. B. A. Younglove, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982; 16, 577, 1987 (for data on N2, H2, O2, and hydrocarbons over a range of pressure and temperature). 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Group IV, Vol. 4, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, 1980 (for data at high pressures). 4. G. Birnbaum and S. K. Chatterjee, J. Appl. Phys., 23, 220, 1952 (for data on water vapor). Mol. form.

Name

ε

µ/D

Compounds containing carbon Tetrafluoromethane CF4 CO Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide CO2

1.00121 1.00065 1.000922

0 0.110 0

CH3Cl

CH3Br

Bromomethane

1.01028

1.822

Chloromethane

1.01080

1.892

CH3F CH3I CH4 C2H2 C2H3Cl C2H4 C2H5Cl C2H6 C2H6O C3H6 C3H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10

Fluoromethane Iodomethane Methane Acetylene Chloroethylene Ethylene Chloroethane Ethane Dimethyl ether Propene Cyclopropane Propane Butane Isobutane

1.00973 1.00914 1.00081 1.00124 1.0075 1.00134 1.01325 1.00140 1.0062 1.00228 1.00178 1.00200 1.00258 1.00260

1.858 1.62 0 0 1.45 0 2.05 0 1.30 0.366 0 0.084 0 0.132

Permittivity of Saturated Water Vapor t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50

ε 1.00007 1.00012 1.00022 1.00037 1.00060 1.00095

t/°C 60 70 80 90 100

ε 1.00144 1.00213 1.00305 1.00428 1.00587

6-154

Section6.indb 154

4/29/05 4:20:11 PM

AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES J. Gmehling, J. Menke, J. Krafczyk, K. Fischer, J.-C. Fontaine, and H. V. Kehiaian Binary homogeneous (single-phase) liquid mixtures having an extremum (maximum or minimum) vapor pressure P at constant temperature T, as a function of composition, are called azeotropic mixtures, or simply azeotropes. The composition is usually expressed as mole fractions, where x1 for component 1 in the liquid phase and y1 for component 1 in the vapor phase are identical. Mixtures that do not show a maximum or minimum are called zeotropic. A maximum (minimum) of the P(x1) or P(y1) curves corresponds to a minimum (maximum) of the boiling temperature T at constant P, plotted as a function of x1 or y1 [see T(x1) and T(y1) curves, Types I and III, in Fig.1]. Azeotropes in which the pressure is a maximum (temperature is a minimum) are often called positive azeotropes, while pressure-minimum (temperature-maximum) azeotropes are called negative azeotropes. The coordinates of an azeotropic point are the azeotropic temperature TAz, pressure PAz, and the vapor-phase composition y1,Az , which is the same as the liquid-phase composition x1,Az. In the two-phase liquid-liquid region of partially miscible (heterogeneous) mixtures, the vapor pressure at constant T (or the boiling temperature at constant P) is independent of the global composition x1 of the two coexisting liquid phases between the equilibrium compositions x1¢and x1¢¢ (x1¢ < x1¢¢). The constant vapor pressure (boiling temperature) above the two-phase region of certain partially miscible mixtures is usually larger (smaller) than the vapor pressure (boiling temperature) at any other liquid-phase composition in the homogeneous region. In this case, the vapor-phase composition is inside the miscibility gap. Mixtures of this type are called heteroazeotropic mixtures, or simply heteroazeotropes. (Fig. 1, Type II), as opposed to the other types of azeotropes, called homoazeotropes. Only in a few cases partially miscible mixtures present a positive or negative azeotropic point in the single-phase region, outside the miscibility gap, similar to the azeotropic points of homogeneous mixtures (Fig. 1, Types IV and VI). A few binary mixtures, for example the system perfluorobenzene + benzene, may present two azeotropic points at constant temperature (pressure), a positive and a negative one. They are called double azeotropic mixtures, or simply double azeotropes. (Fig. 1, Type V). The knowledge of the occurrence of azeotropic points in binary and higher systems is of special importance for the design of distillation processes. The number of theoretical stages of a distillation column required for the separation depends on the separation factor a12, i.e. the ratio of the Ki-factors (Ki = yi/xi) of the components i (i = 1, 2). The required separation factor can be calculated with the following simplified relation (Reference 1):
12 = K1/K2 = (y1/x1)/ (y2/x2) = (1P1s)/ (2P2 s)

(1)

where i is the activity coefficient of component i in the liquid phase and Pis is the vapor pressure of the pure component i. In distillation processes, only the difference between the separation factor and unity (
12 – 1) can be exploited for the separation. If the separation factor is close to unity, a large number of theoretical stages is required for the separation. If the binary system to be separated shows an azeotropic point (
12 = 1), the sepa-

6-155

ration is impossible by ordinary distillation, even with an infinitely large number of stages. Following eq. (1) azeotropic behavior will always occur in homogeneous binary systems when the vapor pressure ratio P1s/ P2s is equal to the ratio of the activity coefficients g2/g1. Various thermodynamic methods based on gE-models (Wilson, NRTL, UNIQUAC) or group contribution methods (UNIFAC, modified UNIFAC, ASOG, PSRK) can be used for either calculating or predicting the required activity coefficients for the components under given conditions of temperature and composition (Reference 2). Because of the importance of azeotropic data for the design of distillation processes, compilations have been available in book form for quite some time (References 3-7). The most recent printed data collection was published in 1994 (Reference 8). A revised and extended version appeared in 2004 (Reference 9). A collection of approximately 47,400 zeotropic and azeotropic data sets, compiled from 6600 references, are stored in a comprehensive computerized data bank (Reference 10). The references from the above-mentioned compilations and from the vapor-liquid equilibrium part of the Dortmund Data Bank (Reference 11) were supplemented by references found from CAS online searches, private communications, data from industry, etc.. Over 24,000 zeotropic data and over 20,000 azeotropic data are available for binary systems. Nearly 90% of the binary azeotropic data show a pressure maximum. In most cases (ca. 90%) these are homogeneous azeotropes, and in approximately 7–8% of the cases heterogeneous azeotropes are reported. Less than 10% of the data stored show a pressure minimum. Approximately 21,000 of the data sets stored were published after 1970. The table below provides information about azeotropes for 808 selected binary systems. Compounds are listed in the modified Hill order, with carbon-containing compounds following those compounds not containing carbon. In columns 1 and 2 are the molecular formulas of components 1 and 2 written in the Hill convention. In column 3 the names of the components are given, either a systematic IUPAC name or a name in ubiquitous use. Columns 4, 5, and 6 contain the azeotropic coordinates of the mixtures: temperature TAz, pressure PAz, and vapor-phase composition y1,Az . The explanation of the type of azeotrope (column 7) is given by the following codes: O: homogeneous azeotrope in a completely miscible system L: homogeneous azeotrope in a partially miscible system E: heterogeneous azeotrope X: pressure maximum N: pressure minimum D: double azeotrope C: system contains a supercritical compound

References 1. Gmehling, J. and Brehm, A., Grundoperationen, Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1996. 2. Gmehling, J. and Kolbe, B., Thermodynamik , VCH-Verlag, Weinheim, 1992. 3. Lecat, M., Doctoral Dissertation, 1908.

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-156

A

B

C

0

I

y1

P

T

P

T

P

T

P

T

P

T

P

T

0

II

y1

0

III

y1

0

IV

y1

0

V

y1

0

VI

y1

0 0

x1

1

0

x1

1

0

x1

1

Figure 1 Different types of binary azeotropic systems: I - homogeneous pressure-maximum azeotrope in a completely miscible system (OX); II - heterogeneous pressure-maximum azeotrope (EX); III - homogeneous pressure-minimum azeotrope in a completely miscible system (ON); IV - homogeneous pressure-maximum azeotrope in a partially miscible system (LX); V - D: double azeotrope (OND, OXD); VI - homogeneous pressure-minimum azeotrope in a partially miscible system (LN). A y1(x1); B - P(x1) and P(y1); C - T(x1) and T(y1). Continuous line - (x1); Dashed line - (y1). 4. Lecat, M., L’Azeotropisme, Monograph, L’Auteur, Brussel, 1918. 5. Lecat, M., Tables Azeotropiques, Monograph, Lamertin, Brussel 1949. 6. Ogorodnikov, S. K., Lesteva, T. M., and Kogan V. B., Azeotropic Mixtures, Khimia, Leningrad, 1971. 7. Horsley, L. H., Azeotropic Data III, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1973.

8. Gmehling, J., Menke, J., Krafczyk, J., and Fischer, K., Azeotropic Data, 2 Volumes, VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 1994. 9. Gmehling, J., Menke, J., Krafczyk, J., and Fischer, K., Azeotropic Data, 2nd Ed., 3 Volumes, VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 2004. 10. Gmehling, J., Menke, J., Krafczyk, J., and Fischer, K., A Data Bank for Azeotropic Data, Status and Applications , Fluid Phase Equilib. 103, 51, 1995. 11. Dortmund Data Bank, www.ddbst.de

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-157

Molecular formula Comp. 1 AlCl3

Comp. 2

Name Aluminum chloride

TAz/K

Cl3OP

Phosphoryl trichloride Hydrogen chloride Water Thionyl chloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Sulfuryl chloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphoryl trichloride Niobium(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Germanium(IV) chloride 1,2-Dichloroethane Tetrachlorosilane Acetonitrile Molybdenum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Hydrogen fluoride Water Trichlorofluoromethane Nitric acid Water Water Trichloromethane Formaldehyde Formic acid Nitromethane Trichloroethene Acetonitrile 1,2-Dichloroethane Ethanol 1,2-Ethanediamine Acrylonitrile Acrolein Propanal Allyl alcohol Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Ethyl formate Propanoic acid 1-Bromopropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 2-Methoxyethanol Dimethoxymethane cis-2-Butenenitrile trans-2-Butenenitrile Pyrrole Methacrylic acid 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Isobutanal Ethyl acetate Butanoic acid 1,4-Dioxane Propyl formate Methyl propanoate 1-Bromobutane

660.15

ClH H 2O Cl2OS Cl3P Cl2O2S Cl3P Cl3OP Cl5Nb Cl5Ta Cl4Ge C2H4Cl2 Cl4Si C2H3N Cl5Mo Cl6W FH H 2O CCl3F HNO3 H2 O H2O CHCl3 CH2O CH2O2 CH3NO2 C2HCl3 C2H3N C2H4Cl2 C 2H 6O C 2H 8N 2 C 3H 3N C 3H 4O C 3H 6O C 3H 6O C3H6O2 C 3H 6O 2 C 3H 6O 2 C 3H 6O 2 C3H7Br C 3H 8O C 3H 8O C 3H 8O 2 C 3H 8O 2 C 4H 5N C 4H 5N C 4H 5N C 4H 6O 2 C 4H 8O C 4H 8O C 4H 8O C 4H 8O 2 C 4H 8O 2 C 4H 8O 2 C 4H 8O 2 C 4H 8O 2 C4H9Br

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Type

0.5150

101.33

ONC

389.34

0.1083

133.32

ONC

345.85

0.4200

101.33

OX

364.15

0.5000

101.33

ON

536.15 558.85

0.4020 0.4650

101.33 101.33

ON ON

350.75

0.4630

101.33

OX

321.05

0.6900

101.33

EX

274.70

0.9750

101.33

OX

382.15 283.15

0.3508 0.7840

101.33 129.45

ON EX

393.20

0.3820

101.33

ON

329.27 355.75 380.35 356.90 346.55 349.95 345.43 351.25 391.85 344.05 325.45 320.65 361.15 330.05 344.95 325.75 373.05 336.35 360.80 353.70 372.65 315.05 358.45 363.05 348.15 372.25 346.54 336.67 332.80 343.55 372.95 360.65 344.85 344.75 353.95

0.1603 0.9300 0.4272 0.5160 0.3560 0.3100 0.3570 0.1030 0.4450 0.2850 0.0730 0.0600 0.5562 0.1060 0.2520 0.0700 0.9500 0.2210 0.5680 0.3260 0.9441 0.0269 0.3832 0.6843 0.7514 0.9464 0.3480 0.1828 0.1698 0.2990 0.9559 0.5280 0.3090 0.3050 0.4950

101.33 53.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 103.62 101.30 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 99.99 101.38 101.33 101.33 50.13 98.93 101.33 101.33 100.99 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

EX OX ON EX EX OX EX OX ON EX LX LX OX LX OX EX OX EX OX OX OX LX EX EX EX OX LX OX EX EX OX OX EX EX EX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-158

Molecular formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H11N C 5H 5N C 5H 8 C 5H 8 C 5H 8O C5H8O2

C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C 6H 6 C 6H 7 N C 6H 7 N C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H12 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H13N C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O3 C6H15N C6H15N C 7H 8 C 7H 8 O C 7H 9 N C7H12O4 C7H14 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16O C 8H 8 C 8H 8 O C8H10

Name 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Butylamine Pyridine 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Methylenecyclobutane Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyl-2-butene 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol 3-Pentanone Isopropyl acetate Propyl acetate Butyl formate Isobutyl formate 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol Benzene Aniline 4-Methylpyridine Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Methyldihydropyran (unspecified isomer) 4-Vinyl-1,3-dioxane 1-Hexene Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate 4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane 4,5-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane (unspecified isomer) 4-Ethyl-1,3-dioxane Diacetone alcohol Propyl propanoate Cyclohexylamine Hexane Butyl ethyl ether 1-Hexanol Di(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether Diisopropylamine Dipropylamine Toluene Benzyl alcohol 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 1,2-Propanediol diacetate 1-Heptene Isopentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Heptane 1-Heptanol Styrene Acetophenone m-Xylene

TAz/K 348.45 333.95 365.45 360.50 353.00 349.85 367.30 305.85 313.15 361.65 354.45 309.75 369.55 333.15 359.25 356.05 349.75 355.91 356.95 352.75 367.97 360.85 369.08 363.15 342.35 372.55 370.50 343.95 369.45 360.75 367.65 318.15 363.35 361.05 366.00 365.05 365.75 370.00 362.05 369.55 334.75 349.85 367.89 372.70 347.25 359.00 357.25 373.05 369.17 358.15 350.20 367.05 367.95 352.35 371.99 367.15 371.15 365.15

y1,Az 0.3730 0.1970 0.7540 0.6200 0.4011 0.0700 0.7500 0.0520 0.0212 0.7060 0.4996 0.0650 0.9141 0.8680 0.5770 0.4750 0.3960 0.5228 0.5360 0.4460 0.8265 0.6355 0.8633 0.7550 0.2980 0.9580 0.8972 0.3090 0.8694 0.5841 0.8955 0.1510 0.7013 0.6440 0.7779 0.7966 0.7257 0.9900 0.6600 0.8692 0.2110 0.4070 0.9432 0.9679 0.3654 0.6046 0.5230 0.9840 0.8647 0.9740 0.4100 0.7990 0.8340 0.4510 0.9703 0.8000 0.9675 0.7667

PAz/kPa 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.30 101.19 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.75 101.33 92.49 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 100.93 101.33 63.35 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.50 101.30 90.79 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 59.41 101.33 101.46 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.19 101.33

Type EX LX EX LX OX OX OX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX LX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX OX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX OX EX OX EX EX EX OX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-159

Molecular formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2

C8H10 C8H10 C8H16O2 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H19N C9H10 C9H12 C9H12O C9H20 C9H20O C10H22 C10H22O C12H27N CCl4

C 2H 6 O C 3H 6 O C 3H 8 O C 3H 8O C 4H 6O C 4H 6O C 4H 8O C 4H 8O 2 C4H10O C4H10O C5H10O CS2 CH4O CHCl3 CH4O C 2H 6O C 3H 6O C 3H 6O 2 C 3H 8O C 4H 6O C6H12 C6H14 CHN C3H5Cl CH2Cl2 C 2H 6O CH2O2 C2H4Cl2 C5H10O2 C8H10 CH3NO2 C 2H 6O C3H7Br C 4H 8O 2 C5H10 C7H14 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C11H24

Name p-Xylene Ethylbenzene Butyl butanoate Octane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Dibutyl ether 1-Octanol Dibutylamine Isopropenylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 2-Phenyl-2-propanol Nonane 1-Nonanol Decane 1-Decanol Tributylamine Tetrachloromethane Ethanol Acetone 1-Propanol 2-Propanol

TAz/K 365.15 364.15 369.85 362.75 351.95 368.65 372.75 370.05 369.95 368.15 371.25 367.95 373.00 370.75 373.13 372.80

2-Butenal 2-Methylpropenal 2-Butanone Ethyl acetate 1-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol Carbon disulfide Methanol Trichloromethane Methanol Ethanol Acetone Methyl acetate 2-Propanol 2-Butenal 2-Methyl-1-pentene Hexane Hydrogen cyanide 3-Chloropropene Dichloromethane Ethanol Formic acid 1,2-Dichloroethane Butyl formate m-Xylene Nitromethane Ethanol 1-Bromopropane 1,4-Dioxane 2-Methyl-2-butene Methylcyclohexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Undecane

y1,Az 0.7450 0.7221 0.9110 0.6850 0.4420 0.7628 0.9820 0.8850 0.8880 0.8340 0.9718 0.8280 0.9846 0.9180 0.9865 0.9762

PAz/kPa 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.46

Type EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX

338.19 341.25 346.28 341.83

0.6140 0.0337 0.8032 0.6686

101.33 149.93 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX

348.15 339.15 346.99 347.95 349.71 348.95 348.45

0.6500 0.6000 0.6630 0.5700 0.9500 0.9080 0.9009

97.86 97.86 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.06

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

310.65

0.7000

101.33

LX

328.15 332.45 337.58 337.51 334.15 329.15 333.95 333.45

0.6480 0.8410 0.6398 0.6760 0.9500 0.9950 0.6235 0.7840

107.99 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 97.86 101.19 101.33

OX OX ON ON OX OX OX OX

296.45

0.8016

101.33

OX

312.05

0.9600

101.33

OX

350.17 372.15 365.95

0.4275 0.8700 0.8545

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX EX

333.15 343.25 373.25 311.15 354.85 353.25 363.38 369.29 371.96 373.16

0.2850 0.1020 0.4101 0.0570 0.5123 0.4790 0.6964 0.8403 0.9239 0.9619

53.61 99.82 101.48 101.33 101.33 101.33 99.73 99.73 99.73 99.73

OX OX OX LX EX EX EX EX EX EX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-160

Molecular formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C12H26

CH4O C2HBrClF3 C2H5Br C3H5Cl C3H6O C 3H 6O 2 C 3H 6O 2 C 3H 6O 2 C 3H 6O 3 C3H7Cl C4H4F6O C 4H 6O 2 C 4H 8O C 4H 8O C 4H 8O 2 C4H10O C4H10O2 C 5H 3F 9 O C5H6 C 5H 8 C 5H 8 C 5H 8 C 5H 8 C 5H 8 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H14N2 C 6F 6 C 6H 5F C 6H 6 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C 7H 8 C7H14 C7H16 C7H16O C8H18 C9H20 C2Cl3F3 C 2H 3F 3 O

Name Dodecane Methanol 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Bromoethane 3-Chloropropene Acetone Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Ethyl formate Dimethyl carbonate 1-Chloropropane Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether Vinyl acetate 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Ethyl acetate Diethyl ether Dimethylacetal 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoro-3(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propane 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Methylenecyclobutane 1-Methylcyclobutene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 1-Pentene 2,3-Epoxy-2-methylbutane Isopentane Pentane Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether Diethoxymethane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethylmethanediamine Hexafluorobenzene Fluorobenzene Benzene Cyclohexane 2-Methyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethylbutane Hexane tert-Butyl ethyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane Toluene Methylcyclohexane Heptane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane Octane Nonane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol

TAz/K 373.75

y1,Az 0.9846

PAz/kPa 99.73

Type EX

317.25 308.05 312.15 328.29 328.15 334.66 318.15 337.25 313.35 326.28 332.05 323.15 332.75 335.66 305.15 330.35

0.1890 0.1610 0.2570 0.2400 0.3480 0.6910 0.3000 0.8504 0.2500 0.4450 0.6182 0.8020 0.5040 0.7120 0.0500 0.4700

93.33 101.33 100.39 101.33 107.19 101.30 81.34 102.52 101.59 101.30 101.33 58.80 101.33 101.33 93.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

330.67 309.05 303.55 309.05 304.85 311.10 309.65 300.55 291.05 306.25 300.05 334.95 297.05

0.5600 0.2120 0.1670 0.2190 0.1900 0.2300 0.2110 0.1720 0.0890 0.2160 0.1469 0.6590 0.0930

101.30 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 102.47 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

303.20 330.00 325.00 330.00 336.03 334.15 335.15 318.15 333.35 331.56 328.75 330.00 313.15 333.15 330.95 330.00 335.00 335.55 336.65 333.15 331.95 335.15 335.55 337.25

0.1930 0.5515 0.3140 0.4050 0.8127 0.7250 0.7670 0.6100 0.6625 0.6090 0.6090 0.4517 0.3620 0.5160 0.6002 0.5390 0.8010 0.7735 0.8820 0.7520 0.7279 0.8736 0.8830 0.9526

101.30 100.08 103.15 112.25 101.52 100.00 101.33 61.73 101.62 101.33 106.66 141.80 85.50 149.64 101.54 101.61 98.84 101.69 101.33 102.87 101.33 97.28 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX EX OX OX LX OX

316.58

0.7770

101.33

EX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-161

Molecular formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C 2H 6O C 3H 8O C4H10O

C2Cl4 C2H3Cl3 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H18 C2Cl4F2 C2H4Cl2 C2HBrClF3 C4H10O C2HCl3 C2H4Cl2 C 2H 6O C 4H 6O C6H12 C2H2Cl2 C 5H 3F 9 O C2H3N C 3H 8O C 4H 6O 2 C 4H 8O C 4H 8O C4H10O C 5H 8 C 5H 8 C 5H 8O 2 C5H10 C5H10 C5H12 C 6H 6 C6H14O C7H16O C10H20 C2H4Cl2 C 3H 8O C6H14 C2H4Cl2 C 3H 8O C4H10O C4H10O C7H14 C8H18 C2H4O C 4H 6 C 5H 8 C2H4O2 C 5H 5N C5H12O C 6H 7N C6H10O2 C6H14 C 7H 9N C7H16 C8H10

Name Ethanol 2-Propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Tetrachloroethene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene Octane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Diethyl ether Trichloroethene 1,2-Dichloroethane Ethanol 2-Butenal Cyclohexane trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoro-3(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propane Acetonitrile 2-Propanol Vinyl acetate 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Methylenecyclobutane Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyl-2-butene 1-Pentene Isopentane Benzene 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 1-Decene 1,1-Dichloroethane 2-Propanol Hexane 1,2-Dichloroethane 2-Propanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Methylcyclohexane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Acetaldehyde 1,3-Butadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Acetic acid Pyridine 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2-Methylpyridine Vinyl butanoate Hexane 2,4-Dimethylpyridine Heptane o-Xylene

TAz/K 317.75 319.35 319.95

y1,Az 0.8456 0.9159 0.9426

PAz/kPa 101.42 100.95 101.09

Type OX OX OX

385.95 393.15 393.65 393.45 371.90

0.2115 0.5900 0.7100 0.6700 0.8781

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 53.44

OX OX OX OX OX

353.80

0.2700

101.33

OX

323.65

0.7200

93.33

ON

355.35 343.85 360.15 353.40

0.3324 0.4741 0.9000 0.0975

101.36 101.33 97.86 101.32

OX OX OX OX

318.50

0.8390

101.30

OX

348.15 344.65 352.15 338.95 333.15 306.75 312.45 355.25 308.95 301.85 298.45 328.15 346.13 348.85 354.55

0.5287 0.1948 0.3195 0.0784 0.6200 0.0410 0.1450 0.9866 0.1320 0.0830 0.1040 0.4560 0.5835 0.7219 0.9924

100.81 98.33 101.15 101.13 56.93 101.33 101.33 102.07 101.33 101.33 101.33 54.65 100.56 98.99 100.51

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX EX OX OX OX OX

329.55 329.30

0.8928 0.8025

101.60 101.21

OX OX

347.25 356.05

0.5258 0.9173

100.32 101.26

OX OX

349.45 354.65 343.15

0.5336 0.8036 0.7600

101.43 101.21 73.13

OX OX OX

268.15 292.23

0.0520 0.8140

101.33 101.33

OX OX

411.25 392.65 417.27 386.45 341.40 435.45 364.95 389.75

0.5780 0.7210 0.5120 0.5750 0.0839 0.3022 0.4490 0.8640

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

ON ON ON OX OX ON OX OX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-162

Molecular formula Comp. 1

C5H8 C 5H 8 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O2 C 6H 5F C 6H 6 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O

Name p-Xylene Octane Nonane Decane Undecane Methyl formate Bromoethane Diethyl ether 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 2-Methyl-2-butene Isopentane Pentane Hexane Bromoethane 2-Methyl-2-butene Isopentane Nitroethane 2-Methyl-1-propanol Heptane Ethanol Acrylonitrile Methyl acetate 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl 1,1,1trifluoroethyl ether Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Ethyl acetate 1,4-Dioxane Methyl propanoate Butylamine 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoro-3(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propane 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 2,3-Epoxy-2-methylbutane 3-Methyl-2-butanone 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Isopropyl acetate Methyl butanoate Isopentane Pentane Methyl tert-butyl ether Diethoxymethane Fluorobenzene Benzene Cyclohexane Hexane tert-Butyl ethyl ether 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane

C 7H 8 C7H16O C8H18 C8H18

Toluene 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane Octane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

Comp. 2 C8H10 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C11H24

C2H4O2 C2H5Br C4H10O C 5H 8 C5H10 C5H12 C5H12 C6H14 C2H5Br C5H10 C5H12 C2H5NO2 C4H10O C7H16 C2H6O C 3H 3N C 3H 6O 2 C 4H 3F 7 O C 4H 4F 6 O C 4H 8O C 4H 8O C 4H 8O C 4H 8O 2 C 4H 8O 2 C 4H 8O 2 C4H11N C 5H 3F 9 O

TAz/K 388.40 378.85 386.05 390.05 391.15

y1,Az 0.8200 0.6870 0.8250 0.9250 0.9720

PAz/kPa 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

Type OX OX OX OX OX

303.05 301.55 298.90 297.75 291.55 294.85 302.65

0.7360 0.6030 0.5150 0.5760 0.4920 0.5740 0.8490

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

308.55 300.55

0.5110 0.2180

101.33 101.33

OX OX

375.81 362.95

0.4080 0.3520

101.33 101.33

OX OX

343.95 329.79

0.4440 0.0362

101.33 101.33

OX OX

326.67 331.90 345.45 347.15 344.95 344.85 351.33 346.30 354.99

0.2000 0.2840 0.3690 0.5080 0.1290 0.4590 0.9480 0.5140 0.5900

101.30 101.30 101.33 101.33 125.00 101.33 101.33 103.91 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX ON

337.88 305.95 323.40 309.79 323.44 343.45 350.85 351.15 351.33 349.85 346.30 299.95 307.15 327.75 348.30 343.85 341.25 337.95 331.65 339.95 346.81

0.3980 0.1500 0.1440 0.0795 0.1800 0.2930 0.8250 0.9779 0.9590 0.7010 0.8800 0.0540 0.0537 0.0380 0.6497 0.4752 0.4600 0.4540 0.3410 0.3728 0.5820

101.30 101.33 134.00 101.33 121.00 101.33 101.33 100.50 101.33 101.33 83.88 101.33 101.33 101.33 102.35 101.54 101.33 102.26 101.33 101.72 101.32

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

349.75 349.35 349.85 344.42

0.8152 0.7644 0.8250 0.6450

101.33 101.54 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-163

Molecular formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C9H20

C2H6O2 C5H12O3 C6H14O3 C 7H 8O C7H16O3 C7H16O3 C7H16O3 C8H11N C8H18O3 C8H18O3 C8H18O3 C9H20O3 C10H22O3 C3H3N C 5H 8 C 6H 6 C6H12 C6H14 C3H4O C 5H 8 C3H6O C 5H 8 C 5H 8 C3H6O C 3H 6O 2 C3H7Br C 4H 8O C4H9Cl C5H8 C 5H 8 C 5H 8 C5H10 C5H10 C5H12 C5H12O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C6H15N C7H14 C3H6O C5H10O2 C 6H 6 C6H12 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C6H10 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12

Name Nonane 1,2-Ethanediol Di(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether Di(ethylene glycol) monoethyl ether o-Cresol Di(ethylene glycol) monoisopropyl ether Di(ethylene glycol) monopropyl ether Di(propylene glycol) monomethyl ether (unspecified isomer) 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine Di(ethylene glycol) monobutyl ether Di(ethylene glycol) monoisobutyl ether Di(propylene glycol) monoethyl ether (unspecified isomer) Di(propylene glycol) monopropyl ether (unspecified isomer) Di(propylene glycol) monobutyl ether (unspecified isomer) Acrylonitrile Methylenecyclobutane Benzene Cyclohexane Hexane Acrolein 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Propanal 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Methylenecyclobutane Acetone Methyl acetate 1-Bromopropane Tetrahydrofuran 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Methylenecyclobutane 1-Methylcyclobutene 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Isopentane Methyl tert-butyl ether Cyclohexane 1-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene Hexane Diisopropyl ether Triethylamine Methylcyclohexane Allyl alcohol Ethyl propanoate Benzene Cyclohexane Methyl acetate 1-Bromopropane Cyclohexene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 1-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene

TAz/K 351.35

y1,Az 0.9400

PAz/kPa 101.33

Type OX

463.95 467.15 462.67 466.35 468.55

0.4388 0.6480 0.3797 0.6964 0.8448

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX

457.65 443.65 469.15 467.55

0.3500 0.1734 0.9102 0.8355

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX

458.65

0.4800

101.33

OX

463.15

0.6590

101.33

OX

465.75

0.8130

101.33

OX

313.80 347.45 337.75 330.90

0.1275 0.5575 0.4836 0.4048

101.33 101.46 101.94 101.05

OX OX OX OX

306.45

0.1980

101.33

OX

306.35 311.30

0.1700 0.3600

101.33 101.33

OX OX

328.85 328.75 328.85 322.05 306.95 311.25 307.75 303.25 308.75 298.75 324.35 330.05 323.35 333.40 322.95 327.10 318.15 318.15

0.6470 0.9915 0.9603 0.1944 0.0610 0.2800 0.2220 0.1400 0.2440 0.1730 0.4824 0.7590 0.5973 0.5793 0.6480 0.7424 0.9800 0.9500

101.33 99.75 100.35 102.11 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 102.19 109.32 101.40 140.60 101.33 100.17 68.13 68.66

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

367.65 349.90 333.15

0.5597 0.2203 0.2790

99.79 101.33 63.98

OX OX OX

329.60 330.35 328.65 325.85 323.15 325.15

0.9727 0.9121 0.8000 0.6917 0.6340 0.5931

99.56 102.87 101.33 99.50 92.08 100.38

OX OX OX OX OX OX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-164

Molecular formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C6H14 C7H16

C3H6O2 C3H7Br C6H12 C3H6O2 C 5H 5N C3H6O3 C5H12O2 C 6H 6 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C7H16 C3H7Br C 3H 8O C6H12 C3H7NO C7H16 C10H16 C10H16 C3H7NO2 C7H16 C3H7NO2 C7H16 C3H8O C 4H 3F 7 O C 4H 4F 6 O C 4H 6O 2 C 4H 8O 2 C5H10O2 C5H12O2 C 6H 6 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O2 C6H14 C 7H 8 C7H16 C 8H 8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H14 C8H18 C8H18 C9H20 C3H8O C 4H 4F 6 O C 4H 6O 2 C 4H 8O C4H10O C 5H 3F 9 O C5H8

Name Hexane Heptane Ethyl formate 2-Bromopropane Cyclohexane Propanoic acid Pyridine Dimethyl carbonate Diethoxymethane Benzene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexane Dipropyl ether Heptane 1-Bromopropane 2-Propanol Cyclohexane N,N-Dimethylformamide Heptane 1,4-Dimethyl-4-vinylcyclohexene 1-Methyl-3(1-methylethylidene)cyclohexene 1-Nitropropane Heptane 2-Nitropropane Heptane 1-Propanol 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl 1,1,1trifluoroethyl ether Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether 2,3-Butanedione 1,4-Dioxane Propyl acetate Diethoxymethane Benzene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane Hexane Toluene Heptane Styrene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 1-Octyne Octane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Nonane 2-Propanol Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether 2,3-Butanedione 2-Butanone 2-Methyl-2-propanol 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoro-3(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propane 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene

TAz/K 326.65 323.15

y1,Az 0.6590 0.9570

PAz/kPa 106.66 79.48

Type OX OX

326.15 323.15

0.7090 0.8210

101.33 91.46

OX OX

421.75

0.6860

101.33

ON

358.71 353.50 346.95 342.35 338.15 356.45 355.15

0.4437 0.1366 0.3780 0.2680 0.2540 0.5044 0.5930

100.42 100.48 101.49 103.46 98.46 100.73 99.67

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

339.15 343.35

0.7349 0.9219

99.97 98.84

OX OX

370.15 415.65

0.0800 0.5880

101.33 101.33

OX OX

419.05

0.7250

101.33

OX

369.25

0.1630

101.33

OX

367.55

0.2920

101.33

OX

329.23 336.22 359.30 365.30 367.88 359.01 350.20 347.68 340.85 368.20 348.15 365.35 357.65 369.08 369.85 369.90 369.60 369.00 366.85 357.89 369.95

0.0350 0.1100 0.3600 0.6418 0.6190 0.2320 0.2060 0.2490 0.1729 0.9597 0.1900 0.6770 0.4830 0.9884 0.9886 0.9531 0.9531 0.8600 0.7483 0.4580 0.9225

101.30 101.30 100.67 101.30 101.33 99.43 101.33 101.33 101.19 101.30 137.23 101.33 101.33 98.13 98.66 99.06 99.99 101.33 101.33 101.30 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

334.16 350.85 350.55 343.05

0.2230 0.6454 0.3830 0.5551

101.30 100.95 101.33 60.27

OX OX OX ON

341.23 307.05

0.3420 0.0150

101.30 101.33

OX OX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-165

Molecular formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H12 C5H12O2 C 6H 5F C 6H 6 C6H10 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C6H15N C 7H 8 C7H14 C7H16 C7H16O C8H18 C8H18

C3H8O2 C 8H 8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C3H8O2 C 5H 6 C 5H 8 C 5H 8 C 5H 8 C3H8O2 C7H16O3 C8H18O3 C9H20O3 C9H20O3 C10H22O3 C10H22O3 C3H8O2 C5H12O3 C6H14O3 C4H6 C 4H 8 C4H6O C 7H 8 C8H18 C4H6O2 C6H12 C6H14 C4H6O2 C 7H 8

Name 2-Methyl-2-butene 2,3-Epoxy-2-methylbutane 3-Methyl-2-butanone Isopentane Diethoxymethane Fluorobenzene Benzene Cyclohexene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexane Diisopropyl ether Diisopropylamine Toluene Methylcyclohexane Heptane tert-Butyl isopropyl ether Octane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2-Methoxyethanol Styrene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 1-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene Dimethoxymethane 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Methylenecyclobutane 1-Methylcyclobutene 1,2-Propanediol Di(propylene glycol) monomethyl ether (unspecified isomer) Di(propylene glycol) monoethyl ether (unspecified isomer) Di(propylene glycol) monoisopropyl ether (unspecified isomer) Di(propylene glycol) monopropyl ether (unspecified isomer) Di(propylene glycol) monobutyl ether (unspecified isomer) Di(propylene glycol) monoisobutyl ether (unspecified isomer) 1,3-Propanediol Di(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether Di(ethylene glycol) monoethyl ether 1,3-Butadiene 2-Butene (unspecified isomer) 2-Butenal Toluene Octane Vinyl acetate Cyclohexane Hexane 2,3-Butanedione Toluene

TAz/K 310.95 346.10 354.75 298.15 351.45 347.75 345.03 344.65 342.75 336.45 338.15 340.00 352.94 354.65 350.85 349.55 349.95 354.63 349.58

y1,Az 0.0460 0.1400 0.8500 0.1370 0.6107 0.4666 0.3960 0.4271 0.4050 0.2900 0.2900 0.2050 0.4890 0.8370 0.6530 0.6023 0.5306 0.8990 0.6350

PAz/kPa 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 98.61 101.25 101.33 101.40 101.33 98.14 112.66 103.36 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 102.70 101.33 101.30

Type OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

393.95 392.65 392.15 392.65 380.75 381.25 381.05

0.7787 0.7127 0.6397 0.6303 0.4700 0.4900 0.4900

98.93 98.79 99.73 99.99 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

313.65 306.80 310.35 309.05

0.3350 0.0160 0.4630 0.2900

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX

456.85

0.5691

101.33

OX

458.75

0.7778

101.33

OX

458.95

0.8130

101.33

OX

458.95

0.9010

101.33

OX

459.65

0.9721

101.33

OX

459.05

0.9255

101.33

OX

455.25 459.25

0.6300 0.9350

101.33 101.33

OX OX

267.59

0.7650

101.33

OX

374.15 353.15

0.5950 0.4950

97.86 97.86

OX OX

340.45 335.25

0.6200 0.4450

101.33 101.33

OX OX

362.70

0.9513

101.34

OX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-166

Molecular formula Comp. 1 C4H6O3

Comp. 2 C8H16 C8H18

C4H8O C6H12 C4H8O C 4H 8O 2 C 6H 6 C6H10 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C7H14 C7H16 C4H8O C6H12 C6H14 C4H8O2 C4H10O C 6H 6 C6H10 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C7H14 C4H8O2 C 5H 5N C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C11H24 C4H8O2 C4H10O C5H10O2 C5H12O C6H10 C6H12 C6H15N C7H16 C7H16O C4H8O2 C 6H 6 C4H8O2 C7H14 C4H9Cl C6H12 C4H9NO C8H10 C8H10 C4H10O C 5H 5N C5H10O3 C6H5Cl C6H12 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H14 C 7H 8

Name Acetic anhydride 1-Octene Octane Butanal 2-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Butanone Ethyl acetate Benzene Cyclohexene 1-Hexene Hexane Diisopropyl ether Dipropyl ether Methylcyclohexane Heptane Tetrahydrofuran 2-Methyl-1-pentene Hexane Ethyl acetate 2-Methyl-2-propanol Benzene Cyclohexene Cyclohexane 1-Hexene Hexane Methylcyclohexane Butanoic acid Pyridine Butyl butanoate Butyl butanoate Undecane 1,4-Dioxane 2-Butanol Propyl acetate 2-Methyl-2-butanol Cyclohexene Methylcyclopentane Triethylamine Heptane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane Propyl formate Benzene Methyl propanoate Methylcyclohexane 1-Chlorobutane Cyclohexane N,N-Dimethylacetamide o-Xylene Ethylbenzene 1-Butanol Pyridine Diethyl carbonate Chlorobenzene Cyclohexane Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Hexane Toluene

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Type

367.53 397.65

0.2840 0.3500

53.88 129.80

OX OX

334.15

0.2293

101.48

OX

349.55 351.53 343.29 334.75 337.15 340.55 351.40 350.50 350.15

0.1700 0.4790 0.5110 0.1760 0.3280 0.1938 0.7785 0.7984 0.7670

101.33 101.33 89.35 100.58 101.33 101.56 100.88 98.93 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

334.65 323.15

0.2867 0.5900

101.29 65.83

OX OX

349.75 350.55 347.45 345.00 333.15 338.00 349.90

0.7778 0.9453 0.6183 0.5390 0.1230 0.3430 0.9001

101.28 102.45 100.87 102.45 91.47 101.32 101.83

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

436.35 434.60 434.78

0.9117 0.6532 0.8639

101.33 93.33 93.33

ON OXD OND

435.55

0.9060

101.33

OX

371.75 373.35 373.75 355.75 343.85 343.15 364.30 369.15

0.4732 0.6334 0.8119 0.1065 0.0538 0.2500 0.4868 0.5452

100.77 101.13 99.62 101.44 99.79 56.80 101.06 100.27

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

343.15

0.3770

76.08

OX

352.45

0.8956

101.33

OX

348.31

0.5800

95.85

OX

416.95 408.95

0.0591 0.0037

103.40 101.70

OX OX

392.00 370.85 388.25 352.68 389.97 387.15 341.35 378.85

0.7050 0.6346 0.6950 0.0787 0.7700 0.5980 0.0370 0.3320

101.33 53.20 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

ON OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-167

Molecular formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C7H12 C7H16 C 8H 8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H14 C8H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H18 C8H18O C9H16 C9H16 C9H20

C4H10O C5H10O C6H10 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C 7H 8 C7H16 C7H16O C8H10 C8H10 C8H18 C4H10O C5H12 C4H10O C5H10O2 C 6H 6 C6H10 C6H12 C6H12 C 7H 8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H18 C4H10O C 5H 8 C6H10 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C 7H 8 C7H16O C8H18 C8H18 C4H10O2 C15H32O C4H10O2 C7H14 C4H10O2

Name 3-Ethylcyclopentene Heptane Styrene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 1-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene Octane Dibutyl ether 1-Butylcyclopentene 1-Nonyne Nonane 2-Butanol 3-Pentanone Cyclohexene Cyclohexane Hexane 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane Toluene Heptane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane m-Xylene p-Xylene Octane Diethyl ether Pentane 2-Methyl-1-propanol Isobutyl formate Benzene Cyclohexene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Toluene m-Xylene p-Xylene Octane 2-Methyl-2-propanol Methylenecyclobutane Cyclohexene Methylcyclopentane 1-Hexene Hexane tert-Butyl ethyl ether Diisopropyl ether 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane Toluene tert-Butyl isopropyl ether Octane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 1,4-Butanediol 1-Pentadecanol 1,2-Dimethoxyethane Methylcyclohexane 2-Ethoxyethanol

TAz/K 367.65 366.55 388.71 388.05 387.75 387.85 386.50 398.30 363.45 382.35 382.15 383.15 390.59 356.70 390.60 389.05

y1,Az 0.1900 0.2272 0.8923 0.8671 0.7865 0.7823 0.6200 0.7910 0.4530 0.5300 0.5310 0.5500 0.8754 0.8450 0.9400 0.8128

PAz/kPa 101.33 101.38 98.39 100.13 101.46 99.73 101.33 101.33 53.33 101.33 101.33 102.79 101.33 79.99 101.33 101.33

Type OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

370.50 352.75 349.90 348.15 359.15 353.44 361.95 367.75 369.85 369.55 371.05

0.6075 0.2046 0.1892 0.1010 0.0991 0.5550 0.4116 0.4931 0.9717 0.9646 0.8001

99.98 101.25 101.02 128.66 102.12 56.67 102.70 102.89 101.06 101.46 101.30

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

306.85

0.5500

101.33

OX

370.90 352.45 353.75 351.35 343.15 374.35 380.35 380.30 376.58

0.1930 0.0780 0.1363 0.1325 0.0567 0.4941 0.9300 0.9200 0.6700

101.33 101.33 100.31 101.45 100.35 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.30

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

314.65 346.00 339.35 333.25 337.70 342.85 340.45 353.20 353.44 350.90 343.15 339.28

0.0150 0.4172 0.2559 0.2650 0.2502 0.2512 0.1058 0.5617 0.9200 0.5390 0.9680 0.6040

101.33 99.61 99.93 101.30 101.30 101.44 101.72 101.80 93.61 102.94 61.18 59.49

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

502.75

0.9980

101.33

OX

350.00

0.8190

79.42

OX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-168

Molecular formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C 8H 8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

C4H10O3 C9H20O C4H11N C 6H 6 C5H5N C 7H 8 C7H16 C9H20 C5H6 C 5H 8 C5H10 C5H12 C5H6 C5H10 C5H12 C5H8 C5H12 C6F15N C5H8 C5H12 C5H8 C5H10 C5H12 C5H8O C5H12O C5H12O C5H8O2 C7H16 C8H18 C5H10 C6F15N C5H10 C6F15N C5H10O C6H12 C6H12O2 C 7H 8 C7H16 C5H10O C6H12 C6H12 C 7H 8 C5H10O C7H14 C7H16O C5H10O2 C6H12 C7H14 C7H16 C7H16O C5H12 C6F15N C5H12O

Name Styrene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Ethylbenzene Di(ethylene glycol) 1-Nonanol Butylamine Benzene Pyridine Toluene Heptane Nonane 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 2-Methyl-1-butene Isopentane 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Methyl-2-butene Pentane 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Pentane Tris(perfluoroethyl)amine 3-Methyl-1-butyne Isopentane 1-Pentyne 2-Methyl-2-butene Pentane Cyclopentanone 3-Methyl-1-butanol 1-Pentanol Methyl methacrylate Heptane Octane 2-Methyl-1-butene Tris(perfluoroethyl)amine 2-Methyl-2-butene Tris(perfluoroethyl)amine 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol Cyclohexane 4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane Toluene Heptane 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol Cyclohexane 1-Hexene Toluene 3-Pentanone Methylcyclohexane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane Propyl acetate Cyclohexane Methylcyclohexane Heptane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane Isopentane Tris(perfluoroethyl)amine 2-Methyl-1-butanol

TAz/K 405.75 404.95 401.75 402.55 401.05

y1,Az 0.6438 0.5965 0.5159 0.5042 0.4632

PAz/kPa 101.33 101.36 101.33 102.19 100.94

Type OX OX OX OX OX

486.65

0.0095

101.33

OX

343.15

0.7000

80.89

OX

383.19 368.61 388.15

0.2250 0.3002 0.9350

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX

305.88 303.15 299.35

0.7210 0.3450 0.3620

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX

310.85 307.75

0.3000 0.1959

101.33 101.30

OX OX

310.55 303.35

0.7421 0.8200

114.66 101.33

OX EX

297.15

0.5650

101.33

OX

310.95 307.55

0.3300 0.3050

101.33 101.33

OX OX

402.02 403.84

0.5944 0.9196

101.33 101.33

OX OX

366.35 373.70

0.4597 0.9651

99.94 100.16

OX OX

301.95

0.8450

101.33

OX

307.65

0.8170

101.33

OX

352.65 403.05 381.55 370.00

0.0215 0.7590 0.2391 0.2100

101.10 102.26 101.60 101.30

OX OX OX OX

350.15 336.55 366.55

0.1904 0.0479 0.7788

101.20 101.30 101.20

OX OX OX

366.95 371.15

0.4441 0.4764

99.82 100.21

OX OX

353.15 368.40

0.0598 0.4746

100.43 100.90

OX OX

366.75 370.95

0.4215 0.6529

101.38 100.03

OX OX

299.65

0.9020

101.33

OX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-169

Molecular formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10

C5H12O C6H10O C 7H 8 C7H14O2 C7H16 C5H12O C 6H 6 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C7H14 C7H16 C7H16O C5H12O C6H10O C7H14O2 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C5H12O C7H16 C5H12O2 C6H12 C6H14 C6F6 C 6H 6 C 6H 6 C6F15N C 6H 6 C6H12 C6H14 C6H5Br C6H12O C6H6 C6H12 C6H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C6H6O C 6H 7N C 6H 7N C 6H 7N C 7H 5N C 7H 6O C 7H 9N C8H18 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H18 C9H20

Name o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Ethylbenzene 3-Methyl-1-butanol Cyclohexanone Toluene Isopentyl acetate Heptane 2-Methyl-2-butanol Benzene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexane Methylcyclohexane Heptane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 1-Pentanol Cyclohexanone Isopentyl acetate Heptane Octane Nonane Decane 3-Pentanol Heptane Diethoxymethane Cyclohexane Hexane Hexafluorobenzene Benzene Benzene Tris(perfluoroethyl)amine Benzene Cyclohexane Hexane Bromobenzene Cyclohexanol Benzene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexane Heptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Phenol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde 2,6-Dimethylpyridine Octane Propylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1-Nonene Nonane

TAz/K 402.05 400.65 400.15 398.75

y1,Az 0.7417 0.6316 0.6273 0.5657

PAz/kPa 101.87 101.85 101.07 99.46

Type OX OX OX OX

404.87 383.15 403.95 368.15

0.9094 0.1250 0.9900 0.1016

101.33 101.33 101.33 95.06

OX OX OX OX

352.35 351.95 344.75 339.06 366.60 348.15 369.85

0.1500 0.1100 0.0551 0.0436 0.3965 0.3140 0.3904

101.33 101.33 101.80 93.55 99.87 56.83 100.52

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

392.37 407.45 371.45 393.15 404.45 410.65

0.9748 0.6000 0.0576 0.2847 0.6242 0.9221

53.32 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX OX OX

368.15

0.2001

98.62

OX

353.21 361.27

0.1774 0.9101

101.39 102.30

OX OX

353.60 352.50

0.7600 0.1832

101.33 101.33

OND OXD

329.95 329.35 327.65

0.5900 0.5690 0.4840

101.33 101.33 101.33

EX EX OX

403.15

0.7390

52.45

OX

353.15 333.15 341.45 353.25 353.25

0.5460 0.1390 0.0500 0.9922 0.9751

109.18 69.93 101.33 101.32 101.32

OX OX OX OX OX

459.09 458.33 462.93 465.11 447.00 459.32 398.17 428.15 443.45 440.65 436.95 413.15 419.18

0.3884 0.7852 0.6918 0.2345 0.6001 0.7539 0.0690 0.1150 0.3936 0.2409 0.1828 0.1297 0.2180

101.33 101.32 101.32 101.33 73.00 101.32 101.32 91.85 101.33 101.33 101.33 86.57 101.32

ON ON ON ON ON ON OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-170

Molecular formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14

Name 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Diethylbenzene (unspecified isomer) o-Diethylbenzene

TAz/K 448.15 447.05 441.15 439.95 446.45 447.15

C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H18 C10H22 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H22 C12H26 C14H30

m-Diethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decane 1-Butyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Butyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Butyl-4-methylbenzene 1-Undecene Dodecane Tetradecane Aniline o-Cresol 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Nonane Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Decane 1-Butyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Butyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Butyl-4-methylbenzene Undecane Dodecane Tridecane Tetradecane 2-Methylpyridine

C6H7N C 7H 8O C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H20 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H22 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30 C6H7N

y1,Az 0.9031 0.5535 0.3129 0.2773 0.4705 0.5565

PAz/kPa 84.25 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

Type OX OX OX OX OX OX

445.95 447.95 447.95 441.75 443.75 443.05 443.65 447.75 446.35 447.15 454.25 453.36 443.15 434.15 455.55 454.15 454.55 443.15 450.73 452.48

0.5152 0.5840 0.5840 0.3522 0.4643 0.4027 0.4430 0.5801 0.5264 0.5575 0.7957 0.7857 0.5419 0.4450 0.8504 0.8099 0.8230 0.6426 0.7900 0.9650

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 99.85 101.32 101.33 101.33 101.33 92.31 101.32 101.32

OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

464.29 444.65 441.80 437.68 422.35 448.65 443.15 438.25 448.75 447.45 448.85 449.65 449.65 442.75 445.95 444.15 445.35 449.45 447.85 448.75 456.55 455.36 440.43 458.15 456.55 457.05 449.05 453.52 456.22 457.05

0.0953 0.3331 0.1850 0.1071 0.1770 0.4993 0.3021 0.2104 0.5024 0.4584 0.5086 0.5310 0.5310 0.2890 0.4052 0.3419 0.3829 0.5270 0.4711 0.5035 0.7504 0.7349 0.4660 0.8091 0.7661 0.7807 0.6970 0.8220 0.9300 0.9770

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

ON OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-171

Molecular formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C8H18 C9H20

C6H7N C 7H 8O C 7H 9N C6H7N C 7H 8O C 7H 9N C6H10O C7H8 C6H10O C 7H 8 C6H12O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C9H20 C6H12O2 C8H16 C6H12O2 C8H10 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C6H14O C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C6H14O2 C 7H 8 C7F16 C7H16 C7H5N C 7H 8O C 7H 8O C 7H 8O C8H10O C7H8O C8H11N C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H22 C11H22 C11H24 C12H26 C7H8O C 7H 9N C 9H 7N C9H20 C10H8 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H22 C7H8O C10H8

Name Octane Nonane 3-Methylpyridine m-Cresol 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine m-Cresol 2,6-Dimethylpyridine Methyldihydropyran (unspecified isomer) Toluene 4-Methylenetetrahydropyran Toluene Cyclohexanol o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Nonane Butyl acetate 1-Octene 4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane o-Xylene Octane Nonane Decane 1-Hexanol Octane Nonane Decane 2,2-Dimethoxybutane Toluene Perfluoroheptane Heptane Benzonitrile o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol 2,6-Xylenol o-Cresol 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine sec-Butylbenzene Diethylbenzene (unspecified isomer) 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Decane 1-Undecene Undecane Dodecane m-Cresol 2,6-Dimethylpyridine Quinoline Nonane Naphthalene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene sec-Butylbenzene Diethylbenzene (unspecified isomer) 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Decane p-Cresol Naphthalene

TAz/K 394.27 402.35

y1,Az 0.4610 0.8790

PAz/kPa 101.33 101.33

Type OX OX

477.01 416.64

0.1556 0.2940

101.32 101.33

ON OX

477.74 417.08

0.1822 0.2000

101.32 101.32

ON OX

381.85

0.0207

101.30

OX

381.15

0.5253

101.20

OX

415.95 411.85 410.95

0.1426 0.0503 0.0505

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX

410.20

0.3350

79.99

OX

393.00

0.3030

101.33

OX

404.65 393.95 402.15 405.35

0.9662 0.3343 0.8864 0.9999

101.30 101.20 101.30 100.60

OX OX OX OX

398.55 416.95 427.05

0.0886 0.3649 0.7123

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX

380.15

0.9180

101.44

OX

328.16

0.6100

53.60

OX

468.91 476.10 476.95 477.15

0.5100 0.1441 0.0898 0.0807

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

ON ON ON ON

470.35 444.65 453.10 462.37 433.15 448.15 433.15 458.15

0.6561 0.0938 0.2694 0.6273 0.3100 0.5516 0.5800 0.8466

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 78.71 83.07 56.40 93.55

ON OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

475.66 511.20 413.15 474.65 468.45 445.85 454.10 466.87 433.15

0.9869 0.0356 0.0400 0.9680 0.5900 0.0136 0.1010 0.3591 0.2170

101.32 101.33 76.54 101.33 93.10 101.33 101.33 101.33 75.85

ON ON OX OX OX OX OX OX OX

474.55

0.9414

101.33

OX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-172

Molecular formula Comp. 1

Comp. 2 C10H14 C10H14

C7H8O C10H22 C7H9N C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C7H14O2 C9H20 C7H16O C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C8H10 C9H20 C8H10O C 9H 7N C10H8 C10H14 C8H10O C 9H 7N C10H8 C8H10O C 9H 7N C10H8 C10H14 C8H10O C 9H 7N C10H8 C10H14 C8H10O C 9H 7N C 9H 7N C10H8 C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C11H11N C8H10O C 9H 7N C 9H 7N C10H8 C10H9N C11H11N C8H10O C 9H 7N C10H8 C10H14 C8H10O C 9H 7N C10H8 C10H14 C8H10O C 9H 7N C10H8

Name sec-Butylbenzene Diethylbenzene (unspecified isomer) Benzyl alcohol Decane 2-Methylaniline Decane Undecane Dodecane Tridecane Pentyl acetate Nonane 1-Heptanol Nonane Decane Undecane o-Xylene Nonane 2,6-Xylenol Quinoline Naphthalene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 2,3-Xylenol Quinoline Naphthalene 2,4-Xylenol Quinoline Naphthalene

TAz/K 446.05 454.50

1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 2,5-Xylenol Quinoline Naphthalene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 3,4-Xylenol Isoquinoline Quinoline Naphthalene 3-Methylisoquinoline 2-Methylquinoline 3-Methylquinoline 7-Methylquinoline 2,3-Dimethylquinoline 3,5-Xylenol Isoquinoline Quinoline Naphthalene 2-Methylquinoline 2,3-Dimethylquinoline 2-Ethylphenol Quinoline Naphthalene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 3-Ethylphenol Quinoline Naphthalene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 4-Ethylphenol Quinoline Naphthalene

y1,Az 0.0186 0.1105

PAz/kPa 101.33 101.33

Type OX OX

445.75

0.2490

101.33

OX

446.91 461.40 468.90 472.55

0.1770 0.4930 0.7650 0.9070

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX

419.20

0.5380

101.32

OX

423.45 438.75 447.85

0.1071 0.4308 0.8014

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX

417.40

0.8498

101.33

OX

511.00 475.70 468.85

0.0890 0.9381 0.3480

101.33 101.33 101.33

ON OX OX

513.30 485.45

0.2684 0.4123

101.33 101.33

ON OX

512.30 481.25

0.1717 0.6435

101.33 101.33

ON OX

474.05

0.1869

101.33

OX

512.30 481.25 474.35

0.1717 0.6435 0.1763

101.33 101.33 101.33

ON OX OX

519.75 514.77 490.95 524.35 521.17 523.60 525.85 521.60

0.2955 0.3907 0.1158 0.0811 0.1647 0.1152 0.0466 0.2113

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

ON ON OX ON ON ON ON ON

518.05 513.58 489.33 520.65 520.70

0.1915 0.3287 0.2601 0.0094 0.0530

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

ON ON OX ON ON

511.75 478.35 471.45

0.1041 0.8005 0.3707

101.33 101.33 101.33

ON OX OX

512.70 483.45 475.95

0.2089 0.5551 0.1249

101.33 101.33 101.33

ON OX OX

513.45 486.10

0.2832 0.3762

101.33 101.33

ON OX

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

6-173

Molecular formula Comp. 1 C8H11N

Comp. 2 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30

C8H18O C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C9H7N C11H10 C9H7N C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C11H10 C11H16O C11H16O C9H12 C10H22 C9H12 C10H22 C9H12O C10H8 C9H12O C10H8 C9H12O C10H8 C10H14 C9H12O C10H8 C9H20O C11H24 C12H26 C10H22O C12H26

Name 2,4-Dimethylaniline Undecane Dodecane Tridecane Tetradecane 1-Octanol Decane Undecane Dodecane Isoquinoline 2-Methylnaphthalene Quinoline 3-Isopropylphenol 2-Isopropylphenol 2-Propylphenol 3-Propylphenol 4-Propylphenol 2-Butylphenol 2-tert-Butylphenol 3-tert-Butylphenol 4-Isobutylphenol 2-sec-Butylphenol 4-sec-Butylphenol 2-Methylnaphthalene 2-tert-Butyl-5-methylphenol 2-sec-Butyl-4-methylphenol 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene Decane 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Decane 2-Ethyl-4-methylphenol Naphthalene 2-Ethyl-5-methylphenol Naphthalene 2-Isopropylphenol Naphthalene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol Naphthalene 1-Nonanol Undecane Dodecane 1-Decanol Dodecane

TAz/K

y1,Az

PAz/kPa

Type

468.13 482.95 488.43 490.53

0.1490 0.4520 0.7880 0.9840

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX OX

446.45 460.05 466.95

0.1029 0.4772 0.8836

101.33 101.33 101.33

OX OX OX

513.90

0.2074

101.33

OX

514.70 512.75 513.60 514.70 515.35 515.70 513.70 517.05 515.95 514.70 516.45 511.05 515.45 516.10

0.6109 0.8015 0.7243 0.6109 0.5451 0.5350 0.7299 0.4315 0.5061 0.6339 0.4551 0.9213 0.5854 0.5139

101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33

ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON OX ON ON

433.35

0.4010

72.54

OX

433.35

0.8600

80.25

OX

488.20

0.2218

101.33

OX

489.45

0.1710

101.33

OX

483.15 476.25

0.5102 0.1036

101.33 101.33

OX OX

486.70

0.3161

101.33

OX

468.45 480.65

0.0925 0.5235

101.33 101.33

OX OX

489.25

0.1068

101.33

OX

VISCOSITY OF GASES The following table gives the viscosity of some common gases as a function of temperature. Unless otherwise noted, the viscosity values refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The notation P=0 indicates the low pressure limiting value is given. The difference

Ar BF3 ClH F6S H2 D2 H2O D2O He Kr NO N2 N2O Ne O2 O2S Xe CO CO2 CHCl3 CH4 CH4O C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C2H6O C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C5H12 C6H14

Air Argon Boron trifluoride Hydrogen chloride Sulfur hexafluoride (P=0) Hydrogen (P=0) Deuterium (P=0) Water Deuterium oxide Helium (P=0) Krypton (P=0) Nitric oxide Nitrogen (P=0) Nitrous oxide Neon (P=0) Oxygen (P=0) Sulfur dioxide Xenon (P=0) Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Chloroform Methane Methanol Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Ethanol Propane Butane Isobutane Diethyl ether Pentane Hexane

100 K 7.1 8.0

4.2 5.9

9.7 8.8

14.4 7.5 8.3 6.7

between the viscosity at 100 kPa and the limiting value is generally less than 1%. Viscosity is given in units of µPa s; note that 1 µPa s = 10–5 poise. Substances are listed in the modified Hill order (see Introduction).

Viscosity in micropascal seconds (µPa s) 200 K 300 K 400 K 500 K 13.3 18.6 23.1 27.1 15.9 22.9 28.8 34.2 12.3 17.1 21.7 26.1 14.6 19.7 24.3 15.3 19.8 23.9 6.8 9.0 10.9 12.7 9.6 12.6 15.4 17.9 10.0 13.3 17.3 11.1 13.7 17.7 15.3 20.0 24.4 28.4 17.1 25.6 33.1 39.8 13.8 19.2 23.8 28.0 12.9 17.9 22.2 26.1 10.0 15.0 19.4 23.6 24.3 32.1 38.9 45.0 14.6 20.8 26.1 30.8 8.6 12.9 17.5 21.7 15.4 23.2 30.7 37.6 12.9 17.8 22.1 25.8 10.0 15.0 19.7 24.0 10.2 13.7 16.9 7.7 11.2 14.3 17.0 13.2 16.5 10.4 13.5 16.5 7.0 10.4 13.6 16.5 6.4 9.5 12.3 14.9 11.6 14.5 8.3 10.9 13.4 7.5 10.0 12.3 7.6 10.0 12.3 7.6 10.1 12.4 6.7 9.2 11.4 8.6 10.8

References 1. K. Kadoya, N. Matsunaga, and A. Nagashima, Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 947, 1985. 2. B. A. Younglove and H. J. M. Hanley, The viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients of gaseous and liquid argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1323, 1986. 3. P. M. Holland, B. E. Eaton, and H. J. M. Hanley, A correlation of the viscosity and thermal conductivity data of gaseous and liquid ethylene, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 917, 1983. 4. M. J. Assael, S. Mixafendi, and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity and thermal conductivity of normal hydrogen in the limit zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1315, 1986. 5. B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. 6. J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986.

600 K 30.8 39.0 30.2 27.7 14.4 20.3 21.4 22.0 32.3 45.9 31.9 29.6 27.4 50.8 35.1 44.0 29.1 28.0 20.1 19.4 19.6 19.1 17.3 17.0 15.8 14.6 14.6 13.4 12.8

Ref. 1 2,8 13 13 10 4 11 6 7 8 8 13 12 13 8 12 13 8 13 9,10 13 10 13 13 3 5 13 5 5 5 13 13 13

7. N. Matsunaga and A. Nagashima, Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 933, 1983. 8. J. Kestin, et al., Equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases and their mixtures at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 299, 1984. 9. V. Vescovic, et al., The transport properties of carbon dioxide, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 1990. 10. R. D. Trengove and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of carbon dioxide, methane, and sulfur hexafluoride in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 175, 1987. 11. M. J. Assael, S. Mixafendi, and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of normal deuterium in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 189, 1987. 12. W. A. Cole and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of nitrogen, oxygen, and their binary mixtures in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 209, 1985. 13. C. Y. Ho, Ed., Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids, CINDAS Data Series on Materials Properties, Vol. V-1, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988.

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VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS References

The absolute viscosity of some common liquids at temperatures between –25 and 100°C is given in this table. Values were derived by fitting experimental data to suitable expressions for the temperature dependence. The substances are arranged by molecular formula in the modified Hill order (see Preface). All values are given in units of millipascal seconds (mPa s); this unit is identical to centipoise (cp). Viscosity values correspond to a nominal pressure of 1 atmosphere. If a value is given at a temperature above the normal boiling point, the applicable pressure is understood to be the vapor pressure of the liquid at that temperature. A few values are given at a temperature slightly below the normal freezing point; these refer to the supercooled liquid. The accuracy ranges from 1% in the best cases to 5 to 10% in the worst cases. Additional significant figures are included in the table to facilitate interpolation. Molecular formula

Name

Compounds not containing carbon Bromine Br2 Trichlorosilane Cl3HSi Phosphorous trichloride Cl3P Tetrachlorosilane Cl4Si Water H2O Hydrazine H4N2 Hg Mercury Nitrogen dioxide NO2 Compounds containing carbon Trichlorofluoromethane CCl3F Tetrachloromethane CCl4 Carbon disulfide CS2 Tribromomethane CHBr3 Trichloromethane CHCl3 CHN Hydrogen cyanide Dibromomethane CH2Br2 Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 Formic acid CH2O2 Iodomethane CH3I Formamide CH3NO Nitromethane CH3NO2 Methanol CH4O Methylamine CH5N 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoro-ethane C2Cl3F3 Tetrachloroethylene C2Cl4 Trichloroethylene C2HCl3 Pentachloroethane C2HCl5 Trifluoroacetic acid C2HF3O2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene C2H2Cl2 trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene C2H2Cl2 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane C2H2Cl4 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoro-ethane C2H3ClF2 Acetyl chloride C2H3ClO 1,1,1-Trichloroethane C2H3Cl3 Acetonitrile C2H3N 1,2-Dibromoethane C2H4Br2

–25°C

0.870

1. Viswanath, D. S. and Natarajan, G., Data Book on the Viscosity of Liquids, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as database). 3. Ho, C. Y., Ed., CINDAS Data Series on Material Properties, Vol. V-1, Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988. 4. Stephan, K. and Lucas, K., Viscosity of Dense Fluids, Plenum Press, New York, 1979. 5. Vargaftik, N. B., Tables of Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, 2nd ed., John Wiley, New York, 1975.

0°C 1.252 0.415 0.662 1.793

0.532 0.740

0.539 1.321 0.429

0.988

0.706 0.235 1.320 0.533

1.948 0.727

1.311 1.258 0.319 1.465

0.594 7.114 0.875 0.793 0.231 0.945 1.114 0.703 3.761

0.786 0.522 3.660 0.477

0.575 0.398 2.200 0.376

1.847

1.161 0.400

Viscosity in mPa s 25°C 50°C 0.944 0.326 0.529 99.4 0.890 0.876 1.526 0.402 0.421 0.908 0.352 1.857 0.537 0.183 0.980 0.413 1.607 0.469 3.343 0.630 0.544

75°C

100°C

0.746 0.439 96.2 0.547 0.628 1.402

0.378 0.480 1.312

0.656

0.494

1.367 0.427

1.029

0.779

0.652

1.030

0.724

0.545

1.833 0.481

0.383

0.317

0.535 0.376 1.061

0.442

0.282 0.384 1.245

0.656 0.844 0.545 2.254 0.808 0.445 0.317 1.437

0.481 0.663 0.444 1.491 0.571 0.261 1.006

0.741

0.570

0.368 0.793 0.369 1.595

0.294 0.578 0.284 1.116

0.428 0.234 0.837

0.661

6-175

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Viscosity of Liquids

6-176 Molecular formula C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H7N C2H7NO C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5N C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H7I C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C4H4O C4H5N C4H6O3 C4H7N C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9N C4H9NO

Section6.indb 176

Name 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane Iodoethane N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethanol Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfide Ethanethiol Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 3-Bromopropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Propanenitrile Acetone Allyl alcohol Propanal Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Propanoic acid 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Propylamine Isopropylamine Furan Pyrrole Acetic anhydride Butanenitrile 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl acetate Methyl propionate Propyl formate Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane Pyrrolidine N,N-Dimethylacetamide

–25°C

0°C 1.125

1.354 3.262

0.424 0.477 0.319 0.723 2.549 0.940 1.786

0.300

0.356 0.364 0.232

2.492

0.620 0.408 1.570

0.540

0.395

0.635 0.416

1.851 8.645

0.506 0.477 1.499 0.645 0.612 0.436 0.401 0.970 0.883 1.176 1.160 3.815 4.619 248 0.503 0.477

0.661

0.720 0.849

0.454 0.475 2.085 1.241 0.533 0.605 0.578 0.581 0.669 2.215 1.857

1.914

0.815 0.556 1.071

Viscosity in mPa s 25°C 50°C 0.464 0.362 0.779 0.576 1.056 0.786 0.325 0.374 0.556 1.678 0.688 1.074 1.987 16.1 0.284 0.287

0.444 1.155 0.526 0.694 1.290 6.554

21.1 0.471 0.314 1.073 0.294 0.306 1.218 0.321 0.380 0.364 1.030 0.489 0.458 0.334 0.303 0.703 0.653 0.794 0.798 1.945 2.038 40.4 934 0.385 0.357 0.376 0.325 0.361 1.225 0.843 0.553 0.405 0.456 1.177 0.423 0.431 0.485 1.426 1.226 0.973 0.606 0.422 0.704 1.927

75°C 0.447 0.599

100°C

0.464

0.365 0.824 0.415 0.476

0.606 0.337

3.340

1.975

8.560 0.373

3.935

1.998

0.781 0.240 0.247 0.759 0.249 0.300 0.284 0.749 0.387 0.359

0.597 0.202

0.474

0.541 0.506 0.624 0.589 1.107 1.028 11.3 152

0.505

0.569

0.449

0.436 0.407

0.363

0.460 0.685 0.576 4.770 39.8

0.374

2.750 14.8

0.280

0.828 0.614 0.418 0.315 0.359 0.787 0.325 0.333 0.370 0.982 0.863 6.280 0.912 0.471 0.329 0.512

0.612 0.472 0.330 0.249 0.569 0.259 0.266 0.293 0.714 0.639 3.818

0.377 0.268

0.542 0.492 2.559

0.379 0.261

4/29/05 4:20:18 PM

Viscosity of Liquids Molecular formula C4H9NO C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO2 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H13N C6F6 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10O C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2

Section6.indb 177

6-177 Name

Morpholine 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Diethanolamine Furfural Pyridine 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Mesityl oxide 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Butyl formate Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate Piperidine Pentane Isopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol Pentylamine Hexafluorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene o-Chloroaniline Phenol Aniline Phenylhydrazine Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Hexanenitrile Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 1-Hexene Cyclohexanol 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate

–25°C 12.19

0°C 5.185

0.283 0.558 0.830 0.770

0.313

1.291

0.351 0.376 25.4

2.501 1.361 0.241 0.255 0.555 0.838 0.641 0.592 0.937 0.768 0.691 0.759 0.672 0.274 0.277 8.512

8.627 1.030

1.703

1.958 1.492 1.560 1.058

0.749 2.354 3.036

0.882

0.927 0.441

0.653 0.326

1.300

0.840 1.002

Viscosity in mPa s 25°C 50°C 2.021 1.247 2.544 1.394 3.096 1.332 4.312 1.421 0.224 30.200 11.130 0.422 0.331 0.574 0.409 0.571 0.367 0.319 0.239 109.5 1.587 1.143 0.879 0.637 0.195 0.203 0.413 0.321 0.602 0.465 0.470 0.362 0.444 0.345 0.644 0.472 0.544 0.406 0.501 0.380 0.541 0.406 0.488 0.373 1.573 0.958 0.224 0.214 3.619 1.820 3.470 1.447 4.149 1.473 4.453 1.963 3.692 1.842 0.702 0.493 2.789 1.730 1.324 0.962 1.044 0.787 1.074 0.798 0.753 0.575 3.589 1.835 4.041 0.550 0.423 1.554 1.117 1.863 1.262 0.604 0.436 3.316 1.913 3.437 3.847 2.029 13.0 4.553 0.625 0.467 2.017 1.321 0.912 0.650 0.894 0.615 0.479 0.364 0.252 0.202 57.5 12.3 0.583 0.429 0.545 0.406 0.685 0.500 0.676 0.493 0.639 0.453

75°C 0.850 0.833 0.698 0.678

100°C 0.627 0.533 0.419

4.917 0.267 0.298

2.505

28.7 0.906 0.497

9.100 0.772 0.409

0.381 0.289 0.276 0.362 0.316 0.299 0.318 0.296 0.649

0.326 0.238 0.227 0.289 0.255 0.242 0.257

1.035 0.761 0.727 1.031 1.031 0.356 1.151 0.739 0.628 0.627 0.456 1.131

0.646 0.465 0.436 0.612 0.631

0.338 0.854 0.918 0.335 1.248 1.784 1.247 1.850 0.364 0.919 0.488 0.447

0.474

0.593 0.525 0.512 0.369 0.786

0.683 0.704 0.887 1.099 0.850 0.848 0.671 0.382

4.274 0.329

1.982 0.262

0.383 0.370

0.305 0.286

4/29/05 4:20:19 PM

Viscosity of Liquids

6-178 Molecular formula C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C7H5N C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H16 C8H16O2 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H19N C8H19N C9H7N C9H10 C9H12

Section6.indb 178

Name Diacetone alcohol Paraldehyde Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane Dipropyl ether 1-Hexanol Triethylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethanolamine Benzonitrile o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole N-Methylaniline o-Methyl aniline m-Methyl aniline Benzylamine Methylcyclohexane 1-Heptene 2-Heptanone Heptanoic acid Heptane 3-Methylhexane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Heptylamine Styrene Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Phenetole N,N-Dimethylaniline N-Ethylaniline Ethylcyclohexane Octanoic acid Octane 1-Octanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Quinoline Indane Cumene

–25°C 28.7

0°C 6.621

0.405 0.372 0.395 0.542 0.455 0.751

1.390 1.165 1.165

0.778

4.120 10.3 8.180 0.991 0.441

0.757

0.523

1.050

0.872 1.084 0.795

1.996 3.981 1.139 0.700

1.417

1.904 2.052 20.7 0.918 1.509 1.115 2.230 1.075

Viscosity in mPa s 25°C 50°C 2.798 1.829 1.079 0.692 1.944 1.169 0.300 0.240 0.286 0.226 0.306 0.396 0.304 4.578 2.271 0.347 0.273 0.517 0.377 0.393 0.300 609 114 1.267 0.883 0.964 0.710 0.823 0.616 0.837 0.621 0.560 0.424 3.035 12.9 4.417 5.474 2.760 1.056 0.747 2.042 1.222 3.823 1.936 3.306 1.679 1.624 1.080 0.679 0.501 0.340 0.273 0.714 0.407 3.840 2.282 0.387 0.301 0.350 5.810 2.603 3.955 1.799 1.957 4.207 1.695 1.314 0.865 0.695 0.507 1.681 1.857 0.631 0.760 0.581 0.603 1.197 1.300 2.047 0.784 5.020 0.508 7.288 1.085 1.178 6.271 0.637 0.918 0.723 3.337 1.357 0.737

0.482 0.561 0.445 0.457 0.817 0.911 1.231 0.579 2.656 0.385 3.232 0.702 0.762 2.631 0.466 0.619 0.511 1.892 0.931 0.547

75°C 1.648 0.485 0.782

0.242 1.270 0.221 0.288 0.237 31.5 0.662 0.547 0.482 0.483 0.333 1.562 2.093 1.618 0.554 0.825 1.198 1.014 0.769 0.390 0.226 0.297 1.488 0.243

100°C 0.362 0.565

0.781 0.228 11.7 0.524 0.437 0.391 0.390 0.270 0.961 1.207 1.055 0.427 0.606 0.839 0.699 0.577 0.316

1.041

1.389 0.987 0.976 0.882 0.600 0.390

0.849 0.615 0.584 0.539 0.434 0.310 0.634

1.102 0.380 0.432 0.353 0.359 0.594 0.675 0.825

0.815 0.304 0.345 0.289 0.290 0.453 0.523 0.596

1.654 0.302 1.681 0.497 0.536 1.360 0.356 0.449 0.384 1.201 0.692

1.147 0.243 0.991 0.375 0.401 0.810 0.281 0.345 0.303 0.833 0.545

4/29/05 4:20:21 PM

Viscosity of Liquids Molecular formula C9H14O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20O C10H10O4 C10H14 C10H18 C10H18 C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C11H24 C12H10O C12H26 C13H12 C13H28 C14H30 C16H22O4 C16H34 C18H38

Section6.indb 179

6-179 Name

Isophorone 5-Nonanone Nonanoic acid Nonane 1-Nonanol Dimethyl phthalate Butylbenzene cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol Undecane Diphenyl ether Dodecane Diphenylmethane Tridecane Tetradecane Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecane Octadecane

–25°C

0°C 4.201

0.964 63.2 12.8 6.192

5.645 3.243

2.188

1.277 1.707 2.277 2.909

483

66.4

Viscosity in mPa s 25°C 50°C 2.329 1.415 1.199 0.834 7.011 3.712 0.665 0.488 9.123 4.032 14.4 5.309 0.950 0.683 3.042 1.875 1.948 1.289 4.327 0.838 0.598 10.9 4.590 1.098 0.763 2.130 1.383 0.930 1.724 2.128 16.6 3.032

1.129 1.376 6.470 1.879 2.487

75°C 0.923 0.619 2.234 0.375

100°C 0.638 0.484 1.475 0.300

2.824 0.515 1.271 0.917 2.651 0.453

1.980

0.562 1.407 0.673 1.265 0.796 0.953 3.495 1.260 1.609

0.433 1.023 0.514 0.929 0.594 0.697 2.425 0.899 1.132

0.924 0.689 0.359

4/29/05 4:20:21 PM

VISCOSITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE ALONG THE SATURATION LINE The table below gives the viscosity of gas and liquid CO2 along the liquid–vapor saturation line.

T/K 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 302

P/kPa 227 327 465 600 735 894 1075 1283 1519 1786 2085 2419 2790 3203 3658 4160 4712 5315 5984 6710 6997

References 1. Fenghour, A., Wakeham, W. A., and Vesovic, V., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 27, 31, 1998. 2. Angus, S., et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Carbon Dioxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1976. Gas η/µPa s 10.33 10.60 10.87 11.13 11.41 11.69 11.98 12.27 12.58 12.90 13.24 13.61 14.02 14.47 14.99 15.61 16.37 17.36 18.79 21.29 23.52

Liquid η/µPa s

241.68 221.72 203.75 187.48 172.67 159.13 146.69 135.20 124.30 114.63 105.21 96.44 87.89 79.64 71.47 63.01 53.33 48.30

6-180

Section6.indb 180

4/29/05 4:20:22 PM

VISCOSITY AND DENSITY OF AQUEOUS HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS The viscosity and density of aqueous hydroxide solutions at 25°C is tabulated here as a function of concentration. Viscosity is given in millipascal second, which is equal to the c.g.s. unit centipoise (cP). The last entry in each column refers to the saturated solution.

Reference Sipos, P. M., Hefter, G., and May, P. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 613, 2000.

Viscosity in mPa s c/mol L–1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 Sat.

LiOH 1.017 1.169 1.340 1.537 2.050 2.734

3.311

NaOH 0.997 1.116 1.248 1.396 1.754 2.228 2.867 3.727 4.869 6.351 8.230 10.554 13.362 16.677 20.503 24.826 29.604 34.767 40.212 45.800 51.354 51.911

KOH 0.937 0.990 1.050 1.116 1.269 1.448 1.657 1.902 2.196 2.554 3.005 3.581 4.328 5.303 6.577 8.235

CsOH 0.91 0.94 0.97 1.03 1.19 1.41 1.67 1.98 2.40 3.09 4.31 6.46

8.526

(CH3)4NOH 1.017 1.186 1.430 1.762 3.031 7.238

8.850

Density in g/cm3 c/mol L–1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 Sat.

LiOH 1.012 1.025 1.038 1.050 1.072 1.093

1.109

NaOH 1.019 1.040 1.059 1.078 1.115 1.149 1.182 1.213 1.243 1.271 1.299 1.325 1.350 1.374 1.397 1.419 1.441 1.461 1.481 1.499 1.517 1.519

KOH 1.022 1.045 1.068 1.090 1.133 1.174 1.214 1.253 1.290 1.326 1.362 1.396 1.429 1.462 1.494 1.524

CsOH 1.063 1.128 1.193 1.257 1.383 1.508 1.632 1.755 1.876 1.997 2.117 2.236 2.354 2.471 2.587 2.703

1.529

2.800

(CH3)4NOH 0.999 1.002 1.005 1.009 1.019 1.030

1.032

6-181

Section6.indb 181

4/29/05 4:20:23 PM

VISCOSITY OF LIQUID METALS This table gives the viscosity of several liquid metals as a function of temperature. Experimental data from some of the references were smoothed to produce the table. Viscosity is given in millipascal second (mPa s), which equals the c.g.s. unit centipoise (cP).

2. 3. 4.

References 1. Shpil’rain, E. E., Yakimovich, K. A., Fomin, V. A., Skovorodjko, S. N., and Mozgovoi, A. G., in Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport

t/°C 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Lithium

Sodium

0.566 0.503 0.453 0.412 0.379 0.352 0.328 0.308 0.290 0.275 0.261 0.249 0.238 0.228 0.219 0.211 0.204 0.197 0.191 0.185 0.180 0.175 0.170 0.166 0.162 0.158 0.155 0.151 0.148 0.145 0.142 0.139 0.137 0.135 0.132 0.130 0.128

0.687 0.542 0.451 0.387 0.341 0.306 0.278 0.255 0.237 0.221 0.208 0.196 0.186 0.177 0.170 0.163 0.156 0.151 0.146 0.141 0.137 0.133 0.129 0.126 0.123 0.120 0.117 0.115 0.113 0.110 0.108 0.106 0.105 0.103 0.101 0.100 0.098 0.097 0.096

5. 6.

Properties of the Alkali Metals, Ohse, R. H., Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford, 1985. [Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs] Rothwell, E., J. Inst. Metals, 90, 389, 1961. [Al] Culpin, M. F., Proc. Phys. Soc., 70, 1079, 1957. [Ca] Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/5a, Transport Phenomena I (Viscosity and Diffusion), Springer–Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961 [Co, Au, Mg, Ni, Ag] Spells, K. E., Proc. Phys. Soc., 48, 299, 1936. [Ga] Walsdorfer, H., Arpshofen, I., and Predel, B., Z. Met., 79, 503, 1988. [In]

Viscosity in mPa s Potassium Rubidium 0.542 0.441 0.435 0.358 0.365 0.303 0.316 0.263 0.280 0.234 0.252 0.211 0.230 0.193 0.212 0.178 0.197 0.166 0.185 0.155 0.174 0.146 0.165 0.138 0.157 0.132 0.150 0.126 0.143 0.120 0.138 0.115 0.133 0.111 0.128 0.107 0.124 0.104 0.120 0.101 0.117 0.098 0.114 0.095 0.111 0.092 0.108 0.090 0.105 0.088 0.103 0.086 0.101 0.084 0.099 0.082 0.097 0.081 0.095 0.079 0.093 0.078 0.092 0.076 0.090 0.075 0.074

Cesium 0.598 0.469 0.389 0.334 0.294 0.264 0.240 0.221 0.206 0.192 0.181 0.171 0.163 0.156 0.149 0.143 0.138 0.134 0.129 0.125 0.122 0.119 0.116 0.113 0.110 0.108 0.106 0.104 0.102 0.100 0.098 0.097 0.095 0.094 0.092 0.091 0.090 0.089 0.088 0.086

Gallium 1.921 1.608 1.397 1.245 1.130 1.040 0.968 0.909 0.859 0.817 0.781 0.750 0.722 0.698 0.677 0.657 0.640 0.624 0.610 0.597 0.585 0.574

6-182

Section6.indb 182

4/29/05 4:20:25 PM

Viscosity of Liquid Metals t/°C 250 300 350 400 450 700 750 800 850 900 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750

Section6.indb 183

Aluminum

1.289 1.200 1.115 1.028

6-183 Calcium

Cobalt

Viscosity in mPa s Gold Indium 1.35 1.22 1.12 1.04 0.98

1.107 0.959

Magnesium

Nickel

1.10 0.96 0.84 0.74 0.67

5.130 4.874 4.640 4.429 4.240

4.15 3.89 3.64 3.41 3.20 2.99

4.35 4.09 3.87 3.67 3.49 3.32

Silver

3.80 3.56 3.31 3.06 2.82 2.61 2.42 2.28 2.20 2.19

4/29/05 4:20:26 PM

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GASES This table gives the thermal conductivity of several gases as a function of temperature. Unless otherwise noted, the values refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) or to the saturation vapor pressure if that is less than 100 kPa. The notation P = 0 indicates the low MF Ar BF3 ClH F6S H2 H2O H2S H3N He Kr NO N2 N2O Ne O2 O2S Xe CCl2F2 CF4 CO CO2 CHCl3 CH4 CH4O C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C2H6O C3H6O C3H8 C4F8 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C5H12 C6H14

Name

Air Argon Boron trifluoride Hydrogen chloride Sulfur hexafluoride (P = 0) Hydrogen (P = 0) Water Deuterium oxide Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Helium (P = 0) Krypton (P = 0) Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Neon (P = 0) Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Xenon (P = 0) Dichlorodifluoromethane Tetrafluoromethane (P = 0) Carbon monoxide (P = 0) Carbon dioxide Trichloromethane Methane Methanol 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Ethanol Acetone Propane Perfluorocyclobutane Butane Isobutane Diethyl ether Pentane Hexane

100 K 9.4 6.2

68.6

75.5 3.3 9.8 22.3 9.3 2.0

pressure limiting value is given. In general, the P = 0 and P = 100 kPa values differ by less than 1%. Units are milliwatts per meter kelvin. Substances are listed in the modified Hill order.

Thermal conductivity in mW/m K 200 K 300 K 400 K 500 K 18.4 26.2 33.3 39.7 12.4 17.9 22.6 26.8 19.0 24.6 9.2 14.5 19.5 24.0 13.0 20.6 27.5 131.7 186.9 230.4 18.7 27.1 35.7 27.0 36.5 14.6 20.5 26.4 24.4 37.4 51.6 119.3 156.7 190.6 222.3 6.4 9.5 12.3 14.8 17.8 25.9 33.1 39.6 18.7 26.0 32.3 38.3 9.8 17.4 26.0 34.1 37.6 49.8 60.3 69.9 18.4 26.3 33.7 41.0 9.6 14.3 20.0 3.6 5.5 7.3 8.9 9.9 15.0 20.1 16.0 24.1 32.2 25.0 32.3 39.2 9.6 16.8 25.1 33.5 7.5 11.1 15.1 22.5 34.1 49.1 66.5 26.2 38.6 10.25 15.7 21.1 9.0 13.6 18.3 21.4 33.3 45.4 11.1 20.5 34.6 49.9 11.0 21.3 35.4 52.2 14.4 25.8 38.4 11.5 20.2 30.6 18.0 30.6 45.5 12.5 19.5 16.4 28.4 43.0 16.1 27.9 42.1 15.1 25.0 37.1 14.4 24.9 37.8 23.4 35.4

References 1. Kadoya, K. Matsunaga, N., and Nagashima, A., Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 947, 1985. 2. Younglove, B. A. and Hanley, H. J. M., The viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients of gaseous and liquid argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1323, 1986.

600 K 45.7 30.6 28.1 33.8 47.1 47.6 32.4 66.8 252.4 17.1 46.2 44.0 41.8 78.7 48.1 25.6 10.4 25.2 39.9 45.7 41.6 84.1 53.0

56.8 68.6 70.5 53.2 42.7 61.9 59.1 57.6 52.7 48.7

Ref. 1 2,8 11 11 16 4 6 7 11 11 8 8 11 12 11 8 10 11 8 13 16 14 9 11 5,15 11 13 13 11 3 5 11 11 5 13 5 5 11 11 11

3. Holland, P. M., Eaton, B. E., and Hanley, H. J. M., A correlation of the viscosity and thermal conductivity data of gaseous and liquid ethylene, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 917, 1983. 4. Assael, M. J., Mixafendi, S., and Wakeham, W. A., The viscosity and thermal conductivity of normal hydrogen in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1315, 1986. 5. Younglove, B. A. and Ely, J. F., Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987.

6-184

Section6.indb 184

4/29/05 4:20:30 PM

Thermal Conductivity of Gases 6. Sengers, J. V. and Watson, J. T. R., Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 7. Matsunaga, N. and Nagashima, A., Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 933, 1983. 8. Kestin, J. et al., Equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases and their mixtures at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 229, 1984. 9. Vescovic, V. et al., The transport properties of carbon dioxide, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 1990. 10. Younglove, B. A., Thermophysical properties of fluids. I. Argon, ethylene, parahydrogen, nitrogen, nitrogen trifluoride, and oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 11. Ho, C. Y., Ed., Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids, CINDAS Data Series on Materials Properties, Volume V-1, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988.

Section6.indb 185

6-185 12. Stephen, K., Krauss, R., and Laesecke, A., Viscosity and thermal conductivity of nitrogen for a wide range of fluid states, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 993, 1987. 13. Krauss, R. and Stephan, K., Thermal conductivity of refrigerants in a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 43, 1989. 14. Millat, J. and Wakeham, W. A., The thermal conductivity of nitrogen and carbon monoxide in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 565, 1989. 15. Friend, D. G., Ely, J. F., and Ingham, H., Thermophysical properties of methane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 583, 1989. 16. Uribe, F. J., Mason, E. A., and Kestin, J., Thermal conductivity of nine polyatomic gases at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 1123, 1990.

4/29/05 4:20:31 PM

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS This table gives the thermal conductivity of about 275 liquids at temperatures between –25 and 100°C. Values refer to nominal atmospheric pressure; when an entry is given for a temperature above the normal boiling point of the liquid, the pressure is understood to be the saturation vapor pressure at that temperature. Reference 1 contains data on many of these liquids at high pressures. Data on halocarbon refrigerants over a wide range of temperature and pressure may be found in Reference 6. Values given to three decimal places (i.e., to 0.001 W/m K) have an uncertainty of 2% to 5%. Values given to 0.0001 W/m K should be accurate to 1% or better. Substances are arranged by molecular formula in Hill order, except that compounds not containing carbon precede those that do contain carbon.

References 1. Vargaftik, N. B., Filippov, L. P., Tarzimanov, A. A., and Totskii, E. E., Handbook of Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases , CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 1994. Molecular formula Cl4Ge Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Ti H2O Hg CCl3F CCl4 CHCl3 CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH2O2 CH3NO2 CH4O CS2 C2Br2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2HCl3 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6O2 C2H7NO

2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with four supplements), Taylor and Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as a database). 3. Watanabe, H., J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 124, 2003. 4. Watanabe, H., and Seong, D. J., Int. J. Thermophys. 23, 337, 2002. 5. Nieto de Castro, C. A., Li, S. F. Y., Nagashima, A., Trengove, R. D., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15, 1073, 1986. 6. Krauss, R., and Stephan, K., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 18, 43, 1989. 7. Assael, M. J., Ramires, M. L. V., Nieto de Castro, C. A., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19, 113, 1990. 8. Ramires, M. L. V., Nieto de Castro, C. A., Nagasaka, Y., Nagashima, A., Assael, M. J., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 24, 1377, 1995. 9. Ramires, M. L. V., Nieto de Castro, C. A., Perkins, R. A., Nagasaka, Y., Nagashima, A., Assael, M. J., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 133, 2000. 10. Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 11. Beaton, C. F., and Hewitt, G. F., Physical Property Data for the Design Engineer, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. Thermal conductivity in W/m K

Name Germanium(IV) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Water Mercury Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Trichloromethane Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Diiodomethane Formic acid Nitromethane Methanol Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tetrachloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Trichloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane Iodoethane N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethanol 1,2-Ethanediol Ethanolamine

–25°C 0.111

0°C 0.105

0.123

0.117 0.143 0.5562 8.175 0.096 0.109 0.122 0.114 0.149

7.85 0.102 0.127 0.120 0.158

0.226 0.218 0.071 0.0847

0.128 0.124

0.215 0.210 0.154 0.066 0.0790 0.117

0.208

0.121 0.118 0.106 0.198

0.144

0.139

0.107 0.145

0.194 0.104 0.132 0.091

0.181

0.174 0.248

25°C 0.100 0.099 0.112 0.138 0.6062 8.514 0.089 0.103 0.117 0.108 0.140 0.098 0.267 0.204 0.202 0.149 0.061 0.0736 0.110 0.082 0.114 0.111 0.101 0.188 0.100 0.133 0.158 0.187 0.101 0.119 0.087 0.203 0.173 0.167 0.254 0.240

50°C 0.095 0.096 0.106 0.134 0.6423 8.842 0.083 0.098 0.112 0.103 0.133 0.093 0.265 0.193 0.195

75°C 0.090

0.057 0.0683 0.104 0.078 0.106 0.104 0.096 0.178 0.096 0.128 0.153

0.053

0.106 0.083 0.201 0.161 0.160 0.258 0.238

0.093 0.079 0.199 0.149 0.153 0.261 0.236

0.101 0.129 0.6643 9.161 0.076 0.092 0.107 0.097 0.128 0.088 0.263 0.182 0.189

0.098 0.074 0.098 0.098 0.168 0.092 0.122 0.149

100°C 0.084

Ref. 1 2 0.095 1 0.124 1 0.6729 8 9.475 11 0.070 1 0.087 1 0.102 2 2 0.127 1 0.083 1 0.261 1 0.171 1 0.182 1 2 0.049 1 6 0.093 1 0.069 1 0.090 1 0.091 1 2 2 0.088 1 0.117 1 0.144 2 1 1 2 1 0.196 2 1 0.148 1 0.261 1 1

6-186

Thermal Conductivity of Liquids

6-187

Molecular formula C3F8 C3H3N C3H5ClO C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H7I C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H9N C 4F 8 C4H4O C4H4S C 4H 6 C 4H 6 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9I C4H9NO C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C5H5N C5H6O2 C5H 8 C 5H 8 C 5H 8 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H11Br C5H11Cl

Thermal conductivity in W/m K Name Perfluoropropane Acrylonitrile Epichlorohydrin Allyl alcohol Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propanediol 2-Methoxyethanol Glycerol Trimethylamine Perfluorocyclobutane Furan Thiophene 1,2-Butadiene 2-Butyne Vinyl acetate Acetic anhydride Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,4-Dioxane 1-Bromobutane 1-Iodobutane N,N-Dimethylacetamide 1-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 2-Ethoxyethanol Pyridine Furfuryl alcohol 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne Cyclopentene Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene Cyclopentane Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Pentanoic acid Butyl formate Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane

–25°C 0.062 0.186 0.142

0°C 0.056 0.176 0.137

0.181 0.174 0.108 0.129 0.096 0.089

0.169 0.181 0.147 0.171 0.164 0.104 0.123 0.092 0.085

0.162 0.146 0.199

0.158 0.141 0.200

0.143 0.082 0.142

0.133 0.072 0.134

0.147 0.137

0.134 0.129

0.158 0.132

0.170 0.155 0.151 0.126 0.151 0.151

0.112

0.131 0.140

0.113

75°C 0.041 0.146 0.119

100°C 0.035 0.136 0.114

0.141 0.149 0.143 0.094 0.110 0.083 0.078 0.175 0.144 0.149 0.129 0.200 0.180 0.288

0.139 0.138 0.133

0.136

0.104 0.078 0.074 0.167 0.137 0.145 0.124 0.199 0.170 0.292

0.063 0.126 0.199

0.053

0.044

0.034

0.195

0.191

0.186

0.141 0.158 0.140 0.139 0.114 0.137 0.136 0.137 0.147 0.098 0.085 0.172 0.147 0.110 0.120 0.182 0.162

0.131 0.152 0.132 0.133

0.120 0.146

0.146

0.109 0.125

0.140 0.105 0.120

0.107 0.094

0.140 0.171

0.141 0.144 0.143

50°C 0.046 0.156 0.125

0.121 0.151 0.164 0.147 0.145 0.120 0.144 0.144 0.141 0.159 0.103 0.090 0.175 0.153 0.112 0.130 0.190 0.166 0.179 0.119 0.127 0.129 0.147 0.154 0.167 0.116 0.126 0.139 0.142 0.144 0.140 0.136 0.140

0.158 0.150

25°C 0.051 0.166 0.131 0.162 0.161 0.171 0.144 0.160 0.153 0.099 0.116 0.087 0.082 0.183 0.152 0.154 0.135 0.200 0.190 0.285

0.130 0.136 0.136 0.156

0.124 0.133 0.146 0.149 0.151

0.122 0.098 0.074 0.071 0.159 0.141 0.118 0.197 0.296

0.130

0.135 0.093 0.081 0.168 0.142 0.109 0.110 0.174 0.157

0.123 0.088 0.077 0.137 0.108 0.100 0.165 0.153

0.119 0.137 0.150 0.162

0.127 0.146 0.157

0.117 0.143

0.133 0.135 0.137 0.137 0.130 0.135 0.133

0.127 0.128 0.129 0.133 0.123 0.130 0.121

0.121 0.121 0.122 0.130 0.117 0.124

0.101 0.115

0.097 0.109

0.093

Ref. 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Thermal Conductivity of Liquids

Molecular formula C5H11I C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C6F 6 C6F14 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H 6 C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H13Br C6H13I C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H15N C7F16 C7H5N C7H6O C 7H 8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N

6-188 Thermal conductivity in W/m K

Name 1-Iodopentane Pentane Isopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 1,5-Pentanediol Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorohexane 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene 2-Chloroaniline Phenol Aniline Hexanedinitrile Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl acetoacetate Diethyl oxalate 1-Hexene Cyclohexane 2-Hexanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Methyl pentanoate Paraldehyde 1-Bromohexane 1-Iodohexane Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol Dipropyl ether 1,2-Diethoxyethane Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Triethylene glycol Triethylamine Perfluoroheptane Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline

–25°C 0.130 0.159

0°C 0.096 0.1207 0.155 0.119 0.221

25°C 0.092 0.1113 0.111 0.150 0.116 0.222 0.190

0.067

0.065

0.125 0.120

0.112 0.121 0.116

0.119 0.137

0.115 0.132

0.106

0.103

0.111 0.127 0.136 0.101 0.149 0.1411 0.148

50°C 0.088 0.1018

75°C 0.084 0.0923

0.145 0.113

0.141 0.109

0.185 0.083 0.064 0.110 0.109 0.117 0.113 0.112 0.107 0.123 0.131 0.098 0.145 0.1329

0.180

0.108 0.106 0.113 0.109 0.108 0.103 0.118 0.126 0.095 0.142 0.1247

0.153

0.149

0.168 0.124 0.134 0.149 0.152

0.118 0.130 0.142 0.148

0.175 0.142

0.136

0.170

0.163

0.138

0.129 0.156 0.148 0.143 0.143 0.143

0.115 0.133 0.120 0.122 0.108 0.115 0.161

0.111 0.098 0.1250 0.1127 0.1142 0.1006 0.1076 0.157 0.137

0.146 0.068

0.193 0.139 0.064

0.1455

0.1385

0.174 0.130 0.138 0.156 0.155 0.157 0.121 0.123 0.145 0.138 0.142 0.136 0.137 0.138 0.130 0.108 0.095 0.1167 0.1050 0.1064 0.0934 0.1003 0.152 0.130

0.195 0.132 0.060 0.148 0.153 0.1310 0.149 0.159 0.145 0.162 0.161

0.113 0.117 0.134 0.134 0.137 0.130 0.133 0.131 0.132

0.111 0.124 0.130 0.131 0.123 0.126 0.127

0.104 0.091 0.1083 0.0972 0.0986 0.0861 0.0930 0.147 0.123 0.140 0.188 0.196 0.125 0.056 0.142 0.148 0.1235

0.101 0.088 0.0999 0.0894 0.0909 0.0788 0.0857 0.142 0.117 0.133 0.184 0.196 0.118 0.053 0.136 0.143 0.1162

0.147 0.158 0.142

0.145 0.156 0.139

100°C 0.081 0.083

Ref. 1 4 1 0.136 1 0.106 1 1 0.175 1 1 1 0.106 1 1 0.109 1 1 0.105 1 0.099 1 0.113 1 1 0.092 1 0.139 1 7 1 0.147 1 1 1 2 0.126 1 0.134 2 0.144 1 1 1 2 0.115 1 0.126 1 1 0.116 1 1 1 1 1 0.097 1 0.084 1 0.092 4 0.082 3 0.083 3 0.072 3 0.078 3 0.137 1 1 0.125 1 0.180 1 0.196 1 0.111 1 1 0.130 1 0.139 1 0.1095 9 1 1 0.154 1 0.136 1 1 1

Thermal Conductivity of Liquids

6-189

Molecular formula C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C8F18 C8H 8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Cl C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O3 C8H18O4 C8H18O5 C9H7N C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H18 C9H18O2 C9H18O2

Thermal conductivity in W/m K Name 1-Heptene Cycloheptane Heptanal 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone Hexyl formate Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Ethyl pentanoate Methyl hexanoate Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol Perfluorooctane Styrene Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Ethoxybenzene 2-Phenoxyethanol N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 1-Octene 2-Octanone Heptyl formate Octanoic acid Hexyl acetate Pentyl propanoate Ethyl hexanoate 1-Chlorooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane Ethyl hexyl ether 1-Octanol Dibutyl ether Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether Tetraethylene glycol Quinoline Indan Ethyl benzoate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1-Nonene Nonanoic acid Heptyl acetate

–25°C 0.139

0°C 0.132

0.143

0.141

0.1378 0.125 0.126 0.128 0.111 0.120 0.116 0.113 0.107 0.160 0.148

0.1303 0.1177 0.1184 0.1203 0.1046 0.1127 0.1089 0.1068 0.1011 0.158 0.066 0.142

0.143

0.137

0.151

0.145

0.139

0.139 0.127 0.128 0.107 0.115

0.133 0.141 0.141

0.142 0.130 0.1317 0.1206 0.1216 0.1007 0.1093 0.131 0.162 0.139

0.134 0.132

0.130 0.128

0.143 0.136

0.139 0.130

25°C 0.125 0.123 0.140 0.137 0.136 0.141 0.140 0.134 0.139 0.132 0.136 0.1228 0.1105 0.1112 0.1128 0.0980 0.1059 0.1020 0.1001 0.0950 0.153 0.062 0.137 0.147 0.147 0.130 0.131 0.130 0.130 0.140 0.169 0.150 0.122 0.126 0.135 0.137 0.146 0.135 0.138 0.137 0.127 0.1244 0.1139 0.1149 0.0948 0.1035 0.126 0.158 0.132 0.163 0.169 0.191 0.147 0.135 0.141 0.125 0.123 0.129 0.134 0.123 0.150 0.135

50°C 0.118 0.118

75°C 0.111 0.112

100°C

0.131 0.131 0.133 0.137 0.126 0.133

0.125 0.125 0.126 0.133 0.120 0.126

0.119 0.120 0.119

0.131 0.1152 0.1033 0.1040 0.1053 0.0913 0.0990 0.0951 0.0934 0.0889 0.149 0.059 0.131 0.146

0.126 0.1077 0.0961 0.0968 0.0978 0.0847 0.0922 0.0882 0.0867 0.0828 0.144 0.055 0.126 0.144

0.121

0.123 0.126 0.124 0.124 0.135 0.168

0.116 0.120 0.118 0.118 0.130 0.166

0.119 0.120 0.129 0.132 0.143 0.129 0.132 0.133 0.124 0.1171 0.1072 0.1081 0.0888 0.0976 0.120 0.153 0.125 0.158 0.158 0.192 0.144

0.115 0.114 0.124 0.128 0.139 0.123

0.120 0.118 0.124 0.129 0.116 0.146 0.128

0.108

0.113 0.121

0.089 0.090 0.090 0.078 0.085 0.081 0.080 0.077 0.139 0.052 0.120 0.142 0.110 0.114 0.113 0.112 0.165

0.107 0.118 0.123 0.135 0.118

0.128 0.121 0.1097 0.1005 0.1014 0.0829 0.0918 0.114 0.148 0.118 0.153 0.147

0.123 0.119 0.102 0.094 0.095 0.077 0.086 0.109 0.143 0.112 0.148

0.141

0.138

0.115 0.112 0.118 0.123 0.110 0.142 0.122

0.109 0.107 0.114 0.117 0.104 0.138 0.116

Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Thermal Conductivity of Liquids

Molecular formula C9H19Br C9H19Cl C9H19I C9H20 C9H20O C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H18 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O2 C11H16 C11H22 C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24O C12H10O C12H14O4 C12H16 C12H18 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O3 C12H27N C13H26 C13H28 C14H28 C14H30 C14H30O C16H22O4 C16H34 C18H38 C20H40O2 C22H42O2 C22H42O4

6-190 Thermal conductivity in W/m K

Name 1-Bromononane 1-Chlorononane 1-Iodononane Nonane 1-Nonanol 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Dimethyl phthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene, (±)tert-Butylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene trans-Decahydronaphthalene 1-Decene Decanal Heptyl propanoate Hexyl butanoate Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol Dipentyl ether 1,2-Dibutoxyethane Pentylbenzene 1-Undecene 6-Undecanone Undecanoic acid Octyl propanoate Heptyl butanoate Undecane 1-Undecanol Diphenyl ether Diethyl phthalate Cyclohexylbenzene Hexylbenzene Decyl acetate Octyl butanoate Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tributylamine 1-Tridecene Tridecane 1-Tetradecene Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecane Octadecane Butyl palmitate Butyl oleate Dioctyl hexanedioate

–25°C

0.141

0°C 0.116 0.132 0.105 0.1337 0.164

0.129 0.132

0.127 0.133

0.138

0.132 0.149

0.142

0.1360

0.135

25°C 0.112 0.128 0.102 0.1269 0.159 0.110 0.126 0.1473 0.131 0.126 0.124 0.117 0.122 0.127 0.113 0.126 0.144 0.137 0.137 0.1296 0.162 0.131 0.140 0.130 0.126 0.137 0.135 0.139 0.136 0.169

0.141

0.150

0.139

0.172 0.121 0.137 0.146 0.139 0.135 0.146 0.129 0.130 0.130 0.136 0.139 0.136 0.140 0.151 0.157 0.157

50°C 0.109 0.124 0.099 0.1201 0.155 0.109

75°C 0.106 0.120 0.095 0.1133 0.150 0.108

0.1443 0.129 0.121 0.119 0.114 0.117 0.122

0.1409 0.128 0.116 0.114 0.110 0.112 0.116

0.120 0.139 0.132 0.132 0.148 0.1232 0.159 0.125 0.134 0.125 0.118 0.132 0.153 0.130 0.134 0.128 0.165 0.139 0.169 0.119 0.132 0.136 0.134 0.130 0.167 0.143

0.114 0.134 0.127 0.127 0.144 0.1167 0.155 0.121 0.127 0.120 0.114 0.127 0.149 0.125 0.129 0.122 0.161 0.135 0.166 0.117 0.128 0.126 0.129 0.124 0.163 0.139

0.125 0.125 0.131 0.134 0.167 0.134 0.135 0.146 0.148 0.153 0.153

0.120 0.120 0.126 0.129 0.162 0.131 0.130 0.142 0.144 0.149 0.149

100°C 0.103 0.115 0.092 0.106 0.145 0.106

Ref. 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 0.1373 10 0.126 1 0.111 1 0.108 1 0.106 1 0.107 2 0.111 1 1 0.109 1 0.129 1 0.122 1 0.121 1 0.140 1 0.110 4 0.151 1 0.116 1 0.120 1 0.115 1 0.108 1 1 1 0.120 1 0.123 1 0.116 1 0.158 1 0.131 2 1 1 0.124 1 1 0.125 1 0.119 1 0.159 1 0.135 1 1 0.115 1 0.115 1 0.121 1 0.124 1 0.157 2 0.129 1 0.125 2 0.137 2 0.140 1 0.145 1 0.145 1

DIFFUSION IN GASES This table gives binary diffusion coefficients D12 for a number of common gases as a function of temperature. Values refer to atmospheric pressure. The diffusion coefficient is inversely proportional to pressure as long as the gas is in a regime where binary collisions dominate. See Reference 1 for a discussion of the dependence of D12 on temperature and composition. The first part of the table gives data for several gases in the presence of a large excess of air. The remainder applies to equimolar

mixtures of gases. Each gas pair is ordered alphabetically according to the most common way of writing the formula. The listing of pairs then follows alphabetical order by the first constituent.

References 1. Marrero, T. R., and Mason, E. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 1, 1972. 2. Kestin, J., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 229, 1984.

D12/cm2 s–1 for p = 101.325 kPa and the Specified T/K System

200

273.15

293.15

373.15

473.15

573.15

673.15

0.167

0.617

0.189 0.210 0.208 0.160 0.756 0.242 0.697

0.289 0.321 0.315 0.252 1.153 0.399 1.057 0.150

0.437 0.485 0.475 0.390 1.747 0.638 1.594 0.233

0.612 0.678 0.662 0.549 2.444 0.873 2.221 0.329

0.810 0.899 0.875 0.728 3.238 1.135 2.933 0.438

0.168 0.129 0.698 0.645 0.117 0.168 0.277 0.166

0.190 0.148 0.794 0.726 0.134 0.190 0.313 0.187

0.052

0.095

0.108 0.708 0.650 0.208 0.220

0.876 0.815 0.689 3.496 2.911 0.605 0.815 1.283 0.793 0.389 0.498 3.070 2.784 0.890 0.978 0.482

0.133

0.686 0.619 0.131 0.208

2.423 2.188 0.485 0.673 0.643 0.323

3.196 2.882 0.645 0.878 0.849 0.432

0.315

0.552

0.300

0.513

2.066 0.741

2.745 1.021

0.055 0.131

0.099 0.227

0.553

0.733

0.847 0.535

0.710

0.631 0.775 0.340

1.079 1.320 0.601

0.467 0.439 0.365 1.876 1.617 0.323 0.439 0.710 0.430 0.202 0.264 1.648 1.502 0.480 0.523 0.257 0.384 1.743 1.577 0.346 0.491 0.462 0.226 0.209 1.470 0.496 1.321 0.392 0.276 0.603 0.380 0.155 2.778 3.394 1.607

0.657 0.615 0.517 2.634 2.226 0.456 0.615 0.979 0.600 0.290 0.374 2.311 2.101 0.671 0.736 0.363

0.408 0.365

0.306 0.290 0.235 1.228 1.088 0.210 0.290 0.475 0.285 0.128 0.171 1.084 0.992 0.317 0.341 0.167 0.250 1.162 1.052 0.227 0.336 0.307 0.144 0.133 0.964 0.292 0.878 0.253 0.177 0.395 0.248 0.099 1.846 2.255 1.053

3.866 4.726 2.258

5.103 6.242 2.999

Large Excess of Air Ar-air CH4-air CO-air CO2-air H2-air H2O-air He-air SF6-air Equimolar Mixture Ar-CH4 Ar-CO Ar-CO2 Ar-H2 Ar-He Ar-Kr Ar-N2 Ar-Ne Ar-O2 Ar-SF6 Ar-Xe CH4-H2 CH4-He CH4-N2 CH4-O2 CH4-SF6 CO-CO2 CO-H2 CO-He CO-Kr CO-N2 CO-O2 CO-SF6 CO2-C3H8 CO2-H2 CO2-H2O CO2-He CO2-N2 CO2-N2O CO2-Ne CO2-O2 CO2-SF6 D2-H2 H2-He H2-Kr

0.668

0.381 0.064 0.160

0.162 0.772 0.698 0.149 0.231 0.202 0.084 0.627 0.162 0.580 0.160 0.113 0.258 0.159 1.219 1.490 0.682

6-191

Section6.indb 191

4/29/05 4:20:33 PM

Diffusion in Gases

6-192 System H2-N2 H2-Ne H2-O2 H2-SF6 H2-Xe H2O-N2 H2O-O2 He-Kr He-N2 He-Ne He-O2 He-SF6 He-Xe Kr-N2 Kr-Ne Kr-Xe N2-Ne N2-O2 N2-SF6 N2-Xe Ne-Xe O2-SF6

Section6.indb 192

200 0.408 0.572

273.15 0.686 0.982 0.692 0.513

0.330 0.365 0.563

0.559 0.619 0.948 0.641

0.282 0.131 0.035

0.478 0.131 0.228 0.064

0.111

0.107 0.193

293.15 0.772 1.109 0.782 0.412 0.581 0.242 0.244 0.629 0.698 1.066 0.723 0.400 0.538 0.149 0.258 0.073 0.317 0.202 0.122 0.219 0.097

373.15 1.162 1.684 1.188 0.649 0.890 0.399 0.403 0.942 1.052 1.592 1.092 0.592 0.807 0.227 0.392 0.116 0.483 0.307 0.148 0.188 0.332 0.154

473.15 1.743 2.541 1.792 0.998 1.349

573.15 2.423 3.541 2.497 1.400 1.885

673.15 3.196 4.677 3.299 1.851 2.493

0.645 1.404 1.577 2.362 1.640 0.871 1.201 0.346 0.587 0.181 0.731 0.462 0.231 0.287 0.498 0.238

0.882 1.942 2.188 3.254 2.276 1.190 1.655 0.485 0.812 0.257 1.021 0.643 0.328 0.404 0.688 0.334

1.147 2.550 2.882 4.262 2.996 1.545 2.168 0.645 1.063 0.344 1.351 0.849 0.436 0.539 0.901 0.441

4/29/05 4:20:34 PM

DIFFUSION OF GASES IN WATER This table gives values of the diffusion coefficient, D, for diffusion of several common gases in water at various temperatures. For simple one-dimensional transport, the diffusion coefficient describes the time-rate of change of concentration, dc/dt, through the equation dc/dt = D d2c/dx2 where x is, for example, the perpendicular distance from a gas–liquid interface. The values below have been selected from the references indicated; in some cases data have been refitted to permit interpolation in temperature. Gas–liquid diffusion coefficients are difficult to measure, and large differences are found between values obtained by differ-

ent authors and through different experimental methods. See References 1 and 2 for a discussion of measurement techniques.

References 1. Jähne, B., Heinz, G., and Dietrich, W., J. Geophys. Res., 92, 10767, 1987. 2. Himmelblau, D. M., Chem. Rev., 64, 527, 1964. 3. Boerboom, A. J. H., and Kleyn, G., J. Chem. Phys., 50, 1086, 1969. 4. O’Brien, R. N., and Hyslop, W. F., Can. J. Chem., 55, 1415, 1977. 5. Maharajh, D. M., and Walkley, J., Can. J. Chem., 51, 944, 1973. 6. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/5a, Transport Phenomena I (Viscosity and Diffusion), Springer–Verlag, Heidelberg, 1969.

D/10–5 cm2 s–1 Ar CHCl2F CH3Br CH3Cl CH4 CO2 C2H2 Cl2 HBr HCl H2 H2S He Kr NH3 NO2 N2 N2O Ne O2 Rn SO2 Xe

10˚C

15˚C

20˚C

1.24 1.26 1.43

1.43 1.45 1.59 1.13

1.62 1.67 1.78 1.5

3.62

4.08

4.58

5.67 1.20

6.18 1.39 1.3

6.71 1.60 1.5 1.23

0.81

1.62 3.27 1.67 0.96

0.93

1.08

2.11 3.64 2.01 1.13 1.62 1.27

2.93

25˚C 2.5 1.80 1.35 1.40 1.84 1.91 1.99 1.89 3.15 3.07 5.11 1.36 7.28 1.84 1.4 2.0 2.57 4.03 2.42 1.33 1.83 1.47

30˚C

35˚C

2.08 2.17 2.23

2.35 2.47

5.69

6.31

7.87 2.11

8.48 2.40

1.59

4.45

4.89

1.55 2.07 1.70

1.80 2.32 1.95

Ref. 3,4 5 5 5 1 1 2 2,6 6 6 1 2,6 1,3 1,3 2 2,6 2 2,6 1,3 2,6 1 2 1,3

6-193

Section6.indb 193

4/29/05 4:20:35 PM

DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS in LIQUIDS at INFINITE DILUTION This table lists diffusion coefficients DAB at infinite dilution for some binary liquid mixtures. Values are given at 25°C when available; it should be noted that the diffusion coefficient generally increases by 10% to 20% for a 10°C increase above ambient temperature. Solvents are listed in alphabetical order, as are the solutes within each solvent group.

Solute

Solvent

t/°C

References 1. Safi, A., Nicolas, C., Neau, E., and Chevalier, J.-L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 52, 977, 2007. 2. Safi, A., Nicolas, C., Neau, E., and Chevalier, J.-L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 52, 126, 2007. 3. Sanni, S. A., Fell, C. J. D., and Hutchison, H. P., J. Chem. Eng. Data 16, 424, 1971. 4. Fan, Y., Qian, R., Shi, M., and Shi, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 1053, 1995. 5. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, Vol. II/5a, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1969.

DAB/ 10–5 cm2s–1 Ref.

Solute

Solvent

t/°C

DAB/ 10–5 cm2s–1 Ref.

Acetic acid

Acetone

25

3.31

5

Perylene

Cyclohexane

25

0.79

1

Benzene

Acetone

25

4.25

2

Pyrene

Cyclohexane

25

0.95

1

Benzoic acid

Acetone

25

2.62

5

Tetrachloromethane

Cyclohexane

25

1.49

3

Formic acid

Acetone

25

3.77

5

Toluene

Cyclohexane

25

1.66

1

Nitrobenzene

Acetone

20

2.94

5

Benzene

Decane

25

2.16

1

Tetrachloromethane

Acetone

25

3.29

5

Chlorobenzene

Decane

25

1.98

1

Trichloromethane

Acetone

25

3.64

5

p-Chlorotoluene

Decane

25

1.80

1

Water

Acetone

25

4.56

5

Ethylbenzene

Decane

25

1.79

1

Acetic acid

Benzene

25

2.09

5

Naphthalene

Decane

25

1.65

1

Aniline

Benzene

25

1.96

5

Perylene

Decane

25

1.08

1

Benzoic acid

Benzene

25

1.38

5

Pyrene

Decane

25

1.23

1

Bromobenzene

Benzene

8

1.45

5

Toluene

Decane

25

1.93

1

2-Butanone

Benzene

30

2.09

5

Trichloromethane

Diethyl ether

25

4.48

3

Chloroethene

Benzene

8

1.77

5

Allyl alcohol

Ethanol

20

0.98

5

Cyclohexane

Benzene

25

2.09

3

Benzene

Ethanol

25

1.88

2

Ethanol

Benzene

25

3.02

5

Iodine

Ethanol

25

1.32

5

Formic acid

Benzene

25

2.28

5

Iodobenzene

Ethanol

20

1.00

5

Heptane

Benzene

25

1.79

3

3-Methyl-1-butanol

Ethanol

20

0.81

5

Methanol

Benzene

25

3.80

5

Pyridine

Ethanol

20

1.10

5

Toluene

Benzene

25

1.85

3

Tetrachloromethane

Ethanol

25

1.50

5

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Benzene

8

1.34

5

Water

Ethanol

25

1.24

5

Trichloromethane

Benzene

25

2.26

5

Acetic acid

Ethyl acetate

20

2.18

5

Benzene

1-Butanol

25

1.00

5

Acetone

Ethyl acetate

20

3.18

5

Biphenyl

1-Butanol

25

0.63

5

2-Butanone

Ethyl acetate

30

2.93

5

Butanoic acid

1-Butanol

30

0.51

5

Ethyl benzoate

Ethyl acetate

20

1.85

5

p-Dichlorobenzene

1-Butanol

25

0.82

5

Nitrobenzene

Ethyl acetate

20

2.25

5

1,6-Hexanedioic acid

1-Butanol

30

0.40

5

Water

Ethyl acetate

25

3.20

5

Methanol

1-Butanol

30

0.59

5

Benzene

Heptane

25

3.75

1

cis-9-Octadecenoic acid

1-Butanol

30

0.25

5

Chlorobenzene

Heptane

25

3.42

1

Propane

1-Butanol

25

1.57

5

p-Chlorotoluene

Heptane

25

3.11

1

Water

1-Butanol

25

0.56

5

Ethylbenzene

Heptane

25

3.15

1

Benzene

Cyclohexane

25

1.92

1

Naphthalene

Heptane

25

2.81

1

Chlorobenzene

Cyclohexane

25

1.34

1

Perylene

Heptane

25

1.89

1

p-Chlorotoluene

Cyclohexane

25

1.28

1

Pyrene

Heptane

25

2.16

1

Ethylbenzene

Cyclohexane

25

1.36

1

Toluene

Heptane

25

3.42

1

Naphthalene

Cyclohexane

25

1.18

1

Benzene

Hexane

25

4.70

1

Bromobenzene

Hexane

8

2.60

5

6-216

6679X_S06.indb 216

4/11/08 1:32:13 PM

Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution Solute

Solvent

t/°C

6-217

DAB/ 10–5 cm2s–1 Ref.

2-Butanone

Hexane

30

3.74

5

Chlorobenzene

Hexane

25

4.16

1

p-Chlorotoluene

Hexane

25

3.74

1

Dodecane

Hexane

25

2.73

5

Ethylbenzene

Hexane

25

3.73

1

Iodine

Hexane

25

4.45

5

Methane

Hexane

25

0.09

5

Naphthalene

Hexane

25

3.55

1

Perylene

Hexane

25

2.30

1

Propane

Hexane

25

4.87

5

Pyrene

Hexane

25

2.58

1

Tetrachloromethane

Hexane

25

3.70

5

Toluene

Hexane

25

4.12

1

Benzene

Octane

25

3.19

1

Chlorobenzene

Octane

25

2.89

1

p-Chlorotoluene

Octane

25

2.62

1

Ethylbenzene

Octane

25

2.58

1

Naphthalene

Octane

25

2.35

1

Perylene

Octane

25

1.58

1

Pyrene

Octane

25

1.81

1

Toluene

Octane

25

2.83

1

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Octane

30

2.21

4

o-Xylene

Octane

30

2.65

4

p-Xylene

Octane

30

2.82

4

Acetone

Tetrachloromethane

25

1.75

5

Benzene

Tetrachloromethane

25

1.42

5

Cyclohexane

Tetrachloromethane

25

1.30

5

Ethanol

Tetrachloromethane

25

1.90

5

Iodine

Tetrachloromethane

30

1.63

5

Trichloromethane

Tetrachloromethane

25

1.66

5

Acetic acid

Toluene

25

2.26

5

Benzene

Toluene

25

2.54

3

Benzoic acid

Toluene

25

1.49

5

Cyclohexane

Toluene

25

2.42

3

Formic acid

Toluene

25

2.65

5

Water

Toluene

25

6.19

5

Acetone

Trichloromethane

25

2.55

5

Benzene

Trichloromethane

25

2.89

5

2-Butanone

Trichloromethane

25

2.13

5

Butyl acetate

Trichloromethane

25

1.71

5

Cyclohexane

Trichloromethane

25

1.28

3

Diethyl ether

Trichloromethane

25

2.13

3

Ethanol

Trichloromethane

15

2.20

5

Ethyl acetate

Trichloromethane

25

2.02

5

Benzene

2,2,4Trimethylpentane

30

3.46

4

6679X_S06.indb 217

Solute

Solvent

t/°C

DAB/ 10–5 cm2s–1 Ref.

Ethylbenzene

2,2,4Trimethylpentane

30

2.63

4

Toluene

2,2,4Trimethylpentane

30

3.15

4

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4Trimethylpentane

30

2.26

4

o-Xylene

2,2,4Trimethylpentane

30

2.62

4

p-Xylene

2,2,4Trimethylpentane

30

3.03

4

Acetic acid

Water

25

1.29

5

Acetone

Water

25

1.28

5

Acetonitrile

Water

15

1.26

5

L-Alanine

Water

25

0.91

5

Allyl alcohol

Water

15

0.90

5

Aniline

Water

20

0.92

5

DL-Arabinose

Water

20

0.69

5

Benzene

Water

20

1.02

5

1-Butanol

Water

25

0.56

5

Caprolactam

Water

25

0.87

5

Chloroethene

Water

25

1.34

5

Cyclohexane

Water

20

0.84

5

Diethylamine

Water

20

0.97

5

1,2-Ethanediol

Water

25

1.16

5

Ethanol

Water

25

1.24

5

Ethanolamine

Water

25

1.08

5

Ethyl acetate

Water

20

1.00

5

Ethylbenzene

Water

20

0.81

5

Ethyl carbamate

Water

15

0.80

5

α-D-Glucose

Water

25

0.67

5

Glycerol

Water

25

1.06

5

Glycine

Water

25

1.05

5

β-D-Lactose

Water

15

0.38

5

α-Maltose

Water

15

0.38

5

D-Mannitol

Water

15

0.50

5

Methane

Water

25

1.49

5

Methanol

Water

15

1.28

5

3-Methyl-1-butanol

Water

10

0.69

5

Methylcyclopentane

Water

20

0.85

5

Phenol

Water

20

0.89

5

1-Propanol

Water

15

0.87

5

Propene

Water

25

1.44

5

Pyridine

Water

25

0.58

5

Raffinose

Water

15

0.33

5

Sucrose

Water

25

0.52

5

Toluene

Water

20

0.85

5

Urea

Water

25

1.38

5

4/11/08 1:32:14 PM

Properties of Amino Acids This table gives selected properties of some important amino acids and closely related compounds. The first part of the table lists the 20 “standard” amino acids that are the basic constituents of proteins. The second part includes other amino acids and related compounds of biochemical importance. Within each part of the table the compounds are listed by name in alphabetical order. Structures are given in the following table. Symbol: Three-letter symbol for the standard amino acids Molecular weight Mr : tm: Melting point pKa , pKb , pKc , pKd: Negative of the logarithm of the acid dissociation constants for the COOH and NH2 groups (and, in some cases, other groups) in the molecule (at 25°C) pI: pH at the isoelectric point S: Solubility in water in units of grams of compound per kilogram of water; a temperature of 25°C is understood unless otherwise stated in a superscript. When quantitative data are not available, the notations sl.s. (for slightly soluble), s. (for soluble), and v.s. (for very soluble) are used. V20: Partial molar volume in aqueous solution at infinite dilution (at 25°C) Data on the enthalpy of formation of many of these compounds are included in the table “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Symbol Ala Arg Asn Asp Cys Gln Glu Gly His Ile Leu Lys Met Phe Pro Ser Thr Trp Tyr Val

Name L-Alanine L-Arginine L-Asparagine L-Aspartic acid L-Cysteine L-Glutamine L-Glutamic acid Glycine L-Histidine L-Isoleucine L-Leucine L-Lysine L-Methionine L-Phenylalanine L-Proline L-Serine L-Threonine L-Tryptophan L-Tyrosine L-Valine

Name N-Acetylglutamic acid N6-Acetyl-L-lysine b-Alanine 2-Aminoadipic acid DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid 4-Aminobutanoic acid 10-Aminodecanoic acid



6679X_S07.indb 1

Mol. form. C3H7NO2 C6H14N4O2 C4H8N2O3 C4H7NO4 C3H7NO2S C5H10N2O3 C5H9NO4 C2H5NO2 C6H9N3O2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H14N2O2 C5H11NO2S C9H11NO2 C5H9NO2 C3H7NO3 C4H9NO3 C11H12N2O2 C9H11NO3 C5H11NO2 Mol. form. C7H11NO5 C8H16N2O3 C3H7NO2 C6H11NO4 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C10H21NO2

Mr 89.09 174.20 132.12 133.10 121.16 146.14 147.13 75.07 155.15 131.17 131.17 146.19 149.21 165.19 115.13 105.09 119.12 204.23 181.19 117.15

tm/°C 297 244 235 270 240 185 160 290 287 284 293 224 281 283 221 228 256 289 343 315

Mr 189.17 188.22 89.09 161.16 103.12 103.12 103.12 187.28

tm/°C 199 265 200 207 304 194.3 203 188.5

Chemical Substances” in Section 5 of this Handbook. Absorption spectra and optical rotation data can be found in Reference 3. Partial molar volume is taken from Reference 5; other thermodynamic properties, including solubility as a function of temperature, are given in References 3 and 5. Most of the pK values come from References 1, 6, and 7.

References 1. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 2. O’Neil, Maryadele J., Ed., The Merck Index, Thirteenth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 2001. 3. Sober, H. A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry. Selected Data for Molecular Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1968. 4. Voet, D., and Voet, J. G., Biochemistry, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995. 5. Hinz, H. J., Ed., Thermodynamic Data for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986. 6. Fasman, G. D., Ed. Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 7. Smith, R. M., and Martell, A. E., NIST Standard Reference Database 46: Critically Selected Stability Constants of Metal Complexes Database, Version 3.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1997. 8. Ramasami, P., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 47, 1164, 2002.

pKa 2.33 2.03 2.16 1.95 1.91 2.18 2.16 2.34 1.70 2.26 2.32 2.15 2.16 2.18 1.95 2.13 2.20 2.38 2.24 2.27

pKb 9.71 9.00 8.73 9.66 10.28 9.00 9.58 9.58 9.09 9.60 9.58 9.16 9.08 9.09 10.47 9.05 8.96 9.34 9.04 9.52

pKc

pKd

pI 6.00 10.76 5.41 2.77 5.07 5.65 3.22 5.97 7.59 6.02 5.98 9.74 5.74 5.48 6.30 5.68 5.60 5.89 5.66 5.96

12.10 3.71 8.14 4.15 6.04

10.67

10.10

pKa

pKb

2.12 3.51 2.14 2.30 3.43 4.02

9.51 10.08 4.21 9.63 10.05 10.35

pKc

9.77

pKd

S/g kg 166.9 182.6 25.1 5.04 v.s. 42 8.6 239 43.5 34.2 23.8 5.8 56 27.9 1625 250 90.6 13.2 0.51 88

-1

pI

3.18 6.06 7.30

S/g kg-1 s. 890 2.240 210 1250 971

V20/cm3 mol-1 60.54 127.42 78.0 74.8 73.45 89.85 43.26 98.3 105.80 107.77 108.5 105.57 121.5 82.76 60.62 76.90 143.8 90.75 V20/cm3 mol-1

58.28 75.6 76.3 73.2 167.3

7-1

3/24/08 3:33:24 PM

Properties of Amino Acids

7-2 Name 7-Aminoheptanoic acid 6-Aminohexanoic acid L-3-Amino-2methylpropanoic acid 2-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid 9-Aminononanoic acid 8-Aminooctanoic acid 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid 5-Aminopentanoic acid o-Anthranilic acid Azaserine Canavanine L-g-Carboxyglutamic acid Carnosine Citrulline Creatine L-Cysteic acid L-Cystine 2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine 3,5-Dichloro-L-tyrosine 3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine Dopamine L-Ethionine N-Glycylglycine Guanidinoacetic acid Histamine L-Homocysteine Homocystine L-Homoserine 3-Hydroxy-DL-glutamic acid 5-Hydroxylysine trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline L-3-Iodotyrosine L-Kynurenine L-Lanthionine Levodopa L-1-Methylhistidine L-Norleucine L-Norvaline L-Ornithine O-Phosphoserine L-Pyroglutamic acid Sarcosine Taurine L-Thyroxine

6679X_S07.indb 2

Mol. form. C7H15NO2 C6H13NO2 C4H9NO2

Mr 145.20 131.17 103.12

tm/°C 195 205 185

pKa

C4H9NO2

103.12

335

2.36

C9H19NO2 C8H17NO2 C5H9NO3

173.26 159.23 131.13

191 192 118

C5H11NO2 C7H7NO2 C5H7N3O4 C5H12N4O3 C6H9NO6 C9H14N4O3 C6H13N3O3 C4H9N3O2 C3H7NO5S C6H12N2O4S2 C4H10N2O2 C9H9Br2NO3 C9H9Cl2NO3 C9H9I2NO3 C8H11NO2 C6H13NO2S C4H8N2O3 C3H7N3O2 C5H9N3 C4H9NO2S C8H16N2O4S2 C4H9NO3 C5H9NO5 C6H14N2O3 C5H9NO3 C9H10INO3 C10H12N2O3 C6H12N2O4S C9H11NO4 C7H11N3O2 C6H13NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H12N2O2 C3H8NO6P C5H7NO3 C3H7NO2 C2H7NO3S C15H11I4NO4

117.15 137.14 173.13 176.17 191.14 226.23 175.19 131.13 169.16 240.30 118.13 338.98 250.08 432.98 153.18 163.24 132.12 117.11 111.15 135.19 268.35 119.12 163.13 162.19 131.13 307.08 208.21 208.24 197.19 169.18 131.17 117.15 132.16 185.07 129.12 89.09 125.15 776.87

157 dec 146 150 172 167 260 222 303 260 260 118.1 245 247 213 273 263 282 83 232 264 203 209 274 205 194 294 277 249 301 307 140 166 162 212 328 235

pKb

pKc

pKd

pI 7.29

10.21

4.05

8.90

2.05

4.95 8.55 6.60 9.90 9.35 9.30 14.30 8.70 8.80 8.24

2.50 1.70 2.51 2.32 2.63 1.89 1.50 1.85

2.12

5.72

9.25 4.75 6.76

3.20

1.30 2.05 10.44

8.03

6.16 8.88 13.10

2.15 1.59 2.27

9.83 8.57 9.44 9.28

6.11 10.38 2.54

2.13 1.82 2.20

8.85 9.47 9.10

9.83

2.32 1.69 2.31 2.31 1.94 2.14 3.32 2.18 -0.3 2.20

8.72 8.85 9.68 9.65 8.78 9.80

9.96 6.48

9.97 9.06 10.01

137

V20/cm3 mol-1 120.0 104.2 77.55 151.3 136.1

9.10 10.36 9.05 8.10

2.18 3.13 2.82

S/g kg-1 v.s. 850 s.

5.92

8.52

8.70

10.52 5.70

6.45

7.93

9.27

5.55 6.17 3.28 9.15 5.74

11.79 6.09 9.73

s. 3.514 v.s. v.s.

87.6

322 s. 16 v.s. 0.17 s. 2.72 1.97 0.62 s. 231 5 v.s. s. 0.2 1100

361 sl.s. sl.s. 1.5 1.6520 200 15 107 v.s.

84.49

107.7 91.8

428 105 sl.s.

3/24/08 3:33:26 PM

STRUCTURES OF COMMON AMINO ACIDS O H2N

N H

NH2

L-Alanine (Ala)

OH

OH

O

O

O

L-Glutamic acid (Glu)

O

HO

L-Histidine (His)

OH

OH

L-Phenylalanine (Phe)

OH O

NH2

L-Proline (Pro)

L-Threonine (Thr)

O

O N H

NH2

NH2

NH2

L-Tyrosine (Tyr)

O

HO

OH

OH

OH HO

L-Tryptophan (Trp)

NH

L-Serine (Ser)

O

NH2

N H

OH

HO

OH

NH2

O

O

O

O OH

L-Lysine (Lys)

OH

N H

NH2

L-Methionine (Met)

OH NH2

L-Leucine (Leu)

O

NH2

O

NH2

L-Isoleucine (Ile)

O S

Glycine (Gly)

H2N

OH

NH2

N H

OH

O OH

N NH2

O H2N

NH2

L-Glutamine (Gln)

O

NH2 OH

L-Aspartic acid (Asp)

OH

NH2

L-Cysteine (Cys)

O

HO

NH2

OH

O

O

NH2

O HO

OH

L-Asparagine (Asn)

OH

NH2

O

H2N

NH2

L-Arginine (Arg)

O HS

O

O

NH OH

L-Valine (Val)

O OH

H2N

OH OH

O

O

OH

NH2

O

N-Acetylglutamic acid

β-Alanine

N6-Acetyl-L-lysine

O

OH

NH2 O OH

2-Aminoadipic acid

H2N

OH

OH

O

H2N

O

NH2

DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid NH2 OH

O H2N

OH

O

O

O O NH2

N

O

5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid

NH O

HO NH2

OH

OH

O

O

2-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid

N

6-Aminohexanoic acid H2N

H2N

O

L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid HO

4-Aminobutanoic acid

N H

NH2

5-Aminopentanoic acid

OH

OH

OH

O

O H 2N

O

OH

O

N

H2N

NH O

Azaserine

Canavanine

L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid

N H

Carnosine

7-3

Section7.indb 3

5/3/05 7:45:27 AM

Structures of Common Amino Acids

7-4 O

O

HO

N H

NH2

NH2

HN

N

Creatine

OH

NH2

2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

OH

H2N

NH2

OH

HO

O

L-Homocysteine

H2N

HN

N H

S

OH

OH O

NH2

H

O

trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline

O

O

NH2

OH

N

L-Homoserine

OH

NH2

HO

NH2

O

O

Histamine

O

Homocystine

O

N H

O

HO

OH

N

OH

Guanidinoacetic acid

NH2

NH2

Dopamine

NH2

NH2 S

OH

3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

OH

O

HO

I

N-Glycylglycine

O

NH2 OH

O

L-Ethionine

OH NH2

L-Cystine

NH2

HO

Br

H N

S

O

3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

O S

O S

O

I

OH

HO O

HO

OH NH2

Br

NH2

HO

L-Cysteic acid

O H2N

HS

O S HO O

OH O

Citrulline

NH2

O

NH2

HO

S

O OH

NH2

NH2

OH NH2

HO

I

OH

L-3-Iodotyrosine

L-Kynurenine

L-Lanthionine

O

O HO NH2

L-1-Methylhistidine O P

O

OH NH2

O-Phosphoserine O

N H

OH

H2N NH2

NH2

L-Norleucine

O

HO O HO

OH

NH2

N

O

O OH

N

Levodopa

OH O

L-Pyroglutamic acid

L-Norvaline H N

L-Ornithine H2N

O OH

Sarcosine

O S OH O

Taurine

I

HO NH2

I

OH

O

I

I

L-Thyroxine

Section7.indb 4

5/3/05 7:45:42 AM

PROPERTIES OF PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE BASES This table lists some of the important purine and pyrimidine bases that occur in nucleic acids. The pKa values (negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant) are given for each ioniza-

Purine

tion stage. The last column gives the aqueous solubility S at the indicated temperature in units of grams per 100 grams of solution. The numbering system in the rings is:

Pyrimidine

References 1. Dawson, R. M. C., et al., Data for Biochemical Research, 3rd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 2. O’Neil, M. J., Ed., The Merck Index, 13th ed., Merck and Co., Rahway, NJ, 2001.

Common name Pyrimidines Cytosine 5-Methylcytosine

Systematic name

pKa values

Mol. form.

Mol. wt.

C4H5N3O

111.10

4.60

12.16

0.73 (25°C) 0.45 (25°C)

C5H7N3O

125.13

4.6

12.4

Uracil Thymine Orotic acid

4-Amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine 4-Amino-2-hydroxy-5methylpyrimidine 4-Amino-2-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine 2,4-Dihydroxypyrimidine 5-Methyluracil Uracil-6-carboxylic acid

C5H7N3O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H6N2O2 C5H4N2O4

141.13 112.09 126.11 156.10

4.3 0.5 9.94 2.4

13 9.5 >13 9.5

Purines Adenine Guanine 7-Methylguanine Isoguanine Xanthine Hypoxanthine Uric acid

6-Aminopurine 2-Amino-6-hydroxypurine 7-Methyl-2-amino-6-hydroxypurine 6-Amino-2-hydroxypurine 2,6-Dioxopurine 6-Hydroxypurine 2,6,8-Trihydroxypurine

C5H5N5 C5H5N5O C6H7N5O C5H5N5O C5H4N4O2 C5H4N4O C5H4N4O3

135.14 151.13 165.16 151.13 152.11 136.11 168.11

<1 3.3 3.5 4.5 0.8 2.0 5.4

4.3 9.2 9.9 9.0 7.4 8.9 11.3

5-Hydroxymethylcytosine

S/mass % (temp.)

>13 >13

0.27 (25°C) 0.35 (25°C) 0.18 (18°C)

9.83 12.3

0.104 (25°C) 0.0068 (40°C)

11.1 12.1

0.006 (25°C) 0.05 (20°C) 0.07 (19°C) 0.002 (20°C)

7-5

Section7.indb 5

5/3/05 7:45:44 AM

THE GENETIC CODE This table gives the correspondence between a messenger RNA codon and the amino acid which it specifies. The symbols for bases in the codon are: U: uracil C: cytosine A: adenine G: guanine

First position U

C

A

G

U Phe Phe Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Ile Ile Ile Met (init) Val Val Val Val (init)

C Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Pro Pro Pro Thr Thr Thr Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala

The amino acid symbols are given in the table entitled “Structures of Common Amino Acids”. A chain-initiating codon is indicated by init and a chain-terminating codon by term. Example: UCA codes for Ser, UAC codes for Tyr, etc.

Second position A Tyr Tyr term term His His Gln Gln Asn Asn Lys Lys Asp Asp Glu Glu

G Cys Cys term Trp Arg Arg Arg Arg Ser Ser Arg Arg Gly Gly Gly Gly

Third position U C A G U C A G U C A G U C A G

7-6

Section7.indb 6

5/3/05 7:45:45 AM

Properties of Fatty Acids and Their Methyl Esters This table gives the names and selected properties of some important fatty acids and their methyl esters. It includes most of the acids that are significant constituents of naturally occurring oils and fats. Compounds are listed first by number of carbon atoms and, secondly, by the degree of unsaturation. Both the systematic name and the common or trivial name are given, as well as the Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number and the shorthand acid code that is frequently used. The first number in this code gives the number of carbon atoms; the number following the colon is the number of unsaturated centers (mainly double bonds). The location and orientation of the unsaturated centers follow. The symbols used are: c = cis; t = trans; a = acetylenic center; e = ethylenic center at end of chain; ep = epoxy. Thus 9c,11t indicates a double bond with cis orientation at the No. 9 carbon and another with trans orientation at the No. 11 carbon. More details on the codes can be found in Reference 1. The table gives the molecular weight and melting point of the acid and the melting and boiling points of the methyl ester of the acid when available. A superscript on the boiling point indicates the pressure in mmHg (torr); if there is no superscript, the value refers

Systematic name

Common name

to one atmosphere (760 mmHg). The references cover many other fatty acids beyond those listed here and give additional properties. We are indebted to Frank D. Gunstone for advice on the content of the table.

References 1. Gunstone, F. D., Harwood, J. L., and Dijkstra, A. J., eds., The Lipid Handbook, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006. 2. Gunstone, F. D., and Adlof, R. O., Common (non-systematic) Names for Fatty Acids, www.aocs.org/member/division/analytic/fanames. asp, 2003. 3. Firestone, D., Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Oils, Fats, and Waxes, 2nd Edition, AOCS Press, Urbana, IL, 2006. 4. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 5. Altman, P. L., and Dittmer, D. S., eds., Biology Data Book, Second Edition, Vol. 1, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Bethesda, MD, 1972. 6. Fasman, G. D., Ed., Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.

Mol. form.

Acid code

CAS RN

Methyl ester Mol. weight mp/°C mp/°C bp/°C

Butanoic acid

Butyric acid

C4H8O2

4:0

107-92-6

88.106

Pentanoic acid

Valeric acid

C5H10O2

5:0

109-52-4

102.132 –33.6

3-Methylbutanoic acid

Isovaleric acid

C5H10O2

4:0 3-Me

503-74-2

102.132 –29.3

Hexanoic acid

Caproic acid

C6H12O2

6:0

142-62-1

116.158   –3

–71

149.5

Heptanoic acid

Enanthic acid

C7H14O2

7:0

111-14-8

130.185   –7.2

–56

174

Octanoic acid

Caprylic acid

C8H16O2

8:0

124-07-2

144.212   16.5

–40

192.9

Nonanoic acid

Pelargonic acid

C9H18O2

9:0

112-05-0

158.238   12.4

Decanoic acid

Capric acid

C10H20O2

10:0

334-48-5

172.265   31.4

9-Decenoic acid

Caproleic acid

C10H18O2

10:1 9e

14436-32-9 170.249   26.5

12020

C11H22O2

11:0

112-37-8

186.292   28.6

12310

Undecanoic acid

  –5.1

Dodecanoic acid

Lauric acid

C12H24O2

12:0

143-07-7

200.318   43.8

cis-9-Dodecenoic acid

Lauroleic acid

C12H22O2

12:1 9c

2382-40-3

198.302

C13H26O2

13:0

638-53-9

Tridecanoic acid

102.8 127.4 116.5

213.5 –18

224

    5.2

267

214.344   41.5

    6.5

  921

228.371   54.2

  19

295

Tetradecanoic acid

Myristic acid

C14H28O2

14:0

544-63-8

cis-9-Tetradecenoic acid

Myristoleic acid

C14H26O2

14:1 9c

13147-06-3 226.355   –4

Pentadecanoic acid

–85.8

C15H30O2

15:0

1002-84-2

242.398   52.3

  18.5

153.5

Hexadecanoic acid

Palmitic acid

C16H32O2

16:0

57-10-3

256.424   62.5

  30

417

cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid

Palmitoleic acid

C16H30O2

16:1 9c

373-49-9

254.408     0.5

Heptadecanoic acid

Margaric acid

C17H34O2

17:0

506-12-7

270.451   61.3

  30

1859

  39.1

443

1405

Octadecanoic acid

Stearic acid

C18H36O2

18:0

57-11-4

284.478   69.3

cis-6-Octadecenoic acid

Petroselinic acid

C18H34O2

18:1 6c

593-39-5

282.462   29.8

cis-9-Octadecenoic acid

Oleic acid

C18H34O2

18:1 9c

112-80-1

282.462   13.4

–19.9

218.520

trans-9-Octadecenoic acid

Elaidic acid

C18H34O2

18:1 9t

112-79-8

282.462   45

  13.5

21824

cis-11-Octadecenoic acid

cis-Vaccenic acid

C18H34O2

18:1 11c

506-17-2

282.462   15

1630.1

trans-11-Octadecenoic acid

Vaccenic acid

C18H34O2

18:1 11t

693-72-1

282.462   44

1723

cis-12,13-Epoxy-cis-9-octadecenoic acid

Vernolic acid

C18H32O3

18:1 12,13-ep,9c

503-07-1

296.445   32.5

12-Hydroxy-cis-9-octadecenoic acid

Ricinoleic acid

C18H34O3

18:1 12-OH,9c

141-22-0

298.461     5.5

cis,trans-9,11-Octadecadienoic acid

Rumenic (CLA)

C18H32O2

18:2 9c,11t

1839-11-8

280.446   20

cis,cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid

Linoleic acid

C18H32O2

18:2 9c,12c

60-33-3

280.446   –7



6679X_S07.indb 7

22615 –35

21520

7-7

3/24/08 3:33:55 PM

Properties of Fatty Acids and Their Methyl Esters

7-8

Systematic name

Common name

Mol. form.

Acid code

CAS RN

Methyl ester Mol. weight mp/°C mp/°C bp/°C

trans,cis-10,12-Octadecadienoic acid

(CLA)

C18H32O2

18:2 10t,12c

22880-03-1 280.446   23

cis-9-Octadecen-12-ynoic acid

Crepenynic acid

C18H30O2

18:2 9c,12a

2277-31-8

cis,cis,cis-5,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid

Pinolenic acid

C18H30O2

18:3 5c,9c,12c

27213-43-0 278.430

trans,cis,cis-5,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid

Columbinic acid

C18H30O2

18:3 5t,9c,12c

2441-53-4

278.430

cis,cis,cis-6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid

γ-Linolenic acid

C18H30O2

18:3 6c,9c,12c

506-26-3

278.430

trans,trans,cis-8,10,12-Octadecatrienoic acid

Calendic acid

C18H30O2

18:3 8t,10t,12c

28872-28-8 278.430   40

cis,trans,cis-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid

Punicic acid

18:3 9c,11t,13c

544-72-9

278.430   45

cis,trans,trans-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid

α-Eleostearic acid

C18H30O2 C18H30O2

18:3 9c,11t,13t

506-23-0

278.430   49

trans,trans,cis-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid

Catalpic acid

C18H30O2

18:3 9t,11t,13c

4337-71-7

278.430   32

trans,trans,trans-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid

β-Eleostearic acid

C18H30O2

18:3 9t,11t,13t

544-73-0

278.430   71.5

  13

1621

cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid

α-Linolenic acid

C18H30O2

18:3 9c,12c,15c

463-40-1

278.430 –11.3

–52

1090.018

6,9,12,15-Octadecatetraenoic acid, all cis

Stearidonic acid

C18H28O2

18:4 6c,9c,12c,15c

20290-75-9 276.414 –57

cis,trans,trans,cis-9,11,13,15Octadecatetraenoic acid

Parinaric acid

C18H28O2

18:4 9c,11t,13t,15c

593-38-4

276.414   86

C19H38O2

19:0

646-30-0

298.504   69.4

  41.3

1904

312.531   76.5

  54.5

21510

Nonadecanoic acid

1620.5

Eicosanoic acid

Arachidic acid

C20H40O2

20:0

506-30-9

3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic acid

Phytanic acid

C20H40O2

16:0 3,7,11,15tetramethyl

14721-66-5 312.531 –65

cis-5-Eicosenoic acid

–12

278.430

1481

C20H38O2

20:1 5c

7050-07-9

cis-9-Eicosenoic acid

Gadoleic acid

C20H38O2

20:1 9c

29204-02-2 310.515   24.5

cis-11-Eicosenoic acid

Gondoic acid

C20H38O2

20:1 11c

2462-94-4

cis,cis,cis-8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid

Dihomo-γ-linolenic C20H34O2 acid

20:3 8c,11c,14c

1783-84-2

5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, all cis

Arachidonic acid

C20H32O2

20:4 5c,8c,11c,14c

506-32-1

5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentanaenoic acid, all cis

Timnodonic acid, EPA

C20H30O2

20:5 5c,8c,11c,14c,17c 10417-94-4 302.451 –54

C21H42O2

21:0

2363-71-5

326.557   82

  49   54

Heneicosanoic acid

310.515   27 310.515   24

1950.7

304.467 –49.5

Docosanoic acid

Behenic acid

C22H44O2

22:0

112-85-6

340.583   81.5

cis-11-Docosenoic acid

Cetolic acid

C22H42O2

22:1 11c

506-36-5

338.567   33

cis-13-Docosenoic acid

Erucic acid

C22H42O2

22:1 13c

112-86-7

338.567   34.7

trans-13-Docosenoic acid

Brassidic acid

C22H42O2

22:1 13t

506-33-2

338.567   61.9

cis,cis-5,13-Docosadienoic acid

C22H40O2

22:2 5c,13c

676-39-1

336.552   –4

7,10,13,16,19-Docosapentaenoic acid, all cis

C22H34O2

22:5 7c,10c,13c,16c, 19c

4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic acid, all cis Cervonic acid, DHA

C22H32O2

22:6 4c,7c,10c,13c,  16c,19c

2091-24-9

Tricosanoic acid

2215   35

–45

C23H46O2

23:0

2433-96-7

Tetracosanoic acid

Lignoceric acid

C24H48O2

24:0

557-59-5

368.637   87.5

  60

cis-15-Tetracosenoic acid

Nervonic acid

C24H46O2

24:1 15c

506-37-6

366.621   43

  15

C25H50O2

25:0

506-38-7

382.664   77.5

  62

Cerotic acid

C26H52O2

26:0

506-46-7

396.690   88.5

  63.8

C27H54O2

27:0

7138-40-1

  87.6

  64

C28H56O2

28:0

506-48-9

424.744   90.9

  67

C29H58O2

29:0

4250-38-8

438.770   90.3

  69

C30H60O2

30:0

506-50-3

452.796   93.6

  72

C31H62O2

31:0

38232-01-8 466.823   93.1

C32H64O2

32:0

3625-52-3

Pentacosanoic acid Hexacosanoic acid Heptacosanoic acid Octacosanoic acid

Montanic acid

Nonacosanoic acid Triacontanoic acid

Melissic acid

Hentriacontanoic acid Dotriacontanoic acid

6679X_S07.indb 8

Lacceric acid

2074

  79.6

480.849   96.2

  53.4 1650.02 28615

1920.01

3/24/08 3:33:56 PM

Composition and Properties of Common Oils And Fats This table lists some of the most common naturally occurring oils and fats. The list is separated into those of plant origin, fish and other marine life origin, and land animal origin. The oils and fats consist mainly of esters of glycerol (i.e., triglycerides) with fatty acids of 10 to 22 carbon atoms. The four fatty acids with the highest concentration are given for each oil; concentrations are given in weight percent. Because there is often a wide variation in composition depending on the source of the oil sample, a range (or sometimes an average) is generally given. More complete data on composition, including minor fatty acids, sterols, and tocopherols, can be found in the references. The acids are labeled by the codes described in the previous table, “Properties of Fatty Acids and Their Methyl Esters,” which gives the systematic and common names of the acids. Thus 18:2 9c,12c indicates a C18 acid with two double bonds in the 9 and 12 positions, both with a cis configuration (cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, or linoleic acid). The density and refractive index of the oils are typical values; superscripts indicate the temperature in °C. Notes: • The composition figure given for oleic acid (18:1 9c) often includes low levels of other 18:1 isomers.

Type of oil

• • •

In some oils where a concentration is given for 18:2 9c,12c (linoleic acid), other isomers of 18:2 may be included. Likewise, where a concentration is given for 18:3 9c,12c,15c (α-linolenic acid), other isomers of 18:3 may be included. The acid 20:5 6c,9c,12c,15c,17c, which is prevalent in many fish oils, is often abbreviated as 20:5 ω-3 or 20:5 n-3.

The assistance of Frank D. Gunstone in preparing this table is gratefully acknowledged.

References 1. Firestone, D., Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Oils, Fats, and Waxes, 2nd Edition, AOCS Press, Urbana, IL, 2006. 2. Gunstone, F. D., Harwood, J. L., and Dijkstra, A. J., eds., The Lipid Handbook, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006. 3. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 4. Altman, P. L., and Dittmer, D. S., eds., Biology Data Book, Second Edition, Vol. 1, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Bethesda, MD, 1972.

Principal fatty acid components in weight %

mp/ Density/ Refractive °C g cm–3 index

Iodine value

Saponification value

Plants Almond kernel oil

18:1 9c 16:0

Apricot kernel oil

18:1 9c 16:0

Argan seed oil

18:1 9c 16:0

Avocado pulp oil

18:1 9c 16:0

Babassu palm oil Blackcurrant oil Borage (star-flower) oil Borneo tallow Cameline oil Canola (rapeseed) oil (low linolenic) Canola (rapeseed) oil (low erucic) Caraway seed oil Cashew nut oil



6679X_S07.indb 9

43–70%

18:2 9c,12c

24–30%

4–13%

18:0

1–10%

58–66%

18:2 9c,12c

29–33%

4.6–6%

18:0

1%

42–55%

18:2 9c,12c

30–34%

12–16%

18:0

2–7%

56–74%

18:2 9c,12c

10–17%

9–18%

16:1 9c

3–9%

12:0

40–55%

14:0

11–27%

18:1 9c

9–20%

16:0

5.2–11%

18:2 9c,12c

45–50%

18:3 6c,9c,12c

14–20%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

12–15%

18:1 9c

9–13%

18:2 9c,12c

36–40%

18:3 6c,9c,12c

17–25%

18:1 9c

14–21%

16:0

9.4–12%

18:0

39–43%

18:1 9c

34–37%

16:0

18–21%

20:0

1.0%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

33–38%

18:2 9c,12c

15–16%

20:1 total

14–16%

18:1 9c

12–24%

18:1 9c

59–66%

18:2 9c,12c

24–29%

16:0

4–5%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

2–3%

18:1 9c

52–67%

18:2 9c,12c

16–25%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

6–14%

16:0

3.3–6.0%

18:1 9c

40%

18:2 9c,12c

30%

18:1 6c

26%

16:0

3%

18:1 9c

57–80%

18:2 9c,12c

16–22%

16:0

4–17%

18:0

2–12%

24

38

0.91025

1.46726

  89–101

188–200

0.91025

1.46925

  97–110

185–199

0.91220

1.46720

  92–102

189–195

0.91225

1.46625

85–90

177–198

0.91425

1.45040

10–18

245–256

0.92320

1.48020

173–182

185–195

141–160

189–192

0.855100

1.45640

29–38

189–200

0.92415

1.47720

127–155

180–190

–10 –10

91 0.91520

0.91415

1.46640

110–126

182–193

1.47135

128

178

1.46340

79–89

180–196

7-9

3/24/08 3:33:57 PM

Composition and Properties of Common Oils and Fats

7-10 Type of oil Castor oil

Principal fatty acid components in weight % 18:1 12-OH,9c

88%

18:2 9c,12c

3–5%

18:1 9c

2.9–6%

22:0

2.1%

18:2 9c,12c

42–45%

18:1 9c

35–49%

16:0

4–9%

18:3 9c,11t,13t

3–10%

16:0

58–72%

18:1 9c

20–35%

18:0

1–8%

14:0

0.5–3.7%

18:0

31–37%

18:1 9c

31–35%

16:0

25–27%

18:2 9c,12c

2.8–4.0%

12:0

45–51%

14:0

17–21%

16:0

7.7–10.2% 18:1 9c

5.4–9.9%

12:0

44–48%

14:0

16–17%

18:1 9c

8–10%

16:0

7–10%

Coriander seed oil

18:1 6c

53%

18:1 9c

32%

18:2 9c,12c

7–14%

16:0

3–8%

Corn oil

18:2 9c,12c

40–66%

18:1 9c

20–42%

16:0

9–16%

18:0

0–3%

Cottonseed oil

18:2 9c,12c

47–58%

16:0

18–26%

18:1 9c

14–22%

18:0

2.1–3.3%

Crambe oil

22:1 13c

55–60%

18:1 9c

12–15%

18:2 9c,12c

8–10%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

6–7%

Cherry kernel oil Chinese vegetable tallow Cocoa butter Coconut oil Cohune nut oil

Cuphea seed oil

8:0

65–78%

10:0

19–24%

18:2 9c,12c

1–4%

16:0

0.6–3%

18:1 12,13-ep,9c

64%

18:1 other

19%

18:2 9c,12c

9%

16:0

4%

18:2 9c,12c

65–80%

18:3 6c,9c,12c

8–14%

16:0

6–10%

18:1 9c

5–12%

18:2 9c,12c

58–78%

18:1 9c

12–28%

16:0

5.5–11%

18:0

3–6%

18:1 9c

39%

16:1 11c

22.7%

20:1 total

9.7%

22:1 total

9.5%

Hazelnut oil (Filbert)

18:1 9c

72–84%

18:2 9c,12c

5.7–22%

16:0

4.1–7.2%

18:0

1.5–2.4%

Hempseed oil

18:2 9c,12c

45–60%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

15–30%

18:1 9c

11–16%

16:0

6–12%

Illipe (mowrah) butter

18:1 9c

34%

16:0

23%

18:0

23%

18:2 9c,12c

14%

Jojoba oila

20:1 total

66–74%

22:1 undefined

9–19%

18:1 9c

5–12%

24:1 15c

1–5%

18:1 9c

45–65%

16:0

10–28%

18:2 9c,12c

7–35%

18:0

2–9%

18:0

49–56%

18:1 9c

39–49%

16:0

2–5%

18:2 9c,12c

1–2%

18:1 9c

57–62%

20:0

20–25%

16:0

5–8%

18:0

2–6%

18:2 9c,12c

72%

18:1 9c

16%

16:0

5.6%

18:0

4.0%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

52–58%

18:1 9c

18–20%

18:2 9c,12c

17%

18:2 9c,12c

16%

18:1 9c

56–59%

16:1 9c

21–22%

16:0

8–9%

18:0

2–4%

(caprylic acid rich) Euphorbia lagascae seed oil Evening primrose oil Grape seed oil Hazelnut oil (Chilean)

Kapok seed oilb Kokum butter Kusum oil Linola oil Linseed oil Macadamia nut oil

6679X_S07.indb 10

mp/ Density/ Refractive °C g cm–3 index

Iodine value

Saponification value

0.95225

1.47525

81–91

176–187

0.91825

1.46840

110–118

190–198

44

0.88725

1.45640

16–29

200–218

34

0.97425

1.45740

32–40

192–200

25

0.91340

1.44940

  5–13

248–265

0.91425

1.45040

  9–14

251–260

0.90825

1.46425

  86–100

182–191

–20

0.91920

1.47225

107–135

187–195

–1

0.92020

1.46240

  96–115

189–198

0.90625

1.47025

  87–113

0.95225

1.47325

102

1.47920

147–155

193–198

0.92320

1.47540

130–138

188–194

0.90925

1.47325

83–90

188–197

0.92125

1.47240

145–166

190–195

27

0.862100

1.46040

53–70

188–207

30

0.92615

1.46925

  86–110

189–197

1.45640

33–37

192

1.46140

48–58

220–230

–18

41

142 –24

0.92425

1.48025

170–203

188–196

3/24/08 3:33:58 PM

Composition and Properties of Common Oils and Fats Type of oil Mango seed oil Meadowfoam seed oil

7-11

Principal fatty acid components in weight % 18:1 9c

38–50%

18:0

31–49%

18:2 9c,12c

3–6%

20:0

2–6%

20:1 5c

58–77%

22:1 total

8–24%

22:2 5c,13c

7–15%

18:1 9c

1–3%

18:2 9c,12c

67% (av.)

18:1 9c

12% (av.)

16:0

11% (av.)

18:0

9% (av.)

18:1 9c

70%

16:0

9%

18:0

3.8%

22:0

2.4%

22:1 13c

43%

22:1 13c

22–50%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

12%

18:2 9c,12c

10–24%

18:1 9c

49–62%

18:0

14–24%

16:0

13–18%

18:2 9c,12c

7–15%

18:2 9c,12c

52–78%

16:0

5–12%

18:1 9c

4–10%

18:0

2–12%

14:0

76–83%

18:1 9c

5–11%

16:0

4–10%

12:0

3–6%

Oat oil

18:2 9c,12c

24–48%

18:1 9c

18–53%

16:0

13–39%

18:0

0.5–4%

Oiticica oil

18:3 9c,11t,13t, 4-oxo

70–80%

16:0

7%

18:0

5%

18:1 9c

4–7%

18:1 9c

55–83%

18:2 9c,12c

9%

16:0

7.5–20%

18:2 9c,12c

3.5–21%

12:0

40–55%

14:0

14–18%

18:1 9c

12–21%

16:0

6.5–10%

16:0

40–48%

18:1 9c

36–44%

18:2 9c,12c

6.5–12%

18:0

3.5–6.5%

18:1 9c

40–44%

16:0

38–43%

18:2 9c,12c

10–13%

18:0

3.7–4.8%

Palm stearin

16:0

48–74%

18:1 9c

16–36%

18:0

3.9–5.6%

18:2 9c,12c

3.2–9.8%

Parsley seed oil

18:1 6c

69–76%

18:1 9c

12–15%

18:2 9c,12c

6–14%

16:0

2%

18:1 9c

36–67%

18:2 9c,12c

14–43%

16:0

8.3–14%

22:0

2.1–4.4%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

59%

18:2 9c,12c

14–18%

18:1 9c

11–13%

16:0

6–9%

16:0

57–61%

18:1 9c

30–36%

18:2 9c,12c

3–4%

18:0

3–4%

18:2 9c,12c

47–51%

18:1 9c

36–39%

16:0

6–8%

18:0

2–3%

18:2 9c,12c

62–73%

18:1 9c

16–30%

16:0

7–11%

18:0

1–4%

Rice bran oil

18:1 9c

38–48%

18:2 9c,12c

16–36%

16:0

16–28%

18:0

2–4%

Safflower seed oil

18:2 9c,12c

68–83%

18:1 9c

8.4–30%

16:0

5.3–8.0%

18:0

1.9–2.9%

18:1 9c

74–80%

18:2 9c,12c

13–18%

Melon oil Moringa peregrina seed oil Mustard seed oil Neem oil Niger seed oil Nutmeg butter

Olive oil Palm kernel oil Palm oil Palm olein

Peanut oil Perilla oil Phulwara butter Pine nut oil Poppy seed oil

Safflower seed oil (high oleic) Sal fat

6679X_S07.indb 11

16:0

5–6%

18:0

1.5–2.0%

18:0

33–57%

18:1 9c

31–52%

16:0

6–23%

20:0

1–8%

mp/ Density/ Refractive °C g cm–3 index

Iodine value

Saponification value

1.46125

39–48

188–195

1.46440

86–91

168

0.90324

1.46040

70

185

0.91320

1.46540

  92–125

170–184

0.91230

1.46240

68–71

195–205

0.92415

1.46840

126–135

188–193

1.46840

48–85

170–190

0.91725

1.46740

105–116

190–199

0.97220

1.51425

140–150

188–193

–6

0.91120

1.46920

75–94

184–196

24

0.92215

1.45040

14–21

230–250

35

0.91415

1.45540

49–55

190–209

0.9140

1.45940

>56

194–202

0.88460

1.44940

<48

193–205

1.480040

110–120

0.91420

1.46340

86–107

187–196

0.92425

1.47725

192–208

188–197

0.862100

1.45840

40–51

188–200

118–121

193–197

0.91215

–3

45

3

43

0.91915 –15

33

0.91625

1.46940

132–146

188–196

0.91625

1.47225

  92–108

181–189

0.92415

1.47425

136–148

186–198

0.92120

1.47025

91–95

1.45640

31–45

175–192

3/24/08 3:33:59 PM

Composition and Properties of Common Oils and Fats

7-12 Type of oil Sesame seed oil Sheanut butter Soybean oil Stillingia seed kernel oilc Sunflower seed oil Sunflower oil, high-oleic (HO) Sunflower oil, mid-Oleic (NuSun oil) Tall oil Tung oil Ucuhuba butter oil Vernonia seed oil Walnut oil Wheatgerm oil

Principal fatty acid components in weight % 18:2 9c,12c

40–51%

18:1 9c

33–44%

16:0

7.9–10.2% 18:0

4.4–6.7%

18:1 9c

45–50%

18:0

36–41%

16:0

4–8%

18:2 9c,12c

4–8%

18:2 9c,12c

50–57%

18:1 9c

18–28%

16:0

9–13%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

5.5–9.5%

18:3 total

41–54%

18:2 9c,12c

24–30%

18:1 9c

7–10%

16:0

6–9%

18:2 9c,12c

48–74%

18:1 9c

13–40%

16:0

5–8%

18:0

2.5–7.0%

18:1 9c

80%

18:2 9c,12c

10%

18:0

4.4%

16:0

3.5%

18:1 9c

65%

18:2, 18:3

25%

16:0, 18:0

10%

18:2 9c,12c

41–52%

18:1 9c

41–48%

16:0

5–6%

18:0

2–3%

18:3 9c,11t,13t

71–82%

18:2 9c,12c

8–15%

18:1 9c

4–10%

18:0

3%

14:0

64–73%

12:0

13–15%

18:1 9c

6–8%

16:0

3–9%

18:1 12,13-ep,9c

62–72%

18:2 9c,12c

9–17%

16:0

3–7%

18:0

2–6%

18:2 9c,12c

56–60%

18:1 9c

17–19%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

13–14%

16:0

6–8%

18:2 9c,12c

50–59%

18:1 9c

13–23%

16:0

12–20%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

2–9%

16:0

17%

mp/ Density/ Refractive °C g cm–3 index

Iodine value

Saponification value

–6

0.91720

1.46740

104–120

187–195

38

0.863100

1.46540

52–66

178–198

–16

0.92020

1.46840

118–139

189–195

0.93725

1.48325

169–191

202–212

0.91920

1.47425

118–145

188–194

0.91125

1.46825

81

0.96925

1.49425

140–180

154–180

0.91225

1.51725

160–175

189–195

0.870100

1.45150

11–17

221–229

0.90130

1.48632

55

176

0.92125

1.47425

138–162

189–197

0.92625

1.47925

100–128

179–217

163–169

191–194

1.46350

94–164

185–202

0.92415

1.48225

142–176

180–192

0.91420

1.47425

115–160

161–192

0.92915

1.48120

136–167

–17

–2

Marine animals Anchovy oil

20:5 22% 6c,9c,12c,15c,17c 16:1 undefined

13%

18:1 undefined

10%

Capelin oild

20:1 undefined

17%

22:1 undefined

15%

18:1 undefined

14%

16:0

10%

18:1 undefined

24%

20:1 undefined

13%

22:6 4c,7c,10c,13c, 11% 16c,19c

16:0

10%

22:1 undefined

19%

16:0

17%

20:1 undefined

15%

18:1 undefined

14%

22:1 undefined

15%

16:0

14%

18:1 undefined

13%

20:1 undefined

12%

16:0

19%

20:5 6c,9c,12c,15c, 14% 17c

16:1 undefined

12%

18:1 undefined

Cod liver oil

Herring oil Mackerel oil Menhaden oil

Salmon oil

Sardine oil

Seal blubber oil, harp

6679X_S07.indb 12

150–200

192–199

11%

22:6 4c,7c,10c,13c, 18% 16c,19c

20:5 6c,9c,12c,15c, 13% 17c

16:0

9.8%

16:1

16:0

18%

20:5 6c,9c,12c,15c, 16% 17c

18:1 undefined

13%

16:1 undefined

10%

18:1 9c

21%

20:1

12%

22:6 4c,7c,10c,13c, 7.6% 16c,19c

0.92015

0.92415

1.47525

130–160

183–186

0.91525

1.46465

159–192

188–199

4.8%

20:5 6c,9c,12c,15c, 6.4% 17c

3/24/08 3:33:59 PM

Composition and Properties of Common Oils and Fats Type of oil Shark liver oil

7-13

Principal fatty acid components in weight % 18:1 undefined

45%

16:0

21%

20:1

12%

22:1

9%

22:6 4c,7c,10c,13c, 22% 16c,19c

16:0

22%

18:1 undefined

21%

20:5 6c,9c,12c,15c, 6% 17c

16:0

21–24%

18:1 undefined

18–31%

18:2

7–16%

16:1

4–10%

18:1 undefined

18%

20:1

17%

22:1

11%

16:1

9%

18:1 undefined

31–50%

18:0

25–40%

16:0

20–37%

14:0

1–6%

Butterfat

16:0

28.1% (av.) 18:1 9c

20.8% (av.)

14:0

10.8% (av.) 18:0

10.6% (av.)

Chicken egg lipids, yolk

16:0

28%

18:1 9c

25%

18:0

17%

18:2 9c,12c

16%

18:1 undefined

37%

16:0

22%

18:2

20%

18:0

6%

Tuna oil

Trout lipids Whale oil, minke

mp/ Density/ Refractive °C g cm–3 index

Iodine value

Saponification value

0.91725

1.47625

150–300

170–190

47

0.90225

1.45440

33–47

190–200

32

0.93415

1.45540

26–40

210–232

0.91815

1.45640

76–80

48

0.94615

1.45540

35–46

30

0.89820

Land animals Beef tallow

Chicken fat Milk fats, cow Milk fats, human Mutton tallow Pork lard

a b c d

16:0

28.2% (av.) 18:1 9c

21.4% (av.)

18:0

12.6% (av.) 14:0

10.6% (av.)

18:1 9c

31.1% (av.) 16:0

21.6% (av.)

18:2 9c,12c

11.7% (av.) 14:0

6.6% (av.)

18:1 undefined

30–42%

18:0

22–34%

16:0

20–27%

14:0

2–4%

18:1 undefined

35–62%

16:0

20–32%

18:0

5–24%

18:2

3–16%

Jojoba oil consists primarily of wax esters of the acids listed here and long-chain alcohols. Kapok oil also contains up to 15% cyclopropene acids. Stillingia oil also contains 5–10% trans,cis-2,4-decadienoic acid (stillingic acid, 10:2 2t,4c). Capelin oil also contains about 10% 16:1.

6679X_S07.indb 13

3/24/08 3:34:00 PM

CARBOHYDRATE NAMES AND SYMBOLS The following table lists the systematic names and symbols for selected carbohydrates and some of their derivatives. The symbols for monosaccharide residues and derivatives are recommended by IUPAC for use in describing the structures of oligosaccharide chains. A more complete list can be found in the reference.

Common name Abequose N-Acetyl-2-deoxyneur-2-enaminic acid N-Acetylgalactosamine N-Acetylglucosamine N-Acetylneuraminic acid Allose Altrose Apiose Arabinitol Arabinose Arcanose Ascarylose Boivinose Chalcose Cladinose Colitose Cymarose 3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid 2-Deoxyribose 2,3-Diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose Diginose Digitalose Digitoxose 3,4-Di-O-methylrhamnose Ethyl glucopyranuronate Evalose Fructose Fucitol Fucose β-D-Galactopyranose 4-sulfate Galactosamine Galactose Glucitol Glucosamine Glucose Glucuronic acid N-Glycoloylneuraminic acid Gulose Hamamelose Idose Iduronic acid Lactose Lyxose Maltose Mannose 2-C-Methylxylose Muramic acid Mycarose Mycinose

Symbol Abe Neu2en5Ac GalNAc GlcNAc Neu5Ac All Alt Api Ara-ol Ara

Kdo dRib GlcN3N

Rha3,4Me2 GlcpA6Et Fru Fuc-ol Fuc β-D-Galp4S GalN Gal Glc-ol GlcN Glc GlcA Neu5Gc Gul Ido IdoA Lac Lyx Man Xyl2CMe Mur

Reference McNaught, A. D., Pure Appl. Chem., 68, 1919-2008, 1996.

Systematic name 3,6-Dideoxy-D-xylo-hexose

allo-Hexose altro-Hexose 3-C-(Hydroxymethyl)-glycero-tetrose Arabinitol arabino-Pentose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-xylo-hexose 3,6-Dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose 2,6-Dideoxy-D-gulose 4,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-D-xylo-hexose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-L-ribo-hexose 3,6-Dideoxy-L-xylo-hexose 6-Deoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose 2-Deoxy-erythro-pentose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-lyxo-hexose 6-Deoxy-3-O-methyl-D-galactose 2,6-Dideoxy-D-ribo-hexose

6-Deoxy-3-C-methyl-D-mannose arabino-Hex-2-ulose 6-Deoxy-D-galactitol 6-Deoxygalactose 2-Amino-2-deoxygalactose galacto-Hexose 2-Amino-2-deoxyglucose gluco-Hexose

gulo-Hexose 2-C-(Hydroxymethyl)-D-ribose ido-Hexose β-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose lyxo-Pentose α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose manno-Hexose 2-Amino-3-O-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-L-ribo-hexose 6-Deoxy-2,3-di-O-methyl-D-allose

7-8

Section7.indb 8

5/3/05 7:45:46 AM

Carbohydrate Names and Symbols Common name Neuraminic acid Panose Paratose Primeverose Psicose Quinovose Raffinose Rhamnose Rhodinose Ribose Ribose 5-phosphate Ribulose Rutinose Sarmentose Sedoheptulose Sorbose Streptose Sucrose Tagatose Talose Turanose Tyvelose Xylose Xylulose

Section7.indb 9

7-9 Symbol Neu

Psi Qui Rha Rib Rib5P Ribulo (Rul)

Sor

Tag Tal Tyv Xyl Xylulo (Xul)

Systematic name 5-Amino-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→ 4)-D-glucose 3,6-Dideoxy-D-ribo-hexose β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-D-glucose ribo-Hex-2-ulose 6-Deoxyglucose β-D-Fructofuranosyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-Dglucopyranoside 6-Deoxymannose 2,3,6-Trideoxy-L-threo-hexose ribo-Pentose erythro-Pent-2-ulose α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-D-glucose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-D-xylo-hexose D-altro-Hept-2-ulose xylo-Hex-2-ulose 5-Deoxy-3-C-formyl-L-lyxose β-D-Fructofuranosyl-α-D-glucopyranoside lyxo-Hex-2-ulose talo-Hexose α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-D-fructose 3,6-Dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose xylo-Pentose threo-Pent-2-ulose

5/3/05 7:45:47 AM

STANDARD TRANSFORMED GIBBS ENERGIES OF FORMATION FOR BIOCHEMICAL REACTANTS Robert N. Goldberg and Robert A. Alberty This table contains values of the standard transformed Gibbs energies of formation ∆fG´° for 130 biochemical reactants. Values of ∆fG´° are given at pH 7.0, the temperature 298.15 K, and the pressure 100 kPa for three ionic strengths: I = 0, I = 0.1 mol/L and I = 0.25 mol/L. The table can be used for calculating apparent equilibrium constants K´ and standard apparent reduction potentials E´° for biochemical reactions. Such a listing is more compact than tabulating the actual apparent equilibrium constants or standard apparent reduction potentials, which would require a very large number of reactant-product combinations. In the table, all reactants are in aqueous solution unless indicated otherwise. A biochemical reactant is a sum of species. For example, ATP consists of an equilibrium mixture of the aqueous species ATP4-, HATP3-, H2ATP2-, MgATP2-, etc. Similarly, phosphate refers to the equilibrium mixture of the aqueous species PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, H3PO4, MgHPO4, etc. Biochemical reactions are written using biochemical reactants in terms of an apparent equilibrium constant K´, which is distinct from the standard equilibrium constant K. This subject is discussed in an IUPAC report (see Reference 1 below). The apparent equilibrium constant K´ and the standard transformed Gibbs energy change ∆rG´° for a biochemical reaction can be calculated from the ∆fG´° values by using the relationship

At pH 7.00 and I = 0.25 M, ∆rG´° and K´ are calculated as follows: ∆rG´° = {-1424.70 - 1059.49 - (-2292.50 –155.66)}∙(kJ mol-1) = -36.03 kJ mol-1 K´ = exp[-(-36030 J mol-1)/{(8.3145 J mol-1 K-1)∙(298.15 K)} = 2.05∙106 An example involving a biochemical half-cell reaction is acetaldehyde(aq) + 2 e- = ethanol(aq). At 298.15 K, pH 7.00, and I = 0, the standard apparent reduction potential E´° can be calculated as follows E´° = -(1/nF)·{∆fG´°(ethanol) - ∆fG´°(acetaldehyde)}, where n is the number of electrons in the half-cell reaction and F is the Faraday constant. Then, E´° = [-1/(2·9.6485·104 C mol-1)]·(58.10·103 J mol-1 - 20.83·103 J mol-1) = -0.193 V

References

-RT ln K´ = ∆rG´° = Σν'i ∆fG´°, where the summation is over all of the biochemical reactants. The quantity ν'i is the stoichiometric number of reactant i (ν'i is positive for reactants on the right side of the equation and negative for reactants on the left side); R is the gas constant. As an example, the hydrolysis reaction of ATP is ATP + H2O(l) = ADP + phosphate.

Reactant Acetaldehyde Acetate Acetone Acetyl Coenzyme A Acetylphosphate cis-Aconitate Adenine Adenosine Adenosine 5’-diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP) Adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) D-Alanine Ammonia D-Arabinose L-Asparagine L-Aspartate 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate Butanoate 1-Butanol

1. Alberty, R.A., Cornish-Bowden, A., Gibson, Q.H., Goldberg, R.N., Hammes, G., Jencks, W., Tipton, K.F, Veech, R., Westerhoff, H.V., and Webb, E.C. Pure Appl. Chem. 66, 1641-1666, 1994. 2. Alberty, R.A., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 353, 116-130, 1998; 358, 25-39, 1998. 3. Alberty, R.A., Thermodynamics of Biochemical Reactions, WileyInterscience, New York, 2003. 4. Alberty, R.A., BasicBiochemData2: Data and Programs for Biochemical Thermodynamics, . ∆fG´°(I = 0) kJ mol-1 20.83 -249.46 80.04 -60.49 -1109.34 -797.26 510.45 324.93 -1428.93 -562.04 -2292.61 -91.31 80.50 -342.67 -206.28 -456.14 -2202.06 -72.94 227.72

∆fG´°(I = 0.1 M) kJ mol-1 23.27 -248.23 83.71 -58.65 -1107.57 -800.93 513.51 332.89 -1425.55 -556.53 -2292.16 -87.02 82.34 -336.55 -201.38 -453.08 -2205.69 -69.26 233.84

∆fG´°(I = 0.25 M) kJ mol-1 24.06 -247.83 84.90 -58.06 -1107.02 -802.12 514.50 335.46 -1424.70 -554.83 -2292.50 -85.64 82.93 -334.57 -199.80 -452.09 -2207.30 -68.08 235.82

7-10

S07_10.indd 10

5/3/05 10:46:12 AM

Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants Reactant Citrate Isocitrate Coenzyme A (CoA) CO(aq) CO(g) CO2(aq)[total] CO2(g) Creatine Creatinine L-Cysteine L-Cystine Cytochrome c [oxidized] Cytochrome c [reduced] Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ferredoxin [oxidized] Ferredoxin [reduced] Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) [oxidized] Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) [reduced] Flavin adenine dinucleotide-enzyme (FADenz) [oxidized] Flavin adenine dinucleotide-enzyme (FADenz) [reduced] Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) [oxidized] Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) [reduced] Formate D-Fructose D-Fructose 1,6-diphosphate D-Fructose 6-phosphate Fumarate D-Galactose α-D-Galactose 1-phosphate D-Glucose α-D-Glucose 1-phosphate D-Glucose 6-phosphate Glutamate D-Glutamine Glutathione [oxidized] Glutathione [reduced] Glutathione-coenzyme A D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glycerol sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate Glycine Glycolate Glycylglycine Glyoxylate H2(aq) H2(g) H2O(l) H2O2(aq) 3-Hydroxypropanoate Hypoxanthine Indole Lactate Lactose L-Leucine L-Isoleucine D-Lyxose Malate Maltose

S07_10.indd 11

∆fG´°(I = 0) kJ mol-1 -963.46 -956.82 -7.98 -119.90 -137.17 -547.33 -394.36 100.41 256.55 -59.23 -187.03 0.00 -24.51 -1096.60 58.10 -18.00 0.00 38.07 1238.65 1279.68 1238.65 1229.96 759.17 800.20 -311.04 -436.03 -2202.84 -1321.71 -521.97 -429.45 -1317.50 -436.42 -1318.03 -1325.00 -377.82 -128.46 1198.69 625.75 563.49 -1088.94 -177.83 -1080.22 -180.13 -411.08 -200.55 -428.64 97.51 79.91 -157.28 -54.12 -318.62 249.33 503.49 -316.94 -688.29 167.18 175.53 -349.58 -682.88 -695.65

∆fG´°(I = 0.1 M) kJ mol-1 -965.49 -958.84 -7.43 -119.90 -137.17 -547.15 -394.36 105.92 260.84 -55.01 -179.69 -5.51 -26.96 -1095.91 61.77 -13.10 -0.61 38.07 1255.17 1297.43 1255.17 1247.71 768.35 810.61 -311.04 -428.69 -2205.66 -1317.16 -523.19 -422.11 -1313.01 -429.08 -1313.34 -1320.37 -373.54 -122.34 1214.60 634.76 572.06 -1088.25 -172.93 -1077.83 -177.07 -409.86 -195.65 -428.64 98.74 81.14 -156.05 -52.89 -316.17 251.77 507.78 -314.49 -674.83 175.14 183.49 -343.46 -682.85 -682.19

7-11 ∆fG´°(I = 0.25 M) kJ mol-1 -966.23 -959.58 -7.26 -119.90 -137.17 -547.10 -394.36 107.69 262.22 -53.65 -177.32 -7.29 -27.75 -1095.70 62.96 -11.52 -0.81 38.07 1260.51 1303.16 1260.51 1253.44 771.32 813.97 -311.04 -426.32 -2206.78 -1315.74 -523.58 -419.74 -1311.60 -426.71 -1311.89 -1318.92 -372.16 -120.36 1219.74 637.62 574.83 -1088.04 -171.35 -1077.13 -176.08 -409.46 -194.07 -428.64 99.13 81.53 -155.66 -52.50 -315.38 252.56 509.16 -313.70 -670.48 177.71 186.06 -341.48 -682.85 -677.84

5/3/05 10:46:12 AM

Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants

7-12 Reactant

D-Mannitol Mannose Methane(aq) Methane(g) Methanol L-Methionine N2(aq) N2(g) Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) [oxidized] Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) [reduced] Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP) [oxidized] Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP) [reduced] O2(aq) O2(g) Oxalate Oxaloacetate Oxalosuccinate 2-Oxoglutarate Palmitate L-Phenylalanine Phosphate 2-Phospho-D-glycerate 3-Phospho-D-glycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyrophosphate Pyruvate Retinal Retinol Ribose Ribose 1-phosphate Ribose 5-phosphate Ribulose L-Serine Sorbose Succinate Succinyl Coenzyme A Sucrose Thioredoxin [oxidized] Thioredoxin [reduced] L-Tryptophan L-Tyrosine Ubiquinone [oxidized] Ubiquinone [reduced] Urate Urea Uric acid L-Valine D-Xylose D-Xylulose

S07_10.indd 12

∆fG´°(I = 0) kJ mol-1 -383.22 -430.52 125.50 109.11 -15.48 -63.40 18.70 0.00 1038.86 1101.47 163.73 229.67 16.40 0.00 -673.90 -713.38 -979.05 -633.58 979.25 232.42 -1058.56 -1340.72 -1346.38 -1185.46 143.84 134.42 -1934.95 -352.40 1118.78 1170.78 -339.23 -1215.87 -1223.95 -336.38 -231.18 -432.47 -530.72 -349.90 -685.66 0.00 54.32 364.78 68.82 3596.07 3586.06 -206.03 -42.97 -197.07 80.87 -350.93 -346.59

∆fG´°(I = 0.1 M) kJ mol-1 -374.65 -423.18 127.94 111.55 -13.04 -56.67 18.70 0.00 1054.17 1115.55 173.52 235.79 16.40 0.00 -676.35 -714.60 -979.05 -633.58 997.61 239.15 -1059.17 -1341.32 -1347.19 -1188.53 148.74 139.32 -1939.13 -351.18 1135.91 1189.14 -333.11 -1212.24 -1220.32 -330.26 -226.89 -425.13 -530.65 -348.06 -672.20 0.00 55.41 372.12 75.55 3651.15 3642.37 -204.81 -40.53 -194.63 87.60 -344.81 -340.47

∆fG´°(I = 0.25 M) kJ mol-1 -371.89 -420.81 128.73 112.34 -12.25 -54.49 18.70 0.00 1059.11 1120.09 176.68 237.77 16.40 0.00 -677.14 -715.00 -979.05 -633.58 1003.54 241.33 -1059.49 -1341.79 -1347.73 -1189.73 150.32 140.90 -1940.66 -350.78 1141.45 1195.07 -331.13 -1211.14 -1219.22 -328.28 -225.51 -422.76 -530.64 -347.47 -667.85 0.00 55.74 374.49 77.73 3668.94 3660.55 -204.41 -39.74 -193.84 89.78 -342.83 -338.49

5/3/05 10:46:12 AM

THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES FOR THE IONIZATION REACTIONS OF BUFFERS IN WATER Robert N. Goldberg, Nand Kishore, and Rebecca M. Lennen This table contains selected values for the pK, standard molar enthalpy of reaction ∆rH°, and standard molar heat-capacity change ∆rC°p for the ionization reactions of 64 buffers many of which are relevant to biochemistry and to biology.1 The values pertain to the temperature T = 298.15 K and the pressure p = 0.1 MPa. The standard state is the hypothetical ideal solution of unit molality. These data permit one to calculate values of the pK and of ∆rH° at temperatures in the vicinity {T ≈ (274 K to 350 K)} of the reference temperature θ = 298.15 K by using the following equations2 ∆rG°T = –RT lnKT = ln(10)·RT·pKT ,

(1)

RlnKT = –(∆rG°θ /θ) + ∆rH°θ {(1/θ ) – (1/T )} + ∆rC°pθ {(θ /T ) – 1 + ln(T/θ )}, (2) ∆rH°T = ∆rH°θ + ∆rC°pθ (T – θ ).

(3)

Here, ∆rG° is the standard molar Gibbs energy change and K is the equilibrium constant for a reaction; R is the gas constant (8.314 472 J K–1 mol–1). The subscripts T and θ denote the temperature to which a quantity pertains, the subscript p denotes constant pres-

sure, and the subscript r denotes that the quantity refers to a reaction. Combination of equations (1) and (2) yields the following equation that gives pK as a function of temperature: pKT = –{R·ln(10)}–1[–{ln(10)·RT·pKθ /θ } + ∆rH°θ {(1/θ ) – (1/T )} + ∆rC°pθ {(θ /T ) – 1 + ln(T/θ )}]. (4) The above equations neglect higher order terms that involve temperature derivatives of ∆rC°p. Also, it is important to recognize that the values of pK and ∆rH° effectively pertain to ionic strength I = 0. However, the values of pK and ∆rH° are almost always dependent on the ionic strength and the actual composition of the solution. These issues are discussed in Reference 1 which also gives an approximate method for making appropriate corrections.

References 1. Goldberg, R. N., Kishore, N., and Lennen, R. M., “Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, in press. 2. Clarke, E. C. W., and Glew, D. N., Trans. Faraday Soc., 62, 539-547, 1966.

Selected Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water at T = 298.15 K and p = 0.1 MPa Buffer ACES Acetate ADA

2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 3-Amino-1-propanesulfonic acid Ammonia AMPSO Arsenate

Barbital BES Bicine Bis-tris Bis-tris propane Borate Cacodylate CAPS CAPSO Carbonate CHES

Reaction HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C4H10N2O4S) HL = H+ + L–, (HL = C2H4O2) H3L+ = H+ + H2L±, (H2L = C6H10N2O5) H2L± = H+ + HL– HL- = H+ + L2– HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO2) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO) HL = H+ + L–, (HL = C3H9NO3S) NH 4+ = H+ + NH3 HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C7H17NO5S) H3AsO4 = H+ + H2AsO–4 H2AsO-4 = H+ + HAsO42– HAsO2-4= H+ + AsO3– 4 H2L = H+ + HL–, (H2L = C8H12N2O3) HL- = H+ + L2– HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C6H15NO5S) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C6H13NO4) HL± = H+ + L– H3L+ = H+ + H2L±, (H2L = C8H19NO5) H2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = C11H26N2O6) HL+ = H+ + L H3BO3 = H+ + H2BO -–3 H2L+ = H+ + HL, (HL = C2H6AsO2) HL = H+ + L– HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C9H19NO3S) HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C9H19NO4S) H2CO3 = H+ + HCO-–3 HCO3- = H+ + CO2– 3 HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C8H17NO3S)

pK 6.847 4.756 1.59 2.48 6.844 8.801 9.694 10.2 9.245 9.138 2.31 7.05 11.9 7.980 12.8 7.187 2.0 8.334 6.484 6.65 9.10 9.237 1.78 6.28 10.499 9.825 6.351 10.329 9.394

∆rH° kJ mol–1 30.43 –0.41 16.7 12.23 49.85 54.05

∆rC°p

J K–1 mol–1 –49 –142

–144 –44 ≈–21

51.95 43.19 –7.8 1.7 15.9 24.27

8 –61

–135

24.25

–2

26.34 28.4

0 27

13.8 –3.5 –3.0 48.1 46.67 9.15 14.70 39.55

≈–240 –86 57 21 –371 –249 9

7-13

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7-14 Buffer Citrate

L-Cysteine

Diethanolamine Diglycolate 3,3-Dimethylglutarate DIPSO Ethanolamine N-Ethylmorpholine Glycerol 2-phosphate Glycine Glycine amide Glycylglycine Glycylglycylglycine HEPES HEPPS HEPPSO L-Histidine

Hydrazine Imidazole Maleate 2-Mercaptoethanol MES Methylamine 2-Methylimidazole MOPS MOPSO Oxalate Phosphate

Phthalate Piperazine PIPES POPSO Pyrophosphate

Succinate Sulfate

Section7.indb 14

Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water Reaction H3L = H+ + H2L–, (H3L = C6H8O7) H2L- = H+ + HL2– HL2- = H+ + L3– H3L+ = H+ + H2L, (H2L = C3H7NO2S) H2L = H+ + HL– HL- = H+ + L2– HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO2) H2L = H+ + HL–, (H2L = C4H6O5) HL- = H+ + L2– H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C7H12O4) HL- = H+ + L2– HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C7H17NO6S) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C2H7NO) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H13NO) H2L = H+ + HL–, (H2L = C3H9NO6P) HL– = H+ + L2– H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C2H5NO2) HL± = H+ + L– HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C2H6N2O) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C4H8N2O3) HL± = H+ + L– H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C6H11N3O4) HL± = H+ + L– H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C8H18N2O4S) HL± = H+ + L– HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C6H20N2O4S) HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C9H20N2O5S) H3L2+ = H+ + H2L+, (HL = C6H9N3O2) H2L+ = H+ + HL HL = H+ + LH2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = H4N2) HL+ = H+ + L HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C3H4N2) H2L = H+ + HL–, (H2L = C4H4O4) HL- = H+ + L2– HL = H+ + L–, (HL = C2H6OS) HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C6H13NO4S) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = CH5N) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H6N2) HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C7H15NO4S) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C7H15NO5S) HL± = H+ + L– H2L = H+ + HL–, (H2L = C2H2O4) HL– = H+ + L2– H3PO4 = H+ + H2PO4H2PO-4 = H+ + HPO2-4 HPO2= H+ + PO434 H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C8H6O4) HL- = H+ + L2– H2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = C4H10N2) HL+ = H+ + L HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C8H18N2O6S2) HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C10H22N2O8S2) H4P2O7 = H+ + H3P2O–7 H3P2O–7 = H+ + H2P2O2-7 H2P2O2-7 = H+ + HP2O3-7 HP2O3-7 = H+ + P2O4-7 H2L = H+ + HL–, (H2L = C4H6O4) HL– = H+ + L2– HSO–4 = H+ + SO2-4

pK 3.128 4.761 6.396 1.71 8.36 10.75 8.883 3.05 4.37 3.70 6.34 7.576 9.498 7.77 1.329 6.650 2.351 9.780 8.04 3.140 8.265 3.224 8.090 ≈3.0 7.564 7.957 8.042 1.54 6.07 9.34 –0.99 8.02 6.993 1.92 6.27 9.75 6.270 10.645 8.01 7.184 0.060 6.90 1.27 4.266 2.148 7.198 12.35 2.950 5.408 5.333 9.731 7.141 ≈8.0 0.83 2.26 6.72 9.46 4.207 5.636 1.987

∆rH° kJ mol–1 4.07 2.23 –3.38 ≈–0.6 36.1 34.1 42.08 –0.1 –7.2

30.18 50.52 27.4 –12.2 –1.85 4.00 44.2 42.9 0.11 43.4 0.84 41.7 20.4 21.3 23.70 3.6 29.5 43.8 38.1 41.7 36.64 1.1 –3.6 26.2 14.8 55.34 36.8 21.1 25.0 –3.9 7.00 –8.0 3.6 16.0 –2.70 –2.17 31.11 42.89 11.2 –9.2 –5.0 0.5 1.4 3.0 –0.5 –22.4

∆rC°p

J K–1 mol–1 –131 –178 –254 ≈–66 ≈–204 36 ≈–142 ≈–138

42 26 –330 –212 –139 –57 –128 –16

47 48 47 176 –233

–9 ≈–21 ≈–31 5 33 25 ≈38 ≈–231 –231 –141 –230 –242 –91 –295 86 75 22 ≈–90 ≈–130 –136 –141 –121 –217 –258

5/3/05 7:45:51 AM

Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water Buffer Sulfite TAPS TAPSO L(+)-Tartaric acid TES Tricine Triethanolamine Triethylamine Tris

Section7.indb 15

Reaction H2SO3 = H+ + HSO–3 HSO–3 = H+ + SO2-3 HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C7H17NO6S) HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C7H17NO7S) H2L = H+ + HL–, (H2L = C4H6O6) HL– = H+ + L2– HL± = H+ + L–, (HL = C6H15NO6S) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C6H13NO5) HL± = H+ + L– HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H15NO3) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H15N) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO3)

pK 1.857 7.172 8.44 7.635 3.036 4.366 7.550 2.023 8.135 7.762 10.72 8.072

7-15 ∆rH° kJ mol–1 –17.80 –3.65 40.4 39.09 3.19 0.93 32.13 5.85 31.37 33.6 43.13 47.45

∆rC°p

J K–1 mol–1 –272 –262 15 –16 –147 –218 0 –196 –53 50 151 –59

5/3/05 7:45:51 AM

Biological Buffers This table of frequently used buffers gives the pKa value at 25°C and the useful pH range of each buffer. The buffers are listed in order of increasing pH. Acronym

MES BIS TRIS ADA ACES PIPES MOPSO BIS TRISPROPANE BES MOPS HEPES TES DIPSO TAPSO TRIZMA HEPPSO POPSO EPPS TEA TRICINE BICINE TAPS AMPSO CHES CAPSO AMP CAPS a

The table is reprinted with permission of Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo.

Name 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)iminotris(hydroxymethyl)methane N-(2-Acetamido)-2-iminodiacetic acid 2-[(2-Amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid Piperazine-N,N´-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) 3-(N-Morpholino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 1,3-Bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid 3-(N-Morpholino)propanesulfonic acid N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N´-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid 3-[N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N´-(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) Piperazine-N,N´-bis(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N´-(3-propanesulfonic acid) Triethanolamine N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid 3-[(1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 2-(N-Cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid

Mol. wt. 195.2 209.2 190.2 182.2 302.4 225.3 282.3 213.2 209.3 238.3 229.2 243.3 259.3 121.1 268.3 362.4 252.3 149.2 179.2 163.2 243.3 227.3 207.3 237.3 89.1 221.3

pKa 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.8a 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.6 8.1 7.8 7.8 8.0 7.8 8.1 8.3 8.4 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.7 10.4

Useful pH range 5.5–6.7 5.8–7.2 6.0–7.2 6.1–7.5 6.1–7.5 6.2–7.6 6.3–9.5 6.4–7.8 6.5–7.9 6.8–8.2 6.8–8.2 7.0–8.2 7.0–8.2 7.0–9.1 7.1–8.5 7.2–8.5 7.3–8.7 7.3–8.3 7.4–8.8 7.6–9.0 7.7–9.1 8.3–9.7 8.6–10.0 8.9–10.3 9.0–10.5 9.7–11.1

pKa = 9.0 for the second dissociation stage.

7-16

487_S07.indb 16

3/14/06 3:28:23 PM

TYPICAL pH VALUES OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND FOODS This table gives typical pH ranges for various biological fluids and common foods. All values refer to 25°C.

Biological Materials Blood, human 7.35–7.45 6.9–7.2 Blood, dog 7.3–7.5 Spinal fluid, human 6.5–7.5 Saliva, human 1.0–3.0 Gastric contents, human 4.8–8.2 Duodenal contents, human 4.6–8.4 Feces, human 4.8–8.4 Urine, human 6.6–7.6 Milk, human 6.8–7.0 Bile, human Apples Apricots Asparagus Bananas Beans Beers Beets Blackberries Bread, white Butter Cabbage Carrots Cheese Cherries Cider Corn Crackers Dates Eggs, fresh white Flour, wheat Gooseberries Grapefruit Grapes

Foods

2.9–3.3 3.6–4.0 5.4–5.8 4.5–4.7 5.0–6.0 4.0–5.0 4.9–5.5 3.2–3.6 5.0–6.0 6.1–6.4 5.2–5.4 4.9–5.3 4.8–6.4 3.2–4.0 2.9–3.3 6.0–6.5 6.5–8.5 6.2–6.4 7.6–8.0 5.5–6.5 2.8–3.0 3.0–3.3 3.5–4.5

Hominy (lye) Jams, fruit Jellies, fruit Lemons Limes Maple syrup Milk, cows Olives Oranges Oysters Peaches Pears Peas Pickles, dill Pickles, sour Pimento Plums Potatoes Pumpkin Raspberries Rhubarb Salmon Sauerkraut Shrimp Soft drinks Spinach Squash Strawberries Sweet potatoes Tomatoes Tuna Turnips Vinegar Water, drinking Wines

6.8–8.0 3.5–4.0 2.8–3.4 2.2–2.4 1.8–2.0 6.5–7.0 6.3–6.6 3.6–3.8 3.0–4.0 6.1–6.6 3.4–3.6 3.6–4.0 5.8–6.4 3.2–3.6 3.0–3.4 4.6–5.2 2.8–3.0 5.6–6.0 4.8–5.2 3.2–3.6 3.1–3.2 6.1–6.3 3.4–3.6 6.8–7.0 2.0–4.0 5.1–5.7 5.0–5.4 3.0–3.5 5.3–5.6 4.0–4.4 5.9–6.1 5.2–5.6 2.4–3.4 6.5–8.0 2.8–3.8

7-17

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5/3/05 7:45:52 AM

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY The elemental composition of the “standard man” of mass 70 kg is given below.

Element Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Sulfur Potassium Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Silicon Iron Fluorine Zinc Rubidium Strontium Bromine Lead Copper Aluminum Cadmium Boron Barium Tin Manganese Iodine Nickel Gold Molybdenum Chromium Cesium Cobalt Uranium Beryllium Radium

References 1. Padikal, T. N., and Fivozinsky, S. P., Medical Physics Data Book, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 138, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1981. 2. Snyde, W. S., et al., Reference Man: Anatomical, Physiological, and Metabolic Characteristics, Pergamon, New York, 1975.

Amount (g) 43,000 16,000 7000 1800 1000 780 140 140 100 95 19 18 4.2 2.6 2.3 0.32 0.32 0.20 0.12 0.072 0.061 0.050 <0.048 0.022 <0.017 0.012 0.013 0.010 <0.010 <0.0093 <0.0018 0.0015 0.0015 0.00009 0.000036 3.1·10–11

Percent of total body mass 61 23 10 2.6 1.4 1.1 0.20 0.20 0.14 0.12 0.027 0.026 0.006 0.0037 0.0033 0.00046 0.00046 0.00029 0.00017 0.00010 0.00009 0.00007 0.00007 0.00003 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.000003 0.000002 0.000002 0.0000001

7-18

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5/3/05 7:45:52 AM

NUTRIENT VALUES OF FOODS The U. S. Department of Agriculture maintains the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, which contains over 7000 food items with data on the energy content, minerals, vitamins, and other properties of nutritional interest. The table here includes about 600 common foods extracted from that database. The properties listed are the energy content (in effect, the enthalpy of combustion); the content of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats); the cholesterol content; and the amount of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, phosphorus, and selenium. All values are given for a 100 gram sample of the food. To conform with common practice in nutritional science, the energy content is given in kilocalories. For conversion to kilojoules, this number should be multiplied by 4.184. For conversion to the avoirdupois units frequently used in the United States, note that:

Food description

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

The full USDA database covers specific proprietary brands of many processed foods, and it includes vitamin content as well as the minerals given in this table.

Reference U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2005. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 18. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page, http://www.ars.usda. gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

Alcoholic beverage, beer, light

29

1.6

0.2

0.0

0

4

21

4

5

0.03

0.006

0.01

0.006

12

0.4

Alcoholic beverage, beer, regular

43

3.6

0.5

0.0

0

4

27

4

6

0.02

0.005

0.01

0.008

14

0.6

Alcoholic beverage, dessert wine, sweet

160

13.7

0.2

0.0

0

9

92

8

9

0.24

0.045

0.07

0.119

9

0.5

Alcoholic beverage, distilled (gin, rum, vodka, whiskey), 80 proof Alcoholic beverage, distilled (gin, rum, vodka, whiskey), 90 proof Alcoholic beverage, distilled, all, 100 proof

231

0.0

0.0

0.0

0

1

2

0

0

0.04

0.021

0.04

0.018

4

0.0

263

0.0

0.0

0.0

0

1

2

0

0

0.04

0.021

0.04

0.018

4

0.0

295

0.0

0.0

0.0

0

1

2

0

0

0.04

0.021

0.04

0.018

4

0.0

Alcoholic beverage, liqueur, coffee, 63 proof

308

32.2

0.1

0.3

0

8

30

1

3

0.06

0.040

0.03

0.017

6

0.3

Alcoholic beverage, table wine, red

85

2.6

0.1

0.0

0

4

127

8

12

0.46

0.011

0.14

0.132

23

0.2

Alcoholic beverage, table wine, white

83

2.6

0.1

0.0

0

5

71

9

10

0.27

0.004

0.12

0.117

18

0.1

Almonds, dry roasted, w/o salt

597

19.3

22.1

52.8

0

1

746

266

286

4.51

1.170

3.54

2.620

489

2.8

Almonds, oil roasted, w/o salt

607

17.7

21.2

55.2

0

1

699

291

274

3.68

0.955

3.07

2.460

466

2.8

Apple juice, canned or bottled, unsweetened, w/o vitamin C Apples, raw, w/o skin

47

11.7

0.1

0.1

0

3

119

7

3

0.37

0.022

0.03

0.113

7

0.1

48

12.8

0.3

0.1

0

0

90

5

4

0.07

0.031

0.05

0.038

11

0.0

Apples, raw, with skin

52

13.8

0.3

0.2

0

1

107

6

5

0.12

0.027

0.04

0.035

11

0.0

Apricots, dried, sulfured, stewed, w. sugar

113

29.3

1.2

0.2

0

3

443

15

15

1.52

0.138

0.24

0.088

38

Apricots, dried, sulfured, stewed, w/o sugar

85

22.2

1.2

0.2

0

4

411

19

11

0.94

0.121

0.14

0.083

25

Artichokes, (globe or French), boiled, w/o salt

50

11.2

3.5

0.2

0

95

354

45

60

1.29

0.233

0.49

0.259

86

0.2

Arugula, raw

25

3.7

2.6

0.7

0

27

369

160

47

1.46

0.076

0.47

0.321

52

0.3

Asparagus, boiled

22

4.1

2.4

0.2

0

14

224

23

14

0.91

0.165

0.60

0.154

54

6.1

Asparagus, raw

20

3.9

2.2

0.1

0

2

202

24

14

2.14

0.189

0.54

0.158

52

2.3

Avocados, raw, all commercial varieties

160

8.5

2.0

14.7

0

7

485

12

29

0.55

0.190

0.64

0.142

52

0.4

Bagel, plain, toasted, enriched w. calcium propanoate Bagels, cinnamon-raisin, toasted

257

50.5

10.0

1.6

0

448

75

89

22

6.05

0.130

1.90

0.515

87

22.8

294

59.3

10.6

1.8

0

346

163

20

23

4.09

0.160

0.81

0.328

83

33.3

Baked beans, canned, no salt

105

20.6

4.8

0.4

0

1

296

50

32

0.29

0.206

1.40

12

1.9

1.5

0.2

0

4

533

12

3

0.24

0.082

0.47

0.113

Bamboo shoots, boiled, w/o salt Bananas, raw



Energy kcal/ 100 g

1 oz = 28.35 g (thus the 100 g basis in this table is approximately 3.5 oz) 1 lb = 453.6 g

0.8

104

4.5

20

0.4

89

22.8

1.1

0.3

0

1

358

5

27

0.26

0.078

0.15

0.270

22

1.0

Bass, freshwater, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

146

0.0

24.2

4.7

87

90

456

103

38

1.91

0.119

0.83

1.140

256

16.2

Bass, striped, cooked, dry heat

124

0.0

22.7

3.0

103

88

328

19

51

1.08

0.040

0.51

0.019

254

46.8

Beans, French, mature seeds, boiled, w/o salt

129

24.0

7.1

0.8

0

6

370

63

56

1.08

0.115

0.64

0.382

102

1.2

Beans, kidney, all types, mature seeds, boiled, w/o salt Beans, lima, immature seeds, canned

127

22.8

8.7

0.5

0

1

405

35

42

2.22

0.216

1.00

0.430

138

1.1

71

13.3

4.1

0.3

0

252

285

28

34

1.61

0.162

0.64

0.700

71

1.1

Beans, navy, mature seeds, canned

113

20.5

7.5

0.4

0

448

288

47

47

1.85

0.208

0.77

0.375

134

5.8

Beans, pinto, mature seeds, boiled, w/o salt

143

26.2

9.0

0.7

0

1

436

46

50

2.09

0.219

0.98

0.453

147

6.2

7-19

Nutrient Values of Foods

7-20

Food description Beans, snap, green, boiled, w/o salt Beef, bottom sirloin, tri-tip roast, lean & fat, 0” fat, choice, roasted Beef, brisket, flat half, lean & fat, 1/8” fat, select, braised Beef, chuck, arm pot roast, lean, 1/8” fat, choice, braised Beef, ground, 75% lean meat / 25% fat, patty, broiled Beef, ground, 95% lean meat / 5% fat, patty, broiled Beef, loin, porterhouse steak, lean & fat, 1/4” fat, all grades, broiled Beef, loin, T-bone steak, lean & fat, 1/4” fat, all grades, broiled Beef, rib, eye, small end (ribs 10-12), lean, 0” fat, choice, broiled Beef, rib, large end (ribs 6-9), lean & fat, 1/4” fat, choice, roasted Beef, round, bottom round roast, lean, 0” fat, select, roasted Beef, round, bottom round, lean & fat, 1/8” fat, all grades, roasted Beef, round, eye of round, lean & fat, 1/8” fat, all grades, roasted Beef, tenderloin, lean & fat, 1/8” fat, all grades, broiled Beef, top sirloin, lean & fat, 1/8” fat, select, broiled

Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

35

7.9

1.9

0.3

0

1

146

44

18

0.65

0.057

0.25

0.285

29

0.2

218

0.0

25.7

12.4

94

50

308

17

20

1.70

0.083

4.52

0.009

189

27.3

280

0.0

29.0

17.4

71

49

237

17

19

2.40

0.090

6.92

0.010

180

28.1

224

0.0

34.7

8.4

81

56

275

15

23

3.04

0.129

8.20

0.012

213

34.7

278

0.0

25.6

18.7

89

78

289

30

20

2.37

0.075

6.19

0.010

189

21.4

171

0.0

26.3

6.6

76

65

348

7

22

2.83

0.096

6.43

0.014

206

21.7

329

0.0

22.5

25.8

72

62

255

8

20

2.68

0.118

4.13

0.014

177

19.3

306

0.0

23.5

22.8

65

67

282

7

22

3.09

0.122

4.30

0.014

185

11.6

205

0.0

28.9

9.0

91

60

363

16

25

1.98

0.092

5.49

0.011

227

33.6

383

0.0

22.3

32.0

85

63

283

10

19

2.27

0.086

5.58

0.013

168

21.9

169

0.0

28.3

5.3

72

38

238

6

19

2.35

0.079

4.92

0.010

183

35.7

218

0.0

26.4

11.6

75

35

214

6

17

2.16

0.063

4.43

0.009

164

27.0

208

0.0

28.3

9.7

62

37

227

7

18

2.29

0.067

4.70

0.010

174

28.7

267

0.0

26.5

17.1

90

54

329

19

22

1.69

0.079

4.76

0.009

205

28.6 29.3

230

0.0

27.1

12.7

67

57

345

22

23

1.66

0.074

4.93

0.009

217

Beets, boiled

44

10.0

1.7

0.2

0

77

305

16

23

0.79

0.074

0.35

0.326

38

0.7

Blackberries, raw

43

9.6

1.4

0.5

0

1

162

29

20

0.62

0.165

0.53

0.646

22

0.4

Blueberries, raw

57

14.5

0.7

0.3

0

1

77

6

6

0.28

0.057

0.16

0.336

12

0.1

Bluefish, cooked, dry heat

159

0.0

25.7

5.4

76

77

477

9

42

0.62

0.068

1.04

0.027

291

46.8

Bologna, beef

314

4.0

10.3

28.2

56

1080

172

31

14

1.10

0.068

9.10

0.044

172

0.0

Bologna, pork

247

0.7

15.3

19.9

59

1184

281

11

14

0.77

0.080

2.03

0.036

139

12.7

Bratwurst, beef & pork, smoked

297

2.0

12.2

26.3

78

848

283

7

15

1.00

0.080

2.47

0.041

130

14.1

Bratwurst, pork, cooked

333

2.9

13.7

29.2

74

846

259

28

21

0.53

0.079

2.49

0.012

225

26.9

Brazil nuts, dried, unblanched

656

12.3

14.3

66.4

0

3

659

160

376

2.43

1.743

4.06

1.223

725

1917.0

Bread, cracked-wheat

260

49.5

8.7

3.9

0

538

177

43

52

2.81

0.222

1.24

1.371

153

25.3

Bread, Italian

271

50.0

8.8

3.5

0

584

110

78

27

2.94

0.191

0.86

0.464

103

27.2

Bread, mixed-grain, toasted (includes whole-grain, 7-grain) Bread, oatmeal

272

50.4

10.9

4.1

0

530

222

99

58

3.77

0.276

1.38

1.615

191

32.1

269

48.5

8.4

4.4

0

599

142

66

37

2.70

0.209

1.02

0.940

126

24.6

Bread, pita, white, enriched

275

55.7

9.1

1.2

0

536

120

86

26

2.62

0.168

0.84

0.481

97

27.1

Bread, pumpernickel

250

47.5

8.7

3.1

0

671

208

68

54

2.87

0.287

1.48

1.305

178

24.5

Bread, rye

259

48.3

8.5

3.3

0

660

166

73

40

2.83

0.186

1.14

0.824

125

30.9

Bread, white, commercially prepared

266

50.6

7.6

3.3

0

681

100

151

23

3.74

0.253

0.74

0.478

99

17.3

Bread, whole-wheat, commercially prepared

246

46.1

9.7

4.2

0

527

252

72

86

3.30

0.284

1.94

2.324

229

36.6

Broccoli, boiled, w/o salt

35

7.2

2.4

0.4

0

41

293

40

21

0.67

0.061

0.45

0.194

67

1.6

Broccoli, raw

34

6.6

2.8

0.4

0

33

316

47

21

0.73

0.049

0.41

0.210

66

2.5

Brussels sprouts, boiled, w/o salt

36

7.1

2.6

0.5

0

21

317

36

20

1.20

0.083

0.33

0.227

56

1.5

Butter, w. salt

717

0.1

0.9

81.1

215

576

24

24

2

0.02

0.000

0.09

0.000

24

1.0

Butter, w/o salt

717

0.1

0.9

81.1

215

11

24

24

2

0.02

0.016

0.09

0.004

24

1.0

Cabbage, boiled, w/o salt

22

4.5

1.0

0.4

0

8

97

31

8

0.17

0.012

0.09

0.117

15

0.6

Cabbage, raw

24

5.6

1.4

0.1

0

18

246

47

15

0.59

0.023

0.18

0.159

23

0.9

Cake, angel food, commercially prepared

258

57.8

5.9

0.8

0

749

93

140

12

0.52

0.078

0.07

0.085

32

7.3

Cake, carrot, dry mix, pudding-type

415

79.2

5.1

9.8

0

567

169

172

8

1.80

0.050

0.20

0.528

247

14.9

Cake, fruitcake, commercially prepared

324

61.6

2.9

9.1

5

270

153

33

16

2.07

0.050

0.27

0.220

52

2.0

Cake, pound, commercially prepared, butter

388

48.8

5.5

19.9

221

398

119

35

11

1.38

0.035

0.46

0.090

137

8.8

Cake, white, dry mix

426

78.0

4.5

10.9

0

664

117

192

11

1.39

0.081

0.46

0.205

337

8.6

Cake, yellow, dry mix, enriched

432

78.1

4.4

11.6

2

657

82

135

10

1.50

0.072

0.27

0.191

310

3.0

Candies, fudge, chocolate, prepared-from-recipe

411

76.5

2.4

10.4

14

47

131

45

36

1.77

0.333

1.10

0.423

69

2.5

Nutrient Values of Foods

Food description

7-21 Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

Candies, gumdrops, starch jelly pieces

396

98.9

0.0

0.0

0

44

5

3

1

0.40

0.012

0.00

0.010

1

0.8

Candies, hard

394

98.0

0.0

0.2

0

38

5

3

3

0.30

0.029

0.01

0.010

3

0.6

Candies, marshmallows

318

81.3

1.8

0.2

0

80

5

3

2

0.23

0.097

0.04

0.008

8

1.7

Candies, milk chocolate

535

59.4

7.7

29.7

23

79

372

189

63

2.35

0.491

2.01

0.471

208

4.5

Candies, milk chocolate w. almond bites

550

51.0

9.8

35.7

19

74

471

220

59

1.50

0.200

1.34

0.010

227

3.4

Candies, peanut brittle, prepared-from-recipe

486

71.2

7.6

19.0

12

445

168

27

42

1.22

0.254

0.87

0.593

106

2.6

Candies, semisweet chocolate

479

63.1

4.2

30.0

0

11

365

32

115

3.13

0.700

1.62

0.800

132

4.2

Candies, sweet chocolate

505

59.6

3.9

34.2

0

16

290

24

113

2.76

0.574

1.50

0.494

147

2.8

Candies, white chocolate

539

59.2

5.9

32.1

14

90

286

199

12

0.24

0.060

0.74

0.008

176

4.5

Capers, canned

23

4.9

2.4

0.9

0

2964

40

40

33

1.67

0.374

0.32

0.078

10

1.2

Carbonated beverage, cola, contains caffeine

37

9.6

0.1

0.0

0

4

2

2

0

0.11

0.001

0.02

0.002

10

0.1

Carbonated beverage, ginger ale

34

8.8

0.0

0.0

0

7

1

3

1

0.18

0.018

0.05

0.013

0

0.1

Carbonated beverage, orange

48

12.3

0.0

0.0

0

12

2

5

1

0.06

0.015

0.10

0.013

1

0.0

Carbonated beverage, root beer

41

10.6

0.0

0.0

0

13

1

5

1

0.05

0.007

0.07

0.013

0

0.1

Carbonated beverage, tonic water

34

8.8

0.0

0.0

0

12

0

1

0

0.01

0.006

0.10

0.001

0

0.0

Carrots, boiled, w/o salt

35

8.2

0.8

0.2

0

58

235

30

10

0.34

0.017

0.20

0.155

30

0.7

Carrots, raw

41

9.6

0.9

0.2

0

69

320

33

12

0.30

0.045

0.24

0.143

35

0.1

Cashew nuts, dry roasted, w. salt

574

32.7

15.3

46.4

0

640

565

45

260

6.00

2.220

5.60

0.826

490

11.7

Cashew nuts, oil roasted, w. salt

581

30.2

16.8

47.8

0

308

632

43

273

6.05

2.043

5.35

1.668

531

20.3

Cashew nuts, raw

553

30.2

18.2

43.9

0

12

660

37

292

6.68

2.195

5.78

1.655

593

19.9

Catfish, channel, farmed, cooked, dry heat

152

0.0

18.7

8.0

64

80

321

9

26

0.82

0.122

1.05

0.020

245

14.5

Catsup

97

25.1

1.7

0.4

0

1114

382

18

19

0.51

0.181

0.26

0.128

33

0.3

Cauliflower, boiled, w/o salt

23

4.1

1.8

0.5

0

15

142

16

9

0.33

0.027

0.18

0.138

32

0.5

Cauliflower, raw

25

5.3

2.0

0.1

0

30

303

22

15

0.44

0.042

0.28

0.156

44

0.6

Celery, raw

14

3.0

0.7

0.2

0

80

260

40

11

0.20

0.035

0.13

0.103

24

0.4

Cereals, corn grits, white, enriched, cooked w. water, w/o salt Chard, Swiss, boiled, w/o salt

59

12.9

1.4

0.2

0

2

21

3

5

0.60

0.018

0.07

0.018

11

3.1

20

4.1

1.9

0.1

0

179

549

58

86

2.26

0.163

0.33

0.334

33

0.9

Chard, Swiss, raw

19

3.7

1.8

0.2

0

213

379

51

81

1.80

0.179

0.36

0.366

46

0.9

Cheese, American cheddar, imitation

239

11.6

16.7

14.0

36

1345

242

562

29

0.33

0.033

2.59

712

15.2

Cheese, blue

353

2.3

21.4

28.7

75

1395

256

528

23

0.31

0.040

2.66

0.009

387

14.5

Cheese, brie

334

0.5

20.8

27.7

100

629

152

184

20

0.50

0.019

2.38

0.034

188

14.5

Cheese, camembert

300

0.5

19.8

24.3

72

842

187

388

20

0.33

0.021

2.38

0.038

347

14.5

Cheese, cheddar

403

1.3

24.9

33.1

105

621

98

721

28

0.68

0.031

3.11

0.010

512

13.9

Cheese, cheshire

387

4.8

23.4

30.6

103

700

95

643

21

0.21

0.042

2.79

0.012

464

14.5

Cheese, colby

394

2.6

23.8

32.1

95

604

127

685

26

0.76

0.042

3.07

0.012

457

14.5

Cheese, cottage, creamed, large or small curd

103

2.7

12.5

4.5

15

405

84

60

5

0.14

0.028

0.37

0.003

132

9.0

72

2.7

12.4

1.0

4

406

86

61

5

0.14

0.028

0.38

0.003

134

9.0

Cheese, cream

349

2.7

7.6

34.9

110

296

119

80

6

1.20

0.016

0.54

0.004

104

2.4

Cheese, cream, low fat

231

7.0

10.6

17.6

56

296

167

112

8

1.68

0.022

0.76

Cheese, edam

357

1.4

25.0

27.8

89

965

188

731

30

0.44

0.036

3.75

Cheese, feta

264

4.1

14.2

21.3

89

1116

62

493

19

0.65

0.032

2.88

0.028

337

15.0

Cheese, gouda

356

2.2

24.9

27.4

114

819

121

700

29

0.24

0.036

3.90

0.011

546

14.5

Cheese, gruyere

413

0.4

29.8

32.3

110

336

81

1011

36

0.17

0.032

3.90

0.017

605

14.5

Cheese, mozzarella, whole milk

300

2.2

22.2

22.4

79

627

76

505

20

0.44

0.011

2.92

0.030

354

17.0

Cheese, muenster

368

1.1

23.4

30.0

96

628

134

717

27

0.41

0.031

2.81

0.008

468

14.5

Cheese, parmesan, grated

431

4.1

38.5

28.6

88

1529

125

1109

38

0.90

0.238

3.87

0.085

729

17.7

Cheese, pimento

375

1.7

22.1

31.2

94

1428

162

614

22

0.42

0.033

2.98

0.016

744

14.5

Cheese, provolone

351

2.1

25.6

26.6

69

876

138

756

28

0.52

0.026

3.23

0.010

496

14.5

Cheese, Swiss

380

5.4

26.9

27.8

92

192

77

791

38

0.20

0.043

4.36

0.005

567

18.2

Cheese, tilsit

340

1.9

24.4

26.0

102

753

65

700

13

0.23

0.026

3.50

0.013

500

14.5

Cheesecake, commercially prepared

321

25.5

5.5

22.5

55

207

90

51

11

0.63

0.020

0.51

0.140

93

5.2

Cherries, sour, red, raw

50

12.2

1.0

0.3

0

3

173

16

9

0.32

0.104

0.10

0.112

15

0.0

Cherries, sweet, raw

63

16.0

1.1

0.2

0

0

222

13

11

0.36

0.060

0.07

0.070

21

0.0

Cheese, cottage, low fat, 1% milkfat

0.011

146

4.0

536

14.5

Nutrient Values of Foods

7-22

Food description

Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

Chestnuts, European, boiled & steamed

131

27.8

2.0

1.4

0

27

715

46

54

1.73

0.472

0.25

0.854

99

Chestnuts, European, roasted

245

53.0

3.2

2.2

0

2

592

29

33

0.91

0.507

0.57

1.180

107

1.2

Chicken, broilers or fryers, breast, meat & skin, fried Chicken, broilers or fryers, breast, meat & skin, roasted Chicken, broilers or fryers, breast, meat only, fried

222

1.6

31.8

8.9

89

76

259

16

30

1.19

0.057

1.10

0.026

233

23.9

197

0.0

29.8

7.8

84

71

245

14

27

1.07

0.050

1.02

0.018

214

24.7

187

0.5

33.4

4.7

91

79

276

16

31

1.14

0.054

1.08

0.021

246

26.2

Chicken, broilers or fryers, breast, meat only, roasted Chicken, broilers or fryers, dark meat, meat only, roasted Chicken, broilers or fryers, drumstick, meat & skin, fried Chicken, broilers or fryers, thigh, meat & skin, roasted Chicken, broilers or fryers, thigh, meat only, roasted Chicken, broilers or fryers, wing, meat & skin, fried Chicken, Cornish game hens, meat & skin, roasted

165

0.0

31.0

3.6

85

74

256

15

29

1.04

0.049

1.00

0.017

228

27.6

205

0.0

27.4

9.7

93

93

240

15

23

1.33

0.080

2.80

0.021

179

18.0

245

1.6

27.0

13.7

90

89

229

12

23

1.34

0.080

2.89

0.028

176

18.4

247

0.0

25.1

15.5

93

84

222

12

22

1.34

0.078

2.36

0.021

174

19.5

209

0.0

25.9

10.9

95

88

238

12

24

1.31

0.081

2.57

0.021

183

29.0

321

2.4

26.1

22.2

81

77

177

15

19

1.25

0.061

1.76

0.028

150

21.3

260

0.0

22.3

18.2

131

64

245

13

18

0.91

0.061

1.49

0.015

146

15.5

Chicken, Cornish game hens, meat only, roasted

134

0.0

23.3

3.9

106

63

250

13

19

0.77

0.059

1.53

0.015

149

20.8

Chickpeas, mature seeds, boiled, w/o salt

164

27.4

8.9

2.6

0

7

291

49

48

2.89

0.352

1.53

1.030

168

3.7

23

4.7

1.7

0.3

0

45

420

100

30

0.90

0.295

0.42

0.429

47

0.3

Chocolate syrup

279

65.1

2.1

1.1

0

72

224

14

65

2.11

0.512

0.73

0.382

129

2.7

Clam, mixed species, breaded & fried

202

10.3

14.2

11.2

61

364

326

63

14

13.91

0.356

1.46

0.540

188

28.9

Chicory greens, raw

Clam, mixed species, raw

74

2.6

12.8

1.0

34

56

314

46

9

13.98

0.344

1.37

0.500

169

24.3

Cocoa, dry powder, unsweetened

229

54.3

19.6

13.7

0

21

1524

128

499

13.86

3.788

6.81

3.837

734

14.3

Coconut meat, raw

354

15.2

3.3

33.5

0

20

356

14

32

2.43

0.435

1.10

1.500

113

10.1

Cod, Atlantic, cooked, dry heat

105

0.0

22.8

0.9

55

78

244

14

42

0.49

0.036

0.58

0.020

138

37.6

Cod, Atlantic, dried & salted

290

0.0

62.8

2.4

152

7027

1458

160

133

2.50

0.176

1.59

0.050

950

147.8

Coffee, brewed from grounds, prep w. tap h2o

1

0.0

0.1

0.0

0

2

49

2

3

0.01

0.002

0.02

0.023

3

0.0

Coffee, brewed, espresso, rest-prep

2

0.0

0.1

0.2

0

14

115

2

80

0.13

0.050

0.05

0.050

7

0.0

Coleslaw, home-prepared

69

12.4

1.3

2.6

8

23

181

45

10

0.59

0.023

0.20

0.097

32

0.7

Collards, boiled, w/o salt

26

4.9

2.1

0.4

0

16

116

140

20

1.16

0.038

0.23

0.436

30

0.5

Cookies, brownies, commercially prepared

405

63.9

4.8

16.3

17

312

149

29

31

2.25

0.224

0.72

0.128

101

6.3

Cookies, chocolate chip, commercially prepared, higher fat, unenriched Cookies, chocolate sandwich, w/creme filling

481

66.8

5.4

22.6

0

315

135

25

31

1.00

0.212

0.64

0.449

108

466

71.6

5.3

19.1

0

483

187

21

48

3.93

0.431

0.98

0.629

92

8.1

Cookies, fig bars

348

70.9

3.7

7.3

0

350

207

64

27

2.90

0.147

0.39

0.343

62

3.3

Cookies, gingersnaps

416

76.9

5.6

9.8

0

654

346

77

49

6.40

0.305

0.55

1.555

83

5.1

Cookies, graham crackers, plain or honey

423

76.8

6.9

10.1

0

605

135

24

30

3.73

0.202

0.81

0.804

104

10.2

Cookies, oatmeal, commercially prepared

450

68.7

6.2

18.1

0

383

142

37

33

2.58

0.134

0.79

0.839

138

9.8

Cookies, peanut butter sandwich, regular

478

65.6

8.8

21.1

0

368

192

53

49

2.60

0.237

1.06

0.912

188

7.7

Cookies, shortbread, commercially prepared, plain

502

64.5

6.1

24.1

20

455

100

35

17

2.74

0.144

0.53

0.428

108

7.3

Cookies, vanilla wafers, higher fat

473

71.1

4.3

19.4

0

306

107

25

12

2.21

0.124

0.33

0.384

64

11.3

Cookies, vanilla wafers, lower fat

441

73.6

5.0

15.2

51

312

97

48

14

2.38

0.100

0.36

0.262

104

11.3

Corn, sweet, white, boiled, w. salt

108

25.1

3.3

1.3

0

253

249

2

32

0.61

0.053

0.48

0.194

103

0.8

Corn, sweet, yellow, boiled, w. salt

108

25.1

3.3

1.3

0

253

249

2

32

0.61

0.053

0.48

0.194

103

0.2

Couscous, cooked

112

23.2

3.8

0.2

0

5

58

8

8

0.38

0.041

0.26

0.084

22

27.5

Cowpeas (black-eyed), immature seeds, boiled, w. salt Crab, Alaska king, cooked, moist heat

97

20.3

3.2

0.4

0

240

418

128

52

1.12

0.133

1.03

0.572

51

2.5

97

0.0

19.4

1.5

53

1072

262

59

63

0.76

1.182

7.62

0.040

280

40.0

Crab, Alaska king, raw

84

0.0

18.3

0.6

42

836

204

46

49

0.59

0.922

5.95

0.035

219

36.4

102

0.0

20.2

1.8

100

279

324

104

33

0.91

0.645

4.22

0.190

206

40.2

87

0.0

18.1

1.1

78

293

329

89

34

0.74

0.669

3.54

0.150

229

37.4

Crab, Dungeness, cooked, moist heat

110

1.0

22.3

1.2

76

378

408

59

58

0.43

0.734

5.47

0.097

175

47.6

Crackers, cheese, regular

503

58.2

10.1

25.3

13

995

145

151

36

4.77

0.210

1.13

0.629

218

8.6

Crackers, matzo, plain

395

83.7

10.0

1.4

0

2

112

13

25

3.16

0.060

0.68

0.650

89

36.9

Crackers, saltines (includes oyster, soda, soup)

428

70.9

9.2

11.4

0

1072

154

68

22

5.64

0.298

0.83

0.653

101

10.3

Crab, blue, cooked, moist heat Crab, blue, raw

Nutrient Values of Foods

Food description Crackers, wheat, regular

7-23 Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

473

64.9

8.6

20.6

0

795

183

49

62

4.40

0.318

1.60

1.781

220

6.3

Cranberries, raw

46

12.2

0.4

0.1

0

2

85

8

6

0.25

0.061

0.10

0.360

13

0.1

Cranberry juice, unsweetened

46

12.2

0.4

0.1

0

2

77

8

6

0.25

0.055

0.10

Crayfish, mixed species, farmed, cooked, moist heat Cream, fluid, half and half

87

0.0

17.5

1.3

137

97

238

51

33

1.11

0.580

1.48

0.217

130

4.3

3.0

11.5

37

41

130

105

10

0.07

0.010

0.51

0.001

95

1.8

59

9.0

2.6

1.4

5

144

206

96

16

0.00

0.016

0.81

0.002

151

2.9 2.2

Cream, half & half, fat free

13

0.1

241

34.2

Cream, sour, cultured

214

4.3

3.2

21.0

44

53

144

116

11

0.06

0.019

0.27

0.003

85

Cream, whipped, cream topping, pressurized

257

12.5

3.2

22.2

76

130

147

101

11

0.05

0.010

0.37

0.001

89

1.4

Croissants, butter

406

45.8

8.2

21.0

67

744

118

37

16

2.03

0.080

0.75

0.330

105

22.7

Croutons, plain

407

73.5

11.9

6.6

0

698

124

76

31

4.08

0.163

0.89

0.500

115

37.5

Cucumber, peeled, raw

12

2.2

0.6

0.2

0

2

136

14

12

0.22

0.071

0.17

0.073

21

0.1

Cucumber, with peel, raw

15

3.6

0.7

0.1

0

2

147

16

13

0.28

0.041

0.20

0.079

24

0.3

325

58.2

12.7

13.8

0

52

1543

478

254

29.59

0.815

4.05

4.289

349

17.1

Dandelion greens, boiled, w/o salt

33

6.4

2.0

0.6

0

44

232

140

24

1.80

0.115

0.28

0.230

42

0.3

Dandelion greens, raw

45

9.2

2.7

0.7

0

76

397

187

36

3.10

0.171

0.41

0.342

66

0.5

Duck, domesticated, meat & skin, roasted

337

0.0

19.0

28.4

84

59

204

11

16

2.70

0.227

1.86

0.019

156

20.0

Duck, domesticated, meat only, roasted

201

0.0

23.5

11.2

89

65

252

12

20

2.70

0.231

2.60

0.019

203

22.4

52

0.7

10.9

0.2

0

166

163

7

11

0.08

0.023

0.03

0.011

15

20.0

Egg, whole, fried

201

0.9

13.6

15.3

457

204

147

59

13

1.98

0.111

1.20

0.041

208

34.2

Egg, whole, hard-boiled

155

1.1

12.6

10.6

424

124

126

50

10

1.19

0.013

1.05

0.026

172

30.8

Egg, whole, poached

147

0.8

12.5

9.9

422

294

133

53

12

1.83

0.102

1.10

0.039

190

31.6

Egg, whole, scrambled

166

2.2

11.1

12.2

352

280

138

71

12

1.20

0.014

1.00

0.022

170

22.5

Egg, yolk, raw, fresh

322

3.6

15.9

26.5

1234

48

109

129

5

2.73

0.077

2.30

0.055

390

56.0

Eggplant, boiled, w/o salt

35

8.7

0.8

0.2

0

1

123

6

11

0.25

0.059

0.12

0.113

15

0.1

Eggplant, raw

24

5.7

1.0

0.2

0

2

230

9

14

0.24

0.082

0.16

0.250

25

0.3

Endive, raw

17

3.4

1.3

0.2

0

22

314

52

15

0.83

0.099

0.79

0.420

28

0.2

English muffins, whole-wheat, toasted

221

44.1

9.6

2.3

0

692

228

288

77

2.66

0.225

1.74

1.946

307

43.8

English, muffins, plain, toasted, enriched, w. calcium propanoate (includes sourdough) Fat, beef tallow

270

52.7

10.3

2.0

0

477

129

197

28

4.65

0.160

1.40

0.630

107

26.3

902

0.0

0.0

100.0

109

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0

0.2

Fat, chicken

900

0.0

0.0

99.8

85

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0

0.2

Fat, duck

900

0.0

0.0

99.8

100

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0

0.2

Fat, goose

900

0.0

0.0

99.8

100

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.00

0

0.2

Fat, turkey

900

0.0

0.0

99.8

102

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0

0.2

Fennel, bulb, raw

31

7.3

1.2

0.2

0

52

414

49

17

0.73

0.066

0.20

0.191

50

0.7

Figs, dried, stewed

107

27.6

1.4

0.4

0

4

294

70

29

0.88

0.124

0.24

0.220

29

0.2

74

19.2

0.8

0.3

0

1

232

35

17

0.37

0.070

0.15

0.128

14

0.2

Fish oil, cod liver

902

0.0

0.0

100.0

570

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0.000

0

0.0

Frankfurter beef

330

4.1

11.2

29.6

53

1140

156

14

14

1.51

0.184

2.46

0.082

160

8.2

Frankfurter, chick

257

6.8

12.9

19.5

101

1370

84

95

10

2.00

0.050

1.04

0.015

107

18.4

Frankfurter, pork

269

0.3

12.8

23.7

66

816

264

267

15

3.70

0.074

2.09

0.016

171

27.8

Frankfurter, turkey

226

1.5

14.3

17.7

107

1426

179

106

14

1.84

0.100

3.11

0.016

134

15.4

Game meat, beaver, roasted

212

0.0

34.9

7.0

117

59

403

22

29

10.00

0.189

2.27

292

43.1

Game meat, beefalo, roasted

188

0.0

30.7

6.3

58

82

459

24

6.40

250

13.1

Game meat, bison, lean, roasted

143

0.0

28.4

2.4

82

57

361

8

26

3.42

0.107

3.68

0.008

209

35.5

Game meat, boar, wild, roasted

160

0.0

28.3

4.4

77

60

396

16

27

1.12

0.056

3.01

134

13.0

Game meat, deer, roasted

158

0.0

30.2

3.2

112

54

335

7

24

4.47

0.300

2.75

0.046

226

12.9

Game meat, elk, roasted

146

0.0

30.2

1.9

73

61

328

5

24

3.63

0.142

3.16

0.013

180

13.0

Game meat, moose, roasted

134

0.0

29.3

1.0

78

69

334

6

24

4.22

0.079

3.68

0.009

176

12.8

Game meat, rabbit, domesticated, roasted

197

0.0

29.1

8.1

82

47

383

19

21

2.27

0.189

2.27

0.032

263

38.5

Game meat, raccoon, roasted

255

0.0

29.2

14.5

97

79

398

14

30

7.10

0.189

2.27

Game meat, squirrel, roasted

173

0.0

30.8

4.7

121

119

352

3

28

6.81

0.148

1.78

Goose, domesticated, meat & skin, roasted

305

0.0

25.2

21.9

91

70

329

13

22

2.83

0.264

Goose, domesticated, meat only, roasted

238

0.0

29.0

12.7

96

76

388

14

25

2.87

0.276

Curry powder

Egg, white, raw, fresh

Figs, raw

3.05

261

18.0

0.032

211

15.1

2.62

0.023

270

21.8

3.17

0.024

309

25.5

Nutrient Values of Foods

7-24

Food description

Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

Goose, liver, raw

133

6.3

16.4

4.3

515

140

230

43

24

30.53

7.522

3.07

0.000

261

68.1

Gooseberries, raw

44

10.2

0.9

0.6

0

1

198

25

10

0.31

0.070

0.12

0.144

27

0.6

Grape juice, canned or bottled, unsweetened, w/o vitamin C Grapefruit juice, white, canned, unsweetened

61

15.0

0.6

0.1

0

3

132

9

10

0.24

0.028

0.05

0.360

11

0.1

38

9.0

0.5

0.1

0

1

153

7

10

0.20

0.038

0.09

0.020

11

0.1

Grapefruit, raw, pink & red, all areas

42

10.7

0.8

0.1

0

0

135

22

9

0.08

0.032

0.07

0.022

18

0.1

Grapefruit, raw, white, all areas

33

8.4

0.7

0.1

0

0

148

12

9

0.06

0.050

0.07

0.013

8

1.4

Grapes, American type (slip skin), raw

67

17.2

0.6

0.4

0

2

191

14

5

0.29

0.040

0.04

0.718

10

0.1

Grouper, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

118

0.0

24.8

1.3

47

53

475

21

37

1.14

0.045

0.51

0.012

143

46.8

Haddock, cooked, dry heat

112

0.0

24.2

0.9

74

87

399

42

50

1.35

0.033

0.48

0.030

241

40.5

Haddock, smoked

116

0.0

25.2

1.0

77

763

415

49

54

1.40

0.042

0.50

0.030

251

42.9

Halibut, Atlantic & Pacific, cooked, dry heat

140

0.0

26.7

2.9

41

69

576

60

107

1.07

0.035

0.53

0.020

285

46.8

Ham, sliced, regular (approx 11% fat)

163

3.8

16.6

8.6

57

1304

287

24

22

1.02

0.089

1.35

0.557

153

20.7

Herring, Atlantic, kippered

217

0.0

24.6

12.4

82

918

447

84

46

1.51

0.135

1.36

0.050

325

52.6

72

14.3

1.5

0.9

0

210

9

10

16

0.62

0.030

1.05

0.070

35

3.0

Hummus, commercial

166

14.3

7.9

9.6

0

379

228

38

71

2.44

0.527

1.83

0.773

176

2.6

Ice creams, chocolate

216

28.2

3.8

11.0

34

76

249

109

29

0.93

0.135

0.58

0.140

107

2.5

Ice creams, French vanilla, soft-serve

222

22.2

4.1

13.0

91

61

177

131

12

0.21

0.030

0.52

0.005

116

3.0

Ice creams, strawberry

192

27.6

3.2

8.4

29

60

188

120

14

0.21

0.037

0.34

0.078

100

1.9

Ice creams, vanilla

201

23.6

3.5

11.0

44

80

199

128

14

0.09

0.023

0.69

0.008

105

1.8

Jams and preserves

278

68.9

0.4

0.1

0

32

77

20

4

0.49

0.100

0.06

0.040

19

2.0

Jellies

266

70.0

0.2

0.0

0

30

54

7

6

0.19

0.011

0.03

0.132

6

0.4

Kale, boiled, w/o salt

28

5.6

1.9

0.4

0

23

228

72

18

0.90

0.156

0.24

0.416

28

0.9

Kale, raw

50

10.0

3.3

0.7

0

43

447

135

34

1.70

0.290

0.44

0.774

56

0.9

Kiwi fruit, (Chinese gooseberries), fresh, raw

61

14.7

1.1

0.5

0

3

312

34

17

0.31

0.130

0.14

0.098

34

0.2

307

3.2

11.1

27.7

60

930

199

11

11

0.66

0.060

1.66

0.021

98

13.5

Hominy, canned, white or yellow

Knockwurst, pork or beef Kumquats, raw

71

15.9

1.9

0.9

0

10

186

62

20

0.86

0.095

0.17

0.135

19

0.0

294

0.0

24.5

20.9

97

72

310

17

23

1.88

0.119

4.46

0.022

188

26.4

271

0.0

25.5

18.0

96

72

318

16

24

1.93

0.121

4.74

0.024

193

27.2

206

0.0

28.2

9.5

92

76

344

15

26

2.05

0.128

5.27

0.028

210

26.1

217

0.0

26.7

11.4

90

65

329

9

25

1.99

0.118

4.72

0.026

200

29.7

309

0.0

22.6

23.6

95

64

246

18

23

2.12

0.119

3.41

0.020

180

24.6

341

0.0

21.8

27.5

96

74

277

22

20

1.62

0.117

3.62

0.021

170

22.3

283

0.0

24.8

19.7

97

81

339

22

24

1.79

0.128

4.67

0.024

201

27.7

902

0.0

0.0

100.0

95

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.11

0.000

0

0.2

Leeks, (bulb & lower leaf-portion), boiled, w/o salt

31

7.6

0.8

0.2

0

10

87

30

14

1.10

0.062

0.06

0.247

17

0.5

Lemon juice, canned or bottled

21

6.5

0.4

0.3

0

21

102

11

8

0.13

0.037

0.06

0.020

9

0.1

Lemons, raw, with peel

20

10.7

1.2

0.3

0

3

145

61

12

0.70

0.260

0.10

Lamb, domestic, composite of retail cuts, lean & fat, 1/4” fat, choice, cooked Lamb, domestic, composite of retail cuts, lean & fat, 1/8” fat, choice, cooked Lamb, domestic, composite of retail cuts, lean, 1/4” fat, choice, cooked Lamb, domestic, leg, shank half, lean & fat, 1/8” fat, choice, roasted Lamb, domestic, loin, lean & fat, 1/4” fat, choice, roasted Lamb, domestic, rib, lean & fat, 1/8” fat, choice, roasted Lamb, ground, broiled Lard

Lemons, raw, without peel

15

29

9.3

1.1

0.3

0

2

138

26

8

0.60

0.037

0.06

0.030

16

0.4

Lentils, mature seeds, boiled, w. salt

116

20.1

9.0

0.4

0

238

369

19

36

3.33

0.251

1.27

0.494

180

2.8

Lentils, sprouted, stir-fried, w. salt

0.6

101

21.3

8.8

0.5

0

246

284

14

35

3.10

0.337

1.60

0.502

153

Lettuce, iceberg (includes crisp head types), raw

14

3.0

0.9

0.1

0

10

141

18

7

0.41

0.025

0.15

0.125

20

0.1

Lettuce, romaine, raw

17

3.3

1.2

0.3

0

8

247

33

14

0.97

0.048

0.23

0.155

30

0.4

Lima beans, large, mature seeds, boiled, w/o salt

115

20.9

7.8

0.4

0

2

508

17

43

2.39

0.235

0.95

0.516

111

4.5

Lima beans, thin seeded (baby), mature seeds, boiled, w/o salt Limes, raw

126

23.3

8.0

0.4

0

3

401

29

53

2.40

0.215

1.03

0.585

127

4.9

30

10.5

0.7

0.2

0

2

102

33

6

0.60

0.065

0.11

0.008

18

0.4

Liverwurst spread

305

5.9

12.4

25.5

118

700

170

22

12

8.85

0.240

2.30

0.155

230

58.0 42.7

Lobster, northern, cooked, moist heat

98

1.3

20.5

0.6

72

380

352

61

35

0.39

1.940

2.92

0.061

185

Macadamia nuts, dry roasted, w/o salt

718

13.4

7.8

76.1

0

4

363

70

118

2.65

0.570

1.29

3.036

198

3.6

Macaroni, cooked, enriched

158

30.9

5.8

0.9

0

1

45

7

18

1.33

0.103

0.50

0.317

58

26.4

Mackerel, Atlantic, cooked, dry heat

262

0.0

23.9

17.8

75

83

401

15

97

1.57

0.094

0.94

0.020

278

51.6

Nutrient Values of Foods

Food description

7-25 Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

Mackerel, king, cooked, dry heat

134

0.0

26.0

2.6

68

203

558

40

41

2.28

0.033

0.72

0.006

318

46.8

Mackerel, Pacific & jack, mixed species, cooked, dry heat Mackerel, salted

201

0.0

25.7

10.1

60

110

521

29

36

1.49

0.119

0.86

0.019

160

46.8

305

0.0

18.5

25.1

95

4450

520

66

60

1.40

0.100

1.10

254

73.4

Mackerel, Spanish, cooked, dry heat

158

0.0

23.6

6.3

73

66

554

13

38

0.74

0.065

0.62

0.012

271

40.6

0.110

0.04

0.027

11

0.6

23

0.0

0.00

23

0.0 0.0

Mangos, raw

65

17.0

0.5

0.3

0

2

156

10

9

0.13

Margarine, regular, hard, corn (hydrogenated)

719

0.9

0.9

80.5

0

943

42

30

3

0.00

Margarine, regular, hard, soybean (hydrogenated) & palm (hydrogenated) Margarine, regular, stick, unsalted, 80% fat

719

0.9

0.9

80.5

0

943

42

30

3

0.00

719

0.9

0.9

80.5

0

2

25

17

2

0.00

0.000

0.00

13

Margarine, regular, tub, unsalted, 80% fat

716

0.5

0.8

80.4

0

28

38

26

2

0.00

0.000

0.00

20

0.0

Marmalade, orange

246

66.3

0.3

0.0

0

56

37

38

2

0.15

0.090

0.04

4

0.6

Mayonnaise dressing, no cholesterol

688

0.3

0.0

77.8

0

486

14

7

1

0.23

0.000

0.13

25

1.6

Mayonnaise, low sodium, diet

231

16.0

0.3

19.2

24

110

10

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.11

0.000

0

1.6

Melons, honeydew, raw

36

9.1

0.5

0.1

0

18

228

6

10

0.17

0.024

0.09

0.027

11

0.7

Milk, buttermilk, fluid, cultured, reduced fat

56

5.3

4.1

2.0

8

86

180

143

13

0.06

0.008

0.24

Milk, goat, fluid

69

4.5

3.6

4.1

11

50

204

134

14

0.05

0.046

0.30

Milk, low fat, fluid, 1% milkfat, w. vitamin A

42

5.0

3.4

1.0

5

44

150

119

11

0.03

0.010

Milk, low sodium, fluid

61

4.5

3.1

3.5

14

3

253

101

5

0.05

0.010

Milk, reduced fat, fluid, 2% milkfat, w. added vitamin A Muffins, blueberry, commercially prepared

50

4.7

3.3

2.0

8

41

150

117

11

0.03

277

48.0

5.5

6.5

30

447

123

57

16

Muffins, corn, commercially prepared

305

50.9

5.9

8.4

26

521

69

74

32

Muffins, oat bran

270

48.3

7.0

7.4

0

393

507

63

Mullet, striped, cooked, dry heat

150

0.0

24.8

4.9

63

71

458

Mushrooms, boiled, w/o salt

28

5.3

2.2

0.5

0

2

Mushrooms, oyster, raw

35

6.4

3.3

0.4

0

Mushrooms, portabella, grilled

35

5.1

4.1

0.8

Mushrooms, raw

22

3.3

3.1

Mushrooms, shiitake, cooked, w/o salt

56

14.4

1.6

Mussels, blue, cooked, moist heat

0.020

82

2.3

0.018

111

1.4

0.42

0.003

95

3.3

0.38

0.004

86

2.0

0.012

0.43

0.003

94

2.5

1.61

0.074

0.49

0.440

197

11.2

2.81

0.299

0.54

0.355

284

15.2

157

4.20

0.330

1.84

2.630

376

11.0

31

33

1.41

0.141

0.88

0.022

244

46.8

356

6

12

1.74

0.504

0.87

0.115

87

11.9

18

420

3

18

1.33

0.244

0.77

0.113

120

2.6

0

10

521

4

15

0.56

0.499

0.73

0.075

150

17.7

0.3

0

5

318

3

9

0.50

0.318

0.52

0.047

86

9.3

0.2

0

4

117

3

14

0.44

0.896

1.33

0.204

29

24.8

172

7.4

23.8

4.5

56

369

268

33

37

6.72

0.149

2.67

6.800

285

89.6

Mussels, blue, raw

86

3.7

11.9

2.2

28

286

320

26

34

3.95

0.094

1.60

3.400

197

44.8

Mustard greens, boiled, w/o salt

15

2.1

2.3

0.2

0

16

202

74

15

0.70

0.084

0.11

0.274

41

0.6

Nectarines, raw

44

10.6

1.1

0.3

0

0

201

6

9

0.28

0.086

0.17

0.054

26

0.0

138

25.2

4.5

2.1

29

165

38

12

21

1.47

0.098

0.65

0.315

76

23.9

Noodles, egg, cooked, enriched, w. salt Noodles, Japanese, soba, cooked

99

21.4

5.1

0.1

0

60

35

4

9

0.48

0.008

0.12

0.374

25

Nutmeg, ground

525

49.3

5.8

36.3

0

16

350

184

183

3.04

1.027

2.15

2.900

213

1.6

Ocean perch, Atlantic, cooked, dry heat

121

0.0

23.9

2.1

54

96

350

137

39

1.18

0.033

0.61

0.020

277

55.5

Oil, avocado

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0.000

0

0.0

Oil, canola

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0.000

0

0.0

Oil, canola and soybean

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0

0.0

Oil, coconut

862

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.04

0.000

0.00

0.000

0

0.0

Oil, corn and canola

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0

0.0

Oil, mustard

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0.000

0

0.0

Oil, olive, salad or cooking

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

2

1

1

0

0.56

0.000

0.00

0.000

0

0.0

Oil, palm

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.01

0.000

0.00

Oil, palm kernel

862

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

Oil, peanut, salad or cooking

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.03

0.000

Oil, safflower, salad or cooking, linoleic >70%

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

Oil, safflower, salad or cooking, oleic >70%

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

Oil, sesame, salad or cooking

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

Oil, soybean lecithin

763

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

Oil, soybean, salad or cooking

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.02

0.000

Oil, sunflower, linoleic, approx. 65%

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

22

4.6

1.9

0.2

0

6

135

77

36

0.28

0.085

0.43

Okra, boiled, w/o salt

0

0.0

0

0.0

0.01

0

0.0

0.00

0

0.0

0.000

0

0.0

0

0.0

0.000

0

0.0

0.00

0

0.0

0.00

0

0.0

32

0.4

0.000

0.294

Nutrient Values of Foods

7-26

Food description

Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

Olives, pickled, canned or bottled, green

145

3.8

1.0

15.3

0

1556

42

52

11

0.49

0.120

0.04

4

0.9

Olives, ripe, canned (small-extra large)

115

6.3

0.8

10.7

0

872

8

88

4

3.30

0.251

0.22

0.020

3

0.9

Onions, boiled, w/o salt

44

10.2

1.4

0.2

0

3

166

22

11

0.24

0.067

0.21

0.153

35

0.6

Onions, raw

42

10.1

0.9

0.1

0

3

144

22

10

0.19

0.038

0.16

0.132

27

0.5

Orange juice, includes from concentrate

44

10.1

0.8

0.3

0

1

190

10

11

0.17

0.040

0.04

0.023

11

0.1

Oranges, raw, all commercial varieties

47

11.8

0.9

0.1

0

0

181

40

10

0.10

0.045

0.07

0.025

14

0.5

Oranges, raw, California, Valencias

49

11.9

1.0

0.3

0

0

179

40

10

0.09

0.037

0.06

0.023

17

Oranges, raw, Florida

46

11.5

0.7

0.2

0

0

169

43

10

0.09

0.039

0.08

0.024

12

Oranges, raw, navels

49

12.5

0.9

0.2

0

1

166

43

11

0.13

0.039

0.08

0.029

23

0.0

Ostrich, ground, cooked, pan-broiled

175

0.0

26.2

7.1

83

80

323

8

23

3.43

0.136

4.33

0.017

224

33.5

Ostrich, inside leg, cooked

141

0.0

29.0

1.9

73

83

352

6

25

3.12

0.148

4.71

0.018

244

36.5

Ostrich, top loin, cooked

155

0.0

28.1

3.9

93

77

353

6

25

3.31

0.148

4.72

0.018

245

36.6

Oyster, eastern, breaded & fried

197

11.6

8.8

12.6

81

417

244

62

58

6.95

4.294

87.13

0.490

159

66.5

Oyster, eastern, farmed, raw

59

5.5

5.2

1.6

25

178

124

44

33

5.78

0.738

37.92

0.394

93

63.7

Oyster, eastern, wild, raw

68

3.9

7.1

2.5

53

211

156

45

47

6.66

4.452

90.81

0.367

135

63.7

163

9.9

18.9

4.6

100

212

302

16

44

9.20

2.679

33.24

1.222

243

154.0

81

5.0

9.5

2.3

50

106

168

8

22

5.11

1.576

16.62

0.643

162

77.0

115

25.6

2.7

0.2

0

14

1806

18

10

1.69

0.644

3.73

Papayas, raw

39

9.8

0.6

0.1

0

3

257

24

10

0.10

0.016

0.07

0.011

Parsley, raw

36

6.3

3.0

0.8

0

56

554

138

50

6.20

0.149

1.07

0.160

58

0.1

Pastrami beef 98% fat-free

95

1.5

19.6

1.2

47

1010

228

9

18

2.78

0.079

4.26

0.013

150

10.4

Pate de foie gras, canned, smoked

462

4.7

11.4

43.8

150

697

138

70

13

5.50

0.400

0.92

0.120

200

44.0

Pate, liver, not specified, canned

319

1.5

14.2

28.0

255

697

138

70

13

5.50

0.400

2.85

0.120

200

41.6

39

9.5

0.9

0.3

0

0

190

6

9

0.25

0.068

0.17

0.061

20

0.1

Peanut butter, chunk style, w/o salt

589

21.6

24.1

49.9

0

17

745

45

160

1.90

0.578

2.79

1.800

319

8.2

Peanut butter, smooth style, w/o salt

588

19.6

25.1

50.4

0

17

649

43

154

1.87

0.473

2.91

1.466

358

5.6

Peanuts, all types, dry-roasted, w. salt

585

21.5

23.7

49.7

0

813

658

54

176

2.26

0.671

3.31

2.083

358

7.5

Peanuts, all types, oil-roasted, w. salt

599

15.3

28.0

52.5

0

320

726

61

176

1.52

0.533

3.28

1.845

397

3.3

Pears, raw

58

15.5

0.4

0.1

0

1

119

9

7

0.17

0.082

0.10

0.049

11

0.1

Peas, edible-podded, boiled, w. salt

42

7.1

3.3

0.2

0

240

240

42

26

1.97

0.077

0.37

0.168

55

0.7

Peas, edible-podded, raw

42

7.6

2.8

0.2

0

4

200

43

24

2.08

0.079

0.27

0.244

53

0.7

Peas, green, boiled, w/o salt

84

15.6

5.4

0.2

0

3

271

27

39

1.54

0.173

1.19

0.525

117

1.9

Pecans, dry roasted, w. salt

710

13.6

9.5

74.3

0

383

424

72

132

2.80

1.167

5.07

3.933

293

4.0

Pecans, oil roasted, w. salt

715

13.0

9.2

75.2

0

393

392

67

121

2.47

1.200

4.47

3.700

263

6.0

Peppers, hot chili, green, raw

40

9.5

2.0

0.2

0

7

340

18

25

1.20

0.174

0.30

0.237

46

0.5

Peppers, hot chili, red, raw

40

8.8

1.9

0.4

0

9

322

14

23

1.03

0.129

0.26

0.187

43

0.5

Peppers, jalapeno, raw

30

5.9

1.4

0.6

0

1

215

10

19

0.70

0.133

0.23

0.250

31

0.3

Peppers, sweet, green, boiled, w/o salt

28

6.7

0.9

0.2

0

2

166

9

10

0.46

0.065

0.12

0.115

18

0.3

Peppers, sweet, green, raw

20

4.6

0.9

0.2

0

3

175

10

10

0.34

0.066

0.13

0.122

20

0.0

Peppers, sweet, red, boiled, w/o salt

28

6.7

0.9

0.2

0

2

166

9

10

0.46

0.065

0.12

0.115

18

0.3

Peppers, sweet, red, raw

26

6.0

1.0

0.3

0

2

211

7

12

0.43

0.017

0.25

0.112

26

0.1

Peppers, sweet, yellow, raw

27

6.3

1.0

0.2

0

2

212

11

12

0.46

0.107

0.17

0.117

24

0.3

Persimmons, native, raw

127

33.5

0.8

0.4

0

1

310

27

Pheasant, cooked, total edible

Oyster, Pacific, cooked, moist heat Oyster, Pacific, raw Palm hearts, raw

Peaches, raw

2.50

0.5

140

0.7

5

0.6

26

247

0.0

32.4

12.1

89

43

271

16

22

1.43

0.084

1.37

242

20.7

Pickle, cucumber, sour

11

2.3

0.3

0.2

0

1208

23

0

4

0.40

0.085

0.02

0.011

14

0.0

Pickle, cucumber, sweet

117

31.8

0.4

0.3

0

939

32

4

4

0.59

0.105

0.08

0.015

12

0.0

Pickles, cucumber, dill

18

4.1

0.6

0.2

0

1282

116

9

11

0.53

0.079

0.14

0.015

21

0.0

Pie, apple, commercially prepared, enriched flour

237

34.0

1.9

11.0

0

266

65

11

7

0.45

0.046

0.16

0.182

24

1.0

Pie, blueberry, commercially prepared

232

34.9

1.8

10.0

0

325

50

8

5

0.30

0.046

0.16

0.176

23

1.4

Pie, cherry, commercially prepared

260

39.8

2.0

11.0

0

246

81

12

8

0.48

0.040

0.18

0.140

29

1.2

Pie, chocolate creme, commercially prepared

304

33.6

2.6

19.4

5

136

127

36

21

1.07

0.050

0.23

0.200

68

7.5

Pie, coconut creme, commercially prepared

298

37.2

2.1

16.6

0

255

65

29

20

0.80

0.068

0.47

0.438

85

5.3

Pie, egg custard, commercially prepared

210

20.8

5.5

11.6

33

240

106

80

11

0.58

0.024

0.52

0.060

112

7.1

Pie, lemon meringue, commercially prepared

268

47.2

1.5

8.7

45

146

89

56

15

0.61

0.001

0.49

0.060

105

3.0

Nutrient Values of Foods

Food description

7-27 Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

Pie, mince, prepared from recipe

289

48.0

2.6

10.8

0

254

203

22

14

1.49

0.113

0.22

0.263

42

Pie, peach

223

32.9

1.9

10.0

0

270

125

8

6

0.50

0.053

0.09

0.152

22

1.3

Pie, pecan, commercially prepared

400

57.2

4.0

18.5

32

424

74

17

18

1.04

0.195

0.57

0.789

77

5.0

Pie, pumpkin, commercially prepared

210

27.3

3.9

9.5

20

282

154

60

15

0.79

0.048

0.45

0.240

71

2.6

Pike, northern, cooked, dry heat

113

0.0

24.7

0.9

50

49

331

73

40

0.71

0.065

0.86

0.310

282

16.2

Pike, walleye, raw

93

0.0

19.1

1.2

86

51

389

110

30

1.30

0.178

0.62

0.800

210

12.6

Pimento, canned

23

5.1

1.1

0.3

0

14

158

6

6

1.68

0.049

0.19

0.092

17

0.2

629

19.3

11.6

61.0

0

72

628

8

234

3.06

1.035

4.28

4.333

35

Pineapple juice, canned, unsweetened, w/o vitamin C Pineapple, raw, all variety

53

12.9

0.4

0.1

0

2

130

13

12

0.31

0.069

0.11

0.504

8

48

12.6

0.5

0.1

0

Pineapple, raw, traditional variety

45

11.8

0.6

0.1

Pistachio nuts, dry roasted, w/o salt

571

27.7

21.4

46.0

Plantains, cooked

116

31.2

0.8

0.2

Plums, dried (prunes), uncooked

240

63.9

2.2

0.4

Pine nuts, pinyon, dried

Plums, raw

6.6

0.1

1

115

13

12

0.28

0.099

0.10

1.177

8

0.1

1

125

13

12

0.25

0.081

0.08

1.593

9

0.0

0

10

1042

110

120

4.20

1.325

2.30

1.275

485

9.3

0

5

465

2

32

0.58

0.066

0.13

0

2

732

43

41

0.93

0.281

0.44

0.299

28

1.4

69

0.3

46

11.4

0.7

0.3

0

0

157

6

7

0.17

0.057

0.10

0.052

16

0.0

Pollock, Atlantic, cooked, dry heat

118

0.0

24.9

1.3

91

110

456

77

86

0.59

0.064

0.60

0.019

283

46.8

Pollock, walleye, cooked, dry heat

113

0.0

23.5

1.1

96

116

387

6

73

0.28

0.055

0.60

0.020

482

43.4

68

17.2

1.0

0.3

0

3

259

3

3

0.30

0.070

0.12

Pompano, Florida, cooked, dry heat

211

0.0

23.7

12.1

64

76

636

43

31

0.67

0.078

0.69

Popcorn, air-popped

387

77.8

12.9

4.5

0

8

329

7

144

3.19

0.262

Pork sausage, fresh, cooked

339

0.0

19.4

28.4

84

749

294

13

17

1.36

0.086

Pork, cured, bacon, broiled, pan-fried or roasted

541

1.4

37.0

41.8

110

2310

565

11

33

1.44

0.164

Pork, cured, breakfast strips, cooked

459

1.1

29.0

36.7

105

2099

466

14

26

1.97

Pork, cured, Canadian-style bacon, grilled

185

1.4

24.2

8.4

58

1546

390

10

21

0.82

Pork, cured, ham, boneless, extra lean (approx 5% fat), roasted Pork, cured, ham, boneless, regular (approx 11% fat), roasted Pork, cured, ham, whole, lean & fat, roasted

145

1.5

20.9

5.5

53

1203

287

8

14

178

0.0

22.6

9.0

59

1500

409

8

243

0.0

21.6

16.8

62

1187

286

Pork, cured, salt pork, raw

748

0.0

5.1

80.5

86

1424

66

Pork, fresh, composite of retail cuts (leg, loin, & shoulder), lean, cooked Pork, fresh, leg (ham), rump half, lean & fat, roasted Pork, fresh, leg (ham), shank half, lean & fat, roasted Pork, fresh, loin, blade (chops), bone-in, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, center loin (chops), bone-in, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, center rib (chops), bone-in, lean, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, center rib (chops), boneless, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, center rib (roasts), boneless, lean & fat, roasted Pork, fresh, loin, country-style ribs, lean & fat, braised Pork, fresh, loin, sirloin (chops), bone-in, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, sirloin (chops), boneless, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, tenderloin, lean & fat, broiled

212

0.0

29.3

9.7

86

59

375

252

0.0

28.9

14.3

96

62

289

0.0

25.3

20.1

92

320

0.0

22.5

24.9

240

0.0

28.7

219

0.0

260

Pomegranates, raw

8

0.6

0.025

341

46.8

3.08

1.113

358

0.0

2.08

0.005

163

0.0

3.50

0.022

533

62.0

0.153

3.68

0.044

265

24.7

0.054

1.70

0.027

296

24.7

1.48

0.079

2.88

0.054

196

19.5

22

1.34

0.145

2.47

0.041

281

19.8

7

19

0.87

0.083

2.32

0.014

214

22.7

6

7

0.44

0.050

0.90

0.005

52

5.8

21

26

1.10

0.061

2.97

0.018

237

45.0

374

12

27

1.05

0.103

2.82

0.023

272

46.8

59

338

15

22

0.98

0.098

3.06

0.028

257

43.3

86

70

344

29

22

0.93

0.083

3.37

0.008

212

37.1

13.1

82

58

358

33

25

0.80

0.046

2.26

0.003

232

44.3

30.8

9.7

81

65

420

31

28

0.82

0.070

2.38

0.020

245

47.3

0.0

27.6

15.8

82

62

401

28

26

0.77

0.068

2.26

0.018

237

44.0

252

0.0

27.0

15.2

81

48

346

6

22

0.93

0.016

2.64

0.010

214

40.3

296

0.0

23.9

21.5

87

59

328

29

17

1.22

0.093

3.56

0.012

167

39.7

259

0.0

26.7

16.1

86

68

383

17

29

0.99

0.058

2.57

0.010

246

47.7

208

0.0

30.5

8.6

91

56

372

18

27

1.21

0.053

2.62

0.003

243

50.5

201

0.0

29.9

8.1

94

64

444

5

35

1.39

0.067

2.89

0.012

290

47.7

Pork, fresh, spareribs, lean & fat, braised

397

0.0

29.1

30.3

121

93

320

47

24

1.85

0.142

4.60

0.014

261

37.4

Potato chips, plain, salted

547

49.7

6.6

37.5

0

525

1642

24

70

1.61

0.398

2.39

0.664

155

8.1

Potatoes, baked, flesh & skin, w. salt

93

21.2

2.5

0.1

0

244

535

15

28

1.08

0.118

0.36

0.219

70

0.4

Potatoes, boiled in skin, flesh, w. salt

87

20.1

1.9

0.1

0

240

379

5

22

0.31

0.188

0.30

0.138

44

0.3

Potatoes, boiled w/o skin, flesh, w. salt

86

20.0

1.7

0.1

0

241

328

8

20

0.31

0.167

0.27

0.140

40

0.3

Potatoes, French fried, all types, frozen, oven-heated

172

28.7

2.7

5.2

0

32

451

12

26

0.74

0.135

0.38

0.210

97

0.2

Nutrient Values of Foods

7-28

Food description

Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

Potatoes, hashed brown, home-prepared

265

35.1

3.0

12.5

0

342

576

14

35

0.55

0.293

0.47

0.247

70

0.5

Potatoes, mashed, home-prepared, whole milk & margarine added Potatoes, red, flesh & skin, baked

113

16.9

2.0

4.2

1

333

328

22

19

0.26

0.153

0.30

0.112

49

0.8

89

19.6

2.3

0.2

0

8

545

9

28

0.70

0.174

0.40

0.173

72

0.5

94

21.1

2.1

0.2

0

7

544

10

27

0.64

0.127

0.35

0.189

75

0.5

Pretzels, hard, plain, salted

380

79.8

10.3

2.6

0

1357

146

18

29

5.20

0.264

1.43

1.789

113

6.0

Prunes, dehydrated (low-moisture), stewed

113

29.7

1.2

0.2

0

2

353

24

21

1.17

0.204

0.25

0.104

37

Pumpkin, boiled, w/o salt

20

4.9

0.7

0.1

0

1

230

15

9

0.57

0.091

0.23

0.089

30

0.2

Pumpkin, raw

26

6.5

1.0

0.1

0

1

340

21

12

0.80

0.127

0.32

0.125

44

0.3 21.8

Potatoes, white, flesh & skin, baked

Quail, cooked, total edible

234

0.0

25.1

14.1

86

52

216

15

22

4.43

0.592

3.10

279

Quinces, raw

57

15.3

0.4

0.1

0

4

197

11

8

0.70

0.130

0.04

17

0.6

Radicchio, raw

23

4.5

1.4

0.3

0

22

302

19

13

0.57

0.341

0.62

0.138

40

0.9

Radishes, raw

16

3.4

0.7

0.1

0

39

233

25

10

0.34

0.050

0.28

0.069

20

0.6

Raisins, golden seedless

302

79.5

3.4

0.5

0

12

746

53

35

1.79

0.363

0.32

0.308

115

0.7

Raisins, seeded

296

78.5

2.5

0.5

0

28

825

28

30

2.59

0.302

0.18

0.267

75

0.6

Raisins, seedless

299

79.2

3.1

0.5

0

11

749

50

32

1.88

0.318

0.22

0.299

101

0.6 0.2

Raspberries, raw

52

11.9

1.2

0.7

0

1

151

25

22

0.69

0.090

0.42

0.670

29

116

31.2

0.4

0.1

0

1

96

145

12

0.21

0.027

0.08

0.073

8

0.9

21

4.5

0.9

0.2

0

4

288

86

12

0.22

0.021

0.10

0.196

14

1.1

Rice, brown, long-grain, cooked

111

23.0

2.6

0.9

0

5

43

10

43

0.42

0.100

0.63

0.905

83

9.8

Rice, brown, medium-grain, cooked

112

23.5

2.3

0.8

0

1

79

10

44

0.53

0.081

0.62

1.097

77

Rhubarb, frozen, cooked, w/sugar Rhubarb, raw

Rice, white, glutinous, cooked

97

21.1

2.0

0.2

0

5

10

2

5

0.14

0.049

0.41

0.262

8

5.6

Rice, white, long-grain, regular, cooked

130

28.2

2.7

0.3

0

1

35

10

12

1.20

0.069

0.49

0.472

43

7.5

Rice, white, medium-grain, cooked

130

28.6

2.4

0.2

0

0

29

3

13

1.49

0.038

0.42

0.377

37

7.5

Rice, white, short-grain, cooked

130

28.7

2.4

0.2

0

0

26

1

8

1.46

0.072

0.40

0.357

33

7.5

Rockfish, Pacific, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

121

0.0

24.0

2.0

44

77

520

12

34

0.53

0.037

0.53

0.020

228

46.8

Rolls, hamburger or hotdog, plain

19.5

279

49.5

9.5

4.3

0

479

94

138

21

3.32

0.220

0.66

0.272

62

Rutabagas, boiled, w/o salt

39

8.7

1.3

0.2

0

20

326

48

23

0.53

0.041

0.35

0.174

56

0.7

Sablefish, cooked, dry heat

250

0.0

17.2

19.6

63

72

459

45

71

1.64

0.028

0.41

0.019

215

46.8

Sablefish, smoked

257

0.0

17.7

20.1

64

737

471

50

74

1.69

0.036

0.43

0.020

222

50.2

Salami, cooked, turkey

152

0.4

15.3

9.4

76

1004

216

40

22

1.25

0.190

2.32

0.020

266

26.4

Salami, dry or hard, pork

407

1.6

22.6

33.7

79

2260

378

13

22

1.30

0.160

4.20

0.070

229

25.4

Salami, dry or hard, pork, beef

385

3.8

23.2

30.1

100

2010

378

8

17

1.51

0.080

3.23

Salami, Italian, pork

425

1.2

21.7

37.0

80

1890

340

10

22

1.52

0.160

4.20

Salmon, Atlantic, farmed, cooked, dry heat

206

0.0

22.1

12.4

63

61

384

15

30

0.34

0.049

Salmon, Atlantic, farmed, raw

183

0.0

19.9

10.9

59

59

362

12

28

0.36

0.049

Salmon, Atlantic, wild, cooked, dry heat

182

0.0

25.4

8.1

71

56

628

15

37

1.03

Salmon, Atlantic, wild, raw

142

0.0

19.8

6.3

55

44

490

12

29

Salmon, Chinook, cooked, dry heat

231

0.0

25.7

13.4

85

60

505

28

Salmon, Chinook, raw

179

0.0

19.9

10.4

50

47

394

Salmon, Chinook, smoked

117

0.0

18.3

4.3

23

784

Salmon, Chinook, smoked (lox)

117

0.0

18.3

4.3

23

Salmon, chum, cooked, dry heat

154

0.0

25.8

4.8

Salmon, coho, farmed, cooked, dry heat

178

0.0

24.3

Salmon, coho, farmed, raw

160

0.0

Salmon, coho, wild, cooked, dry heat

139

Salmon, coho, wild, raw

142

26.1

0.070

229

25.4

0.43

0.016

252

41.4

0.40

0.015

233

36.5

0.321

0.82

0.021

256

46.8

0.80

0.250

0.64

0.016

200

36.5

122

0.91

0.053

0.56

0.019

371

46.8

26

95

0.25

0.041

0.44

0.015

289

36.5

175

11

18

0.85

0.230

0.31

0.017

164

32.4

2000

175

11

18

0.85

0.230

0.31

0.017

164

38.1

95

64

550

14

28

0.71

0.071

0.60

0.019

363

46.8

8.2

63

52

460

12

34

0.39

0.089

0.47

0.021

332

14.1

21.3

7.7

51

47

450

12

31

0.34

0.048

0.43

0.012

292

12.6

0.0

23.5

4.3

55

58

434

45

33

0.61

0.071

0.56

0.019

322

38.0

146

0.0

21.6

5.9

45

46

423

36

31

0.56

0.051

0.41

0.014

262

36.5

Salmon, pink, cooked, dry heat

149

0.0

25.6

4.4

67

86

414

17

33

0.99

0.099

0.71

0.019

295

57.2

Salmon, pink, raw

116

0.0

19.9

3.5

52

67

323

13

26

0.77

0.077

0.55

0.015

230

44.6

Salmon, sockeye, cooked, dry heat

216

0.0

27.3

11.0

87

66

375

7

31

0.55

0.067

0.51

0.020

276

37.8

Salmon, sockeye, raw

168

0.0

21.3

8.6

62

47

391

6

24

0.47

0.052

0.54

0.014

215

33.7

Sausage, chicken, beef, pork, skinless, smoked

216

8.1

13.6

14.3

120

1034

246

100

14

4.80

0.063

2.68

0.015

132

20.2

Sausage, Italian, pork, cooked

344

4.3

19.1

27.3

57

1207

304

21

18

1.43

0.080

2.39

Sausage, Italian, sweet, links

149

2.1

16.1

8.4

30

570

194

25

12

1.19

0.040

1.52

0.007

170

22.0

103

10.8

Nutrient Values of Foods

Food description

7-29 Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

Sausage, Polish, beef w. chicken, hot

259

3.6

17.6

19.4

66

1540

237

12

14

0.88

0.090

1.93

0.049

136

Sausage, smoked link sausage, pork & beef

320

2.4

12.0

28.7

58

911

179

12

13

0.75

0.077

1.26

0.048

121

0.0

Sausage, turkey, breakfast links, mild

235

1.6

15.4

18.1

60

585

197

32

25

1.07

0.111

2.13

0.066

185

22.2

Scallops, (bay & sea), steamed

112

0.0

23.2

1.4

53

265

476

115

55

3.00

0.300

3.00

338

27.9

Scrapple, pork

213

14.1

8.1

13.9

49

659

158

7

13

1.89

0.212

1.06

76

17.4

Sea bass, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

124

0.0

23.6

2.6

53

87

328

13

53

0.37

0.024

0.52

0.020

248

46.8

Shad, American, cooked, dry heat

252

0.0

21.7

17.7

96

65

492

60

38

1.24

0.082

0.47

0.054

349

46.8

Shark, mixed species, batter-dipped & fried

228

6.4

18.6

13.8

59

122

155

50

43

1.11

0.042

0.48

0.050

194

34.0

Shortening, frying (heavy duty), beef tallow & cottonseed Shortening, household, soybean (hydrogenated) & palm Shrimp, mixed species, cooked, moist heat

900

0.0

0.0

100.0

100

0

0

0

0

0.00

0

0.0

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0.000

0

0.0

99

0.0

20.9

1.1

195

224

182

39

34

3.09

0.193

1.56

0.034

137

39.6

Shrimp, mixed species, imitation, made from surimi Shrimp, mixed species, raw

101

9.1

12.4

1.5

36

705

89

19

43

0.60

0.032

0.33

0.011

282

22.9

106

0.9

20.3

1.7

152

148

185

52

37

2.41

0.264

1.11

0.050

205

38.0

Smelt, rainbow, cooked, dry heat

124

0.0

22.6

3.1

90

77

372

77

38

1.15

0.178

2.12

0.900

295

46.8

90

2.0

16.1

1.4

50

70

382

10

250

3.50

0.400

1.00

Snapper, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

128

0.0

26.3

1.7

47

57

522

40

37

0.24

0.046

0.44

Sour cream, light

136

7.1

3.5

10.6

35

71

212

141

10

0.07

0.016

Sour cream, reduced fat

181

7.0

7.0

14.1

35

70

211

141

11

0.06

0.010

Soybeans, green, boiled, w/o salt

141

11.1

12.4

6.4

0

14

539

145

60

2.50

0.117

0.91

Soybeans, green, raw

147

11.1

13.0

6.8

0

15

620

197

65

3.55

0.128

0.99

0.547

194

1.5

Soybeans, mature cooked, boiled, w/o salt

173

9.9

16.6

9.0

0

1

515

102

86

5.14

0.407

1.15

0.824

245

7.3

Spaghetti, cooked, enriched, w. salt

157

30.6

5.8

0.9

0

128

45

7

18

1.33

0.103

0.50

0.317

58

26.4

Spaghetti, whole-wheat, cooked

124

26.5

5.3

0.5

0

3

44

15

30

1.06

0.167

0.81

1.379

89

25.9

Spinach, boiled, w/o salt

23

3.8

3.0

0.3

0

70

466

136

87

3.57

0.174

0.76

0.935

56

1.5

Spinach, raw

23

3.6

2.9

0.4

0

79

558

99

79

2.71

0.130

0.53

0.897

49

1.0

Squash, summer, all varieties, boiled, w/o salt

20

4.3

0.9

0.3

0

1

192

27

24

0.36

0.103

0.39

0.213

39

0.2

Squash, summer, all varieties, raw

16

3.4

1.2

0.2

0

2

262

15

17

0.35

0.051

0.29

0.175

38

0.2

Squash, summer, zucchini, includes skin, boiled, w/o salt Squash, summer, zucchini, includes skin, raw

16

3.9

0.6

0.1

0

3

253

13

22

0.35

0.086

0.18

0.178

40

0.2

16

3.4

1.2

0.2

0

10

262

15

17

0.35

0.051

0.29

0.175

38

0.2

Squash, winter, acorn, baked, w/o salt

56

14.6

1.1

0.1

0

4

437

44

43

0.93

0.086

0.17

0.242

45

0.7

Squash, winter, butternut, baked, w/o salt

40

10.5

0.9

0.1

0

4

284

41

29

0.60

0.065

0.13

0.172

27

0.5

Squash, winter, Hubbard, baked, w/o salt

50

10.8

2.5

0.6

0

8

358

17

22

0.47

0.045

0.15

0.170

23

0.6

Squash, zucchini, baby, raw

21

3.1

2.7

0.4

0

3

459

21

33

0.79

0.097

0.83

0.196

93

0.3

Snails, raw

Strawberries, raw

0.00

17.7

272

27.4

201

49.0

0.50

71

3.1

0.27

85

4.1

158

1.4

0.017

0.502

32

7.7

0.7

0.3

0

1

153

16

13

0.42

0.048

0.14

0.386

24

0.4

Sturgeon, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

135

0.0

20.7

5.2

77

69

364

17

45

0.90

0.053

0.54

0.030

271

16.2

Sturgeon, mixed species, raw

105

0.0

16.1

4.0

60

54

284

13

35

0.70

0.041

0.42

0.025

211

12.6

Sturgeon, mixed species, smoked

173

0.0

31.2

4.4

80

739

379

17

47

0.93

0.050

0.56

0.030

281

20.1

Sugars, brown

377

97.3

0.0

0.0

0

39

346

85

29

1.91

0.298

0.18

0.320

22

1.2

Sugars, granulated

387

100.0

0.0

0.0

0

0

2

1

0

0.01

0.000

0.00

0.000

0

0.6

Sugars, maple

354

90.9

0.1

0.2

0

11

274

90

19

1.61

0.099

6.06

4.422

3

0.8

Sweet potato, baked in skin, w/o salt

90

20.7

2.0

0.2

0

36

475

38

27

0.69

0.161

0.32

0.497

54

0.2

Sweet potato, boiled, w/o skin

76

17.7

1.4

0.1

0

27

230

27

18

0.72

0.094

0.20

0.266

32

0.2

Swordfish, cooked, dry heat

155

0.0

25.4

5.1

50

115

369

6

34

1.04

0.162

1.47

0.020

337

61.7

Swordfish, raw

121

0.0

19.8

4.0

39

90

288

4

27

0.81

0.126

1.15

0.019

263

48.1

Syrups, corn, dark

286

77.6

0.0

0.0

0

155

44

18

8

0.37

0.053

0.04

0.100

11

2.9

Syrups, corn, high-fructose

281

76.0

0.0

0.0

0

2

0

0

0

0.03

0.029

0.02

0.094

0

0.7

Syrups, maple

261

67.1

0.0

0.2

0

9

204

67

14

1.20

0.074

4.16

3.298

2

0.6

Syrups, table blends, cane & 15% maple

278

69.5

0.0

0.0

0

104

53

12

2

0.19

0.017

0.63

0.495

0

0.5

53

13.3

0.8

0.3

0

2

166

37

12

0.15

0.042

0.07

0.039

20

0.1

Tempeh, cooked

196

9.4

18.2

11.4

14

401

96

77

2.13

0.540

1.57

1.285

253

0.0

Tilefish, cooked, dry heat

147

0.0

24.5

4.7

64

59

512

26

33

0.31

0.052

0.53

0.015

236

51.5

96

0.0

17.5

2.3

50

53

433

26

28

0.25

0.041

0.37

0.010

187

36.5

Tangerines, (mandarin oranges), raw

Tilefish, raw

Nutrient Values of Foods

7-30

Food description Tofu, fried

Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

271

10.5

17.2

20.2

0

16

146

372

60

4.87

0.398

1.99

1.495

287

28.5

Tomato juice, canned, w. salt

17

4.2

0.8

0.1

0

269

229

10

11

0.43

0.061

0.15

0.070

18

0.3

Tomatoes, green, raw

23

5.1

1.2

0.2

0

13

204

13

10

0.51

0.090

0.07

0.100

28

0.4

Tomatoes, orange, raw

16

3.2

1.2

0.2

0

42

212

5

8

0.47

0.062

0.14

0.088

29

0.4

Tomatoes, red, ripe, cooked

18

4.0

1.0

0.1

0

11

218

11

9

0.68

0.075

0.14

0.105

28

0.5

Tomatoes, red, ripe, raw, year-round average

18

3.9

0.9

0.2

0

5

237

10

11

0.27

0.059

0.17

0.114

24

0.0

Tomatoes, sun-dried

258

55.8

14.1

3.0

0

2095

3427

110

194

9.09

1.423

1.99

1.846

356

5.5

Tomatoes, yellow, raw

15

3.0

1.0

0.3

0

23

258

11

12

0.49

0.101

0.28

0.120

36

0.4

Trout, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

190

0.0

26.6

8.5

74

67

463

55

28

1.92

0.241

0.85

1.091

314

16.2

Trout, rainbow, farmed, cooked, dry heat

169

0.0

24.3

7.2

68

42

441

86

32

0.33

0.061

0.49

0.020

266

15.0

Trout, rainbow, wild, cooked, dry heat

150

0.0

22.9

5.8

69

56

448

86

31

0.38

0.058

0.51

0.021

269

13.2

Tuna, fresh, bluefin, cooked, dry heat

184

0.0

29.9

6.3

49

50

323

10

64

1.31

0.110

0.77

0.020

326

46.8

Tuna, fresh, bluefin, raw

144

0.0

23.3

4.9

38

39

252

8

50

1.02

0.086

0.60

0.015

254

36.5

Tuna, fresh, skipjack, raw

103

0.0

22.0

1.0

47

37

407

29

34

1.25

0.086

0.82

0.015

222

36.5

Tuna, fresh, yellowfin, raw

108

0.0

23.4

1.0

45

37

444

16

50

0.73

0.064

0.52

0.015

191

36.5

Tuna, skipjack, fresh, cooked, dry heat

132

0.0

28.2

1.3

60

47

522

37

44

1.60

0.110

1.05

0.019

285

46.8

Tuna, white, canned in oil

186

0.0

26.5

8.1

31

396

333

4

34

0.65

0.130

0.47

0.016

267

60.1

Tuna, white, canned in water

128

0.0

23.6

3.0

42

377

237

14

33

0.97

0.039

0.48

0.019

217

65.7

Tuna, yellowfin, fresh, cooked, dry heat

139

0.0

30.0

1.2

58

47

569

21

64

0.94

0.082

0.67

0.019

245

46.8

Turbot, European, cooked, dry heat

122

0.0

20.6

3.8

62

192

305

23

65

0.46

0.047

0.28

0.022

165

46.8

Turkey breast meat

104

4.2

17.1

1.7

43

1015

302

8

21

1.44

0.057

1.33

0.018

162

22.8

Turkey, all classes, breast, meat & skin, roasted

189

0.0

28.7

7.4

74

63

288

21

27

1.40

0.047

2.03

0.020

210

29.1

Turkey, all classes, dark meat, meat & skin, raw

160

0.0

18.9

8.8

72

71

261

17

20

1.69

0.137

2.95

0.021

170

26.4

Turkey, all classes, leg, meat & skin, roasted

208

0.0

27.9

9.8

85

77

280

32

23

2.30

0.154

4.27

0.023

199

37.8

Turkey, all classes, meat only, roasted

170

0.0

29.3

5.0

76

70

298

25

26

1.78

0.094

3.10

0.021

213

36.8

Turkey, all classes, wing, meat & skin, roasted

229

0.0

27.4

12.4

81

61

266

24

25

1.46

0.056

2.10

0.020

197

29.9

Turnip greens, boiled, w/o salt

20

4.4

1.1

0.2

0

29

203

137

22

0.80

0.253

0.14

0.337

29

0.9

Turnips, boiled, w/o salt

22

5.1

0.7

0.1

0

16

177

33

9

0.18

0.002

0.12

0.071

26

0.2

Turnips, raw

28

6.4

0.9

0.1

0

67

191

30

11

0.30

0.085

0.27

0.134

27

0.7

Veal, composite of retail cuts, fat, cooked

642

0.0

9.4

66.7

73

57

173

4

10

1.00

0.044

0.87

0.012

116

5.5

Veal, composite of retail cuts, lean & fat, cooked

231

0.0

30.1

11.4

114

87

325

22

26

1.15

0.114

4.76

0.036

239

12.3

Veal, composite of retail cuts, lean, cooked

196

0.0

31.9

6.6

118

89

338

24

28

1.16

0.120

5.10

0.038

250

13.0

Veal, ground, broiled

172

0.0

24.4

7.6

103

83

337

17

24

0.99

0.103

3.87

0.035

217

13.7

Veal, leg (top round), lean & fat, roasted

160

0.0

27.7

4.7

103

68

389

6

28

0.91

0.129

3.04

0.030

234

11.2

Veal, loin, lean & fat, roasted

217

0.0

24.8

12.3

103

93

325

19

25

0.87

0.110

3.03

0.029

212

11.0

Veal, rib, lean & fat, roasted

228

0.0

24.0

14.0

110

92

295

11

22

0.97

0.099

4.09

0.030

197

10.5

Veal, shoulder, arm, lean & fat, roasted

183

0.0

25.5

8.3

108

90

348

26

26

1.15

0.141

4.18

0.030

221

11.1

Veal, sirloin, lean & fat, roasted

202

0.0

25.1

10.5

102

83

351

13

26

0.92

0.129

3.35

0.029

223

11.1

Veal, sirloin, lean, roasted

168

0.0

26.3

6.2

104

85

365

14

27

0.91

0.136

3.54

0.030

231

11.5

Vinegar, distilled

18

0.0

0.0

0.0

0

2

2

6

1

0.03

0.006

0.01

0.055

4

0.5

Watercress, raw

11

1.3

2.3

0.1

0

41

330

120

21

0.20

0.077

0.11

0.244

60

0.9

Watermelon, raw

30

7.6

0.6

0.2

0

1

112

7

10

0.24

0.042

0.10

0.038

11

0.4

Wheat flour, whole-grain

339

72.6

13.7

1.9

0

5

405

34

138

3.88

0.382

2.93

3.799

346

70.7

Wheat flours, bread, unenriched

361

72.5

12.0

1.7

0

2

100

15

25

0.90

0.182

0.85

0.792

97

39.7

Wolffish, Atlantic, cooked, dry heat

123

0.0

22.4

3.1

59

109

385

8

38

0.12

0.037

1.00

0.019

256

46.8 36.5

Wolffish, Atlantic, raw

96

0.0

17.5

2.4

46

85

300

6

30

0.09

0.029

0.78

0.015

200

Yam, boiled, or baked, w/o salt

116

27.6

1.5

0.1

0

8

670

14

18

0.52

0.152

0.20

0.371

49

0.7

Yellowtail, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

187

0.0

29.7

6.7

71

50

538

29

38

0.63

0.058

0.67

0.019

201

46.8

Yogurt, fruit varieties, non-fat

94

19.0

4.4

0.2

2

58

194

152

15

0.07

0.011

0.74

0.035

119

6.0

Yogurt, plain, low fat, 12 grams protein per 8 oz

63

7.0

5.3

1.6

6

70

234

183

17

0.08

0.013

0.89

0.004

144

3.3

Yogurt, plain, skim milk, 13 grams protein per 8 oz

56

7.7

5.7

0.2

2

77

255

199

19

0.09

0.015

0.97

0.005

157

3.6

Yogurt, plain, whole milk, 8 grams protein per 8 oz

61

4.7

3.5

3.3

13

46

155

121

12

0.05

0.009

0.59

0.004

95

2.2

PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS Aluminon (qualitative test for aluminum). Aluminon is a trade name for the ammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid. Dissolve 1 g of the salt in 1 L of distilled water. Shake the solution well to insure thorough mixing. Bang’s reagent (for glucose estimation). Dissolve 100 g of K2CO3, 66 g of KCl and 160 g of KHCO3 in the order given in about 700 mL of water at 30°C. Add 4.4 g of CuSO4 and dilute to 1 L after the CO2 is evolved. This solution should be shaken only in such a manner as not to allow entry of air. After 24 hours 300 mL are diluted to 1 L with saturated KCl solution, shaken gently and used after 24 hours; 50 mL is equivalent to 10 mg glucose. Barfoed’s reagent (test for glucose). See Cupric acetate. Baudisch’s reagent. See Cupferron. Benedict’s solution (qualitative reagent for glucose). With the aid of heat, dissolve 173 g of sodium citrate and 100 g of Na2CO3 in 800 mL of water. Filter, if necessary, and dilute to 850 mL. Dissolve 17.3 g of CuSO4·5H2O in 100 mL of water. Pour the latter solution, with constant stirring, into the carbonate-citrate solution, and dilute to 1 L. Benzidine hydrochloride solution (for sulfite determination). Make a paste of 8 g of benzidine hydrochloride (C12H8(NH3)2·2HCl) and 20 mL of water, add 20 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.12) and dilute to 1 L with water. Each mL of this solution is equivalent to 0.00357 g of H2SO4. Bertrand’s reagent (glucose estimation). Consists of the following solutions: 1. Dissolve 200 g of Rochelle salt and 150 g of NaOH in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. 2. Dissolve 40 g of CuSO4 in enough water to make 1 L of solution. 3. Dissolve 50 g of Fe2(SO4)3 and 200 g of H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84) in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. 4. Dissolve 5 g of KMnO4 in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. Bial’s reagent (for pentose). Dissolve 1 g of orcinol (5-methyl1,3-benzenediol) in 500 mL of 30% HCl to which 30 drops of a 10% solution of FeCl3 has been added. Boutron — Boudet soap solution: 1. Dissolve 100 g of pure castile soap in about 2.5 L of 56% ethanol. 2. Dissolve 0.59 g of Ba(NO3)2 in 1 L of water. Adjust the castile soap solution so that 2.4 mL of it will give a permanent lather with 40 mL of solution (b). When adjusted, 2.4 mL of soap solution is equivalent to 220 parts per million of hardness (as CaCO3) for a 40 mL sample. See also Soap solution. Brucke’s reagent (protein precipitation). See Potassium iodidemercuric iodide. Clarke’s soap solution (estimation of hardness in water). 1. Dissolve 100 g of pure powdered castile soap in 1 L of 80% ethanol and allow to stand over night. 2. Prepare a solution of CaCl2 by dissolving 0.5 g of CaCO3 in HCl (sp. gr. 1.19), neutralize with NH4OH and make slightly alkaline to litmus, and dilute to 500 mL. One mL is equivalent to 1 mg of CaCO3.

Titrate (1) against (2) and dilute (1) with 80% ethanol until 1 mL of the resulting solution is equivalent to 1 mL of (2) after making allowance for the lather factor (the amount of standard soap solution required to produce a permanent lather in 50 mL of distilled water). One mL of the adjusted solution after subtracting the lather factor is equivalent to 1 mg of CaCO3. See also Soap solution. Cobalticyanide paper (Rinnmann’s test for Zn). Dissolve 4 g of K3Co(CN)6 and 1 g of KClO3 in 100 mL of water. Soak filter paper in solution and dry at 100°C. Apply drop of zinc solution and burn in an evaporating dish. A green disk is obtained if zinc is present. Cochineal. Extract 1 g of cochineal for 4 days with 20 mL of alcohol and 60 mL of distilled water. Filter. Congo red. Dissolve 0.5 g of congo red in 90 mL of distilled water and 10 mL of alcohol. Cupferron (Baudisch’s reagent for iron analysis). Dissolve 6 g of the ammonium salt of N-hydroxy-N-nitrosoaniline (cupferron) in 100 mL of H2O. Reagent good for 1 week only and must be kept in the dark. Cupric acetate (Barfoed’s reagent for reducing monosaccharides). Dissolve 66 g of cupric acetate and 10 mL of glacial acetic acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Cupric oxide, ammoniacal; Schweitzer’s reagent (dissolves cotton, linen, and silk, but not wool). 1. Dissolve 5 g of cupric sulfate in 100 mL of boiling water, and add sodium hydroxide until precipitation is complete. Wash the precipitate well, and dissolve it in a minimum quantity of ammonium hydroxide. 2. Bubble a slow stream of air through 300 mL of strong ammonium hydroxide containing 50 g of fine copper turnings. Continue for 1 hour. Cupric sulfate in glycerin-potassium hydroxide (reagent for silk). Dissolve 10 g of cupric sulfate, CuSO4·5H2O, in 100 mL of water and add 5 g of glycerol. Add KOH solution slowly until a deep blue solution is obtained. Cupron (precipitates copper). Dissolve 5 g of benzoinoxime in 100 mL of 95% ethanol. Cuprous chloride, acidic (reagent for CO in gas analysis). 1. Cover the bottom of a 2-L flask with a layer of cupric oxide about 0.5 inch deep, suspend a coil of copper wire so as to reach from the bottom to the top of the solution, and fill the flask with hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.10). Shake occasionally. When the solution becomes nearly colorless, transfer to reagent bottles, which should also contain copper wire. The stock bottle may be refilled with dilute hydrochloric acid until either the cupric oxide or the copper wire is used up. Copper sulfate may be substituted for copper oxide in the above procedure. 2. Dissolve 340 g of CuCl2·2H2O in 600 mL of conc. HCl and reduce the cupric chloride by adding 190 mL of a saturated solution of stannous chloride or until the solution is colorless. The stannous chloride is prepared by treating 300 g of metallic tin in a 500 mL flask with conc. HCl until no more tin goes into solution. 3. (Winkler method). Add a mixture of 86 g of CuO and 17 g of finely divided metallic Cu, made by the reduction of CuO with hydrogen, to a solution of HCl, made by dilut8-1

Section 8.indb 1

4/30/05 8:46:04 AM

Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents

8-2 ing 650 mL of conc. HCl with 325 mL of water. After the mixture has been added slowly and with frequent stirring, a spiral of copper wire is suspended in the bottle, reaching all the way to the bottom. Shake occasionally, and when the solution becomes colorless, it is ready for use. Cuprous chloride, ammoniacal (reagent for CO in gas analysis). 1. The acid solution of cuprous chloride as prepared above is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide until an ammonia odor persists. An excess of metallic copper must be kept in the solution. 2. Pour 800 mL of acidic cuprous chloride, prepared by the Winkler method, into about 4 L of water. Transfer the precipitate to a 250 mL graduate. After several hours, siphon off the liquid above the 50 mL mark and refill with 7.5% NH4OH solution which may be prepared by diluting 50 mL of conc. NH4OH with 150 mL of water. The solution is well shaken and allowed to stand for several hours. It should have a faint odor of ammonia. Dichlorofluorescein indicator. Dissolve 1 g in 1 L of 70% alcohol or 1 g of the sodium salt in 1 L of water. Dimethyglyoxime, 0.01 N. Dissolve 0.6 g of dimethylglyoxime (2,3-butanedione oxime) in 500 mL of 95% ethanol. This is an especially sensitive test for nickel, a very definite crimson color being produced. Diphenylamine (reagent for rayon). Dissolve 0.2 g in 100 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. Diphenylamine sulfonate (for titration of iron with K2Cr2O7). Dissolve 0.32 g of the barium salt of diphenylamine sulfonic acid in 100 mL of water, add 0.5 g of sodium sulfate and filter off the precipitate of BaSO4. Diphenylcarbazide. Dissolve 0.2 g of diphenylcarbazide in 10 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 100 mL with 95% ethanol. Esbach’s reagent (estimation of protein). To a water solution of 10 g of picric acid and 20 g of citric acid, add sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. Eschka’s compound. Two parts of calcined (“light”) magnesia are thoroughly mixed with 1 part of anhydrous sodium carbonate. Fehling’s solution (reagent for reducing sugars.) 1. Copper sulfate solution. Dissolve 34.66 g of CuSO4·5H2O in water and dilute to 500 mL. 2. Alkaline tartrate solution. Dissolve 173 g of potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle salt, KNaC4H4O6·4H2O) and 50 g of NaOH in water and dilute when cold to 500 mL. Mix equal volumes of the two solutions at the time of using. Ferric-alum indicator. Dissolve 140 g of ferric ammonium sulfate crystals in 400 mL of hot water. When cool, filter, and make up to a volume of 500 mL with dilute nitric acid. Folin’s mixture (for uric acid). To 650 mL of water add 500 g of (NH4)2SO4, 5 g of uranium acetate, and 6 g of glacial acetic acid. Dilute to 1 L. Formaldehyde — sulfuric acid (Marquis’ reagent for alkaloids). Add 10 mL of formaldehyde solution to 50 mL of sulfuric acid. Froehde’s reagent. See Sulfomolybdic acid. Fuchsin (reagent for linen). Dissolve 1 g of fuchsin in 100 mL of alcohol.

Section 8.indb 2

Fuchsin — sulfurous acid (Schiff’s reagent for aldehydes). Dissolve 0.5 g of fuchsin and 9 g of sodium bisulfite in 500 mL of water, and add 10 mL of HCl. Keep in well-stoppered bottles and protect from light. Gunzberg’s reagent (detection of HCl in gastric juice). Prepare as needed a solution containing 4 g of phloroglucinol (1,3,5benzenetriol) and 2 g of vanillin in 100 mL of absolute ethanol. Hager’s reagent. See Picric acid. Hanus solution (for iodine number). Dissolve 13.2 g of resublimed iodine in 1 L of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter. Add sufficient bromine to double the halogen content, determined by titration (3 mL is about the proper amount). The iodine may be dissolved by the aid of heat, but the solution should be cold when the bromine is added. Iodine, tincture of. To 50 mL of water add 70 g of I2 and 50 g of KI. Dilute to 1 L with alcohol. Iodo-potassium iodide (Wagner’s reagent for alkaloids). Dissolve 2 g of iodine and 6 g of KI in 100 mL of water. Litmus (indicator). Extract litmus powder three times with boiling alcohol, each treatment consuming an hour. Reject the alcoholic extract. Treat residue with an equal weight of cold water and filter; then exhaust with five times its weight of boiling water, cool and filter. Combine the aqueous extracts. Magnesia mixture (reagent for phosphates and arsenates). Dissolve 55 g of magnesium chloride and 105 g of ammonium chloride in water, barely acidify with hydrochloric acid, and dilute to 1 L. The ammonium hydroxide may be omitted until just previous to use. The reagent, if completely mixed and stored for any period of time, becomes turbid. Magnesium uranyl acetate. Dissolve 100 g of UO2(C2H3O2)2·2H2O in 60 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 500 mL. Dissolve 330 g of Mg(C2H3O2)2·4H2O in 60 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 200 mL. Heat solutions to the boiling point until clear, pour the magnesium solution into the uranyl solution, cool and dilute to 1 L. Let stand over night and filter if necessary. Marme’s reagent. See Potassium-cadmium iodide. Marquis’ reagent. See Formaldehyde-sulfuric acid. Mayer’s reagent (white precipitate with most alkaloids in slightly acid solutions). Dissolve 1.358 g of HgCl2 in 60 mL of water and pour into a solution of 5 g of KI in 10 mL of H2O. Add sufficient water to make 100 mL. Methyl orange indicator. Dissolve 1 g of methyl orange in 1 L of water. Filter, if necessary. Methyl orange, modified. Dissolve 2 g of methyl orange and 2.8 g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 L of 50% alcohol. Methyl red indicator. Dissolve 1 g of methyl red in 600 mL of alcohol and dilute with 400 mL of water. Methyl red, modified. Dissolve 0.50 g of methyl red and 1.25 g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 L of 90% alcohol. Or, dissolve 1.25 g of methyl red and 0.825 g of methylene blue in 1 L of 90% alcohol. Millon’s reagent (for albumins and phenols). Dissolve 1 part of mercury in 1 part of cold fuming nitric acid. Dilute with twice the volume of water and decant the clear solution after several hours. Molisch’s reagent. See 1-Naphthol. 1-Naphthol (Molisch’s reagent for wool). Dissolve 15 g of 1naphthol in 100 mL of alcohol or chloroform.

4/30/05 8:46:05 AM

Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents Nessler’s reagent (for ammonia). Dissolve 50 g of KI in the smallest possible quantity of cold water (50 mL). Add a saturated solution of mercuric chloride (about 22 g in 350 mL of water will be needed) until an excess is indicated by the formation of a precipitate. Then add 200 mL of 5 N NaOH and dilute to 1 L. Let settle, and draw off the clear liquid. Nickel oxide, ammoniacal (reagent for silk). Dissolve 5 g of nickel sulfate in 100 mL of water, and add sodium hydroxide solution until nickel hydroxide is completely precipitated. Wash the precipitate well and dissolve in 25 mL of concentrated ammonium hydroxide and 25 mL of water. Nitron (detection of nitrate radical). Dissolve 10 g of nitron (1,4diphenyl-3-(phenylamino)-1,2,4-triazolium hydroxide) in 5 mL of glacial acetic acid and 95 mL of water. The solution may be filtered with slight suction through an alumdum crucible and kept in a dark bottle. 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol. Make a saturated solution in 50% acetic acid (1 part of glacial acetic acid with 1 part of water). Does not keep well. Nylander’s solution (carbohydrates). Dissolve 20 g of bismuth subnitrate and 40 g of Rochelle salt in 1 L of 8% NaOH solution. Cool and filter. Obermayer’s reagent (for indoxyl in urine). Dissolve 4 g of FeCl3 in 1 L of HCl (sp. gr. 1.19). Oxine. Dissolve 14 g of 8-hydroxyquinoline in 30 mL of glacial acetic acid. Warm slightly, if necessary. Dilute to 1 L. Oxygen absorbent. Dissolve 300 g of ammonium chloride in 1 L of water and add 1 L of concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution. Shake the solution thoroughly. For use as an oxygen absorbent, a bottle half full of copper turnings is filled nearly full with the NH4Cl-NH4OH solution and the gas passed through. Pasteur’s salt solution. To 1 L of distilled water add 2.5 g of potassium phosphate, 0.25 g of calcium phosphate, 0.25 g of magnesium sulfate, and 12.00 g of ammonium tartrate. Pavy’s solution (glucose reagent). To 120 mL of Fehling’s solution, add 300 mL of NH4OH (sp. gr. 0.88) and dilute to 1 L with water. Phenanthroline ferrous ion indicator. Dissolve 1.485 g of 1,10phenanthroline monohydrate in 100 mL of 0.025 M ferrous sulfate solution. Phenolphthalein. Dissolve 1 g of phenolphthalein in 50 mL of alcohol and add 50 mL of water. Phenolsulfonic acid (determination of nitrogen as nitrate). Dissolve 25 g of phenol in 150 mL of conc. H2SO4, add 75 mL of fuming H2SO4 (15% SO3), stir well and heat for 2 hours at 100°C. Phloroglucinol solution (pentosans). Make a 3% phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) solution in alcohol. Keep in a dark bottle. Phosphomolybdic acid (Sonnenschein’s reagent for alkaloids). 1. Prepare ammonium phosphomolybdate and after washing with water, boil with nitric acid and expel NH3; evaporate to dryness and dissolve in 2 M nitric acid. 2. Dissolve ammonium molybdate in HNO3 and treat with phosphoric acid. Filter, wash the precipitate, and boil with aqua regia until the ammonium salt is decomposed. Evaporate to dryness. The residue dissolved in 10% HNO3 constitutes Sonnenschein’s reagent.

Section 8.indb 3

8-3 Phosphoric acid — sulfuric acid mixture. Dilute 150 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 100 mL of conc. H3PO4 (85%) with water to a volume of 1 L. Phosphotungstic acid (Schcibicr’s reagent for alkaloids). 1. Dissolve 20 g of sodium tungstate and 15 g of sodium phosphate in 100 mL of water containing a little nitric acid. 2. The reagent is a 10% solution of phosphotungstic acid in water. Thc.phosphotungstic acid is prepared by evaporating a mixture of 10 g of sodium tungstate dissolved in 5 g of phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1.13) and enough boiling water to effect solution. Crystals of phosphotungstic acid separate. Picric acid (Hager’s reagent for alkaloids, wool and silk). Dissolve 1 g of picric acid in 100 mL of water. Potassium antimonate (reagent for sodium). Boil 22 g of potassium antimonate with 1 L of water until nearly all of the salt has dissolved, cool quickly, and add 35 mL of 10% potassium hydroxide. Filter after standing overnight. Potassium-cadmium iodide (Marme’s reagent for alkaloids). Add 2 g of CdI2 to a boiling solution of 4 g of KI in 12 mL of water, and then mix with 12 mL of saturated KI solution. Potassium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption). Dissolve 360 g of KOH in water and dilute to 1 L. Potassium iodide — mercuric iodide (Brucke’s reagent for proteins). Dissolve 50 g of KI in 500 mL of water, and saturate with mercuric iodide (about 120 g). Dilute to 1 L. Potassium pyrogallate (for oxygen absorption). For mixtures of gases containing less than 28% oxygen, add 100 mL of KOH solution (50 g of KOH to 100 mL of water) to 5 g of pyrogallol. For mixtures containing more than 28% oxygen the KOH solution should contain 120 g of KOH to 100 mL of water. Pyrogallol, alkaline. 1. Dissolve 75 g of pyrogallic acid in 75 mL of water. 2. Dissolve 500 g of KOH in 250 mL of water. When cool, adjust until sp. gr. is 1.55. For use, add 270 mL of solution (2) to 30 mL of solution (1). Rosolic acid (indicator). Dissolve 1 g of rosolic acid in 10 mL of alcohol and add 100 mL of water. Scheibler’s reagent. See Phosphotungstic acid. Schiff’s reagent. See Fuchsin-sulfurous acid. Schweitzer’s reagent. See Cupric oxide, ammoniacal. Soap solution (reagent for hardness in water). Dissolve 100 g of dry castile soap in 1 L of 80% alcohol (5 parts alcohol to 1 part water). Allow to stand several days and dilute with 70% to 80% alcohol until 6.4 mL produces a permanent lather with 20 mL of standard calcium solution. The latter solution is made by dissolving 0.2 g of CaCO3 in a small amount of dilute HCl, evaporating to dryness and making up to 1 L. Sodium bismuthate (oxidation of manganese). Heat 20 parts of NaOH nearly to redness in an iron or nickel crucible and add slowly 10 parts of basic bismuth nitrate which has been previously dried. Add 2 parts of sodium peroxide, and pour the brownish-yellow fused mass onto an iron plate to cool. When cold, break up in a mortar, extract with water, and collect on an asbestos filter. Sodium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption). Dissolve 330 g of NaOH in water and dilute to 1 L.

4/30/05 8:46:05 AM

8-4 Sodium nitroprusside (reagent for hydrogen sulfide and wool). Use a freshly prepared solution of 1 g of sodium nitroferricyanide in 10 mL of water. Sodium oxalate (primary standard). Dissolve 30 g of the commercial salt in 1 L of water, make slightly alkaline with sodium hydroxide, and let stand until perfectly clear. Filter and evaporate the filtrate to 100 mL. Cool and filter. Pulverize the residue and wash it several times with small volumes of water. The procedure is repeated until the mother liquor is free from sulfate and is neutral to phenolphthalein. Sodium plumbite (reagent for wool). Dissolve 5 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water. Add 5 g of litharge (PbO) and boil until dissolved. Sodium polysulfide. Dissolve 480 g of Na2S·9H2O in 500 mL of water, add 40 g of NaOH and 18 g of sulfur. Stir thoroughly and dilute to 1 L with water. Sonnenschein’s reagent. See Phosphomolybdic acid. Starch solution. 1. Make a paste with 2 g of soluble starch and 0.01 g of HgI2 with a small amount of water. Add the mixture slowly to 1 L of boiling water and boil for a few minutes. Keep in a glass stoppered bottle. If other than soluble starch is used, the solution will not clear on boiling; it should be allowed to stand and the clear liquid decanted. 2. A solution of starch which keeps indefinitely is made as follows: Mix 500 mL of saturated NaCl solution (filtered), 80 mL of glacial acetic acid, 20 mL of water and 3 g of starch. Bring slowly to a boil and boil for 2 minutes. 3. Make a paste with 1 g of soluble starch and 5 mg of HgI2, using as little cold water as possible. Then pour about 200 mL of boiling water on the paste and stir immediately. This will give a clear solution if the paste is prepared correctly and the water actually boiling. Cool and add 4 g of KI. Starch solution decomposes on standing due to bacterial action, but this solution will keep well if stored under a layer of toluene. Stoke’s reagent. Dissolve 30 g of FeSO4 and 20 g of tartaric acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Just before using, add concentrated NH4OH until the precipitate first formed is redissolved. Sulfanilic acid (reagent for nitrites). Dissolve 0.5 g of sulfanilic acid in a mixture of 15 mL of glacial acetic acid and 135 mL of recently boiled water. Sulfomolybdic acid (Froehde’s reagent for alkaloids and glucosides). Dissolve 10 g of molybdic acid or sodium molybdate in 100 mL of conc. H2SO4. Tannic acid (reagent for albumin, alkaloids, and gelatin). Dissolve 10 g of tannic acid in 10 mL of alcohol and dilute with water to 100 mL.

Section 8.indb 4

Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents Titration mixture (residual chlorine in water analyasis). Prepare 1 L of dilute HCl (100 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.19) in sufficient water to make 1 L). Dissolve 1 g of o-tolidine in 100 mL of the dilute HCl and dilute to 1 L with dilute HCl solution. Trinitrophenol solution. See Picric acid. Turmeric tincture (reagent for borates). Digest ground turmeric root with several quantities of water which are discarded. Dry the residue and digest it several days with six times its weight of alcohol. Filter. Uffelmann’s reagent (turns yellow in presence of lactic acid). To a 2% solution of pure phenol in water, add a water solution of FeCl3 until the phenol solution becomes violet in color. Wagner’s reagent. See Iodo-potassium iodide. Wagner’s solution (used in phosphate rock analysis to prevent precipitation of iron and aluminum). Dissolve 25 g of citric acid and 1 g of salicylic acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Use 50 mL of the reagent. Wij’s iodine monochloride solution (for iodine number). Dissolve 13 g of resublimed iodine in 1 L of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter. Set aside 25 mL of this solution. Pass into the remainder of the solution dry chlorine gas (dried and washed by passing through H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84)) until the characteristic color of free iodine has been discharged. Now add the iodine solution which was reserved, until all free chlorine has been destroyed. A slight excess of iodine does little or no harm, but an excess of chlorine must be avoided. Preserve in well stoppered, amber colored bottles. Avoid use of solutions which have been prepared for more than 30 days. Wij’s special solution (for iodine number). To 200 mL of glacial acetic acid that will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter, add 12 g of dichloramine T (N,N-dichloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide), and 16.6 g of dry KI (in small quantities with continual shaking until all the KI has dissolved). Make up to 1 L with the same quality of acetic acid used above and preserve in a dark colored bottle. Zimmermann-Reinhardt reagent (determination of iron). Dissolve 70 g of MnSO4·4H2O in 500 mL of water, add 125 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 125 mL of 85% H3P04, and dilute to 1 L. Zinc chloride solution, basic (reagent for silk). Dissolve 1000 g of zinc chloride in 850 mL of water, and add 40 g of zinc oxide. Heat until solution is complete. Zinc uranyl acetate (reagent for sodium). Dissolve 10 g of UO2(C2H3O2)2·2H2O in 6 g of 30% acetic acid with heat, if necessary, and dilute to 50 mL. Dissolve 30 g of Zn(C2H3O2)2·H2O in 3 g of 30% acetic acid and dilute to 50 mL. Mix the two solutions, add 50 mg of NaCl, allow to stand overnight and filter.

4/30/05 8:46:06 AM

STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS For each compound listed, the last column of this table gives the mass in grams which is contained in 1 liter of a solution whose amount-of-substance concentration divided by the equivalence factor of the compound equals 0.1 mol/L. In the older literature such a solution is often referred to as a “decinormal solution” (0.1 N).

Name Acetic acid Ammonia Ammonium ion Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiocyanate Barium Barium carbonate Barium chloride hydrate Barium hydroxide Barium oxide Bromine Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium chloride Calcium chloride hydrate Calcium hydroxide Calcium oxide Chlorine Citric acid Cobalt Copper Copper oxide (cupric) Copper sulfate hydrate Hydrochloric acid Hydrocyanic acid Iodine Lactic acid Malic acid Magnesium Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride Magnesium chloride hydrate Magnesium oxide Manganese Manganese sulfate Mercuric chloride Nickel Nitric acid Oxalic acid Oxalic acid hydrate Oxalic acid anhydride Phosphoric acid Potassium Potassium bicarbonate Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Potassium cyanide Potassium hydroxide

Formula HC2H3O2 NH3 NH4+ NH4Cl (NH4)2SO4 NH4CNS Ba BaCO3 BaCl2 · 2H2O Ba(OH)2 BaO Br Ca CaCO3 CaCl2 CaCl2 · 6H2O Ca(OH)2 CaO Cl C6H8O7 · H2O Co Cu CuO CuSO4 · 5H2O HCl HCN I C3H6O3 C4H6O5 Mg MgCO3 MgCl2 MgCl2 · 6H2O MgO Mn MnSO4 HgCl2 Ni HNO3 H2C2O4 H2C2O4 · 2H2O C2O3 H3PO4 K KHCO3 K2CO3 KCl KCN KOH

Reference Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (IUPAC), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978.

Atomic or molecular weight 60.0530 17.0306 18.0386 53.4916 132.1388 76.1204 137.34 197.3494 244.2767 171.3547 153.3394 79.909 40.08 100.0894 110.9860 219.0150 74.0947 56.0794 35.453 210.1418 58.9332 63.54 79.5394 249.6783 36.4610 27.0258 126.9044 90.0795 134.0894 24.312 84.3214 95.2180 203.2370 40.3114 54.938 150.9996 271.4960 58.71 63.0129 90.0358 126.0665 72.0205 97.9953 39.102 100.1193 138.2134 74.5550 65.1199 56.1094

Equivalence factor 1 1 1 1 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/3 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/3 1 1 1/2 1 1 1

Mass in grams 6.0053 1.7031 1.8039 5.3492 6.6069 7.6120 6.867 9.8675 12.2138 8.5677 7.6670 7.9909 2.004 5.0045 5.5493 10.9508 3.7047 2.8040 3.5453 7.0047 2.9466 3.177 3.9770 12.4839 3.6461 2.7026 12.6904 9.0080 6.7045 1.2156 4.2161 4.7609 10.1623 2.0156 2.7469 7.5500 13.5748 2.9356 6.3013 4.5018 6.3033 3.6010 3.2665 3.9102 10.0119 6.9106 7.4555 6.5120 5.6109

8-5

Section 8.indb 5

4/30/05 8:46:07 AM

Standard Solutions of Acids, Bases, and Salts

8-6

Name Potassium oxide Potassium tartrate Silver Silver nitrate Sodium Sodium bicarbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium hydroxide Sodium oxide Sodium sulfide Succinic acid Sulfuric acid Tartaric acid Zinc Zinc sulfate hydrate

Section 8.indb 6

Formula K2O K2H4C4O6 Ag AgNO3 Na NaHCO3 Na2CO3 NaCl NaOH Na2O Na2S H2C4H4O4 H2SO4 C4H6O6 Zn ZnSO4 · 7H2O

Atomic or molecular weight 94.2034 226.2769 107.87 169.8749 22.9898 84.0071 105.9890 58.4428 39.9972 61.9790 78.0436 118.0900 98.0775 150.0888 65.37 287.5390

Equivalence factor 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1 1/2 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

Mass in grams 4.7102 11.3139 10.787 16.9875 2.2990 8.4007 5.2995 5.8443 3.9997 3.0990 3.9022 5.9045 4.9039 7.5044 3.269 14.3769

4/30/05 8:46:07 AM

STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REAGENTS For each reagent listed, the last column of this table gives the mass in grams which is contained in a solution whose amount-ofsubstance concentration divided by the equivalence factor of the compound equals 0.1 mol/L. The equivalence factor given refers to the most common reactions of the reagent. In the older literature such a solution is often called a “decinormal solution” (0.1 N).

Name Antimony Arsenic Arsenic trisulfide Arsenous oxide Barium peroxide Barium peroxide hydrate Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium hypochlorite Calcium oxide Chlorine Chromium trioxide Ferrous ammonium sulfate Hydroferrocyanic acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Iodine Iron Iron oxide (ferrous) Iron oxide (ferric) Lead peroxide Manganese dioxide Nitric acid Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen pentoxide Oxalic acid Oxalic acid hydrate Oxygen Potassium dichromate Potassium chlorate Potassium chromate Potassium ferrocyanide Potassium ferrocyanide hydrate Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium perchlorate Potassium permanganate Sodium chlorate Sodium nitrate Sodium thiosulfate hydrate Stannous chloride Stannous oxide Sulfur dioxide Tin

Formula Sb As As2S3 As2O3 BaO2 BaO2 · 8H2O Ca CaCO3 Ca(OCl)2 CaO Cl CrO3 FeSO4(NH4)SO4 · 6H2O H4Fe(CN)6 H2O2 H2S I Fe FeO Fe2O3 PbO2 MnO2 HNO3 N2O3 N2O5 C2H2O4 C2H2O4 · 2H2O O K2Cr2O7 KClO3 K2CrO4 K4Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 · 3H2O KI KNO3 KClO4 KMnO4 NaClO3 NaNO3 Na2S2O3 · 5H2O SnCl2 SnO SO2 Sn

Reference Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (IUPAC), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978.

Atomic or molecular weight 121.75 74.9216 246.0352 197.8414 169.3388 313.4615 40.08 100.0894 142.9848 56.0794 35.453 99.9942 392.0764 215.9860 34.0147 34.0799 126.9044 55.847 71.8464 159.6922 239.1888 86.9368 63.0129 76.0116 108.0104 90.0358 126.0665 15.9994 294.1918 122.5532 194.1076 368.3621 422.4081 166.0064 101.1069 138.5526 158.0376 106.4410 84.9947 248.1825 189.5960 134.6894 64.0628 118.69

Equivalence factor 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/4 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/2 1 1/3 1 1 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/6 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/6 1/6 1/3 1 1 1 1/3 1/8 1/5 1/6 1/3 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

Mass in grams 6.0875 3.7461 6.1509 4.9460 8.4669 15.6730 2.004 5.0045 3.5746 2.8040 3.5453 3.3331 39.2076 21.5986 1.7007 1.7040 12.6904 5.5847 7.1846 7.9846 11.9594 4.3468 2.1004 1.9002 1.8001 4.5018 6.3033 0.8000 4.9032 2.0425 6.4733 36.8362 42.2408 16.6006 3.3702 1.7319 3.1608 1.7740 2.8332 24.8183 9.4798 6.7345 3.2031 5.935

8-7

Section 8.indb 7

4/30/05 8:46:08 AM

ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES G. Ackermann, L. Sommer, and D. Thorburn Burns Determination Aluminium

Alizarin Red S Aluminon

Reagents

Aluminon + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Chromazol KS + Cetylpyridinium bromide Eriochrome Cyanine R Eriochrome Cyanine R + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide 8-Hydroxyquinoline Ammonia Antimony

Phenol + Sodium hypochlorite Brilliant Green Bromopyrogallol Red Rhodamine B

Arsenic

Silver diethyldithiocarbamate Silver diethyldithiocarbamate

Barium

Sulfonazo III

Beryllium

Beryllon II Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Eriochrome Cyanine R Eriochrome Cyanine R + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Dithizone Pyrocatechol Violet Pyrocatechol Violet + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Thiourea Xylenol Orange

Bismuth

Boron

Azomethine H Carminic acid Curcumin Methylene Blue

Bromide Cadmium

Calcium

Cerium

Fluorescein Phenol Red 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Cadion Dithizone 4–(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Chlorophosphonazo III Glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil) Murexide Phthalein Purple N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine

Ref. Onishi, Part II a, p 28. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 587. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 16. (2), Onishi, IIa, p 21. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 590. (7) Huaxue Shiji, 8, 85, (1986) Onishi, Part IIa, p 26. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 605. (7) Marczenko, p 133. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 606. (7) Analyst, 107, 428, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 19. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 25. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 611. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 613. (7), Analyst, 107, 1431, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 22. (2), Marczenko, p 131. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 31. (5), Snell, Metals I , p 622. (7) Boltz, p 210 (1), Marczenko, p 413. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 604. (9) Onishi, Part IIa, p 102. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 384. (7) Talanta, 13, 507, (1966). Fries/Getrost, p 32. (2), Marczenko, p 141. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 93. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 404. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 36. (2) Fries/Getrost, p 41. (2), Marczenko, p 153. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 153. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 370. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 46. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1782. (8), Onishi, Part IIa, p 202. (5) Snell, Metals I, p 667. (7) Marczenko, p 163. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 672. (7) Marczenko, p 164. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 673. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 675. (7), Talanta, 31, 249, (1984). Zh. Anal. Khim., 33, 1298, (1978). Onishi, Part IIa, p 262. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 303. (7) Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 186, 418, (1962). Zh. Anal. Khim., 38, 216, (1983). Onishi, Part IIa, p 260. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 317. (7) Friez/Getrost, p 57. (2), Marczenko, p 172. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 320. (7) Snell, Nonmetals, p 165. (9) Boltz, p 14. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 65. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 170. (9), Williams, p 35. (11) Boltz, p 8. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 68. (2), Marczenko, p 180. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 180. (9), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 323, 266, (1986). Boltz, p 21. (1), Marczenko, p 183. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 205. (9), Talanta, 31, 547, (1984). Boltz, p 48. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 276., Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 301, 28 (1980). Boltz, p 44. (1), Marczenko, p 190. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 28. (9) Marczenko, p 197. (3) Onishi, Part IIa, p 323. (5) Fries/Getrost, p 78. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 315. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 279. (7), West, p 25. (10). Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 310, 51, (1982). Marczenko, p 207. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1744. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 86. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 352. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 1762. (8) Onishi, Part IIa, p 357. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1769. (8) Anal. Chim. Acta, 34, 71 (1966). Anal. Chim. Acta, 48, 155, (1969).

8-8

Section 8.indb 8

4/30/05 8:46:09 AM

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances Determination

8-Hydroxyquinoline

Reagents

Chlorine

N,N-Diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine

Chromium

1,5-Diphenylcarbazide

Cobalt

4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Hydrogen peroxide Nitroso-R salt 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol

Copper

4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Diphenylguanidine Bathocuproine Bathocuproine disulfonic acid Dithizone Neocuproine Cuprizone

Cyanide Fluoride Gallium

Germanium Gold

4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol + Tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride Barbituric Acid + Pyridine Barbituric Acid + Pyridine-4-carboxylic acid Alizarin Fluorine blue + Lanthanum(III) ion Eriochrome Cyanine R + Zirconium(IV) ion Pyrocatechol violet + Diphenylguanidine 8-Hydroxyquinoline 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Rhodamine B Xylenol Orange Xylenol Orange + 8-Hydroxyquinoline Brilliant Green + Molybdate Phenylfluorone 5-(4-Diethylaminobenzylidene) rhodanine Rhodamine B

Hafnium Indium

Iodide Iodine Iridium Iron

Arsenazo III Bromopyrogallol Red Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Dithizone 8-Hydroxyquinoline 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Neocuproine + Copper(II) Starch Rhodamine 6G + Tin(II) N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline Bathophenanthroline Bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid

Section 8.indb 9

8-9

Ref. Fries/Getrost, p 93. (2), Marczenko, p 220. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 383. (7) Boltz, p 92. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 101. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 225. (9), Analyst, 90, 187, (1965). Fries/Getrost, p 105. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 412. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 714. (7), West, p 12. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 736. (7), West, p 17. (10) West, p 17. (10), Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 297, (1973). Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 304, 382, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 118. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 454. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 953. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 111. (2), Marczenko, p 246. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 947. (5) Fries/Getrost, p 113. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 459. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 949. (7), West, p 45. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 969. (7), West, p 44. (10) Zh. Anal. Khim., 35, 1306, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 135. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 148. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 137. (2), West, p 52. (10) Marczenko, p 258. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 529. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 199. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 217. (5), West, p 51. (10) Onishi, Part IIa, p 534. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 157. (7), West, p 53. (10) Anal. Chim. Acta, 138, 321, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 153. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 653. (9) Anal. Chim. Acta, 99, 197, (1978). Boltz, p 129. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 158. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 333. (9), Williams, p 354. (11) Boltz, p 119. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 359. (2), Williams, p 357. (11) Snell, Metals I, p 500. (7) Onishi Pt IIa, p 582. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 505. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 512. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 513. (7) Marczenko, p 284. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 578. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 515. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 166. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 523. (7) Zh. Anal. Khim., 26, 75, (1971). Snell, Metals I, p 562. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 168. (2), Marczenko, p 292. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 607. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 570. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 173. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 631. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1516. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 175. (2), Marczenko, p 301. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 637. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 513. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1184. (8), Talanta, 19, 807, (1972). Snell, Metals I, p 469. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 474. (7) Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 107, (1973). Fries/Getrost, p 179. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 672. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 474. (7) Onishi, Part IIa, p 670. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 475. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 480. (7) Marczenko, p 309. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 480. (7) Anal. Chim. Acta, 69, 321, (1974). Boltz, p 162. (1), Marczenko, p 316. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 307. (9) Marczenko, p 323. (3) Anal. Chem., 27, 1776, (1955). Fries/Getrost, p 189. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 729. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 763. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 191. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 772. (7)

4/30/05 8:46:10 AM

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances

8-10 Determination

Reagents 2,2´-Bipyridyl Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide 1,10-Phenanthroline

Lanthanum Lead

1,10-Phenanthroline + Bromothymol Blue Ferrozine Arsenazo III Dithizone Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol

Lithium

Thoron

Magnesium

Eriochrome Black T 8-Hydroxyquinoline 8-Hydroxyquinoline + Butylamine Titan Yellow Xylidyl Blue

Manganese

Formaldoxime

Mercury

Dithizone

Molybdenum

Michler’s thioketone Xylenol Orange Bromopyrogallol Red + Cetylpyridium chloride Phenylfluorone Toluene-3,4-dithiol

Nickel

2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Dimethylglyoxime Dimethylglyoxime + Oxidant 2,2´-Furildioxime 2-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol

Niobium

Nitrate

N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine Pyrocatechol + EDTA or 2,2´Bipyridyl or 1-(2-thenoyl)3,3,3,-trifluoroacetone Bromopyrogallol red Bromopyrogallol red + Cetylpyridinium chloride 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Sulfochlorophenol S Xylenol Orange Brucine Chromotropic acid

Nitrite

Sulfanilamide + N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride Sulfanilamide + N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochlorine Sulfanilic acid + 1-Naphthylamine

Osmium Palladium

1,5-Diphenylcarbazide 2-(5 Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol

Section 8.indb 10

Ref. Snell, Metals I, p 750. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 757. (7), Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm., 45, 2656, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 199. (2), Marczenko, p 331. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 725. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 795. (7) Zh. Anal. Khim., 25, 1348, (1970). Onishi, Part IIa, p 730. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 783. (7) Marczenko, p 468. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1910. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 207. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 824. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 2. (7), West, p 34. (10) Fries/Getrost, p 214. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 27. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 220. (2), Marczenko, p 347. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 34. (7) Onishi, Part IIa, p 863. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1726. (8), Talanta, 30, 587, (1983). Fries/Getrost, p 226. (2), Marczenko, p 355. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 13. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1932. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 11. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1938. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 228. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1938. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 234. (2), Marczenko, p 352. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1945. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 231. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 14. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1950. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 236. (2), Marczenko, p 364. (3), Onishi Part IIb, p 38. (6), Snell, Metals II, 1010. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 243. (2), Marczenko, p 373. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 66. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 107. (7), West, p 29. (10) Marczenko, p 375. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 126. (7) Talanta, 16, 1023, (1969) West, p 58. (10) Snell, Metals II, p 1311. (8), Microchem. J., 31, 56, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 251. (2), Marczenko, p 384. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 96. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1301. (8) Marczenko, p 397. (3), Talanta 28, 189, (1981). Fries/Getrost, p 263. (2), Marczenko, p 393. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 125. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 887. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 263. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 125. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 887. (7) Marczenko, p 396. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 904. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 910. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 911. (7), West, p 39. (10), Anal. Chim. Acta, 82, 431, (1976). Snell, Metals II, p 1425. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1427. (8) Marczenko, p 407. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1426. (8) Talanta, 32, 189, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 274. (2), Marczenko, p 406. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 160. (7), Snell, Metals II, p 1447. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 161. (7), Snell, Metals II, p 1430. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 164. (7) Boltz, p 227. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 280. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 546. (9) Boltz, p 229. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 281. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 548. (9), Williams, p 132. (11), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 320, 490, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 279. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 559. (9) Boltz, p 241. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 585. (8), Analyst, 109, 1281, (1984). Boltz, p 237. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 285. (2), Marczenko, p 419. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 586. (9) Marczenko, p 428. (3) Talanta, 33, 939, (1986).

4/30/05 8:46:10 AM

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances Determination

Dithizone

Reagents

2-Nitroso-1-naphthol Phosphate Platinum

Rare Earths

4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Rhodamine B + Molybdate Malachite Green + Molybdate Sulfochlorophenolazorhodamine Dithizone 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole Arsenazo I Arsenazo III

Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium

Scandium

Xylenol Orange 2,2´-Furildioxime 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 1,10-Phenanthroline Thiourea 1,4-Diphenylthiosemicarbazide Alizarin red S Arsenazo III Chrome Azurol S Xylenol Orange

Selenium

3,3´-Diaminobenzidine

Silver

2,3-Diaminonaphthaline Dithizone

Sulfate Sulfide

Eosin + 1,10-Phenanthroline Methylthymol blue + Barium (II) N,N,-Dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine

Sulfite

Pararosaniline + Formaldehyde

Tantalum

Tellurium

Methyl Violet 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Phenylfluorone Diethyldithiocarbamate

Thallium

Bismuthiol II Brilliant green Dithizone Rhodamine B

Thorium

Arsenazo III Thoron

Tin

Section 8.indb 11

Xylenol Orange Xylenol Orange + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Pyrocatechol violet (and + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) Gallein Phenylfluorone

8-11

Ref. Marczenko, p 440. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 227. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1577. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 294. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 226. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1581. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1583. (8) Analyst, 107, 708, (1982). Snell, Nonmetals, p 103. (9) Snell, Nonmetals, p 12. (9), Analyst, 108, 361, (1983). Onishi, Part IIb, p 253. (6), Talanta, 34, 87, (1987). Fries/Getrost, p 300. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 253. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1534. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 302. (2), Zh. Anal. Khim., 24, 1172, (1969). Marczenko, p 470. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 785. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1857. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 309. (2), Marczenko, p 468. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 786. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1862. (8) Onishi, Part IIa, p 787. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1874. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 310. (2), Marczenko, p 481. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 288. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1659. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 311. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1553. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 331. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1623. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 318. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, 329. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1626. (8) Marczenko, p 493. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 330. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 319. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 360. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 536. (7) Onishi, Part IIb, p 359. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 539. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 551. (7), Anal. Chim. Acta, 159, 309, (1984). Marczenko, p 501. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 357. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 547. (7) Boltz, p 391. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 323. (2), Marczenko, p 508. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 490. (9), West, p 4. (10). Snell, Nonmetals, p 501. (9) Fries/Getrost, p 328. (2), Marczenko, p 524. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 379. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 82. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 93. (7) Snell, Nonmetals, p 457. (9) Boltz, p 483. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 344. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 400. (9), Williams, p 578. (11) Boltz, p 478. (1), Marczenko, p 540. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 430. (9), Williams, p 591. (11) Marczenko, p 551. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1485. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1488. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 166. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1486. (8) Boltz, p 402. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 348. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 533. (9), Williams, p 220. (10) Boltz, p 401. (1), Marczenko, p 557. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 524. (9) Fries/Getrost, p 352. (2), Marczenko, p 567. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 426. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 45. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 355. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 426. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 54. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 354. (2), Marczenko, p 566. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 424. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 63. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 360. (2), Marczenko, p 575. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 460. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1820. (8) Marczenko, p 574. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 463. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 1835. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 1852. (7) Talanta, 26, 499, (1979). Marczenko, p 585. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 501. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 422. (7) Onishi, Part IIb, p 507, 510. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 432. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 368. (2), Marczenko, p 582. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 497. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 444. (7)

4/30/05 8:46:10 AM

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances

8-12 Determination

Reagents Toluene-3,4-dithiol + Dispersant

Titanium

Chromotropic acid Diantipyrinylmethane Tiron

Tungsten

Pyrocatechol Violet Tetraphenylarsonium chloride + Thiocyanate Toluene-3,5-dithiol

Uranium

Arsenazo III 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)diethylaminophenol Chlorophosphonazo III 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol

Vanadium

N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine 8-Hydroxyquinoline 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol

Yttrium

Alizarin Red S Arsenazo III Xylenol Orange

Zinc

Dithizone 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol Xylenol Orange Zircon

Zirconium

Alizarin Red S Arsenazo III Pyrocatechol Violet Morin Xylenol Orange

Reviews Sommer, L, Ackermann, G., Thorburn Burns, D., and Savvin, S. B., Pure and Applied Chem., 62, 2147, 1990. Sommer, L., Ackermann, G., and Thorburn Burns, D., Pure and Applied Chem., 62, 2323, 1990) Sommer, L., Komarek, J., and Thorburn Burns, D., Pure and Applied Chem., 64, 213, 1992. Savvin, S. B., Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 8, 55, 1979.

Monographs 1. Boltz, D. F., and Howell, J. A., Colorimetric Determination of Nonmetals, 2nd ed, Wiley, New York, 1978. 2. Fries, J. and Getrost, H., Organic Reagents for Trace Analysis, E Merck, Darmstadt, 1977. 3. Marczenko, Z., Separation and Spectrophotometric Determination of Elements, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1986.

Section 8.indb 12

Ref. Fries/Getrost, p 366. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 502. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 427. (7) Marczenko, p 593. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 551. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1080. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 545. (6), Snell, Metals II, 1085. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 376. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 549. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1114. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1265. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 596. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1278. (8) Marczenko, p 605. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 590. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1267. (8) Marczenko, p 611. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 627. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1356. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 388. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6) Snell, Metals II, p 1367. (8), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 306, 110, (1981). Fries/Getrost, p 386. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1387. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 395. (2), Marczenko, p 625. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1196. (8) Marczenko, p 623. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1209. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 404. (2), Marczenko, p 628. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1226. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 406. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 784. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1919. (8) Marczenko, p 468. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 786. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1921. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 406. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 787. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1923. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 408. (2), Marczenko, p 637. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 708. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1042. (8) Marczenko, p 639. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 719. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1056. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 417. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1062. (8), Talanta, 26, 693, (1979). Fries/Getrost, p 412. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 719. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1063. (8), West, p 23. (10) Fries/Getrost, p 421. (2), Marczenko, p 647. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 763. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1136. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 421. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 770. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1143. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 771. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1149. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 424. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 765. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1158. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 419. (2), Marczenko, p 648. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 767. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1167. (8) 4. Sandell, E. B. and Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. General Aspects, Part I, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. 5. Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Part IIa: Individual Metals, Aluminium to Lithium, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1986. 6. Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Part IIb: Individual Metals, Magnesium to Zinc, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1989. 7. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Metals Part 1, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. 8. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Metals Part 2, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. 9. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Nonmetals, J. Wiley, New York, 1981. 10. West, T. S. and Nürnberg, H. W., Eds., The Determination of Trace Metals in Natural Waters, Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. 11. Williams, W. J., Handbook of Anion Determination, Butterworth, London, 1979. 12. Townshend, A., Burns, D. T., Guilbault, G. G., Lobinski, R., Marczenko, Z., Newman, E., and Onishi, H., Dictionary of Analytical Reagents, Chapman & Hall, London, 1993.

4/30/05 8:46:11 AM

FLAME AND BEAD TESTS Flame Colorations

Bluish — Phosphates with sulfuric acid. Feeble — Antimony compounds. Ammonium compounds. Whitish — Zinc.

Violet

Potassium compounds. Purple red through blue glass. Easily obscured by sodium flame. Bluish-green through green glass. Rubidium and cesium compounds impart same flame as potassium compounds.

Reds

Carmine — Lithium compounds. Violet through blue glass. Invisible through green glass. Masked by barium flame. Scarlet — Strontium compounds. Violet through blue glass. Yellowish through green glass. Masked by barium flame. Yellowish — Calcium compounds. Greenish through blue glass. Green through green glass. Masked by barium flame.

Blues

Azure — Copper chloride. Copper bromide gives azure blue followed by green. Other copper compounds give same coloration when moistened with hydrochloric acid. Light blue — Lead, arsenic, selenium.

Yellow

Yellow — All sodium compounds. Invisible with blue glass.

Greens

Emerald — Copper compounds except the halides, and when not moistened with hydrochloric acid. Pure green — Compounds of thallium and tellurium. Yellowish — Barium compounds. Some molybdenum compounds. Borates, especially when treated with sulfuric acid or when burned with alcohol.

Substance Aluminum Antimony Barium Bismuth Cadmium Calcium Cerium Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Silicon Silver Strontium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium

Substance Aluminum Antimony Barium Bismuth Cadmium Calcium

Bead Tests Abbreviations employed: s = saturated; ss = supersaturated; ns = not saturated; h = hot; c = cold

Borax Beads

Oxidizing flame Colorless (h, c, ns); opaque (ss) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless (ns) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless Colorless (ns) Red (h) Green (c) Blue (h, c) Green (h); blue (c) Yellow or brownish red (h, ns) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless (ns) Violet (h, c) Colorless Brown; red (c) Colorless (h, c); opaque (ss) Colorless (ns) Colorless (ns) Colorless (h, c); opaque (ss) Colorless Colorless Yellow or brownish (h, ns) Colorless

Beads of Microcosmic Salt NaNH4HPO4

Oxidizing flame Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s)

Reducing flame Colorless; opaque (s) Gray and opaque Gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless (h, c) Green Blue (h, c) Red (c); opaque (ss); colorless (h) Green (ss) Gray and opaque Colorless (h, c) Yellow or brown (h) Gray and opaque Colorless; opaque (s) Gray and opaque Colorless; opaque (s) Yellow (h); violet (c) Brown Green Green

Reducing flame Colorless; not clear (ss) Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss)

8-13

Section 8.indb 13

4/30/05 8:46:12 AM

Flame and Bead Tests

8-14

Substance Cerium Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Silver Strontium Tin Titanium Uranium Vanadium Zinc

Substance Manganese

Section 8.indb 14

Beads of Microcosmic Salt NaNH4HPO4

Oxidizing flame Yellow or brownish red (h, s) Red (h, s); green (c) Blue (h, c) Blue (c); green (h) Yellow or brown (h, s) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s) Violet (h, c) Colorless; green (h) Yellow (c); red (h, s) Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Green; yellow or brownish Yellow Colorless (ns)

Oxidizing flame Green

Sodium Carbonate Bead

Reducing flame Colorless Green (c) Blue (h, c) Red and opaque (c) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h) Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Colorless Green (h) Yellow (c); red (h); gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Colorless Violet (c); yellow or brownish (h) Green (h) (h, s) Green Gray and opaque

Reducing flame Colorless

4/30/05 8:46:12 AM

ACID-BASE INDICATORS A. K. Covington The first part of this table lists some common acid-base indicators in alphabetical order along with the approximate pH range(s) at which a color change occurs. Following this is a table of the same indicators ordered by pH range, which includes the nature of the color change, instructions on preparation of the indicator solution, and the acid dissociation constant pK, when available.

The color code is: C = colorless Pk = pink R = red O = orange

A = amber Y = yellow B = blue

B/G = blue-green V = violet P = purple

Reference Bishop, E., Ed., Indicators, Pergamon, Oxford, 1972. Indicator Alizarin Alizarin Red S Alizarin Yellow R Benzopurpurine 4B 4,4’-Bis(2-amino-1naphthylazo)-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4’-Bis(4-amino-1naphthylazo)-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid Brilliant Yellow Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Purple Bromophenol Blue Bromothymol Blue Chlorophenol Red Clayton Yellow Congo Red o-Cresolphthalein Cresol Red Crystal Violet Curcumin (Turmaric) p-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 4-(4-Dimethylamino-1-naphylazo)-3methoxybenzenesulfonic acid 2-(p-Dimethylamino-phenylazo)pyridine N,N-Dimethyl-p-(m-tolylazo)aniline 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2-(2,4 Dinitrophenylazo)-1-naphthol-3,6disulfonic acid, disodium salt 6,8-Dinitro-2,4-(1H)quinazolinedione Erythrosin, disodium salt 4-(p-Ethoxyphenylazo)-m-phenylene-diamine monohydrochloride

pH Range 5.6-7.2; 11.0-12.4 4.6-6.0 10.1-12.0 2.2-4.2 3.0-4.0 8.0-9.0 6.6-7.8 3.8-5.4 5.2-6.8 3.0-4.6 6.0-7.6 5.2-6.8 12.2-13.2 3.0-5.0 8.2-9.8 0.0-1.0; 7.0-8.8 0.0-1.8 7.4-8.6 11.4-12.6 2.8-4.4 3.5-4.8 0.2-1.8; 4.4-5.6 2.6-4.8 2.0-4.7 6.0-7.0 6.4-8.0 2.2-3.6

Indicator Ethyl bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethanoate Ethyl Orange Ethyl Red Ethyl Violet 5,5’-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt Malachite Green Metacresol Purple Metanil Yellow Methyl Green Methyl Orange Methyl Red Methyl Violet p-Naphtholbenzein Neutral Red p-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol Orange IV Paramethyl Red Phenolphthalein Phenol Red 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine 4-Phenylazo-1-naphthylamine Propyl Red Quinaldine Red Resazurin Resorcin Blue Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt Thymol Blue Thymolphthalein 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Turmaric

pH Range 8.4-9.6 3.4-4.8 4.0-5.8 0.0-2.4 11.4-13.0 0.2-1.8 1.2-2.8; 7.4-9.0 1.2-2.4 0.2-1.8 3.2-4.4 4.8-6.0 0.0-1.6 8.2-10.0 6.8-8.0 5.4-6.6 6.8-8.6 1.4-2.8 1.0-3.0 8.2-10.0 6.6-8.0 1.2-2.6 4.0-5.6 4.8-6.6 1.4-3.2 3.8-6.4 4.4-6.2 3.0-4.2 1.2-2.8; 8.0-9.6 9.4-10.6 1.4-2.8 12.0-14.0 11.5-13.0 7.4-8.6

4.4-5.8

8-15

Section 8.indb 15

4/30/05 8:46:12 AM

Acid-Base Indicators

8-16

Section 8.indb 16

pH range 0.0-1.0 0.0-1.6 0.0-1.8 0.0-2.4 0.2-1.8 0.2-1.8 0.2-1.8 1.0-3.0 1.2-2.4 1.2-2.6 1.2-2.8 1.2-2.8 1.4-2.8 1.4-2.8 1.4-3.2 2.0-4.7 2.2-3.6 2.2-4.2 2.6-4.8 2.8-4.4 3.0-4.0

Color change R-Y Y-B Y-B Y-B Y-B/G Y-B Y-R R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y O-Y C-R C-Y O-R V-R R-Y R-Y P-R

3.0-4.2

Y-B

3.0-4.6 3.0-5.0 3.2-4.4 3.4-4.8 3.5-4.8

Y-B B-R R-Y R-Y V-Y

3.8-5.4 3.8-6.4 4.0-5.6 4.0-5.8 4.4-5.6 4.4-5.8

Y-B O-V R-Y C-R R-Y O-Y

4.4-6.2 4.6-6.0 4.8-6.0 4.8-6.6 5.2-6.8 5.2-6.8 5.4-6.6 5.6-7.2 6.0-7.0

R-B Y-R R-Y R-Y Y-P Y-R C-Y Y-R Y-B

6.0-7.6 6.4-8.0 6.6-7.8 6.6-8.0 6.8-8.0 6.8-8.6 7.0-8.8 7.4-8.6 7.4-9.0 8.0-9.0

Y-B C-Y Y-R Y-R R-A C-Y Y-R Y-R Y-P B-R

8.0-9.6 8.2-10.0

Y-B O-B

Indicator Cresol Red Methyl Violet Crystal Violet Ethyl Violet Malachite Green Methyl Green 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine Paramethyl Red Metanil Yellow 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine Thymol Blue Metacresol Purple Orange IV 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine Quinaldine Red 2,4-Dinitrophenol Erythrosin, disodium salt Benzopurpurine 4B N,N-Dimethyl-p-(m-tolylazo)aniline p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 4,4’-Bis(2-amino-1-naphthylazo)-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt Bromophenol Blue Congo Red Methyl Orange Ethyl Orange 4-(4-Dimethylamino-1-naphylazo)-3methoxybenzenesulfonic acid Bromocresol Green Resazurin 4-Phenylazo-1-naphthylamine Ethyl Red 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine 4-(p-Ethoxyphenylazo)-m-phenylenediamine monohydrochloride Resorcin Blue Alizarin Red S Methyl Red Propyl Red Bromocresol Purple Chlorophenol Red p-Nitrophenol Alizarin 2-(2,4-Dinitrophenylazo)-1-naphthol-3,6disulfonic acid, disodium salt Bromothymol Blue 6,8-Dinitro-2,4-(1H)quinazolinedione Brilliant Yellow Phenol Red Neutral Red m-Nitrophenol Cresol Red Turmaric (Curcumin) Metacresol Purple 4,4’-Bis(4-amino-1-naphthylazo)-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid Thymol Blue p-Naphtholbenzein

pK

1.3

1.65 1.51

2.63 3.96

Preparation 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.01-0.05% in water 0.02% in water 0.1 g in 50 mL 50% v/v methanol-water water 0.1% in water 0.1% in ethanol ethanol 0.01% in water 0.01 g in 1 mL 1 M HCl + 50 mL ethanol + 49 mL water 0.1 g in 21.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 mL water 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.01% in water water 1% in ethanol sat. solution in water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.1 g in 100 mL 90% v/v ethanol-water 0.1 g in 5.9 mL 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 mL water 0.1% in ethanol

4.10 3.46 4.34 4.90

5.42

5.00 5.48 6.40 6.25 7.15

7.30

8.00 8.28 8.46 8.3 9.20

0.1 g in 14.9 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 235.1 mL water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.05-0.2% in water or aqueous ethanol 0.1% in 60% ethanol-water 0.1 g in 14.3 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 235.7 mL water water 0.1% in ethanol 0.1 g in 100 mL 50% v/v methanol-water 0.1% in ethanol 0.1% in ethanol 0.1% in water 0.2% in ethanol water 0.02 g in 100 mL 60% v/v ethanol-water ethanol 0.1 g in 18.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 231.5 mL water 0.1 g in 23.6 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 226.4 mL water 0.1% in water 0.1% in methanol 0.1% in water 0.1 g in 16 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 234 mL water 25 g in 115 mL 1 M NaOH + 50 mL water at 100°C 1% in water 0.1 g in 28.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 221.8 mL water 0.01 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.3% in water 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water ethanol 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.1 g in 5.9 mL 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 mL water 0.1 g in 21.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 mL water 1% in dil. alkali

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Acid-Base Indicators

Section 8.indb 17

pH range 8.2-10.0 8.2-9.8 8.4-9.6 9.4-10.6 10.1-12.0 11.0-12.4 11.4-12.6

Color change C-Pk C-R C-B C-B Y-R R-P Y-O

11.4-13.0 11.5-13.0 12.0-14.0 12.2-13.2

B-Y C-O C-O Y-A

8-17 Indicator Phenolphthalein o-Cresolphthalein Ethyl bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethanoate Thymolphthalein Alizarin Yellow R Alizarin p-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 5,5’-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Clayton Yellow

pK 9.5

Preparation 0.5 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.04% in ethanol sat. solution in 50% acetone-ethanol 0.04 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.01% in water 0.1% in methanol 0.1% in water water 0.1-0.5% in ethanol 0.1-0.5% in ethanol 0.1% in water

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FLUORESCENT INDICATORS Jack DeMent Fluorescent indicators are substances which show definite changes in fluorescence with change in pH. Some fluorescent materials are not suitable for indicators since their change in fluorescence is too gradual. Fluorescent indicators find greatest utility in the titration of opaque, highly turbid or deeply colored solutions. A long wavelength ultraviolet (“black light”) lamp in a dimly lighted room provides the best environment for titrations involving fluorescent indictors, although bright daylight is sometimes sufficient to evoke a response in the bright green, yellow and orange fluores-

cent indicators. Titrations are carried out in non-fluorescent glassware. One should check the glassware prior to use to make certain that it does not fluoresce due to the wavelengths of light involved in the titration. The meniscus of the liquid in the burette can be followed when a few particles of an insoluble fluorescent solid are dropped onto its surface. In this table the indicators are arranged by approximate pH range covered. In the case of some of the dyestuffs the end point may vary slightly with the source or manufacturer.

Indicator Benzoflavine 3,6-Dioxyphthalimide Eosine YS Erythrosine Esculin 4-Ethoxyacridone 3,6-Tetramethyldiaminooxanthone

C.I. — — 768 772 — — —

pH 0 to 2 From pH 0.3, yellow fl. 0, blue fl. 0,yellow colored 0, yellow colored 1.5, colorless 1.2, green fl. 1.2, green fl.

To pH 1.7, green fl. 2.4, green fl. 3.0, yellow fl. 3.6, yellow fl. 2, blue fl. 3.2, blue fl. 3.4, blue fl.

Chromotropic acid Fluorescein Magdala Red α-Naphthylamine β-Naphthylamine Phloxine Salicylic acid

— 766 — — — 774 —

pH 2 to 4 3.5, colorless 4, colorless 3.0, purple colored 3.4, colorless 2.8, colorless 3.4, colorless 2.5, colorless

4.5, blue fl 4.5, green fl. 4.0, fl 4.8, blue fl. 4.4, violet fl. 5.0, bright yellow fl. 3.5, blue fl.

Acridine Dichlorofluorescein 3,6-Dioxyxanthone Erythrosine β-Methylesculetin Neville-Winther acid Resorufin Quininic acid Quinine [first end point]

788 — — 772 — — — — —

pH 4 to 6 4.9, green fl. 4.0, colorless 5.4, colorless 4.0, colorless 4.0, colorless 6.0, colorless 4.4, yellow fl 4.4, yellow colored 5.0, blue fl.

5.1, violet colored 5.0, green fl. 7.6, blue-violet fl. 4.5, yellow-green fl. 6.2, blue fl 6.5, blue fl. 6.4, weak orange fl. 5.0, blue fl. 6.1, violet fl.

Acid R Phosphine Brilliant Diazol Yellow Cleves acid Coumaric acid 3,6-Dioxyphthalic dinitrile Magnesium 8-hydrozyquinolinate β-Methylumbelliferone 1-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid Orcinaurine Patent Phosphine Thioflavine Umbelliferone

— — — — — — — — — 789 816 —

Acridine Orange Ethoxyphenylnaphthostilbazonium chloride

788 —

pH 6 to 8

(claimed for range pH 6.0–7.0) 7.5, violet, fl. 6.5, colorless 7.5, green fl. 6.5, colorless 9.0, green fl. 7.2, colorless 8.2, green fl. 5.8, blue fl. 7.5, golden fl. 6.5, colorless 7.5, blue fl. 7.0, colorless 6.5, blue fl. 6.0, colorless 8.0, green fl. 6.5, colorless (for the range pH 6.0–7.0, green-yellow fl.) (for the region pH 6.5–7.0, yellow fl.) 7.6, blue fl. 6.5, colorless

pH 8 to 10 8.4, orange colored 9, green fl.

10.4, green fl. 11, non-fl.

8-18

Section 8.indb 18

4/30/05 8:46:14 AM

Fluorescent Indicators

8-19

G Salt Naphthazol derivatives α-Naphthionic acid 2-Naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid β-Naphthol α-Naphtholsulfonic acid 1,4-Naphtholsulfonic acid Orcinsulfonphthalein Quinine [second end point] R-Salt Sodium 1-naphthol-2-sulfonate

— — — — — — — — — — —

Courmarin Eosine BN Papaverine (permanganate oxidized) Schaffers Salt SS-Acid (sodium salt)

— 771

Cotarnine α-Naphthionic acid β-Naphthionic acid

— — —

Section 8.indb 19

— — —

9.0, dull blue fl. 8.2, colorless 9, blue fl. 9.5, dark blue fl 8.6, colorless 8.0, dark blue fl. 8.2, dark blue fl. 8.6, yellow colored 9.5, violet fl. 9.0, dull blue fl. 9.0, dark blue fl. pH 10 to 12 9.8, deep green fl. 10.5, colorless 9.5, yellow fl. 5.0, violet fl. 10.0, violet fl. pH 12 to 14 12.0, yellow fl. 12, blue fl. 12, blue fl.

9.5, bright blue fl. 10.0, yellow or green fl. 11, green fl. Light blue fl. at higher pH Blue fl. at higher pH 9.0, bright violet fl. Light blue fl. at higher pH 10.0 fl. 10.0, colorless 9.5, bright blue fl. 10.0, bright violet fl. 12, light green fl. 14.0, yellow fl. 11.0, blue fl. 11.0, green-blue fl. 12.0, yellow-colored 13.0, white fl. 13, green fl. 13, violet fl.

4/30/05 8:46:25 AM

CONVERSION FORMULAS FOR CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS A = Weight percent of solute B = Molecular weight of solvent E = Molecular weight of solute F = Grams of solute per liter of solution Concentration of solute—SOUGHT

Section 8.indb 19

G = Molality M = Molarity N = Mole fraction R = Density of solution in grams per milliliter Concentration of solute—GIVEN

A

G

M

F

100G × E 1000 + G × E

M×E 10 R

F 10 R

—

B×G B × G + 1000

B× M M( B − E ) + 1000 R

B×F F ( B − E ) + 1000 R × E

1000 A E (100 − A)

1000N B−N ×B

—

1000 M 1000 R − ( M × E )

1000 F E (1000 R − F )

M

10R × A E

1000 R × N N × E + (1 − N )B

—

F E

F

10AR

1000 R × N × E N × E + (1 − N )B

M×E

—

A

—

N

A E A 100 − A + E B

G

N 100 N × E N × E + (1 − N )B

1000 R × G 1000 + E × G 1000 R × G × E 1000 + G × E

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Electrochemical Series Petr Vanýsek There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E° values, at 298.15 K (25°C), and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E° values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those reduction potentials which have E° negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential and range from 0.0000 V to –4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures have lower

reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional revisions. Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2´-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline.

References 1. Milazzo, G., Caroli, S., and Sharma, V. K. Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978. 2. Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985. 3. Bratsch, S. G. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1–21, 1989.

TABLE 1. Alphabetical Listing Reaction Ac3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ac Ag+ + e ⇌ Ag Ag2+ + e ⇌ Ag+ Ag(ac) + e ⇌ Ag + (ac)– AgBr + e ⇌ Ag + Br– AgBrO3 + e ⇌ Ag + BrO3– Ag2C2O4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + C2O42– AgCl + e ⇌ Ag + Cl– AgCN + e ⇌ Ag + CN– Ag2CO3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CO32– Ag2CrO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CrO42– AgF + e ⇌ Ag + F– Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e ⇌ 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– AgI + e ⇌ Ag + I– AgIO3 + e ⇌ Ag + IO3– Ag2MoO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + MoO42– AgNO2 + e ⇌ Ag + 2 NO2– Ag2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 OH– Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 AgO + 2 OH– Ag3+ + 2 e ⇌ Ag+ Ag3+ + e ⇌ Ag2+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 H2O 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Ag2O + 2 OH– AgOCN + e ⇌ Ag + OCN– Ag2S + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + S2– Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + H2S AgSCN + e ⇌ Ag + SCN– Ag2SeO3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SeO42– Ag2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SO42– Ag2WO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + WO42– Al3+ + 3 e ⇌ Al Al(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Al + 3 OH– Al(OH)4– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– AlF63– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 6 F– Am4+ + e ⇌ Am3+ Am2+ + 2 e ⇌ Am Am3+ + 3 e ⇌ Am Am3+ + e ⇌ Am2+

8-20

E°/V –2.20 0.7996 1.980 0.643 0.07133 0.546 0.4647 0.22233 –0.017 0.47 0.4470 0.779 0.1478 –0.15224 0.354 0.4573 0.564 0.342 0.739 1.9 1.8 1.802 0.607 0.41 –0.691 –0.0366 0.08951 0.3629 0.654 0.4660 –1.662 –2.31 –2.328 –2.33 –2.069 2.60 –1.9 –2.048 –2.3

Reaction As + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ AsH3 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 As + 3 H2O HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ As + 2 H2O AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ As + 4 OH– H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e– ⇌ HAsO2 + 2 H2O AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ AsO2– + 4 OH– At2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 At– Au+ + e ⇌ Au Au3+ + 2 e ⇌ Au+ Au3+ + 3 e ⇌ Au Au2+ + e – ⇌ Au+ AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Au+ + H2O AuBr2– + e ⇌ Au + 2 Br– AuBr4– + 3 e ⇌ Au + 4 Br– AuCl4– + 3 e ⇌ Au + 4 Cl– Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Au + 3 H2O H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e ⇌ BH4– + 8 OH– H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ B + 4 OH– H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ B + 3 H2O B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e ⇌ BH4– + 3 H2O Ba2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba Ba2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba(Hg) Ba(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ba + 2 OH– Be2+ + 2 e ⇌ Be Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Be + 6 OH– p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ hydroquinone Bi+ + e ⇌ Bi Bi3+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi Bi3+ + 2 e ⇌ Bi+ Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ BiH3 BiCl4– + 3 e ⇌ Bi + 4 Cl– Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 Bi + 6 OH– Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi + H2O BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi + Cl– + H2O Bk4+ + e ⇌ Bk3+ Bk2+ + 2 e ⇌ Bk Bk3+ + e ⇌ Bk2+

E°/V –0.608 0.234 0.248 –0.68 0.560 –0.71 0.3 1.692 1.401 1.498 1.8 1.32 0.959 0.854 1.002 1.45 –1.24 –1.79 –0.8698 –0.481 –2.912 –1.570 –2.99 –1.847 –2.63 0.6992 0.5 0.308 0.2 –0.8 0.16 –0.46 1.593 0.320 0.1583 1.67 –1.6 –2.8

Electrochemical Series Reaction Br2(aq) + 2 e ⇌ 2 Br– Br2(l) + 2 e ⇌ 2 Br– HBrO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Br– + H2O HBrO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O HBrO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O BrO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Br– + 2 OH– BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e ⇌ 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Br– + 3 H2O BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ Br– + 6 OH– (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HCN 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ (CN)2 + 2 H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 CNS – CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HCOOH Ca+ + e ⇌ Ca Ca2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ca Ca(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ca + 2 OH– Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE) Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Cd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cd Cd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cd(Hg) Cd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– CdSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Cd + SO42– Cd(OH)42– + 2 e ⇌ Cd + 4 OH– CdO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Cd + 2 OH– Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ce Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ce(Hg) Ce4+ + e ⇌ Ce3+ CeOH3+ + H+ + e ⇌ Ce3+ + H2O Cf4+ + e ⇌ Cf3+ Cf3+ + e ⇌ Cf2+ Cf3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cf Cf2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cf Cl2(g) + 2 e ⇌ 2 Cl– HClO + H + + e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Cl– + H2O ClO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Cl– + 2 OH– ClO2 + H+ + e ⇌ HClO2 HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HClO + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Cl– + 2 H2O ClO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO– + 2 OH– ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Cl– + 4 OH– ClO2(aq) + e ⇌ ClO2– ClO3– + 2 H+ + e ⇌ ClO2 + H2O ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HClO2 + H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Cl– + 3 H2O ClO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO2– + 2 OH– ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ Cl– + 6 OH– ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ ClO3– H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Cl– + 4 H2O ClO4– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO3– + 2 OH– Cm4+ + e ⇌ Cm3+ Cm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cm Co2+ + 2 e ⇌ Co Co3+ + e ⇌ Co2+

8-21 E°/V 1.0873 1.066 1.331 1.574 1.596 0.761 1.482 1.423 0.61 0.373 0.330 0.77 –0.199 –3.80 –2.868 –3.02 0.2800 0.2801 0.3337 0.2412 0.2360 –0.4030 –0.3521 –0.809 –0.246 –0.658 –0.783 –2.336 –1.4373 1.72 1.715 3.3 –1.6 –1.94 –2.12 1.35827 1.611 1.482 0.81 1.277 1.645 1.628 1.570 0.66 0.76 0.954 1.152 1.214 1.47 1.451 0.33 0.62 1.189 1.39 1.389 0.36 3.0 –2.04 –0.28 1.92

Reaction [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e ⇌ [Co(NH3)6]2+ Co(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Co + 2 OH– Co(OH)3 + e ⇌ Co(OH)2 + OH– Cr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cr Cr3+ + e ⇌ Cr2+ Cr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cr Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O CrO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Cr + 4 OH– HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Cr3+ + 4 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌ Cr3+ + 2H2O Cr(V) + e ⇌ Cr(IV) CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– Cr(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Cr + 3 OH– Cs+ + e ⇌ Cs Cu+ + e ⇌ Cu Cu2+ + e ⇌ Cu+ Cu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cu Cu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cu(Hg) Cu3+ + e ⇌ Cu2+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e ⇌ 2Cu2+ + 3 H2O Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e ⇌ [Cu(CN)2]– CuI2– + e ⇌ Cu + 2 I– Cu2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Cu + 2 OH– Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cu + 2 OH– 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O 2 D+ + 2 e ⇌ D2 Dy2+ + 2 e ⇌ Dy Dy3+ + 3 e ⇌ Dy Dy3+ + e ⇌ Dy2+ Er2+ + 2 e ⇌ Er Er3+ + 3 e ⇌ Er Er3+ + e ⇌ Er2+ Es3+ + e ⇌ Es2+ Es3+ + 3 e ⇌ Es Es2+ + 2 e ⇌ Es Eu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Eu Eu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Eu Eu3+ + e ⇌ Eu2+ F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HF F2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 F– F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇌ H2O + 2 F– Fe2+ + 2 e ⇌ Fe Fe3+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe Fe3+ + e ⇌ Fe2+ 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Fe2O3 + 5 H2O HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ FeOOH + 2 H2O HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe3+ + 4 H2O Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 FeOH+ + H2O [Fe(CN)6]3– + e ⇌ [Fe(CN)6]4– FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e Fe3+ + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e ⇌ Fe(bipy)2]2+ [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ Fe(bipy)3]2+ Fe(OH)3 + e ⇌ Fe(OH)2 + OH– [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(phen)3]2+ [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) [Ferricinium]+ + e ⇌ ferrocene Fm3++ e ⇌ Fm2+ Fm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Fm Fm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Fm

E°/V 0.108 –0.73 0.17 –0.913 –0.407 –0.744 1.36 –1.2 1.350 1.48 1.34 –0.13 –1.48 –3.026 0.521 0.153 0.3419 0.345 2.4 2.0 1.103 0.00 –0.360 –0.222 –0.080 –0.013 –2.2 –2.295 –2.6 –2.0 –2.331 –3.0 –1.3 –1.91 –2.23 –2.812 –1.991 –0.36 3.053 2.866 2.153 –0.447 –0.037 0.771 2.09 2.08 2.07 0.16 0.358 2.20 0.78 1.03 –0.56 1.147 1.06 0.400 –1.1 –1.89 –2.30

Electrochemical Series

8-22 Reaction Fr+ + e ⇌ Fr Ga3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ga Ga+ + e ⇌ Ga GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e ⇌ Ga + H2O H2GaO–3 + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Ga + 4 OH– Gd3+ + 3 e ⇌ Gd Ge2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ge Ge4+ + 4 e ⇌ Ge Ge4+ + 2 e ⇌ Ge2+ GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ GeO + H2O H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Ge + 3 H2O 2 H+ + 2 e v H2 H2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 H– HO2 + H+ + e ⇌ H2O2 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2 + 2 OH– H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 H2O Hf4+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf + H2O HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf + 2 H2O HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Hf + 4 OH– Hg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg 2 Hg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg22+ Hg22+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2(ac)– Hg2Br2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 Br– Hg2Cl2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 Cl– Hg2HPO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + HPO42– Hg2I2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 I– Hg2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 OH– HgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Hg + 2 OH– Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + SO42– Ho2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ho Ho3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ho Ho3+ + e ⇌ Ho2+ I2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 I– I3– + 2 e ⇌ 3 I– H3IO62– + 2 e ⇌ IO–3 + 3 OH– H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e ⇌ IO3– + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ I2 + 2 H2O HIO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ I– + H2O IO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ I– + 2 OH– 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e ⇌ I2 + 6 H2O IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ I– + 3 H2O IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ IO– + 4 OH– IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ IO– + 6 OH– In+ + e ⇌ In In2+ + e ⇌ In+ In3+ + e ⇌ In2+ In3+ + 2 e ⇌ In+ In3+ + 3 e ⇌ In In(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ In + 3 OH– In(OH)4– + 3 e ⇌ In + 4 OH– In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 In + 6 OH– Ir3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ir [IrCl6]2– + e ⇌ [IrCl6]3– [IrCl6]3– + 3 e ⇌ Ir + 6 Cl– Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 Ir + 6 OH– K+ + e ⇌ K La3+ + 3 e ⇌ La

E°/V –2.9 –0.549 –0.2 –0.498 –1.219 –2.279 0.24 0.124 0.00 –0.118 –0.182 0.00000 –2.23 1.495 –0.8277 1.776 –1.55 –1.724 –1.505 –2.50 0.851 0.920 0.7973 0.51163 0.13923 0.26808 0.6359 –0.0405 0.123 0.0977 1.034 0.6125 –2.1 –2.33 –2.8 0.5355 0.536 0.7 1.601 1.439 0.987 0.485 1.195 1.085 0.15 0.26 –0.14 –0.40 –0.49 –0.443 –0.3382 –0.99 –1.007 –1.034 1.156 0.8665 0.77 0.098 –2.931 –2.379

Reaction La(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ La + 3 OH– Li+ + e ⇌ Li Lr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Lr Lu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Lu Md3+ + e ⇌ Md2+ Md3+ + 3 e ⇌ Md Md2+ + 2 e ⇌ Md Mg+ + e ⇌ Mg Mg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Mg Mg(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Mg + 2 OH– Mn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Mn Mn3+ + e ⇌ Mn2+ MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Mn2+ + 2 H2O MnO4– + e ⇌ MnO42– MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ MnO2 + 2 H2O MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e ⇌ Mn2+ + 4 H2O MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ MnO2 + 4 OH– MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ MnO2 + 4 OH– Mn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Mn + 2 OH– Mn(OH)3 + e ⇌ Mn(OH)2 + OH– Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e ⇌ 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O Mo3+ + 3 e ⇌ Mo MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Mo + 4 H2O H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e ⇌ 7 Mo + 24 H2O MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Mo + 3 H2O N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 NH4OH 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HN3 N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 NH4+ N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2 + H2O H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2 + 2 H2O N2O4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 NO2– N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 NHO2 N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 NO + 2 H2O 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2H5+ + 2 H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2O + H2O 2 NO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ N2O + 2 OH– HNO2 + H+ + e ⇌ NO + H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ H2N2O2 + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ N2O + 3 H2O NO2– + H2O + e ⇌ NO + 2 OH– 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ N2O22– + 4 OH– 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ N2O + 6 OH– NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HNO2 + H2O NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ NO + 2 H2O 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2O4 + 2 H2O NO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ NO2– + 2 OH– 2 NO3– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ N2O4 + 4 OH– Na+ + e ⇌ Na Nb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Nb NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ NbO + H2O NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Nb + 2 H2O NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Nb + H2O Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Nb + 5 H2O Nd3+ + 3 e ⇌ Nd Nd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Nd Nd3+ + e ⇌ Nd2+ Ni2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ni Ni(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ni + 2 OH– NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ni2+ + 2 H2O NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH–

E°/V –2.90 –3.0401 –1.96 –2.28 –0.1 –1.65 –2.40 –2.70 –2.372 –2.690 –1.185 1.5415 1.224 0.558 1.679 1.507 0.595 0.60 –1.56 0.15 1.485 –0.200 –0.152 0.082 0.075 0.092 –3.09 1.275 1.766 2.65 0.867 1.065 1.035 1.42 1.591 0.76 0.983 0.86 1.297 –0.46 –0.18 0.15 0.934 0.957 0.803 0.01 –0.85 –2.71 –1.099 –0.646 –0.690 –0.733 –0.644 –2.323 –2.1 –2.7 –0.257 –0.72 1.678 –0.490

Electrochemical Series Reaction No3+ + e ⇌ No2+ No3+ + 3 e ⇌ No No2+ + 2 e ⇌ No Np3+ + 3 e ⇌ Np Np4+ + e ⇌ Np3+ NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e ⇌ Np(OH)3 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2O2 O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 H2O O2 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ HO2– + OH– O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2O2 + 2 OH– O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 4 OH– O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ O2 + H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ O2 + 2 OH– O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2O OH + e ⇌ OH– HO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 3 OH– OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Os + 4 H2O OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ OsO2 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e ⇌ [Os(bipy)2]2+ [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Os(bipy)3]2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) P + 3 H2O + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) + 3 OH– H2P2– + e ⇌ P + 2 OH– H3PO2 + H+ + e ⇌ P + 2 H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H3PO2 + H2O H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ P + 3 H2O HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2PO2– + 3 OH– HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ P + 5 OH– H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H3PO3 + H2O PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ HPO32– + 3 OH– Pa3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pa Pa4+ + 4 e ⇌ Pa Pa4+ + e ⇌ Pa3+ Pb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb Pb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb(Hg) PbBr2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 Br– PbCl2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 Cl– PbF2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 F– PbHPO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + HPO42– PbI2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 I– PbO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 OH– PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb2+ + 2 H2O HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 3 OH– PbO2 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ PbO + 2 OH– PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PbSO4 + 2 H2O PbSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + SO42– PbSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb(Hg) + SO42– Pd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pd [PdCl4]2– + 2 e ⇌ Pd + 4 Cl– [PdCl6]2– + 2 e ⇌ [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– Pd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Pd + 2 OH– Pm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pm Pm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pm Pm3+ + e ⇌ Pm2+ Po4+ + 2 e ⇌ Po2+ Po4+ + 4 e ⇌ Po Pr4+ + e ⇌ Pr3+ Pr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pr Pr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pr

8-23 E°/V 1.4 –1.20 –2.50 –1.856 0.147 –0.962 0.695 1.229 –0.076 –0.146 0.401 2.076 1.24 2.421 2.02 0.878 0.838 1.02 0.81 0.80 –0.111 –0.063 –0.87 –1.82 –0.508 –0.499 –0.454 –1.65 –1.71 –0.276 –1.05 –1.34 –1.49 –1.9 –0.1262 –0.1205 –0.284 –0.2675 –0.3444 –0.465 –0.365 –0.580 1.455 –0.537 0.247 1.6913 –0.3588 –0.3505 0.951 0.591 1.288 0.07 –2.2 –2.30 –2.6 0.9 0.76 3.2 –2.0 –2.353

Reaction Pr3+ + e ⇌ Pr2+ Pt2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt [PtCl4]2– + 2 e ⇌ Pt + 4 Cl– [PtCl6]2– + 2 e ⇌ [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– Pt(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Pt + 2 OH– PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PtO2 + H2O PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt(OH)22+ + H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt + H2O PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PtO + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Pt + 2 H2O Pu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pu Pu4+ + e ⇌ Pu3+ Pu5+ + e ⇌ Pu4+ PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pu(OH)4 PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e ⇌ PuO2OH + H2O Ra2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ra Rb+ + e ⇌ Rb Re3+ + 3 e ⇌ Re ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ ReO2 + 2 H2O ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Re + 2 H2O ReO4– + 2 H+ + e ⇌ ReO3 + H2O ReO4– + 4 H2O + 7 e ⇌ Re + 8 OH– ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇀ Re + 4 H2O Rh+ + e ⇌ Rh Rh3+ + 3 e ⇌ Rh [RhCl6]3– + 3 e ⇌ Rh + 6 Cl– RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e ⇌ Rh + H2O Ru2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ru Ru3+ + e ⇌ Ru2+ RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ru2+ + 2 H2O RuO4– + e ⇌ RuO42– RuO4 + e ⇌ RuO4– RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Ru + 4 H2O [Ru(bipy)3)3+ + e– ⇌ [Ru(bipy)3]2+ [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e– ⇌ [Ru(H2O)6]2+ [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e– ⇌ [Ru(NH3)6]2+ [Ru(en)3]3+ + e – ⇌ [Ru(en)3]2+ [Ru(CN)6]3– + e– ⇌ [Ru(CN)6]4– S + 2 e ⇌ S2– S + 2H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2S(aq) S + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SH– + OH– 2 S + 2 e ⇌ S22– S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 H2SO3 S2O82– + 2 e ⇌ 2 SO42– S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HSO4– S4O62– + 2 e ⇌ 2 S2O32– 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e ⇌ HS2O4– + 2 H2O H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ S + 3 H2O 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ S2O42– + 4 OH– 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ S2O32– + 6 OH– SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2SO3 + H2O 2 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ S2O62– + H2O SO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SO32– + 2 OH– Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ SbH3 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 Sb + 3 H2O Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sb2O3 + 2 H2O

E°/V –3.1 1.18 0.755 0.68 0.14 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.01 1.00 –2.031 1.006 1.099 1.325 1.062 –2.8 –2.98 0.300 0.510 0.2513 0.768 –0.584 0.368 0.600 0.758 0.431 0.83 0.455 0.2487 1.120 0.59 1.00 1.40 1.038 1.24 0.23 0.10 0.210 0.86 –0.47627 0.142 –0.478 –0.42836 0.564 2.010 2.123 0.08 –0.056 0.449 –1.12 –0.571 0.172 –0.22 –0.93 –0.510 0.152 0.671 0.649

Electrochemical Series

8-24 Reaction Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Sb + 2 H2O SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Sb + 4 OH– SbO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SbO2– + 2 OH– Sc3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sc Se + 2 e ⇌ Se2– Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se(aq) H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Se + 3 H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Se + 6 OH– SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2SeO3 + H2O SeO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SeO32– + 2 OH– SiF62– + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 F– SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Si + H2O SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Si + 2 H2O SiO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 OH– Sm3+ + e ⇌ Sm2+ Sm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sm Sm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sm Sn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn Sn4+ + 2 e ⇀ Sn2+ Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn2+ + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e– ⇌ Sn2+ + 2 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sn + 2 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ SnOH+ + H2O SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Sn + 4 OH– HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Sn + 3 OH– Sn(OH)62– + 2 e ⇌ HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O Sr+ + e ⇌ Sr Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr(Hg) Sr(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Sr + 2 OH– Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Ta + 5 H2O Ta3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ta Tc2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tc TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ TcO2 + 2 H2O Tc3+ + e ⇌ Tc2+ TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Tc + 4 H2O Tb4+ + e ⇌ Tb3+ Tb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tb Te + 2 e ⇌ Te2– Te + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Te Te4+ + 4 e ⇌ Te TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Te + 2 H2O TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Te + 6 OH– TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Te + 4 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ TeO2 + 4 H2O Th4+ + 4 e ⇌ Th ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Th + 2 H2O Th(OH)4 + 4 e ⇌ Th + 4 OH– Ti2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti Ti3+ + e ⇌ Ti2+ TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti2+ + 2 H2O Ti3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ti TiOH3+ + H+ + e ⇌ Ti3+ + H2O

E°/V 0.581 0.212 –0.66 –0.59 –2.077 –0.924 –0.399 0.74 –0.082 –0.366 1.151 0.05 –1.24 –0.8 0.857 –1.697 –1.55 –2.304 –2.68 –0.1375 0.151 0.142 –0.094 –0.117 –0.194 –0.945 –0.909 –0.93 –4.10 –2.899 –1.793 –2.88 –0.750 –0.6 0.400 0.782 0.3 0.472 3.1 –2.28 –1.143 –0.793 0.568 0.593 –0.57 0.472 1.02 –1.899 –1.789 –2.48 –1.630 –0.9 –0.502 –1.37 –0.055

Reaction Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl(Hg) Tl3+ + 2 e ⇌ Tl+ Tl3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tl TlBr + e ⇌ Tl + Br– TlCl + e ⇌ Tl + Cl– TlI + e ⇌ Tl + I– Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– TlOH + e ⇌ Tl + OH– Tl(OH)3 + 2 e ⇌ TlOH + 2 OH– Tl2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ Tl + SO42– Tm3+ + e ⇌ Tm2+ Tm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tm Tm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tm U3+ + 3 e ⇌ U U4+ + e ⇌ U3+ UO2+ + 4 H+ + e ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + e ⇌ UO+2 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e ⇌ U + 2 H2O V2+ + 2 e ⇌ V V3+ + e ⇌ V2+ VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ V3+ + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ VO2+ + H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 V + 5 H2O V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ VO2+ + 3 H2O V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e ⇌ V + 4 H2O [V(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [V(phen)3]2+ W3+ + 3 e ⇌ W W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 WO2 + H2O WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ W + 2 H2O WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ W + 3 H2O WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ WO2 + H2O 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ W2O5 + H2O H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ XeO3 + 3 H2O XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Xe + 3 H2O XeF + e ⇌ Xe + F– Y3+ + 3 e ⇌ Y Yb3+ + e ⇌ Yb2+ Yb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Yb Yb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Yb Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn(Hg) ZnO22– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 4 OH– ZnSO4 · 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn + H2O Zn(OH)42– + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 4 OH– Zn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 2 OH– ZnO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 2 OH– ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Zr + 2 H2O ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Zr + 4 OH– Zr4+ + 4 e ⇌ Zr

E°/V –0.336 –0.3338 1.252 0.741 –0.658 –0.5568 –0.752 0.02 –0.34 –0.05 –0.4360 –2.2 –2.319 –2.4 –1.798 –0.607 0.612 0.062 0.327 –1.444 –1.175 –0.255 0.337 0.991 0.957 –0.242 1.00 –0.254 0.14 0.1 –0.031 –0.119 –0.090 0.036 –0.029 2.42 2.10 3.4 –2.372 –1.05 –2.19 –2.76 –0.7618 –0.7628 –1.215 –0.7993 –0.497 –1.199 –1.249 –1.260 –1.553 –2.36 –1.45

Electrochemical Series

8-25

TABLE 2. Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than That of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Reaction 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2 CuI2– + e ⇌ Cu + 2 I– Ge4+ + 2 e ⇌ Ge2+ NO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ NO2– + 2 OH– Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– SeO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SeO32– + 2 OH– WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ WO2 + H2O UO22+ + e = UO2+ Pd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Pd + 2 OH– AgBr + e ⇌ Ag + Br– MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Mo + 3 H2O S4O62– + 2 e ⇌ 2 S2O32– H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e ⇌ 7 Mo + 24 H2O AgSCN + e ⇌ Ag + SCN– N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 NH4OH HgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Hg + 2 OH– Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 Ir + 6 OH– 2 NO + 2 e ⇌ N2O22– [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e ⇌ [Ru(NH3)6]2+ W3+ + 3 e ⇌ W [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e ⇌ [Co(NH3)6]2+ Hg2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 OH– Ge4+ + 4 e ⇌ Ge Hg2Br2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 Br– Pt(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Pt + 2 OH– [V(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [V(phen)3]2+ S + 2H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2S(aq) Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn2+ + 3 H2O Np4+ + e ⇌ Np3+ Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e ⇌ 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ IO– + 4 OH– Mn(OH)3 + e ⇌ Mn(OH)2 + OH– 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ N2O + 6 OH– Sn4+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn2+ Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 Sb + 3 H2O Cu2+ + e ⇌ Cu+ BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi + Cl– + H2O BiCl4– + 3 e ⇌ Bi + 4 Cl– Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 FeOH+ + H2O Co(OH)3 + e ⇌ Co(OH)2 + OH– SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2SO3 + H2O Bi3+ + 2 e ⇌ Bi+ [Ru(en)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Ru(en)3]2+ SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Sb + 2 H2O AgCl + e ⇌ Ag + Cl– [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e ⇌ [Ru(H2O)6]2+ As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 As + 3 H2O Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Ge2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ge Ru3+ + e ⇌ Ru2+ Calomel electrode, saturated KCl PbO2 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ PbO + 2 OH– HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ As + 2 H2O Ru3+ + e ⇀ Ru2+ ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Re + 2 H2O IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ I– + OH–

E°/V 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.036 0.062 0.07 0.07133 0.075 0.08 0.082 0.8951 0.092 0.0977 0.098 0.10 0.10 0.1 0.108 0.123 0.124 0.13923 0.14 0.14 0.142 0.142 0.147 0.1478 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.151 0.152 0.153 0.1583 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.172 0.2 0.210 0.212 0.22233 0.23 0.234 0.2360 0.24 0.24 0.2412 0.247 0.248 0.2487 0.2513 0.26

Reaction Hg2Cl2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 Cl– Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) At2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 At– Re3+ + 3 e ⇌ Re Tc3+ + e ⇌ Tc2+ Bi3+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi + H2O

UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O ClO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO2– + 2 OH– 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ (CN)2 + 2 H2O Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ V3+ + H2O Cu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cu Ag2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 OH– Cu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cu(Hg) AgIO3 + e ⇌ Ag + IO3– [Fe(CN)6]3– + e ⇌ [Fe(CN)6]4– ClO4– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO–3 + 2 OH– Ag2SeO3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SeO32– ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Re + 4 H2O (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HCN [Ferricinium]+ + e ⇌ ferrocene Tc2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tc O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 4 OH– AgOCN + e ⇌ Ag + OCN– [RhCl6]3– + 3 e ⇌ Rh + 6 Cl– Ag2CrO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CrO42– H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ S + 3 H2O Ru2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ru Ag2MoO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + MoO42– Ag2C2O4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + C2O42– Ag2WO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + WO42– Ag2CO3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CO32– TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Tc + 4 H2O TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Te + 4 H2O IO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ I– + 2 OH– NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH– Bi+ + e ⇌ Bi ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ ReO2 + 2 H2O Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2(ac)– Cu+ + e ⇌ Cu I2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 I– I3– + 2 e ⇌ 3 I– AgBrO3 + e ⇌ Ag + BrO3– MnO4– + e ⇌ MnO4– H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HAsO2 + 2 H2O S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 H2SO3 AgNO2 + e ⇌ Ag + NO2– Te4+ + 4 e ⇌ Te Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O RuO4– + e ⇌ RuO42– [PdCl4]2– + 2 e ⇌ Pd + 4 Cl– TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Te + 2 H2O MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ MnO2 + 4 OH– Rh2+ + 2 e ⇌ Rh

E°/V 0.26808 0.2800 0.2801 0.3 0.300 0.3 0.308 0.320 0.327 0.33 0.330 0.3337 0.337 0.3419 0.342 0.345 0.354 0.358 0.36 0.3629 0.368 0.373 0.400 0.400 0.401 0.41 0.431 0.4470 0.449 0.455 0.4573 0.4647 0.4660 0.47 0.472 0.472 0.485 0.490 0.5 0.510 0.51163 0.521 0.5355 0.536 0.546 0.558 0.560 0.564 0.564 0.568 0.581 0.59 0.591 0.593 0.595 0.600

Electrochemical Series

8-26 Reaction Rh+ + e ⇌ Rh MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ MnO2 + 4 OH– 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Ag2O + 2 OH– BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ Br– + 6 OH– UO2+ + 4 H+ + e ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + SO42– ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ Cl– + 6 OH– Hg2HPO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + HPO42– Ag(ac) + e ⇌ Ag + (ac)– Sb2O5(valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Ag2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SO42– ClO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO– + 2 OH– Sb2O5(senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sb2O5 + 2 H2O [PtCl6]2– + 2 e ⇌ [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2O2 p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌⇌ hydroquinone H3IO62– + 2 e ⇌ IO3– + 3 OH– Ag2O3+ H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 AgO + 2 OH– Tl3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tl [PtCl4]2– + 2 e ⇌ Pt + 4 Cl– Rh3+ + 3 e ⇌ Rh ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Cl– + 4 OH– 2 NO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ N2O + 2 OH– Po4+ + 4 e ⇌ Po BrO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Br– + 2 OH– ReO4– + 2 H+ +e ⇌ ReO3 + H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 CNS – [IrCl6]3– + 3 e ⇌ Ir + 6 Cl– Fe3+ + e ⇌ Fe2+ AgF + e ⇌ Ag + F– [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(bipy)2]2+ TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ TcO2 + 2 H2O Hg22+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg Ag+ + e ⇌ Ag [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Os(bipy)3]2+ 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2O4 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e ⇌ [Os(bipy)2]2+ RhOH2+ + H + 3 e ⇌ Rh + H2O OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Os + 4 H2O ClO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Cl– + 2 OH– Hg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg AuBr4– + 3 e ⇌ Au + 4 Br– SiO2(quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Si + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ H2N2O2 + H2O [Ru(CN)6]3– + e– ⇌ [Ru(CN)6]4– [IrCl6]2– + e ⇌ [IrCl6]3– N2O4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 NO2– HO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 3 OH– Po4+ + 2 e ⇌ Po2+ 2 Hg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg22+ NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HNO2 + H2O Pd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pd ClO2(aq) + e ⇌ ClO2– NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ NO + 2 H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O AuBr2– + e ⇌ Au + 2 Br– HNO2 + H+ + e ⇌ NO + H2O

E°/V 0.600 0.60 0.607 0.61 0.612 0.6125 0.62 0.6359 0.643 0.649 0.654 0.66 0.671 0.68 0.695 0.6992 0.7 0.739 0.741 0.755 0.758 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.761 0.768 0.77 0.77 0.771 0.779 0.78 0.782 0.7973 0.7996 0.80 0.803 0.81 0.83 0.838 0.841 0.851 0.854 0.857 0.86 0.86 0.8665 0.867 0.878 0.9 0.920 0.934 0.951 0.954 0.957 0.957 0.959 0.983

Reaction HIO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ I– + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ VO2+ + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Pt + 2 H2O RuO4 + e ⇌ RuO4– V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ VO2+ + 3 H2O AuCl4– + 3 e ⇌ Au + 4 Cl– Pu4+ + e ⇌ Pu3+ PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PtO + H2O OsO4 + 4 H + 4 e ⇌ OsO2 + 2 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ TeO2 + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(bipy)3]2+ Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg + 2 H2O N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 NO + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Ru + 4H2O [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e ⇌ PuO2OH + H2O N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HNO2 Br2(l) + 2 e ⇌ 2Br– IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ I– + 3 H2O Br2(aq) + 2 e ⇌ 2Br– Pu5+ + e ⇌ Pu4+ Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e ⇌ [Cu(CN)2]– RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ru2+ + 2 H2O [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌⇀ [Fe(phen)3]2+ SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2SeO3 + H2O ClO3– + 2 H+ + e ⇌ ClO2 + H2O Ir3+ + 3 e ⇀ Ir Pt2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ ClO3– + H2O 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e ⇌ I2 + 6 H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt + H2O ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HClO2 + H2O MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Mn2+ + 2 H2O O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ O2 + 2 OH– [Ru(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Ru(bipy)3]2+ Tl3+ + 2 e ⇌ Tl+ N2H5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 NH4+ ClO2 + H+ + e ⇌ HClO2 [PdCl6]2– + 2 e ⇌ [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ N2O + 3 H2O AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Au+ + H2O PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H– + 2 e ⇌ Pu(OH)4 HBrO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Br– + H2O Cr(V) + e ⇌ Cr(IV) HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Cr3+ + 4 H2O Cl2(g) + 2 e ⇌ 2Cl– Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Cl– + 4 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O No3+ + e ⇌ No2+ RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O Au3+ + 2 e ⇌ Au+ 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2H5+ + 2 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Br– + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ I2 + 2 H2O Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Au– + 3 H2O

E°/V 0.987 0.991 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.002 1.006 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.034 1.035 1.038 1.06 1.062 1.065 1.066 1.085 1.0873 1.099 1.103 1.120 1.147 1.151 1.152 1.156 1.18 1.189 1.195 1.2 1.214 1.224 1.229 1.24 1.24 1.252 1.275 1.277 1.288 1.297 1.32 1.325 1.331 1.34 1.350 1.35827 1.36 1.389 1.39 1.4 1.40 1.401 1.42 1.423 1.439 1.45

Electrochemical Series Reaction 3IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Cl– + 3 H2O PbO2 +4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb2+ + 2 H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌ Cr3+ + 2 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e ⇌ 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Cl– + H2O Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e ⇌ 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O HO2 + H+ + e ⇌ H2O2 Au3+ + 3 e ⇌ Au PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt(OH)22+ + H2O MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e ⇌ Mn2+ + 4 H2O Mn3+ + e ⇌ Mn2– HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Cl– + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2O + H2O Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e ⇌ IO3– + 3 H2O HClO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HClO + H2O Bk4+ + e ⇌ Bk3+ NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ni2+ + 2 H2O MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇀ MnO2 + 2 H2O PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PbSO4 + 2 H2O Au+ + e ⇌ Au PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PtO2 + H2O CeOH3+ + H+ + e ⇌ Ce3+ + H2O Ce4+ + e ⇌ Ce3+ N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌ N2 + H2O H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 H2O

8-27 E°/V 1.451 1.455 1.47 1.48 1.482 1.482 1.485 1.495 1.498 1.5 1.507 1.5415 1.570 1.574 1.591 1.593 1.596 1.601 1.611 1.628 1.645 1.67 1.678 1.679 1.6913 1.692 1.7 1.715 1.72 1.766 1.776

Reaction Ag3+ + e ⇌ Ag2+ Au2+ + e– ⇌ Au+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 H2O Co3+ + e ⇌ Co2–(2 molar H2SO4) Ag3+ + 2 e ⇌ Ag+ Co3+ + e ⇌ Co2+ Ag2+ + e ⇌ Ag+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Cu2+ + 3 H2O S2O82– + 2 e ⇌ 2 SO42– OH + e ⇌ OH– HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe3+ + 4 H2O O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ O2 + H2O HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ FeOOH + 2 H2O 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Fe2O3 + 5 H2O XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Xe + 3 H2O S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HSO4– F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇌ H2O + 2 F– FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe3+ + 4 H2O Cu3+ + e ⇌ Cu2+ H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ XeO3 + 3 H2O O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2O Am4+ + e ⇌ Am3+ H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2 + 2 H2O F2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 F– Cm4+ + e ⇌ Cm3+ F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HF Tb4+ + e ⇌ Tb3+ Pr4+ + e ⇌ Pr3+ Cf4+ + e ⇌ Cf3+ XeF + e ⇌ Xe + F–

E°/V 1.8 1.8 1.802 1.83 1.9 1.92 1.980 2.0 2.010 2.02 2.07 2.076 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.123 2.153 2.20 2.4 2.42 2.421 2.60 2.65 2.866 3.0 3.053 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

TABLE 3. Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than That of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Reaction 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2 2 D+ + 2 e ⇌ D2 AgCN + e ⇌ Ag + CN– 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ W2O5 + H2O W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 WO2 + H2O Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + H2S Fe3+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe Hg2I2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 I– Tl(OH)3 + 2 e ⇌ TlOH + 2 OH– TiOH3+ + H+ + e ⇌ Ti3+ + H2O 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e ⇌ HS2O4– + 2 H2O P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) O2 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ HO2– + OH– 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ W + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn2+ + 2 H2O Md3+ + e ⇌ Md2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sn + 2 H2O GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ GeO + H2O

E°/V 0.00000 –0.013 –0.017 –0.029 –0.031 –0.0366 –0.037 –0.0405 –0.05 –0.055 –0.056 –0.063 –0.076 –0.080 –0.082 –0.090 –0.094 –0.1 –0.111 –0.117 –0.118

Reaction WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ W + 2 H2O Pb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb(Hg) Pb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– Sn2– + 2 e ⇌ Sn In+ + e ⇌ In O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2O2 + 2 OH– MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Mo + 4 H2O AgI + e ⇌ Ag + I– 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ N2O22– + 4 OH– H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Ge + 3 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ SnOH+ + H2O CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HCOOH Mo3+ + 3 e ⇌ Mo Ga+ + e ⇌ Ga 2 SO22– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ S2O62– + H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cu + 2 OH– V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 V + 5 H2O CdSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Cd + SO42– V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e ⇌ V + 4 H2O V3+ + e ⇌ V2+

E°/V –0.119 –0.1205 –0.1262 –0.13 –0.1375 –0.14 –0.146 –0.152 –0.15224 –0.18 –0.182 –0.194 –0.199 –0.200 –0.2 –0.22 –0.222 –0.242 –0.246 –0.254 –0.255

Electrochemical Series

8-28 Reaction Ni2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ni PbCl2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 Cl– H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H3PO3 + H2O Co2+ + 2 e ⇌ Co PbBr2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 Br– Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl(Hg) Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl In3+ + 3 e ⇌ In TlOH + e ⇌ Tl + OH– PbF2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 F– PbSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb(Hg) + SO42– Cd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cd(Hg) PbSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + SO42– Cu2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Cu + 2 OH– Eu3+ + e ⇌ Eu2+ PbI2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 I– SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Se + 6 OH– Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se(aq) In2+ + e ⇌ In+ Cd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cd Cr3+ + e ⇌ Cr2+ 2 S + 2 e ⇌ S22– Tl2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ Tl + SO42– In3+ + 2 e ⇌ In+ Fe2+ + 2 e ⇌ Fe H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ P + 3 H2O Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 Bi + 6 OH– NO2– + H2O + e ⇌ NO + 2 OH PbHPO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + HPO42– S + 2 e ⇌ S2– S + H2O + 2 e ⇌ HS – + OH– B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e ⇌ BH4– + 3 H2O In3+ + e ⇌ In2+ ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn + H2O GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e ⇌ Ga + H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H3PO2 + H2O TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti2+ + 2 H2O H3PO2 + H+ + e ⇌ P + 2 H2O Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ SbH3 HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 3 OH– Ga3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ga TlCl + e ⇌ Tl + Cl– Fe(OH)3 + e ⇌ Fe(OH)2 + OH– TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Te + 6 OH– 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ S2O32– + 6 OH– PbO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 OH– ReO2– + 4 H2O + 7 e ⇌ Re + 8 OH– SbO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SbO2– + 2 OH– Ta3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ta U4+ + e ⇌ U3+ As + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ AsH3 Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Nb + 5 H2O NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ NbO + H2O Cd(OH)42– + 2 e ⇌ Cd + 4 OH– TlBr + e ⇌ Tl + Br– SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Sb + 4 OH– AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ As + 4 OH–

E°/V –0.257 –0.2675 –0.276 –0.28 –0.284 –0.3338 –0.336 –0.3382 –0.34 –0.3444 –0.3505 –0.3521 –0.3588 –0.360 –0.36 –0.365 –0.366 –0.399 –0.40 –0.4030 –0.407 –0.42836 –0.4360 –0.443 –0.447 –0.454 –0.46 –0.46 –0.465 –0.47627 –0.478 –0.481 –0.49 –0.497 –0.498 –0.499 –0.502 –0.508 –0.510 –0.537 –0.549 –0.5568 –0.56 –0.57 –0.571 –0.580 –0.584 –0.59 –0.6 –0.607 –0.608 –0.644 –0.646 –0.658 –0.658 –0.66 –0.68

Reaction NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Nb + 2 H2O Ag2S + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + S2– AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ AsO2– + 4 OH– Ni(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ni + 2 OH– Co(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Co + 2 OH– NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Nb + H2O H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Se + 3 H2O Cr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cr Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Ta + 5 H2O TlI + e ⇌ Tl + I– Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn(Hg) CdO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Cd + 2 OH– Te + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Te ZnSO4.7H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ BiH3 SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Si + H2O Cd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2 + 2 OH– 2 NO–3 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ N2O4 + 4 OH– H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ B + 3 H2O P + 3 H2O + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) + 3 OH– Ti3+ + e ⇌ Ti2+ HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Sn + 3 OH– Cr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cr Se + 2 e ⇌ Se2– SO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SO32– + 2 OH– Sn(OH)62– + 2 e ⇌ HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Sn + 4 OH– In(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ In + 3 OH– NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e ⇌ Np(OH)3 In(OH)4– + 3 e ⇌ In + 4 OH– In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 In + 6 OH– PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ HPO32– + 3 OH– Yb3+ + e ⇌ Yb2+ Nb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Nb Fm3+ + e ⇌ Fm2+ 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ S2O42– + 4 OH– Te + 2 e ⇌ Te2– V2+ + 2 e ⇌ V Mn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Mn Zn(OH)42– + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 4 OH– CrO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Cr + 4 OH– No3+ + 3 e ⇌ No ZnO2– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 4 OH– H2GaO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Ga + 4 OH– H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e ⇌ BH4– + 8 OH– SiF62– + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 F– Zn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 2 OH– ZnO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 2 OH– Es3+ + e ⇌ Es2+ Pa3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pa Ti3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ti Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ce(Hg) UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e ⇌ U + 2 H2O Zr4+ + 4 e ⇌ Zr

E°/V –0.690 –0.691 –0.71 –0.72 –0.73 –0.733 –0.74 –0.744 –0.750 –0.752 –0.7618 –0.7628 –0.783 –0.793 –0.7993 –0.8 –0.8 –0.809 –0.8277 –0.85 –0.8698 –0.87 –0.9 –0.909 –0.913 –0.924 –0.93 –0.93 –0.945 –0.99 –0.962 –1.007 –1.034 –1.05 –1.05 –1.099 –1.1 –1.12 –1.143 –1.175 –1.185 –1.199 –1.2 –1.20 –1.215 –1.219 –1.24 –1.24 –1.249 –1.260 –1.3 –1.34 –1.37 –1.4373 –1.444 –1.45

Electrochemical Series Reaction Cr(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Cr + 3 OH– Pa4+ + 4 e ⇌ Pa HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf + 2 H2O Hf4+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf Sm3+ + e ⇌ Sm2+ ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Zr + 2 H2O Mn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Mn + 2 OH– Ba2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba(Hg) Bk2+ + 2 e ⇌ Bk Cf3+ + e ⇌ Cf2+ Ti2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti Md3+ + 3 e ⇌ Md HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2PO2– + 3 OH– Al3+ + 3 e ⇌ Al SiO32– + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 OH– HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ P + 5 OH– HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf + H2O ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Th + 2 H2O H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ B + 4 OH– Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr(Hg) U3+ + 3 e ⇌ U H2PO–2 + e ⇌ P + 2 OH– Be2+ + 2 e ⇌ Be Np3+ + 3 e ⇌ Np Fm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Fm Th4+ + 4 e ⇌ Th Am2+ + 2 e ⇌ Am Pa4+ + e ⇌ Pa3+ Es3+ + 3 e ⇌ Es Cf3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cf Lr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Lr Eu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Eu Er2+ + 2 e ⇌ Er Pr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pr Pu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pu Cm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cm Am3+ + 3 e ⇌ Am AlF63– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 6 F– Sc3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sc Ho2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ho Nd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Nd Cf2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cf Yb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Yb Ac3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ac Dy2+ + 2 e ⇌ Dy Tm3+ + e ⇌ Tm2+ Pm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pm Es2+ + 2 e ⇌ Es H2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 H– Gd3+ + 3 e ⇌ Gd Tb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tb Lu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Lu Dy3+ + 3 e ⇌ Dy

8-29 E°/V –1.48 –1.49 –1.505 –1.55 –1.55 –1.553 –1.56 –1.570 –1.6 –1.6 –1.630 –1.65 –1.65 –1.662 –1.697 –1.71 –1.724 –1.789 –1.79 –1.793 –1.798 –1.82 –1.847 –1.856 –1.89 –1.899 –1.9 –1.9 –1.91 –1.94 –1.96 –1.991 –2.0 –2.0 –2.031 –2.04 –2.048 –2.069 –2.077 –2.1 –2.1 –2.12 –2.19 –2.20 –2.2 –2.2 –2.2 –2.23 –2.23 –2.279 –2.28 –2.28 –2.295

Reaction Am3+ + e ⇌ Am2+ Fm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Fm Pm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pm Sm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sm Al(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Al + 3 OH– Tm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tm Nd3+ + 3 e ⇌ Nd Al(OH)– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– Ho3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ho Er3+ + 3 e ⇌ Er Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ce Pr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pr ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Zr + 4 OH– Mg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Mg Y3+ + 3 e ⇌ Y La3+ + 3 e ⇌ La Tm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tm Md2+ + 2 e ⇌ Md Th(OH)4 + 4 e ⇌ Th + 4 OH– HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Hf + 4 OH– No2+ + 2 e ⇌ No Dy3+ + e ⇌ Dy2+ Pm3+ + e ⇌ Pm2+ Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Be + 6 OH– Sm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sm Mg(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Mg + 2 OH– Nd3+ + e ⇌ Nd2+ Mg+ + e ⇌ Mg Na+ + e ⇌ Na Yb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Yb Bk3+ + e ⇌ Bk2+ Ho3+ + e ⇌ Ho2+ Ra2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ra Eu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Eu Ca2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ca Sr(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Sr + 2 OH– Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr Fr+ + e ⇌ Fr La(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ La + 3 OH– Ba2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba K+ + e ⇌ K Rb+ + e ⇌ Rb Ba(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ba + 2 OH– Er3+ + e ⇌ Er2+ Ca(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ca + 2 OH– Cs+ + e ⇌ Cs Li+ + e ⇌ Li 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HN3 Pr3+ + e ⇌ Pr2+ Ca+ + e ⇌ Ca Sr+ + e ⇌ Sr

E°/V –2.3 –2.30 –2.30 –2.304 –2.31 –2.319 –2.323 –2.328 –2.33 –2.33 –2.331 –2.336 –2.353 –2.36 –2.372 –2.372 –2.379 –2.4 –2.40 –2.48 –2.50 –2.50 –2.6 –2.6 –2.63 –2.68 –2.690 –2.7 –2.70 –2.71 –2.76 –2.8 –2.8 –2.8 –2.812 –2.868 –2.88 –2.899 –2.9 –2.90 –2.912 –2.931 –2.98 –2.99 –3.0 –3.02 –3.026 –3.0401 –3.09 –3.1 –3.80 –4.10

REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS Petr Vanýsek

There are two tables for ion radicals. The first table lists reduction potentials for organic compounds which produce anion radicals during reduction, a process described as A + e–  A–.. The second table lists oxidation potentials for organic compounds which produce cation radicals during oxidation, a process described as A  A+. + e–. To obtain reduction potential for a reverse reaction, the sign for the potential is changed. Unlike the table of the Electrochemical Series, which lists standard potentials, values for radicals are experimental values with experimental conditions given in the second column. Since the measurements leading to potentials for ion radicals are very dependent on conditions, an attempt to report standard potentials for radicals would serve no useful purpose. For the same reason, the potentials are also reported as experimental values, usually a half-wave potential (E1/2 in polarography) or a peak potential (Ep in cyclic voltammetry). Unless otherwise stated, the values are reported vs. SCE (saturated calomel electrode). To obtain a value vs.

normal hydrogen electrode, 0.241 V has to be added to the SCE values. All the ion radicals chosen for inclusion in the tables result from electrochemically reversible reactions. More detailed data on ion radicals can be found in the Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of Elements, (A. J. Bard, Ed.), Vol. XI and XII in particular, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978. Abbreviations are: CV — cyclic voltammetry; DMF — N,NDimethylformamide; E swp — potential sweep; E° — standard potential; Ep — peak potential; Ep/2 — half-peak potential; E1/2 — half wave potential; M — mol/L; MeCN — acetonitrile; pol — polarography; rot Pt dsk — rotated Pt disk; SCE — saturated calomel electrode; TBABF4 — tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate; TBAI — tetrabutylammonium iodide; TBAP — tetrabutylammonium perchlorate; TEABr — tetraethylammonium bromide; TEAP — tetraethylammonium perchlorate; THF — tetrahydrofuran; TPACF3SO3 — tetrapropylammonium trifluoromethanesulfite; TPAP — tetrapropylammonium perchlorate; and wr — wire.

Reduction Potentials (Products are Anion Radicals) Substance Acetone 1-Naphthyphenylacetylene 1-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde 2-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde 2-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 3-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 9-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 1-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde 1-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde 2-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde Anthracene

9,10-Dimethylanthracene 1-Phenylanthracene 2-Phenylanthracene 8-Phenylanthracene 9-Phenylanthracene 1,8-Diphenylanthracene 1,9-Diphenylanthracene 1,10-Diphenylanthracene 8,9-Diphenylanthracene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene 1,8,9-Triphenylanthracene 1,8,10-Triphenylanthracene 9,10-Dibiphenylanthracene Benz(a)anthracene Azulene Annulene Benzaldehyde Benzil Benzophenone Chrysene Fluoranthrene Cyclohexanone

Conditions/electrode/technique DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol DMF, 0.03 M TBAI/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF2/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt/E swp DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt/E swp MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBAP 0°C/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol DMSO, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol DMF/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol

Potential V (vs. SCE) E1/2 = –2.84 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –0.91 E1/2 = –0.96 E1/2 = –1.00 E1/2 = –0.94 E1/2 = –0.83 E1/2 = –0.75 E1/2 = –0.76 E1/2 = –1.00 Ep = –2.00 E1/2 = –1.93 E1/2 = –2.07 E1/2 = –1.92 Ep = –2.08 Ep = –2.10 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –1.878 E1/2 = –1.875 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –1.93 E1/2 = –1.863 E1/2 = –1.88 E1/2 = –1.846 E1/2 = –1.786 E1/2 = –1.90 E1/2 = –1.83 E1/2 = –1.835 E1/2 = –1.85 E1/2 = –1.81 E1/2 = –1.94 E1/2 = –2.11 E1/2 = –2.40a E1/2 = –1.10c E1/2 = –1.23 E1/2 = –1.67 E1/2 = –1.04 E1/2 = –1.80 E° = –1.72 E1/2 = –2.73a Ep = –1.76 E1/2 = –2.79

8-30

Section 8.indb 30

4/30/05 8:46:39 AM

Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals Substance 5,5-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 1,2,3-Indanetrione hydrate (ninhydrin) Naphthacene Naphthalene

1-Phenylnaphthalene 1,2-Diphenylnaphthalene Cyclopentanone Phenanthrene Pentacene Perylene 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-1,3 propanedione Pyrene Diphenylsulfone Triphenylene 9,10-Anthraquinone 1,4-Benzoquinone 1,4-Naphthohydroquinone, dipotassium salt Rubrene Benzocyclooctatetraene sym-Dibenzocyclooctatetraene Ubiquinone-6 (9-Phenyl-fluorenyl)+ (Triphenylcyclopropenyl)+ (Triphenylmethyl)+ (Tribiphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-t-butyl-5-phenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-isopropylphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-methylphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-cyclopropylphenylmethyl)+ (Tropylium)+

Anthracene 9,10-Dimethylanthracene 9,10-Dipropylanthracene 1,8-Diphenylanthracene 8,9-Diphenylanthracene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene Perylene Pyrene Rubrene Tetracene 1,4-Dithiabenzene 1,4-Dithianaphthalene Thianthrene a b c d e

Section 8.indb 31

Conditions/electrode/technique DMF, 0.5 M/Hg/pol DMF, 0.2 M NaNO3/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt dsk/E swp MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMSO, 0.2 M TBAP/Hg/CV DMSO, TBAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, TEABr MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, 20°/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, 20°/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV 10.2 M H2SO4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol H2SO4, 10.2 M/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol

Oxidation Potentials (Products are Cation Radicals)

CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF4, –70°C/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M LiClO4/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF3SO3/rot Pt wr/E swp CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF3SO3/rot Pt wr/E swp MeCN/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF4, –70°C/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt dsk/rot MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt dsk/rot 0.1 M TPAP/Pt/CV

8-31 Potential V (vs. SCE) E1/2 = –1.71 E1/2 = –0.039 E1/2 = –1.53 Ep = –2.55 E1/2 = –2.56 E1/2 = –2.63 E1/2 = –2.50 E1/2 = –2.36 E1/2 = –2.25 E1/2 = –2.82 E1/2 = –2.47 E1/2 = –2.88a E1/2 = –1.40 E1/2 = –1.73 E1/2 = –1.42 E1/2 = –1.80 Ep = –2.14 E1/2 = –2.49a E1/2 = –2.16 E1/2 = –2.87a E1/2 = –1.01 Ep = –0.54 E1/2 = –1.55 Ep = –1.48 E1/2 = –1.410 E1/2 = –2.13 E1/2 = –2.29 Ep = –1.05e Ep = –0.01b Ep = –1.87 E1/2 = 0.27 Ep = –0.58b E1/2 = 0.19 E1/2 = 0.13 E1/2 = 0.07 E1/2 = 0.05 E1/2 = 0.01 E1/2 = –0.17 E1/2 = –1.55 E1/2 = –1.55 E1/2 = –1.57 E1/2 = –1.60 E1/2 = –1.87 E1/2 = –1.96 E1/2 = –2.05 Ep = +0.73d Ep = +1.0 Ep = +1.08 E1/2 = +1.34 E1/2 = +1.30 Ep = +1.22 Ep = +1.34 Ep = +1.25 Ep = +1.10 Ep = +0.35d E1/2 = +0.69 E1/2 = +0.80 E1/2 = +1.28

vs 0.01 M Ag/AgClO4 vs. Hg/Hg2SO4, 17 M H2SO4 vs Hg pool vs Ag/saturated AgNO3 vs Ag/0.01 M Ag+

4/30/05 8:46:39 AM

pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS A.K. Covington A Working Party of IUPAC, after extensive considerations over five years, has recently produced a report (1) which sets pH firmly within the International System of Units (SI). A summary of these important developments is given below. The concept of pH is unique amongst the commonly encountered physicochemical quantities in that, in terms of its definition, pH = − lg aH

(1)

/2 H2 + AgCl → Ag(s) + H+ + Cl-

1

yields the potential difference EI of the cell (corrected to 1 atm (101.325 kPa), the partial pressure of hydrogen gas used in electrochemistry in preference to 100 kPa) as EI= Eo – (RT /F)ln 10 lg [(mHγH/mo)(mClγCl/mo)]

(3)

which can be rearranged, since aH = mHγH/mo, to give the acidity function

it involves a single ion quantity, the activity of the hydrogen ion, which is immeasurable by any thermodynamically valid method and requires a convention for its evaluation. pH was originally defined by Sørensen (2) in terms of the concentration of hydrogen ions (in modern nomenclature) as pH = − lg (cH/co) where cH is the hydrogen ion concentration in mol dm-3, and co = 1 mol dm-3 is the standard amount concentration. Subsequently (3), it was accepted as more satisfactory to define pH in terms of the relative activity of hydrogen ions in solution

where Eo is the standard potential difference of the cell, and hence of the silver-silver chloride electrode, and γCl is the activity coefficient of the chloride ion. The standard potential difference of the silver/silver chloride electrode, Eo, is determined from a Harned cell in which only HCl is present at a fixed molality (e.g. m = 0.01 mol kg-1)

pH = − lg aH = − lg (mHγH /mo)

Pt | H2 | HCl (m)| AgCl | Ag

(2)

where aH is the relative (molality basis) activity and γH is the molal activity coefficient of the hydrogen ion H+ at the molality mH , and mo the standard molality. The quantity pH is intended to be a measure of the activity of hydrogen ions in solution. However, since it is defined in terms of a quantity that cannot be measured by a thermodynamically valid method, eqn.(2) can only be considered a notional definition of pH. pH being a single ion quantity, it is not determinable in terms of a fundamental (or base) unit of any measurement system, and there is difficulty providing a proper basis for the traceability of pH measurements. A satisfactory approach is now available in that pH determinations can be incorporated into the International System (SI) if they can be traced to measurements made using a method that fulfils the definition of a ‘primary method of measurement’ (4). The essential feature of a primary method is that it must operate according to a well-defined measurement equation in which all of the variables can be determined experimentally in terms of SI units. Any limitation in the determination of the experimental variables, or in the theory, must be included within the estimated uncertainty of the method if traceability to the SI is to be established. If a convention were used without an estimate of its uncertainty, true traceability to SI would not be established. The electrochemical cell without liquid junction, known as the Harned cell (5), fulfils the definition of a primary method for the measurement of the acidity function, p(aHγCl), and subsequently of the pH of buffer solutions. The Harned cell is written as Pt | H2 | buffer S, Cl- | AgCl | Ag

Cell I

and contains a standard buffer, S, with chloride ions, as potassium or sodium chloride, added in order to use the silver-silver chloride electrode as reference electrode. The application of the Nernst equation to the spontaneous cell reaction of Cell I:

8-32

p(aH γCl) = − lg(aHγCl) = (EI – Eo)/[(RT/F)ln10] + lg(mCl/mo) (4)

Cell Ia

The application of the Nernst equation to the HCl cell (Ia) gives EIa = Eo – (2RT /F)ln 10 lg[(mHCl/mo)(γ±HCl)]

(5)

where EIa has been corrected to 1 atmosphere partial pressure of hydrogen gas (101.325 kPa) and γ±HCl is the mean ionic activity coefficient of HCl. Values of the activity coefficient (γ±HCl) at molality 0.01 mol kg-1 and various temperatures were given by Bates and Robinson (6). The standard potential difference depends on the method of preparation of the electrodes, but individual determinations of the activity coefficient of HCl at 0.01 mol kg-1 are more uniform than values of Eo. Hence the practical determination of the potential difference of the cell with HCl at 0.01 mol kg-1 is recommended at 298.15 K at which the mean ionic activity coefficient is 0.904. (It is unnecessary to repeat the measurement of Eo at other temperatures but simply to correct published smoothed values by the observed difference in E0 at 298.15 K) In national metrology institutes (NMIs), measurements of Cells I and Ia are often done simultaneously in a thermostat bath. Subtracting eqn.(5) from (3) gives ∆E = EI - EIa = − (RT /F)ln 10{lg[(mHγH/mo)(mClγCl/mo)] − lg[(mHCl/mo) 2γ2±HCl]}

(6)

which is independent of the standard potential difference. Therefore, the subsequently calculated pH does not depend on the standard potential difference and hence does not depend on the assumption that the standard potential of the hydrogen electrode is zero at all temperatures. Therefore, the Harned cell gives an exact comparison between hydrogen ion activities at different temperatures. The quantity p(aHγCl) = − lg (aHγCl), on the left hand side of (4), is called the acidity function (5). To obtain the quantity pH according to eqn. (2) from the acidity function, it is necessary to evaluate lg γCl independently. This is done in two steps: (i) the

pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions

8-33 value of lg (aHgCl) at zero chloride molality, lg (aHgCl)o, is evaluated and (ii) a value for the activity of the chloride ion goCl , at zero chloride molality (sometimes referred to as the limiting or ‘trace’ activity coefficient) is calculated using the Bates-Guggenheim convention (7). The value of lg (aHgCl)o corresponding to zero chloride molality is determined by linear extrapolation of measurements using Harned cells with at least three added molalities of sodium or potassium chloride (I < 0.1 mol kg-1). The value of lg (aHgCl)o corresponding to zero chloride molality is determined by linear extrapolation of measurements using Harned cells with at least three added molalities of sodium or potassium chloride (I < 0.1 mol kg-1) in accord with eqn. (7): - lg (aHgCl) = - lg (aHgCl)o + SmCl

(7)

where S is an empirical, temperature dependent, constant. The Bates-Guggenheim convention (7) assumes that the trace activity coefficient of the chloride ion goCl is given by lg goCl = - A I 1/2 / ( 1 + Ba I 1/2)

(8)

where A is the Debye-Hückel temperature dependent constant (limiting slope), a is the mean distance of closest approach of the ions (ion size parameter), Ba is set equal to 1.5 (mol kg-1)-1/2 at all temperatures in the range 5-50 o C, and I is the ionic strength of the buffer (which for its evaluation requires knowledge of appropriate acid dissociation constants). The various stages in the assignment of primary standard pH values are combined in eqn. (9), which is derived from eqns. (4), (5) and (8) pH(PS) = lim mCl Æ 0 {(EI – Eo)/[(RT /F)ln 10] + lg (mCl/mo)} - AI1/2/[1 + 1.5 (I/mo)1/2] (9) In order for a particular buffer solution to be considered a primary buffer solution, it must be of the “highest metrological” quality (4) in accordance with the definition of a primary standard. It is recommended that it have the following attributes (9): 1. High buffer value in the range 0.016-0.07 (mol OH–)/ pH. 2. Small dilution value at half concentration (change in pH with change in buffer concentration) in the range 0.01-0.20. 3. Small dependence of pH on temperature less than ± 0.01 K-1. 4. Low residual liquid junction potential < 0.01 in pH. 5. Ionic strength ≤0.1 mol kg-1 to permit applicability of Bates-Guggenheim convention. 6. NMI certificate for specific batch. 7. Reproducible purity of preparation (lot to lot differences of |DpH(PS)| < 0.003). 8. Long term stability of stored solid material. Values for the above and other important parameters for the primary and secondary buffer materials are given in Table 1.

Primary Standard Buffers As there can be significant variations in the purity of samples of a buffer of the same nominal chemical composition, it is essential that the primary buffer material used has been certified with values that have been measured with Cell I. The Harned cell is used

by many national metrological institutes for accurate measurements of pH of buffer solutions. Typical values of the pH(PS) of the seven solutions from the six accepted primary standard reference buffers, which meet the conditions stated above, are listed in Table 2. Batch-to-batch variations in purity can result in changes in the pH value of samples of at most 0.003. The typical values in Table 2 should not be used in place of the certified value (from a Harned cell measurement) for a specific batch of buffer material. The required attributes listed above effectively limit the range of primary buffers available to between pH 3 and 10 (at 25 oC). Calcium hydroxide and potassium tetraoxalate are excluded because the contribution of hydroxide or hydrogen ions to the ionic strength is significant. Also excluded are the nitrogen bases of the type BH+ (such as tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and piperazine phosphate) and the zwitterionic buffers (e.g. HEPES and MOPS (10)). These do not comply because either the Bates-Guggenheim convention is not applicable, or the liquid junction potentials are high. This means the choice of primary standards is restricted to buffers derived from oxy-carbon, -phosphorus, -boron and mono, di- and tri-protic carboxylic acids. The uncertainties (11) associated with Harned cell measurements are calculated (1) to be 0.004 in pH at NMIs, with typical variation between batches of primary standard buffers of 0.003.

Secondary Standards Substances that do not fulfil all the criteria for primary standards, but to which pH values can be assigned using Cell I are considered to be secondary standards (Table 3). Reasons for their exclusion as primary standards include difficulties in achieving consistent and suitable chemical quality (e.g. acetic acid is a liquid), suspected high liquid junction potential, or inappropriateness of the Bates-Guggenheim convention (e.g. other charge-type buffers). The uncertainty is higher (e.g. 0.01) for biological buffers. Certain other substances, which cannot be used in cells containing hydrogen gas electrodes, are also classed as secondary standards. Calibration Procedures (a) One-point calibration A single point calibration is insufficient to determine both slope and one-point parameters. The theoretical value for the slope can be assumed but the practical slope may be up to 5% lower. Alternatively, a value for the practical slope can be assumed from the manufacturer’s prior calibration. The one-point calibration therefore yields only an estimate of pH(X). Since both parameters may change with age of the electrodes, this is not a reliable procedure. (b) Two-point calibration [target uncertainty: 0.02-0.03 at 25 oC] In the majority of practical applications, glass electrodes cells are calibrated by a two-point calibration, or bracketing, procedure using two standard buffer solutions, with pH values, pH(S1) and pH(S2), bracketing the unknown pH(X). Bracketing is often taken to mean that the pH(S1) and pH(S2) buffers selected from Table 2 should be those that are immediately above and below pH(X). This may not be appropriate in all situations and choice of a wider range may be better.

pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions

8-34

(c) Multi-point calibration [target uncertainty: 0.01-0.03 at 25 oC]. Multi-point calibration is carried out using up to five standard buffers . The use of more than five points yields no significant improvement in the statistical information obtainable. Details of uncertainty computations (11) have been given (1).

Measurement of pH and choice of pH Standard Solutions 1a) If pH is not required to better than ±0.05 any pH standard solution may be selected. 1b) If pH is required to ±0.002 and interpretation in terms of hydrogen ion concentration or activity is desired, choose a standard solution, pH(PS), to match X as closely as possible in terms of pH, composition and ionic strength. 2) Alternatively, a bracketing procedure may be adopted whereby two standard solutions are chosen whose pH values, pH(S1), pH(S2) are on either side of pH(X). Then if the corresponding potential difference measurements are E(S1), E(S2), E(X), then pH(X) is obtained from pH(X) = pH(S1) + [E(X) - E(S1)]/ %k where %k = 100[E(S2) - E(S1)]/[pH(S2) - pH(S1)] is the apparent percentage slope. This procedure is very easily done on some pH meters simply by adjusting downwards the slope factor control with the electrodes in S2. The purpose of the bracketing procedure is to compensate for deficiencies in the electrodes and measuring system.

Information to be given about the measurement of pH(X) The standard solutions selected for calibration of the pH meter system should be reported with the measurement as follows: System calibrated with pH(S) = .... at ...K. System calibrated with two primary standards, pH(PS1) =.... and pH(PS2) =....at ....K. System calibrated with n standards, pH(S1) =.... , pH(S2) =.... etc. at....K.

Interpretation of pH(X) in terms of hydrogen ion concentration The defined pH has no simple interpretation in terms of hydrogen ion concentration but the mean ionic activity coefficient of a typical 1:1 electrolyte can be used to obtain hydrogen ion concentration subject to an uncertainty of 3.9% in concentration, corresponding to 0.02 in pH.

References 1. Buck, R.P., Rondinini, S., Covington, A.K., Baucke, F.G.K., Brett, C.M.A., Camoes, M.F.C., Milton, M.J.T., Mussini, T., Naumann, R., Pratt, K.W., Spitzer, P., and Wilson, G.S. Pure Appl. Chem., 74, 2105, 2002. 2. Sørensen, S.P.L. Comp. Rend.Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 8, 1, 1909. 3. Sørensen, S.P.L., and Linderstrøm-Lang, K.L., Comp. Rend. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 15, 1924. 4. BIPM, Com. Cons. Quantité de Matière 4, 1998. See also M.J.T. Milton and T.J. Quinn, Metrologia 38, 289, 2001. 5. Harned H.S., and Owen, B.B., The Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic Solutions, Ch 14, Reinhold, New York, 1958. 6. Bates R.G., and Robinson, R.A., J. Soln. Chem. 9, 455, 1980. 7. Bates R.G., and Guggenheim, E.A., Pure Appl. Chem. 1, 163, 1960. 8. International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM), Beuth, Berlin, 2nd. Edn. 1994. 9. Bates, R.G. Determination of pH, Wiley, New York, 1973. 10. Good, N.E. et al., Biochem. J. 5, 467, 1966. 11. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty (GUM), BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML, 1993.

TABLE 1. Summary of Useful Properties of Some Primary and Secondary Standard Buffer Substances and Solutions

Salt or solid substance

Formula

Molality/ mol kg-1

Molar mass/ g mol–1

Density/ g/mL

Amount Buffer pH b)/ Temperature conc. at Mass/g Dilution value (b 20oC/ to make value mol OH– coefficient/ DpH1/2 mol dm–3 1 dm3 dm-3 K–1

Potassium tetroxalate dihydrate

KH3C4O8◊2H2O

0.1

254.191

1.0091

0.09875

25.101

Potassium tetraoxalate dihydrate

KH3C4O8◊2H2O

0.05

254.191

1.0032

0.04965

12.620

0.186

0.070

0.001

Potassium hydrogen tartrate (sat at 25°C)

KHC4H4O6

0.0341

188.18

1.0036

0.034

6.4

0.049

0.027

- 0.0014

Potassium dihydrogen citrate

KH2C6H5O7

0.05

230.22

1.0029

0.04958

11.41

0.024

0.034

- 0.022

Potassium hydrogen phthalate

KHC8H4O4

0.05

204.44

1.0017

0.04958

10.12

0.052

0.016

0.00012

Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate +

Na2HPO4

0.025

141.958

1.0038

0.02492

3.5379

0.080

0.029

- 0.0028

pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions

8-35

Salt or solid substance

Formula

Molality/ mol kg-1

Molar mass/ g mol–1

potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate

KH2PO4

0.025

136.085

Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate +

Na2HPO4

0.03043

141.959

potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate

KH2PO4

0.00869

136.085

Disodium tetraborate decahydrate

Na2B4O7◊10H2O

0.05

381.367

Disodium tetraborate decahydrate

Na2B4O7◊10H2O

0.01

Sodium hydrogen carbonate +

NaHCO3

sodium carbonate Calcium hydroxide (sat. at 25°C)

Density/ g/mL

Amount Buffer pH b)/ Temperature conc. at Mass/g Dilution value (b 20oC/ to make value mol OH– coefficient/ DpH1/2 mol dm–3 1 dm3 dm-3 K–1 3.3912

1.0020

0.08665

4.302

0.07

0.016

- 0.0028

0.03032

1.179

1.0075

0.04985

19.012

381.367

1.0001

0.00998

3.806

0.01

0.020

- 0.0082

0.025

84.01

1.0013

0.02492

2.092

0.079

0.029

-0.0096

Na2CO3

0.025

105.99

Ca(OH)2

0.0203

74.09

0.9991

0.02025

1.5

-0.28

0.09

-0.033

2.640

TABLE 2. Typical Values of pH(PS) for Primary Standards at 0–50°C Temperature in °C Primary standards (PS)

0

5

10

15

20

Sat. potassium hydrogen tartrate (at 25°C)

25

30

35

37

40

50

3.557

3.552

3.549

3.548

3.547

3.549

0.05 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen citrate

3.863

3.840

3.820

3.802

3.788

3.776

3.766

3.759

3.756

3.754

3.749

0.05 mol kg-1 potassium hydrogen phthalate

4.000

3.998

3.997

3.998

4.000

4.005

4.011

4.018

4.022

4.027

4.050

0.025 mol kg-1 disodium hydrogen phosphate + 0.025 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate

6.984

6.951

6.923

6.900

6.881

6.865

6.853

6.844

6.841

6.838

6.833

0.03043 mol kg-1 disodium hydrogen phosphate + 0.008695 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate

7.534

7.500

7.472

7.448

7.429

7.413

7.400

7.389

7.386

7.380

7.367

0.01 mol kg-1 disodium tetraborate

9.464

9.395

9.332

9.276

9.225

9.180

9.139

9.102

9.088

9.068

9.011

10.317

10.245

10.179

10.118

10.062

10.012

9.966

9.926

9.910

9.889

9.828

-1

0.025 mol kg sodium hydrogen carbonate + 0.025 mol kg-1 sodium carbonate

pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions

8-36

TABLE 3. Values of pH(SS) of Some Secondary Standards from Harned Cell I Measurements Temperature in °C Secondary standards 0.05 mol kg-1 potassium tetroxalatea 0.05 mol kg-1 sodium hydrogen diglycolateb 0.1 mol dm-3 acetic acid + 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium acetate mol dm-3 acetic acid + 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium acetate 0.02 mol kg-1 piperazine phosphate c 0.05 mol kg-1 tris hydrochloride + 0.01667 mol kg-1 tris c 0.05 mol kg-1 disodium tetraborate Saturated (at 25 oC) calcium hydroxide a b c

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

37

40

50

1.67 4.68

1.67 3.47 4.67

1.67 3.47 4.67

1.67 3.48 4.66

1.68 3.48 4.66

1.68 3.49 4.65

1.68 3.50 4.65

1.69 3.52 4.66

1.69 3.53 4.66

1.71 3.56 4.68

4.74

4.73

4.73

4.72

4.72

4.72

4.72

4.73

4.73

4.75

6.58 8.47

6.51 8.30

6.45 8.14

6.39 7.99

6.34 7.84

6.29 7.70

6.24 7.56

6.16 7.38

6.14 7.31

6.06 7.07

9.51 13.42

9.43 13.21

9.36 13.00

9.30 12.81

9.25 12.63

9.19 12.45

9.15 12.29

9.09 12.07

9.07 11.98

9.01 11.71

Potassium trihydrogen dioxalate (KH3C4O8) Sodium hydrogen 2,2’-oxydiacetate 2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3 propanediol or tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane

PRACTICAL pH MEASUREMENTS ON NATURAL WATERS A. K. Covington and W. Davison (1) Dilute solutions and freshwater including ‘acid-rain’ samples (I < 0.02 mol kg-1) Major problems could be encountered due to errors associated with the liquid junction. It is recommended that either a free diffusion junction is used or it is verified that the junction is working correctly using dilute solutions as follows. For commercial electrodes calibrated with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards, the pH(X) of dilute solutions should be within ±0.02 of those given in Table 1. The difference in determined pH(X) between a stirred and unstirred dilute solution should be < 0.02. The characteristics of glass electrodes are such that below pH 5 the readings should be stable within 2 min, but for pH 5 to 8.8 or so minutes may be necessary to attain stability. Interpretation of pH(X) measured in this way in terms of activity of hydrogen ion, aH+ is subject1 to an uncertainty of ±0.02 in pH. (2) Seawater Measurements made by calibration of electrodes with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards to obtain pH(X) are perfectly valid. However, the interpretation of pH(X) in terms of the activity of hydrogen ion is complicated by the non zero residual liquid junction potential as well as by systematic differences between electrode pairs, principally attributable to the reference electrode. For 35‰ salinity seawater (S = 0.035) aH+ calculated from pH(X) is typically 12% too low. Special seawater pH scales have been devised to overcome this problem: (i) The total hydrogen ion scale, pHT, is defined in terms of the sum of free and complexed (total) hydrogen ion concentrations, where CH = [H+] + [HSO4-] + [HF].

Values of pHF as a function of temperature have been assigned to the same set of pHT seawater buffers,and so alternatively can be used for calibration (Tables 2, 3) 2,3 (3) Estuarine water Prescriptions for seawater scale buffers are available for a range of salinities. Reliable estuarine pH measurements can be made by calibrating with a buffer of the same salinity as the sample. However, these buffers are difficult to prepare and their use presumes prior knowledge of salinity of the sample. Interpretable measurements of estuarine pH can be made by calibration with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards if the electrode pair is additionally calibrated using a 20‰ salinity seawater buffer.4 The difference between the assigned pHSWS of the seawater buffer and its measured pH(X) value using RVS or PS standards is ∆pH = pHSWS - pH(X) Values of ∆pH should be in the range of 0.08 to 0.18. It empirically corrects for differences between the two pH scales and for measurement errors associated with the electrode pair. The pH(X) of samples measured using IUPAC aqueous buffers, can be converted to pHT or pHF using the appropriate measured ∆pH: pHT = pH(X) - ∆pH or pHF = pH(X) - ∆pH This simple procedure is appropriate to pH measurement at salinities from 2‰ to 35‰. For salinities lower than 2‰ the procedures for freshwaters should be adopted.

T

So, pHT = - log TCH Calibration of the electrodes with a buffer having a composition similar to that of seawater, to which pHT has been assigned, results in values of pHT(X) (Tables 2, 3) which are accurately interpretable in terms of TCH. (ii) The free hydrogen ion scale, pHF, is defined, and fully interpretable, in terms of the concentration of free hydrogen ions. pHF = - log [H+]

References 1. Davison, W. and Harbinson, T. R., Analyst, 113, 709, 1988. 2. Culberson, C. H., in Marine Electrochemistry, Whitfield, M. and Jagner, D., Eds., Wiley, 1981. 3. Millero, F. J., Limnol. Oceanogr., 31, 839, 1986. 4. Covington, A. K., Whalley, P. D., Davison, W., and Whitfield, M., in The Determination of Trace Metals in Natural Waters, West, T. S. and Nurnberg, H. W., Eds., Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. 5. Koch, W. F., Marinenko, G., and Paule, R. C., J. Res. NBS, 91, 33, 1986.

8-37

Section 8.indb 37

4/30/05 8:46:41 AM

Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters

8-38

TABLE 1. pH of Dilute Solutions at 25°C, Degassed and Equilibrated with Air, Suitable as Quality Control Standards Potassium hydrogen phthalate xKH2PO4 + xNa2HPO4 xKH2PO4 + 3.5xNa2HPO4 Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O HCl SRM2694-Ia SRM2694-IIa

Ionic strength mmol kg–1 10.7 1.1 9.9 10 10 0.1 — —

Concentration(x) mmol kg–1 10 1 2.5 0.87 5 0.1 — —

pH pCO2 = 0

4.12 4.33 7.07 7.61 9.20 4.03 4.30 3.59

pH pCO2 = air 4.12 4.33 7.05 7.58 — 4.03 — —

Note: The pH of solutions near to pH 4 is virtually independent of temperature over the range of 5 to 30°C. a Simulated rainwater samples are available (Reference 5) from NIST containing sulfate, nitrate, chloride, fluoride, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium.

Solute NaCl Na2SO4 KCl CaCl2 MgCl2 Tris Tris ⋅ HCl

TABLE 2. Composition of Seawater Buffer of Salinity S = 35‰ at 25°C (Reference 3) mol dm–3 0.3666 0.02926 0.01058 0.01077 0.05518 0.06 0.06

mol kg–1 0.3493 0.02788 0.01008 0.01026 0.05258 0.05717 0.05717

g kg–1 20.416 3.96 0.752 1.139 5.006 6.926 9.010

g dm–3 20.946 4.063 0.772 1.169 5.139 7.106 9.244

Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (HOCH2)3CNH2. A 20‰ buffer is made by diluting the 35‰ in the ratio 20:35.

TABLE 3. Assigned Values of 20‰ and 35‰ Buffers on Free and Total Hydrogen Ion Scales. Calculated from Equations Provided by Millero (Reference 3) Temp (°C) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Section 8.indb 38

pHT S = 20‰ 8.683 8.513 8.351 8.195 8.045 7.901 7.762

pHT S = 35‰ 8.718 8.542 8.374 8.212 8.057 7.908 7.764

pHF S = 20‰ 8.759 8.597 8.442 8.292 8.149 8.011 7.879

pHF S = 35‰ 8.81 8.647 8.491 8.341 8.197 8.059 7.926

4/30/05 8:46:41 AM

BUFFER SOLUTIONS GIVING ROUND VALUES OF pH AT 25°C pH 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20

pH 8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00 9.10

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J.

F

A

x 67.0 52.8 42.5 33.6 26.6 20.7 16.2 13.0 10.2 8.1 6.5 5.10 3.9

x 20.5 19.7 18.8 17.7 16.6 15.2 13.5 11.6 9.6 7.1 4.6 2.0

pH 9.20 9.30 9.40 9.50 9.60 9.70 9.80 9.90 10.00 10.10 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.70 10.80

pH 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00

G

B

x 0.9 3.6 6.2 8.8 11.1 13.1 15.0 16.7 18.3 19.5 20.5 21.3 22.1 22.7 23.3 23.8 24.25

x 49.5 45.8 42.2 38.8 35.4 32.1 28.9 25.7 22.3 18.8 15.7 12.9 10.4 8.2 6.3 4.5 2.9 1.4 0.1

pH 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.30 5.40 5.50 5.60 5.70 5.80 5.90

pH 9.60 9.70 9.80 9.90 10.00 10.10 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.70 10.80 10.90 11.00

H

C

x 1.3 3.0 4.7 6.6 8.7 11.1 13.6 16.5 19.4 22.6 25.5 28.8 31.6 34.1 36.6 38.8 40.6 42.3 43.7

x 5.0 6.2 7.6 9.1 10.7 12.2 13.8 15.2 16.5 17.8 19.1 20.2 21.2 22.0 22.7

pH 5.80 5.90 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00

pH 10.90 11.00 11.10 11.20 11.30 11.40 11.50 11.60 11.70 11.80 11.90 12.00

D

I

x 3.6 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.1 9.7 11.6 13.9 16.4 19.3 22.4 25.9 29.1 32.1 34.7 37.0 39.1 40.9 42.4 43.5 44.5 45.3 46.1

x 3.3 4.1 5.1 6.3 7.6 9.1 11.1 13.5 16.2 19.4 23.0 26.9

pH 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00

pH 12.00 12.10 12.20 12.30 12.40 12.50 12.60 12.70 12.80 12.90 13.00

E

x 46.6 45.7 44.7 43.4 42.0 40.3 38.5 36.6 34.5 32.0 29.2 26.2 22.9 19.9 17.2 14.7 12.2 10.3 8.5 7.0 5.7

J

x 6.0 8.0 10.2 12.8 16.2 20.4 25.6 32.2 41.2 53.0 66.0

25 ml of 0.2 molar KCl + x ml of 0.2 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate + x ml of 0.1 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium dihydrogen phosphate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.1 molar tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane + x ml of 0.1 M HCl. 50 ml of 0.025 molar borax + x ml of 0.1 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.025 molar borax + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.05 molar sodium bicarbonate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.05 molar disodium hydrogen phosphate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 25 ml of 0.2 molar KCl + x ml of 0.2 molar NaOH.

Final volume of mixtures = 100 ml.

References 1. Bower, V. E., and Bates, R. G., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 55, 197, 1955 (A–D). 2. Bates, R. G., and Bower, V. E., Anal. Chem., 28, 1322, 1956 (E–J).

8-39

Section 8.indb 39

4/30/05 8:46:42 AM

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES The data in this table are presented as values of pKa, defined as the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant Ka for the reaction

can be calculated from the equation OH−   NH 4 +    K b = K water /K a =  [ NH 3 ]

BH  B– + H+ Thus pKa = –log Ka , and the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] can be calculated from H+  B−  Ka =     [ BH ] In the case of bases, the entry in the table is for the conjugate acid; e.g., ammonium ion for ammonia. The OH– concentration in the system

where Kwater = 1.01 × 10–14 at 25 °C. Note that pKa + pKb = pKwater. All values refer to dilute aqueous solutions at zero ionic strength at the temperature indicated. The table is arranged alphabetically by compound name.

Reference 1. Perrin, D. D., Ionization Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution, Second Edition, Pergamon, Oxford, 1982.

NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH– Name Aluminum(III) ion Ammonia Arsenic acid

Formula Al+3 NH3 H3AsO4

Arsenious acid Barium(II) ion Boric acid

H2AsO3 Ba+2 H3BO3

Calcium(II) ion Carbonic acid

Ca+2 H2CO3

Chlorous acid Chromic acid

HClO2 H2CrO4

Cyanic acid Germanic acid

HCNO H2GeO3

Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydrocyanic acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide

N2H4 HN3 HCN HF H2O2 H2Se

Hydrogen sulfide

H2S

Hydrogen telluride

H2Te

Hydroxylamine Hypobromous acid Hypochlorous acid Hypoiodous acid Iodic acid Lithium ion Magnesium(II) ion Nitrous acid Perchloric acid Periodic acid Phosphoric acid

NH2OH HBrO HClO HIO HIO3 Li+ Mg+2 HNO2 HClO4 HIO4 H3PO4

Step

1 2 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25

pKa 5.0 9.25 2.26 6.76 11.29 9.29 13.4 9.27 >14 12.6 6.35 10.33 1.94 0.74 6.49 3.46 9.01 12.3 8.1 4.6 9.21 3.20 11.62 3.89 11.0 7.05 19 2.6 11 5.94 8.55 7.40 10.5 0.78 13.8 11.4 3.25 -1.6 1.64 2.16

8-40

Section 8.indb 40

4/30/05 8:46:44 AM

Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases Name

Section 8.indb 41

Formula

Phosphorous acid

H3PO3

Pyrophosphoric acid

H4P2O7

Selenic acid Selenious acid

H2SeO4 H2SeO3

Silicic acid

H4SiO4

Sodium ion Strontium(II) ion Sulfamic acid Sulfuric acid Sulfurous acid

Na+ Sr+2 NH2SO3H H2SO4 H2SO3

Telluric acid

H2TeO4

Tellurous acid

H2TeO3

Tetrafluoroboric acid Thiocyanic acid Water

HBF4 HSCN H2O

8-41 Step 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 3 4

2 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 7.21 12.32 1.3 6.70 0.91 2.10 6.70 9.32 1.7 2.62 8.32 9.9 11.8 12 12 14.8 13.2 1.05 1.99 1.85 7.2 7.68 11.0 6.27 8.43 0.5 –1.8 13.995

4/30/05 8:46:45 AM

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES This table lists the dissociation (ionization) constants of over 1070 organic acids, bases, and amphoteric compounds. All data apply to dilute aqueous solutions and are presented as values of pKa, which is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the equilibrium constant Ka for the reaction HA  H+ + Ai.e., Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] where [H+], etc. represent the concentrations of the respective species in mol/L. It follows that pKa = pH + log[HA] – log[A-], so that a solution with 50% dissociation has pH equal to the pKa of the acid. Data for bases are presented as pKa values for the conjugate acid, i.e., for the reaction BH+  H+ + B In older literature, an ionization constant Kb was used for the reaction B + H2O  BH+ + OH- . This is related to Ka by Mol. form. CHNO CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3NO2 CH3NS2 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4O CH4S CH5N CH5NO CH5N3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HF3O2 C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2O3 C2H2O4

Name Cyanic acid Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Nitromethane Carbamodithioic acid Urea Thiourea Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine O-Methylhydroxylamine Guanidine Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Glyoxylic acid Oxalic acid

C2H3BrO2 C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3O C2H3FO2 C2H3F3O C2H3IO2 C2H3NO4 C2H3N3 C2H3N3 C2H4N2 C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2S C2H4O3 C2H5N

Bromoacetic acid Chloroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol Fluoroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoacetic acid Nitroacetic acid 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 1H-1,2,4-Triazole Aminoacetonitrile Acetaldehyde Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Thioglycolic acid Glycolic acid Ethyleneimine

Step

1 2

t/°C 25 29 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 3.7 1.1 13.27 3.75 10.21 2.95 0.10 -1 15.5 10.33 10.66 12.5 13.6 10.04 0.66 0.52 1.35 3.18 1.25 3.81 2.90 2.87 12.24 2.59 12.37 3.18 1.48 1.17 2.27 5.34 13.57 3.33 4.756 3.68 3.83 8.04

pKa + pKb = pKwater = 14.00 (at 25°C) Compounds are listed by molecular formula in Hill order.

References 1. Perrin, D. D., Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution, Butterworths, London, 1965; Supplement, 1972. 2. Serjeant, E. P., and Dempsey, B., Ionization Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution, Pergamon, Oxford, 1979. 3. Albert, A., “Ionization Constants of Heterocyclic Substances”, in Katritzky, A. R., Ed., Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1963. 4. Sober, H.A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1968. 5. Perrin, D. D., Dempsey, B., and Serjeant, E. P., pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases, Chapman and Hall, London, 1981. 6. Albert, A., and Serjeant, E. P., The Determination of Ionization Constants, Third Edition, Chapman and Hall, London, 1984. 7. Budavari, S., Ed., The Merck Index, Twelth Edition, Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.

Mol. form. C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2

Name Acetamide Acetohydroxamic acid Nitroethane Glycine

C2H6N2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H7AsO2

Ethanimidamide Ethanol 2-Mercaptoethanol Ethyleneglycol Dimethylarsinic acid

C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H7NO3S

Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine

C2H7NS

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid Cysteamine

C2H7N5

Biguanide

C2H8N2

1,2-Ethanediamine

C2H8O7P2

1-Hydroxy-1,1diphosphonoethane

C3H2O2 C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H3NO2 C3H3NS C3H3N3O3

2-Propynoic acid Oxazole Isoxazole Cyanoacetic acid Thiazole Cyanuric acid

C3H4N2 C3H4N2

1H-Pyrazole Imidazole

Step

1 2

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 4

1 2 3

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25

25 33 25 25 25

25 25

pKa 15.1 8.70 8.46 2.35 9.78 12.1 15.5 9.72 15.1 1.57 6.27 10.65 10.73 9.50 1.5 9.06 8.27 10.53 11.52 2.93 9.92 6.86 1.35 2.87 7.03 11.3 1.84 0.8 -2.0 2.47 2.52 6.88 11.40 13.5 2.49 6.99

8-42

Section 8.indb 42

4/30/05 8:46:46 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form. C3H4N2S C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H4O4

Name 2-Thiazolamine Propargyl alcohol Acrylic acid Pyruvic acid Malonic acid

C3H4O5

Hydroxypropanedioic acid 3-Bromopropanoic acid 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Aminopropanenitrile

C3H5BrO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H6N2 C3H6N6 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O4 C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2

1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6triamine Allyl alcohol Propanoic acid (Methylthio)acetic acid Lactic acid 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid Glyceric acid Allylamine Azetidine 2-Propanone oxime L-Alanine

C3H7NO2

β-Alanine

C3H7NO2

Sarcosine

C3H7NO2S

L-Cysteine

C3H7NO3

L-Serine

C3H7NO5S

DL-Cysteic acid

C3H7N3O2 C3H8O2

Glycocyamine

C3H8O3 C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H10N2

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 2-Methoxyethylamine Trimethylamine oxide 1,2-Propanediamine, (±)

C3H10N2

1,3-Propanediamine

C3H10N2O

1,3-Diamino-2-propanol

C3H11N3

1,2,3-Triaminopropane

C4H4FN3O C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O3 C4H4N2O5

Flucytosine Pyrazine Pyrimidine Pyridazine Uracil Barbituric acid Alloxanic acid

Section 8.indb 43

Step

1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20 25 25 25 25 25

25 25 25 20 25

pKa 5.36 13.6 4.25 2.39 2.85 5.70 2.42 4.54 4.00 2.83 3.98 7.80 5.00

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

15.5 4.87 3.66 3.86 4.51 3.52 9.49 11.29 12.42 2.34 9.87 3.55 10.24 2.21 10.1 1.5 8.7 10.2 2.19 9.21 1.3 1.9 8.70 2.82 14.8

25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20

14.15 10.54 10.63 9.80 9.40 4.65 9.82 6.61 10.55 8.88 9.69 7.93 9.59 7.95 3.26 0.65 1.23 2.24 9.45 4.01 6.64

20 20 20 25 25 25

8-43 Mol. form. C4H4N4O2 C4H4O2 C4H4O4

Name 5-Nitropyrimidinamine 2-Butynoic acid Maleic acid

C4H4O4

Fumaric acid

C4H4O5

Oxaloacetic acid

C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5N3 C4H5N3 C4H5N3O

Pyrrole Succinimide 2-Pyrimidinamine 4-Pyrimidinamine Cytosine

C4H5N3O2 C4H6N2 C4H6N4O3 C4H6N4O3S2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4

6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine3,5(2H,4H)-dione 1-Methylimidazol Allantoin Acetazolamide trans-Crotonic acid 3-Butenoic acid Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2-Oxobutanoic acid Acetoacetic acid Succinic acid

C4H6O4

Methylmalonic acid

C4H6O5

Malic acid

C4H6O6

DL-Tartaric acid

C4H6O6

meso-Tartaric acid

C4H6O6

L-Tartaric acid

C4H6O8 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7NO2 C4H7NO3 C4H7NO4

Dihydroxytartaric acid 2-Chlorobutanoic acid 3-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Cyanobutanoic acid N-Acetylglycine Iminodiacetic acid

C4H7NO4

L-Aspartic acid

C4H7N3O

Creatinine

C4H7N5 C4H8N2O3

2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine L-Asparagine

C4H8N2O3

N-Glycylglycine

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9N

Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid Ethoxyacetic acid Pyrrolidine

Step

1 2 1 2 1 2 3

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20

pKa 0.35 2.62 1.92 6.23 3.02 4.38 2.55 4.37 13.03 -3.8 9.62 3.45 5.71 4.60 12.16 7.6

25 25

6.95 8.96 7.2 4.69 4.34 4.83 2.50 3.6 4.21 5.64 3.07 5.76 3.40 5.11 3.03 4.37 3.17 4.91 2.98 4.34 1.92 2.86 4.05 4.52 2.42 3.67 2.98 9.89 1.99 3.90 9.90 4.8 9.2 6.84 2.1 8.80 3.14 8.17 4.83 4.84 4.70 4.72 3.65 11.31

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25

25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 18 25

4/30/05 8:46:48 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

8-44 Mol. form. C4H9NO C4H9NO2

Name Morpholine 2-Methylalanine

C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2

N,N-Dimethylglycine DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

4-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2S

DL-Homocysteine

C4H9NO3

L-Threonine

C4H9NO3

L-Homoserine

C4H9N3O2

Creatine

C4H10N2

Piperazine

C4H10N2O2

2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

C4H10O4 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO3

1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine

C4H12N2

Tris(hydroxymethyl) methylamine 1,4-Butanediamine

C5H4BrN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4FN C5H4N2O2 C5H4N4

3-Bromopyridine 2-Chloropyridine 3-Chloropyridine 4-Chloropyridine 2-Fluoropyridine 4-Nitropyridine 1H-Purine

C5H4N4O C5H4N4O C5H4N4O3 C5H4N4S

Hypoxanthine Allopurinol Uric acid

C5H4O2S C5H4O2S C5H4O3 C5H4O3 C5H5N C5H5NO

1,7-Dihydro-6Hpurine-6-thione 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 2-Furancarboxylic acid 3-Furancarboxylic acid Pyridine 2-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

3-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

4-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

2(1H)-Pyridinone

C5H5NO C5H5NO2

Pyridine-1-oxide

Section 8.indb 44

1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 12

25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20

pKa 8.50 2.36 10.21 9.89 2.29 9.83 4.031 10.556 2.22 8.87 10.86 2.09 9.10 2.71 9.62 2.63 14.3 9.73 5.33 1.85 8.24 10.44 13.9 10.60 10.56 10.68 10.84 8.3 10.80 9.63 2.84 0.49 2.81 3.83 -0.44 1.61 2.30 8.96 8.7 10.2 3.89 7.77 11.17 3.49 4.1 3.16 3.9 5.23 0.75 11.65 4.79 8.75 3.20 11.12 0.75 11.65 0.79 4.45

Mol. form. C5H5NO2 C5H5N3O C5H5N5

Name

1H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid Pyrazinecarboxamide Adenine

C5H5N5O C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2O2 C5H6O4

Guanine 2-Pyridinamine 3-Pyridinamine 4-Pyridinamine 2-Methylpyrazine Thymine

C5H6O4

trans-1-Propene-1,2dicarboxylic acid

C5H6O4 C5H6O5 C5H7NO3

1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid

1-Propene-2,3dicarboxylic acid 2-Oxoglutaric acid

C5H7NO3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3O4 C5H8N2 C5H8N4O3S2 C5H8O2 C5H8O4 C5H8O4

5,5-Dimethyl-2,4oxazolidinedione L-Pyroglutamic acid 2,5-Pyridinediamine Methylaminopyrazine Azaserine 2,4-Dimethylimidazole Methazolamide trans-3-Pentenoic acid Dimethylmalonic acid Glutaric acid

C5H8O4

Methylsuccinic acid

C5H9NO2

L-Proline

C5H9NO3 C5H9NO3

5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid trans-4-Hydroxyproline

C5H9NO4

L-Glutamic acid

C5H9N3

Histamine

C5H10N2O3 C5H10N2O3

Glycylalanine L-Glutamine

C5H10N2O4

Glycylserine

C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O4 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO2

Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid D-2-Deoxyribose L-Ribose D-Xylose Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 4-Methylmorpholine L-Valine

Step

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20

pKa 5.00

40 20 25 25 27 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 37

0.5 4.3 9.83 9.92 6.82 6.04 9.11 1.45 9.94 1.82 7.43 3.09 4.75 3.85 5.45 2.47 4.68 6.13

25 20 25 25

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2

25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 20 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25

3.32 6.48 3.39 8.55 8.36 7.30 4.51 3.15 4.32 5.42 4.13 5.64 1.95 10.64 4.05 8.90 1.82 9.66 2.13 4.31 9.67 6.04 9.75 3.15 2.17 9.13 2.98 8.38 4.83 4.80 4.77 5.03 12.61 12.22 12.14 11.123 10.46 7.38 2.29 9.74

4/30/05 8:46:49 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form. C5H11NO2

Name DL-Norvaline

C5H11NO2

L-Norvaline

C5H11NO2

N-Propylglycine

C5H11NO2

5-Aminopentanoic acid

C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S

Betaine L-Methionine

C5H12N2O C5H12N2O2

Tetramethylurea L-Ornithine

C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H14NO C5H14N2

Pentylamine 3-Pentanamine 3-Methyl-1-butanamine 2-Methyl-2-butanamine 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine Diethylmethylamine Choline 1,5-Pentanediamine

C6H3Cl3N2O2 C6H3N3O7 C6H4Cl2O C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N4 C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5Br2N C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl2N C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2

4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro2-pyridinecarboxlic acid 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 2,3-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2,5-Dinitrophenol Pteridine 2-Bromophenol 3-Bromophenol 4-Bromophenol 3,5-Dibromoaniline 2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol 2,4-Dichloroaniline 2-Fluorophenol 3-Fluorophenol 4-Fluorophenol 2-Iodophenol 3-Iodophenol 4-Iodophenol 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Nitrobenzene 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

C6H5NO2

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

C6H5NO2

4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5N3 C6H5N5O

2-Nitrophenol 3-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol 1H-Benzotriazole

C6H5N5O2

Section 8.indb 45

2-Amino-4hydroxypteridine Xanthopterin

Step 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 2

t/°C

25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 17 25 19 25 25 25 25 25

24 25 25 15 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 0 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20

pKa 2.36 9.72 2.32 9.81 2.35 10.19 4.27 10.77 1.83 2.13 9.27 2 1.71 8.69 10.76 10.63 10.59 10.60 10.85 10.15 10.35 13.9 10.05 10.93 3.6 0.42 7.44 4.07 5.15 4.05 8.45 9.03 9.37 2.34 8.56 9.12 9.41 2.05 8.73 9.29 9.89 8.51 9.03 9.33 12.68 12.05 3.98 0.99 5.39 2.00 4.82 1.77 4.84 7.23 8.36 7.15 1.6 2.27 7.96 6.59

8-45 Mol. form. C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6N2O C6H6N2O

Name 2-Bromoaniline 3-Bromoaniline 4-Bromoaniline 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline 2-Fluoroaniline 3-Fluoroaniline 4-Fluoroaniline 2-Iodoaniline 3-Iodoaniline 4-Iodoaniline 3-Pyridinecarboxamide

C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2

2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde oxime 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone

C6H6O2

Pyrocatechol

C6H6O2

Resorcinol

C6H6O2S C6H6O3S C6H6O4

Benzenesulfinic acid Benzenesulfonic acid

C6H6O4S C6H6O4S C6H6O6 C6H6O6

1 2 1 2 1 2

3-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid cis-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid

C6H6S C6H7BO2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7NO C6H7NO

3-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

4-Aminophenol

C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO3S

2-Methoxypyridine 3-Methoxypyridine 4-Methoxypyridine

C6H7NO3S

3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

C6H8N2 C6H8N2

1 2

5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one

trans-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid Benzenethiol Benzeneboronic acid Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Aminophenol

C6H7NO3S

Step 3

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid N-Methylpyridinamine o-Phenylenediamine

1

t/°C 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25

pKa 9.31 2.53 3.53 3.89 2.66 3.52 3.98 3.20 3.59 4.65 2.54 3.58 3.81 3.3 3.59 10.18 -0.25 2.46 1.02 9.99 9.85 11.4 9.34 12.6 9.32 11.1 1.3 0.70 7.9

25

9.07

25

9.11

25

1.95

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 25

2.80 4.46 6.62 8.83 4.87 6.00 5.70 5.99 4.78 9.97 4.37 9.82 5.48 10.30 3.28 4.78 6.58 2.46

25

3.74

25

3.23

20 20

9.65 4.57

4/30/05 8:46:51 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

8-46 Mol. form.

Name

C6H8N2

m-Phenylenediamine

C6H8N2

p-Phenylenediamine

C6H8N2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O4

Phenylhydrazine 2,4-Hexadienoic acid 1,3-Cyclohexanedione

C6H8O6

2,2-Dimethyl-1,3dioxane-4,6-dione L-Ascorbic acid

C6H8O7

Citric acid

C6H8O7

Isocitric acid

C6H9NO6

Nitrilotriacetic acid

C6H9NO6

L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid

C6H9N3

4,6-Dimethylpyrimidinamine L-Histidine

C6H9N3O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11NO2

Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid Ethyl acetoacetate 3-Methylglutaric acid Adipic acid

C6H11NO3 C6H11NO4

2-Piperidinecarboxylic acid Adipamic acid 2-Aminoadipic acid

C6H11N3O4

N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine

C6H11N3O4

Glycylasparagine

C6H12N2

Triethylenediamine

C6H12N2O4S2

L-Cystine

C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H13N C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO

Hexanoic acid 4-Methylpentanoic acid β-D-Fructose α-D-Glucose D-Mannose Cyclohexylamine 1-Methylpiperidine 1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine N-Ethylmorpholine

Section 8.indb 46

Step 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20 20 20 20 20 15 25 25

pKa 0.80 5.11 2.50 6.31 2.97 8.79 4.76 5.26 5.1

1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4

25 16 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 20

4.04 11.7 3.13 4.76 6.40 3.29 4.71 6.40 3.03 3.07 10.70 1.7 3.2 4.75 9.9 4.82

1 2 3

25 25 25 25

1.80 6.04 9.33 4.99

25 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18

10.68 4.24 4.41 5.41 2.28 10.72 4.63 2.14 4.21 9.77 3.225 8.09 2.942 8.44 3.0 8.7 1 2.1 8.02 8.71 4.85 4.84 12.27 12.46 12.08 10.64 10.38 10.20 7.67

1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 4

25 18 25 25 25 25 25 26 25

Mol. form. C6H13NO2

L-Leucine

C6H13NO2

L-Isoleucine

C6H13NO2

L-Norleucine

C6H13NO2

6-Aminohexanoic acid

C6H13NO4

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine Citrulline

C6H13N3O3 C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C6H14N2

Name

cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine

C6H14N2O2

cis-2,5-Dimethylpiperazine L-Lysine

C6H14N4O2

L-Arginine

C6H14O6 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C6H16N2

D-Mannitol Hexylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Triethanolamine 1,6-Hexanediamine

C6H16N2

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl1,2-ethanediamine Hexamethyldisilazane Pentafluorobenzoic acid

C6H19NSi2 C7HF5O2 C7H3Br2NO C7H3N3O8 C7H4Cl3NO3 C7H4N2O6 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5F3O C7H5F3O C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5NO C7H5NO C7H5NO C7H5NO3S C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4

3,5-Dibromo-4hydroxybenzonitrile 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid Triclopyr 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid 2-Bromobenzoic acid 3-Bromobenzoic acid 4-Bromobenzoic acid 2-Chlorobenzoic acid 3-Chlorobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzoic acid 2-Fluorobenzoic acid 3-Fluorobenzoic acid 4-Fluorobenzoic acid 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 2-Iodobenzoic acid 3-Iodobenzoic acid 4-Iodobenzoic acid 2-Hydroxybenzonitrile 3-Hydroxybenzonitrile 4-Hydroxybenzonitrile Saccharin 2-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid 4-Nitrobenzoic acid

Step 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20

pKa 2.33 9.74 2.32 9.76 2.34 9.83 4.37 10.80 8.35

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3

25 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 0 0 25 25

2.43 9.69 9.93 6.13 9.94 6.47 9.66 5.20 2.16 9.06 10.54 1.82 8.99 12.5 13.5 10.56 11.05 10.75 7.76 11.86 10.76 10.40 8.26 7.55 1.75 4.06

1 2 1 2

25

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25

0.65 2.68 1.43 2.85 3.81 3.96 2.90 3.84 4.00 3.27 3.86 4.15 8.95 8.68 2.86 3.87 4.00 6.86 8.61 7.97 11.68 2.17 3.46 3.43

4/30/05 8:46:53 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form. C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4

Name

2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Chlorothiazide

C7H6ClN3O4S2 C7H6F3N C7H6F3N C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3

3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 1H-Benzimidazole 2-Aminobenzonitrile 3-Aminobenzonitrile 4-Aminobenzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O4

2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O4 C7H6O4

2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O4 C7H6O5

3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O5 C7H7NO C7H7NO2

3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid Benzamide Aniline-2-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO2

Aniline-3-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO2

Aniline-4-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO3 C7H8ClN3O4S2

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid Hydrochlorothiazide

C7H8N4O2 C7H8N4O2 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8OS C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8S C7H9N

Theobromine Theophylline o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol 4-(Methylthio)phenol 2-Methoxyphenol 3-Methoxyphenol 4-Methoxyphenol Benzenemethanethiol Benzylamine

Section 8.indb 47

Step 1 2 1

t/°C 25 25 25

pKa 2.43 4.78 2.15

1 2 1

25 25 25

2.16 4.76 2.80

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 19 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

6.85 9.45 3.49 2.45 5.53 0.77 2.75 1.74 14.90 4.204 8.37 8.98 7.61 2.98 13.6 4.08 9.92 4.57 9.46 3.11 8.55 14.0 2.97 4.48 8.83 12.6 4.04 1.68

25

4.41

25 25 25 25 25 25 25

˜13 2.17 4.85 3.07 4.79 2.50 4.87 3.25

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1

2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1

18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

7.9 9.2 7.89 8.77 10.29 10.09 10.26 9.53 9.98 9.65 10.21 9.43 9.34

8-47 Mol. form. C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NS C7H9NS C7H9N5

Name 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Ethylpyridine 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 2-Methoxyaniline 3-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxyaniline 2-(Methylthio)aniline 4-(Methylthio)aniline 2-Dimethylaminopurine

C7H11N3O2

L-1-Methylhistidine

C7H11N3O2

L-3-Methylhistidine

C7H12O2 C7H12O4

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Heptanedioic acid

C7H12O4 C7H13NO4

Butylpropanedioic acid α-Ethylglutamic acid

C7H14O2 C7H14O6 C7H15N C7H15N C7H15NO3 C7H17N C7H17N C8H5NO2 C8H5NO2 C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H6N4O5 C8H6O3 C8H6O3 C8H6O4

Heptanoic acid α-Methylglucoside 1-Ethylpiperidine 1,2-Dimethylpiperidine,(±) Carnitine Heptylamine 2-Heptanamine 3-Cyanobenzoic acid 4-Cyanobenzoic acid Cinnoline Quinazoline Quinoxaline Phthalazine Nitrofurantoin 3-Formylbenzoic acid 4-Formylbenzoic acid Phthalic acid

C8H6O4

Isophthalic acid

C8H6O4

Terephthalic acid

C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H8F3N3O4S2

2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid Hydroflumethiazide

Step

1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 5 25 25 25 25 23 25 25 25 19 25 25 20 29 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 4.45 4.71 5.08 4.85 5.89 6.57 6.99 6.40 6.65 6.46 6.15 4.53 4.20 5.36 3.45 4.35 4.00 10.24 1.69 6.48 8.85 1.92 6.56 8.73 4.91 4.71 5.58 2.96 3.846 7.838 4.89 13.71 10.45 10.22 3.80 10.67 10.7 3.60 3.55 2.37 3.43 0.56 3.47 7.2 3.84 3.77 2.943 5.432 3.70 4.60 3.54 4.34 4.07 4.14 4.19 3.05 3.10 4.00 3.97 3.85 8.9

4/30/05 8:46:54 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

8-48 Mol. form. C8H8N2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O4 C8H9NO C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H10BrN C8H10ClN C8H10ClN C8H10N2O2

Name 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 2-Methoxybenzoic acid 3-Methoxybenzoic acid 4-Methoxybenzoic acid Phenoxyacetic acid Mandelic acid

25 25

0.5 5.34

C9H6BrN C9H7ClO2

3-Bromoquinoline

25

5.10

C9H7ClO2

25

5.04

C9H7ClO2

trans-m-Chlorocinnamic acid

25 25

1.83 4.39 4.23

C9H7N C9H7N C9H7NO

trans-p-Chlorocinnamic acid Quinoline Isoquinoline 2-Quinolinol

20

3.83

C9H7NO

3-Quinolinol

20

4.39

C9H7NO

4-Quinolinol

25

2.62

C9H7NO

6-Quinolinol 8-Quinolinol

C9H7NO

7-Isoquinolinol

1 2 1 2

25 25 25 25

C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7N7O2S C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2

2-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 3-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 4-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid Azathioprine 2-Quinolinamine 3-Quinolinamine 4-Quinolinamine 1-Isoquinolinamine 3-Isoquinolinamine cis-Cinnamic acid trans-Cinnamic acid

25 25

5.12 5.07 3.89 9.83 7.43 4.43 4.18 5.20 9.74 10.52 5.5 8.9 10.6 8.64 9.70 6.70 10.76 2.13 7.43 5.15

C9H7NO

1 2

25 25 25 25 25 28 25 28 25 25

25 15 15 25 25

6.84 5.4 4.52 3.80 3.80 3.18 3.25

2-(Methylamino)benzoic acid 3-(Methylamino)benzoic acid 4-(Methylamino)benzoic acid N-Phenylglycine 4-Bromo-N,Ndimethylaniline

1 2

3-Chloro-N,Ndimethylaniline 4-Chloro-N,Ndimethylaniline

C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO2

2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine Dopamine

C8H11NO3

Norepinephrine

C8H11N3O6 C8H11N5

6-Azauridine Phenylbiguanide

C8H12N2O3 C8H12O2

Barbital

Section 8.indb 48

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 9.7 6.19 3.91 4.25 4.37 4.31 10.06 9.19 8.05 4.08 4.10 4.50 3.17 3.37 4.40

2,5-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid Acetanilide

N,N-Dimethyl-3nitroaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline Benzeneethanamine 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 2-Ethoxyaniline 3-Ethoxyaniline 4-Ethoxyaniline 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

C8H13NO2 C8H14O2S2 C8H14O4 C8H15NO C8H15NO C8H16N2O3 C8H16N2O3

Step 2 1

5,5-Dimethyl-1,3cyclohexanedione Arecoline Thioctic acid Octanedioic acid Tropine Pseudotropine N-Glycylleucine N-Leucylglycine

1 2

1

1

t/°C

Mol. form.

Name

C8H16N2O4S2

Homocystine

C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17N C8H17N C8H17NO

Octanoic acid 2-Propylpentanoic acid 2-Propylpiperidine,(S) 2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine

C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H20N2

C9H8O4 C9H9Br2NO3 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9I2NO3

trans-6-Propyl-3piperidinol,(3S) Octylamine N-Methyl-2-heptanamine Dibutylamine 1,8-Octanediamine

Step 2 1 2 3 4

30

1 2

trans-o-Chlorocinnamic acid

α-Methylenebenezeneacetic acid 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3

3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

1

pKa 8.2 1.59 2.54 8.52 9.44 4.89 4.6 10.9 11.04 10.3

25 17 21 20 20 25 25

10.65 10.99 11.25 11.00 10.1 2.69 4.23

25

4.29

25

4.41

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 20 25 25 25

4.90 5.40 -0.31 11.76 4.28 8.08 2.23 11.28 5.15 8.90 4.91 9.81 5.68 8.90 2.98 3.03 2.93 8.2 7.34 4.91 9.17 7.62 5.05 3.88 4.44 4.35

20 20 20 20 20 25 25

3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid L-3,5-Diiodotyrosine

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25

25

25

3.48 2.17 6.45 7.60 4.58

25

4.59

25

4.61

25

2.12

4/30/05 8:46:56 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form.

Name

C9H9NO3 C9H9NO4

N-Benzoylglycine

C9H9NO4

3-(4-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid Carbendazim Sulfathiazole L-3-Iodotyrosine

C9H9N3O2 C9H9N3O2S2 C9H10INO3 C9H10N2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3

3-(2-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid

2-Ethylbenzimidazole 3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid Benzenepropanoic acid α-Methylbenzeneacetic acid α-Hydroxy-α-methylbenezeneacetic acid Methylclothiazide N-Allylaniline 1-Indanamine

C9H11Cl2N3O4S2 C9H11N C9H11N C9H11NO2 4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate C9H11NO2 L-Phenylalanine C9H11NO2 C9H11NO3

L-Tyrosine

C9H11NO4

Levodopa

C9H12N2O2 C9H13N C9H13NO3

Tyrosineamide N-Isopropylaniline Epinephrine

C9H13N2O9P

5’-Uridylic acid

C9H13N3O5

Cytidine

C9H14ClNO C9H14N2O3 C9H14N3O8P

Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride Metharbital 3’-Cytidylic acid

C9H14N4O3

Carnosine

C9H15NO3S

Captopril

C9H15N5O C9H16O4

Minoxidil Nonanedioic acid

C9H18O2 C9H19N C9H19N

Nonanoic acid N-Butylpiperidine

C9H21N C10H7NO2

Section 8.indb 49

Step 2 3

2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Nonylamine 8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid

1 2 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2

t/°C 25 25 25 25

pKa 5.32 9.48 3.62 4.50

25

4.47

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

4.48 7.2 2.2 8.7 9.1 6.18 4.32 4.66 4.64 3.47

25 22

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

9.4 4.17 9.21 6.03 11.49 2.5 2.20 9.31 2.20 9.11 10.1 2.32 8.72 9.96 11.79 7.33 5.77 8.66 9.95 6.4 9.5 4.22 12.5 9.44

25 25 25 23 25

8.45 0.8 4.28 6.0 2.73 6.87 9.73 3.7 9.8 4.61 4.53 5.33 4.96 10.47 11.07

25 25

10.64 1.82

20 20 20

8-49 Mol. form. C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9NO C10H9NO C10H9NO2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H12N2 C10H12N2O

Name 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 5-Methylquinoline 5-Amino-1-naphthol 6-Methoxyquinoline 1H-Indole-3-acetic acid o-Methylcinnamic acid m-Methylcinnamic acid p-Methylcinnamic acid Tryptamine 5-Hydroxytryptamine

C10H12N2O5 C10H12N4O3 C10H12O

Dinoseb Dideoxyinosine

C10H12O2 C10H12O5 C10H13N5O4 C10H14N2

L-Nicotine

C10H14N5O7P

5’-Adenylic acid

C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H15N C10H15NO C10H15NO C10H17N3O6S

2-tert-Butylphenol 3-tert-Butylphenol 4-tert-Butylphenol N-tert-Butylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline d-Ephedrine l-Ephedrine l-Glutathione

C10H18N4O5

L-Argininosuccinic acid

C10H18O4

Sebacic acid

C10H19N C10H19N C10H21N C10H21N

Bornylamine Neobornylamine Butylcyclohexylamine

C11H8O2 C11H11N C11H12I3NO2 C11H12N2O2

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2

1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine Decylamine 1H-Perimidine 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid Methyl-1-naphthylamine Iopanoic acid L-Tryptophan

t/°C 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25

25

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2naphthalenol Benzenebutanoic acid Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Adenosine

C10H23N C11H8N2 C11H8O2

Step

1 2

pKa 9.39 9.63 3.92 4.16 5.83 5.67 5.20 3.97 5.03 4.75 4.50 4.44 4.56 10.2 9.8 11.1 4.62 9.12 10.48

25

4.76 8.11

25 25

25 25 25 30

3.6 12.4 8.02 3.12 3.8 6.2 10.62 10.12 10.23 7.00 6.57 10.139 9.958 2.12 3.59 8.75 9.65 1.62 2.70 4.26 9.58 4.59 5.59 10.17 10.01 11.23 11.25

25 20 25

10.64 6.35 3.69

25

4.16

27

3.67 4.8 2.46 9.41

25 25 25 25 25 10 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25

4/30/05 8:46:57 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

8-50 Mol. form. C11H12N4O3S C11H13F3N2O3S C11H13NO3 C11H13N3O3S C11H14N2O

Name Sulfamethoxypyridazine Mefluidide Hydrastinine Sulfisoxazole Cytisine

C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H16N2O2

2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid Pilocarpine

C11H16N4O4 C11H17N

Pentostatin

C11H17NO3 C11H17N3O8 C11H18ClNO3 C11H18N2O3 C11H25N C11H26NO2PS C12H6Cl4O2S C12H8N2 C12H8N2 C12H10O C12H10O C12H10O C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N3 C12H12N2

1,10-Phenanthroline Phenazine 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 3-Hydroxybiphenyl 4-Hydroxybiphenyl Diphenylamine 2-Aminobiphenyl 3-Aminobiphenyl 4-Aminobiphenyl 2-Benzylpyridine 4-Aminoazobenzene p-Benzidine

C12H12N2O3

Phenobarbital

C12H13N

1 2

Iocetamic acid

C12H14N4O2S C12H14N4O3S C12H17N3O4

Sulfacytine Agaritine

C12H20N2O2 C12H21N5O2S2

Aspergillic acid Nizatidine

C12H22O11 C12H22O11 C12H23N C12H27N C13H9N C13H9N C13H10N2 C13H10N2

Sucrose α-Maltose Dicyclohexylamine Dodecylamine Acridine Phenanthridine 9-Acridinamine 2-Phenylbenzimidazole

t/°C

25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25 25

1 2

1 2 1 2

25 20 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 20 20

25

N,N-Dimethyl-1naphthylamine N,N-Dimethyl-2naphthylamine Sulfamethazine

Section 8.indb 50

1 2

N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline Isoproterenol Tetrodotoxin Methoxamine hydrochloride Amobarbital Undecylamine Methylphosphonothioic acid S[2-[bis(1-isopropyl)amino]ethyl], O-ethylester Bithionol

C12H13I3N2O3 C12H13N

Step

25 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2

25 21 25 20 20 20 25 25

pKa 6.7 4.6 11.38 5 6.11 13.08 3.54 4.20 4.38 1.6 6.9 5.2 7.24 8.64 8.76 9.2 8.0 10.63 7.9

4.82 10.50 4.84 1.20 10.01 9.64 9.55 0.79 3.83 4.25 4.35 5.13 2.82 4.65 3.43 7.3 11.8 4 4.83 4.566 7.4 2.65 6.9 3.4 8.86 5.5 2.1 6.8 12.7 12.05 10.4 10.63 5.58 5.58 9.99 5.23 11.91

Mol. form. C13H10O2 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H11N3 C13H12Cl2O4 C13H12N2O C13H12N2O3S C13H13N C13H14N2O13 C13H15N3O3 C13H16ClNO C13H19NO4S C13H21N C13H29N C14H12F3NO4S2 C14H12O2 C14H12O3

Name 2-Phenylbenzoic acid 2-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid 4-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3,6-Acridinediamine Ethacrynic acid Harmine Sulfabenzamide 4-Benzylaniline Harmaline Imazapyr Ketamine

Step

25 25 1 2

4-[(Dipropylamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acid 2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine (Tridecyl)amine Perfluidone α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid

C14H18N4O3 C14H19NO2 C14H21N3O3S C14H22N2O3 C14H31N C15H10ClN3O3

α-Hydroxy-α-phenylbenezeneacetic acid Trimethoprim Methylphenidate Tolazamide Atenolol Tetradecylamine Clonazepam

C15H11I4NO4

L-Thyroxine

C15H14O3 C15H15NO2 C15H15N3O2

Fenoprofen Mefenamic acid Methyl Red

C15H17ClN4 C15H19NO2 C15H19N3O3

NeutralRed Tropacocaine Imazethapyr

C15H21N3O2

Physostigmine

C15H26N2

Sparteine

C15H33N C16H13ClN2O C16H14ClN3O C16H16N2O2

Pentadecylamine Valium Chlorodiazepoxide Lysergic acid

C16H17N3O4S

Cephalexin

C16H19N3O4S

Cephradine

C16H22N2

Lycodine

C16H35N C17H17NO2

Hexadecylamine Apomorphine

C17H19NO3 C17H19NO3

Piperine Morphine

C17H20N4O6

Riboflavin

t/°C 25 25 25 25 20

25 25 25

25

1 2 1 2 3

25

25 25 25

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

15

20 20 25

25

18 25 20

pKa 3.46 3.53 3.95 4.57 9.65 3.50 7.70 4.57 2.17 4.2 1.9 3.6 7.5 5.8 3.58 10.63 2.5 3.94 3.04 6.6 8.9 3.6 9.6 10.62 1.5 10.5 2.2 6.45 10.1 7.3 4.2 2.5 9.5 6.7 4.32 2.1 3.9 6.12 12.24 2.24 9.46 10.61 3.4 4.8 3.44 7.68 5.2 7.3 2.63 7.27 3.97 8.08 10.61 7.0 8.92 12.22 8.21 9.85 1.7

4/30/05 8:46:59 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form.

Name

C17H20O6 C17H23NO3 C17H27NO4 C18H19ClN4

Mycophenolic acid Hyoscyamine Nadolol Clozapine

C18H21NO3 C18H21N3O C18H32O2 C18H33ClN2O5S C18H39N C19H10Br4O5S C19H14O5S C19H16ClNO4 C19H17N3O4S2 C19H20N2O2 C19H21N C19H21NO3 C19H22N2O

Codeine Dibenzepin Linoleic acid Clindamycin Octadecylamine Bromophenol Blue Phenol Red Indomethacin Cephaloridine Phenylbutazone Protriptyline Thebaine Cinchonine

C19H22N2O

Cinchonidine

C19H22N2O2 C19H22O6 C19H23N3O2 C19H23N3O2 C20H14O4 C20H21NO4 C20H23N C20H23N7O7

Cupreine Gibberellic acid Ergometrinine Ergonovine Phenolphthalein Papaverine Amitriptyline Folinic acid

C20H24N2O2

Quinine

C20H24N2O2

Quinidine

C20H26N2O2 C21H14Br4O5S C21H16Br2O5S C21H18O5S C21H21NO6 C21H22N2O2

Hydroquinine Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Purple CresolRed Hydrastine Strychnine

Section 8.indb 51

Step 2

t/°C 25 21

1 2

25

1 2 1 2

15

25

1 2 3 1 2 1 2

25 25 20 20

25

pKa 9.69 4.5 9.7 9.67 3.70 7.60 8.21 8.25 7.6 7.6 10.60 4.0 7.9 4.5 3.2 4.5 8.2 6.05 5.85 9.92 5.80 10.03 6.57 4.0 7.3 6.8 9.7 6.4 9.4 3.1 4.8 10.4 8.52 4.13 5.4 10.0 5.33 4.7 6.3 8.3 7.8 8.26

8-51 Mol. form. C21H23ClFNO2 C21H31NO4 C21H35N3O7

Name Haloperidol Furethidine Lisinopril

C22H18O4 C22H22FN3O2 C22H23NO7 C22H25NO6 C22H25N3O

o-Cresolphthalein Droperidol Noscapine Colchicine Benzpiperylon

C22H33NO2 C23H26N2O4

Atisine Brucine

C24H40O4 C24H40O5 C25H29I2NO3 C25H41NO9 C26H43NO6 C26H45NO7S C27H28Br2O5S C27H38N2O4 C29H32O13 C29H40N2O4

Deoxycholic acid Cholic acid Amiodarone Aconine Glycocholic acid Taurocholic acid Bromothymol Blue Verapamil Etoposide Emetine

C30H23BrO4 C30H48O3 C31H36N2O11

Bromadiolone Oleanolic acid Novobiocin

C32H32O13S C33H40N2O9 C34H47NO11 C36H51NO11 C37H67NO13 C43H58N4O12

Teniposide Reserpine Aconitine Veratridine Erythromycin Rifampin

C45H73NO15 C46H56N4O10 C46H58N4O9

Solanine Vincristine Vinblastine

Step

t/°C

1 2 3 4

1 2

20

1 2

25

1 2

21

1 2

1 2

1 2

15

pKa 8.3 7.48 2.5 4.0 6.7 10.1 9.4 7.64 7.8 12.36 6.73 9.13 12.2 6.04 11.07 6.58 6.4 6.56 9.52 4.4 1.4 7.0 8.6 9.8 5.77 6.64 4.04 2.52 4.3 9.1 10.13 6.6 5.88 9.54 8.8 1.7 7.9 6.66 5.4 5.4 7.4

4/30/05 8:47:00 AM

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY This table gives properties of aqueous solutions of 66 substances as a function of concentration. All data refer to a temperature of 20°C. The properties are: Mass %: Mass of solute divided by total mass of solution, expressed as percent. m Molality (moles of solute per kg of water). c Molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution). Density of solution in g/cm3. ρ

Acetic acid Acetone Ammonia Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfate Barium chloride Calcium chloride Cesium chloride Citric acid Copper sulfate Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Ethanol Ethylene glycol Ferric chloride Formic acid D-Fructose D-Glucose Glycerol Hydrochloric acid Lactic acid Lactose

n

Index of refraction, relative to air, at a wavelength of 589 nm (sodium D line); the index of pure water at 20°C is 1.3330. Freezing point depression in °C relative to pure water. ∆ η Absolute (dynamic) viscosity in mPa s (equal to centipoise, cP); the viscosity of pure water at 20°C is 1.002 mPa s. Density data for aqueous solutions over a wider range of temperatures and pressures (and for other compounds) may be found in Reference 2. Solutes are listed in the following order:

Lithium chloride Magnesium chloride Magnesium sulfate Maltose Manganese(II) sulfate D-Mannitol Methanol Nitric acid Oxalic acid Phosphoric acid Potassium bicarbonate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium permanganate Potassium hydrogen phosphate Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Potassium sulfate 1-Propanol

2-Propanol Silver nitrate Sodium acetate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium citrate Sodium hydroxide Sodium nitrate Sodium phosphate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium thiosulfate Strontium chloride Sucrose Sulfuric acid Trichloroacetic acid Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine Urea Zinc sulfate

References 1. Wolf, A. V., Aqueous Solutions and Body Fluids, Hoeber, 1966. 2. Söhnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. Solute Acetic acid CH3COOH

Mass % 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

m/mol kg–1 0.084 0.168 0.340 0.515 0.694 0.876 1.063 1.253 1.448 1.647 1.850 2.271 2.711 3.172 3.655 4.163 4.697 5.259

c/mol L–1 0.083 0.166 0.333 0.501 0.669 0.837 1.006 1.175 1.345 1.515 1.685 2.028 2.372 2.718 3.065 3.414 3.764 4.116

ρ/g cm–3 0.9989 0.9996 1.0011 1.0025 1.0038 1.0052 1.0066 1.0080 1.0093 1.0107 1.0121 1.0147 1.0174 1.0200 1.0225 1.0250 1.0275 1.0299

n 1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3352 1.3359 1.3366 1.3373 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3402 1.3416 1.3430 1.3444 1.3458 1.3472 1.3485 1.3498

∆/°C 0.16 0.32 0.63 0.94 1.26 1.58 1.90 2.23 2.56 2.89 3.23 3.91 4.61 5.33 6.06 6.81 7.57 8.36

η/mPa s 1.012 1.022 1.042 1.063 1.084 1.105 1.125 1.143 1.162 1.186 1.210 1.253 1.298 1.341 1.380 1.431 1.478 1.525

8-52

S08_15.indd 52

5/2/05 10:23:02 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 5.851 6.476 7.137 7.837 8.579 9.367 10.207 11.102 16.653 24.979 38.857 66.611 149.875 191.507 260.894 399.667 815.987

c/mol L–1 4.470 4.824 5.180 5.537 5.896 6.255 6.615 6.977 8.794 10.620 12.441 14.228 15.953 16.284 16.602 16.911 17.198 17.447

ρ/g cm–3 1.0323 1.0346 1.0369 1.0391 1.0413 1.0434 1.0454 1.0474 1.0562 1.0629 1.0673 1.0680 1.0644 1.0629 1.0606 1.0578 1.0538 1.0477

n 1.3512 1.3525 1.3537 1.3550 1.3562 1.3574 1.3586 1.3598 1.3653 1.3700 1.3738 1.3767 1.3771 1.3766 1.3759 1.3748 1.3734 1.3716

∆/°C 9.17 10.00 10.84 11.70 12.55 13.38

8-53

η/mPa s 1.572 1.613 1.669 1.715 1.762 1.812 1.852 1.912 2.158 2.409 2.629 2.720 2.386 2.240 2.036 1.813 1.535 1.223

Acetone (CH3)2CO

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.087 0.174 0.351 0.533 0.717 0.906 1.099 1.296 1.497 1.703 1.913

0.086 0.172 0.343 0.513 0.684 0.853 1.023 1.191 1.360 1.528 1.696

0.9975 0.9968 0.9954 0.9940 0.9926 0.9912 0.9899 0.9886 0.9874 0.9861 0.9849

1.3334 1.3337 1.3344 1.3352 1.3359 1.3366 1.3373 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3402

0.16 0.32 0.65 0.97 1.30 1.63 1.96 2.29 2.62 2.95 3.29

1.013 1.024 1.047 1.072 1.099 1.125 1.150 1.174 1.198 1.221 1.244

Ammonia NH3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.295 0.593 1.198 1.816 2.447 3.090 3.748 4.420 5.106 5.807 6.524 8.007 9.558 11.184 12.889 14.679 16.561 18.542 20.630 22.834 25.164

0.292 0.584 1.162 1.736 2.304 2.868 3.428 3.983 4.533 5.080 5.622 6.695 7.753 8.794 9.823 10.837 11.838 12.826 13.801 14.764 15.713

0.9960 0.9938 0.9895 0.9853 0.9811 0.9770 0.9730 0.9690 0.9651 0.9613 0.9575 0.9502 0.9431 0.9361 0.9294 0.9228 0.9164 0.9102 0.9040 0.8980 0.8920

1.3332 1.3335 1.3339 1.3344 1.3349 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3370 1.3376 1.3381 1.3393 1.3404 1.3416 1.3428 1.3440 1.3453 1.3465 1.3477 1.3490 1.3502

0.55 1.14 2.32 3.53 4.78 6.08 7.43 8.95 10.34 11.90 13.55 17.13 21.13 25.63 30.70 36.42 43.36 51.38 60.77 71.66 84.06

1.009 1.015 1.029 1.043 1.057 1.071 1.085 1.099 1.113 1.127 1.141 1.169 1.195 1.218 1.237 1.254 1.268 1.280 1.288

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

0.094 0.189 0.382 0.578 0.779 0.984 1.193 1.407

0.093 0.187 0.376 0.565 0.756 0.948 1.141 1.335

0.9998 1.0014 1.0045 1.0076 1.0107 1.0138 1.0168 1.0198

1.3340 1.3349 1.3369 1.3388 1.3407 1.3426 1.3445 1.3464

0.32 0.64 1.27 1.91 2.57 3.25 3.94 4.66

0.999 0.996 0.992 0.988 0.985 0.982 0.979 0.976

Ammonium chloride NH4Cl

Section 8.indb 53

4/30/05 8:47:03 AM

8-54 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

m/mol kg–1 1.626 1.849 2.077 2.549 3.043 3.561 4.104 4.674 5.273 5.903

c/mol L–1 1.529 1.726 1.923 2.320 2.722 3.128 3.537 3.951 4.368 4.789

ρ/g cm–3 1.0227 1.0257 1.0286 1.0344 1.0401 1.0457 1.0512 1.0567 1.0621 1.0674

n 1.3483 1.3502 1.3521 1.3559 1.3596 1.3634 1.3671 1.3708 1.3745 1.3782

∆/°C 5.40 6.16 6.95 8.60

η/mPa s 0.974 0.972 0.970 0.969 0.969 0.971 0.973 0.978 0.986 0.996

Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.038 0.076 0.154 0.234 0.315 0.398 0.483 0.570 0.658 0.748 0.841 1.032 1.232 1.441 1.661 1.892 2.134 2.390 2.659 2.943 3.243 3.561 3.898 4.257 4.638 5.045

0.038 0.076 0.153 0.231 0.309 0.389 0.469 0.551 0.633 0.716 0.800 0.971 1.145 1.323 1.504 1.688 1.876 2.067 2.262 2.460 2.661 2.866 3.073 3.284 3.499 3.716

1.0012 1.0042 1.0101 1.0160 1.0220 1.0279 1.0338 1.0397 1.0456 1.0515 1.0574 1.0691 1.0808 1.0924 1.1039 1.1154 1.1269 1.1383 1.1496 1.1609 1.1721 1.1833 1.1945 1.2056 1.2166 1.2277

1.3338 1.3346 1.3363 1.3379 1.3395 1.3411 1.3428 1.3444 1.3460 1.3476 1.3492 1.3523 1.3555 1.3586 1.3616 1.3647 1.3677 1.3707 1.3737 1.3766 1.3795 1.3824 1.3853 1.3881 1.3909 1.3938

0.17 0.33 0.63 0.92 1.21 1.49 1.77 2.05 2.33 2.61 2.89 3.47 4.07 4.69

1.008 1.014 1.027 1.041 1.057 1.073 1.090 1.108 1.127 1.147 1.168 1.210 1.256 1.305 1.359 1.421 1.490 1.566 1.650 1.743 1.847 1.961 2.086 2.222 2.371 2.530

Barium chloride BaCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.024 0.049 0.098 0.149 0.200 0.253 0.307 0.361 0.418 0.475 0.534 0.655 0.782 0.915 1.054 1.201 1.355 1.517 1.687

0.024 0.048 0.098 0.148 0.199 0.251 0.303 0.357 0.412 0.468 0.524 0.641 0.763 0.889 1.019 1.156 1.297 1.444 1.597

1.0026 1.0070 1.0159 1.0249 1.0341 1.0434 1.0528 1.0624 1.0721 1.0820 1.0921 1.1128 1.1342 1.1564 1.1793 1.2031 1.2277 1.2531 1.2793

1.3337 1.3345 1.3360 1.3375 1.3391 1.3406 1.3422 1.3438 1.3454 1.3470 1.3487 1.3520 1.3555 1.3591 1.3627 1.3664 1.3703 1.3741 1.3781

0.12 0.23 0.46 0.69 0.93 1.18 1.44 1.70 1.98 2.27 2.58 3.22 3.92 4.69

1.009 1.016 1.026 1.037 1.049 1.062 1.075 1.087 1.101 1.114 1.129 1.161 1.195 1.234 1.277 1.325 1.378 1.437 1.503

Calcium chloride CaCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.045 0.091 0.184

0.045 0.091 0.183

1.0024 1.0065 1.0148

1.3342 1.3354 1.3378

0.22 0.44 0.88

1.015 1.028 1.050

Section 8.indb 54

4/30/05 8:47:04 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Cesium chloride CsCl

Citric acid (HO)C(COOH)3

Section 8.indb 55

Mass % 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.279 0.375 0.474 0.575 0.678 0.784 0.891 1.001 1.229 1.467 1.716 1.978 2.253 2.541 2.845 3.166 3.504 3.862 4.240 4.642 5.068 5.522 6.007

c/mol L–1 0.277 0.372 0.469 0.567 0.667 0.768 0.872 0.976 1.191 1.413 1.641 1.878 2.122 2.374 2.634 2.902 3.179 3.464 3.759 4.062 4.375 4.698 5.030

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 64.0

0.030 0.060 0.121 0.184 0.247 0.313 0.379 0.447 0.516 0.587 0.660 0.810 0.967 1.131 1.304 1.485 1.675 1.876 2.087 2.310 2.546 2.795 3.060 3.341 3.640 3.960 4.301 4.667 5.060 5.483 5.940 8.910 10.560

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.026 0.053 0.106

8-55

ρ/g cm–3 1.0232 1.0316 1.0401 1.0486 1.0572 1.0659 1.0747 1.0835 1.1014 1.1198 1.1386 1.1579 1.1775 1.1976 1.2180 1.2388 1.2600 1.2816 1.3036 1.3260 1.3488 1.3720 1.3957

n 1.3402 1.3426 1.3451 1.3475 1.3500 1.3525 1.3549 1.3575 1.3625 1.3677 1.3730 1.3784 1.3839 1.3895 1.3951 1.4008 1.4066 1.4124 1.4183 1.4242 1.4301 1.4361 1.4420

∆/°C 1.33 1.82 2.35 2.93 3.57 4.28 5.04 5.86 7.70 9.83 12.28 15.11 18.30 21.70 25.30 29.70 34.70 41.00 49.70

η/mPa s 1.078 1.110 1.143 1.175 1.208 1.242 1.279 1.319 1.408 1.508 1.625 1.764 1.930 2.127 2.356 2.645 3.000 3.467 4.035 4.820 5.807 7.321 8.997

0.030 0.060 0.120 0.182 0.245 0.308 0.373 0.438 0.505 0.573 0.641 0.782 0.928 1.079 1.235 1.397 1.564 1.737 1.917 2.103 2.296 2.497 2.705 2.921 3.146 3.380 3.624 3.877 4.142 4.418 4.706 6.368 7.163

1.0020 1.0058 1.0135 1.0214 1.0293 1.0374 1.0456 1.0540 1.0625 1.0711 1.0798 1.0978 1.1163 1.1355 1.1552 1.1756 1.1967 1.2185 1.2411 1.2644 1.2885 1.3135 1.3393 1.3661 1.3938 1.4226 1.4525 1.4835 1.5158 1.5495 1.5846 1.7868 1.8842

1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3353 1.3361 1.3369 1.3377 1.3386 1.3394 1.3403 1.3412 1.3430 1.3448 1.3468 1.3487 1.3507 1.3528 1.3550 1.3572 1.3594 1.3617 1.3641 1.3666 1.3691 1.3717 1.3744 1.3771 1.3800 1.3829 1.3860 1.3892 1.4076 1.4167

0.10 0.20 0.40 0.61 0.81 1.02 1.22 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.06 2.51 2.97 3.46 3.96 4.49

1.000 0.997 0.992 0.988 0.984 0.980 0.977 0.974 0.971 0.969 0.966 0.961 0.955 0.950 0.945 0.939 0.934 0.930 0.926 0.924 0.922 0.922 0.924 0.926 0.930 0.934 0.940 0.947 0.956 0.967 0.981 1.120 1.238

0.026 0.052 0.105

1.0002 1.0022 1.0063

1.3336 1.3343 1.3356

0.05 0.11 0.21

1.013 1.024 1.048

4/30/05 8:47:05 AM

8-56

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

Copper sulfate CuSO4

Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Na2C10H14N2O8

Ethanol CH3CH2OH

Section 8.indb 56

Mass % 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

m/mol kg–1 0.161 0.217 0.274 0.332 0.392 0.453 0.515 0.578 0.710 0.847 0.991 1.143 1.301 1.468 1.644 1.829 2.024 2.231

c/mol L–1 0.158 0.211 0.265 0.320 0.374 0.430 0.485 0.541 0.655 0.771 0.889 1.008 1.130 1.254 1.380 1.508 1.639 1.772

ρ/g cm–3 1.0105 1.0147 1.0189 1.0232 1.0274 1.0316 1.0359 1.0402 1.0490 1.0580 1.0672 1.0764 1.0858 1.0953 1.1049 1.1147 1.1246 1.1346

n 1.3368 1.3381 1.3394 1.3407 1.3420 1.3433 1.3446 1.3459 1.3486 1.3514 1.3541 1.3569 1.3598 1.3626 1.3655 1.3684 1.3714 1.3744

∆/°C 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.76 0.88 1.00 1.12 1.38 1.66 1.95 2.26 2.57 2.88 3.21 3.55 3.89 4.25

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.031 0.063 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.330 0.400 0.472 0.545 0.620 0.696 0.854 1.020 1.193 1.375

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0

η/mPa s 1.073 1.098 1.125 1.153 1.183 1.214 1.247 1.283 1.357 1.436 1.525 1.625 1.740 1.872 2.017 2.178 2.356 2.549

0.031 0.063 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.399 0.471 0.543 0.618 0.694 0.850 1.013 1.182 1.360

1.0033 1.0085 1.0190 1.0296 1.0403 1.0511 1.0620 1.0730 1.0842 1.0955 1.1070 1.1304 1.1545 1.1796 1.2059

1.3339 1.3348 1.3367 1.3386 1.3405 1.3424 1.3443 1.3462 1.3481 1.3501 1.3520 1.3560 1.3601 1.3644 1.3689

0.08 0.14 0.26 0.37 0.48 0.59 0.70 0.82 0.93 1.05 1.18 1.45 1.75

1.017 1.036 1.084 1.129 1.173 1.221 1.276 1.336 1.400 1.469 1.543 1.701 1.889 2.136 2.449

0.015 0.030 0.045 0.061 0.076 0.092 0.108 0.124 0.140 0.157 0.173 0.190

0.015 0.030 0.045 0.060 0.075 0.090 0.106 0.121 0.137 0.152 0.168 0.184

1.0009 1.0036 1.0062 1.0089 1.0115 1.0142 1.0169 1.0196 1.0223 1.0250 1.0277 1.0305

1.3339 1.3348 1.3356 1.3365 1.3374 1.3383 1.3392 1.3400 1.3409 1.3418 1.3427 1.3436

0.07 0.14 0.21 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.58 0.65 0.71 0.77

1.017 1.032 1.046 1.062 1.077 1.093 1.109 1.125 1.142 1.160 1.178 1.197

0.109 0.219 0.443 0.671 0.904 1.142 1.385 1.634 1.887 2.147 2.412 2.960 3.534

0.108 0.216 0.432 0.646 0.860 1.074 1.286 1.498 1.710 1.921 2.131 2.551 2.967

0.9973 0.9963 0.9945 0.9927 0.9910 0.9893 0.9878 0.9862 0.9847 0.9833 0.9819 0.9792 0.9765

1.3333 1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3360 1.3367 1.3374 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3410 1.3425

0.20 0.40 0.81 1.23 1.65 2.09 2.54 2.99 3.47 3.96 4.47 5.56 6.73

1.023 1.046 1.095 1.140 1.183 1.228 1.279 1.331 1.385 1.442 1.501 1.627 1.761

4/30/05 8:47:06 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Ethylene glycol (CH2OH)2

Ferric chloride FeCl3

Section 8.indb 57

Mass % 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 4.134 4.765 5.427 6.122 6.855 7.626 8.441 9.303 10.215 11.182 12.210 13.304 14.471 15.718 17.055 18.490 20.036 21.706 32.559 50.648 86.824 195.355 249.620 340.062 520.946

c/mol L–1 3.382 3.795 4.205 4.613 5.018 5.419 5.817 6.212 6.601 6.987 7.370 7.747 8.120 8.488 8.853 9.213 9.568 9.919 11.605 13.183 14.649 15.980 16.225 16.466 16.697 16.920 17.133

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0

0.081 0.163 0.329 0.498 0.671 0.848 1.028 1.213 1.401 1.593 1.790 2.197 2.623 3.069 3.537 4.028 5.088 6.265 7.582 9.062 10.741 12.659 14.872 17.453 20.505 24.166

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

0.031 0.062 0.126 0.191 0.257 0.324

8-57

ρ/g cm–3 0.9739 0.9713 0.9687 0.9660 0.9632 0.9602 0.9571 0.9539 0.9504 0.9468 0.9431 0.9392 0.9352 0.9311 0.9269 0.9227 0.9183 0.9139 0.8911 0.8676 0.8436 0.8180 0.8125 0.8070 0.8013 0.7954 0.7893

n 1.3440 1.3455 1.3469 1.3484 1.3498 1.3511 1.3524 1.3535 1.3546 1.3557 1.3566 1.3575 1.3583 1.3590 1.3598 1.3604 1.3610 1.3616 1.3638 1.3652 1.3658 1.3650 1.3646 1.3642 1.3636 1.3630 1.3614

∆/°C 8.01 9.40 10.92 12.60 14.47 16.41 18.43 20.47 22.44 24.27 25.98 27.62 29.26 30.98 32.68 34.36 36.04 37.67 44.93

η/mPa s 1.890 2.019 2.142 2.259 2.370 2.476 2.581 2.667 2.726 2.768 2.803 2.829 2.846 2.852 2.850 2.843 2.832 2.813 2.547 2.214 1.881 1.542 1.475 1.407 1.342 1.273 1.203

0.080 0.161 0.322 0.484 0.646 0.809 0.972 1.136 1.299 1.464 1.628 1.959 2.292 2.626 2.962 3.300 3.981 4.669 5.364 6.067 6.776 7.491 8.212 8.939 9.671 10.406

0.9988 0.9995 1.0007 1.0019 1.0032 1.0044 1.0057 1.0070 1.0082 1.0095 1.0108 1.0134 1.0161 1.0188 1.0214 1.0241 1.0296 1.0350 1.0405 1.0460 1.0514 1.0567 1.0619 1.0670 1.0719 1.0765

1.3335 1.3339 1.3348 1.3358 1.3367 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3415 1.3425 1.3444 1.3464 1.3484 1.3503 1.3523 1.3564 1.3605 1.3646 1.3687 1.3728 1.3769 1.3811 1.3851 1.3892 1.3931

0.15 0.30 0.61 0.92 1.24 1.58 1.91 2.26 2.62 2.99 3.37 4.16 5.01 5.91 6.89 7.93 10.28 13.03 16.23 19.82 23.84 28.32 33.30 38.81 44.83 51.23

1.010 1.020 1.048 1.074 1.099 1.125 1.153 1.182 1.212 1.243 1.277 1.348 1.424 1.500 1.578 1.661 1.843 2.047 2.280 2.537 2.832 3.166 3.544 3.981 4.475 5.026

0.031 0.062 0.125 0.189 0.255 0.321

1.0025 1.0068 1.0153 1.0238 1.0323 1.0408

1.3344 1.3358 1.3386 1.3413 1.3441 1.3468

0.21 0.39 0.75 1.15 1.56 2.00

1.024 1.047 1.093 1.139 1.187 1.238

4/30/05 8:47:07 AM

8-58 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.394 0.464 0.536 0.610 0.685 0.841 1.004 1.174 1.353 1.541 1.947 2.398 2.901 3.468 4.110

c/mol L–1 0.388 0.457 0.526 0.597 0.669 0.817 0.969 1.126 1.289 1.457 1.810 2.189 2.595 3.030 3.496

ρ/g cm–3 1.0493 1.0580 1.0668 1.0760 1.0853 1.1040 1.1228 1.1420 1.1615 1.1816 1.2234 1.2679 1.3153 1.3654 1.4176

n 1.3496 1.3524 1.3552 1.3581 1.3611 1.3670 1.3730

∆/°C 2.48 2.99 3.57 4.19 4.85 6.38 8.22 10.45 13.08 16.14 23.79 33.61 49.16

η/mPa s 1.292 1.350 1.412 1.480 1.553 1.707 1.879 2.080 2.311 2.570 3.178 4.038 5.274 7.130 9.674

Formic acid HCOOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 28.0 36.0 44.0 52.0 60.0 68.0

0.109 0.219 0.443 0.672 0.905 1.143 1.387 1.635 1.889 2.149 2.414 2.962 3.537 4.138 4.769 5.431 8.449 12.220 17.070 23.535 32.587 46.166

0.109 0.217 0.436 0.655 0.876 1.097 1.320 1.544 1.768 1.994 2.221 2.678 3.139 3.605 4.074 4.548 6.481 8.477 10.529 12.633 14.813 17.054

0.9994 1.0006 1.0029 1.0053 1.0077 1.0102 1.0126 1.0150 1.0175 1.0199 1.0224 1.0273 1.0322 1.0371 1.0419 1.0467 1.0654 1.0839 1.1015 1.1183 1.1364 1.1544

1.3333 1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3371 1.3376 1.3382 1.3387 1.3397 1.3408 1.3418 1.3428 1.3437 1.3475 1.3511 1.3547 1.3581 1.3612 1.3641

0.21 0.42 0.82 1.24 1.67 2.10 2.53 2.97 3.40 3.84 4.27 5.19 6.11 7.06 8.08 9.11 13.10 17.65 22.93 29.69 38.26

1.006 1.011 1.017 1.195 1.032 1.039 1.046 1.052 1.058 1.064 1.070 1.082 1.094 1.106 1.119 1.132 1.179 1.227 1.281 1.340 1.410 1.490

D-Fructose C6H12O6

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0

0.028 0.056 0.113 0.172 0.231 0.292 0.354 0.418 0.483 0.549 0.617 0.757 0.904 1.057 1.218 1.388 1.566 1.753 1.950 2.159 2.379 2.612

0.028 0.056 0.112 0.168 0.225 0.283 0.340 0.399 0.458 0.517 0.576 0.697 0.820 0.945 1.072 1.201 1.332 1.465 1.600 1.738 1.878 2.020

1.0002 1.0021 1.0061 1.0101 1.0140 1.0181 1.0221 1.0262 1.0303 1.0344 1.0385 1.0469 1.0554 1.0640 1.0728 1.0816 1.0906 1.0996 1.1089 1.1182 1.1276 1.1372

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3373 1.3387 1.3402 1.3417 1.3431 1.3446 1.3461 1.3476 1.3507 1.3538 1.3569 1.3601 1.3634 1.3667 1.3700 1.3734 1.3768 1.3803 1.3839

0.05 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.78 0.90 1.03 1.16 1.43 1.71 2.01 2.32 2.64 3.05 3.43 3.82 4.20

1.015 1.028 1.054 1.080 1.106 1.134 1.165 1.198 1.232 1.270 1.309 1.391 1.483 1.587 1.703 1.837 1.986 2.154 2.348 2.562 2.817 3.112

Section 8.indb 58

4/30/05 8:47:08 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0

m/mol kg–1 2.859 3.122 3.402 3.700 4.019 4.361 4.728 5.124

c/mol L–1 2.164 2.312 2.461 2.613 2.767 2.925 3.084 3.247

ρ/g cm–3 1.1469 1.1568 1.1668 1.1769 1.1871 1.1975 1.2080 1.2187

n 1.3874 1.3911 1.3948 1.3985 1.4023 1.4062 1.4101 1.4141

∆/°C

8-59

η/mPa s 3.462 3.899 4.418 5.046 5.773 6.644 7.753 9.060

D-Glucose C6H12O6

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0

0.028 0.056 0.113 0.172 0.231 0.292 0.354 0.418 0.483 0.549 0.617 0.757 0.904 1.057 1.218 1.388 1.566 1.753 1.950 2.159 2.379 2.612 2.859 3.122 3.402 3.700 4.019 4.361 4.728 5.124 5.551 6.013 6.516 7.064 7.665 8.326

0.028 0.056 0.112 0.168 0.225 0.282 0.340 0.398 0.457 0.516 0.576 0.697 0.819 0.944 1.070 1.199 1.329 1.462 1.597 1.734 1.873 2.014 2.158 2.304 2.452 2.603 2.756 2.912 3.071 3.232 3.396 3.562 3.732 3.905 4.081 4.261

1.0001 1.0020 1.0058 1.0097 1.0136 1.0175 1.0214 1.0254 1.0294 1.0334 1.0375 1.0457 1.0540 1.0624 1.0710 1.0797 1.0884 1.0973 1.1063 1.1154 1.1246 1.1340 1.1434 1.1529 1.1626 1.1724 1.1823 1.1924 1.2026 1.2130 1.2235 1.2342 1.2451 1.2562 1.2676 1.2793

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3373 1.3387 1.3402 1.3417 1.3432 1.3447 1.3462 1.3477 1.3508 1.3539 1.3571 1.3603 1.3635 1.3668 1.3702 1.3736 1.3770 1.3805 1.3840 1.3876 1.3912 1.3949 1.3986 1.4024 1.4062 1.4101 1.4141 1.4181 1.4222 1.4263 1.4306 1.4349 1.4394

0.05 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.55 0.67 0.79 0.91 1.04 1.17 1.44 1.73 2.03 2.35 2.70 3.07 3.48 3.90 4.34 4.79

1.010 1.021 1.052 1.083 1.113 1.145 1.179 1.214 1.250 1.289 1.330 1.416 1.512 1.625 1.757 1.904 2.063 2.242 2.458 2.707 2.998 3.324 3.704 4.193 4.786 5.493 6.288 7.235 8.454 9.883 11.884 14.489 17.916 22.886 29.389 37.445

Glycerol CH2OHCHOHCH2OH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.055 0.110 0.222 0.336 0.452 0.572 0.693 0.817 0.944 1.074 1.207 1.481 1.768 2.068 2.384

0.054 0.109 0.218 0.327 0.438 0.548 0.659 0.771 0.883 0.996 1.109 1.337 1.568 1.800 2.035

0.9994 1.0005 1.0028 1.0051 1.0074 1.0097 1.0120 1.0144 1.0167 1.0191 1.0215 1.0262 1.0311 1.0360 1.0409

1.3336 1.3342 1.3353 1.3365 1.3376 1.3388 1.3400 1.3412 1.3424 1.3436 1.3448 1.3472 1.3496 1.3521 1.3547

0.07 0.18 0.41 0.63 0.85 1.08 1.32 1.56 1.81 2.06 2.32 2.88 3.47 4.09 4.76

1.011 1.022 1.048 1.074 1.100 1.127 1.157 1.188 1.220 1.256 1.291 1.365 1.445 1.533 1.630

Section 8.indb 59

4/30/05 8:47:09 AM

8-60

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

Mass % 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 80.0 84.0 88.0 92.0 96.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 2.715 3.429 4.223 5.110 6.108 7.239 8.532 10.024 11.764 13.820 16.288 19.305 23.075 27.923 34.387 43.436 57.009 79.632 124.878 260.615

c/mol L–1 2.271 2.752 3.242 3.742 4.252 4.771 5.300 5.838 6.385 6.944 7.512 8.092 8.680 9.277 9.884 10.498 11.121 11.753 12.392 13.039 13.694

ρ/g cm–3 1.0459 1.0561 1.0664 1.0770 1.0876 1.0984 1.1092 1.1200 1.1308 1.1419 1.1530 1.1643 1.1755 1.1866 1.1976 1.2085 1.2192 1.2299 1.2404 1.2508 1.2611

n 1.3572 1.3624 1.3676 1.3730 1.3785 1.3841 1.3897 1.3954 1.4011 1.4069 1.4129 1.4189 1.4249 1.4310 1.4370 1.4431 1.4492 1.4553 1.4613 1.4674 1.4735

∆/°C 5.46 7.01 8.77 10.74 12.96 15.50

η/mPa s 1.737 1.988 2.279 2.637 3.088 3.653 4.443 5.413 6.666 8.349 10.681 13.657 18.457 27.625 40.571 59.900 84.338 147.494 384.467 780.458

Hydrochloric acid HCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.138 0.277 0.560 0.848 1.143 1.444 1.751 2.064 2.385 2.713 3.047 3.740 4.465 5.224 6.020 6.857 7.736 8.661 9.636 10.666 11.754 12.907 14.129 15.427 16.810 18.284

0.137 0.275 0.553 0.833 1.117 1.403 1.691 1.983 2.277 2.574 2.873 3.481 4.099 4.729 5.370 6.023 6.687 7.362 8.049 8.748 9.456 10.175 10.904 11.642 12.388 13.140

1.0007 1.0031 1.0081 1.0130 1.0179 1.0228 1.0278 1.0327 1.0377 1.0426 1.0476 1.0576 1.0676 1.0777 1.0878 1.0980 1.1083 1.1185 1.1288 1.1391 1.1492 1.1594 1.1693 1.1791 1.1886 1.1977

1.3341 1.3353 1.3376 1.3399 1.3422 1.3445 1.3468 1.3491 1.3515 1.3538 1.3561 1.3607 1.3653 1.3700 1.3746 1.3792 1.3838 1.3884 1.3930 1.3976 1.4020 1.4066 1.4112 1.4158 1.4204 1.4250

0.49 0.99 2.08 3.28 4.58 5.98 7.52 9.22 11.10 13.15 15.40 20.51

1.008 1.015 1.029 1.044 1.059 1.075 1.091 1.108 1.125 1.143 1.161 1.199 1.239 1.282 1.326 1.374 1.426 1.483 1.547 1.620 1.705 1.799 1.900 2.002 2.105

Lactic acid CH3CHOHCOOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0

0.056 0.112 0.227 0.343 0.463 0.584 0.709 0.836 0.965 1.098 1.233 1.514

0.055 0.111 0.223 0.334 0.447 0.560 0.673 0.787 0.902 1.017 1.132 1.365

0.9992 1.0002 1.0023 1.0043 1.0065 1.0086 1.0108 1.0131 1.0153 1.0176 1.0199 1.0246

1.3335 1.3340 1.3350 1.3360 1.3370 1.3380 1.3390 1.3400 1.3410 1.3420 1.3430 1.3450

0.10 0.19 0.38 0.57 0.76 0.95 1.16 1.36 1.57 1.79 2.02 2.49

1.014 1.027 1.056 1.084 1.110 1.138 1.167 1.198 1.229 1.262 1.296 1.366

Section 8.indb 60

4/30/05 8:47:10 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 80.0

m/mol kg–1 1.807 2.115 2.437 2.775 3.506 4.317 5.224 6.244 7.401 8.722 10.247 12.026 14.129 16.652 19.736 23.590 28.546 35.154 44.405

c/mol L–1 1.600 1.837 2.076 2.318 2.807 3.305 3.811 4.325 4.847 5.377 5.917 6.466 7.023 7.588 8.161 8.741 9.328 9.922 10.522

ρ/g cm–3 1.0294 1.0342 1.0390 1.0439 1.0536 1.0632 1.0728 1.0822 1.0915 1.1008 1.1105 1.1201 1.1297 1.1392 1.1486 1.1579 1.1670 1.1760 1.1848

n 1.3470 1.3491 1.3511 1.3532 1.3573 1.3615 1.3657 1.3700 1.3743 1.3786 1.3828 1.3871 1.3914 1.3958 1.4001 1.4045 1.4088 1.4131 1.4173

∆/°C 2.99 3.48 3.96 4.44

8-61

η/mPa s 1.441 1.522 1.607 1.699 1.902 2.136 2.414 2.730 3.114 3.566 4.106 4.789 5.579 6.679 8.024 9.863 12.866 16.974 22.164

Lactose C12H22O11

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.119 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.304 0.367 0.432 0.498 0.565

1.0002 1.0021 1.0061 1.0102 1.0143 1.0184 1.0225 1.0267 1.0308 1.0349 1.0390 1.0473 1.0558 1.0648 1.0746

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3375 1.3390 1.3406 1.3421 1.3437 1.3453 1.3468 1.3484 1.3515 1.3548 1.3582 1.3619

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.50

1.013 1.026 1.058 1.089 1.120 1.154 1.191 1.232 1.276 1.321 1.370 1.476 1.593 1.724 1.869

Lithium chloride LiCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.119 0.238 0.481 0.730 0.983 1.241 1.506 1.775 2.051 2.333 2.621 3.217 3.840 4.493 5.178 5.897 6.653 7.449 8.288 9.173 10.109

0.118 0.237 0.476 0.719 0.964 1.211 1.462 1.715 1.971 2.230 2.491 3.022 3.564 4.118 4.683 5.260 5.851 6.453 7.069 7.700 8.344

1.0012 1.0041 1.0099 1.0157 1.0215 1.0272 1.0330 1.0387 1.0444 1.0502 1.0560 1.0675 1.0792 1.0910 1.1029 1.1150 1.1274 1.1399 1.1527 1.1658 1.1791

1.3341 1.3351 1.3373 1.3394 1.3415 1.3436 1.3457 1.3478 1.3499 1.3520 1.3541 1.3583 1.3625 1.3668 1.3711 1.3755 1.3799 1.3844 1.3890 1.3936 1.3983

0.42 0.84 1.72 2.68 3.73 4.86 6.14 7.56 9.11 10.79 12.61 16.59 21.04

1.019 1.037 1.072 1.108 1.146 1.185 1.226 1.269 1.313 1.360 1.411 1.522 1.647 1.787 1.942 2.128 2.341 2.600 2.925 3.318 3.785

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.053 0.106 0.214

0.053 0.106 0.213

1.0022 1.0062 1.0144

1.3343 1.3356 1.3381

0.26 0.52 1.06

1.024 1.046 1.091

Magnesium chloride MgCl2

Section 8.indb 61

4/30/05 8:47:11 AM

8-62 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

m/mol kg–1 0.325 0.438 0.553 0.670 0.791 0.913 1.039 1.167 1.432 1.710 2.001 2.306 2.626 2.962 3.317 3.690 4.085 4.501

c/mol L–1 0.322 0.433 0.546 0.660 0.777 0.895 1.015 1.137 1.387 1.645 1.911 2.184 2.467 2.758 3.060 3.371 3.692 4.022

ρ/g cm–3 1.0226 1.0309 1.0394 1.0479 1.0564 1.0651 1.0738 1.0826 1.1005 1.1189 1.1372 1.1553 1.1742 1.1938 1.2140 1.2346 1.2555 1.2763

n 1.3406 1.3432 1.3457 1.3483 1.3508 1.3534 1.3560 1.3587 1.3641 1.3695 1.3749 1.3804 1.3859 1.3915 1.3972 1.4030 1.4089 1.4148

∆/°C 1.65 2.30 3.01

η/mPa s 1.139 1.188 1.241 1.298 1.358 1.423 1.493 1.570 1.745 1.956 2.207 2.507 2.867 3.323 3.917 4.694 5.709 7.017

Magnesium sulfate MgSO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.042 0.084 0.170 0.257 0.346 0.437 0.530 0.625 0.722 0.822 0.923 1.133 1.352 1.582 1.824 2.077 2.343 2.624 2.919

0.042 0.084 0.169 0.256 0.345 0.436 0.528 0.623 0.719 0.817 0.917 1.122 1.336 1.557 1.788 2.027 2.275 2.532 2.800

1.0033 1.0084 1.0186 1.0289 1.0392 1.0497 1.0602 1.0708 1.0816 1.0924 1.1034 1.1257 1.1484 1.1717 1.1955 1.2198 1.2447 1.2701 1.2961

1.3340 1.3350 1.3371 1.3391 1.3411 1.3431 1.3451 1.3471 1.3492 1.3512 1.3532 1.3572 1.3613 1.3654 1.3694 1.3735 1.3776 1.3817 1.3858

0.10 0.19 0.36 0.52 0.69 0.87 1.05 1.24 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.31 2.86 3.67

1.027 1.054 1.112 1.177 1.249 1.328 1.411 1.498 1.593 1.702 1.829 2.104 2.412 2.809 3.360 4.147 5.199 6.498 8.066

Maltose C12H22O11

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641 0.730 0.824 0.923 1.026 1.136 1.252 1.948

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.119 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.303 0.367 0.431 0.497 0.564 0.631 0.700 0.770 0.842 0.914 0.988 1.375

1.0003 1.0023 1.0063 1.0104 1.0144 1.0184 1.0224 1.0265 1.0305 1.0345 1.0385 1.0465 1.0545 1.0629 1.0716 1.0801 1.0894 1.0984 1.1080 1.1171 1.1269 1.1769

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3374 1.3389 1.3404 1.3420 1.3435 1.3450 1.3466 1.3482 1.3513 1.3546 1.3578 1.3612 1.3644 1.3678 1.3714 1.3749 1.3785 1.3821 1.4013

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.48 0.55 0.62 0.77 0.92 1.08 1.25 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.08 2.34 2.62 4.41

1.016 1.030 1.060 1.092 1.126 1.162 1.200 1.239 1.281 1.325 1.372 1.474 1.588 1.715 1.859 2.021 2.216 2.463 2.753 3.066 3.427 6.926

Section 8.indb 62

4/30/05 8:47:12 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0

m/mol kg–1 2.921 3.165 3.429 3.718 4.034 4.382

c/mol L–1 1.797 1.886 1.976 2.068 2.159 2.253

ρ/g cm–3 1.2304 1.2416 1.2528 1.2638 1.2740 1.2855

n 1.4217 1.4260 1.4308 1.4350 1.4394 1.4440

∆/°C

8-63

η/mPa s 17.786 22.034 28.757 38.226 49.298

Manganese(II) sulfate MnSO4

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

0.067 0.135 0.205 0.276 0.349 0.423 0.498 0.576 0.655 0.736 0.903 1.078 1.261 1.454 1.656

0.067 0.135 0.204 0.275 0.347 0.421 0.495 0.572 0.650 0.729 0.893 1.063 1.240 1.424 1.616

1.0080 1.0178 1.0277 1.0378 1.0480 1.0583 1.0688 1.0794 1.0902 1.1012 1.1236 1.1467 1.1705 1.1950 1.2203

1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3402 1.3420 1.3438 1.3457 1.3475 1.3494 1.3513 1.3551 1.3589 1.3629 1.3668 1.3708

0.16 0.31 0.44 0.57 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.28 1.44 1.80 2.21 2.67 3.19 3.80

1.046 1.090 1.137 1.187 1.242 1.301 1.363 1.431 1.505 1.587 1.779 2.005 2.272 2.580 2.938

D-Mannitol CH2(CHOH)4CH2OH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0

0.028 0.055 0.112 0.170 0.229 0.289 0.350 0.413 0.477 0.543 0.610 0.678 0.749 0.820 0.894 0.969

0.027 0.055 0.110 0.166 0.222 0.279 0.336 0.393 0.451 0.509 0.567 0.626 0.686 0.746 0.806 0.867

1.0000 1.0017 1.0053 1.0088 1.0124 1.0159 1.0195 1.0230 1.0266 1.0302 1.0338 1.0375 1.0412 1.0450 1.0489 1.0529

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3374 1.3389 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3447 1.3462 1.3477 1.3491 1.3506 1.3521 1.3536 1.3552

0.05 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.77 0.90 1.02 1.15 1.28 1.41 1.55 1.69 1.84

1.019 1.032 1.057 1.081 1.107 1.135 1.166 1.200 1.236 1.275 1.314 1.355 1.398 1.443 1.489 1.537

Methanol CH3OH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.157 0.315 0.637 0.965 1.300 1.643 1.992 2.349 2.714 3.087 3.468 4.256 5.081 5.945 6.851 7.803 8.803 9.856 10.966 12.138 13.376

0.156 0.311 0.621 0.930 1.238 1.544 1.850 2.155 2.459 2.762 3.064 3.665 4.262 4.856 5.447 6.034 6.616 7.196 7.771 8.341 8.908

0.9973 0.9964 0.9947 0.9930 0.9913 0.9896 0.9880 0.9864 0.9848 0.9832 0.9816 0.9785 0.9755 0.9725 0.9695 0.9666 0.9636 0.9606 0.9576 0.9545 0.9514

1.3331 1.3332 1.3334 1.3336 1.3339 1.3341 1.3343 1.3346 1.3348 1.3351 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3370 1.3376 1.3381 1.3387 1.3392 1.3397 1.3402 1.3407

0.28 0.56 1.14 1.75 2.37 3.02 3.71 4.41 5.13 5.85 6.60 8.14 9.72 11.36 13.13 15.02 16.98 19.04 21.23 23.59 25.91

1.022 1.040 1.070 1.100 1.131 1.163 1.196 1.229 1.264 1.297 1.329 1.389 1.446 1.501 1.554 1.604 1.652 1.697 1.735 1.769 1.795

Section 8.indb 63

4/30/05 8:47:13 AM

8-64 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 14.688 16.078 17.556 19.129 20.807 31.211 46.816 72.826 124.844 280.899

c/mol L–1 9.470 10.028 10.580 11.127 11.669 14.288 16.749 19.040 21.144 23.045 24.710

ρ/g cm–3 0.9482 0.9450 0.9416 0.9382 0.9347 0.9156 0.8944 0.8715 0.8468 0.8204 0.7917

n 1.3411 1.3415 1.3419 1.3422 1.3425 1.3431 1.3426 1.3411 1.3385 1.3348 1.3290

∆/°C 28.15 30.48 32.97 35.60 38.60 54.50 74.50

η/mPa s 1.814 1.827 1.835 1.839 1.837 1.761 1.600 1.368 1.128 0.861 0.586

Nitric acid HNO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.080 0.160 0.324 0.491 0.661 0.835 1.013 1.194 1.380 1.570 1.763 2.164 2.583 3.023 3.484 3.967 4.476 5.011 5.576 6.172 6.801 7.468 8.175 8.927 9.727 10.580

0.079 0.159 0.320 0.483 0.648 0.814 0.982 1.152 1.324 1.498 1.673 2.030 2.395 2.768 3.149 3.539 3.937 4.344 4.760 5.185 5.618 6.060 6.512 6.971 7.439 7.913

1.0009 1.0037 1.0091 1.0146 1.0202 1.0257 1.0314 1.0370 1.0427 1.0485 1.0543 1.0660 1.0780 1.0901 1.1025 1.1150 1.1277 1.1406 1.1536 1.1668 1.1801 1.1934 1.2068 1.2202 1.2335 1.2466

1.3336 1.3343 1.3356 1.3368 1.3381 1.3394 1.3407 1.3421 1.3434 1.3447 1.3460 1.3487 1.3514 1.3541 1.3569 1.3596 1.3624 1.3652 1.3680 1.3708 1.3736 1.3763 1.3790 1.3817 1.3842 1.3867

0.28 0.56 1.12 1.70 2.32 2.96 3.63 4.33 5.05 5.81 6.60 8.27 10.08 12.04 14.16

1.004 1.005 1.007 1.010 1.014 1.018 1.022 1.027 1.032 1.038 1.044 1.058 1.075 1.094 1.116 1.141 1.169 1.199 1.233 1.271 1.311 1.354 1.400 1.450 1.504 1.561

Oxalic acid (COOH)2

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

0.056 0.112 0.169 0.227 0.285 0.343 0.403 0.463 0.523 0.585 0.709 0.836 0.966

0.056 0.111 0.167 0.224 0.281 0.337 0.395 0.452 0.510 0.568 0.684 0.802 0.920

1.0006 1.0030 1.0054 1.0079 1.0103 1.0126 1.0150 1.0174 1.0197 1.0220 1.0265 1.0310 1.0355

1.3336 1.3342 1.3347 1.3353 1.3359 1.3364 1.3370 1.3375 1.3381 1.3386 1.3397 1.3407 1.3418

0.16 0.30 0.44 0.57 0.71 0.84 0.97 1.09

1.013 1.023 1.033 1.044 1.055 1.065 1.076 1.086 1.097 1.108 1.129 1.150 1.172

Phosphoric acid H3PO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

0.051 0.103 0.208 0.316 0.425 0.537 0.651 0.768

0.051 0.102 0.206 0.311 0.416 0.523 0.631 0.740

1.0010 1.0038 1.0092 1.0146 1.0200 1.0254 1.0309 1.0363

1.3335 1.3340 1.3349 1.3358 1.3367 1.3376 1.3385 1.3394

0.12 0.24 0.46 0.69 0.93 1.16 1.38 1.62

1.010 1.020 1.050 1.079 1.108 1.138 1.169 1.200

Section 8.indb 64

4/30/05 8:47:14 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.887 1.009 1.134 1.392 1.661 1.944 2.240 2.551 2.878 3.223 3.585 3.968 4.373 4.802 5.257 5.740 6.254 6.803

c/mol L–1 0.850 0.962 1.075 1.304 1.538 1.777 2.022 2.273 2.529 2.791 3.059 3.333 3.614 3.901 4.194 4.495 4.803 5.117

ρ/g cm–3 1.0418 1.0474 1.0531 1.0647 1.0765 1.0885 1.1009 1.1135 1.1263 1.1395 1.1528 1.1665 1.1804 1.1945 1.2089 1.2236 1.2385 1.2536

n 1.3403 1.3413 1.3422 1.3441 1.3460 1.3480 1.3500 1.3520 1.3540 1.3561 1.3582 1.3604 1.3625 1.3647 1.3669 1.3691 1.3713 1.3735

∆/°C 1.88 2.16 2.45 3.01 3.76 4.45 5.25 6.23 7.38 8.69 10.12 11.64 13.23 14.94 16.81 18.85 21.09 23.58

8-65

η/mPa s 1.232 1.267 1.303 1.382 1.469 1.565 1.671 1.788 1.914 2.049 2.198 2.365 2.553 2.766 3.001 3.260 3.544 3.856

Potassium bicarbonate KHCO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.050 0.101 0.204 0.309 0.416 0.526 0.638 0.752 0.869 0.988 1.110 1.362 1.626 1.903 2.193 2.497 2.817 3.154

0.050 0.100 0.202 0.305 0.409 0.515 0.622 0.730 0.840 0.951 1.064 1.293 1.528 1.770 2.017 2.272 2.533 2.801

1.0014 1.0046 1.0114 1.0181 1.0247 1.0310 1.0379 1.0446 1.0514 1.0581 1.0650 1.0788 1.0929 1.1073 1.1221 1.1372 1.1527 1.1685

1.3335 1.3341 1.3353 1.3365 1.3376 1.3386 1.3397 1.3409 1.3419 1.3430 1.3441 1.3462 1.3484 1.3506 1.3528 1.3550 1.3572 1.3595

0.18 0.34 0.67 0.98 1.29 1.60 1.91 2.22 2.53 2.84 3.16 3.79 4.41

1.009 1.015 1.027 1.040 1.053 1.067 1.081 1.096 1.112 1.128 1.145 1.183 1.224 1.270 1.319 1.373 1.432 1.497

Potassium bromide KBr

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0

0.042 0.085 0.171 0.260 0.350 0.442 0.536 0.633 0.731 0.831 0.934 1.146 1.368 1.601 1.845 2.101 2.370 2.654 2.952 3.268 3.601 3.954 4.329

0.042 0.084 0.170 0.257 0.345 0.435 0.526 0.618 0.711 0.806 0.903 1.099 1.302 1.512 1.727 1.950 2.179 2.416 2.661 2.914 3.175 3.445 3.724

1.0018 1.0054 1.0127 1.0200 1.0275 1.0350 1.0426 1.0503 1.0581 1.0660 1.0740 1.0903 1.1070 1.1242 1.1419 1.1601 1.1788 1.1980 1.2179 1.2383 1.2593 1.2810 1.3033

1.3336 1.3342 1.3354 1.3366 1.3379 1.3391 1.3403 1.3416 1.3429 1.3441 1.3454 1.3481 1.3507 1.3535 1.3562 1.3591 1.3620 1.3650 1.3680 1.3711 1.3743 1.3776 1.3809

0.15 0.29 0.59 0.88 1.18 1.48 1.78 2.10 2.42 2.74 3.07 3.76 4.49 5.25 6.04 6.88 7.76 8.70 9.68 10.72 11.82 12.98

1.000 0.998 0.994 0.990 0.985 0.981 0.977 0.974 0.970 0.967 0.964 0.958 0.953 0.949 0.946 0.944 0.943 0.943 0.944 0.947 0.952 0.959 0.968

Section 8.indb 65

4/30/05 8:47:15 AM

8-66 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 36.0 38.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 4.727 5.150 5.602

c/mol L–1 4.012 4.311 4.620

ρ/g cm–3 1.3263 1.3501 1.3746

n 1.3843 1.3878 1.3914

∆/°C

η/mPa s 0.979 0.993 1.010

Potassium carbonate K2CO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 50.0

0.036 0.073 0.148 0.224 0.301 0.381 0.462 0.545 0.629 0.716 0.804 0.987 1.178 1.378 1.588 1.809 2.285 2.814 3.405 4.070 4.824 7.236

0.036 0.073 0.147 0.223 0.299 0.378 0.457 0.538 0.620 0.704 0.789 0.963 1.144 1.330 1.523 1.722 2.139 2.584 3.057 3.559 4.093 5.573

1.0027 1.0072 1.0163 1.0254 1.0345 1.0437 1.0529 1.0622 1.0715 1.0809 1.0904 1.1095 1.1291 1.1490 1.1692 1.1898 1.2320 1.2755 1.3204 1.3665 1.4142 1.5404

1.3339 1.3347 1.3365 1.3382 1.3399 1.3416 1.3433 1.3450 1.3467 1.3484 1.3501 1.3535 1.3569 1.3603 1.3637 1.3671 1.3739 1.3807 1.3874 1.3940 1.4006 1.4168

0.18 0.34 0.66 0.99 1.32 1.67 2.03 2.40 2.77 3.17 3.57 4.45 5.39 6.42 7.55 8.82 11.96 16.01 21.46 28.58 37.55

1.013 1.025 1.048 1.071 1.094 1.119 1.146 1.174 1.204 1.235 1.269 1.339 1.414 1.497 1.594 1.707 1.978 2.331 2.834 3.503 4.360 9.369

Potassium chloride KCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.067 0.135 0.274 0.415 0.559 0.706 0.856 1.010 1.166 1.327 1.490 1.829 2.184 2.555 2.944 3.353 3.783 4.236

0.067 0.135 0.271 0.409 0.549 0.691 0.835 0.980 1.127 1.276 1.426 1.733 2.048 2.370 2.701 3.039 3.386 3.742

1.0014 1.0046 1.0110 1.0174 1.0239 1.0304 1.0369 1.0434 1.0500 1.0566 1.0633 1.0768 1.0905 1.1043 1.1185 1.1328 1.1474 1.1623

1.3337 1.3343 1.3357 1.3371 1.3384 1.3398 1.3411 1.3425 1.3438 1.3452 1.3466 1.3493 1.3521 1.3549 1.3577 1.3606 1.3635 1.3665

0.23 0.46 0.92 1.38 1.85 2.32 2.80 3.29 3.80 4.30 4.81 5.88

1.000 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.994 0.992 0.990 0.989 0.988 0.990 0.994 0.999 1.004 1.012 1.024 1.040

Potassium hydroxide KOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.090 0.180 0.364 0.551 0.743 0.938 1.138 1.342 1.550 1.763 1.980 2.431 2.902 3.395 3.913

0.089 0.179 0.362 0.548 0.736 0.929 1.124 1.322 1.524 1.729 1.938 2.365 2.806 3.261 3.730

1.0025 1.0068 1.0155 1.0242 1.0330 1.0419 1.0509 1.0599 1.0690 1.0781 1.0873 1.1059 1.1246 1.1435 1.1626

1.3340 1.3350 1.3369 1.3388 1.3408 1.3427 1.3445 1.3464 1.3483 1.3502 1.3520 1.3558 1.3595 1.3632 1.3670

0.30 0.61 1.24 1.89 2.57 3.36 4.14 4.92

1.010 1.019 1.038 1.058 1.079 1.102 1.126 1.151 1.177 1.205 1.233 1.294 1.361 1.436 1.521

Section 8.indb 66

4/30/05 8:47:16 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

m/mol kg–1 4.456 5.027 5.629 6.262 6.931 7.639 11.882 17.824

c/mol L–1 4.213 4.711 5.223 5.750 6.293 6.851 9.896 13.389

8-67

ρ/g cm–3 1.1818 1.2014 1.2210 1.2408 1.2609 1.2813 1.3881 1.5024

n 1.3707 1.3744 1.3781 1.3818 1.3854 1.3889 1.4068 1.4247

∆/°C

η/mPa s 1.619 1.732 1.861 2.006 2.170 2.357 3.879 7.892

Potassium iodide KI

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.030 0.061 0.123 0.186 0.251 0.317 0.385 0.453 0.524 0.596 0.669 0.821 0.981 1.147 1.322 1.506 1.699 1.902 2.117 2.343 2.582 2.835 3.103 3.388 3.692 4.016

0.030 0.061 0.122 0.184 0.248 0.312 0.377 0.443 0.511 0.579 0.648 0.790 0.937 1.088 1.244 1.405 1.571 1.744 1.922 2.106 2.297 2.495 2.700 2.913 3.134 3.364

1.0019 1.0056 1.0131 1.0206 1.0282 1.0360 1.0438 1.0517 1.0598 1.0679 1.0762 1.0931 1.1105 1.1284 1.1469 1.1659 1.1856 1.2060 1.2270 1.2487 1.2712 1.2944 1.3185 1.3434 1.3692 1.3959

1.3337 1.3343 1.3357 1.3370 1.3384 1.3397 1.3411 1.3425 1.3440 1.3454 1.3469 1.3498 1.3529 1.3560 1.3593 1.3626 1.3661 1.3696 1.3733 1.3771 1.3810 1.3851 1.3893 1.3936 1.3981 1.4027

0.11 0.22 0.43 0.64 0.86 1.08 1.30 1.53 1.77 2.01 2.26 2.77 3.30 3.87 4.46 5.09 5.76 6.46 7.21 8.01 8.86 9.76 10.72 11.73 12.81 13.97

0.999 0.997 0.991 0.986 0.981 0.976 0.969 0.963 0.957 0.951 0.946 0.937 0.929 0.921 0.915 0.910 0.905 0.901 0.898 0.895 0.892 0.891 0.890 0.890 0.893 0.897

Potassium nitrate KNO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.050 0.100 0.202 0.306 0.412 0.521 0.631 0.744 0.860 0.978 1.099 1.349 1.610 1.884 2.171 2.473 2.790 3.123

0.050 0.099 0.200 0.302 0.405 0.509 0.615 0.722 0.830 0.940 1.051 1.277 1.509 1.747 1.991 2.240 2.497 2.759

1.0014 1.0045 1.0108 1.0171 1.0234 1.0298 1.0363 1.0428 1.0494 1.0560 1.0627 1.0762 1.0899 1.1039 1.1181 1.1326 1.1473 1.1623

1.3335 1.3339 1.3349 1.3358 1.3368 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3415 1.3425 1.3444 1.3463 1.3482 1.3502 1.3521 1.3541 1.3561

0.17 0.33 0.64 0.94 1.22 1.50 1.76 2.02 2.27 2.52 2.75

0.999 0.996 0.990 0.986 0.983 0.980 0.977 0.975 0.973 0.971 0.970 0.970 0.972 0.976 0.982 0.990 0.999 1.010

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0

0.032 0.064 0.096 0.129 0.196 0.264

0.032 0.064 0.096 0.128 0.193 0.260

1.0017 1.0051 1.0085 1.0118 1.0186 1.0254

0.11 0.22 0.32 0.43

1.001 1.000 0.999 0.998 0.995 0.992

Potassium permanganate KMnO4

Section 8.indb 67

4/30/05 8:47:17 AM

8-68

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

Mass % 5.0 6.0

m/mol kg–1 0.333 0.404

c/mol L–1 0.327 0.394

ρ/g cm–3 1.0322 1.0390

n

∆/°C

η/mPa s 0.989 0.985

Potassium hydrogen phosphate K2HPO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

0.029 0.058 0.087 0.117 0.147 0.178 0.208 0.239 0.271 0.302 0.366 0.432 0.499

0.029 0.058 0.087 0.117 0.146 0.176 0.207 0.237 0.268 0.299 0.362 0.426 0.491

1.0025 1.0068 1.0110 1.0153 1.0195 1.0238 1.0281 1.0324 1.0368 1.0412 1.0500 1.0590 1.0680

1.3338 1.3345 1.3353 1.3361 1.3368 1.3376 1.3384 1.3392 1.3399 1.3407 1.3422 1.3438 1.3453

0.13 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.61 0.73 0.86 0.97 1.10 1.22 1.46 1.70 1.95

1.013 1.023 1.034 1.046 1.057 1.069 1.081 1.094 1.107 1.120 1.147 1.177 1.209

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.037 0.074 0.112 0.150 0.227 0.306 0.387 0.469 0.553 0.639 0.727 0.816

0.037 0.074 0.111 0.149 0.225 0.302 0.380 0.459 0.539 0.621 0.703 0.786

1.0018 1.0053 1.0089 1.0125 1.0197 1.0269 1.0342 1.0414 1.0486 1.0558 1.0630 1.0703

1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3365 1.3377 1.3388 1.3400 1.3411 1.3422 1.3434 1.3445

0.13 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.72 0.96 1.19 1.41 1.63 1.84 2.04 2.23

1.010 1.019 1.028 1.038 1.060 1.083 1.108 1.133 1.160 1.187 1.215 1.245

Potassium sulfate K2SO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.029 0.058 0.117 0.177 0.239 0.302 0.366 0.432 0.499 0.568 0.638

0.029 0.058 0.116 0.176 0.237 0.298 0.360 0.424 0.488 0.554 0.620

1.0022 1.0062 1.0143 1.0224 1.0306 1.0388 1.0470 1.0553 1.0637 1.0721 1.0806

1.3336 1.3343 1.3355 1.3368 1.3380 1.3393 1.3405 1.3417 1.3428 1.3440 1.3452

0.14 0.26 0.50 0.73 0.95 1.17

1.006 1.011 1.021 1.033 1.045 1.058 1.072 1.087 1.102 1.117 1.132

1-Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0

0.168 0.340 0.515 0.693 0.876 1.062 1.252 1.447 1.646 1.849 2.269 2.709 3.169 3.652 4.160 5.254 6.471 7.830 9.359

0.166 0.331 0.496 0.660 0.823 0.987 1.149 1.312 1.474 1.635 1.958 2.278 2.595 2.911 3.223 3.838 4.441 5.033 5.613

0.9963 0.9946 0.9928 0.9911 0.9896 0.9882 0.9868 0.9855 0.9842 0.9829 0.9804 0.9779 0.9749 0.9719 0.9686 0.9612 0.9533 0.9452 0.9370

1.3339 1.3348 1.3357 1.3366 1.3376 1.3385 1.3394 1.3404 1.3414 1.3423 1.3442 1.3460 1.3477 1.3494 1.3510 1.3539 1.3566 1.3592 1.3614

0.31 0.61 0.93 1.24 1.57 1.91 2.26 2.61 2.99 3.36 4.09 4.91 5.78 6.67 7.76 9.12 10.17 10.66

1.051 1.100 1.152 1.208 1.267 1.325 1.387 1.449 1.514 1.577 1.710 1.849 1.986 2.106 2.218 2.432 2.612 2.765 2.900

Section 8.indb 68

4/30/05 8:47:19 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

2-Propanol CH3CHOHCH3

Silver nitrate AgNO3

Sodium acetate CH3COONa

Section 8.indb 69

Mass % 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 11.093 24.958 66.556

c/mol L–1 6.182 8.860 11.275 13.368

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

0.168 0.340 0.515 0.693 0.876 1.062 1.252 1.447 1.646 1.849 2.269 2.709 3.169 3.652 4.160 11.093 24.958 66.556

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

∆/°C

8-69

ρ/g cm–3 0.9288 0.8875 0.8470 0.8034

n 1.3635 1.3734 1.3812 1.3852

η/mPa s 3.010 3.186 2.822 2.227

0.166 0.331 0.495 0.659 0.822 0.985 1.148 1.310 1.472 1.633 1.955 2.276 2.596 2.913 3.227 6.191 8.809 11.103 13.058

0.9960 0.9939 0.9920 0.9902 0.9884 0.9871 0.9855 0.9843 0.9831 0.9816 0.9793 0.9772 0.9751 0.9725 0.9696 0.9302 0.8824 0.8341 0.7848

1.3338 1.3346 1.3355 1.3364 1.3373 1.3382 1.3392 1.3400 1.3410 1.3420 1.3439 1.3459 1.3478 1.3496 1.3514 1.3642 1.3717 1.3742 1.3776

0.30 0.60 0.93 1.26 1.61 1.96 2.32 2.68 3.06 3.48 4.43 5.29 6.36 7.40 8.52

1.056 1.112 1.166 1.225 1.287 1.352 1.417 1.485 1.553 1.629 1.794 1.970 2.160 2.352 2.550

0.030 0.059 0.120 0.182 0.245 0.310 0.376 0.443 0.512 0.582 0.654 0.803 0.958 1.121 1.292 1.472 1.660 1.859 2.068 2.289 2.523 2.770 3.033 3.311 3.608 3.925

0.030 0.059 0.120 0.181 0.243 0.307 0.371 0.437 0.503 0.571 0.641 0.783 0.930 1.083 1.241 1.406 1.577 1.755 1.940 2.132 2.332 2.541 2.758 2.985 3.223 3.472

1.0027 1.0070 1.0154 1.0239 1.0327 1.0417 1.0506 1.0597 1.0690 1.0785 1.0882 1.1079 1.1284 1.1496 1.1715 1.1942 1.2177 1.2420 1.2672 1.2933 1.3204 1.3487 1.3780 1.4087 1.4407 1.4743

1.3336 1.3342 1.3352 1.3363 1.3374 1.3385 1.3396 1.3407 1.3419 1.3431 1.3443 1.3467 1.3493 1.3519 1.3546 1.3574 1.3602 1.3632 1.3662 1.3694 1.3726 1.3760 1.3795 1.3832 1.3871 1.3911

0.10 0.20 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.96 1.15 1.33 1.51 1.69 1.87 2.21 2.55 2.86

1.003 1.005 1.009 1.013 1.016 1.020 1.024 1.027 1.031 1.035 1.039 1.049 1.060 1.072 1.086 1.101 1.117 1.135 1.154 1.176 1.200 1.227 1.257 1.290 1.326 1.366

0.061 0.123 0.249 0.377 0.508 0.642 0.778 0.918 1.060

0.061 0.122 0.246 0.371 0.497 0.624 0.752 0.882 1.013

1.0008 1.0034 1.0085 1.0135 1.0184 1.0234 1.0283 1.0334 1.0386

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3386 1.3400 1.3414 1.3428 1.3442

0.22 0.43 0.88 1.34 1.82 2.32 2.85 3.40 3.98

1.021 1.040 1.080 1.124 1.171 1.222 1.278 1.337 1.401

4/30/05 8:47:20 AM

8-70 Solute

Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3

Sodium bromide NaBr

Sodium carbonate Na2CO3

Section 8.indb 70

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

m/mol kg–1 1.206 1.354 1.662 1.984 2.322 2.676 3.047 3.438 3.849 4.283 4.741 5.224

c/mol L–1 1.145 1.279 1.552 1.829 2.112 2.400 2.694 2.993 3.297 3.606 3.921 4.243

ρ/g cm–3 1.0440 1.0495 1.0607 1.0718 1.0830 1.0940 1.1050 1.1159 1.1268 1.1377 1.1488 1.1602

n 1.3456 1.3470 1.3498 1.3526 1.3554 1.3583 1.3611 1.3639 1.3666 1.3693 1.3720 1.3748

∆/°C 4.57

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

0.060 0.120 0.181 0.243 0.305 0.368 0.432 0.496 0.561 0.627 0.693 0.760

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

η/mPa s 1.468 1.539 1.688 1.855 2.054 2.284 2.567 2.948 3.400 3.877 4.388 4.940

0.060 0.120 0.180 0.241 0.302 0.364 0.426 0.489 0.552 0.615 0.679 0.743

1.0018 1.0054 1.0089 1.0125 1.0160 1.0196 1.0231 1.0266 1.0301 1.0337 1.0372 1.0408

1.3337 1.3344 1.3351 1.3357 1.3364 1.3370 1.3377 1.3383 1.3390 1.3396 1.3403 1.3409

0.20 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.98 1.16 1.35 1.54 1.72 1.90 2.08 2.26

1.015 1.028 1.042 1.057 1.071 1.086 1.102 1.118 1.134 1.151 1.168 1.185

0.049 0.098 0.198 0.301 0.405 0.512 0.620 0.732 0.845 0.961 1.080 1.325 1.582 1.851 2.133 2.430 2.741 3.069 3.415 3.780 4.165 4.574 5.007 5.467 5.957 6.479

0.049 0.098 0.197 0.298 0.400 0.504 0.610 0.717 0.826 0.937 1.050 1.281 1.519 1.765 2.020 2.283 2.555 2.837 3.129 3.431 3.744 4.069 4.406 4.755 5.119 5.496

1.0021 1.0060 1.0139 1.0218 1.0298 1.0380 1.0462 1.0546 1.0630 1.0716 1.0803 1.0981 1.1164 1.1352 1.1546 1.1745 1.1951 1.2163 1.2382 1.2608 1.2842 1.3083 1.3333 1.3592 1.3860 1.4138

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3386 1.3401 1.3415 1.3430 1.3445 1.3460 1.3475 1.3506 1.3538 1.3570 1.3604 1.3638 1.3673 1.3708 1.3745 1.3783 1.3822 1.3862 1.3903 1.3946 1.3990 1.4035

0.17 0.34 0.69 1.04 1.39 1.76 2.14 2.53 2.93 3.34 3.77 4.67 5.65 6.74

1.004 1.007 1.012 1.017 1.022 1.028 1.034 1.040 1.046 1.053 1.060 1.077 1.096 1.119 1.144 1.174 1.207 1.244 1.287 1.336 1.395 1.465 1.546 1.639 1.745 1.866

0.047 0.095 0.193 0.292 0.393 0.497 0.602 0.710

0.047 0.095 0.192 0.291 0.392 0.495 0.600 0.707

1.0034 1.0086 1.0190 1.0294 1.0398 1.0502 1.0606 1.0711

1.3341 1.3352 1.3375 1.3397 1.3419 1.3440 1.3462 1.3483

0.22 0.43 0.75 1.08 1.42 1.77 2.13

1.025 1.049 1.102 1.159 1.222 1.292 1.367 1.448

4/30/05 8:47:21 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0

m/mol kg–1 0.820 0.933 1.048 1.166 1.287 1.410 1.536 1.665

c/mol L–1 0.816 0.927 1.041 1.156 1.273 1.392 1.514 1.638

8-71

ρ/g cm–3 1.0816 1.0922 1.1029 1.1136 1.1244 1.1353 1.1463 1.1574

n 1.3504 1.3525 1.3547 1.3568 1.3589 1.3610 1.3631 1.3652

∆/°C

η/mPa s 1.538 1.638 1.754 1.884 2.028 2.186 2.361 2.551

Sodium chloride NaCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.086 0.173 0.349 0.529 0.713 0.901 1.092 1.288 1.488 1.692 1.901 2.333 2.785 3.259 3.756 4.278 4.826 5.403 6.012

0.086 0.172 0.346 0.523 0.703 0.885 1.069 1.256 1.445 1.637 1.832 2.229 2.637 3.056 3.486 3.928 4.382 4.847 5.326

1.0018 1.0053 1.0125 1.0196 1.0268 1.0340 1.0413 1.0486 1.0559 1.0633 1.0707 1.0857 1.1008 1.1162 1.1319 1.1478 1.1640 1.1804 1.1972

1.3339 1.3347 1.3365 1.3383 1.3400 1.3418 1.3435 1.3453 1.3470 1.3488 1.3505 1.3541 1.3576 1.3612 1.3648 1.3684 1.3721 1.3757 1.3795

0.30 0.59 1.19 1.79 2.41 3.05 3.70 4.38 5.08 5.81 6.56 8.18 9.94 11.89 14.04 16.46 19.18

1.011 1.020 1.036 1.052 1.068 1.085 1.104 1.124 1.145 1.168 1.193 1.250 1.317 1.388 1.463 1.557 1.676 1.821 1.990

Sodium citrate (HO)C(COONa)3

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0

0.039 0.079 0.120 0.161 0.204 0.247 0.292 0.337 0.383 0.431 0.528 0.631 0.738 0.851 0.969 1.224 1.507 1.823 2.180

0.039 0.078 0.118 0.159 0.200 0.242 0.284 0.327 0.371 0.415 0.505 0.598 0.693 0.790 0.891 1.099 1.318 1.548 1.792

1.0049 1.0120 1.0186 1.0260 1.0331 1.0405 1.0482 1.0557 1.0632 1.0708 1.0861 1.1019 1.1173 1.1327 1.1492 1.1813 1.2151 1.2487 1.2843

1.3348 1.3366 1.3383 1.3401 1.3419 1.3437 1.3455 1.3473 1.3491 1.3509 1.3546 1.3583 1.3618 1.3656 1.3693 1.3767 1.3845 1.3923 1.4001

0.20 0.39 0.59 0.79 0.97 1.17 1.36 1.57 1.77 1.96 2.38 2.82 3.27 3.82 4.39

1.043 1.081 1.122 1.166 1.210 1.263 1.314 1.371 1.427 1.499 1.649 1.832 2.045 2.290 2.596 3.409 4.586 6.541 9.788

Sodium hydroxide NaOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0

0.126 0.253 0.510 0.773 1.042 1.316 1.596 1.882 2.174 2.473 2.778 3.409

0.125 0.252 0.510 0.774 1.043 1.317 1.597 1.883 2.174 2.470 2.772 3.393

1.0039 1.0095 1.0207 1.0318 1.0428 1.0538 1.0648 1.0758 1.0869 1.0979 1.1089 1.1309

1.3344 1.3358 1.3386 1.3414 1.3441 1.3467 1.3494 1.3520 1.3546 1.3572 1.3597 1.3648

0.43 0.86 1.74 2.64 3.59 4.57 5.60 6.69 7.87 9.12 10.47 13.42

1.027 1.054 1.112 1.176 1.248 1.329 1.416 1.510 1.616 1.737 1.882 2.201

Section 8.indb 71

4/30/05 8:47:22 AM

8-72

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

m/mol kg–1 4.070 4.412 4.762 5.488 6.250 7.052 7.895 8.784 9.723 10.715 11.766 12.880 14.064 15.324 16.668

c/mol L–1 4.036 4.365 4.701 5.387 6.096 6.827 7.579 8.352 9.145 9.958 10.791 11.643 12.512 13.398 14.300

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

0.059 0.119 0.240 0.364 0.490 0.619 0.751 0.886 1.023 1.164 1.307 1.604 1.915 2.583 2.941 5.042 7.844

Sodium phosphate Na3PO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0

Sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Sodium nitrate NaNO3

Section 8.indb 72

Mass % 14.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

ρ/g cm–3 1.1530 1.1640 1.1751 1.1971 1.2192 1.2412 1.2631 1.2848 1.3064 1.3277 1.3488 1.3697 1.3901 1.4102 1.4299

n 1.3697 1.3722 1.3746 1.3793 1.3840 1.3885 1.3929 1.3971 1.4012 1.4051 1.4088 1.4123 1.4156 1.4186 1.4215

∆/°C 16.76

η/mPa s 2.568 2.789 3.043 3.698 4.619 5.765 7.100 8.744 10.832 13.517 16.844 20.751 25.290 30.461 36.312

0.059 0.118 0.238 0.359 0.483 0.607 0.734 0.862 0.991 1.123 1.256 1.527 1.806 2.387 2.689 4.326 6.200

1.0016 1.0050 1.0117 1.0185 1.0254 1.0322 1.0392 1.0462 1.0532 1.0603 1.0674 1.0819 1.0967 1.1272 1.1429 1.2256 1.3175

1.3336 1.3341 1.3353 1.3364 1.3375 1.3387 1.3398 1.3409 1.3421 1.3432 1.3443 1.3466 1.3489 1.3536 1.3559 1.3678 1.3802

0.20 0.40 0.79 1.18 1.56 1.94 2.32 2.70 3.08 3.46 3.84 4.60 5.37 6.98 7.81

1.004 1.007 1.012 1.018 1.025 1.032 1.040 1.049 1.059 1.069 1.081 1.107 1.138 1.215 1.263 1.609 2.226

0.031 0.062 0.093 0.124 0.156 0.189 0.221 0.254 0.287 0.321 0.355 0.389 0.424 0.459 0.495 0.530

0.031 0.062 0.093 0.125 0.157 0.189 0.222 0.255 0.289 0.323 0.357 0.392 0.427 0.462 0.498 0.535

1.0042 1.0100 1.0158 1.0216 1.0275 1.0335 1.0395 1.0456 1.0517 1.0579 1.0642 1.0705 1.0768 1.0832 1.0896 1.0961

1.3343 1.3356 1.3369 1.3381 1.3394 1.3406 1.3419 1.3432 1.3444 1.3457 1.3470 1.3482 1.3495 1.3507 1.3519 1.3532

0.19 0.37 0.53 0.67 0.79

1.033 1.064 1.094 1.126 1.161 1.198 1.238 1.281 1.327 1.375 1.426 1.480 1.538 1.598 1.662 1.729

0.035 0.071 0.107 0.144 0.181 0.218 0.255 0.293 0.332 0.371

0.035 0.071 0.107 0.143 0.180 0.217 0.255 0.292 0.331 0.369

1.0032 1.0082 1.0131 1.0180 1.0229 1.0279 1.0328 1.0378 1.0428 1.0478

1.3340 1.3349 1.3358 1.3368 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3414 1.3424

0.17 0.32 0.46

1.021 1.042 1.064 1.088 1.113 1.138 1.165 1.193 1.223 1.254

4/30/05 8:47:23 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 5.5

m/mol kg–1 0.410

c/mol L–1 0.408

ρ/g cm–3 1.0528

n 1.3433

∆/°C

8-73

η/mPa s 1.286

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.042 0.084 0.127 0.170 0.214 0.258 0.302 0.347 0.393 0.439 0.532 0.627 0.725 0.824 0.926 1.137 1.357 1.588 1.830 2.084 2.351 2.632 2.929 3.242 3.572 3.923 4.294 4.689 5.109 5.557

0.042 0.084 0.126 0.169 0.212 0.255 0.299 0.343 0.387 0.432 0.522 0.613 0.706 0.800 0.896 1.091 1.292 1.499 1.711 1.930 2.155 2.387 2.625 2.870 3.123 3.383 3.650 3.925 4.208 4.499

1.0019 1.0056 1.0094 1.0131 1.0168 1.0206 1.0244 1.0281 1.0319 1.0358 1.0434 1.0511 1.0589 1.0668 1.0747 1.0907 1.1070 1.1236 1.1404 1.1576 1.1752 1.1931 1.2113 1.2299 1.2488 1.2682 1.2879 1.3080 1.3285 1.3493

1.3336 1.3343 1.3349 1.3356 1.3362 1.3369 1.3375 1.3382 1.3388 1.3395 1.3408 1.3421 1.3434 1.3447 1.3460 1.3486 1.3512 1.3538 1.3565 1.3592 1.3618 1.3646 1.3673 1.3700 1.3728 1.3756 1.3784 1.3812 1.3840 1.3869

0.14 0.28 0.42 0.56 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.25 1.39 1.65 1.89 2.12 2.35 2.58 3.06 3.53 4.03 4.55 5.10

1.018 1.035 1.051 1.068 1.085 1.103 1.121 1.140 1.160 1.180 1.223 1.270 1.319 1.371 1.428 1.552 1.694 1.861 2.050 2.283 2.550 2.850 3.214 3.682 4.300 5.079 6.008 7.098 8.363 9.814

Sodium sulfate Na2SO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0

0.035 0.071 0.144 0.218 0.293 0.371 0.449 0.530 0.612 0.696 0.782 0.960 1.146 1.341 1.545 1.760 1.986

0.035 0.071 0.143 0.217 0.291 0.367 0.445 0.523 0.603 0.685 0.768 0.938 1.114 1.296 1.483 1.677 1.875

1.0027 1.0071 1.0161 1.0252 1.0343 1.0436 1.0526 1.0619 1.0713 1.0808 1.0905 1.1101 1.1301 1.1503 1.1705 1.1907 1.2106

1.3338 1.3345 1.3360 1.3376 1.3391 1.3406 1.3420 1.3435 1.3449 1.3464 1.3479 1.3509 1.3539 1.3567 1.3595 1.3620 1.3643

0.17 0.32 0.61 0.87 1.13 1.36 1.56

1.013 1.026 1.058 1.091 1.126 1.163 1.202 1.244 1.289 1.337 1.390 1.508 1.646 1.812 2.005 2.227 2.481

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

0.032 0.064 0.129 0.196 0.264 0.333 0.404 0.476 0.550 0.626

0.032 0.064 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.398 0.468 0.539 0.611

1.0024 1.0065 1.0148 1.0231 1.0315 1.0399 1.0483 1.0568 1.0654 1.0740

1.3340 1.3351 1.3371 1.3392 1.3413 1.3434 1.3454 1.3475 1.3496 1.3517

0.14 0.28 0.57 0.84 1.09 1.34 1.59 1.83 2.06 2.30

1.012 1.023 1.044 1.066 1.090 1.115 1.141 1.169 1.199 1.231

Sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3

Section 8.indb 73

4/30/05 8:47:24 AM

8-74 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.703 0.862 1.030 1.205 1.388 1.581 2.711 4.216

c/mol L–1 0.685 0.835 0.990 1.150 1.315 1.485 2.417 3.498

ρ/g cm–3 1.0827 1.1003 1.1182 1.1365 1.1551 1.1740 1.2739 1.3827

n 1.3538 1.3581 1.3624 1.3667 1.3711 1.3756 1.3987 1.4229

∆/°C 2.55 3.06 3.60 4.17 4.76 5.37

η/mPa s 1.267 1.345 1.435 1.537 1.657 1.798 2.903 5.758

Strontium chloride SrCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0

0.032 0.064 0.129 0.195 0.263 0.332 0.403 0.475 0.549 0.624 0.701 0.860 1.027 1.202 1.385 1.577 1.779 1.992 2.216 2.453 2.703 2.968 3.250 3.548

0.032 0.064 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.399 0.469 0.541 0.615 0.689 0.843 1.002 1.167 1.338 1.515 1.699 1.890 2.087 2.293 2.507 2.730 2.962 3.205

1.0027 1.0071 1.0161 1.0252 1.0344 1.0437 1.0532 1.0628 1.0726 1.0825 1.0925 1.1131 1.1342 1.1558 1.1780 1.2008 1.2241 1.2481 1.2728 1.2983 1.3248 1.3523 1.3811 1.4114

1.3339 1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3402 1.3421 1.3440 1.3459 1.3478 1.3498 1.3518 1.3558 1.3599 1.3641 1.3684 1.3728 1.3772 1.3817 1.3864 1.3911 1.3961 1.4013 1.4067 1.4124

0.16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.26 1.61 1.98 2.38 2.80 3.25 3.74 4.81 6.03 7.41 8.98 10.74 12.74 14.99

1.012 1.021 1.039 1.057 1.076 1.096 1.116 1.136 1.157 1.180 1.204 1.258 1.317 1.383 1.460 1.549 1.650 1.765 1.897 2.056 2.245 2.527 2.846 3.206

Sucrose C12H22O11

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641 0.730 0.824 0.923 1.026 1.136 1.252 1.375 1.505 1.643 1.791 1.948 2.116

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.118 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.303 0.367 0.431 0.497 0.564 0.632 0.700 0.771 0.842 0.914 0.988 1.063 1.139 1.216 1.295 1.375 1.456

1.0002 1.0021 1.0060 1.0099 1.0139 1.0178 1.0218 1.0259 1.0299 1.0340 1.0381 1.0465 1.0549 1.0635 1.0722 1.0810 1.0899 1.0990 1.1082 1.1175 1.1270 1.1366 1.1464 1.1562 1.1663 1.1765 1.1868

1.3337 1.3344 1.3359 1.3373 1.3388 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3448 1.3463 1.3478 1.3509 1.3541 1.3573 1.3606 1.3639 1.3672 1.3706 1.3741 1.3776 1.3812 1.3848 1.3885 1.3922 1.3960 1.3999 1.4038

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.55 0.63 0.77 0.93 1.10 1.27 1.47 1.67 1.89 2.12 2.37 2.64 2.94 3.27 3.63 4.02 4.45 4.93

1.015 1.028 1.055 1.084 1.114 1.146 1.179 1.215 1.254 1.294 1.336 1.429 1.534 1.653 1.790 1.945 2.124 2.331 2.573 2.855 3.187 3.762 4.052 4.621 5.315 6.162 7.234

Section 8.indb 74

4/30/05 8:47:25 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Sulfuric acid H2SO4

Trichloroacetic acid CCl3COOH

Section 8.indb 75

Mass % 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

m/mol kg–1 2.295 2.489 2.697 2.921 4.382 6.817 11.686

c/mol L–1 1.539 1.623 1.709 1.796 2.255 2.755 3.299

8-75

ρ/g cm–3 1.1972 1.2079 1.2186 1.2295 1.2864 1.3472 1.4117

n 1.4078 1.4118 1.4159 1.4201 1.4419 1.4654 1.4906

∆/°C

η/mPa s 8.596 10.301 12.515 15.431 58.487 481.561

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

0.051 0.103 0.208 0.315 0.425 0.537 0.651 0.767 0.887 1.008 1.133 1.390 1.660 1.942 2.238 2.549 2.876 3.220 3.582 3.965 4.370 4.798 5.252 5.735 6.249 6.797 7.383 8.011 8.685 9.411 10.196 11.045 11.969 12.976 14.080 15.294 23.790 40.783 91.762 117.251 159.734 244.698 499.592

0.051 0.102 0.206 0.311 0.418 0.526 0.635 0.746 0.858 0.972 1.087 1.322 1.563 1.810 2.064 2.324 2.592 2.866 3.147 3.435 3.729 4.030 4.339 4.656 4.981 5.313 5.655 6.005 6.364 6.734 7.113 7.502 7.901 8.312 8.734 9.168 11.494 14.088 16.649 17.109 17.550 17.966 18.346 18.663

1.0016 1.0049 1.0116 1.0183 1.0250 1.0318 1.0385 1.0453 1.0522 1.0591 1.0661 1.0802 1.0947 1.1094 1.1245 1.1398 1.1554 1.1714 1.1872 1.2031 1.2191 1.2353 1.2518 1.2685 1.2855 1.3028 1.3205 1.3386 1.3570 1.3759 1.3952 1.4149 1.4351 1.4558 1.4770 1.4987 1.6105 1.7272 1.8144 1.8240 1.8312 1.8355 1.8361 1.8305

1.3336 1.3342 1.3355 1.3367 1.3379 1.3391 1.3403 1.3415 1.3427 1.3439 1.3451 1.3475 1.3500 1.3525 1.3551 1.3576 1.3602 1.3628 1.3653 1.3677 1.3701 1.3725 1.3749 1.3773 1.3797 1.3821 1.3846 1.3870 1.3895 1.3920 1.3945 1.3971 1.3997 1.4024 1.4050 1.4077

0.21 0.42 0.80 1.17 1.60 2.05 2.50 2.95 3.49 4.08 4.64 5.93 7.49 9.26 11.29 13.64 16.48 19.85 24.29 29.65 36.21 44.76 55.28

1.010 1.019 1.036 1.059 1.085 1.112 1.136 1.159 1.182 1.206 1.230 1.282 1.337 1.399 1.470 1.546 1.624 1.706 1.797 1.894 2.001 2.122 2.255 2.392 2.533 2.690 2.872 3.073 3.299 3.546 3.826 4.142 4.499 4.906 5.354 5.917

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

0.031 0.062 0.125 0.189 0.255 0.322 0.391 0.461

0.031 0.061 0.123 0.186 0.249 0.313 0.377 0.442

1.0008 1.0034 1.0083 1.0133 1.0182 1.0230 1.0279 1.0328

1.3337 1.3343 1.3356 1.3369 1.3381 1.3394 1.3406 1.3418

0.11 0.21 0.42 0.64 0.86 1.08 1.30 1.53

1.011 1.021 1.044 1.069 1.096 1.123 1.150 1.177

4/30/05 8:47:26 AM

8-76

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0

m/mol kg–1 0.532 0.605 0.680 0.835 0.996 1.166 1.343 1.530 1.933 2.380 2.880 3.443 4.080 4.809 5.650

c/mol L–1 0.508 0.574 0.641 0.777 0.916 1.058 1.203 1.351 1.654 1.968 2.294 2.632 2.984 3.349 3.726

ρ/g cm–3 1.0378 1.0428 1.0479 1.0583 1.0692 1.0806 1.0921 1.1035 1.1260 1.1485 1.1713 1.1947 1.2188 1.2435 1.2682

n 1.3431 1.3444 1.3456 1.3483 1.3510 1.3539 1.3568 1.3597 1.3652 1.3705 1.3759 1.3813 1.3868 1.3923 1.3977

∆/°C 1.76 1.99 2.23 2.73 3.26 3.82

η/mPa s 1.204 1.233 1.263 1.326 1.393 1.462 1.533 1.608 1.768 1.935 2.118 2.320 1.543 2.797 3.076

Tris (hydroxymethyl)methylamine H2NC(CH2OH)3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

0.041 0.083 0.168 0.255 0.344 0.434 0.527 0.621 0.718 0.816 0.917 1.126 1.344 1.572 1.812 2.064 3.538 5.503

0.041 0.083 0.166 0.249 0.333 0.417 0.502 0.587 0.672 0.758 0.844 1.019 1.194 1.372 1.552 1.733 2.670 3.657

0.9994 1.0006 1.0030 1.0054 1.0078 1.0103 1.0128 1.0153 1.0179 1.0204 1.0230 1.0282 1.0335 1.0389 1.0443 1.0498 1.0781 1.1076

1.3337 1.3344 1.3359 1.3374 1.3388 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3448 1.3463 1.3478 1.3508 1.3539 1.3570 1.3601 1.3633 1.3797 1.3970

0.08 0.16 0.31 0.47 0.64 0.80 0.97 1.15 1.33 1.51 1.70 2.08 2.47 2.90 3.36 3.85

1.014 1.027 1.054 1.083 1.115 1.148 1.182 1.218 1.256 1.295 1.337 1.427 1.527 1.642 1.772 1.920 2.998 5.208

Urea (NH2)2CO

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.084 0.168 0.340 0.515 0.694 0.876 1.063 1.253 1.448 1.647 1.850 2.270 2.710 3.171 3.655 4.163 4.696 5.258 5.850 6.475 7.136 7.835 8.577 9.366 10.205 11.100

0.083 0.167 0.334 0.502 0.672 0.842 1.013 1.185 1.358 1.531 1.706 2.059 2.415 2.775 3.139 3.506 3.878 4.253 4.632 5.014 5.401 5.791 6.185 6.584 6.988 7.397

0.9995 1.0007 1.0033 1.0058 1.0085 1.0111 1.0138 1.0165 1.0192 1.0220 1.0248 1.0304 1.0360 1.0417 1.0473 1.0530 1.0586 1.0643 1.0699 1.0756 1.0812 1.0869 1.0926 1.0984 1.1044 1.1106

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3387 1.3401 1.3416 1.3431 1.3446 1.3461 1.3476 1.3506 1.3537 1.3568 1.3599 1.3629 1.3661 1.3692 1.3723 1.3754 1.3785 1.3817 1.3848 1.3881 1.3913 1.3947

0.16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.88 2.22 2.56 2.91 3.26 3.95 4.66 5.40 6.19 7.00 7.81 8.64 9.52 10.45 11.40 12.34 13.27 14.20 15.11 15.99

1.007 1.010 1.012 1.017 1.025 1.033 1.041 1.049 1.057 1.065 1.074 1.091 1.109 1.130 1.153 1.178 1.205 1.235 1.266 1.298 1.332 1.371 1.413 1.459 1.509 1.565

Section 8.indb 76

4/30/05 8:47:27 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Zinc sulfate ZnSO4

Section 8.indb 77

Mass % 42.0 44.0 46.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0

m/mol kg–1 12.057 13.082 14.183

c/mol L–1 7.812 8.234 8.665

0.031 0.063 0.126 0.192 0.258 0.326 0.395 0.466 0.539 0.613 0.688 0.845 1.008 1.180

0.031 0.062 0.126 0.191 0.258 0.326 0.395 0.465 0.537 0.611 0.686 0.840 1.002 1.170

ρ/g cm–3 1.1171 1.1239 1.1313

n 1.3982 1.4018 1.4056

∆/°C 16.83 17.62

1.0034 1.0085 1.0190 1.0296 1.0403 1.0511 1.0620 1.0730 1.0842 1.0956 1.1071 1.1308 1.1553 1.1806

1.3339 1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3403 1.3421 1.3439 1.3457 1.3475 1.3494 1.3513 1.3551 1.3590 1.3630

0.08 0.15 0.28 0.41 0.53 0.65 0.77 0.89 1.01 1.14 1.27 1.55 1.89 2.31

8-77

η/mPa s 1.629 1.700 1.780 1.021 1.040 1.081 1.126 1.175 1.227 1.283 1.341 1.403 1.470 1.545 1.716 1.918 2.152

4/30/05 8:47:28 AM

ION PRODUCT OF WATER SUBSTANCE William L. Marshall and E. U. Franck Pressure (bars) Saturated vapor 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000

0 14.938 14.83 14.72 14.62 14.53 14.34 14.21 14.08 13.97 13.87 13.77 13.60 13.44 13.31 13.18 13.04 12.91

25 13.995 13.90 13.82 13.73 13.66 13.53 13.40 13.28 13.18 13.09 13.00 12.83 12.68 12.55 12.43 12.31 12.21

50 13.275 13.19 13.11 13.04 12.96 12.85 12.73 12.62 12.53 12.44 12.35 12.19 12.05 11.93 11.82 11.71 11.62

Temperature (°C) 75 100 12.712 12.265 12.63 12.18 12.55 12.10 12.48 12.03 12.41 11.96 12.29 11.84 12.18 11.72 12.07 11.61 11.98 11.53 11.90 11.44 11.82 11.37 11.66 11.22 11.53 11.09 11.41 10.97 11.30 10.86 11.20 10.77 11.11 10.68

150 11.638 11.54 11.45 11.36 11.29 11.16 11.04 10.92 10.83 10.74 10.66 10.52 10.39 10.27 10.17 10.07 9.98

200 11.289 11.16 11.05 10.95 10.86 10.71 10.57 10.45 10.34 10.24 10.16 10.00 9.87 9.75 9.64 9.54 9.45

250 11.191 11.01 10.85 10.72 10.60 10.43 10.27 10.12 9.99 9.88 9.79 9.62 9.48 9.35 9.24 9.13 9.04

300 11.406 11.14 10.86 10.66 10.50 10.26 10.08 9.91 9.76 9.63 9.52 9.34 9.18 9.04 8.93 8.82 8.71

Pressure (bars) Saturated vapor 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000

350 12.30 11.77 11.14 10.79 10.54 10.22 9.98 9.79 9.61 9.47 9.34 9.13 8.96 8.81 8.68 8.57 8.46

400 — 19.43 11.88 11.17 10.77 10.29 9.98 9.74 9.54 9.37 9.22 8.99 8.80 8.64 8.50 8.37 8.25

450 — 21.59 13.74 11.89 11.19 10.48 10.07 9.77 9.53 9.33 9.16 8.90 8.69 8.51 8.36 8.22 8.09

500 — 22.40 16.13 13.01 11.81 10.77 10.23 9.86 9.57 9.34 9.15 8.85 8.62 8.42 8.25 8.10 7.96

Temperature (°C) 600 — 23.27 18.30 15.25 13.40 11.59 10.73 10.18 9.78 9.48 9.23 8.85 8.57 8.34 8.13 7.95 7.78

700 — 23.81 19.29 16.55 14.70 12.50 11.36 10.63 10.11 9.71 9.41 8.95 8.61 8.34 8.10 7.89 7.70

800 — 24.23 19.92 17.35 15.58 13.30 11.98 11.11 10.49 10.02 9.65 9.11 8.72 8.40 8.13 7.89 7.68

900 — 24.59 20.39 17.93 16.22 13.97 12.54 11.59 10.89 10.35 9.93 9.30 8.86 8.51 8.21 7.95 7.70

1000 — 24.93 20.80 18.39 16.72 14.50 12.97 12.02 11.24 10.62 10.13 9.42 8.97 8.64 8.38 8.12 7.85

Data in this table were calculated from the equation, log10 Kw* = A + B/T + C/T2 + D/T3 + (E + F/T + G/T2) log10 ρw*, where Kw* = Kw/(mol kg–1), and ρw* = ρw/(g cm–3). The parameters are: A = –4.098 B = –3245.2 K C = +2.2362 × 105 K2 D = –3.984 × 107 K3

E = +13.957 F = 1262.3 K G = +8.5641 × 105 K2

Reprinted with permission from W. L. Marshall and E. U. Franck, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 295, 1981.

8-78

Section 8.indb 78

4/30/05 8:47:29 AM

IONIZATION CONSTANT OF NORMAL AND HEAVY WATER This table gives the ionization constant in molality terms for H2O and D2O at temperatures from 0 to 100°C at the saturated vapor pressure. The quantity tabulated is –log KW, where KW is defined by KW = m+ × m–

References 1. Marshall W. L., and Franck, E. U., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 295, 1981. 2. Mesmer R. E., and Herting, D. L., J. Solution Chem., 7, 901, 1978.

and m+ and m– are the molalities, in mol/kg of water, for H+ and OH–, respectively.

t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

H2O 14.938 14.727 14.528 14.340 14.163 13.995 13.836 13.685 13.542 13.405 13.275 13.152 13.034 12.921 12.814 12.712 12.613 12.520 12.428 12.345 12.265

–log KW

D2O 15.972 15.743 15.527 15.324 15.132 14.951 14.779 14.616 14.462 14.316 14.176 14.044 13.918 13.798 13.683 13.574 13.470 13.371 13.276 13.186 13.099

8-79

Section 8.indb 79

4/30/05 8:47:29 AM

SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER L. H. Gevantman The values in this table are taken almost exclusively from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry “Solubility Data Series”. Unless noted, they comprise evaluated data fitted to a smoothing equation. The data at each temperature are then derived from the smoothing equation which expresses the mole fraction solubility X1 of the gas in solution as: ln X1 = A + B/T* + C ln T* where T* = T/100 K All values refer to a partial pressure of the gas of 101.325 kPa (one atmosphere).

The equation constants, the standard deviation for ln X1 (except where noted), and the temperature range over which the equation applies are given in the column headed Equation constants. There are two exceptions. The equation for methane has an added term, DT *. The equation for H2Se and H2S takes the form, ln X1 = A + B/T + C ln T + DT where T is the temperature in kelvin. Solubilities given for those gases which react with water, namely ozone, nitrogen oxides, chlorine and its oxides, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen selenide and sulfur dioxide, are recorded as bulk solubilities; i.e., all chemical species of the gas and its reaction products with water are included.

Gas Hydrogen (H2) Mr = 2.01588

T/K 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

Solubility (X1) 1.510 × 10–5 1.455 × 10–5 1.411 × 10–5 1.377 × 10–5 1.350 × 10–5

Equation constants A = –48.1611 B = 55.2845 C = 16.8893 Std. dev. = ± 0.54% Temp. range = 273.15—353.15

Ref. 1

Deuterium (D2) Mr = 4.0282

283.15 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15

1.675 × 10–5 ± 0.57% 1.595 × 10–5 ± 0.57% 1.512 × 10–5 ± 0.78% 1.460 × 10–5 ± 0.52% 1.395 × 10–5 ± 0.37%

Averaged experimental values

Helium (He) Ar = 4.0026

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

7.123 × 10–6 7.044 × 10–6 6.997 × 10–6 6.978 × 10–6 6.987 × 10–6

A = –41.4611 B = 42.5962 C = 14.0094 Std. dev. = ±0.54% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

2

Neon (Ne) Ar = 20.1797

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

8.702 × 10–6 8.395 × 10–6 8.152 × 10–6 7.966 × 10–6 7.829 × 10–6

A = –52.8573 B = 61.0494 C = 18.9157 Std. dev. = ±0.47% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

2

Argon (Ar) Ar = 39.948

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.025 × 10–5 2.748 × 10–5 2.519 × 10–5 2.328 × 10–5 2.169 × 10–5

A = –57.6661 B = 74.7627 C = 20.1398 Std. dev. = ±0.26% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

3

Krypton (Kr) Ar = 83.80

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

5.696 × 10–5 5.041 × 10–5 4.512 × 10–5 4.079 × 10–5 3.725 × 10–5

A = –66.9928 B = 91.0166 C = 24.2207 Std. dev. = ±0.32% Temp. range = 273.15—353.15

4

Xenon (Xe) Ar = 131.29

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

10.519 × 10–5 9.051 × 10–5 7.890 × 10–5 6.961 × 10–5 6.212 × 10–5

A = –74.7398 B = 105.210 C = 27.4664 Std. dev. = ±0.35% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

4

1

Temp. range = 278.15—303.15

8-80

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Solubility of Selected Gases in Water

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8-81

Gas Radon-222(222Rn) Ar = 222

T/K 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

Solubility (X1) 2.299 × 10–4 1.945 × 10–4 1.671 × 10–4 1.457 × 10–4 1.288 × 10–4

Equation constants A = –90.5481 B = 130.026 C = 35.0047 Std. dev. = ±1.02% Temp. range = 273.15—373.15

Ref.

Oxygen (O2) Mr = 31.9988

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.756 × 10–5 2.501 × 10–5 2.293 × 10–5 2.122 × 10–5 1.982 × 10–5

A = –66.7354 B = 87.4755 C = 24.4526 Std. dev. = ±0.36% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

5

Ozone (O3) Mr = 47.9982

293.15

1.885 × 10–6 ± 10% pH = 7.0

Experimental value derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation

5

Nitrogen (N2) Mr = 28.0134

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

1.386 × 10–5 1.274 × 10–5 1.183 × 10–5 1.108 × 10–5 1.047 × 10–5

A = –67.3877 B = 86.3213 C = 24.7981 Std. dev. = ±0.72% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

6

Nitrous oxide (N2O) Mr = 44.0129

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

5.948 × 10–4 5.068 × 10–4 4.367 × 10–4 3.805 × 10–4 3.348 × 10–4

A = –60.7467 B = 88.8280 C = 21.2531 Std. dev. = ±1.2% Temp. range = 273.15—313.15

7

Nitric oxide (NO) Mr = 30.0061

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

4.163 × 10–5 3.786 × 10–5 3.477 × 10–5 3.222 × 10–5 3.012 × 10–5

A = –62.8086 B = 82.3420 C = 22.8155 Std. dev. = ±0.76% Temp. range = 273.15—358.15

7

Carbon monoxide (CO) Mr = 28.0104

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.095 × 10–5 1.918 × 10–5 1.774 × 10–5 1.657 × 10–5 1.562 × 10–5

Derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation Std. dev. = ±0.043% Temp. range = 273.15—328.15

8

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Mr = 44.0098

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

8.21 × 10–4 7.07 × 10–4 6.15 × 10–4 5.41 × 10–4 4.80 × 10–4

Derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation Std. dev. = ±1.1% Temp. range = 273.15—353.15

9

Hydrogen selenide (H2Se) Mr = 80.976

288.15 298.15 308.15

1.80 × 10–3 1.49 × 10–3 1.24 × 10–3

A = 9.15 B = 974 C = –3.542 D = 0.0042 Std. dev. = ±2.3 × 10–5 Temp. range = 288.15—343.15

10

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) Mr = 34.082

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.335 × 10–3 2.075 × 10–3 1.85 × 10–3 1.66 × 10–3 1.51 × 10–3

A = –24.912 B = 3477 C = 0.3993 D = 0.0157 Std. dev. = ±6.5 × 10–5 Temp. range = 283.15—603.15

10

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Mr = 64.0648

288.15 293.15

3.45 × 10–2 2.90 × 10–2

A = –25.2629 B = 45.7552

11

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Solubility of Selected Gases in Water

8-82 Gas

T/K 298.15 303.15 308.15

Solubility (X1) 2.46 × 10–2 2.10 × 10–2 1.80 × 10–2

Equation constants C = 5.6855 Std. dev. = ±1.8% Temp. range = 278.15—328.15

Chlorine (Cl2) Mr = 70.9054

283.15 293.15 303.15 313.15

2.48 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.88 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.50 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.23 × 10–3 ± 2%

Experimental data Temp. range = 283.15—333.15

11

Chlorine monoxide (Cl2O) Mr = 86.9048

273.15 276.61 283.15 293.15

5.25 × 10–1 ± 1% 4.54 × 10–1 ± 1% 4.273 × 10–1 ± 1% 3.353 × 10–1 ± 1%

Experimental data Temp. range = 273.15—293.15

11

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) Mr = 67.4515

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.67 × 10–2 2.20 × 10–2 1.823 × 10–2 1.513 × 10–2 1.259 × 10–2

A = 7.9163 B = 0.4791 C = 11.0593 Std. dev. = ±4.6% Temp. range = 283.15—333.15

11

Methane (CH4) Mr = 16.0428

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.122 × 10–5 2.806 × 10–5 2.552 × 10–5 2.346 × 10–5 2.180 × 10–5

A = –115.6477 B = 155.5756 C = 65.2553 D = –6.1698 Std. dev. = ±0.056% Temp. range = 273.15—328.15

12

Ethane (C2H6) Mr = 30.0696

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

4.556 × 10–5 3.907 × 10–5 3.401 × 10–5 3.002 × 10–5 2.686 × 10–5

A = –90.8225 B = 126.9559 C = 34.7413 Std. dev. = ±0.13% Temp. range = 273.15—323.15

13

Propane (C3H8) Mr = 44.097

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.813 × 10–5 3.200 × 10–5 2.732 × 10–5 2.370 × 10–5 2.088 × 10–5

A = –102.044 B = 144.345 C = 39.4740 Std. dev. = ±0.012% Temp. range = 273.15—347.15

14

Butane (C4H10) Mr = 58.123

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.274 × 10–5 2.687 × 10–5 2.244 × 10–5 1.906 × 10–5 1.645 × 10–5

A = –102.029 B = 146.040 C = 38.7599 Std. dev. = ±0.026% Temp. range = 273.15—349.15

14

2-Methyl propane (Isobutane) (C4H10) Mr = 58.123

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.333 × 10–5 1.947 × 10–5 1.659 × 10–5 1.443 × 10–5 1.278 × 10–5

A = –129.714 B = 183.044 C = 53.4651 Std. dev. = ±0.034% Temp. range = 278.15—318.15

14

References 1. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 5/6, Hydrogen and Deuterium, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 2. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 1, Helium and Neon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979. 3. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 4, Argon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1980. 4. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 2, Krypton, Xenon and Radon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979.

S08_18.indd 82

Ref.

5. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 7, Oxygen and Ozone, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 6. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 10, Nitrogen and Air, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. 7. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 8, Oxides of Nitrogen, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 8. R. W. Cargill, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 43, Carbon Monoxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1990. 9. R. Crovetto, Evaluation of Solubility Data for the System CO2-H2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575, 1991.

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Solubility of Selected Gases in Water 10. P. G. T. Fogg and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 32, Hydrogen Sulfide, Deuterium Sulfide, and Hydrogen Selenide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1988. 11. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 12, Sulfur Dioxide, Chlorine, Fluorine and Chlorine Oxides, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1983. 12. H. L. Clever and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 27/28, Methane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1987.

S08_18.indd 83

8-83 13. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 9, Ethane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. 14. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 24, Propane, Butane and 2-Methylpropane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1986.

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SOLUBILITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES The solubility of CO2 in water, expressed as mole fraction of CO2 in the liquid phase, is given for pressures up to atmospheric and temperatures of 0 to 100°C. Note that 1 standard atmosphere equals 101.325 kPa. The references give data over a wider range of temperature and pressure. The estimated accuracy is about 2%.

t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

5 0.067 0.056 0.048 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010

10 0.135 0.113 0.096 0.082 0.071 0.062 0.054 0.048 0.043 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.030 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.020 0.020

References 1. Carroll, J. J., Slupsky, J. D., and Mather, A. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1201, 1991. 2. Fernandez-Prini, R. and Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1231, 1989. 3. Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575,1991.

1000 × mole fraction of CO2 in liquid phase Partial pressure of CO2 in kPa 20 30 40 0.269 0.404 0.538 0.226 0.338 0.451 0.191 0.287 0.382 0.164 0.245 0.327 0.141 0.212 0.283 0.123 0.185 0.247 0.109 0.163 0.218 0.097 0.145 0.193 0.087 0.130 0.173 0.078 0.117 0.156 0.071 0.107 0.142 0.065 0.098 0.131 0.060 0.090 0.121 0.056 0.084 0.112 0.052 0.079 0.105 0.049 0.074 0.099 0.047 0.070 0.093 0.044 0.067 0.089 0.042 0.064 0.085 0.041 0.061 0.082 0.039 0.059 0.079

50 0.671 0.564 0.477 0.409 0.353 0.308 0.271 0.242 0.216 0.196 0.178 0.163 0.150 0.140 0.131 0.123 0.116 0.111 0.106 0.102 0.098

100 1.337 1.123 0.950 0.814 0.704 0.614 0.541 0.481 0.431 0.389 0.354 0.325 0.300 0.279 0.261 0.245 0.232 0.221 0.211 0.203 0.196

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AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The solubility in water of about 1250 organic compounds, including many compounds of environmental interest, is tabulated here. When data are available, values are given at several temperatures between 0 and 100°C. Solids, liquids, and gases are included; additional data on gases can be found in the table “Solubility of Selected Gases in Water.” Solubility of solids is defined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with the solid phase at the specified temperature and one atmosphere pressure. For liquids whose water mixtures separate into two phases, the solubility given here is the concentration of the specified compound in the water-rich phase at equilibrium. In the case of gases (i.e., compounds whose vapor pressure at the specified temperature exceeds one atmosphere), the solubility is defined here as the concentration in the water phase when the partial pressure of the compound above the solution is 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Values for gases are marked with an asterisk. The primary solubility values in this tables are expressed as mass percent of solute, S = 100w2, where the mass fraction w2 is defined as

w2 = m2/(m1 + m2),

where m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. For convenience, the solubility expressed in grams of solute per liter of solution is tabulated in the adjacent column to mass percent. The conversion between these two measures involves the density of the solution, which usually is not readily available. For compounds with low solubility (say, S < 1%), the error from approximating the density is generally less than the uncertainty in the experimental solubility measurement, so that little accuracy is lost in the conversion. However, this may not be true for more soluble compounds; for that reason, some values in the table are indicated as approximate (≈). The mass fraction w2 is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molality: Molarity Mole fraction: Mass of solute per 100 g of H2O: Mass of solute per liter of solution:

m2 = 1000w2/M2(1 – w2) c2 = 1000ρw2/M2 x2 = (w2/M2)/{(w2/M2) + (1 – w2)/M1} r2 = 100w2/(1 – w2) 1000ρw2

Here M2 is the molar mass of the solute, M1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water, and ρ is the density of the solution in g/mL. Data have been selected from evaluated sources wherever possible, in particular the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (References 1–4, 35, 36, 38, 39, and 42). Many values come from experimental measurements reported in the Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data and the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, as well as critical review papers in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. The primary source for each value is listed in the column following the solubility values; additional references of interest are sometimes given. Many of the references contain solubility data at other temperatures and pH values and in the presence of other compounds. The user is cautioned that wide variations of data are found in the literature for the lower solubility compounds.

The table also contains values of the Henry’s Law constant kH, which provides a measure of the partition of a substance between the atmosphere and the aqueous phase. Here kH is defined as the limit of p2/c2 as the concentration approaches zero, where p2 is the partial pressure of the solute above the solution and c2 is the concentration in the solution at equilibrium (other formulations of Henry’s Law are often used; see Reference 5). The values of kH listed here are based on direct experimental measurement whenever available, but many of them are simply calculated as the ratio of the pure compound vapor pressure to the solubility. This approximation is reliable only for compounds of very low solubility. In fact, values of kH found in the literature frequently differ by a factor of two or three, and variations over an order of magnitude are not unusual (Reference 5). Therefore the data given here should be taken only as a rough indication of the true Henry’s Law constant, which is difficult to measure precisely. All values of kH refer to 25°C. If the vapor pressure of the compound at 25°C is greater than one atmosphere, it can be assumed that the kH value has been calculated as 101.325/c2 kPa m3/mol. The source of the Henry’s Law data is given in the last column. The air–water partition coefficient (i.e., ratio of air concentration to water concentration when both are expressed in the same units) is equal to kH/RT or kH/2.48 in the units used here. Compounds are listed by systematic name. To locate a compound by molecular formula or CAS Registry Number, use the indexes to the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3, which point to the entry in that table from which the name can be determined.

References 1. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 15, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 2. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 3. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 37, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. 4. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. 5. Mackay, D., and Shiu, W. Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 10, 1175, 1981. 6. Pearlman, R. S., and Yalkowsky, S. H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 13, 975, 1984. 7. Shiu, W. Y., and Mackay, D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 911, 1986. 8. Varhanickova, D., Lee, S. C., Shiu, W. Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 620, 1995. 9. Miller, M. M., Ghodbane, S., Wasik, S. P., Tewari, Y. B., and Martire, D. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data 29, 184, 1984. 10. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 11. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 12. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 13. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. III, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993.

* In the following table indicates a value of S for a gas at a partial pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm) in equilibrium with the solution.



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8-86

14. Horvath, A. L., Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982. 15. Howard, P. H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 16. Howard, P. H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990. 17. Banergee, S., Yalkowsky, S. H., and Valvani, S. C., Environ. Sci. Technol., 14, 1227, 1980. 18. Gevantman, L., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition, p. 6-3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. 19. Wilhelm, E., Battino, R., and Wilcock, R. J., Chem. Rev. 77, 219, 1977. 20. Stephenson, R. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37, 80, 1992. 21. Stephenson, R. M., Stuart, J., and Tabak, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 287, 1984. 22. Shiu, W.-Y., and Ma, K.-C, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 29, 41, 2000. 23. Lun, R., Varhanickova, D., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, 951 (1997). 24. Huang, G.-L., Xiao, H., Chi, J., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 411, 2000. 25. Horvath, A. L., Getzen, F. W., and Maczynska, Z., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 28, 395, 2000 [IUPAC No. 67]. 26. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 27. Stephen, H., and Stephen, T., Solubilities of Organic and Inorganic Compounds, Macmillan, New York, 1963. 28. Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 27, 1997. 29. Hinz, H.-J., ed., Thermodynamic Data for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986. 30. Budavari, S., ed., The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. 31. Bamford, H. A., Poster, D. L., and Baker, J. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 1069, 2000. 32. Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 33. Apelblat, A., and Manzurola, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 21, 1005, 1989. 34. Apelblat, A., and Manzurola, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 22, 289, 1990. 35. Horvath, A. L., and Getzen, F. W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 649, 1999 [IUPAC No. 68]. 36. Sazonov, V. P., Marsh, K. N., and Hefter, G. T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 1165, 2000 [IUPAC No. 71]. 37. Verbruggen, E. M. J., Hermens, J. L. M., and Tolls, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 1435, 2000.

Acenaphthene

Name

Mol. Form. C12H10

Acenaphthylene Acephate Acetamide Acetanilide

C12H8 C4H10NO3PS C2H5NO C8H9NO

Acetazolamide Acetohexamide Acetonitrile

C4H6N4O3S2 C15H20N2O4S C2H3N

Acetophenone

C8H8O

Acetylene

C2H2

6679X_S08.indb 86

Mol. Wt t/°C 154.207 0 25 50 152.192 20 183.166 20 59.067 20 135.163 20 70 222.246 30 324.396 37 41.052 –3 –10 120.149 25 80 26.037 25

38. Sazonov, V. P., Shaw, D. G., and Marsh, K. N., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 1, 2002 [IUPAC No. 77]. 39. Sazonov, V. P., and Shaw, D. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 989, 2002 [IUPAC No. 78]. 40. Yalkowsky, S. H., and He, Y., Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003. 41. Shiu, W.-Y., and Ma, K.-C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 387, 2000. 42. Shaw, D. G., and Maczynski, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 687, 2006 [IUPAC No. 81, Part 11]. 43. Nordstrom, F. L., and Rasmuson, A. C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1668, 2006. 44. Nordstrom, F. L., and Rasmuson, A. C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1775, 2006. 45. Sapoundjiev, D., Lorenz, H,. and Seidel-Morgenstern, A., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1562, 2006. 46. Marche, C., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 967, 2003. 47. Lu, J., Wang, X., Yang, X., and Ching, C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1593, 2006. 48. Achard, C., Jaoui, M., Schwing, M., and Rogalski, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 504, 1996. 49. Shareef, A., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 879, 2006. 50. Clever, H. L., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 34, 201, 2005 [IUPAC No. 80]. 51. Jaoui, M., Achard, C., and Rogalski, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 297, 2002. 52. Fichan, I., Larroche, C., and Gros, J. B., J. Chem. Eng. Data 44, 56, 1999. 53. Freire, M. G., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 237, 2005. 54. Domanska, U., and Kozlowska, M. K., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 456, 2002. 55. Phelan, J. M., and Barnett, J. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 375, 2001. 56. Long, B-W., Wang, L-S., and Wu, J-S., J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 136, 2005. 57. Marche, C., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 937, 2004. 58. Oleszek-Kudlak, S., Shibata, E., and Nakamura, T., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 570, 2004. 59. Lynch, J. C., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 1549, 2001. 60. Xiao, H., Li, N., and Wania, F., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 173, 2004. 61. Ma, J. H. Y., Hung, H., Shiu, W-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 619, 2001. 62. Carta, R., and Tola, G., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 414, 1996; 44, 563, 1999. 63. Kao, H. D., et al., Pharm. Res. 17, 978, 2000.

Solubility, S Mass% 0.00015 0.000380 0.00092 0.0016 ≈28 40.8 0.52 2.7 0.10 0.0013 40.5 31.7 0.55 1.204 0.1081*

g/L 0.0015 0.00380 0.0092 0.016 394 — 5.2 28 1.0 0.013 — — 5.5 12.2 1.081*

Ref.

4 22 4 28 40 10 27 27 40 40 39 39 28 20 19

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 0.01217

22

0.012

28

0.00108

28

4/11/08 2:21:56 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid Acridine Acrolein Acrylamide Acrylonitrile Adenine Adenosine Alachlor L-Alanine β-Alanine Aldicarb Aldrin Allopurinol Ametryn 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione 4-Aminoazobenzene

Mol. Form. C9H8O4 C9H7BrO4 C13H9N C3H4O C3H5NO C3H3N C5H5N5 C10H13N5O4 C14H20ClNO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C7H14N2O2S C12H8Cl6 C5H4N4O C9H17N5S C14H9NO2 C12H11N3

4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

Mol. Wt t/°C 180.158 259.054 179.217 25 56.063 20 71.078 20 53.063 20 135.128 25 267.242 25 269.768 23 89.094 25 89.094 25 190.263 20 364.910 25 136.112 25 227.330 20 223.227 25 197.235 25 97

4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid 4-Amino-N-[(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-purin-2-one 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol 6-Aminohexanoic acid 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 2-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid 4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone 2-Aminophenol 3-Aminophenol

C6H8N2O2S

C6H7NO3S C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C11H17N3O3S

172.205 173.190 103.120 103.120 271.336

20 7 25 25 37

C7H5Cl2NO2 C5H5N5O C8H11NO C6H13NO2 C7H7NO3 C4H9NO2 C5H7N3O C6H7NO C6H7NO

206.027 151.127 137.179 131.173 153.136 103.120 125.129 109.126 109.126

4-Aminophenol Aminopyrine Amitriptyline Amobarbital Anilazine Aniline Aniline-2-carboxylic acid Aniline-4-carboxylic acid Aniline hydrochloride Anisole

C6H7NO C13H17N3O C20H23N C11H18N2O3 C9H5Cl3N4 C6H7N C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C6H8ClN C7H8O

109.126 231.293 277.404 226.272 275.522 93.127 137.137 137.137 129.588 108.138

Anthracene

C14H10

178.229

9,10-Anthracenedione Apomorphine L-Arginine L-Ascorbic acid

C14H8O2 C17H17NO2 C6H14N4O2 C6H8O6

208.213 267.323 174.201 176.124

L-Asparagine

C4H8N2O3

132.118

25 25 15 25 20 25 25 20 20 70 20 25 24 25 20 25 20 25 15 20 81 0 25 50 25 25 25 25 50 25

6679X_S08.indb 87

8-87 Solubility, S

Mass% 0.25 0.07 0.00466 20.8 ≈27 7.35 0.104 0.51 0.024 14.30 47.1 0.60 0.00002 0.057 0.0190 0.000016 0.0030 0.068 0.71 0.59 17.4 55.6 0.053 0.070 0.006 1.03 46 0.20 12.1 0.45 1.92 2.56 ≈24 1.55 4.8 0.00097 0.06 0.001 3.38 0.349 0.54 15.1 0.203 0.294 0.0000022 0.0000044 0.000029 0.00014 2.0 15.44 25.22 41.00 2.45

g/L 2.5 0.7 0.0466 ≈250 371 79.3 1.04 5.1 0.24 ≈170 — 6.02 0.0002 0.57 0.190 0.00016 0.030 0.68 7.14 5.9 ≈210 — 0.53 0.70 0.06 10.4 — 2.0 ≈135 4.5 19.6 26.3 319 15.7 50 0.0097 0.6 0.01 35.0 3.49 5.39 ≈180 2.0 2.9 0.000022 0.000044 0.00029 0.0014 20 ≈185 — — 25.1

Ref. 27 30 6 10 40 10 29 29 40 26 26 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

40 27 26 26 40 40 26 40 29 40 26 26 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 10 40 40 27 20 20 4,42 22,42 42, 40 40 26 33 33 26

14

15

0.025 0.025

13 13

0.00396

22

4/11/08 2:21:57 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-88

Name L-Aspartic acid Atrazine Atropine Azinphos-methyl trans-Azobenzene Bayleton Bendiocarb Bentazon Benzaldehyde Benzamide Benz[a]anthracene

Mol. Form. C4H7NO4 C8H14ClN5 C17H23NO3 C10H12N3O3PS2 C12H10N2 C14H16ClN3O2 C11H13NO4 C10H12N2O3S C7H6O C7H7NO C18H12

Benzene

C6H6

Benzeneacetic acid 1,2-Benzenediamine 1,3-Benzenediamine 1,4-Benzenediamine

C8H8O2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2

Mol. Wt t/°C 133.104 25 215.684 25 289.370 20 317.324 20 182.220 20 293.749 20 223.226 25 240.278 20 106.122 20 121.137 12 228.288 10 25 78.112 10 25 50 136.149 25 108.141 20 108.141 20

C8H8N2O2 C8H10O C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C12H12N2 C7H6N2

108.141 164.162 122.164 126.110 126.110 184.236 118.136

1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxaldehyde Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene 11H-Benzo[a]fluorene 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene Benzoic acid

C8H6O3 C20H12 C20H12 C17H12 C17H12 C7H6O2

150.132 252.309 252.309 216.277 216.277 122.122

Benzoin Benzonitrile Benzo[ghi]perylene Benzophenone 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one

C14H12O2 C7H5N C22H12 C13H10O C9H6O2

212.244 103.122 276.330 182.217 146.143

Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[e]pyrene

C20H12 C20H12

252.309 252.309

C13H9N C6H4O2 C8H6S C22H14 C7H5NO C9H9NO3 C14H10O4 C16H15NO3 C9H10O2 C7H8O C8H8O2

179.217 108.095 134.199 278.346 119.121 179.172 242.227 269.295 150.174 108.138 136.149

1,2-Benzenedicarboxamide Benzeneethanol 1,2,3-Benzenetriol 1,3,5-Benzenetriol p-Benzidine 1H-Benzimidazole

Benzo[f ]quinoline p-Benzoquinone Benzo[b]thiophene Benzo[b]triphenylene Benzoxazole N-Benzoylglycine Benzoyl peroxide N-Benzoyl-L-phenylalanine Benzyl acetate Benzyl alcohol Benzyl formate

6679X_S08.indb 88

24 30 25 25 20 24 15 20 20 20 25 25 25 95 25 25 25 20 20 60 25 8 17 25 25 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 25 20 20

Solubility, S Mass% 0.501 0.007 0.3 0.00209 0.03 0.026 0.004 0.050 0.3 0.577 0.00000038 0.00000093 0.178 0.178 0.208 1.71 3.02 3.48

g/L 5.01 0.07 3 0.0209 0.3 0.26 0.04 0.50 3 5.77 0.0000038 0.0000093 1.78 1.78 2.08 17.4 31.1 36.1

Ref. 26 26 40 40 27 40 40 40 10 27 42 22,42 3 22 3 27 40 40

3.45 0.59 1.72 38.5 1.12 0.0360 0.33 0.201 0.35 0.0000002 0.00000008 0.0000045 0.0000002 0.34 6.4 0.03 0.2 0.000000026 0.0075 0.190 0.69 0.00000043 0.00000032 0.00000044 0.00000048 0.0079 1.36 0.0130 0.0000027 0.834 0.37 0.000016 0.085 0.150 0.08 1.07

35.7 5.9 17.5 — 11.3 0.360 3.3 2.01 3.5 0.000002 0.0000008 0.000045 0.000002 3.4 68 0.3 2 0.00000026 0.075 1.90 6.95 0.0000043 0.0000032 0.0000044 0.0000048 0.079 13.8 0.130 0.000027 8.34 3.7 0.00016 0.85 1.50 0.8 10.8

40 40 40 27 27 40 54 6 40 40 40 4,42 4,42 27 26 40 10 4,42 40 40 40 22,42 42 22,42 42 6 27 6 4 6 29 40 29 40 10 20

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

0.00058

22

0.557

22

0.000075

12

0.0000465

22

0.0000467

22

4/11/08 2:21:58 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name Bifenthrin Biotin Biphenyl

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt

C23H22ClF3O2 C10H16N2O3S C12H10

422.868 244.310 154.207

2,2′-Bipyridine 2,2-Biquinoline Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfone Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

C10H8N2 C18H12N2 C12H12N2O2S C4H8Cl2O

156.184 256.301 248.300 143.012

1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Borneol, (-)Bromacil Bromobenzene

C14H9Cl5O

370.485

C24H38O4 C15H16O2 C8H4F6 C10H18O C9H13BrN2O2 C6H5Br

390.557 228.287 214.108 154.249 261.115 157.008

2-Bromobenzoic acid 3-Bromobenzoic acid 4-Bromobenzoic acid 1-Bromobutane 4-Bromo-1-butene 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane Bromochloromethane 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C4H9Br C4H7Br C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C2H4BrCl CH2BrCl C3H6BrCl C2HBrClF3

201.018 201.018 201.018 137.018 135.003 191.453 191.453 191.453 143.410 129.384 157.437 197.381

Bromodichloromethane Bromoethane

CHBrCl2 C2H5Br

163.829 108.965

1-Bromoheptane 1-Bromohexane 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene Bromomethane 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Bromooctane 1-Bromopentane 4-Bromophenol 1-Bromopropane

C7H15Br C6H13Br C6H4BrI CH3Br C5H11Br C4H9Br C8H17Br C5H11Br C6H5BrO C3H7Br

179.098 165.071 282.904 94.939 151.045 137.018 193.125 151.045 173.007 122.992

2-Bromopropane 3-Bromopropene 4-Bromotoluene Bromotrifluoromethane Brucine

C3H7Br C3H5Br C7H7Br CBrF3 C23H26N2O4

122.992 120.976 171.035 148.910 394.463

6679X_S08.indb 89

8-89 Solubility, S

t/°C 80 25 25 0 25 50 25 24 25 20 81 25

Mass% 1.43 0.00001 0.035 0.000272 0.00054 0.0022 0.61 0.000102 0.016 1.04 1.26 0.00013

g/L 14.5 0.0001 0.35 0.00272 0.0054 0.022 6.1 0.00102 0.16 10.4 12.8 0.0013

Ref. 20 32 40 4 22,58 4 40 6 40 20 20 40

25 25 25 25 25 10 25 40 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 10 25 40 30 0 25 25 25 25 20 16 18 25 25 25 0 25 20 25 25 25 20

0.000027 0.0300 0.0041 0.046 0.082 0.0387 0.0445 0.0516 0.185 0.040 0.0056 0.087 0.076 0.0124 0.0118 0.00442 0.683 1.7 0.223 0.52 0.41 0.40 0.300 1.05 0.90 0.00067 0.00258 0.000794 1.80* 0.020 0.051 0.000167 0.0127 1.86 0.298 0.234 0.32 0.38 0.011 0.032* 0.012

0.00027 0.30 0.041 0.046 0.82 0.387 0.445 0.516 1.85 0.40 0.056 0.87 0.76 0.124 0.118 0.0442 6.83 17 2.23 5.2 4.1 4.0 3.00 10.6 9.0 0.0067 0.0258 0.00794 18.3* 0.20 0.51 0.00167 0.127 19.0 2.98 2.34 3.2 3.8 0.11 0.32* 0.12

40 49 2 52 40 2 2 2 27 27 27 35 35 2 2 2 25 10 35 25 25 25 40 25 25 35 35 2 5 35 35 35 35 2 35 35 35 35 2 14 27

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

0.0280

22

0.003

13

0.250

28

1.2

13

0.18

13

1.23

13

0.63

13

3.8 1.27

13 13

4/11/08 2:21:59 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-90

1,3-Butadiene Butanal Butanamide Butane 2,3-Butanedione

Name

Mol. Form. C4H6 C4H8O C4H9NO C4H10 C4H6O2

Butanenitrile 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol 1-Butanethiol 1-Butanol

C4H7N C4H10O4 C4H10S C4H10O

2-Butanol

C4H10O

2-Butanone

C4H8O

trans-2-Butenal 1-Butene

C4H6O C4H8

Mol. Wt t/°C 54.091 25 72.106 25 87.120 25 58.122 25 86.090 20 80 69.106 20 122.120 20 90.187 20 74.121 0 25 50 74.121 10 25 50 72.106 25 70 70.090 20

trans-2-Butenoic acid cis-2-Buten-1-ol Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Butyl 4-aminobenzoate Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene, (±)tert-Butylbenzene Butyl ethyl ether

C4H6O2 C4H8O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C11H15NO2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C6H14O

56.107 86.090 72.106 116.158 116.158 193.243 134.218 134.218 134.218 102.174

Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 4-tert-Butylphenol Butyl propanoate Butyl stearate Butyl vinyl ether 1-Butyne Caffeine Camphor, (+) trans-Camphoric acid, (±)Cantharidin Caprolactam Captafol Captan Carbaryl Carbazole Carbofuran Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carboxin Carminic acid Carnosine Carvenol Carvenone, (S)Carvone, (±)-

C11H14O3 C10H14O C7H14O2 C22H44O2 C6H12O C4H6 C8H10N4O2 C10H16O C10H16O4 C10H12O4 C6H11NO C10H9Cl4NO2S C9H8Cl3NO2S C12H11NO2 C12H9N C12H15NO3 CO2 CS2 CO C12H13NO2S C22H20O13 C9H14N4O3 C10H16O C10H16O C10H14O

194.227 150.217 130.185 340.583 100.158 54.091 194.191 152.233 200.232 196.200 113.157 349.061 300.590 201.221 167.206 221.252 44.010 76.141 28.010 235.302 492.386 226.232 152.233 152.233 150.217

6679X_S08.indb 90

25 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 20 70 25 25 22 25 20 25 25 20 25 20 25 20 20 20 22 20 25 20 25 25 20 25 25 15 15

Solubility, S Mass% 0.0735* 7.1 ≈19 0.00724* 31.7 21.8 3.3 38.0 0.0597 10.4 7.4 6.4 23.9 18.1 14.0 25.9 18.1 15.6

g/L 0.735* 76 230 0.0724* — — 34 — 0.597 ≈115 80 68 ≈300 ≈210 ≈165 — ≈220 ≈185

0.0222* 7.1 16.6 0.68 0.62 0.018 0.00138 0.0014 0.0032 0.65 0.39 0.020 0.058 0.572 0.2 0.3 0.287* 2.12 0.01 0.8 0.003 84.0 0.000142 0.00005 0.0102 0.000120 0.032 0.1501* 0.210 0.00276* 0.017 0.13 24.4 0.29 0.22 0.13

0.222* 76 ≈200 6.8 6.2 0.18 0.0138 0.014 0.032 6.5 3.9 0.20 0.58 5.72 2 3 2.87* 21.7 0.1 8 0.03 — 0.00142 0.0005 0.102 0.00120 0.32 1.501* 2.10 0.0276* 0.17 1.3 — 2.9 2.2 1.3

Ref.

5 10 40 18 20 20 10 27 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 20 10 5 26 10 10 10 40 22 4 4 20 20 40 40 27 10 10 5 29 10 27 40 10 40 40 40 6 40 18 10 18 40 40 26 52 27 27

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 20.7 13

95.9

5

25.6

13

1.33 1.89 1.28

22 11 11

1.91

5

4/11/08 2:22:01 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

(S)-Carvone Cephalexin Chloramphenicol Chlordane 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline Chlorobenzene

Name

Mol. Form. C10H14O C16H17N3O4S C11H12Cl2N2O5 C10H6Cl8 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H5Cl

Mol. Wt t/°C 150.217 25 347.389 25 323.129 25 409.779 25 127.572 25 127.572 20 127.572 20 112.557 10 25 45 325.186 20 156.567 25 156.567 25 156.567 25 188.652 25 92.567 1 25 92.567 0 25

Solubility, S Mass% 0.132 1.2 0.38 0.000185 0.876 0.54 0.275 0.0387 0.0484 0.055 0.001 0.209 0.040 0.072 0.00055 0.062 0.087 0.107 0.092

g/L 1.32 12 3.8 0.00185 8.76 5.44 2.75 0.387 0.484 0.55 0.01 2.09 0.40 0.72 0.0055 0.62 0.87 1.07 0.92

2.80 3.38 0.2 0.251 0.30* 0.89 0.52 0.34 0.00092 0.45 0.67* 0.27* 0.0502 1.05* 0.00136 0.0047 0.0064 0.013

29 35 2 2.51 3.0* 8.9 5.2 3.4 0.0092 4.5 6.7* 2.7* 0.502 10.6* 0.0136 0.047 0.064 0.13

35 20 20 40 40 10 2 2 2 40 25 25 5 40 14 35 35 35 8

0.93

8

0.0689 0.0674 0.0311 5.35* 84 67 0.493 0.1 3.6 6.8 4.0 1.17 9.2 2.9

2 2 2 5 20 20 10 10 2 2 2 40 35 35

Chlorobenzilate 2-Chlorobenzoic acid 3-Chlorobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzoic acid 2-Chlorobiphenyl 1-Chlorobutane

C16H14Cl2O3 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C12H9Cl C4H9Cl

2-Chlorobutane

C4H9Cl

3-Chloro-2-butanone

C4H7ClO

106.551

Chlorodiazepoxide Chlorodibromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane 4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Chloroethane

C16H14ClN3O CHBr2Cl CHClF2 C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C6H3ClN2O4 C2H5Cl

299.754 208.280 86.469 156.609 156.609 156.609 202.552 64.514

Chloroethene 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene Chlorofluoromethane 1-Chloroheptane 1-Chlorohexane

C2H3Cl C6H4ClF CH2ClF C7H15Cl C6H13Cl

62.498 130.547 68.478 134.647 120.620

2-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde 3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde 1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene Chloromethane 1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane

C8H7ClO3

186.593

19 92 20 30 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25 5 25 25

C8H7ClO3

186.593

25

0.093

C6H4ClI C6H4ClI C6H4ClI CH3Cl C3H7ClO

238.453 238.453 238.453 50.488 94.540

C7H7Cl C8H17Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C9H9ClO3 C4H9Cl C4H9Cl

126.584 148.674 142.583 142.583 142.583 200.618 92.567 92.567

25 25 25 25 20 70 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 15

0.00689 0.00674 0.00311 0.535* 7.79 6.31 0.0493 0.01 0.36 0.68 0.40 0.117 0.92 0.29

(Chloromethyl)benzene 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

6679X_S08.indb 91

8-91

Ref. 52 40 40 40 10 40 40 2 41 2,61 32 27 27 27 7 35 35 35

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

0.32

0.0701

28

7

1.54

13

3.0

13

1.02 2.68

13 13

0.98

13

4/11/08 2:22:02 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-92

Name 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 3-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid 5-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid 1-Chlorooctane Chloropentafluoroethane 1-Chloropentane

Mol. Form. C4H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C7H4ClNO4 C7H4ClNO4 C8H17Cl C2ClF5 C5H11Cl

3-Chloropentane 5-Chloro-2-pentanone

C5H11Cl C5H9ClO

2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol N′-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea

C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C9H11ClN2O

Mol. Wt t/°C 90.552 25 162.616 25 162.616 25 157.555 20 157.555 20 157.555 20 201.565 25 201.565 25 148.674 25 154.466 25 106.594 5 25 106.594 25 120.577 22 71 128.556 25 128.556 25 128.556 25

C3H7Cl C3H7Cl

198.648 78.541 78.541

3-Chloropropene

C3H5Cl

76.525

Chloropropham 1-Chlorotetradecane Chlorothalonil Chlorothiazide 2-Chlorotoluene 3-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene Chlorotrifluoromethane 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene Chlorpyrifos Chlorsulfuron Cholic acid Chrysene

C10H12ClNO2 C14H29Cl C8Cl4N2 C7H6ClN3O4S2 C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl CClF3 C3H4ClF3 C6H2ClN3O6 C9H11Cl3NO3PS C12H12ClN5O4S C24H40O5 C18H12

213.661 232.833 265.911 295.724 126.584 126.584 126.584 104.459 132.512 247.549 350.586 357.773 408.572 228.288

trans-Cinnamaldehyde trans-Cinnamic acid

C9H8O C9H8O2

132.159 148.159

Citric acid Clopyralid Clorophene Cocaine Codeine Colchicine Coronene Creatine o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Crufomate

C6H8O7 C6H3Cl2NO2 C13H11ClO C17H21NO4 C18H21NO3 C22H25NO6 C24H12 C4H9N3O2 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C12H19ClNO3P

192.124 192.000 218.678 303.354 299.365 399.437 300.352 131.133 108.138 108.138 108.138 291.711

1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane

6679X_S08.indb 92

25 25 0 20 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 15 20 25 20 7 25 25 20 98 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 40 40 40 20

Solubility, S Mass% 0.916 0.00224 0.00117 0.0441 0.0273 0.0453 0.047 0.96 0.0345 0.006* 0.020 0.0201 0.025 4.7 13.5 2.27 2.2 2.55 0.023 0.250 0.44 0.30 0.40 0.13 0.0080 0.0232 0.00006 0.0283 0.0117 0.0117 0.0123 0.009* 0.133 0.018 0.000073 2.71 0.028 0.00000007 0.00000019 0.135 0.1 0.59 59 0.1 0.42 0.17 0.79 4 0.000000014 1.6 3.08 2.51 2.26 0.50

g/L 9.16 0.0224 0.0117 0.441 0.273 0.453 0.47 9.6 0.345 0.06* 0.20 0.201 0.25 49 ≈155 22.7 22 25.4 0.23 2.50 4.4 3.0 4.0 1.3 0.080 0.232 0.0006 0.283 0.117 0.117 0.123 0.09* 1.33 0.18 0.00073 27.9 0.28 0.0000007 0.0000019 1.35 1 5.9 — 1 4.2 1.7 7.9 4 0.00000014 16 31.8 25.8 23.1 5.0

Ref.

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 0.12 5 0.0363 28 0.0335 28

5 5 5 40 40 40 27 27 35 10 260 35 35 2.37 35 20 20 2,48,51 2 2,48,51 26 35 35 35 35 35 40 35 40 40 61 61 61 10 35 40 40 32 26 42 22,42 40 26 26 26 40 40 27 27 26 4,42 26 10 10 10 40

13 13

1.41

13

1.10

5

6.9

13

0.000065

22

4/11/08 2:22:03 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds Mol. Wt t/°C 240.692 25 84.076 20 52.034 25 61.471 0 84.080 25 129.074 25 98.186 25 112.169 20 92 92.139 25 96.170 25 80.128 25 84.159 25 128.169 15 100.158 10 25 40 98.142 25 80

Name Cyanazine 2-Cyanoacetamide Cyanogen Cyanogen chloride Cyanoguanidine Cyanuric acid Cycloheptane Cycloheptanone

Mol. Form. C9H13ClN6 C3H4N2O C2N2 CClN C2H4N4 C3H3N3O3 C7H14 C7H12O

1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene Cycloheptene 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Cyclohexane Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Cyclohexanol

C7H8 C7H12 C6H8 C6H12 C7H12O2 C6H12O

Cyclohexanone

C6H10O

Cyclohexanone oxime Cyclohexene Cyclohexyl butanoate

C6H11NO C6H10 C10H18O2

113.157 82.143 170.249

Cyclooctane 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Cyclopentane Cyclopentanone

C8H16 C5H6 C5H10 C5H8O

112.213 66.102 70.133 84.117

Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyfluthrin Cygon Cyhalothrin Cypermethrin L-Cystine Cytisine Cytosine Daminozide Dazomet Decabromobiphenyl ether Decachlorobiphenyl cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decane Decanedioic acid Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 4-Decanone

C5H8 C3H6 C22H18Cl2FNO3 C5H12NO3PS2 C23H19ClF3NO3 C22H19Cl2NO3 C6H12N2O4S2 C11H14N2O C4H5N3O C6H12N2O3 C5H10N2S2 C12Br10O C12Cl10 C10H18 C10H18 C10H22 C10H18O4 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20O

68.118 42.080 434.287 229.258 449.850 416.297 240.300 190.241 111.102 160.170 162.276 959.167 498.658 138.250 138.250 142.282 202.248 172.265 158.281 156.265

1-Decene 2′-Deoxyadenosine Dexamethasone Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

C10H20 C10H13N5O3 C22H29FO5 C21H13N C22H14

140.266 251.242 392.460 279.335 278.346

6679X_S08.indb 93

25 25 20 90 25 25 25 20 80 25 25 20 20 20 20 25 16 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 20 20 25 20 80 25 25 25 25 25

8-93 Solubility, S

Mass% 0.0171 11.5 0.8* 5.7 3.8 0.259 0.0030 3.61 2.82 0.064 0.0066 0.08 0.0058 0.201 4.62 3.8 3.30 8.8 6.8 1.57 0.016 0.11 0.09 0.00079 0.068 0.0157 31.0 24.8 0.054 0.0484* 0.0000002 2.6 0.0000005 0.000001 0.0166 ≈30 0.73 9.1 0.12 0.0000025 0.00000000012 0.000089 0.000089 0.0000015 0.10 0.015 0.0037 0.0238 0.0064 0.00057 0.67 0.009 0.000016 0.00000005

g/L 0.171 130 8* 60 40 2.59 0.030 37 29 0.64 0.066 0.8 0.058 2.01 48.4 40 34.1 96 73 15.9 0.16 1.1 0.90 0.0079 0.68 0.157 — — 0.54 0.484* 0.000002 27 0.000005 0.00001 0.166 439 7.3 100 1.2 0.000025 0.0000000012 0.00089 0.00089 0.000015 1.0 0.15 0.037 0.238 0.064 0.0057 6.7 0.09 0.00016 0.0000005

Ref. 40 40 30 40 40 40 3 20 20 3 3 3 3 27 1 1 1 20 20

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

9.59

13

0.47 4.9 1.03 19.4

13 13 13 13

40 3 4.57 20 20 4 10.7 3 3 19.1 20 20 3 6.56 19 32 40 32 32 62 40 29 40 40 40 7 0.0208 37 4 3 4 479 40 26 1 20 20 4 29 40 6 42,4

13

13 13

13

7 13 13

4/11/08 2:22:04 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-94

1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile Dibromomethane

C3Br2F6

Mol. Wt t/°C 278.346 27 267.324 24 168.191 25 184.257 25 198.260 35 235.904 25 235.904 25 235.904 25 215.915 25 222.306 20 236.333 20 256.751 20 187.861 20 50 80 309.830 21

C7H3Br2NO CH2Br2

276.913 173.835

2,4-Dibromophenol 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Dibutylamine Dibutyl ether

C6H4Br2O C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C2Br2F4 C8H19N C8H18O

251.903 201.888 201.888 259.823 129.244 130.228

Dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl sebacate o-Dichlorobenzene

C16H22O4 C18H34O4 C6H4Cl2

278.344 314.461 147.002

C6H4Cl2

147.002

C6H4Cl2

147.002

3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol 4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol 3,3′-Dichloro-p-benzidine 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane

C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2O2 C12H10Cl2N2 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2 C14H10Cl4

179.001 179.001 253.126 223.098 223.098 320.041

1,1-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane 2,3-Dichlorobutane, (±)1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane Dichlorodifluoromethane 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin 1,1-Dichloroethane

C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C2H2Cl2F2 CCl2F2 C5H6Cl2N2O2 C2H4Cl2

127.013 127.013 127.013 134.940 120.914 197.019 98.959

Name Dibenz[a,j]anthracene 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole Dibenzofuran Dibenzothiophene Dibenzyl ether o-Dibromobenzene m-Dibromobenzene p-Dibromobenzene 1,4-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloroethane 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane

m-Dichlorobenzene

p-Dichlorobenzene

6679X_S08.indb 94

Mol. Form. C22H14 C20H13N C12H8O C12H8S C14H14O C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C4H8Br2 C2H3Br2Cl C3H5Br2Cl C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H4Br2

Solubility, S Mass% 0.0000012 0.00000104 0.000475 0.000103 0.0040 0.00748 0.0064 0.0020 0.035 0.060 0.123 0.070 0.412 0.493 0.572 0.0068

g/L 0.000012 0.0000104 0.00475 0.00103 0.040 0.0748 0.064 0.020 0.35 0.60 1.23 0.70 3.1 3.9 5.4 0.068

Ref. 4,42 6 41 6 10 2 2 2 35 25 35 25 20 20 20 35

25 20 90 25 25 25 25 20 20 90 25 20 25 35 55 10 25 50 10 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.013 1.28 1.51 0.2 0.143 0.169 0.00030 0.47 0.023 0.010 0.00112 0.004 0.0094 0.0108 0.0139 0.0103 0.0120 0.0165 0.00512 0.0080 0.0167 0.78 1.19 0.00031 0.0002 0.00014 0.000009

0.13 11.5 15.3 2 1.43 1.69 0.0030 4.7 0.3 0.10 0.0112 0.04 0.094 0.108 0.139 0.103 0.120 0.165 0.0512 0.080 0.167 7.8 12.0 0.0031 0.002 0.0014 0.00009

40 20 20 2 10 35 25 10 20 20 15 10 2,58,61 2,58,61 2,58,61 41,2 41,2 2 2 41 2 8 8 40 7 7 40

45 25 25 20 24 20 20 0 25

0.000024 0.050 0.16 0.056 0.49 0.028* 0.050 0.62 0.50

0.00024 0.50 1.6 0.56 4.9 0.28* 0.50 6.2 5.0

40 35 35 35 25 5 40 25 25

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

0.011

12

0.066

13

0.086

13

0.48

13

0.195

28

0.376

11

0.244

28

0.0201

7

41

0.63

13

13

4/11/08 2:22:06 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name

Solubility, S

C2H4Cl2

98.959

C2H2Cl2

96.943

C2H2Cl2

96.943

C2H2Cl2

96.943

C2H3Cl2F CHCl2F C3Cl2F6

116.949 102.923 220.928

t/°C 50 0 25 50 100 5 25 50 90 10 25 40 10 25 40 25 25 21

C10H12Cl2

203.108

25

0.00049

0.0049

CH2Cl2 C8H6Cl2O3 C7H6Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C10H4Cl2O2 C6H3Cl2NO2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C13H10Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C8H6Cl2O3 C10H10Cl2O3 C9H8Cl2O3 C3H6Cl2

84.933 221.038 161.029 141.038 177.028 177.028 227.044 192.000 141.038 141.038 141.038 269.123 163.001 163.001 163.001 221.038 249.090 235.064 112.986

1,3-Dichloropropane

C3H6Cl2

112.986

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 2,3-Dichloropropene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 2,6-Dichlorotoluene 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Diclofop-methyl Dieldrin Diethanolamine

C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C2HCl2F3 C16H14Cl2O4 C12H8Cl6O C4H11NO2

110.970 110.970 110.970 170.921 161.029 161.029 152.930 341.186 380.909 105.136

25 25 30 25 25 25 25 20 25 19 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 5 25 40 5 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 20

1.73 0.45 0.025 0.029 0.0283 0.0673 0.00001 0.0121 0.029 0.02 0.029 0.003 0.82 0.55 0.262 0.07 0.0046 0.083 0.270 0.274 0.297 0.218 0.280 0.27 0.28 0.215 0.013* 0.00260 0.00233 0.46 0.0003 0.000020 95.4

17.6 4.5 0.25 0.29 0.283 0.673 0.0001 0.121 0.29 0.2 0.29 0.03 8.22 5.52 2.62 0.7 0.046 0.83 2.70 2.74 2.97 2.18 2.80 2.7 2.8 2.15 0.13* 0.0260 0.0233 4.6 0.003 0.00020 —

1,2-Dichloroethane

1,1-Dichloroethene

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene

1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane Dichlorofluoromethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane 1,4-Dichloro-5-isopropyl-2-methylbenzene Dichloromethane 3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (Dichloromethyl)benzene 2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol 2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthalenedione 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane 2,3-Dichloropentane Dichlorophene 2,3-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dichlorophenol 2,6-Dichlorophenol (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid 2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)-

6679X_S08.indb 95

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt

8-95

Mass% 0.50 0.92 0.86 1.05 2.17 0.310 0.242 0.225 0.355 0.76 0.64 0.66 0.53 0.45 0.41 0.042 0.95* 0.0096

g/L 5.0 9.2 8.6 10.6 22.1 3.10 2.42 2.25 3.55 7.6 6.4 6.6 5.3 4.5 4.1 0.42 9.5* 0.096

Ref. 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 10 35 23

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

0.14

13

2.62

13

0.46

13

0.96

13

20 0.30 40 10 35 2 2 40 40 35 35 35 40 40 24,48,51 40 40 40 40 35 35 0.29 35 35 35 5 0.24 5 0.18 5 0.36 10 127 61 61 25 32 40 10

13

13

5 5 5 13

4/11/08 2:22:07 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-96

Name 1,1-Diethoxyethane 1,2-Diethoxyethane 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide o-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene Diethyl carbonate Diethyl ether Diethyl glutarate

Mol. Form. C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C14H22N2O

Mol. Wt t/°C 118.174 25 118.174 20 234.337 25

C10H14 C10H14 C5H10O3 C4H10O C9H16O4

134.218 134.218 118.131 74.121 188.221

Diethyl maleate

C8H12O4

172.179

Diethyl malonate

C7H12O4

160.168

Diethyl phthalate trans-Diethylstilbestrol Diethyl succinate Diethyl sulfide Diflubenzuron o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene 1,1-Difluoroethane Digitoxin Diglycolic acid

C12H14O4 C18H20O2 C8H14O4 C4H10S C14H9ClF2N2O2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C2H4F2 C41H64O13 C4H6O5

222.237 268.351 174.195 90.187 310.683 114.093 114.093 114.093 66.050 764.939 134.088

Digoxin Dihexyl ether

C41H64O14 C12H26O

780.939 186.333

1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene

C20H14 C7H6N2O C21H16

2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H)pyrimidinone 1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

Solubility, S Mass% 5 21.0 0.38

5

g/L

— 3.8

Ref. 10 10 40

254.325 134.135 268.352

20 20 20 25 30 91 20 91 20 91 25 20 20 25 20 25 25 25 20 25 24 50 25 20 90 27 24 25

0.0071 0.0025 1.8 6.04 1.20 0.91 1.56 1.75 2.26 2.47 0.12 0.01 0.19 0.307 0.00002 0.114 0.114 0.122 0.29* 0.0004 40.03 59.9 0.0059 0.019 0.019 0.00000035 0.37 0.00000022

0.071 0.025 18 64.2 12.2 9.2 15.9 17.8 23.2 25 1.2 0.1 1.9 3.07 0.0002 1.14 1.14 1.22 2.9* 0.004 — — 0.059 0.19 0.19 0.0000035 3.7 0.0000022

40 40 40 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 40 40 40 40 40 2 2 2 50 40 34 34 40 20 20 6,42 54 6,42

C7H10N2OS

170.231

27 25

0.00000028 0.120

0.0000028 1.20

42 40

C5H4N4S C5H8O

152.178 84.117

1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C14H8O4 C7H6O4

240.212 154.121

3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,12α) 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene3,11,20-trione 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20trione o-Diiodobenzene m-Diiodobenzene p-Diiodobenzene cis-1,2-Diiodoethene trans-1,2-Diiodoethene Diiodomethane 3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

C24H40O4

392.573

25 20 82 25 14 80 20

C21H26O5

358.428

25

0.012

0.12

40

C21H28O5

360.444

25

0.028

0.28

30

C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C2H2I2 C2H2I2 CH2I2 C9H9I2NO3

329.905 329.905 329.905 279.846 279.846 267.836 432.981

25 25 25 25 25 30 25

0.00192 0.000185 0.000893 0.046 0.015 0.124 0.062

0.0192 0.00185 0.00893 0.46 0.15 1.24 0.62

2 2 2 25 25 10 26

6679X_S08.indb 96

0.0124 1.04 2.26 0.0000096 1.8 21.3 0.001

0.124 10.5 23 0.000096 18 — 0.01

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

0.088

13

0.032

13

40 20 20 40 26 26 40

4/11/08 2:22:08 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Diisopentyl ether Diisopropyl ether

Name

Mol. Form. C10H22O C6H14O

1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

C8H10O2

3,3′-Dimethoxybenzidine Dimethoxymethane 4-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene 2′,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene 2,5-Dimethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 9,10-Dimethylanthracene Dimethylarsinic acid 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol, (±)-

C14H16N2O2 C3H8O2 C14H15N3 C14H15N3 C8H11N C8H11N C16H14 C2H7AsO2 C20H16 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O

Mol. Wt t/°C 158.281 20 102.174 20 61 138.164 20 92 244.289 25 76.095 16 225.289 20 225.289 37 121.180 20 121.180 25 206.282 25 137.998 25 256.341 25 86.175 25 86.175 25 102.174 25 102.174 25

C6H12O

102.174 100.158

2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

C6H12 C8H16 C8H16

84.159 112.213 112.213

Dimethyl ether Dimethylglyoxime 3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone

C2H6O C4H8N2O2 C9H20O C9H18O

46.068 116.119 144.254 142.238

1,2-Dimethyl-1H-imidazole Dimethyl maleate Dimethyl malonate

C5H8N2 C6H8O4 C5H8O4

96.131 144.126 132.116

1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene Dimethyl oxalate 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C4H6O4 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O

156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 118.089 100.202 100.202 100.202 100.202 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 114.185

N,N-Dimethyl-N′-phenylurea Dimethyl phthalate 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol

C9H12N2O C10H10O4 C5H12O

164.203 194.184 88.148

3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone

6679X_S08.indb 97

25 19 90 30 25 30 100 24 20 15 21 91 19 25 19 90 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 90 25 25 25

8-97 Solubility, S

Mass% 0.02 0.79 0.22 0.716 1.073 0.006 24.4 0.00014 0.0007 0.66 0.111 0.0000056 ≈41 0.0000061 0.0021 0.0021 0.8 4.2 2.4 1.97 1.14 0.046 0.00060 0.00050 0.00293 35.3* 0.06 0.072 0.045 0.037 94.3 8.0 14.9 29.8 0.0008 0.00114 0.00031 0.00025 0.00017 5.82 0.00044 0.00052 0.00042 0.00059 1.5 1.3 0.82 1.6 0.70 0.52 0.30 0.32 0.40 3.5

g/L 0.2 12 2.2 7.21 10.9 0.06 — 0.0014 0.007 6.6 1.11 0.000056 684 0.000061 0.021 0.021 8 44 25 18.4 11.5 0.46 0.0060 0.0050 0.0293 — 0.6 0.72 0.43 0.37 — 87 ≈175 — 0.008 0.0114 0.0031 0.0025 0.0017 61.8 0.0044 0.0052 0.0042 0.0059 15 13 8.2 16 7.0 5.9 3.0 3.2 4.0 36

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

Ref. 10 20 0.26 20 20 20 40 10 40 40 27 40 4,42 40 42 3 199 3 144 1 1 1 20 20 3 4 4,57 4,57 10 40 1 20 20 54 10 20 20 4 4 4 4 4 27 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 20 20 40 15 1

36 88.2

13

13 13

5 5

0.077

13

0.036

28

318 175 323 186

5 5 13 5

4/11/08 2:22:09 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-98

Name 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol Dimethyl succinate

Mol. Form. C11H16O C6H10O4

Dimethyl sulfate Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate N,N-Dimethyl-N′-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea 2,4-Dinitroaniline 1,2-Dinitrobenzene 1,3-Dinitrobenzene 1,4-Dinitrobenzene 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid 2,4-Dinitrophenol

C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C10H6Cl4O4 C10H11F3N2O

Mol. Wt t/°C 164.244 25 146.141 21 92 126.132 18 62.134 25 78.133 25 194.184 25 331.965 25 232.201 20

C6H5N3O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C7H4N2O6 C6H4N2O5

183.122 168.107 168.107 168.107 212.116 184.106

Diphenamid Diphenylamine

C16H17NO C12H11N

239.312 169.222

1,2-Diphenylethane Diphenyl ether Diphenylmethane Diphenyl phthalate 1,3-Diphenyl-1-triazene N,N′-Diphenylurea Dipropylamine Dipropyl ether Diuron Docosane Dodecane Dodecanedioic acid Dodecanoic acid 1-Dodecanol Droperidol Eicosane Emetine Endrin l-Ephedrine Epichlorohydrin

C14H14 C12H10O C13H12 C20H14O4 C12H11N3 C13H12N2O C6H15N C6H14O C9H10Cl2N2O C22H46 C12H26 C12H22O4 C12H24O2 C12H26O C22H22FN3O2 C20H42 C29H40N2O4 C12H8Cl6O C10H15NO C3H5ClO

182.261 170.206 168.234 318.323 197.235 212.246 101.190 102.174 233.093 310.600 170.334 230.301 200.318 186.333 379.427 282.547 480.639 380.909 165.232 92.524

Epinephrine 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane 2,3-Epoxy-α-pinane Erythromycin

C9H13NO3 C8H12O2 C10H16O C37H67NO13

183.204 140.180 152.233 733.927

Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17β) Estrone Ethane 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate Ethinylestradiol Ethoxybenzene 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide

C18H24O2 C18H22O2 C2H6 C6H10O4 C20H24O2 C8H10O C6H12O3 C10H13NO2

272.383 270.367 30.069 146.141 296.404 122.164 132.157 179.216

6679X_S08.indb 98

25 20 20 20 25 25 35 27 20 50 25 25 25 24 20 20 20 25 25 22 25 20 20 25 30 25 15 25 25 20 65 20 20 25 30 80 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

Solubility, S Mass% 0.017 12.4 17.1 2.7 2 25.3 0.00328 0.00005 0.0105

g/L 0.17 ≈140 ≈205 28 20 — 0.0328 0.0005 0.105

0.0078 0.21 2.09 1.30 0.134 0.069 0.098 0.026 0.0055 0.0058 0.00044 0.00180 0.00014 0.000008 0.050 0.015 2.5 0.49 0.0042 0.0000006 0.00000037 0.004 0.0055 0.0004 0.00041 0.00000019 0.096 0.000026 0.57 6.58 7.2 0.018 13.4 0.039 0.12 0.04 0.000151 0.000130 0.00568* 13.3 0.000921 0.12 14 0.0502

0.078 2.1 21.3 13.1 1.34 0.69 0.98 0.26 0.055 0.058 0.0044 0.0180 0.0014 0.00008 0.50 0.15 26 4.9 0.042 0.000006 0.0000037 0.04 0.055 0.004 0.0041 0.0000019 0.96 0.00026 5.69 70.4 77.9 0.18 155 0.39 1.2 0.4 0.00151 0.00130 0.0568* 153 0.00921 1.2 ≈165 0.502

Ref. 40 20 20 27 10 10 40 40 40

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

40 27 27 27 27 48,51 48,51 32 40 40 6 0.017 6 0.027 4,42 0.001 40 40 40 10 10 0.26 40 37 4 750 40 26 1 40 4,42 40 40 40 10 0.003 40 40 40 52 40 40 49 49 18 50.6 40 49 10 30 40

12 13 12

13

5

13

5

4/11/08 2:22:11 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate Ethyl acrylate Ethylbenzene

Name

Mol. Form. C4H8O2 C6H10O3 C5H8O2 C8H10

Ethyl benzoate Ethyl butanoate 2-Ethyl-1-butanol Ethyl carbamate Ethyl cyanoacetate Ethylcyclohexane

C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H14O C3H7NO2 C5H7NO2 C8H16

Ethylcyclopentane Ethyl decanoate Ethylene Ethyleneimine Ethyl formate Ethyl heptanoate

C7H14 C12H24O2 C2H4 C2H5N C3H6O2 C9H18O2

Mol. Wt t/°C 88.106 25 130.141 25 100.117 25 106.165 0 25 40 150.174 25 116.158 20 102.174 25 89.094 15 113.116 20 112.213 30 100 98.186 20 200.318 20 28.053 25 43.068 20 74.079 25

C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H19N C9H10O3 C7H14O2

158.238 144.212 130.228 129.244 166.173 130.185

Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl N-methylcarbamate 1-Ethylnaphthalene 2-Ethylnaphthalene O-Ethyl O-p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphonate N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea Ethyl nonanoate Ethyl octanoate Ethyl pentanoate 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 4-Ethylphenol Ethyl propanoate Ethyl N-propylcarbamate 2-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene Ethyl vinyl ether Etoposide Eucalyptol

C7H14O2 C4H9NO2 C12H12 C12H12 C14H14NO4PS

130.185 103.120 156.223 156.223 323.304

C3H7N3O2 C11H22O2 C10H20O2 C7H14O2 C7H16O C8H10O C5H10O2 C6H13NO2 C9H12 C9H12 C4H8O C29H32O13 C10H18O

117.107 186.292 172.265 130.185 116.201 122.164 102.132 131.173 120.191 120.191 72.106 588.556 154.249

Fenamiphos Fenbutatin oxide α-Fenchol, (+)Fenoxycarb Ferbam Fluoranthene

C13H22NO3PS C60H78OSn2 C10H18O C17H19NO4 C9H18FeN3S6 C16H10

303.358 1052.68 154.249 301.338 416.494 202.250

9H-Fluorene

C13H10

166.218

Ethyl hexanoate 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethylhexylamine Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, (+)

6679X_S08.indb 99

20 20 25 20 25 19 91 20 15 25 25 22 20 20 20 25 25 20 20 15 25 25 20 20 21 50 20 23 25 20 20 20 25 0 25 50

8-99 Solubility, S

Mass% 8.08 12 1.50 0.020 0.0161 0.0200 0.083 0.49 1.0 48 25.9 0.00061 0.00212 0.012 0.0015 0.01336* 0.90 11.8 0.029 0.063 0.01 0.25 0.0080 0.257 0.151 0.2 69 0.00101 0.00080 0.00031 1.3 0.003 0.007 0.3 1.7 0.59 1.92 7.70 0.0093 0.0094 0.9 0.02 0.379 0.170 0.0329 0.0000005 0.083 0.0006 0.013 0.000017 0.000021 0.00007 0.00019 0.00063

g/L 87.9 ≈135 15.2 0.20 0.161 0.200 0.83 4.9 10 — — 0.0061 0.0212 0.12 0.015 0.1336* 9.12 ≈135 0.29 0.63 0.1 2.5 0.080 2.58 1.51 2 — 0.0101 0.0080 0.0031 13 0.03 0.07 3 17 5.9 19.6 83.4 0.093 0.094 9 0.2 3.79 1.70 0.329 0.000005 0.83 0.006 0.13 0.00017 0.00021 0.0007 0.0019 0.0063

Ref. 10 10 10 4 22 4 20 10 1 27 10 4,57 4,57 3 27 19 40 10 27 27 1 10 40 20 20 10 27 4 4 40 40 27 27 27 1 40 10 27 5 5 10 40 40 40 40 32 52 32 40 42, 22,42 4,42 22,42 4,42

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

0.843

21.7

22

5

0.039 0.078

12 12

0.529 0.500

13 13

0.00096

22

0.00787

22

4/11/08 2:22:12 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-100

Fluorescein Fluorobenzene

Name

Mol. Form. C20H12O5 C6H5F

Mol. Wt t/°C 332.306 20 96.102 19 80 140.112 25 140.112 25 140.112 25 48.059 25 34.033 0 25 80 62.086 14 62.086 15 130.077 22 441.397 0 100 296.558 20 180.155 20 68.074 25

2-Fluorobenzoic acid 3-Fluorobenzoic acid 4-Fluorobenzoic acid Fluoroethane Fluoromethane

C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C2H5F CH3F

1-Fluoropropane 2-Fluoropropane 5-Fluorouracil Folic acid

C3H7F C3H7F C4H3FN2O2 C19H19N7O6

Folpet β-D-Fructose Furan 2-Furancarboxylic acid

C9H4Cl3NO2S C6H12O6 C4H4O C5H4O3

Furfural Galactaric acid D-Galactose D-Glucitol α-D-Glucose

C5H4O2 C6H10O8 C6H12O6 C6H14O6 C6H12O6

96.085 210.138 180.155 182.171 180.155

DL-Glutamic acid L-Glutamic acid L-Glutamine Glycerol triacetate Glycine Glycolic acid

C5H9NO4 C5H9NO4 C5H10N2O3 C9H14O6 C2H5NO2 C2H4O3

147.130 147.130 146.144 218.203 75.067 76.051

N-Glycylglycine Glyphosate Guanidinoacetic acid Guanine Guanosine Haloperidol Heptachlor 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl Heptadecanoic acid 1,6-Heptadiyne Heptanal Heptane

C4H8N2O3 C3H8NO5P C3H7N3O2 C5H5N5O C10H13N5O5 C21H23ClFNO2 C10H5Cl7 C12H3Cl7 C17H34O2 C7H8 C7H14O C7H16

132.118 169.074 117.107 151.127 283.241 375.865 373.318 395.323 270.451 92.139 114.185 100.202

Heptanedioic acid

C7H12O4

160.168

Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol

C7H14O2 C7H16O

130.185 116.201

6679X_S08.indb 100

112.084

25 50 20 14 20 20 15 30 80 25 25 25 25 25 25 55 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 20 25 11 25 50 75 100 25 50 15 10 25

Solubility, S Mass% 0.005 0.170 0.188 0.72 0.15 0.12 0.216* 0.420* 0.201* 0.082* 0.386* 0.366* 1.10 0.001 0.05 0.00010 ≈31 1

g/L 0.05 1.70 1.88 7.2 1.5 1.2 2.16* 4.20* 2.01* 0.82* 3.86* 3.66* 11.1 0.01 0.5 0.0010 444 10

4.758 25.16 8.2 0.33 40.6 ≈41 45.0 54.6 81.5 2.30 0.85 4.0 5.8 19.3 71.21 77.95 18.8 1.2 0.5 0.0068 0.0500 0.0003 0.0000056 0.0000002 0.00042 0.125 0.124 0.000242 0.000341 0.000570 0.001078 6.347 42.80 0.24 0.25 0.174

50.0 — 89 3.3 — 689 — — — 23.5 8.5 42 62 206 — — 201 12 5 0.068 0.500 0.003 0.000056 0.000002 0.0042 1.25 1.24 0.00242 0.00341 0.00570 0.01078 67.77 — 2.4 2.5 1.74

Ref. 27 20 20 27 27 27 14 50 50 50 14 14 40 26 26 40 40 10

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 0.70 0.70

11 11

0.54

13

33 33 10 40 27 40 27 27 27 29 26 26 10 47,62 34 34 29,47 32 26 29 29 40 40 7 0.0054 26 3 27 46 46 209 46 46 33 33 27 1 1 0.00562

7

13

28

4/11/08 2:22:13 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt

8-101 Solubility, S

t/°C 50 30 25 25 25 90 20 90 20 90 25 25 20 80 25 25 35 55

Mass% 0.12 0.33 0.43 0.47 0.435 0.353 0.479 0.309 0.457 0.316 0.032 0.015 0.028 0.020 0.0094 0.00000096 0.0000018 0.0000038

g/L 1.2 3.3 4.3 4.7 4.3 3.53 4.8 3.1 4.57 3.16 0.32 0.15 0.28 0.20 0.094 0.0000096 0.000018 0.000038

Ref.

1 1 1 1 20 20 20 20 20 20 3 3 20 20 3 58 58 58

2-Heptanol, (±)3-Heptanol, (S)4-Heptanol 2-Heptanone

C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O

116.201 116.201 116.201 114.185

3-Heptanone

C7H14O

114.185

4-Heptanone

C7H14O

114.185

1-Heptene trans-2-Heptene Heptyl butanoate

C7H14 C7H14 C11H22O2

98.186 98.186 186.292

1-Heptyne Hexachlorobenzene

C7H12 C6Cl6

96.170 284.782

2,2′,3,3′,4,4′-Hexachlorobiphenyl

C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C4Cl6 C6H6Cl6

360.878 360.878 360.878 260.761 290.830

25 25 25 25 25

0.00000006 0.0000003 0.0000004 0.41 0.00078

0.0000006 0.000003 0.000004 4.1 0.0078

7 41 41 35 60

C6H6Cl6

290.830

45 25

0.0015 0.00018

0.015 0.0018

60 60 60

2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5β,6β) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β) Hexachloroethane Hexachloropropene Hexacosafluorododecane Hexacosane Hexadecane Hexadecanoic acid 1-Hexadecanol 1,5-Hexadiene Hexafluorobenzene

C6H6Cl6

290.830

25

0.00002

0.0002

C2Cl6 C3Cl6 C12F26 C26H54 C16H34 C16H32O2 C16H34O C6H10 C6F6

236.739 248.750 638.086 366.707 226.441 256.424 242.440 82.143 186.054

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine

C3H6N6O6

222.116

Hexamethylenetetramine Hexane

C6H12N4 C6H14

140.186 86.175

25 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 8 28 67 3 20 25 34 12 25 50 75 100 5 20 15 100 20 60

0.005 0.00118 0.00000096 0.00000017 0.0000004 0.00072 0.000003 0.017 0.0778 0.0616 0.0636 0.0014 0.0037 0.0060 0.0086 44.8 0.00098 0.00114 0.00167 0.00291 ≈42 0.80 1.48 61.5 0.96 1.16

0.05 0.0118 0.0000096 0.0000017 0.000004 0.0072 0.00003 0.17 0.778 0.616 0.636 0.014 0.037 0.060 0.086 — 0.0098 0.0114 0.0167 0.0291 711 8.0 15.0 — 9.6 11.7

1,6-Hexanediamine Hexanedinitrile 1,6-Hexanedioic acid

C6H16N2 C6H8N2 C6H10O4

116.204 108.141 146.141

Hexanoic acid

C6H12O2

116.158

6679X_S08.indb 101

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

0.0171 0.0171

40.3 42.2

28 28

13 13

4.47 0.131

13 11

0.0354 0.818

31 7

25 0.85 35 35 37,42 37,42 26 1 3 53 53 53 59 59 17 59 27 46 46 46 183 46 40 16 26 26 26 26

13

13

4/11/08 2:22:14 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-102

1-Hexanol

Name

Mol. Form. C6H14O

2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Hexanone

C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O

Hexatriacontane Hexazinone 1-Hexene trans-2-Hexene 1-Hexen-3-ol 4-Hexen-2-ol Hexyl acetate sec-Hexyl acetate Hexylbenzene 4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol Hexyl butanoate 1-Hexyne

C36H74 C12H20N4O2 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C12H18 C12H18O2 C10H20O2 C6H10

Mol. Wt t/°C 102.174 0 25 50 102.174 25 102.174 25 100.158 20 81 506.973 25 252.313 25 84.159 25 84.159 25 100.158 25 100.158 25 144.212 20 144.212 20 162.271 25 194.270 18 172.265 29

Solubility, S Mass% 0.79 0.60 0.51 1.4 1.6 1.51 1.15 0.00000017 3.2 0.0053 0.0067 2.52 3.81 0.02 0.13 0.00021 0.05 0.021

C6H9N3O2 C8H16N2O4S2 C4H9NO3

82.143 155.154 268.354 119.119

25 25 25 25

0.036 4.17 0.02 52.4

Hydramethylnon Hydrochlorothiazide Hydrocortisone Hydroflumethiazide p-Hydroquinone 17-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17β) 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-Hydroxybenzamide

C25H24F6N4 C7H8ClN3O4S2 C21H30O5 C8H8F3N3O4S2 C6H6O2 C19H28O2 C7H6O2 C7H7NO2

494.476 297.740 362.460 331.293 110.111 288.424 122.122 137.137

α-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C8H8O3 C7H6O3

152.148 138.121

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3

138.121

2-Hydroxybiphenyl 4-Hydroxybiphenyl 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2,6dicarboxylic acid N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline Hyoscyamine Hypoxanthine Ibuprofen

C12H10O C12H10O C8H8O3 C7H4O7

170.206 170.206 152.148 200.103

20 25 25 37 25 25 30 10 25 50 25 10 25 50 15 75 25 25 25 25

0.0000006 0.007 0.029 0.068 7.42 0.0024 1.27 0.122 0.241 0.737 11.3 0.119 0.189 0.521 0.8 2.5 0.07 0.0056 0.247 0.84

C8H9NO2 C5H9NO3 C17H23NO3 C5H4N4O C13H18O2

151.163 131.130 289.370 136.112 206.281

Imazaquin Imidazole 2,4-Imidazolidinedione

C17H17N3O3 C3H4N2 C3H4N2O2

311.335 68.077 100.076

25 25 20 25 25 60 20 19 25

1.3 26.5 0.36 0.070 0.0011 0.0048 0.009 67.3 3.93

L-Histidine Homocystine L-Homoserine

6679X_S08.indb 102

g/L 7.9 6.0 5.1 14 16 17.8 11.6 0.0000017 33 0.053 0.067 25.9 39.6 0.2 1.3 0.0021 0.5 0.21 0.36 43.5 0.2 —

0.000006 0.07 0.29 0.68 80.1 0.024 12.9 1.22 2.42 7.42 ≈125 1.19 1.89 5.24 8 26 0.7 0.056 2.47 8.4 13 — 3.6 0.70 0.011 0.048 0.09 — 40.9

Ref.

1 1 1 1 1 20 20 37,42 40 3 3 1 1 10 10 4 40 20 3 26 26 26

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

41.8

4.14

5

13

32 40 40 40 27 40 40 44 44 44 27 33,43 33,43 33,43 26 27 40 40 8 27 40 26 40 29 40 40 32 54 29

4/11/08 2:22:15 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name Imidodicarbonic diamide Iminodiacetic acid Indan 1H-Indazole Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 1H-Indole Indomethacin Inosine Iodobenzene

Mol. Form. C2H5N3O2 C4H7NO4 C9H10 C7H6N2 C22H12 C8H7N C19H16ClNO4 C10H12N4O5 C6H5I

2-Iodobenzoic acid 3-Iodobenzoic acid 4-Iodobenzoic acid 1-Iodobutane Iodoethane

C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C4H9I C2H5I

1-Iodoheptane Iodomethane

C7H15I CH3I

Mol. Wt t/°C 103.080 15 133.104 5 118.175 25 118.136 20 276.330 20 117.149 20 357.788 25 268.226 20 204.008 10 25 45 248.018 25 248.018 25 248.018 25 184.018 17 155.965 0 25 226.098 25

C3H7I

141.939 169.992

2-Iodopropane

C3H7I

169.992

trans-β-Ionone Iopanoic acid Iprodione Isobutanal Isobutane Isobutene Isobutyl acetate Isobutylbenzene Isobutyl formate Isobutyl isobutanoate Isobutyl propanoate

C13H20O C11H12I3NO2 C13H13Cl2N3O3 C4H8O C4H10 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C5H10O2 C8H16O2 C7H14O2

192.297 570.932 330.166 72.106 58.122 56.107 116.158 134.218 102.132 144.212 130.185

1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione L-Isoleucine Isoniazid Isopentane Isopentyl acetate Isopentyl formate Isophorone

C8H5NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H7N3O C5H12 C7H14O2 C6H12O2 C9H14O

147.132 131.173 137.139 72.149 130.185 116.158 138.206

Isophthalic acid

C8H6O4

166.132

Isopropenylbenzene Isopropyl acetate Isopropylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene Isopropyl phenylcarbamate Isoquinoline

C9H10 C5H10O2 C9H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H13NO2 C9H7N

118.175 102.132 120.191 134.218 134.218 134.218 179.216 129.159

1-Iodopropane

6679X_S08.indb 103

20 0 20 0 20 25 37 20 20 25 25 20 25 22 20 19 91 25 25 25 25 20 22 20 80 25 50 80 20 20 25 25 25 25 20 20

8-103 Solubility, S

Mass% 1.5 2.32 0.010 0.0827 0.00000002 0.187 0.001 1.6 0.0193 0.0226 0.0279 0.095 0.016 0.0027 0.021 0.44 0.40 0.00035 1.4 0.114 0.100 0.167 0.140 0.017 0.034 0.0013 9.1 0.00535* 0.0263* 0.63 0.0010 1.0 0.5 0.225 0.142 0.036 3.31 11.0 0.00485 0.2 0.3 1.57 1.27 0.0154 0.0395 0.123 0.0116 2.9 0.0050 0.00482 0.00425 0.0051 0.01 0.452

g/L 15 23.7 0.10 0.827 0.0000002 1.87 0.01 16 0.193 0.226 0.279 0.95 0.16 0.027 0.21 4.4 4.0 0.0035 14 1.14 1.00 1.67 1.40 0.17 0.34 0.013 100 0.0535* 0.263* 6.3 0.010 10 5 2.26 1.42 0.36 34.2 123 0.0485 2 3 16.0 12.9 0.154 0.395 1.23 0.116 30 0.050 0.0482 0.0425 0.051 0.1 4.52

Ref. 40 40 4 6 40 6 40 29 2 2 2 27 27 27 10 25 25 35

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

0.078

11

1.87

13

0.52

13

10 0.54 35 35 0.93 35 35 52 40 40 10 18 120 5 21.6 10 4 3.32 10 10 20 20 40 26 40 3 479 10 27 20 20 56 56 56 40 10 22 1.466 23 23 23 0.80 40 6

13 13

5 13 11

13

22

5

4/11/08 2:22:17 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-104

Name Isosorbide dinitrate Kepone L-Lanthionine Lasiocarpine L-Leucine Levodopa d-Limonene

Mol. Form. C6H8N2O8 C10Cl10O C6H12N2O4S C21H33NO7 C6H13NO2 C9H11NO4 C10H16

Linalol Linuron L-Lysine Maleic acid Malic acid Malonic acid

C10H18O C9H10Cl2N2O2 C6H14N2O2 C4H4O4 C4H6O5 C3H4O4

Malononitrile α-Maltose D-Mannitol

C3H2N2 C12H22O11 C6H14O6

Mol. Wt t/°C 236.136 25 490.636 100 208.235 25 411.490 20 131.173 25 197.188 20 136.234 0 25 154.249 25 249.093 25 146.187 25 116.073 25 134.088 26 104.062 0 20 50 66.061 20 342.296 20

Mefenamic acid Melphalan Mercury(II) phenyl acetate Mesityl oxide Methacrylic acid Methane Methazolamide Methazole Methidathion L-Methionine Methomyl Methoxsalen 2-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde 4-Methoxybenzoic acid Methoxychlor 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane

C15H15NO2 C13H18Cl2N2O2 C8H8HgO2 C6H10O C4H6O2 CH4 C5H8N4O3S2 C9H6Cl2N2O3 C6H11N2O4PS3 C5H11NO2S C5H10N2O2S C12H8O4 C7H9NO C7H9NO C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C16H15Cl3O2 C6H14O

182.171 241.286 305.200 336.74 98.142 86.090 16.043 236.273 261.061 302.330 149.212 162.210 216.190 123.152 123.152 136.149 152.148 345.648 102.174

4-Methoxyphenol Methyclothiazide Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile 2-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Methylanthracene

C7H8O2 C9H11Cl2N3O4S2 C3H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H5N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C15H12

124.138 360.237 74.079 86.090 67.090 107.153 107.153 107.153 192.256

9-Methylanthracene 9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 2-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 3-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 4-Methylbenzenesulfonamide

C15H12 C19H14 C19H14 C7H9NO2S C7H9NO2S C7H9NO2S

192.256 242.314 242.314 171.217 171.217 171.217

6679X_S08.indb 104

25 20 30 20 20 20 25 15 24 20 25 25 30 25 20 25 25 25 20 79 20 20 20 25 20 20 21 25 6 25 25 27 25 25 25 25

Solubility, S Mass% 0.055 0.4 0.15 0.67 2.32 0.165 0.001 0.0020 0.156 0.0075 0.58 44.1 59 37.9 42.4 48.1 10.6 51.9

g/L 0.55 4 1.5 6.75 23.2 1.65 0.0097 0.020 1.56 0.075 5.8 — — — — — 118 —

Ref. 40 40 26 40 62 63 4 52 52 40 26 26 26 26 26 26 40 27

17.7 0.0026 0.44 0.2 2.89 8.9 0.00227* 0.0472 0.00015 0.0187 5.3 5.5 0.0048 1.24 1.14 0.429 0.023 0.000005 1.10 0.36 2.51 0.005 24.5 4.94 2.57 1.66 7.35 0.56 0.0000007 0.0000021 0.000026 0.0000066 0.0000055 0.162 0.78 0.316

≈215 0.026 4.4 2 29.8 98 0.0227* 0.472 0.0015 0.187 56 58 0.048 12.6 11.5 4.29 0.23 0.00005 12.7 3.6 25.7 0.05 — 52.0 26.3 16.9 79.3 5.62 0.000007 0.00021 0.00026 0.000066 0.000055 1.62 7.8 3.16

27 40 40 30 10 10 18 40 40 40 26 40 40 40 40 40 27 40 20 20 40 40 10 10 10 10 10 40 42 22,42 4,42 4,42 4,42 27 27 27

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

67.4

5

4/11/08 2:22:18 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole Methyl benzoate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene

Mol. Form. C8H8N2 C8H8O2 C5H8

Methyl butanoate 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±)3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±)3-Methyl-2-butanone

C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O

3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Methyl tert-butyl ether

C5H10 C5H10 C5H12O

Methyl carbamate 5-Methylchrysene

C2H5NO2 C19H14

Mol. Wt t/°C 132.163 20 136.149 20 68.118 25 50 102.132 102.132 20 88.148 25 88.148 25 88.148 25 88.148 25 86.132 18 80 70.133 25 70.133 25 88.148 0 20 49 75.067 15

C7H14

242.314 98.186

2-Methylcyclohexanone, (±)-

C7H12O

112.169

4-Methylcyclohexanone

C7H12O

112.169

1-Methylcyclohexene Methylcyclopentane 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene

C7H12 C6H12 C7H6N2O4

96.170 84.159 182.134

2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol Methyl formate 3-Methylheptane, (S)2-Methyl-2-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanone

C7H6N2O5 C2H4O2 C8H18 C8H18O C8H16O

198.133 60.052 114.229 130.228 128.212

2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 2-Methyl-2-hexanol 5-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-3-hexanol 5-Methyl-2-hexanone

C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O

100.202 100.202 116.201 116.201 116.201 114.185

5-Methyl-3-hexanone

C7H14O

114.185

Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 2-Methyl-1H-imidazole 3-Methyl-1H-indole 3-Methylisoquinoline Methyl isothiocyanate Methylmalonic acid

C8H8O3 C4H6N2 C9H9N C10H9N C2H3NS C4H6O4

152.148 82.104 131.174 143.185 73.117 118.089

Methyl methacrylate

C5H8O2

100.117

Methylcyclohexane

6679X_S08.indb 105

27 26 100 20 90 20 80 25 25 12 32 62 25 25 30 20 90 25 25 25 25 25 19 90 20 81 25 18 20 20 20 0 20 20

8-105 Solubility, S

Mass% 0.145 0.21 0.061 0.076* 1.6 4.0 3.0 2.7 11.0 5.6 6.7 3.9 0.013* 0.041 8.3 4.2 1.9 69

g/L 1.45 2.1 0.61 0.76* 16 42 31 28 ≈120 59 72 41 0.13* 0.41 37.6 44 19 —

0.0000062 0.00151 0.00548 1.98 1.54 2.43 1.95 0.0052 0.0043 0.0130 0.0270 0.0983 0.0130 23 0.000079 0.25 0.192 0.131 0.00025 0.00026 1.0 0.49 1.2 0.537 0.417 0.47 0.32 0.24 23.2 0.050 0.092 0.75 30.1 40 1.56

0.000062 0.0151 0.019 20.2 15.6 25 19.9 0.052 0.043 0.130 0.270 0.984 0.130 — 0.00079 2.5 1.92 1.31 0.0025 0.0026 10 4.9 12 5.40 4.19 4.7 3.2 2.4 ≈300 0.50 0.92 7.6 — — 15.9

Ref.

6 10 3 3 30 26 3 1 1 1 20 20 3 3 20 20 20 27

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

7.78

54.7 0.070

4,42 3 43.3 3 20 20 20 20 3 3 36.7 55 55 55 40 10 4 376 1 20 20 3 346 3 249 1 1 1 20 20 20 20 40 54 6 6 40 26 26 10

5

5 13

13

5

5

5 13

4/11/08 2:22:19 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-106

Name 2-Methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4(3H)quinazolinone 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea 4-Methyloctane Methyloxirane Methyl parathion

Mol. Form. C16H14N2O

Mol. Wt t/°C 250.294 23

C11H10 C11H10 C11H8O2 C2H5N3O2 C9H20 C3H6O C8H10NO5PS

142.197 142.197 172.181 103.080 128.255 58.079 263.208

2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanone

C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O

86.175 86.175 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 100.158

2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 1-Methylphenanthrene

C6H12 C6H12 C15H12

84.159 84.159 192.256

Methylprednisolone Methyl propanoate 2-Methylpropanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-propanol

C22H30O5 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H10O

374.470 88.106 88.106 74.121

Methyl propyl ether 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate Methyl salicylate 17-Methyltestosterone 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

C4H10O C9H18N2O4

74.121 218.250

C8H8O3 C20H30O2 C5H10O

152.148 302.451 86.132

N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline Methylthiouracil 1-Methyl-2,3,4-trinitrobenzene

C7H5N5O8 C5H6N2OS C7H5N3O6

287.144 142.179 227.131

Metronidazole Mirex Morphine β-Myrcene Naphthacene Naphthalene

C6H9N3O3 C10Cl12 C17H19NO3 C10H16 C18H12 C10H8

171.153 545.543 285.338 136.234 228.288 128.171

C12H10O2 C11H8O2

186.206 172.181

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid

6679X_S08.indb 106

25 25 25 14 25 20 10 20 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 27 25 25 19 90 25 25 7 25 25

Solubility, S Mass% 0.03

0.3

g/L

20 0 25 50 25 25

0.00281 0.0025 0.016 2.3 0.0000115 40.5 0.00218 0.00380 0.0059 0.00137 0.00129 0.81 0.76 3.2 1.9 1.5 2.0 4.3 1.92 1.22 0.0078 0.0048 0.0000095 0.0000269 0.012 6 22.8 11.5 8.1 6.5 3.5 0.33

0.0281 0.025 0.16 24 0.000115 — 0.0218 0.0380 0.059 0.0137 0.0129 8.1 7.6 33 19 15 20 45 17 12.4 0.078 0.048 0.000095 0.000269 0.12 6 — ≈130 88 70 36 3.3

30 25 19 71 20 25 14 23 61 20 25 20 25 25 10 25 50 25 25

0.74 0.0033 14.4 6.0 0.0074 0.0533 0.0091 0.0116 0.0643 0.93 0.0000085 0.015 0.030 0.00000007 0.0019 0.00316 0.0082 0.0415 0.0058

7.4 0.033 ≈160 64 0.074 0.533 0.091 0.116 0.643 9.4 0.000085 0.15 0.30 0.0000007 0.019 0.0316 0.082 0.415 0.058

Ref. 40

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

22 0.045 4 0.051 40 40 4 1000 10 0.0087 40 40 40 3 176 3 170 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 20 3 28.1 3 63.2 42 4,42 40 30 10 1 1 0.00273 1 30 40 10 40 20 20 40 40 55,59 55,59 55,59 40 40 27 52 4,42 4 22 4 40 27

22 12

5 13

13 13

5 5

28

0.67

13

0.000004

12

0.043

22

4/11/08 2:22:21 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name 1-Naphthalenylthiourea 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol

Mol. Form. C11H10N2S C10H8O C10H8O

1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine Narceine Neopentane Nitrapyrin 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline 2-Nitroanisole 4-Nitroanisole 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde Nitrobenzene 2-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid

C10H9N C10H9N C23H27NO8 C5H12 C6H3Cl4N C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H5NO3 C7H5NO3 C6H5NO2 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4

Mol. Wt t/°C 202.275 20 144.170 20 144.170 20 80 143.185 20 143.185 20 445.462 13 72.149 25 230.907 20 138.124 30 138.124 30 138.124 30 153.136 30 153.136 30 151.120 25 151.120 25 123.110 25 167.120 25

C7H5NO4 C2H5NO2

167.120 167.120 75.067

Nitrofen Nitrofurantoin Nitrofurazone Nitroguanidine Nitromethane

C12H7Cl2NO3 C8H6N4O5 C6H6N4O4 CH4N4O2 CH3NO2

284.095 238.158 198.137 104.069 61.041

1-Nitronaphthalene 2-Nitrophenol 3-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol 1-Nitropropane

C10H7NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C3H7NO2

173.169 139.109 139.109 139.109 89.094

2-Nitropropane

C3H7NO2

89.094

N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosodiphenylamine 2-Nitrotoluene 3-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrotoluene 2,2′,3,3′,4,5,5′,6,6′-Nonachlorobiphenyl 1,8-Nonadiyne Nonane

C4H10N2O C12H10N2O C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C12HCl9 C9H12 C9H20

102.134 198.219 137.137 137.137 137.137 464.213 120.191 128.255

Nonanedioic acid

C9H16O4

188.221

Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol, (±)3-Nonanol, (±)4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol

C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O

158.238 144.254 144.254 144.254 144.254 144.254

4-Nitrobenzoic acid Nitroethane

6679X_S08.indb 107

25 25 25 50 22 30 20 25 0 25 50 18 25 20 20 25 90 25 90 24 25 30 30 30 25 25 25 50 25 65 20 25 15 15 15 15

8-107 Solubility, S

Mass% 0.06 0.111 0.064 0.67 0.17 0.0189 0.078 0.00332* 0.0040 1.47 0.121 0.073 0.169 0.059 0.16 0.23 0.21 0.55 0.256 0.0422 4.4 5.3 0.00095 0.011 0.0238 1.2 9.2 11.0 14.8 0.005 0.170 2.14 1.56 1.54 2.29 1.75 2.36 9.6 0.0035 0.065 0.050 0.044 0.0000000018 0.0125 0.000017 0.000022 0.1780 1.322 0.0284 0.014 0.026 0.032 0.0026 0.0032

g/L 0.6 1.11 0.64 6.7 1.7 0.189 0.78 0.0332* 0.040 14.9 1.21 0.73 1.69 0.59 1.6 2.3 2.1 5.58 2.56 0.422 46 56 0.0095 0.11 0.238 12 101 ≈125 ≈175 0.05 1.70 21.9 15.60 15.6 23 17.8 24 106 0.035 0.65 0.50 0.44 0.000000018 0.125 0.00017 0.00022 1.780 13.40 0.284 0.14 0.26 0.32 0.026 0.032

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

Ref. 40 40 40 40 40 40 27 3 220 40 27 27 27 10 27 27 27 17 40 40 40 38 38 40 40 40 40 36 36 36 40 48,51 27 48,51 38 20 38 20 40 17 27 27 27 7 4 4 333 4 34 34 26 1 1 1 1 1

13

13

4/11/08 2:22:22 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-108

2-Nonanone

Name

Mol. Form. C9H18O

3-Nonanone

C9H18O

5-Nonanone

C9H18O

1-Nonene Nonyl formate

C9H18 C10H20O2

4-Nonylphenol 1-Nonyne Norethisterone Norflurazon L-Norleucine L-Norvaline Noscapine 2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′-Octachlorobiphenyl Octachloro-1,3-pentadiene Octacosane

C15H24O C9H16 C20H26O2 C12H9ClF3N3O C6H13NO2 C5H11NO2 C22H23NO7 C12H2Cl8 C5Cl8 C28H58

Mol. Wt t/°C 142.238 20 70 142.238 30 80 142.238 20 80 126.239 25 172.265 10 90 220.351 25 124.223 25 298.419 25 303.666 25 131.173 25 117.147 25 413.421 25 429.768 25 343.678 20

C18H38 C18H38O C8H18

394.761 254.495 270.494 114.229

Octanedioic acid

C8H14O4

174.195

Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone

C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O

144.212 130.228 130.228 128.212

3-Octanone

C8H16O

128.212

1-Octene Octyl acetate

C8H16 C10H20O2

112.213 172.265

1-Octyne Orotic acid Oryzalin Ouabain Oxalic acid

C8H14 C5H4N2O4 C12H18N4O6S C29H44O12 C2H2O4

110.197 156.097 346.359 584.652 90.035

Oxamyl 4-Oxopentanoic acid

C7H13N3O3S C5H8O3

219.261 116.116

4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid Papaverine Paraldehyde Parathion Pendimethalin Pentachlorobenzene 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl

C7H4O6 C20H21NO4 C6H12O3 C10H14NO5PS C13H19N3O4 C6HCl5 C12H5Cl5 C12H5Cl5

184.103 339.386 132.157 291.261 281.308 250.337 326.433 326.433

Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Octane

6679X_S08.indb 108

22 25 34 25 50 75 100 25 50 25 25 25 25 91 20 91 25 19 92 25 18 25 25 20 80 25 10 25 25 37 25 20 20 25 25 25

Solubility, S Mass% 0.038 0.034 0.056 0.046 0.054 0.029 0.000112 0.012 0.039 0.000636 0.00072 0.00063 0.0028 1.5 9.7 0.03 0.00000015 0.000020

g/L 0.38 0.34 0.56 0.46 0.54 0.29 0.00112 0.12 0.39 0.00636 0.0072 0.0063 0.028 15 107 0.3 0.0000015 0.00020

0.0000006 0.00000021 0.000011 0.000073 0.000102 0.000179 0.000377 0.2416 0.5570 0.080 0.054 0.4 0.113 0.094 0.137 0.106 0.00027 0.020 0.012 0.0024 0.18 0.00024 1.3 8.69 45.8 ≈21 63.6 83.97 1.45 0.0037 11 0.00129 0.00003 0.000050 0.0000008 0.000001

0.000006 0.0000021 0.00011 0.00073 0.00102 0.00179 0.00377 2.416 5.570 0.80 0.54 4 1.13 0.94 1.37 1.06 0.0027 0.20 0.12 0.024 1.8 0.0024 13 95.1 — 280 — — 14.7 0.037 ≈125 0.0129 0.0003 0.00050 0.000008 0.00001

Ref. 20 20 20 20 20 20 40 20 20 40 4 40 40 26 26 40 41 35

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

0.0381

37 37,42 1 46 311 47 46 46 34 34 26 1 1 10 20 20 20 4 96.3 20 20 4 7.87 26 40 40 27 27 40 34 34 27 40 30 40 40 41 0.085 7 7 0.0421

7

13

13

13

11 31

4/11/08 2:22:23 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds Mol. Wt t/°C 202.294 25 295.335 20 266.336 25 264.364 25 242.398 20 228.414 25 68.118 25 136.147 15 316.138 20 86.132 25 72.149 25 132.116 25 50 100.117 20 80 102.132 16 88.148 0 25 50

Name Pentachloroethane Pentachloronitrobenzene Pentachlorophenol 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene Pentadecanoic acid 1-Pentadecanol 1,4-Pentadiene Pentaerythritol Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Pentanal Pentane Pentanedioic acid

Mol. Form. C2HCl5 C6Cl5NO2 C6HCl5O C7H3Cl5 C15H30O2 C15H32O C5H8 C5H12O4 C5H8N4O12 C5H10O C5H12 C5H8O4

2,4-Pentanedione

C5H8O2

Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol

C5H10O2 C5H12O

2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Pentanone

C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O

88.148 88.148 86.132

3-Pentanone

C5H10O

86.132

1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene Pentyl acetate sec-Pentyl acetate (S)Pentylbenzene Pentylcyclopentane Pentyl propanoate 1-Pentyne Perfluorocyclobutane

C5H10 C5H10 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C11H16 C10H20 C8H16O2 C5H8 C4F8

70.133 70.133 130.185 130.185 148.245 140.266 144.212 68.118 200.030

Perfluorodecane Perfluoroheptane Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Perfluorooctane Perfluoropentane Perfluoropropane Perfluoropropene Permethrin Perylene Phenanthrene

C10F22 C7F16 C6F14 C6F14 C8F18 C5F12 C3F8 C3F6 C21H20Cl2O3 C20H12 C14H10

538.072 388.049 338.042 338.042 438.057 288.035 188.019 150.022 391.288 252.309 178.229

Phenmedipham Phenobarbital

C16H16N2O4 C12H12N2O3

Phenol

C6H6O

6679X_S08.indb 109

300.309 232.234 94.111

25 25 25 80 25 80 25 25 20 25 25 25 20 25 5 25 45 20 25 25 25 25 25 15 25 20 25 0 10 25 50 25 25 45 15

8-109 Solubility, S

Mass% 0.049 0.000044 0.0021 0.0000028 0.0012 0.000010 0.056 5.3 0.0002 1.2 0.0041 58.3 78.06 16.1 32.2 3.6 3.1 2.20 1.8 4.3 5.6 5.5 3.8 4.72 3.16 0.0148 0.0203 0.17 0.2 0.00105 0.0000115 0.1 0.157 0.00638* 0.00247* 0.00158* 0.000031 0.0000013 0.0000098 0.000017 0.00000017 0.00012 0.0015* 0.0194* 0.00002 0.00000004 0.000039 0.000047 0.00012 0.00042 0.00047 0.12 0.26 7.60

g/L 0.49 0.00044 0.021 0.000028 0.012 0.00010 0.56 56 0.002 12 0.041 — — ≈200 — 37 32 22.4 18 45 59 58 40 49.5 33 0.148 0.203 1.7 2 0.0105 0.000115 1 1.57 0.0638* 0.0247* 0.0158* 0.00031 0.000013 0.000098 0.00017 0.0000017 0.0012 0.015* 0.194* 0.0002 0.0000004 0.00039 0.00047 0.0012 0.0042 0.0047 1.2 2.6 76.04

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 0.25 13

Ref. 25 40 24,48,51 61 26 1 3 12 30 40 40 3 128 33 33 20 20 26 1 1 1

21 21 20 0.00847 20 0.00847 20 20 3 40.3 3 22.8 10 27 5 1.69 4 185 27 3 2.5 50 50 50 35 35 35 35 35 35 14 14 32 4,42 0.000003 42 4,42 22,42 0.00324 4,42 32 40 40 48,51

5

13

28 28

5 5

11 5 5

12

22

4/11/08 2:22:24 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-110

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt

Phenolphthalein 10H-Phenothiazine 2-Phenoxyethanol Phenyl acetate

C20H14O4 C12H9NS C8H10O2 C8H8O2

318.323 199.271 138.164 136.149

DL-Phenylalanine L-Phenylalanine Phenylbutazone 1-Phenyl-1-propanone

C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C19H20N2O2 C9H10O

165.189 165.189 308.374 134.174

Phenylthiourea Phenytoin Phosalone Phosmet Phthalic acid

C7H8N2S C15H12N2O2 C12H15ClNO4PS2 C11H12NO4PS2 C8H6O4

152.217 252.268 367.808 317.321 166.132

Phthalic anhydride Picene α-Pinene, (-) β-Pinene, (1S)2,5-Piperazinedione 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione Prednisolone Progesterone

C8H4O3

C22H14 C10H16 C10H16 C4H6N2O2 C14H14O3 C21H28O5 C21H30O2

148.116 278.346 136.234 136.234 114.103 230.259 360.444 314.462

L-Proline Prometone Prometryn Propachlor Propanal Propane Propanenitrile Propanil Propazine Propene 1-Propene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid trans-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

C5H9NO2 C10H19N5O C10H19N5S C11H14ClNO C3H6O C3H8 C3H5N C9H9Cl2NO C9H16ClN5 C3H6 C5H6O4 C6H6O6

115.131 225.291 241.357 211.688 58.079 44.096 55.079 218.079 229.710 42.080 130.100 174.108

Propoxur Propyl acetate Propylbenzene Propyl butanoate Propylcyclopentane Propyl formate Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Propyl propanoate Propyne Propyzamide Pyrene

C11H15NO3 C5H10O2 C9H12 C7H14O2 C8H16 C4H8O2 C10H12O3 C6H12O2 C3H4 C12H11Cl2NO C16H10

209.242 102.132 120.191 130.185 112.213 88.106 180.200 116.158 40.064 256.127 202.250

6679X_S08.indb 110

Solubility, S t/°C 25 35 20 25 20 20 91 25 25 25 19 80 25 37 20 25 25 65 27 27 25 25 25 25 25 25 41 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 20 20 25 20 25 90 20 20 25 17 25 22 25 25 25 25 0 15 25 50

Mass% 8.40 9.31 0.018 0.00016 2.53 0.59 0.91 1.40 2.71 0.0034 0.32 0.24 2.55 0.0038 0.00026 0.0025 0.6977 3.575

g/L 84.05 93.10 0.18 0.0016 26.0 5.9 9.2 14.2 27.9 0.034 3.2 2.4 26.1 0.038 0.0026 0.025 6.977 37.08

Ref. 48,51 48,51 27 40 40 20 20 29 26 40 20 20 27 40 40 40 33 33

0.62 0.00000025 0.00050 0.00110 1.64 0.0018 0.03 0.00088 0.00206 61.9 0.075 0.0048 0.07 30.6 0.00669* 10.3 0.013 0.00086 0.0200* 7.7 20.9 52.5 0.193 2.3 0.0052 0.162 0.00020 2.05 0.04 0.6 0.364* 0.0015 0.0000049 0.0000069 0.0000139 0.000053

6.20 0.0000025 0.0050 0.0110 16.6 0.018 0.3 0.0088 0.0206 — 0.75 0.048 0.7 — 0.0669* ≈115 0.13 0.0086 0.200* 83 — — 1.93 34 0.052 1.62 0.0020 20.9 0.4 6 3.64* 0.015 0.000049 0.000069 0.000139 0.00053

40 4,42 52 52 29 40 40 40 40 26 40 32 40 10 18 10 40 40 5 26 26 26 40 10 22 27 4 10 40 27 5 32 42 42 22,42 4,42

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

71.6

5

21.3

5

1.041 90.2

1.11

0.00092

22 5

5

22

4/11/08 2:22:26 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt

3-Pyridinecarboxamide 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid Pyrocatechol Pyrrole Quinic acid Quinidine Quinine Quinoline 8-Quinolinol Quinoxaline Raffinose Reserpine Resorcinol Riboflavin Ronnel Rotenone Saccharin

C6H6N2O C6H5NO2 C6H6O2 C4H5N C7H12O6 C20H24N2O2 C20H24N2O2 C9H7N C9H7NO C8H6N2 C18H32O16 C33H40N2O9 C6H6O2 C17H20N4O6 C8H8Cl3O3PS C23H22O6 C7H5NO3S

122.124 123.110 110.111 67.090 192.166 324.417 324.417 129.159 145.158 130.147 504.437 608.679 110.111 376.364 321.546 394.417 183.185

Salicylaldehyde Sarcosine L-Serine Shikimic acid Silvex Solanine L-Sorbose Stearic acid trans-Stilbene Streptozotocin Strychnine Styrene

C7H6O2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO3 C7H10O5 C9H7Cl3O3 C45H73NO15 C6H12O6 C18H36O2 C14H12 C8H15N3O7 C21H22N2O2 C8H8

122.122 89.094 105.093 174.151 269.509 868.060 180.155 284.478 180.245 265.221 334.412 104.150

Succinamide Succinic acid

C4H8N2O2 C4H6O4

116.119 118.089

Succinonitrile Sucrose

C4H4N2 C12H22O11

80.088 342.296

Sulfamethazine Sulfamethoxazole Sulfathiazole Sulfisoxazole DL-Tartaric acid

C12H14N4O2S C10H11N3O3S C9H9N3O2S2 C11H13N3O3S C4H6O6

278.330 253.277 255.316 267.304 150.087

L-Tartaric acid

C4H6O6

150.087

Tebuthiuron Terbacil o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl α-Terpineol

C9H16N4OS C9H13ClN2O2 C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C10H18O

228.314 216.664 230.304 230.304 230.304 154.249

6679X_S08.indb 111

8-111 Solubility, S

t/°C 75 20 20 20 25 9 20 25 20 25 50 20 30 20 25 20 25 25 100 86 25 25 25 15 17 20 25 25 20 25 50 50 25 100 25 20 50 100 20 25 20 37 0 20 100 20 100 20 25 25 25 25 25

Mass% 0.000231 ≈33 1.8 31.1 4.5 29 0.020 0.057 0.633 0.065 54 12.5 0.0073 63.7 0.0075 0.00011 0.000017 0.40 4.0

g/L 0.00231 500 18 — 47 — 0.20 0.57 6.33 0.65 — ≈145 0.073 — 0.075 0.0011 0.00017 4.0 42

Ref. 42 40 40 27 10 26 27 27 6 40 6 27 40 27 40 40 40 27 27

1.68 30.0 20 15 0.014 0.0026 ≈26 0.00029 0.000029 0.50 0.013 0.0321 0.046 18.4 7.71 55 11.5 67.1 72.3 83.0 0.053 0.0281 0.048 0.03 8.95 17.1 65 58 77 0.23 0.071 0.000124 0.000152 0.00000180 0.189

17.0 — ≈200 ≈175 0.14 0.026 355 0.0029 0.00029 5.07 0.13 0.321 0.46 ≈225 83.5 — ≈130 — — — 0.53 0.281 0.48 0.3 98 ≈200 — — — 2.3 0.71 0.00124 0.00152 0.000018 1.89

10 26 26 26 40 40 40 26 4,42 40 27 22 4 27 27 27 10 27 27 27 40 40 40 40 26 26 26 26 26 40 40 40,42 40,42 40,42 52

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

0.040

12

0.286 0.30

22 13

4/11/08 2:22:27 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-112

Name 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane

Mol. Form. C6H2Br4 C2H2Br4

Tetrabromomethane 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol 2,2′,4′,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

CBr4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4O2 C12H6Cl4 C12H6Cl4 C6Cl4O2

Mol. Wt t/°C 393.696 25 345.653 0 25 50 100 331.627 30 215.892 25 215.892 25 215.892 25 247.891 25 291.988 25 291.988 25 245.875 20

C12H4Cl4O2 C2Cl4F2 C2H2Cl4

321.971 203.830 167.849

C2H2Cl4

167.849

C2Cl4

165.833

Tetrachloromethane

CCl4

153.823

2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenol 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloro-2,2,3,3tetrafluoropropane Tetracosane Tetradecane Tetradecanoic acid 1-Tetradecanol Tetraethylsilane Tetrafluoroethene

C7H4Cl4O C6H2Cl4O C3Cl4F4

245.918 231.891 253.838

C24H50 C14H30 C14H28O2 C14H30O C8H20Si C2F4

338.654 198.388 228.371 214.387 144.331 100.015

Tetrafluoromethane

CF4

Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran

C6H12O3

132.157

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydropyran

C10H12 C5H10O

132.202 86.132

1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-4,4′diaminobenzophenone Tetramethylsilane Theophylline Thioacetamide Thiourea

C10H14 C17H20N2O

134.218 268.353

C4H12Si C7H8N4O2 C2H5NS CH4N2S

88.224 180.165 75.133 76.121

2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

C3H3NOS2

133.192

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

Tetrachloroethene

6679X_S08.indb 112

88.005

22 27 0 25 50 5 25 50 0 20 80 25 75 25 25 21 22 25 20 25 25 25 70 0 25 50 21 90 20 20 81 25 20 25 20 25 20 80 25

Solubility, S Mass% 0.00000434 0.052 0.068 0.106 0.307 0.024 0.0007 0.00035 0.000060 0.071 0.0000016 0.000002 0.025 0.0000000019 0.016 0.120 0.107 0.123 0.302 0.283 0.318 0.0273 0.0286 0.0380 0.065 0.115 0.00061 0.017 0.0052 0.0000004 0.00000023 0.0020 0.000031 0.0000325 0.0158* 0.0090* 0.00390* 0.00185* 0.00134* 32 19 0.0045 8.57 4.29 0.000348 0.04 0.00196 0.52 12.3 10.6 ≈37 0.225

g/L 0.0000434 0.52 0.68 1.06 3.07 0.24 0.007 0.0035 0.00060 0.71 0.000016 0.00002 0.25 0.000000019 0.16 1.20 1.07 1.23 3.02 2.83 3.18 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.65 11.5 0.0061 0.17 0.052 0.000004 0.0000023 0.020 0.00031 0.000325 0.158* 0.090* 0.0390* 0.0185* 0.0134* — ≈235 0.045 87.1 45 0.00348 0.4 0.0196 5.2 140 ≈120 580 2.25

Ref.

2 25 25 25 25 14 41 41 41 8 9 7 40 40 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 2 24 35

37 5,42 26 1 10 19,50 50 50 19,50 50 20 20 40 20 20 4 40

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

0.144 0.59 0.122

11 11 11

0.24

13

0.026

13

1.73

13

2.99 2.99

13 13

2.55

11

10 29 40 40 40 40

4/11/08 2:22:28 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Thiram DL-Threonine

Name

Mol. Form. C6H12N2S4 C4H9NO3

L-Threonine

C4H9NO3

Thymidine Thymine Thymol Tolazamide Tolbutamide o-Tolidine Toluene

C10H14N2O5 C5H6N2O2 C10H14O C14H21N3O3S C12H18N2O3S C14H16N2 C7H8

p-Toluenesulfonic acid o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid

C7H8O3S C8H8O2 C8H8O2

p-Toluic acid 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene 1,1,2-Tribromoethane Tribromofluoromethane Tribromomethane 2,4,6-Tribromophenol Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate Tributyrin Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane 2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

Trichloroethene

6679X_S08.indb 113

Mol. Wt t/°C 240.432 20 119.119 10 20 40 119.119 10 20 40 242.228 25 126.114 25 150.217 311.400 30 270.347 25 212.290 25 92.139 25 45 90 172.202 40 136.149 25

C8H8O2 C3H6N6

136.149 136.149 126.120

C2H4N4 C6H3Br3 C6H3Br3 C2H3Br3 CBr3F CHBr3 C6H3Br3O C12H27N C12H27O4P C15H26O6 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3

84.080 314.800 314.800 266.757 270.721 252.731 330.799 185.349 266.313 302.363 147.387 163.387 181.447 181.447

C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3O2 C12H7Cl3 C12H7Cl3 C14H9Cl5

181.447 213.446 257.543 257.543 354.486

C8H7Cl3O C2H3Cl3

225.500 133.404

C2H3Cl3

133.404

C2HCl3

131.388

8-113 Solubility, S

Mass% 0.003 14.34 15.69 19.84 7.34 8.31 10.78 5.1 0.35 0.1 0.0065 0.011 0.13 0.0519 0.063 0.12 ≈33 0.118

g/L 0.03 ≈165 ≈180 ≈240 79 90 119 54 3.5 1 0.065 0.11 1.3 0.519 0.63 1.2 500 1.18

25 25 20 95 23 25 25 20 25 25 15 25 25 20 25 25 25 15 25 45 25 25 25 25 25

0.098 0.345 0.323 4.2 22 0.0010 0.0000789 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.0007 0.0142 0.039 0.010 ≈39 92.3 0.0021 0.0029 0.0037 0.0047 0.0008 0.051 0.000014 0.00002 0.0000001

0.98 3.45 3.23 44 — 0.010 0.000789 0.50 0.40 3.0 0.007 0.142 0.39 0.10 650 — 0.021 0.029 0.037 0.047 0.008 0.51 0.00014 0.0002 0.000001

25 0 25 50 0 25 50 0 25 60

0.00050 0.134 0.129 0.138 0.425 0.459 0.536 0.145 0.128 0.133

0.0050 1.34 1.29 1.38 4.25 4.59 5.36 1.45 1.28 1.33

Ref. 40 45 45 45 45 45 45 29 29 30 40 40 40 22,61 61 22 40 27 27 27 40 40 26 2 2 25 14 5 2 40 10 40 40 27 41 61 41,61 61 41 8 7 7 40 2 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

0.660

22

0.047

13

0.242

11

0.277

11

1.1

11

0.0379 0.0495

31 7

1.76

13

0.092

13

1.03

13

4/11/08 2:22:29 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-114

Name Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane

Mol. Form. CCl3F CHCl3

1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methylbenzene (Trichloromethyl)benzene 2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol Trichloronitromethane

C7H5Cl3 C7H5Cl3 C7H5Cl3O CCl3NO2

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,3,3,3pentafluoropropane 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 1,2,3-Trichloropropane

C3Cl3F5

Mol. Wt t/°C 137.368 20 119.378 25 59 195.474 25 195.474 5 211.473 25 164.376 0 25 237.383 21

C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O C8H5Cl3O3 C3H5Cl3

197.446 197.446 255.483 147.431

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Tridecane Tridecanoic acid Triethylamine Triethylamine hydrochloride Trifluoromethane 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

C2Cl3F3 C21H21O4P C13H28 C13H26O2 C6H15N C6H16ClN CHF3 C7H6O5

187.375 368.363 184.361 214.344 101.190 137.651 70.014 170.120

Triiodomethane Trimethoprim 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene 2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanone

CHI3 C14H18N4O3 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C7H16O C9H18 C8H16 C9H20 C13H14 C12H24O

393.732 290.318 120.191 120.191 120.191 116.201 126.239 112.213 128.255 170.250 184.318

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane Trimethyl phosphate 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid Trinitroglycerol

C8H18 C8H18 C3H9O4P C6H3N3O6 C7H3N3O8 C3H5N3O9

114.229 114.229 140.074 213.104 257.114 227.087

2,4,6-Trinitrophenol

C6H3N3O7

229.104

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

C7H5N3O6

227.131

2,4,6-Trinitro-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)aniline 1,3,5-Trioxane Triphenylene Triphenyl phosphate Triphenyltin hydroxide Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine

C12H5N7O12

439.208

25 25 25 10 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 15 100 25 25 25 25 25 40 25 25 25 25 10 80 25 25 25 15 23 25 80 25 90 20 100 17

C3H6O3 C18H12 C18H15O4P C18H16OSn C4H11NO3

90.078 228.288 326.283 367.029 121.135

25 25 24 20 25

6679X_S08.indb 114

Solubility, S Mass% 0.11 0.80 0.79 0.00023 0.0053 0.0112 0.227 0.162 0.0058

g/L 1.1 8.0 7.9 0.0023 0.053 0.112 2.27 1.62 0.058

Ref.

0.1 0.069 0.028 0.14 0.20 0.017 0.00004 0.000000033 0.0033 5.5 57.8 0.15* 0.94 25.0 0.012 0.04 0.0070 0.0057 0.0050 2.2 0.000177 0.00037 0.00008 0.00021 0.012 0.014 0.00022 0.00018 ≈33 0.028 1.97 0.13 0.34 1.25 4.9 0.012 0.15 0.0060

1 0.692 0.28 1.4 2.0 0.17 0.0004 0.0000003 0.033 58 — 1.5* 9.4 — 0.12 0.4 0.070 0.057 0.050 22 0.00177 0.0037 0.0008 0.0021 0.12 0.14 0.0022 0.0018 500 0.28 20.1 1.3 3.4 12.7 51 0.12 1.5 0.060

2 24,48,51 40 35 35 25 40 37 26 10 27 14,50 27 27 14 40 22 22 22 1 4 4 4 4,42 20 20 4 4 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

17.4 0.0000043 0.000073 0.0001 ≈41

≈210 0.000043 0.00073 0.001 699

5 20 20 61 10 2 40 40 35

30 4,42 40 32 40

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 10.2 13 0.43 13 0.43 13

0.038 32

13 13

0.343 0.569 0.781

22 22 22

105 159 246

13 5 13

307 206

13 13

0.00001

12

4/11/08 2:22:31 PM

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

L-Tryptophan DL-Tyrosine L-Tyrosine Undecane Uracil Urea

Name

Mol. Form. C11H12N2O2 C9H11NO3 C9H11NO3 C11H24 C4H4N2O2 CH4N2O

Mol. Wt t/°C 204.225 25 181.188 25 181.188 25 156.309 25 112.087 25 60.055 5 25 168.111 20 117.147 25 284.739 25 285.257 20 286.110 20 86.090 20 108.181 25 308.328 20 152.112 20 106.165 25 45

Uric acid L-Valine Valium Vidarabine Vinclozolin Vinyl acetate 4-Vinylcyclohexene Warfarin Xanthine o-Xylene

C5H4N4O3 C5H11NO2 C16H13ClN2O C10H15N5O5 C12H9Cl2NO3 C4H6O2 C8H12 C19H16O4 C5H4N4O2 C8H10

m-Xylene

C8H10

106.165

C8H10

106.165

C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C5H10O5 C6H12N2S4Zn

122.164 122.164 122.164 122.164 122.164 122.164 150.130 305.841

p-Xylene

2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol D-Xylose Ziram

0 25 40 0 25 40 25 25 25 25 25 29 25 20

8-115 Solubility, S

Mass% 1.30 0.35 0.0507 0.0000004 0.27 44 54.4 0.002 8.13 0.005 0.051 0.1 2.0 0.005 0.004 0.05 0.0171 0.021 0.0203 0.0161 0.022 0.0160 0.0181 0.022 0.457 0.787 0.354 0.60 0.477 0.62 ≈30 0.0065

g/L 13.1 3.5 0.507 0.000004 2.7 — — 0.02 88.4 0.05 0.51 1 20 0.05 0.04 0.5 0.171 0.21 0.203 0.161 0.22 0.160 0.181 0.22 4.57 7.87 3.54 6.05 4.77 6.2 432 0.065

Ref. 26 30 62 37 29 26 26 26 26 40 40 32 10 4 40 26 22 4 4 22 4 4 22 4 40 10 40 40 40 10 40 40

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

0.551

22

0.730

22

0.690

22

* Indicates a value of S for a gas at a partial pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm) in equilibrium with the solution.

6679X_S08.indb 115

4/11/08 2:22:32 PM

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES The solubility of over 300 common inorganic compounds in water is tabulated here as a function of temperature. Solubility is defined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with a solid phase at the specified temperature. In this table the solid phase is generally the most stable crystalline phase at the temperature in question. An asterisk * on solubility values in adjacent columns indicates that the solid phase changes between those two temperatures (usually from one hydrated phase to another or from a hydrate to the anhydrous solid). In such cases the slope of the solubility vs. temperature curve may show a discontinuity. All solubility values are expressed as mass percent of solute, 100⋅w2, where w2 = m2/(m1 + m2) and m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. This quantity is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molarity: c2 = 1000 ρw2/M2 Molality: m2 = 1000w2/M2(1-w2) Mole fraction: x2 = (w2/M2)/{(w2/M2) + (1-w2)/M1} Mass of solute per 100 g of H2O: r2 = 100w2/(1-w2) Here M2 is the molar mass of the solute and M1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water. ρ is the density of the solution in g cm-3. The data in the table have been derived from the references indicated; in many cases the data have been refitted or interpolated in order to present solubility at rounded values of temperature. Where available, values were taken from the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (Reference 1) or the related papers in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (References 2 to 5), which present carefully evaluated data.

Compound AgBrO3 AgClO2 AgClO3 AgClO4 AgNO2 AgNO3 Ag2SO4 AlCl3 Al(ClO4)3 AlF3 Al(NO3)3 Al2(SO4)3 As2O3 BaBr2 Ba(BrO3)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2 BaCl2 Ba(ClO2)2 Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO4)2 BaF2 BaI2

0°C

10°C

20°C

0.17

0.31

0.47

81.6 0.155 55.9 0.56 30.84 54.9 0.25 37.0 27.5 1.19 47.6 0.285 37.0 23.30 30.5 16.90 67.30

83.0

84.2

62.3 0.67 30.91

67.8 0.78 31.03

0.34 38.2

0.44 39.9

1.48 48.5 0.442

1.80 49.5 0.656

24.88

26.33

21.23 70.96 0.158 64.7

23.66 74.30

62.5

67.3

25°C 0.193 0.55 15 84.8 0.413 70.1 0.83 31.10 0.50 40.8 27.8 2.01 50.0 0.788 44.2 27.03 31.3 27.50 75.75 0.161 68.8

30°C

40°C

The solubility of sparingly soluble compounds that do not appear in this table may be calculated from the data in the table “Solubility Product Constants”. Solubility of inorganic gases may be found in the table “Solubility of Selected Gases in Water”. Compounds are listed alphabetically by chemical formula in the most commonly used form (e.g., NaCl, NH4NO3, etc.).

References 1. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Volumes 1 to 53 were published by Pergamon Press, Oxford, from 1979 to 1994; subsequent volumes were published by Oxford University Press, Oxford. The number following the colon is the volume number in the series. 2. Clever, H. L., and Johnston, F. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 751, 1980. 3. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 1307, 1980. 4. Clever, H. L., Johnson, S. A., and Derrick, M. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631, 1985. 5. Clever, H. L., Johnson, S. A., and Derrick, M. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 941, 1992. 6. Söhnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. 7. Krumgalz, B.S., Mineral Solubility in Water at Various Temperatures, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Ltd., Haifa, 1994. 8. Potter, R. W., and Clynne, M. A., J. Research U.S. Geological Survey, 6, 701, 1978; Clynne, M. A., and Potter, R. W., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 24, 338, 1979. 9. Marshal, W. L., and Slusher, R., J. Phys. Chem., 70, 4015, 1966; Knacke, O., and Gans, W., Zeit. Phys. Chem., NF, 104, 41, 1977. 10. Stephen, H., and Stephen, T., Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds, Vol. 1, Macmillan, New York, 1963.

50°C

60°C

70°C

80°C

0.64

0.82

1.02

1.22

1.44

1.66

90°C 1.32 1.88

100°C

85.3

86.3

86.9

87.5

87.9

88.3

88.6

88.8

72.3 0.88 31.18

76.1 0.97 31.37

79.2 1.05 31.60

81.7 1.13 31.87

83.8 1.20 32.17

85.4 1.26 32.51

87.8 1.39 33.32

0.56 42.0 28.2 2.27 50.4 0.935

0.68 44.5 29.2 2.86 51.4 1.30

0.81 47.3 30.7 3.43 52.5 1.74

0.96 50.4 32.6 4.11 53.5 2.27

1.11 53.8* 34.9 4.89 54.5 2.90

1.28

86.7 1.32 32.90 64.4 1.45

37.6 5.77 55.5 3.61

40.7 6.72 56.6 4.40

27.70

29.00

30.27

31.53

32.81

34.14

35.54

29.43 77.05

33.16 79.23

36.69 80.92

40.05 82.21

43.04 83.16

45.90 83.88

48.70 84.43

37.05 44.7 51.17 84.90

69.1

69.5

70.1

70.7

71.3

72.0

72.7

73.4

2.11

1.64 61.5* 44.2 7.71 57.6 5.25

Ref. 7 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 7 10 6 1:14 7 8 7 1:14 7 7 6

8-112

Section 8.indb 112

4/30/05 8:47:37 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures Compound Ba(IO3)2 Ba(NO2)2 Ba(NO3)2 Ba(OH)2 BaS Ba(SCN)2 BaSO3 BeCl2 Be(ClO4)2 BeSO4 CaBr2 CaCl2 Ca(ClO3)2 Ca(ClO4)2 CaF2 CaI2 Ca(IO3)2 Ca(NO2)2 Ca(NO3)2 CaSO3 CaSO4 CdBr2 CdC2O4 CdCl2 Cd(ClO4)2 CdF2 CdI2 Cd(IO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CdSeO4 Ce(NO3)3 CoCl2 Co(ClO4)2 CoF2 CoI2 Co(NO2)2 Co(NO3)2 CoSO4 Co(SCN)2 CrO3 CsBr CsBrO3 CsCl CsClO3 CsClO4 CsI CsIO3 CsNO3 CsOH Cs2SO4 CuBr2 CuCl2 Cu(ClO4)2 CuF2 Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 CuSeO4 Dy(NO3)3 Er(NO3)3 Eu(NO3)3

Section 8.indb 113

0°C 0.0182 31.1 4.7 1.67 2.79

10°C 0.0262 36.6 6.3

20°C 0.0342 41.8 8.2

4.78

6.97

26.69 55 36.70 63.2

27.58 56 39.19 64.2

28.61 59 42.13 65.5

0.0013 64.6 0.082 38.6 50.1

66.0 0.155 39.5 53.1

0.174 36.0

0.191 43.0

67.6 0.243 44.5 56.7 0.0059 0.202 49.9

47.2

50.1

53.2

44.1

5.82 44.9

4.65 45.8

55.4 43.1 42.04 57.99 30.30 50.0

57.1 43.1 40.59 59.80 32.60

59.6 43.2 39.02 61.89 34.87

58.00 0.076 45.5 19.9

61.78

65.35

47.0 23.0

49.4 26.1

62.2

62.3

62.6

1.16 61.83 2.40 0.79 30.9 1.08 8.46

1.93 63.48 3.87 1.01 37.2 1.58 13.0

3.01 64.96 5.94 1.51 43.2 2.21 18.6

62.6

63.4

64.1

40.8 54.3

41.7

42.6

45.2 12.4 10.6 58.79 61.58 55.2

49.8 14.4

56.3 16.7

59.99 63.15 56.7

61.49 64.84 58.5

40.5

25°C 0.0396 44.3 9.3 4.68 8.21 62.6 0.0011 41.7 59.5 29.22 61 44.83* 66.3 65.3 0.0016 68.3 0.305 48.6 59.0 0.0054 0.205 53.4 0.0060 54.6 58.7 4.18 46.3 0.091 61.0 43.4 38.18 63.05 35.99 53.0 1.4 66.99 0.49 50.8 27.7 50.7 62.8 55.2 3.69 65.64 7.22 1.96 45.9 2.59 21.8 64.5 55.8 43.1 0.075 59.2 18.0 16.0 62.35 65.75 59.4

8-113

30°C 0.045* 46.8 10.2 8.4 9.58

40°C 0.058* 51.6 12.4 19 12.67

50°C 0.073 56.2 14.7 33 16.18

60°C 0.090 60.5 17.0 52 20.05

70°C 0.109 64.6 19.3 74 24.19

80°C 0.131 68.5 21.5 100 28.55

90°C 0.156 72.1 23.5

100°C 0.182 75.6 25.5

33.04

37.61

29.90 63 49.12* 67.2

31.51 68 52.85* 69.0

33.39 71 56.05* 71.0

35.50 73 56.73 73.2

37.78

40.21

42.72

45.28

57.44 75.5*

58.21 77.4*

59.04 77.7

59.94 78.0

69.0 0.384*

70.8 0.517*

72.4 0.590

74.0 0.652

76.0 0.811*

78.0 0.665*

79.6 0.668

81.0

60.9 0.0049 0.208 56.4

65.4 0.0041 0.210 60.3*

77.8 0.0035 0.207 60.3*

78.1 0.0030 0.201 60.5

78.2 0.0026 0.193 60.7

78.3 0.0023 0.184 60.9

78.4 0.0020 0.173 61.3

78.5 0.0019 0.163 61.6

56.3*

57.3*

57.5

57.8

58.1

58.51

58.98

3.76 46.8

59.5 66.9

47.9

49.0

50.2

51.5

52.7

54.1

55.4

62.8 43.6 37.29 64.31* 37.10

66.5 44.1 35.35 67.0* 39.27

70.6 43.5 33.15 68.6 41.38

86.1 42.5 30.65 71.1* 43.46

86.5 41.4 27.84 74.9* 45.50

86.8 40.2 24.69 79.2 47.51

87.1 38.5 21.24 80.9 49.51

87.4 36.7 17.49 83.1 51.50

68.51

71.17

73.41

75.29

76.89

78.28

79.52

80.70

52.4 29.2

56.0 32.3

60.1 34.4

62.6 35.9

64.9 35.5

67.7 33.2

30.6

27.8

63.0

63.5

64.1

64.7

65.5

66.2

67.1

67.9

4.46 66.29 8.69 2.57 48.6 3.02 25.1 75 64.8

6.32 67.50 12.15 4.28 53.3 3.96 32.0

8.60 68.60 16.33 6.55 57.3 5.06 39.0

11.32 69.61 21.14 9.29 60.7 6.29 45.7

14.45 70.54 26.45 12.41 63.6 7.70 51.9

17.96 71.40 32.10 15.80 65.9 9.20 57.3

21.83 72.21 37.89 19.39 67.7 10.79 62.1

25.98 72.96 43.42 23.07 69.2 12.45 66.2

65.5

66.1

66.7

67.3

67.8

68.3

68.8

43.7 59.3

44.8

46.0

47.2

48.5

49.9

51.3

52.7

61.1 19.3

62.0 22.2

63.1 25.4

64.5 28.8

65.9 32.4

67.5 36.3

69.2 40.3

71.0 43.5

63.29 66.69 60.4

65.43 68.70 62.5

68.04 70.96 64.6

71.58 73.64

77.75

Ref. 1:14 10 6 7 7 7 1:26 7 7 7 10 8 1:14 7 10 7 1:14 7 6 1:26 9 6 5 6 7 5 6 5 6 6 5 1:13 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 7 6 7 1:30 1:47 1:30 7 6 1:30 6 7 6 7 6 7 7 6 6 7 1:13 1:13 1:13

4/30/05 8:47:38 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures

8-114 Compound FeBr2 FeCl2 FeCl3 Fe(ClO4)2 FeF3 Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)2 FeSO4 Gd(NO3)3 HIO3 H3BO3 HgBr2 Hg(CN)2 HgCl2 HgI2 Hg(SCN)2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2(ClO4)2 Hg2SO4 Ho(NO3)3 KBF4 KBr KBrO3 KC2H3O2 KCl KClO3 KClO4 KF KHCO3 KHSO4 KH2PO4 KI KIO3 KIO4 KMnO4 KNO2 KNO3 KOH KSCN K2CO3 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 K2HAsO4 K2HPO4 K2MoO4 K2SO3 K2SO4 K2S2O3 K2S2O5 K2SeO3 K2SeO4 K3AsO4 K3Fe(CN)6 K3PO4 K4Fe(CN)6 LaCl3 La(NO3)3 LiBr LiBrO3 LiC2H3O2 LiCl

Section 8.indb 114

0°C 33.2* 42.7 63.39

10°C

20°C

44.9

47.9

40.15 41.44 13.5 56.3 73.45 2.61 0.26 6.57 4.24

17.0 57.7 74.10 3.57 0.37 7.83 5.05

20.8 59.2 74.98 4.77 0.52 9.33 6.17 0.0041

73.8 0.038

0.043

0.048

0.28 35.0 2.97 68.40 21.74 3.03 0.70 30.90 18.62 27.1 11.74 56.0 4.53 0.16 2.74 73.7 12.0 48.7 63.8 51.3 37.1 4.30 48.5* 57.0

0.34 37.3 4.48 70.29 23.61 4.67 1.10 39.8 21.73 29.7 14.91 57.6 5.96 0.22 4.12 74.6 17.6 50.8 66.4 51.7 38.1 7.12

0.45 39.4 6.42 72.09 25.39 6.74 1.67 47.3 24.92 32.3 18.25 59.0 7.57 0.37 5.96 75.3 24.2 53.2 69.1 52.3 38.9 10.9

59.1

61.5

51.30 7.11 49.0* 22.1 68.4* 52.70 51.5* 23.9 44.3 12.5 49.0 55.0 58.4 61.03 23.76 40.45

51.39 8.46

51.49 9.95

26.7

31.1

52.93

53.17

27.6

31.1

17.3 48.5 56.9 60.1 62.62 26.49 42.46*

22.0 48.6 58.9 62.7 64.44 29.42 45.29*

25°C 54.6 39.4* 47.7 67.76 5.59 46.57 46.67 22.8 60.1 75.48 5.48 0.61 10.2 6.81 0.0055 0.070 0.0004 79.8* 0.051 63.8 0.55 40.4 7.55 72.92 26.22 7.93 2.04 50.41 26.6 33.6 19.97 59.7 8.44 0.51 7.06 75.7 27.7 54.7 70.4 52.7 39.4 13.1 63.6* 62.7 64.7 51.55 10.7 62.3* 33.1 68.5* 53.30 55.6* 32.8 51.4 23.9 48.9 60.0 64.4 65.44 31.02 45.81

30°C

40°C

50°C

60°C

70°C

80°C

51.6

74.8

76.7

84.6

84.3

84.3

84.4

100°C 64.8* 48.7* 84.7

24.8 61.0 76.03 6.27 0.72 11.1 7.62 0.0072

28.8 62.9 77.20 8.10 0.96 13.1 9.53 0.0122

32.8 65.2 78.46 10.3 1.26 15.5 12.02 0.0199

35.5 67.9 79.78 12.9 1.63 18.2 15.18

33.6 71.5 81.13 15.9 2.08 21.2 19.16

30.4

27.1

24.0

82.48 19.3 2.61 24.6 24.06

83.82 23.1 3.23 28.3 29.90

85.14 27.3 3.95 32.3 36.62

0.054

0.059

0.065

0.070

0.076

0.082

0.088

85.3* 0.093

0.75 41.4 8.79 73.70 27.04 9.21 2.47 53.2 28.13 35.0 21.77 60.4 9.34 0.70 8.28 76.0 31.3 56.1 71.6 53.1 39.8 15.5

1.38 43.2 11.57 75.08 28.59 12.06 3.54

2.09 44.8 14.71 76.27 30.04 15.26 4.94

2.82 46.2 18.14 77.31 31.40 18.78 6.74

3.58 47.6 21.79 78.22 32.66 22.65 8.99

5.12 49.8 29.42 79.80 34.99 31.53 14.94

5.90 50.8 33.28 80.55 36.05 36.65 18.67

31.32 37.8 25.28 61.6 11.09 1.24 11.11 76.7 38.6 57.9 74.1 54.0 40.5 20.8

34.46 40.5 28.95 62.8 13.22 1.96 14.42 77.4 45.7 58.6 76.5 54.9 41.3 26.3

37.51 43.4 32.76 63.8 15.29 2.83 18.16 78.0 52.2 59.5 78.9 56.0 41.9 31.7

40.45 46.2 36.75 64.8 17.41 3.82

4.34 48.8 25.57 79.04 33.86 26.88 11.71 60.0 49.02 40.96 65.7 19.58 4.89

51.82 45.41 66.6 21.78 6.02

54.6 50.12 67.4 24.03 7.17

78.5 58.0 60.6 81.1 57.2 42.6 36.9

79.1 63.0 61.8 83.3 58.4 43.2 41.5

79.6 67.3 63.1 85.3 59.6 43.8 45.5

64.1

67.7*

80.1 70.8 64.6 87.3 61.0 44.3 48.9 79.8*

51.62 11.4

51.76 12.9

51.93 14.2

52.11 15.5

52.32 16.7

52.54 17.7

35.2

39.0

42.6

46.0

49.1

52.0

66.5 52.79 18.6 75.7* 54.6

53.43

53.70

53.99

54.30

54.61

54.94

55.26

34.3

37.2

39.6

41.7

43.5

45.0

46.1

25.6 49.3 61.1 65.9 66.51 32.72 46.25

29.2 50.5 63.6 67.8 68.90 36.48 47.30

32.5 52.1 66.3 68.3 71.68* 40.65 48.47

35.5 54.0 69.9* 69.0 73.24* 45.15 49.78

38.2 56.3 74.1* 69.8 74.43 49.93 51.27

40.6 58.9

41.4 61.7

43.1

70.7 75.66 54.91 52.98

71.7 76.93 60.04 54.98*

72.8 78.32 65.26 56.34*

72.7*

90°C

53.06 19.3

68.5* 55.60 73* 47.0

Ref. 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:13 1:30 6 4 6 4 4 4 3 7 4 1:13 10 6 1:30 7 1:47 1:30 6 7 6 6 1:31 6 1:30 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 1:31 7 1:26 6 7 1:26 7 7 7 6 7 6 6 1:13 6 1:30 7 1:47

4/30/05 8:47:40 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures Compound LiClO3 LiClO4 LiF LiH2PO4 LiI LiIO3 LiNO2 LiNO3 LiOH LiSCN Li2CO3 Li2C2O4 Li2HPO3 Li2SO4 Li3PO4 Lu(NO3)3 MgBr2 Mg(BrO3)2 Mg(C2H3O2)2 MgC2O4 MgCl2 Mg(ClO3)2 Mg(ClO4)2 MgCrO4 MgCr2O7 MgF2 MgI2 Mg(IO3)2 Mg(NO2)2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO3 MgSO4 MgS2O3 MgSeO4 MnBr2 MnCl2 MnF2 Mn(IO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 MnSO4 NH4Br NH4Cl NH4ClO4 NH4F NH4HCO3 NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 NH4I NH4IO3 NH4NO2 NH4NO3 NH4SCN (NH4)2C2O4 (NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)2S2O5 (NH4)2S2O8 (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SeO3 (NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)3PO4

Section 8.indb 115

8-115

0°C 73.2 30.1 0.120 55.8 59.4

10°C 75.6* 32.6 0.126

20°C 80.8* 35.5 0.131

25°C 82.1 37.0 0.134

30°C 83.4 38.6

40°C 85.9* 41.9

50°C 87.1* 45.5

60°C 88.2 49.2

70°C 89.6 53.2

80°C 91.3 57.2

90°C 93.4 61.3

100°C 95.7 71.4

60.5

61.7

63.0

64.3

65.8

67.3

68.8

81.3

81.7

82.6

41 34.8 10.8

45 37.6 10.8

49 42.7 11.0

53 57.9 11.3

56 60.1 11.7

60 62.2 12.2

63 64.0 12.7

66 65.7 13.4

68 67.2 14.2

68.5 15.1

69.7 16.1

1.54

1.43

1.33

1.24

1.15

1.07

0.99

0.92

0.85

0.78

0.72

9.07 26.3

8.40 25.9

7.77 25.6

7.18 25.3

6.64 25.0

6.16 24.8

5.71 24.5

5.30 24.3

4.91 24.0

4.53 23.8

4.16 23.6

49.3 43.0 36.18

49.8 45.2 37.55

50.3 48.0 38.92

50.9 51.0

51.5 54.3

52.1 57.9

52.8 61.6

53.5 65.3

54.2 69.0*

55.0 70.9*

55.7 71.7

33.96 53.35 47.8 32.06*

34.85 54.40 48.7

35.58 56.81 49.6

36.20 60.91* 50.5

36.77 65.46* 51.3

37.34 67.33 52.1

37.97 69.27

38.71 71.01

39.62 72.44

40.75 73.48

42.15

54.7 3.19*

56.1 6.70*

58.2 7.92

38.4 0.32 18.2 30.7 31.4* 56.00 38.7 0.80*

39.5 0.37 21.7

40.8 0.46 25.1

57.72 40.6

59.39 42.5

62.3 43.8 51 50.5 11.1 54.5 1.28 5.87 7.47 25.5 0.027 71.1 50.6 49.4 39.61 0.038 35.90 58.66 50.1 35.39* 58.9 0.013 59.4 8.52 47 41.6 0.52 26.3 34.1 35.7* 60.19 43.6 1.01* 0.27 61.7 38.9 43.9 28.34 19.7 45.5 19.9 34.5 28.8 64.0 3.70 68.8 68.0 64.4 4.94 41.0 70.5 45.49 39.1 43.3 54.7 54.02 15.5

50.5 34.6 37.5 22.92 10.8 41.7 10.6 25.2 17.8 60.7

37.3 40.2 25.12 14.1 43.2 13.7 29.0 22.0 62.1

38.6 42.7 27.27 17.8 44.7 17.6 32.7 26.4 63.4

55.7 54.0

59.0 60.1

64.9 65.5

2.31 36.4 65.5 37.00 32.2 41.3 49.0

3.11 38.2 67.9 40.45 34.9 42.1 51.1

4.25 40.0 69.8 43.84 37.7 42.9 53.4

67.0 60.8 9.11

63.9 10.45

65.0 11.99

65.0 13.7

65.0 15.6

65.0 17.6

65.1 19.6

65.2

42.4 0.61 28.2

44.1 0.87* 30.9

45.9 0.85* 33.4

47.9 0.76 35.6

50.0 0.69 36.9

52.2 0.64 35.9

70.6 0.62 34.7

72.0 0.60 33.3

60.96 44.7

62.41 47.0

63.75 49.4

65.01 54.1

66.19 54.7

67.32 55.2

68.42 55.7

47* 69.50 56.1 0.48

0.34 38.9 45.1 29.39 21.7 46.3 22.4 36.3 31.2 64.6 4.20

37.7 47.3 31.46 25.8 47.8 27.9 39.7 36.2 65.8 5.64

36.3 49.4 33.50 29.8 49.3 34.2 43.1 41.6 66.8 7.63

34.6 51.3 35.49 33.6 50.9 41.4 46.2 47.2 67.8

32.8 53.0 37.46 37.3 52.5 49.3 49.3 53.0 68.7

30.8 54.6 39.40 40.7 54.1 58.1 52.2 59.2 69.6

28.8 56.1 41.33 43.8

26.7 57.4 43.24 46.6

67.6 55.0 65.7 70.4

78.0 72.4 71.1

70.3

74.3

77.7

80.8

85.8

88.2

90.3

5.73 42.0 71.3 47.11 40.6 43.8 56.0

7.56 44.1 72.3 50.25 43.7 44.7 58.9

9.73 46.2 72.9 53.28 47.0 45.6 62.0

12.2 48.5 73.1 56.23 50.6 46.6 65.4

83.4 81.1 15.1 50.9

18.3 53.3

21.8 55.9

25.7 58.6

59.13 54.5 47.5 69.1

62.00 58.9 48.5

49.5

50.5

Ref. 1:30 6 7 7 6 1:30 10 6 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:31 1:13 6 1:14 7 7 8 1:14 6 7 7 7 6 1:14 7 6 1:26 6 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 6 7 1:47 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:30 7 6 7 7 7 1:26 7 1:26 6 7 7 7

4/30/05 8:47:42 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures

8-116 Compound NaBr NaBrO3 NaCHO2 NaC2H3O2 NaCl NaClO NaClO2 NaClO3 NaClO4 NaF NaHCO3 NaHSO4 NaH2PO4 NaI NaIO3 NaIO4 NaNO2 NaNO3 NaOH NaSCN Na2B4O7 Na2CO3 Na2C2O4 Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 Na2HAsO4 Na2HPO4 Na2MoO4 Na2S Na2SO3 Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 Na2S2O5 Na2SeO3 Na2SeO4 Na2WO4 Na3PO4 Na4P2O7 NdCl3 Nd(NO3)3 NiCl2 Ni(ClO4)2 NiF2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2 NiSO4 Ni(SCN)2 NiSeO4 PbBr2 PbCl2 Pb(ClO4)2 PbF2 PbI2 Pb(IO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 PbSO4 PrCl3 Pr(NO3)3 RbBr RbBrO3 RbCl

Section 8.indb 116

0°C 44.4 20.0 30.8 26.5 26.28 22.7

10°C 45.9 23.22 37.9 28.8 26.32

20°C 47.7 26.65 45.7 31.8 26.41

44.27 61.9 3.52 6.48

46.67 64.1 3.72 7.59

49.3 66.2 3.89 8.73

36.54 61.2 2.43

41.07 62.4 4.40

46.00 63.9 7.78*

41.9 42.2 30

43.4 44.4 39 52.9 1.71 10.8 2.95 32.3 63.1

45.1 46.6 46 57.1 2.50 17.9 3.30 44.6 64.4

4.19 38.8 13.2 16.1 36.3 38.4

7.51 39.4 15.7 20.9 16.13 40.6 39.5

11.7 41.6 4.28 2.23 49.0 55.76 34.7 51.1

41.9 7.30 3.28 49.3 57.49 36.1

42.3 10.8 4.81 49.7 59.37 38.5

55.40 44.1 21.4

57.68 46.0 24.4

59.78 48.4 27.4

21.6 0.449 0.66

0.620 0.81

26.2* 0.841 0.98

0.041

0.0603 0.052

0.0649 0.067

28.46 0.0033 48.0 57.50 47.4 0.97 43.58

32.13 0.0038 48.1 59.20 50.1 1.55 45.65

35.67 0.0042 48.6 61.16 52.6 2.36 47.53

1.23 6.44 2.62 22.6 62.1 5.6* 1.66 30.6 11.1 12.0 33.1

25°C 48.6 28.28 48.7 33.5 26.45 44.4 97.0* 50.1 67.2 3.97 9.32 22.2 48.68 64.8 8.65* 12.62 45.9 47.7 50 60.2 3.07 23.5 3.48 46.7 65.2 29.3* 10.55 39.4 17.1 23.5 21.94 43.3 40.0 47.3* 36.9* 42.6 12.6 6.62 50.0 60.38 40.3 52.8 2.50 60.69 49.8 28.8 35.48 0.966 1.07 81.5 0.0670 0.076 0.0025 37.38 0.0044 49.0 62.24 53.8 2.87 48.42

30°C 49.6 29.86 50.6 35.5 26.52

40°C 51.6 32.83 52.0 39.9 26.67

50°C 53.7 35.55 53.5 45.1 26.84

60°C 54.1 38.05 55.0 58.3 27.03

70°C 54.3 40.37

80°C 54.5 42.52

90°C 54.7

100°C 54.9

59.3 27.25

60.5 27.50

61.7 27.78

62.9 28.05

51.2 68.3 4.05 9.91

53.6 70.4 4.20 11.13

55.5 72.5 4.34 12.40

95.3* 57.0 74.1 4.46 13.70

58.5 74.7 4.57 15.02

60.5 75.4 4.66 16.37

63.3 76.1 4.75 17.73

51.54 65.7 9.60

57.89* 67.7 11.67

61.7* 69.8 13.99

62.3* 72.0 16.52

65.9 74.7 19.25*

68.7 74.8 21.1*

67.1 76.7 4.82 19.10 33.3

74.9 22.9

75.1 24.7

46.8 48.8 53 62.7 3.82 28.7 3.65 46.9 66.1

48.7 51.0 58 63.5 6.02 32.8 4.00 48.9 68.0

50.7 53.2 63 64.2 9.7 32.2 4.36 51.0 70.1

52.8 55.3 67 65.0 14.9 31.7 4.71 53.4 72.3

55.0 57.5 71 65.9 17.1 31.3 5.06 55.3 74.6

57.2 59.6 74 66.9 19.9 31.1 5.41 55.5 77.0

59.5 61.7 76 67.9 23.5 30.9 5.75 55.8 79.6

16.34* 39.8 18.6 26.3* 29.22* 45.9 40.6

35.17* 40.3 22.1 27.3* 32.35* 52.0 41.8

44.64* 41.0 26.7 25.9 31.55 62.3 43.0

45.20 41.7 28.1 24.8 30.90 65.7 44.2

46.81 42.6 30.2 23.7 30.39 68.8 45.5

48.78 43.5 33.0 22.8 30.02 69.4 46.8

50.52 44.5 36.4 22.1 29.79 70.1 48.1

42.9 14.1 7.00 50.4 61.43 41.7

43.6 16.6 10.10 51.2 63.69 42.1

44.4 22.9 14.38 52.2 66.27 43.2

45.3 28.4 20.07 53.3 69.47 45.0

46.2 32.4 27.31 54.5

47.3 37.6 36.03 55.8

48.4 40.4 32.37 57.1

61.8 63.8 79 69.0 28.0 30.9 6.08 56.1 80.7 67* 51.53 45.5 41.0 21.5 29.67 71.0 49.5 45* 42.1* 49.5 43.5 30.67 58.5

46.1

46.2

46.4

46.6

61.50 51.3 30.3*

62.80 54.6 32.0*

63.73 58.3 34.1

64.38 61.0 35.8

64.80 63.1 37.7

65.09 65.6 39.9

2.52 65.30 67.9 42.3

69.0 44.8

1.118 1.17

1.46 1.39

1.89 1.64

1.93

2.24

2.60

0.0693 0.086

0.112

0.144

0.187

0.243

0.315

39.05 0.0047 49.5 63.40* 54.9 3.45 49.27

42.22 0.0052 50.8 65.7* 57.0 4.87 50.86

45.17 0.0058 52.3 67.8 58.8 6.64 52.34

47.90

50.42

52.72

54.1 70.2 60.6 8.78 53.67

56.1 73.4 62.1 11.29 54.92

58.3

45.6*

63.5 14.15 56.08

2.99

3.42

54.82

56.75

64.8 17.32 57.16

65.9 20.76 58.15

Ref. 6 1:30 6 6 1:47 7 7 1:30 6 6 7 10 1:31 6 1:30 7 6 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 1:31 6 6 1:26 8 6 1:26 7 7 6 6 6 6 1:13 6 7 7 7 6 6 7 7 2 2 7 2 2 7 2 2 6 1:13 6 1:30 1:47

4/30/05 8:47:43 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures Compound RbClO3 RbClO4 RbF RbHCO3 RbI RbIO3 RbNO3 RbOH Rb2CrO4 Rb2SO4 SbCl3 SbF3 Sc(NO3)3 Sm(NO3)3 SmCl3 SnCl2 SnI2 SrBr2 Sr(BrO3)2 SrCl2 Sr(ClO2)2 Sr(ClO3)2 Sr(ClO4)2 SrF2 SrI2 Sr(IO3)2 Sr(MnO4)2 Sr(NO2)2 Sr(NO3)2 Sr(OH)2 SrSO3 SrSO4 SrS2O3 Tb(NO3)3 Tl2SO4 Tm(NO3)3 UO2(NO3)2 Y(NO3)3 Yb(NO3)3 ZnBr2 ZnC2O4 ZnCl2 Zn(ClO4)2 ZnF2 ZnI2 Zn(IO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO3 ZnSO4 ZnSeO4

Section 8.indb 117

0°C 2.10 1

10°C 3.38

20°C 5.14

55.8 1.09 16.4

58.6 1.53 25.0

75 53.7 61.1 2.07 34.6

30.0

32.5

59.3 56.33 48.0 64

61.6 58.08 48.2

38.27 27.3 85.7 79.4 57.0 54.83 46 46.0 18.53 31.94 13.0 63.29 70.04* 0.011 62.5 0.102 2.5

48.3 22.00 32.93 13.6 63.42

0.97 50.6 25.39 34.43 14.1 63.64

62.8 0.126

63.5 0.152

28.2 0.9

34.6

41.0

8.8

13.2

2.65

3.56

17.7 60.6 4.61

49.52 55.57

51.82 56.93

54.42 58.75

79.3

80.1 0.0010 76.6

81.8 0.0019 79.0

81.1

81.2

47.8

50.8

29.1 33.06

32.0 34.98

81.3 0.58 54.4 0.1786 35.0 37.38

44.29*

8-117

25°C 6.22 1.5

30°C 7.45

40°C 10.35

50°C 13.85

60°C 17.93

70°C 22.53

80°C 27.57

90°C 32.96

100°C 38.60 17

62.3 2.38 39.4

63.4 2.74 44.2 63.4

65.4 3.52 53.1

67.2 4.41 60.8

68.8 5.42 67.2

70.3 6.52 72.2

71.6 7.74 76.1

72.7 9.00 79.0

73.8 10.36 81.2

34.8

36.9

38.7

40.3

41.8

43.0

44.1

44.9

63.9 60.08 48.6

66.2 62.38 49.2

68.5 65.05* 50.0

68.1*

70.8

74.2

52.9 28.59 36.43 14.5 63.93

55.2 31.55 38.93 14.9 64.29 78.44*

57.6 34.21 41.94 15.3 64.70

59.9 36.57 45.44* 15.6 65.16

62.3 38.64* 46.81* 15.9 65.65

64.6 40.2* 47.69

66.8 40.8 48.70

3.87 69.0 41.0 49.87

66.18

66.74

67.31

64.5 0.179

65.8 0.206

67.3 0.233

69.0 0.259

70.8 0.284

72.7 0.307

74.7 0.328

79.2 0.346

41.9 47.0

44.3 47.4

47.9

48.4

48.9

49.5

50.1

58.6 50.7

22.2

26.8

5.80

7.09

8.46

9.89

11.33

12.77

14.18

15.53

57.55 61.11*

61.59 63.3*

67.07 64.9

67.9

72.5

84.1

85.6

85.8

86.1

86.3

86.6

86.8

87.1

81.4

81.8

82.4 48.70

83.0

83.7

84.4

85.2

86.0

81.5 0.69 58.5 0.1794 38.2 40.34

81.7 0.77 79.1 0.1803 41.3

82.0 0.82 80.1 0.1812 43.0

82.3

82.6

83.0

83.3

83.7

87.5

89.9

42.1

41.0

39.9

38.8

37.6

43.26 33.7 90.8 83.1 62.8 59.05 48.4

51.7 27.02 35.37 14.3 63.77 75.35* 0.021 63.9 0.165

44.5 2.2 0.0015 0.0135 20.0 61.02 5.19 67.9 55.85 59.86 70.5 83.0 0.0026 80.3 46.27* 1.53 81.4 0.64 54.6 0.1790 36.6 38.79

Ref. 1:30 7 7 7 6 1:30 6 7 7 6 7 7 1:13 1:13 6 7 7 6 1:14 8 7 1:14 7 7 6 1:14 7 7 6 7 1:26 7 7 1:13 6 1:13 1:55 1:13 1:13 6 5 6 7 5 6 5 6 5 6 5

4/30/05 8:47:44 AM

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS The solubility product constant Ksp is a useful parameter for calculating the aqueous solubility of sparingly soluble compounds under various conditions. It may be determined by direct measurement or calculated from the standard Gibbs energies of formation ∆fG° of the species involved at their standard states. Thus if Ksp = [M+]m, [A–]n is the equilibrium constant for the reaction MmAn(s)  mM+(aq) + nA– (aq), where MmAn is the slightly soluble substance and M+ and A- are the ions produced in solution by the dissociation of MmAn, then the Gibbs energy change is ∆G° = m ∆fG° (M+,aq) + n ∆fG° (A–,aq) –∆fG° (MmAn, s) The solubility product constant is calculated from the equation ln Ksp = –∆ G°/RT The first table below gives selected values of Ksp at 25°C. Many of these have been calculated from standard state thermodynamic data in References 1 and 2; other values are taken from publications of the IUPAC Solubility Data Project (References 3 to 7). The above formulation is not convenient for treating sulfides because the S -2 ion is usually not present in significant concentrations (see Reference 8). This is due to the hydrolysis reaction S -2 + H2O  HS – + OH–

Compound Aluminum phosphate Barium bromate Barium carbonate Barium chromate Barium fluoride Barium hydroxide octahydrate Barium iodate Barium iodate monohydrate Barium molybdate Barium nitrate Barium selenate Barium sulfate Barium sulfite Beryllium hydroxide Bismuth arsenate Bismuth iodide Cadmium arsenate Cadmium carbonate Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodate Cadmium oxalate trihydrate Cadmium phosphate Calcium carbonate (calcite) Calcium fluoride Calcium hydroxide

Formula AlPO4

Ksp 9.84 ⋅ 10–21

Ba(BrO3)2 BaCO3 BaCrO4 BaF2 Ba(OH)2 ⋅ 8H2O

2.43 ⋅ 10–4 2.58 ⋅ 10–9 1.17 ⋅ 10–10 1.84 ⋅ 10–7 2.55 ⋅ 10–4

Ba(IO3)2 Ba(IO3)2 ⋅ H2O BaMoO4 Ba(NO3)2 BaSeO4 BaSO4 BaSO3 Be(OH)2 BiAsO4 BiI3 Cd3(AsO4)2 CdCO3 CdF2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(IO3)2 CdC2O4 ⋅ 3H2O Cd3(PO4)2 CaCO3 CaF2 Ca(OH)2

4.01 ⋅ 10–9 1.67 ⋅ 10–9 3.54 ⋅ 10–8 4.64 ⋅ 10–3 3.40 ⋅ 10–8 1.08 ⋅ 10–10 5.0 ⋅ 10–10 6.92 ⋅ 10–22 4.43 ⋅ 10–10 7.71 ⋅ 10–19 2.2 ⋅ 10–33 1.0 ⋅ 10–12 6.44 ⋅ 10–3 7.2 ⋅ 10–15 2.5 ⋅ 10–8 1.42 ⋅ 10–8 2.53 ⋅ 10–33 3.36 ⋅ 10–9 3.45 ⋅ 10–11 5.02 ⋅ 10–6

which is strongly shifted to the right except in very basic solutions. Furthermore, the equilibrium constant for this reaction, which depends on the second ionization constant of H2S, is poorly known. Therefore it is more useful in the case of sulfides to define a different solubility product Kspa based on the reaction MmSn(s) + 2H+  mM+ + nH2S (aq) Values of Kspa , taken from Reference 8, are given for several sulfides in the auxiliary table following the main table. Additional discussion of sulfide equilibria may be found in References 7 and 9.

References 1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Garvin, D., Parker, V. B., and White, H. J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables, Hemisphere, New York, 1987. 3. Solubility Data Series (53 Volumes), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979–1992. 4. Clever, H. L., and Johnston, F. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 751, 1980. 5. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 1307, 1980. 6. Clever, H. L., Johnson, S. A., and Derrick, M. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631, 1985. 7. Clever, H. L., Johnson, S. A., and Derrick, M. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 941, 1992. 8. Myers, R. J., J. Chem. Educ., 63, 687, 1986. 9. Licht, S., J. Electrochem. Soc., 135, 2971, 1988. Compound Calcium iodate Calcium iodate hexahydrate Calcium molybdate Calcium oxalate monohydrate Calcium phosphate Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Calcium sulfite hemihydrate Cesium perchlorate Cesium periodate Cobalt(II) arsenate Cobalt(II) hydroxide (blue) Cobalt(II) iodate dihydrate Cobalt(II) phosphate Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(I) cyanide Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) thiocyanate Copper(II) arsenate Copper(II) iodate monohydrate Copper(II) oxalate Copper(II) phosphate Europium(III) hydroxide Gallium(III) hydroxide Iron(II) carbonate

Formula Ca(IO3)2 Ca(IO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O CaMoO4 CaC2O4 ⋅ H2O Ca3(PO4)2 CaSO4 CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O CaSO3 ⋅ 0.5H2O CsClO4 CsIO4 Co3(AsO4)2 Co(OH)2 Co(IO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O Co3(PO4)2 CuBr CuCl CuCN CuI CuSCN Cu3(AsO4)2 Cu(IO3)2 ⋅ H2O

Ksp 6.47 ⋅ 10–6 7.10 ⋅ 10–7 1.46 ⋅ 10–8 2.32 ⋅ 10–9 2.07 ⋅ 10–33 4.93 ⋅ 10–5 3.14 ⋅ 10–5 3.1 ⋅ 10–7 3.95 ⋅ 10–3 5.16 ⋅ 10–6 6.80 ⋅ 10–29 5.92 ⋅ 10–15 1.21 ⋅ 10–2 2.05 ⋅ 10–35 6.27 ⋅ 10–9 1.72 ⋅ 10–7 3.47 ⋅ 10–20 1.27 ⋅ 10–12 1.77 ⋅ 10–13 7.95 ⋅ 10–36 6.94 ⋅ 10–8

CuC2O4 Cu3(PO4)2 Eu(OH)3 Ga(OH)3 FeCO3

4.43 ⋅ 10–10 1.40 ⋅ 10–37 9.38 ⋅ 10–27 7.28 ⋅ 10–36 3.13 ⋅ 10–11

8-118

Section 8.indb 118

4/30/05 8:47:46 AM

Solubility Product Constants Compound Iron(II) fluoride Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(III) hydroxide Iron(III) phosphate dihydrate Lanthanum iodate Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) hydroxide Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) selenate Lead(II) sulfate Lithium carbonate Lithium fluoride Lithium phosphate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium carbonate trihydrate Magnesium carbonate pentahydrate Magnesium fluoride Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium oxalate dihydrate Magnesium phosphate Manganese(II) carbonate Manganese(II) iodate Manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) carbonate Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) fluoride Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) oxalate Mercury(I) sulfate Mercury(I) thiocyanate Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) iodide Neodymium carbonate Nickel(II) carbonate Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) iodate Nickel(II) phosphate Palladium(II) thiocyanate Potassium hexachloroplatinate Potassium perchlorate Potassium periodate Praseodymium hydroxide

Section 8.indb 119

8-119

Formula FeF2 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 FePO4 ⋅ 2H2O La(IO3)3 PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbF2 Pb(OH)2 Pb(IO3)2 PbI2 PbSeO4 PbSO4 Li2CO3 LiF Li3PO4 MgCO3 MgCO3 ⋅ 3H2O

Ksp 2.36 ⋅ 10–6 4.87 ⋅ 10–17 2.79 ⋅ 10–39 9.91 ⋅ 10–16 7.50 ⋅ 10–12 6.60 ⋅ 10–6 7.40 ⋅ 10–14 1.70 ⋅ 10–5 3.3 ⋅ 10–8 1.43 ⋅ 10–20 3.69 ⋅ 10–13 9.8 ⋅ 10–9 1.37 ⋅ 10–7 2.53 ⋅ 10–8 8.15 ⋅ 10–4 1.84 ⋅ 10–3 2.37 ⋅ 10–11 6.82 ⋅ 10–6 2.38 ⋅ 10–6

MgCO3 ⋅ 5H2O

3.79 ⋅ 10–6

MgF2 Mg(OH)2 MgC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O Mg3(PO4)2 MnCO3 Mn(IO3)2 MnC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O

5.16 ⋅ 10–11 5.61 ⋅ 10–12 4.83 ⋅ 10–6 1.04 ⋅ 10–24 2.24 ⋅ 10–11 4.37 ⋅ 10–7 1.70 ⋅ 10–7

Hg2Br2 Hg2CO3 Hg2Cl2 Hg2F2 Hg2I2 Hg2C2O4 Hg2SO4 Hg2(SCN)2 HgBr2 HgI2 Nd2(CO3)3 NiCO3 Ni(OH)2 Ni(IO3)2 Ni3(PO4)2 Pd(SCN)2 K2PtCl6

6.40 ⋅ 10–23 3.6 ⋅ 10–17 1.43 ⋅ 10–18 3.10 ⋅ 10–6 5.2 ⋅ 10–29 1.75 ⋅ 10–13 6.5 ⋅ 10–7 3.2 ⋅ 10–20 6.2 ⋅ 10–20 2.9 ⋅ 10–29 1.08 ⋅ 10–33 1.42 ⋅ 10–7 5.48 ⋅ 10–16 4.71 ⋅ 10–5 4.74 ⋅ 10–32 4.39 ⋅ 10–23 7.48 ⋅ 10–6

KClO4 KIO4 Pr(OH)3

1.05 ⋅ 10–2 3.71 ⋅ 10–4 3.39 ⋅ 10–24

Compound Radium iodate Radium sulfate Rubidium perchlorate Scandium fluoride Scandium hydroxide Silver(I) acetate Silver(I) arsenate Silver(I) bromate Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) carbonate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) iodate Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) oxalate Silver(I) phosphate Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) sulfite Silver(I) thiocyanate Strontium arsenate Strontium carbonate Strontium fluoride Strontium iodate Strontium iodate monohydrate Strontium iodate hexahydrate Strontium sulfate Thallium(I) bromate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) chromate Thallium(I) iodate Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) thiocyanate Thallium(III) hydroxide Tin(II) hydroxide Yttrium carbonate Yttrium fluoride Yttrium hydroxide Yttrium iodate Zinc arsenate Zinc carbonate Zinc carbonate monohydrate Zinc fluoride Zinc hydroxide Zinc iodate dihydrate Zinc oxalate dihydrate Zinc selenide Zinc selenite monohydrate

Formula Ra(IO3)2 RaSO4 RbClO4 ScF3 Sc(OH)3 AgCH3COO Ag3AsO4 AgBrO3 AgBr Ag2CO3 AgCl Ag2CrO4 AgCN AgIO3 AgI Ag2C2O4 Ag3PO4 Ag2SO4 Ag2SO3 AgSCN Sr3(AsO4)2 SrCO3 SrF2 Sr(IO3)2 Sr(IO3)2 ⋅ H2O

Ksp 1.16 ⋅ 10–9 3.66 ⋅ 10–11 3.00 ⋅ 10–3 5.81 ⋅ 10–24 2.22 ⋅ 10–31 1.94 ⋅ 10–3 1.03 ⋅ 10–22 5.38 ⋅ 10–5 5.35 ⋅ 10–13 8.46 ⋅ 10–12 1.77 ⋅ 10–10 1.12 ⋅ 10–12 5.97 ⋅ 10–17 3.17 ⋅ 10–8 8.52 ⋅ 10–17 5.40 ⋅ 10–12 8.89 ⋅ 10–17 1.20 ⋅ 10–5 1.50 ⋅ 10–14 1.03 ⋅ 10–12 4.29 ⋅ 10–19 5.60 ⋅ 10–10 4.33 ⋅ 10–9 1.14 ⋅ 10–7 3.77 ⋅ 10–7

Sr(IO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O SrSO4 TlBrO3 TlBr TlCl Tl2CrO4 TlIO3 TlI TlSCN Tl(OH)3 Sn(OH)2 Y2(CO3)3 YF3 Y(OH)3 Y(IO3)3 Zn3(AsO4)2 ZnCO3 ZnCO3 ⋅ H2O ZnF2 Zn(OH)2 Zn(IO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O ZnC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O ZnSe ZnSeO3 ⋅ H2O

4.55 ⋅ 10–7 3.44 ⋅ 10–7 1.10 ⋅ 10–4 3.71 ⋅ 10–6 1.86 ⋅ 10–4 8.67 ⋅ 10–13 3.12 ⋅ 10–6 5.54 ⋅ 10–8 1.57 ⋅ 10–4 1.68 ⋅ 10–44 5.45 ⋅ 10–27 1.03 ⋅ 10–31 8.62 ⋅ 10–21 1.00 ⋅ 10–22 1.12 ⋅ 10–10 2.8 ⋅ 10–28 1.46 ⋅ 10–10 5.42 ⋅ 10–11 3.04 ⋅ 10–2 3 ⋅ 10–17 4.1 ⋅ 10–6 1.38 ⋅ 10–9 3.6 ⋅ 10–26 1.59 ⋅ 10–7

4/30/05 8:47:47 AM

Solubility Product Constants

8-120 Sulfides Compound Cadmium sulfide Copper(II) sulfide Iron(II) sulfide Lead(II) sulfide Manganese(II) sulfide (green) Mercury(II) sulfide (red) Mercury(II) sulfide (black) Silver(I) sulfide Tin(II) sulfide Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) Zinc sulfide (wurtzite)

Section 8.indb 120

Formula CdS CuS FeS PbS MnS HgS HgS Ag2S SnS ZnS ZnS

Kspa 8 ⋅ 10–7 6 ⋅ 10–16 6 ⋅ 102 3 ⋅ 10–7 3 ⋅ 107 4 ⋅ 10–33 2 ⋅ 10–32 6 ⋅ 10–30 1 ⋅ 10–5 2 ⋅ 10–4 3 ⋅ 10–2

4/30/05 8:47:47 AM

SOLUBILITY OF COMMON SALTS AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES This table gives the aqueous solubility of selected salts at temperatures from 10°C to 40°C. Values are given in molality terms.

Salt BaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeSO4 KBr KIO3 K2CO3 LiCl Mg(NO3)2 MnCl2 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NaBr NaCl NaNO2 NaNO3 RbCl ZnSO4

10°C 1.603 6.896 1.055 1.352 5.002 0.291 7.756 19.296 4.403 5.421 6.199 18.809 5.494 8.258 6.110 11.111 9.395 6.911 2.911

15°C 1.659 7.398 1.153 1.533 5.237 0.333 7.846 19.456 4.523 5.644 6.566 21.163 5.589 8.546 6.121 11.484 9.819 7.180 3.116

20°C 1.716 7.986 1.260 1.729 5.471 0.378 7.948 19.670 4.656 5.884 6.943 23.721 5.688 8.856 6.136 11.883 10.261 7.449 3.336

References 1. 2. 3. 4.

Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 24, 619, 1992. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 63, 1993. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 1513, 1993. Apelblat, A. and Korin, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 30, 59, 1998.

25°C 1.774 8.675 1.376 1.940 5.703 0.426 8.063 19.935 4.800 6.143 7.331 26.496 5.790 9.191 6.153 12.310 10.723 7.717 3.573

30°C

35°C

40°C

1.834 9.480 1.502 2.165 5.932 0.478 8.191

1.895 10.421 1.639 2.405 6.157 0.534 8.331

1.958

4.958 6.422

5.130 6.721

5.314

5.896 9.550 6.174 12.766 11.204 7.986 3.827

6.005 9.937 6.197 13.253 11.706 8.253 4.099

0.593 8.483

10.351 6.222 13.772 12.230 8.520 4.194

Ref. 1 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 1

8-121

Section 8.indb 121

4/30/05 8:47:48 AM

SOLUBILITY OF HYDROCARBONS IN SEAWATER Concern about pollution of the oceans has stimulated measurements of the solubility of organic compounds in seawater. This table gives the solubility of several hydrocarbons in seawater. The data are derived from a review in the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (Reference 1). Solubility is expressed in this table as parts per million by mass, i.e.,

The temperature and salinity of each measurement are given in the table. Salinity is a standardized measure of the concentration of dissolved salts, as explained in the table “Properties of Seawater” in Section 14. Salinity values in the open oceans at mid-latitude typically fall between 34 and 36. Reference 1 gives details of the method of measurement and an indication of the reliability of the measurements.

S/ppm(mass) = 106 × w2 = 106 × m2/(m1 + m2)

Reference



where m1 and m2 are the masses of solvent (seawater) and solute, respectively, under saturation conditions, and w2 is the mass fraction. Since the solubilities in this table are very low, the value of S is effectively the mass of hydrocarbon in grams per 1000 kg of seawater. Name Acenaphthene

1. Shaw, David G., and Maczynski, A., IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series 81. Hydrocarbons with Water and Seawater — Revised and Updated. Part 12. C5-C26 Hydrocarbons with Seawater, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 785, 2006.

Mol. Form. Salinity t/°C C12H10 35 15 Acenaphthene C12H10 35 25 Anthracene C14H10 35 25 Benz[a]anthracene C18H12 35 25 Benzene C6H6 34.4 0 Benzene C6H6 35 25 Benzo[ghi]perylene C22H12 6 25 Benzo[a]pyrene C20H12 6 25 Benzo[e]pyrene C20H12 30 25 Benzo[b]triphenylene C22H14 6 25 Biphenyl C12H10 35 25 Butylbenzene C10H14 34.5 25 sec-Butylbenzene C10H14 34.5 25 tert-Butylbenzene C10H14 34.5 25 Chrysene C18H12 35 25 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene C22H14 6 25 Dibenz[a,j]anthracene C22H14 6 25 Dodecane C12H26 35 25 Eicosane C20H42 35 25 Ethylbenzene C8H10 34.4 0 Ethylbenzene C8H10 34.4 10 Ethylbenzene C8H10 34.4 25 Fluoranthene C16H10 35 25 9H-Fluorene C13H10 35 25 Heptane C7H16 6 25 Hexacosane C26H54 35 25 Hexadecane C16H34 35 25 Hexane C6H14 35.3 25 Isopropylbenzene C9H12 34.5 25 2-Methylanthracene C15H12 35 25 Methylcyclopentane C6H12 34.5 25 1-Methylnaphthalene C11H10 30 25 1-Methylphenanthrene C15H12 35 25 Naphthalene C10H8 35 25 Nonane C9H20 6 25 Octadecane C18H38 35 25 Pentane C5H12 34.5 25 Phenanthrene C14H10 34 25

8-126

S/ppm (mass)

0.21 1.8 0.031 0.0056 1320 1360 0.00021 0.00013 0.0033 0.027 4.76 7.1 12 21 0.0011 0.021 0.010 0.0029 0.0008 140 129 111 0.124 1.2 10.3 0.0001 0.0004 7.9 43 0.013 29 23 0.20 22.8 0.43 0.0008 28 0.69

Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater Name Pyrene Tetradecane Toluene Toluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Undecane o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

8-127 Mol. Form. Salinity t/°C C16H10 35 25 C14H30 35 25 C7H8 34.4 0 C7H8 35 25 C9H12 34.5 25 C9H12 34.5 25 C9H12 34.5 25 C11H24 6 25 C8H10 34.5 25 C8H10 34.5 25 C8H10 34.5 25

S/ppm (mass) 0.086 0.0017 450 387 49 40 31 0.01 130 106 111

Solubility of organic compounds in pressurized hot water Liquid water at elevated temperatures and pressures, but still in the subcritical region, is of interest as a solvent in various laboratory and industrial processes. In effect, this means water at a temperature between about 100°C and 373°C, the critical temperature, and at pressures up to 400 bar or greater. Since the dielectric constant of water decreases with increasing temperature, the solubility of many compounds, especially non-polar compounds, increases dramatically at higher temperature. The fact that solubility can be fine-tuned by controlling temperature and pressure makes pressurized hot water a useful tool in various extraction and reaction processes. This table gives a sample of the variations of solubility with temperature and pressure for several compounds, mostly hydrocarbons. The solubility is expressed in both mole fraction of solute, x2, and mass percent, 100w2, where w2 is the mass fraction. More information is available in the references.

Name Acenaphthene Anthracene

Benz[a]anthracene

Benzene

Carbazole

Chrysene

8-128

Mol. Form. t/°C 25 C12H10 250 C14H10 25 50 100 100 150 200 250 300 C18H12 25 60 100 120 150 C6H6 25 25 25 50 100 150 200 200 C12H9N 25 25 50 100 150 200 C18H12 25

References 1. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. 2. Shaw, D. G., and Maczynski, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 687, 2006. 3. Stephenson, R. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 37, 80, 1992. 4. Lun, R., Varhanickova, D., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 951, 1997. 5. Miller, D. J., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 1043, 1998. 6. Miller, D. J., and Hawthorne, S. B., J. Chem. Eng. Data 45, 78, 2000. 7. Ma, J. H. Y., Hung, H., Shiu, W-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 619, 2001. 8. Marche, C., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 967, 2003. 9. Oleszek-Kudlak, S., Shibata, E., and Nakamura, T., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 570, 2004. 10. Marche, C., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 937, 2004. 11. Andersson, T. A., Hartonen, K. M., and Riekkola, M-L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 1177, 2005. 12. Karasek, P., Planeta, J., and Roth, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 616, 2006. 13. Shiu, W.-Y., and Ma, K.-C, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 41, 2000.

p/bar 1 50 1 50 45 39 50 77 50 100 1 50 50 52 49 1 65 400 65 65 65 65 400 1 54 56 54 54 52 1

Solubility 103x2 Mass% 0.000444 0.000380 1.25 1.06 0.0000074 0.0000044 0.000017 0.000017 0.00032 0.00032 0.000457 0.00045 0.0102 0.0101 0.13 0.13 0.497 0.49 3.78 3.62 0.00000073 0.00000093 0.00000846 0.0000107 0.000113 0.000143 0.000418 0.00053 0.00296 0.00375 0.40 0.178 0.40 0.173 0.33 0.143 0.47 0.203 0.89 0.38 2.2 0.95 5.0 2.13 4.1 1.75 0.00013 0.00012 0.00011 0.000102 0.00045 0.00042 0.0099 0.0092 0.162 0.150 1.9 1.74 0.00000016 0.00000019

Ref. 13 11 2 5 5 12 11 12 11 11 2 12 12 12 12 13 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 2

Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water Name

Mol. Form. t/°C p/bar 25 32 50 36 100 38 150 43 200 45 225 62 25 1 o-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 50 65 100 65 150 65 200 65 trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 25 1 101 7 131 7 151 7 170 7 Ethylcyclohexane C8H16 25 1 100 7 131 7 151 7 171 7 Heptane C7H16 25 1 50 7 100 7 125 7 150 7 170 7 Hexane C6H14 25 1 100 7 125 7 150 7 170 7 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene C10H14 25 1 50 60 100 60 150 60 200 60 Methylcyclohexane C7H14 25 1 100 7 131 7 151 7 171 7 Naphthalene C10H8 25 1 40 50 50 50 65 50 75 50 Octane C8H18 25 1 100 7 125 7 150 7 170 7 200 65 Perylene C20H12 25 1

8-129 Solubility 103x2 Mass% 0.00000063 0.0000008 0.000001 0.0000013 0.000013 0.000016 0.00060 0.00076 0.0158 0.020 0.0758 0.096 0.018 0.0094 0.023 0.019 0.055 0.045 0.18 0.15 0.57 0.46 0.008 0.00050 0.0047 0.0029 0.0108 0.0067 0.0223 0.0139 0.0356 0.0222 0.00098 0.00061 0.00340 0.00212 0.0085 0.0053 0.01665 0.0104 0.0334 0.0208 0.0004352 0.000242 0.000613 0.00034096 0.001938 0.00108 0.00400 0.00222 0.00878 0.00488 0.01701 0.00946 0.002045 0.00098 0.006074 0.0029 0.01192 0.0057 0.02555 0.0122 0.04935 0.0236 0.0030 0.0051 0.0040 0.0030 0.011 0.0082 0.043 0.032 0.20 0.15 0.00293 0.00151 0.01006 0.0055 0.0244 0.0133 0.0423 0.0231 0.0708 0.0386 0.00444 0.00316 0.00692 0.0049 0.0114 0.0081 0.0264 0.0188 0.0435 0.0309 0.0001158 0.000073 0.0005943 0.000377 0.0014163 0.000898 0.0036957 0.00234 0.0083483 0.00529 0.029 0.018 0.00000003 0.00000004

Ref. 5 5 5 5 5 5 9 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 13 12 12 12 12 8 8 8 8 8 6 2

Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water

8-130

Name

Pyrene

p-Terphenyl

Tetrachloroethene

Toluene

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

Triphenylene

m-Xylene

Mol. Form. t/°C p/bar 50 50 100 45 150 47 200 48 25 1 C16H10 100 50 100 200 140 50 200 50 250 50 300 50 C18H14 25 1 100 49 140 51 180 55 200 53 210 54 C2Cl4 25 1 50 65 100 65 150 65 200 65 C7H8 25 1 50 50 100 50 150 50 200 50 C8H18 25 1 50 65 100 65 150 65 200 65 C18H12 25 1 100 51 140 50 180 64 195 60 C8H10 25 1 50 60 100 60 150 60 200 60

Solubility 103x2 Mass% 0.00000029 0.0000004 0.00000210 0.00000294 0.000120 0.000168 0.0050 0.0070 0.000012 0.0000139 0.000637 0.00072 0.00078 0.00087 0.0054 0.0061 0.0492 0.055 0.205 0.23 1.41 1.56 0.00000141 0.00000180 0.0000219 0.000028 0.000372 0.000476 0.00626 0.0080 0.0241 0.0308 0.0393 0.0502 0.0285 0.0286 0.027 0.025 0.059 0.054 0.18 0.17 0.59 0.54 0.107 0.0519 0.125 0.064 0.27 0.138 0.66 0.337 1.9 0.96 0.00035 0.00022 0.00052 0.00033 0.0020 0.00127 0.0102 0.0065 0.061 0.0387 0.0000034 0.0000043 0.0000899 0.000114 0.00126 0.00160 0.0123 0.0156 0.0283 0.0359 0.028 0.0161 0.036 0.021 0.085 0.050 0.27 0.159 0.88 0.516

Ref. 5 5 5 5 2 11 5 11 11 11 11 2 12 12 12 12 12 3 6 6 6 6 7,13 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 6 2 12 12 12 12 13 6 6 6 6

SOLUBILITY CHART Abbreviations: W, soluble in water; A, insoluble in water but soluble in acids; w, sparingly soluble in water but soluble in acids; a, insoluble in water and only sparingly soluble in acids; I, insoluble No. 1

Acetate

5

—(C2H3O2) Arsenate —(AsO4) Arsenite —(AsO3) Benzoate —(C7H5O2) Bromide

6

Carbonate

7

Chlorate —(ClO3) Chloride

2 3 4

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Chromate —(CrO4) Citrate —(C6H5O7) Cyanide Ferricy’de —(Fe(CN)6) Ferrocy’de —(Fe(CN)6) Fluoride

16

Formate —(CHO2) Hydroxide

17

Iodide

18

Nitrate

19

Oxalate —(C2O4) Oxide

20 21

Phosphate

22 23

Silicate, —(SiO3) Sulfate

24

Sulfide

25

Tartrate —(C4H4O6) Thiocy’te

26

Al W

NH4 W

Al(—)3 a Al(—)

NH4(—) W (NH4)3(—) W NH4AsO2 W NH4(—) W NH4Br W (NH4)2CO3 W NH4(—) W NH4Cl W (NH4)2(—) W (NH4)3(—) W NH4CN W (NH4)3(—) W (NH4)4(—) W NH4F W NH4(—) W NH4OH W NH4I W NH4NO3 W (NH4)2(—)

W AlBr2

W Al(—)3 W AlCl3

W Al(—)

w Al4(—)3 W AlF3 W Al(—)3 A Al(OH)3 W AlI3 W Al(NO3)3 A Al2(—)3 a Al2O3 A AlPO4 I Al2(—)3 W Al2(SO4)3 d Al2S3 w Al2(—)3

W NH4H2PO4

W (NH4)2SO4 W (NH4)2S W (NH4)2(—) W NH4CNS

Sb

A Sb(—) A Sb(—)

d SbBr3

W SbCl3

W SbF3

d SbI3

w Sb2O3

A Sb2(SO4)3 A Sb2S3 W Sb2(—)3

in water and acids; d, decomposes in water. * Indicates two modifications of the salt.

Ba W

Bi W

Cd W

Ca W

Cr W

Co W

Cu W

Ba(—)2 w Ba3(—)2

Bi(—)3 A Bi(—)

Cd(—)2 A Cd3(—)2

Cr(—)3

W Ba(—)2 W BaBr2 w BaCO3 W Ba(—)2 W BaCl2 A Ba(—) w Ba3(—)2 W Ba(CN)2 w Ba3(—)2 W Ba2(—) w BaF2 W Ba(—)2 W Ba(OH)2 W BaI2 W Ba(NO3)2 w Ba(—) W BaO A Ba3(PO4)2 W Ba(—) a BaSO4 d BaS w Ba(—) W Ba(CNS)2

A Bi(—)3 d BiBr3

W Cd(—)2 W CdBr2 A CdCO3 W Cd(—)2 W CdCl2 A Cd(—) A Cd3(—)2 W Cd(CN)2 A Cd3(—)2 A Cd2(—) W CdF2 W Cd(—)2 A Cd(OH)2 W CdI2 W Cd(NO3)2 w Cd(—) A CdO A Cd3(PO4)2 A Cd(—) W CdSO4 A CdS A Cd(—)

Ca(—)2 w Ca3(—)2 w Ca3(—)2 W Ca(—)2 W CaBr2 w CaCO3 W Ca(—)2 W CaCl2 W Ca(—) w Ca3(—)2 W Ca(CN)2 W Ca3(—)2 W Ca2(—) w CaF2 W Ca(—)2 W Ca(OH)2 W CaI2 W Ca(NO3)2 A Ca(—) w CaO w Ca3(PO4)2 w Ca(—) w CaSO4 w CaS w Ca(—) W Ca(CNS)

Co(—)2 A Co3(—)2 A Co3H6(—)4 W Co(—)2 W CoBr2 A CoCO3 W Co(—)2 W CoCl2 A Co(—) w Co3(—)2 A Co(CN)2 I Co3(—)2 I Co2(—) W CoF2 W Co(—)2 A Co(OH)2 W CoI2 W Co(NO3)2 A Co(—) A CoO A Co3(PO4)2 A Co2SiO4 W CoSO4 A CoS A Co(—) W Co(CNS)2

Cu(—)2 A Cu3(—)2 A CuH(—) w Cu(—)2 W CuBr2

W Bi(—)3 d BiCl3

A Bi(—) w Bi(CN)3

W BiF3 W Bi(—)3 A Bi(OH)3 A BiI3 d Bi(NO3)3 A Bi2(—)3 A Bi2O3 A BiPO4

d Bi2(SO4)3 A Bi2S3 A Bi2(—)3

W(I)* CrBr3 W CrCO3

I CrCl3

A Cr(CN)3

W(a)* CrF3

A Cr(OH)3 W CrI3 W Cr(NO3)3 W Cr(—) a Cr2O3 w Cr2(PO4)2

W(I)* Cr2(SO4)3 d Cr2S3 d

W Cu(—)2 W CuCl2

A Cu(CN)2 I Cu3(—)2 I Cu2(—) w CuF2 W Cu(—)2 A Cu(OH)2 a CuI W Cu(NO3)2 A Cu(—) A CuO A Cu3(PO4)2 A Cu(—) W CuSO4 A CuS A Cu(—) d CuCNS

Au (I) Au (II) W W

w AuBr

w AuCl

w AuCN

H W

Fe (II)

Fe (III)

C2H4O2 W H3AsO4

Fe(—)2 A Fe3(—)2

Fe2(—)6 A Fe(—)

W AuBr3

W C7H6O2 W HBr

A Fe2(—)6 W FeBr3

W AuCl3

W HClO3 W HCl

W Fe(—)2 W FeBr2 w FeCO3 W Fe(—)2 W FeCl2

W Au(CN)3

W AuOH a AuI

A Au(OH)3 a AuI3

Au2O

A Au2O3 H3PO4

I Au2S I

I Au2S3 I

W C6H8O7 W HCN W H3(—) W H4(—) W HF W CH2O2

W HI W HNO3 W C2H2O4 W H2O2 W Fe3(PO4)2 I H2SiO3 W H2SO4 W H2S W C4H6O6 W CNSH

a Fe(CN)2 I Fe3(—)2 I Fe2(—) w FeF2 W Fe(—)2 A Fe(OH)2 W FeI2 W Fe(NO3)2 A Fe(—) A FeO A FePO4

W FeSO4 A FeS A Fe(—) W Fe(CNS)2

W Fe(—)3 W FeCl3 A Fe2(—)3 W Fe(—)

a Fe4(—)3 w FeF3 W Fe(—)3 A Fe(OH)3 W FeI3 W Fe(NO)3 W Fe2(—)3 A Fe2O3 w

w Fe(SO4)3 d Fe2S3 d Fe2(—)3 W Fe(CNS)3

8-122

Section 8.indb 122

4/30/05 8:47:51 AM

Solubility Chart No. 1

5

Acetate —(C2H3O2) Arsenate —(AsO4) Arsenite —(AsO3) Benzoate —(C7H5O2) Bromide

6

Carbonate

7

Chlorate —(ClO3) Chloride

2 3 4

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Chromate —(CrO4) Citrate —(C6H5O7) Cyanide Ferricy’de —Fe(CN)6 Ferrocy’de —Fe(CN)6 Fluoride

16

Formate —(CHO2) Hydroxide

17

Iodide

18

Nitrate

19 20

Oxalate —(C2O4) Oxide

21

Phosphate

22 23

Silicate —(SiO3) Sulfate

24

Sulfide

25

Tartrate —(C4H4O6) Thiocy’te

26

Section 8.indb 123

Pb W Pb(—)2 A PbH(—)

w Pb(—)2 W PbBr2 A PbCO3 W Pb(—)2 W PbCl2 A Pb(—) W Pb3(—)2 w Pb(CN)2 w Pb3(—)2 a Pb2(—) w PbF2 W Pb(—)2 w Pb(OH)2 w PbI2 W Pb(NO3)2 A Pb(—) w PbO A Pb3(PO4)2 A Pb(—) w PbSO4 A PbS A Pb(—) w Pb(CNS)2

8-123

Mg W Mg(—)2 A Mg3(—) W Mg3(—)2 W Mg(—)2 W MgBr2 w MgCO3 W Mg(—)2 W MgCl2 W Mg(—) W Mg3(—)2 W Mg(CN)2 W Mg3(—)2 W Mg2(—) w MgF2 W Mg(—)2 A Mg(OH)2 W MgI2 W Mg(NO3)2 w Mg(—) A MgO w Mg3(PO4)2 A Mg(—) W MgSO4 d MgS w Mg(—) W Mg(CNS)2

Mn W Mn(—)2 w MnH(—) A Mn3H6(—)4 W Mn(—)2 W MnBr2 w MnCO3 W Mn(—)2 W MnCl2

w MnH(—)

A Mn2(—) A MnF2 W Mn(—)2 A Mn(OH)2 W MnI2 W Mn(NO3)2 w Mn(—) A MnO w Mn3(PO4)2 I Mn(—) W MnSO4 A MnS w Mn(—) W Mn(CNS)2

Hg (I) w Hg(—) A Hg3(—) A Hg3(—) A Hg2(—)2 A HgBr A Hg2CO3 W Hg(—) a HgCl w Hg2(—) w Hg3(—) A HgCN

d HgF w Hg(—)

A HgI W HgNO3 a Hg2(—) A Hg2O A Hg3PO4

w Hg2SO4 I Hg2S I Hg2(—) A HgCNS

Hg (II) W Hg(—)2 w Hg3(—)2 A Hg3(—) w Hg(—)2 W HgBr2

W Hg(—)2 W HgCl2 w Hg(—)

W Hg(CN)2 A Hg3(—)2 I Hg2(—) d HgF2 W Hg(—)2 A Hg(OH)2 w HgI2 W Hg(NO3)2 A Hg(—) w HgO A Hg3(PO4)2

d HgSO4 I HgS I w Hg(CNS)2

Ni W Ni(—)2 A Ni3(—)2 A Ni3H6(—)4 w Ni(—)2 W NiBr2 w NiCO3 W Ni(—)2 W NiCl2 A Ni(—) W Ni3(—)2 a Ni(CN)2 I Ni3(—)2 I Ni2(—) w NiF2 W Ni(—)2 w Ni(OH)2 W NiI2 W Ni(NO3)2 A Ni(—) A NiO A Ni3(PO4)2

W NiSO4 A NiS A Ni(—)

K W K(—) W K3(—) W K3AsO3 W K(—) W KBr W K2CO3 W K(—) W KCl W K2(—) W K3(—) W KCN W K3(—) W K4(—) W KF W K(—) W KOH W KI W KNO3 W K2(—) W K2O W K3PO4 W K2(—) W K2SO4 W K2S W K2(—) W KCNS

Pt

w PtBr4

W PtCl4

I Pt(CN)2

W PtF4

A Pt(OH)4 I PtI2 W Pt(NO3)4

A PtO

W Pt(SO4)2 I PtS I

Ag w Ag(—) A Ag3(—) A Ag3(—) w Ag(—) a AgBr A Ag2CO3 W Ag(—) a AgCl w Ag2(—) w Ag3(—) a AgCN I Ag3(—) I Ag4(—) W AgF W Ag(—)

I AgI W AgNO3 a Ag2(—) w Ag2O A Ag3PO4

w Ag2SO4 A Ag2S A Ag2(—) I AgCNS

Na W Na(—) W Na3(—) W Na2H(—) W Na(—) W NaBr W Na2CO3 W Na(—) W NaCl W Ma2(—) W Na3(—) W NaCN W Na3(—) W Na4(—) W NaF W Na(—) W NaOH W NaI W NaNO3 W Na2(—) d Na2O W Na3PO4 W Na2(—) W Na2SO4 W Na2S W Na2(—) W NaCNS

Sn (IV) W Sn(—)4

Sn (II) d Sn(—)2

A Sn3(—)2

W SnBr4

W SnBr2

W SnCl4 W Sn(—)2

W Sn(—)2 W SnCl2 A Sn(—)

W SnF4

A Sn3(—)2 a Sn2(—) W SnF2

w Sn(OH)4 d SnI4

A SnO2

W Sn(SO4)2 A SnS2 A

A Sn(OH)2 W SnI2 d Sn(NO3)2 A Sn(—) A SnO A Sn3(PO4)

W SnSO4 A SnS A Sn(—)

Sr W Sr(—)2 w SrH(—) w Sr3(—)2

W SrBr2 w SrCO3 W Sr(—)2 W SrCl2 w Sr(—) A SrH(—) W Sr(CN)2 W Sr3(—)2 W Sr2(—) w SrF2 W Sr(—)2 W Sr(OH)2 W SrI2 W Sr(NO3)2 w Sr(—) W SrO A Sr3(PO4)2 A Sr(—) w SrSO4 W SrS W Sr(—) W Sr(CNS)2

Zn W Zn(—)2 A Zn3(—)2

W Zn(—)2 W ZnBr2 w ZnCO3 W Zn(—)2 W ZnCl2 w Zn(—) w Zn3(—)2 A Zn(CN)2 A Zn3(—)2 I Zn2(—) w ZnF2 W Zn(—)2 A Zn(OH)2 W ZnI2 W Zn(NO3)2 A Zn(—) w ZnO A Zn3(PO4)2 A Zn(—) W ZnSO4 A ZnS A Zn(—) W Zn(CNS)2

4/30/05 8:47:54 AM

REDUCTION OF WEIGHINGS IN AIR TO VACUO When the mass M of a body is determined in air, a correction is necessary for the buoyancy of the air. The corrected mass is given by M + kM/1000, where k is a function of the material used for the weights, given by k = 1000ρair(1/ρbody - 1/ρweight ) and ρ is density. The table below is computed for an air density of 0.0012 g/cm3 and for densities of three common weights: Density of body (g/cm3) 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Value of k for weights of: Pt-Ir Brass Quartz or Al 2.34 2.26 1.95 1.94 1.86 1.55 1.66 1.57 1.26 1.44 1.36 1.05 1.28 1.19 0.88 1.14 1.06 0.75 1.04 0.95 0.64 0.94 0.86 0.55 0.87 0.78 0.47 0.80 0.72 0.40 0.74 0.66 0.35 0.69 0.61 0.30 0.65 0.56 0.25

platinum-iridium (21.6 g/cm3), brass (8.5 g/cm3), and aluminum or quartz (2.65 g/cm3).

References 1. Kaye, G. W. C., and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 16th Edition, pp. 25-28, Longman, London, 1995. 2. Giacomo, P., Metrologia, 18, 33, 1982. 3. Davis, R. S., Metrologia, 29, 67, 1992. Density of body (g/cm3) 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 22.0

Value of k for weights of: Pt-Ir Brass Quartz or Al 0.61 0.53 0.21 0.58 0.49 0.18 0.54 0.46 0.15 0.42 0.34 0.03 0.34 0.26 -0.05 0.24 0.16 -0.15 0.14 0.06 -0.25 0.09 0.01 -0.30 0.06 -0.02 -0.33 0.02 -0.06 -0.37 0.00 -0.08 -0.39 0.00 -0.09 -0.40

For a more accurate calculation, use the following values of the density of air (assuming 50% relative humidity and 0.04% CO2): P/kPa 85 90 95 100 105

10°C 0.001043 0.001105 0.001166 0.001228 0.001290

Air temperature 20°C 0.001005 0.001065 0.001124 0.001184 0.001243

30°C 0.000968 0.001025 0.001083 0.001140 0.001198

Formulas for calculating the density of air over more extended ranges of temperature, pressure, and humidity may be found in the references.

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VOLUME OF ONE GRAM OF WATER The following table, which is designed for gravimetric calibration of volumetric apparatus, gives the specific volume of water at standard atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature.

t/°C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Reference Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, pp. 25-27, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.

Volume of 1 g H2O in cm3 1.0002980 1.0003928 1.0005007 1.0006212 1.0007542 1.0008992 1.0010561 1.0012246 1.0014044 1.0015952 1.0017969 1.0020092 1.0022320 1.0024649 1.0027079 1.0029607 1.0032234 1.0034956 1.0037771 1.0040679 1.0043679

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PROPERTIES OF CARRIER GASES FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY The following is a list of carrier gases sometimes used in gas chromatography, with properties relevant to the design of chromatographic systems. All data refer to normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Mr : Molecular weight (relative molar mass) ρ25 : Density at 25°C in g/L λ : Thermal conductivity in mW/m °C η : Viscosity in µPa s (equal to 10-3 cp) cp : Specific heat at 25°C in J/g °C

Gas Hydrogen Helium Argon Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Methane Ethane Ethylene Propane

Mr 2.016 4.003 39.95 28.01 32.00 28.01 44.01 146.05 16.04 30.07 28.05 44.10

ρ 25 g L-1 0.0824 0.1636 1.6329 1.1449 1.3080 1.1449 1.7989 5.9696 0.6556 1.2291 1.1465 1.8025

References 1. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.

At 25°C

λ mW/m °C 185.9 154.6 17.8 25.9 26.2 24.8 16.7 13.1 34.5 20.9 20.5 17.9

η µPa s 8.9 19.9 22.7 17.9 20.7 17.8 14.9 28.1 11.1 9.4 10.3 8.3

At 250°C

λ mW/m °C 280 230 27.7 39.6 42.6 40.7 35.5 15.3 75.0 57.7 53.8 49.2

η µPa s 13.1 29.5 35.3 26.8 31.8 26.5 24.9 24.8 17.6 15.5 17.2 14.0

cp(25 °C) J/g °C 14.3 5.20 0.521 1.039 0.919 1.039 0.843 0.664 2.23 1.75 1.53 1.67

8-126

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SOLVENTS FOR ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY This table lists some solvents commonly used for sample preparation for ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The properties given are: λc: cutoff wavelength, below which the solvent absorption becomes excessive. ε: dielectric constant (relative permittivity); the temperature in °C is given as a superscript. tb: normal boiling point. Name Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Benzene 2-Butanol Butyl acetate Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chlorobutane Chloroform Cyclohexane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Diethyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol Heptane Hexadecane Hexane Methanol Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone 2-Methyl-1-propanol N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Nitromethane Pentane Pentyl acetate 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/6, Static Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures, Springer–Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991.

λc/nm 260 330 190 280 260 254 380 265 220 245 210 226 235 218 268 270 265 215 210 255 240 210 210 207 197 200 210 210 210 330 335 230 285 380 210 212 210 210 330 290 220 286 231 215 191 290 290 290

ε 6.2020 21.0120 36.6420 2.2820 17.2620 5.0720 2.6320 2.2420 7.2820 4.8120 2.0220 10.4220 8.9325 4.2720 38.8521 38.2520 47.2420 2.2220 25.320 6.0820 7.3024 13.3825 17.225 46.5320 1.9220 2.0520 1.8920 33.020 2.0220 18.5620 13.1120 17.9320 32.5520 37.2720 1.8420 4.7920 20.820 20.1820 13.2620 2.2730 7.5222 2.3823 2.4125 1.9420 80.1020 2.5620 2.3620 2.2720

tb/°C 117.9 56.0 81.6 80.0 99.5 126.1 46 76.8 78.6 61.1 80.7 83.5 40 34.5 165 153 189 101.5 78.2 77.1 85 135 124.1 290 98.5 286.8 68.7 64.6 100.9 79.5 116.5 107.8 202 101.1 36.0 149.2 97.2 82.3 115.2 121.3 65 110.6 47.7 99.2 100.0 144.5 139.1 138.3

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13

C CHEMICAL SHIFTS OF USEFUL NMR SOLVENTS

The following table gives the expected carbon-13 chemical shifts, relative to tetramethylsilane, for various useful NMR solvents. In some solvents, slight changes can occur with change of concentration.2,3

References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Solvent Acetic acid-d4 Acetone Acetone-d6 Acetonitrile-d3 Benzene Benzene-d6 Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Chloroform-d3 Cyclohexane-d12 Dichloromethane-d2 Dimethylformamide-d7 Dimethylsulfoxide-d6 Dioxane-d8 Formic acid-d2 Methanol-d4 Nitromethane-d3 Pyridine Pyridine-d5 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-d2 Tetrahydrofuran-d8 Trichlorofluoromethane

2. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Now York, 1981. 3. Rahman, A. U., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Basic Principles, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986. 4. Pretsch, E., Clerc, T., Seibl, J., and Simon, W., Spectral Data for Structure Determination of Organic Compounds, Second Edition, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1989.

Formula CD3COOD (CH3)2C=O (CD3)2C=O CD3C≡N C6H6 C6D6 CS2 CCl4 CHCl3 CDC13 C6D12 CD2C12 (CD3)2NCDO (CD3)2S=O C4D3O2 DCOOD CD3OD CD3NO2 C5H5N C5D5N CDC12CDC12 C4D8O CFC13

Chemical shift (ppm) 20.0 (CD3) 205.8 (C=O) 30.7 (CH3) 206.7 (C=O) 29.2 (CD3) 204.1 (C=O) 1.3 (CD3) 117.1 (C≡N) 128.5 128.4 192.3 96.0 77.2 77.05 27.5 53.6 31 (CD3) 36 (CD3) 162.4 (C=O) 39.6 67.4 165.5 49.3 57.3 123.6 (C3) 135.7 (C4) 149.8 (C2) 123.9 (C3) 135.9 (C4) 150.2 (C2) 75.5 25.8 (C2) 67.9 (C1) 117.6

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MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS The strongest peaks in the mass spectra of 200 important solvents are listed in this table. The e/m value for each peak is followed by the relative intensity in parentheses, with the strongest peak assigned an intensity of 100. The peaks for each compound are listed in order of decreasing intensity. Solvents are listed in alphabetical order by common name. Data on the physical properties of the same compounds may be found in Section 15 in the table “Properties of Common Laboratory Solvents”. Compound

References 1. NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Database, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899. 2. Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Eds., Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. (Also available as a CD ROM database.)

e/m (intensity)

Acetal (1,1-Diethoxyethane)

44(100)

43(92)

29(77)

31(76)

45(74)

27(52)

72(48)

73(23)

28(17)

46(15)

Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylacetone Acrylonitrile Adiponitrile Allyl alcohol Allylamine

43(100) 43(100) 41(100) 43(100) 53(100) 41(100) 57(100) 30(100)

45(87) 15(34) 40(46) 85(31) 26(85) 68(50) 31(34) 56(80)

60(57) 58(23) 39(13) 100(20) 52(79) 54(42) 29(32) 28(76)

15(42) 27(9) 14(9) 27(12) 51(34) 40(21) 28(31) 57(33)

42(14) 14(9) 38(6) 42(10) 27(13) 55(20) 58(25) 39(21)

29(13) 42(8) 28(4) 29(10) 50(8) 27(17) 39(22)

14(13) 26(7) 26(4) 41(7) 25(7) 39(16) 27(20) 27(18)

28(7) 29(5) 25(3) 39(7) 38(5) 28(13) 30(16) 26(13)

18(6) 28(5) 42(2) 31(5) 54(3) 52(7) 32(14) 41(8)

16(6) 39(4) 27(2) 26(5) 37(3) 42(6) 26(11) 18(8)

2-Aminoisobutanol Benzal chloride Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzonitrile Benzyl chloride Bromochloromethane Bromoform (Tribromomethane) Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol sec-Butyl alcohol tert-Butyl alcohol Butylamine tert-Butylamine Butyl methyl ketone p-tert-Butyltoluene γ-Butyrolactone Caprolactam Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chloropentafluoroethane Cumene (Isopropylbenzene) Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexylamine Cyclopentane Cyclopentanone p-Cymene (1-Methyl-4-isopropylbenzene) cis-Decalin trans-Decalin Diacetone alcohol 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromofluoromethane Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Dibutylamine

58(100) 125(100) 51(100) 78(100) 103(100) 91(100) 49(100) 173(100) 43(100) 31(100) 45(100) 59(100) 30(100) 58(100) 43(100) 133(100) 28(100) 55(100) 76(100) 117(100) 65(100) 112(100) 83(100) 85(100) 105(100) 56(100) 57(100) 55(100) 56(100) 42(100) 55(100) 119(100)

41(18) 127(32) 77(81) 77(20) 76(34) 126(20) 130(67) 171(50) 56(34) 56(81) 31(22) 31(33) 73(10) 41(21) 58(60) 105(38) 42(74) 113(87) 32(22) 119(98) 45(31) 77(63) 85(64) 69(61) 120(25) 84(71) 44(68) 42(85) 43(23) 70(30) 28(50) 91(42)

18(17) 160(14) 50(55) 52(19) 50(13) 65(14) 128(52) 175(49) 41(17) 41(62) 27(22) 41(22) 28(5) 42(15) 57(17) 41(23) 29(48) 30(81) 44(17) 121(31) 85(14) 114(33) 47(35) 31(38) 77(13) 41(70) 41(68) 41(34) 28(17) 55(29) 84(42) 134(33)

42(13) 89(13) 106(44) 51(17) 104(9) 92(9) 51(31) 93(22) 27(16) 43(60) 59(20) 43(18) 41(3) 18(9) 100(16) 148(18) 27(33) 56(66) 78(9) 82(24) 31(10) 51(29) 35(19) 87(32) 51(12) 27(37) 39(51) 27(33) 99(10) 41(29) 41(38) 39(27)

28(11) 162(9) 105(43) 50(15) 75(7) 39(9) 93(23) 91(22) 29(15) 27(50) 29(18) 29(13) 27(3) 30(8) 29(15) 93(16) 41(27) 84(60) 38(6) 47(23) 64(8) 50(14) 48(16) 50(17) 79(10) 55(36) 32(40) 98(31) 70(8) 39(22) 56(29) 41(20)

56(10) 63(9) 52(26) 39(12) 51(7) 63(8) 81(20) 79(18) 73(11) 42(31) 43(13) 27(11) 18(3) 15(8) 41(13) 91(14) 56(25) 85(57) 28(5) 84(16) 44(7) 75(8) 49(12) 35(8) 106(9) 39(35) 43(38) 39(27) 57(6) 27(15) 27(24) 117(18)

30(10) 126(8) 78(16) 79(6) 77(5) 128(6) 79(20) 81(17) 61(10) 29(31) 41(12) 57(10) 44(2) 39(7) 85(8) 115(13) 86(24) 42(51) 77(3) 35(14) 35(6) 113(7) 87(10) 119(6) 39(9) 42(30) 31(32) 69(26) 30(6) 40(7) 39(19) 65(18)

29(8) 62(7) 39(13) 76(5) 52(4) 45(6) 95(17) 94(13) 28(7) 28(17) 44(8) 42(4) 42(2) 57(6) 27(8) 134(11) 26(18) 41(33) 64(1) 49(8) 26(6) 78(5) 37(6) 66(4) 27(8) 69(23) 42(22) 70(20) 93(5) 29(5) 42(15) 77(17)

43(6) 105(5) 27(10) 74(4) 39(4) 89(5) 132(16) 92(13) 55(6) 39(16) 18(8) 60(3) 31(2) 28(6) 71(7) 39(11) 85(10) 28(26) 46(1) 28(8) 87(5) 76(5) 50(5) 100(3) 103(6) 28(18) 67(18) 43(14) 54(4) 28(4) 26(9) 27(16)

59(5) 39(5) 74(8) 38(4) 74(3) 125(3) 47(8) 254(11) 39(6) 55(12) 28(5) 28(3) 29(2) 59(4) 59(5) 116(10) 39(10) 43(17) 39(1) 36(6) 81(4) 28(4) 84(4) 47(3) 91(5) 43(14) 82(16) 28(14) 41(4) 43(3) 29(7) 120(15)

67(100) 41(100) 43(100) 27(100) 111(100) 174(100) 179(100) 86(100)

81(87) 68(91) 59(41) 107(77) 113(98) 93(96) 181(97) 72(52)

41(81) 67(88) 58(17) 109(72) 192(29) 95(84) 129(34) 30(48)

138(67) 82(67) 101(10) 26(24) 43(16) 172(53) 131(33) 44(40)

96(62) 27(65) 41(9) 28(10) 41(16) 176(50) 100(17) 29(31)

82(62) 96(61) 31(9) 81(5) 190(15) 91(11) 31(13) 57(24)

39(50) 95(55) 83(6) 79(5) 194(14) 81(9) 260(12) 41(21)

55(45) 138(51) 56(6) 25(5) 81(9) 79(9) 50(8) 73(15)

27(44) 81(51) 55(6) 95(4) 79(9) 94(5) 69(7) 28(15)

95(42) 29(51) 29(6) 93(4) 122(7) 65(5) 262(6) 43(13)

29(20)

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Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents

8-130 Compound

o-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane (Ethylidene dichloride) 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride) 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Dichloroethyl ether Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Diethanolamine Diethylamine Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (Diglyme) Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Carbitol) Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethylenetriamine Diethyl ether Diisobutyl ketone (Isovalerone) Diisopropyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine Dimethyl disulfide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxolane Dipentene Epichlorohydrin Ethanolamine (Glycinol) Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate Ethyl alcohol Ethylamine Ethylbenzene Ethyl bromide (Bromoethane) Ethyl chloride (Cloroethane) Ethylene carbonate Ethylenediamine (1,2-Ethanediamine) Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Cellosolve) Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl formate Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol Heptane 1-Heptanol Hexane 1-Hexanol (Caproyl alcohol) Hexylene glycol

Section 8.indb 130

e/m (intensity)

146(100) 63(100)

148(64) 27(71)

111(38) 65(31)

75(23) 26(19)

113(12) 83(11)

74(12) 85(7)

50(11) 61(7)

150(10) 35(6)

73(9) 98(5)

147(7) 62(5)

62(100)

27(91)

49(40)

64(32)

26(31)

63(19)

98(14)

51(13)

61(12)

100(9)

61(100) 61(100) 61(100) 93(100) 49(100)

96(61) 96(73) 96(67) 63(74) 84(64)

98(38) 98(47) 98(43) 27(38) 86(39)

63(32) 63(32) 26(34) 95(32) 51(31)

26(16) 26(30) 63(32) 65(24) 47(14)

60(15) 60(21) 60(24) 31(9) 48(8)

62(7) 25(13) 25(15) 49(4) 88(6)

25(7) 35(12) 62(10) 28(4) 50(3)

100(6) 62(9) 100(7) 94(3) 85(2)

35(6) 100(8) 47(7) 62(3) 83(2)

63(100) 85(100) 30(100) 30(100) 29(100) 45(100) 59(100)

62(71) 135(52) 74(82) 58(81) 45(70) 75(23) 58(43)

27(57) 87(33) 28(77) 44(28) 31(53) 31(20) 31(34)

41(49) 137(17) 56(69) 73(18) 27(39) 44(16) 29(32)

39(32) 101(9) 18(50) 29(18) 91(24) 27(14) 45(28)

65(31) 31(9) 42(46) 28(17) 28(15) 76(12) 28(19)

76(27) 103(6) 29(36) 72(12) 63(11) 29(12) 89(15)

64(25) 100(6) 27(34) 42(11) 26(10) 43(11) 43(9)

49(13) 50(5) 45(30) 27(11) 30(6) 42(9) 27(5)

77(12) 69(4) 43(19) 59(4) 43(5) 41(4) 60(4)

45(100)

59(56)

72(37)

73(22)

60(14)

31(13)

75(11)

44(9)

104(8)

103(7)

43(100)

29(51)

31(42)

45(40)

59(24)

72(18)

44(10)

73(9)

42(9)

30(6)

45(100)

31(42)

59(41)

29(38)

28(32)

58(21)

43(14)

27(13)

44(11)

32(10)

44(100) 31(100) 57(100) 45(100) 44(100) 44(100) 94(100) 73(100) 63(100) 28(100) 73(100) 68(100) 57(100) 30(100) 43(100) 43(100) 31(100) 30(100) 91(100) 108(100) 64(100) 29(100) 30(100)

73(59) 29(63) 85(82) 43(39) 87(69) 45(81) 45(63) 44(86) 78(70) 29(37) 29(56) 93(50) 27(39) 18(30) 29(46) 29(24) 45(44) 28(32) 106(31) 110(97) 28(91) 44(62) 18(13)

30(35) 59(40) 41(46) 87(15) 43(46) 18(32) 79(59) 42(36) 15(40) 88(31) 44(53) 67(44) 29(32) 28(15) 27(33) 88(18) 46(18) 44(20) 51(14) 29(62) 29(84) 43(54) 42(6)

19(18) 27(35) 43(39) 41(12) 45(23) 28(30) 46(38) 30(22) 45(35) 58(24) 45(28) 94(22) 49(25) 42(7) 45(32) 28(16) 27(18) 45(19) 39(10) 27(51) 27(75) 88(40) 43(5)

56(16) 45(33) 58(33) 59(10) 42(19) 43(19) 47(26) 28(20) 29(16) 31(17) 28(21) 39(22) 31(22) 31(6) 61(28) 85(14) 29(15) 27(13) 77(8) 28(35) 66(32) 30(16) 27(5)

28(16) 74(23) 28(30) 27(8) 72(15) 42(15) 15(18) 29(8) 61(13) 15(17) 43(20) 107(18) 62(18) 17(6) 28(25) 27(12) 43(14) 15(10) 65(8) 26(14) 26(28) 28(11) 44(4)

27(16) 15(17) 26(30) 39(4) 15(11) 15(9) 48(14) 43(7) 46(12) 27(15) 27(13) 92(18) 28(16) 61(5) 42(18) 42(11) 30(6) 42(9) 105(7) 93(6) 49(25) 45(7) 29(4)

42(11) 43(9) 39(22) 69(3) 30(8) 46(5) 61(12) 72(6) 31(11) 30(13) 31(7) 53(18) 92(1) 15(5) 73(11) 60(9) 42(3) 29(8) 92(7) 32(6) 51(8) 58(6) 17(4)

99(8) 28(9) 42(12) 42(3) 28(5) 41(5) 64(11) 58(5) 48(10) 43(11) 74(5) 136(16)

43(8) 26(9) 142(11) 31(3) 88(4) 27(5) 96(9) 74(4) 47(10) 26(9) 42(3) 79(16)

43(3) 88(10) 130(6) 19(3) 41(5) 78(7) 95(5) 63(6) 42(6) 15(4)

29(3) 70(10) 45(6) 14(3) 40(5) 27(6) 81(5) 65(4) 73(4) 41(3)

31(100) 31(100) 45(100) 57(100) 31(100)

33(35) 59(71) 60(13) 45(38) 29(52)

29(13) 29(58) 29(13) 29(35) 59(50)

32(11) 45(43) 90(7) 41(31) 27(27)

43(6) 27(33) 58(6) 87(16) 45(26)

27(5) 74(27) 31(5) 27(12) 72(14)

28(4) 43(15) 28(5) 56(11) 43(14)

62(3) 15(14) 43(4) 31(9) 15(14)

30(3) 28(12) 59(3) 75(7) 28(8)

44(2) 44(10) 46(2) 28(7) 26(6)

43(100)

31(34)

59(31)

72(28)

44(25)

29(24)

45(12)

27(11)

15(11)

87(7)

45(100) 43(100)

31(15) 45(48)

29(14) 58(42)

28(11) 29(10)

47(9) 42(4)

76(6) 31(4)

43(6) 73(3)

58(4) 27(3)

46(4) 59(2)

27(4) 26(2)

31(100) 68(100) 39(100) 98(100) 61(100) 43(100) 41(100) 57(100) 56(100) 59(100)

28(73) 39(64) 96(55) 41(65) 43(90) 41(56) 70(87) 43(78) 43(78) 43(61)

27(51) 40(9) 95(52) 39(59) 31(57) 29(49) 56(86) 41(77) 31(74) 56(25)

29(38) 38(9) 38(38) 81(55) 44(54) 57(47) 31(78) 29(61) 41(71) 45(17)

45(34) 42(6) 29(35) 53(53) 29(38) 27(46) 43(72) 27(57) 27(64) 41(16)

26(17) 29(6) 37(29) 97(51) 18(32) 71(45) 29(70) 56(45) 29(59) 57(13)

74(11) 37(5) 40(11) 42(49) 27(12) 56(27) 55(67) 42(39) 55(58) 42(13)

43(9) 69(4) 97(9) 69(39) 42(11) 42(26) 27(65) 39(27) 42(53) 85(11)

47(8) 34(2) 50(7) 70(36) 60(10) 39(23) 42(54) 28(16) 39(37) 61(10)

56(4) 67(1) 42(7) 29(28) 45(10) 70(18) 69(41) 86(14) 69(27) 31(10)

4/30/05 8:48:01 AM

Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents Compound

Hexyl methyl ketone Isobutyl acetate Isobutyl alcohol Isobutylamine Isopentyl acetate Isophorone Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl alcohol Isoquinoline d-Limonene (Citrene) 2,6-Lutidine (2,6-Dimethylpyridine) Mesitylene (1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene) Mesityl oxide Methyl acetate Methylal (Dimethoxymethane) Methyl alcohol Methylamine Methyl benzoate Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone N-Methylformamide Methyl formate Methyl iodide (Iodomethane) Methyl isobutyl ketone Methyl isopentyl ketone 2-Methylpentane 4-Methyl-2-pentanol Methyl pentyl ketone Methyl propyl ketone N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Morpholine Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Octane 1-Octanol Pentachloroethane Pentamethylene glycol (1,5-Pentanediol) Pentane 1-Pentanol (Amyl alcohol) Pentyl acetate (Amyl acetate) 2-Picoline (2-Methylpyridine) α-Pinene β-Pinene Piperidine (Hexahydropyridine) Propanenitrile Propyl acetate Propyl alcohol Propylamine Propylbenzene 1,2-Propylene glycol Pseudocumene (1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene) Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine 2-Pyrrolidone Quinoline Styrene Sulfolane α-Terpinene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2difluoroethane Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane

Section 8.indb 131

8-131 e/m (intensity)

43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 30(100) 43(100) 82(100) 43(100) 45(100) 129(100) 68(100) 107(100)

58(79) 56(26) 33(73) 28(9) 70(49) 39(20) 61(17) 43(19) 102(26) 93(50) 39(39)

41(56) 73(15) 31(72) 41(6) 55(38) 138(17) 41(14) 27(17) 51(20) 67(49) 106(29)

59(52) 41(10) 41(66) 73(5) 61(15) 54(13) 87(9) 29(12) 128(18) 41(22) 66(22)

71(49) 29(5) 42(60) 27(5) 42(15) 27(12) 59(8) 41(7) 50(11) 94(21) 92(18)

27(46) 71(3) 27(43) 39(4) 41(14) 41(10) 27(8) 31(6) 130(10) 79(21) 65(18)

29(36) 57(3) 29(18) 29(3) 27(12) 53(8) 42(7) 19(6) 75(10) 39(21) 38(12)

39(27) 39(3) 39(17) 15(3) 87(11) 83(7) 39(4) 42(5) 76(9) 136(20) 27(11)

57(18) 27(3) 28(8) 58(2) 29(10) 29(7) 45(3) 44(4) 103(8) 53(19) 79(9)

55(17) 86(2) 74(6) 56(2) 73(9) 55(6) 44(2) 59(3) 74(7) 121(16) 63(9)

105(100)

120(64)

119(15)

77(13)

39(11)

106(9)

91(9)

51(8)

27(7)

121(6)

55(100) 43(100) 45(100) 31(100) 30(100) 105(100) 83(100) 43(100) 59(100) 31(100) 142(100) 43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 45(100) 43(100) 43(100) 99(100) 57(100) 77(100) 29(100) 30(100) 43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 41(100) 167(100) 31(100)

83(89) 74(52) 75(61) 29(72) 31(87) 77(81) 55(82) 72(24) 30(54) 29(63) 127(38) 58(84) 58(34) 42(53) 43(47) 58(60) 41(17) 44(89) 29(100) 51(59) 30(12) 61(64) 27(93) 41(73) 57(30) 56(85) 165(91) 56(85)

43(73) 28(38) 29(59) 32(67) 28(56) 51(45) 41(60) 29(19) 28(34) 32(34) 141(14) 29(65) 27(14) 41(35) 69(30) 71(14) 86(12) 98(80) 87(69) 123(42) 28(11) 46(39) 41(90) 27(71) 85(25) 43(82) 117(90) 41(67)

29(42) 42(19) 31(13) 15(42) 29(19) 136(24) 98(44) 27(12) 29(13) 60(28) 15(13) 41(56) 41(13) 27(31) 41(27) 41(11) 42(12) 42(60) 28(69) 50(25) 26(9) 28(30) 39(34) 39(30) 41(25) 55(81) 119(89) 57(59)

98(36) 59(17) 30(6) 28(12) 32(15) 50(18) 42(35) 57(7) 58(8) 30(7) 139(5) 57(44) 15(13) 71(29) 27(19) 27(11) 27(11) 41(38) 30(38) 30(15) 27(8) 45(8) 30(25) 30(18) 71(19) 31(69) 83(58) 55(51)

39(32) 44(8) 15(6) 14(10) 15(12) 106(8) 56(30) 42(5) 15(7) 28(7) 140(4) 27(42) 57(11) 39(20) 39(13) 59(9) 39(8) 43(17) 56(33) 65(14) 43(5) 27(8) 44(20) 15(11) 29(17) 27(69) 169(54) 44(45)

27(28) 32(8) 47(5) 30(9) 27(9) 78(6) 27(29) 26(4) 60(3) 44(2) 128(3) 39(31) 39(9) 29(18) 29(12) 39(8) 71(7) 28(17) 86(28) 39(10) 41(5) 44(7) 42(20) 42(9) 56(14) 29(68) 130(43) 29(37)

53(11) 29(6) 76(2) 13(6)

41(10) 31(4) 46(2) 12(3)

56(5) 75(2) 44(2) 16(2)

28(6) 39(27) 28(3) 41(3) 18(2) 14(1) 85(19) 71(8) 57(11) 87(11) 29(8) 58(7) 71(13) 31(28) 93(9) 14(5) 29(7) 26(20) 28(8) 70(10) 42(62) 132(42) 43(31)

39(5) 69(23) 44(2) 27(3) 61(1) 13(1) 100(14) 59(8) 15(10) 84(10) 42(5) 45(7) 39(11) 27(12) 74(7) 15(3) 60(5) 28(13) 26(8) 42(10) 70(53) 60(40) 68(29)

27(5) 70(22) 39(2) 31(2) 59(1) 71(0) 42(14) 29(8) 70(7) 57(10) 114(4) 44(3) 70(10) 15(7) 78(6) 46(2) 43(4) 54(12) 38(6) 27(10) 69(48) 85(37) 27(26)

43(100) 42(100) 43(100) 93(100) 93(100) 93(100) 84(100) 28(100) 43(100) 31(100) 30(100) 91(100) 45(100) 105(100)

42(55) 70(72) 70(90) 66(41) 92(30) 41(64) 85(53) 54(63) 61(19) 27(19) 28(13) 120(21) 18(46) 120(56)

41(45) 55(65) 42(52) 39(31) 39(24) 69(47) 56(46) 26(20) 31(18) 29(18) 59(8) 92(10) 29(21) 119(17)

27(42) 41(56) 28(51) 92(20) 41(23) 39(33) 57(43) 27(17) 27(15) 59(11) 27(7) 38(10) 43(19) 77(15)

29(26) 31(47) 61(50) 78(19) 77(22) 27(31) 28(41) 52(11) 42(11) 42(9) 41(5) 65(9) 31(18) 39(15)

39(19) 29(41) 55(41) 51(19) 91(21) 79(20) 29(37) 55(10) 73(9) 60(7) 42(3) 78(6) 27(17) 51(11)

57(13) 27(26) 73(21) 65(16) 27(21) 77(18) 44(34) 51(9) 41(9) 41(7) 39(3) 51(6) 28(11) 91(10)

28(9) 57(22) 41(20) 38(13) 79(18) 53(14) 42(30) 15(9) 29(9) 28(7) 29(3) 27(5) 19(8) 27(10)

15(9) 28(22) 29(14) 50(12) 121(13) 94(13) 30(30) 53(7) 59(5) 43(3) 26(3) 63(4) 44(6) 106(9)

72(8) 43(21) 69(11) 52(11) 53(10) 91(13) 43(25) 25(7) 39(5) 32(3) 18(3) 105(3) 61(5) 79(7)

79(100) 67(100) 43(100) 85(100) 129(100) 104(100) 41(100) 121(100) 167(100)

52(62) 41(58) 28(52) 42(43) 51(28) 103(41) 28(94) 93(85) 169(96)

51(31) 39(58) 70(33) 41(36) 76(25) 78(32) 56(82) 136(43) 117(85)

50(19) 40(51) 71(26) 28(33) 128(24) 51(28) 55(72) 91(40) 119(82)

78(11) 28(42) 42(22) 30(29) 44(24) 77(23) 120(37) 77(34) 171(31)

53(7) 38(20) 41(20) 56(16) 50(20) 105(12) 27(32) 39(33) 85(29)

39(7) 37(12) 27(16) 84(14) 32(19) 50(12) 39(19) 27(33) 121(26)

80(6) 66(7) 39(15) 40(12) 75(18) 52(11) 29(17) 79(27) 82(14)

27(3) 68(5) 29(10) 27(12) 74(12) 39(11) 26(11) 41(26) 47(14)

77(2) 27(3) 30(9) 29(9) 103(11) 102(10) 48(5) 43(18) 101(13)

101(100)

103(64)

167(54)

169(52)

117(19)

119(18)

171(17)

105(11)

31(11)

132(9)

4/30/05 8:48:02 AM

Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents

8-132 Compound

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetraethylene glycol Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydropyran Tetramethylsilane Toluene o-Toluidine Triacetin Tributylamine 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene Trichlorofluoromethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Triethanolamine Triethylamine Triethylene glycol Triethyl phosphate Trimethylamine Trimethylene glycol (1,3-Propanediol) Trimethyl phosphate Veratrole o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

Section 8.indb 132

e/m (intensity)

131(100) 83(100) 166(100) 45(100) 42(100) 104(100) 41(100) 73(100) 91(100) 106(100) 43(100) 142(100) 97(100) 97(100) 95(100) 101(100) 101(100) 118(100) 86(100) 45(100) 99(100) 58(100) 28(100)

133(96) 85(63) 164(82) 89(10) 41(52) 132(53) 28(64) 43(14) 92(73) 107(83) 103(44) 100(19) 99(64) 83(95) 130(90) 103(66) 151(68) 56(69) 30(68) 58(11) 81(71) 59(47) 58(93)

117(76) 95(11) 131(71) 44(8) 27(33) 91(43) 56(57) 45(12) 39(20) 77(17) 145(34) 143(11) 61(58) 99(62) 132(85) 66(13) 103(64) 45(60) 58(37) 89(9) 155(56) 30(29) 31(76)

119(73) 87(10) 129(71) 43(6) 72(29) 51(17) 45(57) 74(8) 65(14) 79(13) 116(17) 29(8) 26(31) 85(60) 60(65) 105(11) 85(45) 42(56) 28(24) 31(8) 82(45) 42(26) 57(70)

95(34) 168(8) 168(45) 31(6) 71(27) 39(17) 29(51) 29(7) 63(11) 39(12) 115(13) 185(7) 27(24) 61(58) 97(64) 35(11) 31(45) 44(27) 29(23) 29(8) 45(45) 44(17) 29(40)

135(31) 133(8) 94(38) 29(6) 39(24) 131(15) 27(49) 15(5) 51(11) 53(10) 44(10) 57(6) 117(19) 26(23) 35(40) 47(9) 153(44) 43(25) 27(19) 75(7) 109(44) 15(14) 27(26)

121(23) 131(8) 47(31) 27(6) 43(22) 117(15) 85(47) 75(4) 50(7) 52(10) 86(9) 44(6) 63(19) 96(21) 134(27) 31(8) 35(20) 41(14) 44(18) 44(7) 127(41) 28(10) 45(24)

97(23) 96(8) 96(24) 101(5) 29(22) 115(14) 86(42) 44(4) 27(6) 54(9) 28(8) 41(6) 119(18) 63(19) 47(26) 82(4) 66(19) 116(8) 101(17) 43(7) 43(24) 18(10) 43(23)

61(19) 61(8) 133(20) 75(5) 40(13) 78(13) 39(28) 42(4) 93(5) 51(9) 73(7) 30(5) 35(17) 27(17) 62(21) 68(4) 47(18) 57(8) 42(16) 27(7) 125(16) 43(8) 19(18)

60(18) 60(8) 59(17) 28(5) 15(10) 77(13) 55(23) 31(4) 90(5) 28(9) 42(7) 86(4) 62(11) 98(15) 59(13) 37(4) 87(14) 86(7) 56(8) 28(5) 111(14) 57(7) 30(17)

110(100) 138(100) 91(100) 91(100) 91(100)

109(35) 95(65) 106(40) 106(65) 106(62)

79(34) 77(48) 39(21) 105(29) 105(30)

95(25) 123(44) 105(17) 39(18) 51(16)

80(23) 52(42) 51(17) 51(15) 39(16)

15(20) 41(33) 77(15) 77(14) 77(13)

140(18) 65(30) 27(12) 27(10) 27(11)

47(10) 51(29) 65(10) 92(8) 92(7)

31(7) 39(19) 92(8) 79(8) 78(7)

139(5) 63(17) 79(8) 78(8) 65(7)

4/30/05 8:48:03 AM

BOND LENGTHS IN CRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The following table gives average interatomic distances for bonds between the elements H, B, C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, As, Se, Br, Te, and I as determined from X-ray and neutron diffraction measurements on organic crystals. The table has been derived from an analysis of high-precision structure data on about 10,000 crystals contained in the 1985 version of the Cambridge Structural Database, which is maintained by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center. The explanation of the columns is: Column 1:

Column 2:

Column 3:

Bond As(3)–As(3) As–B As–BR As(4)–C

As(3)–C As(3)–Cl As(6)–F As(3)–I As(3)–N(3) As(4)=N(2) As(4)–O As(3)–O As(4)=O As(3)=P(3) As(3)–P(3) As(3)–S As(4)=S As(3)–Se(2) As(3)–Si(4) As(3)–Te(2) B(n)–B(n) B(4)–B(4) B(4)–B(3) B(3)–B(3) B(6)–BR B(4)–BR B(n)–C

B(n)–C B(n)–Cl

Specification of elements in the bond, with coordination number given in parentheses, and bond type (single, double, etc.). For carbon, the hybridization state is given. Substructure in which the bond is found. The target bond is set in boldface. Where X is not specified, it denotes any element type. C# indicates any sp3 carbon atom, and C* denotes an sp3 carbon whose bonds, in addition to those specified in the linear formulation, are to C and H atoms only. d is the unweighted mean in Å units of all the values for that bond length found in the sample.

Substructure X2–As–As–X2 see CUDLOC (2.065), CUDLUI (2.041) see CODDEE, CODDII (2.346–3.203) X3–As–CH3 (X)2(C,O,S=)As–Csp3 As–Car in Ph4As+ (X)2(C,O,S=)As–Car X2–As–Csp3 X2–As–Car X2–As–Cl in AsF6– see OPIMAS (2.579, 2.590) X2–As–N–X2 see TPASSN (1.837) (X)2(O=)As–OH see ASAZOC, PHASOC01 (1.787–1.845) X3–As=O see BELNIP (2.350, 2.362) see BUTHAZ10 (2.124) X2–As–S X3–As=S see COSDIX, ESEARS (2.355–2.401) see BICGEZ, MESIAD (2.351–2.365) see ETEARS (2.571, 2.576) n = 5–7 in boron cages see CETTAW (2.041) see COFVOI (1.698) X2–B–B–X2 n = 5–7: B–C in cages n = 3–4: B–Csp3 not cages n = 4: B–Car n = 4: B–Car in Ph4B– n = 3: B–Car B(5)–Cl and B(3)–Cl

Column 4: Column 5: Column 6: Column 7: Column 8: Column 9:

m is the median in Å units of all values. σ is the standard deviation in the sample. q1 is the lower quartile for the sample (i.e., 25% of values are less than q1 and 75% exceed it). qu is the upper quartile for the sample. n is number of observations in the sample. Notes refer to the footnotes in Appendix 1.

References to special cases are given in a shorthand form and listed in Appendix 2. Further information on the method of analysis of the data may be found in the reference cited below. The table is reprinted with permission of the authors, the Royal Society of Chemistry, and the International Union of Crystallography.

Reference Frank H. Allen, Olga Kennard, David G. Watson, Lee Brammer, A. Guy Orpen, and Robin Taylor, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II, S1–S19, 1987.

d 2.459

m 2.457

σ 0.011

q1 2.456

qu 2.466

n 8

1.903 1.927 1.905 1.922 1.963 1.956 2.268 1.678

1.907 1.929 1.909 1.927 1.965 1.956 2.256 1.676

0.016 0.017 0.012 0.016 0.017 0.015 0.039 0.020

1.893 1.921 1.897 1.908 1.948 1.944 2.247 1.659

1.916 1.937 1.912 1.934 1.978 1.964 2.281 1.695

12 16 108 36 6 41 10 36

1.858

1.858

0.029

1.839

1.873

19

1.710

1.712

0.017

1.695

1.726

6

1.661

1.661

0.016

1.652

1.667

9

2.275 2.083

2.266 2.082

0.032 0.004

2.247 2.080

2.298 2.086

14 9

1.775

1.773

0.031

1.763

1.786

688

1.701 1.967 2.017 1.716 1.597 1.606 1.643 1.556 1.751

1.700 1.971 2.008 1.717 1.599 1.607 1.643 1.552 1.751

0.014 0.014 0.031 0.020 0.022 0.012 0.006 0.015 0.011

1.691 1.954 1.990 1.707 1.585 1.596 1.641 1.546 1.743

1.712 1.979 2.044 1.728 1.611 1.615 1.645 1.566 1.761

8 7 15 96 29 41 16 24 14

Note

† †

† † †

† † 1

9-1

Section 09 book.indb 1

5/3/05 12:08:14 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-2 Bond B(4)–F B(4)–I B(4)–N(3) B(3)–N(3)

B(4)–O B(3)–O(2) B(n)–P B(4)–S B(3)–S Br–Br Br–C

– Br(2)–Cl Br–I Br–N Br–O Br–P Br–S(2) Br–S(3) Br–S(3)+ Br–SE Br–Si Br–Te

Csp3–Csp3

Section 09 book.indb 2

Substructure B(4)–Cl B–F (B neutral) B––F in BF4– see TMPBTI (2.220, 2.253) X3–B–N(=C)(X) in pyrazaboles X2–B–N–C2: all coplanar for τ(BN) > 30º see BOGSUL, BUSHAY, CILRUK (1.434–1.530) S2–B–N–X2 B––O in BO–4 for neutral B–O see Note 3 X2–B–O–X n = 4: B–P n = 3: see BUPSIB10 (1.892, 1.893) B(4)–S(3) B(4)–S(2) N–B–S2 (=X–)(N–)B–S see BEPZEB, TPASTB Br–C* Br–Csp3 (cyclopropane) Br–Csp2 Br–Car (mono-Br + m.p-Br2) Br–Car (o-Br2) see TEACBR (2.362–2.402) see DTHIBR10 (2.646), TPHOSI (2.695) see NBBZAM (1.843) see CIYFOF see CISTED (2.366) see BEMLIO (2.206) see CIWYIQ (2.435, 2.453) see THINBR (2.321) see CIFZUM (2.508, 2.619) see BIZJAV (2.284) In Br6Te2– see CUGBAH (2.692–2.716) Br–Te(4) see BETUTE10 (3.079, 3.015) Br–Te(3) see BTUPTE (2.835) C#–CH2–CH3 (C#)2–CH–CH3 (C#)3–C–CH3 C#–CH2–CH2–C# (C#)2–CH–CH2–C# (C#)3–C–CH2–C# (C#)2–CH–CH–(C#)2 (C#)3–C–CH–(C#)2 (C#)3–C–C–(C#)3 C*–C* (overall) in cyclopropane (any subst.) in cyclobutane (any subst.) in cyclopentane (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexane (C,H-subst.) cyclopropyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclobutyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclopentyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclohexyl-C* (exocyclic) in cyclobutene (any subst.) in cyclopentene (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexene (C,H-subst.) in oxirane (epoxide) in aziridine

d 1.833 1.366 1.365

m 1.833 1.368 1.372

σ 0.013 0.017 0.029

q1 1.821 1.356 1.352

qu 1.843 1.375 1.390

n 22 25 84

1.611 1.549 1.404

1.617 1.552 1.404

0.013 0.015 0.014

1.601 1.536 1.389

1.625 1.560 1.408

8 10 40

1.447 1.468

1.443 1.468

0.013 0.022

1.435 1.453

1.470 1.479

14 24

1.367 1.922

1.367 1.927

0.024 0.027

1.349 1.900

1.382 1.954

35 10

1.930 1.896 1.806 1.851 2.542 1.966 1.910 1.883 1.899 1.875

1.927 1.896 1.806 1.854 2.548 1.967 1.910 1.881 1.899 1.872

0.009 0.004 0.010 0.013 0.015 0.029 0.010 0.015 0.012 0.011

1.925 1.893 1.799 1.842 2.526 1.951 1.900 1.874 1.892 1.864

1.934 1.899 1.816 1.859 2.551 1.983 1.914 1.894 1.906 1.884

10 6 28 10 4 100 8 31 119 8

1.581

1.581

0.007

1.574

1.587

4

Note

2

3

4 4 4 4 †

† † †

1.513 1.524 1.534 1.524 1.531 1.538 1.542 1.556 1.588 1.530 1.510 1.554 1.543 1.535 1.518 1.529 1.540 1.539 1.573 1.541 1.541 1.466 1.480

1.514 1.526 1.534 1.524 1.531 1.539 1.542 1.556 1.580 1.530 1.509 1.553 1.543 1.535 1.518 1.529 1.541 1.538 1.574 1.539 1.541 1.466 1.481

0.014 0.015 0.011 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.025 0.015 0.026 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.019 0.016 0.017 0.016 0.017 0.015 0.020 0.015 0.021

1.507 1.518 1.527 1.516 1.524 1.533 1.536 1.549 1.566 1.521 1.497 1.540 1.532 1.525 1.505 1.519 1.527 1.529 1.566 1.532 1.528 1.458 1.465

1.523 1.534 1.541 1.532 1.538 1.544 1.549 1.562 1.610 1.539 1.523 1.567 1.554 1.545 1.531 1.539 1.549 1.549 1.586 1.549 1.554 1.474 1.496

192 226 825 2459 1217 330 321 215 21 5777 888 679 1641 2814 366 376 956 2682 25 208 586 249 67

5,6 7 8

7 8

8

9 9

5/3/05 12:08:16 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond

Csp3–Csp2

Csp3–Csp2

Csp3–Car

Csp3–Csp1

Csp2–Csp2

Section 09 book.indb 3

Substructure in oxetane in azetidine oxiranyl-C* (exocyclic) aziridinyl-C* (exocyclic) CH3–C=C C#–CH2–C=C (C#)2–CH–C=C (C#)3–C–C=C C*–C=C (overall) C*–C=C (endocyclic) in cyclopropene in cyclobutene in cyclopentene in cyclohexene in cyclopentadiene in cyclohexa-1,3-diene C*–C=C (exocyclic): cyclopropenyl-C* cyclobutenyl-C* cyclopentenyl-C* cyclohexenyl-C* C*CH=O in aldehydes (C*)2–C=O in ketones in cyclobutanone in cyclopentanone acyclic and 6 + rings C*–COOH in carboxylic acids C*–COO– in carboxylate anions C*–C(=O)(–OC*) in acyclic esters in β-lactones in γ-lactones in δ-lactones cyclopropyl (C)–C=O in ketones, acids and esters C*–C(=O)(–NH2) in acyclic amides C*–C(=O)(–NHC*) in acyclic amides C*–C(=O)[–N(C*)2] in acyclic amides CH3–Car C#–CH2–Car (C#)2–CH–Car (C#)3–C–Car C*–Car (overall) cyclopropyl (C)–Car C*–C≡C C#–C≡C C*–C≡N cyclopropyl (C)–C≡N C=C–C=C (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) C=C–C=C–C=C C=C–C=C (endocyclic in TCNQ) C=C–C(=O)(–C*) (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) C=C–C(=O)–C=C in benzoquinone (C,H-subst. only) in benzoquinone (any subst.)

9-3 d 1.541 1.548 1.509 1.512 1.503 1.502 1.510 1.522 1.507

m 1.541 1.543 1.507 1.512 1.504 1.502 1.510 1.522 1.507

σ 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.015

q1 1.527 1.536 1.497 1.496 1.497 1.494 1.501 1.511 1.499

qu 1.557 1.558 1.519 1.526 1.509 1.510 1.518 1.533 1.517

n 16 22 333 13 215 483 564 193 1456

Note

1.509 1.513 1.512 1.506 1.502 1.504

1.508 1.512 1.512 1.505 1.503 1.504

0.016 0.018 0.014 0.016 0.019 0.017

1.500 1.500 1.502 1.495 1.490 1.491

1.516 1.525 1.521 1.516 1.515 1.517

20 50 208 391 18 56

10 8

1.478 1.489 1.504 1.511 1.510

1.475 1.483 1.506 1.511 1.510

0.012 0.015 0.012 0.013 0.008

1.470 1.479 1.495 1.502 1.501

1.485 1.496 1.512 1.519 1.518

7 11 115 292 7

10 8

1.511 1.529 1.514 1.509 1.502 1.520

1.511 1.530 1.514 1.509 1.502 1.521

0.015 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.014 0.011

1.501 1.514 1.505 1.499 1.495 1.516

1.521 1.545 1.523 1.519 1.510 1.528

952 18 312 626 176 57

11

1.497 1.519 1.512 1.504 1.486 1.514 1.506 1.505 1.506 1.510 1.515 1.527 1.513 1.490 1.466 1.472 1.470 1.444

1.496 1.519 1.512 1.502 1.485 1.512 1.505 1.505 1.507 1.510 1.515 1.530 1.513 1.490 1.465 1.472 1.469 1.447

0.018 0.020 0.015 0.013 0.018 0.016 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.009 0.011 0.016 0.014 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.010

1.484 1.500 1.501 1.495 1.474 1.506 1.498 1.496 1.501 1.505 1.508 1.517 1.505 1.479 1.460 1.464 1.463 1.436

1.509 1.538 1.521 1.517 1.497 1.526 1.515 1.517 1.513 1.516 1.522 1.539 1.521 1.503 1.469 1.481 1.479 1.451

553 4 110 27 105 32 78 15 454 674 363 308 1813 90 21 88 106 38

12 13 12 12 7 14 14 14

1.455 1.478 1.460 1.443 1.432

1.455 1.476 1.460 1.445 1.433

0.011 0.012 0.015 0.013 0.012

1.447 1.470 1.450 1.431 1.424

1.463 1.479 1.470 1.454 1.441

30 8 38 29 280

16,18 17,18

1.464 1.484 1.465

1.462 1.486 1.462

0.018 0.017 0.018

1.453 1.475 1.453

1.476 1.497 1.478

211 14 226

16,18 17,18

1.478 1.478

1.476 1.478

0.011 0.031

1.469 1.464

1.488 1.498

28 172

9 9

5

7 15 15 7b 7

18 19

5/3/05 12:08:18 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-4 Bond

Csp2–Car Csp2–Car

Csp2–Csp1 Car–Car Car–Csp1 Csp1–Csp1 Csp2=Csp2

Section 09 book.indb 4

Substructure non-quinonoid C=C–COOH C=C–COOC* C=C–COO– HOOC–COOH HOOC–COO– – OOC–COO– formal Csp2–Csp2 single bond in selected non-fused heterocycles: in 1H-pyrrole (C3–C4) in furan (C3–C4) in thiophene (C3–C4) in pyrazole (C3–C4) in isoxazole (C3–C4) in furazan (C3–C4) in furoxan (C3–C4) C=C–Car (conjugated) (overall) cyclopropenyl (C=C)–Car Car–C(=O)–C* Car–C(=O)–Car Car–COOH Car–C(=O)(–OC*) Car–COO– Car–C(–O)–NH2 Car–C=N–C# (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) in indole (C3–C3a) C=C–C≡C C=C–C≡N in TCNQ in biphenyls (ortho subst. all H) (≥1 non-H ortho-subst.) Car–C≡C Car–C≡N C≡C–C=C C*–CH=CH2 (C*)2–C=CH2 C*–CH=CH–C* (cis) (trans) (overall) (C*)2–C=CH–C* (C*2–C=C–(C*)2 (C*,H)2–C=C–(C*,H)2 (overall) in cyclopropene (any subst.) in cyclobutene (any subst.) in cyclopentene (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexene (C,H-subst.) C=C=C (allenes, any subst.) C=C–C=C (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C–C=C–C=C (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C–Car (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C in cyclopenta-1,3-diene (any subst.) C=C in cyclohexa-1,3-diene (any subst.) in C=C–C=O (C,H subst., conjugated) (C,H subst., unconjugated)

d 1.456 1.475 1.488 1.502 1.538 1.549 1.564

m 1.455 1.476 1.489 1.499 1.537 1.552 1.559

σ 0.012 0.015 0.014 0.017 0.007 0.009 0.022

q1 1.447 1.461 1.478 1.488 1.535 1.546 1.554

qu 1.464 1.488 1.497 1.510 1.541 1.553 1.568

n 28 22 113 11 9 13 9

Note

1.412 1.423 1.424 1.410 1.425 1.428 1.417

1.410 1.423 1.425 1.412 1.425 1.427 1.417

0.016 0.016 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.007 0.006

1.401 1.412 1.415 1.400 1.413 1.422 1.412

1.427 1.433 1.433 1.418 1.438 1.435 1.422

29 62 40 20 9 6 14

1.470 1.488 1.483 1.447 1.488 1.480 1.484 1.487 1.504 1.500

1.470 1.490 1.483 1.448 1.489 1.481 1.485 1.487 1.509 1.503

0.015 0.012 0.015 0.006 0.016 0.017 0.014 0.012 0.014 0.020

1.463 1.480 1.472 1.441 1.478 1.468 1.474 1.480 1.495 1.498

1.480 1.496 1.494 1.452 1.500 1.494 1.491 1.494 1.512 1.510

37 87 124 8 84 58 75 218 26 19

16,18 17,18

1.476 1.491 1.485 1.434 1.431 1.427 1.487 1.490 1.434 1.443 1.377 1.299 1.321

1.478 1.490 1.487 1.434 1.427 1.427 1.488 1.491 1.436 1.444 1.378 1.300 1.321

0.014 0.008 0.013 0.011 0.014 0.010 0.007 0.010 0.006 0.008 0.012 0.027 0.013

1.466 1.485 1.481 1.428 1.425 1.420 1.484 1.486 1.430 1.436 1.374 1.280 1.313

1.486 1.496 1.493 1.439 1.441 1.433 1.493 1.495 1.437 1.448 1.384 1.311 1.328

27 48 75 40 11 280 30 212 37 31 21 42 77

16 17

1.317 1.312 1.316 1.326 1.331 1.322 1.294 1.335 1.323 1.326 1.307 1.330 1.345 1.339 1.341 1.332

1.318 1.311 1.317 1.328 1.330 1.323 1.288 1.335 1.324 1.325 1.307 1.330 1.345 1.340 1.341 1.332

0.013 0.011 0.015 0.011 0.009 0.014 0.017 0.019 0.013 0.012 0.005 0.014 0.012 0.011 0.017 0.013

1.310 1.304 1.309 1.319 1.326 1.315 1.284 1.324 1.314 1.318 1.303 1.322 1.337 1.334 1.328 1.323

1.323 1.320 1.323 1.334 1.334 1.331 1.302 1.347 1.331 1.334 1.310 1.338 1.350 1.346 1.356 1.341

106 19 127 168 89 493 10 25 104 196 18 76 58 124 18 56

1.340 1.331

1.340 1.330

0.013 0.008

1.332 1.326

1.348 1.339

211 14

10

7b 19

5 10 8

16 16 16

16,18 17,18

5/3/05 12:08:20 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond

Car  Car

Car  Car

Csp1≡Csp1

Csp3–Cl

Section 09 book.indb 5

Substructure (C,H subst., overall) in cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ones in p-benzoquinones (C*,H subst.) (any subst.) in TCNQ (endocyclic) (exocyclic) C=C–OH in enol tautomers in heterocycles (any subst.): 1H-pyrrole (C2–C3, C4–C5) furan (C2–C3, C4–C5) thiophene (C2–C3, C4–C5) pyrazole (C4–C5) imidazole (C4–C5) isoxazole (C4–C5) indole (C2–C3) in phenyl rings with C*, H subst. only H–C  C–H C*–C  C–H C*–C  C–C* C  C (overall) F–C  C–F Cl–C  C–Cl in naphthalene (D2h, any subst.) C1–C2 C2–C3 C1–C8a C4a–C8a in anthracene (D2h, any subst.) C1–C2 C2–C3 C1–C9a C4a–C9a C9–C9a in pyridine (C,H subst.) (any subst.) in pyridinium cation (N+ –H; C,H subst. on C) C2–C3 C3–C4 (N+ –X; C,H subst. on C) C2–C3 C3–C4 in pyrazine (H subst. on C) (any subst. on C) in pyrimidine (C,H subst. on C) X–C≡C–X C,H–C≡C–C,H in C≡C–C(sp2,ar) in C≡C–C≡C in CH≡C–C# Omitting 1,2-dichlorides: C–CH2–Cl C2–CH–Cl C3–C–Cl X–CH2–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X2–CH–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X3–C–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X2–C–Cl2 (X = C,H,N,O) X–C–Cl3 (X = C,H,N,O)

9-5 d 1.340 1.329

m 1.339 1.327

σ 0.013 0.011

q1 1.332 1.321

qu 1.348 1.335

n 226 28

Note

1.333 1.349

1.337 1.339

0.011 0.030

1.325 1.330

1.338 1.364

14 86

1.352 1.392 1.362

1.353 1.391 1.360

0.010 0.017 0.020

1.345 1.379 1.349

1.358 1.405 1.370

142 139 54

1.375 1.341 1.362 1.369 1.360 1.341 1.364

1.377 1.342 1.359 1.372 1.361 1.336 1.363

0.018 0.021 0.025 0.019 0.014 0.012 0.012

1.361 1.329 1.346 1.362 1.352 1.331 1.355

1.388 1.351 1.377 1.383 1.367 1.355 1.371

58 125 60 20 44 9 40

1.380 1.387 1.397 1.384 1.372 1.388

1.381 1.388 1.397 1.384 1.374 1.389

0.013 0.010 0.009 0.013 0.011 0.014

1.372 1.382 1.392 1.375 1.366 1.380

1.388 1.393 1.403 1.391 1.380 1.398

2191 891 182 3264 84 152

1.364 1.406 1.420 1.422

1.364 1.406 1.419 1.424

0.014 0.014 0.012 0.011

1.356 1.397 1.412 1.417

1.373 1.415 1.426 1.429

440 218 440 109

1.356 1.410 1.430 1.435 1.400 1.379 1.380

1.356 1.410 1.430 1.436 1.402 1.381 1.380

0.009 0.010 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.015

1.350 1.401 1.426 1.429 1.395 1.371 1.371

1.360 1.416 1.434 1.440 1.406 1.387 1.389

56 34 56 34 68 276 537

1.373 1.379

1.375 1.380

0.012 0.011

1.368 1.371

1.380 1.388

30 30

1.373 1.383 1.379 1.405 1.387 1.183 1.181 1.189 1.192 1.174

1.372 1.385 1.377 1.405 1.389 1.183 1.181 1.193 1.192 1.174

0.019 0.019 0.010 0.024 0.018 0.014 0.014 0.010 0.010 0.011

1.362 1.372 1.370 1.388 1.379 1.174 1.173 1.181 1.187 1.167

1.382 1.394 1.388 1.420 1.400 1.193 1.192 1.195 1.197 1.180

151 151 10 60 28 119 104 38 42 42

15 15 15 15 15

1.790 1.803 1.849 1.790 1.805 1.843 1.779 1.768

1.790 1.802 1.856 1.791 1.803 1.838 1.776 1.765

0.007 0.003 0.011 0.011 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.011

1.783 1.800 1.837 1.783 1.800 1.835 1.769 1.761

1.795 1.807 1.858 1.797 1.812 1.858 1.790 1.776

13 8 5 37 26 7 18 33

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

19 19

4 4

20 20

5/3/05 12:08:22 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-6 Bond

Csp2–Cl

Car–Cl Csp1Cl Csp3–F

Csp2–F Car–F Csp3–H

Csp2–H Car–H Csp3–I Car–I Csp3–N(4)

Csp3–N(3)

Section 09 book.indb 6

Substructure Cl–CH(–C)–CH(–C)–Cl Cl–C(–C2)–C(–C2)–Cl cyclopropyl–Cl C=C–Cl (C,H,N,O subst. on C) C=C–Cl2 (C,H,N,O subst. on C) Cl–C=C–Cl Car–Cl (mono–Cl + m,p-Cl2) Car–Cl (o–Cl2) see HCLENE10 (1.634, 1.646) Omitting 1,2-difluorides C–CH2–F and C2–CH–F C3–C–F (C*,H)2–C–F2 C*–C–F3 F–C*–C*–F X3–C–F (X = C,H,N,O) X2–C–F2 (X = C,H,N,O) X–C–F3 (X = C,H,N,O) F–C(–X)2–C(–X)2–F (X = C,H,N,O) F–C(–X)2–NO2 (X = any subst.) C=C–F (C,H,N,O subst. on C) Car–F (mono-F + m,p-F2) Car–F (o-F2) C–C–H3 (methyl) C2–C–H2 (primary) C3–C–H (secondary) C2,3–C–H (primary and secondary) X–C–H3 (methyl) X2–C–H2 (primary) X3–C–H (secondary) X2,3–C–H (primary and secondary) C–C=C–H Car–H C*–I Car–I C*–NH3+ (C*)2–NH2+ (C*)3–NH+ (C*)4–N+ C*–N+ (overall) C*–N+ in N-subst. pyridinium C*–NH2 (Nsp3: pyramidal) (C*)2–NH (Nsp3: pyramidal) (C*)3–N (Nsp3: pyramidal) C*–Nsp3 (overall) Csp3–Nsp3 in aziridine in azetidine in tetrahydropyrrole in piperidine Csp3–Nsp2 (N planar) in: acyclic amides C*–NH–C=O β-lactams C*–N(–X)–C=O (endo) γ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (exo) δ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (exo)

d 1.793 1.762 1.755 1.734 1.720 1.713 1.739 1.720

m 1.793 1.760 1.756 1.729 1.716 1.711 1.741 1.720

σ 0.013 0.010 0.011 0.019 0.013 0.011 0.010 0.010

q1 1.786 1.757 1.749 1.719 1.708 1.705 1.734 1.713

qu 1.800 1.765 1.763 1.748 1.729 1.720 1.745 1.717

n 66 54 64 63 20 80 340 364

Note 4 4

1.399 1.428 1.349 1.336 1.371 1.386 1.351 1.322 1.373 1.320 1.340 1.363 1.340 1.059 1.092 1.099 1.093 1.066 1.092 1.099 1.094 1.077 1.083 2.162 2.095 1.488 1.494 1.502 1.510 1.499 1.485 1.469 1.469 1.469 1.469

1.399 1.431 1.347 1.334 1.374 1.389 1.349 1.323 1.374 1.319 1.340 1.362 1.340 1.061 1.095 1.097 1.095 1.074 1.095 1.099 1.096 1.079 1.083 2.159 2.095 1.488 1.493 1.502 1.509 1.498 1.484 1.470 1.467 1.468 1.468

0.017 0.009 0.012 0.007 0.007 0.033 0.013 0.015 0.009 0.009 0.013 0.008 0.009 0.030 0.013 0.004 0.012 0.028 0.012 0.007 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.015 0.015 0.013 0.016 0.015 0.020 0.018 0.009 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.014

1.389 1.421 1.342 1.330 1.362 1.373 1.342 1.314 1.362 1.312 1.334 1.357 1.336 1.039 1.088 1.095 1.089 1.049 1.088 1.095 1.091 1.074 1.080 2.149 2.089 1.482 1.484 1.491 1.496 1.488 1.477 1.462 1.461 1.460 1.460

1.408 1.435 1.356 1.344 1.375 1.408 1.356 1.332 1.377 1.327 1.346 1.368 1.344 1.083 1.099 1.103 1.100 1.087 1.099 1.103 1.100 1.085 1.087 2.179 2.104 1.495 1.503 1.512 1.523 1.510 1.490 1.474 1.477 1.476 1.476

25 11 58 12 26 70 58 309 30 18 34 38 167 83 100 14 118 160 230 117 348 14 218 15 51 298 249 509 319 1370 32 19 152 1042 1201

1.472 1.484 1.475 1.473

1.471 1.481 1.473 1.473

0.016 0.018 0.016 0.013

1.464 1.472 1.464 1.460

1.482 1.495 1.483 1.479

134 21 66 240

1.454 1.464

1.451 1.465

0.011 0.012

1.446 1.458

1.461 1.475

78 23

23 14 13

1.457 1.462 1.458

1.458 1.461 1.456

0.011 0.010 0.014

1.449 1.453 1.448

1.465 1.466 1.465

20 15 15

13 13 13

1.478 1.479 1.468

1.472 1.476 1.471

0.016 0.007 0.009

1.467 1.475 1.462

1.491 1.482 1.477

6 15 15

14 14 14

4 4 4 4 4

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 4 4

22 5,22 5,22

5/3/05 12:08:24 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond

Csp3–N(2) Csp2–N(3)

Csp2–N(2) Car–N(4) Car–N(3)

Car–N(3)

Section 09 book.indb 7

Substructure nitro compounds (1,2-dinitro omitted): C–CH2–NO2 C2–CH–NO2 C3–C–NO2 C2–C–(NO2)2 1,2-dinitro: NO2–C*–C*–NO2 C#–N=N C*–N=C–Car C=C–NH2 Nsp2 planar C=C–NH–C# Nsp2 planar C=C–N–(C#)2 Nsp2 planar Nsp3 pyramidal Csp2–Nsp2 (N planar) in: acyclic amides NH2–C=O C*–NH–C=O (C*)2–N–C=O β-lactams C*–NH–C=O γ-lactams C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O δ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (C*)–N(–C*)–C=O peptides C#–N(–X)–C(–C#)(=O) ureas (NH2)2–C=O (C#–NH)2–C=O [(C#)n–N]2–C=O thioureas (X2N)2–C=S imides [C#–C(=O)]2–NH [C#–C(=O)]2–N–C# [Csp2–C(=O)]2–N–C# [Csp2–C(=O)]2–N–Csp2 guanidinium [C–(NH2)3]+ (unsubst.) (any subst.) in heterocyclic systems (any subst.) 1H-pyrrole (N1–C2, N1–C5) indole (N1–C2) pyrazole (N1–C5) imidazole (N1–C2) imidazole (N1–C5) in imidazole (N3–C4) Car–N+–(C,H)3 Car–NH2 (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) Car–NH–C# (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) Car–N–(C#)2 (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) in indole (N1–C7a) Car–NO2

9-7 d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

Note

1.485 1.509 1.533 1.537 1.552 1.493 1.465 1.336 1.339

1.483 1.509 1.533 1.536 1.550 1.493 1.468 1.344 1.340

0.020 0.011 0.013 0.016 0.023 0.020 0.011 0.017 0.016

1.478 1.502 1.530 1.525 1.536 1.477 1.461 1.317 1.327

1.502 1.511 1.539 1.550 1.572 1.506 1.472 1.348 1.351

8 12 17 19 32 54 75 10 17

1.355 1.416

1.358 1.418

0.014 0.018

1.341 1.397

1.363 1.432

22 18

23 22 23

1.325 1.334 1.346 1.385

1.323 1.333 1.342 1.388

0.009 0.011 0.011 0.019

1.318 1.326 1.339 1.374

1.331 1.343 1.356 1.396

32 78 5 23

14 14 14 13

1.331 1.347

1.331 1.344

0.011 0.014

1.326 1.335

1.337 1.359

20 15

13 13

1.334 1.352 1.333

1.334 1.353 1.334

0.006 0.010 0.013

1.330 1.344 1.326

1.339 1.356 1.340

6 15 380

14 14 24

1.334 1.347 1.363 1.346

1.334 1.345 1.359 1.343

0.008 0.010 0.014 0.023

1.329 1.341 1.354 1.328

1.339 1.354 1.370 1.361

48 26 40 192

25,26 25 25,27

1.376 1.389 1.396 1.409 1.321 1.328

1.377 1.383 1.396 1.406 1.320 1.325

0.012 0.017 0.010 0.020 0.008 0.015

1.369 1.376 1.389 1.391 1.314 1.317

1.383 1.404 1.403 1.419 1.327 1.333

64 38 46 28 39 140

1.372 1.370 1.357 1.349 1.370 1.376 1.465

1.374 1.370 1.359 1.349 1.370 1.377 1.466

0.016 0.012 0.012 0.018 0.010 0.011 0.007

1.363 1.364 1.347 1.338 1.365 1.369 1.461

1.384 1.377 1.365 1.358 1.377 1.384 1.470

58 40 20 44 44 44 23

1.355 1.394 1.375

1.360 1.396 1.377

0.020 0.011 0.025

1.340 1.385 1.363

1.372 1.403 1.394

33 25 98

23 22 28

1.353 1.419 1.380

1.353 1.423 1.364

0.007 0.017 0.032

1.347 1.412 1.353

1.359 1.432 1.412

16 8 31

23 22 28

1.371 1.426 1.390 1.372 1.468

1.370 1.425 1.385 1.372 1.469

0.016 0.011 0.030 0.007 0.014

1.363 1.421 1.366 1.367 1.460

1.382 1.431 1.420 1.376 1.476

41 22 69 40 556

23 22 28

23 23

5/3/05 12:08:26 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-8 Bond Car–N(2) Csp2=N(3) Csp2=N(2)

Car  N(3)

Car  N(2)

Csp1≡N(2) Csp1≡N(1)

Csp3–O(2)

Section 09 book.indb 8

Substructure Car–N=N in furoxan (+N2=C3) Car–C=N–C# (C,H)2–C=N–OH in oximes S–C=N–X in pyrazole (N2=C3) in imidazole (C2=N3) in isoxazole (N2=C3) in furazan (N2=C3, C4=N5) in furoxan (C4=N5) C  N+–H (pyrimidinium) C  N+–C* (pyrimidinium) C  N+–O– (pyrimidinium) C  N (pyridine) C  N (pyrazine) C  N  C (pyrimidine) N  C  N (pyrimidine) C  N (pyrimidine) (overall) in any 6-membered N-containing aromatic ring: H–C  N  C–H H–C  N  C–C* C*–C  N  C–C* C  N  C (overall) X–S–N≡C– (isothiocyanide) C*–C≡N C=C–C≡N in TCNQ Car–C≡N X–C≡N (S–C≡N)– in alcohols CH3–OH C–CH2–OH C2–CH–OH C3–C–OH C*–OH (overall) in dialkyl ethers CH3–O–C* C–CH2–O–C* C2–CH–O–C* C3–C–O–C* C*–O–C* (overall) in aryl alkyl ethers CH3–O–Car C–CH2–O–Car C2–CH–O–Car C3–C–O–Car C*–O–Car (overall) in alkyl esters of carboxylic acids CH3–O–C(=O)–C* C–CH2–O–C(=O)–C* C2–CH–O–C(=O)–C* C3–C–O–C(=O)–C* C*–O–C(=O)–C* (overall) in alkyl esters of α,β-unsaturated acids: C*–O–C(=O)–C=C (overall) in alkyl esters of benzoic acid C*–O–C(=O)–C(phenyl) (overall) in ring systems oxirane (epoxides) (any subst.) oxetane (any subst.) tetrahydrofuran (C,H subst.)

d 1.431 1.316 1.279 1.281 1.302 1.329 1.313 1.314 1.298 1.304 1.335 1.346 1.362 1.337 1.336 1.339 1.333 1.336

m 1.435 1.316 1.279 1.280 1.302 1.331 1.314 1.315 1.299 1.306 1.334 1.346 1.359 1.338 1.335 1.338 1.335 1.337

σ 0.020 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.021 0.014 0.011 0.009 0.006 0.008 0.015 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.022 0.015 0.013 0.014

q1 1.422 1.311 1.275 1.273 1.285 1.315 1.307 1.305 1.294 1.300 1.325 1.340 1.353 1.330 1.319 1.333 1.326 1.331

qu 1.442 1.324 1.285 1.288 1.319 1.339 1.319 1.320 1.303 1.308 1.342 1.352 1.369 1.344 1.347 1.342 1.337 1.339

n 26 14 75 67 36 20 44 9 12 14 30 64 56 269 120 28 28 56

1.334 1.339 1.345 1.336 1.144 1.136 1.144 1.138 1.144 1.155

1.334 1.341 1.345 1.337 1.147 1.137 1.144 1.138 1.141 1.156

0.014 0.013 0.008 0.014 0.006 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.012 0.012

1.327 1.336 1.342 1.329 1.140 1.131 1.139 1.133 1.138 1.147

1.341 1.345 1.348 1.344 1.148 1.142 1.149 1.143 1.151 1.165

146 38 24 204 6 140 284 31 10 14

1.413 1.426 1.432 1.440 1.432

1.414 1.426 1.431 1.440 1.431

0.018 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.013

1.395 1.420 1.425 1.432 1.424

1.425 1.431 1.439 1.449 1.441

17 75 266 106 464

1.416 1.426 1.429 1.452 1.426

1.418 1.424 1.430 1.450 1.425

0.016 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.019

1.405 1.418 1.420 1.445 1.414

1.426 1.435 1.437 1.458 1.437

110 34 53 39 236

1.424 1.431 1.447 1.470 1.429

1.424 1.430 1.446 1.469 1.427

0.012 0.013 0.020 0.018 0.018

1.417 1.422 1.435 1.456 1.419

1.431 1.438 1.466 1.483 1.436

616 188 58 55 917

1.448 1.452 1.460 1.477 1.450

1.449 1.453 1.460 1.475 1.451

0.010 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.014

1.442 1.445 1.454 1.472 1.442

1.455 1.458 1.465 1.484 1.459

200 32 78 6 314

1.453

1.452

0.013

1.444

1.459

112

1.454

1.454

0.012

1.446

1.463

219

1.446 1.463 1.442

1.446 1.460 1.441

0.014 0.015 0.017

1.438 1.451 1.430

1.456 1.474 1.451

498 16 154

Note

19

29

5 29

12,29

9

5/3/05 12:08:28 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond Csp3–O(2)

Csp2–O(2)

Section 09 book.indb 9

Substructure tetrahydropyran (C,H subst.) β-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) γ-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) δ-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) O–C–O system in gem-diols, and pyranose and furanose sugars: HO–C*–OH C5–O5–C1–O1H in pyranoses O1 axial (α): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1 equatorial (β): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 α + β (overall): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 C4–O4–C1–O1H in furanoses (overall values) C4–O4 O4–C1 C1–O1 C5–O5–C1–O1–C* in pyranoses O1 axial (α): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* O1 equatorial (β): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* α + β (overall): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* C4–O4–C1–O1–C* in furanoses (overall values) C4–O4 O4–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* Miscellaneous: C#–O–SiX3 C*–O–SO2–C in enols: C=C–OH in enol esters: C=C–O–C* in acids: C*–C(=O)–OH C=C–C(=O)–OH Car–C(=O)–OH in esters: C*–C(=O)–O–C* C=C–C(=O)–O–C* Car–C(=O)–O–C* C*–C(=O)–O–C=C C*–C(=O)–O–C=C

9-9 d 1.441 1.492 1.464 1.461

m 1.442 1.494 1.464 1.464

σ 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.017

q1 1.431 1.481 1.455 1.452

qu 1.451 1.501 1.473 1.473

n 22 4 110 27

1.397

1.401

0.012

1.388

1.405

18

1.439 1.427 1.403

1.440 1.426 1.400

0.008 0.012 0.012

1.432 1.421 1.391

1.445 1.432 1.412

29 29 29

1.435 1.430 1.393

1.436 1.431 1.393

0.008 0.010 0.007

1.429 1.424 1.386

1.440 1.436 1.399

17 17 17

1.439 1.430 1.401

1.440 1.429 1.399

0.008 0.012 0.011

1.432 1.421 1.392

1.446 1.436 1.407

60 60 60

1.442 1.432 1.404

1.446 1.432 1.405

0.012 0.012 0.013

1.436 1.421 1.397

1.449 1.443 1.409

18 18 18

1.439 1.417 1.409 1.435

1.438 1.417 1.409 1.435

0.010 0.009 0.014 0.013

1.433 1.410 1.401 1.427

1.446 1.424 1.417 1.443

67 67 67 67

1.434 1.424 1.390 1.437

1.435 1.424 1.390 1.438

0.006 0.008 0.011 0.013

1.429 1.418 1.381 1.428

1.439 1.431 1.400 1.445

39 39 39 39

1.436 1.419 1.402 1.436

1.436 1.419 1.403 1.436

0.009 0.011 0.016 0.013

1.431 1.412 1.391 1.428

1.442 1.426 1.413 1.445

126 126 126 126

1.443 1.421 1.410 1.439

1.445 1.418 1.409 1.437

0.013 0.012 0.014 0.014

1.429 1.413 1.401 1.429

1.453 1.431 1.420 1.449

23 23 23 23

1.416 1.465 1.333 1.354

1.416 1.461 1.331 1.353

0.017 0.014 0.017 0.016

1.405 1.454 1.324 1.341

1.428 1.475 1.342 1.363

29 33 53 40

1.308 1.293 1.305

1.311 1.295 1.311

0.019 0.019 0.020

1.298 1.279 1.291

1.320 1.307 1.317

174 22 75

1.336 1.332 1.337 1.362 1.407

1.337 1.331 1.335 1.359 1.405

0.014 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.017

1.328 1.324 1.329 1.351 1.394

1.346 1.339 1.344 1.374 1.420

551 112 219 26 26

Note 16 12 12 30,31

12,29 12

5/3/05 12:08:30 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-10 Bond

Car–O(2) Car–O(2) Csp2=O(1)

Csp3–P(4)

Section 09 book.indb 10

Substructure C*–C(=O)–O–Car in anhydrides: O=C–O–C=O in ring systems: furan (O1–C2, O1–C5) isoxazole (O1–C5) β-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* γ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* δ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* in phenols: Car–OH in aryl alkyl ethers: Car–O–C* in diaryl ethers: Car–O–Car in esters: Car–O–C(=O)–C* in aldehydes and ketones: C*–CH=O (C*)2–C=O (C#)2–C=O in cyclobutanones in cyclopentanones in cyclohexanones C=C–C=O (C=C)2–C=O Car–C=O (Car)2–C=O C=O in benzoquinones delocalized double bonds in carboxylate anions: H–C  O2– (formate) C*–C  O2– C=C–C  O2– Car–C  O2– HOOC–C  O2– (hydrogen oxalate) – O2  C–C  O2– (oxalate) in carboxylic acids (X–COOH) C*–C(=O)–OH C=C–C(=O)–OH Car–C(=O)–OH in esters: C*–C(=O)–O–C* C=C–C(=O)–O–C* Car–C(=O)–O–C* C*–C(=O)–O–C=C C*–C(=O)–O–Car in anhydrides: O=C–O–C=O in β-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* γ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* δ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* in amides: NH2–C(–C*)=O (C*–)(C*,H–)N–C(–C*)=O β-lactams: C*–NH–C=O γ-lactams: C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O δ-lactams: C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O in ureas: (NH)2)2–C=O (C#–NH)2–C=O [(C#)n–N]2–C=O C3–P+–C* C2–P(=O)–CH3

d 1.360 1.386

m 1.359 1.386

σ 0.011 0.011

q1 1.355 1.379

qu 1.367 1.393

n 40 70

Note 12

1.368 1.354 1.359 1.350 1.339 1.362 1.370 1.384 1.401

1.369 1.354 1.359 1.349 1.339 1.364 1.370 1.381 1.401

0.015 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.016 0.015 0.011 0.014 0.010

1.359 1.345 1.348 1.342 1.332 1.353 1.363 1.375 1.394

1.377 1.360 1.371 1.359 1.347 1.373 1.377 1.391 1.408

125 9 4 110 27 551 920 132 40

1.192 1.210

1.192 1.210

0.005 0.008

1.188 1.206

1.197 1.215

7 474

1.198 1.208 1.211 1.222 1.233 1.221 1.230 1.222

1.198 1.208 1.211 1.222 1.229 1.218 1.226 1.220

0.007 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.014 0.015 0.013

1.194 1.203 1.207 1.216 1.226 1.212 1.220 1.211

1.204 1.212 1.216 1.229 1.242 1.229 1.238 1.231

12 155 312 225 28 85 66 86

1.242 1.254 1.250 1.255 1.243 1.251

1.243 1.253 1.248 1.253 1.247 1.251

0.012 0.010 0.017 0.010 0.015 0.007

1.234 1.247 1.238 1.249 1.232 1.248

1.252 1.261 1.261 1.262 1.256 1.254

24 114 52 22 26 18

1.214 1.229 1.226

1.214 1.226 1.223

0.019 0.017 0.020

1.203 1.218 1.211

1.224 1.237 1.241

175 22 75

1.196 1.199 1.202 1.190 1.187 1.187 1.193 1.201 1.205

1.196 1.198 1.201 1.190 1.188 1.187 1.193 1.202 1.207

0.010 0.009 0.009 0.014 0.011 0.010 0.006 0.009 0.008

1.190 1.193 1.196 1.184 1.181 1.184 1.187 1.196 1.201

1.202 1.203 1.207 1.198 1.195 1.193 1.198 1.206 1.209

551 113 218 26 40 70 4 109 27

13 12 12

1.234 1.231 1.198

1.233 1.231 1.200

0.012 0.012 0.012

1.225 1.224 1.193

1.243 1.238 1.204

32 378 23

14 14 13

1.235 1.225

1.235 1.226

0.008 0.011

1.232 1.217

1.240 1.233

20 15

13 13

1.240 1.233

1.241 1.233

0.003 0.007

1.237 1.229

1.243 1.239

6 15

14 14

1.256 1.241 1.230 1.800 1.791

1.256 1.237 1.230 1.802 1.790

0.007 0.011 0.007 0.015 0.006

1.249 1.235 1.224 1.790 1.786

1.261 1.245 1.234 1.812 1.795

24 13 20 35 10

25,26 25 25,27 33

13 12 12 29,32 12

5

12 12 12

5/3/05 12:08:32 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond

Csp3–P(3) Car–P(4)

Car–P(3) Csp3–S(4)

Csp3–S(3)

Csp3–S(2) Csp3–S(2)

Csp2–S(2)

Car–S(4)

Car–S(3) Car–S(2)

Csp1–S(2) Csp1–S(1) Csp2=S(1)

Csp3–Se Csp2–Se(2) Car–Se(3) Csp3–Si(5) Csp3–Si(4)

Car–Si(4)

Section 09 book.indb 11

Substructure C2–P(=O)–CH2–C C2–P(=O)–CH–C2 C2–P(=O)–C–C3 C2–P(=O)–C* (overall) C2–P–C* C3–P+–Car C2–P(=O)–Car Ph3–P=N+=P–Ph3 C2–P–Car (N)2P–Car(P  N aromatic) C*–SO2–C (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–SO2–C (overall) C*–SO2–O–X C*–SO2–N–X2 C*–S(=O)–C (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–S(=O)–C (overall) CH3–S+–X2 C*–S+–X2 (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–S+–X2 (overall) C*–SH CH3–S–C* C–CH2–S–C* C2–CH–S–C* C3–C–S–C* C*–S–C* (overall) in thiirane in thiirane: see ZCMXSP (1.817, 1.844) in tetrahydrothiophene in tetrahydrothiopyran C–CH2–S–S–X C3–C–S–S–X C*–S–S–X (overall) C=C–S–C* C=C–S–C=C (in tetrathiafulvalene) C=C–S–C=C (in thiophene) O=C–S–C# Car–SO2–C Car–SO2–O–X Car–SO2–N–X2 Car–S(=O)–C Car–S+–X2 Car–S–C* Car–S–Car Car–S–Car (in phenothiazine) Car–S–S–X N≡C–S–X (N≡C–S)– (C*)2–C=S: see IPMUDS (1.599) (Car)2–C=S: see CELDOM (1.611) (X)2–C=S (X = C,N,O,S) X2N–C(=S)–S–X (X2N)2–C=S (thioureas) N–C(S)2 C#–Se C=C–Se–C=C (in tetraselenafulvalene) Ph3–Se+ C#–Si––X4 CH3–Si–X3 C*–Si–X3 (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–Si–X3 (overall) Car–Si–X3

9-11 d 1.806 1.821 1.841 1.813 1.855 1.793 1.801 1.795 1.836 1.795 1.786 1.779 1.745 1.758 1.818 1.809 1.786 1.823 1.804 1.808 1.789 1.817 1.819 1.856 1.819 1.834

m 1.806 1.821 1.842 1.811 1.857 1.792 1.802 1.795 1.837 1.793 1.782 1.778 1.744 1.756 1.814 1.806 1.787 1.820 1.794 1.805 1.787 1.816 1.819 1.860 1.817 1.835

σ 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.017 0.019 0.011 0.011 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.018 0.020 0.009 0.018 0.024 0.025 0.007 0.016 0.025 0.010 0.008 0.013 0.011 0.011 0.019 0.025

q1 1.801 1.815 1.835 1.800 1.840 1.786 1.796 1.789 1.830 1.788 1.774 1.764 1.738 1.746 1.802 1.793 1.779 1.812 1.788 1.800 1.784 1.808 1.811 1.854 1.809 1.810

qu 1.813 1.828 1.847 1.822 1.870 1.800 1.807 1.800 1.844 1.803 1.797 1.790 1.754 1.773 1.829 1.820 1.792 1.834 1.820 1.819 1.794 1.824 1.825 1.863 1.827 1.858

n 45 15 14 84 23 276 98 197 102 43 75 94 7 17 69 88 21 18 41 6 9 92 32 26 242 4

1.827 1.823 1.823 1.863 1.833 1.751 1.741 1.712 1.762 1.763 1.752 1.758 1.790 1.778 1.773 1.768 1.764 1.777 1.679 1.630

1.826 1.821 1.820 1.865 1.828 1.755 1.741 1.712 1.759 1.764 1.750 1.759 1.790 1.779 1.774 1.767 1.764 1.777 1.683 1.630

0.018 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.022 0.017 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.012 0.026 0.014

1.811 1.812 1.813 1.848 1.818 1.740 1.733 1.703 1.747 1.756 1.749 1.749 1.783 1.771 1.765 1.762 1.760 1.767 1.645 1.619

1.837 1.832 1.832 1.878 1.848 1.764 1.750 1.722 1.778 1.769 1.756 1.765 1.798 1.787 1.779 1.774 1.769 1.785 1.698 1.641

20 24 41 11 59 61 88 60 20 96 27 106 41 10 44 158 48 47 10 14

1.671 1.660 1.681 1.720 1.970 1.893 1.930 1.874 1.857 1.888 1.863 1.868

1.675 1.660 1.684 1.721 1.967 1.895 1.929 1.876 1.857 1.887 1.861 1.868

0.024 0.016 0.020 0.012 0.032 0.013 0.006 0.015 0.018 0.023 0.024 0.014

1.656 1.648 1.669 1.709 1.948 1.882 1.924 1.859 1.848 1.872 1.850 1.857

1.689 1.674 1.693 1.731 1.998 1.902 1.936 1.884 1.869 1.905 1.875 1.878

245 38 96 20 21 32 13 9 552 124 681 178

Note

34 34

9

35

5/3/05 12:08:34 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-12 Bond Csp1–Si(4) Csp3–Te Car–Te Csp2=Te Cl–Cl Cl–I Cl–N Cl–O(1) Cl–P Cl–S

Cl–Se Cl–Si(4) Cl–Te

F–N(3) F–P(6) F–P(3) F–S

F–Si(6) F–Si(5) F–Si(4) F–Te H–N(4) H–N(3) H–O(2)

I–I I–N I–O I–P(3) I–S I–Te(4) N(4)–N(3) N(3)–N(3)

N(3)–N(2) N(2)  N(2)

Section 09 book.indb 12

Substructure C≡C–Si–X3 C#–Te Car–Te see CEDCUJ (2.044) see PHASCL (2.306, 2.227) see CMBIDZ (2.563), HXPASC (2.541, 2.513), METAMM (2.552), BQUINI (2.416, 2.718) see BECTAE (1.743–1.757), BOGPOC (1.705) in CIO–4 (N)2P–Cl (N  P aromatic) Cl–P (overall) Cl–S (overall) see also longer bonds in CILSAR (2.283), BIHXIZ (2.357), CANLUY (2.749)

d 1.837 2.158 2.116

m 1.840 2.159 2.115

σ 0.012 0.030 0.020

q1 1.824 2.128 2.104

qu 1.849 2.177 2.130

n 8 13 72

Note

1.414 1.997 2.008 2.072

1.419 1.994 2.001 2.079

0.026 0.015 0.035 0.023

1.403 1.989 1.986 2.047

1.431 2.004 2.028 2.091

252 46 111 6

2.072 2.020 2.520

2.075 2.012 2.515

0.009 0.015 0.034

2.066 2.007 2.493

2.078 2.036 2.537

5 5 22

1.406 1.579 1.495 1.640

1.404 1.587 1.497 1.646

0.016 0.025 0.016 0.011

1.395 1.563 1.481 1.626

1.416 1.598 1.510 1.649

9 72 10 6

1.527 1.694 1.636 1.588

1.528 1.701 1.639 1.587

0.004 0.013 0.035 0.014

1.524 1.677 1.602 1.581

1.530 1.703 1.657 1.599

24 6 10 24

37

1.033 1.009 0.967 0.967 1.015 2.917

1.036 1.010 0.969 0.970 1.017 2.918

0.022 0.019 0.010 0.010 0.017 0.011

1.026 0.997 0.959 0.959 1.001 2.907

1.045 1.023 0.974 0.974 1.031 2.927

87 95 63 73 16 6

21 21 21 21 21,38

2.144

2.144

0.028

2.127

2.164

6

see BIRGUE10, BIRHAL10, CTCNSE (2.234–2.851)

Cl–Si–X3 (monochloro) Cl2–Si–X2 and Cl3–Si–X Cl–Te in range 2.34–2.60 see also longer bonds in BARRIV, BOJPUL, CETUTE, EPHTEA, OPNTEC10 (2.73–2.94) F–N–C2 and F2–N–C in hexafluorophosphate, PF–6 (N)2P–F(N  P aromatic) 43 observations in range 1.409–1.770 in a wide variety of environments; F–S(6) in F2–SO2–C2 (see FPSULF10, BETJOZ) F–S(4) in F2–S(=O)–N (see BUDTEZ) in SiF62 – F–Si––X4 F–Si–X3 see CUCPlZ (F–Te(6) = 1.942, 1.937), FPHTEL(F– Te(4) = 2.006) X3–N+–H X3–N–H in alcohols C*–O–H C#–O–H in acids O=C–O–H in I–3 see BZPRIB, CMBIDZ, HMTITI, HMTNTI, IFORAM, IODMAM (2.042–2.475) X–I–O(see BZPRIB, CAJMAB, IBZDAC11) for IO–6 see BOVMEE (1.829–1.912) see CEHKAB (2.490–2.493) sec DTHIBR10 (2.687), ISUREA10 (2.629), BZTPPI (3.251) I–Te–X3 X3–N+–N0–X2 (N0 planar) (C)(C,H)–Na–Nb(C)(C,H) Na, Nb pyramidal Na pyramidal, Nb planar Na, Nb planar overall in pyrazole (N1–N2) in pyridaznium (Nl+N2) N  N (aromatic) in pyridazine with C,H as ortho substituents with N,Cl as ortho substituents

36

† 2.926 1.414

2.928 1.414

0.026 0.005

2.902 1.412

2.944 1.418

8 13

1.454 1.420 1.401 1.425 1.366 1.350

1.452 1.420 1.401 1.425 1.366 1.349

0.021 0.015 0.018 0.027 0.019 0.010

1.444 1.407 1.384 1.407 1.350 1.345

1.457 1.433 1.418 1.443 1.375 1.361

44 68 40 139 20 7

1.304 1.368

1.300 1.373

0.019 0.011

1.287 1.362

1.326 1.375

6 9

5,39 40 40 40

5/3/05 12:08:36 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond N(2)=N(2)

N(2)=N(1) N(3)–O(2)

N(3)–O(1) N(2)–O(2)

N(3)=O(1)

N(3)–P(4)

N(3)–P(3)

N(2)=P(4) N(2)=P(3) N(2)  P(3)

N(3)–S(4)

N(3)–S(2)

N(2)–S(2) N(2)  S(2) N(2)=S(2) N(3)–SE N(2)–Se N(2)=Se

Section 09 book.indb 13

Substructure C#–N=N–C# cis trans (overall) Car–N=N–Car X–N=N=N (azides) X–N=N=N (azides) (C,H)2–N–OH (Nsp2: planar) C2–N–O–C (Nsp3: pyramidal) (Nsp2: planar) in furoxan (N2–O1) (C)2N+–O– in pyridine N-oxides in furoxan (+N2–O6–) in oximes (C#)2–C=N–OH (H)(Csp2)–C=N–OH (C#)(Csp2)–C=N–OH (Csp2)2–C=N–OH (C,H)2–C=N–OH (overall) in furazan (O1–N2, O1–N5) in furoxan (O1–N5) in isoxazole (O1–N2) in nitrate ions NO3– in nitro groups C*–NO2 C#–NO2 Car–NO2 C–NO2 (overall) X2–P(=X)–NX2 Nsp2: planar Nsp3: pyramidal (overall) subsets of this group are: O2–P(=S)–NX2 C–P(=S)–(NX2)2 O–P(=S)–(NX2)2 P(=O)–(NX2)3 –NX–P(–X)–NX–P(–X)–(P2N2 ring) –NX–P(=S)–NX–P(=S)–(P2N2 ring) in P-substituted phosphazenes: (N)2P–N (amino) (aziridinyl) Ph3–P=N+=P–Ph3 Ph3–P=N–C,S N  P aromatic in phosphazenes in P  N  S C–SO2–NH2 C–SO2–NH–C# C–SO2–N–C(#)2 C–S–NX2 Nsp2: planar (for Nsp3 pyramidal see MODIAZ: 1.765) X–S–NX2 Nsp2: planar C=N–S–X N  S aromatic in P  N  S N=S in N=S=N and N=S=S see COJCUZ (1.830), DSEMOR10 (1.846, 1.852), MORTRS10 (1.841) see SEBZQI (1.805), NAPSEZ10 (1.809, 1.820) see CISMUM (1.790, 1.791)

9-13 d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

1.245 1.222 1.240 1.255 1.216 1.124 1.396

1.244 1.222 1.241 1.253 1.226 1.128 1.394

0.009 0.006 0.012 0.016 0.028 0.015 0.012

1.239 1.218 1.230 1.247 1.202 1.114 1.390

1.252 1.227 1.251 1.262 1.237 1.137 1.401

21 6 27 13 19 19 28

1.463 1.397 1.438 1.304 1.234

1.465 1.394 1.436 1.299 1.234

0.012 0.011 0.009 0.015 0.008

1.457 1.388 1.430 1.291 1.228

1.468 1.409 1.447 1.316 1.240

22 12 14 11 14

1.416 1.390 1.402 1.378 1.394 1.385 1.380 1.425 1.239

1.418 1.390 1.403 1.377 1.395 1.383 1.380 1.425 1.240

0.006 0.011 0.010 0.017 0.018 0.013 0.011 0.010 0.020

1.416 1.380 1.393 1.365 1.379 1.378 1.370 1.417 1.227

1.420 1.401 1.410 1.393 1.408 1.392 1.388 1.434 1.251

7 20 18 16 67 12 14 9 105

1.212 1.210 1.217 1.218

1.214 1.210 1.218 1.219

0.012 0.011 0.011 0.013

1.206 1.203 1.211 1.210

1.221 1.218 1.215 1.226

84 251 1116 1733

1.652 1.683 1.662

1.651 1.683 1.662

0.024 0.005 0.029

1.634 1.680 1.639

1.670 1.686 1.682

205 6 358

1.628 1.691 1.652 1.663 1.730 1.697

1.624 1.694 1.654 1.668 1.721 1.697

0.015 0.018 0.014 0.026 0.017 0.015

1.615 1.678 1.642 1.640 1.716 1.690

1.634 1.703 1.664 1.679 1.748 1.703

9 28 28 78 20 44

1.637 1.672 1.571 1.599

1.638 1.674 1.573 1.597

0.014 0.010 0.013 0.018

1.625 1.665 1.563 1.580

1.651 1.676 1.580 1.615

16 15 66 7

1.582 1.604 1.600 1.633 1.642 1.710

1.582 1.606 1.601 1.633 1.641 1.707

0.019 0.009 0.012 0.019 0.024 0.019

1.571 1.594 1.591 1.615 1.623 1.698

1.594 1.612 1.610 1.652 1.659 1.722

126 36 14 47 38 22

1.707 1.656 1.560 1.541

1.705 1.663 1.558 1.546

0.012 0.027 0.011 0.022

1.699 1.632 1.554 1.521

1.715 1.677 1.563 1.558

30 36 37 37

Note

35 35 35 23 23

5/3/05 12:08:38 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-14 Bond N(3)–Si(5) N(3)–Si(4)

N(2)–Si(4) N–Te O(2)–O(2)

O(2)–P(5)

O(2)–P(4)

O(2)–P(3) O(1)=P(4)

O(2)–S(4)

O(1)=S(4)

O(1)=S(3) O–Se O(2)–Si(5) O(2)–Si(4) O(2)–Si(4)

O(2)–Te(6) O(2)–Te(4) P(4)–P(4)

Section 09 book.indb 14

Substructure see DMESIP01, BOJLER, CASSAQ, CASYOK, CECXEN, CINTEY, CIPBUY, FMESIB, MNPSIL, PNPOSI (1.973–2.344) X3–Si–NX2 (overall) subsets of this group are: X3–Si–NHX X3–Si–NX–Si–X3 acyclic N–Si–N in 4-membered rings N–Si–N in 5-membered rings X3–Si–N––Si–X3 see ACLTEP (2.402), BIBLAZ (1.980), CESSAU (2.023) C*–O–O–C*,H τ(OO) = 70–85º τ(OO) ca. 180º overall O=C–O–O–C=O see ACBZPO01 (1.446), CEYLUN (1.452), CIMHIP (1.454) Si–O–O–Si X–P–(OX)4 trigonal bipyramidal: axial equatorial square pyramidal C–O–P( O)32 – (H–O)2–P( O)2– (C–O)2–P( O)2– (C#–O)3–P=O (Car–O)3–P=O X–O–P(=O)–(C,N)2 (X–O)2–P(=O)–(C,N) (N)2P–O–C (N  P aromatic) C–O–P( O)32– (delocalized) (H–O)2–P( O)2– (delocalized) (C–O)2–P( O)2– (delocalized) (C–O)3–P=O C3–P=O N3–P=O (C)2(N)–P=O (C,N)2(O)–P=O (C,N)(O)2–P=O C–O–SO2–C C–O–SO2–CH3 C–O–SO2–Car C–SO2–C X–SO2–NX2 C–SO2–N–(C,H)2 C–SO2–O–C in SO42– C–S(=O)–C see BAPPAJ, BIRGUE10, BIRHAL10, CXMSEO, DGLYSE, SPSEBU (1.597 for O=Se to 1.974 for O–Se) (X–O)3–Si–(N)(C) X3–Si–O–X (overall) subsets of this group are: X3–Si–O–C# X3–Si–O–Si–X3 X3–Si–O–O–Si–X3 (X–O)6–Te (X–O)2–Te–X2 X3–P–P–X3

d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

1.748

1.746

0.022

1.735

1.757

170

1.714 1.743 1.742 1.741 1.711

1.719 1.744 1.742 1.742 1.712

0.014 0.016 0.009 0.019 0.019

1.702 1.731 1.735 1.726 1.693

1.727 1.755 1.748 1.749 1.729

16 45 53 33 15

1.464 1.482 1.469

1.464 1.480 1.471

0.009 0.005 0.012

1.458 1.478 1.461

1.472 1.486 1.478

12 5 17

1.496

1.499

0.005

1.490

1.499

10

1.689 1.619 1.662 1.621 1.560 1.608 1.558 1.587 1.590 1.571 1.573 1.513 1.503 1.483 1.449 1.489 1.461 1.487 1.467 1.457 1.577 1.569 1.580 1.436 1.428 1.430 1.423 1.472 1.497

1.685 1.622 1.661 1.622 1.561 1.607 1.554 1.588 1.585 1.572 1.573 1.512 1.503 1.485 1.448 1.486 1.462 1.489 1.462 1.458 1.576 1.569 1.578 1.437 1.428 1.430 1.423 1.473 1.498

0.024 0.024 0.020 0.007 0.009 0.013 0.011 0.014 0.016 0.013 0.011 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.007 0.010 0.014 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.015 0.013 0.015 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.013

1.675 1.604 1.649 1.615 1.555 1.599 1.550 1.572 1.577 1.563 1.563 1.508 1.499 1.474 1.446 1.481 1.449 1.479 1.462 1.454 1.566 1.556 1.571 1.431 1.422 1.425 1.418 1.463 1.489

1.712 1.628 1.673 1.628 1.566 1.615 1.564 1.599 1.601 1.579 1.584 1.518 1.508 1.490 1.452 1.496 1.470 1.493 1.472 1.462 1.584 1.582 1.588 1.442 1.434 1.435 1.428 1.481 1.505

20 20 28 12 16 16 30 19 33 70 16 42 16 16 18 72 26 5 33 35 41 7 27 316 326 206 82 104 90

1.663 1.631

1.658 1.630

0.023 0.022

1.650 1.617

1.665 1.646

21 191

1.645 1.622 1.680 1.927 2.133 2.256

1.647 1.625 1.676 1.927 2.136 2.259

0.012 0.014 0.008 0.020 0.054 0.025

1.634 1.614 1.673 1.908 2.078 2.243

1.652 1.631 1.688 1.942 2.177 2.277

29 70 10 16 12 6

Note

41

42

5

5/3/05 12:08:40 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond P(4)–P(3) P(3)–P(3) P(4)=P(4) P(3)=P(3) P(4)=S(1)

P(4)=Se(1) P(3)–Si(4) P(4)=Te(1) S(2)–S(2)

S(2)–S(1) S–Se(4) S–Se(2) S(2)–Si(4) S(2)–Te Se(2)–Se(2) Se(2)–Te(2) Si(4)–Si(4) Te–Te

Substructure see CECHEX (2.197), COZPIQ (2.249) X2–P–P–X2 see BUTSUE (2.054) see BALXOB (2.034) C3–P=S (N,O)2(C)–P=S (N,O)3–P=S X3–P=Se X2–P–Si–X3: 3- and 4-rings excluded (see BOPFER, BOPFIV, CASTOF10, COZVIW: 2.201–2.317) see MOPHTE (2.356), TTEBPZ (2.327) C–S–S–C τ(SS) = 75–105º τ(SS) = 0–20º (overall) in polysulphide chain–S–S–S– X–N=S–S see BUWZUO (2.264, 2.269) X–Se–S (any) X3–Si–S–X X–S–Te (any) X=S–Te (any) X–Se–Se–X see BAWFUA, BAWGAH (2.524–2.561) X3–Si–Si–X3 3–membered rings excluded: see CIHRAM (2.511) see CAHJOK (2.751, 2.704)

Appendix 1. (Footnotes to Table) 1. Sample dominated by B–CH3. For longer bonds in B––CH3 see LITMEB10 [B(4)–CH3 = 1.621–1.644Å]. 2. p(π)–p(π) Bonding with Bsp2 and Nsp2 coplanar (τBN = 0 ± 15º) predominates. See G. Schmidt, R. Boese, and D. Bläser, Z. Naturforsch., 1982, 37b, 1230. 3. 84 observations range from 1.38 to 1.61 Å and individual values depend on substituents on B and O. For a discussion of borinic acid adducts see S. J. Rettig and J. Trotter, Can. J. Chem., 1982, 60, 2957. 4. See M. Kaftory in ‘The Chemistry of Functional Groups. Supplement D: The Chemistry of Halides, Pseudohalides, and Azides’, S. Patai and Z. Rappoport, Eds., Wiley: New York, 1983, Part 2, ch. 24. 5. Bonds which are endocyclic or exocyclic to any 3- or 4-membered rings have been omitted from all averages in this section. 6. The overall average given here is for Csp3–Csp3 bonds which carry only C or H substituents. The value cited reflects the relative abundance of each ‘substitution’ group. The ‘mean of means’ for the 9 subgroups is 1.538 (σ = 0.022) Å. 7. See F. H. Allen, (a) Acta Crystallogr., 1980, B36, 81; (b) 1981, B37, 890. 8. See F. H. Allen, Acta Crystallogr., 1984, B40, 64. 9. See F. H. Allen, Tetrahedron, 1982, 38, 2843. 10. See F. H. Allen, Tetrahedron, 1982, 38, 645. 11. Cyclopropanones and cyclobutanones excluded. 12. See W. B. Schweizer and J. D. Dunitz, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 1547. 13. See L. Norskov-Lauritsen, H.-B. Bürgi, P. Hoffmann, and H. R. Schmidt, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1985, 68, 76. 14. See P. Chakrabarti and J. D. Dunitz, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 1555. 15. See J. L. Hencher in ‘The Chemistry of the C≡C Triple Bond,’ S. Patai, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1978, ch. 2. 16. Conjugated: torsion angle about central C–C single bond is 0 ± 20º (cis) or 180 ± 20º (trans). 17. Unconjugated: torsion angle about central C–C single bond is 20– 160º.

Section 09 book.indb 15

9-15 d

m

σ

q1

qu

2.214

2.210

0.022

2.200

2.224

41

1.954 1.922 1.913 2.093 2.264

1.952 1.924 1.914 2.099 2.260

0.005 0.014 0.014 0.019 0.019

1.950 1.913 1.906 2.075 2.249

1.957 1.927 1.921 2.108 2.283

13 26 50 12 22

2.031 2.070 2.048 2.051 1.897

2.029 2.068 2.045 2.050 1.896

0.015 0.022 0.026 0.022 0.012

2.021 2.057 2.028 2.037 1.887

2.038 2.077 2.068 2.065 1.908

46 28 99 126 5

2.193 2.145 2.405 2.682 2.340

2.195 2.138 2.406 2.686 2.340

0.015 0.020 0.022 0.035 0.024

2.174 2.130 2.383 2.673 2.315

2.207 2.158 2.424 2.694 2.361

9 19 10 28 15

2.359

2.359

0.012

2.349

2.366

42

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

n

Note

†

Other conjugative substituents excluded. TCNQ is tetracyanoquinodimethane. No difference detected between C2  C3 and C3  C4 bonds. Derived from neutron diffraction results only. Nsp3: pyramidal; mean valence angle at N is in range 108–114º. Nsp2: planar; mean valence angle at N is ≥ 117.5º. Cyclic and acyclic peptides. See R. H. Blessing, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 2776. See L. Lebioda, Acta Crystallogr., 1980, B36, 271. n = 3 or 4, i.e. tri- or tetra-substituted ureas. Overall value also includes structures with mean valence angle at N in the range 115–118º. See F. H. Allen and A. J. Kirby, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 6197. See A. J. Kirby, ‘The Anomeric Effect and Related Stereoelectronic Effects at Oxygen,’ Springer, Berlin, 1983. See B. Fuchs, L. Schleifer, and E. Tartakovsky, Nouv. J. Chim., 1984, 8, 275. See S. C. Nyburg and C. H. Faerman, J. Mol. Struct., 1986, 140, 347. Sample dominated by P–CH3 and P–CH2–C. Sample dominated by C* = methyl. See A. Kalman, M. Czugler, and G. Argay, Acta Crystallogr., 1981, B37, 868. Bimodal distribution resolved into 22 ‘short’ bonds and 5 longer outliers. All 24 observations come from BUDTEZ. ‘Long’ O–H bonds in centrosymmetric O---H---O H–bonded dimers are excluded. N–N bond length also dependent on torsion angle about N–N bond and on nature of substituent C atoms; these effects are ignored here. N pyramidal has average angle at N in range 100–113.5º; N planar has average angle of ≥ 117.5º. See R. R. Holmes and J. A. Deiters, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1977, 99, 3318. No detectable variation in S=O bond length with type of C-substituent.

5/3/05 12:08:41 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-16

Appendix 2

Short-form references to individual CSD entries cited by reference code in the Table. A full list of CSD bibliographic entries is given in SUP 56701. ACBZPO01 ACLTEP ASAZOC BALXOB BAPPAJ BARRIV BAWFUA BAWGAH BECTAE BELNIP BEMLIO BEPZEB BETJOZ BETUTE10 BIBLAZ BICGEZ BIHXIZ BIRGUE10 BIRHAL10 BIZJAV BOGPOC BOGSUL BOJLER BOJPUL BOPFER BOPFIV BOVMEE BQUINI BTUPTE BUDTEZ BUPSIB10 BUSHAY BUTHAZ10 BUTSUE BUWZUO BZPRIB BZTPPI CAHJOK CAJMAB CANLUY CASSAQ CASTOF10 CASYOK CECHEX CECXEN CEDCUJ CEHKAB CELDOM CESSAU CETTAW CETUTE CEYLUN CIFZUM CIHRAM CILRUK CILSAR CIMHIP CINTEY CIPBUY CISMUM CISTED

Section 09 book.indb 16

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 6729. J. Organomet. Chem., 1980, 184, 417. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1979, 249, 120. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 4587. Inorg. Chem., 1981, 20, 3071. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1981, 35, 443. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1981, 10, 1345. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1981, 10, 1353. J. Org. Chem., 1981, 46, 5048, 1981. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 299. Chem. Ber., 1982, 115, 1126. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1982, 11, 175. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 1683. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1976, 30, 719. Zh. Strukt. Khim., 1981, 22, 118. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1982, 486, 90. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1982, 982. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1983, 38, 20. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1410. J. Organomet. Chem., 1982, 238, C1. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1402. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1230. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1982, 493, 53. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1982, 36, 829. Chem. Ber., 1983, 116, 146. Chem. Ber., 1983, 116, 146. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1982, 38, 1048. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1979, 35, 1930. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1975, 29, 738. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1983, 38, 454. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1981, 474, 31. Z. Naturforsch., Teil. B, 1983, 38, 692. Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 2582. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1983, 862. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1983, 37, 219. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1981, 36, 922. Inorg. Chem., 1978, 17, 894. Inorg. Chem., 1983, 22, 1809. Chem. Z, 1983, 107, 169. Tetrahedron Lett., 1983, 24, 4337. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 101. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 1879. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 107. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 508, 61. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 207. J. Org. Chem., 1983, 48, 5149. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 139. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 556. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 653. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 1089. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1975, 29, 763. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 1983, 2744. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1984, 38, 289. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1984, 23, 302. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 1023. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 1021. Acta Crystallogr., C, 1984, 40, 1458. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1984, 274, 615. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 281. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 485. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 511, 95.

CIWYIQ CIYFOF CMBIDZ CODDEE CODDII COFVOI COJCUZ COSDIX COZPIQ COZVIW CTCNSE CUCPIZ CUDLOC CUDLUI CUGBAH CXMSEO DGLYSE DMESIP01 DSEMOR10 DTHIBR10 EPHTEA ESEARS ETEARS FMESIB FPHTEL FPSULF10 HCLENE10 HMTITI HMTNTI HXPASC IBZDAC11 IFORAM IODMAM IPMUDS ISUREA10 LITMEB10 MESIAD METAMM MNPSIL MODIAZ MOPHTE MORTRS10 NAPSEZ10 NBBZAM OPIMAS OPNTEC10 PHASCL PHASOC01 PNPOSI SEBZQI SPSEBU TEACBR THINBR TMPBTI TPASSN TPASTB TPHOSI TTEBPZ ZCMXSP

Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 1946. Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 1790. J. Org. Chem., 1979, 44, 1447. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1257. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1257. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1027. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 2686. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1344. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 2063. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 515, 7. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 5430. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 7529. J. Cryst. Spectrosc., 1985, 15, 53. J. Cryst. Spectrosc., 1985, 15, 53. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1985, 41, 476. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1973, 29, 595. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1785. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 895. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 628. Inorg. Chem., 1971, 10, 697. Inorg. Chem., 1980, 19, 2487. J. Chem. Soc. C, 1971, 1511. J. Chem. Soc. C, 1971, 1511. J. Organomet. Chem., 1980, 197, 275. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 2306. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 1683. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1982, 38, 3139. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1505. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1974, 409, 237. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1975, 1381. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1979, 854. Monatsh. Chem., 1974, 105, 621. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1977, 33, 3209. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1973, 29, 2128. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1972, 28, 643. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 6401. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1980, 35, 789. Acta Crystallogr., 1964, 17, 1336. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1969, 91, 4134. J. Heterocycl. Chem., 1980, 17, 1217. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1980, 34, 333. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 628. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 5070. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1977, 32, 1416. Aust. J. Chem., 1977, 30, 2417. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1982, 251. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1981, 37, 1357. Aust. J. Chem., 1975, 28, 15. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1968, 90, 5102. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1977, 325. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1979, 33, 403. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1974, 3, 753. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92, 4002. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1116. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1977, 514. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1976, 5, 39. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1979, 34, 1064. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1979, 34, 256. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1977, 6, 93.

5/3/05 12:08:42 PM

BOND LENGTHS IN ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS This table summarizes the average values of interatomic distances of representative metal–ligand bonds. Sigma bonds between d- and f-block metals and the elements C, N, O, P, S, and As are included. The values are extracted from a much larger list in Reference 1. The tabulated values are the unweighted means of reported measurements on compounds in each category. If four or more measurements are available, the standard deviation is given in parentheses. All values are in Ångstrom units (10–10 m). The first part of the table covers metal-carbon bonds in different ligand categories, while the second part covers metal bonds to M Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Th

M-CH3 2.168 2.095(0.030) 2.074 2.014(0.023) 2.029

2.292(0.049) 2.336 2.254(0.065) 2.179(0.045) 2.092(0.027) 2.275(0.049) 2.217(0.035) 2.189(0.039) 2.173(0.051) 2.175 2.083(0.045) 2.066(0.045) 2.072(0.026) 2.567

other elements. R stands for any alkyl group; Me for a CH3 group; C6R5 indicates an aryl group; and C(=O)R an acyl group. Metals are listed in atomic number order.

Reference 1. Orpen, A. G., Brammer, L., Allen, F.H., Kennard, O., Watson, D. G., and Taylor, R., J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1989, S1-S83.

M-CH2R 2.167

M-CR=CR2 2.215(0.042)

2.176(0.024) 2.091(0.030) 2.039(0.032) 1.964

2.035(0.009) 2.007 1.991(0.039) 1.934(0.019) 1.892(0.017)

1.964 1.319 2.250(0.061) 2.036(0.010) 2.100 2.028 2.225(0.056) 2.175 2.290 2.221 2.062(0.031) 2.125

M-C6R5 2.148 2.114(0.012) 2.075(0.019) 2.064(0.021) 2.031(0.062) 1.974 1.917(0.038) 2.020

M-C(=O)R

2.044 1.997(0.033) 1.990 1.850(0.059)

2.257 2.204(0.049) 2.063 2.040(0.054) 2.000(0.024) 2.205 2.224 2.052 2.071(0.044) 2.024(0.037) 2.042

2.193(0.054) 2.092(0.057) 2.011(0.026) 1.981(0.032)

2.109 2.091 1.995(0.031) 1.982(0.029)

2.199(0.073) 2.027 2.090(0.032) 2.070(0.038) 2.049(0.046) 2.059(0.024) 2.086(0.040)

2.190(0.027) 2.161 2.019 1.991(0.025)

9-17

Section 09 book.indb 17

5/3/05 12:08:43 PM

Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds

9-18 M Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Yb Lu Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Th U

Section 09 book.indb 18

M-NH3

2.069(0.008)

1.965(0.021) 2.074(0.093) 1.987(0.017) 2.044

2.217 2.126(0.024) 2.114(0.018) 2.032

2.253 2.136 2.050(0.021)

M-OH2 2.066(0.052) 2.129(0.131) 1.997(0.070) 2.189(0.040) 2.085(0.066) 2.085(0.064) 2.079(0.038) 2.186(0.215) 2.090(0.061) 2.398(0.068) 2.248(0.137) 2.201(0.094) 2.074(0.051) 2.190(0.096) 2.200 2.350 2.318(0.065) 2.556(0.062) 2.565(0.063) 2.518(0.038) 2.533(0.058) 2.459(0.050) 2.441(0.055) 2.443(0.074) 2.455 2.409(0.074) 2.407(0.069) 2.404(0.083) 2.353(0.066) 2.404(0.116) 2.115(0.065) 2.199(0.091) 2.166

2.157 2.690(0.083) 2.483(0.032) 2.455(0.047)

M-PMe3 2.510(0.010) 2.389(0.069) 2.455(0.164) 2.246(0.042) 2.217(0.043) 2.204(0.031)

M-SR 2.369 2.378(0.007) 2.362 2.366(0.054) 2.271(0.028) 2.254(0.025) 2.187(0.007) 2.295

2.692 2.462(0.046) 2.307(0.050) 2.266(0.036) 2.287(0.018)

2.401(0.050)

M-AsR3 2.686 2.460(0.040) 2.400(0.013) 2.352(0.043) 2.323(0.021) 2.333(0.035) 2.367(0.016)

2.741(0.008) 2.582(0.036) 2.446(0.031) 2.416(0.039) 2.386(0.052)

2.444

2.589(0.044) 2.485(0.039) 2.369(0.065) 2.328(0.029) 2.323(0.028) 2.295(0.036)

2.575(0.006) 2.461 2.320(0.015) 2.293 2.402(0.065)

2.366(0.058)

5/3/05 12:08:44 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase This table gives information on the geometric structure of selected molecules in the gas phase, including the overall geometry, interatomic distances, and bond angles. The molecules have been chosen to provide data on a wide variety of chemical bonds and to illustrate the influence of molecular environment on bond distances and angles. The table is restricted to molecules with conventional covalent or ionic bonds, but it should be pointed out that structure data on many loosely bonded complexes of the van der Waals type have recently become available. The references below contain data on many molecules that are not included here and give additional information such as uncertainties and isotopic variations. The two techniques for gas phase structure determination are spectroscopy and electron diffraction. The following codes are used to indicate the method used for each set of data: ED – Gas phase electron diffraction MW – Microwave spectroscopy, including both measurements in bulk gases and molecular beams IR – Infrared spectroscopy R – Raman spectroscopy UV – Electronic spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and visible regions, including fluorescence measurements ESR – Electron spin resonance. In some cases data from two sources have been combined to derive the structure; these are labeled by “ED, MW,” for example. Because of the internal vibrations that are present in all molecules, even in their lowest energy state, the definition of interatomic distance is not a simple matter. The ideal measure is the equilibrium distance in the hypothetical non-vibrating state, designated by re. This is the value of the separation of the atoms at the minimum of the potential function that describes the forces between the two atoms. All other measures represent some form of average, generally complex, over the vibrational motions. Since the potential function is asymmetric and less steep at distances beyond the potential minimum, the average distance is normally greater than re. Distances determined by electron diffraction (ED) represent an average over all vibrational states that are populated at the temperature of the measurement; the most common measure is designated rg. Distances determined by spectroscopy (MW, IR, R, or UV) through measurements on the ground vibrational state of the molecule, designated by r0, describe some form of average, not easily defined, over the zeropoint vibrations. Another measure that is frequently used in microwave spectroscopy is the “substitution” distance rs, which is operationally defined through a series of measurements on different isotopic species. In simple cases, rs often lies between r0 and re and is therefore a closer approximation to re. Several other types of averages have been used; good discussions can be found in Volumes II/25 and II/28 of the Landolt-Börnstein series (Reference 1) and in References 4 and 5. Unless otherwise specified, distances and angles given in this table are r0 values if the method is spectroscopic and rg values if the method is electron diffraction. When given, equilibrium and substitution distances are designated by re and rs, respectively.



6679X_S09.indb 19

Many interatomic distances and angles calculated by ab initio techniques have been reported in the recent literature. However, it should be emphasized that all data in this table are obtained from direct experimental measurements. In a few cases, ab initio calculations of vibration-rotation interaction constants have been combined with the primary experimental measurements to derive re values in the table. The number of significant figures in the values is an indication of the precision of the measurement; thus a distance quoted to three decimal places is probably reliable to about 0.005 Å or better. However, discrepancies between re, r0, and rg values for the same bond are often the order of 0.01 Å because of vibrational averaging considerations, so care must be taken in comparing bond distances in different molecules. Some distances in simple molecules are given here to four or five decimal places, but little chemical significance can be attached to differences beyond the third decimal place. The table is presented in two parts: Part A covers molecules that do not contain carbon while Part B lists carbon-containing molecules. Because many of the entries in Part A are free radicals or other transient species whose systematic chemical names are unfamiliar, the listing in Part A is in order of chemical formula. Part B is ordered by name. In both parts the second column gives information on the overall configuration of the molecule, often indicated by the point group of the equilibrium geometry. Columns 3 through 8 give the values of the bond distances and angles, and the last column indicates the experimental method. Distances are given in Å units, where 1 Å = 10-10 m or 0.1 nm. Angles are given in degrees. The efforts of Kozo Kuchitsu in preparing an earlier version of this table and in giving advice on the new version are gratefully acknowledged.

References 1. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. The following volumes are in the series Structure Data of Free Polyatomic Molecules: II/7, 1976 II/15,1987 II/21, Supplement to II/7 and II/15, 1992 II/23, Supplement to II/7, II/15, and II/21, 1995 II/25A, Inorganic Molecules, 1998 II/25B, Molecules Containing One or Two Carbon Atoms, 1999 II/25C, Molecules Containing Three or Four Carbon Atoms, 2000 II/25D, Molecules Containing Five or More Carbon Atoms, 2003 II/28A, Inorganic Molecules, 2006 II/28B, Molecules Containing One or Two Carbon Atoms, 2006 II/28C, Molecules Containing Three or Four Carbon Atoms, 2007 II/28D, Molecules Containing Five or More Carbon Atoms, 2007. 2. Harmony, M. D., Laurie, V. W., Kuczkowski, R. L., Schwendeman, R. H., Ramsay, D. A., Lovas, F. J., Lafferty, W. J., and Maki, A. G., “Molecular Structure of Gas-Phase Polyatomic Molecules Determined by Spectroscopic Methods”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 619, 1979. 3. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, London, 1979. 4. Hargittai, M., “Molecular Structure of Metal Halides,” Chem. Rev. 100, 2233-2301, 2000. 5. Harmony, M. D., and Berry, R. J., Struct. Chem. 1, 49, 1989.

9-19

4/11/08 3:45:20 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-20

Part 1 Molecules Not Containing Carbon Formula AgBr AgCl

Structure

AgF AgH AgI AgLi AgO AgOH

bent

AlBr AlBr3

D3h

AlCa

AlCl AlCl3

Method MW MW

2.3931 2.2808

Ag—F (re) Ag—H (re) Ag—I (re)

1.9832 1.617 2.5446

MW UV MW

Ag—Li

2.41

UV

Ag—O (re)

2.0030

∠HOAg

UV

Ag—O

2.016

Al—Br (re) Al—Br

2.295 2.221

UV ED

Al—Ca

3.148

UV

Al—Cl (re)

2.1301

MW

O—H

0.952

108.3 (ass.)

MW

Al—Cl

2.063

ED

Al—Co

2.283

UV

AlCu

Al—Cu

2.339

UV

AlF

Al—F (re)

1.6544

MW

AlCo

AlF3 AlH

D3h

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees

Ag—Br (re) Ag—Cl (re)

D3h

AlI AlI3

AlK

Al—F

1.633

ED

Al—H (re)

1.6482

UV

2.5371

MW

Al—I

2.461

ED

Al—K

3.88

UV

Al—I (re)

D3h

AlMn

Al—Mn

2.638

UV

AlNi

Al—Ni

2.321

UV

AlO

Al—O (re)

1.6176

UV

2.029

UV

Al—V

2.620

UV

Al—Zn

2.696

UV

Al—Al (re)

2.701

Al—Bra ∠BrbAlBrb

2.234 91.6

Al—Brb ∠BraAlBra

2.433 122

ED

Al—Cla ∠ClbAlClb As—Br As—Cl As—F As—Fa

2.061 90.0 2.324 2.165 1.710 1.711

Al—Clb ∠ClaAlCla ∠BrAsBr ∠ClAsCl ∠FAsF As—Fb

2.250 122 99.6 98.6 95.9 1.656

ED

As—H (re) As—H (re) As—I As—N (re) As—O (re) As—P (re) As—As (re) Au—H (re) Au—Au (re) B—Br (re) B—Br B—Cl (re) B—Cl (rs)

1.5232 1.511 2.557 1.6184 1.6236 1.99954 2.1026 1.5237 2.4719 1.888 1.893 1.7153 1.728

∠HAsH (θe) ∠IAsI

92.1 100.2

B—F

1.315

AlS

Al—S (re)

AlV AlZn Al2

Al2Br6

Bra

Al

Al Brb

Bra

Al2Cl6 AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsF5

D2h

See Al2Br6 D2h C3v C3v C3v

Fb

Fa

6679X_S09.indb 20

D3h C3v C3v

D3h C2v

Fb

UV

Bra

ED ED, MW ED, MW ED

As Fa

AsH AsH3 AsI3 AsN AsO AsP As2 AuH Au2 BBr BBr3 BCl BClF2

Bra

Brb

Fb

∠FBF

118.1

UV MW, IR ED UV UV MW UV UV UV UV ED UV MW

4/11/08 3:45:22 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula BCl3 BF BF2H BF2OH BF3 BH BH2NH2

Structure D3h FaFbBOH planar Fa cis to OH D3h planar

BH3 BH3PH3

planar staggered form

BI3 BN BO BO2 BS B2 B2H6

D3h linear

Ha

Hb B

Ha B3H3O3 B3H6N3 BaBr BaBr2 BaCl BaF BaH BaI BaI2 BaO BaOH BaS BeCl2 BeF BeF2 BeH BeH2 BeO BeS BiBr BiBr3 BiCl BiCl3 BiF BiF3 BiH BiI BiI3 BiO BiP Bi2 BrCl BrF BrF3

Hb

C2

linear linear linear linear

C3v C3v C3v C3v

Fa

Br Fb

Ha B

Fa

9-21

B—Cl B—F (re) B—H B—Fa (re) ∠FBF (θe) O—H (re) B—F B—H (re) B—N ∠HBH B—H B—P ∠PBH ∠HPH B—I B—N (re) B—O (re) B—O B—S B—B (re) B—Ha ∠HaBHa

1.742 1.2626 1.189 1.3229 118.36 0.9574 1.313 1.2325 1.391 122.2 1.1900 1.937 103.6 101.3 2.118 1.281 1.2045 1.265 1.6091 1.590 1.19 122

B—O B—N ∠BNB Ba—Br (re) Ba—Br Ba—Cl (re) Ba—F (re) Ba—H (re) Ba—I (re) Ba—I Ba—O (re) Ba—O Ba—S (re) Be—Cl (re) Be—F (re) Be—F (re) Be—H (re) Be—H(re)

1.376 1.435 121 2.8445 2.912 2.6828 2.163 2.2318 3.0848 3.150 1.9397 2.200 2.5074 1.791 1.3609 1.3730 1.3431 1.3264

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees

B—F B—Fb (re) ∠FaBO (θe)

1.311 1.3129 122.25

∠FBF B—O (re) ∠BOH (θe)

118.3 1.3448 113.14

B—H ∠HNH

1.195 114.2

N—H

1.004

B—H ∠BPH

1.212 116.9

P—H ∠HBH

1.399 114.6

Method ED UV MW MW

ED, IR UV MW IR MW

B—Hb ∠HbBHb

1.33 97

B···B

1.77

ED UV EPR UV UV UV IR, ED

∠BOB B—H ∠NBN

120 1.26 118

∠OBO N—H

120 1.05

ED ED

∠BrBaBr

137.0

∠IBaI

137.6

O—H

0.927

Ha

Be—O (re) Be—S (re) Bi—Br (re) Bi—Br Bi—Cl (re) Bi—Cl Bi—F (re) Bi—F Bi—H (re) Bi—I (re) Bi—I Bi—O (re) Bi—P (re) Bi—Bi (re) Br—Cl (re) Br—F (re) Br—Fa Br—Fb

1.3308 1.7415 2.6095 2.577 2.4716 2.424 2.0516 1.987 1.805 2.8005 2.807 1.934 2.29345 2.6596 2.1361 1.7590 1.810 1.721

∠BrBiBr

98.6

∠ClBiCl

97.5

∠FBiF

96.1

∠IBiI

99.5

∠FaxBrFeq

85.1

UV ED UV UV UV UV ED MW UV MBE ED,IR UV IR UV IR

∠FaBrFb

86.2

UV UV MW ED MW ED MW ED UV MW ED UV IR UV MW MW MW

C2v

6679X_S09.indb 21

4/11/08 3:45:24 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-22 Formula BrF5

Structure C4v

BrN3

BrNaNbNc planar

BrO BrO2 Br2 CaBr2 CaCl CaCl2 CaF CaH CaI CaI2 CaO CaOH CaS CdH CdH2 CdBr2 CdCl2 CdI2 CeF4 CeI3 ClBS ClF ClF3

C2v linear linear

linear linear

linear linear linear linear Td quasiplanar linear Fa

Cl Fa

Na—Nb ∠NNN Br—O (re) Br—O (re) Br—Br (re) Ca—Br Ca—Cl (re) Ca—Cl Ca—F (re) Ca—H (re) Ca—I (re) Ca—I Ca—O (re) Ca—O Ca—S (re) Cd—H (re) Cd—H Cd—Br Cd—Cl Cd—I Ce—F Ce—I B—Cl Cl—F (re) Cl—Fa

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 0.069 ∠FaxBrFeq (Br—Feq) – (Br—Fax) 1.113 (ass.) Nb—Nc 1.247 Na—Br 109.7 170.7 ∠BrNN 1.7172 1.644 ∠OBrO (θe) 114.3 2.2811 2.62 2.43676 2.483 1.967 2.002 2.8286 2.840 1.8221 O—H 0.921 1.985 2.3178 1.781 1.6792 2.394 2.284 2.582 2.036 2.948 B—S 1.606 1.681 1.6283 1.698 Cl—Fb 1.598 ∠FaClFb

Na—Nb ∠NNN Cl—O (re) Cl—O Cl—Cl (re) Cl—O Co—Br Co—Cl Co—F Co—F Co—H (re) Cr—F Cr—F Cr—F Cr—H (re) Cr—O (re) Cs—Br (re) Cs—Cl (re) Cs—F (re) Cs—H (re) Cs—I (re) Cs—O (re) Cs—O (re)

1.253 171.0 1.5696 1.470 1.9878 1.6959 2.241 2.113 1.754 1.732 1.542 1.795 1.732 1.706 1.656 1.615 3.0723 2.9063 2.3454 2.4938 3.3152 2.3007 2.395

Cs—Cs (re) Cu—Br (re) Cu—Cl (re) Cu—F (re) Cu—F Cu—H (re) Cu—I (re) Cu—Li Cu—O (re)

4.47 2.1734 2.0512 1.7449 1.713 1.4626 2.3383 2.26 1.7244

Br—F (av.)

1.753

85.1

Method ED, MW

1.899

ED

87.5

MW MW R ED UV ED UV UV UV ED UV UV UV EPR IR ED ED ED ED ED MW MW MW

1.746

MW

Fb

ClN3 ClO ClO2 Cl2 Cl2O CoBr2 CoCl2 CoF2 CoF3 CoH CrF2 CrF3 CrF4 CrH CrO CsBr CsCl CsF CsH CsI CsO CsOH Cs2 CuBr CuCl CuF CuF2 CuH CuI CuLi CuO

6679X_S09.indb 22

ClNaNbNc planar C2v C2v linear linear linear D3h linear D3h Td

linear; large amplitude bending mode

linear

Nb—Nc ∠ClNN

1.113 108.7

∠OClO

117.38

∠ClOCl

110.89

[Co—F (re)]

1.738

O—H (re)

0.97

Na—Cl

MW, UV MW UV MW ED ED ED ED UV ED ED ED UV UV MW MW MW UV MW MW MW UV MW MW MW ED UV MW UV UV

4/11/08 3:45:25 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula CuOH CuS Cu2 DyBr3 DyCl3 FN3 F2 FeBr2 FeCl2 FeF2 FeF3 FeH FeO FeS GaBr GaBr3 GaCl GaCl3 GaF GaF3 GaH GaI GaI3 GaO Ga2Br6 Ga2Cl6 GdBr3 GdCl3 GdF3 GdI3 GeBrH3 GeBr2 GeBr4 GeClH3 GeCl2 GeCl4 GeFH3 GeF2 GeH GeHI GeH4 GeI2 GeI4 GeO GeS GeSe GeTe Ge2H6 HBr HCl HClO HClO4

Structure bent

quasiplanar quasiplanar FNaNbNc planar linear linear linear D3h

D3h D3h D3h D3h See Al2Br6 D2h See Al2Br6 D2h C3v C3v C3v C3v C3v Td C3v Td C3v

Td Td

ClOH (bent) H Ob

Cu—O (rs) Cu—S Cu—Cu (re) Dy—Br Dy—Cl Na—Nb ∠NNN F—F (re) Fe—Br Fe—Cl Fe—F Fe—F Fe—H Fe—O Fe—S Ga—Br (re) Ga—Br Ga—Cl (re) Ga—Cl Ga—F (re) Ga—F Ga—H (re) Ga—I (re) Ga—I Ga—O Ga—Bra ∠BraGaBra Ga—Cla ∠ClaGaCla Gd—Br Gd—Cl Gd—F Gd—I Ge—H Ge—Br (re) Ge—Br Ge—H Ge—Cl (re) Ge—Cl Ge—H Ge—F (re) Ge—H (re) Ge—I Ge—H Ge—I Ge—I Ge—O (re) Ge—S (re) Ge—Se (re) Ge—Te (re) Ge—Ge ∠HGeH H—Br (re) H—Cl (re) Cl—O Cl—Oa ∠OaClOa

9-23 1.769 2.051 2.2197 2.609 2.461 1.253 170.3 1.4119 2.294 2.132 1.769 1.763 1.620 1.444 2.017 2.3525 2.249 2.2017 2.110 1.7744 1.725 1.663 2.5747 2.458 1.744 2.250 92.7 2.116 90 2.641 2.488 2.053 2.840 1.526 2.359 2.272 1.537 2.186 2.113 1.522 1.7321 1.5880 2.525 1.5251 2.540 2.515 1.6246 2.0121 2.1346 2.3402 2.403 106.4 1.4145 1.2746 1.690 1.407 114.3

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees O—H 0.952 ∠HOCu

Nb—Nc ∠FNN

1.132 103.8

[Fe—F (re)]

1.755

Ga—Brb ∠BrbGaBrb Ga—Clb ∠ClbGaClb

2.453 123 2.305 124.5

∠IGdI Ge—Br ∠BrGeBr

108 2.299 101.0

Ge—Cl ∠ClGeCl

Na—F

110.24 (θs)

1.439

R ED UV,ED ED ED IR UV MW MW ED MW ED MW ED UV MW ED UV ED ED

∠HGeH

106.2

2.150 100.3

∠HGeH

111.0

Ge—F ∠FGeF (θe)

1.732 97.15

∠HGeH

113.0

Ge—H

1.593

∠HGeI

93.5

∠IGeI

102.1

Ge—H ∠GeGeH

1.541 112.5

O—H Cl—Ob ∠OaClOb

0.975 1.639 104.1

Method MW UV UV ED ED MW

∠HOCl

102.5

ED ED ED ED MW, IR ED ED IR, MW ED ED MW, IR MW UV UV IR, R ED ED MW MW MW MW ED MW MW MW, IR ED

Cl Oa O Oa a

6679X_S09.indb 23

4/11/08 3:45:27 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-24 Formula HF HFO HI HIO HNO HNO2

Structure FOH (bent) IOH (bent) bent

HNO3

HNSO HN3 HPO H2 H2O H2O2 H2S H2SO4

planar planar HNaNbNc planar

C2v C2 C2v Hb

Ob Oa H a S

Od H2S2 HfBr4 HfCl4 HfF HfF4 HfI4 HgBr2 HgCl2 HgH HgI2 HoCl3 HoF3 HoO IBr ICl IF IF5 IO I2 InBr InCl InCl3 InF InH

6679X_S09.indb 24

C2 C2 Td Td Td Td linear linear linear

C4v

Oc

H—F (re) F—O H—I (re) I—O N—O s-trans conformer Ob—H N—Ob N—Oa ∠OaNOb ∠NObH N—Oa Oc—H ∠OcNOa

0.9169 1.442 1.6090 1.9941 1.212

N—S ∠NSO Na—Nb ∠NNN P—O H—H (re) O—H (re) O—O H—S (re) O—H ∠OaSOb ∠OaSOd dihedral angle between the HaOaS and OaSOb planes

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees

Method MW MW MW MW UV MW

O—H

0.96

∠HOF

97.2

O—H N—H s-cis conformer Ob—H N—Ob N—Oa ∠OaNOb ∠NObH N—Ob ∠OcNOb

0.967 1.063

∠HOI ∠HNO

103.9 108.6

0.98 1.39 1.19 114 104 1.21 115.9

N—Oc ∠HOcN

1.41 102.2

MW

1.512 120.4 1.245 171.8 1.4843 0.74144 0.9575 1.475 1.3356 0.97 101.3 106.4 90.9

S—O ∠HNS Nb—Nc ∠HNN P—H

1.451 115.8 1.134 109.2 1.473

N—H

1.029

MW

Na—H

1.015

MW

∠HPO

104.57

∠HOH (θe) ∠OOH ∠HSH (θe) S—Oa ∠OcSOd ∠HaOaS dihedral angle between the HaSOb and OcSOd planes

104.51 94.8 92.12 1.574 123.3 108.5 88.4

MW UV MW, IR IR MW, IR MW

S—S dihedral angle Hf—Br Hf—Cl Hf—F Hf—F Hf—I Hg—Br Hg—Cl Hg—H (re) Hg—I Ho—Cl Ho—F Ho—O I—Br (re) I—Cl (re) I—F (re) I—F (av.)

2.055 90.6 2.450 2.316 1.8596 1.909 2.662 2.384 2.252 1.7404 2.568 2.462 2.007 1.797 2.4691 2.3210 1.9098 1.860

S—H

1.327

I—O (re) I—I (re) In—Br (re) In—Cl (re) In—Cl In—F (re) In—H (re)

1.8676 2.6663 2.5432 2.4012 2.291 1.9854 1.8376

0.958 1.432 1.170 110.7 102.1 1.20 0.96 113.9

(I—Feq) – (I—Fax)

0.03

dihedral angle 119.8 S—Oc 1.422 ∠OaSOc 108.6 dihedral angle 20.8 between the HaOaS and OaSOc planes ∠SSH

∠FaxIFeq

91.3

ED, MW

82.1

ED ED UV ED ED ED ED UV ED ED ED UV MW MW UV ED, MW MW R MW MW ED MW UV

4/11/08 3:45:29 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula InI IrF6 KBH4 KBr KCl KF KH KI KOH K2 KrF2 LaBr LaBr3 LaCl LaCl3 LaF LaI LaO LiBH4 LiBr LiCl LiF LiH LiI LiO LiOH Li2 Li2Cl2

Structure Oh Ha(BH3)K (C3v)

linear; large amplitude bending mode linear C3v C3v

Ha(BH3)Li (C3v)

linear

Li Cl

9-25 Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees

In—I (re) Ir—F B—H (BH3) K—Br (re) K—Cl (re) K—F (re) K—H (re) K—I (re) K—O

2.7537 1.831 1.272 2.8208 2.6667 2.1716 2.244 3.0478 2.212

K—K (re) Kr—F La—Br (re) La—Br La—Cl (re) La—Cl La—F (re) La—I (re) La—O (re) B—H (H3) Li—Br (re) Li—Cl (re) Li—F (re) Li—H (re) Li—I (re) Li—O (re) Li—O (re) Li—Li (re) Li—Cl

3.9051 1.89 2.65208 2.742 2.49804 2.589 2.02338 2.87885 1.82591 1.257 2.1704 2.0207 1.5639 1.5949 2.3919 1.68822 1.5776 2.6729 2.23

Li—O Lu—Br Lu—Cl Lu—I Mg—Br (re) Mg—Cl (re) Mg—Cl Mg—F (re) Mg—F Mg—H (re) Mg—O (re) Mg—O Mg—Mg (re) Mn—Br Mn—Cl Mn—F Mn—H (re) Mn—I Mo—Cl ∠ClMoCl Mo—F Mo—F N—Br (re) N—Cl (re) N—H ∠HNCl N—Cl

1.606 2.557 2.417 2.768 2.34742 2.1964 2.179 1.7500 1.771 1.7297 1.749 1.770 3.891 2.344 2.202 1.811 1.7308 2.538 2.279 87.2 1.851 1.821 1.79 1.6107 1.017 103.7 1.759

B—Ha

1.233

O—H

0.91

B—Ha

1.218

O—H (re)

0.949

Cl—Cl

3.61

K—B

2.656

Li—B

1.939

∠ClLiCl

108

Method MW ED MW MW MW MW UV MW MW UV ED MW ED MW ED MW MW UV MW MW MW MW MW MW UV MW UV ED

Cl Li

Li2O LuBr3 LuCl3 LuI3 MgBr MgCl MgCl2 MgF MgF2 MgH MgO MgOH Mg2 MnBr2 MnCl2 MnF2 MnH MnI2 MoCl4O MoF4 MoF6 NBr NCl NClH2 NCl3

6679X_S09.indb 25

linear C3v C3v C3v linear linear

linear linear linear linear linear C4v Oh

∠ClLuCl

112

O—H

0.912

[Mn—F (re)]

1.797

Mo—O

1.658

N—Cl ∠HNH ∠ClNCl

1.748 107 107.1

UV ED ED ED MW UV ED UV ED UV UV UV UV ED ED ED UV ED ED ED ED UV UV MW, IR ED

4/11/08 3:45:31 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-26 Formula NF NF2 NH2 NH2NO2

Structure

NH3 NH4Cl NH NH2OH

C3v H3N····HCl (C3v)

NO NOCl NOF NO2 NO2Cl NO2F NS N2 N2H4

N2O N2O3

bisector of HNH angle is trans to OH bond

C2v C2v Ha atom is closer to the C2 axis, Hb is farther from the C2 axis

Oa

Ob Na Nb Oc

N2O4

O

O N O

NaBH4 NaBr NaCl NaF NaH NaI NaO Na2 NbCl4 NbCl5 NbO NdI3 NiBr NiBr2 NiCl2 NiF2 NiH NiI NpF6 OF OF2 OH O(SiH3)2 O2

6679X_S09.indb 26

C3v linear linear linear

Oh C2v

1.3170 1.3528 1.024 1.427 128.2

∠HNO N—O (re) N—O N—O N—O N—O N—O N—S (re) N—N (re) N—N ∠HNH dihedral angle of internal rotation N—N (re) Na—Nb Nb—Ob ∠OaNaNb

103.3 1.1506 1.14 1.136 1.193 1.202 1.1798 1.4940 1.0977 1.449 106.6 (ass.) 91

Method UV MW UV MW

∠FNF ∠HNH N—H ∠HNH

103.18 103.3 1.005 115.2

∠HNH (θe)

106.7

N—H

1.02

O—H

0.962

∠HNH

107

∠NOH

101.4

N—Cl N—F ∠ONO N—Cl N—F

1.975 1.512 134.1 1.840 1.467

∠ONCl ∠FNO

113 110.1

∠ONO ∠ONO

130.6 136

N—H ∠NNHa

1.021 112

∠NNHb

106

1.1284 1.864 1.202 105.05

N—O (re) Na—Oa Nb—Oc ∠NaNbOb

1.1841 1.142 1.217 112.72

∠NaNbOc

117.47

N—N

1.782

N—O

1.190

∠ONO

135.4

ED

B—H (BH3) Na—Br (re) Na—Cl (re) Na—F (re) Na—H (re) Na—I (re) Na—O (re) Na—Na (re) Nb—Cl Nb—Clax Nb—O (re) Nd—I Ni—Br Ni—Br Ni—Cl Ni—F Ni—H (re) Ni—I Np—F O—F (re) O—F (re) O—H (re) Si—H O—O (re)

1.278 2.5020 2.3609 1.9260 1.8873 2.7115 2.05155 3.0789 2.279 2.307 1.691 2.879 2.1963 2.201 2.076 1.729 1.476 2.348 1.982 1.3579 1.4053 0.96966 1.486 1.2074

B—Ha

1.238

Na—B

2.308

Nb—Cleq

2.276

[Ni—F (re)]

1.715

∠FOF (θe)

103.07

Si—O

1.634

∠SiOSi

144.1

MW MW MW MW UV MW UV UV ED ED UV ED UV ED ED ED UV UV ED LMR MW UV ED MW

1.012 3.136 1.0362 1.453

∠ONO

130.1

IR MW LMR MW IR MW MW MW MW MW IR UV ED, MW

MW, IR MW

N O

D2h Ha(BH3)Na (C3v)

Td D3h

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees

N—F (re) N—F N—H N—N dihedral angle between NH2 and NNO2 planes N—H (re) N—Cl N—H (re) N—O

4/11/08 3:45:33 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula O2F2

Structure C2

O3 OsF6 OsO4 PBr3 PCl PCl3 PCl5

C2v Oh Td C3v C3v

Cla

Clb

9-27 1.217 87.5

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees F—O 1.575 ∠OOF

O—O dihedral angle of internal rotation O—O (re) Os—F Os—O P—Br P—Cl (re) P—Cl P—Cla

1.2716 1.832 1.712 2.220 2.01461 2.039 2.124

P—F (re) P—F P—Feq P—H (re) P—H P—H N—P (re) O—P (re) P—O P—O P—P (re) P—F ∠PPF P—P P—O Pb—Br (re) Pb—Cl (re) Pb—Cl Pb—F (re) Pb—F (re) Pb—H (re) Pb—I (re) Pb—O (re) Pb—S (re) Pb—Se (re) Pb—Te (re) Pr—Cl Pr—F Pr—I Pt—C (re) Pt—H (re) Pt—N (re) Pt—O (re) Pt—S (re) Pt—Si (re) Pu—F Rb—Br (re) Rb—Cl (re) Rb—F (re) Rb—H (re) Rb—I (re) Rb—O (re) Rb—O

1.5896 1.570 1.534 1.4223 1.418 1.4200 1.49087 1.4759 1.449 1.436 1.8931 1.587 95.4 2.21 1.638 2.598 2.444 2.369 2.0575 2.041 1.839 2.807 1.9218 2.2869 2.4022 2.5950 2.554 2.091 2.901 1.6767 1.52852 1.682 1.7273 2.03983 2.0612 1.972 2.9447 2.7869 2.2703 2.367 3.1768 2.25420 2.301

Re—O

1.702

109.5

∠OOO (θe)

117.47

∠BrPBr

101.0

∠ClPCl P—Clb

100.27 2.020

∠FPF P—Fax

97.8 1.577

∠HPH ∠HPH

91.70 93.345

P—Cl P—F

1.993 1.524

∠ClPCl ∠FPF

103.3 101.3

P—P

2.281

∠FPF

99.1

∠POP

126.4

∠IPrI

113

O—H

0.957

Re—Cl

2.229

Method MW

MW ED ED ED UV ED ED

Clb P Cla

PF PF3 PF5 PH PH2 PH3 PN PO POCl3 POF3 P2 P2F4 P4 P4O6 PbBr2 PbCl2 PbCl4 PbF PbF2 PbH PbI2 PbO PbS PbSe PbTe PrCl3 PrF3 PrI3 PtC PtH PtN PtO PtS PtSi PuF6 RbBr RbCl RbF RbH RbI RbO RbOH ReClO3

6679X_S09.indb 27

Clb

D3h C3v D3h c3v C3v C3v trans conformer Td Td bent bent Td bent bent

C3v C3v C3v

Oh

linear; large amplitude bending mode C3v

UV ED, MW ED LMR UV MW MW UV ED ED, MW UV P2F4 ED ED ED ED ED UV ED UV ED MW MW MW MW ED ED ED UV UV MW UV MW MW ED MW MW MW UV MW UV MW

∠ClReO

109.4

MW

4/11/08 3:45:34 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-28 Formula ReClO4 ReCl5 ReF6 ReF7 RhB RhC RhS RuO4 SCl2 SF SF2 SF6 SH SO SOCl2

Structure C4v D3h Oh pseudorotation

Td C2v Oh

SOF2 SOF4

Fb

Fb

Fa

S

Fa

O

SO2 SO2Cl2

C2v C2v

SO2F2

C2v

SO3 S(SiH3)2 S2 S2Br2

D3h C2

S2Cl2

C2

S2O2 S8

planar cis form S S S S S

Re—O Re—Cleq Re—F Re—F Rh—B Rh—C Rh—S Ru—O S—Cl S—F (re) S—F S—F S—H (re) S—O (re) S—O ∠ClSCl S—O ∠FSF S—O ∠OSFa ∠FaSFb

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.663 Re—Cl 2.270 ∠ClReO 2.238 Re—Clax 2.263 1.832 1.835 1.691 1.614 2.059 1.706 2.006 ∠ClSCl 103.0 1.6006 1.5921 ∠FSF 98.20 1.561 1.34066 1.4811 1.44 S—Cl 2.072 108.0 97.2 ∠OSCl 1.420 S—F 1.583 106.2 92.2 ∠OSF 1.403 S—Fa 1.575 S—Fb 90.7 ∠OSFb 124.9 89.6 ∠FbSFb 110.2

S—O (re) S—Cl ∠ClSCl S—F ∠FSF S—O Si—S S—S (re) S—Br

1.4308 2.011 100.0 1.530 97 1.4198 2.136 1.8892 2.24

dihedral angle of internal rotation S—Cl dihedral angle of internal rotation S—S S—S

83.5

Sb—Br Sb—Cl Sb—Cleq Sb—F (re) Sb—F Sb—H Sb—H Sb—I Sb—O (re) Sb—P (re) Sc—Cl Sc—F (re) Sc—F Se—F Se—F Se—H (re) Se—O (re)

105.5

Method ED ED ED ED UV UV UV ED ED MW MW ED UV MW MW ED

1.552

ED

∠OSO (θe) S—O ∠OSO S—O ∠OSO

119.329 1.404 123.5 1.397 123

Si—H

1.494

∠SiSSi

97.4

S—S

1.98

∠SSBr

105

IR ED R ED

2.057 84.1

S—S

1.931

∠SSCl

108.2

ED

2.025 2.07

S—O ∠SSS

1.458 105

∠OSS

112.8 (D4d)

MW ED

2.490 2.334 2.277 1.918 1.880 1.723 1.704 2.721 1.826 2.20544 2.291 1.788 1.847 1.742 1.69 1.48 1.6393

∠BrSbBr ∠ClSbCl Sb—Clax

98.2 97.1 2.338

∠FSbF

94.9

∠HSbH ∠ISbI

91.6 99.0

MW ED ED

S S

SbBr3 SbCl3 SbCl5 SbF SbF3 SbH SbH3 SbI3 SbO SbP ScCl3 ScF ScF3 SeF SeF6 SeH SeO

6679X_S09.indb 28

C3v C3v D3h C3v C3v C3v D3h D3h Oh

S

ED ED ED UV ED UV MW ED UV MW ED UV ED MW ED UV MW

4/11/08 3:45:36 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula SeOF2 SeO2 SeO3 Se2 Se6 SiBrF3 SiBrH3 SiCl SiClH3 SiCl4 SiF SiFH3 SiF2 SiF3H SiF4 SiH SiH3I SiH4 SiN SiO SiS SiSe Si2 Si2Cl6 Si2F6 Si2H6 SnBr2 SnCl SnCl2 SnCl4 SnF SnH SnH4 SnI2 SnO SnS SnSe SnTe SrBr SrBr2 SrCl2 SrF SrH SrI SrI2 SrO SrOH SrS TaBr5 TaCl5 TaO TbCl3 TeF6 TeH TeO Te2 ThCl4

6679X_S09.indb 29

Structure

D3h six-membered ring with chair conformation C3v C3v C3v T4 C3v C3v Td C3v Td

Td Td

quasilinear

linear

D3h D3h C3v Oh

Td

9-29

Se—O ∠OSeF Se—O (re) Se—O

1.576 104.82 1.6076 1.69

Se—Se (re) Se—Se

2.1660 2.34

Si—F Si—Br Si—Cl (re) Si—Cl Si—Cl Si—F Si—F Si—F (re) Si—H ((re) Si—F Si—H (re) Si—I Si—H Si—N (re) Si—O (re) Si—S (re) Si—Se (re) Si—Si (re) Si—Si Si—Si Si—Si ∠SiSiH Sn—Br (re) Sn—Cl (re) Sn—Cl (re) Sn—Cl Sn—F (re) Sn—H (re) Sn—H Sn—I (re) Sn—O (re) Sn—S (re) Sn—Se (re) Sn—Te (re) Sr—Br (re) Sr—Br Sr—Cl Sr—F (re) Sr—H (re) Sr—I (re) Sr—I Sr—O (re) Sr—O Sr—S (re) Ta—Breq Ta—Cleq Ta—O (re) Tb—Cl Te—F Te—H Te—O (re) Te—Te (re) Th—Cl

1.559 2.210 2.058 2.049 2.019 1.6008 1.593 1.590 1.4468 1.553 1.5201 2.437 1.4798 1.572 1.5097 1.9293 2.0583 2.246 2.32 2.317 2.331 110.3 2.501 2.361 2.335 2.281 1.944 1.7815 1.711 2.688 1.8325 2.2090 2.3256 2.5228 2.7352 2.783 2.630 2.0754 2.1456 2.9436 3.01 1.9198 2.111 2.4405 2.412 2.268 1.6875 2.476 1.815 1.74 1.825 2.5574 2.567

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees Se—F 1.730 92.22 ∠FSeF ∠OSeO (θe) 113.83

Method MW MW ED UV ED

∠SeSeSe

102

Si—Br Si—H

2.156 1.486

∠FSiBr ∠HSiBr

108.5 107.8

Si—H

1.486

∠HSiCl

107.9

Si—H ∠FSiF (θe) Si—F (re)

1.486 100.8 1.5624

∠HSiH

110.63

∠HSiF (θe)

110.64

Si—H

1.486

∠HSH

107.8

Si—Cl Si—F Si—H ∠HSiH ∠BrSnBr

2.009 1.564 1.492 108.6 100.0

∠ClSiCl ∠FSiF

109.7 108.6

∠ClSnCl

99.1

∠ClSrCl

155

O—H

0.922

Ta—Brax Ta—Clax

2.473 2.315

MW MW UV MW ED UV MW, IR MW MW ED UV MW IR UV MW MW MW UV ED ED ED ED UV ED ED UV UV R, IR ED MW,UV MW MW MW UV ED ED UV UV UV ED MW UV UV ED ED UV ED ED UV UV UV ED

4/11/08 3:45:37 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-30 Formula ThF4 ThO TiBr4 TiCl3 TiCl4 TiF TiF4 TiI3 TiI4 TiO TiS TlBr TlCl TlF TlH TlI UCl4 UCl6 UF4 UF6 UI3 VCl3O VBr4 VCl4 VF3 VF5 VMo VO WClF5

Structure Td Td D3h Td Td D3h Td

Td Oh Td Oh C3v C3v Td (Jahn-Teller effect) Td (Jahn-Teller effect) D3h

Fb

Cl F b W Fb

Th—F Th—O (re) Ti—Br Ti—Cl Ti—Cl Ti—F Ti—F Ti—I Ti—I Ti—O (re) Ti—S (re) Tl—Br (re) Tl—Cl (re) Tl—F (re) Tl—H (re) Tl—I (re) U—Cl U—F U—F U—F U—I V—O V—Br V—Cl V—F V—Feq V—Mo V—O (re) W—F (av.)

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 2.124 1.84032 2.339 2.208 2.170 1.8342 1.756 2.568 2.546 1.620 2.0825 2.6182 2.4848 2.0844 1.870 2.8137 2.506 2.46 2.059 2.000 2.88 1.570 V—Cl 2.142 ∠ClVCl 2.276 2.138 1.751 1.709 V—Fax 1.736 1.876 1.5893 1.836 W—Cl 2.251 ∠FaWFb

W—Cleq W—Cl W—O W—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—O Y—Cl Y—Cl Y—F (re) Y—I Y—O (re) Yb—Br (re) Yb—H (re) Zn—Br Zn—Cl Zn—F (re) Zn—F Zn—H (re) Zn—I Zr—Br Zr—Cl Zr—F Zr—I Zr—O (re)

2.243 2.290 1.666 1.833 1.977 1.94 1.890 1.736 2.385 2.437 1.9257 2.817 1.790 2.6454 2.0526 2.204 2.072 1.7677 1.742 1.5949 2.401 2.465 2.328 1.902 2.660 1.7116

111.3

88.7

Method ED UV ED ED ED MW ED ED ED UV UV MW MW MW UV MW ED ED ED ED ED ED, MW ED ED ED ED UV UV MW

Fb F a WCl5 WCl6 WF4O WF6 XeF2 XeF4 XeF6 XeO4 YCl YCl3 YF YI3 YO YbBr YbH ZnBr2 ZnCl2 ZnF ZnF2 ZnH ZnI2 ZrBr4 ZrCl4 ZrF4 ZrI4 ZrO

6679X_S09.indb 30

D3h Oh C4v Oh linear D4h Oh Td

linear linear linear linear Td Td Td Td

W—Clax

2.293

W—F

1.847

[Zn—F (re)]

1.729

∠FWF

86.2

ED ED ED ED IR ED ED ED UV ED UV ED UV UV UV ED ED MW ED UV ED ED ED ED ED UV

4/11/08 3:45:38 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-31

Part 2. Molecules containing carbon Compound

Structure

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees

Acetaldehyde

O Cb H 3

Ca H

Acetamide

CH3CONH2

Acetic acid

Oa CH3

C Ob H

Acetonitrile

(CH3)2CO Symmetry axis of each CH3 is tilted 2° from the C—C bond CH3CN (C3v)

Acetonitrile-N-oxide Acetyl chloride

CH3CNO (C3v) CH3COCl

Acetylene Acrolein

HC≡CH

Acetone

H Cc

H Ca

O

Cb

Ca—O Ca—H ∠CbCaO

1.210 1.128 124.1

Ca—Cb Cb—H ∠CbCaH

1.515 1.107 115.3

C—O C—C ∠CCN C—C C—H

1.220 1.519 115.1 1.520 1.10

C—N N—H ∠NCO C—Oa ∠CCOa

1.380 1.022 122.0 1.214 126.6

C—C ∠CCC

1.520 116.0

C—O ∠HCH

C—N ∠CCH C—C C—C C—Cl ∠CCCl C—C (re) Ca—Cb Ca—H ∠CaCbCc

1.159 109.7 1.442 1.506 1.798 111.6 1.203 1.345 1.10 120.3

Acrylonitrile

Ca—Cb Ca—H ∠HCC

109.8

C—H

1.124

C—Ob ∠CCOb

1.364 110.6

ED

1.213 108.5

C—H

1.103

ED, MW

C—C

1.468

C—H

1.107

ED, MW

C—N C—O ∠HCH

1.169 1.187 108.6

N—O C—H ∠OCCl

1.217 1.105 121.2

MW ED, MW

C—H (re) Cb—Cc Cc—H ∠CbCcO

1.060 1.484 1.13 123.3

1.343 1.114 120

Cb—Cc ∠CbCcN

1.438 178

Cc—N ∠CaCbCc

1.167 121.7

ED, MW

C—H C—N dihedral angle between NH2 plane and N— C bond C—C N—H ∠CCN

1.087 1.431 140.6

∠HCH N—H

118.2 0.998

IR MW

C (ring)—Ca C—N ∠CCC (ring) C—H Ca—Cb

1.511 Ca—O 1.380 120(ass.) ∠CCO 1.101 1.481 Cb—Cb

Allene Aniline

CH2=C=CH2 C6H5NH2

C—C C—C ∠HNH

1.3084 1.392 113.9

Azetidine

CH2

C—N C—H ∠CCC dihedral angle between CCC and CNC planes C—C (ring) C—H ∠CCN C—C Ca—O ∠CbCaCb

1.482 1.107 86.9 147

CH2

CH2 NH

Benzamide

C6H5—CaONH2

Benzene p-Benzoquinone

C6H6

6679X_S09.indb 31

ED, MW ∠HCbH

H

H (planar s-trans form)

Method

1.401 1.112 117.8 1.399 1.225 118.1

1.553 1.03 85.8

Cc—O 1.217 ∠HCcCb 114 Other CCH 122 (av.)

ED

IR ED, MW

ED ∠CNC

92.2

1.225 121.2 1.344

ED

ED, IR ED

4/11/08 3:45:41 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-32 Compound Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane

Structure

Ca

Hb

Ca

Cb

Ha

Hc Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5diene

Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane

Hb Cb Hc

See preceeding structure C7H12

HCb HCb

Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane

Ha

H Ca Ca H

Cb H Cb H

HCa(CbH2CbH2)3CaH large-amplitude torsional motion about D3h symmetry axis C5H8

Cb H 2

Cb H2

CaH

Ca H

Biphenyl

4,4´-Bipyridyl

CcH2

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.497 Ca—Cb 1.498 Ca—Ha 1.093 Cb—Hc 1.093 ∠HbCbHc 130.4 ∠CaCaHa 128.4 ∠CaCbCa 121.7

1.54 1.549 113.1

Cb—Cb ∠CaCcCa

1.56 93.1

Ca—Cc

1.56

ED

1.345 117.3

Ca—Ca

1.574

Ca—Cb

1.524

ED

Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCb

1.54 109.7

Cb—Cb

1.55

C—C (av.)

1.542

ED

C—C Ca—Ca Ca—Cb

1.557 1.536 1.528

74.2 1.565 112.7

Ca—Cc

1.507

ED MW

C—C (intraring) torsional dihedral angle

1.396

∠CCC Cb—Cb dihedral angle between the CaCaCbCb and CaCaCc planes C—C (interring)

C—C (interring) torsional dihedral angle between the two rings Be—(cyclopentadienyl plane) Fe—C Pb—C dihedral angle between the two C5H5 planes

1.465

C—C (intraring)

1.375

C—C

1.423

C—C C—C

1.440 1.430

C—C

1.429

ED

≈40

≈37

1.071 115.6 60.0

Method MW

Ca—Ca Cb—Hb ∠CbCaHa dihedral angle between the two CaCaCb planes Ca—Cb C—C (av.) dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes Cb—Cb dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes

1.49

ED

C—N (intra- 1.375 ring)

ED

Bis(cyclopentadienyl) beryllium Bis(cyclopentadienyl) iron Bis(cyclopentadienyl) lead

(C5H5)2Be (C5v)

Bis(cyclopentadienyl) manganese Bis(cyclopentadienyl) nickel Bis(cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium Bis(cyclopentadienyl) tin Borane carbonyl

(C5H5)2Mn (D5h)

Mn—C

1.470, 1.92 2.064 2.79 40~50 (The two rings are not parallel) 2.383

(C5H5)2Ni (D5h)

Ni—C

2.196

C—C

1.430

ED

(C5H5)2Ru (D5h)

Ru—C

2.196

C—C

1.439

ED

(C5H5)2Sn (D5h) BH3CO (C3v)

Sn—C C—O ∠BCO

2.71 1.131 180

C—C B—C ∠HBH

1.431 1.540 113.9

6679X_S09.indb 32

(C5H5)2Fe (D5h) (C5H5)2Pb (D5h)

ED C—H

C—H B—H

1.104

1.14 1.194

ED ED

ED MW

4/11/08 3:45:44 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Bromobenzene

Structure Br

Ca HCb

Cb H

HCc

CcH

9-33 Ca—Cb C—Br

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.42 Cb—Cc 1.375 Cc—Cd C—H 1.072 ∠CbCaCb 1.85

C—Cl C—I C—Br (re) C—Br C—Br C—Hg Ca—Cb ∠CCC

1.636 1.972 1.933 1.848 1.857 2.07 1.349 124.4

C—Br C—Br C—H (re) C—H C—H Hg—Br Cb—Cb ∠CbCaH

1.784 1.795 1.086 1.084 1.110 2.406 1.467 120.9

Ca—Cb

1.218

Cb—Cb

C—C ∠CCH

1.531 111.0

C—O ∠CCC C—C (av.)

1.215 116.2 1.518

C—H dihedral angle for the gauche conformer C—C (av.) ∠CCO Cc—O

∠CaCbCc Ca—Cb Ca—Cb Ca—Cb Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCc ∠HbCaCb

113.5 1.32 1.506 1.508 1.344 1.11 123.1 122

∠CbCcO Cb—Cb Cb—Cb Cb—Cb Cb—Cc Cd—Hd ∠CbCcCd ∠HcCbCa

C—C ∠CCCl Cb—Cb ∠CbCaH C—C (re) C—C C—O (re) C—S (re) C—Br C—Se (re) C—S (re) C—O (re) C—O C—O (re) C—P (re) C—S C—S C—C

1.528 107.3 1.214 110.7 1.2425 1.277 1.1600 1.5526 1.8209 1.67609 1.5349 1.1283 1.159 1.1578 1.562 1.553 1.557 1.289

C—Cl ∠CCH Ca—Cb

1.401 117.4

Method MW

Cd H Bromochloroacetylene Bromoiodoacetylene Bromomethane Bromomethyl Bromomethylene Bromomethylmercury 1,3-Butadiene

ClC≡CBr IC≡CBr CH3Br CH2Br (planar) CHBr (bent) CH3HgBr (C3v)

CaH2

Cb H

Cb H

C—C C—C ∠HCH (θe) ∠HCH (ass.) ∠HCH

1.206 1.206 111.2 124.5 101.0

C—H (av.)

1.108

ED ED MW, IR MW UV MW ED

1.384

C—H

1.09

ED

1.117 65

∠CCC

113.8

ED

1.524 119.5 1.219

C—H

1.108

ED

C—H (av.)

1.102

ED

121.9 1.28 1.346 1.347 1.434 1.09 178 122

∠CdCcO C—H ∠CaCbCb ∠CaCbCb Cc—Cd

121.9 1.08 125.4 123.8 1.215

ED ED ED ED, MW

∠HaCaCb ∠CcCdHd

119 182

1.828 110.8 1.468

C—H ∠CCC C—H

1.102 111.6 1.116

CaH2 1,3-Butadiyne Butane

2,3-Butanedione 2-Butanone

(C2h) HCa≡CbCb≡CaH (linear) CH3CH2CH2CH3

CH3COCOCH3 trans conformer O C aH 3

Cc Cb H 2

1,2,3-Butatriene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene 1-Buten-3-yne

CdH3

trans conformer H2Ca=Cb=Cb=CaH2 (D2h) CaH3CbH=CbHCaH3 CaH3CbH=CbHCaH3 Ha H c

Ca C b Hb

Cc Cd Hd

tert-Butyl chloride

(CH3)3CCl

2-Butyne

CaH3—Cb≡Cb—CaH3

Carbon dimer Carbon trimer Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monobromide Carbon monoselenide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon phosphide Carbon sulfide selenide Carbon sulfide telluride Carbon suboxide

C2 C3 (linear) CO2 (linear) CS2 (linear) CBr CSe CS CO OCSe (linear) OCS (linear) CP SCSe (linear) SCTe (linear) OCCCO (linear)

6679X_S09.indb 33

C—Se C—S (re)

1.709 1.5601

C—Se C—Te C—O

1.693 1.904 1.163

ED, MW ED UV UV IR IR UV UV MW MW MW MW UV MW MW ED

4/11/08 3:45:47 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-34 Compound Carbonyl bromide Carbonyl chloride Carbonyl chloride fluoride

Structure COBr2 COCl2 COClF

ClCH2CH2OH (gauche)

C—O O—H ∠CCCl

Chloroiodoacetylene

ClC≡CI

C—Cl

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.178 C—Br 1.923 ∠BrCBr 1.179 C—Cl 1.742 ∠ClCCl C—F 1.334 C—Cl 1.173 108.8 127.5 ∠FCCl 1.209 C—C 1.466 C—N 115 ∠CCN 180 1.172 C—F 1.3157 ∠FCF C—C 1.2033 C—H 1.6368 1.400 C—Cl 1.737 C—H C—N 1.160 C—C 1.624 1.362 1.528 C—Cl 1.802 C—H 109.8 ∠HaCaHa 110.7 ∠HbCbHb 110.6 Ca—Ha = Cb— Hb (ass.) 1.413 C—C 1.519 C—Cl C—H 1.093 1.033 113.8 dihedral 110.7 ∠CCO angle of internal rotation 1.63 C—I 1.99 C—C

Carbonyl dicyanide

CO(CN)2

Carbonyl fluoride Chloroacetylene Chlorobenzene Chlorocyanoacetylene

COF2 HC≡CCl C6H5Cl ClC≡C—CN

Chloromethane Chloromethylidyne Chloromethylmercury trans-1-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene

CH3Cl CCl CH3HgCl (C3v) CH3CH=CHCl CH2ClCH=CH2 cis conformer skew conformer

C—Cl C—Cl C—Hg C—Cl C—Cl

1.785 1.6512 2.06 1.728 1.811

C—H

1.090

Hg—Cl ∠CCCl ∠CCCl

2.282 121.9 115.2

C—Cl

1.809

∠CCCl

109.6

Chlorotrifluoromethane Chromium carbonyl Cobalt cyanide Copper cyanide Cyanamide

CClF3 (C3v) Cr (CO)6 CoC≡N CuC≡N H2NaCNb

C—Cl Cr—C Co—C Cu—C Na—C ∠HNH

1.752 1.92 1.883 1.832 1.346 114

1.325 1.16 1.131 1.158 1.160 142

Cyanide Cyanoacetylene

CN HCa≡Cb—CcN C3H5CaN

Cyanogen Cyanogen azide

N≡C—C≡N (linear) N≡C—N=N≡N (planar) BrCN (linear) ClCN (linear) FCN (linear) ICN (linear) HCa≡CbCcH2Cd≡N

1.1718 1.205 1.159 1.513 1.107 1.163 1.312 1.164 1.157 1.629 1.262 1.995 1.207 (ass.) 1.159 (ass.) 113.4

Cb—Cc

Cyanocyclopropane

C—N (re) Ca—Cb Cc—N C—C (ring) C—H C—N C—N C≡N C—N (re) C—Cl (re) C—F C—I Ca—Cb

C—F C—O C—N C—N C—Nb dihedral angle between NH2 plane and N— C bond

Chloroethane

2-Chloroethanol

Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride Cyanogen fluoride Cyanogen iodide 1-Cyano-2-propyne

C—O C—O C—O ∠ClCO C—O ∠CCC C—O C—Cl C—C C—Cl C—CN C—C ∠CCCl ∠CbCaHa

Cd—N ∠CbCcCd

6679X_S09.indb 34

∠HCH

112.3 111.8 1.725

Method ED, MW ED, MW ED, MW

1.153

ED, MW

107.71 1.0550 1.083 1.205

ED, MW MW ED ED

1.103 109.2

ED, MW

1.801

ED

62.4

1.209 (ass) 110.8

MW MW, IR UV MW MW MW

dihedral angle of internal rotation ∠FCF ∠CrCO

122.4

N—H

1.00

ED, MW ED MW MW MW

1.378

C—H

1.058

MW MW

C— Ca ∠CaCH C—C N=N ∠CNN C—Br (re) C—N (re) C—N C—N Cb—Cc(ass.)

1.472 119.6 1.393 1.252 120.2 1.790 1.160 1.159 1.159 1.465

Ca—N ∠HCH

1.157 114.6

N≡N ∠NCN

1.133 176.0

Cc—Cd

1.454

Ca—H(ass.)

1.057

Cc—H(ass.)

1.090

∠HCcH

109.4 (ass.)

∠CbCcH

111.3

108.6 180

MW ED MW MW MW MW MW MW

4/11/08 3:45:48 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Cyclobutane

Structure (CH2)4

Cyclobutanone

Cb H 2 CcH2

Ca O

9-35 C—C dihedral angle between the two CCC planes Ca—Cb ∠CbCaCb

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.555 C—H 1.113 145

Method ED

1.527 93.1

Cb—Cc ∠CaCbCc

1.556 88.0

MW

Ca—Ca Ca—H ∠CaCbCb ∠CaCaH

1.566 1.094 94.2 114.5

Cb—Cb Cb—H ∠CbCbH ∠CaCaCb

1.342 1.083 133.5 85.8

Ca—Cb Cd—Cd ∠CaCbCc

1.45 1.34 133

Cb—Cc Ca—O ∠CbCcCd

C—C Ca—Ca Cc—Cc ∠CbCcCc

1.536 1.334 1.54 110.9

Ca—Cb C—H dihedral angle between CaCaCaCa and CaCbCbCa planes Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCc

Cb H 2 Cyclobutene

2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1one

O Ca HCb

Cb H

(C2v) C6H12 (chair form) HCa CaH

H2 Cb

Cb H2 CcH2

C cH 2

half-chair form (C2)

tub form (D2d) 1,3-Cyclopentadiene

MW

109.2 135.8

1.36 1.23 126

∠HCaH dihedral angle between CH2 plane and Ca—Ca bond Cc—Cd ∠CbCaCb ∠CcCdCd

1.46 122 130

ED

C—H Ca—Cb ∠CaCaCb

1.119 1.50 123.4

∠CCC Cb—Cc ∠CaCbCc

111.3 1.52 112.0

ED ED

1.476 1.100 136.9

Ca—Ca ∠CbCaCa

1.340 126.1

Cb—Cb ∠CaCbCb

1.340 126.1

ED

1.509 109.3

Cb—Cc ∠CbCcCc

1.342 109.4

Cc—Cc ∠CbCaCb

1.469 102.8

MW

C—In

2.621

C—C

1.426

(C5v)

C—C Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCc dihedral angle between CbCaCb and CbCcCcCb planes C—C

1.546 1.546 103.0 151.2

C—H Cb—Cc ∠CbCcCc

1.114 1.519 110.0

∠CCH Cc—Cc ∠CbCaCb

111.7 1.342 104.0

ED ED

1.512

C—H

1.083

∠HCH

114.0

R

Cd H

Cd H

Cyclooctatetraene

1.517

CcH

HCc

Cyclohexane Cyclohexene

Ca—Cb

CaH2 HCb

Cb H

HCc CcH Cyclopentadienylindium

Cyclopentane Cyclopentene

(CH2)5

CaH2

H 2 Cb

Cb H 2 CcH

Cyclopropane

6679X_S09.indb 35

(CH2)3

C cH

ED

4/11/08 3:45:52 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-36 Compound Cyclopropanone

Structure

H 2 Cb

Ca O

H 2 Cb

Cyclopropene

Ca H 2 Cb H

HCb Cyclopropenone

H

H Cb

Ca—Cb C—H dihedral angle between CH2 plane and Cb—Cb bond Ca—Cb Cb—H

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.475 Cb—Cb 1.575 Ca—O 57.7 ∠HCbH 1.086 ∠CaCbCb 151

1.191 114

Method MW

1.505 1.072

Cb—Cb ∠CbCbH

1.293 150

Ca—H ∠HCaH

1.085 114.3

MW

Ca—Cb (rs)

1.423

Cb—Cc (rs)

1.349

Ca—O (rs)

1.212

MW

C—H (rs) C—C (av.) C—N ∠HCH

1.079 1.530 1.482 117

∠HCbCc (θs) C—H (av.) N—N

144.3 1.113 1.228

CbCaCc (θs) ∠CCC (av.) C—H

56.6 111.4 1.09

ED MW

Ca—Cb Nb—Nc ∠CaCbH

1.424 1.132 117

Ca—Na C—H ∠CaCbNb

1.165 1.082 119.5

Cb—Nb

1.280

MW

C—N ∠HCH C—C ∠CCBr C—Br ∠BrCBr C—C (rings)

1.32 126.0 1.506 109.5 1.924 113.2 1.398

N—N

1.12

C—H

1.075

MW, IR

C—Br ∠CCH C—H

1.950 110 1.08

C—H

1.108

ED

∠HCBr

109

ED

1.495

C—H

1.10

ED

C—Cl dihedral angle between the two rings (defined as 0 for cis conformer) C—C ∠CCC ∠CCCl ∠CCCl C—C ∠ClCCl C—C ∠CCCl C—C ∠ClCC C—C ∠ClCC C—Cl (re) ∠ClCCl (θe)

1.732 74

C—C (interring) ∠CCCl

121.4

∠CCH

126

C—Cl

1.810

C—H

1.102

∠HCCl ∠HCCl C—Cl ∠CCCl C—Cl ∠CCH C—Cl

111.5 107.6 1.766 111.0 1.790 113 1.73

C—Cl

1.718

ED

C—H (re) ∠HCH (θe)

1.087 111.5

MW, IR

Cc Ca O

Decalin Diazirine

C2v C10H18

CH2

N N

Diazoacetonitrile

H Cb Ca

Nb

Na

Diazomethane

CH2N2

1,2-Dibromoethane

CH2BrCH2Br

Dibromomethane

CH2Br2

2,2’-Dichlorobiphenyl

C6H4Cl—C6H4Cl

trans-1,4Dichlorocyclohexane

C6H10Cl2 equatorial: axial:

1,1-Dichloroethane

CHCl2CH3

1,2-Dichloroethane

CH2ClCH2Cl

1,1-Dichloroethene

CH2=CCl2 (C2v)

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

CHCl=CHCl

Dichloromethane

CH2Cl2

6679X_S09.indb 36

Nc

1.530 111.5 108.6 110.6 1.540 112.0 1.531 109.0 1.32 (ass.) 123 1.354 123.8 1.765 112.0

ED

MW C—H

1.11

ED MW

4/11/08 3:46:02 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound 1,2-Dicyanocyclobutene

Structure H2Cb

Ca

H2Cb´

Ca´

Difluorocyanamide

C2v F2Nb—C≡Na

Difluorocyclopropenone

F

Cc

N

Cc´

N

F Cb

Cc

9-37 Ca—Ca’ Ca—Cc ∠Ca’CaCb ∠CbCaCc

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.361 Ca—Cb 1.515 Cb—Cb’ 1.420 Cc—N 1.157 Cb—H 93.9 ∠CaCbCb’ 86.1 ∠CaCcN 133.3 ∠CaCbH 114.7 ∠Ca’CaCbH

C—Na ∠NaCNb Ca—Cb C—F

1.158 174 1.453 1.314

C—Nb ∠CNbF Cb—Cc ∠FCbCc

1.386 105.4 1.324 145.7

Nb—F ∠FNbF Ca—O

1.399 102.8 1.192

C—Si ∠CSiC C—C ∠CCF

1.844 115.2 1.498 110.7

Si—F ∠FSiF C—F ∠CCH (av.)

1.585 106.1 1.364 111.0

C—H (ass.) ∠SiCH (ass.) C—H (av.) dihedral angle between CCF planes C—H dihedral angle of internal rotation C—H

1.093 110.8 1.081 118.9

MW

1.103 109

ED

1.091

ED, MW

1.099

ED, MW

1.567 1.088 178.2 115.8

Method MW

MW MW

Ca O Difluorodimethylsilane

C2v (CH3)2SiF2

1,1-Difluoroethane

CH3CHF2

1,2-Difluoroethane

CH2FCH2F

C—C ∠CCF

1.503 110.3

C—F ∠CCH

1.389 111

1,1-Difluoroethene

CH2=CF2

cis-1,2-Difluoroethene

CHF=CHF

Difluoromethane

CH2F2

C—C ∠CCF C—C ∠CCF C—F ∠FCF Ca—O ∠COC

1.340 124.7 1.33 122.0 1.357 108.3 1.432 114.6

C—F ∠CCH C—F ∠CCH C—H ∠HCH Cb—O ∠OCO

1.315 119.0 1.342 124.1 1.093 113.7 1.382 114.3

C—H (av.) ∠OCH

1.108 110.3

ED

C—N ∠CNC ∠HCH C—Be C—Cd Cb—Ob ∠OaCbOa Cb—Nb C—N ∠CaNCa B—B B—Hb (cis) ∠BBC (cis)

1.455 111.8 107 1.698 2.112 1.209 107 1.161 1.482 115.5 1.799 1.358 122.6

N—H ∠CNH

1.00 107

C—H ∠NCH

1.106 112

ED

C—H ∠HCH Cb—Oa ∠CbOaCa Ca—Na N—N ∠CaNCb B—C B—Hb (trans) ∠BBC (trans)

1.127 108.4 1.34 114.5 1.463 1.247 116.0 1.580 1.365 121.8

∠BeCH

113.9

Ca—Oa

1.42

ED R ED

Cb—Na ∠CNN

1.338 112.3

ED ED

B—Ht

1.24

C—H CSeSeC dihedral angle C—H CSSC dihedral angle

1.13 88

ED

1.105 85

ED

Dimethoxymethane

Dimethylamine

(CH)2NH

Dimethylberyllium Dimethyl cadmium Dimethyl carbonate

(CH3)2Be (CBeC linear) (CH3)2Cd (CaH3Oa)2Cb=Ob

Dimethylcyanamide trans-Dimethyldiazene

(CaH3)2Na—Cb≡Nb CH3N=NCH3

1,2-Dimethyldiborane

CH3

CH3

Hb B

Ht

B Hb

Ht

Dimethyl diselenide

(CH3)2Se2

C—Se ∠CSeSe

1.95 98.9

Se—Se ∠HCSe

2.326 108

Dimethyl disulfide

(CH3)2S2

C—S ∠SSC

1.816 103.2

S—S ∠SCH

2.029 111.3

6679X_S09.indb 37

C—H

ED

MW

ED

4/11/08 3:46:05 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-38 Compound S,S´-Dimethyl dithiocarbonate

Structure

CaH3 SCb SCaH3 O

Ca—S ∠OCS

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.802 Cb—S 1.777 Cb—O 99.3 124.9 ∠CSC

C—O ∠COC C—N C—H

1.416 112 1.46 1.12

C—H ∠HCH N—N ∠NNC

1.121 108 1.42 112

Ca—N

1.159

∠HCH Si—H ∠SiCH

110.3 1.482 110.9

Dimethyl ether

syn-syn conformer (CH3)2O

N,N’-Dimethylhydrazine

CH3NH—NHCH3

Dimethyl mercury

(CH3)2Hg

C—Hg

2.083

C—H

Dimethylphosphine

(CH3)2PH

C—P ∠CPC Ca—Cb ∠CcCbCc C—Se ∠CSeC C—Si ∠CSiC ∠HSiH C—S ∠CSC C—S ∠CSC C—S ∠CSC dihedral angle between SCC plane and S—O bond C—Zn C—C ∠CCO

1.848 99.7 1.495 110.5 1.943 96.2 1.868 110.9 107.8 1.802 98.80 1.771 102 1.799 96.6 115.5

P—H ∠CPH Cb—Cc

1.160 (ass.) 1.419 97.0 1.536

C—H ∠SeCH C—H ∠CSiH

1.093 108.7 1.089 109.5

C—H ∠HCH S—O ∠OSO S—O ∠CSO

1.090 109.3 1.435 121 1.485 106.7

1.929 1.523 109.2

∠HCH C—O ∠COC

C—C C—C (re) C—C ∠CCN

1.5351 1.522 1.545 110.2

Ca—Cb Ca—H ∠CbCaS C—C Ca—H ∠CCO C—C (rs) C—C C—H ∠CNC ∠HbCC ∠HcCN C—C ∠COC

1.530 1.090 108.3 1.512 1.10 107.8 1.329 1.481 1.084 60.3 117.8 114.3 1.520 111.9

2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile (CcH3)3Cb—Ca≡N Dimethyl selenide

(CH3)2Se

Dimethyl silane

(CH3)2SiH2

Dimethyl sulfide

(CH3)2S

Dimethyl sulfone

(CH3)2SO2

Dimethyl sulfoxide

(CH3)2SO

Dimethyl zinc 1,4-Dioxane

(CH3)2Zn

CH2 CH2

O

O

1.206

Method ED

ED N—H CNNC dihedral angle Hg···H

1.03 90

ED

2.71

ED MW MW MW MW

ED, MW C—H

1.114

ED

C—H ∠HCH

1.081 110.3

MW

107.7 1.423 112.45

C—H

1.112

C—H

1.0940

∠CCH

111.17 MW

C—N dihedral angle between NCC and CCN planes Ca—S Cb—H ∠CbCaH C—O Cb—H ∠CbCaH C—H (rs) N—C N—H ∠HaNC ∠HbCN

1.469 64

C—H

1.11

ED

1.829 1.093 109.6 1.431 1.09 111 1.082 1.475 1.016 109.3 118.3

S—H ∠CaSH ∠CaCbH O—H ∠COH ∠CaCbH ∠HCH (θs)

1.350 96.4 109.7 0.971 105 110 117.2

MW

∠HbCHc ∠HcCC

115.7 119.3

C—O (av.) ∠OCC

1.418 109.4

C—H (av.) ∠HCH

1.118 109.0

R ED

CH2 CH2 Ethane 1,2-Ethanediamine

chair form C2H6 staggered conformation H2NCH2CH2NH2 gauche conformer

Ethanethiol

CbH3—CaH2—SH

Ethanol

CbH3CaH2OH staggered conformation

Ethylene Ethyleneimine

CH2=CH2 Ha Hb

N C

Hb C

Hc

Ethyl methyl ether

6679X_S09.indb 38

C2H5OCH3

Hc

MW

MW, IR MW

ED

4/11/08 3:46:07 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Ethyl methyl sulfide Fluoroketene

Structure C2H5SCH3 gauche conformer HFC=C=O

Fluoromethane Fluoromethylidyne (Fluoromethylidyne) phosphine 2-Fluoropropane

CH3F CF FC≡P

Formaldehyde Formaldehyde azine

H2CO H2C=N—N=CH2 trans conformer

Formaldehyde oxime

CH3CHFCH3

Ha

OHc N

C Hb Formamide

Hc

O N

C

Formic acid

Oa C Ob

Formic acid dimer

H

(planar)

Formyl radical Fulvene

HC=O

Furan

Ha

O Ca

Ha Ca

Cb Cb Hb

Hb

Furfural

Glycolaldehyde

Hc

Ob Cb

Ha H b Ca Hb Oa Glyoxal Hexachloroethane 2,4-Hexadiyne

CHOCHO trans conformer Cl3CCCl3 CaH3Cb≡CcCc≡CbCaH3

Hexafluoroethane

F3CCF3

6679X_S09.indb 39

C—C ∠CSC C—C C—H ∠CCH C—F (re) C—F (re) C—F

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.536 C—S (av.) 1.813 C—H 97 ∠SCC 114.0 ∠HCH C—O 1.167 C—F 1.317 178.0 ∠CCF 1.102 ∠CCO 122.3 1.382 C—H (re) 1.095 ∠HCH (θe) 1.2718 C—P 1.541 1.285

C—C ∠CCC C—O C—N ∠CNN C—N C—Ha ∠HaCN

1.522 113.4 1.208 1.277 111.4 1.276 1.085 121.8

C—F ∠CCF C—H N—N ∠HCN N—O C—Hb ∠HbCN

1.398 108.2 1.116 1.418 120.7 1.408 1.086 115.6

∠HCH C—H

116.5 1.094

MW ED

O—Hc ∠CNO ∠NOHc

0.956 110.2 102.7

MW

C—N N—H

1.368 1.027

C—O ∠CNH (av.)

1.212 119.2

C—Ha ∠NCO

1.125 125.0

ED, MW

C—Oa C—H ∠OaCOb

1.202 1.097 124.9

C—Ob

1.343

Ob—H

0.972

MW

∠HCOa

124.1

∠CObH

106.3

C—Oa ∠OaCOb

1.220 126.2

C—Ob ∠COaOb

1.323 108.5

Oa···Ob

2.703

C—O Ca—Cd Cc—Cc Cd—H ∠CaCbCc ∠HCdH

1.1712 1.349 1.476 1.13 107.7 117

C—H Ca—Cb Cb—H ∠CbCaCb ∠CaCbH

1.110 1.470 1.078 106.6 124.7

∠HCO Cb—Cc Cc—H ∠CbCcCc ∠CbCcH

127.43 MW 1.355 MW 1.080 109 126.4

Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCb ∠CbCbHb

1.361 1.075 106.1 128.0

Cb—Cb Cb—Hb ∠CbCaO ∠OCaHa

1.431 1.077 110.7 115.9

Ca—O

1.362

∠CaOCa

106.6

Ca—Ce ∠CaCeO trans conformer (with respect to Oa and Ob atoms) Ca—Cb Ca—Hb ∠CaCbOb ∠CaCbHc ∠CaOaHa

1.458 121.6

Ce—Ob ∠CeCaCb

1.250 133.9

Ce—H ∠CaCeH

1.088 116.9

MW

1.499 1.093 122.7 115.3 101.6

Ca—Oa Cb—Hc ∠CbCaOa ∠CbCaHb ∠HbCaOa

1.437 1.102 111.5 109.2 109.7

Cb—Ob Oa—Ha

1.209 1.051

MW

∠HbCaHb

107.6

C—C ∠CCO C—C Ca—Cb Ca—H C—C

1.526 121.2 1.56 1.450 1.09 1.545

C—O ∠HCO C—Cl Cb—Cc

1.212 112 1.769 1.208

C—H

1.132

ED, UV

∠CCCl Cc—Cc

110.0 1.377

ED ED

CF

1.326

∠CCF

109.8

ED

1.111 110 1.360 119.5

Method ED MW

110.45 MW, IR UV MW MW

Ha

Hb

H

9-39

ED

MW

4/11/08 3:46:11 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-40 Compound Hexafluoropropene

Structure CF2=CFCF3

C—C

trans-1,3,5-Hexatriene

H2Ca=CbHCcH=CcHCbH=CaH2

Hydrogen cyanide Iminocyanide radical

HCN (linear) HNCN

Iodoacetylene Iodocyanoacetylene Iodomethane Iron pentacarbonyl

IC≡CH ICa≡CbCc≡N (linear) CH3I Fe(CO)5 (D3h)

Isobutane

(CbH3)3CaH

Isobutene

CaH3

Hc Cb

Cc

CaH3

H

Isocyanic acid

HNCO (bent)

Isocyanomethane

CaH3—N≡Cb

Isofulminic acid Isothiocyanic acid

HCNO (linear) HNCS

Ketene

H2C=C=O

Malononitrile

CH2(CN)2

Methane Methanethioamide

CH4

S

Ha

C N Hb

Hc

∠CCC ∠FCC(CF3) Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCc C—H (re) N—H ∠HNC C—C Ca—Cb Ca—I C—I (re) Fe—C (av.) Ca—Cb ∠CbCaCb Ca—Cb Cc—Hc ∠CaCbCa ∠HCaCb (av.) N—C ∠NCO Ca—N ∠NCaH ∠HCH C—N N—C ∠NCS C—C C—H C—C ∠CCC C—H (re) C—S N—Ha ∠NCS ∠SCHc C—S ∠HSC

Methanethiol

CH3SH

Methanol

CH3OH

C—O ∠COH

Methyl N-Methylacetamide

·CH3 planar (D3h) H3 Ca H

C—H Ca—Cb Cb—O ∠CbNCc

Cb O

6679X_S09.indb 40

N CcH3

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.513 C=C 1.329 C—F (ass.) 120 ∠FCC(CF2) 127.8 ∠FCC (CF) 110 1.337 Cb—Cc 1.458 Cc—Cc 121.7 ∠CbCcCc 124.4 1.0655 C—N (re) 1.1532 N···N 2.470 1.034 ~180 116.5 ∠NCN C—I 1.980 C—H 1.218 1.207 Cb—Cc 1.370 Cc—N 1.985 2.132 C—H (re) 1.084 ∠HCH (θe) 1.821 (Fe—C)eq – 0.020 C—O (av.) (Fe—C)ax 1.535 Ca—H 1.122 Cb—H 110.8 ∠CaCbH 111.4 1.508 Cb—Cc 1.342 Ca—H 1.10 115.6 ∠CaCbCc 122.2 ∠CbCcH 111.4 ∠HCaH 107.9 ∠HcCcHc C—O 1.166 N—H 1.209 180 ∠HNC 128.0 1.424 N— Cb 1.166 Ca—H 109.12 123.0 N—O 1.207 H—C 1.161 C—S 1.561 N—H 1.216 180 ∠HNC 135.0 1.315 C—O 1.163 123.5 1.090 ∠HCH 1.480 C—N 1.147 C—H 176.6 ∠HCH 110.4 ∠CCN 1.0870 1.626 C—N 1.358 C—Hc 1.002 N—Hb 1.007 117.9 ∠HbNC 125.3 ∠HaNC 127 ∠HaNHb 121.7 ∠NCHc 1.819 S—H 1.34 C—H 109.8 angle 96.5 ∠HCH between CH3 symmetry axis and C— S bond 1.4246 C—H 1.0936 O—H 108.63 angle 108.53 ∠HCH between CH3 symmetry axis and C— O bond 1.076 1.520 Cb—N 1.386 Cc—N 1.225 C—H 1.107 119.7 ∠NCbO 121.8 ∠CaCbN

1.329 (ass.) 124 1.368

Method ED

ED MW, IR UV

1.059 1.160

IR MW

111.2 1.153

MW, IR ED

1.113

ED, MW

1.119

ED, MW

121 118.5 0.986

MW

1.102

MW

1.027 0.989

MW MW MW

1.091 108.4 1.10 120.4 108 1.09 2.2

MW IR MW

MW

0.9451 MW 3.27

1.469

R ED

114.1

4/11/08 3:46:14 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Methylamine

Structure CH3NH2

Methyl azide

CH3

3-Methyl-3H-diazirine

NNN linear N CH3 CH N

Na

Methylene Methylenecyclopropane

Nb

Nc

CcH2 CaH2

CcH2

3-Methyleneoxetane

Cc H 2 O

Cb

Ca H 2

CcH2 Methylenephosphine

CHcHt=PH planar

Methyl formate

CaH3 Oa Cb

Hb Methylgermane Methyl hypochlorite Methylidyne Methylidynephosphine Methylketene

CH3GeH3 CH3OCl :CH HCP

CcH3 Cb

Ca

O

H Methyl nitrate

H a Oa

Ha C Hb

Methyloxirane

N O

CaH3 Cb H

1.468 1.09

C—C ∠NCN

1.501 49.3

Ca—Cb C—H ∠CcCbCc C—P P—H ∠HCH Cb—Ob Cb—H

Ob

Ob CcH2

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.471 N—H 1.019 C—H 106.6 ∠HCH 110.3 ∠HNH 4.3

C—N ∠HNC angle between CH3 symmetry axis and C—N bond C—Na C—H

C—H (re) Ca—Cb Cc—H ∠HCcH

:CH2

Cb

9-41

Na—Nb ∠CNaNb

C—N dihedral angle between CNN plane and C— C bond 1.0748 ∠HCH (θe) 1.332 Cb—Cc 1.09 ∠CcCbCc 113.5 dihedral angle between CcH2 plane and Cc— Cc bond 1.33 Cb—Cc 1.09 (ass) ∠HCcH

CH3PH2 CH3POF2

Methylsilane

CH3SiH3

Methylstannane

CH3SnH3

6679X_S09.indb 41

Method MW

1.216 116.8

Nb—Nc

1.113

ED

1.481 122.3

N—N

1.235

MW

Cc—Cc ∠HCaH

1.542 114.3

133.84 1.457 63.9 150.8

IR,MW MW

1.52 Cc—O 114 (ass) ∠HCaH

1.45 120 (ass)

MW

C—Hc ∠CPH ∠PCHc C—O (av.)

1.09 97.4 124.4 1.393

C—Ht

1.09

MW

∠PCHt Ca—H

118.4 1.08

ED

∠OaCbOb

127

∠OaCaH

110

Ge—H ∠HCH O—Cl ∠HCH

1.529 108.4 1.674 109.6

C—H

1.083

MW

C—H

1.103

MW

C—H (re) Cb—Cc Cc—H ∠CaCbCc ∠HCH C—Ha N—Oa ∠ONOa ∠OCHb

1.0692 1.518 1.10 122.6 109.2 1.10 1.205 118.1 103

Ca —O

1.171

UV MW MW

∠CaCbH

113.7

C—Hb N—Ob ∠ONOb

1.09 1.208 112.4

MW

123.8 dihedral angle between CbCcO plane and CaCb bond

MW

∠COC

87 1.673 1.420 117.2 1.206 1.101 (ass.) 114

C—Ge ∠HGeH C—O ∠COCl C—H (re) C—P (re) Ca—Cb Cb—H ∠OCaCb ∠CcCbH C—O O—N ∠CON ∠OCHa

1.945 109.3 1.389 112.8 1.1198 1.5398 1.306 1.083 180.5 123.7 1.437 1.402 112.7 110

Ca—Cb

1.51

∠CaCbCc

121.0

C—P C—P

1.858 1.770

C—H P—O

1.094 1.444

∠OPC C—Si ∠HCH C—Sn

117.8 1.867 107.7 2.143

∠FPC Si—H ∠HSiH Sn—H

103.7 1.485 108.3 1.700

O

Methylphosphine Methylphosphonic difluoride

1.095 108.1

P—F

1.545

ED ED,MW

∠FPF C—H

99.2 1.093

MW MW

4/11/08 3:46:18 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-42 Compound Methyl thiocyanate

Structure

C aH 3

S Cb

N

Methyltrioxorhenium

CH3ReO3

Molybdenum carbide Molybdenum carbonyl Naphthalene

MoC Mo(CO)6 (Oh)

Neopentane Nickel carbonyl Nickel monocarbonyl Nickel cyanide Nitromethane

C(CH3)4 Ni(CO)4 (Td) NiCO (linear) NiC≡N (linear) CH3NO2

N-Nitrosodimethylamine

(CH3)2NNO

Nitrosomethane

CH3NO

2,5-Norbornadiene

H2 Cc HCb HCb

1,2,5-Oxadiazole

1,3,4-Oxadiazole

Oxalic acid

C aH Ca H

(C2v)

(planar)

(planar) H

Oa

Ob C

C

Oa

Cb H

Cb H

S—Ca C—H ∠CaSCb Re—C ∠ReCH Mo—C Mo—C Ca—Cb Cc—Cc

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.824 S—Cb 1.684 Cb—N 1.081 99.0 ∠HCH 110.6 ∠HCS 2.074 Re—O 1.703 C—H 106.4 108.9 ∠CReO 1.676 2.063 C—O 1.145 1.37 Cb—Cb 1.41 Ca—Cc 1.42 C—C (av.) 1.40 ∠CaCcCc

C—C Ni—C Ni—C Ni—C C—N

1.537 1.839 1.64 1.828 1.489

C—H C—O C—O C—N N—O

1.114 1.121 1.19 1.158 1.224

∠ONO C—N ∠CNC C—N ∠CNO Ca—Cb C—H dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes

125.3 1.461 123.2 1.49 112.6 1.535 1.12 115.6

∠NCH N—O ∠CNN N—O ∠NCH Cb—Cb ∠CaCcCa

107 1.235 116.4 1.22 109.0 1.343 94

C—C C—H ∠CCN

1.421 1.076 109.0

C—N ∠CCH ∠NON

C—O C—H ∠CNN

1.348 1.075 105.6

C—C Ob—H ∠CCOa

1.544 1.05 123.1

C—C ∠CCO C—C ∠CCC ∠HCH (av.)

1.170

Method MW

108.3 1.088

MW

1.42 119.4

UV ED ED

∠CCH

112

C—H

1.088 (ass.)

N—N ∠ONN C—H

1.344 113.6 1.084

ED

Ca—Cc

1.573

ED

1.300 130.2 110.4

O—N ∠NCH ∠ONC

1.380 120.9 105.8

MW

C—N ∠OCH ∠COC

1.297 118.1 102.0

N—N ∠NCH ∠OCN

1.399 128.5 113.4

MW

C—Oa

1.205

C—Ob

1.336

ED

∠OaCOb

125.0

∠CObH

104

1.534 124.2

C—O ∠CCCl

1.182 111.7

1.744

ED

1.546 85 109.9

C—O ∠COC

1.448 92

C—Cl 68% trans, 32% gauche at 0°C C—H (av.) ∠OCC

1.090 92

MW

ED IR IR MW MW

MW

Ob H

Oxalyl chloride

Cl

O C

O Oxetane

6679X_S09.indb 42

C Cl

4/11/08 3:46:22 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Oxirane

Structure CH2

9-43

C—C (av.) Cb—H ∠COH

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.466 C—O 1.431 C—H dihedral angle 158.0 116.6 between NH2 plane and N— C bond 1.397 Ca—O 1.364 O—H 1.084 Cc—H 1.076 Cd—H 109.0

C—C C—H ∠HCH

1.502 1.09 114.4

C—P ∠CPC ∠CCH

1.867 47.4 118

C—C ∠CNC

1.540 109.0

C—N ∠CCN

1.467 110.4

Pd—C Pt—C (re) K—C C—C ∠CCC Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCc

1.712 1.6767 2.528 1.532 112 1.341 1.104 124.3

C—H ∠HCH Cb—Cc Cc—Hd ∠CbCaHa,b,c

1.107 107 1.506 1.117 121.3

Ca—Cb Cc—O

1.35 1.19

Cb—Cc C—H

∠CaCbCc ∠CaCbH

123 ∠CbCcCl 120 (ass.) ∠CbCaH

Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCc Cc—Cb Ca—H Cc—Cb (rs) N—C (rs) C—C ∠CCH

1.211 1.085 178.6 1.459 1.056 1.456 1.175 1.339 123.9

Cb—Cc Cc—Hc ∠CbCcO Cb—Ca Cc—H Cb—Ca (rs) Cc—H (rs) C—N ∠CCN

1.48 1.086 (ass.) 116 121.5 (ass.) 1.453 1.130 124.2 1.206 1.105 1.206 1.090 1.403 115.6

Ca—Cb N—N

1.393 1.330

Cb—Cb ∠NCC

1.375 123.7

C—C ∠HCH

O CH2 Phenol

Phosphirane

CH2 PH CH2

Piperazine

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

NH

Palladium carbide Platinum carbide Potassium carbide Propane

NH

(C2h) PdC PtC KC C3H8

Propene

2-Propenoyl chloride

H Ca H

Cl Cb

Cc

H

O

2-Propynal

HaCa≡Cb—CcHcO (planar)

Propyne

H3Cc—Cb≡CaH

Propynal isocyanide

H3Cc—Cb≡Ca—N≡C

Pyrazine Pyridazine

H H Cb C b HCa

CaH N

6679X_S09.indb 43

P—H ∠HPC dihedral angle between PCC plane and PH bond C—H

1.085

Method MW

0.956 1.082

MW

1.43 95.2 95.7

MW

1.110

ED

UV UV MW ED ED, MW ∠CbCcHd

110.7

Cc—Cl

1.82

∠CbCcO

127

Cc—O

1.214

∠CbCcHc

113.7

∠HCcCb Ca—N (rs) ∠HCcCb (θs) C—H

110.2 1.316 110.7 1.115

Ca—N ∠NNC

1.341 119.3

MW

ED, MW

MW MW ED ED, MW

N

4/11/08 3:46:26 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-44 Compound Pyridine

Structure

Pyrimidine

Pyrrole

(C2v assumed) H N Ha

Ca

Ca

H b Cb

Pyruvonitrile

Cb H b O

Cb

CaH3

Ha

Cc

Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCc ∠CaNCa

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.395 Cb—Cc 1.394 Ca—N 1.084 Cb—Hb 1.081 Cc—Hc 118.5 ∠CbCcCb 118.3 ∠CcCbHb 116.8 ∠NCaCb 123.9 ∠NCaHa

C—C ∠NCN

1.393 127.6

C—N ∠CNC

1.340 115.5

Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCb ∠CbCbH

1.382 1.076 107.4 127.1

Cb—Cb Cb—Hb ∠CaNCa ∠NCaHa

1.417 1.077 109.8 121.5

Ca—N N—H ∠NCaCb

1.370 0.996 107.7

MW

Ca—Cb C—N ∠CaCbCc

1.518 1.17 114.2

Cb—Cc C—O ∠CaCbO

1.477 1.208 124.5

C—H ∠HCH ∠CCN

1.12 109.2 179

ED, MW

Ru—C C—C Si—H ∠SiCC

1.607 1.571 1.47 84.8

1.885 99.8 146

C—H ∠CSiC

1.100 77.2

Si—C (re) ∠HCSi C—C(rs) C—C Si—H Si—C ∠HSiC Na—C Cb—Cb ∠CbCaCb

1.704 122.0 1.269 1.234 1.488 1.850 107.25 2.232 1.52 62

C—Si ∠CCC dihedral angle between CCC and CSiC planes Si—H (re) ∠HSiC Si—C (rs) Si—C ∠HSiC C—N

1.467 122.4 1.832 1.812 109.4 1.156

C—H (re)

1.082

MW

∠CSiC (θs) C—Cl

40.5 1.620

MW ED

Si—H

1.487

ED,MW

Ca—Cb ∠HCH

1.47 118

C—H

1.09

MW ED

Sr—C C—C C—H

2.487 1.561 1.09

C—H (ass.) C—C(N) ∠CCC

1.104 1.465 110.4

105.8 1.161 75

C—Br C—C C—Cl C—C ∠CC=C C—S ∠FCS

1.935 1.354 1.767 1.435 121.1 1.785 113.7

∠HCH C—N dihedral angle of CCCC for gauche conformer

C—Cl

1.718

∠ClCCl

115.7

C=C

1.357

C—N

1.162

ED ED ED ED

C—F

1.314

∠CSC

83.2

ED

C—C C—F

1.31 1.323

C—F

1.319

∠CCF

123.8

ED ED

1.340 1.077 121.3 115.9

Method MW

ED

N

Ruthenium carbide Silacyclobutane

RuC CH2 CH2 CH2 SiH2

Silaethene

H2Si=CH2

Silicon dicarbide Silylchloroacetylene

CSiC (ring) SiH3C≡CCl

Silyl cyanide

SiH3C≡N

Sodium carbide Spiro[2.2]pentane

NaC Cb H 2

H 2 Cb Ca H 2 Cb

Strontium methyl Succinonitrile

Cb H 2

(D2d) SrCH3 CH2 CN CH2 CN

Tetrabromomethane Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloromethane Tetracyanoethene

CBr4 (Td) CCl2=CCl2 CCl4 (Td) (CN)2C=C(CN)2

2,2,4,4-Tetrafluoro-1,3dithietane

F2 C

Tetrafluoroethene Tetrafluoromethane

S (D2h assumed) CF2=CF2 CF4 (Td)

6679X_S09.indb 44

UV ED

S CF2

UV ED

4/11/08 3:46:30 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Tetrahydrofuran

Structure

CH2 CH2

9-45 C—C

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.536 C—O 1.428 C—H

C—C ∠COC ∠CCC (O)

1.531 111.5 111

C—O ∠OCC

1.420 111.8

C—H ∠CCC (C)

1.116 108

ED

C—C ∠CCC

1.536 105.0

C—S ∠CSC

1.839 93.4

C—H ∠SCC

1.120 106.1

ED

C—I C—Ge C—Pb C—Si C—Sn C—C C—H ∠CCN

2.15 1.945 2.238 1.875 2.144 1.420 1.079 113.8

C—H

1.12

∠GeCH

108

C—H C—H C—N

1.115 1.12 1.328

∠HCH

109.8

S—N

1.631

∠NSN

99.6

∠CCH

126.2

C—S C—H ∠CCN

1.721 1.08 112.2

C—N ∠CSC ∠NCH

1.302 86.4 123.5

N—N ∠SCN ∠SCH

1.371 114.6 121.9

MW

C—C ∠CSC

1.549 76.8

C—S ∠HCH (av.)

1.847 112

1.100 154

ED, MW

C—C ∠CSC dihedral angle between CH2 plane and C—C bond Ca—S (rs) Ca—H (rs)

1.484 48.3 152

C—S ∠CCS

1.815 65.9

C—H (av.) dihedral angle between CCC and CSC planes C—H ∠HCH

1.083 116

MW

1.610 1.089

Ca—Cb (rs) Cb—H (rs)

∠CbCaS (θs)

125.3

∠CbCaH (θs)

1.506 1.094 (av.) 119.4

C—S C—S C—C (rs) ∠HCH (θs) Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCb ∠SCaHa

1.589 1.611 1.314 119.8 1.370 1.078 112.5 119.9

C—F C—H C—S (rs)

1.315 1.093 1.554

Cb—Cb Cb—Hb ∠CaSCa ∠CbCbHb

1.423 1.081 92.2 124.3

C—C (ring) C—C

1.399 C—CH3 1.51 (ass.) C—Br

∠BrCBr

111

1.115

Method ED

O CH2 CH2 Tetrahydropyran

H2 C H2 C

CH2

H2 C

Tetrahydrothiophene

CH2 O chair form

CH2 CH2 S CH2 CH2

Tetraiodomethane Tetramethylgermane Tetramethyl lead Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane 1,2,5-Thiadiazole

1,3,4-Thiadiazole

Thietane

Thiirane

CI4 (Td) (CH3)4Ge (CH3)4Pb (CH3)4Si (CH3)4Sn S N N

HC CH (planar) S HC CH

N N (planar)

H2 C S H2 C

Thioacetaldehyde

Thiocarbonyl fluoride Thioformaldehyde Thioketene Thiophene

Toluene 1,1,1-Tribromoethane

6679X_S09.indb 45

H3Cb

Ca

F2CS CH2S H2C=C=S C2v

C6H5—CH3 CH3CBr3

S H

∠CCBr

ED ED ED ED ED MW

MW ∠HCbCa (θs) 110.6 (av.) ∠FCF 107.1 ∠HCH 116.9 C—H (rs) 1.080

MW MW IR

Ca—S

1.714

MW

∠SCaCb

115.5

1.524 1.93

C—H (av.) C—H

108

∠CCH

1.11 1.095 (ass.) 109.0 (ass.)

ED MW

4/11/08 3:46:35 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-46 Compound Tribromomethane Tri-tert-butyl methane

Structure CHBr3 (C3v) HCa[Cb(CcH3)3]3

Trichloroacetonitrile

CCl3CN

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

CH3CCl3

Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethylgermane

CCl3F CHCl3 CH3GeCl3

Trichloromethylsilane Trichloromethylstannane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2trifluoroethane

CH3SiCl3 CH3SnCl3 CF3CCl3 (staggered configuration)

Triethylenediamine

Trifluoroacetic acid

(D3h)

1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Trifluoroiodomethane Trifluoromethane Trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride

CH3CF3 CF3I (C3v) CHF3 (C3v) CF3SO2Fa

Trifluoromethyliminosulfurdifluoride

CF3N=SF2

Trifluoromethyl peroxide

CF3OOCF3

Trimethyl aluminium

(CH3)3Al

Trimethylamine

(CH3)3N

Trimethylarsine Trimethyl bismuth Trimethylborane

(CH3)3As (CH3)3Bi (CH3)3B

Trimethylphosphine

(CH3)3P

1,3,5-Trioxane

O H2 C

C—Br Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCc C—C ∠ClCCl C—C ∠CCCl ∠CCH C—Cl C—Cl C—Ge

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.924 C—H 1.11 ∠BrCBr 1.611 Cb—Cc 1.548 C—H 113.0 1.460 C—N 1.165 C—Cl 110.0 1.541 C—Cl 1.771 C—H 109.4 ∠HCH 109.6 ∠ClCCl 108.9 1.754 C—F 1.362 ∠ClCCl 1.758 C—H 1.100 ∠ClCCl 1.89 Ge—Cl 2.132 C—H

∠ClGeCl

106.4

∠GeCH

C—Si C—Sn C—C ∠CCF ∠CSnCl

1.876 2.10 1.54 110 113.9

C—C ∠NCC

111.7 1.111

Method ED, MW ED

1.763

ED

1.090 110.0

MW

111 111.3 1.103 (ass.)

MW MW ED, MW

Si—Cl Sn—Cl C—F ∠CCCl ∠ClSnCl

110.5 (ass.) 2.021 2.304 1.33 109.6 104.7

C—H C—Cl

1.100 1.77

∠SnCH

108

1.562 110.2

C—N

1.472

∠CNC

108.7

ED

C—C C—F ∠CCOa

1.546 1.325 126.8

C—Oa O—H ∠CCOb

1.192 C—Ob 0.96 (ass.) 111.1 ∠CCF

1.35

ED

C—C C—F C—F C—S S —Fa ∠OSO C—N C—F ∠FSF O—O ∠COO

1.494 1.330 1.332 1.835 1.543 124.1 1.409 1.331 92.8 1.42 107

C—F C—I C—H C—F (av.) ∠CSFa ∠FCF S—N ∠CNS ∠FCF C—O ∠FCF

1.340 2.138 1.098 1.325 95.4 109.8 1.477 127.2 108.1 1.399 109.0

C—H ∠FCF ∠FCF S—O ∠CSO

1.081 108.1 108.8 1.410 108.5

ED ED, MW MW ED

S—F ∠NSF

1.594 112.7

ED,MW

1.320 123

ED

∠CCF C—Al ∠CAlC C—N ∠CNC C—As C—Bi C—B ∠CBC C—P ∠CPC C—O

119.2 1.957 120 1.458 110.9 1.979 2.263 1.578 120 1.847 98.6 1.422

∠CCH C—H ∠AlCH C—H ∠HCH ∠CAsC C—H C—H ∠BCH C—H ∠PCH ∠OCO

112 1.113 111.7 1.100 110 98.8 1.07 1.114 112.5 1.091 110.7 112.2

C—F COOC dihedral angle of internal rotation

MW ED MW

109.5

ED ED ∠AsCH ∠CBiC

111.4 97.1

ED ED ED ED

∠COC

110.3

MW

CH2

O

O C H2

6679X_S09.indb 46

4/11/08 3:46:37 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Triphenylamine

Structure (C6H5)3N (C3)

Tungsten carbide Tungsten carbonyl Vanadium carbonyl Vinyl bromide

WC W(CO)6 (Oh) V(CO)6 (Oh, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) See Vinyl chloride

Vinyl chloride

Hc

Cl C

Hb

C Ha

Vinyl fluoride

See Vinyl chloride

Vinyl iodide

See Vinyl chloride

Zinc cyanide

ZnC≡N (linear)

6679X_S09.indb 47

9-47 C—C torsional dihedral angle of phenyl rings W—C W—C V—C

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.392 C—N 1.42 ∠CNC 47

116

Method ED

1.7135 2.059 2.015

C—O C—O

1.149 1.138

UV ED ED

C—C C—Hb ∠CCHa C—C C—Hb ∠CCHa

1.3256 1.0804 124.34 1.3262 1.0796 123.91

C—Br C—Hc ∠CCHb C—Cl C—Hc ∠CCHb

1.8835 1.0794 119.28 1.7263 1.0796 119.28

C—Ha ∠CCBr ∠CCHc C—Ha ∠CCCl ∠CCHc

1.0780 MW 122.62 122.03 1.0783 MW 122.75 121.77

C—C C—Hb ∠CCHa C—C C—Hb ∠CCHa Zn—C

1.3210 1.0774 125.95 1.3276 1.0823 123.54 1.955

C—F C—Hc ∠CCHb C—I C—Hc ∠CCHb C—N

1.3428 1.0789 118.97 2.0830 1.0799 119.36 1.146

C—Ha ∠CCF ∠CCHc C—Ha ∠CCI ∠CCHc

1.0796 MW 121.70 121.34 1.0787 MW 122.97 122.30 MW

4/11/08 3:46:38 PM

CHARACTERISTIC BOND LENGTHS IN FREE MOLECULES References

This is a summary of typical bond lengths in gas-phase molecules. The value given for each bond is near the mid-range of values found in simple molecules. Bond lengths usually vary by 1 or 2%, and often by more, depending on the nature of the other bonds attached to the two atoms in question. References 1 and 2 give bond lengths in individual gas-phase molecules, as determined by spectroscopic and electron diffraction methods. All bond distances are given in Å (1 Å = 10–10 m).

1. “Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules”, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Edition, 2005, p. 9-19. 2. Harmony, M. D., Laurie, V. W., Kuczkowski, R. L., Schwendeman, R. H., Ramsay, D. A., Lovas, F. J., Lafferty, W. J., and Maki, A. G., Molecular structure of gas-phase polyatomic molecules determined by spectroscopic methods, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 8, 619, 1979. 3. Lide, D. R., “A survey of carbon-carbon bond lengths”, Tetrahedron 17, 125, 1962.

A. Characteristic lengths of single bonds. As Br C Cl F Ge H I N O P S Sb Se Si Sn Te

As 2.10 2.32 1.96 2.17 1.71 1.51

Br

C

2.28 1.94 2.14 1.76 2.30 1.41 2.47

1.53 1.79 1.39 1.95 1.09 2.13 1.46 1.42 1.85 1.82

2.22 2.24

1.95 1.87 2.14

2.21

Cl

F

1.99 1.63 2.15 1.28 2.32 1.90 1.70 2.04 2.05 2.33

1.41 1.73 0.92 1.91 1.37 1.42 1.57 1.56

2.05 2.28

Ge

2.40 1.53 2.51

1.71 1.58 1.82

H

I

0.74 1.61 1.02 0.96 1.42 1.34 1.70 1.47 1.48 1.71 1.66

2.67

N

O

1.45 1.43 1.65

1.48

2.44 2.67

1.63

P

2.25

S

Sb

Se

Si

2.00 2.14

2.33

2.33

B. Lengths of multiple bonds (non-ring molecules). C=C C≡C C=N C≡N C=O C=S N=N N≡N N=O O=O

1.34 1.20 1.21 1.16 1.21 1.61 1.24 1.13 1.18 1.21

C. Effect of environment on carbon-carbon single bonds (other single bonds not shown). From Reference 3. Configuration C–C C–C= C–C≡ =C–C= ≡C–C= ≡C–C≡

C–C length 1.526 1.501 1.459 1.467 1.445 1.378

Examples of molecules H3C–CH3 H3C–CH=CH2 H3C–C≡CH H2C=CH–CH=CH2 HC≡C–CH=CH2 HC≡C–C≡CH

D. Some metal-carbon bond lengths in gas-phase molecules. Al–C B–C Be–C

1.96 1.58 1.70

Bi–C Cd–C Hg–C

2.26 2.11 2.08

Pb–C Sn–C Zn–C

2.24 2.14 1.93

9-46

Section 09 book.indb 46

5/3/05 12:10:28 PM

Atomic Radii of the Elements The simple model of an atom as a hard sphere that can approach only to a fixed distance from another atom to which it is not bonded has proved useful in interpreting crystal structures and other molecular properties. The term van der Waals radius, rvdw, was originally introduced by Pauling as a measure of this atomic size. Thus in a closely packed structure two non-bonded atoms A and B will be separated by the sum of their van der Waals radii rvdw (A) and rvdw (B). The set of van der Waals radii proposed by Pauling was refined by Bondi (Reference 1) based on crystallographic data, gas kinetic collision cross sections, and liquid state properties. The non-bonded contact distances predicted from the recommended rvdw of Bondi have been compared with actual data in the collection of the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center by Rowland and Taylor (Reference 2) and modified slightly. Their recommended van der Waals radii are given in the third column of this table. Element



6679X_S09.indb 49

Symbol rvdw/Å rcov/Å

Element

Actinium

Ac

 

1.88

Hafnium

Aluminum

Al

 

1.35

Americium

Am

 

1.51

Antimony

Sb

 

Argon

Ar

Arsenic

The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center also makes use of a set of “covalent radii” to determine which atoms in a crystal are bonded to each other. Thus two atoms A and B are judged to be connected by a covalent bond if their separation falls within a tolerance of ±0.4 Å of the sum rcov (A) + rcov (B). The covalent radii are given in the fourth column of the table.

References 1. Bondi, A., J. Phys. Chem. 68, 441, 1964. 2. Rowland, R. S. and Taylor, R., J. Phys. Chem. 100, 7384, 1996. 3. Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center, www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/products/csd/radii/

Symbol rvdw/Å rcov/Å

Hf

 

Helium

He

Holmium

Ho

1.46

Hydrogen

1.88

1.51

As

1.85

Astatine

At

Barium

Ba

Berkelium

Element

1.57

Promethium

1.40

 

 

1.74

H

1.09

Indium

In

1.21

Iodine

 

1.21

 

1.34

Bk

 

Beryllium

Be

Bismuth

Bi

Boron

B

Bromine

Br

Cadmium

Symbol rvdw/Å rcov/Å

Pm

 

1.80

Protactinium

Pa

 

1.61

Radium

Ra

 

1.90

0.23

Rhenium

Re

 

1.35

1.93

1.63

Rhodium

Rh

 

1.45

I

1.98

1.40

Rubidium

Rb

 

1.47

Iridium

Ir

 

1.32

Ruthenium

Ru

 

1.40

Iron

Fe

 

1.34

Samarium

Sm

 

1.80

1.54

Krypton

Kr

2.02

 

Scandium

Sc

 

1.44

 

0.35

Lanthanum

La

 

1.87

Selenium

Se

1.90

1.22

 

1.54

Lead

Pb

2.02

1.54

Silicon

Si

2.10

1.20

0.83

Lithium

Li

1.82

0.68

Silver

Ag

1.72

1.59

1.85

1.21

Lutetium

Lu

 

1.72

Sodium

Na

2.27

0.97

Cd

1.58

1.69

Magnesium

Mg

1.73

1.10

Strontium

Sr

 

1.12

Cesium

Cs

 

1.67

Manganese

Mn

 

1.35

Sculpture

S

1.80

1.02

Calcium

Ca

 

0.99

Mercury

Hg

1.55

1.70

Tantalum

Ta

 

1.43

Californium

Cf

 

1.83

Molybdenum

Mo

 

1.47

Technetium

Tc

 

1.35

Carbon

C

1.70

0.68

Neodymium

Nd

 

1.81

Tellurium

Te

2.06

1.47

Cerium

Ce

 

1.83

Neon

Ne

1.54

 

Terbium

Tb

 

1.76

Chlorine

Cl

1.75

0.99

Neptunium

Np

 

1.55

Thallium

Tl

1.96

1.55

Chromium

Cr

 

1.35

Nickel

Ni

1.63

 

Thorium

Th

 

1.79

Cobalt

Co

 

1.33

Niobium

Nb

 

1.48

Thulium

Tm

 

1.72

Copper

Cu

1.40

1.52

Nitrogen

N

1.55

0.68

Tin

Sn

2.17

1.46

Curium

Cm

 

0.99

Osmium

Os

 

1.37

Titanium

Ti

 

1.47

Dysprosium

Dy

 

1.75

Oxygen

O

1.52

0.68

Tungsten

W

 

1.37

Erbium

Er

 

1.73

Palladium

Pd

1.63

 

Uranium

U

1.86

1.58

Europium

Eu

 

1.99

Phosphorus

P

1.80

1.05

Vanadium

V

 

1.33

Fluorine

F

1.47

0.64

Platinum

Pt

1.72

 

Xenon

Xe

2.16

 

Gadolinium

Gd

 

1.79

Plutonium

Pu

 

1.53

Ytterbium

Yb

 

1.94

Gallium

Ga

1.87

1.22

Polonium

Po

 

1.68

Yttrium

Y

 

1.78

Germanium

Ge

 

1.17

Potassium

K

2.75

1.33

Zinc

Zn

1.39

1.45

Gold

Au

1.66

 

 

1.82

Zirconium

Zr

 

1.56

Praseodymium Pr

9-49

4/11/08 3:46:39 PM

DIPOLE MOMENTS This table gives selected values of the electric dipole moment for over 800 molecules. When available, values determined by microwave spectroscopy, molecular beam electric resonance, and other high-resolution spectroscopic techniques were selected. Otherwise, the values come from measurements of the dielectric constant in the gas phase or, if these do not exist, in the liquid phase. Entries are listed alphabetically; compounds not containing carbon are listed first, followed by compounds containing carbon. The dipole moment is given in debye units (D). The conversion factor to SI units is 1 D = 3.33564 × 10–30 C m. Dipole moments of individual conformers (rotational isomers) are given when they have been measured. The conformers are designated as gauche, trans, axial, etc. The meaning of these terms can be found in the references. In some cases an average value, obtained from measurements on the bulk gas, is also given. Other information on molecules that have been studied by spectroscopy, such as the components of the dipole moment in the molecular framework and the variation with vibrational state and isotopic species, is given in the references. When the accuracy of a value is explicitly stated (i.e., 1.234 ± 0.005), the stated uncertainty generally indicates two or three standard deviations. When no uncertainty is given, the value may be assumed to be precise to a few units in the last decimal place. However, if more than three decimal places are given, the exact interpretation of the final digits may require analysis of the vibrational averaging. Values measured in the gas phase that are questionable because of undetermined error sources are indicated as approximate (≈). Values obtained by liquid phase measurements, which sometimes have large errors because of association effects, are enclosed in brackets, e.g., [1.8].

References 1. Nelson, R. D., Lide, D. R., and Maryott, A. A., Selected Values of Electric Dipole Moments for Molecules in the Gas Phase, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. — Nat. Bur. Stnds. 10, 1967. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/14a (1982), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 4. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/14b (1983), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 5. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/19c (1992), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 6. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/24c (2002), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 7. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 8. Kasuya, T., Lafferty, W. J., and Lide, D. R., J. Chem. Phys. 48, 1, 1968. 9. Kirchhoff, W. H., and Lide, D. R., J. Chem. Phys. 51, 467, 1969. 10. Durig, J. R., Li, Y. S., and Rizzolo, J. J., J. Chem. Phys. 77, 5885, 1982. 11. Ogata, T., Mochizuki, A. and Yamashita, E., J. Chem. Phys. 87, 2531, 1987. 12. Rego, A., and Cox, A. P., J. Chem. Phys. 89, 124, 1988. 13. Tyblewski, M., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 6168, 1992. 14. Kawashima, Y., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 820, 1993. 15. Caminati, W., Melandri, S., and Favero, L., J. Chem. Phys. 100, 8569, 1994. 16. Cederberg, J., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 3361, 1996. 17. Bauder, A., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 106, 7558, 1997.

18. Muller, H. S. P., Miller, C. E., and Cohen, E. A., J. Chem. Phys. 107, 8292, 1997. 19. Burgh, D. J., Suenram, R. D., and Stevens, W. J., J. Chem. Phys. 111, 3526, 1999. 20. Blake, T. A., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 6031, 1993. 21. Ruoff, R. S., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 89, 138, 1988. 22. Muenter, J. S., J. Chem. Phys. 90, 4048, 1989. 23. Peterson, J. I., Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., J. Chem. Phys. 90, 5964, 1989. 24. Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., and Matsumura, K., Astrophys. J. Lett. 342, 103, 1989. 25. Groner, P., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 91, 1434, 1989. 26. Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., Fraser, G. T., and Matsumura, K., J. Chem. Phys. 92, 4724, 1990. 27. Andrews, A. M., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 93, 7030, 1990. 28. Peterson, K. I., Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., J. Chem. Phys. 94, 106, 1991. 29. Iida, M., Ohshima, Y., and Endo, Y., J. Chem. Phys. 95, 4772, 1991. 30. Andrews, A. M., Hillig, K. W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 96, 1784, 1992. 31. Ruoff, R. S., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 96, 3441, 1992. 32. Germann, T. C., Tschopp, S. L., and Gutowsky, H. S., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 1619, 1992. 33. Taleb-Bendiab, A., Hillig, K. W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 2996, 1992. 34. Taleb-Bendiab, A., Hillig, K. W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 3627, 1993. 35. Xu, L-W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 100, 15, 1994. 36. Peterson, K. I., Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., J. Chem. Phys. 102, 7807, 1995. 37. Tatamitani, Y., and Ogata, T., J. Chem. Phys. 121, 9885, 2004. 38. Medvedev, I., et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 148, 593, 2003. 39. Lesarri, A., Suenram, R. D., and Brugh, D., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9651, 2002. 40. Arunan, E., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9766, 2002. 41. Smith, T. C., Clouthier, D. J., and Steimle, T. C., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 817, 2001. 42. Peebles, S. A., Sun, L., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 110, 6804, 1999. 43. Namiki, K. C., Robinson, J. S., and Steimle, T. C., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5283, 1998. 44. Peebles, S. A., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5276, 1998. 45. Sauer, B. E., Wang, J., and Hinds, E. A., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 7412, 1996. 46. Fry, J. L., Drouin, B. J., and Miller, C. E., J. Chem. Phys. 124, 084304, 2006. 47. Christiansen, J. J., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 231, 131, 2005. 48. Kisiel, Z., et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 325, 523, 2000. 49. Lovas, F. J., et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 455, 201, 1995. 50. Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., Astrophys. J. Lett. 429, 89, 1994. 51. Biermann, S., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 9754, 1996. 52. McGlone, S., and Bauder, A., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5383, 1998. 53. Peebles, S. A., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 111, 10511, 1999. 54. Plusquellic, D. F., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 3057, 2001. 55. Muller, H. S. P., and Cohen, E. A., J. Chem. Phys. 116, 2407, 2002. 56. Andrews, A. M., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 791, 1993. 57. Lovas, F. J., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 92, 891, 1990. 58. Klots, T. D., Emilsson, T., and Gutowsky, H. S., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 5335, 1992. 59. Careless, A. J., Kroto, H. W., and Landsberg, B. M., Chem. Phys. 1, 371, 1973. 60. Costain, C. C., and Kroto, H. W., Can. J. Phys. 50, 1453, 1972. 61. Kroto, H. W., Nixon, J. F., and Ohno, K., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 90, 367, 1981. 62. Kroto, H. W., Nixon, J. F., and Simmons, N. P. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 82, 185, 1980. 63. Kroto, H. W., Nixon, J. F., and Ohno, K., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 77, 270, 1979. 64. Cox, A. P., Ewart, I. C., and Gayton, T. R., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 125, 76, 1987. 65. Cohen, E. A., and Pickett, H. M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 87, 582, 1981. 66. Peebles, S. A., and Peebles, R. A., J. Mol. Struct. 607, 19, 2002. 67. Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., and Pickett, H. M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 116, 406, 1986. 68. Kroto, H. W., and Landsberg, B. M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 62, 346, 1976.

9-50

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Dipole Moments Name

9-51 Mol. Form.

Compounds not containing carbon Aluminum monofluoride AlF Ammonia H3N Arsenic(III) chloride AsCl3 Arsenic(III) fluoride AsF3 Arsine AsH3 Barium oxide BaO Barium sulfide BaS Bromine chloride BrCl Bromine dioxide BrO2 Bromine fluoride BrF Bromine oxide BrO Bromine pentafluoride BrF5 Bromosilane BrH3Si Bromotrifluorosilane BrF3Si Calcium monochloride CaCl Cesium chloride ClCs Cesium fluoride CsF Cesium sodium CsNa Chlorine fluoride ClF Chlorine oxide ClO Chlorine trifluoride ClF3 Chloroborane BClH2 Chlorogermane ClGeH3 Chlorosilane ClH3Si Chlorosyl fluoride ClFO Chlorotrifluorosilane ClF3Si Chromium monoxide CrO Copper(I) fluoride CuF Copper(II) oxide CuO Dichlorosilane Cl2H2Si Difluoramine F2HN Difluorine dioxide F2O2 Difluoroborane BF2H cis-Difluorodiazine F2N2 Difluorosilane F2H2Si Difluorosilylene F2Si Disiloxane H6OSi2 Fluoramine FH2N Fluorine azide FN3 Fluorine monoxide F2O Fluorine oxide FO Fluoroborane BF Fluorogermane FGeH3 Fluorosilane FH3Si Gallium monofluoride FGa Germanium(II) fluoride F2Ge Germanium(II) oxide GeO Germanium(II) selenide GeSe Germanium(II) sulfide GeS Germanium(II) telluride GeTe Germylazide GeH3N3 Hafnium monoxide HfO Hafnium(IV) oxide HfO2 Hexaborane(10) B6H10

6679X_S09.indb 51

μ/D 1.53 ± 0.15 1.4718 ± 0.0002 1.59 ± 0.08 2.59 ± 0.05 0.217 ± 0.003 7.954 ± 0.003 10.86 ± 0.02 0.519 ± 0.004 2.8 ± 0.1 1.422 ± 0.016 1.76 ± 0.04 1.51 ± 0.15 1.319 0.835 ± 0.007 ≈3.6 10.387 ± 0.004 7.884 ± 0.001 4.75 ± 0.20 0.888061 1.297 ± 0.001 0.6 ± 0.1 0.75 ± 0.05 2.13 ± 0.02 1.31 ± 0.01 1.93 ± 0.02 0.636 ± 0.004 3.88 ± 0.13 5.77 ± 0.29 4.5 ± 0.5 1.17 ± 0.02 1.92 ± 0.02 1.44 ± 0.07 0.971 ± 0.010 0.16 ± 0.01 1.55 ± 0.02 1.23 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.02 2.27 ± 0.18 ≈1.3 0.308180 0.0043 ± 0.0004 ≈0.5 2.33 ± 0.12 1.2969 ± 0.0006 2.45 ± 0.05 2.61 ± 0.02 3.2823 ± 0.0001 1.65 ± 0.05 2.00 ± 0.06 1.06 ± 0.07 2.58 ± 0.02 3.431 ± 0.005 7.92 ± 0.01 2.50 ± 0.05

Ref. 1 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 18 3 2 1 3 64 4 2 2 2 5 5 1 14 1 1 55 5 5 2 5 1 1 1 8 1 1 2 1 5 5 5 5 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 25 26 39 3

Hydrazine

Name

Hydrazoic acid Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydroxyl Hydroxylamine Hypochlorous acid Hypofluorous acid Imidogen Indium(I) chloride Indium(I) fluoride Iodine bromide Iodine chloride Iodine fluoride Iodine monoxide Iodine pentafluoride Lanthanum monoxide Lead(II) oxide Lead(II) sulfide Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium fluoride–sodium fluoride complex Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Lithium iodide Lithium monoxide Lithium potassium Lithium rubidium Lithium sodium Magnesium oxide Mercapto Nitric acid Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen sulfide Nitrogen trichloride Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrogen trioxide Nitrosyl bromide Nitrosyl fluoride Nitrosyl hydride Nitrous acid (cis) Nitrous acid (trans) Nitrous oxide Nitryl chloride Nitryl fluoride Ozone Pentaborane(9) Perchloryl fluoride Peroxynitrous acid

Mol. Form. H4N2 HN3 BrH ClH FH HI H2O2 H2S HO H3NO ClHO FHO HN ClIn FIn BrI ClI FI IO F5I LaO OPb PbS BrLi ClLi FLi FLi•FNa

1.75 ± 0.09 1.70 ± 0.09 0.8272 ± 0.0003 1.1086 ± 0.0003 1.826178 0.448 ± 0.001 1.573 ± 0.001 0.97833 1.655 ± 0.001 0.59 ± 0.05 ≈1.3 2.23 ± 0.11 1.39 ± 0.07 3.79 ± 0.19 3.40 ± 0.07 0.726 ± 0.003 1.24 ± 0.02 1.948 ± 0.020 2.45 ± 0.05 2.18 ± 0.11 3.207 ± 0.011 4.64 ± 0.50 3.59 ± 0.18 7.268 ± 0.001 7.12887 6.3274 ± 0.0002 2.62 ± 0.02

μ/D

HLi HLiO ILi LiO KLi LiRb LiNa MgO HS HNO3 NO NO2 NS Cl3N F3N N2O3 BrNO FNO HNO HNO2 HNO2 N2O ClNO2 FNO2 O3 B5H9 ClFO3 HNO3

5.884 ± 0.001 4.754 ± 0.002 7.428 ± 0.001 6.84 ± 0.03 3.45 ± 0.20 4.0 ± 0.1 0.463 ± 0.002 6.2 ± 0.6 0.7580 ± 0.0001 2.17 ± 0.02 0.15872 0.316 ± 0.010 1.81 ± 0.02 0.39 ± 0.01 0.235 ± 0.004 2.122 ± 0.010 ≈1.8 1.730 ± 0.003 1.62 ± 0.03 1.423 ± 0.005 1.855 ± 0.016 0.16083 0.53 0.466 ± 0.005 0.53373 2.13 ± 0.04 0.023 ± 0.001 1.07 ± 0.002

Ref.

1 3 3 3 2 2 65 5 5 2 2 3 3 2 2 5 2 3 2 1 26 2 2 2 2 3 51 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 5 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 3 46

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9-52 Dipole Moments Name Peroxynitric acid Phosphine Phosphorothioc trifluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus nitride Phosphoryl chloride Phosphoryl fluoride Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium fluoride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium sodium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium sodium Selenium dioxide Selenium tetrafluoride Silicon monosulfide Silicon monoxide Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Sodium bromide Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide Stibine Strontium oxide Sulfur dichloride Sulfur difluoride Sulfur dioxide Sulfur monofluoride Sulfur monoxide Sulfur oxide (SSO) Sulfur tetrafluoride Sulfuryl chloride Sulfuryl fluoride Tetraborane(10) Tetrafluorohydrazine (gauche) Tetrafluorosilane–ammonia complex Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) fluoride Thallium(I) iodide Thionitrosyl chloride (NSCl) Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Thionyl chloride Thionyl fluoride

6679X_S09.indb 52

Mol. Form. HNO4 H 3P F3PS Cl3P F3P OP NP Cl3OP F3OP BrK ClK FK HKO IK KNa BrRb ClRb FRb IRb NaRb O2Se F4Se SSi OSi AgBr AgCl AgF AgI BrNa ClNa FNa INa H3Sb OSr Cl2S F2S O2S FS OS OS2 F4S Cl2O2S F2O2S B4H10 F4N2

μ/D Ref. 1.99 ± 0.02 67 0.5740 ± 0.0003 3 0.64 ± 0.02 1 0.56 ± 0.02 2 1.03 ± 0.01 1 1.88 ± 0.07 5 2.7470 ± 0.0001 2 2.54 ± 0.05 2 1.8685 ± 0.0001 3 10.628 ± 0.001 2 10.269 ± 0.001 2 8.585 ± 0.003 2 7.415 ± 0.002 16 ≈10.8 2 2.693 ± 0.014 3 ≈10.9 2 10.510 ± 0.005 2 8.5465 ± 0.0005 2 ≈11.5 2 3.1 ± 0.3 2 2.62 ± 0.05 2 1.78 ± 0.09 2 1.73 ± 0.09 2 3.0982 2 5.62 ± 0.03 5 6.08 ± 0.06 5 6.22 ± 0.30 2 4.55 ± 0.05 5 9.1183 ± 0.0006 2 9.00117 2 8.156 ± 0.001 2 9.236 ± 0.003 2 0.12 ± 0.05 1 8.900 ± 0.003 2 0.36 ± 0.01 3 1.05 ± 0.05 2 1.63305 3 0.794 ± 0.02 3 1.55 ± 0.02 1 1.47 ± 0.03 1 0.632 ± 0.003 1 1.81 ± 0.04 1 1.12 ± 0.02 1 0.486 ± 0.002 3 0.257 ± 0.002 5

F4Si•H3N

5.61 ± 0.02

BrTl ClTl FTl ITl ClNS FNS Cl2OS F2OS

4.49 ± 0.05 4.54299 4.2282 ± 0.0008 4.61 ± 0.07 1.87 ± 0.02 1.902 ± 0.012 1.45 ± 0.03 1.63 ± 0.01

31 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1

Name Tin(II) oxide

Mol. Form. OSn

μ/D 4.32 ± 0.22

Tin(II) sulfide Titanium(II) oxide Trichlorofluorosilane Trichlorosilane Trifluoramine oxide 1,1,1-Trifluorodisilane Trifluoroiodosilane Trifluorosilane Water Water dimer–hydrogen bromide complex Water dimer–hydrogen chloride complex Ytterbium monofluoride Yttrium monoxide Zirconium(II) oxide Zirconium(IV) oxide

SSn OTi Cl3FSi Cl3HSi F3NO F3H3Si2 F3ISi F3HSi H2O H4O2•BrH

3.18 ± 0.16 2.96 ± 0.05 0.49 ± 0.01 0.86 ± 0.01 0.0390 ± 0.0004 2.03 ± 0.10 1.11 ± 0.03 1.27 ± 0.03 1.8546 ± 0.0040 2.281 ± 0.003

2 2 5 2 2 9 3 5 1 3 48

H4O2•ClH

2.328 ± 0.003

48

FYb OY OZr O2Zr

3.91 ± 0.04 4.524 ± 0.007 2.55 ± 0.01 7.80 ± 0.02

45 26 26 19

≈0.85 2.750 ± 0.006 3.68 ± 0.03 1.70 ± 0.03 ≈2.8 2.88 ± 0.03 3.92519 3.02 ± 0.06 2.72 ± 0.14 0.161 ± 0.001

1 3 5 2 1 1 5 1 1 22

0.311 ± 0.001

32

1.23 ± 0.02

53

3.29 ± 0.03

32

2.96 ± 0.03 2.552 ± 0.003 3.117 ± 0.004 3.92 ± 0.07 1.55 ± 0.08 1.60 ± 0.08 ≈1.2 1.13 ± 0.02 1.38 ± 0.07 0.80 ± 0.02 [3.0] [3.5] 1.14 ± 0.02

1 5 5 5 3 1 1 3 1 1 7 7 40

0.136 ± 0.002 2.061 ± 0.002

58 33

Compounds containing carbon Acenaphthene C12H10 Acetaldehyde C2H4O Acetamide C2H5NO Acetic acid C2H4O2 Acetic anhydride C4H6O3 Acetone C3H6O Acetonitrile C2H3N Acetophenone C8H8O Acetyl chloride C2H3ClO Acetylene–carbon dioxide C2H2•CO2 complex Acetylene–carbon monoxide C2H2•CO complex Acetylene–carbon oxysulfide C2H2•C3O3S3 trimer complex Acetylene–hydrogen cyanide C2H2•CHN complex Acetyl fluoride C2H3FO Acrolein (cis) C3H4O Acrolein (trans) C3H4O Acrylonitrile C3H3N Allyl alcohol (gauche) C3H6O Allyl alcohol (average) C3H6O Allylamine C3H7N Aniline C6H7N Anisole C7H8O Azulene C10H8 Benzaldehyde C7H6O Benzeneacetonitrile C8H7N Benzene–hydrogen sulfide C6H6•H2S complex Benzene–krypton complex C6H6•Kr Benzene–sulfur dioxide C6H6•O2S complex Benzenethiol C6H6S Benzonitrile C7H5N Benzyl acetate C9H10O2 Benzyl alcohol C7H8O

[1.23] 4.18 ± 0.08 [1.22] 1.71 ± 0.09

Ref.

7 1 7 1

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Dipole Moments Name Benzyl benzoate Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Borane carbonyl Bromoacetylene Bromobenzene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane Bromochlorofluoromethane Bromochloromethane 1-Bromodecane Bromoethane Bromoethene Bromofluoroacetylene 1-Bromoheptane Bromomethane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Bromopentane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene Bromotrifluoromethane 1,2-Butadiene Butanal 1,4-Butanediol Butanenitrile (gauche) Butanenitrile (anti) 1-Butanethiol Butanoic acid 1-Butanol 2-Butanone trans-2-Butenal 1-Butene (cis) 1-Butene (skew) cis-2-Butene cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butenoic acid cis-2-Buten-1-ol trans-2-Buten-1-ol 1-Buten-3-yne 2-Butoxyethanol Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine tert-Butylbenzene Butyl ethyl ether Butyl formate Butyl stearate

6679X_S09.indb 53

9-53 Mol. Form. C14H12O2 C4H13N3 C4H8Cl2O C24H38O4 CH3BO C2HBr C6H5Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C2H4BrCl CHBrClF CH2BrCl C10H21Br C2H5Br C2H3Br C2BrF C7H15Br CH3Br C4H9Br C10H7Br C5H11Br C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H5Br C3H5Br CBrF3 C4H6 C4H8O C4H10O2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H10S C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H8O C4H6O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H6O2 C4H8O C4H8O C4H4 C6H14O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C10H14 C6H14O C5H10O2 C22H44O2

μ/D Ref. [2.06] 7 [1.89] 7 [2.58] 7 [2.84] 7 1.698 ± 0.020 3 0.22962 5 1.70 ± 0.03 1 2.08 ± 0.10 1 2.23 ± 0.11 1 [1.2] 7 1.5 ± 0.3 17 [1.66] 7 [1.93] 7 2.04 ± 0.02 5 1.42 ± 0.03 1 0.448 ± 0.002 5 2.16 ± 0.11 1 1.8203 ± 0.0004 5 [2.17] 7 [1.55] 7 2.20 ± 0.11 1 2.18 ± 0.11 1 2.21 ± 0.11 1 [1.51] 7 ≈1.9 1 0.65 ± 0.05 1 0.403 ± 0.002 1 2.72 ± 0.05 1 [2.58] 7 3.91 ± 0.04 5 3.73 ± 0.06 5 [1.53] 7 [1.65] 7 1.66 ± 0.03 1 2.779 ± 0.015 2 3.67 ± 0.07 1 0.438 ± 0.007 2 0.359 ± 0.011 2 0.253 ± 0.005 2 [2.48] 7 [2.45] 7 [2.13] 7 1.96 ± 0.03 5 1.90 ± 0.02 5 0.22 ± 0.02 3 [2.08] 7 [1.87] 7 [1.87] 7 ≈1.0 1 [1.28] 7 [1.29] 7 ≈0.83 1 [1.24] 7 [2.03] 7 [1.88] 7

Name Butyl vinyl ether 1-Butyne γ-Butyrolactone Calcium methoxide Camphor, (+) Caprolactam Carboimidic difluoride Carbon dioxide dimer–water complex Carbon dioxide–mercury complex Carbon dioxide–water dimer complex Carbon disulfide–sulfur dioxide complex Carbon monoselenide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide dimer– water complex Carbon oxyselenide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxysulfide–carbon dioxide dimer complex Carbon oxysulfide–water complex Carbonyl chloride Carbonyl fluoride Chloroacetyl chloride Chloroacetylene 2-Chloroaniline Chlorobenzene 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane Chlorocyclohexane (axial) Chlorocyclohexane (equitorial) 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Chloroethene 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane Chlorofluoromethane Chloromethane (Chloromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Chloronaphthalene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 1-Chlorooctane Chloropentafluoroethane 1-Chloropentane 4-Chlorophenol

Mol. Form. C6H12O C4H6 C4H6O2 CH3CaO C10H16O C6H11NO CHF2N C2O4•H2O

μ/D [1.25] 0.782 ± 0.004 4.27 ± 0.03 1.58 ± 0.08 [3.1] [3.9] 1.393 ± 0.001 1.989 ± 0.002

Ref. 7 5 3 43 7 7 5 23

CO2•Hg

0.107 ± 0.003

29

CO2•H4O2

1.746 ± 0.010

28

CO2•O2S

1.096 ± 0.001

42

CSe CS CO C2O2•H2O

1.99 ± 0.04 1.958 ± 0.005 0.10980 1.57 ± 0.05

3 2 3 36

COSe COS COS•C2O4

0.73 ± 0.02 0.715189 0.69 ± 0.05

1 5 44

COS•H2O

2.668 ± 0.003

37

CCl2O CF2O C2H2Cl2O C2HCl C6H6ClN C6H5Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C6H11Cl C6H11Cl

1.17 ± 0.01 0.95 ± 0.01 2.23 ± 0.11 0.44408 [1.77] 1.69 ± 0.03 2.05 ± 0.04 2.04 ± 0.10 1.91 ± 0.02 2.44 ± 0.07

C2H3ClF2 CHClF2 C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H3Cl C6H4ClF C2H4ClF CH2ClF CH3Cl C7H7Cl C5H11Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C10H7Cl C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C8H17Cl C2ClF5 C5H11Cl C6H5ClO

2.14 ± 0.04 1.42 ± 0.03 2.05 ± 0.02 1.78 ± 0.09 1.45 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.01 2.068 ± 0.014 1.82 ± 0.04 1.8963 ± 0.0002 [1.82] [1.92] 2.00 ± 0.10 2.13 ± 0.04 [1.57] 4.64 ± 0.09 3.73 ± 0.07 2.83 ± 0.06 [2.00] 0.52 ± 0.05 2.16 ± 0.11 2.11 ± 0.11

1 1 1 5 7 1 1 1 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 66 3 1 5 7 7 1 1 7 1 1 1 7 1 1 1

4/11/08 3:46:44 PM

9-54 Dipole Moments Name 1-Chloropropane (gauche) 1-Chloropropane (trans) 1-Chloropropane (average) 2-Chloropropane cis-1-Chloropropene trans-1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene 4-Chloropyridine 2-Chlorotoluene 3-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene Chlorotrifluoroethene Chlorotrifluoromethane o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformamide Cyanogen azide (NCN3) Cyanogen chloride Cyanogen fluoride Cyanogen iodide Cyanomethylmercury Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Cyclobutanone Cyclobutene 1,3-Cycloheptadiene 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2dione Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene (half-chair) Cyclohexylamine 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2,4-Cyclopentadien-1-one Cyclopentanone Cyclopentene 3-Cyclopenten-1-one Cyclopropane-sulfur dioxide complex Cyclopropanone Cyclopropene Cyclopropylamine Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Diacetone alcohol Diazomethane Dibromodifluoromethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromopropane Dibutylamine Dibutyl ether Dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl sebacate

6679X_S09.indb 54

Mol. Form. C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C5H4ClN C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C2ClF3 CClF3 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O CH2N2 C3HN C2H2N2O CN4 CClN CFN CIN C2H3HgN C5H7N C4H6O C4H6 C7H10 C7H6O C6H4O2

μ/D Ref. 2.02 ± 0.03 5 1.95 ± 0.02 5 2.05 ± 0.04 1 2.17 ± 0.11 1 1.67 ± 0.08 1 1.97 ± 0.10 1 1.647 ± 0.010 3 1.94 ± 0.10 1 0.756 ± 0.005 3 1.56 ± 0.08 1 [1.82] 7 2.21 ± 0.04 1 0.40 ± 0.10 1 0.50 ± 0.01 1 [1.45] 7 [1.48] 7 [1.48] 7 4.28 ± 0.10 5 3.73172 5 4.10 ± 0.12 47 2.96 ± 0.07 60 2.8331 ± 0.0002 3 2.120 ± 0.001 3 3.67 ± 0.02 5 4.7 ± 0.1 12 4.04 ± 0.04 5 2.89 ± 0.03 2 0.132 ± 0.001 1 0.740 3 4.1 ± 0.3 3 4.23 ± 0.02 3

C6H10O C6H10 C6H13N C5H6 C5H4O C5H8O C5H8 C5H6O C3H6•O2S

3.246 ± 0.006 0.332 ± 0.012 [1.26] 0.419 ± 0.004 3.132 ± 0.007 ≈3.3 0.20 ± 0.02 2.79 ± 0.03 1.681 ± 0.001

5 2 7 1 3 1 1 3 30

C3H4O C3H4 C3H7N C5H8O C6H12O2 CH2N2 CBr2F2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C3H6Br2 C8H19N C8H18O C16H22O4 C18H34O4

2.67 ± 0.13 0.454 ± 0.010 1.19 ± 0.01 2.62 ± 0.25 [3.24] 1.50 ± 0.01 0.66 ± 0.05 [1.19] 1.43 ± 0.03 [1.2] [0.98] 1.17 ± 0.06 [2.82] [2.48]

2 1 2 2 7 1 1 7 1 7 7 1 7 7

Name Dibutyl sulfide o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobutane 1,1-Dichloro-2,2difluoroethene Dichlorodifluoromethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene Dichlorofluoromethane 1,1-Dichloro-2fluoropropene Dichloromethane (Dichloromethyl)benzene Dichloromethylborane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene Diethanolamine 1,1-Diethoxyethane Diethylamine Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethyl ether Diethyl malonate Diethyl oxalate Diethyl sulfide (trans-trans) Diethyl sulfide (transgauche) Diethyl sulfide (gauchegauche) o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane (gauche) 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene Difluoromethane Difluoromethylborane Difluoromethylene 1,1-Difluoro-1-propene 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 3,6-Dihydro-1,2-dioxin

Mol. Form. C8H18S C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C2Cl2F2

[1.61] 2.50 ± 0.05 1.72 ± 0.09 2.22 ± 0.11 0.50

CCl2F2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 CHCl2F C3H3Cl2F

0.51 ± 0.05 2.06 ± 0.04 [1.83] 1.34 ± 0.01 1.90 ± 0.04 1.29 ± 0.03 2.43 ± 0.02

1 1 7 1 1 1 3

CH2Cl2 C7H6Cl2 CH3BCl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C2Cl2F4

1.60 ± 0.03 [2.07] 1.419 ± 0.013 [1.85] 2.08 ± 0.04 ≈0.5

1 7 5 7 1 1

C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C6H14O2 C4H11N C5H10O3 C4H10O3 C6H14O3

[1.70] [2.95] [2.8] [1.38] 0.92 ± 0.05 1.10 ± 0.06 [2.31] [1.97]

7 7 7 7 1 1 7 7

C6H14O3

[1.6]

7

C8H16O4

[1.8]

7

C5H12O3

[1.6]

7

C4H10O C7H12O4 C6H10O4 C4H10S C4H10S

1.098 ± 0.001 [2.54] [2.49] 1.556 ± 0.004 1.591 ± 0.009

38 7 7 54 54

C4H10S

1.645 ± 0.001

54

C6H4F2 C6H4F2

2.46 ± 0.05

2

1.51 ± 0.02 2.556 ± 0.010 2.98 ± 0.02 2.27 ± 0.05 2.67 ± 0.13 1.3893 ± 0.0002 2.42 ± 0.02 1.9785 ± 0.02 1.668 ± 0.003 0.47 ± 0.02 0.889 ± 0.007 0.939 ± 0.008 2.329 ± 0.001

2 3 3 1 2 5 1 3 3 3 2 3 3

C6H10F2 C3H2F2 C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 CH2F2 CH3BF2 CF2 C3H4F2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2

μ/D

Ref.

7 1 1 1 7

4/11/08 3:46:46 PM

Dipole Moments Name 2,3-Dihydrofuran 2,5-Dihydrofuran Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)furanone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)furanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Diiodomethane Diisopentyl ether Diisopropylamine Diisopropyl ether Diketene 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene Dimethoxymethane N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane 3,3-Dimethylcyclopropene Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethylformamide 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Dimethyl maleate 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,3-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxolane Dipentyl ether Diphenyl ether Dipropylamine Dipropyl ether 1,3-Dithiane Divinyl ether Epichlorohydrin 1,2-Epoxybutane 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate 1,2-Ethanedithiol Ethanethiol (gauche) Ethanethiol (trans) Ethanol (gauche) Ethanol (trans) Ethanol (average) Ethanolamine

6679X_S09.indb 55

9-55 Mol. Form. C4H6O C4H6O C5H8O2

μ/D 1.32 ± 0.03 1.63 ± 0.01 4.56 ± 0.02

Ref. 2 5 5

C5H8O2

4.71 ± 0.05

5

C5H8O C5H8O C4H6S C4H6S CH2I2 C10H22O C6H15N C6H14O C4H4O2 C8H10O2 C3H8O2 C4H9NO C2H7N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C9H18O C6H8O4 C7H14O C5H10O C5H9N C7H9N C7H9N C2H6S C2H6OS C4H8O2 C3H6O2 C10H22O C12H10O C6H15N C6H14O C4H8S2 C4H6O C3H5ClO C4H8O C2H8N2 C6H10O4 C2H6S2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H7NO

1.400 ± 0.008 1.283 ± 0.005 1.61 ± 0.20 1.75 ± 0.01 [1.08] [1.23] [1.15] 1.13 ± 0.10 3.53 ± 0.07 [1.29] [0.74] [3.7] 1.01 ± 0.02 1.68 ± 0.17 [1.40] [1.63] 0.661 ± 0.004 0.142 ± 0.001 0.287 ± 0.003 [1.85] 1.30 ± 0.01 3.82 ± 0.08 [2.66] [2.48] [2.74] 2.66 ± 0.05 3.95 ± 0.04 [2.30] [1.66] 1.554 ± 0.004 3.96 ± 0.04 2.06 ± 0.04 1.19 ± 0.06 [1.20] ≈1.3 [1.03] 1.21 ± 0.06 2.14 ± 0.04 0.78 ± 0.05 [1.8] 1.891 ± 0.011 1.99 ± 0.10 [2.34] 2.03 ± 0.08 1.61 ± 0.08 1.58 ± 0.08 1.68 ± 0.03 1.44 ± 0.03 1.69 ± 0.03 [2.27]

5 3 5 3 7 7 7 1 1 7 7 7 2 1 7 7 1 3 3 7 1 1 7 7 7 2 1 7 7 3 1 2 3 7 1 7 1 5 2 7 3 1 7 5 3 3 3 2 1 7

Name Ethoxybenzene 2-Ethoxyethanol 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Ethylamine (gauche) Ethylamine (trans) Ethylamine (average) Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl trans-cinnamate Ethyl cyanate Ethyl cyanoacetate Ethylene carbonate Ethylene glycol (average) Ethyleneimine Ethylene–sulfur dioxide complex Ethylene–water complex Ethyl formate (gauche) Ethyl formate (trans) Ethyl formate (average) 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Ethyl lactate Ethyl methyl ether (trans) Ethyl methyl sulfide (gauche) Ethyl methyl sulfide (trans) Ethyl propanoate Ethyl vinyl ether Fluoroacetylene Fluorobenzene Fluorocyclohexane (equitorial) Fluorocyclohexane (axial) 1-Fluorocyclohexene Fluoroethane Fluoroethene Fluoromethane Fluoromethylidyne (Fluoromethylidyne) phosphine (FCP) Fluoromethylsilane 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene 1-Fluoropropane (gauche) 1-Fluoropropane (trans) 2-Fluoropropane cis-1-Fluoropropene trans-1-Fluoropropene 2-Fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropene (gauche) 3-Fluoropropene (cis) 3-Fluoropropyne 3-Fluoropyridine 2-Fluorotoluene

Mol. Form. C8H10O C4H10O2 C6H12O3 C4H8O2 C5H8O2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C11H12O2 C3H5NO C5H7NO2 C3H4O3 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4•O2S C2H4•H2O C3H6O2

μ/D

1.45 ± 0.15 [2.08] [2.25] 1.78 ± 0.09 [1.96] 1.210 ± 0.015 1.304 ± 0.011 1.22 ± 0.10 0.59 ± 0.05 2.00 ± 0.10 [1.74] [1.84] 4.72 ± 0.09 [2.17] [4.9] 2.36 ± 0.10 1.90 ± 0.01 1.650 ± 0.003 1.10 ± 0.01

Ref.

1 7 7 1 7 5 5 1 1 1 7 7 5 7 7 5 1 27 56

C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C8H18O C10H20O2 C5H10O3 C3H8O C3H8S C3H8S C5H10O2 C4H8O C2HF C6H5F C6H11F

1.81 ± 0.02 1.98 ± 0.02 1.93 [1.74] [1.8] [2.4] 1.17 ± 0.02 1.593 ± 0.004 1.56 ± 0.03 [1.74] [1.26] 0.7207 ± 0.0003 1.60 ± 0.08 2.11 ± 0.04

2 2 1 7 7 7 3 5 3 7 7 3 1 2

C6H11F C6H9F C2H5F C2H3F CH3F CF CFP

1.81 ± 0.04 1.942 ± 0.010 1.937 ± 0.007 1.468 ± 0.003 1.858 ± 0.002 0.645 ± 0.005 0.279 ± 0.001

2 5 5 5 3 3 62

CH5FSi C6H4FNO2 C3H7F C3H7F C3H7F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H3F C5H4FN C7H7F

1.700 ± 0.008 2.87 ± 0.06 1.90 ± 0.10 2.05 ± 0.04 1.958 ± 0.001 1.46 ± 0.03 ≈1.9 1.61 ± 0.03 1.939 ± 0.015 1.765 ± 0.014 1.73 ± 0.02 2.09 ± 0.26 1.37 ± 0.07

5 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 1

4/11/08 3:46:47 PM

9-56 Dipole Moments Name 3-Fluorotoluene 4-Fluorotoluene Formaldehyde Formaldehyde dimer Formamide Formic acid Formyl fluoride Fulminic acid Fulvene Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol Glycine (Conformer I) Glycine (Conformer II) Glycolaldehyde Glyoxal (cis) 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Hexanoic acid 2-Hexanone sec-Hexyl acetate 1-Hexyne Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen cyanide trimer Hydrogen isocyanide p-Hydroquinone 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile (gauche) Imidazole Iodoacetylene Iodobenzene 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane Iodoethane Iodoethene Iodomethane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane Iodomethylsilane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Isobutanal (gauche) Isobutanal (trans) Isobutane Isobutene Isobutyl acetate Isobutylamine Isobutyl formate Isobutyl isobutanoate Isocyanic acid (HNCO) Isocyanobenzene Isocyanocyclopropane

6679X_S09.indb 56

Mol. Form. C7H7F C7H7F CH2O C2H4O2 CH3NO CH2O2 CHFO CHNO C6H6 C4H4O C5H4O2 C5H6O2 C3H8O3 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H4O2 C2H2O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C6H18N3OP

μ/D 1.82 ± 0.04 2.00 ± 0.10 2.332 ± 0.002 0.858 ± 0.005 3.73 ± 0.07 1.425 ± 0.002 2.081 ± 0.001 3.09934 0.4236 ± 0.013 0.66 ± 0.01 [3.54] [1.92] [2.56] 1.147 ± 0.005 5.45 ± 0.05 2.73 ± 0.05 4.8 ± 0.2 [1.71] [1.71] [2.59] [2.78] [5.5]

C6H12O2 C6H12O C8H16O2 C6H10 CHN C3H3N3 CHN C6H6O2 C3H5NO

[1.13] [2.66] [1.9] 0.83 ± 0.05 2.985188 10.6 3.05 ± 0.15 2.38 ± 0.05 3.17 ± 0.02

C3H4N2 C2HI C6H5I C4H9I C4H9I C2H5I C2H3I CH3I C4H9I CH5ISi C3H7I C3H7I C4H8O C4H8O C4H10 C4H8 C6H12O2 C4H11N C5H10O2 C8H16O2 CHNO C7H5N C4H5N

3.8 ± 0.4 0.02525 1.70 ± 0.09 [1.93] 2.12 ± 0.11 1.976 ± 0.002 1.311 ± 0.005 1.6406 ± 0.0004 [1.87] 1.862 ± 0.005 2.04 ± 0.10 [1.95] 2.69 ± 0.01 2.86 ± 0.01 0.132 ± 0.002 0.503 ± 0.010 [1.86] [1.27] [1.88] [1.9] ≈1.6 4.018 ± 0.003 4.03 ± 0.10

Ref. 2 1 3 57 1 5 5 5 2 1 7 7 7 49 49 2 2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 5 21 3 15 5 2 5 1 7 1 5 5 5 7 5 1 7 5 5 1 1 7 7 7 7 2 5 3

Name 2-Isocyanopropane Isopentane Isopentyl acetate Isopropylamine Isopropylbenzene Isopropyl methyl ether Isoquinoline Isoxazole Isoxazole–carbon monoxide complex Ketene Mesityl oxide Methacrylic acid Methanethiol Methanol 2-Methoxyethanol (gauche) 2-Methoxyethyl acetate 1-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene N-Methylacetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile Methylamine 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline Methyl azide Methyl benzoate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butene (gauche) 3-Methyl-1-butene (trans) 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne Methyl cyanate cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol 3-Methylcyclopentanone 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1one Methylcyclopropane Methyldiborane(6) Methyldifluorophosphine Methylenecyclohexane Methylenecyclopropene Methylenephosphine (CH2 = PH) N-Methylformamide Methyl formate 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone Methyl hydroperoxide Methylidyne

Mol. Form. C4H7N C5H12 C7H14O2 C3H9N C9H12 C4H10O C9H7N C3H3NO C3H3NO•CO

μ/D

4.055 ± 0.001 0.13 ± 0.05 [1.86] 1.19 ± 0.06 ≈0.79 1.247 ± 0.003 2.73 ± 0.14 2.95 ± 0.04 2.873 ± 0.004

Ref.

5 1 7 3 1 5 1 3 52

C2H2O C6H10O C4H6O2 CH4S CH4O C3H8O2 C5H10O3 C4H6O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C4H6O2

1.42215 [2.79] [1.65] 1.52 ± 0.08 1.70 ± 0.02 2.36 ± 0.05 [2.13] 0.963 ± 0.020 [4.3] 1.72 ± 0.09

3 7 7 1 1 2 7 5 7 1

C4H5N CH5N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N CH3N3 C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H7N C5H6 C2H3NO C7H14O C7H14O C6H10O C6H8O

[1.77] 3.69 ± 0.18 1.31 ± 0.03 [1.60] [1.45] [1.52] 2.17 ± 0.04 [1.94] 0.25 ± 0.01 [0.63] [1.88] [1.82] 0.398 ± 0.004 0.320 ± 0.010 4.61 ± 0.13 0.513 ± 0.02 4.26 ± 0.18 [1.91] [1.75] 3.14 ± 0.03 4.33 ± 0.002

7 1 1 7 7 7 2 7 1 7 7 7 3 3 10 2 5 7 7 5 5

C4H8 CH8B2 CH3F2P C7H12 C4H4 CH3P

0.139 ± 0.004 0.566 ± 0.006 2.056 ± 0.006 0.62 ± 0.01 1.90 ± 0.01 0.869 ± 0.003

2 3 3 5 5 61

C2H5NO C2H4O2 C5H6O C5H6O C5H6O2 CH4O2 CH

3.83 ± 0.08 1.77 ± 0.04 0.65 ± 0.05 1.03 ± 0.02 4.08 ± 0.02 ≈0.65 ≈1.46

1 1 2 2 5 13 2

4/11/08 3:46:49 PM

Dipole Moments Name Methyl isocyanate Methyl isothiocyanate 4-Methylisoxazole Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloxazole 4-Methyloxazole 5-Methyloxazole Methyloxirane 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 4-Methylpentanenitrile Methylphosphonic difluoride N-Methylpropanamide 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol 2-Methylpropanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methylpropenal 2-Methyl-2-propenol (skew) Methyl propyl ether (transtrans) 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Methylpyrimidine 5-Methylpyrimidine N-Methylpyrrolidine N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone Methyl salicylate Methylsilane Methyl silyl ether 3-Methylthietane 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene Methyl vinyl ether Morpholine 2-Nitroanisole Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Nonanoic acid 2,5-Norbornadiene cis-9-Octadecenoic acid Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 1,4-Oxathiane Oxazole Oxetane 2-Oxetanone 3-Oxetanone Oxirane Paraldehyde

6679X_S09.indb 57

9-57 Mol. Form. C2H3NO C2H3NS C4H5NO C5H8O2 C4H5NO C4H5NO C4H5NO C3H6O C6H14O2 C6H11N CH3F2OP C4H9NO C4H7N C4H10S C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H6O C4H8O C4H10O

μ/D ≈2.8 3.453 ± 0.003 3.583 ± 0.005 [1.67] 1.37 ± 0.07 1.08 ± 0.05 2.16 ± 0.04 2.01 ± 0.02 [2.9] [3.5] 3.69 ± 0.26 3.61 4.29 ± 0.09 1.66 ± 0.03 [1.08] 1.64 ± 0.08 [1.66] 2.68 ± 0.13 1.295 ± 0.022 1.107 ± 0.013

C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H11N C5H9NO C8H8O3 CH6Si CH6OSi C4H8S C5H6S C5H6S C3H6O C4H9NO C7H7NO3 C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 CH3NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C9H18O2 C7H8 C18H34O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C4H8OS C3H3NO C3H6O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C2H4O C6H12O3

1.85 ± 0.04 [2.40] 2.70 ± 0.02 1.676 ± 0.010 2.881 ± 0.006 0.572 ± 0.003 [4.1] [2.47] 0.73456 1.15 ± 0.02 2.046 ± 0.009 0.674 ± 0.005 0.914 ± 0.015 0.965 ± 0.002 1.55 ± 0.03 [5.0] 4.22 ± 0.08 3.23 ± 0.03 3.46 ± 0.02 3.66 ± 0.07 3.73 ± 0.07 [0.79] 0.0587 ± 0.0001 [1.18] [1.15] [1.76] [1.71] [2.70] 0.295 ± 0.003 1.503 ± 0.030 1.94 ± 0.01 4.18 ± 0.03 0.887 ± 0.005 1.89 ± 0.01 1.43 ± 0.07

Ref. 1 5 5 7 5 5 5 1 7 7 3 7 3 3 7 1 7 1 5 3 2 7 2 3 3 5 7 7 5 2 5 2 3 5 3 7 1 2 1 1 1 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 3 3 1 1 2 1 1

Name Pentachloroethane cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,3-Pentadiyne 1,5-Pentanediol 2,4-Pentanedione Pentanenitrile Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1,2,3-Pentatriene 1-Pentene 1-Penten-3-yne cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne Pentyl acetate Pentyl formate 1-Pentyne (gauche) 1-Pentyne (trans) Perfluoropyridine Phenol Phenylacetylene Phenylsilane 1-Phosphapropyne (CH3CP) Piperidine (equitorial) Piperidine (axial) Piperidine (average) Propanal (gauche) Propanal (cis) Propanal (average) Propane 1,2-Propanediol 1,3-Propanediol Propanenitrile 1-Propanethiol (gauche) 1-Propanethiol (trans) 2-Propanethiol (gauche) 2-Propanethiol (trans) Propanoic acid (cis) Propanoic acid (average) 1-Propanol (gauche) 1-Propanol (trans) 2-Propanol (trans) Propargyl alcohol Propene Propene–sulfur dioxide complex Propyl acetate Propylamine Propylene carbonate Propyleneimine (cis) Propyleneimine (trans) Propyl formate

Mol. Form. C2HCl5 C5H8 C5H8 C5H4 C5H12O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H6 C5H10 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C7H14O2 C6H12O2 C5H8 C5H8 C5F5N C6H6O C8H6 C6H8Si C2H3P C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H8 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H5N C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H4O C3H6 C3H6•O2S

0.92 ± 0.05 0.500 ± 0.015 0.585 ± 0.010 1.207 ± 0.001 [2.5] [2.78] 4.12 ± 0.08 [1.61] [1.7] [1.66] [1.64] [2.70] [2.82] 0.51 ± 0.05 ≈0.5 0.66 ± 0.02 0.78 ± 0.02 1.06 ± 0.05 1.75 ± 0.10 1.90 ± 0.10 0.769 ± 0.028 0.842 ± 0.010 0.98 ± 0.08 1.224 ± 0.008 0.656 ± 0.005 0.845 ± 0.012 1.499 ± 0.001 0.82 ± 0.02 1.19 ± 0.02 [1.19] 2.86 ± 0.01 2.52 ± 0.05 2.72 0.084 ± 0.001 [2.25] [2.55] 4.05 ± 0.03 1.683 ± 0.010 1.60 ± 0.08 1.53 ± 0.03 1.61 ± 0.03 1.46 ± 0.07 1.75 ± 0.09 1.58 ± 0.03 1.55 ± 0.03 1.58 ± 0.03 1.13 ± 0.06 0.366 ± 0.001 1.34 ± 0.003

μ/D

C5H10O2 C3H9N C4H6O3 C3H7N C3H7N C4H8O2

[1.78] 1.17 ± 0.06 [4.9] 1.77 ± 0.09 1.57 ± 0.03 [1.89]

Ref.

1 2 2 5 7 7 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 11 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 63 3 3 3 5 1 1 1 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 35 7 1 7 2 2 7

4/11/08 3:46:50 PM

9-58 Dipole Moments Name 2-Propynal Propyne Propyne-argon complex 4H-Pyran-4-one 4H-Pyran-4-thione 1H-Pyrazole Pyridazine Pyridine 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Pyrimidine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine 2-Pyrrolidone Quinoline Salicylaldehyde Selenoformaldehyde Silicon dicarbide Silicon methylidyne Styrene Succinonitrile Sulfolane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane Tetrahydrofuran Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Tetrahydropyran (chair) Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine Tetrahydrothiophene Tetramethylurea 1H-Tetrazole Thiacyclohexane 1,2,5-Thiadiazole Thietane Thietane 1,1-dioxide Thioacetaldehyde Thiocarbonyl fluoride Thioformaldehyde Thiophene 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 4H-Thiopyran-4-thione

6679X_S09.indb 58

Mol. Form. C3H2O C3H4 C3H4•Ar C5H4O2 C5H4OS C3H4N2 C4H4N2 C5H5N C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO C4H4N2 C4H5N C4H9N C4H7NO C9H7N C7H6O2 CH2Se C2Si CHSi C8H8 C4H4N2 C4H8O2S C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C2H2F4 C4H8O C5H10O2 C5H10O C5H8O2 C5H9N C4H8S C5H12N2O CH2N4 C5H10S C2H2N2S C3H6S C3H6O2S C2H4S CF2S CH2S C4H4S C5H3NS C5H3NS C5H4S2

μ/D Ref. 2.78 ± 0.02 5 0.784 ± 0.001 3 0.730 ± 0.005 20 3.79 ± 0.02 5 3.95 ± 0.05 5 2.20 ± 0.01 3 4.22 ± 0.02 2 2.215 ± 0.010 3 5.78 ± 0.11 3 3.66 ± 0.11 3 1.96 ± 0.03 3 1.44 3 1.66 3 3.56 ± 0.07 3 2.334 ± 0.010 2 1.767 ± 0.001 5 [1.57] 7 [3.5] 7 2.29 ± 0.11 1 [2.86] 7 1.41 ± 0.01 5 2.393 ± 0.006 24 0.066 ± 0.002 41 0.123 ± 0.003 5 [3.7] 7 [4.8] 7 [1.38] 7 1.32 ± 0.07 1 2.42 ± 0.05 3 1.46 ± 0.06 3 1.80 ± 0.22 5 1.75 ± 0.04 2 [2.1] 7 1.58 ± 0.03 3 1.720 ± 0.003 3 1.007 ± 0.003 3 [1.90] 7 [3.5] 7 2.19 ± 0.05 3 1.781 ± 0.010 3 1.579 ± 0.007 3 1.85 ± 0.09 1 4.8 ± 0.1 5 2.33 ± 0.02 68 0.080 59 1.6491 ± 0.0004 3 0.55 ± 0.01 2 4.59 ± 0.02 3 4.13 ± 0.02 3 3.9 ± 0.2 5

Name Toluene Toluene-sulfur dioxide complex 1H-1,2,4-Triazole Tribromomethane Tributylamine Tributyl borate Tributyl phosphate Tricarbon monosulfide 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichloroethylsilane Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane (Trichloromethyl)benzene Trichloromethylsilane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Tri-m-cresyl phosphate Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Triethanolamine

Mol. Form. C7H8 C7H8•O2S

μ/D 0.375 ± 0.010 1.87 ± 0.03

Ref. 3 34

2.7 ± 0.1 0.99 ± 0.02 [0.78] [0.77] [3.07] 3.704 ± 0.009 1.755 ± 0.015 [1.4] [0.8] [2.04] 0.46 ± 0.02 1.04 ± 0.02 [2.03] 1.91 ± 0.01 [2.87] [3.05] [3.18]

3 1 7 7 7 50 2 7 7 7 2 2 7 2 7 7 7

Triethylamine Triethyl phosphate Trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetonitrile 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Trifluoroethene Trifluoroiodomethane Trifluoroisocyanomethane Trifluoromethane (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Trifluoromethylsilane (Trifluoromethyl)silane 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne Trimethylamine Trimethyl phosphate 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 1,3,5-Trioxane Vinyl acetate Vinyl formate 2-Vinylfuran Vinylsilane o-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol

C2H3N3 CHBr3 C12H27N C12H27BO3 C12H27O4P C3S C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 C2H5Cl3Si CCl3F CHCl3 C7H5Cl3 CH3Cl3Si C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C6H15NO3 C6H15N C6H15O4P C2HF3O2 C2F3N C6H3F3 C2H3F3 C2HF3 CF3I C2F3N CHF3 C7H5F3 CH3F3Si CH3F3Si C3H3F3 C3HF3 C3H9N C3H9O4P C8H11N C3H6O3 C4H6O2 C3H4O2 C6H6O C2H6Si C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O

[3.57] 0.66 ± 0.05 [3.12] 2.28 ± 0.25 1.262 ± 0.010 1.402 ± 0.009 2.347 ± 0.005 1.32 ± 0.03 1.048 ± 0.003 1.153 ± 0.010 1.65150 2.86 ± 0.06 2.3394 ± 0.0002 2.32 ± 0.02 2.45 ± 0.05 2.317 ± 0.013 0.612 ± 0.003 [3.18] [2.05] 2.08 ± 0.02 [1.79] 1.49 ± 0.01 0.69 ± 0.07 0.657 ± 0.002 0.640 ± 0.005 [1.4] [1.45] [1.40] [1.56] [1.55]

7 1 7 1 3 5 3 2 3 5 3 1 5 5 1 5 1 7 7 1 7 1 5 5 2 7 7 7 7 7

4/11/08 3:46:52 PM

Hindered Internal Rotation I. Ozier and N. Moazzen-Ahmadi In asymmetric tops like methyl alcohol, CH3OH, and symmetric rotors like CH3SiH3, the methyl group can undergo internal rotation relative to the rest of the molecule, traditionally called the frame (LS59, OM07). Although various different tops are considered here, all have three-fold symmetry. In such cases, the potential V hindering the internal rotation can be written: V(α)= V3( 12 )(1–cos3α) + V6( 12 )(1–cos6α) + V9( 12 )(1–cos9α)+… , where α is the deviation from equilibrium of the angle between the top and frame that measures the torsional motion. If only the first two terms are retained, then V3 is the height of the hindering potential and V6 is the shape parameter. For symmetric tops like CH3CH3 where the top and frame are identical, α is replaced by 2γ and the origin for γ is often taken as the eclipsed configuration. In the expansion, –cos6nγ is then replaced by (–1)n+1cos6nγ, where n = 1,2,… In cases where different forms of the expansion have been used in the original works, the values of the parameters published there have been converted to the conventions defined here. In Tables 1 and 2, values are given for V3 for a selection of asymmetric and symmetric tops, respectively. In cases where the higher order parameters have been determined, these are given in the Comments column. Where appropriate, this column also indicates the specific top, isomer, state, and/or isotopomer that has been studied. For ethane, three symmetric top isotopomer are listed to illustrate the isotopic dependence of V3 and V6. In all other cases, only one isotopomer is listed, even if several have been studied. In all but one of these cases, the isotopomer reported is the one with the highest natural abundance. However, CH3OCDO is listed because the results obtained are more precise than for CH3OCHO. The molecules are listed alphabetically in Hill order according to the molecular formula. The determinations listed for the potential parameters are effective values that incorporate to varying degrees effects from other molecular parameters. For example, the apparent value of V3 can be changed significantly if the reduced rotational constant F is calculated from the structure, rather than being determined independently (LS59). Other examples include such mechanisms as coupling to excited skeletal vibrations (OM07) and redundancies connecting some of the torsional parameters (LB68, MO87). The experimental uncertainties quoted are taken from the original works; no attempt has been made to standardize the definitions. All the potential parameters are given in cm–1. Where the original work has reported these values in other units, the conversion to cm–1 has been carried out using standard factors (LB02):

1 calorie = 4.1868 joules; 1 calorie/mole = 0.34998915 cm–1.

A variety of different methods have been used to measure V3, V6, and V9 (LS59, OM07); only a few of the more important will be discussed here. For asymmetric rotors, both the pure rotational spectrum and its torsion-rotation counterpart are electric dipole allowed and are affected in lowest order by the leading terms in the torsional Hamiltonian. Both types of spectra have been used extensively to determine V3 (LS59). For symmetric tops with a single torsional degree of freedom, either the permanent electric dipole moment vanishes, as in CH3CH3, or the normal rotational spectrum is independent of V3 in lowest order, as in CH3SiH3. In

6679X_S09.indb 59

the latter case, the molecular beam avoided crossing method can often be used (OM07). The torsion-rotation spectrum is forbidden in lowest order, but becomes weakly allowed through interactions with the infrared active skeletal vibrations (OM07). By employing long absorption path lengths, this spectrum has been used to determine V3 in a number of molecules. For both asymmetric and symmetric tops, the most precise determinations of the molecular parameters have been made in cases where both rotational and torsion-rotation spectra have been investigated.

References ALA97 Antolínez, S., López, J. C., and Alonso, J. L., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 93, 1291, 1997. ALB97 Alonso, J. L., López, J. C., Blanco, S., and Guarnieri, A., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 182, 148, 1997. ALL97 Alonso, J. L., Lesarri, A., López, J. C., Blanco, S., Kleiner, I., and Demaison, J., Molec. Phys. 91, 731, 1997. BL85 Bestmann, G., Lalowski, W., and Dreizler, H., Z. Naturforsch. A 40, 271, 1985. BM07 Borvayeh, L., Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., and Horneman, V.-M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 242, 77, 2007. BW64 Butcher, S. S., and Wilson, E. B., J. Chem. Phys. 40, 1671, 1964. CA96 Charro, M. E., and Alonso, J. L., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 176, 251, 1996. CB61 Cahill, P., and Butcher, S., J. Chem. Phys. 35, 2255, 1961. DG87 Durig, J. R., Guirgis, G. A., and Van Der Veken, B. J., J. Raman Spectrosc. 18, 549, 1987. DL73 Durig, J. R., Li, Y. S., Carreira, L. A., and Odom, J. D., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 95, 2491, 1973. DM87 Demaison, J., Maes, H., van Eijck, B. P., Wlodarczak, G., and Lasne, M. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 125, 214, 1987. DS81 Dreizler, H., and Scappini, F., Z. Naturforsch. A 36, 1187, 1981. EG96 Eltayeb, S., Guirgis, G. A., Fanning, A. R., and Durig, J. R., J. Raman Spectrosc. 27, 111, 1996. FD83 Fliege, E., Dreizler, H., Demaison, J., Boucher, D., Burie, J., and Dubrulle A., J. Chem. Phys. 78, 3541, 1983. G00 Groner, P., J. Mol. Structure 550–551, 473, 2000. GA89 Groner, P., Attia, G. M., Mohamad, A. B., Sullivan, J. F., Li, Y. S., and Durig, J. R., J. Chem. Phys. 91, 1434, 1989. GG04 Groner, P., Gillies, C. W., Gillies, J. Z., Zhang, Y., and Block, E., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 226, 169, 2004. GH02 Grabow, J.-U., Hartwig, H., Heineking, N., Jäger, W., Mäder, H., Nicolaisen, H. W., and Stahl, W., J. Mol. Structure 612, 349, 2002. IA03 Ilyushin, V. V., Alekseev, E. A., Dyubko, S. F., and Kleiner, I., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 220, 170, 2003. K60 Krisher, L. C., J. Chem. Phys. 33, 1237, 1960. KD86 Kasten, W., and Dreizler, H., Z. Naturforsch. A 41, 944, 1986. KH96 Kleiner, I., Hougen, J. T., Grabow, J.-U., Belov, S. P., Tretyakov, M. Yu., and Cosléou, J., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 179, 41, 1996. KL67 Kuczkowski, R. L., and Lide, D. R., J. Chem. Phys. 46, 357, 1967. KW74 Krisher, L. C., Watson, W. A., and Morrison, J. A., J. Chem. Phys. 61, 3429, 1974. L59 Laurie, V. W., J. Chem. Phys. 30, 1210, 1959. LB68 Lees, R. M., and Baker, J. G., J. Chem. Phys. 48, 5299, 1968. LB97 di Lauro, C., Bunker, P. R., Johns, J. W. C., and McKellar, A. R. W., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 184, 177, 1997. LB02 Demaison, J., and Wlodarczak, G., Hindered rotation-Asymmetric top molecules, in: Hüttner, W. (Ed), Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series: Group II: Molecules and Radicals, volume 24, subvolume C, Molecular Constants Mostly from Microwave, Molecular Beam, and Sub-Doppler Laser Spectroscopy, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2002. LE97 de Luis, A., Eugenia Sanz, M., Lorenzo, F. J., López, J. C., and Alonso, J. L., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 184, 60, 1997.

9-59

4/11/08 3:46:53 PM

9-60 Hindered Internal Rotation LJ72 Lide, D. R., Johnson, D. R., Sharp, K. G., and Coyle, T. D., J. Chem. Phys. 57, 3699, 1972. LS59 Lin, C. C., and Swalen, J. D., Rev. Mod. Phys. 31, 841 1959. MK66 Moloney, M. J., and Krisher, L. C., J. Chem. Phys. 45, 3277, 1966. MM96 Marstokk, K.-M., Møllendal, H., and Samdal, S., J. Mol. Structure 376, 11, 1996. MM01 Marstokk, K.-M., Mollendal, H., Samdal, S., and Steinborn, D., J. Mol. Structure 567, 41, 2001. MO87 Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., and Ozier, I., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 126, 99, 1987. MS02 Merke, I., Stahl, W., Kassi, S., Petitprez, D., and Wlodarczak, G., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 216, 437, 2002. ND06 Nair, K. P. R., Demaison, J., Wlodarczak, G., and Merke, I., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 237, 137, 2006. NH02 Niide, Y., and Hayashi, M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 216, 61, 2002. NH04 Niide, Y., and Hayashi, M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 223, 152, 2004. NY85 Nakagawa, J., Yamada, K., Bester, M., and Winnewisser, G., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 110, 74, 1985. OH07 Ohashi, N., and Hougen, J. T., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 243, 162, 2007. OK75 Odom, J. D., Kalasinsky, V. F., and Durig, J. R., Inorg. Chem.14, 2837, 1975. OM07 Ozier, I., and Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., Internal rotation in symmetric tops, in: Arimondo, E., Berman, P. R., and Lin, C. C., (Eds.), Advances in Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, vol. 54, p. 423, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007. PK59 Pierce, L., and Krisher, L. C., J. Chem. Phys. 31, 875, 1959. S75 Stiefvater, O. L., J. Chem. Phys. 62, 233, 1975.

SD04 Suenram, R. D., DaBell, R. S., Hight Walker, A. R., Lavrich, R. J., Plusquellic, D. F., Ellzy, M. W., Lochner, J. M., Cash, L., Jensen, J. O., and Samuels, A. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 224, 176, 2004. SG05 Schnell, M., Grabow, J.-U., Hartwig, H, Heineking, N., Meyer, M., Stahl, W., and Caminati, W., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 229, 1, 2005. SH82 Shiki, Y., Hasegawa, A., and Hayashi, M., J. Mol. Structure 78, 185, 1982. SH86 Sastry, K. V. L. N., Herbst, E., Booker, R. A., and De Lucia, F. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 116, 120, 1986. SL02 Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., Plusquellic, D. F., Lesarri, A., Kawashima, Y., Jensen, J. O., and Samuels, A. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 211, 110, 2002. SL06 Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., Plusquellic, D. F., Ellzy, M. W., Lochner, J. M., Jensen, J. O., and Samuels, A. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 235, 18, 2006. ST06 Styger, C., Ozier, I., Wang, S.-X., and Bauder, A., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 239, 115, 2006. TB86 Typke, V., Botskor, I., and Wiedenmann, K.-H., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 120, 435, 1986. TH86 Tyblewksi, M., Ha, T.-K., and Bauder, A., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 115, 353, 1986. VD88 Vormann, K., and Dreizler, H., Z. Naturforsch. A 43, 338, 1988. VG96 Voges, K., Gripp, J., Hartwig, H., and Dreizler, H., Z. Naturforsch. A 51, 299, 1996. VR75 Varma, R., Ramaprasad, K. R., and Nelson, J. F., J. Chem. Phys. 63, 915, 1975. WA02 Wang, S.-X., Schroderus, J., Ozier, I., Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., Horneman, V.-M., Ilyushyn, V. V., Alekseev, E. A., Katrich, A. A., and Dyubko, S. F., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 214, 69, 2002.

TABLE 1. Asymmetric Top Potential Parameters Name

Molecular Formula

Line Formula

Ref.

V3/cm–1

1 Trifluoromethanethiol

CHF3S

CF3SH

LB02

500.83 ± 0.03

2 Methylphosphonic difluoride

CH3F2OP

CH3P(=O)F2

SL06

676 ± 25

3 Methanol

CH4O

CH3OH

LB02

373.594 ± 0.007

Comments

V6 = –1.597 ± 0.051 V9 = 1.04 ± 0.20

4 Methanethiol

CH4S

CH3SH

SH86

443.029 ± 0.070

5 Methyldisulfane

CH4S2

CH3SSH

TH86

609.0 ± 14.0

6 Trifluoromethyl isocyanate

C2F3NO

CF3N=C=O

LB02

47.8769 ± 0.0051 298 ± 10

V6 = –1.6451 ± 0.0144

7 Trifluoroacetaldehyde

C2HF3O

CF3C(H)=O

DG87

8 Pentafluoroethane

C2HF5

CF3CHF2

EG96

1190 ± 4

9 Acetyl bromide

C2H3BrO

CH3C(Br)=O

K60

456.7 ± 10.5

10 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

C2H3ClF2

CH3CClF2

ALB97

1311.8 ± 1.4

11 Acetyl chloride

C2H3ClO

CH3C(Cl)=O

LB02

442.74 ± 1.05

12 Acetyl fluoride

C2H3FO

CH3C(F)=O

PK59

364.3 ± 2.1

13 Methyl fluoroformate

C2H3FO2

CH3OC(F)=O

LB02

374.1 ± 0.2

14 Methyl trifluoromethyl ether

C2H3F3O

CH3OCF3

LB02

382 ± 10

15 Acetyl iodide

C2H3IO

CH3C(=O)I

MK66

455.3 ± 10.5

16 Methyl cyanate

C2H3NO

CH3OC≡N

LB02

399.0 ± 17.5

17 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane

C2H4ClF

CH3CHClF

LB02

1334.9 ± 3.8

18 1,1-Difluoroethane

C2H4F2

CH3CHF2

LB02

1163.0 ± 2.5

19 Acetaldehyde

C2H4O

CH3C(H)=O

KH96

407.716 ± 0.010

V6 =–12.068 ± 0.037

20 Thioacetaldehyde S-oxide

C2H4OS

CH3C(H)=S=O

LB02

285.6 ± 0.3

Z isomer

21 Acetic acid

C2H4O2

CH3COOH

IA03

170.1742 ± 0.0002 V6 = –6.4725 ± 0.0001

22 Methyl formate

C2H3DO2

CH3OC(D)=O

LB02

400.60 ± 0.03

23 Fluoroethane

C2H5F

CH3CH2F

FD83

1172.1 ± 1.4

24 Nitrosoethane

C2H5NO

CH3CH2N=O

LB02

903 ± 25

gauche conformer

C2H5NO

CH3CH2N=O

LB02

911 ± 25

cis conformer

25 Acetamide

C2H5NO

CH3C(NH2)=O

LB02

24.949 ± 0.008

26 Difluorodimethylsilane

C2H6F2Si

(CH3)2SiF2

SG05

439.4 ± 2.5

6679X_S09.indb 60

Cl

35

CH3

deuterated

4/11/08 3:46:54 PM

Hindered Internal Rotation Name

9-61 Molecular Formula

Line Formula

Ref.

V3/cm–1

Comments

27 N-Nitrosodimethylamine

C2H6N2O

(CH3)2NN=O

LB02

145.8 ± 0.25

cis CH3

C2H6N2O

(CH3)2NN=O

LB02

737.4 ± 13.3

trans CH3

28 Ethanol

C2H6O

CH3CH2OH

LB02

1173.76 ± 2.20

trans isomer

29 Dimethyl ether

C2H6O

(CH3)2O

NH04

926.0 ± 3.5

30 Dimethyl sulfide

C2H6S

(CH3)2S

NH04

751.1 ± 4.8

31 Vinylsilane

C2H6Si

SiH3C(H)=CH2

SH82

520.1 ± 1.8

32 Dimethyl disulfide

C2H6S2

CH3SSCH3

LB02

535.1 ± 1.8

33 Dimethyl diselenide

C2H6Se2

CH3SeSeCH3

GG04

395 ± 2 578.0 ± 3.5

34 Dimethylsilane

C2H8Si

(CH3)2SiH2

NH04

35 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene

C3H3F3

CF3C(H)=CH2

ALL97

653.06 ± 0.83

36 Methyl cyanoformate

C3H3NO2

CH3OC(C≡N)=O

LB02

406.6 ± 1.1

37 (Methylthio)acetylene

C3H4S

CH3SC≡CH

DM87

592.0 ± 3.3

38 1,1,1-Trifluoropropane

C3H5F3

CH3CH2CF3

ALA97 922.2 ± 1.4

39 2-Iodopropene

C3H5I

CH3C(I)=CH2

LB02

40 Ethyl isocyanide

C3H5N

CH3CH2N≡C

LB02

1167.6 ± 18.2

41 Propene

C3H6

CH3C(H)=CH2

LB02

697.499 ± 0.048

V6 =–13.0 (fixed)

42 Propanal

C3H6O

CH3CH2C(H)=O

BW64

798 ± 39

cis conformer

43 Acetone

C3H6O

(CH3)2C=O

G00

251.4 ± 2.6

V6 = –6.92 ± 0.65

44 (Methylthio)ethene

C3H6S

CH3SC(H)=CH2

MM01

1138 ± 13

s-trans conformer

905.8 ± 4.2

45 Propanoic acid

C3H6O2

CH3CH2COOH

S75

819.0 ± 10.5

cis conformer

46 Methyl mercaptoacetate

C3H6O2S

CH3OC(=O)C(H2)SH

LB02

411 ± 8

state 0+

C3H6O2S

CH3OC(=O)C(H2)SH

LB02

412 ± 9

state 0-

47 2-Bromopropane

C3H7Br

(CH3)2CHBr

LB02

1437.0 ± 2.5

79

48 1-Chloropropane

C3H7Cl

CH3C(H2)C(H2)Cl

LE97

1017.8 ± 1.4

gauche conformer

C3H7Cl

CH3C(H2)C(H2)Cl

LE97

966.0 ± 7.0

trans conformer

49 2-Chloropropane

C3H7Cl

(CH3)2CHCl

LB02

1374.03 ± 1.00

35

Br

Cl

C3H7F

CH3C(H2)C(H2)F

KD86

965.3 ± 12.2

gauche conformer

C3H7F

CH3C(H2)C(H2)F

KD86

948.5 ± 2.8

trans conformer

51 2-Fluoropropane

C3H7F

(CH3)2CHF

LB02

1162.79 ± 0.84

52 Butanenitrile

C4H7N

CH3C(H2)C(H2)C≡N

VD88

1087.4 ± 8.4

C4H7N

CH3C(H2)C(H2)C≡N

VD88

1088.5 ± 13.3

trans conformer

53 Propanamide

C3H7NO

CH3CH2C(=O)NH2

MM96

761 ± 42

syn conformer

50 1-Fluoropropane

gauche conformer

C3H7NO

(CH3)2NC(H)=O

LB02

366.04 ± 0.26

cis CH3

C3H7NO

(CH3)2NC(H)=O

LB02

772.4 ± 7.4

trans CH3

55 Propane

C3H8

(CH3)2CH2

BL85

1108.1 ± 9.5

56 Cyclopropylgermane

C3H8Ge

C(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H )(GeH 3 ) 

LB02

466.6 ± 16.7

GeH3

57 N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine

C3H8N2O

CH3CH2N(CH3)N=O

LB02

310 ± 30

N-methyl top, OGM conformer

58 1-Propanol

C3H8O

CH3C(H2)C(H2)OH

DS81

956 ± 21

trans conformer

59 Cyclopropylsilane

C3H8Si

C(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H )(SiH 3 ) 

TB86

670.9 ± 1.5

60 Dimethyl(methylene)silane

C3H8Si

(CH3)2Si=CH2

LB02

351.4 ± 5.9

61 Dimethyl methylphosphonate

C3H9O3P

(OCH3)2P(=O)CH3

SL02

662 ± 6

P-methyl top

C3H9O3P

(OCH3)2P(=O)CH3

OH07

278.82 ± 0.06

O-methyl top #1

C3H9O3P

(OCH3)2P(=O)CH3

OH07

181.82 ± 0.01

O-methyl top #2

54 N,N-Dimethylformamide

62 But-2-ynoyl fluoride

C4H3FO

CH3C≡CC(F)=O

LB02

2.20 ± 0.12

63 cis-2-Butenenitrile

C4H5N

CH3C(H)=C(H)C≡N

LB02

485.50 ± 0.25

64 2-Methylacrylonitrile

C4H5N

CH2=C(CH3)C≡N

LB02

695.2 ± 2.1

65 2-Methyloxazole

C4H5NO

N=C(CH 3 )OC(H )=C (H ) 

LB02

251.70 ± 1.17

66 4-Methyloxazole

C4H5NO

N=C(H)OC(H)=C (CH 3 ) 

LB02

429.44 ± 0.33

6679X_S09.indb 61

4/11/08 3:46:56 PM

9-62 Hindered Internal Rotation Name

Molecular Formula

Line Formula

Ref.

V3/cm–1

Comments

67 5-Methyloxazole

C4H5NO

N=C(H)OC(CH 3 )=C (H ) 

LB02

477.90 ± 1.34

68 5-Methylisoxazole

C4H5NO

C(H )=NOC(CH 3 )=C (H ) 

LB02

272.05 ± 1.00

69 2-Methylthiazole

C4H5NS

N=C(CH 3 )SC(H )=C (H ) 

GH02

34.938 ± 0.020

70 4-Methylisothiazole

C4H5NS

N=C(H)C(CH 3 )=C(H)S 

LB02

105.767 ± 0.043

71 4-Methyl-2-oxetanone

C4H6O2

OC(=O)C(H 2 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

LB02

1256.5 ± 10.5

72 trans-1-Fluoro-2-butene

C4H7F

CH3C(H)=C(H)CH2F

LB02

596 ± 7

anticlinal conformer

73 1-Isocyanopropane

C4H7N

CH3C(H2)C(H2)N≡C

LB02

1012.3 ± 8.4

gauche conformer

C4H7N

CH3C(H2)C(H2)N≡C

LB02

1033.8 ± 7.7

trans conformer

74 Isobutene

C4H8

(CH3)2C=CH2

LB02

761.58 ± 1.05

75 cis-2-Butene

C4H8

CH3CH=CHCH3

LB02

259.89 ± 0.42

76 3-Methoxy-1-propene

C4H8O

CH3OC(H2)C(H)=CH2

LB02

728.0 ± 10.5

skew-gauche conformer

C4H8O

syn-trans conformer

CH3OC(H2)C(H)=CH2

LB02

829.5 ± 10.5

77 2,2-Dimethyloxirane

C4H8O

OC(CH 3 )(CH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

945.61 ± 0.75

78 cis-2,3-Dimethyloxirane

C4H8O

OC(H )(CH 3 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

LB02

577.80 ± 1.84

cis conformer

C4H8O

OC(H )(CH 3 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

LB02

862.52 ± 1.84

trans conformer

79 2-Methyloxetane

C4H8O

OC(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

LB02

1166.5 ± 4.9

80 3-Methyloxetane

C4H8O

OC(H 2 )C(H )(CH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

1149.4 ± 4.2

81 3-Methoxythietane

C4H8OS

SC(H 2 )C(H )(OCH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

1071.0 ± 10.5

82 3-(Methylthio)-1-propene

C4H8S

CH3SC(H2)C(H)=CH2

LB02

619 ± 28

83 2,2-Dimethylthiirane

C4H8S

SC(CH 3 )(CH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

1268.3 ± 3.0

84 Butane

C4H10

CH3C(H2)C(H2)CH3

LB02

948 ± 24

85 N-Methyl-N-nitrosopropylamine

C4H10N2O

CH3C(H2)C(H2)N(CH3)N=O

LB02

320 ± 30

86 Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

C5H8O2

OC(=O)C(H)(CH 3 )C(H 2 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

913.8 ± 2.5

87 Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

C5H8O2

OC(=O)C(H 2 )C(H )(CH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

CA96

1437.8 ± 8.4

88 Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

C5H8O2

OC(=O)C(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

CA96

1233.0 ± 4.2

89 tert-Butyl isocyanate

C5H9NO

(CH3)3C≡N=C=O

LB02

41.510 ± 0.015

(CH3)3 C group

90 Methyl tert-butyl ether

C5H12O

(CH3)3COCH3

LB02

498.6 ± 1.5

O-methyl top

91 2-Methylcyclopentanone

C6H10O

C(=O)C(H)(CH 3 )C(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H 2 )  

LB02

844.2 ± 2.4

92 3-Methylcyclopentanone

C6H10O

C(=O)C(H 2 )C(H )(CH 3 )C(H 2 )C (H 2 )  

LB02

1233.8 ± 1.7

N-methyl top, conformer OMGA

93 tert-Butyl ethyl ether

C6H14O

(CH3)3COC(H2)CH3

LB02

1025 ± 3

94 2,4-Difluorotoluene

C7H6F2

C(H )=C(CH 3 )C(F)=C(H)C(F)=C (H )  

LB02

204.04 ± 0.23

95 2-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

C(H )=C(H)C(Cl)=C(CH 3 )C(H )=C (H )  

ND06

513.8 ± 2.7

96 2,6-Dimethylpyridine

C7H9N

C(H )=C(H)C(CH 3 )=NC(CH 3 )=C (H )  

LB02

98.24 ± 0.27

97 1,2,2-Trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate

C7H16FO2P (CH3)3CC(H)(CH3)OP(O)(F)CH3

SD04

821 ± 5

P-methyl top, conformer GD-I

C7H16FO2P (CH3)3CC(H)(CH3)OP(O)(F)CH3

SD04

738 ± 5

P-methyl top, conformer GD-II

98 Germyl azide

GeH3N3

GeH3-N=N≡N

GA89

86.598 ± 0.062

99 Silylphospine

H5PSi

SiH3PH2

VR75

537.2 ± 14.0

6679X_S09.indb 62

ethyl CH3 Cl

35

4/11/08 3:47:04 PM

Hindered Internal Rotation

9-63

TABLE 2. Symmetric Top Potential Parameters Name

Molecular Formula

Line Formula

Ref.

V3/cm–1

BF3H3P

H3PBF3

OK75

1169 ± 123

2 Trihydro(phosphorus trifluoride)boron BF3H3P

F3PBH3

KL67

1134 ± 53

H3PBH3

DL73

864.5 ± 17.5 489 ± 50

1 Phosphine-trifluoroborane 3 Trihydro(phosphine)boron

BH6P

Comments

4 Trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)silane

CF6Si

CF3SiF3

LJ72

5 Trifluoromethylgermane

CH3F3Ge

CF3GeH3

KW74 448 ± 53

6 Trifluoromethylsilane

CH3F3Si

CH3SiF3

ST06

414.147 ± 0.030

7 Methylgermane

CH6Ge

CH3GeH3

L59

433.6 ± 8.8

8 Methylsilane

CH6Si

CH3SiH3

OM07 603.3878 ± 0.0037

9 Methylstannane

CH6Sn

CH3SnH3

CB61

10 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane

C2H3F3

CH3CF3

WA02 1112.24 ± 0.16

11 Ethane

C2H6

CH3CH3

OM07 1013.28 ± 0.10

V6 = 8.798 ± 0.041

12 Ethane-1,1,1-d3

C2H3D3

CH3CD3

OM07 1001.876 ± 0.023

V6 = 9.328 ± 0.018

13 Ethane-d6

C2D6

CD3CD3

OM07 989.946 ± 0.090

V6 = 9.51 ± 0.10

14 1-Silylpropyne

C3H6Si

CH3C≡CSiH3

NY85

15 Trimethylchlorosilane

C3H9ClSi

(CH3)3SiCl

MS02

576.9 ± 0.9

16 2-Butyne

C4H6

CH3C≡CCH3

LB97

6.067 ± 0.040

17 Ethynyltrimethylgermane

C5H10Ge

(CH3)3GeC≡CH

VG96

376.2 ± 16.7

18 Disilane

H6Si2

SiH3SiH3

BM07 412.033 ± 0.010

227 ± 10

3.77 ± 0.70 V6 = 0.1240 ± 0.0144 V9 = –0.0916 ± 0.0180

6679X_S09.indb 63

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Bond Dissociation Energies Yu-Ran Luo The bond dissociation energy (enthalpy) is also referred to as bond disruption energy, bond energy, bond strength, or binding energy (abbreviation: BDE, BE, or D). It is defined as the standard enthalpy change of the following fission: R−X → R + X. The BDE, denoted by Do(R−X), is usually derived by the thermochemical equation, Do(R−X) = ∆fHo(R) + ∆fHo(X) – ∆fHo(RX). The enthalpy of formation ∆fHo of a large number of atoms, free radicals, ions, clusters and compounds is available from the website of NIST, NASA, CODATA, and IUPAC. Most authors prefer to use the BDE values at 298.15 K. The following seven tables provide essential information of experimental BDE values of R−X and R+−X bonds.

(1) Table 1: Bond Dissociation Energies in Diatomic Molecules (2) Table 2: Enthalpy of Formation of Gaseous Atoms (3) Table 3: Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Molecules (4) Table 4: Enthalpies of Formation of Free Radicals and Other Transient Species (5) Table 5: Bond Dissociation Energies of Common Organic Molecules (6) Table 6: Bond Dissociation Energies in Diatomic Cations (7) Table 7: Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Cations The data in these tables have been revised through August 2007.

TABLE 1. Bond Dissociation Energies in Diatomic Molecules The BDEs in diatomic species have usually been measured by spectroscopy or mass spectrometry. In the absence of data on enthalpy function, the values at 0 K, Do(A−B), are converted to Do298 by the approximate equation: Do298(A−B) ≈ Do(A−B) + (3/2)RT = Do(A−B) + 3.7181 kJ mol–1



This table has been arranged in an alphabetical order of the atoms A in the diatomics A−B. A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

Ac−O

794

1

Ag−Sn

136 ± 21

1

Al−Sb

216.3 ± 6

1

Ar−Si

5.86

1

Ag−Ag

162.9 ± 2.9

1

Ag−Te

195.8 ± 14.6

1

Al−Se

318 ± 13

1

Ar−Sn

<5.1

1

Ag−Al

183.7 ± 9.2

1

Al−Al

264.3 ± 0.5

1

Al−Si

246.9 ± 12.6

1

Ar−Tl

4.09

1

Ag−Au

202.5 ± 9.6

1

Al−Ar

5.69

1

Al−Te

268 ± 13

1

Ar−Xe

5.28

1

Ag−Bi

192 ± 42

1

Al−As

202.7 ± 7.1

1

Al−Ti

263.4

1

Ar−Zn

5.0

1

Ag−Br

280.3 ± 1.3

1

Al−Au

325.9 ± 6.3

1

Al−U

326 ± 29

1

As−As

385.8 ± 10.5

1

Ag−Cl

279.1 ± 8.4

1

Al−Br

429.2 ± 5.8

1

Al−V

147.4 ± 1.0

1

As−Cl

448

1

Ag−Cu

171.5 ± 9.6

1

Al−C

267.7

1

Al−Xe

7.39

1

As−D

270.3

1

Ag−D

226.8

1

Al−Ca

52.7

1

Am−O

553 ± 36

1

As−F

410

1

Ag−Dy

130 ± 19

1

Al−Cl

502

1

Ar−Ar

4.91

1

As−Ga

202.5 ± 4.8

1

Ag−Eu

127 ± 13

1

Al−Co

181.6 ± 0.2

1

Ar−B

4.62

1

As−H

274.0 ± 2.9

1

Ag−F

356.9 ± 5.8

1

Al−Cr

222.9 ± 0.9

1

Ar−Br

~5.0

1

As−I

296.6 ± 24

1

Ag−Ga

159 ± 17

1

Al−Cu

227.1 ± 1.2

1

Ar−C

5.158

1

As−In

201 ± 10

1

Ag−Ge

174.5 ± 21

1

Al−D

290.4

1

Ar−Ca

4.44 ± 0.60

1

As−N

489 ± 2.1

1

Ag−H

202.4 ± 9.1

1

Al−F

675

1

Ar−Cd

5.57 ± 0.05

1

As−O

484 ± 8

1

Ag−Ho

124 ± 19

1

Al−H

288 ± 13

1

Ar−Ga

3.96

1

As−P

433.5 ± 12.6

1

Ag−I

234 ± 29

1

Al−I

369.9 ± 2.1

1

Ar−Ge

<5.4

1

As−S

379.5 ± 6.3

1

Ag−In

166.5 ± 4.9

1

Al−Kr

6.05

1

Ar−He

3.96

1

As−Sb

330.5 ± 5.4

1

Ag−Li

186.1

1

Al−Li

76.1

1

Ar−Hg

5.32

1

As−Se

96

1

Ag−Mn

99.2 ± 21

1

Al−N

≤368 ± 15

1

Ar−I

~5.3

1

As−Tl

198.3 ± 14.6

1

Ag−Na

133.1 ± 12.6

1

Al−Ne

3.9

1

Ar−In

4.18

1

Au−Au

226.2 ± 0.5

1

Ag−Nd

<213

1

Al−Ni

224.7 ± 4.8

1

Ar−Kr

5.11

1

Au−B

367.8 ± 10.5

1

Ag−O

221 ± 21

1

Al−O

501.9 ± 10.6

1

Ar−Li

~7.82

1

Au−Ba

254.8 ± 10.0

1

Ag−S

216.7 ± 14.6

1

Al−P

216.7 ± 12.6

1

Ar−Mg

~3.7

1

Au−Be

237.7 ± 4.0

1

Ag−Se

210.0 ± 14.6

1

Al−Pd

254.4 ± 12.1

1

Ar−Na

~4.2

1

Au−Bi

293 ± 8.4

1

Ag−Si

185.1 ± 9.6

1

Al−S

332 ± 10

1

Ar−Ne

4.27

1

Au−Br

213 ± 21

1

9-64

6679X_S09.indb 64

4/11/08 3:47:06 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

250.4 ± 4.0

1

Au−Ce

322 ± 18

1

Au−Cl

280 ± 13

1

Au−Co

218.0 ± 16.4

1

Au−Cr

223.7 ± 28.9

1

Au−Ca

9-65 A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

345.2 ± 2.5

1

B−I

361

B−Ir

512.2 ± 17

B−La

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

Bi−O

337.2 ± 12.6

1

Br−Sb

314 ± 59

1

1

Bi−P

281.7 ± 13

1

Br−Sc

444 ± 63

1

1

Bi−Pb

142.4 ± 3.0

1

Br−Se

297 ± 84

1

335 ± 63

1

Bi−S

315.5 ± 4.6

1

Br−Si

358.2 ± 8.4

1

B−N

377.9 ± 8.7

1

Bi−Sb

252.7 ± 3.9

1

Br−Sm

331.4

1

B−H

Au−Cs

253 ± 3.5

1

B−Ne

3.97

1

Bi−Se

280.3 ± 5.9

1

Br−Sn

337 ± 13

1

Au−Cu

227.1 ± 1.2

1

B−O

809

1

Bi−Sn

193 ± 13

1

Br−Sr

365

1

Au−D

322.2

1

B−P

347 ± 16.7

1

Bi−Te

232.2 ± 11.3

1

Br−T

372.77

1

Au−Dy

259 ± 24

1

B−Pd

351.5 ± 16.7

1

Bi−Tl

120.9 ± 12.6

1

Br−Tb

382.8

1

Au−Eu

245 ± 12

1

B−Pt

477.8 ± 16.7

1

Bk−O

598

1

Br−Th

364

1

Au−F

294.1

1

B−Rh

475.8 ± 21

1

Br−Br

193.859 ± 0.120

1

Br−Ti

373

1

Au−Fe

187.0 ± 19.3

1

B−Ru

446.9 ± 21

1

Br−C

318.0 ± 8.4

1

Br−Tl

331 ± 21

1

Au−Ga

290 ± 15

1

B−S

577 ± 9.2

1

Br−Ca

339

1

Br−Tm

299.1

1

Au−Ge

273.2 ± 14.6

1

B−Sc

272 ± 63

1

Br−Cd

159 ± 96

1

Br−U

377 ± 15

1

Au−H

300.5 ± 2.6

4

B−Se

462 ± 14.6

1

Br−Ce

373.2

1

Br−V

439 ± 42

1

Au−Ho

267 ± 35

1

B−Si

317 ± 12

1

Br−Cl

219.32 ± 0.05

1

Br−W

329.3

1

Au−I

276

1

B−Te

354 ± 20

1

Br−Co

326 ± 42

1

Br−Xe

5.94 ± 0.02

1

Au−In

286.0 ± 5.7

1

B−Th

297 ± 33

1

Br−Cr

328.0 ± 24.3

1

Br−Y

481 ± 84

1

Au−La

457 ± 28

1

B−Ti

272 ± 63

1

Br−Cs

389.1 ± 4.2

1

Br−Yb

295.4

1

Au−Li

284.5 ± 6.7

1

B−U

322 ± 33

1

Br−Cu

331 ± 25

1

Br−Zn

138 ± 29

1

Au−Lu

332 ± 19

1

B−Y

289 ± 63

1

Br−D

370.74

1

Br−Zr

420

1

Au−Mg

179.1 ± 2.7

1

Ba−Br

402

1

Br−Dy

339.3 ± 10.5

1

C−C

618.3 ± 15.4

1

Au−Mn

197.7 ± 21

1

Ba−Cl

443

1

Br−Er

361.3

1

C−Ce

443 ± 30

1

Au−Na

215.1 ± 12.6

1

Ba−D

≤193.7

1

Br−Eu

548

1

C−Cl

394.9 ± 13.4

1

Au−Nd

294 ± 29

1

Ba−F

580.6

1

Br−F

280 ± 12

1

C−D

341.4

1

Au−Ni

247 ± 16.4

1

Ba−H

192.0

1

Br−Fe

243 ± 84

1

C−F

513.8 ± 10.0

1

Au−O

223 ± 21

1

Ba−I

322.6 ± 6.3

1

Br−Ga

402 ± 13

1

C−Fe

376.3 ± 28.9

1

Au−Pb

133 ± 42

1

Ba−O

562 ± 13.4

1

Br−Gd

372.0

1

C−Ge

455.7 ± 11

1

Au−Pd

142.7 ± 21

1

Ba−Pd

221.8 ± 5.0

1

Br−Ge

347 ± 8

1

C−H

338.4 ± 1.2

1

Au−Pr

311 ± 25

1

Ba−Rh

259.4 ± 25

1

Br−H

366.16 ± 0.20

1

C−Hf

540 ± 25

1

Au−Rb

243 ± 3.5

1

Ba−S

418 ± 21

1

Br−Hg

74.9

1

C−I

253.1 ± 35.6

1

Au−Rh

232.6 ± 29

1

Be−Be

59

1

Br−Ho

321.8

1

C−Ir

631 ± 5

1

Au−S

253.6 ± 14.6

1

Be−Br

316

1

Br−I

179.1 ± 0.4

1

C−La

463 ± 20

1

Au−Sc

280 ± 40

1

Be−Cl

434

1

Br−In

409 ± 10

1

C−Mo

482 ± 16

1

Au−Se

251.0 ± 14.6

1

Be−D

203.1

1

Br−K

379.1 ± 4.2

1

C−N

750.0 ± 2.9

1

Au−Si

304.6 ± 6.0

1

Be−F

573

1

Br−La

446.2

1

C−Nb

523.8 ± 14.5

1

Au−Sn

256.5 ± 7.2

1

Be−H

221

1

Br−Li

418.8 ± 4.2

1

C−Ni

337.0

1

Au−Sr

264 ± 42

1

Be−I

261

1

Br−Lu

301.5

1

C−O

1076.38 ± 0.67

1

Au−Tb

285 ± 33

1

Be−O

437

1

Br−Mg

317.96

1

C−Os

608 ± 25

1

Au−Te

237.2 ± 14.6

1

Be−S

372 ± 59

1

Br−Mn

314.2 ± 9.6

1

C−P

507.5 ± 8.8

1

Au−U

318 ± 29

1

Be−T

204.4

1

Br−Mo

313.4

1

C−Pd

436 ± 20

1

Au−V

246.0 ± 8.7

1

Bi−Bi

204.4

1

Br−N

280.8 ± 21

1

C−Pt

610 ± 5

1

Au−Y

310 ± 12

1

Bi−Br

240.2

1

Br−Na

363.1 ± 4.2

1

C−Rh

580 ± 4

1

B−B

290

1

Bi−Cl

300.4 ± 4.2

1

Br−Nd

339.7

1

C−Ru

648 ± 13

1

B−Br

390.9 ± 0.5

1

Bi−D

283.7

1

Br−Ni

360 ± 13

1

C−S

713.3 ± 1.2

1

B−C

448 ± 29

1

Bi−F

366.5 ± 12.5

1

Br−O

237.6 ± 0.4

1

C−Sc

444 ± 21

1

B−Cd

301.0

1

Bi−Ga

158.6 ± 16.7

1

Br−P

≤329

1

C−Se

590.4 ± 5.9

1

B−Ce

305 ± 21

1

Bi−H

≤283.3

1

Br−Pb

248.5 ± 14.6

1

C−Si

447

1

B−Cl

427

1

Bi−I

186.1 ± 5.8

1

Br−Pr

344.5

1

C−Tc

564 ± 29

1

B−D

341.0 ± 6.3

1

Bi−In

153.6 ± 1.7

1

Br−Rb

380.7 ± 4.2

1

C−Th

453 ± 17

1

B−F

732

1

Bi−Li

149.4

1

Br−S

218 ± 17

1

C−Ti

423 ± 30

1

6679X_S09.indb 65

4/11/08 3:47:08 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-66 A–B C−U

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

455 ± 15

1

Cl−Cu

377.8 ± 7.5

1

Cl−Yb

374.5

1

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

Cu−In

187.4 ± 7.9

1

C−V

423 ± 24

1

Cl−D

436.303 ± 0.011

1

Cl−Zn

229 ± 8

1

Cu−Li

191.9

1

C−Y

418 ± 14

1

Cl−Dy

392.4

1

Cl−Zr

530

1

Cu−Na

176.1 ± 16.7

1

C−Zr

495.8 ± 38.6

1

Cl−Er

448.6

1

Cm−O

732

1

Cu−Ni

201.7 ± 9.6

1

Ca−Ca

16.52 ± 0.11

1

Cl−Eu

405.5

1

Co−Co

<127

1

Cu−O

287.4 ± 11.6

1

Ca−Cl

409 ± 8.7

1

Cl−F

260.83

1

Co−Cu

161.1 ± 16.4

1

Cu−S

274.5 ± 14.6

1

Ca−D

≤169.9

1

Cl−Fe

329.7 ± 6.7

1

Co−D

270.2 ± 5.8

1

Cu−Se

255.2 ± 14.6

1

Ca−F

529

1

Cl−Ga

463 ± 13

1

Co−F

431 ± 63

1

Cu−Si

221.3 ± 6.3

1

Ca−H

223.8

1

Cl−Gd

451.0

1

Co−Ge

230 ± 21

1

Cu−Sn

170 ± 10

1 1

Ca−I

284.7 ± 8.4

1

Cl−Ge

390.8 ± 9.6

1

Co−H

244.9 ± 4.8

1

Cu−Tb

191 ± 18

Ca−Kr

5.15 ± 0.72

1

Cl−H

431.361 ± 0.013

1

Co−I

280 ± 21

1

Cu−Te

230.5 ± 14.6

1

Ca−Li

84.9 ± 8.4

1

Cl−Hg

92.0 ± 9.2

1

Co−Mn

50 ± 8

1

D−D

443.3197 ± 0.0003

1

Ca−O

383.3 ± 5.0

1

Cl−Ho

409.1

1

Co−Nb

267.02 ± 0.10

1

D−F

576.236 ± 0.011

1

Ca−Pd

347 - 360

1

Cl−I

211.3 ± 0.4

1

Co−O

397.4 ± 8.7

1

D−Ga

<276.5

1

Ca−S

335 ± 21

1

Cl−In

436 ± 8

1

Co−S

331

1

D−Ge

≤322

1

Ca−Xe

7.31 ± 0.96

1

Cl−K

433.0 ± 8.4

1

Co−Sc

240.1

7

D−H

439.2223 ± 0.0002

1

Cd−Cd

7.36

1

Cl−La

521.6

1

Co−Si

274.4 ± 17

1

D−Hg

42.05

1

Cd−Cl

208.4

1

Cl−Li

469 ± 13

1

Co−Ti

235.37 ± 0.10

1

D−I

302.33

1

Cd−F

305 ± 21

1

Cl−Lu

325.7 ± 2

1

Co−Y

253.71 ± 0.10

1

D−In

246

1

Cd−H

69.0 ± 0.4

1

Cl−Mg

312

1

Co−Zr

306.39 ± 0.10

1

D−K

182.4

1

Cd−I

97.2 ± 2.1

1

Cl−Mn

338.5 ± 6.7

1

Cr−Cr

152.0 ± 6

1

D−Li

240.24

1

Cd−In

134

1

Cl−N

333.9 ± 9.6

1

Cr−Cu

154.4 ± 14.5

1

D−Lu

302

1

Cd−K

7.3

1

Cl−Na

412.1 ± 8.4

1

Cr−F

523 ± 19

1

D−Mg

161.33 ± 0.32

1

Cd−Kr

5.17

1

Cl−Nd

418.7

1

Cr−Fe

~75

1

D−Mn

312 ± 6

1

Cd−Na

10.2

1

Cl−Ni

377.0 ± 6.7

1

Cr−Ge

154 ± 7

1

D−N

341.6

1

Cd−Ne

3.97

1

Cl−O

267.47 ± 0.08

1

Cr−H

189.9 ± 6.7

1

D−Ni

≤302.9

1

Cd−O

236 ± 84

1

Cl−P

≤376

1

Cr−I

287.0 ± 24.3

1

D−O

429.64

1

Cd−S

208.5 ± 20.9

1

Cl−Pb

301 ± 50

1

Cr−N

377.8 ± 18.8

1

D−P

299.0

1

Cd−Se

127.6 ± 25.1

1

Cl−Pr

423.5

1

Cr−Nb

295.72 ± 0.06

1

D−Pt

≤350.2

1

Cd−Te

100.0 ± 15.1

1

Cl−Ra

343 ± 75

1

Cr−O

461 ± 8.7

1

D−S

350.62 ± 1.20

1

Cd−Xe

6.54

1

Cl−Rb

427.6 ± 8.4

1

Cr−Pb

105 ± 2

1

D−Si

302.5

1

Ce−Ce

251.7

1

Cl−S

241.8

1

Cr−S

331

1

D−Sr

167.7

1

Ce−Cl

457.0

1

Cl−Sb

360 ± 50

1

Cr−Sn

141 ± 3

1

D−T

444.91

1

Ce−F

582 ± 42

1

Cl−Sc

331

1

Cs−Cs

43.919 ± 0.010

1

D−Tl

193.0

1 1

Ce−I

333.8

1

Cl−Se

322

1

Cs−F

517.1 ± 7.7

1

D−Zn

88.7

Ce−Ir

575 ± 9

1

Cl−Si

416.7 ± 6.3

1

Cs−H

175.364

1

Dy−Dy

70.3

1

Ce−N

519 ± 21

1

Cl−Sm

418.7

1

Cs−Hg

8

1

Dy−F

531

1

Ce−O

790

1

Cl−Sn

350 ± 8

1

Cs−I

338.5 ± 2.1

1

Dy−I

269.0 ± 8.4

1

Ce−Os

524 ± 20

1

Cl−Sr

409

1

Cs−Li

72.9 ± 1.2

5

Dy−O

615

1

Ce−Pd

319 ± 21

1

Cl−T

438.64

1

Cs−Na

63.2 ± 1.3

1

Dy−S

414 ± 42

1

Ce−Pt

550 ± 5

1

Cl−Ta

544

1

Cs−O

293 ± 25

1

Dy−Se

322 ± 20

1

Ce−Rh

545 ± 7

1

Cl−Tb

470.1

1

Cs−Rb

49.57 ± 0.01

1

Dy−Te

234 ± 20

1

Ce−Ru

494 ± 12

1

Cl−Th

489

1

Cu−Cu

201

1

Er−Er

75 ± 29

1

Ce−S

569

1

Cl−Ti

405.4 ± 10.5

1

Cu−D

270.3

1

Er−F

565 ± 17

1

Ce−Se

494.5 ± 14.6

1

Cl−Tl

372.8 ± 2.1

1

Cu−Dy

144 ± 18

1

Er−I

315.8

1

Ce−Te

189.4 ± 12.6

1

Cl−Tm

378.0

1

Cu−F

414

1

Er−O

606

1 1

Cf−O

498

1

Cl−U

439

1

Cu−Ga

215.9 ± 15

1

Er−S

418 ± 21

Cl−Cl

242.417 ± 1.930

1

Cl−V

477 ± 63

1

Cu−Ge

208.8 ± 21

1

Er−Se

326 ± 20

1

Cl−Co

337.6 ± 6.7

1

Cl−W

419

1

Cu−H

254.8 ± 6

1

Er−Te

238 ± 20

1

Cl−Cr

377.8 ± 6.7

1

Cl−Xe

7.08

1

Cu−Ho

144 ± 19

1

Es−O

460

1

Cl−Cs

445.7 ± 7.7

1

Cl−Y

523 ± 84

1

Cu−I

289 ± 63

1

Eu−Eu

45.2

1

6679X_S09.indb 66

4/11/08 3:47:10 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies A–B Eu−F

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

544

1

9-67 A–B F−Ti

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

569 ± 33

1

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

H−Hg

39.844

Ref. 1

A–B Hg−T

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

43.14

1

Eu−I

288.3

1

F−Tl

439 ± 21

1

H−I

298.26 ± 0.10

1

Hg−Te

<142

1

Eu−Li

268.1 ± 12.6

1

F−Tm

510

1

H−In

243.1

1

Hg−Tl

2.9

1

Eu−O

473

1

F−U

648

1

H−K

174.576

1

Hg−Xe

6.65

1

Eu−Rh

238 ± 34

1

F−V

590 ± 63

1

H−Li

238.039 ± 0.006

1

Hg−Zn

7.3

1

Eu−S

365.7 ± 13.4

1

F−W

≤544

1

H−Mg

126.4 ± 2.9

1

Ho−Ho

70.3

1

Eu−Se

302.9 ± 14.6

1

F−Xe

14.18

1

H−Mn

251 ± 5

1

Ho−I

275.1

1

Eu−Te

251.0 ± 14.6

1

F−Y

685.3 ± 13.4

1

H−Mo

211 ± 19

1

Ho−O

606

1

F−F

158.670 ± 0.096

1

F−Yb

≥517.6 ± 9.6

1

H−N

≤338.9

1

Ho−S

428.4 ± 14.6

1

F−Fe

447

1

F−Zn

364 ± 63

1

H−Na

185.69 ± 0.29

1

Ho−Se

333 ± 15

1

F−Ga

584 ± 13

1

F−Zr

627.2 ± 10.5

1

H−Nb

>221.9 ± 9.6

1

Ho−Te

≤259 ± 15

1

F−Gd

590 ± 17

1

Fe−Fe

118

1

H−Ni

240 ± 8

1

I−I

152.25 ± 0.57

1

F−Ge

523 ± 13

1

Fe−Ge

210.9 ± 29

1

H−O

429.91 ± 0.29

1

I−In

306.9 ± 1.1

1

F−H

569.680 ± 0.011

1

Fe−H

148 ± 3

1

H−P

297.0 ± 2.1

1

I−K

322.5 ± 2.1

1

F−Hf

650 ± 15

1

Fe−I

123

1

H−Pb

≤157

1

I−Kr

5.67

1

F−Hg

~180

1

Fe−O

407.0 ± 1.0

1

H−Pd

234 ± 25

1

I−La

411.7

1

F−Ho

540

1

Fe−S

328.9 ± 14.6

1

H−Pt

330

1

I−Li

345.2 ± 4.2

1

F−I

≤271.5

1

Fe−Si

297 ± 25

1

H−Rb

172.6

1

I−Lu

263.2

1

F−In

516 ± 13

1

Fm−O

443

1

H−Rh

241.0 ± 5.9

1

I−Mg

229

1

F−K

489.2

1

Ga−Ga

<106.4

1

H−Ru

223 ± 15

1

I−Mn

282.8 ± 9.6

1

F−Kr

6.6

1

Ga−H

265.9 ± 5.9

4

H−S

353.57 ± 0.30

1

I−Mo

266.9

1

F−La

659.0 ± 17.2

1

Ga−I

334 ± 13

1

H−Sb

239.7 ± 4.2

1

I−N

159 ± 17

1

F−Li

577 ± 21

1

Ga−In

94.0 ± 3

1

H−Sc

205 ± 17

1

I−Na

304.2 ± 2.1

1

F−Lu

405 ± 19

1

Ga−Kr

4.08

1

H−Se

312.5

1

I−Nd

301.5

1

F−Mg

463

1

Ga−Li

133.1 ± 14.6

1

H−Si

293.3 ± 1.9

1

I−Ni

293 ± 21

1

F−Mn

445.2 ± 7.5

1

Ga−O

374 ± 21

1

H−Sn

264 ± 17

1

I−O

240 ± 5

1 1

F−Mo

464

1

Ga−P

229.7 ± 12.6

1

H−Sr

164 ± 8

1

I−Pb

194 ± 38

F−N

≤349

1

Ga−Sb

192.0 ± 12.6

1

H−T

440.49

1

I−Pr

306.2

1

F−Na

477.3

1

Ga−Te

265 ± 21

1

H−Te

270.7 ± 1.7

1

I−Rb

318.8 ± 2.1

1

F−Nd

545.2 ± 12.6

1

Ga−Xe

5.27

1

H−Ti

204.6 ± 8.8

1

I−Si

243.1 ± 8.4

1

F−Ni

439.7 ± 5.9

2

Gd−Gd

206.3 ± 67.5

1

H−Tl

195.4 ± 4

1

I−Sm

293.1

1

F−Np

430 ± 50

1

Gd−I

333.8

1

H−V

209.3 ± 6.8

1

I−Sn

235 ± 3

1

F−O

220

1

Gd−O

715

1

H−Yb

183.1 ± 2.0

1

I−Sr

301

1

F−P

≤405

1

Gd−S

526.8 ± 10.5

1

H−Zn

85.8 ± 2

1

I−Tb

336.2

1

F−Pb

355 ± 13

1

Gd−Se

430 ± 15

1

He−He

3.809

1

I−Te

192 ± 42

1

F−Pr

582 ± 46

1

Gd−Te

341 ± 15

1

He−Hg

3.8

1

I−Th

361 ± 25

1

F−Pu

538 ± 29

1

Ge−Ge

264.4 ± 6.8

1

He−Xe

3.8

1

I−Ti

306

1

F−Rb

494 ± 21

1

Ge−H

263.2 ± 4.8

1

Hf−Hf

328 ± 58

1

I−Tl

285 ± 21

1

F−Ru

402

1

Ge−I

268 ± 25

1

Hf−N

535 ± 30

1

I−Tm

260.8

1

F−S

343.5 ± 6.7

1

Ge−Ni

290.3 ± 10.9

1

Hf−O

801 ± 13

1

I−U

299 ± 27

1

F−Sb

439 ± 96

1

Ge−O

657.5 ± 4.6

4

Hg−Hg

8.10 ± 0.18

1

I−Xe

~6.9

1

F−Sc

599.1 ± 13.4

1

Ge−Pb

145.3 ± 6.9

6

Hg−I

34.69 ± 0.96

1

I−Y

422.6 ± 12.5

1

F−Se

339 ± 42

1

Ge−Pd

254.7 ± 10.5

1

Hg−K

8.8

1

I−Yb

257.3

1

F−Si

576.4 ± 17

1

Ge−S

534 ± 3

1

Hg−Kr

5.75

1

I−Zn

153.1 ± 6.3

1

F−Sm

565

1

Ge−Sc

270 ± 11

1

Hg−Li

13.16 ± 0.38

1

I−Zr

127

1

F−Sn

476 ± 8

1

Ge−Se

484.7 ± 1.7

1

Hg−Na

10.8

1

In−In

82.0 ± 5.7

1

F−Sr

538

1

Ge−Si

297

1

Hg−Ne

4.14

1

In−Kr

4.85

1

F−T

579.009 ± 0.108

1

Ge−Sn

230.1 ± 13

1

Hg−O

269

1

In−Li

92.5 ± 14.6

1

F−Ta

573 ± 13

1

Ge−Te

396.7 ± 3.3

1

Hg−Rb

8.4

1

In−O

346 ± 30

1

F−Tb

561 ± 42

1

Ge−Y

279 ± 11

1

Hg−S

217.3 ± 22.2

1

In−P

197.9 ± 8.4

1

F−Th

652

1

H−H

435.7799 ± 0.0001

1

Hg−Se

144.3 ± 30.1

1

In−S

287.9 ± 14.6

1

6679X_S09.indb 67

4/11/08 3:47:12 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-68 A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

In−Sb

151.9 ± 10.5

1

In−Se

245.2 ± 14.6

1

In−Te

215.5 ± 14.6

1

In−Xe

6.48

1

Lu−Pt

In−Zn

32.2

1

Lu−S

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

665

1

Lu−Lu

142 ± 33

1

Lu−O

669

1

402 ± 34

1

508.4 ± 14.4

1

Lr−O

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

305 ± 15

1

O−Zr

766.1 ± 10.6

Ne−Ne

4.070

1

Os−Os

415 ± 77

1

Ne−Xe

4.31

1

P−P

489.1

1

Ne−Zn

3.92

1

P−Pt

≤416.7 ± 16.7

1

Ni−Ni

204

1

P−Rh

353.1 ± 16.7

1

Nd−Te

1

Ir−Ir

361 ± 68

1

Lu−Se

418 ± 15

1

Ni−O

366 ± 30

1

P−S

442 ± 10

1

Ir−La

577 ± 12

1

Lu−Te

325 ± 15

1

Ni−Pd

140.9

1

P−Sb

356.9 ± 4.2

1

Ir−Nb

465 ± 25

1

Md−O

418

1

Ni−Pt

273.7 ± 0.3

1

P−Se

363.7 ± 10.0

1

Ir−O

414 ± 42

1

Mg−Mg

11.3

1

Ni−S

356 ± 21

1

P−Si

363.6

1

Ir−Si

462.8 ± 21

1

Mg−Ne

~4.1

1

Ni−Si

318 ± 17

1

P−Te

297.9 ± 10.0

1

Ir−Th

574 ± 42

1

Mg−O

358.2 ± 7.2

1

Ni−V

206.3 ± 0.2

1

P−Th

372 ± 29

1

Ir−Ti

422 ± 13

1

Mg−S

234

1

Ni−Y

283.92 ± 0.10

1

P−Tl

209 ± 13

1

Ir−Y

457 ± 15

1

Mg−Xe

9.70 ± 1.79

1

Ni−Zr

279.8 ± 0.1

1

P−U

293 ± 21

1

K−K

56.96

1

Mn−Mn 61.6 ± 9.6

K−Kr

4.6

1

Mn−O

1

No−O

268

1

P−W

305 ± 4

1

362 ± 25

1

Np−O

731

1

Pb−Pb

86.6 ± 0.8

1

K−Li

82.0 ± 4.2

1

K−Na

65.994 ± 0.008

1

Mn−S

301 ± 17

1

O−O

498.36 ± 0.17

1

Pb−S

398

1

Mn−Se

239.3 ± 9.2

1

O−Os

575

1

Pb−Sb

161.5 ± 10.5

1

K−Zn

6.5

1

Mo−Mo 435.5 ± 1.0

1

O−P

589

1

Pb−Se

302.9 ± 4.2

1

K−O

271.5 ± 12.6

1

Mo−Nb

452 ± 25

1

O−Pa

792

1

Pb−Si

168.8 ± 7.3

6

K−Rb

53.723 ± 0.005

1

Mo−O

502

1

O−Pb

382.4 ± 3.3

4

Pb−Te

249.8 ± 10.5

1

K−Xe

5.0

1

N−N

944.84 ± 0.10

1

O−Pd

238.1 ± 12.6

1

Pd−Pd

>136

1

Kr−Kr

5.39

1

N−O

631.62 ± 0.18

1

O−Pr

740

1

Pd−Pt

191.0

1

Kr−Li

~12.1

1

N−P

617.1 ± 20.9

1

O−Pt

391 ± 42

1

Pd−Si

261 ± 12

1

Kr−Mg

6.71 ± 0.96

1

N−Pt

374.2 ± 9.6

1

O−Pu

656.1

1

Pd−Y

241 ± 15

1

Kr−Na

~4.53

1

N−Pu

469 ± 63

1

O−Rb

276 ± 12.6

1

Po−Po

187

1

Kr−Ne

4.31

1

N−S

467 ± 24

1

O−Re

627 ± 84

1

Pr−Pr

129.1

1

Kr−O

<8

1

N−Sb

460 ± 84

1

O−Rh

405 ± 42

1

Pr−S

492.5 ± 4.6

1

Kr−Tl

4.14

1

N−Sc

464 ± 84

1

O−Ru

528 ± 42

1

Pr−Se

446.4 ± 23.0

1

Kr−Xe

5.66

1

N−Si

437.1 ± 9.9

1

O−S

517.90 ± 0.05

1

Pr−Te

326 ± 20

1

Kr−Zn

5.0

1

N−Ta

607 ± 84

1

O−Sb

434 ± 42

1

Pt−Pt

306.7 ± 1.9

1

La−La

244.9

1

N−Th

577 ± 33

1

O−Sc

671.4 ± 1.0

1

Pt−Si

501 ± 18

1

La−N

519 ± 42

1

N−Ti

476 ± 33

1

O−Se

429.7 ± 6.3

1

Pt−Th

551 ± 42

1

La−O

798

1

N−U

531 ± 21

1

O−Si

799.6 ± 13.4

1

Pt−Ti

397.5 ± 10.6

1

La−Pt

505 ± 12

1

N−V

523 ± 38

1

O−Sm

573

1

Pt−Y

474 ± 12

1

La−Rh

550 ± 12

1

N−Xe

26.9

1

O−Sn

528

1

Rb−Rb

48.898 ± 0.005

1

La−S

573.4 ± 1.7

1

N−Y

477 ± 63

1

O−Sr

426.3 ± 6.3

1

Re−Re

432 ± 30

1

La−Se

485.7 ± 14.6

1

N−Zr

565 ± 25

1

O−Ta

839

1

Rh−Rh

235.85 ± 0.05

1

La−Te

385.6 ± 15

1

Na−Na

74.805 ± 0.586

1

O−Tb

694

1

Rh−Sc

444 ± 11

1

La−Y

197 ± 21

1

Na−Ne

~3.8

1

O−Tc

548

1

Rh−Si

395.0 ± 18.0

1

Li−Li

105.0

1

Na−O

270 ± 4

1

O−Te

377 ± 21

1

Rh−Th

513 ± 21

1

Li−Mg

67.4 ± 6.3

1

Na−Rb

63.887 ± 0.024

1

O−Th

877

1

Rh−Ti

390.8 ± 14.6

1

Li−Na

87.181 ± 0.001

1

Na−Xe

~5.12

1

O−Ti

666.5 ± 5.6

1

Rh−U

519 ± 17

1

Li−O

340.5 ± 6.3

1

Nb−Nb

513

1

O−Tl

213 ± 84

1

Rh−V

364 ± 29

1

Li−Pb

78.7 ± 8

1

Nb−Ni

271.9 ± 0.1

1

O−Tm

514

1

Rh−Y

446 ± 11

1

Li−S

312.5 ± 7.5

1

Nb−O

726.5 ± 10.6

1

O−U

755

1

Ru−Ru

193.0 ± 19.3

1

Li−Sb

169.0 ± 10.0

1

Nb−Ti

302.0 ± 0.1

1

O−V

637

1

Ru−Si

397.1 ± 21

1

Li−Si

149

1

Nb−V

369.3 ± 0.1

1

O−W

720 ± 71

1

Ru−Th

592 ± 42

1

Li−Sm

193.3 ± 18.8

1

Nd−Nd

82.8

1

O−Xe

36.4

1

Ru−V

414 ± 29

1

Li−Tm

276.1 ± 14.6

1

Nd−O

703

1

O−Y

714.1 ± 10.2

1

S−S

425.30

1

Li−Xe

~12.1

1

Nd−S

471.5 ± 14.6

1

O−Yb

387.7 ± 10

1

S−Sb

378.7

1

Li−Yb

143.5 ± 12.6

1

Nd−Se

393.9

1

O−Zn

≤250

1

S−Sc

478.2 ± 12.6

1

6679X_S09.indb 68

4/11/08 3:47:14 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies A–B S−Se

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

371.1 ± 6.7

1

9-69 A–B Sb−Tl

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

A–B

Ref.

126.7 ± 10.5

1

Si−Te

429.2

3

Ti−Ti

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

117.6

1 1

S−Si

617 ± 5

1

Sc−Sc

163 ± 21

1

Si−Y

258 ± 17

1

Ti−V

203.2 ± 0.1

S-Sm

389

1

Sc−Se

385 ± 17

1

Sm−Sm

54 ± 21

1

Ti−Zr

214.3 ± 0.1

1

S−Sn

467

1

Sc−Si

227.2 ± 14

1

Sm−Te

272.4 ± 14.6

1

Tl−Tl

59.4

1

S−Sr

338.5 ± 16.7

1

Sc−Te

289 ± 17

1

Sn−Sn

187.1 ± 0.3

1

Tl−Xe

4.18

1

S−Ta

669.5 ± 13.5

1

Se−Se

330.5

1

Sn−Te

338.1 ± 6.3

1

Tm−Tm 54 ± 17

S−Tb

515 ± 42

1

Se−Si

538 ± 13

1

Sr−Sr

16.64 ± 1.12

1

U−U

222 ± 21

1

S−Te

335 ± 42

1

Se−Sm

331.0 ± 14.6

1

T−T

446.67

1

V−V

269.3 ± 0.1

1

S−Ti

418 ± 3

1

Se−Sn

401.2 ± 5.9

1

Ta−Ta

390 ± 96

1

V−Zr

260.6 ± 0.3

1

1

S−Tm

368 ± 21

1

Se−Sr

251.0 ± 12.6

1

Tb−Tb

138.8

1

W−W

666

1

S−U

528.4 ± 10.5

1

Se−Tb

423 ± 20

1

Tb−Te

339 ± 42

1

Xe−Xe

6.023

1

S−V

449.4 ± 14.6

1

Se−Te

293.3

1

Tc−Tc

330

1

Y−Y

~270 ± 39

1

S−Y

528.4 ± 10.5

1

Se−Ti

381 ± 42

1

Te−Te

257.6 ± 4.1

1

Yb−Yb

16.3

1

S−Yb

167

1

Se−Tm

274 ± 40

1

Te−Ti

289 ± 17

1

Zn−Zn

22.2 ± 6.3

1

S−Zn

224.8 ± 12.6

1

Se−V

347 ± 21

1

Te−Tm

182 ± 40

1

Zr−Zr

298.2 ± 0.1

1

S−Zr

572.0 ± 11.6

1

Se−Y

435 ± 13

1

Te−Y

339 ± 13

1

Sb−Sb

301.7 ± 6.3

1

Se−Zn

170.7 ± 25.9

1

Te−Zn

117.6 ± 18.0

1

Sb−Te

277.4 ± 3.8

1

Si−Si

310

1

Th−Th

≤289 ± 33

1

References

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Luo, Y.R. Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, 2007. Hildenbrand, D.L. and Lau, K.H., J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 11886-11889, 2006. Chattopadhyaya, S. et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 12303-12311, 2006. Brutti, S. et al., Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 21, 89-98, 2007. Staanum, P. et al., Phys. Rev. A, 75, 042513, 2007. Ciccioli, A., etal., J. Chem. Phys., 127, 054303/1-054303/16, 2007. Nagarajan, R. and Morse, M.D., J. Chem. Phys. 127, 074304/1-074304/8, 2007.

TABLE 2. Enthalpy of Formation of Gaseous Atoms Atom ∆fHo298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Atom ∆fHo298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Atom ∆fHo298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Atom ∆fHo298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Ac

406

5

Cr

397.48 ± 4.2

3

La

431.0 ± 2.1

4

Pu

345

6

Ag

284.9 ± 0.8

2

Cs

76.5 ± 1.0

2

Li

159.3 ± 1.0

2

Ra

159

5

Al

330.9 ± 4.0

2

Cu

337.4 ± 1.2

2

Lu

427.6 ± 2.1

4

Rb

80.9 ± 0.8

2

Am

284

6

Dy

290.4 ± 2.1

4

Mg

147.1 ± 0.8

2

Re

774 ± 6.3

1

As

302.5 ± 13

1

Er

316.4 ± 2.1

4

Mn

283.3 ± 4.2

3

Rh

556 ± 4

1

Au

368.2 ± 2.1

1

Es

133

6

Mo

658.98 ± 3.8

3

Ru

650.6 ± 6.3

1

B

565 ± 5

2

Eu

177.4 ± 2.1

4

N

472.68 ± 0.40

2

S

277.17 ± 0.15

2

Ba

179.1 ± 5.0

3

F

79.38 ± 0.30

2

Na

107.5 ± 0.7

3

Sb

264.4 ± 2.5

1

Be

324 ± 5

2

Fe

415.5 ± 1.3

3

Nb

733.0 ± 8

3

Sc

377.8 ± 4

1

Bi

209.6 ± 2.1

1

Ga

271.96 ± 2.1

3

Nd

326.9 ± 2.1

4

Se

227.2 ± 4

1

Bk

310

6

Gd

397.5 ± 2.1

4

Ni

430.1 ± 8.4

3

Si

450.0 ± 8

2

Br

111.87 ± 0.12

3

Ge

372 ± 3

2

Np

464.8

6

Sm

206.7 ± 2.1

4

C

716.68 ± 0.45

2

H

217.998 ± 0.006

2

O

249.229 ± 0.002

7

Sn

301.2 ± 1.5

2

Ca

177.8 ± 0.8

2

Hf

618.4 ± 6.3

3

Os

787 ± 6.3

1

Sr

164.0 ± 1.7

3

Cd

111.80 ± 0.20

2

Hg

61.38 ± 0.04

2

P

316.5 ± 1.0

2

Ta

782.0 ± 2.5

1

Ce

420.1 ± 2.1

4

Ho

300.6 ± 2.1

4

Pa

563

5

Tb

388.7 ± 2.1

4

Cf

196

6

I

106.76 ± 0.04

2

Pb

195.2 ± 0.8

2

Tc

678

5

Cl

121.301 ± 0.008

2

In

243 ± 4

1

Pd

376.6 ± 2.1

1

Te

196.6 ± 2.1

1

Cm

386

6

Ir

669 ± 4

1

Pr

356.9 ± 2.1

4

Th

602 ± 6

2

Co

426.7

3

K

89.0 ± 0.8

2

Pt

565.7 ± 1.3

1

Ti

473 ± 3

2

6679X_S09.indb 69

4/11/08 3:47:15 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-70 Atom ∆fHo298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Atom ∆fHo298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Atom ∆fHo298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Atom ∆fHo298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Tl

182.2 ± 0.4

1

U

533 ± 8

2

W

851.0 ± 6.3

3

Yb

155.6 ± 2.1

4

Tm

232.2 ± 2.1

4

V

515.5 ± 8

3

Y

424.7 ± 2.1

4

Zn

130.40 ± 0.40

2

Zr

610.0 ± 8.4

3

References 1. Brewer, L. and Rosenblatt, G.M., Adv. High Tem. Chem., 2, 1-83, 1969. 2. Cox, J.D., Wagman, D.D., and Medvedev, V.A., Eds., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, 1989; updated e-version: http://www.codata.org/codata. 3. NIST Chemistry WebBook, http://webbook.nist.gov. NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Table 4th Edition, Ed. Chase, M.W.Jr., ACS, AIP, New York, 1998. 4. Chandrasekharaiah, M.S. and Gingerich, K.A., Thermodynamic properties of gaseous species, in Handbook on the Chemistry and Physics of Rare Earths; Gschneidner, K.A., Jr, Ering, L., Eds. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989, Vol. 12, Chapter 86, p. 409-431. 5. Lias, S.G. et al., Gas-phase ion and neutral thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Supl. 1, 1988. 6. Klenschmidt, P.D., et al., High Tem. Sci., 19, 267-274, 1985. 7. Ruscic, B. and Pinzon, R.E., et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 6592-6601, 2006.

TABLE 3. Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Molecules The Do298 values in polyatomic molecules are notoriously difficult to measure accurately since the mechanism of the kinetic systems involved in many of the measurements are seldom straightforward. Thus, much lively controversy has taken place in the literature and is likely to continue for some time to come. We will keep on updating and presenting our assessment of the most reliable BDE data every year. The references relating to each of the Do298 values listed in Table 3 are contained in the Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, by Yu-Ran Luo, CRC Press, 2007. Many Do298 in Table 3 are derived from the equation Do298(R-X) = ∆fHo(R) + ∆fHo(X) – ∆fHo(RX)



Here, the enthalpies of formation of the atoms and radicals are taken from Tables 2 and 4, respectively, and the enthalpies of formation of the molecules are from reference sources listed in the above Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical bond Energies. Table 3 presents H-C, C-C, C-halogen, O-, N-, S-, Si-, Ge-, Sn-, Pb-, P-, As-, Sb-, Bi-, Se-, Te-, and metal-X BDEs. The boldface in the species indicates the dissociated fragment. The metal-X BDEs are arranged on the basis of the Periodic Table with the new IUPAC notation for Groups 1 to 18, see inside front cover of this Handbook. Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

(1) C−H BDEs CH3−H

CH3CH2−H

CH3CH2CH2−H CH3CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2−H CH3CH2CH2CH3

(CH3)2CHCH2­−H (CH3)3C−H

439.3 ± 0.4

1

420.5 ± 1.3

1

422.2 ± 2.1

1

410.5 ± 2.9

1

421.3

1

411.1 ± 2.2

1

419.2 ± 4.2

1

400.4 ± 2.9

1

(CH3)3CCH2−H

419.7 ± 4.2

1

(CH3CH2)CH(CH3)2

400.8

1

CH3CH2(CH2)2CH3

415.1

1

396.2 ± 8.4

1

CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2

399.2 ± 13.0

1

CH3CH2(CH2)3CH3

410

1

CH3CH2(CH2)4CH3

410

1

HCC−H

557.81 ± 0.30

1

HCCCC−H

539 ± 12

1

CHCCH2−H

384.1 ± 4.2

1

CH3CCCH2−H

379.5

1

HCCCH2CH3

373.0

1

(C3H7)CH(CH3)2

6679X_S09.indb 70

Bond CH2=CHCCCH2−H CH3CCCH2CH3 HCCCH2CH2CH3 HCCCH(CH3)2 CH3CCCH(CH3)2 HCCCCCC−H

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 363.3

1

365.3 ± 9.6

1

349.8 ± 8.4

1

345.2 ± 8.4

1

344.3 ± 11.3

1

~543 ± 13

1

Bond H-cyclo-C5H9

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 400.0 ± 4.2

1

H-cyclo-C6H11

416.3

1

H−C6H5

472.2 ± 2.2

1

H−CH2C6H5

375.5 ± 5.0

1

H−CH(CH3)C6H5

357.3 ± 6.3

1

H−CH(C6H5)2

353.5 ± 2.1

1

H−CH(C6H4-p-OH)2

375.8 ± 4.7

1

H−C(CH3)2C6H5

348.1 ± 4.2

1

464.2 ± 2.5

1

CH2=C=CH−H

371.1 ± 12.6

1

CH3CH=CH−H

464.8

1

338.9 ± 8.4

1

369 ± 3

H−C(C6H5)3

1

1-H-C8H7

469.4 ± 5.4

1

410.5

1

2-H-C8H7

468.2 ± 5.9

1

CH2=CHCH2CH3

350.6

1

H−CF3

445.2 ± 2.9

1

CH2=C(CH3)CH2-H

372.8

1

H−CHF2

431.8 ± 4.2

1

347.3 ± 12.6

1

H−CH2F

423.8 ± 4.2

1

H−CClF2

421.3 ± 8.4

1

410.9 ± 8.4

1

H−CBrF2

415.5 ± 12.6

1

H2C=CH−H

CH2=CHCH2−H

CH2=CH-CH2CH2−H

CH2=CHCH=CHCH2-H (CH2=CH)2CH−H

320.5 ± 4.2

CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3

348.8

1

332.6 ± 7.1

1

356.1 ± 8.4

1

(CH2=CH)2C(CH3) −H

322.2

1

444.8 ± 1.0

1

H-CH2-cyclo-C3H5

407.5 ± 6.7

1

409.2 ± 1.3

1

CH2=CHCH(CH3)2

CH2=C(CH3CH2)CH2−H H-cyclo-C3H5

H-cyclo-C4H7

1

H−CCl2F

H−CHClF

421.7 ± 10.0

1

H−CCl3

392.5 ± 2.5

1

H−CHCl2

400.6 ± 2.0

1

H−CH2Cl

419.0 ± 2.3

1

H−CFClBr

413 ± 21

1

4/11/08 3:47:17 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies Bond H−CHClBr

H−CCl2Br H−CClBr2

H−CBr3

9-71

1

387 ± 21

(CH2OH)2

1

371 ± 21

1

HOCH2(CH2)2 (OH)CH−H

399.2

1

399.2 ± 8.4

1

CH3OCH3

402.1

1

443.5 ± 4.2

1

435.1 ± 4.2

1

CH3OCF3

426.8 ± 4.2

1

CH3OCH2CH3

389.1

1

(CH3)3COC(CH3)3

402.1

1

CH3CH2OCH2CH3

389.1

1

CH3CH2Ot-C(CH3)3

405.4

1

417.1 ± 7.5 427.2 ± 2.4

1

H−CI3

423 ± 29

1

431.0 ± 8.4

1

H−CHI2 H−CH2I

CF3CF2−H

431.6 ± 2.8

1

1

429.7 ± 2.1

1

431.0 ± 18.8

1

433.0 ± 14.6

1

426.8 ± 14.6

1

446.4 ± 4.5

1

416.3 ± 4.2

1

413.4 ± 12.6

1

CHF2CH2−H

433.0 ± 14.6

1

433.5 ± 8.4

1

CH3CHF−H

410.9 ± 8.4

1

425.9 ± 6.3

1

404.2 ± 6.3

1

412.1 ± 2.1

1

397.5 ± 8.4

1

393.3 ± 8.4

1

397.9 ± 5.0

1

CHF2CF2−H

CH2FCF2−H

CHF2CFH−H CF3CH2−H

CH3CF2−H CH2FCHF−H CH2FCH2−H CF3CHCl−H CF3CClBr−H CClF2CHF−H

CCl3CCl2−H

CHCl2CCl2−H

CH3CCl2−H

406.6 ± 1.5

1

423.1 ± 2.4

1

397.1 ± 5.0

1

415.1 ± 8.4

1

406.7 ± 4.2

1

464.4 ± 8.4

1

432.2

1

407.0 ± 3.5

1

370.7 ± 4.6

1

370.7 ± 4.6

1

374.0 ± 4.6

1

H−C6F5

487.4

1

401.92 ± 0.63

1

CH2CHOH

467 ± 11

1

401.2 ± 4.2

1

CH3CH2OH

421.7 ± 8

1

CH3CH2CH2OH

392

1

394.6 ± 8.4

1

406.3 ± 8.4

1

383.7 ± 8.4

1

394.6 ± 8.4

1

CH3CHCl−H

CH2ClCH2−H

CH3CBr2−H

CH2BrCH2−H CH3CHBr−H CF2=CF−H

CF3CF2CF2−H CH3CH2CHCl−H CH2=CH-CHF−H CH2=CHCHCl−H CH2=CHCHBr−H H−CH2OH

CH3CH2OH

CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH2OH (CH3)2CHOH (CH3)2CHOH CH2=CHCH2OH

341.4 ± 7.5

1

(CH3)3COH

418.4 ± 8.4

1

(CH2=CH)2CHOH

288.7

1

Ph2CHOH

326

1

CH3CH(OH)2

~385

6679X_S09.indb 71

1

CHF2OCF3 CHF2OCHF2

CH3OPh

385.3

1

385.0

1

420.5 ± 6.5

1

H-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl

385.3 ± 6.7

1

HC(O)−H

368.40 ± 0.67

1

FC(O)−H

423.0

1

CH3C(O)−H

374.0 ± 1.3

1

CF3C(O)−H

390.4

1

C2H5C(O)−H

374.5

1

CH2=CHC(O)−H

372.8

1

C3H7C(O)−H

371.2

1

H-2-oxiran-2-yl

iso-C3H7C(O)−H

364.5

1

C4H9C(O)−H

372.0

1

(CH3)2CHCH2C(O)−H

362.5

1

C2H5CH(CH3)C(O)−H

360.8

1

tert-BuC(O)−H

375.1

1

Et2CHC(O)−H

367.2

1

CH3(CH2)8C(O)−H

373.3

1

C6H5C(O)−H

371.1 ± 10.9

1

PhCH2C(O)−H

362.0

1

PhC(CH3)2C(O)−H

362.9

1

H−CH=C=O

448.1

1

CH3C(O)H

394.5 ± 9.2

1

CH3C(O)Cl

≤423.4

1

CH3CH2C(O)H

383.7

1

CH3COCH3

401.2 ± 2.9

1

CF3C(O)CH3

465.6

1

CH3COCH2CH3

403.8

1

386.2 ± 7.1

1

396.5 ± 2.8

1

CH3CH2COC6H5

402.8 ± 3.6

1

MeCH2COPh

388.7

1

H−C(O)OH

404.2

1

CH3C(O)OH

398.7 ± 12.1

1

ClCH2C(O)OH

398.9

1

399.2 ± 8.4

1

CH3C(O)OCH3

406.3 ± 10.5

1

CH3C(O)OCH3

404.6

1

CH3C(O)OCH2CH3

401.7

1

CH3C(O)OPh

419.2 ± 5.4

1

CH3CH2C(O)OEt

400

1

PhCH2C(O)OEt

370.7

1

MeCOCH2Me EtCOCH2Me

H−C(O)OCH3

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

406.0 ± 2.4

H−CHBr2 H−CH2Br

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Me2CHC(O)OEt

387.4

PhCHMe(C(O)OEt)

358.2

1

H-furaylmethyl

361.9 ± 8.4

1

CH3NH2

392.9 ± 8.4

1

407.9 ± 14.6

1

377.0 ± 8.4

1

380.7 ± 8.4

1

393.3 ± 8.4

1

387.7 ± 8.4

1

CH3N=CH2 CH3CH2NH2 C2H5CH2NH2 C3H7CH2NH2 C4H9CH2NH2 HOCH2CH2NH2 (CH3CH2)2NH (C3H7CH2)2NH (C4H9CH2)2NH (C2H5)2NCH2CH3 (C2H5CH2)3N ((CH3)2CCH2)3N (Bu)2NCH2(nPr) ((CH3)2CH)3N (CH3)2CHNH2 CH3NHCH3 (CH3)3N tert-BuN(CH3)2

1

379.5 ± 8.4

1

370.7 ± 8.4

1

379.9 ± 8.4

1

384.5 ± 8.4

1

379.5 ± 1.7

1

376.6 ± 8.4

1

388.3 ± 8.4

1

381 ± 10.0

1

387.0 ± 8.4

1

372.0 ± 8.4

1

364.0 ± 8.4

1

380.7 ± 8.4

1

376.6 ± 8.4

1

364.4 ± 8.4

1

379.9 ± 8.4

1

((HOCH2)CH(CH3))3N

379.9 ± 8.4

1

PhCH2NH2

368.2

1

383.3 ± 4.2

1

379.5 ± 1.7

1

357.3 ± 8.8

1

372.8 ± 2.5

1

339.3 ± 2.9

1

((HOCH2CH2)2(CH3))N (HOCH2CH2)3N

PhN(CH2CH3)2 Ph2NCH3 PhN(CH2Ph)2 N(CH2Ph)3 PhN(CH2CH=CH2)2 N(CH2CH=CH2)3

345.6 ± 3.3

1

H2NNH(CH3)

410

1

HNN(CH3)2

410

1

(CH3)2NC6H5 H−CN

383.7 ± 5.4

1

528.5 ± 0.8

1

405.8 ± 4.2

1

393.3 ± 12.6

1

PhCH2CN

344.3

1

C6F5CH2CN

350.6

1

CH2(CN)2

366.5

1

CH2(CN)(NH2)

355.2

1

384.5

1

CH3NC

389.1 ± 12.6

1

405.8 ± 8.4

1

CH3CN CH3CH2CN

(CH3)2CHCN H−HCNN

H−CNN

331 ± 17

1

CH3NO2

415.4

1

CH3CH2NO2

410.5

1

C2H5CH2NO2

410.5

1

Me2CHNO2

394.9

1

C6H5C(NO2)CHCH3

357.3

1

4/11/08 3:47:19 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-72 Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

H−C(S)H

399.6 ± 5.0

1

CH3SH

392.9 ± 8.4

1

CH3SCH3

392.0 ± 5.9

1

PhSCH3

389.1

1

PhCH2SPh

352.3

1

(PhS)2CHPh

341.0

1

PhSCHPh2

344.8

1

CH3SOCH3

393.3

1

CH3SO2CH3

414.2

1

CH3SO2CF3

431.0

1

CH3SO2Ph

414.2

1

PhCH2SO2Me

380.7

1

PhCH2SO2CF3

372.4

1

PhCH2SO2tBu

376.6

1

Ph2CHSO2Ph

365.3

1

CH2(SPh)2

372.4

1

418 ± 6.3

1

H−CH2C(CH3)2SiMe3

409 ± 5

1

H−CH2SiMe2Ph

410.1

1

397 ± 13

1

H−CH2B(RO)2

412.5

1

385 ± 13

1

H−CH2SiMe3

H−CH((CH3)3Si)2 H−CH((CH3)2P)2

(2) C−C BDEs CH3−CH3

377.4 ± 0.8

1

370.3 ± 2.1

1

CH3−C3H7

372.0 ± 2.9

1

369.0 ± 3.8

1

CH3−C4H9

371.5 ± 2.9

1

370.3 ± 4.6

1

CH3−sec-C4H9

368.2 ± 2.9

1

363.6 ± 2.9

1

CH3−C5H11

368.4 ± 6.3

1

365.7 ± 4.2

1

CH3−C(CH3)2(CH2CH3)

360.9 ± 6.3

1

368.2 ± 6.3

1

C2H5−C2H5

363.2 ± 2.5

1

366.1 ± 3.3

1

iso-C3H7−iso-C3H7

353.5 ± 4.6

1

364.0 ± 3.8

1

iso-C4H9−iso-C4H9

362.3 ± 6.3

1

sec-C4H9−sec-C4H9

348.5 ± 3.3

1

tert-C4H9−tert-C4H9

322.6 ± 4.2

1

CH3−cyclo-C5H9

358.2 ± 5.0

1

377.0 ± 7.5

1

369.0 ± 8.4

1

320.5 ± 5.0

1

308.4 ± 6.3

1

305.4 ± 8.4

1

CH3−CH(CH3)C≡CCH3

320.9 ± 6.3

1

295.8 ± 6.3

1

CH3−C(CH3)2C≡CCH3

303.3 ± 6.3

1

CH3−C2H5 CH3−iso-C3H7 CH3−iso-C4H9

CH3−tert-C4H9 CH3−CH(C2H5)2 CH3−C6H13

C3H7−C3H7 C4H9−C4H9

CH3−cyclo-C6H11

cyclo-C6H11−cyclo-C6H11 CH3−CH2C≡CH

CH3−CH2C≡CCH3

CH3−CH(CH3)C≡CH CH3−C(CH3)2C≡CH

6679X_S09.indb 72

Bond CH3−CHCH2

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 426.3 ± 6.3

1

CH3−CH=CCH2

359.8 ± 5.9

1

340.6 ± 20.9

1

CH3−CH2CH=CH2

317.6 ± 3.8

1

CH3−CH2C(CH3)=CH2

310.0 ± 4.2

1

CH3−CH(CH3)CH=CH2

302.5 ± 6.3

1

CH3−C(CH3)2CH=CH2

282.4 ± 6.3

1

CH3−cyclo-C5H7

299.2 ± 8.4

1

CH3−C6H5

426.8 ± 4.2

1

HCC−C6H5

590.8 ± 5.9

1

C2H3−C6H5

482.0 ± 5.4

1

325.1 ± 4.2

1

CH3−CH(CH3)C6H5

318.8 ± 8.4

1

303.3 ± 8.4

1

CH3−CH2CHCHPh

295.4

1

CH3−CH(C6H5)2

315.9 ± 6.3

1

CH3−C(CH3)(C6H5)2

290.8 ± 8.4

1

C6H5−C6H5

478.6 ± 6.3

1

C6H5−CH2C6H5

383.7 ± 8.4

1

C6H5CH2−CH2C6H5

272.8 ± 9.2

1

C6H5−CH(C6H5)2

361.1 ± 8.4

1

C6H5−C(C6H5)3

324.3 ± 12.6

1

Ph2CH−CHPh2

247.3 ± 8.4

1

PhCH2−CPh3

234.7 ± 14.6

1

CH3−cyclopro-en-1-yl

CH3-CH2C6H5

CH3−C(CH3)2C6H5

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

CCl3−CH2Cl

323.8 ± 8.4

1

362.3 ± 6.3

1

CHCl2−CHCl2

326.9 ± 4.1

1

CHCl2−CH2Cl

352.2 ± 5.9

1

CHBrCl−CH3

CCl3−CH3

CHCl2−CH3

361.3 ± 2.5

1

384.5

1

CHClBr−CHClBr

317.1 ± 12.6

1

CH2Cl−CH2Cl

360.7 ± 8.4

1

CH2Cl−CH3

375.7 ± 9.2

1

Br3C−CH3

356.9 ± 12.6

1

Br3C−CBr3

278.7 ± 16.7

1

CHBr2−CH3

372.8

1

CH2Br−CH2Cl

378.2

1

CH2Br−CH2Br

379.9 ± 8.4

1

CH2I−CH2I

387.0 ± 10.5

1

CH3−CH2Br

381.6 ± 8.4

1

CH3−CH2I

384.5 ± 8.4

1

CF3−CF2CF3

424.3 ± 13.6

1

CF3−CF=CF2

420.5

1

371.4 ± 2.8

1

CH3−CHClCH3

367.5 ± 2.0

1

CH2Cl−CHClCH3

356.5 ± 8.4

1

CH2Cl−CH2CClH2

369.0 ± 8.4

1

CH3−CCl2CH3

362.8 ± 8.4

1

369.4 ± 8.4

1

CH2ClCH2−CHClCH3

CH3−CH2CH2Cl

R-R, π-dimer, R = phenalenyl

42

1

CH2Br−CHBrCH3

R-R, σ-dimer, R = phenalenyl

364.4 ± 8.4

1

42.7

1

CH2ClCH2−CH2CClH2

369.0 ± 8.4

1

R-R, R = 9phenylfluorenyl

63.6

1

CH3CHBr−CHBrCH3

355.6 ± 8.4

1

CF3−C6H5

463.2 ± 12.6

1

CF3−CF3

413.0 ± 5.0

1

CCl3−C6H5

388.7 ± 8.4

1

399.6 ± 8.4

1

CH3−C6F5

439.3

1

CF3−CClF2

373.6 ± 12.5

1

CF3−C6F5

435.1

1

CF3−CH2F

397.5 ± 8.4

1

CF3−CH2C6H5

365.7 ± 12.6

1

332.2 ± 5.4

1

C6F5−C6F5

488.3

1

CF3−CHBrCl

377.0 ± 10.5

1

CF3−CHPh2

352.3 ± 16.7

1

CF3−CH2Br

399.6 ± 8.4

1

CF3−CPh3

290.8 ± 16.7

1

CF3−CH2I

408.4 ± 10.5

1

CF2CF−CFCF2

558.1 ± 12.6

1

CF3−CH3

429.3 ± 5.0

1

CH2FCH2−CPh3

274.9 ± 16.7

1

CHF2−CHF2

382.4 ± 15.5

1

CHF2CH2−CPh3

264.0 ± 16.7

1

CClF2−CClF2

378.7 ± 12.6

1

CH3−CH2OH

364.8 ± 4.2

1

CF2Cl−CFCl2

358.6 ± 12.6

1

405.4 ± 6.3

1

CHF2−CH2F

394.1 ± 16.7

1

C2H5−CH2OH

356.9 ± 5.0

1

CH2F−CH2F

368.2 ± 8.4

1

357.3 ± 3.3

1

405.0 ± 8.4

1

iso-C3H7−CH2OH

354.8 ± 4.2

1

CH2F−CH3

388.3 ± 8.4

1

355.6 ± 4.2

1

399.6 ± 12.6

1

sec-C4H9−CH2OH

352.7 ± 4.2

1

CF2Br−CHClF

369.4

1

iso-C4H9−CH2OH

354.0 ± 5.4

1

CF2Br−CH3

396.6 ± 15.1

1

C6H5−CH2OH

413.4 ± 5.4

1

CCl3−CCl3

285.8 ± 6.3

1

HOH2C−CH2OH

358.2 ± 6.3

1

CCl3−CClF2

282.0 ± 12.6

1

335.6 ± 10.5

1

CCl3−CHCl2

303.3 ± 6.3

1

CH3−CH2OCH3

363.2 ± 5.0

1

CF3−CHF2

CF3−CCl3

CHF2−CH3

CHClF−CH3

CF3−CH2OH

C3H7−CH2OH

C4H9−CH2OH

NH2CH2−CH2OH

4/11/08 3:47:22 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies Bond CH3OCH2−CH2OCH3

9-73

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 338.9 ± 10.5

1

CH3−C(O)H

354.8 ± 1.7

1

309.2 ± 5.0

1

CH3−C(O)F

417.6 ± 6.3

1

CH3−C(O)Cl

367.8 ± 6.3

1

CCl3−C(O)Cl

289.1 ± 6.3

1

CHCl2−C(O)Cl

312.5 ± 8.4

1

CClH2−C(O)Cl

340.2 ± 8.4

1

C6H5−C(O)H

408.4 ± 4.2

1

C6H5−C(O)Cl

417.6 ± 6.3

1

CH3−C(O)CH3

351.9 ± 2.1

1

C2H5−C(O)CH3

347.3 ± 2.9

1

C3H7−C(O)CH3

348.5 ± 2.9

1

iso-C3H7−C(O)CH3

340.2 ± 3.8

1

C4H7−C(O)CH3

346.9 ± 5.4

1

tert-C4H9−C(O)CH3

329.3 ± 4.2

1

C6H5−C(O)CH3

406.7 ± 4.6

1

299.7 ± 8.4

1

HC(O)−C(O)H

295.8 ± 6.3

1

292.5 ± 8.4

1

302.5 ± 8.4

1

CH3C(O)−C(O)CH3

307.1 ± 4.2

1

C6H5C(O)−C(O)C6H5

288.3 ± 16.7

1

CH3−C(O)OH

384.9 ± 8.4

1

CF3−C(O)OH

370.7 ± 8.4

1

CCl3−C(O)OH

310.5 ± 12.6

1

357.7 ± 8.4

1

358.2 ± 8.4

1

349.4 ± 8.4

1

CH3NHCH2−C(O)OH C6F5−C(O)OH

CCl3−C(O)H

C6H5CH2−C(O)CH3 ClC(O)−C(O)Cl

CH3C(O)−C(O)H

CClH2−C(O)OH

CH2Br−C(O)OH

NH2CH2−C(O)OH

300.4 ± 8.4

1

C6H5−C(O)OH

429.7 ± 8.4

1

470.0 ± 10.5

1

HOCH2−C(O)OH

371.5 ± 5.4

1

HOC(O)−C(O)OH

334.7 ± 6.3

1

CH3NHCH2−C(O)OH

301.2 ± 16.7

1

331.4 ± 16.7

1

NH2CH2−CH2C(O)OH

325.5 ± 16.7

1

CH3CH(NH2)−C(O)OH

CN−CN

571.9 ± 6.7

1

HC(O)−CN

455.2 ± 8.4

1

HC(S)−CN

530.1 ± 8.4

1

CF3−CN

469.0 ± 4.2

1

CH3−CN

521.7 ± 9.2

1

NCC−CN

462.3

1

C2H5−CN

506.7 ± 7.5

1

CH3−CH2CN

348.1 ± 12.6

1

386.6 ± 8.4

1

CH3−CH(CH3)CN

332.6 ± 8.4

1

340.6 ± 16.7

1

CH3−C(CH3)(CN)C6H5

250.6

1

(Ph)2(CN)C−C(CN)(Ph)2 109.6

1

C6H5−CH2CN

CH3−C(CH3)2CN

(NO2)3C−C(NO2)3

6679X_S09.indb 73

308.8

1

Bond C58−C2

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 955.2 ± 14.5

1

482.8

1

546.8 ± 2.1

1

533.9 ± 5.9

1

F−CH2F

496.2 ± 8.8

1

511.7

1

F−CFCl2

482.0 ± 10.5

1

462.3 ± 10.0

1

439.3 ± 4

1

465.3 ± 9.6

1

460.2 ± 8.4

1

F−CF3

F−CHF2 F−CF2Cl

F−CHFCl

F−CCl3

F−CH2Cl F−CH3

F−C≡CH

521.3

1

519 ± 21

1

546.4 ± 12.6

1

532.2 ± 6.3

1

457.7

1

522.2 ± 8.4

1

517.6 ± 12.6

1

F−C2H5

467.4 ± 8.4

1

474.9 ± 8.4

1

F−iso-C3H7

483.8 ± 8.4

1

495.8 ± 8.4

1

F−C6H5

525.5 ± 8.4

1

485 ± 25

1

F−CH2C6H5

412.8 ± 4.2

1

497.9 ± 10.5

1

510.3

1

484.5

1

511.7 ± 12.6

1

422.6 ± 8.4

1

365.3 ± 3.8

1

364 ± 8

1

354.4 ± 11.7

1

333.9 ± 10.5

1

320.9 ± 8.4

1

346.0 ± 13.4

1

296.6

1

Cl−CHCl2

311.1 ± 2.0

1

338.0 ± 3.3

1

Cl−CBrCl2

287 ± 10.5

1

332.8 ± 4.6

1

328.2 ± 6.9

1

F−C≡CF

F−CF=CF2 F−CF2CF3

F−CH2CF3 F−CF2CH3

F−C2H3 F−C3H7

F−tert-C4H9 F−C6F5

F−COH

F−COF

F−COCl

F−C(O)CH3

Cl−CN

Cl−CF3

Cl−CHF2 Cl−CH2F

Cl−CF2Cl

Cl−CFCl2

Cl−CHFCl

Cl−CCl3

Cl−CH2Cl

Cl−CH2Br Cl−CH2I Cl−CH3

Cl−C≡CCl

Cl−C≡CH

Cl−CH2CN

Cl−CCl=CCl2

Cl−CH=CH2

Cl−CF=CF2 Cl−CF2CF3

Cl−CF2CF2Cl

350.2 ± 1.7

1

443 ± 50

1

435.6 ± 8.4

1

267.4

1

383.7

1

396.5 ± 4.8

1

434.7 ± 8.4

1

346.0 ± 7.1

1

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

331.4 ± 20.9

1

307.9

1

303.8

1

330.5 ± 4.2

1

Cl−CCl2CHCl2

311.7

1

327.9 ± 1.8

1

Cl−CH2CH2Cl

345.1 ± 5.0

1

Cl−CHBrCH3

331.8 ± 8.4

1

Cl−CH2CH3

352.3 ± 3.3

1

Cl−CH2CH=CH2

298.3 ± 5.0

1

Cl−C3H7

352.7 ± 4.2

1

Cl−CH2CH2CH2Cl

348.9

1

354.0 ± 6.3

1

Cl−CH2CHCH=CH2 Cl−sec-C4H9

Cl−CCl2CF3

(3) C−halogen BDEs F−CN

Bond

Cl−CCl2CCl3

Cl−CHClCCl3 Cl−CHClCH3

Cl−iso-C3H7

342.7

1

Cl−C4H9

350.6 ± 6.3

1

350.2 ± 6.3

1

Cl−tert-C4H9

351.9 ± 6.3

1

CH2CHCHCl(CH3) Cl−C(CH3)2(C2H5)

300.0 ± 6.3

1

Cl−C5H11

350.6 ± 6.3

1

352.7 ± 6.3

1

Cl−cyclo-C6H11

360.2 ± 6.5

1

Cl−C6H5

399.6 ± 6.3

1

Cl−C6F5

383.3 ± 8.4

1

Cl−CH2C6H5

299.9 ± 4.3

1

Cl−C(O)Cl

318.8 ± 8.4

1

Cl−COF

376.6

1

Cl−C(O)CH3

354.0 ± 8.4

1

353.3 ± 6.3

1

Cl−C(O)C6H5

341.0 ± 8.4

1

Cl−CH2C(O)C6H5

309

1

310.9 ± 2.2

1

Cl−C(O)OC6H5

364

1

Cl−C(NO2)3

302.1

1

364.8 ± 4.2

1

Br−CF3

296.2 ± 1.3

1

288.7 ± 8.4

1

Br−CF2Cl

269.9 ± 6.3

1

Br−CCl3

231.4 ± 4.2

1

277.3 ± 3.6

1

Br−CBr3

242.3 ± 8.4

1

274.9 ± 13.0

1

Br−CH2Br

276.1 ± 5.3

1

274.5 ± 7.5

1

Br−CH3

294.1 ± 2.1

1

Cl−C(O)CH2CH3

Cl−CH2C(O)OH

Br−CN

Br−CHF2

Br−CH2Cl Br−CHBr2 Br−CH2I

Br−C≡CH

410.5

1

Br−CH=CH2

338.3 ± 3.1

1

Br−CF2CF3

283.3 ± 6.3

1

Br−CClBrCF3

251.0 ± 6.3

1

Br−CF2CF2Br

282.8 ± 6.7

1

274.9 ± 6.3

1

287.0 ± 5.4

1

Br−CHClCF3 Br−CF2CH3

4/11/08 3:47:24 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-74 Bond Br−CH2CH2Cl

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 292.5 ± 8.4

1

Br−CHClCH3

272.0 ± 8.4

1

292.9 ± 4.2

1

Br−CH2CH=CH2

237.2 ± 5.0

1

298.3 ± 4.2

1

Br−iso-C3H7

299.2 ± 6.3

1

324.7

1

278.2 ± 10.5

1

274.2 ± 4.6

1

296.6 ± 4.2

1

300.0 ± 4.2

1

292.9 ± 6.3

1

336.4 ± 6.3

1

~328

1

239.3 ± 6.3

1

225.1 ± 6.3

1

339.7

1

341.8

1

322.6

1

292.0 ± 8.4

1

Br−C(O)C6H5

276.6 ± 8.4

1

257.9 ± 10.5

1

Br−CH2C(O)C6H5

271

1

257.4 ± 3.7

1

218.4

1

320.1

1

227.2 ± 1.3

1

168 ± 42

1

221.8 ± 4.2

1

219.2 ± 5.4

1

216.9 ± 7.9

1

238.9 ± 2.1

1

187.0 ± 6.3

1

Br−C2H5 Br−C3H7

Br−CH2CH2CH2Br Br−CF2CF2CF3

CF3CFBrCF3 Br−C4H9

Br−sec-C4H9

Br−tert-C4H9 Br−C6H5 Br−C6F5

Br-CH2C6H5 Br−CH2C6F5 Br−1−C10H7 Br−2−C10H7

Br−anthracenyl Br−C(O)CH3

Br−CH2C(O)CH3 Br−CH2C(O)OH Br−C(NO2)3 I−CN

I−CF3

I−CCl3

I−CH2Cl

I−CH2Br I−CH2I I−CH3

I−CH2CN I−CF2CF3

I−CF2CF2I

I−CH2CF3

I−CHFCClF2 I−CF2CH3

219.2 ± 2.1

1

217.6 ± 6.7

1

235.6 ± 4.2

1

202 ± 2

1

217.6 ± 4.2

1

I-CFICH3

218.0 ± 4.2

1

CF3CFICF3

215.1

1

259.0 ± 4.2

1

I−C2H5

233.5 ± 6.3

1

185.8 ± 6.3

1

I−C3H7

236.8 ± 4.2

1

234.7 ± 6.3

1

205.8

1

227.2 ± 6.3

1

272.0 ± 4.2

1

<301.7

1

187.8 ± 4.8

1

274.5 ± 10.5

1

I−CH=CH2

I−CH2CH=CH2 I−iso-C3H7 I−C4F9

I−tert-C4H9

I−C6H5 I−C6F5

I−CH2C6H5

I−1-naphthyl

6679X_S09.indb 74

Bond I−2-naphthyl

I−CH2CN

I−CH2OCH3

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

272.0 ± 10.5

1

C6H5OO−H

384

1

187.0 ± 8.4

1

C6H5CH2OO−H

363

1

229.4 ± 8.4

1

1

216.8 ± 6.3

(C6H5)2CHOO−H

370

I−CH2SCH3

1

386

1

223.0 ± 8.4

CH3C(O)OO−H

1

1

212.1 ± 8.4

CCl2(CN)OO−H

384

I−C(O)C6H5

1

368

1

197.5 ± 2.7

OHCH2OO−H

1

330.7

1

144.8

1

299.2

1

I−C(O)CH3

I−CH2C(O)OH I−C(NO2)3

HO−H

497.10 ± 0.29

1

FO−H

425.1

1

ClO−H

393.7

1

BrO−H

405

1

IO−H

403.3

1

CH3O−H

440.2 ± 3

1

CF3O−H

497.1

1

HC≡CO−H

443.1

1

C2H5O−H

441.0 ± 5.9

1

CH2=CHO−H

355.6

1

447.7 ± 10.5

1

≤433 ± 2

1

442.3 ± 2.8

1

CF3CH2O−H iso-C3H7O−H

432.3

1

441.4 ± 4.2

1

tert-C4H9O−H

444.9 ± 2.8

1

tert-BuCH2O−H

436.1

1

C4H9O−H sec-C4H9O−H

442.7 ± 8.8

1

446.9 ± 6.3

1

450.6 ± 6.3

1

HC(O)O−H

468.6 ± 12.6

1

CH3C(O)O−H

468.6 ± 12.6

1

C6H5CH2O−H CH3C(OH)O−H (CH3)2C(OH)O−H

C2H5C(O)O−H

472.8

1

iso-C3H7C(O)O−H

472.8

1

464.4 ± 16.7

1

HOO−H

366.06 ± 0.29

1

CH3OO−H

370.3 ± 2.1

1

CF3OO−H

383

1

CH2FOO−H

379

1

CCl3OO−H

386

1

CHCl2OO−H

383

1

CH2ClOO−H

379

1

CBr3OO−H

383

1

CH2BrOO−H

379

1

C6H5C(O)O−H

C2H5OO−H

354.8 ± 9.2

1

CH3CHClOO−H

377

1

CH3CCl2OO−H

383

1

CF3CHClOO−H

384

1

C2Cl5OO−H

383

1

iso-C3H7OO−H

356

1

CH2=CHCH2OO−H tert-C4H9OO−H

H−OONO H−ONH2

(4) O−X BDEs

C3H7O−H

H−ONO

372.4

1

352.3 ± 8.8

1

H−ONO2

H−ONNOH

H−OPO2

H−OSO2OH

318

1

426.8

1

189

1

465.7 ± 12.6

1

441.4 ± 14.6

1 1

H−OSiMe3

495

(CH3)CHNO-H

354.4

1

(CH3)2CNO-H

354.0

1

(C6H5)CHNO-H

368.6

1 1

PhO−H

362.8 ± 2.9

α-tocopherol RO-H

323.4

1

β-tocopherol RO-H

335.6

1

γ-tocopherol RO-H

335.1

1

δ-tocopherol RO-H

342.8

1

p-C6H5CH2-C6H4O-H

356.2

1

O−O2

HO−OH

HO−OF

HO−OCl

HO−OBr

106.6

1

210.66 ± 0.42

1

199.7 ± 8.4

1

~146

1

138.5 ± 8.4

1

FO−OF

199.6

1

72.4 ± 2.8

1

IO−OI

74.9 ± 17

1

≤67.8 ± 0.4

1

ClO−OCl

trans-perp-HO−ONO

cis-cis-HO−ONO

83.3 ± 2.1

1

HO−ONO2

163.2 ± 8.4

1

HO−OCH3

189.1 ± 4.2

1

HO−OCF3

201.3 ± 20.9

1

HO−OC2H5

178.7 ± 6.3

1

HO−O-iso-C3H7

185.8 ± 6.3

1

HO−O-tert-C4H9

186.2 ± 4.2

1

HO−OC(O)CH3

169.9 ± 2.1

1

HO−OC(O)C2H5

169.9 ± 2.1

1

CH3O−OCH3

167.4 ± 6.3

1

C2H5O−OC2H5 iso-C3H7O−O-iso-C3H7

152.3 ± 4.2

1

tert-BuO−O-tert-Bu

162.8 ± 2.1

1

tert-BuCH2O−OCH2tert-Bu

152.3

1

EtC(Me)2O−OC(Me)2Et

164.4 ± 4.2

1

148.5 ± 4.6

1

CF3O−OCF3

198.7 ± 2.1

1

166.1

1

C3H7O−OC3H7

155.2 ± 4.2

1

157.7

1

sec-C4H9O−O-sec-C4H9

(CF3)3CO−OC(CF3)3

4/11/08 3:47:27 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies Bond Ph3CO−OCPh3

9-75

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

1

353.1 ± 6.3

1

cis-HO−NO

207.0

1

C6H5−OCH3

418.8 ± 5.9

1

trans-HO-NO

200.64 ± 0.19

1

C6H5CH(CH3)−OCH3

313.4 ± 9.6

1

FO−NO

132.5 ± 17

1

C6H5−OC6H5

326.8 ± 4.2

1

cis-ClO−NO

127.6 ± 8.4

1

CH3−OC(O)H

383.7 ± 12.6

1

trans-ClO−NO

116.6 ± 8.4

1

HC(O)−OH

457.7 ± 2.1

1

cis-BrO−NO

138.1 ± 8.4

1

CH3C(O)−OH

459.4 ± 4.2

1

trans-BrO−NO

121.6 ± 8.4

1

447.7 ± 10.5

1

trans-perp-HOO−NO

114.2 ± 4

1

HO−CH2C(O)OH

368.2 ± 10.5

1

176.6 ± 3.3

1

CH3-OC(O)CH3

380.3 ± 12.6

CH3O−NO

1

C2H5O−NO

185.4 ± 4.2

1

423.8 ± 4.2

1

CH3C(O)−OCH3

424.3 ± 6.3

C3H7O−NO

1

C6H5C(O)−OCH3

421.3 ± 12.6

iso-C3H7O−NO

1

307.5 ± 8.4

C4H9O−NO

1

C6H5C(O)−OC6H5

1

CH3OCH2−OCH3

367.5 ± 8.4

iso-C4H9O−NO

1

1

382.4 ± 12.6

sec-C4H9O−NO

150.6

CH3C(O)−OC(O)CH3

1

150.6

1

C6H5C(O)−OC(O)C6H5

384.9 ± 16.7

tert-C4H9O−NO

1

CH3−OOH

300.4 ± 12.6

1

C2H5−OOH

332.2 ± 20.9

1

C3H7−OOH

364.4

1

1

SF5O−OOSF5

126.8

1

(CH3)3CO−OSi(CH3)3

196.6

1

tert-BuO−OGeEt3

192.5

1

tert-BuO−OSnEt3

192.5

1

126.8 ± 8.4

1

HC(O)O−OH

199.2 ± 8.4

1

FC(O)O−OC(O)F

96.2

1

CH3C(O)O−ONO2

131.4 ± 8.4

1

CF3C(O)O−OC(O)CF3 CF3OC(O)O−OCF3

CH3C(O)O−OC(O)CH3

140.2 ± 21

1

125.5

1

CF3OC(O)O−OC(O)F

121.3 ± 4.2

1

142.3 ± 2.9

1

C2H5C(O)O−OC(O) C2H5 C3H7C(O)O−OC(O) C3H7

119.2

FS(O)2O-OS(O)2F

92−100

1

≤482.0 ± 1.3

1

FO−CF3

408 ± 17

1

384.93 ± 0.71

1

391.2 ± 2.9

1

408.4 ± 8.4

1

332.6 ± 4.2

1

392.0 ± 2.9

1

397.9 ± 4.2

1

389.9 ± 4.2

1

396.1 ± 4.2

1

HO−iso-C4H9

394.1 ± 4.2

1

398.3 ± 4.2

1

HO−CH(CH3)(nC3H7)

398.3 ± 4.2

1

399.2 ± 4.2

1

395.8 ± 6.3

1

HO−CF3

HO−CH3

HO−C2H5

HO−CH2CF3

HO−CH2CH=CH2 HO−C3H7

HO−iso-C3H7 HO−C4H9

HO−sec-C4H9 HO−tert-C4H9

HO−CH(C2H5)2

HO−C(CH3)2(C2H5) HO−C6H5

463.6 ± 4.2

1

HO−C6F5

446.9 ± 9.2

1

334.1 ± 2.6

1

HO−C(CH3)2C6H5

339.3 ± 6.3

1

385.8 ± 6.3

1

468.6 ± 6.3

1

467.8 ± 6.3

1

310.4 ± 6.3

1

459.4 ± 4.2

1

411.3

1

351.9 ± 4.2

1

373.2 ± 12.6

1

CH3O−C2H5

355.2 ± 5.4

1

370.3 ± 8.4

1

CH3O−C3H7

358.6 ± 6.3

1

360.7 ± 4.2

1

HO−CH2C6H5

cyclo-C5H9−OH

1-C10H7−OH

2-C10H7−OH (CH3)2(NH2)C−OH CH3C(O)-OH HOCH2-OH

CH3−OCH3

ICH2−OCH3 CH3O−CHClCH3 CH3O−iso-C3H7

6679X_S09.indb 75

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

346.0 ± 6.3

1

155.6

CF3OC(O)O−OC(O) OCF3

CH3O-C4H9

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

CH3O-tert-C4H9

131.4

SF5O−OSF5

CF3OO−OCF3

Bond

C6H5C(O)−OH

HC(O)−OCH3

iso-C3H7−OOH

298.3

1

309.2 ± 4.2

1

292.5 ± 8.4

1

CF3−OOCF3

361.5 ± 8.4

1

137.0 ± 3.8

1

CF3−OO

169.0

1

CClF2−OO

127.6

1

CCl2F-OO

124.7

1

tert-C4H9−OOH

CH3−OOCH3

CH3−OO

O2N−ONO2

95.4 ± 1.5

1

179.1 ± 6.3

1

175.3 ± 4.2

1

177.8 ± 6.5

1

175.7 ± 6.5

1

173.6 ± 3.3

1

176.1 ± 5.9

1

tert-AmO−NO

171.1 ± 0.4

1

C6H5O−NO

87.0

1

HO−NO2

205.4

1

FO−NO2

131.8 ± 12.6

1

ClO−NO2

111.8 ± 2.1

1

BrO−NO2

118.0 ± 6.3

1

IO−NO2

~100

1

CH3O−NO2

176.1 ± 4.2

1

C2H5O−NO2

174.5 ± 4.2

1

C3H7O−NO2

177.0 ± 4.2

1

iso-C3H7O−NO2

175.7 ± 4.2

1

HOO−NO2

99.2 ± 4.6

1

CH3OO−NO2

86.6 ± 8.4

1

CF3OO−NO2

105

1

CF2ClOO−NO2

106.7

1

CFCl2OO−NO2

106.7

1 1

122.4 ± 10.5

1

108.2 ± 8.2

1

CCl3−OO

92.0 ± 6.4

1

HC(O)−OOH

290.0

1

CH3C(O)−OOC(O)CH3

315.1

1 1

CCl3OO−NO2

95.8

≤369.9 ± 1.3

305.3 ± 4.4

1

CH3−ONO

CH3N(O)-O

245.2

1

392 ± 8

1

C2H5−ONO

C6H5N(O)-O

260.2

1

264.9 ± 2.0

1

249.4 ± 6.3

C5H5N-O

1

1

254.4 ± 6.3

C6H5N=N(O)(C6H5)-O

309.4 ± 3.5

iso-C3H7−ONO

1

256.5 ± 6.3

1

C6H5(O)N=N(O)(C6H5)O

309.4 ± 3.6

1

254.0 ± 6.3

1

551.1

1

253.6 ± 6.3

1

252.7 ± 6.3

1

254.0 ± 8.4

1

340.2

1

344.8

1

393.3

1

167.4 ± 0.4

1

O−NO

306.21 ± 0.13

1

O−NO2

206.3

1

40.6 ± 2.1

1

CH2Cl−OO

CHCl2−OO

ClO−CF3

C3H7−ONO C4H9−ONO

iso-C4H9−ONO

sec-C4H9−ONO

tert-C4H9−ONO (C2H5)(CH3)2C−ONO CH3−ONO2

C2H5−ONO2

CH3O−CH2CN O−N2

NO−NO

O−SO

O−SOF2

513.3

1

O−SOCl2

398.5

1

493.7 ± 25

1

HO−SH

293.3 ± 16.7

1

O−S(OH)2

HO−SOH

313.4 ± 12.6

1

HO−S(OH)O2

384.9 ± 8.4

1

303.8 ± 12.6

1

HO−SO2CH3

360.2 ± 12.6

1

HO−SCH3 F−OH F−OF

215.1

1

164.1

1

4/11/08 3:47:29 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-76 Bond F−OCF3

F−OCH3

F−ONO2 Cl−OH

Cl−OCl

Cl−OCF3

Cl−OCH3

Cl−O-tert-C4H9 Cl−OOCl

Cl−ONO2

Br−OH

Br−OBr

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 200.8 ± 4.2

1

>196.6

1

143.1

1

233.5

1

142

1

≤220.9 ± 8.4

1

200.8

1

198.3

1

91.2

1

172.0

1

209.6 ± 4.2

1

125

1

Br−O-tert-C4H9

183.3

1

143.1 ± 6.3

1

I−OH

213.4

1

130.1

1

>140.6

1

Br−ONO2 I−OI

I-ONO2 (5) N−X BDEs H−NH2

H−NF2

H−NNH H−N3

H−N=CH2 H−NO

450.08 ± 0.24

1

316.7 ± 10.5

1

254.4

1

≤389

1

364 ± 25

1

199.5

1

341

1

H−NCO

460.7 ± 2.1

1

≤396.6 ± 4.6

1

H−NCS

347.3 ± 8.4

1

CH3NH2

425.1 ± 8.4

1

397.5 ± 8.4

1

H−NHOH

H−NCS

tert-BuNH2 C6H5CH2NH2

418.4

1

395.8 ± 8.4

1

276 ± 21

1

H−NHN(CH3)2

356 ± 21

1

NH2CN

414.2

1

(NH2)2C=O

464.4

1

(NH2)2C=S

389.1

1

CH3CSNH2

380.7

1

PhCSNH2

380.7

1

(PhNH)2C=S

364.0

1

(NH2)2C=NH

435.1

1

Ph2C=NH

489.5

1

464

1

H−ΝΗPh

375.3

1

C6H5NHOH

292

1

C6H5NH(CONMe2)

387.9

1

364.8

1

63

1

480.7 ± 0.4

1

8.49 ± 0.12

1

(CH3)2NH

H−NHNH(CH3)

H−N(SiMe3)2

H−ΝPh2 HN−N2

ON−N

ON−NO

6679X_S09.indb 76

Bond ON−NO2

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

306.7 ± 6.3

1

307.5 ± 9.6

1

HC(O)−NH2

421.7 ± 8.4

1

CH3C(O)−NH2

414.6 ± 8.4

1

HS−NO

138.9

1

CH3S−NO

104.6 ± 4.2

1

1

tert-BuS−NO

115.1

1

1

PhCH2S−NO

120.5

1

81.2 ± 5.4

1

1

57.3 ± 1

1

H2N−NH2

277.0 ± 1.3

1

F2N−NF2

92.9 ± 12.6

1

H2N−NHCH3

275.8 ± 8.4

1

H2N−N(CH3)2

259.8 ± 8.4

1

H2N−NHC6H5

227.6 ± 8.4

H2N−NO2

230

H2NN(CH3)−NO

179.6

1

(C6H5)2N-NO

94.6

1

N3−CH3

335.1 ± 20.5

1

375.7 ± 20.9

1

N3−CH2C6H5

211.3 ± 14.2

1

413.0 ± 3.3

1

C2H5−NC

413.4 ± 8.4

1

423.0 ± 8.4

1

tert-C4H9−NC

399.6 ± 5.4

1

NC−NO

204.4

1

CH3−NO

172

1

167

1

CCl3−NO

125

1

171.5

1

CH2CHCH2−NO

110

1

152.7 ± 12.6

1

167

1

226.8 ± 2.1

1

211.3 ± 4.2

1

123

1

CH3−NO2

260.7 ± 2.1

1

C2H5−NO2

254.4

1

C3H7−NO2

256.5

1

iso-C3H7−NO2

259.8

1

C4H9−NO2

254.8

1

sec-C4H9−NO2

263.2

1

tert-C4H9−NO2

258.6

1

C6H5−NO2

295.8 ± 4.2

1

210.3 ± 6.3

1

(NO2)CH2−NO2

207.1

1

176.1

1

CF3−NF2

280.7

1

C6H5CH2−NF2

237.2 ± 14.6

1

356.1 ± 2.1

1

C2H5−NH2

352.3 ± 6.3

1

356.1 ± 2.9

1

iso-C3H7−NH2

357.7 ± 3.8

1

356.1 ± 2.9

1

sec-C4H9−NH2

359.0 ± 2.9

1

254.8 ± 5.0

1

tert-C4H9−NH2

355.6 ± 6.3

1

431

1

429.3 ± 4.2

1

CH3−NC

iso-C3H7−NC

CF3−NO

C2H5−NO

iso-C3H7−NO

tert-C4H9−NO

C6H5−NO C6F5−NO

C6H5CH2−NO

C6H5CH2−NO2 (NO2)3C−NO2

CH3−NH2

C3H7−NH2 C4H9−NH2

iso-C4H9−NH2

pyridin-2-yl−NH2 C6H5−NH2

C6H5CH2−NH2

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

C6H5CH(CH)3−NH2

42.5

O2N−NO2

N3−C6H5

Bond

C6H5S-NO

SCN−SCN FSO2−NF2

F−NO

F−NO2

F−NF2

F−NH2

Cl−NO

Cl−NO2 Cl−NF2

255.6

1

163

1

235.26

1

221.3

1

254.0

1

286.6

1

158.8 ± 0.8

1

141.8 ± 1.3

1

~134

1

Cl−NH2

253.1

1

120.1 ± 0.8

1

Br−NO2

82.0 ± 7.1

1

Br−NF2

<227.2

1

75.6 ± 4

1

I−NO2

79.6 ± 4

1

381.18 ± 0.05

1

H−SCH3

365.7 ± 2.1

1

351.5 ± 8.4

1

H−SC2H5

365.3

1

H−SC3H7

365.7

1

H−S-iso-C3H7

369.9 ± 8.4

1

H−S-tert-C4H9

362.3 ± 9.2

1

H−SOH

330.5 ± 14.6

1

370.7

1

Br−NO

I−NO

(6) S−X BDEs H−SH

H−SCHCH2

H−SCOCH3 H−SCOPh

364

1

H−SO2CH3

≤397

1

H−SSCH3

330.5 ± 14.6

1

349.4 ± 4.5

1

318.0 ± 14.6

1

H−SPh

H−SSH

H−SSSH HS−SH

FS−SF

ClS−SCl

HS−SCH3 HS−SPh

292.9 ± 6.5

1

270.7 ± 8.4

1

362.3

1

329.7

1

272.0

1

255.2 ± 6.3

1

CH3S−SCH3

272.8 ± 3.8

1

276.6

1

MeS−SPh

272.0 ± 6.3

1

214.2 ± 12.6

1

305 ± 21

1

C2H5S−SC2H5

C6H5S−SC6H5 F5S−SF5

4/11/08 3:47:31 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies Bond HS−CH3

9-77

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Bond

312.5 ± 4.2

1

HS−C2H5

307.9 ± 2.1

1

310.5 ± 2.9

1

HS−iso-C3H7

307.1 ± 3.8

1

309.2 ± 2.9

1

HS−sec-C4H9

307.5 ± 2.9

Ph3Ge−H

1

310.0 ± 4.6

1

301.2 ± 3.8

1

HS−C3H7 HS−C4H9

HS−iso-C4H9

HS−tert-C4H9 HS−C6H5

360.7 ± 6.3

1

258.2 ± 6.3

1

309.6 ± 8.4

1

307.9 ± 6.3

1

CH3S−CH3

307.9 ± 3.3

1

284.9 ± 12.6

1

CH3SO−CH3

221.8 ± 8.4

1

324.3 ± 12.6

1

CH3SO2−CH3

279.5

1

392 ± 43

1

F−SF5

391.6

1

379

1

Cl−SF5

<272

1

293

1

297

1

259 ± 17

1

<230

1

206.7 ± 8.4

1

206.3 ± 7.1

1

HS−CH2C6H5 HS−C(O)H

HS−C(O)CH3 HOS−CH3

HOSO2−CH3 F5S−CF3

F−SO2(F)

Cl−SO2CH3 Cl-SO2Ph Br-SBr

Br−SF5 I-SH

I-SCH3

(7) Si-, Ge-, Sn-, and Pb−X BDEs SiH3−H

SiH3−Br

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 376 ± 9

1

299 ± 8

1

GeH3−H

348.9 ± 8.4

1

Me3Ge−H

364.0

1

SiH3−I

359.8

1

(CH3)3Ge-Ge(CH3)3

280.3

1

288.7

1

Me3Sn−H

326.4

1

294.6

1

(CH3)3Sn-Sn(CH3)3

257.7

1

425 ± 17

1

(CH3)3Pb-Pb(CH3)3

228.4

1

271 ± 84

1

(CH3)3Pb-CH3

238 ± 21

1

(CH3)3Ge-CH3 Ph3Sn−H

(CH3)3Sn-Cl Cl3Pb-Cl

(8) P-, As-, Sb-, Bi−X BDEs 351.0 ± 2.1

1

322.2 ± 12.6

1

H2P−PH2

256.1

1

359.8

1

F2P−F

549

1

H2P−H CH3PH−H (C2H5)2P−P(C2H5)2

Cl2P−Cl

356 ± 8

1

Br2P−Br

<259

1

217

1

H2P−SiH3

331.4

1

319.2 ± 0.8

1

H2Sb-H

288.3 ± 2.1

1

435 ± 19

1

Br2Bi−Br

>297.1

1

I2P−I

H2As−H

F2Bi−F

1

396 ± 7

1

373 ± 8

1

396 ± 4

1

C6H5SiH2−H

382 ± 5

1

(CH3S)3Si−H

364.0

1

(iPrS)3Si−H

376.6

1

377 ± 7

1

379 ± 7

1

(10) Metal-Centered BDEs

361 ± 10

1

Arranged by the Periodic Table

432 ± 5

1

SiCl3−H

395 ± 5

1

334 ± 8

1

SiH3−SiH3

321 ± 4

1

313 ± 8

1

368.2

1

453.1 ± 25

1

375 ± 5

1

SiF3−CH3

355.6

1

H3Si−NO

158.2 ± 5.7

1

H3Si−PH2

331.4

1

638 ± 5

1

SiH3−Cl

458 ± 7

1

H5Si2−H

(C2H5)3Si−H

PhMe2Si−H Ph2SiH−H Ph2MeSi−H SiF3−H

SiBr3−H

SiH3−Si2H5

Ph3Si−SiPh3 F3Si−SiF3

SiH3−CH3

SiH3−F

6679X_S09.indb 77

(9) Se- and Te−X BDEs H−SeH

334.93 ± 0.75 326.4 ± 16.7

1

PhSe−SePh

280 ± 19

1

277.0 ± 5.0

1

≤264

1

138.1 ± 12.6

1

H−SeC6H5 H−TeH

H−TeC6H5

PhTe−TePh

1

Li−C2H5

Li−nC4H9 Na−OH

431.0

1

214.6 ± 8.4

1

197.9 ± 16.3

1

441

1 1

253

1

205

1

184

1

174

1

289

1

BrMg−CH2C6H5

201

1

180

1

Ca(OH)−OH

409

1

407

1

Ba(OH)−OH

443

1

116 ± 29

1

60.8

1

278.7 ± 10.5

1

Nd(η5-C5Me5)2− CH(SiMe3)2

236.8 ± 10.5

1

226.8 ± 12.6

1

(η5-C5Me5)2Sm−OCH3

343.1

1

188.3 ± 6.3

1

BrMg−CH3

BrMg−CH2CH3 BrMg−i-C3H7

BrMg−t-C4H9 BrMg−C6H5

BrMg−C(C6H5)3 Sr(OH)−OH

(10.3) Group 3 Sc−CH3

Sc−C6H6

La(η5-C5Me5)2− CH(SiMe3)2

(η5-C5Me5)2Sm−H

(η5-C5Me5)2Sm−(η3C3H5)

(η5-C5Me5)2Sm−S-nC3H7 295.4 ± 10.0

1

179.9 ± 21

1

136.4 ± 8.4

1

(η5-C5Me5)2Sm−SiH (SiMe3)2

(η5-C5Me5)2Sm−P(Et)2 (η -C5Me5)2Eu−I

238.9 ± 8.4

1

256.1 ± 6.3

1

Lu(η5-C5Me5)2− CH(SiMe3)2

279.1 ± 10.5

1

(η5-C5H4SiMe3)3Th−H

277 ± 6

1

(η5-C5H5)3Th−CH3

5

(η5-C5H4SiMe3)3Th−O

371 ± 24

1

375 ± 9

1

(η5-C5H5)3Th− CH2Si(CH3)3

369 ± 12

1

(C9H7)3Th−CH2C6H5

342 ± 9

1

(η5-C5H4tBu)3U−H

249.7 ± 5.7

1

(η -C5H4SiMe3)3U−H

253.7 ± 5.1

1

422.6

1

(η5-C5H4SiMe3)3U−I

265.6 ± 4.3

1

307 ± 9

1

(η5-C5H4SiMe3)3U−CO

43.1 ± 0.8

1

196.3 ± 6.6

1

[HB(3,5-Me2Pz)3] U(Cl)2−Cl

(η5-C5H4tBu)3U−O

1

<200

1

K−OH

359

1

356.2 ± 4.2

1

(η5-C5H4SiMe3)3U−THF

Cs−OH

373

1

(10.4) Group 4

Rb−OH

BeO−H

Be(OH)−OH

(C9H7)3U−CH3

(η -C5Me5)2U(Cl)−C6H5 5

Ti(η5-C5H5)2−Cl

(10.2) Group 2 469

1

476

1

1

(η -C5Me5)2Sm−N(CH3)2 201.7 ± 7.5 5

342.3

Na−O2

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 349

5

(10.1) Group 1 Li−OH

MgO−H

Mg(OH)−OH

(η5-C5Me5)2Yb−I

383.7 ± 2.1

Me3Si−H

Bond

Ti(Cl)(η5-C5H5)2−Cl

Ti(η5-C5Me5)2−I

358 ± 11

1

41.0 ± 0.8

1

471

1

390

1

219

1

4/11/08 3:47:34 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-78 Bond Ti(η -C5H5)2−CO 5

Ti(CO)(η5-C5H5)2−CO

Ti−CH3

Ti(Cl)(η5-C5H5)2−CH3

Ti(Cl)((η -C5H5)2−C6H5 Zr(η5-C5Me5)2−H

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 174

1

170

1

174 ± 29

1

276

1

Bond Cr(C6H6)−C6H6

Cr(CO)5−C6H6

(P(C6H11)3)2(CO)3Cr− P(OMe3)3

(η5-C5H5))Mo(CO)3−H

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 268.2 ± 15.4

1

57.3 ± 3.3

1

68.6 ± 2.5

1

290

1

246

1

256.9 ± 8.4

1

216.7 ± 4.2

1

272

1

27.2 ± 0.8

1

37.7 ± 2.5

1 1

292

1

Ti(C6H6)−C6H5

308.7

1

351.0 ± 7.5

1

Zr(H)(η5-C5Me5)2−H

326.4 ± 4

1

481.2

1

410.0

1

Zr(I)(η5-C5Me5)2−I

336.4 ± 2.1

1

482.4 ± 6.3

1

Zr(η5-C5Me5)2(Ph)(OH) −OH

482.8 ± 10.5

1

Mo(CO)5−CO

169.5 ± 8.4

Zr(η5C5Me5)2(NH2)H−NH2

421.3 ± 15.1

1

W(CO)5−Xe

35.1 ± 0.8

1

276 ± 10

1

303

1

Zr(η5-C5H5)2(C6H5)− C6H5

300 ± 10

1

Zr(η -C5H5)2(Si(SiMe3)3) 188 ± 30 −SiMe3

1

5

Zr(η -C5Me5)2−Cl 5

Zr(η5-C5Me5)2−Br

Zr(η5-C5Me5)2(Ph)−OH

Zr(η5-C5Me5)3−CH3

5

Hf(H)(η5-C5Me5)2−H

Hf(η -C5Me5)(C4H9)− C4H9 5

346.0 ± 7.9

1

274 ± 10

1

(10.5) Group 5

(η5-C5H5)(CO)3V−η2H2 (η5-C5H5)(CO)3V−CO V−CH3

V−C6H6

V(C6H6)−C6H6

Nb(η5-C5H5)2H3−TFE

Ta(CH3)5−CH3

(Me3SiCH2)4Ta− (CH2SiMe3)

90 ± 20

1

146 ± 21

1

169 ± 18

1

76.2

1

307.8

1

18.8 ± 1.3

1

261 ± 5

1

184.1 ± 8.4

1

[Cr(CO)3(η5-C5Me5)]2− Hg

61.5

1

[Cr(CO)3(η5-C5Me5)]− Hg

111.3

1

Cr(CO)5−Xe

37.7 ± 3.8

1

250.2 ± 4.2

1

(η -C5H5)Cr(CO)3−H,

257

1

78 ± 4

1

30.5 ± 0.4

1

(η6-C6H6)(CO)3Cr−H2

251 ± 17

1

81 ± 4

1

(P(C6H11)3)2(CO)3Cr−N2

38.9 ± 0.8

1

193

1

Cr(CO)5−CO

154.0 ± 8.4

1

~33.5 ± 8

1

9.6 ± 5.8

1

5

Cr(CO)5−H2

(P(C6H11)3)2(CO)3Cr−H2 Cr(CO)5−N2

(η5-C5Me5)(CO)3Cr−SH Cr(CO)5−CH4

Cr−C6H6

6679X_S09.indb 78

Mo(H)(η5-C5H5)2−H

Mo(CO)3(η5-C5H5)−I

(η -C5Me5)2Mo−O 5

(P(C6H11)3)2(CO)3Mo− H2

(P(C6H11)3)2(CO)3Mo− N2

Mo(CO)3 (η5-C5H5)−CH3 203 ± 8 W(CO)3(η5-C5H5)−H W(H)(η5-C5H5)2−H

1

310.9 ± 4.2

1

273 ± 14

1

≥67

1

28.5 ± 2.1

1

192.5 ± 8.48.4

1

220.9 ± 4

1

210.9 ± 2.5

1

(CO)5Mn−Mn(CO)5

185 ± 8

1

(CO)5Mn−H

284.5

1

(PPh3)Mn(CO)4−H

286.2

1

MnBr(CO)4−CO

184

1

195.8 ± 9.2

1

>35 ± 12

1

187.0 ± 3.8

1

207 ± 11

1

149 ± 11

1

(η5-C5H5)Mn(CO)2− PhMe

59.4 ± 3.3

1

(CO)5Tc−Tc(CO)5

177.5 ± 1.9

1

(CO)5Re−Re(CO)5

187 ± 4.8

1

313

1

(CO)5Re−CH3

220 ± 8

1

W(I)(η5-C5H5)2−H (CO)5W−H2

(P(C6H11)3)(CO)3W− (η2-H2)

W(CO)5−CO

W(CH3)(η -C5H5)2−CH3 5

(10.7) Group 7 F3Mn−MnF3

(η5-C5H5)(CO)2Mn−CO Mn−CH3

Mn(CO)5−CH3

Mn(CO)5−C6H5

(CO)5Mn−Re(CO)5

(10.6) Group 6

(CO)2(PPh3)(η5C5H5)Cr−H

Mo(η5-C5H5)2−H

(CO)5Re−H

(10.8) Group 8

(CO)4Fe−Fe(CO)5 (CO)4Fe(H)x−H

(η5-C5H5)(CO)2Fe−H Fe(CO)3(N2)−N2

171.5

1

259.4 ± 8.4

1

239

1

37.7 ± 19.2

1

Fe(C2H2)(CO)4−CO

88 ± 2.3

1

>125

1

Fe(CO)3(PPh3)−CO

<177.8 ± 5

1

31.4 ± 4.2

1

364 ± 29

1

Fe(CO)2(PMe3)−CO Fe−NH3

Fe−CH2

Bond Fe−CH3

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 135 ± 29

1

Fe(C2H4)(CO)3−C2H4

89.1 ± 8

1

218

1

Fe−C3H6

79

1

Fe(CO)5−Ni(CO)4

37.7

1

Fe(C3H6)(CO)3−C3H6

Fe−C3H5

Fe(CO)5−(η3-C3H5)

176

1

~79.5

1

(CO2)(η5-C5H5)Ru−H

272

1

(PMe3)2(η -C5Me5)Ru−H 167.4 5

(CO)2(η5-C5Me5)Ru−Cl

1

337.6

1

(η5-C5Me5)(PMe3)2Ru− Cl

<138

1

(η5-C5Me5)(PMe3)2Ru− OH

204.6

1

(CO)4Ru−CO

115 ± 1.7

1

142.3

1

Os(H)(CO)4−H

326.4

1

133 ± 2.6

1

Os(C2H2)(CO)4−CO

99.5 ± 0.8

1

(CO)4Co−Co(CO)4

(η -C5Me5)(PMe3)2Ru− CH3 5

(CO)4Os−CO

(10.9) Group 9

83 ± 29

1

(CO)4Co−Mn(CO)5

96 ± 12

1

(CO)4Co−Re(CO)5

113 ± 15

1

Co(CO)4−H

278

1

Co(CO)3)(PPh3)−H

272

1

(CO)3HCo−CO

~54

1

(η5-C5H5)Co(CO)−CO

184.3 ± 4.8

1

Co−CH2

331 ± 38

1

Co−CH3

178 ± 8

1

cobalamin−CH3

150.6

1

cobinamide−iC4H9

104

1

123.8 ± 6.3

1

Cl(CO)2Rh−Rh(CO)2Cl

94.6

1

255.6 ± 1.7

1

(PiPr3)2(Cl)Rh−H2

(PiPr3)2(Cl)Rh−CO

Co−C bonds in B12

HRh(m-xylyl)Rh−H

136.0

1

(PiPr3)2(Cl)Rh−N2

69.0

1

201.7

1

HRh(m-xylyl)Rh− CH2OH

195.4 ± 7.5

1

251

1

Ir(Cl)(CO)(PMe3)2−H

Ir(H)(η5-C5Me5)(PMe3)− 310.5 ± 21 H

1

Ir(Cl)(H)(CO)(PEt3)2−H

243.1

1

(Cl)(CO)(PPh3)2Ir−H2

62.8

1

45.2

1

Ir(H)(η5-C5Me5)(PMe3)− 321 C6H5

1

Ir(Cl)(H)(CO)(PPh3)2−H 246.9

(Cl)(CO)(PPh3)2Ir−CO

1

(10.10) Group 10 Ni–H2O

Ni(CO)3−N2

~29

1

~42

1

4/11/08 3:47:37 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies Bond

9-79

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Ni(CO)3−CO

Ni−CH3

Ni−C2H2 Ni−C2H4

Ni−propyne

Ni−2-butyne

Pd−OH

trans-Pt(PPh3)2(Cl)−H [Ph2PCH2]2MePt−H

104.6 ± 8.4

1

208 ± 8

1

193 ± 25

1

147.3 ± 17.6

1

155 ± 21

1

121 ± 21

1

213

1

307 ± 37

1

104.6

1

[Ph2PCH2]2MePt –OH

167.4

1

90.0

1

Pt(η5-C5H5)(CH3)2–CH3

163 ± 21

1

269 ± 13

1

[Ph2PCH2]2MePt –SH

cis-Pt(PEt3)2(CH3)–CH3 (10.11) Group 11 Cu−OH

>406

1

25 ± 5

1

223 ± 5

1

Cu−NH3

47 ± 15

1

83.7 ± 4.2

1

Cu−C6H6

16.4 ± 12.5

1

Cu−CO

Cu−CH3

Cu(NH3)−NH3

Bond Cu(C6H6)−C6H6

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 27.0 ± 19.3

1

134.1 ± 6.8

1

8 ± 13

1

62.8 ± 4.2

1

>262

1

76 ± 6

1

≥191.6

1

8.4

1

Zn−CH3

70 ± 10

1

Zn(CH3)−CH3

266.5 ± 6.3

1

Zn−C2H5

92.0 ± 17.6

1

Zn(C2H5)−C2H5

219.2 ± 8.4

1

Cd−CH3

63.6 ± 10.0

1

Cd(CH3)−CH3

234.3 ± 6.3

1

Hg−CH3

22.6 ± 12.6

1

Hg(CH3)−CH3

239.3 ± 6.3

1

ClHg−CH3

280.0 ± 12.6

1

BrHg−CH3

270 ± 38

1

IHg−CH3

258.6 ± 12.6

1

Ag−CH3

Ag−NH3

Ag(NH3)−NH3 Au−OH

Au−NH3 Au−CH3

Au−C6H6

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

(10.13) Group 13 H3B−BH3

172

1

130.1 ± 4.2

1

(CH3)3B−NH3

57.7 ± 1.3

1

F3B−N(CH3)3

130 ± 4.6

1

Cl3B−N(CH3)3

127.6

1

F2B−CH3

397 - 418

1

Al−OH

547 ± 13

1

H3B−NH3

Al−C2H2

(10.12) Group 12

>54

1

Cl3Al−N(CH3)3

198.7 ± 8.4

1

(CH3)3Al−N(CH3)3

130

1

(CH3)3Al−O(CH3)2

92

1

(CH3)3Ga−O(C2H5)2

50.6 ± 0.8

1

Cl3Ga-S(C2H5)2

235.1

1

In−CH3

216.3

1

In(CH3)1−CH3

318.8

1

In(CH3)2−CH3

587.4

1

(CH3)3In−N(CH3)3

83.3 ± 2.1

1

Tl−OH

330 ± 30

1

References 1. Luo, Y.R. Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, 2007.

TABLE 4. Enthalpies of Formation of Free Radicals and Other Transient Species References: Yu-Ran Luo, Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, 2007.

Radical

88 ± 3

1

547.3

1

i-C4H3, CH2=C•C≡CH

499.2

1

C4H5, CH3C≡CC•H2

304.5

1

C4H5, CH≡CC•HCH3

316.5

1

C4H5, •CH=CHCHCH2

364.4

1

C4H5, CH2=CHC•CH2

313.3

1

C4H7, CH3CH=CHC•H2

146 ± 8

1

C4H7, CH2=CHCH2C H2

192.5

1

C4H7, CH2=C(CH3)C•H2

137.9

1

C4H7, CH2=CHC•HCH3

136.2

1

213.8 ± 6.7

1

219.2 ± 4.2

1

77.8 ± 2.1

1

70 ± 4

1

67.8 ± 2.1

1

48 ± 3

1

1

CH2 (triplet)

391.2 ± 1.6

1

428.8 ± 1.6

•

1

•

•

146.7 ± 0.3

1

567.4 ± 2.1

•

1

419.7 ± 16.7

•

1

299.6 ± 3.3

•

1

C2H5, ethyl, CH3C•H2

118.8 ± 1.3

•

1

•

C3H3, propargyl, CH≡CC•H2

351.9

2

515 ± 13

•

1

•

351.9

2

439.7 ± 17.2

•

1

171.0 ± 3.0

•

1

C3H5, CH3CH=C•H

267 ± 6

1

C3H5, CH3C•=CH2

231.4

1

279.9 ± 10.5

1

CH3, methyl C2H, acetenyl, CH≡C•

•

C2H2, vinylidene CH2=C••

•

C2H3, vinyl, CH2=C•H

• • •

C3H3, CH3C≡C•

•

C3H3, CH2=C=CH• ↔ CH≡CC•H2

•

C3H3, cyclopro-2-en-1-yl

•

C3H5, allyl, CH2=CHC•H2

• • •

C3H5, cyclopropyl

•

1

n-C4H3, CH≡CCH=C•H

595.8 ± 0.6

•

100 ± 2

i-C3H7 , i-propyl, CH3C HCH3 •

•

CH CH2 (singlet)

∆fΗο298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

n-C3H7•, n-propyl, CH3CH2C•H2

(1) Carbon-Centered Species

6679X_S09.indb 79

Radical

∆fΗο298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

•

C4H7, cyclopropylmethyl C4H7, cyclobutyl

n-C4H9 , n-butyl, CH3CH2CH2C H2 •

•

i-C4H9•, i-butyl, (CH3)2CHC•H2 s-C4H9•, s-butyl, CH3C•HCH2CH3 t-C4H9•, t-butyl, (CH3)3C•

4/11/08 3:47:38 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-80 Radical

∆fΗο298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

C5H3, CH≡C-C≡CC H2

579.1

1

C5H3, (CH≡C)2C•H

573.2

1

•

C5H5, CH2=CHC≡CC•H2

351.5

1

•

C5H5, CH2=CH-C•H-C≡CH

372.4

1

•

274.1 ± 7.3

1

•

272.8 ± 9.2

1

•

277.0 ± 8.4

1

•

257.3 ± 9.2

1

•

•

• • •

C5H5, cyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl

•

C5H7, CH3C≡CC•HCH3

•

C5H7, CH≡CC•HC2H5

•

C5H7, CH≡CC•(CH3)2

•

1

136.4 ± 10.5

1

C7H11, cycloheptenyl

119.2

1

50.6 ± 4.2

1

C7H13, cyclo-[C (CH3)(CH2)5]

22.6

1

C7H13, cyclo-[C•(CH2CH3)(CH2)4]

47.0

1

C7H15, (nC5H11)(CH3)CH•

8.4

1

–21.8 ± 5.2

1

C8H7, cubyl

831.0 ± 16.7

1

C8H7, C6H5C•=CH2

309.6

1

C8H7, C6H5CH=CH•

387.0

1

175.7 ± 7.5

1

C8H9, C6H5CH2C•H2

236.0 ± 7.5

1

C8H9, p-CH3C6H4C•H2

167.4

1

C8H9, m-CH3C6H4C•H2

167.4

1

C8H9, o-CH3C6H4C•H2

167.4

1

247.7 ± 14.2

1

1

208.0 ± 4.2

1

•

C5H7, CH3CH=C=CHC•H2

278.0

1

•

380.7 ± 4.2

1

•

160.7 ± 4.2

1

•

105.9 ± 4.2

1

•

C5H9, CH2=CHC•HCH2CH3

109.6 ± 8.4

1

•

C5H9, CH3CH=CHC•H(CH3)

92

1

•

C5H9, CH3CH=C(CH3)C•H2

92.0

1

•

C5H9, CH2=CHC•(CH3)2

87.0 ± 8.4

1

•

C5H9, CH2=C(CH3)C H(CH3)

93.7

1

•

C5H9, CH2=C(C•H2)CH2CH3

114.2

1

•

C5H9, CH2=CH(CH2)2C•H2

179.5

1

•

nC5H , CH3CH2CH2CH2C H2

54.4

1

•

C5H11, (C2H5)2C•H

47.0

1

•

C5H11, (nC3H7)(CH3)C•H

50.2

1

•

36.4 ± 8.4

1

•

C5H7, spiropentyl

•

C5H7, cyclopent-1-en-3-yl

•

C5H9, cyclopentyl

• • • • • •

•

• •

•

• 11

• •

C5H11, (CH3)3C•CH2

•

C8H9, C6H5C•H(CH3)

C8H9, 1-vinyl-cyclohexa-2,4-dienyl C8H9, 2-vinyl-cyclohexa-2,4-dienyl C8H9, 3-vinyl-cyclohexa-2,4-dienyl C8H9, 6-vinyl-cyclohexa-2,4-dienyl

1

92.0

1

C8H15, CH2=CHC•H(CH2)4CH3

49.8

1

C8H15, (E)-CH3CH=C•(CH2)4CH3

29.7

1

C8H15, (Z)-(CH3)2C CH=CHCH(CH3)2

9.2

1

C8H15, cyclooctanyl

59.4

1

C8H15, cyclo-[C•(CH2CH3)(CH2)5]

10.0

1

C9H7, indenyl

297.1

1

C9H9, indanyl-1

204.2 ± 8.4

1

C9H11, 2,6-dimethylbenzyl

124.7

1

C9H11, 3,6-dimethylbenzyl

124.7

1

C9H11, 3,5-dimethylbenzyl

124.7

1

1

•

C6H7, cyclohexa-1,3-dien-5-yl

199.2

1

•

201.7 ± 5.0

1

•

C6H9, CH3C≡CC (CH3)2

221.8 ± 9.2

1

•

C6H9, (CH2=CH)2C•(CH3)

193.7

1

•

C6H9, cyclohexa-1-en-3-yl

119.7

1

•

C6H11, CH2=CH(CH2)3C•H2

158.6

1

•

C6H11, CH2=CHC H(CH2)2CH3

89.0

1

•

37.7 ± 6.3

1

•

C6H11, (CH3)2C=C(CH3)C•H2

39.7 ± 6.3

1

•

C6H11, (CH3)2C=CHC•H(CH3)

47.3

1

•

C6H11, (Z)-CH3CH=CHC (CH3)2

C6H7, cyclohexa-1,4-dien-3-yl

•

•

• • • •

•

C6H11, CH2=C(CH3)C•(CH3)2

• • •

133.9 ± 4.2

1

279.5 ± 7.5

1

C9H17, cyclononanyl

52.3

1

401.7 ± 5.4

1

400.4 ± 5.9

1

C10H11, tetralin-1-yl

154.8 ± 5.0

1

C10H13, 1-phenyl-but-4-yl

192.0

1

C10H13, (C6H5CH2)(C2H5)C•H

184.5

1

54.4

1

75.3 ± 6.3

1

•

nC6H13•, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C•H2

33.5

1

•

C6H13, (nC4H9)(CH3)C•H

29.3

1

•

C6H13, 2-methyl-2-pentyl

3.3 ± 8.4

1

•

C6H13, 3-methyl-3-pentyl

14.2

1

•

C6H13, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl

3.1 ± 10

1

•

C7H3, (CH≡C)3C•

784.5

1

•

208.0 ± 1.7

1

•

578.6 ± 5.4

1

•

587.4 ± 5.4

1

•

• • • •

C7H7, benzyl, C6H5C•H2

•

C7H7, quadricyclolan-5-yl

•

C7H7, quadricyclolan-4-yl

•

C10H7, naphth-2-yl

C10H13, (C6H5CH2CH2)(CH3)C H

184.5

1

C10H13, (C6H5C•HCH2CH2CH3

134.7

1

C10H15, 1-adamantyl

51.5

1

C10H15, 2-adamantyl

61.9

1

C10H19, cyclodecanyl

32.2

1

252.7

1

C11H21, cycloundecanyl

7.5

1

C12H23, cyclododecanyl

–38.5

1

C13H9, 9-fluorenyl

297.5

1

302.1 ± 4.2

1

511.7 ± 7.9

1

•

285.3 ± 12.6

1

•

C7H9, CH2=CH(CH=CH)2CC H2

251.0

1

•

• •

•

•

C11H9, 1-naphthylmethyl

C7H7, cyclohepta-1,3,5-trien-7-yl

C7H7, norborna-2,5-dien-7-yl

•

•

C10H7, naphth-1-yl

C6H11, cyclohexyl

•

•

C9H11, o-•C6H4C2H5

•

•

•

C9H11, C6H5C (CH3)2

•

•

1

130.5

1

•

284.5 ± 14.2

C8H13, bicyclooct-1-yl

29

•

1

C8H13, CH2=CHC H(CH2)3CH=CH2

330.1 ± 3.3

•

1

269.4 ± 14.2

1

C6H5, phenyl

C5H11, (C2H5)(CH3)2C

•

249.8 ± 14.2

C8H13, CH2=CHCH=CHC•H(CH2)2CH3 130.5

•

•

•

C7H15, (CH3)2CHCHC•(CH3)2

205.0 ± 12.6

•

•

C7H13, cycloheptyl

C5H7, (CH2=CH)2C•H

C5H7, CH2=CHCH=CHC H2 •

•

6679X_S09.indb 80

274.0

C7H11, norborn-1-yl

C7H9, (CH2=CH)3C

•

•

∆fΗο298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Radical •

•

C13H11, (C6H5)2C H •

4/11/08 3:47:40 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies Radical

Radical

∆fΗο298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

C13H11, 9-methyl-9-fluorenyl

268.2

1

•

C14H11, 9,10-dihydroanthracen-9-yl

261.0

1

•

C15H11, 9-anthracenylmethyl

337.6

1

•

C15H11, 9-phenanthrenylmethyl

311.3

1

•

C16H31, CH2=CHC•H(CH2)12CH3

–118.8

1

•

C19H15, trityl, (C6H5)3C

392.0 ± 8.4

1

•

•

C35H25, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl

67.4

1

•

CF

255.2 ± 8

1

•

CF2

• • • • • •

•

–664.8

1

–517.1 ± 8.4

1

C2H2F3, CHF2C•HF

–456.0

1

C2H2F3, CH2FC•F2

–449.8

1

–310.9 ± 7.0

1

C2H3F2, CH3C•F2

–302.5 ± 8.4

1

C2H3F2, CHF2C•H2

–285.8

1

C2H3F2, CH2FC•HF

–238.5

1

–70.3 ± 8.4

1

–59.4 ± 8.4

1

C2H2F2Cl, CF2ClC•H2

–315.2 ± 6

1

C2F4Cl, CF2ClC•F2

–686.0

1

C2HF3Cl, CClF2C HF

–450.6 ± 12.6

1

C2F4Cl, CF3C•FCl

–728.0

1

C2F3Cl2, CF3C•Cl2

–564.0

1

–504.2 ± 8.4

1

534 ± 50

1

–182.0 ± 6.3

1

–161.2 ± 8.4

1

•

CHF

143.0 ± 12.6

1

•

CClF

31.0 ± 13.4

1

•

CCl

443.1 ± 13.0

1

•

CCl2

226

1

•

–21.8 ± 2.5

1

•

C2H4F, CH3C HF

CHCl

326.4 ± 8.4

1

•

267

1

•

CBr

510 ± 63

1

•

CHBr

373 ± 18

1

•

CBr2

C2Cl, ClC≡C•

190 ± 50

1

35.1 ± 5.4

1

C2HCl4, CHCl2C•Cl2

23.4 ± 8.4

1

C2HCl4, CCl3C•HCl

51.0

1

C2H2Cl3, CH2ClC Cl2

26.4

1

C2H2Cl3, CHCl2C•HCl

46.4

1

71.5 ± 8

1

42.5 ± 1.7

1

C2Cl3, CCl2=C Cl

1

•

570 ± 35

1

•

CI2

468 ± 60

1

•

–465.7 ± 2.1

1

•

–238.9 ± 4.2

1

•

–31.8 ± 4.2

1

•

–279.0 ± 8.4

1

•

–89.0 ± 8.4

1

•

CBrClF

–35.5 ± 6.3

1

•

CHClF

–60.7 ± 10.0

1

•

CBrF2

–224.7 ± 12.6

1

•

71.1 ± 2.5

1

•

87.1 ± 1.6

1

•

117.2 ± 2.9

1

•

CHBrCl

140 ± 4

1

•

CHBr2

188.3 ± 9.2

1

•

163 ± 8

1

•

CBrCl2

124 ± 8

1

•

CBr3

214.8

1

•

171.1 ± 2.7

1

•

424.9 ± 2.8

1

•

314.4 ± 3.3

1

•

229.7 ± 8.4

1

•

460.0 ± 21.0

1

•

568 ± 26

1

•

–192.0 ± 8.4

1

•

–92.9 ± 8.4

1

•

CH2F

•

CClF2

•

CCl2F

• • • •

CCl3

•

CHCl2

•

CH2Cl

• • •

CBr2Cl

• • •

CH2Br

•

CI3

•

CHI2

•

CH2I

•

C2F, FC≡C

•

•

C2Cl, ClC≡C•

•

C2F3, CF2=C•F

•

C2F2H, CF2=C•H

•

C2H3Cl2, CH3C•Cl2

65.3

1

90.1 ± 0.8

1

76.5 ± 1.6

1

93.0 ± 2.4

1

C2H3Br2, CH3C Br2

140.2 ± 5.4

1

C2H4Br, BrCH2C•H2

135.1

1

C2H4Br, CH3C•HBr

126.8

1

C2Br, CBrC•

623.8

1

C2Br3, CBr2C•Br

385.3

1

C2Br5, CBr3C•Br2

283.3

1

C2H3Cl2, CH2ClC ClH C2H4Cl, CH3C•HCl C2H4Cl, CH2ClC•H2

C3H6Cl, CH3C•ClCH3 C3H6Br, C•H2CH2CH2Br C3H6Br, CH3C•HCH2Br C3H6Br, CH3CH2C•HBr C6F5 CH3O, HOC•H2 CH2ClO, HOC•ClH CHCl2O, HOC•Cl2 CH2ClO, ClOC•H2 CH2BrO, BrOC•H2

1

234.7 ± 8.4

1

•

CClH2, CH2=C•Cl

>251

1

•

–892.9 ± 4.2

1

•

–680.8 ± 9.6

1

•

•

C2F5, CF3C•F2

•

C2HF4, CF3C HF

•

•

•

C3H6Cl, CH3CH2C•HCl

–50.6 ± 8.4

•

•

C2H3Cl2, CHCl2C•H2

CCl2H, CHCl=C•Cl

C2F2H, CHF=C F •

•

C2H2Cl3, CCl3C•H2

•

•

•

C2Cl5, CCl3C•Cl2

343.5

CHF2

•

C2F3ClBr, CF3C•ClBr

CI

•

•

C2H4F, CH2FC•H2

CClBr

CF3

•

C2H2F2Cl, CF2ClC•H2

FC•(O)

•

∆fΗο298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

C2H2F3, CF3C•H2

C2HF4, CHF2C F2

•

ClC•(O)

6679X_S09.indb 81

9-81

C2H3O, C H=CHOH •

56.6

1

29.9 ± 0.6

1

120.1 ± 1.3

1

96.7 ± 5.9

1

107.5 ± 2.5

1

–547.7 ± 8.4

1

–17.0 ± 0.7

1

–60.7 ± 7.5

1

–94.1 ± 7.5

1

135.6 ± 9.2

1

151 ± 16

1

121 ± 11

1

C2H3O, C•H2CHO

13.0 ± 2

1

C2H5O, CH3C•HOH

–54.0

1

–108.4 ± 8.8

1

–73.2 ± 8.8

1

C2H4ClO, CH3C•ClOH C2H4ClO, C H2CHClOH •

4/11/08 3:47:42 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-82 Radical C2H3Cl2O, C H2CCl2OH

•

•

C2H5O, C•H2CH2OH

•

C2H3O, oxiran-2-yl

•

C3H5O,CH2=CHC•HOH

•

–99.6 ± 8.8

1

–31 ± 7

iPrC(O)C (CH3)2

1

149.8 ± 6.3

tC4H9C(O)C•H2

1

0 ± 8.4

PhC(O)C•H2

1

PhC(O)C•HCH3

•

∆fΗο298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

–173.6 ± 20.9

1

–115.5 ± 12.6

1

84.5 ± 12.6

1

41.4 ± 20.9

1

–81 ± 4

1

PhC HC(O)CH2Ph

134.3 ± 20.9

1

–78.7 ± 8.4

1

–69.9

1

C3H7O, HOCH2CH2C•H2

–66.9 ± 8.4

PhC(O)OC•H2

1

•

C(O)OH-trans

≥–194.6 ± 2.9

1

C3H7O, (CH3)2C•OH

–96.4

1

•

C(O)OH-cis

–219.7

1

–62.8 ± 11.7

1

•

C(O)OCH3

–161.5

1

–147.3 ± 8.4

1

–248.9 ± 12.0

1

109.6 ± 4.2

C•H2C(O)OH

1

–293 ± 3

1

PhCH•OH

29.3 ± 8.4

C•H(CH3)C(O)OH

1

C•H2C(O)OCH3

–236.8 ± 8.4

1

Ph2C OH

1

C3H7O, CH3CH2C HOH

•

•

C3H7O, (CH3)C•HCH2OH

• • •

C3H7O, CH2CH(OH)CH3

•

•

C4H9O, •CH2C(OH)(CH3)2

•

C2H5O3, C•H2OCH2OOH

•

•

C2H5O, CH3OC•H2

•

C3H7O, CH3OC•HCH3

•

C3H7O, CH3CH2OC•H2

•

C3H7O, C•H2CH2OCH3

•

C4H9O, (CH3)2CHOC H2

•

•

C4H9O, CH3CH2OC•HCH3

•

C4H9O, C•H2CH(CH3)OCH3

•

C4H9O, (CH3)2C•OCH3

•

•

152.3 ± 6.3

1

C H2C(O)OCH2CH3

–260.2 ± 12.6

0 ± 4.2

1

–28.0

1

–57.7 ± 8.4

C•H2C(O)OPh

1

•

–18.0 ± 6.3

1

–45.2 ± 8.4

1

•

–7.1 ± 4.2

1

•

–70.3 ± 7.1

1

•

–81.2 ± 4.2

1

•

–42.3 ± 3.8

1

•

–72.4 ± 10

1

•

•

C4H7O, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl

–41.8 ± 12.6

1

C4H7O2, 1,4-dioxan-2-yl

–131.8 ± 12.6

1

C7H5O2, 2-C(O)OH- C6H4

–33.0

1

C7H5O2, 3-C(O)OH-•C6H4

–35.0

1

C7H5O2, 4-C(O)OH-•C6H4

–36.0

1

CH3O2, C•H2OOH

66.1

1

C2H5O2, C H2CH2OOH

46.0 ± 4.6

1

C2H5O2, CH3CH•OOH

26.9

1

10.9 ± 5.4

1

2.9 ± 6.3

1

C4H8O, cyclopentanon-2-yl •

–102.5 ± 8.4

1

•

•

–220.1 ± 8.4

1

•

C•H=C=O, ketenyl

177.5 ± 8.8

1

•

HC•(O)

42.5 ± 0.5

1

•

C CO

381.2 ± 2.1

1

•

CH3C•(O)

–10.3 ± 1.8

1

•

CF3C•(O)

–608.7

1

•

–21 ± 12.6

1

•

CHCl2C•(O)

–17.6 ± 23

1

•

CCl3C (O)

–19.7

1

•

CH3CH2C•(O)

–31.7 ± 3.4

1

CH3C•HNH2

CH2CHC•(O)

88.5

1

58.6 ± 16.7

1

•

54.4 ± 4.2

1

•

–64.0 ± 3.8

1

68.6 ± 2.1

1

–102.9 ± 6.3

(C2H5)2NC•HCH3

1

•

266.0 ± 12.6

1

116.3 ± 10.9

1

•

10.5 ± 9.2

1

•

–52.7 ± 13

1

226.7 ± 12.6

1

E-C•HClC(O)H

–27.2 ± 10.5

CH3C•HCN

1

•

245.4 ± 12.6

1

Z-C•HClC(O)H

–23.4 ± 10.5

1

190.4 ± 12.6

1

C Cl2C(O)H

–55.6 ± 14.2

(CH3)2C•CN

1

E-C•HClC(O)Cl

–88.7 ± 15.1

Ph(CH3)C•CN

1

NCC•HCH2CN

C•H2C(O)F

C5H11O, (CH3)3COC H2

•

•

C2H5O2, HOCH2C•HOH

•

CH2ClC•(O) •

CH2C(CH3)C (O) •

CH3CH2CH2C•(O) (CH3)2CHC•(O) (CH3)3CC•(O) C6H5C•(O) HC(O)CH2

•

ClC(O)CH2•

•

•

C3H7O2, CH3CH•CH2OOH C3H7O2, C•H2CH(OOH)CH3 C4H9O2, (CH3)2C CH2OOH •

C4H9O2, C•H2C(CH3)2OOH

–30.1 ± 5.4

1

–26.8 ± 5.4

1

C2H3O3, C•H2C(O)OOH

–137.9

1

CHN2

494.5

1

263.6 ± 12.6

1

151.9 ± 8.4

1

111.7 ± 8.4

1

(CH3)2C•NH2

69.9 ± 8.4

1

CH2NHCH3

156.6

1

CH2N(CH3)2

148.0

1

CH2N=CH2 CH2NH2

CH2N(CH3)Ph CN

439.3 ± 2.9

1

CH2CN

252.6 ± 4

1

CH2CH2CN

–273.0 ± 5.8

1

•

Z-C•HClC(O)Cl

–84.9 ± 13.8

1

•

C Cl2C(O)Cl

248.5 ± 8.4

1

381.8 ± 12.6

1

334.7 ± 16.7

1

C(O)NC

210.0 ± 10

1

C(O)NH2

–15.1 ± 4

1

CH2NC

–101.7 ± 15.5

1

•

–34 ± 3

1

C•NN

569 ± 21

1

CH3C(O)C•HCH3

–70.3 ± 7.1

1

HC•NN

460 ± 8

1

CH3C(O)C•=CH2

113.4

1

292.5 ± 2.1

1

–107.5 ± 20.9

H2C•NN

1

•

157 ± 4

1

•

CH3C(O)CH2•

C2H5C(O)C HCH3 •

6679X_S09.indb 82

Radical

∆fΗο298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

CH2NO

4/11/08 3:47:44 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies Radical

Radical

∆fΗο298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

∆fΗο298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

•

115.1 ± 12.6

1

102 ± 12.6

1

61.9 ± 12.6

Ph2C SO2Ph

CH3C•HNO2

1

435.6 ± 12.6

1

6.3 ± 12.6

Ph2C•SPh

1

NC•(O)

127.2

1

PhC•HNO2

169.0 ± 12.6

1

•

CNH

207.9 ± 12.1

1

C6H6N, 3-NH2-C6H4

320.1

1

•

C6H6N, 4-NH2-C6H4

327.8

1

•

C6H4NO2, 3-NO2-C6H4

340.6 ± 10.0

1

•

C6H4NO2, 4-NO2-C6H4

302.7

1

•

CH2NO2

(CH3)2C•NO2 • • • •

315.1 ± 10.5

1

C6H4CH3, 4-Me-C6H4

296.6 ± 9.6

1

C6H3N2O4, 3,5-(NO2)2-C6H3

305.4

1

C7H6NO2, 2-Me-4-NO2-C6H3

295.4 ± 8.4

1

C4H3N, pyrrol-2-yl

385.8

1

C4H3N, pyrrol-3-yl

385.8

1

C4H8N, pyrrolidin-2-yl

142.7 ± 12.6

1

C5H4N, pyrid-2-yl

362.0

1

C5H4N, pyrid-3-yl

391.0

1

C5H4N, pyrid-4-yl

391.0

1

C4H7N2, piperad-2-yl

119.7

1

409.2 ± 12.6

1

388.0 ± 12.6

1

409.0 ± 12.6

1

C4H3N2, pyrimid-5-yl

446.4 ± 12.6

1

CH(NO2)2

139.1

1

C(NO2)3

201.2

1

CH2C(NO2)3

150.6

1

CH2CH(NO2)2

103.3

1

CH2CH2C(NO2)3

133.9

1

CH2N(NO2)CH2C(NO2)3

173.6

1

CH2N(NO2)CH2CH(NO2)2

126.4

1

CH2CH2N(NO2)CH2C(NO2)3

168.6

1

CH2CH2ONO2

37.7

1

CH2(ONO2)CHCH2ONO2

–25.5

1

CH(CH2ONO2)2

–57.3

1

CH2C(CH2ONO2)3

–158.2

1

CH2NHNO2

164.8

1

CH2N(NO2)CH3

149.4

1

CH2N(NO2)2

210.5

1

CH2CH2N(NO2)CH3

144.3

1

CH2N(NO2)CH2N(NO2)CH3

202.1

1

CH2N(NO2)(CH2)N(NO2)CH3

173.2

1

C•(S)H

300.4 ± 8.4

1

CH2SH

151.9 ± 8.4

1

136.8 ± 5.9

1

268.6 ± 12.6

1

CH2SOCH3

23.8 ± 12.6

1

HOC•(S)S

110.5

1

CH2SO2CH3

–177.0 ± 12.6

1

–57.3 ± 12.6

1

–109.2 ± 12.6

1

7 ± 12.6

1

C6H4CH3, 2-Me-C6H4

• • • • • • • • • • •

C4H3N2, pyrazin-2-yl

•

C4H3N2, pyrimid-2-yl

•

C4H3N2, pyrimid-4-yl

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

•

CH2SCH3

•

CH2SPh

• •

•

CH2SO2Ph

•

PhC•HSO2CH3 PhC•HSO2Ph

6679X_S09.indb 83

9-83

•

CNO

323 ± 30

1

CH2SiMe3

–32 ± 6

1

CH2C(CH3)2SiMe3

–125

1

450 ± 9

1

HO•

37.36 ± 0.13

1

FO•

109 ± 10

1

ClO•

101.63 ± 0.1

1

BrO•

126.2 ± 1.7

1

IO•

115.9 ± 5.0

1

CP

(2) Oxygen-Centered Species

12.30 ± 0.25

1

FOO•

25.4 ± 2

1

ClOO•

98.0 ± 4

1

BrOO•

108 ± 40

1

IOO

HOO

•

96.6 ± 15

1

OFO•

378.6 ± 20

1

OClO•

95.4

1

ClOOClO•

142 ± 12

1

ClClO

•

90 ± 30

1

NCO•

184.1

1

CNO•

386.6

1

HONNO•

172

1

sym-ClO3

•

217.2 ± 21

1

HSO•

–21.8 ± 2.1

1

HSOO•

112

1

CH3SOO•

76

1

CF3SO2O

–912

1

NCO•

184.0

1

O2NO•

73.7 ± 1.4

1

ONOO•

82.8

1

–511.7

1

21.0 ± 2.1

1

–635.1 ± 7.1

1

–38.1 ± 9.2

1

•

–21.3 ± 9.2

1

CHCl2O•

–32.2 ± 9.2

1

CH2=CH-O•

18.4 ± 1.3

1

CF3CHFO•

–851.0

1

–13.6 ± 3.3

1

–61.9 ± 12.1

1

–91.6 ± 11.7

1

–30.1 ± 8.4

1

–48.5 ± 3.3

1

(CH3)2CClO

–108.4 ± 8.4

1

nC4H9O•

–62.8

1

sC4H9O•

–69.5

1

–85.8 ± 3.8

1

•

HOS(O)2O

•

CH3O• CF3O• CCl3O• CH2ClO

C2H5O• CH3CHClO

•

CH3CCl2O• nC3H7O• iC3H7O• •

tC4H9O•

4/11/08 3:47:46 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-84 Radical

∆fΗο298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

NNH

249.5

NCO

131.8

1

N3

414.2 ± 20.9

1

N2H3

243.5

1

87.0

1

•

C6H5O•

48.5 ± 2.9

1

•

o-Cl-C6H4O•

30.6

1

•

C6Cl5O•

~63

1

•

p-Cl-C6H4O

~9

1

(Z)-N2H2

213.0 ± 10.9

1

o-OH-C6H4O•

–186.3

1

NF

209.2

1

p-OH-C6H4O•

–143.6

1

•

NF2

42.3 ± 8

1

o-CH3O-C6H4O•

–125.5

1

•

NHF

112 ± 15

1

p-CH3O-C6H4O

CH2=CHCH2O

•

1

–81.1

1

NBr

301 ± 21

1

C6H5CH2O•

136.0 ± 12.6

1

HNO

107.1 ± 2.5

1

C10H7O•, naphthoxy-1

165.3

1

FNO

–65.7 ± 1.7

1

C10H7O•, naphthoxy-2

174.1

1

ClNO

51.71 ± 0.42

1

82.13 ± 0.8

1

•

HC(O)O

–129.7 ± 12.6

1

BrNO

FC(O)O

•

368.0

1

INO

112.1 ± 20.9

1

CH3C(O)O•

–179.9 ± 12.6

1

NCO

120.9

1

CF3C(O)O•

–797.0

1

NCN

464.8 ± 2.9

1

–958.1 ± 16.7

1

NSi

372 ± 63

1

–50.2 ± 16.7

1

0.8 ± 12.6

1

20.1 ± 5.1

NH2C(O)N•H

1

–6.7 ± 12.6

1

101.7 ± 1.7

CH3C(O)N•H

1

194 ± 12.6

1

–28.5 ± 9.6

NH2C(S)N•H

1

CH3C(S)N•H

173 ± 12.6

1

88.7

1

PhC(S)N H

307 ± 12.6

1

–65.4 ± 11.3

1

HCON•H

49.8 ± 12.6

1

82.6 ± 5.3

1

250.6 ± 12.6

1

–101.5 ± 9.2

NH2C(NH)N•H

1

•

NHCN

319.2 ± 2.9

1

neo-C5H11OO

–115.5

1

CH2N H

104.6 ± 12.6

1

HOCH2OO•

–162.1

1

CH3N•H

184.1 ± 8.4

1

HOOCH2CH2OO•

100

1

tBuN•H

95.4 ± 12.6

1

114.6 ± 4.2

1

288.3 ± 12.6

1

–25.0 ± 10.5

C6H5CH2N•H

1

244.3 ± 4.2

1

(C2H5)N(CH3)CHOO

–36.0 ± 12.6

C6H5N•H

1

(CH3)2N•

158.2 ± 4.2

1

CF3OO•

–635.0

1

241.0 ± 6.3

1

CF2ClOO•

–406.7 ± 14.6

(C6H5)(CH3)N•

1

(C6H5)2N•

366.0 ± 6.3

1

CFCl2OO

–213.7

1

1-pyrrolyl

269.2 ± 12.6

1

–5.1 ± 13.6

1

1-pyrazolyl

413.0 ± 2.1

1

–19.2 ± 11.2

1

carbazol-9-yl

383.3 ± 8.4

1

–20.9 ± 8.9

1

215.5 ± 7.5

1

–54.7 ± 3.4

CH3N2•

1

187.4 ± 10.5

1

–63.8 ± 9.8

C2H5N2•

1

146.0 ± 8.4

1

–142.2 ± 4.2

iC3H7N2•

1

140.6 ± 8.4

1

–142.1 ± 4

nC4H9N2•

1

97.5 ± 4.2

1

–154.4 ± 5.8

tC4H9N2•

1

162.3

1

29.7 ± 8.4

(NO2)HN•

1

(CH3)(NO2)N

139.0

1

33.4 ± 12.6

1

200.0

1

5.4 ± 12.6

(NO2)2N•

1

CH3N•CH2N(NO2)CH3

185.4

1

ON

91.04 ± 0.08

1

HOS•

–6.7 ± 2.1

1

NO2

•

CF3OC(O)O• C6H5C(O)O• CH3OO

•

C2H3OO•, CH2=CHOO• C2H5OO• C3H5OO , CH2=CHCH2OO •

•

iC3H7OO• C4H7OO•, CH3CH=CHCH2OO• tC4H9OO• •

C6H5CH2OO• c-C6H11OO• •

•

CH2ClOO• CHCl2OO• CCl3OO• CH3CHClOO• CH3CCl2OO

•

CH3OCH2OO• CH3C(O)CH2OO• CH3C(O)OO

•

HOOO

•

CH3OOO• C2H5OOO•

•

•

•

(4) Sulfur-Centered Species

(3) Nitrogen-Centered Species 33.97 ± 0.08

1

HC(O)S

56.5

1

82.05 ± 0.4

1

–221.8

1

NH

357 ± 1

HS•O2

1

–384.9

1

NH2

186.2 ± 1.0

HOS•O2

1

NCS•

300 ± 8

1

N2O •

6679X_S09.indb 84

Radical

∆fΗο298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

•

•

4/11/08 3:47:47 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies Radical

9-85 ∆fΗο298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

Radical

∆fΗο298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

•

143.0 ± 0.8

1

234 ± 6

1

124.7 ± 1.7

H3SiSi H2

CH3S•

1

C6H5Si•H2

274

1

C2H5S•

101

1

H3SiSi•H

312 ± 8

1

nC3H7S•

80

1

MeSi•

302.2

1

74.9 ± 8.4

1

MeSi•H

202 ± 6

1

43.9 ± 8.4

1

135 ± 8

1

C6H5S•

242.7 ± 4.6

Me2Si••

1

SiN

313.8 ± 42

1

C6Cl5S•

~184

1

•

GeH3

221.8 ± 8.4

1

C6H5CH2S•

HS

iC3H7S• tC4H9S

•

•

246

1

GeF

–71 ± 10

1

CH3S•O

–67 ± 10

1

GeF2

–574 ± 20

1

CH3S•O2

–239.3

1

•

–807 ± 50

1

115.5 ± 14.6

1

GeCl

69 ± 18

1

68.6 ± 8.4

1

GeCl2

–171 ± 5

1

43.5 ± 8.4

1

•

–268 ± 50

1

13.8 ± 8.4

1

GeBr

137 ± 5

1

–19.2 ± 8.4

1

–61 ± 5

1

HOC(S)S•

110.5 ± 4.6

GeBr2

1

•

–119 ± 50

1

HC(O)S

HSS• CH3SS

•

C2H5SS• iC3H7SS• tC4H9SS•

GeF3

GeCl3

GeBr3

56.5

1

GeI

211 ± 25

1

SF

13.0 ± 6.3

1

50.2 ± 4

1

SF2

–296.7 ± 16.7

GeI2

1

•

42 ± 50

1

–503.0 ± 33.5

1

SnF

–95 ± 7.2

1

–763.2 ± 20.9

1

SnF2

–511 ± 9.2

1

–879.9 ± 15.1

1

•

–647 ± 50

1

ClS•

156.5 ± 16.7

1

SnCl

35 ± 12

1

SN

263.6 ± 105

1

–202.6 ± 7.1

1

SCl

156.5 ± 16.7

SnCl2

1

•

–292 ± 50

1

SnBr

76 ± 12

1

SnBr2

–119 ± 2.8

1

•

–159 ± 50

1

SnI

173 ± 12

1

SnI2

–8.1 ± 4.2

1

SnI3

–8 ± 50

1

Sn(CH3)3

132.2

1

•

SF3 SF4 SF5

(5) Si-, Ge-, Sn-, Pb-Centered Species

GeI3

SnF3

SnCl3

SiF

–20.1 ± 12.6

1

SiF2

–638 ± 6

1

•

–987 ± 20

1

SiCl

198.3 ± 6.7

1

SiCl2

–169 ± 3

1

•

•

322 ± 8

1

•

SiBr

235 ± 46

1

518.8 ± 21

1

SiBr2

46 ± 8

1

PbH

236.2 ± 19.2

1

•

–201.7 ± 63

1

PbF

–80.3 ± 10.5

1

SiI

313.8 ± 42

1

PbF2

–435.1 ± 8.4

1

•

SiI2

92.5 ± 8.4

1

–490 ± 60

1

•

35.3 ± 63

1

PbCl

15.1 ± 50

1

SiH

376.6 ± 8.4

1

PbCl2

–174.1 ± 1.3

1

•

SiH2(1A1)

273 ± 2

1

–178 ± 80

1

SiH2(3B1)

360.7

1

PbBr

70.9 ± 42

1

200.4 ± 2.5

1

PbBr2

–104.4 ± 6.3

1

•

141 ± 6

1

–104 ± 80

1

78 ± 6

1

PbI

107.4 ± 37.7

1

Me3Si•

15 ± 7

1

PbI2

–3.2 ± 4.2

1

Si2H3

~402

1

22 ± 80

1

SiF3

SiCl3

SiBr3

SiI3

SiH3

•

MeSi H2 •

Me2Si•H •

SnBr3

•

Sn(C6H5)3

PbF3

PbCl3

PbBr3

PbI3

•

References 1. Luo, Y.R. Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, 2007. 2. Wheeler, S.E., et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, 3819–3830, 2007.

6679X_S09.indb 85

4/11/08 3:47:48 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-86

TABLE 5. Bond Dissociation Energies of Some Organic Molecules D0298(R-X)/ kJ mol–1 of some organic compounds are listed below. All data are from Tables 1 and 3. X=H

F

Cl

Br

I

OH

OCH3

NH2

R=H

435.7799 569.658 431.361 366.16   298.26   497.10

CH3

439.3

460.2

350.2

294.1

  238.9

  384.93

351.9 356.1

C2H5

420.5

447.4

352.3

292.9

  233.5

  391.2

i-C3H7

410.5

483.8

354.0

299.2

  234.7

  397.9

t-C4H9

400.4

495.8

351.9

292.9

  227.2

C6H5

472.2

525.5

399.6

336.4

C6H5CH2 375.5

412.8

299.9

CCl3

392.5

439.3

CF3

445.2

546.8

C2F5

429.7

CH3CO

NO

CH3

COCH3

CF3

CCl3

374.0

445.2 392.5

172.0 377.4

351.9

429.3 362.3

355.2 352.3

171.5 370.3

347.3

—

—

360.7 357.7

152.7 369.0

340.2

—

—

  398.3

353.1 355.6

167

363.6

329.3

—

—

  272.0

  463.6

418.8 429.3

226.8 426.8

406.7

463.2 388.7

239.3

  187.8

  334.1

123

325.1

299.7

365.7

296.6

231.4

  168

—

—

—

125

362.3

—

365.3

296.2

  227.2

≤482.0

—

—

167

429.3

—

413.0 332.2

532.2

346.0

283.3

  219.2

—

—

—

—

—

—

424.3

—

374.0

511.7

354.0

292.0

  223.0

—

351.9

307.1

—

—

CN

528.5

482.8

422.6

364.8

  320.1

C6F5

487.4

485

383.3

~328

<301.7

  459.4 —   446.9

440.2 450.08 199.5 439.3

—

306.7

424.3 414.6

—

332.2 285.8

—

—

204.4 521.7

—

469.0

—

—

—

211.3 439.3

—

435.1

—

TABLE 6. Bond Dissociation Energies in Diatomic Cations From thermochemistry, we have Do298(A+ −B) ≡ ∆fHo(A+) + ∆fHo(B) – ∆fHo(AB+) = Do298(A −B) + IP(A) – IP(AB) Thus, Do298(A+ −B) may be derived using the Table 1 and the ionization potentials of species A and AB. The following Table has been arranged in an alphabetical order of the atoms. The boldface in the species indicates the dissociated fragment. A+ −B

Ag+ −Ag

Ref.

167.9 ± 8.7

1

+

32 ± 30

1

Ag+ −F

24 ± 27

1

43.5 ± 5.9

1

123 ± 5

1

123 ± 13

1

121

1

15.47

1

148.5

1

173 ± 42

1

Ag −Cl

Ag+ −H

Ag+ −O

Ag −S +

Al+ −Al

Al+ −Ar

Al+ −Ca Al+ −Cl

Al −F +

Al+ −Kr Al+ −O

Al+ −Se

Ar −Ar +

Ar+ −He

Ar+ −Ne As+ −As As −H +

As+ −O As+ −P

As+ −S

Au −Al +

Au+ −Au

6679X_S09.indb 86

Do298 kJ/mol–1

314 ± 21

1

5.54

1

166.7 ± 12.0

1

114 ± 49

1

130.323 ± 0.087

1

2.9 ± 0.8

1

7.5 ± 0.8

1

364 ± 22

1

290.8 ± 3.0

1

495

1

367 ± 59

1

433.2 ± 12.5

1

170 ± 30

1

234.5

1

A+ −B

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

Au+ −B

329 ± 50

1

+

Au −Be Au+ −C

Au+ −F

Au+ −Ge Au −H +

Au+ −I

Au+ −Xe B+ −Ar B+ −B

B −Br +

B+ −C

B+ −Cl B+ −F

B −H +

B+ −O

B+ −Pt

B+ −Se B −Si +

Ba+ −Ar

Ba+ −Br Ba+ −Cl

Ba −D +

Ba+ −F

401 ± 29

1

311.5 ± 7.7

4

79

1

292 ± 24

1

213.1 ± 7.7

4

230~280

1

130 ± 13

1

32.7

1

187

1

164 ± 21

1

284 ± 58

1

308 ± 21

1

460 ± 10

1

198 ± 5

1

326 ± 48

1

314 ± 98

1

298 ± 98

1

365 ± 15

1

11.85

1

418 ± 10

1

468.2 ± 10

1

245.2 ± 9.6

1

640 ± 29

1

A+ −B

Ba+ −I

Ba −O

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

335 ± 10

1

441.4 ± 15

1

49.0 ± 2.4

1

410 ± 29

1

187.0

1

+

417 ± 50

1

Be+ −F

575 ± 98

1

307.3 ± 5.0

1

362.0 ± 6.2

1

199 ± 10

1

174

1

179 ± 50

1

184 ± 29

1

125 ± 50

1

100 ± 42

1

+

Be+ −Ar

Be+ −Au Be+ −Be Be −Cl Be+ −H

Be+ −O Bi+ −Bi Bi −O +

Bi+ −S

Bi+ −Se

Bi+ −Te Bi −Tl +

Bk+ −O

Br+ −Br

Br+ −C

Br −Cl +

Br+ −F

Br+ −H

Br+ −O C −Ar +

C+ −Br

610

1

318.858 ± 0.024

1

451.5 ± 8.6

1

303.000 ± 0.048

1

251.5 ± 12.6

1

379.26 ± 2.89

1

365.7 ± 3.1

1

72.3

1

398 ± 8.6

1

4/11/08 3:47:50 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies A+ −B

C+ −C

C −Cl +

C+ −F

C+ −H

C+ −N

C −O +

C+ −P C+ −S

C+ −Se

Ca −Al +

Ca+ −Ar

Ca+ −Au Ca+ −Br

Ca −Ca

Ref.

601.9 ± 19.3

1

614

1

721 ± 40

1

397.848 ± 0.013

1

524.5 ± 4.2

1

810.7 ± 0.8

1

587 ± 50

1

706.6 ± 2.1

1

587 ± 50

1

144.7

1

12.99 ± 0.60

1

306 ± 29

1

417.6 ± 10

1

104.1

1

433.4 ± 12

1

556.5 ± 8.4

1

284.2 ± 10

1

293.7 ± 10.8

1

18.60 ± 0.72

1

4.95 ± 0.06

1

348 ± 5

1

25.38 ± 0.96

1

122.5 ± 10

1

179.5

1

278 ± 34

1

341.0

1

254 ± 96

1

207 ± 42

1

429.5

1

586 ± 63

1

295.5

1

530 ± 96

1

494 ± 63

1

Ce+ −O

852 ± 15

1

+

255 ± 53

1

467 ± 96

1

423 ± 96

1

524 ± 59

1

169

1

386.02 ± 0.30

1

457.284 ± 0.017

1

291 ± 10

1

452.714 ± 0.018

1

650 ± 10

1

468.0 ± 2.1

1

52.89 ± 0.06

1

>289

1

351 ± 29

1

285 ± 12

1

269

1

199.6 ± 5.8

1

+

Ca+ −Cl

Ca+ −F

Ca+ −H Ca −I +

Ca+ −Kr

Ca+ −Ne Ca+ −O

Ca −Xe +

Cd+ −Cd Cd+ −H

Ce+ −Au Ce −Br +

Ce −C +

Ce+ −Ce Ce+ −Cl Ce+ −F

Ce −I +

Ce+ −Ir

Ce+ −N

Ce −Pd Ce+ −Pt

Ce+ −Rh Ce+ −S

Cl −Ar +

Cl+ −Cl

Cl+ −D Cl+ −F

Cl −H +

Cl+ −N

Cl+ −O

Co+ −Ar

Co+ −Br Co −C +

Co+ −Cl

Co+ −Co Co −D +

6679X_S09.indb 87

Do298 kJ/mol–1

9-87 A+ −B

Co+ −H

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

195 ± 6

1

16.4 ± 0.4

1

211.7 ± 8.4

1

68.37 ± 0.18

1

12.8 ± 0.4

1

+

317.3 ± 4.8

1

Co+ −S

288.3 ± 8.7

1

317.1 ± 6.7

1

85.7 ± 6.8

1

Co −He +

Co+ −I

Co+ −Kr

Co+ −Ne Co −O Co+ −Si

Co+ −Xe Cr −Ar +

Cr+ −C

Cr+ −Cl

Cr+ −Cr Cr −D +

Cr+ −F

Cr+ −H

Cr+ −He

Cr −Ne +

Cr+ −O Cr+ −S

Cr+ −Si

Cr −Xe

31.7 ± 3.9

1

277 ± 24

1

>211

1

129

1

135 ± 9

1

279 ± 42

1

136 ± 9

1

7.8 ± 0.4

1

9.5 ± 0.4

1

359

1

258.6 ± 16.4

1

203 ± 15

1

71.9 ± 10.0

1

8.2

1

60.5 ± 10

1

107.4 ± 10

1

+

62.6 ± 9.6

1

Cs −F

43.7 ± 10

1

5.1

1

29.3 ± 10

1

15.1

1

48.1 ± 4.2

1

6.11

1

59

1

68.3 ± 10

1

14.7

1

51.9 ± 6.8

1

91 ± 10

1

155.2 ± 7.7

1

117 ± 21

1

231 ± 23

1

93 ± 13

1

24.3 ± 0.8

1

+

133.9 ± 11.6

1

Cu+ −S

203.3 ± 14.5

1

260 ± 8

1

102.1 ± 5.8

1

263.4405 ± 0.0003

1

324.2

1

407.9

1

196 ± 42

1

535 ± 24

1

+

Cs+ −Ar Cs+ −Br Cs+ −Cl

Cs −Cs +

Cs+ −He Cs+ −I

Cs+ −Kr

Cs −Na +

Cs+ −Ne Cs+ −O

Cs+ −Rb Cs −Xe +

Cu+ −Ar Cu+ −Cl

Cu+ −Cu Cu −F +

Cu+ −Ge Cu+ −H

Cu+ −Kr Cu −O Cu+ −Si

Cu+ −Xe D+ −D

Dy −Br +

Dy+ −Cl

Dy+ −Cu Dy −F +

A+ −B

Dy+ −I

Dy −O +

Er+ −Br Er+ −Cl Er+ −F Er −I +

Er+ −O

Es+ −O

Eu+ −Ag

Eu −Au +

Eu+ −Br Eu+ −Cl Eu+ −F Eu −I +

Eu+ −O Eu+ −S F+ −Ar F −F +

F+ −He F+ −Kr

F+ −Xe

Fe −Ar +

Fe+ −Br Fe+ −C

Fe+ −Cl

Fe −Co +

Fe −Cr +

Fe+ −Cu Fe+ −D Fe+ −F

Fe −Fe +

Fe+ −H Fe+ −I

Fe+ −Kr Fe −N +

Fe+ −Nb Fe+ −Ni Fe+ −O Fe −S +

Fe+ −Sc Fe+ −Si

Fe+ −Ta Fe −Ti +

Fe+ −V

Fe+ −Xe Ga+ −Bi

Ga+ −Br Ga+ −Cl

Ga+ −F

Ga+ −Ga Ga −I +

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

279.9

1

597 ± 15

1

315.8

1

406.7

1

546 ± 34

1

271.6

1

583 ± 15

1

470 ± 60

1

85 ± 50

1

252 ± 97

1

333.8

1

430.7

1

543 ± 29

1

290.7

1

393 ± 15

1

257 ± 32

1

161.1

1

325.393 ± 0.096

1

181.62 ± 0.08

1

152.4

1

188

1

14.2 ± 7.7

1

>293

1

356.1 ± 17.2

1

>343

1

259 ± 21

1

209 ± 29

1

222 ± 29

1

227

1

360 – 423

1

272

1

211.2 ± 9.6

1

>239

1

33.5 ± 6.7

1

485

1

285 ± 21

1

268 ± 21

1

343.3 ± 1.9

1

295.2 ± 5.8

1

200 ± 21

1

277 ± 9

1

301 ± 21

1

251 ± 25

1

314 ± 21

1

46.0 ± 5.8

1

62 ± 98

1

56.5 ± 16

1

86 ± 21

1

136 ± 15

1

126.3

1

41.6 ± 15

1

4/11/08 3:47:52 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-88 A+ −B

Ref.

46 ± 50

1

+

38 ± 96

1

19 ± 29

1

122.5 ± 10

1

179.5

1

398 ± 42

1

223 ± 31

1

473 ± 50

1

Ge+ −F

565 ± 21

1

+

274 ± 10

1

Ge+ −H

377 ± 84

1

344 ± 21

1

Ge+ −S

283 ± 21

1

+

234 ± 10

1

Ge+ −Si

268 ± 21

1

233 ± 19

1

261.1021 ± 0.0002

1

259.4659 ± 0.0002

1

123.9

1

229.687 ± 0.019

1

193.8 ± 10.6

2

Ga −Sb

Ga+ −Te

Gd+ −Cd

Gd+ −H

Ge+ −Br Ge −C +

Ge+ −Cl Ge −Ge Ge+ −O Ge −Se Ge+ −Te H+ −D

H −H +

He+ −H

He+ −He

Hf+ −H

Hf −O

724 ± 21

1

22.2 ± 1.2

1

207

1

134

1

37.9 ± 1.3

1

72.2 ± 1.3

1

155 ± 61

1

250 ± 60

1

Ho+ −Br

320.6

1

+

+

Hg+ −Ar

Hg+ −H

Hg+ −Hg Hg −Kr +

Hg −Xe +

Ho+ −Ag

Ho+ −Au Ho −Cl

Ho+ −Cu

Ho+ −F

Ho+ −Ho Ho+ −I

Ho −O +

I+ −Br I+ −Cl I −F +

I+ −H

I+ −I

I+ −O

In −Br +

In+ −Cl In+ −F In+ −I

In −In +

In+ −S

In+ −Sb In+ −Se

In −Te +

6679X_S09.indb 88

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ga+ −Ο

410.3

1

214 ± 35

1

542 ± 50

1

88 ± 96

1

270.4

1

551 ± 25

1

184.90 ± 0.02

1

247.5 ± 0.4

1

262.9 ± 2.1

1

304.70 ± 0.10

1

262.90 ± 0.04

1

316.3 ± 10.5

1

65.2 ± 12.6

1

193 ± 21

1

148 ± 50

1

51.5 ± 21

1

81 ± 30

1

171 ± 50

1

73 ± 50

1

118 ± 50

1

41 ± 50

1

A+ −B

Ir+ −C

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

635.8 ± 4.8

3

302.8 ± 5.8

1

305.7 ± 5.8

1

247

1

14 ± 7

1

35.7 ± 10.5

1

51 ± 19

1

6.00

1

18 ± 45

1

83.86 ± 0.15

1

15.8

1

59.9 ± 5.9

1

58.69 ± 0.08

1

7.79

1

13

1

19.5

1

55.31 ± 0.14

1

464

1

2.1 ± 0.8

1

110.967 ± 0.033

1

136.9 ± 13

1

3.8 ± 0.8

1

436 ± 97

1

425.9

1

427 ± 33

1

503.6

1

589 ± 34

1

243 ± 9

1

392.4

1

La+ −Ir

356 ± 97

1

+

Ir −D +

Ir+ −H

Ir+ −O

K+ −Ar K+ −Br K −Cl +

K+ −He K+ −I

K −K +

K+ −Kr K+ −Li

K+ −Na

K −Ne +

K+ −O

K+ −Xe

Kr+ −Ar

Kr −H +

Kr+ −He Kr+ −Kr Kr+ −N

Kr −Ne +

La+ −Au La+ −Br La+ −C

La −Cl +

La −F +

La+ −H La+ −I

La −O

875 ± 25

1

La+ −Pt

522 ± 78

1

345 ± 97

1

La+ −S

629 ± 96

1

277.0 ± 9.6

1

33 ± 14

1

La+ −Rh La+ −Si

Li −Ar +

Li+ −Bi

Li+ −Br

Li −Cl +

Li+ −F

Li+ −He Li+ −I

Li −Kr +

Li+ −Li

Li+ −Ne Li+ −O

Li −Sb +

Li+ −Xe

Lu+ −Br Lu+ −Cl Lu −F +

91 ± 50

1

41.8 ± 10.6

1

66 ± 15

1

7 ± 21

1

10.66

1

51.1 ± 6.3

1

48.1

1

137.3 ± 6.3

1

15.32

1

38.9 ± 9.6

1

129.6 ± 13.9

1

56.4

1

86.1

1

180.6

1

376.8

1

A+ −B

Lu+ −H Lu −I +

Lu+ −O

Lu+ −Si

Mg+ −Ar

Mg+ −Au Mg+ −Cl Mg+ −D Mg+ −F

Mg −H +

Mg+ −Kr

Mg+ −Mg Mg+ −Ne Mg −O +

Mg+ −Xe

Mn+ −Cl Mn+ −F

Mn −H

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

204 ± 15

1

40.7

1

524 ± 15

1

107 ± 13

1

19.20

1

267 ± 29

1

327 ± 6.5

1

203.6 ± 0.8

1

477 ± 50

1

190.8 ± 5.8

1

25.39

1

125

1

4.9 ± 0.6

1

245.2 ± 10

1

53.74

1

>211

1

321 ± 24

1

202.5 ± 5.9

1

Mn+ −I

>211

1

Mn+ −O

285 ± 13

1

+

247 ± 23

1

Mn+ −Se

165 ± 50

1

442.7 ± 13.5

1

376 ± 29

1

170 ± 6

1

+

Mn+ −Mn 129 Mn −S

Mo+ −C

Mo+ −F

Mo −H +

1

Mo −Mo 449.4 ± 1.0

1

488.2 ± 1.9

1

355.1 ± 5.8

1

>53.1 ± 6.8

1

+

Mo+ −O Mo+ −S

Mo+ −Xe N −Ar +

N+ −F

N+ −H N+ −N

N+ −O

208.4 ± 9.6

1

584 ± 42

1

≥435.67 ± 0.77

1

843.85 ± 0.10

1

115

1

Na+ −Ar

19 ± 8

1

58.2 ± 10.6

1

Na+ −Cl

20.3 ± 10

1

7.55

1

64.9 ± 3.0

1

~24.9

1

95.8 ± 3.9

1

Na+ −Br

Na −He +

Na+ −I

Na+ −Kr Na+ −Li

Na −Na +

Na+ −Na

Na+ −Ne Na+ −O

Na −Xe +

Nb+ −Ar

Nb+ −C

Nb+ −Fe Nb −H +

98.64 ± 0.29

1

6.4

1

~9.04

1

37 ± 19

1

~28.6

1

40.87 ± 0.13

1

509 ± 15

1

>251

1

220 ± 7

1

4/11/08 3:47:54 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies A+ −B

Nb+ −Nb Nb −O +

Nb+ −S

Nb+ −V

Nb+ −Xe

Nd+ −Au

Ref.

576.8 ± 9.6

1

688 ± 11

1

501.7 ± 20.3

1

404.7 ± 0.2

1

73.28 ± 0.12

1

267 ± 84

1

+

352.9

1

Nd+ −Cl

441.4

1

309.6

1

+

596 ± 32

1

Nd+ −O

753 ± 15

1

1239

1

13.0 ± 0.8

1

125.29 ± 1.93

1

53.9

1

>289

1

418

1

192 ± 4

1

166.0 ± 7.7

1

≥456

1

158.1 ± 7.7

1

12.4 ± 0.4

1

>297

1

9.9 ± 0.4

1

208

1

+

275.9 ± 7.7

1

Ni −S

241.0 ± 3.9

1

326 ± 6.7

1

730 ± 100

1

≥752

1

33.8

1

301.8 ± 8.4

1

487.9 ± 0.34

1

1050.64 ± 0.13

1

Nd −Br Nd+ −F Nd −I

Ne+ −H

Ne+ −He

Ne −Ne +

Ni+ −Ar Ni+ −Br Ni+ −C

Ni −Cl +

Ni+ −D

Ni+ −F

Ni+ −H

Ni −He +

Ni+ −I

Ni+ −Ne

Ni+ −Ni Ni −O +

Ni+ −Si

Np+ −F

Np+ −O O+ −Ar O −F +

O+ −H O+ −N

O −O +

Os+ −H

Os+ −O P+ −C

P −Cl +

P+ −F

P+ −H P+ −N

P −O +

P+ −P P+ −S

Pa+ −O

Pb+ −Br

647.75 ± 0.17

1

238.9

1

418 ± 50

1

512 ± 42

1

289

1

490.6 ± 8.4

1

329.6 ± 2.1

1

483 ± 21

1

791.3 ± 8.4

1

481 ± 50

1

606 ± 34

1

~800

1

260 ± 63

1

+

285 ± 63

1

Pb+ −F

347 ± 32

1

Pb+ −O

247 ± 8.4

1

+

214 ± 29

1

Pb −Cl

Pb −Pb

6679X_S09.indb 89

Do298 kJ/mol–1

9-89 A+ −B

Pb+ −S

Pb −Se +

Pb+ −Te Pd+ −C

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

293 ± 50

1

169.4 ± 6.3

1

163 ± 63

1

528 ± 5

1

208.4 ± 8.7

1

Pd+ −O

145 ± 11

1

+

197 ± 29

1

197 ± 6

1

289 ± 50

1

317 ± 81

1

357.7

1

445.0

1

557 ± 63

1

Pd+ −H

Pd −Pd

Pd+ −S

Pd+ −Si

Pr −Au +

Pr+ −Br Pr+ −Cl Pr+ −F Pr −I

317.0

1

796 ± 15

1

36.4 ± 8.7

1

398 ± 105

1

530.5 ± 4.8

1

249.8 ± 14.5

1

275 ± 5

1

326.9 ± 9.6

1

318.4 ± 6.7

1

318 ± 23

1

515 ± 50

1

86.6 ± 28.9

1

562 ± 50

1

655

1

12.0

1

17.6v5.1

1

10.5 ± 10.5

1

27 ± 42

1

14.9

1

50.1 ± 3.9

1

6.95

1

29

1

75.6 ± 9.6

1

21.5

1

Re+ −C

497.7 ± 3.9

1

+

+

Pr+ −O

Pt+ −Ar Pt+ −B

Pt −C +

Pt+ −Cl Pt+ −H Pt+ −N

Pt −O +

Pt+ −Pt Pt+ −Si

Pt+ −Xe Pu −F +

Pu −O +

Rb+ −Ar Rb+ −Br Rb+ −Cl Rb+ −I

Rb −Kr +

Rb+ −Na

Rb+ −Ne

Rb −O +

Rb+ −Rb Rb+ −Xe

Re −H

224.7 ± 6.7

1

435 ± 59

1

414 ± 17

1

Rh+ −H

164.8 ± 3.8

1

+

295.0 ± 5.8

1

226 ± 13

1

453.5 ± 10.6

1

160.2 ± 5.0

1

Ru+ −O

372 ± 5

1

+

288 ± 6

1

620.8 ± 1.3

1

343.5 ± 4.8

1

348.2 ± 1.7

1

Re+ −O

Rh+ −C

Rh −O Rh+ −S

Ru+ −C

Ru+ −H Ru −S S+ −C

S+ −F

S −H +

A+ −B

S+ −N

S −O

Do298 kJ/mol–1

516 ± 34

Ref. 1

524.3 ± 0.4

1

S+ −P

573 ± 21

1

522.4 ± 0.5

1

Sc+ −C

326 ± 6

1

410 ± 42

1

Sc+ −F

605 ± 32

1

201 ± 21

1

235 ± 8

1

689 ± 5

1

529.7 ± 17.4

1

475.8 ± 8.4

1

242.3 ± 10.5

1

364 ± 42

1

+

S+ −S

Sc+ −Cl Sc+ −Fe Sc+ −H

Sc −O +

Sc+ −S

Sc+ −Se Sc+ −Si Se −F +

Se+ −H

304

1

514 ± 25

1

Se+ −S

392 ± 19

1

+

413 ± 19

1

175 ± 50

1

351 ± 15

1

276 ± 96

1

Se+ −P

Se −Se

Si+ −Au Si+ −B

Si+ −Br Si −C +

Si+ −Cl

Si+ −F

Si+ −H

Si −O +

Si −P +

Si+ −Pd Si+ −Pt Si+ −S

Si+ −Si

Si+ −Te

365 ± 50

1

591.0 ± 0.6

1

684.1 ± 5.4

1

316.6 ± 2.1

1

478 ± 13.4

1

272 ± 50

1

237 ± 50

1

525 ± 50

1

387.5 ± 6.0

1

334 ± 19

1

347 ± 50

1

343.3

1

Sm+ −Cl

435.4

1

+

620.9

1

299.1

1

569 ± 15

1

335 ± 50

1

+

184 ± 96

1

Sn+ −F

364 ± 29

1

281 ± 10

1

Sn+ −S

240 ± 19

1

+

174 ± 6.3

1

193

1

Sm+ −Br

Sm −F Sm+ −I

Sm+ −O Sn+ −Br

Sn −Cu Sn+ −O

Sn −Se

Sn+ −Sn Sn+ −Te

Sr+ −Ar

Sr+ −Br Sr+ −Cl Sr+ −F

Sr+ −H Sr −I +

168.7 ± 8.4

1

13.32 ± 2.92

1

378.1 ± 8.4

1

427 ± 8.4

1

615 ± 50

1

209 ± 5

1

308.2

1

4/11/08 3:47:56 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-90 A+ −B

Sr+ −Kr

Sr −Ne +

Sr+ −O

Sr+ −Sr

Ta+ −H

Ta −O +

Ta+ −-Ta

Tb+ −Cu

Tb+ −O Tc −H +

Tc+ −O

Te+ −H

Te+ −O Te −P +

Te+ −Se Te+ −Si

Te+ −Te

Th+ −Cl

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

18.13 ± 6.94

1

4.52 ± 9.6

1

298.7

1

108.5 ± 1.6

1

230 ± 6

1

787 ± 63

1

666

1

245 ± 34

1

722 ± 15

1

197.5

1

>167

1

305 ± 12

1

339 ± 50

1

415 ± 97

1

342 ± 19

1

339.6

5

278 ± 29

1

499 ± 29

1

+

682 ± 29

1

Th+ −O

875 ± 16

1

388 ± 193

1

+

504 ± 67

1

Ti+ −C

395 ± 23

1

426.8

1

≥456

1

226.6 ± 10.6

1

501 ± 13

1

667 ± 7

1

82 ± 96

1

461.1 ± 6.8

1

Th −F

Th+ −Pt

Th −Rh Ti+ −Cl Ti+ −F

Ti −H +

Ti −N +

Ti+ −O

Ti+ −Pt Ti+ −S

Ti −Si +

Ti+ −Ti

Tl+ −Br Tl+ −Cl Tl+ −F

249 ± 16

1

229

1

52 ± 50

1

26 ± 4

1

13 ± 21

1

A+ −B

Tl+ −I

Tl −Tl +

Tm+ −Br

Tm+ −Cl Tm+ −F Tm −I

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

133 ± 21

1

22 ± 50

1

312.2

1

407.9

1

537 ± 16

1

266.8

1

482 ± 15

1

345 ± 29

1

300 ± 96

1

431 ± 34

1

283.4 ± 9.6

1

668 ± 29

1

284 ± 8

1

~485

1

757 ± 42

1

186

1

518 ± 29

1

39.39 ± 0.12

1

373 ± 13.5

1

202 ± 6

1

314 ± 21

1

202 ± 6

1

49.46 ± 0.18

1

448.6 ± 5.8

1

403.5 ± 0.2

1

581.6 ± 9.6

1

358.9 ± 8.7

1

229 ± 15

1

302

1

66.4 ± 0.6

1

+

483 ± 21

1

W+ −F

444 ± 96

1

222.5 ± 5

1

695 ± 42

1

13.4

1

+

Tm+ −O U+ −Br

U+ −C

U −Cl +

U+ −D U+ −F

U+ −H U −N +

U+ −O U+ −P U+ −S

V+ −Ar

V −C +

V+ −D

V+ −Fe V −H +

V+ −Kr

V+ −N

V+ −Nb V −O +

V −S +

V+ −Si V+ −V

V+ −Xe W −C

W+ −H

W+ −O

Xe+ −Ar

A+ −B

Xe+ −H

Xe −Kr +

Xe+ −N

Xe+ −Ne Xe+ −Xe Y −C +

Y+ −F

Y+ −H

Y+ −O

Y −Pt +

Y+ −S

Y+ −Si

Y+ −Te Y −Y +

Yb+ −Br

Yb+ −Cl Yb+ −F

Yb+ −I

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

355

1

41.65 ± 0.08

1

66.4 ± 9.6

1

2.1 ± 0.8

1

99.6

1

281 ± 12

1

677 ± 21

1

260.5 ± 5.8

1

718 ± 25

1

466 ± 192

1

533.9 ± 8

1

243 ± 13

1

360 ± 96

1

281 ± 21

1

307.4

1

399.6

1

557.5 ± 14.4

1

262.0

1

Yb+ −O

376 ± 15

1

238 ± 96

1

Zn+ −Ar

28.7 ± 1.2

1

Yb+ −Yb Zn −H +

Zn+ −O

Zn+ −S

Zn+ −Si

Zn −Zn

216 ± 15

1

161.1 ± 4.8

1

198 ± 12

1

274.1 ± 9.6

1

60 ± 19

1

+

36.09 ± 0.24

1

Zr+ −C

445.8 ± 15.4

1

218.8 ± 9.6

1

443 ± 46

1

753 ± 11

1

549.0 ± 9.6

1

407.0 ± 9.6

1

+

Zr −Ar

Zr+ −H Zr+ −N

Zr −O +

Zr+ −S

Zr+ −Zr

References 1.



2. 3. 4. 5

6679X_S09.indb 90

Luo, Y.R., Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, 2007. Parke, L.G. et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 254, 168–182, 2006. Li, F.X., et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 255/256, 279–300, 2006. Li, F.X., et., J. Chem. Phys. 125, 133114/1-133114/13, 2006. Chattopadhyaya, S. et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 12303–12311, 2006.

4/11/08 3:47:58 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-91

TABLE 7. Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Cations This Table has been arranged on the basis of the Periodic Table with the IUPAC notation for Groups 1 to 18, see inside front cover of this Handbook. The boldface in the species indicates the dissociated fragment. Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

(1) Group 1 Li+−H2

Li+−CO

Li+−H2O

Li+−NH3

Li+−CH4

Li+−CH3OH

Li+−CH3OCH3

1

57 ± 13

1

139 ± 8

1

156 ± 8

1

130

1

156 ± 8

1

167 ± 10

1

Li+−pyridine

183.0 ± 14.5

1

220 ± 9

1

Na+−H2

10.4 ± 0.8

1

33.5

1

31 ± 8

1

66.5

1

79.1

1

52.3

1

91.2 ± 6.3

1

82.0 ± 5.8

1

66.1

1

Na (H2O)3−H2O

52.7 ± 0.8

1

75.1 ± 5.3

1

Na+(glutamine)−H2O

52 ± 1

1

106.2 ± 5.4

1

86.2

1

30.1

1

98.8 ± 5.7

1

125.5 ± 9.6

1

44.6 ± 4.4

1

101.4 ± 5.7

1

Na+−CH3C(O)H

114.4 ± 3.4

1

131.3 ± 4.1

1

Na −C6H6

97.0 ± 5.9

1

Li+−Gly (glycine)

Na −N2 +

Na −CO +

Na+−CO2

Na+−SO2 Na −O3 +

Na+−H2O

Na+(H2O)−H2O

Na+(H2O)2−H2O +

Na+(glycine)−H2O Na+−NH3

Na −HNO3 +

Na+−CH4

Na+−CH3OH Na+−CH3CN Na+−C2H4

Na −CH3OCH3 +

Na+− MeCOMe +

Na −pyrrole +

Na+ −Gly (glycine)

Na+ −Ala (alanine)

Na+−GlyGly (glycylglycine)

K −H2

103.7 ± 4.8

1

166.7 ± 5.1

1

167 ± 4

1

203 ± 8

1

6.1 ± 0.8

1

K+−CO2

35.6

1

74.9

1

K+(H2O)2−H2O

67.4

1

55.2

1

11.8

1

K+(H2O)5−H2O

44.8

1

41.8

1

K −NH3

79 ± 7

1

80.3

1

+

K+−H2O

K+(H2O)3−H2O K+(H2O)4−H2O K+(H2O)6−H2O +

K+−C6H6

6679X_S09.indb 91

27.2

K+−adenine

Bond

K −indole +

K+−Phe (phenylalanine) K+−Tyr (tyrosine) Rb+−H2O

Rb+−NH3

Rb −CH3CN

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

95.1 ± 3.2

1

104.6 ± 12.6

1

150.5 ± 5.8

1

165.0 ± 5.8

1

66.9 ± 12.6

1

78.2

1

86.6 ± 1.3

1

Rb+−C6H5OH

70.2 ± 3.7

1

57.3

1

Cs+−C6H5NH2

70.8 ± 4.5

1

CH3Be+−CH3 Mg+−OH

+

Cs+−H2O

(2) Group 2

192.9 ± 13.4

1

tert-C(CH3)3Be+−tert-C(CH3)3

121.8 ± 13.4

1

314 ± 33

1

Mg+−CO

43.1 ± 5.8

1

Mg −CO2

58.4 ± 5.8

1

122.5 ± 12.5

1

Mg+−NH3

158.9 ± 11.6

1

29.8 ± 6.8

1

+

Mg+−H2O Mg+−CH4

Mg −MeOH

147.6 ± 6.8

1

Mg+−C6H6

155.2

1

200.0 ± 6.4

1

Mg+−imidazole

243.9 ± 10.4

1

Mg (H2O)5−H2O

Ca+−OH

+

Mg+−pyridine

101.3

1

Mg2+(Me2CO)5−Me2CO

93.3

1

435.1 ± 14.5

1

Ca+−H2O

117.2

1

Ca+−C6H6

134

1

186.3 ± 3.9

1

Ca2+(H2O)4−H2O

110.0 ± 5.9

1

101.3

1

Sr −CO

20.3

1

41.9

1

2+

Ca+−imidazole

Ca2+(Me2CO)5−Me2CO +

Sr −CO2 +

Sr+−H2O

Sr+−C6H6

Sr2+(H2O)5−H2O

Ba −OH +

Ba2+(H2O)4−H2O

144.3

1

117

1

87.4

1

530.7 ± 19.3

1

90.8

1

23.0 ± 1.3

1

412 ± 22

1

(3) Group 3 Sc+−H2

Sc+−CH2 Sc −CH3

233 ± 10

1

Sc+−C2H2

240 ± 20

1

≥131

1

Sc+−C6H6

222 ± 21

1

131

1

+

Sc+−C2H4 Sc −H2O +

4/11/08 3:47:59 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-92

Sc+−NH

Bond

Sc −NH2 +

Sc+−pyridine Y+−CH2

Y+−CH3

Y −C2H2 +

Y+−C2H4 Y+−CO Y+−CS

Y+(O)−CO2

La −CH +

La+−CH2

La+−CH3

La −C2H2 +

La+−C2H4 Lu+−CH2 Lu+−CH3 U (F)−F

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

483 ± 10

1

347 ± 5

1

231.5 ± 10.3

1

398 ± 13

1

249 ± 5.0

1

218 ± 13

1

>138

1

29.9 ± 10.6

1

137.0 ± 7.7

1

86 ± 5

1

523 ± 33

1

401 ± 7

1

217 ± 15

1

262 ± 30

1

192.5

1

>230 ± 6

1

176 ± 20

1

552 ± 44

1

U+(F)2−F

523 ± 38

1

U+(F)3−F

381 ± 19

1

U+(F)4−F

243 ± 17

1

U (F)5−F

26 ± 11

1

+

+

478 ± 5

1

391 ± 15

1

213.8 ± 3

1

70.3 ± 2.5

1

213 ± 13

1

Ti+−C2H4

146 ± 11

1

259 ± 9

1

Ti+−CO

117.7 ± 5.8

1

157.7 ± 5.9

1

466 ± 12

1

356 ± 13

1

197 ± 7

1

217.2 ± 9.3

1

≤232.4 ± 8.2

1

568 ± 13

1

444.8 ± 5

1

227.7 ± 9.6

1

273 ± 14

1

77 ± 10

1

257.6 ± 10.6

1

Ti+−CH2

Ti+−CH3 Ti+−CH4

Ti+−C2H2 Ti+−C6H6 Ti −H2O +

Ti+−NH

Ti+−NH2

Ti+−NH3

Ti+−pyridine

Ti −imidazole +

Zr+−CH

Zr+−CH2

Zr −CH3 +

Zr+−C2H2 Zr+−CO Zr+−CS

Hf −CH +

Hf+−CH2

Hf+−CH2

Hf+−C2H2

492.1 ± 14.5

2

421.6 ± 6.8

2

204.5 ± 25.1

2

150.6

1

V+−H2

6679X_S09.indb 92

1

V −CH2

V+−C2H2

326 ± 6

1

V+−CH3

193 ± 7

1

172 ± 8

1

V+−C2H4

124 ± 8

1

+

V −(η -C5H5)

530.7

1

V+−C6H6

234 ± 10

1

114.8 ± 2.9

1

V+−CO2

72.4 ± 3.8

1

V+−H2O

149.8 ± 5.0

1

V+−NH

423 ± 29

1

V+−NH2

293 ± 6

1

192 ± 11

1

+

5

V+−CO

V+−NH3

V −pyridine

218.7 ± 13.5

1

≤243.4 ± 8.0

1

61.9

1

581 ± 19

1

Nb −CH2

428.4 ± 8.7

1

198.8 ± 10.6

1

Nb+−CH3NH2

134

1

117.7

1

(NbFe) −C3H4

>163

1

95.5 ± 4.8

1

Nb+−CS

242.2 ± 10.6

1

<215

1

561.5 ± 15.4

6

Ta −CH2

464.1 ± 2.9

6

259.5 ± 13.5

6

Ta+−C6H6

251~301

1

230 ± 10

1

(η -C5H5)(NO)(CO)2Cr −H Cr+−CH

+

V+−imidazole

Nb+−H2

Nb+−CH +

Nb+−CH3

Nb+−C3H6 +

Nb7+−N2 Ta −CH + +

Ta+−CH3

(6) Group 6

(CO)6Cr+−H

207.1 ± 14

1

Cr+−H2

31.8 ± 2.1

1

294 ± 29

1

Cr+−CH2

216 ± 4

1

Cr+−CH3

110 ± 4

1

Cr+−C6H6

170 ± 10

1

Cr+−indole

196.6 ± 16.7

1

Cr+−CO

89.7 ± 5.8

1

5

+

Cr −OH

298 ± 14

1

132.6 ± 8.8

1

59 ± 4

1

183 ± 10

1

(CO)6Mo −H

260 ± 9

1

513.3 ± 13.5

1

Mo+−CH2

344.4 ± 10

1

151.5 ± 8.7

1

+

Cr+−H2O

Cr+−N2

Cr+−NH3

+

Mo+−CH

Mo+−CH3 Mo −CO

193.9 ± 9.6

1

Mo+−CO2

49.2 ± 7

1

162 ± 18

1

Mo+−CS2

67.5 ± 12.5

1

+

(5) Group 5 (CO)6V+−H

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

470 ± 5

Nb+−CO

(4) Group 4 Ti+−CH

Bond

V+−CH

220 ± 14

1

42.7 ± 2.1

1

Mo+−CS

4/11/08 3:48:01 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

Mo+−NH

Bond

Mo −pyrrole

9-93 Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

<385

1

>289

1

(CO)6W+−H

257 ± 9

1

580 ± 27

1

W+−CH2

456.4 ± 5.8

1

+

W+−CH

W −CH3 +

(PMe3)3(CO)3W+−H

W+−pyrrole

~222.9 ± 9.6

1

259.4

1

>209

1

(CO)5Mn+−H

172 ± 10

1

7.9 ± 1.7

1

Mn+−CH2

295 ± 13

1

215 ± 10

1

Mn+(CO)5−CH3

132 ± 15

1

Mn+(CO)5−CH4

>30

1

Mn+−(η5-C5H5)

326.1 ± 9.6

1

Mn −C6H6

145 ± 10

1

332 ± 24

1

Mn+−CH3

+

Mn+−OH Mn −CO +

Mn+−H2O

Mn+−CH3OH

Mn+−OC(CH3)2

Mn −CS +

Mn+−NH2

Mn+−NH3 Tc+−CH2

Tc+−C2H2

Re (CH3)(CO)5−H +

(PMe3)(CO)2Re+−H

25 ± 10

1

121.8 ± 5.9

1

134 ± 29

1

159 ± 14

1

80.0 ± 21

1

254 ± 20

1

147 ± 8

1

<464

1

<320

1

294 ± 13

1

300.4

1

(8) Group 8 Fe+(O)−H

444 ± 17

1

120 ± 23

1

215 ± 14

1

Fe+(η5-C5H5)−H

193 ± 21

1

299 ± 15

1

Fe+−H2

45.2 ± 2.5

1

423 ± 29

1

Fe+−CH2

≤342 ± 2

1

229 ± 5

1

Fe+−CH4

73.2

1

159.0 ± 2.1

1

Fe+−C2H3

238 ± 10

1

145 ± 11

1

233 ± 9

1

64 ± 6

1

366 ± 12

1

Fe+(CO)−H

Fe+(H2O)−H

(CO2)5Fe+−H Fe+−CH

Fe+−CH3 Fe+−C2H2 Fe+−C2H4 Fe+−C2H5 Fe+−C2H6 Fe+−OH Fe+−CO

Fe+D−CO

Fe −CO2 +

Fe+−H2O

6679X_S09.indb 93

Bond

129.3 ± 3.9

1

53 ± 13

1

74.3 ± 7.7

1

128.9 ± 0.8

1

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

53 ± 4

1

Fe −NH3 Fe+−imidazole

184 ± 12

1

Fe+−CS2

166.1 ± 4.6

1

246.1 ± 13.8

1

Fe+−SiH

254 ± 13

1

Fe −SiH2

181 ± 9

1

183 ± 9

1

Ru+(η5-C5H5)2−H

292 ± 16

1

284.5

1

+

+

Fe+−SiH3

(η5-C5Me5)2Ru+−H

(7) Group 7

Mn+−H2

Fe+−N2

Ru −CH

501.7 ± 11.6

1

Ru+−CH2

344.4 ± 4.8

1

160.2 ± 5.8

1

Ru+−CS

253 ± 20

1

552 ± 13

1

+

Ru+−CH3 OsO4 −H +

(9) Group 9

(η5-C5H5)(CO)2Co+−H

245 ± 12

1

(CH3OD)Co+−H

147.6 ± 7.7

1

76.1 ± 4.2

1

(η -C5H5)Co −H2

67.8

1

420 ± 37

1

Co+−CH2

317 ± 5

1

203 ± 4

1

Co −CH4 Co+−CO

Co+−H2 5

+

Co+−CH

Co+−CH3

96.7

1

Co+−C60

243 ± 67

1

173.7 ± 6.7

1

Co+−H2O

164.4 ± 5.9

1

259 ± 33

1

Co −N2

Co+−NH3

+

Co+−CS

96.2 ± 7.1

1

Co+−NH2

247 ± 7

1

219 ± 16

1

Co+−CH3CN

>255 ± 17

1

Co −P(CH3)3

(CH)Rh+−H

+

278 ± 11

1

Co+−P(C2H5)3

339 ± 16

1

372 ± 21

1

(η5-C5H5)(CO)2Rh+−H

287 ± 12

1

444 ± 12

1

Rh+−CH2

356 ± 8

1

142 ± 6

1

Rh+−NO

167 ± 21

1

+

Rh+−CH

Rh+−CH3 Rh −CS

234 ± 19

1

(CO)(η5-C5H5)(PPh3)Ir+−H

313.4

1

(CO)2(η5-C5Me5)Ir+−H

298.3

1

Ir+−CH

666.7 ± 22.2

3

Ir −CH2

474.7 ± 2.9

3

313.6 ± 17.4

3

Ir+−C2H4

234.3

1

248 ± 9

1

315 ± 14

1

215 ± 13

1

+

+

Ir+−CH3

(10) Group 10 (CO)4Ni+−H

(η -C5H5)(NO)Ni −H 5

+

(η5-C5H5)(η5-C5H5)Ni+−H

4/11/08 3:48:03 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-94

Ni+−H2

Bond

Ni −CH

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

72.4 ± 1.3

1

301.0 ± 11.6

1

Ni+−CH2

306 ± 4

1

169.8 ± 6.8

1

Ni+−CH4

96.5 ± 4

1

235 ± 19

1

175 ± 11

1

104 ± 1

1

183.7 ± 3.3

1

234.5 ± 9.6

1

110.9 ± 10.5

1

227.6 ± 7.5

1

232.5 ± 7.7

1

238 ± 19

1

536 ± 10

1

463 ± 3

1

258 ± 8

1

Pd+−CH4

170.8 ± 7.7

1

200 ± 14

1

Pd+−C2H2

>28.9 ± 4.8

1

146.7 ± 11.6

1

536.4 ± 9.6

1

471

1

257.6 ± 7.7

1

170.8 ± 7.7

1

64.6 ± 4.8

1

218.1 ± 8.7

1

Pt+–CO2

59.8 ± 4.8

1

274 ± 12

1

Pt+–C2H4

229.7

1

+

Ni+−CH3 Ni+−OH Ni −CO +

Ni+−CO2

Ni+−H2O Ni+−CS Ni −N2 +

Ni+−NO

Ni+−NH2

Ni+−NH3 Pd −CH +

Pd+−CH2

Pd+−CH3 Pd+−CS Pt+–H2

Pt+–CH

Pt+–CH2

Pt+–CH3 Pt+–CH4 Pt+–O2

Pt+–CO

Pt+–NH3

(11) Group 11 Cu+−H2

51.9 ± 0.4

1

267.3 ± 6.8

1

111 ± 7

1

>21.2 ± 9.6

1

Cu+−C2H4

176 ± 14

1

218.0 ± 9.6

1

Cu+−CO

149 ± 7

1

89 ± 30

1

109.0 ± 4.8

1

160.7 ± 7.5

1

192 ± 13

1

237 ± 15

1

Cu −CS

238.3 ± 11.6

1

246 ± 27

1

Cu+−SiH2

≥231 ± 7

1

97 ± 25

1

≥107 ± 4

1

66.6 ± 4.8

1

65.7 ± 7.5

1

167 ± 19

1

Cu+−CH2 Cu+−CH3

Cu+−C2H2 Cu+−C6H6 Cu+−N2

Cu+−NO

Cu+−H2O

Cu+−NH2

Cu+−NH3 +

Cu+−SiH

Cu+−SiH3 Ag+−CH2 Ag+−CH3

Ag+−C2H5 Ag+−C6H6

6679X_S09.indb 94

Ag+−O2

Bond

Ag −CO

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

29.7 ± 0.8

1

89 ± 5

1

Ag+−H2O

134 ± 8

1

152 ± 20

1

Ag+−NH3

170 ± 13

1

Au+−CH2

357.0 ± 6.8

5

Au+−CH3

209.4 ± 23.2

5

Au+−C2H4

344.5

1

Au+−C6H6

289 ± 29

1

201 ± 8

1

Au+−H2O

164.0 ± 9.6

1

230 ± 25

1

Au+−NH3

297 ± 29

1

402 ± 33

1

Zn+−H2

15.7 ± 1.7

1

280 ± 7

1

Zn+−OH

127.2

1

Zn+−H2O

163

1

76.2 ± 9.6

1

Zn+−pyrimidine

209.6 ± 7.7

1

149 ± 23

1

Cd −CH3

+

Ag+−CS

Au+−CO

Au+−H2S

Au+−PH3

(12) Group 12 Zn+−CH3

Zn+−NO Zn+−CS

228 ± 3

1

Cd+(CH3)−CH3

109 ± 3

1

Cd+−C6H6

136 ± 19

1

Hg+−CH3

285 ± 3

1

Hg+(CH3)−CH3

96 ± 3

1

B+−H2

+

(13) Group 13 15.9 ± 0.8

1

HB+−H2

61.5 ± 2.1

1

(CH3)2B+−CH3

32.6 ± 4.2

1

Al+−H2

5.6 ± 0.6

1

Al −N2

Al+−H2O

5.6

1

Al+−CO2

≥29.3

1

104 ± 15

1

Al+−MeOH

139.7

1

191.2

1

Al+−C6H6

147.3 ± 8.4

1

190.3 ± 10.3

1

Al+−phenol

154.8 ± 16.7

1

+

Al+−EtC(O)Et Al+−pyridine Al −imidazole

232.4 ± 8.2

1

122.5

1

111.0

1

955 ± 15

1

C −C2 C78+−C2

+

Ga+−NH3

In+−NH3

(14) Group 14 C58+−C2

822.0 ± 12.5

1

C62+−C2

846.2 ± 10.6

1

938.8 ± 10.6

1

HC2+−H

574.749

1

376.3 ± 4.8

1

+ 60

C6H5+−H

4/11/08 3:48:04 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

C2H3+−Cl

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

247 ± 4.8

1

C2H5 −Br

126.4

1

266.3

1

CH3+−H2

186

1

7.9 ± 0.4

1

C2H5 −H2 CO+−N2

+

C6H5+−Br CH5+−H2

17

1

CH3+−O2

80 ± 7

4

67.5 ± 19.3

1

H2CH+−N2

31.8

1

173.7 ± 14.6

1

52.3

1

CO+(CO)2−CO

30.2

1

18.4

1

(CO2) −CO2

+

CO −CO +

CO+(CO)−CO

CO+(CO)3−CO

70.3

1

(CO2)+(CO2)−CO2

34.7

1

(CO2)+(CO2)2−CO2

21.3

1

(CO2)+(CO2)3−CO2

20.1 ± 1.3

1

+

CH3 −N2O

221.3

1

CH3+−SO2

253.6

1

CH3+−OCS

239.3

1

251.9

1

CH3 −H2O

+

CH3+−CS2

279

1

CH3+(H2O)−H2O

106.3

1

CH3+(H2O)2−H2O

87.9

1

CH3+(H2O)3−H2O

61.9

1

CH3+(H2O)4−H2O

48.5

1

CH3 −H2S

+

344.8

1

303.0 ± 2.9

1

CH3+−NH3

431.4

1

209.2 ± 4.2

1

CH3+−CH4

166.5

1

19.0

1

28.7 ± 1.3

1

12.0

1

CH3+−CH3F

230

1

221

1

CH3+−CH3Cl

259

1

63

1

85

1

43.5

1

338.7 ± 2.9

1

252

1

185

1

85

1

27.6

1

tert-C4H9+−t-C4H9Cl

339

1

30.1

1

tert-C4H9+−C6H6

92

1

73.6

1

54.8

1

30.1 ± 4

1

+

CH2+−CH2O (CH3)+−CH3 CF3+−CH4

(CH5)+−CH4 C6H6+−CH4

CH3+−CF3Cl

tert-C4H9+−CH3OH

tert-C4H9+−CH3CN tert-C4H9+−SO2F2 CH3+−C2H3O

CH3+−CF3ClOCl

tert--C4H9+−(CH3)2S

tert-C4H9+−C2H5OH tert-C4H9+−C3H8

tert-C4H9+−(CH3)3CH

(C6H6)+−C6H6

(C6H6)+−indole

C6F6+−C6F6

6679X_S09.indb 95

9-95 Bond

C60+−C60

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

35.89 ± 7.72

1

PhSiH2 −H

159

1

178.5 ± 1.9

1

SiH3+−CO

≥151

1

174.1 ± 1.3

1

(CH3)3Si −H2O

+

Si+(CH3)3−Cl SiF3+−CO

125.9 ± 7.9

1

(CH3)3Si+−NH3

194.6

1

Si+(CH3)(Cl)2−CH3

60.8 ± 2.9

1

Si+(CH3)2(Cl)−CH3

41.5 ± 1.9

1

Si −CH3

+

413.9 ± 5.8

1

Si+(CH3)−CH3

123 ± 48

1

Si+(CH3)2−CH3

513 ± 27

1

Si+(CH3)3−CH3

66.6 ± 5.8

1

(CH3)3Si −CH3OH

164.0

1

184.9

1

(CH3)3Si+−C6H6

100.0

1

231.8

1

(CH3)3Ge −H2O

119.7 ± 2.1

1

104.2 ± 2.1

1

(CH3)3Sn+−NH3

154

1

+

+

(CH3)3Si+−(C2H5)2O (CH3)3Si+−CH3NH2 +

(C2H5)3Ge+−H2O (CH3)3Sn+−H2O

108

1

+

(CH3)3Sn −(CH3)2CO

157

1

(CH3)3Sn+−C3H7SH

143

1

Pb+−H2O

93.7

1

Pb+−NH3

118.4 ± 0.8

1

97.5 ± 0.8

1

148.1 ± 1.3

1

110 ± 2

1

H2N+−H

544.43 ± 0.10

1

515.1

1

Me3N −H (imidazole)+ −Zn

Pb+−CH3OH

Pb −CH3NH2 +

Pb+−C6H6

(15) Group 15 H3N+−H

376

1

Et3N+−H

362

1

216.1 ± 3.9

1

N2H+−H2

24.7 ± 0.8

1

14.2

1

N+−N2

303.8

1

21.3

1

102.3 ± 14.6

1

HN2 −N2

+

ON+−O2 ON+−N2 N2+−N2

60.7

1

N3+−N2

18.8 ± 1.3

1

O2N+−N2

19.2 ± 1.3

1

H4N+−N2

54 ± 21

1

ON −NO

59.4 ± 0.8

1

+

+

ON+−CO ON+−O3

ON+−CO2

27.2 ± 1.3

1

<58

1

32.2

1

+

N2O −ON2

72.8 ± 6.3

1

NO+−ON2

36.4 ± 0.8

1

(HON2)+−ON2

69.9 ± 4

1

ON+−H2O

95

1

4/11/08 3:48:06 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-96 Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

ON+(H2O)−H2O

ON (H2O)2−H2O

67.4

1

56.5

1

H4N+−H2O

86.2 ± 4.2

1

H4N+(H2O)−H2O

72.8 ± 4.2

1

H4N+(H2O)2−H2O

57.3 ± 4.2

1

H4N (H2O)3−H2O

51.0

1

44.4

1

(glycine)H+−H2O

77.2 ± 11.0

1

31.2 ± 2.5

1

(tryptophanylglicine)H −H2O 56.0 ± 5.3

1

+

+

H4N+(H2O)4−H2O (tryptophan)H+−H2O

+

H4N+−H2S

47.7

1

H+(NH3)−NH3

108.8

1

69.5

1

H (NH3)3−NH3

H+(NH3)2−NH3

57.3

1

H+(NH3)4−NH3

49.0

1

H+(NH3)5−NH3

29.3

1

H+(NH3)6−NH3

27.2

1

NH4 −CH4

15.0

1

97.6

1

O2N+−CH3OH

80.3 ± 9.6

1

130.1 ± 9.6

1

105.4 ± 4

1

86.6 ± 8.4

1

139.9 ± 4.8

1

54.4

1

+

+

ON+−CH3OH

( CH3CNH)+−CH3CN

(pyridineH) −pyridine +

(valine H)+−valine

(betainH)+−betaine H4P+−H2O

(H4P) −PH3

48.1

1

AsH2+−H

257

1

I2As+−acetone

106 ± 17

1

I2As+−benzene

77 ± 17

1

Bi+−H2O

95.4

1

Bi+−NH3

149

1

≤149

1

+

Bi −C6H6 +

(16) Group 16 (H3O)+−H2

14.6 ± 2.1

1

179.5

1

28.9

1

3.9

1

38.3 ± 2.1

1

O2+(O2)−O2

24.6 ± 1.3

1

10.4 ± 0.8

1

O2+(O2)3−O2

9.0 ± 0.8

1

8.0 ± 0.8

1

O2+(O2)5−O2

7.9 ± 1.3

1

231.4

1

O2+−N2

22.6

1

22.2 ± 2.1

1

12.3

1

31.8

1

41.0 ± 2.1

1

65.3 ± 4

1

64.0

1

O+−O2

O+(O2)1−O2 O+(O2)2−O2 O2+−O2

O2+(O2)2−O2 O2+(O2)4−O2 O+−N2

(H3O)+−N2 O4+−N2

O2+−CO

O2+−CO2

CO2+−CO2

(H3O)+−CO2

6679X_S09.indb 96

Bond

(H3O)+(CO2)−CO2

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

51.9

1

(H3O) (CO2)2−CO2

43.9

1

(H3O)+(CO2)3−CO2

18.0

1

O2+−ON2

56.1 ± 4

1

(H3O)+−ON2

70.7 ± 6.5

1

(H3O) (H2O)−ON2

+

50.6 ± 2.1

1

(H3O)+(H2O)2−ON2

42.7 ± 2.1

1

O3+−O3

67.5 ± 39

1

OClO+−OClO

246 ± 48

1

O2 −H2O

>67

1

87.4

1

(OH)+(H2SO4)(H2O)4−H2O

56.9

1

49.8

1

(OH) (H2SO4)(H2O)6−H2O

+

+

(OH)+(H2O)2−H2O

(OH)+(H2SO4)(H2O)5−H2O

44.8

1

(H2O)+−H2O

164.0

1

140.2

1

(H3O)+(H2O)−H2O

93.3

1

(H3O) (H2O)2−H2O

(H3O)+(H2O)4−H2O

+

(H3O)+−H2O

71.1

1

(H3O)+(H2O)3−H2O

64.0

1

54.4

1

(H3O)+(H2O)5−H2O

49.0

1

43.1

1

+

(H3O) (H2O)6−H2O +

(HCOOH)H+−H2O

100.8

1

CH3OH2+−H2O

115.6

1

104.6

1

(CH3)2OH −H2O

100.4

1

82.8

1

(furanH)+−H2O

43.5

1

CH3CHOH+−H2O +

(tetrahydrofuranH)+−H2O furane+−H2O

41.0

1

(phenol)+−H2O

78.0

1

66.4

1

H3O+−HC(O)H

137.7

1

H3O+−NH3

229.3

1

H3O+(NH3)−NH3

77.0

1

H3O (NH3)2−NH3 H3O+−PH3

(1-naphthol)+−H2O

71.5

1

H3O+(NH3)3−NH3

62.8

1

144

1

H3O+−SO3

74

1

+

(HCOOH) −HCOOH

96.5 ± 9.6

1

H3O+−CH4

33.5

1

115.8 ± 19.3

1

CH3OH2+−CH3OH

136.4

1

195.4

1

furan+−furan

94.1

1

125.1

1

S+−CS2

166

1

+

(CH3OH)+−CH3OH H3O+−CH3CN

BH+−B, B = tetrahydofuran CS −CS2

150.6

1

CS2+−CS2

104.2

1

HCS2+−CS2

46.4

1

OS+−SO2

57.7

1

+

O2S −SO2

63.6

1

+

4/11/08 3:48:08 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies

OCS+−OCS

Bond

9-97 Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

100.0

1

+

72.0

1

SO2+−CO2

42.7

1

91.6

1

thiopheneH+−H2O

42.7

1

53.6 ± 6.3

1

H3S −CH4

16.3

1

~95 ± 3

1

(CH3)2Te•+−Te(CH3)2

97 ± 2

1

OCS −CO2 H3S+−H2O

H3S+−H2S +

(CH3)2Se•+−Se(CH3)2

Bond

He+(He)2−He Ne (Ne)−Ne

HF+−HF

(H2Cl)+ −Cl

HCl+−HCl

Cl+−CCl3

Cl+−C2H3

HBr+−HBr I+−CH3

I+(CH3I)−CH3

I+(CH3I)2−CH3

10.3 ± 0.6

1

3.3 ± 0.6

1

20.4 ± 0.6

1

Ar+(Ar)2−Ar

7.0 ± 0.6

1

Ar+(N2)−Ar

25.1

1

Ar+(N2)(Ar)−Ar

7.1

1

Ar+(N2)(Ar)2−Ar

7.1

1

Kr+(Kr)−Kr

23.3 ± 0.6

1

Kr (Kr)2−Kr

9.0 ± 0.6

1

25.2 ± 0.6

1

Xe+(Xe)2−Xe

11.0 ± 0.6

1

93.7

1

Ar −N2

Ar+(Ar)−Ar

+

≥138

Xe+(Xe)−Xe

1

39.6

1

83.9

1

446.7 ± 9.6

1

685.0 ± 4.8

1

96

1

330.0

1

51.1

1

112.9

1

17.6

1

1

Ne+(Ne)2−Ne

+

(17) Group 17

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

2.7 ± 0.6

Ar+−H2

127.6

1

Ar+(N2)−N2

31.0

1

10.9

1

Ar+−CO

75 ± 17

1

+

Ar+(N2)2−N2 Ar (CO)−CO +

Kr+−CO

Kr+−CO2

13

1

103.3 ± 7.5

1

79.1 ± 2.9

1

(18) Group 18 He+(He)1−He

References

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

6679X_S09.indb 97

Luo, Y.R., Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, 2007. Parke, L.G. et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 254, 168–182, 2006. Li, F.X., et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 255/256, 279–300, 2006. Meloni, G. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 13559–13567, 2006. Li, F.X., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 125, 133114/1-133114/13, 2005. Parke, L.G., et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, in press, 2007.

4/11/08 3:48:08 PM

ELECTRONEGATIVITY Electronegativity is a parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electrons. While electronegativity is not a precisely defined molecular property, the electronegativity difference between two atoms provides a useful measure of the polarity and ionic character of the bond between them. This table gives the electronegativity X, on the Pauling scale, for the most common oxidation state. Other scales are described in the references. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Symbol H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge

X 2.20 — 0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98 — 0.93 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 — 0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01

Z 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

References 1. Pauling, L., The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Third Edition, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1960. 2. Allen, L. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 9003, 1989. 3. Allred, A. L., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 17, 215, 1961.

Symbol As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd

X 2.18 2.55 2.96 — 0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.6 2.16 2.10 2.2 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.1 2.66 2.60 0.79 0.89 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.14 — 1.17 — 1.20

Z 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94

Symbol Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu

X — 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 — 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 — 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.3

9-77

Section 09 book.indb 77

5/3/05 12:11:25 PM

FORCE CONSTANTS FOR BOND STRETCHING Representative force constants (f) for stretching of chemical bonds are listed in this table. Except where noted, all force constants are derived from values of the harmonic vibrational frequencies ωe. Values derived from the observed vibrational fundamentals ν, which are noted by a, are lower than the harmonic force constants, typically by 2 to 3% in the case of heavy atoms (often by 5 to 10% if one of the atoms is hydrogen). Values are given in the SI unit newton per centimeter (N/cm), which is identical to the commonly used cgs unit mdyn/Å. Bond H-H Be-H B-H C-H

N-H O-H P-H S-H F-H Cl-H Br-H I-H Li-H Na-H K-H Rb-H Cs-H C-C

C-F C-Cl

C-Br C-I C-O

C-S

a b c

Molecule H2 BeH BH CH CH4 C2H6 CH3CN CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 HCN NH OH H2O PH SH H2S HF HCl HBr HI LiH NaH KH RbH CsH C2 CCl2=CH2 C2H6 CH3CN CF CH3F CCl CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 CH3Br CH3I CO CO2 OCS CH3OH CS CS2

f/(N/cm) 5.75 2.27 3.05 4.48 5.44 4.83 5.33 5.02 5.57 6.22 5.97 7.80 8.45 3.22 4.23 4.28 9.66 5.16 4.12 3.14 1.03 0.78 0.56 0.52 0.47 12.16 8.43 4.50 5.16 7.42 5.71 3.95 3.44 4.02 2.89 2.34 19.02 16.00 16.14 5.42 8.49 7.88

Note

References 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Shimanouchi, T., The Molecular Force Field, in Eyring, H., Henderson, D., and Yost, W., Eds., Physical Chemistry: An Advanced Treatise, Vol. IV, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Tasumi, M., and Nakata, M., Pure and Appl. Chem., 57, 121—147, 1985. Bond C-N

b a,b,c b a,b,c b

C-P Si-Si Si-O Si-F Si-Cl N-N N-O P-P P-O O-O S-O

a,c

a,c a,c b a,c a,c

a,c

S-S F-F Cl-F Br-F Cl-Cl Br-Cl Br-Br I-I Li-Li Li-Na Na-Na Li-F Li-Cl Li-Br Li-I Na-F Na-Cl Na-Br Na-I Be-O Mg-O Ca-O

Molecule OCS CN HCN CH3CN CH3NH2 CP Si2 SiO SiF SiCl N2 N2O NO N2O P2 PO O2 O3 SO SO2 S2 F2 ClF BrF Cl2 BrCl Br2 I2 Li2 LiNa Na2 LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI BeO MgO CaO

f/(N/cm) 7.44 16.29 18.78 18.33 5.12 7.83 2.15 9.24 4.90 2.63 22.95 18.72 15.95 11.70 5.56 9.45 11.77 5.74 8.30 10.33 4.96 4.70 4.48 4.06 3.23 2.82 2.46 1.72 0.26 0.21 0.17 2.50 1.43 1.20 0.97 1.76 1.09 0.94 0.76 7.51 3.48 3.61

Note

a,c

a a

Derived from fundamental frequency, without anharmonicity correction. Average of symmetric and antisymmetric (or degenerate) modes. Calculated from Local Symmetry Force Field (see Reference 2).

9-78

Section 09 book.indb 78

5/3/05 12:11:27 PM

FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES This table lists the fundamental vibrational frequencies of selected three-, four-, and five-atom molecules. Both stable molecules and transient free radicals are included. The data have been taken from evaluated sources. In general, the selected values are based on gas-phase infrared, Raman, or ultraviolet spectra; when these were not available, liquid-phase or matrix-isolation spectra were used. Molecules are grouped by structural type. Within each group, related molecules appear together for convenient comparison. The vibrational modes are described by their approximate character in terms of stretching, bending, deformation, etc. However, it should be emphasized that most such descriptions are only approximate, and that the true normal mode usually involves a mixture of motions. Abbreviations are:

sym. antisym. str. deform. scis. rock. deg.

In the case of free radicals, strong interactions may exist between the electronic and bending vibrational motions. Details can be found in References 3 and 4. The references should be consulted for information on the accuracy of the data and for data on other molecules not listed here. All fundamental frequencies (more precisely, wavenumbers) are given in units of cm–1.

XY2 Molecules Molecule

XY2 Molecules

Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent)

CO2 CS2 C3 CNC NCN BO2 BS2 KrF2 XeF2 XeCl2 H2O D 2O F2O Cl2O O3 H2S D 2S SF2 SCl2 SO2 H2Se D2Se

Structure

Sym. str.

Bend

Antisym. str.

Molecule

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

1333 658 1224

667 397 63 321 423 447 120 233 213

2349 1535 2040 1453 1476 1278 1015 590 555 481 3756 2788 831 686 1042 2626 1999 813 535 1362 2358 1696

NH2 NO2 NF2 ClO2 CH2 CD2 CF2 CCl2 CBr2 SiH2 SiD2 SiF2 SiCl2 SiBr2 GeH2 GeCl2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 PbF2 PbCl2 ClF2

1197 1056 510 449 515 316 3657 2671 928 639 1103 2615 1896 838 525 1151 2345 1630

symmetric antisymmetric stretch deformation scissors rocking degenerate

1595 1178 461 296 701 1183 855 357 208 518 1034 745

Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent) Structure

Sym. str.

Bend

Antisym. str.

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

3219 1318 1075 945

1497 750 573 445 963 752 667 333 196 990 729 345

3301 1618 942 1111

XYZ Molecules

1225 721 595 2032 1472 855 515 403 1887 399 593 352 244 531 314 500

920 159 197 120 80 165 99

1114 748 641 2022 1468 870 505 400 1864 374 571 334 231 507 299 576

XYZ Molecules

Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)

Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

HCN DCN FCN ClCN BrCN ICN CCN CCO HCO HCC OCS NCO

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Linear Linear Linear

3311 2630 1077 744 575 486 1060 1063 2485 3612 2062 1270

712 569 451 378 342 305 230 379 1081

2097 1925 2323 2216 2198 2188 1917 1967 1868 1848 859 1921

NNO HNB HNC HNSi HBO FBO ClBO BrBO FNO ClNO BrNO HNF

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent

2224 3675 3653 3583

589

1285 2035 2032 1198 1817 2075 1958 1937 1844 1800 1799 1000

520 535

676 535 766 596 542

523 754 500 404 374 520 332 266 1419

9-79

Section 09 book.indb 79

5/3/05 12:11:28 PM

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules

9-80 XYZ Molecules

XYZ Molecules

Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)

Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

HNO HPO HOF HOCl HOO FOO ClOO BrOO HSO

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

2684 2095 3537 3609 3436 579 407

1501 983 886 1242 1392 376 373

1565 1179 1393 725 1098 1490 1443 1487 1009

NSF NSCl HCF HCCl HSiF HSiCl HSiBr

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

1372 1325

366 273 1407 1201 860 808 774

640 414 1181 815 834 522 408

1063

1913 1548

Symmetric XY3 Molecules

Molecule C2H2 C2D2 C2N2

Section 09 book.indb 80

Sym. XY str. 3374 2701 2330

Point Groups D3h (planar) and C3v (pyramidal)

Molecule

Structure

NH3 ND3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 NF3 PF3 AsF3 PCl3 PI3 AsI3 AlCl3 SO3 BF3 BH3 CH3 CD3 CF3 SiF3

Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Planar Planar Planar Planar Planar Pyram. Pyram.

Sym. str. 3337 2420 2323 2116 1891 1032 892 741 504 303 219 375 1065 888

1090 830

Sym. deform. 950 748 992 906 782 647 487 337 252 111 94 183 498 691 1125 606 453 701 427

Deg. str. 3444 2564 2328 2123 1894 907 860 702 482 325 224 595 1391 1449 2808 3161 2369 1260 937

Deg. deform. 1627 1191 1118 1003 831 492 344 262 198 79 71 150 530 480 1640 1396 1029 510 290

Linear XYYX Molecules

Planar X2YZ Molecules

Point Group D∞h

Point Group C2v

Antisym. XY str. 3289 2439 2158

YY str. 1974 1762 851

Bend

Bend

612 505 507

730 537 233

Molecule H2CO D2CO F2CO Cl2CO O2NF O2NCl

Sym.XY str.

YZ str.

YX2 scis.

2783 2056 965 567 1310 1286

1746 1700 1928 1827 822 793

1500 1106 584 285 568 370

Antisym. XY str. 2843 2160 1249 849 1792 1685

YX2 rock 1249 990 626 440 560 408

YX2 wag 1167 938 774 580 742 652

5/3/05 12:11:29 PM

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules

References

Tetrahedral XY4 Molecules Point Group Td

Molecule CH4 CD4 CF4 CCl4 CBr4 CI4 SiH4 SiD4 SiF4 SiCl4 GeH4 GeD4 GeCl4 SnCl4 TiCl4 ZrCl4 HfCl4 RuO4 OsO4

Section 09 book.indb 81

Sym. str.

Deg. deform.(e)

Deg. str.(f )

2917 2109 909 459 267 178 2187 1558 800 424 2106 1504 396 366 389 377 382 885 965

1534 1092 435 217 122 90 975 700 268 150 931 665 134 104 114 98 102 322 333

3019 2259 1281 776 672 555 2191 1597 1032 621 2114 1522 453 403 498 418 390 921 960

9-81

Deg. deform.(f ) 1306 996 632 314 182 125 914 681 389 221 819 596 172 134 136 113 112 336 329

1. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume I, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 39, 1972. 2. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 993, 1977. 3. G. Herzberg, Electronic Spectra and Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules, D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, NJ, 1966. 4. M. E. Jacox, Ground state vibrational energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 945, 1984.

5/3/05 12:11:30 PM

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules This table lists the leading spectroscopic constants and equilibrium internuclear distance re in the ground electronic state for selected diatomic molecules. The constants are those describing the vibrational and rotational energy through the expressions:

Evib /hc = ωe(v + 1/2) – ωexe(v + 1/2)2 + …



Erot /hc = BvJ(J + 1) – Dv[J(J + 1)]2 + …

where

Bv = Be – αe(v+1/2) + …



Dv = De + …

Here v and J are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers, respectively, h is Planck’s constant, and c is the speed of light. In this customary formulation the constants ωe, Be , etc. have dimensions of inverse length; in this table they are given in units of cm–1. Users should note that higher order terms in the above energy expressions are required for very precise calculations; constants for many of these terms can be found in the references. Also, if the ground electronic state is not 1Σ, additional terms are needed to account for the interaction between electronic and pure rotational angular momentum. For some molecules in the table the data have been analyzed in terms of the Dunham series expansion:

E/hc = Σlm Ylm(v+1/2)lJm(J+1)m Molecule 107 Ag79Br 107 Ag35Cl 107 Ag19F 107 Ag1H 107 Ag2H 107 Ag127I 107 Ag16O 27 Al2 27 Al79Br 27 Al35Cl 27 Al19F 27 Al1H 27 Al2H 27 Al127I 27 Al16O 27 Al32S 75 As2 75 As1H 75 As2H 75 As14N 75 As16O 197 Au2 197 Au1H 197 Au2H 11 B2 11 79 B Br 11 35 B Cl 11 19 B F 11 1 BH 11 2 BH 11 14 B N 11 16 B O



6679X_S09.indb 103

State 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 3 Πu 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 3 Σ g1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 3 Π 2 + Σ

ωe cm–1 249.57 343.49 513.45 1759.9 1250.70 206.50 490.2 285.8 378.0 481.30 802.3 1682.56 1211.95 316.1 979.23 617.1 429.55 2130* 1484* 1068.54 967.08 190.9 2305.01 1634.98 1051.3 684.31 840.29 1402.1 2366.9 1703.3 1514.6 1885.69

ωexe cm–1 0.63 1.17 2.59 34.06 17.17 0.46 3.1 0.9 1.28 1.95 4.77 29.09 15.14 1.0 6.97 3.33 1.12

5.41 4.85 0.42 43.12 21.65 9.35 3.52 5.49 11.8 49.40 28 12.3 11.81

In such cases it has been assumed that Y10 = ωe , Y01 = Be , etc., although in the highest approximations these identities are not precisely correct. Some of the values of re in the table have been corrected for breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which can affect the last decimal place. Because of differences in the method of data analysis and limitations in the model, care should be taken in comparing re values for different molecules to a precision beyond 0.001 Å. Molecules are listed in alphabetical order by formula as written in the most common form. In most cases this form places the more electropositive element first, but there are exceptions such as OH, NH, CH, etc. * Indicates a value for the interval between v = 0 and v = 1 states instead of a value of ωe.

References 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Lovas, F. J., and Tiemann, E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, 609, 1974. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19a (1992), II/19d-1 (1995), Molecular Constants, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg. Be cm–1 0.064833 0.12298388 0.2657020 6.449 3.2572 0.04486821 0.3020 0.17127 0.15919713 0.24393012 0.5524798 6.3907 3.3186 0.11769985 0.6414 0.2799 0.10179 7.3067 3.6688 0.54551 0.48482 0.028013 7.2401 3.6415 1.212 0.4894 0.684282 1.516950 12.021 6.54 1.666 1.7820

αe cm–1 0.0002361 0.00059541 0.0019206 0.201 0.0722 0.0001414 0.0025 0.0008 0.00086045 0.00161113 0.0049841 0.1858 0.0697 0.00055859 0.0058 0.0018 0.000333 0.2117 0.003366 0.003299 0.0000723 0.2136 0.07614 0.014 0.0035 0.006812 0.019056 0.412 0.17 0.025 0.0166

De 10–6cm–1 0.0175 0.06305 0.284 344 85.9 0.00847 0.45 0.11285 0.2503 1.0464 356.5 97 1.08 0.22 327 90 0.53 0.49 0.00250 279 70.9 1.00 1.84 7.105 1242 400 8.1 6.32

re Å 2.39311 2.28079 1.98318 1.618 1.6180 2.54463 2.003 2.701 2.29481 2.13011 1.65437 1.6478 1.6463 2.53710 1.6179 2.029 2.1026 1.52315 1.5306 1.6184 1.6236 2.4719 1.5239 1.5238 1.590 1.888 1.71528 1.26267 1.2324 1.2324 1.281 1.2045

9-103

4/11/08 3:48:13 PM

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules

9-104 Molecule 11 32 B S 138 Ba79Br 138 Ba35Cl 138 Ba19F 138 Ba1H 138 Ba2H 138 Ba127I 138 Ba16O 138 Ba32S 9 Be19F 9 Be1H 9 Be2H 9 Be16O 9 Be32S 209 Bi2 209 1 Bi H 209 2 Bi H 79 Br2 79 Br35Cl 79 Br19F 79 Br16O 12 C2 12 35 C Cl 12 19 C F 12 1 CH 12 2 CH 12 14 C N 12 16 C O 12 31 C P 12 32 C S 12 80 C Se 40 Ca35Cl 40 Ca19F 40 Ca1H 40 Ca2H 40 Ca127I 40 Ca16O 40 Ca32S 114 Cd1H 114 Cd2H 35 Cl2 35 Cl19F 35 Cl16O 52 Cr1H 52 Cr2H 52 Cr16O 133 Cs2 133 Cs79Br 133 Cs35Cl 133 Cs19F 133 Cs1H 133 Cs2H 133 Cs127I 133 Cs16O 63 Cu2 63 Cu79Br 65 Cu35Cl 63 Cu19F 63 Cu1H 63 Cu2H

6679X_S09.indb 104

State 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σ g+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 1 Σ g+ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 6 + Σ 6 + Σ 5 Π 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ

ωe cm–1 1180.17 193.77 279.92 468.9 1168.31 829.77 152.14 669.76 379.42 1247.36 2060.78 1530.32 1487.32 997.94 172.71 1635.73 1173.32 325.32 444.28 670.75 779 1854.71 866.72* 1308.1 2858.5 2099.8 2068.59 2169.81 1239.67 1285.15 1035.36 367.53 581.1 1298.34 910* 238.70 732.03 462.23 1337.1*

ωexe cm–1 6.31 0.41 0.82 1.79 14.50 7.32 0.27 2.03 0.88 9.12 36.31 20.71 11.83 6.14 0.34 31.6 16.1 1.08 1.84 4.05 6.8 13.34 6.2 11.10 63.0 34.02 13.09 13.29 6.86 6.50 4.86 1.31 2.74 19.10

559.7 786.15 853.8 1581* 1182* 898.4 42.02 149.66 214.17 352.56 891.0 619.1* 119.18 357.5* 264.55 314.8 415.29 622.7 1941.26 1384.14

2.68 6.16 5.5 32

0.63 4.83 1.78

6.8 0.08 0.37 0.73 1.62 12.9 0.25 1.02 0.96 1.58 3.95 37.51 18.97

Be cm–1 0.7949 0.0415082 0.08396717 0.2159 3.38285 1.7071 0.02680587 0.3126140 0.10331 1.4889 10.3164 5.6872 1.6510 0.79059 0.022781 5.137 2.592 0.082107 0.152470 0.35584 0.429598 1.8198 0.6936 1.4172 14.457 7.806 1.8997830 1.93128075 0.7986 0.8200434 0.5750 0.1522302 0.339 4.2766 2.1769 0.0693263 0.444441 0.1766757 5.323 2.704 0.2440 0.516479 0.62345 6.220 3.14 0.5231 0.0127 0.03606925 0.07209149 0.18436969 2.7099 1.354 0.02362736 0.223073 0.10874 0.10192625 0.17628802 0.3794029 7.9441 4.0381

αe cm–1 0.0061 0.0001219 0.00033429 0.0012 0.06599 0.02363 0.00006634 0.0013921 0.0003188 0.0176 0.3030 0.1225 0.0190 0.00664 0.000055 0.148 0.054 0.0003187 0.000770 0.00261 0.003639 0.0177 0.00672 0.0184 0.534 0.208 0.0173717 0.01750390 0.00597 0.0059182 0.00379 0.0007990 0.0026 0.0970 0.035 0.0002634 0.003282 0.0008270

0.0015 0.004358 0.0058 0.179 0.0070 0.0000264 0.00012401 0.00033756 0.0011756 0.0579 0.00006826 0.001303 0.000614 0.00045214 0.00099647 0.0032298 0.2563 0.0917

De 10–6cm–1 1.40 0.00762 0.03022 0.175 112.67 28.77 0.00333 0.2724 0.0306 8.28 1022.1 313.8 8.20 2.00 0.00150 183 50.6 0.02092 0.07183 0.401 0.523 6.92 1.9 6.5 1450 420 6.4034 6.1216 1.33 1.336 0.71 0.1029 0.45 183.7 47.9 0.0234 0.6541 0.1032 314 76 0.186 0.88 1.33 347 88.8 0.00464 0.00838 0.03268 0.20168 113 20 0.00371 0.348 0.0716 0.04274 0.12706 0.563 520 136.2

re Å 1.6092 2.84449 2.68276 2.163 2.23175 2.2304 3.08476 1.93969 2.5074 1.3610 1.3426 1.3419 1.3309 1.7415 2.6596 1.805 1.804 2.2811 2.13607 1.75894 1.717 1.2425 1.6450 1.2718 1.1199 1.1190 1.17181 1.12823 1.562 1.53482 1.67609 2.43676 1.967 2.0025 2.002 2.82859 1.8221 2.31775 1.781 1.775 1.988 1.62831 1.56963 1.656 1.664 1.615 4.47 3.07225 2.90627 2.34535 2.4938 2.505 3.31519 2.3007 2.2197 2.17344 2.05118 1.74493 1.46263 1.4626

4/11/08 3:48:15 PM

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules Molecule 63 Cu127I 63 Cu16O 63 Cu32S 19 F2 56 Fe16O 69 Ga81Br 69 Ga35Cl 69 Ga19F 69 Ga1H 69 Ga2H 69 Ga127I 69 Ga16O 74 Ge79Br 74 Ge35Cl 72 Ge1H 72 Ge2H 74 Ge16O 74 Ge32S 74 Ge80Se 74 Ge130Te 1 H2 2 H2 3 H2 1 81 H Br 2 81 H Br 1 35 H Cl 2 35 H Cl 1 19 H F 2 19 H F 1 127 H I 202 Hg1H 202 Hg2H 127 I2 127 79 I Br 127 35 I Cl 127 19 I F 127 16 I O 115 In81Br 115 In35Cl 115 In19F 115 In1H 115 In2H 115 In127I 39 K2 39 79 K Br 39 35 K Cl 39 19 K F 39 1 KH 39 2 KH 39 127 K I 139 La16O 7 Li2 7 79 Li Br 7 35 Li Cl 7 19 Li F 7 1 Li H 7 2 Li H 7 127 Li I 7 16 Li O 24 Mg2

6679X_S09.indb 105

State 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 1 Σg+ 5 ∆ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 Σg+ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π 1 Σg+

ωe cm–1 264.5 640.17 415.0 916.64 965* 263.0 365.67 622.2 1604.52 216.38 767.5 295 407.6 1833.77 1320.09 986.49 575.8 408.7 323.9 4401.21 3115.50 2546.5 2648.97 1884.75 2990.95 2145.16 4138.32 2998.19 2309.01 1203.24* 896.12* 214.50 268.64 384.29 610.24 681.5 221.0 317.39 535.4 1476.0 1048.2 177.08 92.02 213 281 426.26 983.6 707 186.53 812.8 351.43 563.2 642.95 910.57 1405.65 1054.80 496.85 814.62 51.12

ωexe cm–1 0.60 4.43 1.75 11.24 0.81 1.25 3.2 28.77 0.47 6.24 0.7 1.36 37 19 4.47 1.80 1.36 0.75 121.34 61.82 41.23 45.22 22.72 52.82 27.18 89.88 45.76 39.64

0.61 0.81 1.50 3.12 4.3 0.65 1.03 2.6 25.61 12.4 0.34 0.28 0.80 1.30 2.45 14.3 7.7 0.57 2.22 2.61 3.5 4.47 8.21 23.20 12.94 2.85 7.78 1.64

9-105 Be cm–1 0.07328742 0.44454 0.1891 0.89019 0.650 0.081839 0.1499046 0.3595161 6.137 3.083 0.0569359 0.4271

αe cm–1 0.00028390 0.00456

6.726 3.415 0.4856981 0.18656576 0.09634051 0.06533821 60.853 30.444 20.335 8.46488 4.245596 10.59342 5.448796 20.9557 11.0102 6.4263650 5.3888 2.739 0.03737 0.0568325 0.1141587 0.2797111 0.34026 0.05489468 0.1090583 0.2623241 4.995 2.523 0.03686702 0.056743 0.08122109 0.1286348 0.27993741 3.416400 1.754 0.06087473 0.35252001 0.67264 0.555399 0.7065225 1.3452583 7.51373 4.23310 0.4431766 1.212830 0.09287

0.192 0.070 0.0030787 0.00074910 0.00028904 0.00017246 3.062 1.0786 0.5887 0.23328 0.084 0.30718 0.113292 0.798 0.3017 0.1689

0.013847 0.0003207 0.0007936 0.0028642 0.181 0.06 0.0001897

0.000114 0.0001969 0.0005354 0.0018738 0.00270 0.00018672 0.0005177 0.0018798 0.143 0.051 0.00010411 0.000165 0.00040481 0.0007899 0.00233492 0.085313 0.0318 0.00026776 0.00142365 0.00704 0.005644 0.0080102 0.0202887 0.21665 0.09155 0.0040862 0.017899 0.00378

De 10–6cm–1 0.02244 0.85 0.18 3.3 0.72 0.032 0.1008 0.50 342 84 0.015770 0.37

re Å 2.33832 1.7244 2.051 1.41193 1.444 2.35248 2.20169 1.77437 1.663 1.663 2.57464 1.744

326 83.2 0.4709 0.07883 0.02207 0.012 47100 11410

1.5880 1.5874 1.62464 2.01209 2.13463 2.34017 0.74144 0.74152 0.74142 1.41444 1.4145 1.27455 1.27458 0.91681 0.91694 1.60916 1.7662 1.757 2.666 2.46899 2.32088 1.90976 1.8676 2.54315 2.40117 1.98540 1.8380 1.837 2.75364 3.9051 2.82078 2.66665 2.17146 2.243 2.240 3.04784 1.82591 2.6729 2.17043 2.02067 1.56386 1.59490 1.5941 2.39192 1.68822 3.891

345.8 88.32 531.94 140 2151 594 206.9 395.3 91 0.0043 0.0102 0.0403 0.2356 0.36 0.01350 0.0515 0.252 223 58 0.00639 0.0863 0.04462 0.1087 0.4829 163.55 50 0.02593 0.2626 9.87 2.159 3.409 11.745 862 276 1.4104 0.1079 1.22

4/11/08 3:48:17 PM

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules

9-106 Molecule 24 Mg35Cl 24 Mg19F 24 Mg1H 24 Mg2H 24 Mg16O 55 Mn1H 55 Mn2H 14 N2 14 79 N Br 14 35 N Cl 14 19 N F 14 1 NH 14 2 NH 14 16 N O 14 32 N S 23 Na2 23 Na79Br 23 Na35Cl 23 Na19F 23 Na1H 23 Na2H 23 Na127I 23 Na16O 93 Nb16O 58 Ni1H 58 Ni2H 16 O2 16 1 OH 16 2 OH 31 P2 31 35 P Cl 31 19 P F 31 1 PH 31 2 PH 31 14 P N 31 16 P O 208 Pb2 208 Pb79Br 208 Pb35Cl 208 Pb19F 208 Pb1H 208 Pb16O 208 Pb32S 208 Pb80Se 208 Pb130Te 195 Pt12C 195 Pt1H 195 Pt2H 85 Rb79Br 85 Rb35Cl 85 Rb19F 85 Rb1H 85 Rb127I 85 Rb16O 32 S2 32 19 S F 32 1 SH 32 2 SH 32 16 S O 121 Sb35Cl

6679X_S09.indb 106

State 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 7 Σ 7 Σ 1 Σg+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π 4 Σ 2 ∆5/2 2 ∆5/2 3 Σg2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 1 Σg+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 Π1/2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 ∆5/2 2 ∆5/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 3 Σg2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 3 Σ 3 Σ 2 2

ωe cm–1 462.12* 711.69* 1495.20 1077.9 784.78 1548.0 1103 2358.57 691.75 827.96 1141.37 3282.3 2398 1904.20 1218.7 159.13 302 366 535.66 1172.2 826.1* 258 492.3 989.0 1926.6 1390.1 1580.19 3737.76 2720.24 780.77 551.38 846.75 2365.2 1699.2 1337.24 1233.34 110.5 207.5 303.9 502.73 1564.1 720.96 429.17 277.6 212.0 1051.13 2294.68* 1644.3* 169.46 228 376 936.9 138.51 388.4* 725.65

ωexe cm–1 2.1 4.9 31.89 16.1 5.26 28.8 13.9 14.32 4.72 5.30 8.99 78.4 42 14.07 7.28 0.72 1.5 2.05 3.57 19.72

2711.6 1885 1149.2 374.7

59.9 31 5.6 0.6

1.1 3.8 38 19 11.98 84.88 44.05 2.84 2.23 4.49 44.5 23.0 6.98 6.56 0.35 0.50 0.88 2.28 29.75 3.52 1.26 0.51 0.43 4.86 46 23 0.46 0.92 1.9 14.21 0.33 2.84

Be cm–1 0.2456154 0.51922 5.8257 3.0306 0.57470436 5.6841 2.8957 1.99824 0.444 0.649770 1.2057 16.6993 8.7913 1.67195 0.769602 0.154707 0.1512533 0.2180631 0.4369011 4.9033634 2.557089 0.1178056 0.424630 0.4321 7.700 3.992 1.44563 18.911 10.021 0.30362 0.2528748 0.5665 8.5371 4.4081 0.7864854 0.7337

αe cm–1 0.0016204 0.00470 0.1859 0.06289 0.00532377 0.1570 0.051 0.017318 0.0040 0.006414 0.01492 0.6490 0.2531 0.0171 0.0064 0.008736 0.0009410 0.0016248 0.0045580 0.1370919 0.051600 0.0006478 0.004506 0.0021 0.23 0.092 0.0159 0.7242 0.276 0.00149 0.0015119 0.00456 0.2514 0.0928 0.0055364 0.0055

De 10–6cm–1 0.2723 1.080 344 92 1.2328 303.9 79.5 5.76

0.22875 4.971 0.30730373 0.11632307 0.05059953 0.03130774 0.53044 7.1963 3.640 0.04752798 0.0876404 0.2106640 3.020 0.03283293 0.246481 0.2955 0.552174 9.5995 4.95130 0.7208171

0.001473 0.144 0.00190977 0.00043510 0.00012993 0.00006743 0.003273 0.1996 0.071 0.00018596 0.0004537 0.0015228 0.072 0.00010946 0.002174 0.001570

0.183 201 0.2138 0.03418 0.0070 0.0027 0.546 261 66 0.01496 0.04947 0.2684 123 0.00738 0.397 0.19

0.2785 0.10308 0.005737

480.6 130 1.134

1.598 5.39 1709.7 490.4 0.5 1.2 0.581 0.1554 0.3120 1.163 343.40 93.46 0.0973 1.2638 0.22 481 130 4.839 1938 537.4 0.188 0.2124 436 116 1.091 1.3

re Å 2.19639 1.7500 1.7297 1.7302 1.74838 1.7311 1.7310 1.09769 1.79 1.61071 1.3170 1.0362 1.0361 1.15077 1.4940 3.0789 2.50204 2.36080 1.92595 1.88654 1.88654 2.71145 2.05155 1.691 1.476 1.465 1.20752 0.96966 0.9698 1.8934 2.01461 1.58938 1.42140 1.4220 1.49087 1.4759

2.0575 1.839 1.92181 2.28678 2.40218 2.59492 1.6767 1.52852 1.524 2.94474 2.78673 2.27033 2.367 3.17688 2.25420 1.8892 1.60058 1.34066 1.34049 1.48109

4/11/08 3:48:18 PM

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules Molecule 121 Sb19F 121 Sb1H 121 Sb2H 121 Sb14N 121 Sb16O 45 Sc19F 80 Se2 80 Se1H 80 Se2H 80 Se16O 28 Si2 28 35 Si Cl 28 19 Si F 28 1 Si H 28 2 Si H 28 14 Si N 28 16 Si O 28 32 Si S 28 80 Si Se 120 Sn79Br 120 Sn35Cl 118 Sn19F 120 Sn1H 120 Sn2H 120 Sn127I 120 Sn16O 120 Sn32S 120 Sn80Se 120 Sn130Te 88 Sr79Br 88 Sr35Cl 88 Sr19F 88 Sr1H 88 Sr2H 88 Sr127I 88 Sr16O 181 Ta16O 130 Te2 130 Te1H 130 Te16O 232 Th16O 48 16 Ti O 205 Tl81Br 205 Tl35Cl 205 Tl19F 205 Tl1H 205 Tl2H 205 Tl127I 51 16 V O 89 35 Y Cl 89 19 Y F 89 16 Y O 174 Yb1H 174 Yb2H 64 Zn35Cl 64 Zn19F 64 Zn1H 64 Zn2H 64 Zn127I 90 Zr16O

6679X_S09.indb 107

State 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 3 Σg2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 3 Σ 3 Σg2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 ∆3/2 3 Σg2 Π3/2 0+ 1 + Σ 3 ∆1 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 4 Σ 1 Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 Σ 2 Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 Σ 1 + Σ

ωe cm–1 605.0

ωexe cm–1 2.6

942.0 816 735.6 385.30 2400* 1708* 914.69 510.98 535.60 857.19 2041.80 1469.32 1151.4 1241.54 749.64 580.0 247.2 351.1 577.6

5.6 4.2 3.8 0.96

4.52 2.02 2.17 4.73 35.51 18.23 6.47 5.97 2.58 1.78 0.6 1.06 2.69

1188.0* 199.0 822.13 487.26 331.2 259.5 216.60 302.3 502.4 1206.2 841 173.77 653.5 1028.69 247.07

0.6 3.72 1.36 0.74 0.50 0.52 0.95 2.3 17.0 8.6 0.35 3.96 3.51 0.51

797.11 895.77 1009.02 192.10 284.71 476.86 1390.7 987.7 150* 1011.3 380.7 631.29 861.0 1249.54 886.6 390.5 628 1607.6 1072 223.4 969.8

4.00 2.39 4.50 0.39 0.86 2.24 22.7 12.04 4.86 1.3 2.50 2.9 21.06 10.57 1.6 3.5 55.14 28 0.6 4.9

9-107 Be cm–1 0.2792 5.684 2.8782

αe cm–1 0.0020

De 10–6cm–1 0.23 240 45

re Å 1.918 1.723 1.7194

0.3580 0.3950 0.08992 8.02 3.94 0.4655 0.2390 0.2561 0.5812 7.4996 3.8840 0.7311 0.7267521 0.30352788 0.1920117

0.0022 0.00266 0.000288 0.23

0.270

0.00323 0.0014 0.0016 0.00494 0.2190 0.0781 0.00565 0.0050379 0.00147308 0.0007767

0.5 0.21 0.25 1.07 397 105.4 1.2 0.9923 0.201 0.0842

1.826 1.788 2.166 1.48 1.48 1.648 2.246 2.058 1.6011 1.5201 1.5199 1.572 1.50975 1.92926 2.05832

0.1117 0.2727 5.31488 2.6950

0.0004 0.0014 0.049

0.26 207.5 53.4

2.361 1.944 1.78146 1.7770

0.35571998 0.13686139 0.0649978 0.04247917 0.0541847

0.00214432 0.00050563 0.0001705 0.00009543 0.0001827

0.26638 0.0424 0.011 0.0055 0.01356

1.83251 2.20898 2.32557 2.52280 2.73522

0.2505346 3.6751 1.8609 0.0367097 0.33798 0.40284 0.039681 5.56 0.3554 0.332644 0.53541 0.0423899 0.09139702 0.22315014 4.806 2.419 0.0271676 0.54825 0.1160 0.29042 0.3881 3.9931 2.01162

0.0015513 0.0814 0.0292 0.0001060 0.00219 0.00182 0.000106

0.2498 135 34.7 0.00655 0.36 0.2450 0.0044

0.00237 0.001302 0.00301 0.0001276 0.00039784 0.00150380 0.154 0.057 0.0000664 0.00352 0.0003 0.00163 0.0018 0.0957 0.03425

0.27 0.1833 0.603 0.0083 0.0377 0.1955 254 60 0.0036 0.6 0.09 0.237 0.32 161.8 41.60

2.07537 2.1456 2.1449 2.94364 1.91983 1.68746 2.5574 1.74 1.825 1.84032 1.6202 1.61817 2.48483 2.08439 1.870 1.869 2.81361 1.5893 2.41 1.9257 1.790 2.0526 2.0516

6.6794 3.350

0.2500

466 124

1.5949 1.6054

0.42263

0.0023

0.319

1.7116

0.024 330

4/11/08 3:48:20 PM

Section 09 book.indb 87

INFRARED CORRELATION CHARTS

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Section 09 book.indb 88

INFRARED CORRELATION CHARTS

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Section 09 book.indb 89

INFRARED CORRELATION CHARTS

5/3/05 12:11:50 PM

9-90

Section 09 book.indb 90

Infrared Correlation Charts

5/3/05 12:11:53 PM

Infrared Correlation Charts

Section 09 book.indb 91

9-91

5/3/05 12:11:55 PM

NUCLEAR SPINS, MOMENTS, AND OTHER DATA RELATED TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY This table presents the following data relevant to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy:

Q: Nuclear quadrupole moment in units of femtometers squared (1 fm2 = 10–2 barn)

Z: Atomic number Isotope: Element symbol and mass number Abundance: Natural abundance of the isotope in percent. An * indicates a radioactive nuclide; if no value is given, the nuclide is not present in nature or its abundance is highly variable. I: Nuclear spin ν: Resonant frequency in megahertz for an applied field H0 of 1 tesla (in cgs units, 10 kilogauss) Relative sensitivity: Sensitivity relative to 1H (=1) assuming an equal number of nuclei and constant temperature. Values were calculated from the expressions:

The table includes all stable nuclides of non-zero spin for which spin and magnetic moment values have been measured, as well as selected radioactive nuclides of current or potential interest. At least one isotope is included for each element through Z = 95 for which data are available. See Reference 1 for a complete listing of spins and moments. The assistance of P. Pyykko in providing data on nuclear quadrupole moments is gratefully acknowledged.

For constant H0: 0.0076508(µ/µN) (I + 1)/I For constant ν: 0.23871(µ/µN)(I + 1) 3

2

µ/µN: Nuclear magnetic moment in units of the nuclear magneton µN Z 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 20 21 22 22 23 23 24

Isotope 1 n 1 H 2 H 3 H 3 He 6 Li 7 Li 9 Be 10 B 11 B 13 C 14 N 15 N 17 O 19 F 21 Ne 23 Na 25 Mg 27 Al 29 Si 31 P 33 S 35 Cl 37 Cl 37 Ar 39 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K 43 Ca 45 Sc 47 Ti 49 Ti 50 V 51 V 53 Cr

Abundance % * 99.9850 0.0115 * 0.000137 7.59 92.41 100 19.9 80.1 1.07 99.632 0.368 0.038 100 0.27 100 10.00 100 4.6832 100 0.76 75.78 24.22 * * 93.2581 0.0117 6.7302 0.135 100 7.44 5.41 0.250 99.750 9.501

I 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1 3/2 3/2 3 3/2 1/2 1 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 4 3/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 6 7/2 3/2

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 29.1647 42.5775 6.5359 45.4148 32.4360 6.2661 16.5483 5.9842 4.5752 13.6630 10.7084 3.0777 4.3173 5.7742 40.0776 3.3631 11.2688 2.6083 11.1031 8.4655 17.2515 3.2717 4.1765 3.4765 5.819 3.46 1.9893 2.4737 1.0919 2.8688 10.3591 2.4041 2.4048 4.2505 11.2133 2.4115

References 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005. 2. Raghavan, P., At. Data Nuc. Data Tables, 42, 189, 1989. 3. Pyykko, P., Mol. Phys., 19, 1617–1629, 2001. 4. Stone, N. J., <www.nndc.bnl.gov/nndc/stone_moments/> Relative sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.32139 0.6850 1.00000 1.0000 0.00965 0.4093 1.21354 1.0666 0.44212 0.7618 0.00850 0.3925 0.29356 1.9433 0.01388 0.7027 0.01985 1.7193 0.16522 1.6045 0.01591 0.2515 0.00101 0.1928 0.00104 0.1014 0.02910 1.5822 0.83400 0.9413 0.00246 0.3949 0.09270 1.3233 0.00268 0.7147 0.20689 3.0424 0.00786 0.1988 0.06652 0.4052 0.00227 0.3842 0.00472 0.4905 0.00272 0.4083 0.01276 0.6833 0.01130 1.7079 0.00051 0.2336 0.00523 1.5493 0.00008 0.1282 0.00642 1.4150 0.30244 5.1093 0.00210 0.6587 0.00378 1.1861 0.05571 5.5904 0.38360 5.5306 0.00091 0.2832

µ/µN –1.91304272 +2.792847337 +0.857438228 +2.9789625 –2.1276248 +0.8220467 +3.25644 –1.1776 +1.800645 +2.688649 +0.7024118 +0.4037610 –0.2831888 –1.89379 +2.628868 –0.661797 +2.217522 –0.85545 +3.641507 –0.55529 +1.13160 +0.6438212 +0.8218743 +0.6841236 +1.145 –1.59 +0.3914662 –1.298100 +0.2148701 –1.31726 +4.756487 –0.78848 –1.10417 +3.345689 +5.1487057 –0.47454

Q/fm2

+0.2860

–0.0808 –4.01 +5.288 +8.459 +4.059 +2.044 –2.558 +10.155 +10.4 +19.94 +14.66

–6.78 –8.165 –6.435

+5.85 –7.3 +7.11 –4.08 –22.0 +30.2 +24.7 +21 –5.2 –15

9-92

Section 09 book.indb 92

5/3/05 12:11:57 PM

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy Z 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 57 58 58 58 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 63

Section 09 book.indb 93

Isotope 55 Mn 57 Fe 59 Co 61 Ni 63 Cu 65 Cu 67 Zn 69 Ga 71 Ga 73 Ge 75 As 77 Se 79 Br 81 Br 83 Kr 85 Rb 87 Rb 87 Sr 89 Y 91 Zr 93 Nb 95 Mo 97 Mo 99 Tc 99 Ru 101 Ru 103 Rh 105 Pd 107 Ag 109 Ag 111 Cd 113 Cd 113 In 115 In 115 Sn 117 Sn 119 Sn 121 Sb 123 Sb 123 Te 125 Te 127 I 129 Xe 131 Xe 133 Cs 135 Ba 137 Ba 138 La 139 La 137 Ce 139 Ce 141 Ce 141 Pr 143 Nd 145 Nd 143 Pm 147 Pm 147 Sm 149 Sm 151 Eu

Abundance % 100 2.119 100 1.1399 69.17 30.83 4.10 60.108 39.892 7.73 100 7.63 50.69 49.31 11.49 72.17 27.83 7.00 100 11.22 100 15.92 9.55 * 12.76 17.06 100 22.33 51.839 48.161 12.80 12.22 4.29 95.71 0.34 7.68 8.59 57.21 42.79 0.89 7.07 100 26.44 21.18 100 6.592 11.232 0.090 99.910 * * * 100 12.2 8.3 * * 14.99 13.82 47.81

I 5/2 1/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 5/2 3/2 9/2 1/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 5 7/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 7/2 5/2

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 10.5763 1.3816 10.077 3.8114 11.2982 12.1030 2.6694 10.2478 13.0208 1.4897 7.3150 8.1571 10.7042 11.5384 1.6442 4.1254 13.9811 1.8525 2.0949 3.9748 10.4523 2.7874 2.8463 9.6294 1.9553 2.1916 1.3477 1.957 1.7331 1.9924 9.0692 9.4871 9.3655 9.3856 14.0077 15.2610 15.9660 10.2551 5.5532 11.2349 13.5454 8.5778 11.8604 3.5159 5.6234 4.2582 4.7634 5.6615 6.0612 4.88 5.39 2.37 13.0359 2.319 1.429 11.59 5.62 1.7748 1.4631 10.5856

Relative sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.17881 2.8980 0.00003 0.0324 0.27841 4.9702 0.00359 0.4476 0.09342 1.3268 0.11484 1.4213 0.00287 0.7314 0.06971 1.2034 0.14300 1.5291 0.00141 1.1546 0.02536 0.8590 0.00703 0.1916 0.07945 1.2570 0.09951 1.3550 0.00190 1.2744 0.01061 1.1304 0.17703 1.6418 0.00272 1.4358 0.00012 0.0492 0.00949 1.0891 0.48821 8.1011 0.00327 0.7638 0.00349 0.7799 0.38174 7.4633 0.00113 0.5358 0.00159 0.6005 0.00003 0.0317 0.00113 0.5364 0.00007 0.0407 0.00010 0.0468 0.00966 0.2130 0.01106 0.2228 0.35121 7.2588 0.35348 7.2744 0.03561 0.3290 0.04605 0.3584 0.05273 0.3750 0.16302 2.8100 0.04659 2.7389 0.01837 0.2639 0.03220 0.3181 0.09540 2.3504 0.02162 0.2786 0.00282 0.4129 0.04838 2.7735 0.00500 0.5001 0.00700 0.5594 0.09404 5.3188 0.06058 2.9895 0.00752 0.5729 0.01012 0.6326 0.00364 1.1708 0.33483 3.5720 0.00339 1.1440 0.00079 0.7047 0.23510 3.1748 0.04827 2.7714 0.00152 0.8753 0.00085 0.7216 0.17929 2.9006

9-93 µ/µN +3.46872 +0.0906230 +4.627 –0.75002 +2.22329 +2.38167 +0.875479 +2.01659 +2.56227 –0.8794677 +1.439475 +0.53506 +2.106400 +2.270562 –0.970669 +1.35303 +2.75124 –1.093603 –0.1374154 –1.30362 +6.1705 –0.9142 –0.9335 +5.6847 –0.6413 –0.7188 –0.08840 –0.642 –0.1136796 –0.1306906 –0.5948861 –0.6223009 +5.5289 +5.5408 –0.91883 –1.00104 –1.04728 +3.3634 +2.5498 –0.7369478 –0.8885051 +2.813273 –0.7779763 +0.6918619 +2.582025 +0.837943 +0.937365 +3.713646 +2.7830455 0.96 1.06 1.09 +4.2754 –1.065 –0.656 +3.80 +2.58 –0.8149 –0.6718 +3.4718

Q/fm2 +33 +42 +16.2 –22.0 –20.4 +15.0 +17.1 +10.7 –19.6 +31.4 +31.3 +26.2 +25.9 +27.6 +13.35 +33.5 –17.6 –32 –2.2 +25.5 –12.9 +7.9 +45.7 +66.0

+79.9 +81

–36 –49

–71.0 –11.4 –0.343 +16.0 +24.5 +45 +20

–5.9 –63 –33 +74 –26 +7.4 +90.3

5/3/05 12:11:59 PM

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy

9-94 Z 63 64 64 65 66 66 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 73 73 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

Section 09 book.indb 94

Isotope 153 Eu 155 Gd 157 Gd 159 Tb 161 Dy 163 Dy 165 Ho 167 Er 169 Tm 171 Yb 173 Yb 175 Lu 176 Lu 177 Hf 179 Hf 180 Ta 181 Ta 183 W 185 Re 187 Re 187 Os 189 Os 191 Ir 193 Ir 195 Pt 197 Au 199 Hg 201 Hg 203 Tl 205 Tl 207 Pb 209 Bi 209 Po 211 Rn 223 Fr 223 Ra 225 Ra 227 Ac 229 Th 231 Pa 235 U 237 Np 239 Pu 243 Am

Abundance % 52.19 14.80 15.65 100 18.91 24.90 100 22.93 100 14.28 16.13 97.41 2.59 18.60 13.62 0.012 99.988 14.31 37.40 62.60 1.96 16.15 37.3 62.7 33.832 100 16.87 13.18 29.524 70.476 22.1 100 * * * * * * * *100 *0.7200 * * *

I 5/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 7 7/2 9/2 9 7/2 1/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 1/2 5/2

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 4.6745 1.312 1.720 10.23 1.4654 2.0508 9.0883 1.2281 3.531 7.5261 2.0730 4.8626 3.451 1.7282 1.0856 4.087 5.1627 1.7957 9.7176 9.8170 0.9856 3.3536 0.7658 0.8319 9.2922 0.7406 7.7123 2.8469 24.7316 24.9749 9.0340 6.9630 11.7 9.16 5.95 1.3746 11.187 5.6 1.40 10.2 0.83 9.57 3.09 4.6

Relative sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.01544 1.2809 0.00015 0.1541 0.00033 0.2020 0.06945 1.2019 0.00048 0.4015 0.00130 0.5619 0.20423 4.4825 0.00050 0.6057 0.00057 0.0829 0.00552 0.1768 0.00135 0.5680 0.03128 2.3983 0.03975 6.0516 0.00140 0.8524 0.00055 0.8414 0.10610 11.5175 0.03744 2.5463 0.00008 0.0422 0.13870 2.6627 0.14300 2.6900 0.00001 0.0231 0.00244 0.3938 0.00003 0.0899 0.00004 0.0977 0.01039 0.2182 0.00003 0.0870 0.00594 0.1811 0.00149 0.3343 0.19598 0.5809 0.20182 0.5866 0.00955 0.2122 0.14433 5.3967 0.02096 0.2757 0.00997 0.2152 0.01362 0.6982 0.00017 0.1614 0.01814 0.2627 0.01131 0.6564 0.00042 0.3843 0.06903 1.1995 0.00015 0.4082 0.13264 2.6234 0.00038 0.0727 0.01446 1.2532

µ/µN +1.5331 –0.2582 –0.3385 +2.014 –0.4806 +0.6726 +4.173 –0.5639 –0.2316 +0.49367 –0.67989 +2.2327 +3.169 +0.7935 –0.6409 +4.825 +2.3705 +0.1177848 +3.1871 +3.2197 +0.06465189 +0.659933 +0.1507 +0.1637 +0.60952 +0.145746 +0.5058855 –0.5602257 +1.6222579 +1.6382146 +0.59258 +4.1106 +0.77 +0.601 +1.17 +0.2705 –0.7338 +1.1 +0.46 2.01 –0.38 +3.14 +0.203 +1.5

Q/fm2 +241 +127 +135 +143.2 +250.7 +265 +358 +356.5

+280 +349 +497 +336.5 +379.3 +317 +218 +207 +85.6 +81.6 +75.1 +54.7 +38.6

–51.6

+117 +125 +170 +430 –172 +493.6 +388.6 +421

5/3/05 12:12:00 PM

PROTON NMR CHEMICAL SHIFTS FOR CHARACTERISTIC ORGANIC STRUCTURES The chart below summarizies the range of chemical shifts for protons in several classes or organic compounds and substituent groups. The chemical shifts δ are given in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane.

Reference Mohacsi, E., J. Chem. Edu., 41, 38, 1964 (with permission)

9-95

Section 09 book.indb 95

5/3/05 12:12:05 PM

13

C-NMR ABSORPTIONS OF MAJOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

The table below lists the range of 13C chemical shifts δ in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane, in descending order, for various functional groups. Examples of simple compounds for each family are given to illustrate the correlations. The shifts for the carbons of interest, which are italicized, are given in parentheses; when two or more values appear, they refer to the sequence of italicized carbon atoms from left to right in the formula.

δ (ppm)

Group

220-165

>C=O

Family Ketones Aldehydes α,β-Unsaturated carbonyls Carboxylic acids Amides Esters

140-120

>C=C<

Aromatic Alkenes

125-115 80-70

-CN -CC-

Nitriles Alkynes

70-45

-C-O

Esters Alcohols

40-20

-C-NH2

Amines

30-15 30-(-2.3)

-S-CH3 -C-H

Sulfides (thioethers) Alkanes, cycloalkanes

Cyclohexane

References 1. Yoder, C. H. and Schaeffer, C. D., Jr., Introduction to Multinuclear NMR: Theory and Application, Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA, 1987. 2. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981. 3. Brown, D. W., A Short Set of 13C NMR Correlation Tables, J. Chem. Educ., 62, 209, 1985. Example (δ of italicized carbon) (CH3)2CO (CH3)2CHCOCH3 CH3CHO CH3CH=CHCHO CH2=CHCOCH3 HCO2H CH3CO2H HCONH2 CH3CONH2 CH3CO2CH2CH3 CH2=CHCO2CH3 C6H6 CH2=CH2 CH2=CHCH3 CH2=CHCH2Cl CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 CH3-CN HCCH CH3CCH3 CH3OOCH2CH3 HOCH3 HOCH2CH3 CH3NH2 CH3CH2NH2 C6H5-S-CH3 CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

(206.0) (212.1) (199.7) (192.4) (169.9) (166.0) (178.1) (165.0) (172.7) (170.3) (165.5) (128.5) (123.2) (115.9, 136.2) (117.5, 133.7) (132.7) (117.7) (71.9) (73.9) (57.6, 67.9) (49.0) (57.0) (26.9) (35.9) 15.6 (-2.3) (5.7) (15.8, 16.3) (13.4, 25.2) (13.9, 22.8, 34.7) (26.9)

9-96

Section 09 book.indb 96

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LINE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS Joseph Reader and Charles H. Corliss

The original tables from which this table was derived were prepared under the auspices of the Committee on Line Spectra of the Elements of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. The table contains the outstanding spectral lines of neutral (I) and singly ionized (II) atoms of the elements from hydrogen through plutonium (Z = 1–94); selected strong lines from doubly ionized (III), triply ionized (IV), and quadruply ionized (V) atoms are also included. Listed are lines that appear in emission from the vacuum ultraviolet to the far infrared. These lines were selected from much larger lists in such a way as to include the stronger observed lines in each spectral region. A more extensive list may be found in Reference 1. The data were compiled by the following contributors. J. G. Conway — Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory C. H. Corliss — National Bureau of Standards R. D. Cowan — Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory C. R. Cowley — University of Michigan Henry M. and Hannah Crosswhite — Argonne National Laboratory S. P. Davis — University of California, Berkeley V. Kaufman — National Bureau of Standards R. L. Kelly — Naval Postgraduate School J. F. Kielkopf — University of Louisville W. C. Martin — National Bureau of Standards T. K. McCubbin — Pennsylvania State University L. J. Radziemski — Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory J. Reader — National Bureau of Standards C. J. Sansonetti — National Bureau of Standards G. V. Shalimoff — Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory R. W. Stanley — Purdue University J. O. Stoner, Jr. — University of Arizona H. H. Stroke — New York University D. R. Wood — Wright State University E. F. Worden — Lawrence Livermore Laboratory J. J. Wynne — International Business Machines Corporation R. Zalubas — National Bureau of Standards

All wavelengths are given in Ångstrom units (10–10 m). Below 2000 Å the wavelengths are in vacuum (except for the Cu II line at 1999.698 Å, which is in air); above 2000 Å the wavelengths are in air. Wavelengths given to three decimal places have an uncertainty of less than 0.001 Å and are therefore suitable for calibration purposes. In the air region, the elements used most commonly for calibration are Ne, Ar, Kr, Fe, Th, and Hg; in the vacuum region, the most common are C, N, O, Si, Cu. All data refer to natural isotopic abundance of the elements except that Kr I and Kr II lines below 11,000 Å given to three decimal

places are for 86Kr. A separate table for 198Hg contains accurately known wavelengths that are frequently used for calibration. A large number of the lines for neutral and singly ionized atoms were extracted from the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Tables of Spectral-Line Intensities (Reference 2). The intensities of these lines represent quantitative estimates of relative line strengths that take account of varying detection sensitivity at different wavelengths. They are on a linear scale. For nearly all of the other lines the intensities represent qualitative estimates of the relative strengths of lines not greatly separated in wavelength. Because different observers frequently use different scales for their intensity estimates, these intensities are useful only as a rough indication of the appearance of a spectrum. In some cases the intensity scale is not intended to be linear. In the first and second spectra the intensities of the lines of the singly ionized atom (II) relative to those of the neutral atom (I) should be used with caution, inasmuch as the concentration of ions in a light source depends greatly on the excitation conditions. Descriptive symbols that follow the wavelength have the following meanings: c — complex d — line consists of two unresolved lines h — hazy l — shaded to longer wavelengths s — shaded to shorter wavelengths p — perturbed by a close line r — easily reversed w — wide The table is arranged alphabetically by element name (not symbol); for each element the lines are listed by wavelength. References to the sources of data for each element are given at the end of the table, starting on page 10-89.

General References 1. Reader, J., Corliss, C. H., Wiese, W. L., and Martin, G. A., Tables of Line Spectra of the Elements, Part 1. Wavelengths and Intensities, Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 68, 1980. 2. Meggers, W. F., Corliss, C. H., and Scribner, B. F., Tables of Spectral Line Intensities, Part 1. Arranged by Elements, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Monograph 145, 1975. 3. Fuhr, J. R., Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Sugar, J., and Wiese, W. L., “NIST Atomic Spectroscopic Database” ver. 1.1, January 1996. NIST Physical Reference Data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Available at the WWW address: http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/contents.html

10-1

Section 10.indb 1

5/4/05 8:03:02 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-2 Intensity

Section 10.indb 2

Wavelength/Å

Actinium Ac Z = 89 2000 h 2952.55 2000 h 3392.78 3000 3487.59 2000 s 3863.12 3000 s 4088.44 3000 s 4168.40 100 4179.98 20 4183.12 20 4194.40 20 l 4384.53 20 4396.71 2000 h 4413.09 20 4462.73 3000 h 4569.87 1000 5910.85 20 6359.86 20 l 6691.27

III III III II II II I I I I I III I III II I I

Aluminum Al Z = 13 900 125.53 800 126.07 800 130.41 1000 130.85 900 131.00 900 131.44 800 160.07 1000 278.69 900 281.39 70 486.884 30 486.912 250 511.138 150 511.191 500 560.317 200 560.433 100 670.068 200 671.118 500 695.829 400 696.217 200 725.683 300 726.915 400 855.034 500 856.746 400 892.024 50 893.887 450 893.897 800 1042.17 50 1191.812 900 1237.19 900 1257.62 800 1264.18 1000 1272.76 150 1350.18 800 1384.13 800 1447.51 800 1494.79 1000 1526.14 800 1537.54 800 1539.830 1000 1557.25 100 1569.385

V V V V V V IV V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV II IV IV IV IV II III IV IV V IV II IV II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

900 800 125 700 100 800 150 800 100 100 1000 100 800 500 900 500 900 350 300 290 500 700 450 300 450 400 450 1000 600 400 250 1000 300 700 120 1000 600 200 150 200 400 150 300 200 150 220 700 150 150 100 200 700 150 300 100 200 400 120 140 460 110

1582.04 1584.46 1596.059 1605.766 1611.814 1611.874 1625.627 1639.06 1644.235 1644.809 1670.787 1686.250 1719.440 1721.244 1721.271 1724.952 1724.984 1760.104 1761.975 1763.00 1763.869 1763.952 1765.64 1765.815 1766.38 1767.731 1769.14 1818.56 1828.588 1832.837 1834.808 1854.716 1855.929 1858.026 1859.980 1862.311 1862.790 1929.978 1931.048 1932.377 1934.503 1934.713 1935.840 1935.949 1936.907 1939.261 1990.531 2016.052 2016.234 2016.368 2074.008 2094.264 2094.744 2094.791 2095.104 2095.141 2269.10 2269.22 2321.56 2367.05 2367.61

IV IV II III III III II IV II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II I IV II II II III II II II II III II II II II II III III II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 180 140 160 850 170 110 240 480 110 150 200 160 650 150 360 450 150 4500 r 7200 r 1800 r 150 150 900 800 450 360 290 870 220 110 150 290 450 4500 r 9000 r 110 290 870 150 110 550 110 110 150 290 150 110 220 150 180 110 450 1200 1000 110 220 290 220 450 150

2368.11 2369.30 2370.22 2372.07 2373.12 2373.35 2373.57 2567.98 2575.10 2637.70 2652.48 2660.39 2669.17 2816.19 3041.28 3050.07 3057.14 3074.64 3082.153 3092.710 3092.839 3428.92 3443.64 3492.23 3508.46 3586.56 3587.07 3587.45 3601.63 3651.06 3651.10 3654.98 3655.00 3900.68 3944.006 3961.520 3995.86 4226.81 4529.19 4585.82 4588.19 4666.80 4898.76 4902.77 5280.21 5283.77 5285.85 5312.32 5316.07 5371.84 5557.06 5557.95 5593.23 5696.60 5722.73 5853.62 5971.94 6001.76 6001.88 6006.42 6061.11

I I I I I I I I I II I I II II II I I II I I I II I IV IV II II II III II II II II II I I II II III II II II II II II II II II II II I I II III III II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

290 110 450 110 150 290 220 450 h 450 360 290 360 450 450 360 230 110 140 230 290 110 290 360 450 110 180 140 150 110 150 110 140 110 230 450 570 570 450 230 300 140 300 360

6068.43 6068.53 6073.23 6181.57 6181.68 6182.28 6182.45 6183.42 6201.52 6201.70 6226.18 6231.78 6243.36 6335.74 6696.02 6698.67 7361.57 7362.30 7835.31 7836.13 8075.35 8640.70 8772.87 8773.90 8828.91 8841.28 8923.56 9290.65 9290.75 10076.29 10768.36 10782.04 10872.98 10891.73 11253.19 11254.88 13123.41 13150.76 16718.96 16750.56 16763.36 21093.04 21163.75

Antimony Sb Z = 51 15 722.86 15 732.33 861.5 4 876.84 4 921.07 6 983.57 15 999.62 6 1001.13 6 1009.43 40 1011.94 6 1052.21 8 1056.27 8 1057.32 40 1065.90 6 1073.81 30 1075.82 1087.6

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I II I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III IV II II II III II II III II II II III II III IV

5/4/05 8:03:05 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 8 30 40 50 50 12 6 8 20 8 6 8 20 6 8 20 r 40 h 12 50 r 12 120 r 80 r 6 8 7 80 r 10 200 w 100 w 20 100 w 15 15 80 r 150 r 150 r 15 100 r 100 h 100 r 100 r 150 50 r 80 r 100 50 r 300 r 150 r 100 200 r 60 r 70 r 150 r 1000 r 100 50 r 80 r 100 r 50 r

Section 10.indb 3

Wavelength/Å 1104.32 1151.49 1157.74 1199.1 1205.20 1210.64 1226.00 1230.30 1274.98 1306.69 1327.40 1358.04 1384.70 1404.18 1407.83 1436.49 1486.57 1491.36 1499.2 1505.70 1512.57 1524.47 1532.74 1535.06 1565.51 1576.11 1581.36 1599.96 1606.98 1612.8 1623.3 1657.04 1662.6 1673.89 1711.84 1716.93 1717.45 1723.43 1725.33 1736.19 1765.76 1780.87 1788.24 1800.18 1810.50 1814.20 1829.50 1868.17 1871.15 1882.56 1927.08 1950.39 2029.49 2039.77 2049.57 2068.33 2079.56 2098.41 2118.48 2127.39 2137.05

V III III IV III III V II II III II II II III II II I I IV V I V I I II II II I II I I II I III III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-3 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 r 10 50 r 100 r 1500 r 250 r 200 r 300 r 150 r 100 120 r 300 r 120 150 r 300 r 2500 r 150 400 h 300 h 100 150 250 400 r 400 150 100 2000 r 15 10 150 15 1500 r 500 r 300 r 12 200 r 20 300 r 200 r 120 150 r 400 r 1000 r 15 500 r 600 r 20 700 r 15 25 250 20 200 r 20 200 20 20 15 15 20 20

2139.69 2141.80 2141.83 2144.86 2175.81 2179.19 2201.32 2208.45 2220.73 2221.98 2224.93 2262.51 2288.98 2293.44 2306.46 2311.47 2315.89 2373.67 2383.64 2395.22 2422.13 2426.35 2445.51 2478.32 2480.44 2510.54 2528.52 2528.54 2567.75 2574.06 2590.13 2598.05 2598.09 2612.31 2617.17 2652.60 2669.39 2670.64 2682.76 2692.25 2718.90 2769.95 2877.92 2980.96 3029.83 3232.52 3241.28 3267.51 3498.46 3637.80 3637.83 3722.78 3722.79 3850.22 4033.55 4033.56 4133.63 4140.54 4195.17 4219.07 4314.32

I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I III I I I III I III I I I I I I II I I II I II II I II I II I II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

15 30 20 15 30 20 40 20 20 30 20 20 20 15 15 20 20 40 h 100 l 30 60 h 100 20 30 50 20 20 30 30 h 80 200 60 150 100 400 400 200 300 200 1000 800 80 600 200 400 300 150 5

4514.50 4596.90 4599.09 4604.77 4647.32 4675.74 4711.26 4757.81 4765.36 4784.03 4802.01 4832.82 4877.24 4947.40 5044.56 5238.94 5354.24 5556.10 5632.02 5639.75 5830.34 6005.21 6053.41 6079.80 6130.04 6154.94 6611.49 6647.44 7648.28 7844.44 7924.65 8411.69 8572.64 8619.55 9518.68 9949.14 10078.49 10261.01 10585.60 10677.41 10741.94 10794.11 10839.73 10868.58 10879.55 11012.79 11266.23 12116.06

Argon Ar Z = 18 3 336.56 3 337.56 6 338.00 2 338.43 2 339.01 3 339.89 3 350.88 4 396.87 4 398.55 2 436.67 5 446.00 8 446.95

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I II II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V V V V V IV IV V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

4 18 4 3 2 6p 3 7 30 50 30 30 3 5 6 30 200 70 2 70 5 70 30 70 30 70 30 30 6 3 500 30 200 1000 3000 70 30 30 200 10 7 12 p 6 8 3 5 4 3 200 3000 2 500 70 200 200 70 4 5 12 5 10

447.53 449.06 449.49 458.12 458.98 461.23 462.42 463.94 487.227 490.650 490.701 519.327 522.09 524.19 527.69 542.912 543.203 547.461 554.50 556.817 558.48 573.362 576.736 580.263 583.437 597.700 602.858 612.372 623.77 635.12 661.867 664.562 666.011 670.946 671.851 676.242 677.952 679.218 679.401 683.28 688.39 689.01 699.41 700.28 705.35 709.20 715.60 715.65 718.090 723.361 725.11 725.548 730.930 740.269 744.925 745.322 754.20 761.47 769.15 800.57 801.09

V V V V V V V V II II II II V V V II II II V II V II II II II II II II IV V II II II II II II II II II IV IV IV IV IV V V V V II II V II II II II II IV IV III IV IV

5/4/05 8:03:06 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-4

Section 10.indb 4

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10 5 20 100 60 30 40 50 120 70 80 4 120 120 5 3 150 4p 100 2 15 100 20 25 180 150 10 9 180 r 12 8 180 r 9 10 150 5 9 1000 1000 1000 r 500 r 7 7 7 9 7 10 15 10 10 15 10 20 25 8 10 15 7 10 7 7

801.41 801.91 802.859 806.471 806.869 807.218 807.653 809.927 816.232 816.464 820.124 822.16 825.346 826.365 827.05 827.35 834.392 834.88 835.002 836.13 840.03 842.805 843.77 850.60 866.800 869.754 871.10 875.53 876.058 878.73 879.62 879.947 883.18 887.40 894.310 900.36 901.17 919.781 932.054 1048.220 1066.660 1669.67 1673.42 1675.48 1914.40 1915.56 2125.16 2133.87 2138.59 2148.73 2166.19 2168.26 2170.23 2177.22 2184.06 2188.22 2192.06 2248.73 2279.10 2281.22 2282.21

Intensity IV IV I I I I I I I I I V I I V V I V I V IV I IV IV I I III III I III III I III III I IV IV II II I I III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

12 4 10 15 9 15 12 10 10 9 7 9 10 12 10 7 10 5 12 12 7 8 8 7 12 12 10 6 9 10 15 12 10 7 12 10 7 12 6 12 12 7 15 10 8 9 9 10 14 7 10 12 14 7 16 10 7 8 6 9 25

Wavelength/Å 2293.03 2299.72 2300.85 2302.17 2317.00 2317.47 2318.04 2319.13 2319.37 2345.17 2351.67 2360.26 2395.63 2399.15 2413.20 2415.61 2418.82 2420.456 2423.52 2423.93 2443.69 2447.71 2472.95 2476.10 2488.86 2513.28 2516.789 2518.40 2525.69 2534.709 2562.087 2562.17 2568.07 2569.53 2599.47 2608.06 2608.44 2615.68 2619.98 2621.36 2624.92 2631.90 2640.34 2654.63 2674.02 2678.38 2682.63 2724.84 2757.92 2762.23 2776.26 2784.47 2788.96 2797.11 2809.44 2830.25 2842.88 2855.29 2874.40 2884.12 2891.612

III IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III IV III III III IV II IV IV II II IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV III III III IV III IV III IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

12 11 200 100 10 12 50 6 12 10 8 10 50 7 7 8 20 25 25 20 20 15 7 7 25 20 25 15 7 7 25 25 15 7 7 9 8 7 9 70 20 20 50 100 12 15 70 8 70 70 70 7 100 100 70 25 50 70 7 25 20

2913.00 2926.33 2942.893 2979.050 3010.02 3024.05 3033.508 3037.98 3054.82 3064.77 3077.40 3078.15 3093.402 3110.41 3127.90 3200.37 3243.689 3285.85 3293.640 3301.88 3307.228 3311.25 3319.34 3323.59 3336.13 3344.72 3350.924 3358.49 3361.28 3373.47 3376.436 3388.531 3391.85 3393.73 3417.49 3424.25 3438.04 3461.07 3471.32 3476.747 3478.232 3480.55 3491.244 3491.536 3499.67 3503.58 3509.778 3511.12 3514.388 3545.596 3545.845 3554.306 3559.508 3561.030 3576.616 3581.608 3582.355 3588.441 3606.522 3622.138 3639.833

IV IV II II III III II IV III III IV III II III III I II III II III II III I III III III II III III I II II III I III III III I III II II III II II III III II III II II II I II II II II II II I II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

35 70 50 150 50 20 20 25 20 25 50 7 70 10 35 7 35 50 25 70 7 35 8 20 35 50 6 50 20 150 50 100 200 70 25 35 25 150 300 5 35 400 50 35 50 100 50 200 400 25 25 25 100 100 25 200 100 70 150 550 20

3718.206 3729.309 3737.889 3765.270 3766.119 3770.369 3770.520 3780.840 3795.37 3803.172 3809.456 3834.679 3850.581 3858.32 3868.528 3907.84 3925.719 3928.623 3932.547 3946.097 3947.505 3948.979 3960.53 3979.356 3994.792 4013.857 4023.60 4033.809 4035.460 4042.894 4044.418 4052.921 4072.005 4072.385 4076.628 4079.574 4082.387 4103.912 4131.724 4146.70 4156.086 4158.590 4164.180 4179.297 4181.884 4190.713 4191.029 4198.317 4200.674 4218.665 4222.637 4226.988 4228.158 4237.220 4251.185 4259.362 4266.286 4266.527 4272.169 4277.528 4282.898

II II II II II I II II III II II I II III II III II II II II I I III II II II III II II II I II II II II II II II II III II I I II I I I I I II II II II II I I I II I II II

5/4/05 8:03:09 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

Section 10.indb 5

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 25 70 200 50 100 50 25 800 50 25 50 200 70 50 150 50 70 200 400 150 50 50 20 35 100 200 100 20 20 400 20 400 400 15 550 7 35 400 15 20 550 50 300 800 550 150 50 800 70 20 35 200 50 70 70 20 100 70 5 15

4300.101 4300.650 4309.239 4331.200 4332.030 4333.561 4335.338 4345.168 4348.064 4352.205 4362.066 4367.832 4370.753 4371.329 4375.954 4379.667 4385.057 4400.097 4400.986 4426.001 4430.189 4430.996 4433.838 4439.461 4448.879 4474.759 4481.811 4510.733 4522.323 4530.552 4545.052 4564.405 4579.350 4589.898 4596.097 4609.567 4628.441 4637.233 4657.901 4702.316 4721.591 4726.868 4732.053 4735.906 4764.865 4806.020 4847.810 4865.910 4879.864 4889.042 4904.752 4933.209 4965.080 5009.334 5017.163 5062.037 5090.495 5141.783 5145.308 5151.391 5162.285

I II II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II I II I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I

10-5 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

25 20 20 7 5 10 25 5 25 10 35 20 10 5 10 15 25 50 15 5 7 5 5 70 35 10 20 7 10 100 10 7 150 10 10 5 25 7 15 7 20 70 25 15 15 25 20 50 5 5 25 100 35 150 5 15 20 150 5 10 50

5165.773 5187.746 5216.814 5221.271 5421.352 5451.652 5495.874 5506.113 5558.702 5572.541 5606.733 5650.704 5739.520 5834.263 5860.310 5882.624 5888.584 5912.085 5928.813 5942.669 5987.302 5998.999 6025.150 6032.127 6043.223 6052.723 6059.372 6098.803 6105.635 6114.923 6145.441 6170.174 6172.278 6173.096 6212.503 6215.938 6243.120 6296.872 6307.657 6369.575 6384.717 6416.307 6483.082 6538.112 6604.853 6638.221 6639.740 6643.698 6660.676 6664.051 6666.359 6677.282 6684.293 6752.834 6756.163 6766.612 6861.269 6871.289 6879.582 6888.174 6937.664

II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I II I I I I I II I I II II II I I II I II I I I II I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

7 7 10000 150 10000 100 25 25 1000 15 70 15 7 2000 35 25 5 70 200 20 10000 20 15 10 25 10 20000 15000 25000 15000 10000 10 20000 20000 25000 7 20000 35000 10000 20 15000 20000 15000 7 4500 20 180 20 35000 550 15000 400 1600 25000 4500 180 30 100 1600 13 180

6951.478 6960.250 6965.431 7030.251 7067.218 7068.736 7107.478 7125.820 7147.042 7158.839 7206.980 7265.172 7270.664 7272.936 7311.716 7316.005 7350.814 7353.293 7372.118 7380.426 7383.980 7392.980 7412.337 7425.294 7435.368 7436.297 7503.869 7514.652 7635.106 7723.761 7724.207 7891.075 7948.176 8006.157 8014.786 8053.308 8103.693 8115.311 8264.522 8392.27 8408.210 8424.648 8521.442 8605.776 8667.944 8771.860 8849.91 9075.394 9122.967 9194.638 9224.499 9291.531 9354.220 9657.786 9784.503 10052.06 10332.72 10467.177 10470.054 10478.034 10506.50

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 11 7 30 30 7 11 30 12 400 200 12 200 50 50 200 200 100 200 150 30 12 200 50 500 200 200 200 100 500 1000 1000 30 1000 11 30 400 200 1000 10 10 200 100 25 10 30 30 500 12 50 30 20 20

10673.565 10681.773 10683.034 10733.87 10759.16 10812.896 11078.869 11106.46 11441.832 11488.109 11668.710 11719.488 12112.326 12139.738 12343.393 12402.827 12439.321 12456.12 12487.663 12702.281 12733.418 12746.232 12802.739 12933.195 12956.659 13008.264 13213.99 13228.107 13230.90 13272.64 13313.210 13367.111 13499.41 13504.191 13573.617 13599.333 13622.659 13678.550 13718.577 13825.715 13907.478 14093.640 15046.50 15172.69 15329.34 15989.49 16519.86 16940.58 18427.76 20616.23 20986.11 23133.20 23966.52

Arsenic As Z = 33 510 871.7 325 889.0 325 927.5 325 937.2 325 953.6 325 963.8 250 987.7

I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III III III V

5/4/05 8:03:11 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-6

Section 10.indb 6

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

340 250 340 500 615 555 555 615 615 340 800 800 340 760 965 870 800 965 800 800 715 715 715 340 760 965 760 965 800 1000 760 800 800 500 500 500 100 r 500 340 1000 r 500 800 r 585 r 170 r 100 r 100 r 230 r 100 r 200 350 r 200 350 r 100 r 135 r 250 250 170 r 200 340 170 r 300

1021.96 1029.5 1082.35 1139.40 1149.31 1181.51 1189.87 1196.38 1196.56 1207.44 1211.17 1218.10 1223.15 1241.31 1243.08 1245.67 1258.58 1263.77 1266.34 1267.59 1280.99 1287.54 1305.70 1307.74 1333.15 1341.55 1355.93 1369.77 1373.65 1375.07 1375.78 1394.64 1400.31 1448.59 1558.88 1570.99 1593.60 1660.55 1860.34 1890.42 1912.94 1937.59 1972.62 1990.35 1991.13 1995.43 2003.34 2009.19 2263.2 2288.12 2301.0 2349.84 2370.77 2381.18 2417.5 2454.0 2456.53 2461.4 2602.00 2780.22 2830.359

II V II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I I I I I I I IV I IV I I I IV IV I IV II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 100 r 300 80 615 300 300 340 325 715 615 615 500 500 500 500 425 375 615 615 715 340 715 500 800 850 615 715 615 340 340 340 340 340 500 425 500 340 425 425 425 500 300 300 300 340 300 200 230 290 230 170 290 290 170

2831.164 2860.44 2884.406 2926.3 2959.572 3003.819 3116.516 3842.60 3922.6 4190.082 4197.40 4242.982 4315.657 4323.867 4336.64 4352.145 4352.864 4371.17 4427.106 4431.562 4458.469 4461.075 4466.348 4474.46 4494.230 4507.659 4539.74 4543.483 4602.427 4629.787 4707.586 4730.67 4888.557 5105.58 5107.55 5231.38 5331.23 5497.727 5558.09 5651.32 6110.07 6170.27 6511.74 7092.27 7102.72 7990.53 8174.51 9300.61 9597.95 9626.70 9833.76 9915.71 9923.05 10024.04 10614.07

Astatine At Z = 85 8 2162.25 10 2244.01 Barium Ba Z = 56 14 555.48

II I II III II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

14 18 300 150 1000 40000 300 50000 200 200 400 300 200

587.57 647.27 719.86 721.85 766.87 794.89 877.41 923.74 946.26 1486.72 1504.01 1554.38 1572.73 1573.92 1630.40 1674.51 1694.37 1697.16 1761.75 1771.03 1786.93 1904.15 1924.70 1985.60 1999.54 2001.30 2009.20 2023.95 2052.68 2054.57 2214.7 2245.61 2254.73 2304.24 2331.10 2335.27 2347.58 2512.28 2523.83 2528.51 2559.54 2596.64 2634.78 2681.89 2702.63 2771.36 2785.28 3071.58 3079.14 3108.21 3132.60 3135.72 3137.70 3155.34 3155.67 3158.05 3158.54 3165.60 3173.69 3183.16 3183.96

100 400

100 500 300 10 400

500 800 1000 1400 60 2000 190 40 40 60 50 8h 100 40 8 18 15 100 r 40 10 h 8 8h 10 10 10 12 12 h 25 15 h 30 15

III III V V V IV V IV V II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II III II II III III II III I II III I II I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10 25 h 30 40 50 60 r 40 15 50 80 h 50 60 r 20 70 r 25 30 h 40 200 r 80 h 30 h 80 h 20 h 100 200 100 30 80 h 200 40 40 h 20 h 400 200 200 100 20 1400 l 20 40 500 25 50 20 200 500 25 80 30 300 200 30 h 1500 h 20 200 500 800 100 300 200 800 20 h

3193.91 3203.70 3221.63 3222.19 3261.96 3262.34 3281.50 3281.77 3322.80 3356.80 3368.18 3377.08 3377.39 3420.32 3421.01 3421.48 3463.74 3501.11 3524.97 3531.35 3544.66 3547.68 3552.45 3567.73 3576.28 3577.62 3579.67 3596.57 3630.64 3636.83 3688.47 3735.75 3816.69 3842.80 3854.76 3889.33 3891.78 3892.65 3909.91 3914.73 3926.85 3935.72 3937.87 3939.67 3949.51 3993.06 3993.40 3995.66 4036.26 4083.77 4084.86 4130.66 4132.43 4166.00 4216.04 4267.95 4283.10 4287.80 4297.60 4309.32 4323.00

I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I II II II I I II I I I II II II II I II I I II III I I II II III I I II II I II I II II II I II II II I

5/4/05 8:03:13 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

Section 10.indb 7

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

600 200 300 80 60 400 40 60 h 50 h 40 200 60 h 130 65000 40 80 30 20 h 25 h 300 30 35 20 800 40 800 300 200 30 h 400 15 20000 8 1000 300 1000 20 h 20 800 1000 200 100 200 300 200 1000 r 20 h 10 400 800 100 20 150 2800 15 100 800 100 300 100 200

4325.73 4326.74 4329.62 4350.33 4402.54 4405.23 4431.89 4488.98 4493.64 4505.92 4509.63 4523.17 4524.93 4554.03 4573.85 4579.64 4599.75 4619.92 4628.33 4644.10 4673.62 4691.62 4700.43 4708.94 4726.44 4843.46 4847.14 4850.84 4877.65 4899.97 4902.90 4934.09 4947.35 4957.15 4997.81 5013.00 5159.94 5267.03 5361.35 5391.60 5421.05 5424.55 5428.79 5480.30 5519.05 5535.48 5620.40 5680.18 5777.62 5784.18 5800.23 5805.69 5826.28 5853.68 5907.64 5971.70 5981.25 5997.09 5999.85 6019.47 6063.12

II II II I I II I I I I II I II II I I I I I II I I I II I II II II I II I II I II II II I I II II II I II II I I I I I II I I I II I I II I II I I

10-7 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 400 20000 150 500 10 90 150 12000 300 150 3000 150 1500 1800 1000 600 300 h 1000 6000 2400 hs 600 600 hl 3000 1200 300 900 hl 600 450 hl 600 hl 1800 1200 180 h 1500 600 900 h 8 1800 h 100 100 300 h 300 450 300 300 300 h 1500 300 8 450 900 300 h 1500 hl 900 600 1200 h 300 120 hl 180 hl 150 h 240

6110.78 6135.83 6141.72 6341.68 6378.91 6383.76 6450.85 6482.91 6496.90 6498.76 6527.31 6595.33 6654.10 6675.27 6693.84 6769.62 6865.69 6867.85 6874.09 7059.94 7120.33 7195.24 7228.84 7280.30 7392.41 7417.53 7459.78 7488.08 7636.90 7642.91 7672.09 7780.48 7839.57 7905.75 7911.34 8210.24 8308.69 8559.97 8710.74 8737.71 8799.76 8860.98 8914.99 9219.69 9308.08 9324.58 9370.06 9455.92 9521.76 9589.37 9608.88 9645.72 9830.37 10001.08 10032.10 10233.23 10471.26 10791.25 11012.69 11114.42 11303.04

I II II I II III I I II I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I II II I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

120 h 120 120 120 120 120 150 150

11697.45 13207.30 13810.50 14077.90 15000.40 20712.00 25515.70 29223.90

Beryllium Be Z = 4 58.13 58.57 59.32 60.74 64.06 75.93 1h 76.10 2 76.48 3 78.53 4 78.66 1h 78.92 5 81.89 10 82.38 82.58 20 83.20 83.66 30 84.76 50 88.31 89.16 89.80 90.04 90.21 90.67 91.06 91.36 91.74 92.19 92.61 93.14 93.42 93.93 94.78 95.76 96.29 97.24 97.44 97.86 97.97 98.12 98.37 98.66 98.94 99.19 100 100.25 100.86 101.20 102.13 102.49 104.40 104.67 105.80 107.26

Intensity I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III II III II III III I II II I I II II II I II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I III I I I II II I I I

3 2 6 4 8 4 5 5 7 2 8 20 2 10 10

8 5 15 1 20 60 2 1 2 1 10 5 1 2 20 60 100 2h 15 20

3 5 10 60 h 50 5

60

50

Wavelength/Å 107.38 509.99 549.31 582.08 661.32 675.59 714.0 725.59 725.71 743.58 746.23 767.75 775.37 842.06 865.3 925.25 943.56 973.27 981.4 1020.1 1026.93 1036.32 1048.23 1114.69 1143.03 1155.9 1197.19 1213.12 1214.32 1362.25 1401.52 1421.26 1422.86 1426.12 1435.17 1440.77 1491.76 1512.30 1512.43 1661.49 1754.69 1776.12 1776.34 1907. 1909.0 1912. 1917.03 1919. 1929.67 1943.68 1954.97 1956. 1964.59 1985.13 1997.95 1997.98 1998.01 2033.25 2033.28 2033.38 2055.90

I III III III III III II III II II III III II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II III III III III III III I III III I II II I III II II I II I III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:03:16 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-8 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 75 h 60 h 25 15 h 10 20 15 h 5 25 55 55 5

2056.01 2076.94 2080.38 2118.56 2122.27 2125.57 2125.68 2127.20 2137.25 2145. 2174.99 2175.10 2191.57 2273.5 2324.6 2337.0 2348.61 2350.66 2350.71 2350.83 2413.34 2413.46 2453.84 2480.6 2494.54 2494.58 2494.73 2507.43 2617.99 2618.13 2650.45 2650.55 2650.62 2650.69 2650.76 2697.46 2697.58 2728.88 2738.05 2764.2 2898.13 2898.19 2898.25 2986.06 2986.42 3019.33 3019.49 3019.53 3019.60 3046.52 3046.69 3090.3 3110.81 3110.92 3110.99 3120. 3130.42 3131.07 3136. 3150. 3160.6

950 20 60 200 2 16 20 35 35 100 16 5 20 100 60 200 60 100 5 20 20 30 20 10 20 30 10 60 30 30 20 10 30 10 10 20 480 320

Section 10.indb 8

Intensity I III III III III I I III III I I I III II II I I I I I II II II I I I I II II II I I I I I II II II I II I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II II I I I

20 20 30 20 60 2 10 30 15 100 30 30 30 30 220 20 60 5 300 20 300 10 100

100 700 40 80 1 6 100 90 h 100 60 300 500 400 2 100 h 1 140 h

12 700 1000 6 200 40 2h 80 8 20 3

Wavelength/Å 3163. 3168. 3180.7 3187. 3193.81 3197.10 3197.15 3208.60 3220. 3229.63 3233.52 3241.62 3241.83 3269.02 3274.58 3274.67 3282.91 3321.01 3321.09 3321.34 3345.43 3367.63 3405.6 3451.37 3455.18 3476.56 3515.54 3555. 3720.36 3720.92 3722.98 3736.30 3813.45 3865.13 3865.42 3865.51 3865.72 3866.03 4249.14 4253.05 4253.76 4360.66 4360.99 4407.94 4485.52 4487.30 4495.09 4497.8 4526.6 4548. 4572.66 4673.33 4673.42 4709.37 4828.16 4849.16 4858.22 5087.75 5218.12 5218.33 5255.86

I I II I I II II I I I II II II I II II I I I I I I II I I I I I III III III I I I I I I I III I I II II I III III III III I I I II II I II I II I II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

64 500 20 20

5270.28 5270.81 5403.04 5410.21 5558. 6142.01 6229.11 6279.43 6279.73 6473.54 6547.89 6558.36 6564.52 6636.44 6756.72 6757.13 6786.56 6884.22 6884.44 6982.75 7154.40 7154.65 7209.13 7401.20 7401.43 7551.90 7618.68 7618.88 8090.06 8158.99 8159.24 8254.07 8287.07 8547.36 8547.67 8801.37 8882.18 9190.45 9243.92 9343.89 9392.74 9476.43 9477.03 9847.32 9895.63 9895.96 9939.78 10095.52 10095.73 10119.92 10331.03 11066.46 11173. 11173.73 11496.39 11625.16 11659. 11660.25 12095.36 12098.18 14643.92

140 h 10 16 30 30 60 60 30 2h 1 2 30 1h 6h 100 6h 40 h 100 3 2 10 10 h 20 h 60 5h 10 h 4 10 h 30 60 300 6 40 20 h 1h 40 2 16 20 10 h 20 h 80 16 20 60 80 30 1 120 2h 2 100 30 100

II II II II I III I II II I II II I II II II I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I I II II II I I II II I II II II II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

60 200 80 120 100 160 200

14644.75 16157.72 17855.38 17856.63 18143.54 31775.05 31778.70

Bismuth Bi 6 6 2 3 5 6 5 10 4 6 6 8 10 9 12 15 d 15 12 15 25 50 h 30 15 20 10 24 20 50 10 15 10 10 15 10 60 20 40 20 60 20 25 15 20 35 35 45 25 50 60 h 25 35 20 40

Z = 83 420.7 431.2 488.39 563.62 670.76 686.88 730.71 738.17 775.16 790.5 790.6 792.5 820.3 822.9 824.9 864.45 872.6 923.9 943.3 1039.99 1045.76 1051.81 1058.88 1085.47 1099.20 1103.4 1139.01 1224.64 1225.43 1232.78 1241.05 1265.35 1283.73 1306.18 1317.0 1325.46 1326.84 1329.47 1346.12 1350.07 1372.61 1376.02 1393.92 1423.33 1423.52 1436.83 1447.94 1455.11 1461.00 1462.14 1486.93 1502.50 1520.57

I I I I I I I IV IV V V III V V V III IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV III III III II II II IV III III II II II II II II IV II III II III II II II II III III II II II III II II II II

5/4/05 8:03:18 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

Section 10.indb 9

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40 30 35 20 40 60 25 60 h 40 40 20 20 80 60 70 70 100 9000 7000 25 7000 9000 45 h 4600 2500 15 15 60 40 h 360 1700 340 100 100 16 12 100 190 75 h 10 25 70 20 h 700 100 100 12 280 c 20 140 d 100 100 360 100 15 11 12 140 c 100 80 h 4000

1533.17 1536.77 1538.06 1563.67 1573.70 1591.79 1601.58 1606.40 1609.70 1611.38 1652.81 1749.29 1777.11 1787.47 1791.93 1823.80 1902.41 1954.53 1960.13 1989.35 2021.21 2061.70 2068.9 2110.26 2133.63 2143.40 2143.46 2186.9 2214.0 2228.25 2230.61 2276.58 2311. 2326. 2368.12 2368.25 2376. 2400.88 2414.6 2501.0 2515.69 2524.49 2544.5 2627.91 2629. 2677. 2693.0 2696.76 2713.3 2730.50 2767. 2772. 2780.52 2786. 2803.42 2803.70 2805.3 2809.62 2842. 2855.6 2897.98

II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II I I II I I II I I II II II II I I I IV IV II II IV I III II I I II I IV IV II I II I IV IV I IV II II II I IV III I

10-9 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 100 100 15 3200 20 12 2800 700 100 2400 60 100 9000 c 140 35 100 550 c 10 12 40 h 40 35 500 c 380 c 45 100 12 100 50 50 100 70 h 12 20 10 30 100 40 h 10 140 140 75 h 25 70 h 12 h 25 h 12 h 25 h 60 h 600 c 30 20 40 h 12 10 12 20 45 h 10 50 h

2924. 2933. 2936. 2936.7 2938.30 2950.4 2963.4 2989.03 2993.34 3012. 3024.64 3034.87 3042. 3067.72 3076.66 3115.0 3239. 3397.21 3430.83 3431.23 3451.0 3473.8 3485.5 3510.85 3596.11 3613.4 3643. 3654.2 3682. 3695.32 3695.68 3734. 3792.5 3811.1 3815.8 3845.8 3863.9 3868. 4079.1 4097.2 4121.53 4121.86 4259.4 4272.0 4301.7 4339.8 4340.5 4379.4 4476.8 4705.3 4722.52 4730.3 4749.7 4797.4 4908.2 4916.6 4969.7 4993.6 5079.3 5091.6 5124.3

IV IV IV II I II II I I IV I I IV I I III IV I II II III III III I I III IV II IV III III IV II II II II II IV II II I I II II II II II II II II I II II III II II II II III II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

60 h 20 75 h 40 h 10 10 c 3 20 40 h 6 12 20 20 15 15 6 3 3 15 10 40 h 50 h 4h 12 2 10 h 2 10 h 10 3 2 20 40 12 h 50 15 15 30 2 1 25 2 3 25 2 2000 d 40 20 15 20 20 50 1500 d 40 200 200 100 200 50 60

5144.3 5201.5 5209.2 5270.3 5397.8 5552.35 5599.41 5655.2 5719.2 5742.55 5818.3 5860.2 5973.0 6059.1 6128.0 6134.82 6475.73 6476.24 6497.7 6577.2 6600.2 6808.6 6991.12 7033. 7036.15 7381. 7502.33 7637. 7750. 7838.70 7840.33 7965. 8008. 8050. 8070. 8328. 8388. 8532. 8544.54 8579.74 8653. 8754.88 8761.54 8863. 8907.81 9657.04 9827.78 10104.5 10138.8 10300.6 10536.19 11072.44 11710.37 11999.49 12165.08 12690.04 12817.8 14330.5 16001.5 22551.6

Intensity II II II II II I I II II I II II II II II I I I II II II II I II I II I II II I I II III II III II II II I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Wavelength/Å

Boron B Z = 5 41.00 30 48.59 10 52.68 30 60.31 194.37 262.37 160 344.0 450 385.0 40 411.80 285 418.7 20 510.77 40 510.85 512.53 150 518.24 75 518.27 110 677.00 160 677.14 40 693.95 40 731.36 40 731.44 749.74 40 758.48 70 758.67 110 882.54 110 882.68 40 984.67 110 1081.88 110 1082.07 70 1112.2 450 1168.9 70 1170.9 110 1230.16 220 1362.46 70 1600.46 120 1600.73 160 1623.58 110 1623.77 220 1624.02 70 1624.16 160 1624.34 100 1663.04 150 1666.87 200 1667.29 150 1817.86 200 1818.37 300 1825.91 300 1826.41 110 1842.81 20 1953.83 550 2065.78 250 2066.38 250 2066.65 100 2066.93 300 2067.19 450 2067.23 160 2077.09 500 2088.91 500 2089.57 70 2220.30 40 2234.09

V V IV IV V V IV IV III IV III III V III III III III II II II V III III II II II II II IV IV IV II II I I II II II II II I I I I I I I II III III I I I I III III I I II III

5/4/05 8:03:20 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-10 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

70 40 40 40 220 40 40 1000 1000 70 160 450 70 285 160 110 70 110 110 450 285 110 40 70 110 110 220 360 70 110 110 70 70 40 110 70 20 70 800 570 125 200 250 235

2234.59 2323.03 2328.67 2393.20 2395.05 2459.69 2459.90 2496.77 2497.73 2524.7 2530.3 2821.68 2824.57 2825.85 2918.08 3032.26 3179.33 3323.18 3323.60 3451.29 4121.93 4194.79 4242.98 4243.61 4472.10 4472.85 4487.05 4497.73 4784.21 4940.38 6080.44 6285.47 7030.20 7031.90 7835.25 7841.41 8667.22 8668.57 11660.04 11662.47 15629.08 16240.38 16244.67 18994.33

III II II II II II II I I IV IV IV IV IV II II II II II II II II III III II II III III II II II II II II III III I I I I I I I I

Bromine Br 700 700 800 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Z = 35 379.73 400.37 482.11 531.97 545.43 547.90 559.76 569.19 576.59 585.10 586.71 597.51 600.09 601.27 607.03 617.85

IV IV V V IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

Section 10.indb 10

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 700 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1200 1200 7500 1200 1500 1000 1500 1200 1200 1000 1000 3000 3000 1000 2000 12000 3000 50000 30000 25000 30000 20000 25000 75000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 700 1000 600 1000 1100 h 500 h

619.87 630.14 642.23 661.53 683.51 697.72 715.39 731.00 800.12 812.95 813.66 850.81 889.23 948.97 1015.54 1049.00 1069.15 1112.13 1143.56 1189.28 1189.50 1210.73 1221.13 1223.24 1224.41 1226.90 1232.43 1243.90 1251.66 1255.80 1259.20 1261.66 1266.20 1279.48 1286.26 1309.91 1316.74 1317.37 1317.70 1384.60 1449.90 1488.45 1531.74 1540.65 1574.84 1576.39 1582.31 1633.40 2133.79 2145.02 2257.21 2272.73 2307.40 2408.16 2411.58 2491.14 2581.19 2661.40 2842.88 2907.71 2972.26

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV V II II II II V V V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 500 500 500 500 500 1200 1500 1000 2000 1000 1500 10000 10000 20000 1000 3000 15000 3000 2500 2500 4000 1600 4000 1200 1200 1800 1600 2400 40000 2000 1500 60000 2500 1800 1000 20000 1500 50000 c 1000 1800 20000 1500 50000 c 20000 10000 8000 2000 2000 2200 6500 1600 c 1800 10000 2000 10000 40000 1600 1800 2000 30000

3041.18 3074.42 3349.64 3380.56 3540.16 3562.43 3815.65 3992.36 4223.89 4365.14 4365.60 4425.14 4441.74 4472.61 4477.72 4490.42 4513.44 4525.59 4575.74 4614.58 4752.28 4780.31 4785.19 4979.76 5395.48 5466.22 5852.08 5940.48 6122.14 6148.60 6177.39 6335.48 6350.73 6410.32 6483.56 6514.62 6544.57 6548.09 6559.80 6571.31 6579.14 6582.17 6620.47 6631.62 6682.28 6692.13 6728.28 6760.06 6779.48 6786.74 6790.04 6791.48 6861.15 7005.19 7260.45 7348.51 7512.96 7591.61 7595.07 7616.41 7803.02

IV III III IV III III I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1200 2500 s 2500 2500 30000 c 3000 3000 8000 10000 30000 2000 2500 30000 1000 c 10000 25000 5000 15000 75000 c 20000 10000 1200 40000 4000 1500 1000 1000 20000 4000 10000 c 15000 25000 4000 30000 6000 1800 9000 30000 15000 20000 40000 15000 6000 10000 3000 6000 1000 1500 30000 1000 3000 1700 1800 1250 1800 1200 3500 1000 1000 1200 4000

7827.23 7881.45 7881.57 7925.81 7938.68 7947.94 7950.18 7978.44 7978.57 7989.94 8026.35 8026.54 8131.52 8152.65 8153.75 8154.00 8246.86 8264.96 8272.44 8334.70 8343.70 8384.04 8446.55 8477.45 8513.38 8557.73 8566.28 8638.66 8698.53 8793.47 8819.96 8825.22 8888.98 8897.62 8932.40 8949.39 8964.00 9166.06 9173.63 9178.16 9265.42 9320.86 9793.48 9896.40 10140.08 10237.74 10299.62 10377.65 10457.96 10742.14 10755.92 13217.17 14354.57 14888.70 16731.19 18568.31 19733.62 20281.73 20624.67 21787.24 22865.65

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:03:24 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 500 500 600 150 120

23513.15 28346.50 30380.85 31630.13 38345.75 39964.36

I I I I I I

Cadmium Cd Z = 48 50 427.01 50 447.85 60 480.90 70 493.00 70 495.13 70 498.14 70 498.53 80 504.09 70 504.20 70 504.50 80 506.31 60 508.01 50 508.95 70 509.55 70 511.40 80 513.00 70 514.50 60 519.42 80 524.41 70 524.47 70 525.10 60 525.19 70 527.07 80 531.09 80 531.51 70 534.29 70 536.77 60 540.90 70 541.74 80 542.60 80 546.55 60 553.06 80 554.05 60 567.01 150 1118.16 100 1164.65 100 1183.40 100 1256.00 150 1296.43 100 1326.50 60 1370.48 150 1370.91 60 1418.89 200 1514.26 50 1545.17 200 1571.58 100 1668.60 50 1702.47 40 1707.16 40 1722.95 50 1724.41 40 1747.67 40 1773.06 100 1785.84

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II II II IV II IV II III II II II III III II III III II

Section 10.indb 11

10-11 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

75 40 100 50 40 40 200 150 300 100 40 30 200 100 50 75 40 50 75 150 50 1000 r 50 100 1000 1000 1500 r 1000 200 40 50 50 40 40 50 30 25 h 50 50 25 3 500 50 30 25 h 50 40 75 40 50 h 25 50 100 25 50 75 50 1000 100 h 50 h 50

1793.40 1823.41 1827.70 1844.66 1851.13 1855.85 1856.67 1874.08 1922.23 1943.54 1965.54 1986.89 1995.43 2007.49 2032.45 2036.23 2039.83 2045.61 2087.91 2096.00 2111.60 2144.41 2155.06 2187.79 2194.56 2265.02 2288.022 2312.77 2321.07 2376.82 2418.69 2469.73 2487.93 2495.58 2509.11 2516.22 2525.196 2544.613 2551.98 2553.465 2565.789 2572.93 2580.106 2592.026 2602.048 2628.979 2632.190 2639.420 2659.23 2660.325 2668.20 2672.62 2677.540 2677.748 2707.00 2712.505 2733.820 2748.54 2763.894 2764.230 2774.958

III III II III III III III III II II II II II II II II III III III II III II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I I II I I II I I I I I I II I II II I I II I I II I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

30 200 25 100 200 r 50 r 200 50 200 1000 r 200 r 50 50 150 25 30 100 200 50 150 300 300 50 50 30 800 50 50 100 1000 800 25 150 25 100 100 1000 800 60 20 10 100 200 50 100 8 100 3 1000 30 8 200 30 300 50 50 1000 h 6 100 100 1000

2823.19 2836.900 2856.46 2868.180 2880.767 2881.224 2914.67 2927.87 2929.27 2980.620 2981.362 2981.845 3030.60 3080.822 3081.48 3082.593 3092.34 3133.167 3146.79 3250.33 3252.524 3261.055 3343.21 3385.49 3388.88 3403.652 3417.49 3442.42 3464.43 3466.200 3467.655 3483.08 3495.44 3499.952 3524.11 3535.69 3610.508 3612.873 3614.453 3649.558 3981.926 4029.12 4134.77 4141.49 4285.08 4306.672 4412.41 4412.989 4415.63 4440.45 4662.352 4678.149 4744.69 4799.912 4881.72 5025.50 5085.822 5154.660 5268.01 5271.60 5337.48

II I II I I I II II II I I I II I II I II I II II I I II II II I II II II I I II II I II II I I I I I II II II II I II I II II I I II I II II I I II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 200 40 50 300 100 100 30 400 500 2000 400 25 500 100 30 50 100 1000 50 5 20 15 35 80 55 d 25 35

5378.13 5381.89 5843.30 5880.22 6099.142 6111.49 6325.166 6330.013 6354.72 6359.98 6438.470 6464.94 6567.65 6725.78 6759.19 6778.116 7237.01 7284.38 7345.670 8066.99 8200.309 9289. 11652. 14487. 15708. 19120. 24371. 25448.

II II II II I I I I II II I II II II II I II II I II I I I I I I I I

Calcium Ca 250 250 300 250 265 400 300 400 300 450 c 500 300 300 300 250 c 250 450 250 200 750 600 250 750 500 500 400 300 400 750 300 500 24

Z = 20 190.46 196.97 199.55 200.51 257.98 267.77 270.31 280.99 284.98 286.96 322.17 323.22 330.94 334.55 342.45 343.93 352.92 377.18 387.08 425.00 434.57 437.77 443.82 450.57 558.60 637.93 643.12 646.57 656.00 656.76 669.70 1341.89

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V V V V IV IV IV IV V V V V IV V IV II

5/4/05 8:03:27 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-12 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

12 20 20 60 20 40 40 60 20 40 17 16 16 19 21 19 20 10 15 3 19 170 180 150 20 12 19 20 13 18 20 30 40 170 180 20 30 230 220 50 60 30 40 50 50 24 22 22 25 20 23 22 20 19 25 26 25 30 28 20 20

1342.54 1433.75 1545.29 1649.86 1807.34 1814.50 1838.01 1840.06 1843.09 1850.69 2123.03 2152.43 2687.76 2881.78 2899.79 2924.33 2988.63 3006.86 3028.59 3055.32 3119.67 3158.87 3179.33 3181.28 3316.51 3361.92 3372.67 3461.87 3487.60 3537.77 3644.41 3683.70 3694.11 3706.03 3736.90 3755.67 3758.39 3933.66 3968.47 4097.10 4109.82 4110.28 4206.18 4220.07 4226.73 4283.01 4289.36 4298.99 4302.53 4302.81 4307.74 4318.65 4355.08 4399.59 4425.44 4434.96 4435.69 4454.78 4455.89 4456.61 4472.04

Section 10.indb 12

Intensity II II III II II II II II II II III III III III III III III I III I III II II II II I III II I III I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I III I I I III I I I I I I II

20 19 23 22 23 23 24 24 20 30 40 40 25 70 80 40 23 25 22 23 22 24 25 60 70 50 27 23 25 27 24 26 25 24 24 30 27 29 22 30 22 24 26 28 35 30 22 80 34 29 32 28 23 30 33 31 33 30 60 80 20

Wavelength/Å 4489.18 4499.88 4526.94 4578.55 4581.40 4581.47 4585.87 4585.96 4685.27 4716.74 4721.03 4799.97 4878.13 5001.48 5019.97 5021.14 5041.62 5188.85 5261.71 5262.24 5264.24 5265.56 5270.27 5285.27 5307.22 5339.19 5349.47 5512.98 5581.97 5588.76 5590.12 5594.47 5598.49 5601.29 5602.85 5857.45 6102.72 6122.22 6161.29 6162.17 6163.76 6166.44 6169.06 6169.56 6439.07 6449.81 6455.60 6456.87 6462.57 6471.66 6493.78 6499.65 6572.78 6717.69 7148.15 7202.19 7326.15 7575.81 7581.11 7601.30 7602.32

II III I I I I I I I II II II I II II II I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40 60 20 20 70 100 110 70 130 170 160 100 110 110 90 100 110 25 100 110 80 80 110 90 100 20 20 25 24 25 30 21 24 20 22 21 20 24 30 48 49 47 50 35 34 23 24 25 30

7820.78 7843.38 8017.50 8020.50 8133.05 8201.72 8248.80 8254.73 8498.02 8542.09 8662.14 8912.07 8927.36 9213.90 9312.00 9319.56 9320.65 9416.97 9567.97 9599.24 9601.82 9854.74 9890.63 9931.39 10223.04 10343.81 11838.99 12816.04 12823.86 12909.10 13033.57 13086.44 13134.95 16150.77 16157.36 16197.04 18925.47 18970.14 19046.14 19309.20 19452.99 19505.72 19776.79 19853.10 19862.22 19917.19 19933.70 22624.93 22651.23

Carbon C Z = 6 110 34.973 450 40.268 110 227.19 250 244.91 160 248.66 160 248.74 200 289.14 250 289.23 570 312.42 500 312.46 250 371.69

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V IV V V IV IV IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

250 150 650 700 500 400 500 200 400 500 570 250 250 300 350 400 350 9 30 50 10 20 30 60 150 30 800 9 10 10 80 150 150 150 150 370 350 330 500 350 370 150 150 200 300 300 300 300 100 150 150 100 100 100 250 250 300 300 200 100 9

371.75 371.78 384.03 384.18 386.203 419.52 419.71 450.734 459.46 459.52 459.63 511.522 535.288 538.080 538.149 538.312 574.281 595.022 687.053 687.345 858.092 858.559 903.624 903.962 904.142 904.480 977.03 1009.86 1010.08 1010.37 1036.337 1037.018 1157.910 1158.019 1158.035 1174.93 1175.26 1175.59 1175.71 1175.99 1176.37 1188.992 1189.447 1189.631 1193.009 1193.031 1193.240 1193.264 1193.393 1193.649 1193.679 1194.064 1194.488 1261.552 1277.245 1277.282 1277.513 1277.550 1280.333 1311.363 1323.951

III III IV IV III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II I I I III III III III III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II

5/4/05 8:03:30 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

120 120 150 300 100 150 120 100 200 120 150 1000 900 150 400 400 100 400 150 120 300 120 120 150 500 1000 250 40 5 20 800 800 250 350 200 l 300 s 250 h 150 110 l 150 l 150 l 350 l 250 1000 800 200 800 h 350 350 350 570 800 150 200 250 250 250 350 l 150 250 h 800

1329.578 1329.600 1334.532 1335.708 1354.288 1355.84 1364.164 1459.032 1463.336 1467.402 1481.764 1548.202 1550.774 1560.310 1560.683 1560.708 1561.341 1561.438 1656.266 1656.928 1657.008 1657.380 1657.907 1658.122 1751.823 1930.905 2162.94 2270.91 2277.25 2277.92 2296.87 2478.56 2509.12 2512.06 2524.41 2529.98 2574.83 2697.75 2724.85 2725.30 2725.90 2741.28 2746.49 2836.71 2837.60 2982.11 2992.62 3876.19 3876.41 3876.66 3918.98 3920.69 4056.06 4067.94 4068.91 4070.26 4074.52 4075.85 4162.86 4186.90 4267.00

Section 10.indb 13

I I II II I I I I I I I IV IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I III V V V III I II II IV IV II III III III III II II II II III II II II II II II III III III III II II III III II

10-13 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 200 600 520 375 200 w 200 200 200 5 5 200 350 350 350 570 400 300 250 350 450 250 200 150 570 350 200 250 110 150 300 250 800 570 200 150 250 150 h 250 250 250 200 350 800 1000 150 90 w 200 200 300 h 150 520 300 250 200 200 250 450 300 800 150

4267.26 4325.56 4647.42 4650.25 4651.47 4658.30 4665.86 4771.75 4932.05 4943.88 4944.56 5052.17 5132.94 5133.28 5143.49 5145.16 5151.09 5380.34 5648.07 5662.47 5695.92 5801.33 5811.98 5826.42 5889.77 5891.59 6001.13 6006.03 6007.18 6010.68 6013.22 6014.84 6578.05 6582.88 6587.61 6744.38 6783.90 7037.25 7113.18 7115.19 7115.63 7116.99 7119.90 7231.32 7236.42 7612.65 7726.2 7860.89 8058.62 8196.48 8332.99 8335.15 8500.32 9061.43 9062.47 9078.28 9088.51 9094.83 9111.80 9405.73 9603.03

II III III III III IV III I I V V I II II II II II I II II III IV IV III II II I I I I I I II II I III II III I I II I II II II III IV I I III III I III I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

250 300 200 300 12 23 13 47 24 85 142 114 11 17 30 26 20 38 16 61 12 13 12 50 10 11 13 23

9620.80 9658.44 10683.08 10691.25 11619.29 11628.83 11658.85 11659.68 11669.63 11748.22 11753.32 11754.76 11777.54 11892.91 11895.75 12614.10 13502.27 14399.65 14403.25 14420.12 14429.03 14442.24 16559.66 16890.38 17338.56 17448.60 18139.80 19721.99

Cerium Ce 300 200 40 30 75 75 100 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 15000 10000 10000 10000 10000 20000 10000 340 270 250 10000 10000 400 10000 50000 95000 20000 40000 20000 680

Z = 58 399.36 482.96 741.79 754.60 1332.16 1372.72 2000.42 2009.94 2318.64 2372.34 2380.12 2431.45 2439.80 2454.32 2469.95 2483.82 2497.50 2531.99 2603.59 2651.01 2830.90 2874.14 2923.81 2931.54 2976.91 3022.75 3031.58 3055.59 3056.56 3057.23 3057.58 3063.01

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III II II II III III II III III III III III III II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40000 20000 30000 30000 20000 20000 20000 710 990 710 880 710 20000 710 990 20000 10000 30000 40000 30000 40000 60000 710 50000 60000 770 50000 1200 1000 1800 880 880 1000 1000 1400 800 860 2500 800 1000 1100 860 860 1200 1200 1100 1500 1000 770 980 770 770 770 2000 2700 770 3100 980 770 770 770

3085.10 3106.98 3110.53 3121.56 3141.29 3143.96 3147.06 3194.83 3201.71 3218.94 3221.17 3227.11 3228.57 3234.16 3272.25 3353.29 3395.77 3427.36 3443.63 3454.39 3459.39 3470.92 3485.05 3497.81 3504.64 3539.08 3544.07 3560.80 3577.45 3655.85 3660.64 3667.98 3709.29 3709.93 3716.37 3728.42 3786.63 3801.52 3803.09 3808.11 3838.54 3848.59 3853.15 3854.18 3854.31 3878.36 3882.45 3889.98 3907.29 3912.44 3918.28 3931.09 3940.34 3942.15 3942.75 3943.89 3952.54 3956.28 3960.91 3967.05 3978.65

III III III III III III III II II II II II III II II III III III III III III III II III III II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

5/4/05 8:03:32 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-14 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

770 700 910 2800 910 2700 910 840 840 840 2100 910 700 1100 1800 1500 1500 910 770 980 980 2700 2000 770 980 1400 1300 3500 840 910 1500 770 980 1100 2000 1500 770 770 980 700 910 910 700 1700 980 770 2400 1400 700 700 840 770 840 840 840 2100 1100 840 1700 310 470

3984.68 3992.39 3993.82 3999.24 4003.77 4012.39 4014.90 4024.49 4028.41 4031.34 4040.76 4042.58 4053.51 4071.81 4073.48 4075.71 4075.85 4083.23 4118.14 4123.87 4127.37 4133.80 4137.65 4142.40 4149.94 4151.97 4165.61 4186.60 4198.72 4202.94 4222.60 4227.75 4239.92 4248.68 4289.94 4296.67 4300.33 4306.72 4337.77 4349.79 4364.66 4382.17 4386.84 4391.66 4418.78 4449.34 4460.21 4471.24 4479.36 4483.90 4486.91 4523.08 4527.35 4528.47 4539.75 4562.36 4572.28 4593.93 4628.16 4737.28 5079.68

Section 10.indb 14

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

280 280 370 260 260 340 450 300 280 260 300 370 240 230 55 55 55 75 110 10000 110 55 10000 45 45 35 35 35 35 23 28 45 35 28 23 35 35 35 28 23 35 23 35 28 35 23 45 23 22 30 22 26 35 30 35 30 30 35 35 22 25

5159.69 5161.48 5187.46 5223.46 5245.92 5274.23 5353.53 5393.40 5409.23 5512.08 5696.99 5699.23 5719.03 5940.86 6001.90 6005.86 6006.82 6013.42 6024.20 6032.54 6043.39 6047.40 6060.91 6098.34 6123.67 6143.36 6186.17 6208.98 6228.94 6232.45 6237.45 6272.05 6295.58 6299.51 6300.21 6310.01 6343.95 6371.11 6386.84 6393.02 6430.07 6436.40 6458.03 6467.39 6473.72 6513.59 6555.65 6579.10 6612.06 6628.93 6652.72 6700.66 6704.27 6774.28 6775.59 6924.81 6986.02 7061.75 7086.35 7238.36 7252.75

Intensity I I II I I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I III II I III II I II I I I II I II I II I I II II I II I I I I I II I I I I II I I II I I I II II II I

25 25 25 25 22 22 30 25 30 Cesium Ce 10000 2000 2500 5000 3500 15000 20000 20000 5000 12000 15000 15000 7500 35000 15000 40000 25000 c 17 c 12 10 20 c 11 12 12 25 25 c 12 17 710 120 330 540 410 210 200 1000 230 390 1600 1600 890 410 1400 430 16000 390 6200 370 710 390 270

Wavelength/Å 7329.91 7397.77 7616.11 7689.17 7844.94 7857.54 8025.56 8772.14 8891.20

I I II II II II II II II

Z = 55 614.01 638.17 666.25 691.60 703.89 718.14 721.79 722.20 731.56 740.29 808.76 813.84 830.39 901.27 920.35 926.66 1054.79 1673.99 1705.25 1801.83 1822.40 1823.93 1824.70 1841.80 1915.50 1923.29 1961.33 1996.56 2035.11 2056.43 2076.43 2077.30 2088.68 2101.63 2141.47 2316.88 2325.95 2340.49 2455.81 2477.57 2485.45 2495.07 2525.67 2573.05 2596.86 2610.12 2630.51 2700.32 2701.20 2776.44 2810.87

III III III III III II III III III III II II III II III II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

630 3100 200 180 3200 210 1700 1100 c 1400 8400 1300 550 430 1200 400 580 480 7200 1300 2300 300 c 520 4800 640 430 2100 c 2900 600 c 2700 680 c 3100 420 520 14000 18000 w 370 1200 940 530 12000 1200 590 20000 1000 c 460 c 99900 420 h 210 25000 140 19000 37000 370 27000 75000 29000 11000 10000 c 22000 230 60 c

2845.70 2859.32 2893.85 2921.13 2976.86 3001.28 3066.59 3149.36 3152.36 3268.32 3315.51 3340.60 3344.02 3349.46 3463.45 3476.83 3559.82 3597.45 3608.31 3618.19 3641.34 3651.08 3661.40 3699.50 3837.46 3876.15 3888.37 3888.61 3925.60 4001.70 4006.55 4006.78 4043.42 4264.70 4277.13 4403.86 4410.22 4425.68 4471.48 4501.55 4506.72 4522.86 4526.74 4555.28 4593.17 4603.79 4620.61 4665.52 4830.19 4851.59 4870.04 4952.85 5035.72 5043.80 5227.04 5249.38 5274.05 5349.13 5370.99 5380.79 5465.94

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III I III I III III III III III II II III III III III II III III II I I II III III II III II II III II II II II II II III I

5/4/05 8:03:34 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

37 39000 100 210 c 27 24000 59 c 300 51000 140 110 640 c 86 150 870 9800 330 1000 170 450 320 c 510 8300 10000 w 490 97 8800 3300 c 9600 400 200 300 37000 4800 16000 980 13000 w 1900 c 790 130 1100 2600 c 3300 22000 3500 510 4500 59000 c 15000 c 61000 c 18000 5200 19000 4800 26000 2900 38000 c 8400 5700 55000 c 820

5502.88 5563.02 5635.21 5664.02 5745.72 5831.14 5838.83 5845.14 5925.63 5950.14 5979.97 6010.49 6034.09 6043.99 6079.86 6128.61 6150.42 6213.10 6217.60 6242.96 6354.55 6456.33 6495.53 6536.44 6586.51 6628.66 6646.57 6723.28 6724.47 6753.12 6824.65 6870.45 6955.50 6973.30 6979.67 6983.49 7149.54 7219.60 7228.53 7279.90 7279.96 7608.90 7943.88 7997.44 8015.73 8078.94 8079.04 8521.13 8761.41 8943.47 9172.32 9208.53 10024.36 10123.41 10123.60 13424.31 13588.29 13602.56 13758.81 14694.91 16535.63

Section 10.indb 15

I II I I I II I I II III III I I III III II III I I III I III II II I I II I II III I I II I II I II III I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-15 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1500 760 880 1100 3900 4400 850 890 d 500 680 c 2800 610 c 1100 190 2c 2d 1

17012.32 20138.47 22811.86 23037.98 23344.47 24251.21 24374.96 25763.51 25764.73 29310.06 30103.27 30953.06 34900.13 36131.00 39177.28 39421.25 39424.11

Chlorine Cl 500 800 800 700 600 900 500 600 800 600 1000 600 1000 500 700 600 700 600 700 700 350 700 700 700 400 800 500 500 500 700 600 800 700 800 1000 1000 1000 1300 2000 1500 1500 1500 2000

Z = 17 392.43 486.17 534.73 535.67 536.15 537.61 538.03 538.12 542.23 542.30 545.11 546.33 547.63 549.22 552.02 553.30 554.62 556.23 556.61 557.12 559.305 561.53 561.68 561.74 571.904 574.406 601.50 604.59 606.35 618.057 619.982 620.298 626.735 635.881 636.626 650.894 659.811 661.841 663.074 682.053 687.656 693.594 725.271

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V IV IV IV IV IV V IV V V V V V IV IV IV IV III III III II III III III II II IV IV III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2500 2000 5000 5000 5000 500 500 6000 8000 600 5000 2000 2000 2000 500 600 40 700 25 25 75 500 600 150 700 90 6000 3000 9000 6000 5000 5000 200 200 250 400 350 250 250 400 350 350 400 250 300 200 200 500 800 800 3000 1200 900 3000 10000 5000 12000 2500 20000 25000 20000

728.951 777.562 787.580 788.740 793.342 834.84 834.97 839.297 839.599 840.93 851.691 888.026 893.549 961.499 973.21 977.56 978.284 984.95 998.372 998.432 1002.346 1005.28 1008.78 1013.664 1015.02 1025.553 1063.831 1067.945 1071.036 1071.767 1075.230 1079.080 1084.667 1085.171 1085.304 1088.06 1090.271 1090.982 1092.437 1094.769 1095.148 1095.662 1095.797 1096.810 1097.369 1098.068 1099.523 1107.528 1139.214 1167.148 1179.293 1188.774 1201.353 1335.726 1347.240 1351.657 1363.447 1373.116 1379.528 1389.693 1389.957

II II II II II IV IV II II IV II II II II IV IV I IV I I I III III I III I II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

12000 500 500 500 500 500 600 500 500 500 500 450 h 450 350 h 350 h 700 500 500 700 600 500 600 600 600 700 600 600 500 500 600 500 500 500 600 700 500 500 700 600 500 600 600 800 900 700 700 800 900 800 800 900 800 900 800 700 700 700 700 600 600 800

1396.527 1441.470 1528.569 1542.942 1558.144 1565.050 1822.50 1828.40 1857.488 1901.61 1983.61 1997.370 2032.116 2088.583 2091.458 2253.07 2268.95 2278.34 2283.93 2323.50 2336.45 2340.64 2359.67 2370.37 2416.42 2447.14 2448.58 2486.91 2532.48 2580.67 2603.59 2632.67 2633.18 2665.54 2710.37 2724.03 2751.23 2782.47 2965.56 3063.13 3076.68 3104.46 3139.34 3191.45 3289.80 3320.57 3329.06 3340.42 3392.89 3393.45 3530.03 3560.68 3602.10 3612.85 3622.69 3656.95 3670.28 3682.05 3705.45 3707.34 3720.45

I II II II II II III III II III III II II II II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV IV III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

5/4/05 8:03:37 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-16 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

800 500 10000 25000 500 700 600 600 500 500 10000 h 500 40 50 80 45 40 45 13000 99000 29000 16000 81000 47000 26000 10000 26000 30 56000 23000 15000 99000 10000 19000 10000 40 50 d 45 30 50 200 160 150 300 300 600 7500 5000 550 550 700 11000 2300 450 7000 10000 2200 650 2200 1700 3000

3748.81 3779.35 3850.99 3860.83 3925.87 3991.50 4018.50 4059.07 4104.23 4106.83 4132.50 4608.21 4623.938 4654.040 4661.208 4691.523 4721.255 4740.729 4781.32 4794.55 4810.06 4819.47 4896.77 4904.78 4917.73 4995.48 5078.26 5099.789 5217.94 5221.36 5392.12 5423.23 5423.51 5443.37 5444.21 5532.162 5796.305 5799.914 5856.742 6019.812 6140.245 6194.757 6434.833 6932.903 6981.886 7086.814 7256.62 7414.11 7462.370 7489.47 7492.118 7547.072 7672.42 7702.828 7717.581 7744.97 7769.16 7771.09 7821.36 7830.75 7878.22

Section 10.indb 16

III III II II III III III III III III II III I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2300 1800 3000 2100 1700 650 1500 1300 600 2900 2200 1100 400 1700 2200 3000 1300 2500 2200 2200 800 18000 3000 20000 18000 99900 400 15000 2200 2200 20000 750 75000 450 300 3500 2200 3000 2000 2500 1000 2000 7500 3000 500 4000 1500 3500 500 1000 3500 250 1000 250 200 400 331 300 269 1000 350

7899.31 7915.08 7924.645 7933.89 7935.012 7952.52 7974.72 7976.97 7980.60 7997.85 8015.61 8023.33 8051.07 8084.51 8085.56 8086.67 8087.73 8194.42 8199.13 8200.21 8203.78 8212.04 8220.45 8221.74 8333.31 8375.94 8406.199 8428.25 8467.34 8550.44 8575.24 8578.02 8585.97 8628.54 8641.71 8686.26 8912.92 8948.06 9038.982 9045.43 9069.656 9073.17 9121.15 9191.731 9197.596 9288.86 9393.862 9452.10 9486.964 9584.801 9592.22 9632.509 9702.439 9744.426 9807.057 9875.970 10392.549 11123.05 11409.69 11436.33 13243.8

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

310 550 525 294 269 381 1094 1487 2780 277 342 735 283 259 717 100

13296.0 13346.8 13821.7 14931.7 15108.0 15465.1 15520.3 15730.1 15869.7 15883.3 15928.9 15960.0 15970.5 16198.5 19755.3 24470.0 39716.0 40085.5 40089.5 40532.2

Chromium Cr Z = 24 100 438.62 100 464.02 100 620.66 100 629.26 80 630.30 100 666.55 100 693.92 60 1030.47 100 1033.69 100 1036.03 80 1055.89 80 1068.41 100 1116.48 150 1121.07 150 1127.63 100 1263.50 100 1417.42 150 1465.86 150 1497.97 170 1519.03 220 1579.70 170 1591.72 150 1603.19 120 1672.66 120 1758.51 140 1802.72 130 1812.41 200 1837.44 140 1873.89 140 1967.18 120 1972.07 19000 2055.52 14000 2061.49 8900 2065.42 200 2226.72 200 2235.91 150 2237.59 150 2244.10 150 2284.44 150 2324.88

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V IV IV IV IV IV III III III IV III V V V V IV V V V V V V IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV II II II III III III III III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

130 140 170 110 190 110 390 190 160 130 150 100 380 250 250 320 440 280 350 280 1800 320 230 280 180 180 110 140 170 420 h 280 h 170 h 250 110 h 330 390 280 110 h 150 350 750 750 250 h 610 180 180 2500 110 1700 1200 120 880 610 440 790 750 610 480 210 110 160

2383.33 2408.62 2496.31 2502.53 2504.31 2516.92 2519.52 2527.12 2549.54 2560.69 2571.74 2577.65 2591.85 2653.59 2658.59 2663.42 2666.02 2668.71 2671.81 2672.83 2677.16 2678.79 2687.09 2691.04 2698.41 2698.69 2701.99 2712.31 2722.75 2726.51 2731.91 2736.47 2743.64 2748.29 2748.98 2750.73 2751.87 2752.88 2757.10 2757.72 2762.59 2766.54 2769.92 2780.70 2822.37 2830.47 2835.63 2840.02 2843.25 2849.84 2851.36 2855.68 2858.91 2860.93 2862.57 2865.11 2866.74 2867.65 2870.44 2871.63 2873.48

I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I I I II I II II II I I II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II

5/4/05 8:03:39 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

320 230 180 120 170 700 370 190 210 180 260 260 250 480 480 210 480 190 350 110 480 1500 2100 660 160 480 230 300 700 210 1100 750 140 710 710 1400 710 2800 430 240 430 2800 1100 170 710 140 390 550 550 110 710 240 430 470 120 590 140 140 100 100 240

2875.99 2876.24 2877.98 2879.27 2887.00 2889.29 2893.25 2894.17 2896.75 2905.49 2909.05 2910.90 2911.14 2967.64 2971.11 2971.91 2975.48 2979.74 2980.79 2985.32 2985.85 2986.00 2986.47 2988.65 2989.19 2991.89 2994.07 2995.10 2996.58 2998.79 3000.89 3005.06 3013.03 3013.71 3014.76 3014.92 3015.19 3017.57 3018.50 3018.82 3020.67 3021.56 3024.35 3029.16 3030.24 3031.35 3034.19 3037.04 3040.85 3050.14 3053.88 3118.65 3120.37 3124.94 3128.70 3132.06 3136.68 3147.23 3155.15 3163.76 3180.70

Section 10.indb 17

II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II II II II II II I I II

10-17 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

220 170 140 120 130 130 130 110 170 160 430 140 170 360 210 270 140 270 160 140 170 170 190 130 100 120 130 130 330 h 19000 160 h 130 17000 350 13000 130 350 630 220 220 170 220 130 120 130 130 130 150 480 570 340 230 260 130 130 120 130 140 200 530 110

3197.08 3209.18 3217.40 3245.54 3251.84 3257.82 3339.80 3342.59 3358.50 3360.30 3368.05 3382.68 3403.32 3408.76 3421.21 3422.74 3433.31 3433.60 3436.19 3441.44 3445.62 3447.43 3453.33 3455.60 3460.43 3550.64 3566.16 3573.64 3574.80 3578.69 3584.33 3585.30 3593.49 3601.67 3605.33 3632.84 3636.59 3639.80 3641.83 3649.00 3653.91 3656.26 3663.21 3685.55 3686.80 3687.25 3730.81 3732.03 3743.58 3743.88 3749.00 3757.66 3768.24 3791.38 3792.14 3793.29 3793.88 3797.13 3797.72 3804.80 3806.83

II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 180 180 130 130 380 190 140 290 140 190 110 140 260 660 570 380 260 360 960 120 hd 120 190 1900 600 600 410 1900 120 1600 1600 960 190 160 960 160 190 160 120 120 190 160 120 140 120 140 170 170 110 20000 110 16000 10000 780 1100 380 1900 380 2300 570 530

3807.93 3815.43 3819.56 3826.42 3830.03 3841.28 3848.98 3849.36 3850.04 3852.22 3854.22 3855.29 3855.57 3857.63 3883.29 3885.22 3886.79 3894.04 3902.92 3908.76 3911.82 3915.84 3916.24 3919.16 3921.02 3928.64 3941.49 3963.69 3969.06 3969.75 3976.66 3983.91 3984.34 3989.99 3991.12 3991.67 3992.84 4001.44 4012.47 4026.17 4039.10 4048.78 4058.77 4126.52 4153.82 4163.62 4174.80 4179.26 4209.37 4254.35 4263.14 4274.80 4289.72 4337.57 4339.45 4339.72 4344.51 4351.05 4351.77 4359.63 4371.28

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 530 110 660 380 380 240 240 240 140 600 120 120 360 360 480 240 600 550 1600 570 840 240 d 190 240 120 140 340 190 120 110 140 130 260 110 70 110 60 70 70 70 85 5300 8400 11000 85 290 530 180 95 h 70 h 340 70 h 660 85 340 h 70 h 780 380 40 1400

4374.16 4384.98 4458.54 4496.86 4526.47 4530.74 4535.72 4540.50 4540.72 4544.62 4545.96 4565.51 4571.68 4580.06 4591.39 4600.75 4613.37 4616.14 4626.19 4646.17 4651.28 4652.16 4698.46 4708.04 4718.43 4730.71 4737.35 4756.11 4789.32 4801.03 4829.38 4870.80 4887.01 4922.27 4936.33 4942.50 4954.81 5013.32 5166.23 5184.59 5192.00 5196.44 5204.52 5206.04 5208.44 5224.94 5247.56 5264.15 5265.72 5275.17 5276.03 5296.69 5297.36 5298.27 5300.75 5328.34 5329.17 5345.81 5348.32 5400.61 5409.79

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:03:41 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-18 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

24 7 24 24 40 24 24 24 h 30 h 24 h 19 h 60 h 180 h 35 22 19 21 h 27 h 30 h 85 130 150 40 19

5628.64 5642.36 5664.04 5694.73 5698.33 5702.31 5712.78 5783.11 5783.93 5785.00 5785.82 5787.99 5791.00 6330.10 6362.87 6661.08 6883.03 6924.13 6978.48 7355.90 7400.21 7462.31 8947.15 8976.83

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Cobalt Co Z = 27 20 355.52 18 355.88 12 356.06 66 609.16 70 609.21 64 609.28 10 1018.36 10 1021.14 15 1231.73 50 1277.01 80 1299.58 80 1306.95 50 1345.67 1000 1696.01 800 1697.99 1000 1707.35 5000 1760.35 5000 1773.57 2000 1780.05 3000 1782.97 1000 1787.08 1000 1789.07 1000 1823.08 2000 1830.09 2000 1831.44 5000 1835.00 1500 1842.34 1800 1847.89 1800 1852.71 2400 1855.05 2000 1863.83 1500 1878.28 1800 1936.58 1500 1946.79 1500 1951.90 1800 1954.22

V V V IV IV IV V V V V II II V III III III III III III III III III III III III III I I I I III I I I I I

Section 10.indb 18

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1800 1500 1500 1500 h 1500 h 3000 1800 h 1800 h 1500 1800 2400 h 1500 1800 1500 l 1500 900 50 1200 h 900 50 50 900 1500 1200 50 1500 h 900 900 900 900 900 900 1200 1500 1500 900 900 s 900 900 900 1100 200 200 150 200 1000 200 300 d 300 800 d 2600 500 500 300 200 p 2400 300 p 200 d 500 1400 1600

1955.17 1958.55 1961.59 1968.69 1968.93 1970.71 1971.16 1972.52 1973.85 1976.97 1980.89 1989.80 1990.34 1998.49 2002.32 2008.04 2011.51 2014.58 2016.17 2022.35 2027.04 2031.96 2039.95 2041.11 2065.54 2077.76 2085.67 2087.55 2089.35 2093.40 2094.86 2095.77 2097.51 2104.73 2106.80 2108.98 2117.68 2137.78 2138.97 2163.03 2174.60 2193.60 2256.73 2260.00 2283.52 2286.15 2291.98 2293.38 2301.40 2307.85 2309.02 2311.60 2314.05 2314.96 2317.06 2323.14 2324.31 2326.11 2326.47 2335.99 2338.67

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II I II II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 1600 200 d 2000 500 400 1400 200 300 p 1400 200 500 200 1100 d 200 p 5300 5300 1600 4800 4800 300 4100 3300 2900 2400 200 200 d 200 p 200 200 200 200 570 500 360 200 860 500 4300 200 h 300 500 2900 200 p 720 860 200 d 2900 860 300 1700 200 340 310 310 300 200 960 500 1100 960

2347.39 2352.85 2353.41 2353.42 2363.80 2378.62 2380.48 2381.76 2383.45 2384.86 2386.36 2388.92 2397.38 2402.06 2404.16 2407.25 2411.62 2412.76 2414.46 2415.30 2417.65 2424.93 2432.21 2436.66 2439.05 2442.63 2446.03 2447.69 2450.00 2464.20 2486.44 2498.82 2504.52 2506.46 2506.88 2511.16 2517.87 2519.82 2521.36 2524.65 2524.97 2528.62 2528.97 2530.09 2530.13 2532.18 2533.82 2535.96 2536.49 2541.94 2544.25 2546.74 2548.34 2553.37 2555.07 2559.41 2560.03 2562.15 2564.04 2567.35 2574.35

II I II I II II I II II I II II II I II I I I I I II I I I I II II II II II II II I II I II I II I II II II I II I I II I I II I II I I I II II I II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

800 300 d 500 500 200 100 p 100 100 100 p 100 100 310 770 100 100 200 100 100 100 200 200 190 100 80 190 100 190 100 100 100 100 150 80 80 80 190 100 100 100 690 690 60 3100 1700 80 1100 2200 11000 4500 6700 2200 2700 50 2500 4500 1600 8800 50 4100 2100 21000

2580.32 2582.22 2587.22 2587.52 2588.91 2605.71 2612.50 2614.36 2628.77 2632.26 2636.07 2646.42 2648.64 2653.72 2663.53 2666.73 2675.85 2684.42 2702.02 2706.62 2707.35 2715.99 2727.78 2734.54 2745.10 2753.22 2764.19 2766.70 2774.97 2791.00 2793.73 2815.56 2835.63 2847.35 2871.22 2886.44 2918.38 2930.24 2954.73 2987.16 2989.59 3022.59 3044.00 3061.82 3387.70 3388.17 3395.38 3405.12 3409.18 3412.34 3412.63 3417.16 3423.84 3431.58 3433.04 3442.93 3443.64 3446.39 3449.17 3449.44 3453.50

II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II II II II I II II II I II II II I I II I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I

5/4/05 8:03:44 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 5100 5100 8000 1900 4800 2400 50 9600 7000 50 2900 1400 4800 3800 4800 1300 2700 3800 60 6400 2700 7300 1900 50 1100 80 8800 50 1600 60 2500 60 1000 6700 1900 1600 100 1000 80 60 1100 1400 6900 5500 2800 7900 1500 80 h 6000 970 350 370 350 830 550 2800 4400 90 90 690

3455.23 3462.80 3465.80 3474.02 3483.41 3489.40 3495.69 3501.72 3502.28 3506.32 3507.77 3509.84 3510.43 3512.64 3513.48 3518.35 3520.08 3521.57 3523.43 3523.51 3526.85 3529.03 3529.81 3533.36 3545.03 3560.89 3561.07 3569.38 3574.95 3574.96 3575.32 3575.36 3577.96 3585.16 3587.19 3594.87 3602.08 3621.21 3627.81 3643.61 3681.35 3745.50 3842.05 3845.47 3873.12 3873.96 3894.08 3935.97 3963.10 3995.31 3997.91 4020.90 4045.39 4066.37 4092.39 4110.54 4118.77 4121.32 4190.71 4469.56 4530.96

Section 10.indb 19

I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I II I II I II I II I I I I II I II II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-19 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

90 140 190 120 85 110 100 150 80 h 50 50 50 50 50

4549.66 4565.59 4581.60 4629.38 4663.41 4792.86 4840.27 4867.88 4964.18 5212.71 5230.22 5247.93 5342.71 5352.05

I I I I I I I I II I I I I I

Z = 29 685.141 709.313 718.179 724.489 735.520 736.032 779.295 797.455 810.998 813.883 826.996 848.808 851.303 858.487 861.994 865.390 869.336 873.263 876.723 877.012 877.555 878.699 884.133 885.847 886.943 890.567 892.414 893.678 894.227 896.759 896.976 901.073 906.113 914.213 922.019 924.239 935.232 935.898 943.335 945.525 945.965 954.383 956.290 958.154 960.414 968.042

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Copper Cu 80 100 100 150 200 250 80 100 150 200 300 150 250 250 400 400 250 150 200 250 200 500 100 250 600 600 500 800 400 600 400 600 400 800 600 500 400 600 600 600 500 200 250 400 200 250

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 250 100 250 300 300 300 300 250 500 500 250 200 600 600 600 800 800 500 600 400 600 400 600 600 600 200 200 500 300 200 300 250 150 200 300 100 150 300 150 150 150 300 300 100 100 150 250 150 300 200 200 250 200 300 r 200 r 100 100 150 150 100

974.759 977.567 987.657 992.953 1004.055 1008.569 1008.728 1010.269 1012.597 1018.707 1027.831 1028.328 1030.263 1036.470 1039.348 1039.582 1044.519 1044.744 1049.755 1054.690 1055.797 1056.955 1058.799 1059.096 1060.634 1063.005 1065.782 1066.134 1069.195 1073.745 1088.395 1094.402 1097.053 1119.947 1142.640 1144.856 1250.048 1265.506 1275.572 1282.455 1287.468 1298.395 1308.297 1314.337 1320.686 1326.395 1350.594 1351.837 1355.305 1358.773 1359.009 1362.600 1367.951 1371.840 1376.79 1377.49 1393.128 1398.642 1402.777 1407.169 1414.898

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III III II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

250 250 200 400 250 150 150 200 200 250 200 300 250 200 400 200 400 200 250 200 150 300 r 200 200 750 300 250 250 350 150 250 200 300 350 200 200 500 200 500 600 200 200 150 500 300 250 250 500 200 300 300 750 400 100 300 300 500 250 400 500 300

1418.426 1421.759 1427.829 1430.243 1434.904 1436.236 1442.139 1445.984 1449.058 1450.304 1452.294 1458.002 1459.412 1463.752 1463.838 1466.070 1470.697 1472.395 1473.978 1474.935 1476.059 1481.23 1481.544 1485.328 1488.831 1492.834 1493.366 1495.430 1496.687 1503.368 1504.757 1505.388 1508.632 1510.506 1512.465 1513.366 1514.492 1517.631 1519.492 1519.837 1520.540 1524.860 1525.764 1531.856 1532.131 1533.986 1535.002 1537.559 1540.239 1540.389 1540.588 1541.703 1544.677 1547.958 1550.653 1551.389 1552.646 1553.896 1555.134 1555.703 1558.345

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

5/4/05 8:03:47 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-20 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

400 400 100 300 300 400 500 400 600 500 r 400 400 200 300 400 250 150 200 600 400 250 100 1000 r 250 30 r 200 200 300 100 30 30 30 r 50 r 150 50 r 100 50 r 150 200 r 100 r 250 250 100 200 150 150 500 300 250 270 250 350 300 100 110 320 300 320 350 350 420

1565.924 1566.415 1569.416 1579.492 1580.626 1581.995 1583.682 1590.165 1593.556 1593.75 1598.402 1602.388 1604.848 1605.281 1606.834 1608.639 1610.296 1617.915 1621.426 1622.428 1630.268 1636.605 1642.21 1649.458 1655.32 1656.322 1660.001 1663.002 1672.776 1688.09 1691.08 1703.84 1713.36 1717.721 1725.66 1736.551 1741.57 1753.281 1774.82 1825.35 1929.751 1944.597 1946.493 1957.518 1970.495 1977.027 1979.956 1989.855 1999.698 2035.854 2037.127 2043.802 2054.980 2078.663 2098.398 2104.797 2112.100 2117.310 2122.980 2126.044 2134.341

Section 10.indb 20

II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II III II I II II II II I I I I II I II I II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

900 400 150 1300 r 250 1600 r 700 1700 r 700 900 400 1700 r 1300 r 100 200 750 1600 r 250 1000 r 750 2100 r 150 1600 r 350 2500 r 1100 r 900 2300 r 1000 1300 r 2200 r 150 200 100 2500 r 170 1000 150 2500 r 120 1500 1000 r 100 2000 r 150 120 300 100 150 200 2500 r 200 750 700 650 700 650 300 120 270 2500 r

2135.981 2148.984 2161.320 2165.09 2174.982 2178.94 2179.410 2181.72 2189.630 2192.268 2195.683 2199.58 2199.75 2200.509 2209.806 2210.268 2214.58 2215.106 2215.65 2218.108 2225.70 2226.780 2227.78 2228.868 2230.08 2238.45 2242.618 2244.26 2247.002 2260.53 2263.08 2263.786 2276.258 2286.645 2293.84 2294.368 2303.12 2369.890 2392.63 2403.337 2406.66 2441.64 2485.792 2492.15 2506.273 2526.593 2544.805 2571.756 2590.529 2600.270 2618.37 2666.291 2689.300 2700.962 2703.184 2713.508 2718.778 2721.677 2737.342 2745.271 2766.37

II II II I II I II I II II II I I II II II I II I II I II I II I I II I II I I II II II I II I II I II I I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

800 200 170 100 1250 r 350 100 600 270 2500 r 100 2000 2000 2500 2500 1400 1500 1250 2000 1400 h 1500 1400 1500 h 10000 r 10000 r 1400 h 400 1500 h 110 250 2500 h 200 1500 150 200 450 300 200 100 1250 h 1250 2000 1400 1400 1000 150 170 100 140 160 280 150 170 140 120 120 150 140 1250 100 600

2769.669 2791.795 2799.528 2810.804 2824.37 2837.368 2857.748 2877.100 2884.196 2961.16 2986.335 2997.36 3010.84 3036.10 3063.41 3073.80 3093.99 3099.93 3108.60 3126.11 3194.10 3208.23 3243.16 3247.54 3273.96 3282.72 3290.418 3290.54 3300.881 3301.229 3307.95 3316.276 3337.84 3338.648 3365.648 3370.454 3374.952 3380.712 3384.945 3483.76 3524.23 3530.38 3599.13 3602.03 3686.555 3786.270 3797.849 3818.879 3826.921 3864.137 3884.131 3892.924 3903.177 3920.654 3933.268 3987.024 3993.302 4003.476 4022.63 4032.647 4043.484

II II II II I II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I II I II II II II II II I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 2000 120 500 200 300 500 370 400 500 500 320 200 950 300 500 400 100 400 150 150 500 100 120 2000 120 320 300 450 100 400 120 300 100 150 1000 500 200 900 120 700 500 400 350 400 350 200 300 900 400 500 450 350 450 420 350 1500 250 2000 100 100

4043.751 4062.64 4068.106 4131.363 4143.017 4153.623 4161.140 4164.284 4171.851 4179.512 4211.866 4230.449 4255.635 4275.11 4279.962 4292.470 4365.370 4444.831 4506.002 4516.049 4541.032 4555.920 4596.906 4649.271 4651.12 4661.363 4671.702 4673.577 4681.994 4758.433 4812.948 4851.262 4854.988 4873.304 4901.427 4909.734 4918.376 4926.424 4931.698 4943.026 4953.724 4985.506 5006.801 5009.851 5012.620 5021.279 5039.016 5047.348 5051.793 5058.910 5065.459 5067.094 5072.302 5088.277 5093.816 5100.067 5105.54 5124.476 5153.24 5158.093 5183.367

II I II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II

5/4/05 8:03:49 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2500 100 100 1650 100 1500 1500 150 100 200 120 400 100 650 100 250 150 150 160 300 600 750 500 550 400 300 470 450 750 700 500 1000 350 900 550 400 120 400 750 400 850 200 750 170 950 750 400 220 400 120 200 750 800 450 100 300 400 320 250 320 270

5218.20 5269.991 5276.525 5292.52 5368.383 5700.24 5782.13 5805.989 5833.515 5897.971 5937.577 5941.196 5993.260 6000.120 6023.264 6072.218 6080.343 6099.990 6107.412 6114.493 6150.384 6154.222 6172.037 6186.884 6188.676 6198.092 6204.261 6208.457 6216.939 6219.844 6261.848 6273.349 6288.696 6301.009 6305.972 6312.492 6326.466 6373.268 6377.840 6403.384 6423.884 6442.965 6448.559 6466.246 6470.168 6481.437 6484.421 6517.317 6530.083 6551.286 6577.080 6624.292 6641.396 6660.962 6770.362 6806.216 6809.647 6823.202 6844.157 6868.791 6872.231

Section 10.indb 21

I II II I II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

10-21 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

270 220 150 150 200 300 400 300 250 1000 270 500 700 1000 150 450 800 750 1500 1000 350 300 700 1500 400 400 1200 2000 500 800 250 750 200 500 250 200 600 600 200 550 500 550 450 500 450 550 550 650 450

6879.404 6937.553 6952.871 6977.572 7022.860 7194.896 7326.008 7331.694 7382.277 7404.354 7434.156 7562.015 7652.333 7664.648 7681.788 7744.097 7778.738 7805.184 7807.659 7825.654 7860.577 7890.567 7902.553 7933.13 7944.438 7972.033 7988.163 8092.63 8277.560 8283.160 8503.396 8511.061 8609.134 9813.213 9827.978 9830.798 9861.280 9864.137 9883.969 9916.419 9917.954 9925.594 9938.998 9960.354 10006.588 10022.969 10038.093 10054.938 10080.354

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Dysprosium Dy Z = 66 260 2356.91 240 2410.01 260 2439.84 220 2585.30 440 2634.80 220 2755.75 300 2816.39 390 2913.95 610 3038.28 830 3135.38 500 3141.14

II II II I II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1200 670 1000 470 830 490 490 1200 890 490 1100 780 1000 780 510 510 5300 610 3800 1300 5300 1300 530 780 530 1900 560 1300 3800 830 2700 1300 4400 720 560 560 d 1300 4400 560 830 830 830 1300 560 4400 22000 4400 5500 4400 1700 1400 4400 2200 440 h 440 2200 560 780 1400 4400 1700

3156.52 3162.83 3169.99 3215.19 3216.63 3235.89 3245.12 3251.27 3280.09 3282.77 3308.88 3316.32 3319.88 3341.00 3353.58 3368.11 3385.02 3388.85 3393.57 3396.16 3407.80 3413.78 3414.82 3419.63 3425.06 3434.37 3440.93 3441.45 3445.57 3446.99 3454.32 3456.56 3460.97 3468.43 3471.14 3471.53 3477.07 3494.49 3496.34 3498.71 3504.53 3505.45 3506.81 3517.26 3523.98 3531.70 3534.96 3536.02 3538.52 3542.33 3546.83 3550.22 3551.62 3558.23 3559.30 3563.15 3563.69 3573.83 3574.15 3576.24 3576.87

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

830 440 3300 1400 560 1100 560 560 1800 560 1800 440 560 470 1100 4000 440 1100 11000 1000 700 990 420 1400 2200 640 820 1300 4700 990 540 440 440 420 1600 930 1200 1400 1400 1200 4700 640 640 420 3300 1600 700 510 580 470 470 1400 700 2300 1400 420 420 1200 420 560 1600

3577.98 3580.04 3585.06 3585.78 3586.11 3591.41 3591.81 3592.11 3595.04 3600.38 3606.12 3618.51 3620.16 3624.27 3629.42 3630.24 3632.78 3640.25 3645.40 3648.78 3664.62 3672.30 3672.70 3674.08 3676.59 3678.51 3684.85 3685.78 3694.81 3698.21 3701.63 3707.57 3708.22 3710.07 3724.45 3739.34 3747.82 3753.51 3753.75 3757.05 3757.37 3767.63 3773.05 3781.47 3786.18 3788.44 3791.87 3804.14 3806.27 3812.27 3813.67 3816.76 3825.68 3836.50 3841.31 3846.34 3847.02 3853.03 3858.40 3868.45 3868.81

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II II II II II II II I II II II I II I I I II II II II II I II II II II II II I II I II I

5/4/05 8:03:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-22 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

820 7000 1200 470 5800 540 540 540 d 420 540 2100 10000 800 14000 2700 1400 1600 800 540 1600 8000 420 540 540 540 420 520 d 520 420 420 12000 1600 520 2500 7400 3900 860 1500 490 990 1200 990 5700 930 12000 2200 6800 800 680 680 16000 1800 3700 4400 4400 2700 1000 540 740 420 2100

3869.86 3872.11 3873.99 3879.11 3898.53 3914.87 3915.59 3917.29 3927.86 3930.14 3931.52 3944.68 3957.79 3968.39 3978.57 3981.92 3983.65 3984.21 3991.32 3996.69 4000.45 4005.84 4011.29 4013.82 4014.70 4027.78 4028.32 4032.47 4033.65 4036.32 4045.97 4050.56 4055.14 4073.12 4077.96 4103.30 4103.87 4111.34 4124.63 4129.42 4143.10 4146.06 4167.97 4183.72 4186.82 4191.64 4194.84 4198.02 4201.30 4202.24 4211.72 4213.18 4215.16 4218.09 4221.11 4225.16 4308.63 4409.38 4449.70 4577.78 4589.36

Section 10.indb 22

II II II II II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II I II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

990 170 120 h 480 70 160 95 120 80 80 130 h 190 110 80 290 95 70 130 65 55 160 65 85 80 70 95 65 100 55 h 80 70 h 55 55 h 70 120 140 140 100 270 160 75 180 80 65 55 55 80 100

4612.26 4731.84 4775.79 4957.34 5022.12 5042.63 5070.68 5077.67 5090.38 5110.32 5120.04 5139.60 5169.69 5185.30 5192.86 5197.66 5259.88 5260.56 5267.11 5282.07 5301.58 5340.30 5389.58 5419.13 5423.32 5451.11 5547.27 5639.50 5645.99 5652.01 5718.46 5745.53 5868.11 5945.80 5974.49 5988.56 6088.26 6168.43 6259.09 6579.37 6667.86 6835.42 6852.96 6899.32 7426.86 7543.73 7662.36 8201.57

I II I II I I I I II I I II II I II II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II II I I II

45

8791.39

II

Erbium Er Z = 68 600 2277.65 290 2586.73 490 2670.26 500 2739.27 610 2755.63 1000 2904.47 1500 2910.36 1500 2964.52 1200 3002.41 1000 3055.10

III II II III II II II II II III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 610 720 610 770 1500 870 870 610 2300 2700 720 720 2000 2300 770 770 1300 1400 1400 d 7700 970 1700 2300 770 970 610 970 6700 610 610 820 1500 1000 920 1000 610 610 1000 3100 720 1000 1600 900 7900 1300 900 900 1800 1600 4000 3600 680 7500 1500 1200 4200 5200 11000 3200 2100

3070.40 3073.34 3082.08 3084.02 3122.72 3166.25 3181.92 3220.73 3223.31 3230.58 3264.78 3279.33 3280.22 3301.23 3312.42 3323.19 3332.70 3346.04 3364.08 3368.02 3372.71 3374.17 3385.08 3392.00 3441.13 3471.71 3479.41 3485.85 3499.10 3502.78 3524.91 3549.84 3558.02 3559.90 3570.75 3580.52 3590.76 3599.50 3599.83 3616.56 3628.04 3633.54 3638.68 3645.94 3692.65 3729.52 3742.64 3747.43 3786.84 3810.33 3816.78 3830.48 3855.90 3862.85 3880.61 3882.89 3892.68 3896.23 3906.31 3937.01 3938.63

III II II II II III II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II II I II II II I II I II II II II I II I III II I I II II I II II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

3200 2700 3200 1400 810 1100 810 14000 1100 3000 1000 940 690 3500 1100 6900 1000 1400 690 40000 20000 810 1000 570 15000 2000 250 200 210 120 130 120 130 170 130 160 150 140 80 90 60 180 90 80 80 60 70 80 90 70 70 100 290 70 70 430 100 120 140 120 8000

3944.42 3973.04 3973.58 3974.72 3977.02 3982.33 3987.66 4007.96 4012.58 4020.51 4046.96 4055.47 4059.78 4087.63 4098.10 4151.11 4190.70 4218.43 4286.56 4290.06 4386.86 4409.34 4606.61 4675.62 4735.56 4783.12 5007.25 5035.94 5042.05 5124.56 5127.41 5131.53 5133.83 5164.77 5172.78 5188.90 5206.52 5255.93 5272.91 5348.06 5414.63 5456.62 5468.32 5485.97 5593.46 5611.82 5622.01 5626.53 5640.36 5664.95 5719.55 5739.19 5762.80 5784.66 5800.79 5826.79 5850.07 5855.31 5872.35 5881.14 5903.30

I I I II I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I III III I I II III III I I II I II I II II I II I II I I II I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I III

5/4/05 8:03:57 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

70 70 60 360 55 60 130 55 55 60 70 70 35 70 55 55 120 35 35 35 30 35 55 9

6022.56 6061.25 6076.45 6221.02 6262.56 6268.87 6308.77 6326.13 6492.35 6583.48 6601.11 6759.87 6790.92 6848.10 6865.13 7459.55 7469.51 7680.01 7797.47 7921.85 7937.84 8312.82 8409.90 8866.84

I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II

Europium Eu Z = 63 30 2124.69 200 2350.51 4000 2375.46 100 d 2435.14 1000 2444.38 4000 2445.99 2000 2513.76 200 2522.14 160 2564.17 110 2568.17 230 2577.14 1000 2638.77 380 2641.27 640 2668.34 110 2673.42 250 2678.29 250 2685.66 550 2692.03 700 2701.14 800 2701.90 240 2705.28 180 2709.99 700 2716.98 4200 2727.78 160 2740.62 120 2744.26 480 2781.89 1900 2802.84 220 2811.75 3400 2813.94 550 2816.18 2000 2820.78 400 cw 2828.72 260 2859.67 280 2862.57 200 2892.54

III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I

Section 10.indb 23

10-23 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

140 360 3200 160 850 200 cw 260 300 100 c 200 c 320 cw 120 220 120 320 950 120 50 c 50 c 420 1000 420 150 210 150 140 140 950 110 140 190 280 150 150 130 470 cw 150 180 150 6400 20000 cw 350 260 39000 cw 140 190 150 28000 cw 32000 cw 30000 cw 180 150 120 120 33000 cw 60000 cw 150 240 14000 cw 3000 11000

2893.03 2893.83 2906.68 2908.99 2925.04 2952.68 2960.21 2991.33 3023.93 3026.79 3054.94 3058.98 3077.36 3097.45 3106.18 3111.43 3130.73 3171.00 3183.78 3210.57 3212.81 3213.75 3272.77 3277.78 3301.95 3308.02 3313.33 3334.33 3350.40 3369.06 3391.99 3396.58 3425.02 3441.00 3461.38 3521.09 3542.15 3552.52 3603.20 3688.42 3724.94 3741.31 3761.12 3819.67 3844.23 3865.57 3884.75 3907.10 3930.48 3971.96 4011.69 4017.58 4039.19 4085.38 4129.70 4205.05 4298.73 4355.09 4435.56 4522.57 4594.03

I I II I II II II II III III II I II II I I II III III I I I II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II I II II II I II II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

9800 8300 110 150 180 180 170 110 170 170 210 270 210 200 110 120 750 300 120 200 390 110 150 120 120 540 120 110 120 450 380 260 120 120 200 150 200 120 210 330 180 170 600 cw 330 480 cw 170 240 110 420 170 420 140 240 240 120 330 110 260 cw 140 240 170

4627.22 4661.88 4867.62 4907.18 4911.40 5013.17 5022.91 5029.54 5114.37 5129.10 5133.52 5160.07 5166.70 5199.85 5200.96 5206.44 5215.10 5223.49 5239.24 5266.40 5271.96 5272.48 5282.82 5291.26 5294.64 5357.61 5361.61 5376.94 5392.94 5402.77 5451.51 5452.94 5488.65 5510.52 5547.44 5570.33 5577.14 5580.03 5645.80 5765.20 5783.69 5818.74 5830.98 5966.07 5967.10 5972.75 5992.83 6012.56 6018.15 6029.00 6049.51 6057.36 6083.84 6099.35 6118.78 6173.05 6178.76 6188.13 6195.07 6262.25 6299.77

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

230 120 cw 120 cw 180 140 830 120 1400 50 140 360 120 330 570 570 540 720 300 160 60 cw 70 35 24 cw 21 cw 18

6303.41 6350.04 6400.93 6410.04 6411.32 6437.64 6457.96 6645.11 6666.35 6802.72 6864.54 7040.20 7077.10 7194.81 7217.55 7301.17 7370.22 7426.57 7583.91 7742.57 7746.19 7887.99 8209.80 8642.67 8870.30

Fluorine F Z = 9 50 148.00 50 163.56 90 165.98 100 166.18 50 186.84 60 190.57 70 190.84 50 196.39 60 196.45 70 200.09 80 201.16 90 208.25 90 240.08 100 251.03 140 419.65 150 420.05 160 420.73 100 429.51 110 430.15 150 430.76 90 464.29 120 465.98 130 490.57 160 491.00 50 497.38 60 497.83 70 498.80 90 506.16 100 508.08 120 508.39 60 514.08 90 525.29 100 526.30 120 567.69 110 567.75

II I I I I II I II III I I I II II II II II II I I I I I I I V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III V IV IV IV IV IV V V III V V V III III

5/4/05 8:04:00 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-24 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

140 140 150 160 90 100 90 100 110 130 120 130 110 140 140 140 130 150 130 160 60 150 125 500 1000 750 500 20 350 100 40 100 60 70 80 80 90 70 70 110 120 110 140 130 110 100 110 100 100 100 100 130 140 100 120 150 110 140 160 110 170

570.64 571.30 571.39 572.66 605.67 606.80 630.20 647.77 647.87 654.03 656.12 656.87 657.23 657.33 658.33 676.12 677.15 677.22 678.99 679.21 757.04 806.96 809.60 951.87 954.83 955.55 958.52 972.40 973.90 976.22 976.51 977.75 1082.31 1088.39 1219.03 1266.87 1267.71 1297.54 1359.92 1498.93 1502.01 1504.18 1504.79 1506.30 1506.77 1553.02 1557.59 1563.73 1565.54 1623.40 1650.76 1670.39 1677.40 1716.99 1770.09 1770.67 1772.93 1773.36 1791.65 1803.03 1805.90

Section 10.indb 24

IV IV IV IV II II III V V V III III V V III IV IV IV IV IV V I I I I I I I I I I I V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 120 110 100 120 120 50 40 120 50 130 130 120 150 120 120 130 120 130 140 130 140 120 130 160 120 160 40 50 140 150 150 120 140 150 120 140 160 140 140 120 h 130 120 130 120 160 150 140 160 180 140 140 140 180 170 120 200 200 200 6 12

1839.30 1839.97 1840.14 2027.44 2030.32 2217.17 2298.29 2451.58 2452.07 2456.92 2464.85 2470.29 2478.73 2484.37 2542.77 2580.04 2583.81 2593.23 2595.53 2599.28 2625.01 2629.70 2656.44 2755.55 2759.63 2788.15 2811.45 2820.74 2826.13 2833.99 2835.63 2860.33 2862.86 2887.58 2889.45 2905.30 2913.29 2916.34 2932.49 2994.28 2997.21 2997.53 2999.47 3039.25 3039.75 3042.80 3049.14 3113.62 3115.70 3121.54 3124.79 3134.23 3146.99 3174.17 3174.76 3214.00 3501.45 3501.57 3502.96 3594.10 3668.17

III III III III III III IV IV III IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

270 260 250 5 8 5 5 240 220 230 200 200 200 140 h 120 h 120 h 140 h 6 150 160 15 12 18 12 10 20 12 15 40 90 18 25 25 140 120 12 25 70 50 150 80 900 100 150 140 800 400 130 13000 10000 140 8000 450 300 400 1800 400 7000 1500 9000 50000

3847.09 3849.99 3851.67 3898.48 3930.69 3934.26 3948.56 4024.73 4025.01 4025.49 4103.51 4246.23 4299.17 4420.30 4427.35 4432.32 4479.99 4960.65 5012.54 5110.99 5230.41 5279.01 5540.52 5552.43 5577.33 5624.06 5626.93 5659.15 5667.53 5671.67 5689.14 5700.82 5707.31 5753.17 5761.20 5950.15 5959.19 5965.28 5994.43 6015.83 6038.04 6047.54 6080.11 6091.82 6125.50 6149.76 6210.87 6233.57 6239.65 6348.51 6363.05 6413.65 6569.69 6580.39 6650.41 6690.48 6708.28 6773.98 6795.53 6834.26 6856.03

II II II I I I I II II II II II II III III III III I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III I I I I I I I I III III I I III I I III I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

8000 15000 6000 4000 45000 30000 15000 1000 15000 700 5000 120 130 10000 4000 2200 2500 900 5000 5000 7000 18000 15000 300 500 350 300 80 1000 900 350 350 600 300 600 300 350 2500 3000 500 1500 2000 600 900 1000 300 350 400 350 200 25 12 25 15 12 80 h 15 20

6870.22 6902.48 6909.82 6966.35 7037.47 7127.89 7202.36 7309.03 7311.02 7314.30 7331.96 7336.77 7354.94 7398.69 7425.65 7482.72 7489.16 7514.92 7552.24 7573.38 7607.17 7754.70 7800.21 7879.18 7898.59 7936.31 7956.32 8016.01 8040.93 8075.52 8077.52 8126.56 8129.26 8159.51 8179.34 8191.24 8208.63 8214.73 8230.77 8232.19 8274.62 8298.58 8302.40 8807.58 8900.92 8912.78 9025.49 9042.10 9178.68 9433.67 9505.30 9662.04 9734.34 9822.11 9902.65 10047.98 10285.45 10862.31

Francium Fr Z = 87 7177.

I I I I I I I I I I I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I

5/4/05 8:04:03 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

Gadolinium Gd Z = 64 1200 1007.24 1200 1063.84 1600 1476.98 1500 1705.03 1600 1706.01 2000 1736.24 1500 1815.32 2200 1975.24 3400 2018.07 2800 2359.31 1400 2397.87 2800 2697.39 2800 2703.28 2700 2727.89 9000 2904.73 9500 2955.53 1200 2999.04 2100 3010.13 1900 3027.60 2100 3032.84 1600 3034.05 2100 3081.99 3500 3100.50 930 3145.00 980 3156.53 980 3161.37 4000 3176.66 1400 3331.38 1100 3336.18 5400 3350.47 4300 3358.62 5400 3362.23 1100 3392.53 1100 d 3407.56 6900 3422.47 1700 3439.21 2700 3439.99 1400 3450.38 1100 3451.23 2700 3463.98 1700 3467.27 1700 3468.99 1400 3473.22 2200 3481.28 1700 3481.80 1700 3494.40 1400 3505.51 1100 3512.50 4300 3545.80 3900 3549.36 1400 3557.05 5400 3584.96 1100 3592.71 1100 3604.87 6100 3646.19 3900 3654.62 3100 3656.15 1400 3662.26 2700 3664.60 2000 3671.20

Section 10.indb 25

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III IV III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II

10-25 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2000 3100 2000 1300 2700 2000 1400 2000 1800 d 1500 4500 1400 8700 1400 2900 5100 3700 3300 5100 4300 1600 1500 2200 1200 1400 1200 1100 1100 1400 1600 1300 2200 2600 2600 1900 1300 2800 1500 1100 2600 2200 1100 2400 2400 2200 1300 4800 1700

3684.13 3687.74 3697.73 3699.73 3712.70 3713.57 3716.36 3717.48 3719.45 3730.84 3743.47 3758.31 3768.39 3770.69 3783.05 3796.37 3813.97 3850.69 3850.97 3852.45 3866.99 3894.70 3916.51 3934.79 3945.54 3957.67 4023.14 4028.15 4037.33 4045.01 4049.43 4049.86 4053.64 4058.22 4063.39 4078.44 4078.70 4085.56 4092.71 4098.61 4130.37 4132.28 4175.54 4184.25 4190.78 4212.00 4225.85 4251.73

I II II II II I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II I II II I I II I I II I II II I I II II I II I II II II I II I II I II

1600 1100 1800 2600 d 1900 1000 2200 1400 1400 1100 1100 910 520

4262.09 4306.34 4313.84 4325.57 4327.12 4344.30 4346.46 4401.86 4422.41 4430.63 4519.66 4537.81 4614.50

I I I II I II I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

700 410 470 300 320 280 750 75 5000 130 910 180 120 860 190 410 280 130 320 120 140 280 280 220 280 130 280 110 170 300 200 300 240 3000 150 4000 3000 190 110 260 3000 390 120 240 220 280 110 170 85 85 65 110 h 430 75 40 40 40 h 55 50 35 85

4694.33 4743.65 4767.24 4784.62 4821.69 4934.12 5015.04 5039.09 5091.70 5098.38 5103.45 5108.91 5125.56 5155.84 5176.28 5197.77 5219.40 5233.93 5251.18 5252.14 5255.80 5283.08 5301.67 5302.76 5307.30 5321.50 5321.78 5327.32 5333.30 5343.00 5348.67 5350.38 5353.26 5365.96 5370.63 5553.30 5587.88 5617.91 5632.25 5643.24 5658.98 5696.22 5733.86 5791.38 5851.63 5856.22 5904.56 5911.45 5930.29 5936.84 5937.71 5988.02 6114.07 6305.15 6331.35 6380.95 6538.15 6564.78 6634.36 6681.23 6730.73

I I I I I I I I III II I II II I II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I III III I I I III I II I I I I II I I I I I II I II I I II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

50 26 100 100 50 75 60 45 35 170 28 28 35 40 55 80 35 35 25 18 21 21 h 14 h 18 h 5000

6752.67 6786.33 6828.25 6916.57 6985.89 6991.92 6996.76 7006.16 7122.57 7168.37 7189.57 7262.66 7441.85 7464.36 7562.97 7733.50 7846.35 7856.93 7930.25 8146.15 8668.63 8832.06 8849.14 8867.31 14332.88

II II I I II I II II I I II I I I I I II I II I I II I I III

Gallium Ga 14 61 30 30 30 41 30 30 30 30 40 40 50 30 40 40 40 30 30 25 16 50 40 90 90 50 20 40 40 90 90 120 80 90 80

Z = 31 294.53 295.67 298.44 300.01 302.86 304.99 307.03 308.26 311.79 313.68 319.41 322.31 322.99 323.10 324.25 324.95 326.14 326.77 328.65 423.18 439.92 620.00 622.01 806.51 817.30 828.70 878.17 973.21 989.75 1014.47 1019.71 1050.48 1054.56 1058.12 1066.69

IV IV V V V IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV III III III III III V V V V V V V V V

5/4/05 8:04:05 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-26 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

60 80 90 110 60 80 250 80 90 100 80 160 140 60 75 70 80 120 130 120 100 130 67 130 90 70 120 35 70 25 75 48 40 68 40 73 73 75 69 72 80 63 50 60 60 75 83 81 82 90 81 15 80 80 60 82 83 82 80 80 60

1069.60 1073.77 1078.83 1079.60 1080.99 1085.00 1085.01 1087.37 1091.71 1094.36 1095.10 1102.83 1103.03 1105.61 1105.62 1106.17 1118.34 1126.40 1128.10 1128.53 1129.94 1136.07 1137.06 1150.23 1150.27 1156.10 1156.51 1157.74 1163.60 1169.40 1170.58 1171.71 1178.95 1185.23 1186.06 1190.89 1193.02 1195.02 1201.54 1206.89 1213.17 1216.15 1228.03 1236.38 1238.59 1245.53 1258.77 1264.66 1267.15 1267.16 1279.24 1283.64 1285.33 1293.46 1295.36 1295.86 1299.46 1303.53 1309.68 1314.82 1323.15

Section 10.indb 26

V V V V V III V V V V V V V III V V V V V V V V IV V III IV V V IV V IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV V IV III III IV IV IV IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

85 77 76 70 74 60 77 70 73 90 50 10 15 20 90 90 15 10 10 20 15 50 80 100 10 10 10 10 15 10 h 10 40 100 150 100 150 10 20 15 10 2000 1000 10 h 20 h 30 h 10 h 50 h 100 h 15 h 20 h 100 h 200 h 200 h 200 h 300 h 100 h 400 200 60 60 70

1338.09 1347.03 1351.06 1353.92 1364.63 1395.54 1402.55 1405.32 1465.87 1495.07 1534.46 1813.98 1845.30 2091.34 2417.70 2423.98 2424.36 2632.66 2665.05 2700.47 2780.15 3521.77 3581.19 3589.34 3731.10 3806.60 4032.99 4172.04 4251.16 4254.04 4255.77 4262.00 4380.69 4381.76 4863.00 4993.78 5808.28 5848.25 5993.51 6334.2 6396.56 6413.44 7251.4 7403.0 7464.0 7620.5 7734.77 7800.01 8002.55 8074.25 8311.86 8386.49 9492.92 9493.12 9589.36 10905.95 11949.12 12109.78 14996.64 22016.81 22568.71

Intensity IV IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV III III II II II III III III I I II II III III III III III I I II II II II III III III III III III III II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Wavelength/Å

Germanium Ge Z = 32 700 294.51 1000 295.64 200 304.98 20 621.52 50 724.21 60 746.88 60 760.05 10 862.234 15 875.493 15 905.977 20 920.554 300 971.35 300 990.66 50 999.101 300 1004.38 100 1016.638 900 1045.71 700 1072.66 100 1075.072 300 1085.51 40 1088.45 800 1089.49 200 1098.71 500 1106.74 1000 1116.94 500 1120.46 700 1163.39 200 1164.27 500 1181.19 500 1181.65 200 1188.73 20 1188.99 300 1191.26 700 1222.30 20 1229.81 500 1237.059 500 1261.905 100 1264.710 200 1401.24 200 1538.091 500 1576.855 75 1581.070 100 1602.486 3r 1615.57 2r 1624.130 2r 1630.173 3r 1636.31 4r 1639.730 2 1647.531 200 1649.194 2 1651.528 4r 1651.955 3 1661.345 4r 1663.539 10 h 1665.275 4 1667.802 3r 1670.608 100 r 1691.090 200 r 1716.784 100 h 1739.102

V V V V V V V II II II II V V II V II V V II II III V II II V II V II II II II IV II V IV II II II II II II II II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 50 200 100 100 h 100 h 50 h 200 200 100 h 75 h 200 h 200 h 100 h 100 h 100 h 200 500 r 100 300 r 100 500 r 50 h 30 300 r 100 h 500 r 10 h 100 r 500 100 r 500 30 s 200 200 500 30 h 30 200 200 300 h 300 500 r 200 1700 2400 r 1600 r 420 220 h 750 r 2600 r 420 2000 r 25 240 95 h 50 h 340 r 15 18 18

1742.195 1746.065 1750.043 1758.279 1764.185 1765.284 1766.433 1774.176 1785.046 1793.071 1801.432 1841.328 1842.410 1844.410 1845.872 1846.958 1853.134 1860.086 1865.052 1874.256 1895.197 1904.702 1908.434 1912.409 1917.592 1923.467 1929.826 1934.048 1937.483 1938.008 1938.300 1938.891 1944.116 1944.731 1955.115 1962.013 1963.373 1965.383 1970.880 1979.274 1987.849 1988.267 1998.887 2011.29 2019.068 2041.712 2043.770 2054.461 2057.238 2065.215 2068.656 2086.021 2094.258 2104.45 2105.824 2124.744 2186.451 2198.714 2220.375 2256.001 2314.201

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:04:09 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

24 15 20 10 15 130 30 30 90 500 70 20 3 28 500 8 1200 500 500 850 400 40 650 70 80 1000 1000 750 600 20 35 40 110 40 300 60 50 200 70 200 150 10 1000 1000 50 100 200 3 6 6 8 8 6 7 6 5 9 6 5 6 9

2327.918 2359.233 2379.144 2389.472 2397.885 2417.367 2436.412 2488.25 2497.962 2500.54 2533.230 2542.44 2556.298 2589.188 2592.534 2644.184 2651.172 2651.568 2691.341 2709.624 2729.78 2740.426 2754.588 2793.925 2829.008 2831.843 2845.527 3039.067 3067.021 3124.816 3211.86 3255.05 3269.489 3434.03 3499.21 3554.19 3676.65 4178.96 4226.562 4260.85 4291.71 4685.829 4741.806 4814.608 4824.097 5131.752 5178.648 5194.583 5265.892 5513.263 5564.741 5607.010 5616.135 5621.426 5664.226 5664.842 5691.954 5701.776 5717.877 5801.029 5802.093

Section 10.indb 27

I I I I I I I IV I II I IV I I I I I I I I II I I I I II II I I I III III I III II IV IV III I III III I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-27 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 500 75 100 100 6 50 30 5 7 10 10 6 10 10 9 5 5 6 20 20 4 7 5 4 10 10 8 8 10 230 600 1300 1050 235 470 150 135 70 62 28

5893.389 6021.041 6283.452 6336.377 6484.181 6557.488 7049.369 7145.390 7353.334 7384.208 7833.575 8031.039 8044.165 8256.013 8482.21 8700.60 9068.785 9095.957 9398.868 9474.993 9475.645 9492.559 9625.664 10039.436 10200.952 10382.427 10404.913 10734.068 10947.416 11125.130 11252.83 11714.76 12069.20 12391.58 13107.61 14822.38 16759.79 17214.34 18811.86 19279.24 20673.64

Gold Au Z = 79 100 843.44 100 845.14 200 945.10 100 1040.63 80 1044.49 80 1046.81 100 h 1239.96 100 1278.51 100 1314.84 100 h 1328.37 200 1336.72 180 1341.68 100 1348.89 150 1350.32 150 1355.61 150 1356.13 50 1363.98 500 1365.40 200 1367.17

II II II II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III I III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

60 70 50 180 150 150 125 200 80 50 300 100 180 60 180 50 100 70 100 225 250 100 100 125 150 300 80 250 275 50 250 300 200 150 250 250 100 150 100 150 100 300 250 200 250 200 200 100 100 200 200 200 150 200 200 150 70 200 250 100 500

1368.62 1374.82 1375.76 1377.73 1378.69 1379.98 1380.53 1381.36 1382.75 1385.33 1385.79 1389.41 1391.46 1392.27 1396.00 1402.12 1402.91 1407.38 1408.45 1409.50 1413.80 1414.27 1417.09 1417.39 1427.42 1428.93 1429.19 1430.06 1433.37 1435.79 1435.81 1439.12 1441.21 1446.37 1448.42 1454.95 1464.72 1471.28 1474.73 1481.10 1481.76 1487.15 1487.91 1489.47 1500.37 1502.47 1503.74 1542.00 1548.50 1567.54 1574.85 1579.44 1584.10 1587.16 1589.56 1593.41 1598.24 1600.51 1617.16 1617.78 1621.93

I I I III III III III III I I III III III I III I III I I III III III III III III III I III III I III III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III III III III III III III I III III I III III III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 300 d 250 50 100 150 250 250 100 100 125 1000 150 200 200 200 200 100 250 200 100 300 500 100 d 300 150 500 500 500 300 100 800 200 100 60 300 150 500 200 400 100 400 400 150 500 150 100 150 100 100 200 100 400 150 11000 2600 150 300 60 100 80

1624.34 1629.13 1638.88 1639.90 1644.17 1646.67 1652.74 1664.77 1665.76 1668.11 1673.93 1693.94 1697.09 1698.98 1699.34 1700.00 1702.25 1707.53 1710.16 1715.69 1716.71 1717.83 1727.31 1733.17 1738.48 1744.39 1746.10 1756.92 1761.95 1767.42 1774.42 1775.17 1776.40 1780.57 1783.22 1786.11 1792.65 1793.76 1801.98 1805.24 1809.81 1821.17 1844.89 1848.83 1861.80 1871.92 1879.83 1918.28 1932.04 1935.42 1948.79 1958.47 1989.63 1996.85 2012.00 2021.38 2082.09 2083.09 2110.68 2159.08 2167.33

I III III I III I III III I III III III III III I III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III III I I II III II III III

5/4/05 8:04:12 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-28 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 100 500 70 80 300 180 100 120 150 150 2600 60 250 3400 1100 100 1000 300 100 100 h 300 100 100 300 300 100 100 300 300 100 100 h 300 320 300 100 1600 100 100 300 300 300 100 100 100 100 h 100 100 300 300 100 100 h 300 100 h 100 100 100 100 100 h 400 300

2172.20 2184.11 2188.97 2248.56 2263.62 2322.27 2352.65 2382.40 2387.75 2402.71 2405.12 2427.95 2533.52 2641.48 2675.95 2748.25 2780.82 2802.04 2819.79 2822.55 2825.44 2837.85 2846.92 2856.74 2883.45 2891.96 2893.25 2907.04 2913.52 2918.24 2954.22 2990.27 2994.80 3029.20 3065.42 3122.50 3122.78 3194.72 3227.99 3230.63 3308.30 3309.64 3309.86 3320.12 3355.15 3391.31 3395.40 3467.21 3557.36 3586.73 3611.57 3631.31 3637.90 3645.02 3650.74 3709.62 3796.01 3874.73 3892.26 3897.86 3909.38

Section 10.indb 28

III III III II II III I III I III III I II I I I I II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II I I II I I III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 400 700 100 100 200 120 h 250 900 h 100 h 500 100 100 300 100 h 100 100 h 300 100 h 300 h 600 100 600 10 10

3927.69 4040.93 4065.07 4084.10 4241.80 4315.11 4437.27 4488.25 4607.51 4620.56 4792.58 4811.60 5147.44 5230.26 5261.76 5655.77 5721.36 5837.37 5862.93 5956.96 6278.17 6562.68 7510.73 8145.06 9254.28

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Hafnium Hf 220 180 200 200 400 600 200 270 180 180 180 180 180 270 245 180 180 160 160 160 270 200 160 160 160 440 270 160 370 370 270 270 160 220 370

Z = 72 545.41 600.00 618.27 644.54 647.39 665.65 673.49 867.25 875.88 885.58 896.14 901.54 919.10 921.67 951.62 960.12 964.74 971.51 1092.76 1201.76 1232.03 1233.59 1237.42 1239.53 1244.46 1396.66 1400.09 1401.70 1407.17 1408.38 1412.28 1413.51 1421.96 1422.53 1433.43

V V IV IV IV IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

370 500 370 270 100 270 550 750 750 440 1000 1000 500 370 270 6200 8500 300 1200 200 h 200 h 200 200 200 540 200 320 160 250 620 200 h 230 580 300 300 200 300 200 230 320 540 250 250 170 450 670 540 370 320 390 450 400 430 210 2000 290 580 580 1000 890 340

1437.27 1437.73 1445.40 1457.91 1717.21 1719.32 1729.08 1731.83 1733.96 1741.74 1749.11 1750.19 1760.89 1765.62 1774.02 2012.78 2028.18 2070.94 2096.18 2099.30 2110.31 2155.66 2183.50 2195.44 2210.82 2234.59 2254.01 2255.15 2266.83 2277.16 2313.44 2321.14 2322.47 2323.25 2324.89 2332.97 2336.47 2337.33 2343.32 2347.44 2351.22 2380.30 2383.540 2393.18 2393.36 2393.83 2405.42 2410.14 2417.69 2447.25 2460.49 2461.74 2464.19 2469.18 2495.16 2496.99 2512.69 2513.03 2515.16 2516.88 2531.19

V V V V IV V V V V V V V V V V II II III II III III III III III II III II II II II III II II II II II III II II II II II III II II II II II II II II III II II III II II II III II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 320 400 h 250 300 h 890 320 320 300 320 390 450 230 450 160 1100 1100 160 670 160 210 290 200 670 210 250 710 200 360 500 450 160 170 980 180 390 230 230 170 230 200 1200 490 180 410 270 270 180 180 760 760 2100 210 800 1800 1200 890 2000 580 320 180

2537.33 2551.40 2560.74 2563.61 2567.46 2571.67 2573.90 2576.82 2578.14 2582.54 2606.37 2607.03 2613.60 2622.74 2637.00 2638.71 2641.41 2642.75 2647.29 2657.84 2661.88 2683.35 2687.22 2705.61 2712.42 2718.59 2738.76 2743.64 2751.81 2753.60 2761.63 2766.96 2773.02 2773.36 2774.02 2779.37 2808.00 2813.86 2814.48 2817.68 2819.74 2820.22 2822.68 2833.28 2845.83 2849.21 2850.96 2851.21 2860.56 2861.01 2861.70 2866.37 2887.14 2889.62 2898.26 2904.41 2904.75 2916.48 2918.58 2919.59 2924.62

II II III II III II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II II II III I II I II I II III I I I II II I II II II I I II II I I II I II I II II I I I I I I I I II I

5/4/05 8:04:15 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

490 450 710 2000 160 1200 1100 540 1400 620 710 890 1100 210 170 800 1100 540 1100 980 1200 410 710 1100 850 2100 170 250 430 200 340 710 710 850 170 220 220 450 270 710 450 890 450 220 360 670 200 310 180 180 180 360 220 890 270 180 200 h 270 160 210 340

2929.63 2929.90 2937.80 2940.77 2944.71 2950.68 2954.20 2958.02 2964.88 2966.93 2968.81 2975.88 2980.81 2982.72 3000.10 3005.56 3012.90 3016.78 3016.94 3018.31 3020.53 3031.16 3050.76 3057.02 3067.41 3072.88 3074.10 3074.79 3080.84 3096.76 3101.40 3109.12 3131.81 3134.72 3139.65 3145.32 3148.41 3156.63 3159.82 3162.61 3168.39 3172.94 3176.86 3181.01 3193.53 3194.19 3196.93 3206.11 3210.98 3217.30 3220.61 3247.66 3249.53 3253.70 3255.28 3273.66 3279.67 3279.98 3291.05 3306.12 3310.27

Section 10.indb 29

II I II I I I I I I I II II I I II I II I II I I II I I I I I I I I II II I II II II I I I II I I II I II II I I I II II I I II II II III II I I I

10-29 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

670 180 890 370 230 180 180 230 170 800 230 230 230 230 2300 170 180 230 230 410 200 250 710 200 480 250 250 980 1200 980 980 760 180 540 1300 270 1100 210 540 800 320 800 320 200 220 200 480 2200 280 240 340 1000 650 160 460 160 400 170 200 1400 1400

3312.86 3317.99 3332.73 3352.06 3358.91 3360.06 3378.93 3384.70 3386.21 3389.83 3392.81 3394.59 3397.26 3397.60 3399.80 3400.21 3402.51 3410.17 3417.34 3419.18 3428.37 3438.24 3472.40 3478.99 3479.28 3495.75 3497.16 3497.49 3505.23 3523.02 3535.54 3536.62 3548.81 3552.70 3561.66 3567.36 3569.04 3597.42 3599.87 3616.89 3630.87 3644.36 3649.10 3651.84 3665.35 3672.27 3675.74 3682.24 3696.51 3699.72 3701.15 3717.80 3719.28 3729.10 3733.79 3737.88 3746.80 3766.92 3768.25 3777.64 3785.46

I II I II I I I II I II I II I I II I I II I I II II I II II II I I II I II I I II II I II II I I II II I I II I I I I II II I II I I II I II I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

650 850 d 320 1300 280 800 600 230 200 160 380 200 200 200 620 620 200 320 410 160 200 180 230 180 540 1100 160 190 170 170 170 200 170 320 160 180 250 180 160 200 250 500 d 230 210 120 160 310 130 120 95 95 75 230 110 120 110 110 75 230 230 95

3793.37 3800.38 3811.78 3820.73 3830.02 3849.18 3858.31 3860.91 3872.55 3877.10 3880.82 3882.52 3889.23 3889.33 3899.94 3918.09 3923.90 3931.38 3951.83 3968.01 3973.48 4032.27 4062.84 4083.35 4093.16 4174.34 4206.58 4209.70 4228.08 4232.44 4260.98 4263.39 4272.85 4294.79 4330.27 4336.66 4356.33 4370.97 4417.91 4438.04 4565.94 4598.80 4620.86 4655.19 4699.01 4782.74 4800.50 4859.24 4975.25 5018.20 5047.45 5170.18 5181.86 5243.99 5294.87 5354.73 5373.86 5452.92 5550.60 5552.12 5613.27

II I I I I I I I II II II I I I I II II I I I I I I I II I II I I II I I II I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

160 95 95 85 160 160 570 650 410 360 110 310 130 250 130 150 160 40 65

5719.18 6098.67 6185.13 6789.27 6818.94 7063.83 7131.81 7237.10 7240.87 7624.40 7740.17 7845.35 7920.71 7994.73 8204.58 8546.48 8640.06 8711.24 9004.73

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Z=2 231.454 232.584 234.347 237.331 243.027 256.317 303.780 303.786 320.293 505.500 505.684 505.912 506.200 506.570 507.058 507.718 508.643 509.998 512.098 515.616 522.213 537.030 584.334 591.412 958.70 972.11 992.36 1025.27 1084.94 1215.09 1215.17 1640.34 1640.47 2385.40 2511.20 2577.6 2723.19 2733.30 2763.80 2818.2 2829.08

II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I I I

Helium He 15 20 30 50 100 300 1000 500 10 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 25 35 50 100 400 1000 50 5 6 8 15 30 35 50 120 180 7 9 50 1 12 2 10 4

5/4/05 8:04:17 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-30 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10 40 20 3 15 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 10 1 500 20 1 50 5 12 2 3 10 3 200 25 6 30 30 4 20 100 10 5 500 100 8 100 3 200 30 50 1 2 2 2 10 4 3 1 1 3 6 2 15 1 10 2 3 300 1000

2945.11 3013.7 3187.74 3202.96 3203.10 3354.55 3447.59 3587.27 3613.64 3634.23 3705.00 3732.86 3819.607 3819.76 3888.65 3964.729 4009.27 4026.191 4026.36 4120.82 4120.99 4143.76 4387.929 4437.55 4471.479 4471.68 4685.4 4685.7 4713.146 4713.38 4921.931 5015.678 5047.74 5411.52 5875.62 5875.97 6560.10 6678.15 6867.48 7065.19 7065.71 7281.35 7816.15 8361.69 9063.27 9210.34 9463.61 9516.60 9526.17 9529.27 9603.42 9702.60 10027.73 10031.16 10123.6 10138.50 10311.23 10311.54 10667.65 10829.09 10830.25

Section 10.indb 30

I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2000 9 3 4 30 20 50 20 7 10 2 12 200 1 6 500 200 100 20 1000 80 10 20 3 4

10830.34 10913.05 10917.10 11626.4 11969.12 12527.52 12784.99 12790.57 12845.96 12968.45 12984.89 15083.64 17002.47 18555.55 18636.8 18685.34 18697.23 19089.38 19543.08 20581.30 21120.07 21121.43 21132.03 30908.5 40478.90

Holmium Ho Z = 67 170 2502.91 170 2533.80 190 2605.86 270 2750.35 270 2769.89 300 2824.20 270 c 2831.69 270 2849.10 360 2880.26 460 2880.98 570 c 2909.41 410 c 2979.63 410 2987.64 480 c 3049.38 410 c 3054.00 500 c 3057.45 500 c 3082.34 910 3084.36 430 c 3086.54 760 3118.50 580 c 3166.62 810 3173.78 810 c 3181.50 980 c 3281.97 630 c 3337.23 980 c 3343.58 8100 c 3398.98 810 c 3410.26 1400 c 3414.90 5400 3416.46 1200 3421.63 2000 c 3425.34 2000 c 3428.13 3200 3453.14 16000 c 3456.00

I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I II I II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1600 810 c 5400 c 6300 2500 c 810 c 810 4100 c 410 c 630 1600 1100 c 410 410 c 630 c 810 410 410 630 c 1100 cw 540 c 410 430 c 490 430 c 430 c 1600 c 1400 720 670 720 580 410 490 c 430 450 1100 810 3200 cw 8900 c 8900 c 410 c 1300 cw 410 c 1100 490 c 1800 c 2700 c 3000 c 13000 c 1300 cw 580 490 2700 5400 c 8100 1700 720 8900 2900 1500

3461.97 3473.91 3474.26 3484.84 3494.76 3498.88 3510.73 3515.59 3519.94 3540.76 3546.05 3556.78 3560.15 3573.24 3574.80 3579.12 3580.75 3581.83 3592.23 3598.77 3600.95 3618.43 3626.69 3627.25 3631.76 3638.30 3662.29 3667.97 3679.19 3679.70 3682.65 3690.65 3700.04 3702.35 3712.88 3720.72 3731.40 3736.35 3748.17 3796.75 3810.73 3835.35 3837.51 3842.05 3843.86 3846.73 3854.07 3861.68 3888.96 3891.02 3905.68 3955.73 3959.68 4040.81 4045.44 4053.93 4065.09 4068.05 4103.84 4108.62 4120.20

II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II I II II II II II I II II II II I I I I I I I II I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I II I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1300 4300 1500 980 cw 8100 2500 540 2000 1300 cw 490 1300 300 290 80 130 130 c 290 100 c 65 290 250 c 220 90 130 80 140 130 110 160 90 c 130 c 90 65 90 80 90 100 70 65 140 140 c 140 c 140 c 70 c 70 70 cw 70 90 230 c 120 70 70 c 70 260 120 55 cw 55 c 40 cw 45 cw 140 40 c

4125.65 4127.16 4136.22 4152.61 4163.03 4173.23 4194.35 4227.04 4254.43 4264.05 4350.73 4477.64 4629.10 4701.69 4709.84 4717.52 4742.04 4757.01 4782.92 4939.01 4967.21 4979.97 4995.05 5042.37 5093.07 5127.81 5142.59 5143.22 5149.59 5167.88 5182.11 5190.11 5251.82 5301.25 5330.11 5359.99 5407.08 5566.52 5627.60 5659.58 5691.47 5696.57 5860.28 5882.99 5921.76 5948.03 5972.76 5973.52 5982.90 6081.79 6208.65 6305.36 6550.97 6604.94 6628.99 6694.32 6785.43 6939.49 6950.39 7555.09 7628.42

I I I II I I I I I I I II II II II I II I I I II I I I I I II II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:04:21 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 50 c 60 cw 60 50 40 90 Hydrogen H 15 20 30 50 100 300 1000 500 5 6 8 15 30 80 120 180 5 7 12 20 40 5 8 15 4 6

Wavelength/Å 7693.15 7815.48 7894.64 8512.94 8670.19 8915.98

I I I I I II

Z=1 926.226 930.748 937.803 949.743 972.537 1025.722 1215.668 1215.674 3835.384 3889.049 3970.072 4101.74 4340.47 4861.33 6562.72 6562.852 9545.97 10049.4 10938.1 12818.1 18751.0 21655.3 26251.5 40511.6 46525.1 74578.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Indium In Z = 49 17 378.61 17 386.21 14 388.91 25 393.89 25 400.57 25 402.39 622 472.71 689 479.39 709 498.62 10 882.24 10 890.84 10 915.87 85 954.67 87 973.50 86 991.60 89 1024.68 85 1024.79 88 1031.45 82 1031.98 80 1054.43 84 1063.03 83 1068.25 82 1069.82 86 1077.64 90 1082.10 83 1086.33

Section 10.indb 31

V V V V V V IV IV IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

10-31 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

82 84 85 80 90 85 80 89 83 84 90 90 85 88 85 83 90 88 85 85 87 90 88 81 100 100 30 40 30 50 40 100 c 90 d 70 d 80 h 110 d 70 h 100 110 d 90 80 100 90 d 110 d 100 100 160 d 1100 200 90 d 100 d 140 d 140 d 80 1600 300 80 130 d 700 90 d 180 c

1096.81 1097.18 1116.10 1124.06 1131.46 1144.43 1145.41 1146.62 1154.11 1154.60 1157.71 1157.82 1159.78 1176.50 1191.58 1204.87 1206.55 1221.50 1221.90 1233.58 1235.84 1373.20 1398.77 1412.09 1625.42 1748.83 1842.41 1850.30 2154.08 2205.28 2281.64 2306.05 2313.21 2327.95 2334.57 2382.63 2427.20 2447.90 2488.62 2488.95 2498.59 2499.60 2500.99 2512.31 2521.37 2527.41 2554.44 2560.15 2601.76 2654.70 2662.63 2668.65 2674.56 2683.12 2710.26 2713.94 2726.15 2749.75 2753.88 2818.97 2836.92

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I III II I I II II II II II I I III II I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

80 120 d 1100 100 100 110 c 100 8000 110 d 180 c 130 c 80 c 130 d 150 100 c 90 c 90 d 13000 3000 90 c 100 c 110 d 180 c 95 c 380 w 120 c 160 c 160 c 170 w 230 c 250 c 200 c 100 100 100 c 250 w 120 c 140 d 100 150 410 w 100 100 17000 140 c 100 d 110 d 100 150 d 150 c 18000 110 c 140 c 180 w 180 w 140 c 170 c 250 c 150 w 170 c 140 c

2865.68 2890.18 2932.63 2941.05 2982.80 2999.40 3008.08 3039.36 3099.80 3101.8 3138.60 3142.75 3146.70 3155.77 3158.40 3176.30 3198.11 3256.09 3258.56 3338.50 3404.28 3438.40 3693.91 3708.13 3716.14 3718.30 3718.72 3723.40 3795.21 3799.21 3834.65 3842.18 3852.82 3889.78 3902.07 3962.35 4004.66 4013.92 4023.77 4032.32 4056.94 4071.57 4072.93 4101.76 4205.14 4213.04 4219.66 4252.68 4372.87 4500.78 4511.31 4549.01 4570.85 4578.02 4578.40 4616.08 4617.17 4620.14 4620.70 4627.30 4637.04

II II I II III II III I II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II III III II III III I II II II III II II I II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

380 c 220 c 360 c 320 w 190 c 450 w 90 d 150 c 80 h 100 w 140 c 270 c 200 w 80 d 240 c 140 c 200 150 c 80 140 c 220 w 130 c 140 c 320 c 250 w 130 c 190 w 240 c 200 w 100 160 c 100 c 100 210 c 490 w 260 w 120 c 130 c 250 c 210 c 180 w 230 w 240 w 320 w 150 c 90 140 c 190 w 80 180 w 200 100 c 280 w 140 w 270 w 290 w 300 w 210 c 190 c 180 c 100 c

4638.16 4644.58 4655.62 4656.74 4681.11 4684.8 4907.06 4973.77 5109.36 5115.14 5117.40 5120.80 5121.75 5129.85 5175.42 5184.44 5248.77 5309.45 5411.41 5418.45 5436.70 5497.50 5507.08 5513.00 5523.28 5536.50 5555.45 5576.90 5636.70 5645.15 5708.50 5721.80 5819.50 5853.15 5903.4 5915.4 5918.78 6062.9 6095.95 6108.66 6115.9 6128.7 6129.4 6132.1 6140.0 6143.23 6148.10 6149.5 6161.15 6162.45 6197.72 6224.28 6228.3 6231.1 6304.8 6362.3 6469.0 6541.20 6751.88 6765.9 6783.72

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II

5/4/05 8:04:25 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-32 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

320 w 380 w 180 c 210 c 180 c 320 c 100 c 100 c 210 c 100 c 180 c 90 c 240 c 100 w 80 c 120 c 120 c 220 w 160 d 100 200 100 h 20 20 10 9 7 6 7

6891.5 7182.9 7255.0 7276.5 7303.4 7350.6 7632.7 7682.9 7740.7 7776.96 7789.0 7840.9 8227.0 8813.5 8832.6 9197.7 9202.0 9213.0 9241.1 9977.86 10257.03 10744.31 11334.72 11731.48 12912.59 13429.96 14719.08 22291.06 23879.13

Iodine I Z = 53 30 363.78 36 380.74 45 565.53 50 607.57 6 612.46 6 666.81 8 705.11 7 784.64 7 784.80 8 795.52 7 919.28 10000 1034.66 8 1094.20 10000 1139.80 10000 1160.56 20000 1166.48 10000 1178.65 15000 1187.34 10000 1190.85 200 1218.41 20000 1220.89 600 1224.05 600 1224.08 500 1228.89 20000 1234.06 600 1251.34 8 1252.35 2500 1259.15 3000 1259.51 800 1261.27 600 1267.57

Section 10.indb 32

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I V V V V IV III III III III III IV II III II II II II II II I II I I I II I III I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

600 1500 3000 10000 3000 3000 3000 2000 20000 5000 3000 5000 3000 2500 2500 4000 3000 2000 2000 8000 5000 5000 5000 5000 10000 2500 4000 2500 1000 5000 5000 5000 15000 2500 5000 5000 2500 15000 12000 5000 75000 15000 2000 7 6 7 8 9 8 8 8 7 8 5000 200 200 100 d 500 d 250 1000 200

1267.60 1275.26 1289.40 1300.34 1302.98 1313.95 1317.54 1330.19 1336.52 1355.10 1357.97 1360.97 1361.11 1367.71 1368.22 1383.23 1390.75 1392.90 1400.01 1425.49 1446.26 1453.18 1457.39 1457.47 1457.98 1458.79 1459.15 1465.83 1485.92 1492.89 1507.04 1514.68 1518.05 1526.45 1593.58 1617.60 1640.78 1702.07 1782.76 1799.09 1830.38 1844.45 2061.63 2361.13 2372.45 2376.46 2387.11 2426.10 2475.35 2519.74 2545.67 2545.71 2652.23 3078.75 4102.23 4129.21 4134.15 4321.84 4763.31 4862.32 4916.94

I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV II I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10000 3000 c 1000 3000 c 10000 5000 c 600 c 3000 2000 c 10000 2000 c 4000 c 1000 d 2000 5000 300 2000 d 2000 c 1000 2000 c 800 500 800 1000 500 800 400 2000 1000 500 1000 2000 1000 5000 500 500 c 400 4000 500 500 1200 2000 1000 400 d 700 1000 500 5000 1000 500 5000 500 c 2000 500 d 2000 c 600 500 1000 99000 300 d 1000

5119.29 5161.20 5234.57 5245.71 5338.22 5345.15 5427.06 5435.83 5464.62 5625.69 5690.91 5710.53 5764.33 5894.03 5950.25 5984.86 6024.08 6074.98 6082.43 6127.49 6191.88 6213.10 6244.48 6293.98 6313.13 6330.37 6333.50 6337.85 6339.44 6359.16 6566.49 6583.75 6585.27 6619.66 6661.11 6697.29 6732.03 6812.57 6989.78 7120.05 7122.05 7142.06 7164.79 7191.66 7227.30 7236.78 7237.84 7402.06 7410.50 7416.48 7468.99 7490.52 7554.18 7556.65 7700.20 7897.98 7969.48 8003.63 8043.74 8065.70 8090.76

I II I II II II I II II II II II I I II I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

800 c 500 d 4000 10000 c 1000 1500 c 500 c 250 d 1000 2000 3000 1000 d 400 400 5000 15000 1000 12000 600 600 1000 4000 3000 2000 2000 3000 d 5000 500 750 1000 400 400 5000 400 350 320 450 300 150 60 140 200 100 225 105 150 15 20 15 35 110 50 10 220 150 30 32 12 9 10 8

8169.38 8222.57 8240.05 8393.30 8486.11 8664.95 8700.80 8748.22 8853.24 8853.80 8857.50 8898.50 8964.69 8993.13 9022.40 9058.33 9098.86 9113.91 9128.03 9227.74 9335.05 9426.71 9427.15 9598.22 9649.61 9653.06 9731.73 10003.05 10131.16 10238.82 10375.20 10391.74 10466.54 11236.56 11558.46 11778.34 11996.86 12033.69 12304.58 13149.16 13958.27 14287.02 14460.00 15032.57 15528.65 16037.33 18275.71 18348.52 18982.41 19070.17 19105.12 19370.02 20648.69 22183.03 22226.53 22309.21 24420.82 27365.42 27573.05 30361.93 30383.88

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:04:28 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 10 9 3 2

Wavelength/Å 34295.73 34513.11 40228.54 41633.80

Iridium Ir Z = 77 9900 2010.65 8700 2022.35 15000 2033.57 6200 2052.22 5000 2060.64 3700 2083.22 3100 2085.74 17000 2088.82 14000 2092.63 2700 2112.68 1800 2119.54 2000 2125.44 4500 2126.81 2000 2127.52 4500 2127.94 3700 2148.22 2500 2150.54 3500 2152.68 2900 2155.81 7900 2158.05 2100 2162.88 5800 2169.42 4500 2175.24 2700 2178.17 1600 2187.43 1100 2190.38 740 2191.64 910 2208.09 1300 2220.37 790 2221.07 2500 2242.68 620 2245.76 2100 2253.38 2100 2255.10 1400 2255.81 350 2258.51 1400 2258.86 830 2264.61 1100 2266.33 1000 2268.90 660 2280.00 950 2281.02 660 2281.91 330 2284.60 330 2295.08 790 2298.05 460 2299.53 910 2300.50 2700 2304.22 410 2305.47 210 2307.27 910 2308.93 460 2315.38 410 2321.45 410 2321.58 210 2327.98

Section 10.indb 33

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I II I I II II I II I II II II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-33 Intensity 540 740 580 1600 740 580 230 410 500 2500 370 3500 290 250 250 500 540 210 1300 2500 2700 230 290 290 290 540 370 620 210 370 290 540 540 1300 270 250 250 910 1300 230 210 210 870 3300 210 2100 620 210 250 4100 210 990 1100 580 580 7900 790 210 210 910 210

Wavelength/Å 2333.30 I 2333.84 I 2334.50 I 2343.18 I 2343.61 I 2355.00 I 2357.53 II 2358.16 I 2360.73 I 2363.04 I 2368.04 II 2372.77 I 2375.09 II 2377.28 I 2377.98 I 2379.38 I 2381.62 I 2383.17 I 2386.89 I 2390.62 I 2391.18 I 2407.59 I 2409.37 I 2410.17 I 2410.73 I 2413.31 I 2415.86 I 2418.11 I 2424.89 I 2424.99 I 2425.66 I 2427.61 I 2431.24 I 2431.94 I 2435.14 I 2445.34 I 2447.76 I 2452.81 I 2455.61 I 2455.87 I 2457.03 I 2457.23 I 2467.30 I 2475.12 I 2478.11 I 2481.18 I 2493.08 I 2496.27 I 2502.63 I 2502.98 I 2513.71 I 2533.13 I 2534.46 I 2537.22 I 2542.02 I 2543.97 I 2546.03 I 2551.40 I 2555.35 I 2564.18 I 2569.88 I

Intensity 230 740 740 740 700 1800 210 330 210 250 700 250 3500 210 1800 350 2700 520 520 330 270 3000 330 250 520 330 540 1600 380 410 680 1200 820 1100 820 3800 380 380 270 820 650 260 260 200 440 230 4400 1200 880 250 2700 230 200 1200 200 440 300 220 600 270 380

Wavelength/Å 2572.70 I 2577.26 I 2592.06 I 2599.04 I 2608.25 I 2611.30 I 2614.98 I 2617.78 I 2619.88 I 2625.32 I 2634.17 I 2639.42 I 2639.71 I 2644.19 I 2661.98 I 2662.63 I 2664.79 I 2669.91 I 2671.84 I 2673.61 I 2692.34 I 2694.23 I 2772.46 I 2775.55 I 2781.29 I 2785.22 I 2797.35 I 2797.70 I 2798.18 I 2800.82 I 2823.18 I 2824.45 I 2836.40 I 2839.16 I 2840.22 I 2849.72 I 2875.60 I 2875.98 I 2877.68 I 2882.64 I 2897.15 I 2901.95 I 2904.80 I 2907.24 I 2916.36 I 2918.57 I 2924.79 I 2934.64 I 2936.68 I 2938.47 I 2943.15 I 2946.97 I 2949.76 I 2951.22 I 2974.95 I 2980.65 I 2996.08 I 3002.25 I 3003.63 I 3017.31 I 3029.36 I

Intensity 330 300 300 300 1600 320 240 390 510 510 340 200 3400 490 370 370 610 370 5100 300 470 200 390 200 560 660 410 3200 220 410 320 1200 320 220 660 220 300 300 320 200 200 530 3100 230 480 480 400 590 460 350 370 150 100 140 90 260 220 160 65 110 55

Wavelength/Å 3039.26 I 3047.16 I 3049.44 I 3057.28 I 3068.89 I 3083.22 I 3086.44 I 3088.04 I 3100.29 I 3100.45 I 3120.76 I 3121.78 I 3133.32 I 3168.88 I 3177.58 I 3198.92 I 3212.12 I 3219.51 I 3220.78 I 3229.28 I 3241.52 I 3262.01 I 3266.44 I 3322.60 I 3368.48 I 3437.02 I 3448.97 I 3513.64 I 3515.95 I 3522.03 I 3558.99 I 3573.72 I 3594.39 I 3609.77 I 3628.67 I 3636.20 I 3661.71 I 3664.62 I 3674.98 I 3687.08 I 3731.36 II 3747.20 I 3800.12 I 3817.24 I 3902.51 I 3915.38 I 3934.84 I 3976.31 I 3992.12 I 4033.76 I 4069.92 I 4070.68 I 4092.61 I 4115.78 I 4172.56 I 4268.10 I 4311.50 I 4399.47 I 4403.78 I 4426.27 I 4478.48 I

5/4/05 8:04:32 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-34 Intensity 55 30 35 75 26 50 26 65 30 50 26 25 25 30 30 35 75 45 35 20 12 10 6

Wavelength/Å 4545.68 I 4548.48 I 4568.09 I 4616.39 I 4656.18 I 4728.86 I 4756.46 I 4778.16 I 4795.67 I 4938.09 I 4970.48 I 4999.74 I 5002.74 I 5014.98 I 5123.66 I 5364.32 I 5449.50 I 5625.55 I 5894.06 I 6110.67 I 6288.28 I 6686.08 I 7834.32 I

Iron Fe Z = 26 350 386.16 350 386.88 400 387.20 400 387.50 400 387.76 400 387.78 400 395.90 400 404.62 400 405.50 800 407.42 600 407.44 400 407.49 500 407.75 400 409.71 400 410.20 600 411.55 700 417.39 700 418.04 500 418.47 700 421.06 500 421.78 500 422.31 500 426.06 500 426.11 350 426.97 17 525.69 15 526.29 13 526.63 14 536.61 15 537.10 13 537.26 14 537.79 13 537.94 13 552.14 14 607.53 13 608.80 10 813.38

Section 10.indb 34

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III

Intensity 10 10 p 10 10 10 10 w 12 15 15 15 12 18 12 12 12 12 15 12 12 12 12 18 12 15 12 12 12 400 400 400 400 600 700 600 500 500 800 400 600 800 400 500 400 600 400 600 800 13 800 400 800 700 400 700 500 400 500 700 500 400 500

Wavelength/Å 844.28 III 861.83 III 891.17 III 950.33 III 981.37 III 983.88 III 1055.27 II 1068.36 II 1071.60 II 1096.89 II 1099.12 II 1112.09 II 1121.99 II 1122.86 II 1128.07 II 1130.43 II 1133.41 II 1133.68 II 1138.64 II 1142.33 II 1143.23 II 1144.95 II 1147.41 II 1148.29 II 1151.16 II 1267.44 II 1272.00 II 1317.86 V 1323.27 V 1330.40 V 1359.01 V 1361.82 V 1373.59 V 1373.67 V 1376.34 V 1378.56 V 1387.94 V 1397.97 V 1400.24 V 1402.39 V 1406.67 V 1406.82 V 1407.25 V 1409.45 V 1415.20 V 1420.46 V 1430.57 V 1431.43 IV 1440.53 V 1442.22 V 1446.62 V 1448.85 V 1449.93 V 1456.16 V 1459.83 V 1460.73 V 1462.63 V 1464.68 V 1465.38 V 1466.65 V 1469.00 V

Intensity 500 10 h 13 13 14 13 15 13 14 10 h 13 14 12 h 13 14 13 13 13 13 10 h 13 13 13 13 13 15 13 17 14 13 13 13 15 13 13 16 14 12 14 13 14 13 13 15 14 13 13 17 15 14 13 18 15 15 14 16 14 12 15 15 12

Wavelength/Å 1479.47 V 1505.17 III 1526.60 IV 1530.26 IV 1532.63 IV 1532.91 IV 1533.86 IV 1533.95 IV 1536.58 IV 1538.63 III 1542.16 IV 1542.70 IV 1550.20 III 1566.26 IV 1568.27 IV 1591.51 IV 1592.05 IV 1598.01 IV 1600.58 IV 1601.21 III 1601.67 IV 1603.18 IV 1603.73 IV 1604.88 IV 1605.68 IV 1605.97 IV 1606.98 IV 1609.10 IV 1609.83 IV 1610.47 IV 1611.20 IV 1613.64 IV 1614.02 IV 1614.64 IV 1615.00 IV 1616.68 IV 1617.68 IV 1618.47 II 1619.02 IV 1621.16 IV 1621.57 IV 1623.38 IV 1623.53 IV 1626.47 IV 1626.90 IV 1628.54 IV 1630.18 IV 1631.08 IV 1631.12 II 1632.40 IV 1634.01 IV 1635.40 II 1636.32 II 1639.40 II 1639.40 IV 1640.04 IV 1640.16 IV 1641.76 II 1641.87 IV 1647.09 IV 1647.16 II

Intensity 15 15 13 13 15 14 13 13 13 13 12 14 13 14 13 15 15 12 13 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 16 13 12 20 20 18 13 13 13 10 12 10 12 13 11 20 10 s 19 15 15 10 p 18 15 14 30 25 14 10 l 14 s 12 50 10 12 25 30

Wavelength/Å 1651.58 IV 1652.90 IV 1653.41 IV 1656.11 IV 1656.65 IV 1660.10 IV 1662.32 IV 1662.52 IV 1663.54 IV 1668.09 IV 1670.74 II 1671.04 IV 1673.68 IV 1675.66 IV 1681.36 IV 1687.69 IV 1698.88 IV 1702.04 II 1709.81 IV 1711.41 IV 1712.76 IV 1717.90 IV 1718.16 IV 1719.46 IV 1722.71 IV 1724.06 IV 1725.63 IV 1761.08 IV 1761.38 II 1785.26 II 1786.74 II 1788.07 II 1792.10 IV 1796.93 IV 1827.98 IV 1869.83 III 1877.99 III 1882.05 III 1886.76 III 1890.67 III 1893.98 III 1895.46 III 1907.58 III 1914.06 III 1915.08 III 1922.79 III 1926.01 III 1926.30 III 1930.39 III 1931.51 III 1934.538 I 1937.269 I 1937.34 III 1938.90 III 1943.48 III 1945.34 III 1946.988 I 1950.33 III 1951.01 III 1951.571 I 1952.59 I

5/4/05 8:04:37 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 11 30 13 10 10 w 60 11 60 13 30 50 12 15 14 13 12 12 10 12 14 100 10 12 15 12 12 10 15 12 50 12 10 40 12 12 15 300 12 250 60 120 250 150 80 80 15 10 p 20 12 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 p 50 60 300 12

Section 10.indb 35

Wavelength/Å 1952.65 III 1953.005 I 1953.32 III 1953.49 III 1954.22 III 1957.823 I 1958.58 III 1960.144 I 1960.32 III 1961.25 I 1962.111 I 1963.11 II 1987.50 III 1991.61 III 1994.07 III 1995.56 III 1996.42 III 2061.55 III 2068.24 III 2078.99 III 2084.122 I 2084.35 III 2090.14 III 2097.48 III 2097.69 III 2103.80 III 2107.32 III 2151.78 III 2157.71 III 2157.794 I 2158.47 III 2161.27 III 2166.773 I 2166.95 III 2171.04 III 2174.66 III 2178.118 I 2180.41 III 2186.486 I 2186.892 I 2187.195 I 2191.839 I 2196.043 I 2200.390 I 2200.724 I 2208.41 II 2208.85 III 2213.65 II 2218.26 II 2220.38 II 2221.83 III 2229.27 III 2232.43 III 2232.69 III 2235.91 III 2238.16 III 2241.54 III 2250.790 I 2251.874 I 2259.511 I 2261.59 III

10-35 Intensity 60 80 10 80 50 150 150 80 150 150 300 10 15 200 600 80 300 50 100 150 120 150 10 p 10 200 10 p 10 100 100 300 10 p 200 10 600 80 150 200 250 200 150 120 200 80 80 80 80 120 300 150 120 120 80 120 150 1000 300 200 1000 300 800 250

Wavelength/Å 2264.389 I 2267.085 I 2267.42 III 2267.469 I 2270.862 I 2272.070 I 2276.026 I 2279.937 I 2284.086 I 2287.250 I 2292.524 I 2293.06 III 2295.86 III 2297.787 I 2298.169 I 2299.220 I 2300.142 I 2301.684 I 2303.424 I 2303.581 I 2308.999 I 2313.104 I 2317.70 III 2319.22 III 2320.358 I 2321.71 III 2326.95 III 2327.40 II 2331.31 II 2332.80 II 2336.77 III 2338.01 II 2338.96 III 2343.49 II 2343.96 II 2344.28 II 2348.11 II 2348.30 II 2359.12 II 2360.00 II 2360.29 II 2364.83 II 2365.76 II 2368.59 II 2369.456 I 2369.95 II 2371.430 I 2373.624 I 2373.74 II 2374.518 I 2376.43 II 2379.27 II 2380.76 II 2381.835 I 2382.04 II 2388.63 II 2389.973 I 2395.62 II 2399.24 II 2404.88 II 2406.66 II

Intensity 80 300 200 150 80 60 60 150 120 120 80 60 150 150 100 250 100 50 100 60 100 1500 150 80 100 100 1500 50 800 60 600 80 80 800 1000 200 600 60 120 1200 100 80 100 10000 300 1000 50 800 100 100 120 4000 100 80 1000 50 3000 100 2000 100 100

Wavelength/Å 2406.97 II 2410.52 II 2411.07 II 2413.31 II 2417.87 II 2420.396 I 2423.089 I 2424.14 II 2428.36 II 2430.08 II 2432.26 II 2438.182 I 2439.30 II 2439.74 I 2442.57 I 2443.872 I 2444.51 II 2445.212 I 2445.57 II 2447.709 I 2453.476 I 2457.598 I 2458.78 II 2461.28 II 2461.86 II 2462.181 I 2462.647 I 2463.730 I 2465.149 I 2467.732 I 2468.879 I 2470.67 II 2470.965 I 2472.336 I 2472.895 I 2473.16 I 2474.814 I 2476.657 I 2479.480 I 2479.776 I 2480.16 II 2482.12 II 2482.66 II 2483.271 I 2483.533 I 2484.185 I 2485.990 I 2486.373 I 2486.691 I 2487.066 I 2487.370 I 2488.143 I 2488.945 I 2489.48 II 2489.750 I 2489.913 I 2490.644 I 2490.71 II 2491.155 I 2491.40 II 2493.18 II

Intensity 500 60 50 100 600 150 1000 50 80 500 50 1000 120 80 400 80 300 800 150 50 4000 200 500 100 200 300 2000 800 250 150 200 120 100 120 400 200 200 100 100 150 50 200 600 80 300 250 150 800 80 100 80 80 600 400 200 150 300 100 1500 650 90

Wavelength/Å 2493.26 II 2494.000 I 2494.251 I 2495.87 I 2496.533 I 2498.90 I 2501.132 I 2501.693 I 2506.09 II 2507.900 I 2508.753 I 2510.835 I 2511.76 II 2512.275 I 2512.365 I 2516.570 I 2517.661 I 2518.102 I 2519.629 I 2522.480 I 2522.849 I 2523.66 I 2524.293 I 2525.02 I 2525.39 II 2526.29 II 2527.435 I 2529.135 I 2529.55 II 2529.836 I 2530.687 I 2533.63 II 2534.42 II 2535.49 II 2535.607 I 2536.792 I 2536.80 II 2538.80 II 2538.91 II 2538.99 II 2539.357 I 2540.66 II 2540.972 I 2541.10 II 2542.10 I 2543.92 I 2544.70 I 2545.978 I 2546.67 II 2548.74 II 2549.08 II 2549.39 II 2549.613 I 2562.53 II 2563.48 II 2574.36 II 2576.691 I 2582.58 II 2584.54 I 2585.88 II 2591.54 II

5/4/05 8:04:39 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-36 Intensity 90 650 2000 300 60 300 800 650 600 320 320 250 90 400 200 150 250 250 100 300 50 200 300 60 600 500 400 10 h 200 80 400 60 200 80 50 50 250 4000 100 50 1500 400 150 50 80 200 50 80 1000 60 50 500 50 500 120 400 250 800 200 150 200

Section 10.indb 36

Wavelength/Å 2593.73 II 2598.37 II 2599.40 II 2599.57 I 2605.657 I 2606.51 II 2606.827 I 2607.09 II 2611.87 II 2613.82 II 2617.62 II 2618.018 I 2620.41 II 2623.53 I 2625.67 II 2628.29 II 2631.05 II 2631.32 II 2632.237 I 2635.809 I 2641.646 I 2643.998 I 2666.812 I 2666.965 I 2679.062 I 2684.75 II 2689.212 I 2695.13 III 2699.106 I 2706.012 I 2706.582 I 2708.571 I 2711.655 I 2714.41 II 2716.257 I 2717.786 I 2718.436 I 2719.027 I 2719.420 I 2720.197 I 2720.903 I 2723.578 I 2724.953 I 2726.235 I 2727.54 II 2728.020 I 2728.820 I 2728.90 II 2733.581 I 2734.005 I 2734.268 I 2735.475 I 2735.612 I 2737.310 I 2737.83 I 2739.55 II 2742.254 I 2742.405 I 2743.20 II 2743.565 I 2744.068 I

Intensity 80 300 100 500 1200 80 150 100 800 250 100 120 150 150 120 120 80 250 300 600 3000 200 400 1500 10 p 2500 300 600 50 120 1500 120 200 200 1000 100 800 50 50 80 50 12 10 12 120 120 1200 60 1000 600 250 150 1500 120 800 1200 500 600 1000 1000 250

Wavelength/Å 2744.527 I 2746.48 II 2749.32 II 2749.48 II 2750.140 I 2753.29 II 2754.032 I 2754.426 I 2755.73 II 2756.328 I 2757.316 I 2761.780 I 2761.81 II 2762.026 I 2762.772 I 2763.109 I 2766.910 I 2767.522 I 2772.07 I 2778.220 I 2788.10 I 2797.78 I 2804.521 I 2806.98 I 2813.24 III 2813.287 I 2823.276 I 2825.56 I 2825.687 I 2828.808 I 2832.436 I 2835.950 I 2838.119 I 2843.631 I 2843.977 I 2845.594 I 2851.797 I 2869.307 I 2872.334 I 2874.172 I 2894.504 I 2904.43 III 2907.50 III 2907.70 III 2912.157 I 2929.007 I 2936.903 I 2941.343 I 2947.876 I 2953.940 I 2957.364 I 2965.254 I 2966.898 I 2969.36 I 2970.099 I 2973.132 I 2973.235 I 2981.445 I 2983.570 I 2994.427 I 2994.502 I

Intensity 500 120 800 12 60 12 h 200 500 120 15 60 60 500 1500 600 500 150 500 80 60 60 800 80 800 600 1000 250 120 120 80 100 100 60 100 10 p 10 80 10 10 150 250 500 800 200 80 50 100 200 200 60 50 80 60 300 600 80 50 120 300 100 80

Wavelength/Å 2999.512 I 3000.451 I 3000.948 I 3001.62 III 3001.655 I 3007.28 III 3007.282 I 3008.14 I 3009.569 I 3013.17 III 3017.627 I 3018.983 I 3020.491 I 3020.639 I 3021.073 I 3024.032 I 3025.638 I 3025.842 I 3030.148 I 3031.214 I 3034.484 I 3037.389 I 3041.637 I 3047.604 I 3057.446 I 3059.086 I 3067.244 I 3075.719 I 3091.577 I 3098.189 I 3099.895 I 3099.968 I 3100.303 I 3100.665 I 3136.43 III 3174.09 III 3175.445 I 3175.99 III 3178.01 III 3184.895 I 3191.659 I 3193.226 I 3193.299 I 3196.928 I 3199.500 I 3205.398 I 3211.88 I 3214.011 I 3214.396 I 3215.938 I 3217.377 I 3219.583 I 3219.766 I 3222.045 I 3225.78 I 3227.796 I 3233.967 I 3234.613 I 3236.222 I 3239.433 I 3244.187 I

Intensity 80 80 50 13 50 11 150 10 120 200 400 80 60 120 50 50 60 50 150 150 80 500 250 60 500 60 6000 2500 1000 200 1200 2000 500 2500 500 10 250 300 400 100 60 60 60 100 200 300 250 80 400 200 400 1000 1200 800 120 100 60 60 4000 150 150

Wavelength/Å 3246.005 I 3265.046 I 3265.617 I 3266.88 III 3271.000 I 3276.08 III 3286.75 I 3288.81 III 3305.97 I 3306.343 I 3355.227 I 3355.517 I 3369.546 I 3370.783 I 3378.678 I 3380.110 I 3383.978 I 3392.304 I 3392.651 I 3399.333 I 3404.353 I 3407.458 I 3413.131 I 3424.284 I 3427.119 I 3428.748 I 3440.606 I 3440.989 I 3443.876 I 3445.149 I 3465.860 I 3475.450 I 3476.702 I 3490.574 I 3497.840 I 3501.76 III 3513.817 I 3521.261 I 3526.040 I 3526.166 I 3526.237 I 3526.381 I 3526.467 I 3533.199 I 3536.556 I 3541.083 I 3542.075 I 3553.739 I 3554.925 I 3556.878 I 3558.515 I 3565.379 I 3570.097 I 3570.25 I 3571.996 I 3573.393 I 3573.829 I 3573.888 I 3581.19 I 3582.199 I 3584.660 I

5/4/05 8:04:43 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 120 300 150 10 200 400 100 11 150 11 200 500 1500 250 60 150 1500 200 150 150 100 1200 60 100 200 80 1500 250 80 200 120 150 100 150 1500 200 120 150 120 500 120 150 120 150 80 1200 60 150 300 600 120 8000 1500 120 60 60 500 150 1200 5000 120

Section 10.indb 37

Wavelength/Å 3584.929 I 3585.319 I 3585.705 I 3586.04 III 3586.103 I 3586.984 I 3594.633 I 3600.94 III 3603.204 I 3603.88 III 3605.454 I 3606.680 I 3608.859 I 3610.16 I 3612.068 I 3617.788 I 3618.768 I 3621.462 I 3622.004 I 3623.19 I 3631.096 I 3631.463 I 3632.041 I 3638.298 I 3640.389 I 3643.717 I 3647.842 I 3649.506 I 3650.279 I 3651.467 I 3670.024 I 3670.089 I 3676.311 I 3677.629 I 3679.913 I 3682.242 I 3683.054 I 3684.107 I 3685.998 I 3687.456 I 3689.477 I 3694.008 I 3695.051 I 3701.086 I 3704.462 I 3705.566 I 3707.041 I 3707.821 I 3707.919 I 3709.246 I 3716.442 I 3719.935 I 3722.563 I 3724.377 I 3725.491 I 3727.093 I 3727.619 I 3732.396 I 3733.317 I 3734.864 I 3735.324 I

10-37 Intensity 6000 100 400 6000 1200 3000 80 3000 1500 400 1500 400 600 60 250 100 250 250 150 400 120 250 400 200 80 600 60 1500 2500 150 80 2500 1500 1200 1000 120 500 800 120 80 200 120 2500 150 10000 150 60 250 150 250 2000 4000 200 300 800 1200 400 250 80 600 1200

Wavelength/Å 3737.131 I 3738.306 I 3743.362 I 3745.561 I 3745.899 I 3748.262 I 3748.964 I 3749.485 I 3758.232 I 3760.05 I 3763.788 I 3765.54 I 3767.191 I 3776.452 I 3785.95 I 3786.68 I 3787.880 I 3790.092 I 3794.34 I 3795.002 I 3797.518 I 3798.511 I 3799.547 I 3805.345 I 3806.696 I 3812.964 I 3813.059 I 3815.840 I 3820.425 I 3821.179 I 3824.306 I 3824.444 I 3825.880 I 3827.823 I 3834.222 I 3839.257 I 3840.437 I 3841.047 I 3843.256 I 3846.800 I 3849.96 I 3850.817 I 3856.372 I 3859.212 I 3859.911 I 3865.523 I 3867.215 I 3872.501 I 3873.761 I 3878.018 I 3878.573 I 3886.282 I 3887.048 I 3888.513 I 3895.656 I 3899.707 I 3902.945 I 3906.479 I 3916.731 I 3920.258 I 3922.911 I

Intensity 1200 2000 60 60 50 50 16 60 250 60 11 100 80 10 w 40 50 60 200 40 400 60 100 10 50 4000 11 1500 50 50 1200 40 12 40 40 150 10 11 11 40 400 80 40 15 13 200 800 40 50 60 18 13 50 13 60 50 50 120 50 120 120 80

Wavelength/Å 3927.920 I 3930.296 I 3948.774 I 3949.953 I 3951.164 I 3952.601 I 3954.33 III 3956.454 I 3956.68 I 3966.614 I 3968.72 III 3969.257 I 3977.741 I 3979.42 III 3981.771 I 3983.956 I 3994.114 I 3997.392 I 3998.053 I 4005.241 I 4009.713 I 4021.867 I 4035.42 III 4040.638 I 4045.813 I 4053.11 III 4063.594 I 4066.975 I 4067.977 I 4071.737 I 4076.629 I 4081.00 III 4100.737 I 4107.489 I 4118.544 I 4120.90 III 4122.02 III 4122.78 III 4127.608 I 4132.058 I 4134.676 I 4136.997 I 4137.76 III 4139.35 III 4143.415 I 4143.869 I 4153.898 I 4154.500 I 4156.799 I 4164.73 III 4166.84 III 4172.744 I 4174.26 III 4174.912 I 4175.635 I 4177.593 I 4181.754 I 4184.891 I 4187.038 I 4187.795 I 4191.430 I

Intensity 40 150 40 300 40 80 80 400 100 50 11 50 200 100 13 250 50 12 50 200 300 40 800 250 1200 12 h 12 1200 14 h 80 16 h 250 18 h 1200 20 h 150 1500 80 80 11 h 14 h 18 h 800 3000 1200 300 12 600 400 120 80 80 200 50 50 30 30 50 120 60 30

Wavelength/Å 4195.329 I 4198.304 I 4199.095 I 4202.029 I 4203.984 I 4206.696 I 4210.343 I 4216.183 I 4219.360 I 4222.212 I 4222.27 III 4225.956 I 4227.423 I 4233.602 I 4235.56 III 4235.936 I 4238.809 I 4243.75 III 4247.425 I 4250.118 I 4250.787 I 4258.315 I 4260.473 I 4271.153 I 4271.759 I 4273.40 III 4279.72 III 4282.402 I 4286.16 III 4291.462 I 4296.85 III 4299.234 I 4304.78 III 4307.901 I 4310.36 III 4315.084 I 4325.761 I 4352.734 I 4369.771 I 4372.31 III 4372.53 III 4372.81 III 4375.929 I 4383.544 I 4404.750 I 4415.122 I 4419.60 III 4427.299 I 4461.652 I 4466.551 I 4476.017 I 4482.169 I 4482.252 I 4489.739 I 4528.613 I 4647.433 I 4736.771 I 4859.741 I 4871.317 I 4872.136 I 4878.208 I

5/4/05 8:04:45 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-38 Intensity 100 250 30 150 500 1500 80 30 100 60 30 150 30 30 25 150 40 100 25 12 80 2500 80 500 50 80 200 10 30 25 150 60 1000 250 10 18 13 l 100 1200 800 14 15 30 16 60 12 11 12 25 14 w 10 10 150 800 300 100 80 500 11 12 12

Section 10.indb 38

Wavelength/Å 4890.754 I 4891.492 I 4903.309 I 4918.992 I 4920.502 I 4957.597 I 5001.862 I 5005.711 I 5006.117 I 5012.067 I 5014.941 I 5041.755 I 5049.819 I 5051.634 I 5074.748 I 5110.357 I 5139.251 I 5139.462 I 5151.910 I 5156.12 III 5166.281 I 5167.487 I 5168.897 I 5171.595 I 5191.454 I 5192.343 I 5194.941 I 5199.08 III 5204.582 I 5215.179 I 5216.274 I 5226.862 I 5227.150 I 5232.939 I 5235.66 III 5243.31 III 5260.34 III 5266.555 I 5269.537 I 5270.357 I 5272.98 III 5276.48 III 5281.789 I 5282.30 III 5283.621 I 5284.83 III 5298.12 III 5299.93 III 5302.299 I 5302.60 III 5306.76 III 5322.74 III 5324.178 I 5328.038 I 5328.531 I 5332.899 I 5339.928 I 5341.023 I 5346.88 III 5353.77 III 5363.76 III

Intensity 10 400 11 l 40 300 250 250 100 200 120 25 20 30 30 60 120 200 20 50 11 10 20 18 10 30 15 30 10 p 18 p 10 14 12 30 12 h 18 16 13 11 11 40 30 40 40 40 30 30 40 20 80 30 20 30 20 20 30 200 60 20 20 40 25

Wavelength/Å 5368.06 III 5371.489 I 5375.47 III 5393.167 I 5397.127 I 5405.774 I 5429.695 I 5434.523 I 5446.871 I 5455.609 I 5497.516 I 5501.464 I 5506.778 I 5569.618 I 5572.841 I 5586.755 I 5615.644 I 5624.541 I 5662.515 I 5719.88 III 5756.38 III 5762.990 I 5833.93 III 5854.62 III 5862.353 I 5891.91 III 5914.114 I 5920.13 III 5929.69 III 5952.31 III 5953.62 III 5979.32 III 5986.956 I 5989.08 III 5999.54 III 6032.59 III 6036.56 III 6048.72 III 6054.18 III 6065.482 I 6102.159 I 6136.614 I 6137.694 I 6191.558 I 6213.429 I 6219.279 I 6230.726 I 6246.317 I 6247.56 II 6252.554 I 6393.602 I 6399.999 I 6411.647 I 6421.349 I 6430.844 I 6456.38 II 6494.981 I 6546.239 I 6592.913 I 6677.989 I 7164.443 I

Intensity 80 30 30 40 60 80 60 80 60 50 150 120 20 120 30 15 60 150 52 87 91 255 160 230 160 580 225 1030 96 72 50 40 94 41 105

Wavelength/Å 7187.313 I 7207.381 I 7445.746 I 7495.059 I 7511.045 I 7937.131 I 7945.984 I 7998.939 I 8046.047 I 8085.176 I 8220.41 I 8327.053 I 8331.908 I 8387.770 I 8468.404 I 8514.069 I 8661.898 I 8688.621 I 11422.32 I 11439.12 I 11593.59 I 11607.57 I 11638.26 I 11689.98 I 11783.26 I 11882.84 I 11884.08 I 11973.05 I 14400.56 I 14512.23 I 14555.06 I 14826.43 I 15294.58 I 15769.42 I 18856.65 I

Krypton Kr 30 150 100 250 120 200 30 60 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 30 50 35 50 35 40 45

Z = 36 467.35 472.16 484.39 496.25 500.77 507.20 540.86 548.04 565.64 569.16 571.98 579.83 585.14 585.96 593.70 594.10 596.41 600.17 603.67 605.86 606.47 611.12 616.72 621.45 622.80

III V V V V V III V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity 50 30 45 50 35 120 50 60 50 50 30 40 35 35 35 35 45 45

45 50 30 50 600 50 100 p 60 30 200 100 60 200 60 p 200 100 60

7 18 60 60 50 22 100 50 60 60 60 40 50 200 1000 400 75 200 2000 50 50

Wavelength/Å 625.02 III 625.76 III 628.59 III 630.04 III 633.09 III 637.87 V 639.98 III 646.41 III 651.20 III 659.72 III 664.86 III 672.34 III 672.85 III 676.57 III 680.13 III 683.68 III 686.25 III 687.98 III 690.86 V 691.75 V 691.93 III 695.61 III 698.05 III 708.36 III 708.85 V 714.00 III 722.04 III 729.40 II 746.70 III 761.18 II 763.98 II 766.20 II 771.03 II 773.69 II 782.10 II 783.72 II 785.97 III 793.44 IV 794.11 IV 805.76 IV 810.70 V 816.82 IV 818.15 II 830.38 II 837.66 III 842.04 IV 844.06 II 854.73 III 862.58 III 864.82 II 868.87 II 870.84 III 876.08 III 884.14 II 886.30 II 891.01 II 897.81 III 911.39 II 917.43 II 945.44 I 946.54 I

5/4/05 8:04:47 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 20 50 50 2000 50 100 100 100 30 200 650 6 6 3 6 3 4 4 3 3 40 4 3 5 4 6 100 h 5 60 40 4 5 6 5 5 6 4 30 3 5 10 8 7 60 30 40 80 h 3 8 6 3 100 3 30 30 5 3 50 100 30 50

Section 10.indb 39

Wavelength/Å 951.06 I 953.40 I 963.37 I 964.97 II 987.29 III 1001.06 I 1003.55 I 1030.02 I 1158.74 III 1164.87 I 1235.84 I 1638.82 III 1914.09 III 2237.34 IV 2291.26 IV 2329.3 IV 2336.75 IV 2348.27 IV 2358.5 IV 2388.05 IV 2393.94 III 2416.9 IV 2428.04 IV 2442.68 IV 2451.7 IV 2459.74 IV 2464.77 II 2474.06 IV 2492.48 II 2494.01 III 2517.0 IV 2518.02 IV 2519.38 IV 2524.5 IV 2546.0 IV 2547.0 IV 2558.08 IV 2563.25 III 2586.9 IV 2606.17 IV 2609.5 IV 2615.3 IV 2621.11 IV 2639.76 III 2680.32 III 2681.19 III 2712.40 II 2730.55 IV 2748.18 IV 2774.70 IV 2829.60 IV 2833.00 II 2836.08 IV 2841.00 III 2851.16 III 2853.0 IV 2859.3 IV 2870.61 III 2892.18 III 2909.17 III 2952.56 III

10-39 Intensity 60 50 80 50 30 60 40 60 30 100 60 3 100 80 6 40 40 300 3 150 100 30 30 30 50 200 60 50 100 40 100 70 100 200 100 100 h 200 30 250 80 150 100 80 30 300 h 200 150 200 150 80 500 500 3 5 40 h 150 h 150 200 5 100 100 h

Wavelength/Å 2992.22 III 3022.30 III 3024.45 III 3046.93 III 3056.72 III 3063.13 III 3097.16 III 3112.25 III 3120.61 III 3124.39 III 3141.35 III 3142.01 IV 3189.11 III 3191.21 III 3224.99 IV 3239.52 III 3240.44 III 3245.69 III 3261.70 IV 3264.81 III 3268.48 III 3271.65 III 3285.89 III 3304.75 III 3311.47 III 3325.75 III 3330.76 III 3342.48 III 3351.93 III 3374.96 III 3439.46 III 3474.65 III 3488.59 III 3507.42 III 3564.23 III 3607.88 II 3631.889 II 3641.34 III 3653.928 II 3665.324 I 3669.01 II 3679.559 I 3686.182 II 3690.65 III 3718.02 II 3718.595 II 3721.350 II 3741.638 II 3744.80 II 3754.245 II 3778.089 II 3783.095 II 3809.30 IV 3860.58 IV 3868.70 III 3875.44 II 3906.177 II 3920.081 II 3934.29 IV 3994.840 II 3997.793 II

Intensity 300 300 50 500 250 100 40 250 40 150 1000 100 600 200 500 h 400 1000 150 h 100 3000 500 200 800 300 h 200 100 500 600 600 800 800 400 h 600 400 h 200 h 800 300 150 h 500 1000 800 2000 500 100 200 3000 300 1000 300 300 800 700 150 300 20 h 200 250 400 h 500 200 500

Wavelength/Å 4057.037 II 4065.128 II 4067.37 III 4088.337 II 4098.729 II 4109.248 II 4131.33 III 4145.122 II 4154.46 III 4250.580 II 4273.969 I 4282.967 I 4292.923 II 4300.49 II 4317.81 II 4318.551 I 4319.579 I 4322.98 II 4351.359 I 4355.477 II 4362.641 I 4369.69 II 4376.121 I 4386.54 II 4399.965 I 4425.189 I 4431.685 II 4436.812 II 4453.917 I 4463.689 I 4475.014 II 4489.88 II 4502.353 I 4523.14 II 4556.61 II 4577.209 II 4582.978 II 4592.80 II 4615.292 II 4619.166 II 4633.885 II 4658.876 II 4680.406 II 4691.301 II 4694.360 II 4739.002 II 4762.435 II 4765.744 II 4811.76 II 4825.18 II 4832.077 II 4846.612 II 4857.20 II 4945.59 II 5016.45 III 5022.40 II 5086.52 II 5125.73 II 5208.32 II 5308.66 II 5333.41 II

Intensity 200 10 500 2000 80 100 400 200 h 100 3000 200 60 10 h 60 10 h 10 300 100 200 150 60 100 250 100 80 400 400 60 200 100 300 1000 2000 150 1000 1200 250 150 800 200 180 200 120 100 1500 4000 6000 60 3000 200 80 3000 100 1500 5000 100 3000 150 6000 2000 500

Wavelength/Å 5468.17 II 5501.43 III 5562.224 I 5570.288 I 5580.386 I 5649.561 I 5681.89 II 5690.35 II 5832.855 I 5870.914 I 5992.22 II 5993.849 I 6037.17 III 6056.125 I 6078.38 III 6310.22 III 6420.18 II 6421.026 I 6456.288 I 6570.07 II 6699.228 I 6904.678 I 7213.13 II 7224.104 I 7287.258 I 7289.78 II 7407.02 II 7425.541 I 7435.78 II 7486.862 I 7524.46 II 7587.411 I 7601.544 I 7641.16 II 7685.244 I 7694.538 I 7735.69 II 7746.827 I 7854.821 I 7913.423 I 7928.597 I 7933.22 II 7973.62 II 7982.401 I 8059.503 I 8104.364 I 8112.899 I 8132.967 I 8190.054 I 8202.72 II 8218.365 I 8263.240 I 8272.353 I 8281.050 I 8298.107 I 8412.430 I 8508.870 I 8764.110 I 8776.748 I 8928.692 I 9238.48 II

5/4/05 8:04:50 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-40 Intensity 500 hl 200 h 300 100 200 h 200 h 500 500 h 400 h 200 200 h 2000 500 500 1000 100 200 150 500 150 1500 600 160 100 1100 1000 2400 800 200 600 150 550 140 180 2000 100 1600 550 450 400 120 140 1700 130 1500 700 200 180 120 200 2000 1000 2400 1600 1800 600 700 120 150 650 700

Section 10.indb 40

Wavelength/Å 9293.82 II 9320.99 II 9361.95 II 9362.082 I 9402.82 II 9470.93 II 9577.52 II 9605.80 II 9619.61 II 9663.34 II 9711.60 II 9751.758 I 9803.14 II 9856.314 I 10221.46 II 11187.108 I 11257.711 I 11259.126 I 11457.481 I 11792.425 I 11819.377 I 11997.105 I 12077.224 I 12861.892 I 13177.412 I 13622.415 I 13634.220 I 13658.394 I 13711.036 I 13738.851 I 13974.027 I 14045.657 I 14104.298 I 14402.22 I 14426.793 I 14517.84 I 14734.436 I 14762.672 I 14765.472 I 14961.894 I 15005.307 I 15209.526 I 15239.615 I 15326.480 I 15334.958 I 15372.037 I 15474.026 I 15681.02 I 15820.09 I 16726.513 I 16785.128 I 16853.488 I 16890.441 I 16896.753 I 16935.806 I 17098.771 I 17367.606 I 17404.443 I 17616.854 I 17842.737 I 18002.229 I

Intensity 2600 100 150 300 170 200 140 300 140 600 1800 120 180 120 180 600 180 1000 150 140 300 300 300 500 1100 220 100 1400 1100 500 300 1300 250

Wavelength/Å 18167.315 I 18399.786 I 18580.896 I 18696.294 I 18785.460 I 18797.703 I 20209.878 I 20423.964 I 20446.971 I 21165.471 I 21902.513 I 22485.775 I 23340.416 I 24260.506 I 24292.221 I 25233.820 I 28610.55 I 28655.72 I 28769.71 I 28822.49 I 29236.69 I 30663.54 I 30979.16 I 39300.6 I 39486.52 I 39557.25 I 39572.60 I 39588.4 I 39589.6 I 39954.8 I 39966.6 I 40306.1 I 40685.16 I

Lanthanum La Z = 57 100 344.12 400 390.72 1000 432.11 2500 435.28 10000 463.14 5000 482.16 7000 498.08 15000 499.54 10000 503.58 12000 526.76 10000 531.07 15000 533.23 8000 547.44 40000 552.02 5000 600.24 30000 631.26 400 796.99 2000 870.40 1000 882.34 400 942.86 50000 1081.61 95000 1099.73 2000 1255.63 10000 1349.18 25000 1368.04 20000 1463.47 15000 1507.87

IV V V V IV V V IV V V V V V IV V IV III III III III III III III III IV IV IV

Intensity 10000 4000 5000 4000 c 770 25000 w 50000 45000 95000 w 70000 w 420 50000 w 30000 c 70000 w 90000 c 1000 1500 510 550 800 1500 870 1500 320 1000 550 2400 3700 3900 600 1600 3400 1700 1300 1100 2200 9000 4400 3600 2800 3000 850 2800 5500 4400 550 1100 1500 1600 480 600 600 440 4600 550 2000 850 420 400 400 410

Wavelength/Å 1523.79 III 1808.66 IV 1902.97 IV 2197.45 IV 2256.76 II 2417.58 IV 2532.75 IV 2582.05 IV 2597.50 IV 2662.75 IV 2808.39 II 2848.30 IV 2962.58 IV 3009.51 IV 3056.68 IV 3171.63 III 3171.74 III 3245.13 II 3265.67 II 3303.11 II 3337.49 II 3344.56 II 3380.91 II 3628.83 II 3645.42 II 3713.54 II 3759.08 II 3790.83 II 3794.78 II 3840.72 II 3849.02 II 3871.64 II 3886.37 II 3916.05 II 3921.54 II 3929.22 II 3949.10 II 3988.52 II 3995.75 II 4031.69 II 4042.91 II 4067.39 II 4077.35 II 4086.72 II 4123.23 II 4141.74 II 4151.97 II 4196.55 II 4238.38 II 4269.50 II 4286.97 II 4296.05 II 4322.51 II 4333.74 II 4354.40 II 4429.90 II 4522.37 II 4526.12 II 4558.46 II 4574.88 II 4613.39 II

Intensity 410 540 360 230 230 500 390 320 320 850 1000 1000 370 340 370 720 210 470 470 450 290 580 850 260 720 520 340 370 370 180 500 470 240 180 370 320 450 140 320 720 260 d 450 250 180 110 160 50 110 w 110 w 75 cw 50 85 40 75 85 95 65 300 40 35 120

Wavelength/Å 4619.88 II 4655.50 II 4662.51 II 4692.50 II 4728.42 II 4740.28 II 4743.09 II 4748.73 II 4860.91 II 4899.92 II 4920.98 II 4921.79 II 4949.77 I 4970.39 II 4986.83 II 4999.47 II 5050.57 I 5114.56 II 5122.99 II 5145.42 I 5158.69 I 5177.31 I 5183.42 II 5188.22 II 5211.86 I 5234.27 I 5253.46 I 5271.19 I 5301.98 II 5303.55 II 5455.15 I 5501.34 I 5648.25 I 5740.66 I 5769.34 I 5789.24 I 5791.34 I 5821.99 I 5930.62 I 6249.93 I 6262.30 II 6394.23 I 6455.99 I 6709.50 I 7045.96 I 7066.23 II 7161.25 I 7282.34 II 7334.18 I 7483.50 II 7498.83 I 7539.23 I 7964.83 I 8086.05 I 8324.69 I 8346.53 I 8545.44 I 8583.45 III 8674.43 I 8825.82 I 9184.38 III

5/4/05 8:04:54 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 100 140

Wavelength/Å 9212.63 III 10284.79 III

Lead Pb Z = 82 10 496.38 12 499.94 14 529.78 20 570.16 10 648.50 20 703.73 12 749.46 10 752.52 10 761.09 18 767.45 18 769.49 14 771.42 14 782.79 15 797.02 18 802.07 12 802.82 18 809.63 10 812.59 10 827.41 12 832.60 12 845.94 18 857.64 16 862.33 20 863.97 14 870.44 6 873.71 12 879.96 18 883.90 14 884.96 14 884.99 14 888.37 8 889.68 16 890.72 14 894.40 12 896.08 12 908.51 14 915.71 12 917.90 12 918.09 12 920.28 12 920.66 10 922.12 12 922.49 10 927.64 14 932.20 12 954.35 10 967.23 10 986.71 10 995.89 10 1016.61 14 1028.61 20 1032.05 16 1041.24 18 1044.14 12 1048.9 10 1049.82 10 1050.77 10 1051.26

Section 10.indb 41

IV IV IV IV IV V V V IV V V V V V IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV II IV V IV IV V II IV V V IV V IV V V V IV IV IV IV V II II II II IV IV IV IV III II II V

10-41 Intensity 15 10 12 18 20 10 10 10 10 20 10 10 10 18 14 12 14 20 10 10 11 10 20 10 10 12 10 16 18 10 10 10 14 20 10 10 20 10 10 10 7 12 16 10 5r 10 12 8r 12 6 10 15 500 r 7 12 7 8 10 20 20 25

Wavelength/Å 1056.53 IV 1060.66 II 1072.09 IV 1080.81 IV 1084.17 IV 1088.86 V 1103.94 II 1108.43 II 1109.84 II 1116.08 IV 1119.57 II 1121.36 II 1133.14 II 1137.84 IV 1144.93 IV 1157.88 V 1185.43 V 1189.95 IV 1203.63 II 1231.20 II 1233.50 V 1291.10 IV 1313.05 IV 1331.65 II 1335.20 II 1343.06 IV 1348.37 II 1388.94 IV 1400.26 IV 1404.34 IV 1433.96 II 1512.42 II 1535.71 IV 1553.1 III 1671.53 II 1682.15 II 1726.75 II 1796.670 II 1822.050 II 1904.77 I 1921.471 II 1959.34 IV 1973.16 IV 1998.83 V 2022.02 I 2042.58 IV 2049.34 IV 2053.28 I 2079.22 IV 2111.758 I 2115.066 I 2154.01 IV 2170.00 I 2175.580 I 2177.46 IV 2187.888 I 2189.603 I 2203.534 II 2237.425 I 2246.86 I 2246.89 I

Intensity 20 150 16 180 550 r 140 320 r 320 r 16 15 150 r 160 r 130 r 80 r 500 r 900 r 160 4 10 700 10 25000 r 100 14000 r 35000 r 6 14000 r 3 15 15 15 4 10 150 10 10 600 100 400 200 35000 50000 r 20000 70000 r 10 25000 12 15000 95000 14000 10 10000 8 200 10 6 16 7 10 6 1000

Wavelength/Å 2259.01 V 2332.418 I 2359.53 IV 2388.797 I 2393.792 I 2399.597 I 2401.940 I 2411.734 I 2417.61 IV 2424.81 V 2443.829 I 2446.181 I 2476.378 I 2577.260 I 2613.655 I 2614.175 I 2628.262 I 2634.256 II 2657.094 I 2663.154 I 2697.541 I 2801.995 I 2822.58 I 2823.189 I 2833.053 I 2840.557 II 2873.311 I 2914.442 II 2966.460 I 2972.991 I 2980.157 I 2986.876 II 3043.85 III 3118.894 I 3137.81 III 3176.50 III 3220.528 I 3229.613 I 3240.186 I 3262.355 I 3572.729 I 3639.568 I 3671.491 I 3683.462 I 3713.982 II 3739.935 I 3854.08 III 4019.632 I 4057.807 I 4062.136 I 4157.814 I 4168.033 I 4272.66 III 4340.413 I 4496.15 IV 4499.34 III 4534.60 IV 4571.21 III 4579.051 II 4761.12 III 5005.416 I

Intensity 100 50 10 2000 10 40 200 2000 500 500 40 50 100 50 c 20000 10 20 5 10 6 5 40 20 10 5 10 8 15 15 15 200 100 50 15 40

Wavelength/Å 5006.572 I 5089.484 I 5107.242 I 5201.437 I 5372.099 II 5692.346 I 5895.624 I 6001.862 I 6011.667 I 6059.356 I 6081.409 II 6110.520 I 6235.266 I 6660.20 II 7228.965 I 7346.676 I 7809.259 I 7896.737 I 8168.001 I 8191.886 I 8217.711 I 8272.690 I 8409.384 I 8478.492 I 8722.810 I 8857.457 I 9293.476 I 9438.05 I 9604.297 I 9674.351 I 10290.458 I 10498.965 I 10649.249 I 10886.688 I 10969.53 I 13512.6 I 14743.0 I 15349.6 I 39039.4 I

Lithium Li Z = 3 102.9 103.4 104.1 105.5 108.0 113.9 125.5 135.0 136.5 140.5 167.21 168.74 171.58 178.02 199.28 207.5 456. 483. 540. 540.0 729.

III III III III III III II III II II II II II II II II II II II III II

5/4/05 8:04:56 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-42 Intensity

3 5 1 3 5 1

h

Section 10.indb 42

Wavelength/Å 729.1 III 800. II 820. II 861. II 905.5 II 917.5 II 936. II 945. II 965. II 972. II 988. II 1018. II 1032. II 1036. II 1093. II 1103. II 1109. II 1116. II 1132.1 II 1141. II 1166.4 II 1198.09 II 1215. II 1238. II 1253.8 II 1420.89 II 1424. II 1492.93 II 1492.97 II 1493.04 II 1555. II 1653.08 II 1653.13 II 1653.21 II 1681.66 II 1755.33 II 2009. II 2039. I 2068. II 2131. II 2164. II 2173.4 I 2183. II 2214. II 2222. II 2237. II 2249.21 II 2286.82 II 2302.57 II 2303.33 II 2304.59 I 2304.92 I 2305.36 I 2305.83 I 2306.29 I 2306.82 I 2307.44 I 2308.97 I 2309.88 I 2310.94 I 2312.11 I

Intensity

3 5 2

1

3

10

24 15 2 3

5 2 3 1 5

2 2 5 1 3 3 3 4 1 9 4

Wavelength/Å 2313.49 I 2315.08 I 2316.95 I 2319.18 I 2321.88 I 2325.11 I 2329.02 I 2329.84 II 2333.94 I 2336.88 II 2336.91 II 2337.00 II 2340.15 I 2348.22 I 2358.93 I 2373.54 I 2381.54 II 2383.20 II 2394.39 I 2402.33 II 2410.84 II 2425.43 I 2429.81 II 2460.2 I 2475.06 I 2506.94 II 2508.78 II 2518. I 2539.49 II 2551.7 II 2559. II 2562.31 I 2605.08 II 2657.29 II 2657.30 II 2674.46 II 2728.24 II 2728.29 II 2728.32 II 2730.47 II 2730.55 II 2741.20 I 2766.99 II 2790.31 II 2801. I 2846. I 2868. I 2895. I 2934.02 II 2934.07 II 2934.12 II 2934.25 II 2968. I 3029.12 II 3029.14 II 3144. I 3155.31 II 3155.33 II 3196.26 II 3196.33 II 3196.36 II

Intensity 5 2 17

1 5 6d 8 7d 10 1 3 6 20 20 10 10 40 40 20 20 5 5 1 13 13

6 2 3 1

4 4 1 8 8

600 c 600 c 320 320 3600 3600

Wavelength/Å 3199.33 II 3199.43 II 3232.66 I 3249.87 II 3306.28 II 3488. I 3579.8 I 3618. I 3662. I 3684.32 II 3714.00 II 3714.16 II 3714.27 II 3714.29 II 3714.40 II 3714.41 II 3714.51 II 3714.58 II 3718.7 I 3794.72 I 3915.30 I 3915.35 I 3985.48 I 3985.54 I 4132.56 I 4132.62 I 4196. I 4273.07 I 4273.13 I 4325.42 II 4325.47 II 4325.54 II 4516.45 II 4602.83 I 4602.89 I 4607.34 II 4671.51 II 4671.65 II 4671.70 II 4678.06 II 4678.29 II 4760. I 4763. II 4788.36 II 4843.0 II 4881.32 II 4881.39 II 4881.49 II 4971.66 I 4971.75 I 5037.92 II 5271. I 5315. I 5395. I 5440. I 5483.55 II 5485.65 II 6103.54 I 6103.65 I 6707.76 I 6707.91 I

Intensity 48 48

Wavelength/Å 8126.23 I 8126.45 I 8517.37 II 9581.42 II 10120. II 12232. I 12782. I 13566. I 17552. I 18697. I 19290. I 24467. I 40475. I

Lutetium Lu Z = 71 100 563.72 500 810.73 2000 832.28 100 861.92 400 876.80 100 880.32 100 891.81 100 914.72 400 1001.18 100 1272.42 800 1333.79 400 1429.38 200 1441.76 200 1453.35 200 1468.99 400 1472.12 200 1473.71 200 1485.58 400 1511.26 600 1772.57 100 c 1786.25 1000 1854.57 1500 2065.35 1500 c 2070.56 600 c 2086.47 1000 c 2104.41 1000 c 2108.31 1700 h 2195.54 1000 2236.14 2000 2236.22 95 2276.94 190 2297.41 1300 2392.19 120 2399.14 80 2419.21 130 2459.64 370 2536.95 930 2571.23 1700 2578.79 4500 c 2603.35 1800 2613.40 18000 2615.42 1800 2619.26 2700 2657.80 570 h 2685.08 4200 2701.71 180 d 2719.09

V III III V IV V V V III IV IV IV V V V V V V IV IV V III III III IV IV IV II III III II II II II II II II II II III II II II II I II I

5/4/05 8:04:59 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 480 h 3600 750 h 2000 2700 270 c 330 h 3000 570 h 6300 4500 300 9000 270 h 1200 4200 2400 1800 3000 2100 1000 7500 390 5100 h 3000 2400 260 1400 4800 3800 7600 6200 7600 6200 950 160 h 1400 4100 4800 8300 c 1600 4800 4800 340 800 680 2600 110 110 150 2700 530 50 480 670 310 3100 150 c 460 1600 150

Section 10.indb 43

Wavelength/Å 2728.95 I 2754.17 II 2765.74 I 2772.55 III 2796.63 II 2834.35 II 2845.13 I 2847.51 II 2885.14 I 2894.84 II 2900.30 II 2903.05 I 2911.39 II 2949.73 I 2951.69 II 2963.32 II 2969.82 II 2989.27 I 3020.54 II 3056.72 II 3057.86 III 3077.60 II 3080.11 I 3081.47 I 3118.43 I 3171.36 I 3191.80 II 3198.12 II 3254.31 II 3278.97 I 3281.74 I 3312.11 I 3359.56 I 3376.50 I 3385.50 I 3391.55 I 3396.82 I 3397.07 II 3472.48 II 3507.39 II 3508.42 I 3554.43 II 3567.84 I 3596.34 I 3623.99 II 3636.25 I 3647.77 I 3756.70 I 3756.79 I 3800.67 I 3841.18 I 3876.65 II 3918.86 I 3968.46 I 4054.45 I 4122.49 I 4124.73 I 4131.79 I 4154.08 I 4184.25 II 4277.50 I

10-43 Intensity 250 330 d 150 190 c 190 3300 100 h 1000 85 h 150 85 460 180 800 800 140 2700 170 500 140 c 100 2100 550 80 690 cw 140 1400 440 150 600 160 2100 80 160 70 h 1100 29 55 c 35 cw 23 c 30 c 45 23 45 14 ch 11 c 9c 17 35 10 d 29 c 35 c

Wavelength/Å 4281.03 I 4295.97 I 4309.57 I 4430.48 I 4450.81 I 4518.57 I 4648.21 I 4658.02 I 4659.03 I 4785.42 II 4815.05 I 4904.88 I 4942.34 I 4994.13 II 5001.14 I 5134.05 I 5135.09 I 5196.61 I 5402.57 I 5421.90 I 5437.88 I 5476.69 II 5736.55 I 5800.59 I 5983.9 II 5997.13 I 6004.52 I 6055.03 I 6159.94 II 6198.13 III 6199.66 II 6221.87 II 6235.36 II 6242.34 II 6345.35 I 6463.12 II 6477.67 I 6523.18 I 6611.28 II 6677.14 I 6793.77 I 6917.31 I 7031.24 I 7125.84 II 7237.98 I 7441.52 I 8178.16 I 8382.08 I 8459.19 II 8478.50 I 8508.08 I 8610.98 I

Magnesium Mg Z = 12 400 146.95 20 186.51 20 187.20 10 188.53 100 231.73 80 234.26 35 276.58 4000 320.99

IV III III III III III V IV

Intensity 3000 30 150 50 250 300 300 800 300 600 900 500 800 300 1000 500 1000 300 300 400 400 350 300 300 5 500 10 400 15 40 50 20 40 50 30 300 9 25 20 20 3 20 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 5

Wavelength/Å 323.31 IV 353.09 V 857.29 IV 919.03 IV 1037.41 IV 1210.99 IV 1342.19 IV 1346.57 IV 1346.68 IV 1352.05 IV 1384.46 IV 1385.77 IV 1387.53 IV 1404.68 IV 1409.36 IV 1437.53 IV 1437.64 IV 1447.42 IV 1459.54 IV 1459.62 IV 1481.51 IV 1490.45 IV 1495.50 IV 1607.11 IV 1668.43 I 1683.02 IV 1683.41 I 1698.81 IV 1707.06 I 1734.84 II 1737.62 II 1747.80 I 1750.65 II 1753.46 II 1827.93 I 1844.17 IV 2025.82 I 2064.90 III 2091.96 III 2177.70 III 2329.58 II 2395.15 III 2449.57 II 2557.23 I 2560.94 I 2562.26 I 2564.94 I 2570.91 I 2572.25 I 2574.94 I 2577.89 I 2580.59 I 2584.22 I 2585.56 I 2588.28 I 2591.89 I 2593.23 I 2595.97 I 2602.50 I 2603.85 I 2606.62 I

Intensity 1 2 3 3 6 8 2 3 4 8 8 6 8 10 3 5 6 8 10 12 5 7 38 32 90 8 32 36 1000 600 3 2 1 12 12 14 14 16 16 6000 2 4 3 10 12 2 13 20 22 14 9 8 6 6 7 2 17 6 9 7 8

Wavelength/Å 2613.36 I 2614.73 I 2617.51 I 2628.66 I 2630.05 I 2632.87 I 2644.80 I 2646.21 I 2649.06 I 2660.76 II 2660.82 II 2668.12 I 2669.55 I 2672.46 I 2693.72 I 2695.18 I 2698.14 I 2731.99 I 2733.49 I 2736.53 I 2765.22 I 2768.34 I 2776.69 I 2778.27 I 2779.83 I 2781.29 I 2781.42 I 2782.97 I 2795.53 II 2802.70 II 2809.76 I 2811.11 I 2811.78 I 2846.72 I 2846.75 I 2848.34 I 2848.42 I 2851.65 I 2851.66 I 2852.13 I 2902.92 I 2906.36 I 2915.45 I 2936.74 I 2938.47 I 2942.00 I 2942.00 I 3091.08 I 3092.99 I 3096.90 I 3104.71 II 3104.81 II 3168.98 II 3172.71 II 3175.78 II 3197.62 I 3329.93 I 3332.15 I 3336.68 I 3535.04 II 3538.86 II

5/4/05 8:05:02 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-44 Intensity 7 8 140 300 500 8 7 3 3 4 6 8 10 15 20 9 10 8 9 14 13 28 10 7 75 220 400 8 7 9 6 30 10 9 7 10 9 11 7 8 7 8 10 10 12 20 19 17 15 12 13 10 9 8 10 20 10 11 10 15 10

Section 10.indb 44

Wavelength/Å 3549.52 II 3553.37 II 3829.30 I 3832.30 I 3838.29 I 3848.24 II 3850.40 II 3878.31 I 3895.57 I 3903.86 I 3938.40 I 3986.75 I 4057.50 I 4167.27 I 4351.91 I 4384.64 II 4390.59 II 4428.00 II 4433.99 II 4481.16 II 4481.33 II 4571.10 I 4730.03 I 4851.10 II 5167.33 I 5172.68 I 5183.61 I 5264.21 II 5264.37 II 5401.54 II 5528.41 I 5711.09 I 6318.72 I 6319.24 I 6319.49 I 6346.74 II 6346.96 II 6545.97 II 6781.45 II 6787.85 II 6812.86 II 6819.27 II 7193.17 I 7291.06 I 7387.69 I 7657.60 I 7659.15 I 7659.90 I 7691.55 I 7877.05 II 7896.37 II 8098.72 I 8115.22 II 8120.43 II 8209.84 I 8213.03 I 8213.99 II 8234.64 II 8310.26 I 8346.12 I 8710.18 I

Intensity 12 13 10 17 11 14 10 11 20 10 14 13 12 30 10 10 25 17 19 20 12 11 15 15 17 18 14 35 11 10 25 27 28 15 14 45 30 28 35 30 25 10 30 5

Wavelength/Å 8712.69 I 8717.83 I 8734.99 II 8736.02 I 8745.66 II 8806.76 I 8824.32 II 8835.08 II 8923.57 I 8997.16 I 9218.25 II 9244.27 II 9246.50 I 9255.78 I 9327.54 II 9340.54 II 9414.96 I 9429.81 I 9432.76 I 9438.78 I 9631.89 II 9632.43 II 9953.20 I 9983.20 I 9986.47 I 9993.21 I 10092.16 II 10811.08 I 10914.23 II 10951.78 II 10953.32 I 10957.30 I 10965.45 I 11032.10 I 11033.66 I 11828.18 I 12083.66 I 14877.62 I 15024.99 I 15040.24 I 15047.70 I 15765.84 I 17108.66 I 26392.90 I

Manganese Mn Z = 25 600 410.30 600 410.60 600 415.62 650 415.98 600 428.59 600 435.67 1000 441.72 850 442.49 60 579.79 60 581.44 60 581.65 60 585.21 90 1242.25 90 1244.50 95 1251.93 95 1257.28

V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

Intensity 90 500 400 300 1000 800 500 h 1000 2000 500 80 80 20 30 50 40 30 20 20 85 85 80 80 30 20 50 20 75 30 20 d 100 20 30 80 20 20 30 50 30 500 800 20 20 20 500 1000 30 20 d 30 20 500 30 9700 14000 18000 1000 w 500 w 50 40 40 500

Wavelength/Å 1264.41 IV 1283.58 III 1287.59 III 1291.62 III 1360.72 III 1365.20 III 1609.17 III 1614.14 III 1620.60 III 1633.80 III 1667.00 IV 1698.30 IV 1726.47 II 1732.70 II 1733.55 II 1734.49 II 1737.93 II 1740.16 II 1742.00 II 1742.10 IV 1766.27 IV 1795.65 IV 1795.79 IV 1853.27 II 1857.92 II 1902.95 II 1907.84 II 1910.25 IV 1911.41 II 1914.68 II 1915.10 II 1918.64 II 1919.64 II 1921.25 II 1923.07 II 1923.34 II 1925.52 II 1926.59 II 1931.40 II 1941.28 III 1943.21 III 1945.15 II 1947.93 II 1950.14 II 1952.36 III 1952.52 III 1953.23 II 1954.81 II 1959.25 II 1969.24 II 1978.95 III 1994.23 II 1996.06 I 1999.51 I 2003.85 I 2027.83 III 2028.14 III 2037.31 II 2037.64 II 2039.97 II 2049.68 III

Intensity 500 1000 30 900 800 600 1500 500 20 500 500 20 1700 30 1000 700 900 800 800 290 540 900 770 1000 20 20 50 30 30 20 30 50 30 20 30 20 20 20 50 50 30 80 100 30 100 50 80 50 100 50 30 75 30 95 30 150 30 580 480 12000 550

Wavelength/Å 2066.38 III 2069.02 III 2076.21 II 2077.38 III 2084.23 III 2090.05 III 2092.16 I 2094.78 III 2097.46 II 2097.93 III 2099.97 III 2102.50 II 2109.58 I 2113.96 II 2169.78 III 2174.15 III 2176.87 III 2181.86 III 2184.87 III 2208.81 I 2213.85 I 2220.55 III 2221.84 I 2227.42 III 2373.36 II 2427.38 II 2427.72 II 2427.94 II 2437.37 II 2437.84 II 2452.49 II 2499.00 II 2507.60 II 2516.60 II 2516.74 II 2521.66 II 2530.72 II 2531.80 II 2532.78 II 2533.33 II 2534.10 II 2534.22 II 2535.66 II 2535.98 II 2537.92 II 2541.11 II 2542.92 II 2543.45 II 2548.75 II 2551.85 II 2553.27 II 2556.57 II 2556.89 II 2558.59 II 2559.41 II 2563.65 II 2565.22 II 2572.76 I 2575.51 I 2576.10 II 2584.31 I

5/4/05 8:05:05 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 30 45 250 6200 250 95 30 45 4300 190 500 140 150 40 200 190 130 80 27 60 30 30 110 55 55 45 30 30 55 55 110 27 55 27 85 50 160 100 130 80 110 45 80 110 30 30 30 50 30 30 55 6200 5100 220 3700 110 60 30 60 30 80

Section 10.indb 45

Wavelength/Å 2588.97 II 2589.71 II 2592.94 I 2593.73 II 2595.76 I 2598.90 II 2602.72 II 2603.72 II 2605.69 II 2610.20 II 2618.14 II 2622.90 I 2624.04 I 2624.80 II 2625.58 II 2632.35 II 2638.17 II 2639.84 II 2650.99 II 2655.91 II 2666.77 II 2667.03 II 2672.59 II 2673.37 II 2674.43 II 2680.34 II 2680.68 II 2681.25 II 2684.55 II 2685.94 II 2688.25 II 2693.19 II 2695.36 II 2698.97 II 2701.00 II 2701.17 II 2701.70 II 2703.98 II 2705.74 II 2707.53 II 2708.45 II 2709.96 II 2710.33 II 2711.58 II 2716.80 II 2717.53 II 2719.01 II 2719.74 II 2722.10 II 2724.46 II 2728.61 II 2794.82 I 2798.27 I 2799.84 I 2801.06 I 2809.11 I 2815.02 II 2816.33 II 2870.08 II 2872.94 II 2879.49 II

10-45 Intensity 70 160 55 50 80 140 h 190 h 1100 1500 250 h 1900 30 55 30 330 120 200 30 250 140 170 170 160 140 h 220 1000 300 850 330 650 100 310 310 220 180 180 200 720 50 360 360 h 290 180 140 50 100 360 1100 1300 1100 390 2200 720 1400 720 290 150 420 420 360

Wavelength/Å 2886.68 II 2889.58 II 2892.39 II 2898.70 II 2900.16 II 2914.60 I 2925.57 I 2933.06 II 2939.30 II 2940.39 I 2949.20 II 3019.92 II 3031.06 II 3035.35 II 3044.57 I 3045.59 I 3047.04 I 3050.65 II 3054.36 I 3062.12 I 3066.02 I 3070.27 I 3073.13 I 3178.50 I 3212.88 I 3228.09 I 3230.72 I 3236.78 I 3243.78 I 3248.52 I 3251.14 I 3252.95 I 3256.14 I 3258.41 I 3260.23 I 3264.71 I 3330.78 II 3441.99 II 3460.03 II 3460.33 II 3474.04 II 3474.13 II 3482.91 II 3488.68 II 3495.84 II 3496.81 II 3497.54 II 3531.85 I 3532.12 I 3547.80 I 3548.03 I 3548.20 I 3569.49 I 3569.80 I 3577.88 I 3586.54 I 3595.12 I 3601.72 III 3607.54 I 3608.49 I 3610.30 I

Intensity 290 220 140 100 280 180 210 130 130 260 110 3200 700 2100 390 200 480 1300 350 670 350 120 130 150 190 150 1500 150 27000 19000 11000 1500 5600 210 d 1100 150 1900 210 1100 150 730 730 290 730 730 1100 1100 200 150 120 150 120 370 510 190 290 290 270 50 350 210

Wavelength/Å 3619.28 I 3623.79 I 3629.74 I 3660.40 I 3693.67 I 3696.57 I 3706.08 I 3718.93 I 3731.93 I 3790.22 I 3800.55 I 3806.72 I 3809.59 I 3823.51 I 3823.89 I 3829.68 I 3833.86 I 3834.36 I 3839.78 I 3841.08 I 3843.98 I 3926.47 I 3982.58 I 3985.24 I 3986.83 I 3987.10 I 4018.10 I 4026.44 I 4030.76 I 4033.07 I 4034.49 I 4035.73 I 4041.36 I 4045.13 I 4048.76 I 4055.21 I 4055.54 I 4057.95 I 4058.93 I 4059.39 I 4061.74 I 4063.53 I 4070.28 I 4079.24 I 4079.42 I 4082.94 I 4083.63 I 4110.90 I 4131.12 I 4135.04 I 4176.60 I 4189.99 I 4235.14 I 4235.29 I 4239.72 I 4257.66 I 4265.92 I 4281.10 I 4323.63 II 4414.88 I 4436.35 I

Intensity 800 160 130 160 110 210 270 150 510 290 200 130 170 240 240 160 180 130 1000 180 750 300 500 940 1000 19 30 200 150 60 50 50 85 160 19 95 95 50 95 35 85 35 150 12 60 200 40 30 50 40 21 200 140 200 290 200 17 24 14 h 12 14

Wavelength/Å 4451.59 I 4453.00 I 4455.01 I 4455.32 I 4455.82 I 4457.55 I 4458.26 I 4461.08 I 4462.02 I 4464.68 I 4470.14 I 4472.79 I 4490.08 I 4498.90 I 4502.22 I 4709.72 I 4727.48 I 4739.11 I 4754.04 I 4761.53 I 4762.38 I 4765.86 I 4766.43 I 4783.42 I 4823.52 I 5004.91 I 5074.79 I 5079.20 III 5100.03 III 5117.94 I 5150.89 I 5196.59 I 5255.32 I 5341.06 I 5349.88 I 5377.63 I 5394.67 I 5399.49 I 5407.42 I 5413.69 I 5420.36 I 5432.55 I 5454.07 III 5457.47 I 5470.64 I 5474.68 III 5481.40 I 5505.87 I 5516.77 I 5537.76 I 5551.98 I 5946.65 III 6013.50 I 6016.64 I 6021.80 I 6231.21 III 6440.97 I 6491.71 I 6942.52 I 6989.96 I 7069.84 I

5/4/05 8:05:07 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-46 Intensity 12 24 h 35 h 50 12 12 h 12 h 17 h 30 h

Wavelength/Å 7184.25 I 7283.82 I 7302.89 I 7326.51 I 7680.20 I 8672.06 I 8701.05 I 8703.76 I 8740.93 I

Mercury 198 Hg Z = 80 80 1250.564 8 1259.242 100 1268.825 5 1307.751 20 1402.619 10 1435.503 1000 1849.492 60 2262.210 20 2302.065 20 2345.440 100 2378.325 20 2380.004 40 2399.349 20 2399.729 20 2446.900 15 2464.064 40 2481.999 30 2482.713 40 2483.821 90 2534.769 15000 2536.506 25 2563.861 25 2576.290 250 2652.043 400 2653.683 100 2655.130 50 2698.831 80 2752.783 20 2759.710 40 2803.471 30 2804.438 750 2847.675 50 2856.939 150 2893.598 150 2916.227 60 2925.413 1200 2967.283 300 3021.500 120 3023.476 30 3025.608 50 3027.490 400 3125.670 320 3131.551 320 3131.842 80 3341.481 2800 3650.157 300 3654.839 80 3662.883 240 3663.281 30 3701.432 35 3704.170

Section 10.indb 46

I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 30 20 60 200 1800 150 40 250 400 4000 80 1100 160 240 280 20 30 160 250 240

Wavelength/Å 3801.660 I 3901.867 I 3906.372 I 3983.839 II 4046.572 I 4077.838 I 4108.057 I 4339.224 I 4347.496 I 4358.337 I 4916.068 I 5460.753 I 5675.922 I 5769.598 I 5790.663 I 6072.713 I 6234.402 I 6716.429 I 6907.461 I 11287.407 I

Mercury Hg 3 2 2 1 400 300 150 200 100 50 1 2 5 800 2 80 8 100 5 300 400 400 80 200 20 200 10 15 120 20 150 50 200 9 100 100 120 250 15 20

Z = 80 621.44 679.68 878.59 886.48 893.08 915.83 923.39 940.80 962.74 969.13 988.89 1009.29 1068.03 1099.26 1161.95 1250.58 1259.24 1268.82 1307.75 1307.93 1321.71 1331.74 1350.07 1361.27 1402.62 1414.43 1435.51 1619.46 1623.95 1628.25 1649.94 1653.64 1672.41 1681.40 1702.73 1707.40 1727.18 1732.14 1759.75 1775.68

III III III III II II II II II II III III III II III I I I I II II II II II I II I II II II II II II III II II II II III I

Intensity 40 30 200 60 30 40 400 5 1000 160 300 200 1 20 30 300 100 200 150 90 90 70 5 60 20 7 15 5 20 20 100 20 4 40 20 10 60 50 8 5 20 15 5 40 30 40 7 90 15000 25 25 5 2 4 15 5 250 400 100 3 5

Wavelength/Å 1783.70 II 1796.22 II 1796.90 II 1798.74 II 1803.89 II 1808.29 II 1820.34 II 1832.74 I 1849.50 I 1869.23 II 1870.55 II 1875.54 II 1894.77 III 1900.28 II 1927.60 II 1942.27 II 1972.94 II 1973.89 II 1987.98 II 2026.97 II 2052.93 II 2148.00 II 2247.55 I 2262.23 II 2302.06 I 2314.15 III 2323.20 I 2340.57 I 2345.43 I 2352.48 I 2378.32 I 2380.00 I 2380.55 III 2399.38 I 2399.73 I 2400.49 I 2407.35 II 2414.13 II 2431.65 III 2441.06 I 2446.90 I 2464.06 I 2480.56 III 2482.00 I 2482.72 I 2483.82 I 2484.50 III 2534.77 I 2536.52 I 2563.86 I 2576.29 I 2578.91 I 2612.92 III 2617.97 III 2625.19 I 2639.78 I 2652.04 I 2653.69 I 2655.13 I 2670.49 III 2674.91 I

Intensity 50 50 80 70 80 20 6 40 30 2 2 150 3 750 50 150 150 60 150 400 1200 300 120 30 50 15 400 320 320 400 400 5 12 80 100 8 5 400 3 4 200 5 2800 300 80 240 30 35 30 15 100 20 60 100 200 1800 150 40 70 10 100

Wavelength/Å 2698.83 I 2699.38 I 2705.36 II 2724.43 III 2752.78 I 2759.71 I 2769.22 III 2803.46 I 2804.43 I 2805.34 I 2806.77 I 2814.93 II 2844.76 III 2847.68 II 2856.94 I 2893.60 I 2916.27 II 2925.41 I 2935.94 II 2947.08 II 2967.28 I 3021.50 I 3023.47 I 3025.61 I 3027.49 I 3090.05 III 3125.67 I 3131.55 I 3131.84 I 3208.20 II 3264.06 II 3283.02 III 3312.28 III 3341.48 I 3385.25 II 3389.01 III 3450.77 III 3451.69 II 3500.35 III 3538.88 III 3549.42 II 3557.24 III 3650.15 I 3654.84 I 3662.88 I 3663.28 I 3701.44 I 3704.17 I 3801.66 I 3803.51 III 3806.38 II 3901.87 I 3906.37 I 3918.92 II 3983.96 II 4046.56 I 4077.83 I 4108.05 I 4122.07 III 4140.34 III 4216.74 III

5/4/05 8:05:10 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 250 400 4000 100 15 12 90 50 80 10 5 5 80 5 80 5 20 40 100 20 30 20 5 60 30 1100 30 160 6 240 100 280 140 60 60 20 20 1000 25 30 35 40 80 10 6 30 160 250 250 200 40 100 12 20 7 100 25 50 5 2000 240

Section 10.indb 47

Wavelength/Å 4339.22 I 4347.49 I 4358.33 I 4398.62 II 4470.58 III 4552.84 III 4660.28 II 4797.01 III 4855.72 II 4869.85 III 4883.00 I 4889.91 I 4916.07 I 4970.37 I 4973.57 III 4980.64 I 5102.70 I 5120.64 I 5128.45 II 5137.94 I 5210.82 III 5290.74 I 5316.78 I 5354.05 I 5384.63 I 5460.74 I 5549.63 I 5675.86 I 5695.71 III 5769.60 I 5789.66 I 5790.66 I 5803.78 I 5859.25 I 5871.73 II 5871.98 I 6072.72 I 6149.50 II 6220.35 III 6234.40 I 6418.98 III 6501.38 III 6521.13 II 6584.26 III 6610.12 III 6709.29 III 6716.43 I 6907.52 I 7081.90 I 7091.86 I 7346.37 II 7485.87 II 7517.46 III 7728.82 I 7808.10 III 7944.66 II 7946.75 III 7984.51 III 8151.64 III 10139.75 I 11287.40 I

10-47 Intensity 120 140 60 80 500 450 200 500 100 400 300 500 400 20 20 20 70 30 50 40 250

Wavelength/Å 13209.95 I 13426.57 I 13468.38 I 13505.58 I 13570.21 I 13673.51 I 13950.55 I 15295.82 I 16881.48 I 16920.16 I 16942.00 I 17072.79 I 17109.93 I 17116.75 I 17198.67 I 17213.20 I 17329.41 I 17436.18 I 18130.38 I 19700.17 I 22493.28 I 23253.07 I 32148.06 I 36303.03 I

Molybdenum Mo Z = 42 50 867.92 100 884.19 60 886.05 50 891.74 100 1169.33 100 1254.93 100 1258.52 100 1262.21 100 1263.74 100 1274.37 100 1276.40 200 1277.40 200 1277.58 200 1278.40 150 1281.90 150 1283.60 100 1854.73 80 1926.26 100 1929.24 80 1971.06 70 2010.92 19000 2015.11 40000 2020.30 21000 2038.44 17000 2045.98 50 2060.38 4800 2081.68 2400 2089.52 2200 2092.50 4000 2093.11 2700 2100.84 1500 2104.29 1400 2108.02 100 2184.37 100 2211.02 400 2269.69

IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV IV IV II II II II IV II II II II II II II III III II

Intensity 150 200 160 160 150 110 190 100 110 140 120 85 200 440 330 80 85 250 250 400 440 330 720 410 600 370 640 480 560 h 640 720 250 1000 95 640 880 560 480 190 290 85 140 80 330 160 80 h 290 110 220 240 160 190 1700 65 880 400 100 400 1700 220 80

Wavelength/Å 2269.71 III 2294.97 III 2304.25 II 2306.97 II 2330.93 III 2332.12 II 2341.59 II 2359.76 III 2389.20 II 2403.61 II 2413.01 II 2498.28 II 2506.19 III 2538.46 II 2542.67 II 2558.88 II 2564.34 II 2593.70 II 2602.80 II 2616.78 I 2629.85 I 2636.67 II 2638.76 II 2640.99 I 2644.35 II 2646.49 II 2649.46 I 2653.35 II 2655.03 I 2660.58 II 2672.84 II 2673.27 II 2679.85 I 2681.36 II 2683.23 II 2684.14 II 2687.99 II 2701.42 II 2713.51 II 2717.35 II 2726.97 II 2729.68 II 2730.20 II 2732.88 II 2736.96 II 2737.88 II 2746.30 II 2756.07 II 2763.62 II 2769.76 II 2773.78 II 2774.39 II 2775.40 II 2777.86 II 2780.04 II 2784.99 II 2807.74 III 2807.76 II 2816.15 II 2817.44 II 2827.74 II

Intensity 80 80 160 1700 370 370 220 1700 85 220 65 1300 95 190 950 140 70 290 80 600 1100 120 1300 140 1100 800 95 110 150 140 95 125 95 240 70 95 250 210 70 250 80 95 95 100 800 250 800 85 800 270 190 560 560 1400 290 14000 110 220 55 6000 8700

Wavelength/Å 2834.39 II 2835.33 II 2842.15 II 2848.23 II 2853.23 II 2863.81 II 2866.69 II 2871.51 II 2872.88 II 2879.05 II 2888.15 II 2890.99 II 2891.28 II 2892.81 II 2894.45 II 2897.63 II 2900.80 II 2903.07 II 2907.12 II 2909.12 II 2911.92 II 2918.83 II 2923.39 II 2924.32 II 2930.50 II 2934.30 II 2940.10 II 2941.22 II 2944.82 II 2946.69 II 2947.28 II 2947.32 III 2955.84 II 2956.06 II 2956.90 II 2960.24 II 2963.79 II 2965.27 II 2971.91 II 2972.61 II 2975.40 II 2992.84 II 3027.77 II 3060.78 II 3064.28 I 3065.04 II 3074.37 I 3077.66 II 3085.62 I 3087.62 II 3092.07 II 3094.66 I 3101.34 I 3112.12 I 3122.00 II 3132.59 I 3138.72 II 3152.82 II 3155.64 II 3158.16 I 3170.35 I

5/4/05 8:05:12 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-48 Intensity 95 160 120 d 7600 880 3000 560 880 600 1100 950 65 950 480 800 200 1100 950 190 100 190 640 1300 95 1600 950 950 1900 130 640 1300 640 130 3200 640 950 640 800 560 480 640 520 400 1400 1400 1000 400 540 590 1300 65 180 1400 500 80 29000 520 940 1700 29000 580

Section 10.indb 48

Wavelength/Å 3172.03 II 3172.74 II 3187.59 II 3193.97 I 3205.88 I 3208.83 I 3215.07 I 3228.22 I 3229.79 I 3233.14 I 3237.08 I 3240.71 II 3256.21 I 3264.40 I 3270.90 I 3271.69 III 3289.02 I 3290.82 I 3292.31 II 3313.62 II 3320.90 II 3323.95 I 3344.75 I 3346.40 II 3358.12 I 3363.78 I 3379.97 I 3384.62 I 3395.36 II 3404.34 I 3405.94 I 3437.22 I 3446.08 II 3447.12 I 3449.07 I 3456.39 I 3460.78 I 3504.41 I 3508.12 I 3521.41 I 3537.28 I 3558.10 I 3563.14 I 3581.89 I 3624.46 I 3635.43 I 3657.35 I 3664.81 I 3672.82 I 3680.60 I 3688.31 II 3692.64 II 3694.94 I 3727.69 I 3744.37 II 3798.25 I 3826.70 I 3828.87 I 3833.75 I 3864.11 I 3869.08 I

Intensity 580 19000 65 1400 2300 1300 940 730 630 2900 480 2500 1500 890 1200 1400 680 890 840 1900 2500 990 480 630 400 460 640 700 770 410 410 180 80 65 100 50 200 100 100 130 130 80 150 110 80 100 160 d 230 h 160 h 110 50 50 80 65 100 460 h 230 h 110 h 100 150 65

Wavelength/Å 3886.82 I 3902.96 I 3941.48 II 4062.08 I 4069.88 I 4081.44 I 4084.38 I 4107.47 I 4120.10 I 4143.55 I 4185.82 I 4188.32 I 4232.59 I 4276.91 I 4277.24 I 4288.64 I 4292.13 I 4293.21 I 4326.14 I 4381.64 I 4411.57 I 4434.95 I 4457.36 I 4474.56 I 4536.80 I 4626.47 I 4707.26 I 4731.44 I 4760.19 I 4819.25 I 4830.51 I 5014.60 I 5029.00 I 5030.78 I 5047.71 I 5055.00 I 5059.88 I 5080.02 I 5096.65 I 5097.52 I 5109.71 I 5114.97 I 5145.38 I 5147.39 I 5163.19 I 5167.76 I 5171.08 I 5172.94 I 5174.18 I 5200.17 I 5200.74 I 5211.86 I 5219.40 I 5231.06 I 5234.26 I 5238.20 I 5240.88 I 5242.81 I 5245.51 I 5259.04 I 5261.14 I

Intensity 65 210 55 55 55 80 65 560 hl 110 hl 65 50 55 65 50 7800 5200 50 55 2500 100 330 50 230 55 460 80 210 620 520 55 h 50 h 520 50 820 50 h 160 h 35 1300 40 40 35 100 230 50 110 50 35 40 35 110 150 40 40 140 27 40 h 45 h 45 h

Wavelength/Å 5279.65 I 5280.86 I 5292.08 I 5295.47 I 5313.89 I 5354.88 I 5356.48 I 5360.56 I 5364.28 I 5394.52 I 5400.47 I 5435.68 I 5437.75 I 5501.54 I 5506.49 I 5533.05 I 5543.12 I 5556.28 I 5570.45 I 5610.93 I 5632.47 I 5634.86 I 5650.13 I 5674.47 I 5689.14 I 5705.72 I 5722.74 I 5751.40 I 5791.85 I 5849.73 I 5851.52 I 5858.27 I 5869.33 I 5888.33 I 5893.38 I 5928.88 I 6025.49 I 6030.66 I 6101.87 I 6357.22 I 6401.07 I 6424.37 I 6619.13 I 6650.38 I 6733.98 I 6746.27 I 6753.97 I 6838.88 I 6914.01 I 7109.87 I 7242.50 I 7245.85 I 7391.36 I 7485.74 I 7720.77 I 8328.44 I 8389.32 I 8483.39 I

Neodymium Nd Z = 60 75 2764.98 80 2993.20

I II

Intensity 95 95 95 140 130 160 240 260 290 220 170 170 150 220 220 320 290 410 320 410 470 370 410 470 540 540 580 1200 440 410 410 470 640 d 470 410 410 780 410 710 470 1000 d 440 1000 580 510 930 930 510 1400 710 580 510 2400 370 1200 2500 470 540 440 580 710

Wavelength/Å 3007.97 II 3014.19 II 3018.35 II 3056.71 II 3069.73 II 3075.38 II 3092.92 II 3115.18 II 3133.60 II 3134.90 II 3141.46 II 3142.44 II 3203.47 II 3259.24 II 3265.12 II 3275.22 II 3285.10 II 3328.28 II 3353.59 II 3560.75 II 3587.51 II 3615.82 II 3653.15 II 3662.26 II 3665.18 II 3672.36 II 3673.54 II 3685.80 II 3687.30 II 3689.69 II 3697.56 II 3713.70 II 3714.73 II 3715.68 II 3718.54 II 3721.35 II 3723.50 II 3724.87 II 3728.13 II 3730.58 II 3735.54 II 3737.10 II 3738.06 II 3752.49 II 3757.82 II 3758.95 II 3763.47 II 3769.65 II 3775.50 II 3779.47 II 3780.40 II 3781.32 II 3784.25 II 3801.12 II 3803.47 II 3805.36 II 3807.23 II 3808.77 II 3809.06 II 3810.49 II 3814.73 II

5/4/05 8:05:15 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 410 1200 540 440 510 740 1700 410 d 1700 d 1500 470 2400 d 3700 d 850 470 1100 1000 780 1200 540 1300 1300 1300 580 470 810 440 2000 1300 1700 510 2000 850 440 610 1100 510 610 410 510 2000 2000 810 590 510 1400 1100 740 740 740 470 1400 1000 1100 410 540 410 3700 540 1000 1000

Section 10.indb 49

Wavelength/Å 3822.47 II 3826.42 II 3828.85 II 3829.16 II 3830.47 II 3836.54 II 3838.98 II 3841.82 II 3848.24 II 3848.52 II 3850.22 II 3851.66 II 3863.33 II 3869.07 II 3875.87 II 3878.58 II 3879.55 II 3880.38 II 3880.78 II 3887.87 II 3889.93 II 3890.58 II 3890.94 II 3891.51 II 3892.06 II 3894.63 II 3897.63 II 3900.21 II 3901.84 II 3905.89 II 3907.84 II 3911.16 II 3912.23 II 3915.13 II 3915.95 II 3920.96 II 3927.10 II 3934.82 II 3936.11 II 3938.86 II 3941.51 II 3951.16 II 3952.20 II 3958.00 II 3962.21 II 3963.12 II 3973.30 II 3973.69 II 3976.85 II 3979.49 II 3986.25 II 3990.10 II 3991.74 II 3994.68 II 4000.50 II 4004.02 II 4007.43 II 4012.25 II 4012.70 II 4020.87 II 4021.34 II

10-49 Intensity 1000 1200 410 1200 3000 410 410 850 850 4700 1100 710 470 470 1400 2500 510 410 470 510 3000 510 410 810 2400 640 470 470 440 1300 2000 850 410 470 710 5400 470 1100 510 540 680 850 470 d 710 540 510 580 1400 740 410 250 340 340 340 300 510 340 250 300 310 470

Wavelength/Å 4021.78 II 4023.00 II 4030.47 II 4031.82 II 4040.80 II 4043.59 II 4048.81 II 4051.15 II 4059.96 II 4061.09 II 4069.28 II 4075.12 II 4075.28 II 4080.23 II 4109.08 II 4109.46 II 4110.48 II 4123.88 II 4133.36 II 4135.33 II 4156.08 II 4156.26 II 4168.00 II 4175.61 II 4177.32 II 4179.59 II 4205.60 II 4211.29 II 4227.73 II 4232.38 II 4247.38 II 4252.44 II 4261.84 II 4282.44 II 4284.52 II 4303.58 II 4314.52 II 4325.76 II 4327.93 II 4338.70 II 4351.29 II 4358.17 II 4374.93 II 4385.66 II 4400.83 II 4411.06 II 4446.39 II 4451.57 II 4462.99 II 4501.82 II 4516.36 II 4541.27 II 4542.61 II 4563.22 II 4621.94 I 4634.24 I 4641.10 I 4645.77 II 4649.67 I 4683.45 I 4706.54 II

Intensity 240 240 350 280 350 220 240 280 210 330 470 260 290 290 250 360 360 360 340 680 500 630 330 310 450 250 720 360 590 680 220 500 290 160 240 220 140 d 220 130 160 100 160 80 70 80 55 45 45 55 45 45 55 65 45 45 40 40 35 40 29 24

Wavelength/Å 4719.02 I 4811.34 II 4825.48 II 4859.02 II 4883.81 I 4890.70 II 4891.07 I 4896.93 I 4901.84 I 4920.68 II 4924.53 I 4944.83 I 4954.78 I 4959.13 II 4989.94 II 5076.59 II 5092.80 II 5107.59 II 5123.79 II 5130.60 II 5191.45 II 5192.62 II 5200.12 II 5212.37 II 5234.20 II 5239.79 II 5249.59 II 5255.51 II 5273.43 II 5293.17 II 5311.46 II 5319.82 II 5361.47 II 5431.53 II 5594.43 II 5620.54 I 5675.97 I 5688.53 II 5702.24 II 5708.28 II 5729.29 I 5804.02 II 5811.57 II 5825.87 II 5842.39 II 5858.91 I 6007.67 I 6034.24 II 6066.03 I 6178.59 I 6223.39 I 6310.49 I 6385.20 II 6630.14 I 6650.57 II 6740.11 II 6900.43 II 7037.30 II 7066.89 II 7129.35 II 7189.42 II

Intensity 20 15 12 10 10 12 17 12 10 12 10 10 12 12 12 12 15 12 12 10 12 12 12 10 10 12 17

Wavelength/Å 7192.01 II 7236.54 II 7316.81 II 7406.62 II 7418.18 II 7511.16 II 7513.73 II 7528.99 II 7538.26 II 7696.56 II 7750.95 II 7808.47 II 7863.04 II 7917.01 II 7958.95 I 7965.73 II 7982.09 II 7982.68 II 8000.76 II 8120.93 II 8122.07 II 8141.75 II 8143.27 II 8231.52 II 8307.72 II 8346.36 II 8839.10 II

Neon Ne Z = 10 66 119.01 200 122.52 66 125.12 45 131.99 50 132.04 150 140.76 150 140.79 100 142.44 100 142.50 150 142.72 100 143.27 150 143.34 150 147.13 66 151.23 120 151.42 15 151.82 15 152.23 45 154.50 15 158.65 15 158.82 100 164.02 100 164.14 80 172.62 500 173.93 80 177.16 150 186.58 100 194.28 100 208.48 100 208.73 80 208.90 150 212.56 140 223.24 120 223.60

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V IV IV V V IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

5/4/05 8:05:17 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-50 Intensity 140 120 20 20 20 40 40 20 40 160 110 40 220 220 220 40 90 60 50 400 500 200 500 90 60 1000 220 125 100 150 120 800 150 200 300 250 180 150 200 10 120 90 1000 500 140 200 180 140 250 150 250 500 285 220 450 70 220 360 120 140 80

Section 10.indb 50

Wavelength/Å 234.32 IV 234.70 IV 251.14 III 251.56 III 251.73 III 267.06 III 267.52 III 267.71 III 283.18 III 283.21 III 283.69 III 283.89 III 301.12 III 313.05 III 313.68 III 313.95 III 352.956 I 354.962 I 357.83 IV 357.96 V 358.47 V 358.72 IV 359.38 V 361.433 II 362.455 II 365.59 V 379.31 III 387.14 IV 388.22 IV 405.854 II 407.138 II 416.20 V 421.61 IV 445.040 II 446.256 II 446.590 II 447.815 II 454.654 II 455.274 II 456.275 II 456.348 II 456.896 II 460.728 II 462.391 II 469.77 IV 469.82 IV 469.87 IV 469.92 IV 480.41 V 481.28 V 481.36 V 482.99 V 488.10 III 488.87 III 489.50 III 489.64 III 490.31 III 491.05 III 521.74 IV 521.82 IV 541.13 IV

Intensity 100 150 400 250 500 250 800 35 35 35 70 100 75 35 70 170 170 170 120 200 200 1000 400 60 70 90 100 90 20 110 160 90 90 90 120 180 100 100 200 500 300 200 100 c 80 65 110 80 150 200 300 240 400 180 120 200 300 200 30 200 200 240

Wavelength/Å 542.07 IV 543.89 IV 568.42 V 569.76 V 569.83 V 572.11 V 572.34 V 587.213 I 589.179 I 589.911 I 591.830 I 595.920 I 598.706 I 598.891 I 600.036 I 602.726 I 615.628 I 618.672 I 619.102 I 626.823 I 629.739 I 735.896 I 743.720 I 993.88 I 1068.65 I 1131.72 I 1131.85 II 1229.83 I 1255.03 III 1255.68 III 1257.19 III 1418.38 I 1428.58 I 1436.09 I 1681.68 II 1688.36 II 1888.11 II 1889.71 II 1907.49 II 1916.08 II 1930.03 II 1938.83 II 1945.46 II 2007.01 II 2018.44 IV 2022.19 IV 2025.56 II 2085.47 II 2086.96 III 2089.43 III 2092.44 III 2095.54 III 2096.11 II 2096.25 II 2161.22 III 2163.77 III 2180.89 III 2203.88 IV 2209.35 III 2211.85 III 2213.76 III

Intensity 300 10 75 110 65 250 65 175 240 65 110 200 250 550 30 250 250 450 700 250 250 110 350 65 350 300 240 200 200 80 p 90 w 800 600 400 300 240 200 80 80 90 w 80 200 200 80 600 500 80 90 80 100 80 80 90 90 80 80 80 80 w 80 90 150

Wavelength/Å 2216.07 III 2220.81 IV 2227.42 V 2232.41 V 2245.48 V 2258.02 IV 2259.57 V 2262.08 IV 2263.21 III 2263.39 V 2264.54 IV 2264.91 III 2265.71 V 2285.79 IV 2293.14 IV 2293.49 IV 2350.84 IV 2352.52 IV 2357.96 IV 2362.68 IV 2363.28 IV 2365.49 IV 2372.16 IV 2384.20 IV 2384.95 IV 2412.73 III 2412.94 III 2413.78 III 2473.40 III 2562.12 II 2567.12 II 2590.04 III 2593.60 III 2595.68 III 2610.03 III 2613.41 III 2615.87 III 2623.11 II 2629.89 II 2636.07 II 2638.29 II 2638.70 III 2641.07 III 2644.10 II 2677.90 III 2678.64 III 2762.92 II 2792.02 II 2794.22 II 2809.48 II 2906.59 II 2906.82 II 2910.06 II 2910.41 II 2911.14 II 2915.12 II 2925.62 II 2932.10 II 2940.65 II 2946.04 II 2955.72 II

Intensity 150 150 100 15 100 12 150 120 p 300 300 100 120 100 100 100 100 100 120 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 120 100 120 100 100 100 100 120 10 300 100 100 p 100 100 100 120 500 60 120 120 150 150 120 120 200 120 120 150 100 100 100 100 150 150 300

Wavelength/Å 2963.24 II 2967.18 II 2973.10 II 2974.72 I 2979.46 II 2982.67 I 3001.67 II 3017.31 II 3027.02 II 3028.86 II 3030.79 II 3034.46 II 3035.92 II 3037.72 II 3039.59 II 3044.09 II 3045.56 II 3047.56 II 3054.34 II 3054.68 II 3059.11 II 3062.49 II 3063.30 II 3070.89 II 3071.53 II 3075.73 II 3088.17 II 3092.09 II 3092.90 II 3094.01 II 3095.10 II 3097.13 II 3117.98 II 3118.16 II 3126.199 I 3141.33 II 3143.72 II 3148.68 II 3164.43 II 3165.65 II 3188.74 II 3194.58 II 3198.59 II 3208.96 II 3209.36 II 3213.74 II 3214.33 II 3218.19 II 3224.82 II 3229.57 II 3230.07 II 3230.42 II 3232.02 II 3232.37 II 3243.40 II 3244.10 II 3248.34 II 3250.36 II 3297.73 II 3309.74 II 3319.72 II

5/4/05 8:05:19 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 1000 150 100 200 150 300 150 200 120 200 120 100 120 12 40 100 500 150 120 300 100 120 100 120 120 50 15 120 60 50 100 100 25 30 30 60 150 200 200 25 30 25 150 120 120 100 250 100 200 50 30 15 20 150 200 20 12 200 10 150 250

Section 10.indb 51

Wavelength/Å 3323.74 II 3327.15 II 3329.16 II 3334.84 II 3344.40 II 3345.45 II 3345.83 II 3355.02 II 3357.82 II 3360.60 II 3362.16 II 3362.71 II 3367.22 II 3369.808 I 3369.908 I 3371.80 II 3378.22 II 3388.42 II 3388.94 II 3392.80 II 3404.82 II 3406.95 II 3413.15 II 3416.91 II 3417.69 II 3417.904 I 3418.006 I 3428.69 II 3447.703 I 3454.195 I 3456.61 II 3459.32 II 3460.524 I 3464.339 I 3466.579 I 3472.571 I 3479.52 II 3480.72 II 3481.93 II 3498.064 I 3501.216 I 3515.191 I 3520.472 I 3542.85 II 3557.80 II 3561.20 II 3568.50 II 3574.18 II 3574.61 II 3593.526 I 3593.640 I 3600.169 I 3633.665 I 3643.93 II 3664.07 II 3682.243 I 3685.736 I 3694.21 II 3701.225 I 3709.62 II 3713.08 II

10-51 Intensity 250 800 1000 100 120 150 100 120 120 70 150 100 200 150 150 100 100 100 p 100 p 150 p 150 p 120 100 10 10 100 15 12 10 10 15 10 12 10 10 10 4 10 10 25 20 8 60 5 10 5 12 80 12 40 500 100 100 60 60 100 100 100 120 80 100

Wavelength/Å 3727.11 II 3766.26 II 3777.13 II 3818.43 II 3829.75 II 4219.74 II 4233.85 II 4250.65 II 4369.86 II 4379.40 II 4379.55 II 4385.06 II 4391.99 II 4397.99 II 4409.30 II 4413.22 II 4421.39 II 4428.52 II 4428.63 II 4430.90 II 4430.94 II 4457.05 II 4522.72 II 4537.754 I 4540.380 I 4569.06 II 4704.395 I 4708.862 I 4710.067 I 4712.066 I 4715.347 I 4752.732 I 4788.927 I 4790.22 I 4827.344 I 4884.917 I 5005.159 I 5037.751 I 5144.938 I 5330.778 I 5341.094 I 5343.283 I 5400.562 I 5562.766 I 5656.659 I 5719.225 I 5748.298 I 5764.419 I 5804.450 I 5820.156 I 5852.488 I 5872.828 I 5881.895 I 5902.462 I 5906.429 I 5944.834 I 5965.471 I 5974.627 I 5975.534 I 5987.907 I 6029.997 I

Intensity 100 80 60 100 120 250 150 150 60 100 120 200 150 60 150 70 90 20 100 90 100 50 80 100 150 150 100 150 40 90 100 150 80 60 100 120 300 120 400 700 2000 2000 100 1000 600 3000 2500 100 2500 800 6000 100 1500 100 8000 1000 4000 1500 800 5000 600

Wavelength/Å 6074.338 I 6096.163 I 6128.450 I 6143.063 I 6163.594 I 6182.146 I 6217.281 I 6266.495 I 6304.789 I 6334.428 I 6382.992 I 6402.246 I 6506.528 I 6532.882 I 6598.953 I 6652.093 I 6678.276 I 6717.043 I 6929.467 I 7024.050 I 7032.413 I 7051.292 I 7059.107 I 7173.938 I 7213.20 II 7235.19 II 7245.167 I 7343.94 II 7472.439 I 7488.871 I 7492.10 II 7522.82 II 7535.774 I 7544.044 I 7724.628 I 7740.74 II 7839.055 I 7926.20 II 7927.118 I 7936.996 I 7943.181 I 8082.458 I 8084.34 II 8118.549 I 8128.911 I 8136.406 I 8259.379 I 8264.81 II 8266.077 I 8267.117 I 8300.326 I 8315.00 II 8365.749 I 8372.11 II 8377.606 I 8417.159 I 8418.427 I 8463.358 I 8484.444 I 8495.360 I 8544.696 I

Intensity 1000 4000 6000 3000 15000 4000 100 5000 5000 2000 4000 12000 10000 500 7000 1000 1000 3000 2000 100 6000 6000 4000 2000 2000 1000 200 6000 1500 3000 6000 2000 5000 3000 5000 5000 3000 120 1000 100 800 2000 1500 2000 3000 3500 1600 1100 3000 1500 950 500 1200 300 2000 1500 500 1000 3000 800 1000

Wavelength/Å 8571.352 I 8591.259 I 8634.647 I 8647.041 I 8654.383 I 8655.522 I 8668.26 II 8679.492 I 8681.921 I 8704.112 I 8771.656 I 8780.621 I 8783.753 I 8830.907 I 8853.867 I 8865.306 I 8865.755 I 8919.501 I 8988.57 I 9079.46 II 9148.67 I 9201.76 I 9220.06 I 9221.58 I 9226.69 I 9275.52 I 9287.56 II 9300.85 I 9310.58 I 9313.97 I 9326.51 I 9373.31 I 9425.38 I 9459.21 I 9486.68 I 9534.16 I 9547.40 I 9577.01 II 9665.42 I 9808.86 II 10295.42 I 10562.41 I 10798.07 I 10844.48 I 11143.020 I 11177.528 I 11390.434 I 11409.134 I 11522.746 I 11525.020 I 11536.344 I 11601.537 I 11614.081 I 11688.002 I 11766.792 I 11789.044 I 11789.889 I 11984.912 I 12066.334 I 12459.389 I 12689.201 I

5/4/05 8:05:22 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-52 Intensity 1100 700 800 400 400 1000 350 250 2500 2000 1200 250 1200 2000 1000 1200 300 400 900 1600 350 550 1200 750 300 350 2250 400 600 1000 1050 850 3500 300 1100 1800 600 1000 200 500 600 1500 800 400 700 300 550 250 650 125 150 250 450 1300 2200 600 100 120

Wavelength/Å 12912.014 I 13219.241 I 15230.714 I 17161.930 I 18035.80 I 18083.21 I 18221.11 I 18227.02 I 18276.68 I 18282.62 I 18303.97 I 18359.12 I 18384.85 I 18389.95 I 18402.84 I 18422.39 I 18458.65 I 18475.79 I 18591.55 I 18597.70 I 18618.96 I 18625.16 I 21041.295 I 21708.145 I 22247.35 I 22428.13 I 22530.40 I 22661.81 I 23100.51 I 23260.30 I 23373.00 I 23565.36 I 23636.52 I 23701.64 I 23709.2 I 23951.42 I 23956.46 I 23978.12 I 24098.54 I 24161.42 I 24249.64 I 24365.05 I 24371.60 I 24447.85 I 24459.4 I 24776.46 I 24928.88 I 25161.69 I 25524.37 I 28386.21 I 30200. I 33173.09 I 33352.35 I 33901. I 33912.10 I 34131.31 I 34471.44 I 35834.78 I

Neptunium Np Z = 93 300 3481.93 300 h 3501.50

Section 10.indb 52

I I

Intensity 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 s 300 h 1000 s 300 l 3000 s 300 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 300 s 300 s 1000 l 300 l 1000 l 300 s 300 1000 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 h 300 s

Wavelength/Å 3986.89 I 5044.66 I 5601.70 I 5652.75 I 5784.39 I 5878.04 I 6011.22 I 6056.09 I 6073.90 I 6080.05 I 6120.49 I 6188.59 I 6200.00 I 6215.90 I 6317.84 I 6341.38 I 6566.11 I 6720.68 I 6751.32 I 6795.21 I 6802.62 I 6805.81 I 6816.44 I 6865.45 I 6907.13 I 6912.91 I 6930.31 I 6963.63 I 6972.09 I 7014.02 I 7018.91 I 7039.14 I 7080.01 I 7174.83 I 7184.93 I 7284.28 I 7292.29 I 7332.52 I 7370.60 I 7381.03 I 7381.65 I 7402.70 I 7512.22 I 7515.15 I 7546.05 I 7624.83 I 7626.85 I 7681.01 I 7685.25 I 7735.14 I 7761.61 I 7765.75 I 7776.07 I 7787.46 I 7791.38 I 7851.44 I 7887.88 I 7901.71 I 7975.98 I 8080.32 I 8124.59 I

Intensity 300 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 s 1000 l 300 300 l 3000 3000 1000 s 1000 s 1000 1000 s 1000 l 10000 l 3000 l 3000 s 3000 l 3000 s 3000 l 10000 l 10000 s 10000 l 10000 l 10000 s 10000 s 10000 l 10000 l

Wavelength/Å 8155.11 I 8167.42 I 8183.06 I 8188.61 I 8247.82 I 8287.11 I 8287.75 I 8306.22 I 8313.66 I 8339.12 I 8356.79 I 8367.11 I 8372.88 I 8529.96 I 8696.23 I 8906.02 I 8942.70 I 9004.75 I 9006.31 I 9016.18 I 9141.30 I 9379.33 I 9468.66 I 9679.13 I 9930.55 I 10091.99 I 10817.45 I 11695.15 I 11776.64 I 12148.18 I 12377.42 I 12407.99 I 13834.33 I

Nickel Ni Z = 28 55 315.24 56 315.71 72 354.18 76 354.42 68 354.49 500 630.71 500 676.94 300 713.33 300 713.38 500 718.48 300 722.09 500 729.82 400 731.70 300 732.16 300 747.99 300 750.05 300 757.80 400 770.22 500 778.81 300 788.04 500 811.57 500 826.14 500 842.14 400 845.24 300 847.43 300 860.64 300 862.88

V V V V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity 300 300 300 400 500 76 74 70 73 76 73 72 75 74 74 76 73 75 74 300 300 400 1000 800 650 500 400 500 300 1000 300 550 300 400 800 500 2000 400 300 300 800 400 650 800 300 1000 2000 2000 1500 2500 3000 5000 4000 6000 1000 2000 1600 630 1000 2000 1700

Wavelength/Å 863.22 III 867.51 III 973.79 III 979.59 III 1317.22 II 1398.19 IV 1411.45 IV 1438.82 IV 1449.01 IV 1452.22 IV 1482.25 IV 1489.83 IV 1525.31 IV 1527.68 IV 1527.80 IV 1534.71 IV 1537.25 IV 1543.41 IV 1546.23 IV 1604.54 III 1652.87 III 1687.90 III 1692.51 III 1709.90 III 1715.30 III 1719.46 III 1722.28 III 1738.25 III 1739.78 III 1741.55 II 1741.96 III 1747.01 III 1752.43 III 1753.01 III 1764.69 III 1767.94 III 1769.64 III 1776.07 III 1807.24 III 1819.28 III 1823.06 III 1830.01 III 1847.28 III 1854.15 III 1858.75 III 2165.55 II 2169.10 II 2174.67 II 2175.15 II 2185.50 II 2192.09 II 2205.55 II 2206.72 II 2216.48 II 2264.46 II 2270.21 II 2289.98 I 2300.78 I 2303.00 II 2310.96 I 2312.34 I

5/4/05 8:05:24 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 1400 1400 1000 1400 2600 1900 1400 940 1200 400 1000 240 1000 2000 240 160 150 250 500 570 500 1000 4000 2200 3700 1700 3500 1500 1900 500 2600 1300 2900 1100 600 660 2000 2900 3300 1300 3300 8200 1600 2600 990 4800 1300 5000 5000 1600 550 5500 660 2600 6600 660 8200 5000 990 1300 1300

Section 10.indb 53

Wavelength/Å 2313.66 I 2313.98 I 2316.04 II 2317.16 I 2320.03 I 2321.38 I 2325.79 I 2329.96 I 2345.54 I 2347.52 I 2375.42 II 2386.58 I 2394.52 II 2416.13 II 2419.31 I 2472.06 I 2798.65 I 2821.29 I 2943.91 I 2981.65 I 2992.60 I 2994.46 I 3002.49 I 3003.63 I 3012.00 I 3037.94 I 3050.82 I 3054.32 I 3057.64 I 3064.62 I 3101.55 I 3101.88 I 3134.11 I 3232.96 I 3243.06 I 3315.66 I 3331.88 II 3369.57 I 3380.57 I 3391.05 I 3392.99 I 3414.76 I 3423.71 I 3433.56 I 3437.28 I 3446.26 I 3452.89 I 3458.47 I 3461.65 I 3472.54 I 3483.77 I 3492.96 I 3500.85 I 3510.34 I 3515.05 I 3519.77 I 3524.54 I 3566.37 I 3571.87 I 3597.70 I 3610.46 I

10-53 Intensity 530 6600 200 130 180 260 160 80 120 150 60 600 700 700 110 1200 110 110 85 55 65 75 110 45 45 40 45 45 50 100 100 65 40 h 40 h 180 23 16 10 10 10 10 10 13 16 22 10 26 16 16 23 13 19 23 16 19 19 10 13 1000 700 9

Wavelength/Å 3612.74 I 3619.39 I 3664.10 I 3669.24 I 3670.43 I 3674.15 I 3688.42 I 3693.93 I 3722.48 I 3736.81 I 3739.23 I 3775.57 I 3783.53 I 3807.14 I 3831.69 I 3858.30 I 3973.56 I 4401.55 I 4459.04 I 4470.48 I 4605.00 I 4648.66 I 4714.42 I 4786.54 I 4855.41 I 4904.41 I 4980.16 I 4984.13 I 5017.59 I 5035.37 I 5080.52 I 5081.11 I 5146.48 I 5155.76 I 5476.91 I 5709.56 I 5754.68 I 5857.76 I 5892.88 I 6108.12 I 6176.81 I 6191.18 I 6256.36 I 6643.64 I 6767.77 I 6914.56 I 7122.20 I 7393.60 I 7409.35 I 7422.28 I 7522.76 I 7555.60 I 7617.00 I 7714.32 I 7727.61 I 7748.89 I 7788.94 I 7797.59 I 8096.75 II 8121.48 II 8862.55 I

Intensity 500 w

Wavelength/Å 9900.92 II

Niobium Nb 80 80 80 80 60 400 500 500 100 150 100 60 80 80 80 100 80 100 80 80 100 60 80 60 100 100 80 80 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 60 3300 65 3000 2000 1700 1100 80 h 1500 80 100 80 100 80 100 370 280 100 100 80 90 80

Z = 41 464.55 468.32 763.77 774.02 993.54 1005.72 1007.05 1010.19 1116.08 1120.02 1258.87 1314.56 1445.43 1445.98 1447.09 1456.68 1484.73 1495.94 1498.02 1499.45 1501.99 1502.30 1513.81 1524.36 1524.91 1590.21 1598.86 1604.72 1639.51 1682.77 1705.44 1707.14 1758.33 1877.34 1892.92 1922.41 1938.84 1978.22 2029.32 2032.53 2032.99 2109.42 2125.21 2126.54 2130.24 2131.18 2273.92 2275.23 2279.36 2281.51 2284.40 2290.36 2295.68 2302.08 2313.30 2338.09 2344.12 2349.21 2355.54

V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV V III III III III III III III III III III IV III IV III III III III III III III III V V III IV III IV II IV II II II II III II III III III III III III II II III III III III III

Intensity 100 80 80 100 170 110 100 140 80 45 160 80 55 55 140 100 160 140 100 75 40 45 40 28 65 65 100 55 65 80 80 110 65 65 35 100 110 110 390 100 110 130 80 130 110 390 390 80 80 200 320 330 330 310 80 110 110 110 400 200 200

Wavelength/Å 2362.06 III 2362.50 III 2365.70 III 2372.73 III 2376.40 II 2387.09 II 2387.41 III 2387.52 II 2388.23 III 2388.27 II 2398.48 II 2404.89 III 2405.34 II 2405.85 II 2412.46 II 2413.94 III 2416.99 II 2418.69 II 2421.91 III 2433.80 II 2435.95 II 2437.42 II 2442.14 II 2442.68 II 2451.87 II 2453.95 II 2456.99 III 2458.09 II 2462.89 I 2468.72 III 2475.87 III 2477.38 II 2478.29 II 2479.94 II 2483.88 II 2499.73 III 2511.00 II 2521.40 II 2544.80 II 2545.64 III 2551.38 II 2556.94 II 2557.94 III 2562.41 II 2571.33 II 2583.99 II 2590.94 II 2598.86 III 2633.17 III 2642.24 II 2646.26 II 2647.50 I 2654.45 I 2656.08 II 2657.99 III 2665.25 II 2666.59 II 2667.30 II 2671.93 II 2673.57 II 2675.94 II

5/4/05 8:05:27 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-54 Intensity 160 1000 320 320 150 470 470 310 110 240 310 270 110 190 250 280 160 240 100 500 800 270 530 100 570 280 470 400 470 670 470 1100 110 870 110 h 110 110 1100 400 320 210 200 330 470 80 140 350 300 100 100 220 110 100 110 100 400 110 1800 140 270 1500

Section 10.indb 54

Wavelength/Å 2691.77 II 2697.06 II 2698.86 II 2702.20 II 2702.52 II 2716.62 II 2721.98 II 2733.26 II 2737.09 II 2768.13 II 2773.20 I 2780.24 II 2793.05 II 2827.08 II 2841.15 II 2842.65 II 2846.28 II 2861.09 II 2865.61 II 2868.52 II 2875.39 II 2876.95 II 2877.03 II 2880.72 II 2883.18 II 2888.83 II 2897.81 II 2899.24 II 2908.24 II 2910.59 II 2911.74 II 2927.81 II 2931.47 II 2941.54 II 2945.88 II 2946.12 II 2946.90 II 2950.88 II 2972.57 II 2974.10 II 2977.68 II 2982.11 II 2990.26 II 2994.73 II 3001.84 III 3024.74 II 3028.44 II 3032.77 II 3044.76 II 3055.52 II 3064.53 II 3069.68 II 3070.90 II 3071.56 II 3073.24 II 3076.87 II 3080.35 II 3094.18 II 3099.19 II 3127.53 II 3130.79 II

Intensity 80 390 1200 150 390 300 150 1000 120 300 390 800 140 400 200 120 320 230 160 200 160 320 400 120 130 1300 1300 1700 420 340 1700 130 340 130 350 170 350 230 180 230 230 230 180 180 200 100 500 460 200 200 200 2000 1300 250 500 300 1000 630 630 1500 5000

Wavelength/Å 3142.26 III 3145.40 II 3163.40 II 3175.78 II 3180.29 II 3191.10 II 3191.43 II 3194.98 II 3203.35 II 3206.34 II 3215.60 II 3225.48 II 3229.56 II 3236.40 II 3247.47 II 3248.94 II 3254.07 II 3260.56 II 3263.37 II 3283.46 II 3292.02 II 3296.01 I 3312.60 I 3319.58 II 3341.60 II 3341.97 I 3343.71 I 3349.06 I 3349.52 I 3354.74 I 3358.42 I 3365.58 II 3366.96 I 3369.16 II 3374.92 I 3386.24 II 3392.34 I 3408.68 II 3409.19 II 3412.94 II 3425.42 II 3426.57 II 3432.70 II 3440.59 II 3479.56 II 3484.05 II 3498.63 I 3507.96 I 3510.26 II 3515.42 II 3517.67 II 3535.30 I 3537.48 I 3540.96 II 3544.02 I 3550.45 I 3554.66 I 3563.50 I 3563.62 I 3575.85 I 3580.27 I

Intensity 500 750 500 500 500 300 420 400 200 630 900 1500 330 3300 480 2700 2700 670 1700 530 350 530 870 1700 1300 3500 2700 2700 670 530 670 530 530 210 670 350 350 530 870 670 1100 670 580 670 530 670 520 910 d 1100 16000 c 350 12000 440 6700 310 5300 670 770 2300 440 2700

Wavelength/Å 3584.97 I 3589.11 I 3589.36 I 3593.97 I 3602.56 I 3619.51 II 3649.85 I 3651.19 II 3659.61 II 3660.37 I 3664.70 I 3697.85 I 3711.34 I 3713.01 I 3716.99 I 3726.24 I 3739.80 I 3740.73 II 3742.39 I 3763.49 I 3765.08 I 3771.85 I 3781.01 I 3787.06 I 3790.15 I 3791.21 I 3798.12 I 3802.92 I 3803.88 I 3804.74 I 3810.49 I 3811.03 I 3815.51 I 3818.86 II 3824.88 I 3835.18 I 3863.38 I 3877.56 I 3878.82 I 3883.14 I 3885.44 I 3885.68 I 3891.30 I 3914.70 I 3920.20 I 3937.44 I 3943.67 I 3966.09 I 4032.52 I 4058.94 I 4060.79 I 4079.73 I 4100.40 I 4100.92 I 4116.90 I 4123.81 I 4129.43 I 4129.93 I 4137.10 I 4139.44 I 4139.71 I

Intensity 350 870 4400 870 4400 4000 3500 310 1200 870 870 1300 310 350 870 350 420 420 770 420 400 580 580 390 350 390 330 150 530 480 370 720 480 1200 170 450 450 450 340 240 580 530 320 130 c 260 150 220 c 130 c 190 230 150 210 170 130 750 420 170 170 210 250 250

Wavelength/Å 4143.21 I 4150.12 I 4152.58 I 4163.47 I 4163.66 I 4164.66 I 4168.13 I 4184.44 I 4190.88 I 4192.07 I 4195.09 I 4195.66 I 4198.51 I 4201.52 I 4205.31 I 4214.73 I 4217.94 I 4229.15 I 4262.05 I 4266.02 I 4286.99 I 4299.60 I 4300.99 I 4311.27 I 4326.33 I 4331.37 I 4410.21 I 4503.04 I 4523.41 I 4546.82 I 4564.53 I 4573.08 I 4581.62 I 4606.77 I 4616.17 I 4630.11 I 4648.95 I 4663.83 I 4666.24 I 4667.22 I 4672.09 I 4675.37 I 4685.14 I 4706.14 I 4708.29 I 4713.50 I 4749.70 I 4967.78 I 4988.97 I 5017.75 I 5026.36 I 5039.04 I 5058.01 I 5065.25 I 5078.96 I 5095.30 I 5100.16 I 5120.30 I 5134.75 I 5160.33 I 5164.38 I

5/4/05 8:05:30 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 230 190 170 150 150 150 d 270 130 c 250 460 340 110 85 170 130 170 130 110 110 130 d 190 cw 150 75 85 c 65 210 cw 150 cw 130 c 85 85 190 c 130 190 cw 65 170 c 75 c 35 40 29 cw 29 35

Wavelength/Å 5180.31 I 5189.20 I 5193.08 I 5195.84 I 5232.81 I 5251.62 I 5271.53 I 5276.20 I 5318.60 I 5344.17 I 5350.74 I 5437.27 I 5551.35 I 5642.11 I 5664.71 I 5665.63 I 5729.19 I 5760.34 I 5819.43 I 5838.64 I 5900.62 I 5983.22 I 6221.96 I 6430.46 I 6544.61 I 6660.84 I 6677.33 I 6723.62 I 6828.11 I 6990.32 I 7046.81 I 7159.43 I 7372.50 I 7515.93 I 7574.58 I 7726.68 I 7885.31 I 8135.20 I 8320.93 I 8346.08 I 8905.78 I

Nitrogen N 400 52 62 400 400 500 500 500 500 500 500 90 500 500 d 500 d 800 w 800 600 w 600 w

Z=7 181.75 186.069 186.153 191.7 192.9 196.87 197.23 202.60 205.94 205.97 206.03 209.303 217.20 217.90 223.4 225.12 225.21 234.12 234.20

Section 10.indb 55

IV V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

10-55 Intensity 600 w 550 500 500 w 600 500 w 900 90 120 500 w 500 w 500 w 500 650 700 800 600 800 500 500 500 150 200 500 650 250 300 350 600 600 w 700 650 90 500 150 200 90 150 120 150 200 120 600 300 500 500 500 w 500 700 120 150 150 90 300 350 500 500 250 300 650 285

Wavelength/Å 234.25 IV 236.07 IV 237.99 IV 238.7 IV 238.80 IV 239.62 IV 247.20 IV 247.561 V 247.706 V 248.43 IV 248.46 IV 248.48 IV 257.95 III 258.50 III 259.19 III 260.09 III 260.45 IV 261.28 III 262.91 III 265.23 III 265.27 III 266.196 V 266.379 V 268.70 III 270.99 IV 283.42 IV 283.48 IV 283.58 IV 285.56 IV 297.7 IV 297.82 IV 300.32 IV 303.123 IV 303.28 IV 314.715 III 314.850 III 314.877 III 315.053 IV 322.503 IV 322.570 IV 322.724 IV 323.175 IV 323.26 III 335.050 IV 338.35 III 340.20 III 351.93 IV 351.98 III 353.06 IV 362.833 III 362.881 III 362.946 III 362.985 III 374.204 III 374.441 III 387.48 III 420.77 IV 451.869 III 452.226 III 463.74 IV 644.634 II

Intensity 360 450 140 360 170 285 150 160 170 500 570 650 500 350 90 150 285 150 200 500 570 570 250 300 350 200 150 650 90 90 80 40 450 450 550 650 520 500 480 520 90 100 130 1000 130 115 70 650 700 900 700 1000 150 w 90 60 90 450 600 430 650 175

Wavelength/Å 644.837 II 645.178 II 647.50 I 660.286 II 671.016 II 671.386 II 671.630 II 671.773 II 672.001 II 684.996 III 685.513 III 685.816 III 686.335 III 692.70 I 713.518 V 713.860 V 746.984 II 748.195 V 748.291 V 763.336 III 764.359 III 765.148 IV 771.544 III 771.901 III 772.385 III 772.891 III 772.975 III 775.965 II 885.67 I 909.697 I 910.278 I 910.645 I 915.612 II 915.962 II 916.012 II 916.701 II 921.992 IV 922.519 IV 923.057 IV 924.283 IV 953.415 I 953.655 I 953.970 I 955.335 IV 963.990 I 964.626 I 965.041 I 979.842 III 979.919 III 989.790 III 991.514 III 991.579 III 1036.16 IV 1067.614 I 1068.612 I 1078.71 IV 1083.990 II 1084.580 II 1085.546 II 1085.701 II 1097.237 I

Intensity 115 115 105 40 90 360 385 410 105 130 60 105 270 105 60 195 230 105 195 500 570 90 410 385 360 175 160 130 160 1000 900 360 315 290 250 230 315 115 115 150 360 700 490 640 90 200 l 350 l 1000 250 775 700 570 350 650 150 200 150 90 w 350 400 200

Wavelength/Å 1098.095 I 1098.260 I 1100.360 I 1100.465 I 1101.291 I 1134.165 I 1134.415 I 1134.980 I 1143.65 I 1163.884 I 1164.206 I 1164.325 I 1167.448 I 1168.334 I 1168.417 I 1168.536 I 1176.510 I 1176.630 I 1177.695 I 1183.031 III 1184.550 III 1188.01 IV 1199.550 I 1200.223 I 1200.710 I 1225.026 I 1225.37 I 1228.41 I 1228.79 I 1238.821 V 1242.804 V 1243.179 I 1243.306 I 1310.540 I 1310.95 I 1319.00 I 1319.68 I 1326.57 I 1327.92 I 1387.371 III 1411.94 I 1492.625 I 1492.820 I 1494.675 I 1549.336 V 1616.33 V 1619.69 V 1718.55 IV 1729.945 III 1742.729 I 1745.252 I 1747.848 III 1751.218 III 1751.657 III 1804.486 III 1805.669 III 1846.42 III 1860.37 V 1885.06 III 1885.22 III 1907.99 III

5/4/05 8:05:32 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-56 Intensity 150 150 300 150 200 200 250 120 90 90 160 70 110 90 90 110 160 90 200 150 160 160 110 220 160 285 90 w 160 150 110 70 110 160 220 110 250 300 350 250 w 90 160 110 110 60 l 160 90 l 150 w 250 w 60 w 220 90 120 360 90 570 500 400 90 90 120 285

Section 10.indb 56

Wavelength/Å 1919.55 III 1919.77 III 1920.65 III 1920.84 III 1921.30 III 2064.01 III 2064.42 III 2068.68 III 2071.09 III 2080.34 IV 2095.53 II 2096.20 II 2096.86 II 2117.59 III 2121.50 III 2130.18 II 2142.78 II 2147.31 III 2188.20 III 2188.38 III 2206.09 II 2286.69 II 2288.44 II 2316.49 II 2316.69 II 2317.05 II 2318.09 IV 2461.27 II 2477.69 IV 2496.83 II 2496.97 II 2520.22 II 2520.79 II 2522.23 II 2590.94 II 2645.65 IV 2646.18 IV 2646.96 IV 2682.18 III 2689.20 III 2709.84 II 2799.22 II 2823.64 II 2859.16 V 2885.27 II 2974.52 V 2980.78 V 2981.31 V 2998.43 V 3006.83 II 3078.25 IV 3367.34 III 3437.15 II 3463.37 IV 3478.71 IV 3482.99 IV 3484.96 IV 3747.54 IV 3754.67 III 3771.05 III 3838.37 II

Intensity 360 90 450 1000 150 200 360 550 360 150 250 140 200 185 285 120 150 285 285 220 450 90 120 300 285 650 90 120 360 550 350 90 450 360 250 450 870 90 120 550 285 450 180

Wavelength/Å 3919.00 II 3938.52 III 3955.85 II 3995.00 II 3998.63 III 4003.58 III 4035.08 II 4041.31 II 4043.53 II 4057.76 IV 4097.33 III 4099.94 I 4103.43 III 4109.95 I 4176.16 II 4195.76 III 4200.10 III 4227.74 II 4236.91 II 4237.05 II 4241.78 II 4332.91 III 4345.68 III 4379.11 III 4432.74 II 4447.03 II 4510.91 III 4514.86 III 4530.41 II 4601.48 II 4603.73 V 4606.33 IV 4607.16 II 4613.87 II 4619.98 V 4621.39 II 4630.54 II 4634.14 III 4640.64 III 4643.08 II 4788.13 II 4803.29 II 4847.38 I

90 150 285 160 210 200 w 160 350 285 450 650 360 870 550 450 360 360 550

4858.82 4867.15 4895.11 4914.94 4935.12 4944.56 4950.23 4963.98 4987.37 4994.36 5001.48 5002.70 5005.15 5007.32 5010.62 5016.39 5025.66 5045.10

III III II I I V I I II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity 185 140 90 200 150 450 285 650 550 870 450 450 285 700 240 265 235 360 550 285 650 285 160 210 285 360 150 185 210 210 210 185 235 90 185 120 300 265 750 360 300 325 160 210 185 750 185 185 235 185 235 210 185 210 160 265 685 785 900 185 60 w

Wavelength/Å 5281.20 I 5292.68 I 5314.35 III 5320.82 III 5327.18 III 5495.67 II 5535.36 II 5666.63 II 5676.02 II 5679.56 II 5686.21 II 5710.77 II 5747.30 II 5752.50 I 5764.75 I 5829.54 I 5854.04 I 5927.81 II 5931.78 II 5940.24 II 5941.65 II 5952.39 II 5999.43 I 6008.47 I 6167.76 II 6379.62 II 6380.77 IV 6411.65 I 6420.64 I 6423.02 I 6428.32 I 6437.68 I 6440.94 I 6454.11 III 6457.90 I 6467.02 III 6468.44 I 6481.71 I 6482.05 II 6482.70 I 6483.75 I 6484.80 I 6491.22 I 6499.54 I 6506.31 I 6610.56 II 6622.54 I 6636.94 I 6644.96 I 6646.50 I 6653.46 I 6656.51 I 6722.62 I 7398.64 I 7406.12 I 7406.24 I 7423.64 I 7442.29 I 7468.31 I 7608.80 I 7618.46 V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

450 400 400 250 300 570 400 400 550 500 570 650 500 220 700 650 500 110 110 h 500 160 h 570 500 250 200 500 570 250 200 160 h 110 h 160 h 220 h 160 h 220 h 285 h 220 h 220 h 160 h 250 300 350 400 110 h 250 200 380 225 290 310 180 510 920 500 840 180 180 290 250 100 160

7762.24 8184.87 8188.02 8200.36 8210.72 8216.34 8223.14 8242.39 8438.74 8567.74 8594.00 8629.24 8655.89 8676.08 8680.28 8683.40 8686.15 8687.43 8699.00 8703.25 8710.54 8711.70 8718.83 8728.89 8747.36 9386.80 9392.79 9460.68 9863.33 9865.41 9868.21 9887.39 9891.09 9961.86 9969.34 10023.27 10035.45 10065.15 10070.12 10105.13 10108.89 10112.48 10114.64 10126.27 10539.57 12074.51 12186.82 12288.97 12328.76 12381.65 12438.40 12461.25 12469.62 13429.61 13581.33 13587.73 13602.27 13624.18 14757.07 14868.87 14966.60

II I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I II II I II I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:05:35 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

180 120 s 100 l 100

15582.27 17516.58 17584.86 17878.26

I I I I

Osmium Os 9600 13000 17000 29000 14000 14000 18000 26000 8600 13000 7800 4200 7200 14000 2900 2900 2900 6000 5300 2100 4800 5300 2600 1300 1200 3100 1100 2100 1100 1300 2000 1400 1400 500 2600 1700 1100 200 1400 110 1800 110 530 4500 2600 2400 780 1000 1000 1800 3800 1900 1900 2100 3000 1300

Z = 76 2001.45 2003.73 2010.15 2018.14 2022.76 2028.23 2034.44 2045.36 2058.69 2061.69 2067.21 2070.67 2076.95 2079.97 2082.54 2089.03 2089.21 2097.60 2100.63 2117.66 2117.96 2137.11 2154.59 2157.84 2158.53 2166.90 2167.75 2171.65 2234.61 2252.15 2255.85 2264.60 2282.26 2367.35 2377.03 2387.29 2395.88 2423.07 2424.97 2454.91 2461.42 2468.90 2486.24 2488.55 2498.41 2513.25 2538.00 2542.51 2590.76 2613.06 2637.13 2644.11 2658.60 2689.82 2714.64 2720.04

I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I II I II I II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I

Section 10.indb 57

10-57 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

960 2800 5100 2300 1500 1500 9600 2100 2100 1100 h 1400 4400 1100 2900 120 8600 1100 3100 180 150 1900 3100 3100 1200 7600 960 960 620 620 620 1200 1200 620 95 480 3700 2100 730 1000 730 960 1200 2500 1200 1200 4900 560 560 4900 540 670 55 45 35 35 35 90 55 140 40 270

2770.71 2806.91 2838.63 2844.40 2850.76 2860.96 2909.06 2912.33 2919.79 2948.23 2949.53 3018.04 3030.70 3040.90 3042.74 3058.66 3077.72 3156.25 3173.93 3213.31 3232.06 3262.29 3267.94 3290.26 3301.56 3336.15 3370.59 3387.84 3401.86 3504.66 3528.60 3560.86 3598.11 3604.48 3670.89 3752.52 3782.20 3876.77 3963.63 3977.23 4066.69 4112.02 4135.78 4173.23 4211.86 4260.85 4293.95 4311.40 4420.47 4550.41 4793.99 5031.83 5039.12 5072.88 5074.77 5079.09 5103.50 5110.81 5149.74 5193.52 5202.63

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

35 45 55 40 110 120 45 28 55 22 22 28 22 270 22 80 35 22 28 28 170 22 170 40 110 28 65 35 22 22 27 22 26 7

5203.23 5255.82 5265.15 5298.78 5376.79 5416.34 5416.69 5417.51 5443.31 5446.93 5457.30 5470.00 5509.33 5523.53 5546.82 5584.44 5620.08 5642.56 5645.25 5680.88 5721.93 5765.05 5780.82 5800.60 5857.76 5860.64 5996.00 6227.70 6269.41 6403.15 6729.56 7145.54 7602.95 8041.29

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Oxygen O Z = 8 80 124.616 110 135.523 80 138.109 110 139.029 80 151.447 110 151.477 150 151.546 80 164.574 110 164.657 80 164.709 80 166.235 150 167.99 110 170.219 450 172.169 250 185.745 375 192.751 450 192.799 520 192.906 80 193.003 200 194.593 150 195.86 200 196.01 80 202.161 80 202.224 80 202.283 80 202.334

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

150 110 150 100 200 100 110 150 300 150 200 250 250 520 80 80 150 80 80 80 150 140 150 110 200 110 90 180 110 110 110 150 300 250 80 d 110 110 150 150 150 300 375 110 150 110 80 110 120 150 150 140 160 160 250 200 250 190 300 190 200 150

202.393 203.78 203.82 203.85 203.89 203.94 207.18 207.24 207.794 215.040 215.103 215.245 216.018 220.352 227.372 227.469 227.511 227.549 227.634 227.689 231.823 233.46 233.50 233.52 233.56 233.60 238.36 238.57 248.459 252.56 252.95 253.08 260.39 260.56 264.34 264.48 266.97 266.98 267.03 277.38 279.63 279.94 285.71 285.84 286.448 295.62 295.66 295.72 303.41 303.46 303.52 303.62 303.69 303.80 305.60 305.66 305.70 305.77 305.84 306.62 306.88

V V V V V V IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III IV IV IV IV V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV

5/4/05 8:05:37 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-58 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

450 300 250 300 110 90 80 200 190 150 210 200 300 190 200 210 450 300 800 900 1000 1000 250 300 220 200 150 700 775 850 700 700 1000 580 110 640 160 200 100 270 150 200 520 580 640 1000 150 200 150 230 70 800 800 900 1000 900 600 70 700 640 580

320.979 328.45 328.74 345.31 355.14 355.33 355.47 359.02 359.22 359.38 373.80 374.00 374.08 374.16 374.33 374.44 395.558 434.98 507.391 507.683 508.182 525.795 537.83 538.26 539.09 539.55 539.85 553.330 554.075 554.514 555.261 597.818 599.598 608.398 609.70 609.829 610.04 610.75 610.85 616.952 617.005 617.036 624.617 625.130 625.852 629.730 644.148 672.95 673.77 681.272 685.544 702.332 702.822 702.899 703.850 718.484 718.562 744.794 758.678 759.441 760.228

Section 10.indb 58

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II II II IV IV IV IV III III IV III IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV IV V II II II V I III III III III II II I V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

775 640 700 70 90 520 70 200 315 360 200 640 520 700 70 300 200 160 90 70 70 80 240 600 450 780 600 600 800 40 130 160 80 200 130 90 40 90 40 160 40 250 90 160 60 40 900 600 300 200 130 230 640 160 160 w 285 160 315 w 160 220 110

760.445 761.128 762.003 770.793 771.056 774.518 775.321 779.734 779.821 779.912 779.997 787.711 790.109 790.199 791.973 796.66 802.200 802.255 804.267 804.848 805.295 805.810 832.762 832.927 833.332 833.742 834.467 835.096 835.292 877.879 921.296 921.366 922.008 923.367 923.433 935.193 948.686 971.738 976.448 988.773 990.204 1025.762 1027.431 1039.230 1040.942 1152.152 1302.168 1304.858 1306.029 1338.612 1342.992 1343.512 1371.292 1476.89 1506.72 1590.01 1591.33 1643.68 1707.996 1760.12 1760.42

V V V I I V I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV I II IV IV I I I I II III II III II III III I IV IV I IV IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV V III V III III V V III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

220 220 750 550 360 110 110 220 160 160 220 110 110 285 285 285 160 110 110 220 110 110 360 160 220 160 30 d 30 d 110 200 30 d 30 d 30 d 50 d 30 d 30 d 200 d 80 110 80 80 250 80 d 80 d 80 300 200 200 200 200 200 200 230 200 200 80 110 300 110 1000 920

1763.22 1764.48 1767.78 1768.24 1771.67 1773.00 1773.85 1779.16 1781.03 1784.85 1789.66 1848.26 1856.62 1872.78 1872.87 1874.94 1920.04 1920.75 1921.52 1923.49 1923.82 1926.94 2013.27 2026.96 2045.67 2052.74 2283.42 2284.89 2293.32 2300.35 2313.05 2316.12 2316.79 2319.68 2322.15 2339.31 2390.44 2394.33 2411.60 2422.84 2425.55 2433.56 2436.06 2438.83 2444.26 2445.55 2449.372 2450.040 2454.99 2493.44 2493.77 2507.73 2509.19 2517.2 2558.06 2687.53 2695.49 2733.34 2747.46 2781.01 2786.99

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II III III II III II II II III II II IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV III III III II II V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

775 160 160 200 210 80 265 250 80 80 80 200 110 460 410 80 160 220 110 450 285 160 160 80 200 300 80 220 220 220 360 160 160 80 110 230 270 160 200 220 130 360 360 285 270 360 220 230 160 410 230 80 80 285 200 160 230 270 80 80 80

2789.85 2836.26 2921.45 2941.33 2941.65 2959.68 2972.29 2983.78 3017.63 3023.45 3043.02 3047.13 3059.30 3063.42 3071.61 3121.71 3122.62 3129.44 3132.86 3134.82 3138.44 3144.66 3209.66 3238.57 3260.98 3265.46 3267.31 3270.98 3273.52 3277.69 3287.59 3305.15 3306.60 3312.30 3340.74 3348.08 3349.11 3354.27 3375.40 3377.20 3378.06 3381.20 3385.52 3390.25 3396.79 3403.52 3407.38 3409.66 3409.84 3411.69 3413.64 3444.10 3455.12 3470.81 3489.83 3492.24 3560.39 3563.33 3698.70 3702.75 3703.37

V IV IV V V III I III III III III III III IV IV III II II III II II V IV III III III III II II II II II II III III IV IV IV IV II IV IV IV II IV IV II IV II IV IV III III II IV IV IV IV III III III

5/4/05 8:05:40 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 220 110 315 w 285 360 410 160 110 230 360 150 80 250 110 160 120 450 160 185 160 140 220 100 200 450 220 160 285 450 80 d 50 d 150 d 110 220 285 100 160 50 220 285 450 80 50 d 50 d 50 d 50 d 285 160 220 285 220 100 220 450 285 160 160 50 50 d 50

3707.24 3712.75 3715.08 3725.93 3727.33 3729.03 3736.85 3739.92 3744.00 3744.89 3749.49 3754.67 3757.21 3759.87 3791.26 3803.14 3823.41 3911.96 3919.29 3947.29 3947.48 3947.59 3954.37 3954.61 3961.59 3973.26 3982.20 4069.90 4072.16 4075.87 4083.91 4087.14 4089.27 4097.24 4105.00 4119.22 4123.99 4132.81 4146.06 4153.30 4185.46 4189.79 4233.27 4253.74 4253.98 4275.47 4303.78 4317.14 4336.86 4345.56 4349.43 4366.90 4368.25 4395.95 4414.91 4416.98 4448.21 4452.38 4465.45 4466.28 4467.83

Section 10.indb 59

III II III IV II IV IV II III IV II III III III III II I II II I I I II I III II II II II II II II II II II II V II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II

10-59 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

50 360 285 80 d 160 360 450 160 360 285 220 285 160 230 w 220 135 160 190 90 110 135 120 110 130 160 190 80 160 190 110 100 400 450 490 80 100 100 100 320 360 400 130 80 100 360 450 210 400 450 320 210 100 120 120 100 870 810 750 80 100 100

4469.41 4590.97 4596.17 4609.39 4638.85 4641.81 4649.14 4650.84 4661.64 4676.23 4699.21 4705.36 4924.60 4930.27 4943.06 5329.10 5329.68 5330.74 5435.18 5435.78 5436.86 5577.34 5592.37 5597.91 5958.39 5958.58 5995.28 6046.23 6046.44 6046.49 6106.27 6155.98 6156.77 6158.18 6256.83 6261.55 6366.34 6374.32 6453.60 6454.44 6455.98 6500.24 6604.91 6653.83 7001.92 7002.23 7156.70 7254.15 7254.45 7254.53 7476.44 7477.24 7479.08 7480.67 7706.75 7771.94 7774.17 7775.39 7886.27 7943.15 7947.17

II II II II II II II II II II II II II V II I I I I I I I III V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

235 210 185 110 135 190 135 250 400 265 265 325 120 120 810 1000 935 325 160 d 120 80 80 80 235 450 490 450 400 540 590 490 640 185 120 120 d 235 140 265 160 235 210 120 120 100 100 120 160 80 65 235 235 120 140 120 160 120 d 590 640 490 490 490

7947.55 7950.80 7952.16 7981.94 7982.40 7986.98 7987.33 7995.07 8221.82 8227.65 8230.02 8233.00 8235.35 8426.16 8446.25 8446.36 8446.76 8820.43 9057.01 9118.29 9134.71 9150.14 9151.48 9156.01 9260.81 9260.84 9260.94 9262.58 9262.67 9262.77 9265.94 9266.01 9399.19 9481.16 9482.88 9487.43 9492.71 9497.97 9499.30 9505.59 9521.96 9523.36 9523.96 9528.28 9622.13 9625.29 9677.38 9694.66 9694.91 9741.50 9760.65 9909.05 9936.98 9940.41 9995.31 10421.18 11286.34 11286.91 11287.02 11287.32 11295.10

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

540 590 265 490 450 120 160 700 750 640 160 120 590 120 120 120 140 540 140

11297.68 11302.38 11358.69 12464.02 12570.04 12990.77 13076.91 13163.89 13164.85 13165.11 16212.06 17966.70 18021.21 18041.48 18042.19 18046.23 18229.23 18243.63 26173.56

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Palladium Pd Z = 46 200 705.49 200 727.72 500 763.06 500 766.42 2000 781.02 500 794.08 500 797.52 500 800.03 500 800.10 500 803.67 500 825.35 500 840.58 500 856.47 500 864.04 500 880.59 500 888.84 1000 889.29 300 1596.89 500 1741.62 4000 1782.55 400 1843.49 1500 1851.59 2000 1852.27 1000 1859.21 1500 1874.63 2000 1885.83 1000 1887.40 1500 1891.34 4000 1914.62 1000 1930.33 2000 1941.64 800 2002.16 1000 2004.47 500 2055.11 500 2149.82 500 2177.55 500 2177.63 100 r 2231.59 200 r 2296.53 100 2426.87 100 2430.94

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II II

5/4/05 8:05:43 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-60 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 100 150 1100 100 150 100 1700 250 300 200 150 150 150 100 150 1900 150 h 100 h 200 100 h 100 h 520 650 1500 1100 2600 11000 2700 3500 3600 5000 24000 13000 5000 6400 7700 10000 2000 12000 12000 4500 20000 20000 5500 1400 1500 1500 2200 1500 290 2500 180 160 120 55 75 55 h 65 75 120

2433.11 2435.32 2446.17 2447.91 2457.29 2469.29 2471.18 2476.42 2486.52 2488.92 2498.81 2505.73 2551.84 2565.51 2569.56 2658.75 2763.09 2776.85 2787.92 2854.59 2871.37 2878.01 2922.49 3002.65 3027.91 3065.31 3114.04 3242.70 3251.64 3258.78 3302.13 3373.00 3404.58 3421.24 3433.45 3441.40 3460.77 3481.15 3489.77 3516.94 3553.08 3571.16 3609.55 3634.70 3690.34 3718.91 3799.19 3832.29 3894.20 3958.64 4087.34 4212.95 4473.59 5163.84 5295.63 5542.80 5670.07 5695.09 6784.52 7368.12 7764.03

Section 10.indb 60

II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

45 55 45 65

7915.80 8132.82 8300.83 8761.35

Phosphorus P Z = 15 250 328.78 150 359.899 500 388.318 250 389.50 300 390.70 300 445.158 375 475.60 120 498.180 520 542.57 600 544.92 200 569.853 200 581.831 350 629.008 400 629.914 500 631.779 450 673.90 10 810.24 650 823.179 700 824.730 800 827.932 300 847.669 350 855.624 500 859.652 10 865.44 450 865.45 600 871.39 700 877.476 300 913.971 300 917.120 350 918.665 1000 950.655 250 1003.598 570 1025.563 500 1028.096 570 1030.517 500 1033.111 500 1035.517 900 1117.98 570 1118.551 700 1128.01 20 1249.82 20 1301.87 20 1304.47 15 1304.68 35 1305.48 60 1310.70 500 1334.808 650 1344.327 300 1344.845 500 1366.695 15 1372.033 400 1372.674 15 1373.500 10 1374.732 15 1377.080 15 1377.937

I I I I V IV IV V V IV V III V V III III IV IV IV V II IV IV IV III III III II V V IV III III III IV III IV IV IV IV IV V IV V II II II II II II III III III IV I IV I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

25 25 15 500 400 350 80 120 450 150 200 140 100 180 140 140 600 600 140 100 100 100 100 600 500 400 140 140 100 140 100 500 400 140 650 180 140 280 280 180 400 400 400 400 400 280 500 180 450 250 750 950 750 500 250 300 400 400 500 250 450

1379.429 1381.469 1381.637 1484.507 1487.788 1502.228 1532.51 1535.90 1610.50 1618.632 1618.907 1671.070 1671.510 1671.680 1672.035 1672.474 1674.591 1679.695 1685.976 1694.028 1694.486 1706.376 1707.553 1774.951 1782.838 1787.656 1834.801 1847.165 1849.820 1851.194 1852.069 1858.886 1859.393 1864.348 1888.523 1905.481 1906.403 1907.665 2023.489 2024.516 2032.432 2033.477 2135.465 2136.182 2149.145 2152.940 2154.080 2235.732 2440.93 2478.256 2533.976 2535.603 2553.262 2554.915 2605.506 2632.713 2644.295 2728.770 2739.309 2739.872 2978.55

I I I IV IV III II II V III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I V IV I I I I IV III IV IV IV IV V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

700 520 300 400 650 570 400 300 350 400 300 500 350 400 250 250 250 500 500 600 300 300 500 300 300 100 100 100 140 140 180 300 140 400 250 300 180 100 250 300 400 100 400 140 180 140 140 100 100 250 500 400 500 250 150 350 180 350 500 180 140

3175.09 3204.04 3219.307 3233.602 3347.736 3364.467 3371.122 3957.641 3978.307 4059.312 4080.084 4222.195 4246.720 4420.71 4479.776 4540.288 4541.112 4588.04 4589.86 4602.08 4626.70 4658.31 4943.53 4954.39 4969.71 5079.381 5098.221 5100.974 5109.628 5154.844 5162.290 5253.52 5293.539 5296.13 5316.07 5344.75 5345.851 5364.631 5378.20 5386.88 5425.91 5428.094 5450.74 5458.305 5477.672 5477.860 5478.267 5514.774 5516.997 5588.34 6024.18 6034.04 6043.12 6055.50 6083.409 6087.82 6097.690 6165.59 6199.024 6210.499 6375.681

V V III III IV IV IV III III III III III III II III IV IV II II II II II II II II I I I I I I II I II II II I I II II II I II I I I I I I II II II II II III II I II I I I

5/4/05 8:05:45 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 250 600 600 600 100 150 100 100 180 180 180 200 250 100 150 140 100 140 140 180 400 100 180 950 600 1250 500 950 950 600 1250 1700 1500 280 1700 280 750 400 500 180 1500 280 1500 600 1700 280 400 280 229 458 962 1235 415 435 265 764 402 479 256 714

6388.579 6435.32 6459.99 6503.46 6507.97 6717.411 6992.690 7102.200 7158.367 7165.465 7175.102 7176.660 7443.657 7845.63 8046.801 8113.528 8278.058 8367.856 8531.475 8613.835 8637.578 8741.529 8872.174 9175.819 9193.85 9278.88 9304.94 9323.50 9435.069 9441.86 9452.83 9493.56 9525.73 9545.18 9556.81 9563.439 9593.50 9609.04 9638.939 9676.24 9706.533 9734.750 9736.680 9750.77 9790.21 9796.85 9834.80 9903.68 9976.67 10084.27 10511.58 10529.52 10581.57 10596.90 10681.40 10813.13 11183.23 11186.75 14241.64 14307.83 15711.52

Section 10.indb 61

I II II II II I III I I I I I IV II I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-61 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

228 296 203 1627 588 225 221 419 471 289 299 287 311

15962.53 16254.77 16292.97 16482.92 16590.07 16613.05 16738.68 16803.39 17112.48 17286.91 17423.67 23844.97 29097.16

I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Platinum Pt 30 30 30 50 r 30 30 40 50 50 30 30 30 30 30 40 3200 4400 100 40 5500 1500 3000 1000 30 950 30 1900 100 600 1500 30 400 50 h 320 50 h 30 h 100 150 30 30 h 190 30 h 280 50 h 30 150 150

Z = 78 1621.66 1723.13 1751.70 1777.09 1781.86 1879.09 1883.05 1889.52 1911.70 1929.25 1929.68 1939.80 1949.90 1983.74 2014.93 2030.63 2032.41 2036.46 2041.57 2049.37 2067.50 2084.59 2103.33 2115.57 2128.61 2130.69 2144.23 2144.24 2165.17 2174.67 2190.32 2202.22 2202.58 2222.61 2233.11 2240.99 2245.52 2249.30 2251.52 2251.92 2268.84 2271.72 2274.38 2287.50 2288.20 2289.27 2292.40

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II I I I I II I II I II I I II I II I II II II I II II I II I II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

240 50 90 220 100 170 280 180 50 130 40 120 35 70 200 100 50 80 50 25 180 650 60 440 35 1000 25 200 160 240 50 120 50 60 240 140 40 50 160 18 50 50 70 30 50 30 1100 130 1000 500 20 2800 40 440 200 2000 1600 60 1300 130 1800

2308.04 2310.96 2315.50 2318.29 2326.10 2340.18 2357.10 2368.28 2377.28 2383.64 2386.81 2389.53 2396.17 2401.87 2403.09 2418.06 2424.87 2428.04 2428.20 2429.10 2436.69 2440.06 2450.97 2467.44 2471.01 2487.17 2488.74 2490.12 2495.82 2498.50 2505.93 2508.50 2514.07 2515.03 2515.58 2524.30 2529.41 2536.49 2539.20 2549.46 2552.25 2596.00 2603.14 2616.76 2619.57 2625.34 2628.03 2639.35 2646.89 2650.86 2658.17 2659.45 2674.57 2677.15 2698.43 2702.40 2705.89 2713.13 2719.04 2729.92 2733.96

I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

70 70 80 200 30 500 40 20 50 50 100 40 h 140 10 50 30 h 1400 70 16 80 h 40 h 40 h 100 h 25 25 600 300 60 120 120 70 30 1700 30 30 25 60 1800 35 220 30 30 h 130 800 3200 30 130 320 140 120 320 30 20 20 40 160 25 25 120 500 60

2738.48 2747.61 2753.86 2754.92 2769.84 2771.67 2773.24 2774.00 2774.77 2793.27 2794.21 2799.98 2803.24 2808.51 2818.25 2822.27 2830.30 2834.71 2853.11 2860.68 2865.05 2875.85 2877.52 2888.20 2893.22 2893.86 2897.87 2905.90 2912.26 2913.54 2919.34 2921.38 2929.79 2942.76 2944.75 2959.10 2960.75 2997.97 3001.17 3002.27 3017.88 3031.22 3036.45 3042.64 3064.71 3071.94 3100.04 3139.39 3156.56 3200.71 3204.04 3230.29 3233.42 3250.36 3251.98 3255.92 3268.42 3281.97 3290.22 3301.86 3315.05

I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I II I I I II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:05:48 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-62 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

35 340 35 60 160 120 70 70 50 80 80 35 18 80 40 110 35 100 20 110 80 40 18 18 80 14 25 12 35 12 14 30 35 40 12 12 14 14 6 20 8 6 7 8 9 10 20 60 20 10

3323.80 3408.13 3427.93 3483.43 3485.27 3628.11 3638.79 3643.17 3663.10 3671.99 3674.04 3699.91 3706.53 3818.69 3900.73 3922.96 3948.40 3966.36 3996.57 4118.69 4164.56 4192.43 4327.06 4391.83 4442.55 4445.55 4498.76 4520.90 4552.42 4879.53 5044.04 5059.48 5227.66 5301.02 5368.99 5390.79 5475.77 5478.50 5763.57 5840.12 5844.84 6026.04 6318.37 6326.58 6523.45 6710.42 6760.02 6842.60 7113.73 8224.74

Plutonium Pu Z = 94 10000 2806.11 10000 2950.06 10000 3000.31 10000 3200.23 10000 3418.88 10000 3805.93 10000 4097.12 10000 4170.95 10000 4367.41 10000 5590.54

Section 10.indb 62

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10000 10000 3000 3000 3000

7068.90 8691.94 9533.07 12144.46 16897.38

I I I I I

Polonium Po Z = 84 1500 w 2450.08 1500 w 2558.01 2500 w 3003.21 1200 4170.52 800 4493.21 500 8618.26

I I I I I I

Potassium K Z = 19 100 214.35 150 271.82 100 273.06 150 282.35 150 293.33 300 294.84 200 296.17 200 297.06 200 300.25 200 300.50 200 311.24 250 312.77 200 315.18 250 327.38 25 330.68 300 340.46 150 340.74 30 341.92 15 348.00 200 349.50 300 354.93 150 356.26 300 359.73 200 359.91 250 362.08 150 362.15 150 363.02 500 372.15 200 372.46 200 372.77 300 375.96 300 375.96 250 377.76 30 379.12 300 379.12 300 379.88 25 380.48 250 380.48 200 381.70 30 382.23 300 382.23 150 382.49 200 382.65 300 382.91 250 384.10 200 386.61 300 387.80

V IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V III IV IV III III V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V V V IV V V III V IV III IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV IV V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

250 250 250 250 250 300 200 200 500 250 200 15 200 200 400 20 300 250 150 30 250 40 50 30 250 200 30 150 30 30 400 300 500 75 50 250 25 200 300 75 200 250 75 750 200 200 250 400 400 75 100 75 45 10 40 10 10 200 200 30 75

388.92 389.07 389.07 390.11 390.42 390.57 391.46 392.47 393.14 395.40 398.36 398.63 398.88 399.75 400.21 402.10 402.91 403.97 404.41 406.48 408.08 408.96 413.79 414.87 415.05 415.79 416.00 417.28 417.54 418.62 422.18 425.16 425.59 434.72 435.68 438.02 441.81 442.30 443.57 444.34 445.61 446.83 448.60 448.60 449.71 452.90 455.67 456.33 456.33 466.79 470.09 471.57 474.92 476.03 479.18 482.11 482.41 482.71 483.75 495.14 497.10

IV IV V V IV IV IV IV IV V V III V V IV III IV IV IV III IV III III III V V III IV III III V V V III III V II IV IV III IV IV III IV V V V IV V III III III III II III III III V V II III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10 50 250 25 200 150 40 15 15 750 250 500 30 250 400 25 30 250 750 300 20 300 400 600 500 500 500 400 300 150 400 20 30 150 150 35 20 10 15 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 4 3 7 6 11 10 3 4 18 17 10 11

514.94 520.61 523.00 523.79 526.45 527.62 529.80 539.71 546.12 580.32 585.51 586.32 600.77 602.27 603.43 607.93 612.62 638.67 646.19 687.50 708.84 720.43 724.42 731.86 737.14 741.95 745.26 746.35 749.99 754.19 754.67 765.31 765.64 770.29 771.46 778.53 872.31 873.86 874.04 2550.02 2635.11 2689.90 2938.45 2986.20 2992.42 3052.07 3056.84 3062.18 3101.79 3102.04 3217.16 3217.62 3446.37 3447.38 3648.84 3648.98 4044.14 4047.21 4641.88 4642.37

III III IV III IV IV III III III V V V II V V II II V IV V III V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III V V III III III III III III III III III III III III II I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:05:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

4 6 5 7 5 7 6 8 7 8 8 9 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 12 14 16 17 15 17 8 7 19 12 20 7 12 25 24 5 4 7 6 9 8 3 11 10 4 3 13 12 5 4 7 3 6 15 14 6 5 9 5

4740.91 4744.35 4753.93 4757.39 4786.49 4791.05 4799.75 4804.35 4849.86 4856.09 4863.48 4869.76 4942.02 4950.82 4956.15 4965.03 5084.23 5097.17 5099.20 5112.25 5323.28 5339.69 5342.97 5359.57 5782.38 5801.75 5812.15 5831.89 6120.27 6307.29 6911.08 6936.28 6938.77 6964.18 6964.67 7664.90 7698.96 7955.37 7956.83 8078.11 8079.62 8250.18 8251.74 8390.22 8503.45 8505.11 8763.96 8767.05 8902.19 8904.02 8923.31 8925.44 9347.24 9349.25 9351.59 9595.70 9597.83 9949.67 9954.14 10479.63 10482.15

Section 10.indb 63

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-63 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

8 17 16 17 16 17

10487.11 11019.87 11022.67 11690.21 11769.62 11772.83 12522.11 13377.86 13397.09 15163.08 15168.40 40158.37

Praseodymium Pr Z = 59 7000 865.90 5000 869.17 2000 1228.59 5000 1293.22 5000 1295.28 5000 1321.36 5000 1333.57 5000 1354.66 2000 1360.64 2000 1365.77 5000 1374.41 5000 1435.56 2000 1520.98 5000 1574.55 5000 1575.10 3000 1578.38 2000 1622.30 10000 1884.87 2000 2083.23 3300 2246.20 2000 c 2378.98 40 h 2598.04 100 h 2707.37 60 2760.35 270 3168.24 200 d 3195.99 190 3219.48 200 3584.21 250 3645.66 250 3646.30 370 3668.83 290 3714.05 410 3739.18 680 3761.87 680 3800.30 390 3811.84 1300 h 3816.02 680 3818.28 310 3821.80 960 3830.72 480 3840.99 580 3846.59 1200 3850.79 720 c 3851.55 960 3852.80 480 c 3865.45 480 3876.19 1700 c 3877.18

I I I I I I I I I I I I V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

680 440 c 440 c 770 c 630 310 1300 c 420 960 480 370 370 730 c 900 c 900 c 380 470 560 1600 c 560 c 500 320 620 c 320 1300 c 340 1600 560 c 320 620 c 730 1900 620 730 620 470 360 360 c 730 c 960 730 470 1300 340 450 2200 2200 450 3400 500 c 500 c 790 500 560 380 2900 c 1700 c 340 1500 c 2700 1700 c

3880.47 3885.19 3889.34 3908.05 3912.90 3913.55 3918.85 3919.63 3925.47 3927.46 3929.29 3935.82 3947.63 3949.43 3953.51 3956.75 3962.45 3964.26 3964.81 3966.57 3971.16 3971.67 3972.14 3974.85 3989.68 3992.16 3994.79 3997.04 3999.12 4000.17 4004.70 4008.69 4010.60 4015.39 4020.96 4022.71 4025.54 4029.72 4031.75 4033.83 4038.45 4039.34 4044.81 4047.08 4051.13 4054.88 4056.54 4058.80 4062.81 4079.77 4080.98 4081.85 4083.34 4096.82 4098.40 4100.72 4118.46 4130.77 4141.22 4143.11 4164.16

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

620 730 5200 2500 560 c 2500 c 500 320 320 3800 3800 320 320 c 960 340 840 c 500 320 790 c 470 c 790 c 450 c 1500 1300 360 620 cw 470 c 340 450 410 c 1200 320 430 1700 410 1200 c 730 960 1100 790 340 c 340 270 c 270 c 290 250 200 320 380 270 320 360 560 410 620 360 360 560 680 340 c 340

4171.82 4172.25 4179.39 4189.48 4191.60 4206.72 4208.32 4211.86 4217.81 4222.93 4225.35 4233.11 4236.15 4241.01 4243.51 4247.63 4254.40 4269.09 4272.27 4280.07 4282.42 4298.98 4305.76 4333.97 4338.70 4344.30 4347.49 4350.40 4354.91 4359.79 4368.33 4371.62 4405.83 4408.82 4413.77 4429.13 4449.83 4468.66 4496.46 4510.15 4534.15 4535.92 4628.74 4672.09 4695.77 4736.69 4924.60 4939.74 4951.37 5034.41 5045.52 5110.38 5110.76 5129.52 5173.90 5206.55 5219.05 5220.11 5259.73 5292.02 5292.62

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I II I II II II II II II II II II II

5/4/05 8:05:53 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-64 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

430 65 150 110 90 90 90 160 d 90 90 160 7000 w 90 110 90 150 150 140 65 9000 w 65 65 5000 190 270 45 110 55 c 55 45 45 45 45 55 75 55 75 35 c 55 cw 35 cw 7000 40 5000 4500 20 24 16 20 c 14 20 16 14 14 10 cw 11 5000 w 10

5322.76 5509.15 5535.17 5623.05 5624.45 5756.17 5779.28 5815.17 5823.72 5859.68 5939.90 5956.05 5956.60 5967.82 6006.33 6017.80 6025.72 6055.13 6087.52 6090.02 6114.38 6148.23 6160.24 6161.18 6165.94 6244.35 6281.28 6359.03 6411.23 6429.63 6431.84 6486.55 6566.77 6616.67 6656.83 6673.41 6673.78 6747.09 6798.60 6827.60 6910.14 7021.51 7030.39 7076.62 7114.55 7227.70 7407.56 7451.74 7541.02 7645.66 7721.84 7871.67 8067.44 8122.78 8141.10 8602.74 8714.59

Promethium Pm Z = 61 1000 3892.15 1000 3910.26 1000 3919.10

Section 10.indb 64

II II II II II II I II II II II III II II II II II I II III II I III II II II II I I II II I II I II II II I I II III II III III I II II II II II I I I II I III II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 1000 r 1000 900 r 900 1000 d

3957.74 3998.96 4417.96 4728.36 6100.21 6520.45

Protactinium Pa Z = 91 3000 2599.16 3000 2699.22 3000 2822.79 3000 h 2871.42 3000 h 2891.14 3000 l 3011.10 3000 s 3033.59 3000 l 3071.24 3000 l 3093.23 3000 l 3126.23 3000 l 3146.28 3000 l 3170.89 3000 l 3171.54 3000 l 3240.58 3000 3274.46 3000 l 3332.69 3000 s 3346.66 3000 l 3452.82 3000 3504.97 3000 s 3530.65 3000 3570.56 3000 3571.82 3000 3618.07 10000 3636.52 3000 3702.74 3000 3752.67 3000 3873.35 3000 3931.83 3000 s 3952.62 10000 l 3957.85 3000 s 3970.07 3000 3981.82 10000 3982.23 3000 l 4012.96 3000 s 4018.21 3000 4030.16 3000 s 4046.93 10000 s 4056.20 10000 s 4070.40 3000 l 4176.18 10000 l 4217.23 10000 s 4248.08 3000 s 4291.34 3000 s 4601.43 3000 l 6035.78 3000 6162.56 3000 l 6358.61 3000 6379.25 3000 l 6438.97 3000 h 6792.75 10000 6945.72 3000 6960.09 3000 h 6961.78 3000 s 6992.73

II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I I I I I I I I II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

3000 3000 h 10000 s 3000 h 3000 3000 10000 l 3000 h 10000 h 3000 h 10000 h 10000 10000 s 10000 3000 10000 h 3000 3000 l 10000 10000 h 10000 10000 3000 s 3000 s 3000 h 10000 h 10000 s 3000 h 3000 h 10000 3000 10000 10000 3000

7076.27 7100.94 7114.89 7171.55 7227.13 7318.79 7368.25 7471.89 7493.15 7558.26 7608.20 7626.79 7635.18 7669.34 7679.20 7749.19 7872.95 7945.56 8039.34 8099.84 8199.04 8271.87 8358.98 8369.60 8441.04 8532.66 8572.96 8639.91 8653.51 8735.27 10923.32 11791.73 14344.76 18478.61

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Radium Ra 100 200 100 100 100 50 50 50

Z = 88 3649.55 3814.42 4340.64 4682.28 4825.91 5660.81 7141.21 8019.70

II II II II I I I II

Radon Rn Z = 86 100 4349.60 200 7055.42 100 7268.11 300 7450.00 100 7809.82 100 8099.51 100 8270.96 100 8600.07

I I I I I I I I

Rhenium Re 25000 16000 27000 10000 9800 3400 3700

Z = 75 2003.53 2017.87 2049.08 2085.59 2097.12 2139.04 2156.67

I I I I I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

4900 3400 4200 c 5200 c 2900 2700 390 610 680 800 300 860 230 680 250 1200 570 520 220 320 370 340 230 320 320 210 d 210 1500 740 320 270 1200 300 300 2500 490 420 340 c 230 250 610 610 390 800 c 1200 390 980 370 370 570 230 270 1800 c 570 540 370 570 740 d 370 300 370

2167.94 2176.21 2214.26 2275.25 2287.51 2294.49 2298.09 2302.99 2306.54 2322.49 2328.66 2344.78 2349.39 2352.07 2356.50 2365.90 2367.68 2369.27 2370.76 2375.07 2379.77 2388.57 2393.65 2394.37 2396.79 2400.72 2401.68 2405.06 2405.60 2406.70 2410.37 2419.81 2421.73 2421.88 2428.58 2431.54 2432.18 2441.47 2442.51 2444.94 2446.98 2449.71 2461.20 2461.84 2483.92 2485.81 2487.33 2496.04 2501.72 2502.35 2504.60 2505.94 2508.99 2520.01 2521.50 2534.80 2540.51 2544.74 2545.48 2552.02 2554.63

I I II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I II

5/4/05 8:05:56 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 250 340 540 370 380 290 290 660 610 d 310 550 270 270 660 400 220 940 220 1300 220 610 220 210 310 220 220 350 550 220 220 880 310 220 270 240 2900 490 830 c 210 550 830 c 270 440 270 720 1500 310 210 220 220 220 1800 5500 350 220 500 300 380 240 1600

2556.51 2559.08 2564.19 2568.64 2571.81 2586.79 2599.86 2603.89 2608.50 2611.54 2635.83 2636.64 2642.75 2649.05 2651.90 2654.12 2663.63 2674.34 2688.53 2715.47 2732.21 2733.04 2758.00 2763.79 2767.74 2768.85 2769.32 2770.42 2783.57 2791.29 2814.68 2819.95 2834.08 2843.00 2850.98 2867.19 2887.68 2896.01 2902.48 2905.58 2909.82 2927.42 2930.61 2943.14 2962.27 2965.11 2965.76 2976.29 2978.15 2980.82 2982.19 2988.47 2992.36 2999.60 3001.14 3004.14 3016.02 3016.49 3030.45 3047.25 3067.40

Section 10.indb 65

I I I II II I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-65 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

320 260 550 340 700 700 340 340 c 340 420 260 250 440 330 360 c 220 700 220 440 260 600 1100 1100 260 260 220 1100 c 380 600 600 300 280 280 280 240 320 280 240 600 2000 1600 810 320 240 d 240 320 320 240 4000 650 650 240 320 320 810 8000 400 300 320 400 16000 c

3069.94 3071.16 3082.43 3088.76 3100.67 3108.81 3110.86 3118.19 3121.36 3128.94 3134.02 3141.38 3151.64 3153.79 3158.31 3164.52 3168.37 3174.61 3177.71 3178.61 3182.87 3184.76 3185.57 3190.78 3192.36 3198.58 3204.25 3235.94 3258.85 3259.55 3268.89 3296.70 3296.99 3301.60 3302.23 3303.21 3303.75 3313.95 3322.48 3338.18 3342.24 3344.32 3346.20 3356.33 3377.74 3379.06 3379.70 3389.43 3399.30 3404.72 3405.89 3408.67 3409.83 3417.77 3419.41 3424.62 3426.19 3427.61 3437.71 3449.37 3451.88

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

240 55000 c 40000 c 400 240 400 320 240 560 320 320 320 240 240 360 810 c 650 810 320 810 440 320 860 c 1500 c 520 240 360 c 4000 240 c 810 910 300 cw 700 240 240 240 380 c 550 280 350 c 220 240 240 c 240 cw 1800 700 220 220 650 3600 c 260 c 380 360 cw 2600 260 500 2200 cw 220 1300 1600 cw 100

3453.50 3460.46 3464.73 3467.96 3476.44 3480.38 3480.85 3482.23 3503.06 3516.65 3517.33 3537.46 3549.89 3570.26 3579.12 3580.15 3580.97 3583.02 3617.08 3637.84 3651.97 3670.53 3689.50 3691.48 3703.24 3709.93 3717.28 3725.76 3735.01 3735.31 3740.10 3745.44 3787.52 3869.94 3875.26 3876.86 3917.27 3929.85 3961.04 3962.48 4033.31 4081.43 4110.89 4133.42 4136.45 4144.36 4182.90 4183.06 4221.08 4227.46 4257.60 4358.69 4394.38 4513.31 4516.64 4522.73 4889.14 4923.90 5270.95 5275.56 5667.88

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 c 110 cw 550 200 200 100 cw 180 c 260 50 cw 65 cw

5752.93 5776.83 5834.31 6307.70 6321.90 6605.19 6813.41 6829.90 7640.94 7912.94

I I I I I I I I I I

Rhodium Rh Z = 45 50 813.44 80 882.51 100 925.75 150 937.28 500 991.62 400 992.48 500 d 1009.60 200 1012.22 200 1015.17 200 1073.87 150 1784.24 200 1784.94 150 1796.50 200 1816.03 1000 1832.05 500 1859.85 800 1880.66 500 1884.91 500 1887.36 700 1888.62 800 1901.32 500 1910.16 600 1919.37 500 1927.07 700 1931.79 500 1954.25 500 1994.26 800 2013.71 500 2017.47 500 2028.53 800 2036.72 600 2037.61 1000 2040.18 3000 2048.67 2000 2064.11 800 2076.84 1000 2118.53 1000 2118.63 1000 2139.44 1000 2152.23 3000 2158.17 3000 2163.19 3000 2167.33 150 2276.21 140 2288.57 110 2309.82 350 2322.58 140 2326.47 190 2334.77 300 2361.92

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II I I I I II I

5/4/05 8:05:58 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-66 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 270 230 270 80 130 230 110 330 90 130 150 100 130 300 150 350 300 200 130 110 350 550 150 230 100 110 400 100 400 100 180 160 100 130 150 180 280 110 140 160 65 180 130 130 230 160 450 110 50 130 50 180 140 240 130 140 470 190 520 520

2368.34 2382.89 2383.40 2386.14 2415.84 2427.68 2429.52 2437.90 2440.34 2461.04 2473.09 2487.47 2490.77 2502.46 2504.29 2505.67 2509.70 2511.03 2515.75 2520.53 2537.04 2545.70 2555.36 2622.58 2625.88 2630.42 2647.28 2652.66 2680.63 2703.73 2715.31 2718.54 2728.94 2771.51 2783.03 2826.43 2826.68 2862.94 2878.66 2882.37 2907.21 2910.17 2924.02 2929.11 2931.94 2968.66 2977.68 2986.20 3004.46 3006.43 3023.91 3052.44 3083.96 3121.76 3123.70 3155.78 3189.05 3191.19 3197.13 3263.14 3271.61

Section 10.indb 66

I I I II II I I I I II I I II I II I I II I II II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I III I III I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2300 2300 280 210 260 50 4200 330 280 420 1100 110 110 5600 820 160 820 330 120 d 8200 1400 120 120 400 180 220 5900 180 4700 120 4700 2100 110 1200 5900 2800 8800 880 d 280 1200 1800 1200 4700 4700 5900 3100 1800 8200 1300 560 1900 9400 940 280 380 7600 940 650 420 420 1200

3280.55 3283.57 3289.14 3294.28 3300.46 3310.69 3323.09 3338.54 3360.80 3368.38 3372.25 3377.14 3385.78 3396.82 3399.70 3406.55 3412.27 3421.22 3424.38 3434.89 3440.53 3447.74 3450.29 3455.22 3457.07 3457.93 3462.04 3469.62 3470.66 3472.25 3474.78 3478.91 3494.44 3498.73 3502.52 3507.32 3528.02 3538.14 3541.91 3543.95 3549.54 3570.18 3583.10 3596.19 3597.15 3612.47 3626.59 3657.99 3666.22 3681.04 3690.70 3692.36 3695.52 3698.26 3698.60 3700.91 3713.02 3735.28 3737.27 3744.17 3748.22

I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

240 380 490 1000 2300 490 380 1000 1300 3800 4900 760 1300 470 760 1300 3800 2300 2000 5900 490 380 120 240 2000 590 3800 45 380 240 240 380 120 560 140 120 1100 1500 2100 240 330 3300 820 4200 130 150 70 70 60 60 95 130 95 160 40 29 40 35 130 35 14

3754.12 3754.27 3755.58 3760.40 3765.08 3769.97 3778.13 3788.47 3792.18 3793.22 3799.31 3805.92 3806.76 3815.01 3816.47 3818.19 3822.26 3828.48 3833.89 3856.52 3870.01 3877.34 3913.51 3922.19 3934.23 3942.72 3958.86 3964.54 3975.31 3984.40 3995.61 3996.15 4023.14 4082.78 4097.52 4119.68 4121.68 4128.87 4135.27 4154.37 4196.50 4211.14 4288.71 4374.80 4569.00 4675.03 4745.11 5090.63 5155.54 5175.97 5193.14 5354.40 5390.44 5599.42 5686.38 5792.66 5806.91 5831.58 5983.60 6102.72 6199.99

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

16 29 40 13 11 20 65 16 16 18 15 18 35 18 h 12 12 11 29 55 21 29 15 8

6253.72 6319.53 6752.35 6827.33 6857.68 6879.94 6965.67 6979.15 7001.58 7101.64 7104.45 7268.18 7270.82 7442.39 7475.74 7495.24 7557.67 7791.61 7824.91 8029.91 8045.36 8136.20 8425.59

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Rubidium Rb Z = 37 30 465.85 40 481.118 500 482.83 500 489.66 600 493.48 90 497.430 20 508.434 150 513.266 300 530.173 75 533.801 1200 535.86 40 542.887 200 555.036 1200 556.19 1500 566.71 1000 572.82 1500 576.65 2500 579.63 1500 581.26 2500 589.419 1000 594.94 1300 595.88 1200 598.49 1500 643.878 25 663.76 3000 697.049 6000 711.187 25 716.24 50 740.85 10000 741.456 5000 769.04 25 776.89 2500 815.28 15 850.18 1000 1604.12 5000 1760.50 2000 2068.92

III II III III III II II II II II III II II III III III III III III II III III III II IV II II IV IV II III IV III IV II II II

5/4/05 8:06:01 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10000 30000 10000 5000 50000 1000 2000 500 500 5000 c 25 50 500 60 75 100 40 5000 10000 25000 1000 500 90000 15000 20000 10000 30000 2 2 10 10000 1 2 15 2 20 1 3 40 4 75 3 6 40 20 60 3 75 30 c 75 c 120 c 5 10000 5000 100 l 150 200 l 300 60 90000 c 45000 c

2075.95 2143.83 2217.08 2291.71 2472.20 2631.75 2956.07 3086.84 3111.36 3148.90 3157.54 3227.98 3286.41 3348.72 3350.82 3587.05 3591.57 3600.60 3600.64 3940.51 4201.80 4215.53 4244.40 4273.14 4571.77 4648.57 4775.95 5087.987 5132.471 5150.134 5152.08 5165.023 5165.142 5195.278 5233.968 5260.034 5260.228 5322.380 5362.601 5390.568 5431.532 5431.830 5578.788 5647.774 5653.750 5724.121 5724.614 6070.755 6159.626 6206.309 6298.325 6299.224 6458.33 6560.81 7279.997 7408.173 7618.933 7757.651 7759.436 7800.27 7947.60

Section 10.indb 67

II II II II II III III III III II I I III I I I I II II II I I II II II II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I

10-67 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40 l 30 40 l 30 30 l 20 l 2000 c 35 l 30 l 100 20 30 75 1000 800 150 20 4

8271.41 8271.71 8868.512 8868.852 9522.65 9540.18 9689.05 10075.282 10075.708 13235.17 13442.81 13443.57 13665.01 14752.41 15288.43 15289.48 22529.65 27314.31

Ruthenium Ru Z = 44 250 850.09 200 850.30 250 919.74 500 940.09 500 966.54 750 974.14 900 979.43 500 981.35 900 986.84 900 994.56 300 1001.65 500 1009.13 900 1009.87 500 1014.68 800 1190.51 500 1200.07 500 1207.17 500 1209.77 300 1211.31 500 1941.35 500 2009.28 2400 2076.43 2600 2083.77 2400 2090.89 690 2255.52 780 2272.09 780 2279.57 480 2317.80 120 2334.96 190 h 2342.85 310 2351.33 170 2357.91 780 2402.72 150 2407.92 180 2455.53 150 2456.44 370 2456.57 280 2478.93 140 2498.42 140 2498.57 260 2507.01 110 2513.32

I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III I I I I I I I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 150 550 370 830 460 330 400 330 690 330 200 690 140 310 1800 100 110 350 1700 350 400 640 420 550 1800 740 370 1100 180 370 550 170 140 550 1400 460 440 330 310 390 330 830 740 490 370 930 3100 4900 6400 8300 640 790 690 6400 6900 6400 1300 3100 6200 830

2517.32 2535.59 2549.58 2609.06 2612.07 2642.96 2651.84 2659.62 2661.61 2678.76 2692.06 2712.41 2719.52 2725.47 2734.35 2735.72 2778.38 2787.83 2810.03 2810.55 2818.36 2829.16 2854.07 2861.41 2866.64 2874.98 2886.54 2908.88 2916.26 2945.67 2949.50 2965.16 2965.55 2976.59 2976.92 2988.95 2994.96 3006.59 3017.24 3020.88 3064.84 3096.57 3099.28 3100.84 3294.11 3301.59 3339.55 3417.35 3428.31 3436.74 3498.94 3514.49 3539.37 3570.59 3589.22 3593.02 3596.18 3599.76 3634.93 3661.35 3663.37

II II I I I I I I II II II II I II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

650 550 8700 11000 7100 3500 870 2800 760 870 1200 600 600 1500 600 3900 6000 760 7600 7600 600 760 760 650 550 760 930 760 1300 650 1300 650 760 1500 3300 600 760 600 600 870 1500 600 1400 710 760 980 6000 930 1900 2000 650 870 550 550 7600 1500 5400 760 930 550 760

3669.49 3726.10 3726.93 3728.03 3730.43 3742.28 3742.78 3745.59 3753.54 3755.93 3759.84 3761.51 3767.35 3777.59 3782.74 3786.06 3790.51 3798.05 3798.90 3799.35 3812.72 3817.27 3819.03 3822.09 3824.93 3831.80 3839.70 3850.43 3857.55 3862.69 3867.84 3892.21 3909.08 3923.47 3925.92 3931.76 3945.57 3978.44 3979.42 3984.86 4022.16 4023.83 4051.40 4054.05 4068.37 4076.73 4080.60 4097.79 4112.74 4144.16 4145.74 4167.51 4197.58 4198.88 4199.90 4206.02 4212.06 4214.44 4217.27 4230.31 4241.05

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:03 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-68 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

760 760 550 3700 930 550 550 710 870 2400 870 1300 1700 1600 1100 5400 1700 720 1400 500 550 160 450 120 200 530 170 250 110 500 920 180 130 260 110 130 110 h 80 130 90 290 180 65 55 80 21 h 16 35 18 26 26 18 16 26 h 21 55 21 30 21 26 110

4243.06 4284.33 4295.93 4297.71 4307.60 4319.87 4342.07 4354.13 4361.21 4372.21 4385.39 4385.65 4390.44 4410.03 4460.04 4554.51 4584.44 4647.61 4709.48 4757.84 4869.15 5011.23 5057.33 5076.32 5093.83 5136.55 5142.76 5147.24 5151.07 5155.14 5171.03 5195.02 5284.08 5309.27 5335.93 5361.77 5401.04 5484.32 5510.71 5559.75 5636.24 5699.05 5814.98 5919.34 5921.45 5973.38 5988.67 5993.65 6116.77 6199.42 6225.20 6295.22 6390.23 6444.84 6663.14 6690.00 6766.95 6775.02 6824.17 6911.48 6923.23

Section 10.indb 68

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

26 26 35 16 18 26 70 26 18 18 22 30 80 18 22

6982.01 7027.98 7238.92 7393.93 7468.91 7485.79 7499.75 7559.61 7621.50 7722.87 7791.86 7847.80 7881.49 8264.96 8710.84

Samarium Sm Z = 62 150 2789.38 410 3152.52 720 3183.92 600 3211.73 530 3216.85 600 3218.61 720 3230.56 720 3236.64 720 3239.66 720 3250.37 850 3254.38 1700 3306.39 1200 3321.18 1200 3365.86 1200 3382.40 4200 3568.27 4200 3592.60 1700 3604.28 3400 3609.49 1700 3621.23 3400 3634.29 2200 3661.36 2200 3670.84 1100 3693.99 1600 3728.47 2100 3731.26 1600 3735.98 2900 3739.12 1200 3743.87 930 3745.46 800 3756.41 1200 3757.53 1900 3760.69 1100 3764.37 370 d 3773.33 1100 3778.14 1500 3788.12 1600 3793.97 1600 3797.73 1600 3826.20 1100 3831.50 560 3834.48 1600 3843.50 530 3853.30 2700 3854.21

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II I II II II II II II I II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

480 400 3700 1600 1300 2500 1900 1300 470 1500 1500 620 1000 1500 1400 1000 1900 1200 1000 1100 1000 1200 2100 1300 1200 2200 710 470 1600 1900 470 1800 440 1300 880 1100 440 530 1600 410 470 1500 2900 470 1600 1800 530 440 710 1300 1200 1000 2200 810 370 440 380 470 d 1100 370 530

3854.56 3858.74 3885.29 3896.98 3903.42 3922.40 3928.28 3941.87 3951.89 3963.00 3971.40 3974.66 3976.43 3990.00 4064.58 4092.27 4118.55 4152.21 4188.13 4203.05 4225.33 4236.74 4256.39 4262.68 4279.68 4280.79 4282.21 4282.83 4296.74 4318.94 4319.53 4329.02 4330.02 4334.15 4336.14 4347.80 4362.91 4380.42 4390.86 4401.17 4419.33 4420.53 4424.34 4429.66 4433.88 4434.32 4441.81 4442.28 4445.15 4452.73 4454.63 4458.52 4467.34 4470.89 4499.11 4581.73 4649.49 4670.75 4674.60 4688.73 4704.40

I I II II II II II II I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I II I II I II I I II I I II II I II II I I I II II II II I I I I I II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

730 770 470 730 580 350 970 730 630 350 430 400 540 510 350 360 470 250 260 400 250 220 230 230 140 140 120 85 70 60 70 d 60 60 65 65 50 50 65 50 50 45 45 h 45 100 140 110 50 120 d 95 120 120 90 90 90 90 90 26 30 30 26 85 d

4716.10 4728.42 4745.68 4760.27 4783.10 4785.86 4841.70 4883.97 4910.40 4913.25 4918.99 5044.28 5071.20 5117.16 5122.14 5155.03 5175.42 5200.59 5251.92 5271.40 5282.91 5453.00 5493.72 5516.09 5550.40 5659.86 5696.73 5706.20 5773.77 5778.33 5786.98 5788.38 5800.52 5802.84 5867.79 5874.21 5898.96 5965.71 6045.00 6070.06 6084.12 6159.56 6256.54 6267.28 6569.31 6589.72 6671.51 6731.84 6794.20 6860.93 6955.29 7020.44 7039.22 7042.24 7051.52 7082.37 7088.30 7095.50 7104.54 7115.96 7149.60

I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I II II II I II II I II II II II II II I I I I II

5/4/05 8:06:06 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

23 60 26 30 26 13 45 12 40 w 16 90 40 16 45 40 w 19 45 w 45 w 95

7213.82 7240.90 7347.30 7444.56 7445.41 7470.76 7645.09 7645.82 7835.08 7895.96 7928.14 8048.70 8065.16 8068.46 8305.79 8383.71 8485.99 8708.43 8913.66

I II I I I I II I II I II II I II II I II II II

Scandium Sc Z = 21 350 180.14 500 243.87 500 252.85 500 253.73 900 283.91 800 284.45 600 288.29 900 289.59 15 289.85 1000 d 291.93 800 293.25 15 296.31 15 299.04 700 300.00 1000 573.36 600 587.94 10 785.12 25 1168.61 15 1550.80 180 1603.06 150 1610.19 160 2010.42 12 2118.97 11 2185.43 11 2205.46 14 2222.22 11 2271.33 110 2438.62 560 2545.22 2900 2552.37 560 2555.82 2300 2560.25 1100 2563.21 11 2586.93 120 2692.78 350 2699.07 360 2706.77 210 2707.95 580 2711.35 230 2734.05 340 2965.86

V V V V V V V V IV V V IV IV V V V IV III IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV I II II II II II IV I III I I I III I

Section 10.indb 69

10-69 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1200 1400 340 2200 2700 360 120 h 130 990 1500 4400 5500 110 d 270 9900 2000 1700 1700 4000 6600 130 200 200 270 530 270 180 130 d 110 200 2700 6600 6100 13000 9900 7700 4000 4000 28000 110 20000 13000 6600 110 5300 110 290 75 h 270 610 20000 23000 4400 5500 530 20000 20000 220 140 220 200

2974.01 2980.75 2988.95 3015.36 3019.34 3030.76 3056.31 3065.11 3251.32 3255.69 3269.91 3273.63 3343.28 3352.05 3353.73 3359.68 3361.27 3361.94 3368.95 3372.15 3418.51 3429.21 3429.48 3431.36 3435.56 3457.45 3462.19 3469.65 3471.13 3498.91 3535.73 3558.55 3567.70 3572.53 3576.35 3580.94 3589.64 3590.48 3613.84 3617.43 3630.75 3642.79 3645.31 3646.90 3651.80 3664.25 3666.54 3717.10 3833.07 3843.03 3907.49 3911.81 3933.38 3996.61 4014.49 4020.40 4023.69 4030.67 4031.39 4043.80 4046.48

I I I I I I I II II I I I II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II I II II II I II II II I II II I I I I II I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2700 120 5500 220 100 160 h 160 6100 200 400 440 h 530 h 720 1100 h 110 h 110 h 180 200 400 15000 290 350 4200 3300 2400 180 110 2000 130 1100 880 120 h 160 h 350 120 120 200 490 590 690 790 1200 200 220 170 90 90 90 170 120 150 140 530 250 530 250 2100 1200 1100 750 390

4047.79 4049.95 4054.55 4056.59 4068.66 4074.97 4078.57 4082.40 4086.67 4087.16 4133.00 4140.30 4152.36 4165.19 4218.26 4219.73 4231.93 4233.61 4238.05 4246.83 4294.77 4305.71 4314.09 4320.74 4325.01 4354.61 4358.64 4374.46 4384.81 4400.37 4415.56 4557.24 4573.99 4670.40 4706.97 4709.34 4728.77 4729.23 4734.10 4737.65 4741.02 4743.81 4753.16 4779.35 4839.44 4909.76 4922.84 4934.25 4954.06 4973.66 4980.37 4991.92 5031.02 5064.32 5070.23 5075.81 5081.56 5083.72 5085.55 5086.95 5087.14

I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II I II II II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

270 390 620 370 180 150 320 390 280 350 280 210 120 350 120 210 530 270 370 270 120 750 530 570 660 660 70 110 80 250 1500 1200 1100 10 190 880 230 180 14 620 320 120 110 80 250 750 60 90 60 65 50 50 90 55 h 30 19 h 50 30 h 400

5089.89 5096.73 5099.23 5101.12 5109.06 5112.86 5116.69 5210.52 5219.67 5239.82 5258.33 5285.76 5341.05 5349.30 5349.71 5355.75 5356.10 5375.35 5392.08 5446.20 5451.34 5481.99 5484.62 5514.22 5520.50 5526.82 5564.86 5591.33 5640.98 5657.88 5671.81 5686.84 5700.21 5706.82 5708.61 5711.75 5717.28 5724.08 5771.63 6210.68 6239.78 6245.63 6249.96 6256.01 6258.96 6305.67 6378.82 6413.35 6604.60 6737.87 6819.52 6835.03 7449.16 7741.17 7800.44 8761.40 8829.78 8834.35 22051.86

I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I IV I I I I IV I I II I III I I I I II I I I III I I I III I I

150

22065.05

I

5/4/05 8:06:09 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-70 Intensity Selenium Se 360 360 450 360 450 450 360 360 360 450 360 360 360 360 360 450 360 360 450 450 360 360 360 450 360 450 450 285 285 285 120 120 150 150 250 150 200 150 150 150 150 200 150 150 250 200 150 150 250 250 250 250 300 300 250 400 350 300 500 500

Section 10.indb 70

Wavelength/Å Z = 34 613.0 652.7 670.1 724.3 746.4 759.1 808.7 830.3 832.7 839.5 843.0 845.8 912.9 959.6 974.8 996.7 1013.4 1014.0 1033.6 1049.6 1057.4 1094.7 1099.1 1119.2 1141.9 1192.3 1227.6 1291.0 1308.9 1314.4 1435.3 1435.8 1449.2 1500.9 1530.4 1531.3 1531.8 1575.3 1577.6 1577.9 1579.5 1580.0 1587.5 1593.2 1606.5 1617.4 1621.2 1643.4 1671.2 1675.3 1690.7 1793.3 1795.3 1855.2 1858.8 1898.6 1913.8 1919.2 1960.9 2039.8

V IV IV III IV V V V II V III V II IV III IV II II II II II V III III II II V II II IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

285 500 285 500 600 300 360 285 285 220 160 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 360 450 285 285 220 285 500 400 300 285 360 450 360 100 120 110 285 285 285 450 285 200 360 285 285 150 120 100 200 150 300 200 250 150 300 200 150 150 180 150 200 180 150

2057.5 2074.8 2136.6 2164.2 2413.5 2548.0 2665.5 2724.3 2767.2 2773.8 2951.6 3387.2 3413.9 3457.8 3637.6 3738.7 3800.9 4169.1 4175.3 4180.9 4382.9 4446.0 4449.2 4467.6 4730.8 4739.0 4742.2 4840.6 4845.0 5227.5 5305.4 5365.5 5369.9 5374.1 5522.4 5566.9 5866.3 6056.0 6303.8 6325.6 6444.2 6490.5 6535.0 6831.3 6990.690 6991.792 7010.809 7013.875 7062.065 7575.1 7583.4 7592.2 8001.0 8036.4 8093.2 8094.7 8149.3 8152.0 8157.7 8163.1 8182.9

III I IV I I I IV IV III III IV III III III III III III III II II II II II II I I I II II II II I I I II II II II III I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

150 150 150 300 200 200 100 200 377 900 640 275 170 205 315 410 500 320 265 395 360 505 205 235 680 415 270 240 150 265 375 255 510

8440.47 8450.38 8742.33 8918.86 9001.97 9038.61 9432.50 10217.25 10307.45 10327.26 10386.36 11946.87 11952.64 11972.93 14817.93 14917.47 15151.44 15471.00 15520.97 15618.40 16659.44 16813.78 16866.54 21374.24 21442.56 21473.48 21716.36 21730.60 23388.85 24148.18 24385.99 25017.51 25127.43

Silicon Si Z = 14 10 85.18 15 96.44 10 97.14 20 117.86 20 118.97 4 457.82 8 566.61 8 653.33 7 815.05 8 818.13 9 823.41 40 h 845.77 100 889.72 200 892.00 9 967.95 100 989.87 200 992.68 10 993.52 13 994.79 16 997.39 50 1023.69 8 1066.63 14 1108.37 16 1109.97 18 1113.23 8 1122.49 10 1128.34

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V V V IV III III IV IV III II II II III II II III III III II IV III III III IV IV

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 200 250 100 30 30 9 10 50 100 150 200 100 150 100 150 200 40 50 1000 2000 200 17 14 15 18 14 16 100 50 h 200 13 100 100 150 100 100 15 12 13 90 h 100 h 12 10 9 100 h 50 h 60 p 500 1000 150 100 300 200 100 100 100 200 200 200 100 h

1190.42 1193.28 1194.50 1197.39 1206.51 1206.53 1207.52 1210.46 1226.81 1227.60 1228.75 1229.39 1246.74 1248.43 1250.09 1250.43 1251.16 1256.49 1258.80 1260.42 1264.73 1265.02 1294.54 1296.73 1298.89 1298.96 1301.15 1303.32 1304.37 1305.59 1309.27 1312.59 1346.87 1348.54 1350.06 1352.64 1353.72 1393.76 1402.77 1417.24 1485.02 1485.51 1500.24 1501.19 1501.87 1509.10 1512.07 1516.91 1526.72 1533.45 1594.55 1622.87 1629.43 1629.92 1667.62 1668.52 1672.59 1675.20 1696.20 1697.94 1770.92

II II II II III III III III II II II II II II II II II I I II II II III III III III III III II II II III II II II II II IV IV III II II III III III II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:12 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 h 100 h 150 500 h 200 200 200 9 200 300 400 200 500 200 500 h 200 200 200 h 1000 h 100 h 50 h 50 100 100 50 50 200 200 100 50 h 110 115 110 120 120 10 10 100 h 30 h 50 h 300 11 425 375 500 7 350 425 450 110 25 10 14 30 85 45 190 11 14 9 1000

1776.83 1799.12 1808.00 1814.07 1816.92 1836.51 1841.44 1842.55 1843.77 1845.51 1847.47 1848.14 1850.67 1852.46 1874.84 1881.85 1887.70 1893.25 1901.33 1902.46 1910.62 1941.67 1949.56 1954.97 2058.65 2059.01 2072.02 2072.70 2124.12 2136.56 2207.98 2210.89 2211.74 2216.67 2218.06 2296.87 2308.19 2356.30 2357.18 2357.97 2435.15 2449.48 2506.90 2514.32 2516.113 2517.51 2519.202 2524.108 2528.509 2532.381 2541.82 2546.09 2559.21 2563.679 2568.641 2577.151 2631.282 2640.79 2655.51 2817.11 2881.579

Section 10.indb 71

I I II I II I I III I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II I II II II II I II I I I I I III III II II II I III I I I IV I I I I III III III I I I I III III III I

10-71 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 500 55 150 50 75 100 h 9 100 h 50 h 150 h 25 20 16 9 16 13 150 150 100 14 200 100 h 200 h 15 75 12 14 15 12 10 300 500 15 9 20 8 20 c 25 30 100 h 500 h 200 h 300 20 10 70 9 300 h 500 h 100 h 50 9 30 25 20 100 150 9h 10 h 9

2904.28 2905.69 2970.355 2987.645 3006.739 3020.004 3030.00 3040.93 3043.69 3048.30 3053.18 3086.24 3093.42 3096.83 3165.71 3185.13 3186.02 3188.97 3193.09 3195.41 3196.50 3199.51 3203.87 3210.03 3210.55 3214.66 3230.50 3233.95 3241.62 3258.66 3276.26 3333.14 3339.82 3486.91 3525.94 3590.47 3762.44 3791.41 3796.11 3806.54 3853.66 3856.02 3862.60 3905.523 3924.47 4088.85 4102.936 4116.10 4128.07 4130.89 4190.72 4198.13 4338.50 4552.62 4567.82 4574.76 4621.42 4621.72 4631.24 4654.32 4683.02

II II I I I I II III II II II III III III IV III III II II II III II II II III II III III III III III II II III III III IV III III III II II II I III IV I IV II II II II III III III III II II IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

16 50 35 80 15 16 18 30 40 1000 1000 10 h 100 100 h 200 h 500 h 100 h 100 h 100 h 500 h 500 h 100 h 200 h 35 100 h 150 h 30 100 h 200 h 90 150 h 80 1000 h 120 300 h 100 90 200 h 100 h 160 20 45 45 45 45 70 70 90 100 150 h 200 50 300 h 40 10 h 150 200 500 500 90 85

4716.65 4782.991 4792.212 4792.324 4813.33 4819.72 4828.97 4947.607 5006.061 5041.03 5055.98 5091.42 5181.90 5185.25 5192.86 5202.41 5405.34 5438.62 5456.45 5466.43 5466.87 5469.21 5496.45 5517.535 5540.74 5576.66 5622.221 5632.97 5639.48 5645.611 5660.66 5665.554 5669.56 5684.484 5688.81 5690.425 5701.105 5701.37 5706.37 5708.397 5739.73 5747.667 5753.625 5754.220 5762.977 5772.145 5780.384 5793.071 5797.859 5800.47 5806.74 5846.13 5868.40 5873.764 5898.79 5915.22 5948.545 5957.56 5978.93 6125.021 6131.574

III I I I III III III I I II II III II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II I II I II I II I I II II I III I I I I I I I I II II II II I III II I II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

90 100 100 160 160 40 125 125 180 45 1000 1000 45 45 45 50 h 100 7 50 h 100 50 30 80 180 180 90 250 6h 200 100 100 180 160 400 375 200 275 425 9h 12 h 100 6h 30 400 500 30 90 120 140 35 35 70 9h 11 h 35 9h 40 40 60 40 120

6131.850 6142.487 6145.015 6155.134 6237.320 6238.287 6243.813 6244.468 6254.188 6331.954 6347.10 6371.36 6526.609 6527.199 6555.462 6660.52 6671.88 6701.21 6717.04 6721.853 6829.82 6848.568 6976.523 7003.567 7005.883 7017.646 7034.903 7047.94 7165.545 7226.206 7235.326 7250.625 7275.294 7289.173 7405.774 7409.082 7415.946 7423.497 7466.32 7612.36 7680.267 7723.82 7800.008 7848.80 7849.72 7849.967 7918.386 7932.349 7944.001 7970.306 8035.619 8093.241 8102.86 8103.45 8230.642 8262.57 8443.982 8501.547 8502.221 8536.165 8556.780

I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I II II IV II I II I I I I I I IV I I I I I I I I I I III III I IV I II II I I I I I I I III III I III I I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:14 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-72 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

50 40 75 100 35 100 100 30 120 120 120 30 30 60 30 80 140 60 130 30 30 80 30 80 370 220 440 190 95 110

8648.462 8728.011 8742.451 8752.009 8790.389 9412.72 9413.506 10371.269 10585.141 10603.431 10660.975 10694.251 10727.408 10749.384 10784.550 10786.856 10827.091 10843.854 10869.541 10882.802 10885.336 10979.308 10982.061 11017.965 11984.19 11991.57 12031.51 15888.39 16060.03 19722.50

Silver Ag Z = 47 25 730.83 30 752.80 400 799.41 15 1005.32 10 1065.49 12 1072.23 250 1074.22 150 1107.03 150 1112.46 60 1195.83 50 1223.33 50 1240.80 50 1246.87 55 1256.81 55 1257.55 50 1266.63 70 1273.67 65 1297.51 85 1311.20 55 1313.81 50 1314.61 60 1323.84 60 1342.09 50 1342.57 70 1346.62 50 1353.54 150 1364.50 100 1396.00 100 1410.93 90 1419.72

Section 10.indb 72

I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

95 100 50 50 r 100 r 50 r 100 100 60 50 700 120 500 10 50 125 750 10 h 75 600 700 100 600 500 600 150 150 200 100 80 r 60 600 50 60 100 r 500 75 r 75 30 h 700 70 r 80 r 70 r 80 r 70 50 h 75 90 r 100 r 80 80 60 50 h 60 60 75 100 h 30 h 90 100 55000 r

1432.60 1464.72 1466.23 1507.37 1515.63 1548.58 1555.16 1644.50 1651.52 1652.10 1656.18 1682.82 1693.51 1708.11 1709.27 1736.44 1751.03 1766.14 1790.37 1917.08 1957.62 1967.38 1975.92 1977.03 2000.24 2015.96 2033.98 2061.17 2069.85 2113.82 2145.60 2161.89 2186.76 2229.53 2246.43 2246.51 2248.74 2280.03 2309.56 2310.04 2317.05 2320.29 2324.68 2331.40 2357.92 2375.02 2411.41 2413.23 2437.81 2447.93 2473.84 2506.63 2575.63 2660.49 2721.77 2767.54 2824.39 3130.02 3180.70 3267.35 3280.68

II II II I I I II II I I III II III I I II III I II III III II III III III II II I I II II III II II II III II II I III II II II II II I II II II II II II I II I II I I II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

28000 r 30 70 80 50 50 h 75 30 80 50 h 200 50 100 h 50 h 50 50 h 70 60 100 h 70 100 h 80 100 90 h 100 50 50 h 30 h 80 50 60 h 30 h 100 30 h 100 80 1000 1000 100 100 10 h 320 25 500 25 30 h 10 h 12 15 10 60 20 15 15

3382.89 3469.16 3475.82 3495.28 3542.61 3624.68 3682.46 3682.50 3683.34 3709.20 3810.94 3811.78 3840.74 3907.41 3909.31 3914.40 3920.10 3949.43 3981.58 3985.19 4055.48 4085.91 4185.48 4210.96 4212.82 4311.07 4476.04 4615.69 4620.04 4620.46 4668.48 4677.60 4788.40 4847.82 4874.10 5027.35 5209.08 5465.50 5471.55 5667.34 6268.50 7687.78 8005.4 8273.52 8403.8 8645.70 8704.85 8747.6 9000.9 12551.0 16819.5 17416.7 18307.9 18382.3

I I II II I I II I II I I I I I II I II II I II I II II I I I I I II II I I II I I II I I I I I I II I II I I II II I I I I I

Sodium Na 7 8 9 8 8 8

Z = 11 142.232 146.064 150.298 150.687 155.510 156.537

IV IV IV IV IV IV

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

12 10 12 10 5 10 10 8 8 8p 8 8 15 50 c 30 25 70 50 50 20 p 20 10 300 350 100 70 12 10 15 10 13 11 11 d 12 12 d 11 12 11 15 c 20 d 12 11 12 d 30 16 20 h 300 18 17 300 300 25 18 20 1000 25 17 20 10 70 35

162.448 163.190 168.411 168.546 183.95 190.445 199.772 202.49 202.76 203.06 203.28 203.33 229.87 250.52 251.37 266.90 267.65 267.87 268.63 272.08 272.45 319.644 372.08 376.38 378.14 380.10 408.684 409.614 410.372 411.334 412.242 1582.18 1583.98 1584.14 1587.05 1615.92 1618.57 1655.47 1701.97 1887.47 1960.76 1965.08 2106.33 2230.33 2232.19 2246.70 2315.65 2386.99 2394.03 2420.99 2424.73 2459.31 2468.85 2474.73 2493.15 2497.03 2510.26 2543.84 2543.87 2593.87 2593.92

IV IV IV IV III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV II II III III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV IV IV III III III II III III II II III III III II III III I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:17 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

850 850 1000 200 100 1000 400 200 2 1100 1100 1100 1200 1300 1000 1200 1100 1000 1100 1100 1300 1700 2500 1700 2000 2000 1000 1700 1600 1500 1700 1700 1200 600 1500 1000 50 1500 1200 6 10 1 2 15 20 2 3 30 40 3 5 40 60 5 8 60 100 10 15 120 200

2611.81 2661.00 2671.83 2680.34 2680.43 2841.72 2852.81 2853.01 2893.62 2904.92 2917.52 2919.05 2919.85 2920.95 2923.49 2951.24 2952.40 2977.13 2979.66 2980.63 2984.19 3124.42 3135.48 3137.86 3149.28 3163.74 3179.06 3189.79 3212.19 3257.96 3285.60 3301.35 3302.37 3302.98 3304.96 3318.04 3426.86 3533.05 3631.27 4238.99 4242.08 4249.41 4252.52 4273.64 4276.79 4287.84 4291.01 4321.40 4324.62 4341.49 4344.74 4390.03 4393.34 4419.88 4423.25 4494.18 4497.66 4541.63 4545.19 4664.811 4668.560

Section 10.indb 73

II II II I I II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-73 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

20 30 200 400 40 80 280 70 560 80000 40000 120 240 130 130 130 20 10 50 25 4400 800 8800 100 60 25 40 60 80 20 60 200 80 120 35 50 400 1000 400 60 100 60 100 400 50 25 60 100

4747.941 4751.822 4978.541 4982.813 5148.838 5153.402 5682.633 5688.193 5688.205 5889.950 5895.924 6154.225 6160.747 6530.70 6544.04 6545.75 7373.23 7373.49 7809.78 7810.24 8183.256 8194.790 8194.824 8649.92 8650.89 8942.96 9153.88 9465.94 9961.28 10566.00 10572.28 10746.44 10749.29 10834.87 11190.19 11197.21 11381.45 11403.78 12679.17 14767.48 14779.73 16373.85 16388.85 18465.25 22056.44 22083.67 23348.41 23379.13

Strontium Sr Z = 38 15 298.12 15 300.12 125 330.67 500 351.62 75 358.80 250 363.49 150 371.21 20 378.53 75 392.44 50 393.00 50 396.22 1000 437.24

I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV III III III III III IV IV IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1875 1250 3750 10 2500 25 30 25 50 25 200 35 100 12 50 35 50 1400 1400 100 100 50 160 100 40 40 100 200 10 100 50 50 100 400 650 50 950 600 1300 46000 32000 9 340 65000 9 3200 2200 1400 4800 3600 3000 2000 1000 8000 1300 800 h 1400 2000 2000 2800 4800

491.79 507.04 514.38 517.28 562.75 578.01 624.93 642.23 649.21 660.94 664.43 686.23 710.35 747.82 1025.23 1125.49 1236.23 2152.84 2165.96 2273.71 2340.13 2346.97 2428.10 2486.52 2555.60 2571.04 3002.61 3012.32 3019.29 3021.73 3061.43 3182.61 3235.39 3351.25 3380.71 3430.76 3464.46 3969.26 4030.38 4077.71 4215.52 4298.57 4305.45 4607.33 4685.08 4722.28 4741.92 4784.32 4811.88 4832.08 4872.49 4876.32 4891.98 4962.26 4967.94 5156.07 5222.20 5225.11 5229.27 5238.55 5256.90

III III III V III V V V V V IV V IV V III III III II II III III IV I III IV IV III III IV III III III III I II III II I I II II IV II I IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40 40 1500 7000 3500 2600 2000 2000 1000 900 h 600 h 9000 5500 1000 1700 3000 1800 4800 1200 5500 2500 500 400 h 200 h 120 200 100 400 h 600 300 100 100 h 300 1000 200 700 100 60 40 75 100 50 230 120 30

5257.71 5443.48 5450.84 5480.84 5504.17 5521.83 5534.81 5540.05 6380.75 6386.50 6388.24 6408.47 6504.00 6546.79 6550.26 6617.26 6791.05 6878.38 6892.59 7070.10 7309.41 7621.50 7673.06 8422.80 8505.69 8688.91 9294.10 9448.95 9596.00 9624.70 9638.10 9647.70 10036.66 10327.31 10914.88 11241.25 12014.76 12445.90 12495.00 12974.70 13123.80 17447.40 20261.40 20700.70 26023.60

Sulfur S Z = 16 5 437.4 5 438.2 5 439.6 20 519.3 20 520.1 40 520.8 20 522.0 20 522.5 20 551.2 40 652.5 40 653.0 70 653.6 40 654.0 70 655.6 20 655.9

III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II II II II I II II I II II I I I I V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

5/4/05 8:06:20 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-74 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 40 70 40 160 110 40 40 70 20 40 110 40 20 70 110 70 70 110 110 110 110 285 70 70 70 70 70 110 70 70 160 110 220 110 110 40 40 40 40 40 160 160 70 285 40 70 70 40 40 110 110 275 250 280 275 235 235 245 260 265

657.3 658.3 659.8 660.9 661.4 663.2 663.7 664.8 666.1 678.1 680.3 680.9 681.6 693.5 729.5 732.42 735.2 738.5 744.9 748.4 750.2 753.8 786.5 789.0 796.7 800.5 804.0 809.7 816.0 824.9 836.3 849.2 852.2 854.8 857.9 860.5 906.9 910.5 912.7 937.4 937.7 1062.7 1073.0 1073.5 1077.1 1102.3 1194.0 1201.0 1234.1 1250.5 1253.8 1259.5 1270.782 1277.216 1295.653 1302.337 1302.863 1303.110 1303.430 1305.883 1310.194

Section 10.indb 74

IV V V IV IV V IV IV IV V V V V V III III III III IV IV IV IV V III III IV IV IV IV III III V V V V V II II II II II IV IV IV III II III III II II II II I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

355 290 375 355 775 710 960 640 775 1000 300 510 425 300 300 425 550 300 355 485 300 330 390 20 20 680 640 710 680 640 710 550 20 40 110 110 160 160 220 70 220 110 110 220 110 220 220 110 285 110 160 110 160 160 110 110 160 110 160 160 285

1316.542 1316.618 1323.515 1326.643 1381.552 1385.510 1388.435 1389.154 1392.588 1396.112 1409.337 1425.030 1433.280 1436.968 1448.229 1472.972 1473.995 1474.380 1481.665 1483.039 1483.233 1485.622 1487.150 1624.0 1629.2 1666.688 1687.530 1807.311 1820.343 1826.245 1900.286 1914.698 2387.0 2398.9 2460.5 2489.6 2496.2 2499.1 2508.2 2636.9 2665.4 2691.8 2702.8 2718.9 2721.4 2726.8 2731.1 2741.0 2756.9 2775.2 2785.5 2863.5 2904.3 2986.0 3097.5 3497.3 3632.0 3709.4 3717.8 3838.3 3867.6

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV I I I I I I I IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV III III III III III I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

285 160 360 450 280 360 450 450 360 450 285 160 280 450 360 450 285 360 650 1000 1000 1000 280 1000 450 450 280 650 450 160 450 450 280 450 450 450 280 280 280 360 160 285 450 450 450 285 450 1000 160 285 450 450 450 450 450 450 285 450 360 110 220

3902.0 3928.6 3933.3 4120.8 4142.3 4145.1 4153.1 4162.7 4253.6 4694.1 4695.4 4696.2 4716.2 4815.5 4924.1 4925.3 4993.5 5428.6 5432.8 5453.8 5473.6 5509.7 5564.9 5606.1 5640.0 5640.3 5647.0 5659.9 5664.7 5706.1 5819.2 6052.7 6286.4 6287.1 6305.5 6312.7 6384.9 6397.3 6398.0 6413.7 6743.6 6748.8 6757.2 7579.0 7629.8 7686.1 7696.7 7924.0 7928.8 7930.3 7931.7 7967.4 7967.4 8314.7 8314.7 8585.6 8680.5 8694.7 8874.5 8882.5 8884.2

I III II I II II II II III I I I II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

160 450 450 450 285 285 285 650 450 450 450 285 285 285 285 285 285 285

9035.9 9212.9 9228.1 9237.5 9413.5 9421.9 9437.1 9649.9 9672.3 9680.8 9693.7 9697.3 9739.7 9932.3 9949.8 9958.9 10455.5 10459.5

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Tantalum Ta Z = 73 60 493.07 1000 890.87 500 947.30 67 999.34 79 1116.10 78 1136.17 85 1175.51 80 1189.28 80 1192.67 85 1213.09 500 1213.42 85 1215.53 90 1223.73 88 1238.12 95 1240.06 87 1258.34 94 1264.91 98 1272.42 94 1275.48 86 1275.94 92 1308.51 87 1315.58 92 1332.38 86 1343.30 92 1365.88 5000 1392.56 91 1398.78 93 1413.40 91 1454.32 92 1464.41 93 1469.82 90 1495.25 95 1514.19 85 1607.70 7000 1709.10 85 1712.16 85 1716.13 85 2055.75 1100 2140.13 1500 2146.87 1200 2182.71 1100 2193.88

V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV II II II II

5/4/05 8:06:23 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1500 90 1500 90 1400 d 1400 1200 840 990 990 790 600 990 440 440 440 420 690 550 250 260 600 320 1400 2400 320 360 360 480 380 600 500 600 500 600 600 1200 d 600 1200 460 600 600 1400 1200 860 2400 2600 1900 1500 770 1500 470 1000 1200 2600 470 1200 860 410 1000 430

2196.03 2199.58 2199.67 2207.64 2210.03 2239.48 2250.76 2261.42 2262.30 2272.59 2285.25 2286.59 2289.16 2302.24 2302.93 2312.60 2315.46 2331.98 2332.19 2357.30 2361.09 2364.24 2371.58 2387.06 2400.63 2416.89 2427.64 2429.71 2432.70 2470.90 2474.62 2484.95 2488.70 2490.46 2504.45 2507.45 2526.35 2532.12 2559.43 2562.10 2577.37 2603.49 2608.63 2635.58 2636.90 2647.47 2653.27 2656.61 2661.34 2675.90 2685.17 2694.52 2698.30 2710.13 2714.67 2727.44 2748.78 2749.83 2752.49 2758.31 2761.68

Section 10.indb 75

II IV II IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I II II II I II II II I I II I I I I II I I II II I II I I I I I II II II I I I II I I II I II

10-75 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

770 680 680 510 640 560 1500 1900 360 470 380 770 560 310 410 310 1700 470 1200 510 340 1500 770 770 340 430 1800 290 d 530 530 360 560 380 380 270 320 270 600 300 1100 680 330 d 640 360 450 490 380 490 750 980 500 210 210 210 410 310 300 360 c 340 260 450

2775.88 2796.34 2797.76 2806.58 2844.25 2848.52 2850.49 2850.98 2861.98 2871.42 2880.02 2891.84 2902.05 2915.49 2925.19 2932.70 2933.55 2940.06 2940.22 2951.92 2953.56 2963.32 2965.13 2965.54 2969.47 2975.56 3012.54 3027.48 3049.56 3069.24 3077.24 3103.25 3124.97 3130.58 3132.64 3170.29 3173.59 3180.95 3223.83 3311.16 3318.84 3330.99 3371.54 3385.05 3406.94 3480.52 3497.85 3511.04 3607.41 3626.62 3642.06 3918.51 3970.10 3996.17 4061.40 4067.91 4205.88 4510.98 4574.31 4619.51 4681.88

I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 100 110 100 100 330 110 110 d 140 200 130 90 150 130 130 90 130 240 130 90 90 130 240 190 c 100 250 100 100 65 130 150 150 150 75 65 75 65 90 65 250 200 380 65 100 100 100 110 75 100 180 75 c 75 160 c 210 180 150 140 140 65 180 110 d

5037.37 5067.87 5115.84 5141.62 5143.69 5156.56 5212.74 5218.45 5341.05 5402.51 5419.19 5518.91 5645.91 5664.90 5776.77 5780.71 5811.10 5877.36 5882.30 5901.91 5918.95 5939.76 5944.02 5997.23 6020.72 6045.39 6047.25 6101.58 6144.56 6154.50 6256.68 6268.70 6309.58 6325.08 6341.17 6356.16 6360.84 6389.45 6428.60 6430.79 6450.36 6485.37 6505.52 6514.39 6516.10 6574.84 6611.95 6621.30 6673.73 6675.53 6740.73 6771.74 6813.25 6866.23 6875.27 6902.10 6927.38 6928.54 6951.26 6966.13 6995.22

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

75 150 110 140 160 140 c 100 90 cw 160 100 75 75

7006.96 7148.63 7172.90 7301.74 7346.41 7352.86 7356.96 7369.09 7407.89 7882.37 8026.50 8281.62

I I I I I I I I I I I I

Technetium Tc Z = 43 10000 c 3636.07 20000 c 4031.63 15000 4095.67 20000 4262.27 30000 4297.06 20000 4853.59

I I I I I I

Tellurium Te Z = 52 8 802.28 8 1059.51 8 1077.66 10 1161.42 10 1174.34 12 1175.79 9 1208.54 9 1220.98 9 1253.62 9 1270.52 10 1324.92 9 1363.24 8 1366.73 10 1374.80 10 1608.41 10 1613.15 5 1655.4 5 1688.5 6 1700.0 5 1708.0 10 1822.4 26000 2002.02 6500 2081.16 18000 2142.81 3200 2147.25 500 2259.02 1200 2383.26 1500 2385.78 50 2438.69 120 2530.72 100 2649.66 80 2661.10 110 2677.13 100 2858.29 150 2895.41 70 2967.29 70 3047.00 100 3175.14 60 3256.80 60 3329.22

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I II II II II I II II

5/4/05 8:06:25 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-76 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

150 50 50 50 100 50 50 70 100 80 100 60 80 150 75 170 80 100 70 100 180 200 100 100 100 100 100 150 150 130 200 8 50 50 150 150 100 200 150 100 50 10 h 20 h 20 h 15 h 20 h 12 15 15 15 10 30 h 10 20 15 15 10 205 81 5660 532

3406.79 3442.25 3521.11 3552.19 3611.78 3617.57 4006.52 4127.32 4169.77 4225.73 4261.11 4273.43 4285.85 4364.00 4385.10 4478.63 4537.07 4557.78 4630.62 4641.12 4654.37 4686.91 4696.38 4706.53 4766.05 4784.87 4827.14 4831.28 4842.90 4865.12 4866.24 5083.0 5449.84 5487.95 5576.35 5649.26 5666.20 5708.12 5755.85 5974.68 6367.13 6790.0 6837.6 6854.7 7191.1 7263.5 7460.98 7468.75 7921.69 7943.14 7950.34 8061.4 8122.44 8186.44 8273.53 8672.95 8733.81 8758.18 9004.37 9722.74 9868.92

Section 10.indb 76

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I I I I I II II II II II I II II II II II I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

689 325 5950 4097 381 397 745 1880 10200 508 6620 1580 1050 1480 2430 3760 1960 2780 1020 464 74 38

9956.30 9977.13 10051.41 10091.01 10118.08 10300.56 10493.57 10918.34 11089.56 11163.74 11487.23 13247.75 14513.51 15452.45 15546.23 16403.90 17303.54 18291.59 21043.73 21602.50 22555.29 26539.17

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Terbium Tb 1000 1000 1000 5000 2000 2000 1000 1000 110 110 130 140 190 270 320 250 230 230 460 460 670 480 480 480 440 480 480 1100 1200 480 760 760 1000 1500 3800 760 760 810

Z = 65 1259.40 1327.67 1373.86 1595.39 1633.19 2027.79 2089.98 2332.54 2584.61 2608.57 2628.69 2669.29 2704.07 2769.53 2897.44 2956.21 3010.59 3016.18 3053.55 3070.05 3078.86 3082.36 3089.58 3102.96 3139.64 3187.26 3199.56 3218.93 3219.98 3252.32 3280.31 3281.40 3285.04 3293.07 3324.40 3349.42 3364.93 3454.06

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

810 d 810 5700 1300 1100 810 3200 810 4200 1600 1100 710 810 1600 810 2300 810 2000 3800 810 450 450 4700 2400 1000 d 650 870 870 1100 650 1700 2100 600 410 760 d 1500 540 920 d 3700 3500 w 480 490 2400 1600 480 650 760 810 d 2200 d 1800 970 1900 760 870 2100 430 410 1300 650 1100 350

3472.79 3500.84 3509.17 3523.66 3540.24 3543.89 3561.74 3567.35 3568.52 3568.98 3579.20 3585.03 3596.38 3600.44 3625.54 3650.40 3654.88 3658.88 3676.35 3682.26 3693.58 3700.12 3702.86 3703.92 3711.76 3745.04 3747.17 3747.34 3755.24 3759.35 3765.14 3776.49 3783.53 3789.92 3806.85 3830.26 3833.42 3842.50 3848.73 3874.17 3888.22 3894.64 3899.20 3901.33 3908.06 3915.43 3925.45 3939.52 3976.84 3981.87 4002.59 4005.47 4012.75 4032.28 4033.03 4054.12 4060.37 4061.58 4105.37 4144.41 4158.53

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II I II II II I I II I I II I I II II II I I II I I I II II II II II II II I II I I I I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

390 650 600 480 480 650 760 cw 450 2200 600 600 3000 600 870 600 1700 700 870 330 300 260 350 240 240 430 75 110 110 110 110 210 65 65 75 d 95 65 65 h 85 210 260 cw 80 80 80 70 c 80 80 200 110 80 70 410 cw 180 100 80 80 95 65 85 110 75 85

4196.74 4203.74 4206.49 4215.09 4232.82 4266.34 4278.52 4310.42 4318.83 4322.23 4325.83 4326.43 4332.12 4336.43 4337.64 4338.41 4340.62 4356.81 4382.45 4388.23 4390.91 4423.10 4436.12 4448.04 4493.07 4514.31 4549.07 4550.45 4556.46 4563.69 4578.69 4584.84 4591.56 4626.32 4626.94 4632.07 4636.59 4641.00 4641.98 4645.31 4647.23 4662.79 4676.90 4681.87 4688.63 4693.11 4702.41 4707.94 4739.93 4747.80 4752.53 4786.78 4813.77 4875.57 4881.15 4915.90 4931.79 4993.82 5078.25 5089.12 5186.13

I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II II II II II II I I II II II I I I I II II II II I I II I I II II I I II I II I

5/4/05 8:06:28 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

120 75 75 w 75 65 110 65 w 160 75 75 50 55 55 50 65 85 c 75 75 65 65 65 65 c 75 35 35 cw 35 90 40 cw 130 55 45 h 40 65 40 45 45 27 h 45 65 30 30 30 27 30 30 65 95 40 30 h 45 30 65

5228.12 5248.71 5262.11 5281.05 5304.72 5319.23 5337.90 5354.88 5369.72 5375.98 5424.10 5459.81 5509.61 5514.54 5524.12 5747.58 5795.64 5803.13 5815.36 5851.07 5870.62 5920.78 5967.34 6331.68 6518.68 6581.82 6677.94 6702.61 6794.58 6896.37 6899.95 6901.98 7204.28 7257.73 7348.88 7496.12 7582.03 7590.24 7596.44 7627.81 7737.63 7855.79 7927.90 8025.42 8085.06 8194.82 8212.57 8450.06 8511.80 8583.45 8603.40 8765.74

I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I II II I I II I II II I I I I II I II I I I I II II II II II I II I II I II

Thallium Tl 10 5r 15 r 5r 10 r 5r 8r 30

Z = 81 570.49 670.87 696.30 709.23 817.18 836.34 1018.85 1028.69

IV II II II II II II IV

Section 10.indb 77

10-77 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

20 20 10 r 8r 5r 30 10 r 15 r 10 r 10 r 12 r 5r 10 15 r 8r 25 r 8r 10 r 10 8r 10 r 10 r 15 r 10 r 7r 5h 5 10 r 12 r 25 r 100 r 100 r 30 140 900 h 20 700 420 4400 d 10 2800 20 15 15 15 1200 15 15 9 20000 5000 8 9 12000 w 10 10 7 6 20 40 20

1034.73 1036.61 1049.73 1050.30 1074.97 1079.68 1130.17 1162.55 1167.43 1183.41 1194.84 1246.00 1266.33 1307.50 1310.20 1321.71 1330.40 1373.52 1477.14 1489.65 1499.30 1507.82 1561.58 1568.57 1593.26 1616. 1685.40 1792.76 1814.85 1908.64 2007.56 2210.71 2298.04 2315.98 2379.69 2530.86 2580.14 2709.23 2767.87 2849.80 2918.32 3091.56 3185.51 3186.56 3187.74 3229.75 3291.01 3369.15 3456.34 3519.24 3529.43 3540.08 3560.68 3775.72 3832.30 3887.15 4109.85 4269.81 4274.98 4306.80 4737.05

IV IV II II II IV II II II II II II III II II II II II III I II II II II II I I II II II I I II I I II I I I II I II II II II I II II III I I II II I II II III III II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

15 25 25 18000 15 d 10 25 10 10 16 h 10 10 20 10 10 20 20 40 20 30 40 1000 150 700

4981.35 5078.54 5152.14 5350.46 5384.85 5410.97 5949.48 6179.98 6378.32 6549.84 6966.5 7815.80 8373.6 8474.27 8664.1 9130. 9130.5 9509.4 9930.4 10011.9 10488.80 11512.82 12736.4 13013.2

II II II I II II II II II I II I I I II II I I I I I I I I

Thorium Th 150 200 200 200 200 200 200 500 480 520 410 800 1200 100 550 100 100 420 450 670 480 510 100 510 510 480 100 420 420 420 1100 770 560 560 480 590

Z = 90 1707.37 1959.02 2002.34 2413.50 2427.94 2431.68 2441.24 2565.593 2692.415 2747.156 2752.166 2832.315 2837.295 2848.084 2870.406 2936.086 2943.729 3049.092 3067.729 3078.828 3080.217 3108.296 3116.263 3119.526 3122.963 3125.507 3136.216 3139.306 3142.835 3175.726 3180.193 3188.233 3221.292 3229.009 3235.84 3238.116

IV IV IV III III III III II II II II II II I II I I II II II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

910 180 910 620 910 620 240 480 510 840 250 620 620 310 980 620 250 1300 200 250 200 250 390 270 980 770 1300 170 200 670 180 170 200 530 200 270 270 980 200 480 270 210 170 220 280 700 150 170 180 340 590 770 1300 310 650 180 590 450 840 450 210

3256.274 3257.366 3262.668 3287.789 3291.739 3292.520 3301.650 3304.238 3321.450 3325.120 3330.476 3334.604 3337.870 3348.768 3351.228 3358.602 3374.974 3392.035 3396.727 3398.544 3405.558 3413.012 3421.210 3423.989 3433.998 3435.976 3469.920 3471.218 3486.552 3539.587 3544.018 3549.595 3555.013 3559.451 3576.557 3592.780 3598.120 3609.445 3612.427 3615.133 3635.943 3642.248 3649.735 3663.202 3669.968 3675.567 3682.486 3692.566 3698.105 3706.767 3719.435 3721.825 3741.183 3747.539 3752.569 3770.056 3803.075 3828.384 3839.746 3863.405 3875.374

II I II II II II I I II II I II II I II II I II I I I I I I II II II I I II I I I II I I I II I II I I I I I II I I I I I II II I II I I I II II I

5/4/05 8:06:30 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-78 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

340 590 200 390 200 150 530 220 220 280 4200 250 250 250 700 700 150 840 240 280 1100 200 200 450 620 620 110 110 480 700 130 1300 1100 110 280 90 50 280 260 110 120 95 110 95 60 60 95 70 85 60 50 50 50 50 60 50 50 h 55 30 30 30

3895.419 3929.669 3932.911 3967.392 3972.155 3980.089 3994.549 4008.210 4009.056 4012.495 4019.129 4030.842 4036.047 4063.407 4086.520 4094.747 4100.341 4108.421 4112.754 4115.758 4116.713 4127.411 4134.067 4149.986 4178.060 4208.890 4253.538 4260.333 4277.313 4282.042 4337.277 4381.860 4391.110 4498.940 4510.527 4723.438 4840.843 4863.163 5017.255 5067.974 5148.211 5216.596 5231.160 5247.654 5343.581 5587.026 5707.103 5760.551 5989.044 6169.822 6182.622 6274.116 6274.117 6355.911 6457.283 6462.614 6531.342 6989.656 7045.795 7084.171 7168.896

Section 10.indb 78

I II I I I I II I I I II I I I II II I II I I II I I II II II I I II II I II II I II I I II II I II II I II I I II I II I I II II II I I I I II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40 35 50 30 30 40 20 20 20 30 20 20 15 10

7191.132 7208.006 7525.508 7647.380 8330.451 8967.641 9833.42 10726.93 10942.24 11230.259 11984.67 17208.22 18811.88 22264.35

II I II I I I I I II I II II I II

Thulium Tm 5000 360 20000 5000 20000 5000 5000 6000 6000 3000 3000 4000 450 450 770 30000 2000 1300 3000 130 10000 360 540 430 170 h 810 730 5000 2000 3000 540 3000 4000 680 730 2000 580 200 1600 1000 490 1000 1500 360 7400 2300

Z = 69 2185.94 2284.79 2296.21 2305.03 2311.16 2312.72 2326.19 2328.50 2329.29 2331.80 2357.05 2406.63 2409.02 2426.17 2480.13 2489.44 2504.71 2509.08 2519.78 2527.02 2552.46 2552.76 2561.65 2588.27 2596.49 2607.06 2624.33 2682.32 2707.03 2719.47 2721.19 2724.44 2727.56 2794.60 2797.27 2806.77 2827.92 2854.17 2869.23 2947.72 2973.22 2998.28 3015.30 3081.12 3131.26 3133.89

III II III III III III III III III III III III II II II III III II III I III I II II I II II III III III II III III II II III II I II III I III II I II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1900 1500 450 2300 1200 1600 2300 320 1900 1600 1200 1100 1200 1200 2300 2000 1200 230 4000 1700 850 340 340 6400 340 4900 4900 8500 210 340 340 420 340 250 1700 420 210 340 420 1300 420 280 2100 1000 380 1100 4800 3800 7700 2400 5000 1700 6000 4800 7100 770 600 290 1300 290 8900

3151.04 3157.34 3172.65 3172.83 3236.81 3240.23 3241.54 3246.96 3258.05 3266.64 3267.40 3276.81 3283.40 3285.61 3291.00 3302.46 3309.80 3349.99 3362.61 3397.50 3410.05 3412.59 3416.59 3425.08 3429.33 3441.50 3453.66 3462.20 3467.51 3476.69 3480.98 3487.38 3499.95 3517.60 3535.52 3537.91 3555.82 3560.92 3563.88 3566.47 3567.36 3586.07 3608.77 3629.09 3638.41 3668.09 3700.26 3701.36 3717.91 3734.12 3744.06 3751.81 3761.33 3761.91 3795.75 3798.54 3807.72 3826.39 3838.20 3840.87 3848.02

II II I II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I II II I I I II I II II II I I I I I I II I I I I II I I II III I II II II I II I I II II II I I I II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

6800 1800 5400 440 3500 1500 1500 1800 220 380 10000 9500 1100 8800 6000 380 3000 270 150 2700 1400 200 140 120 540 150 260 110 270 300 80 95 110 120 160 120 110 680 70 80 140 160 160 150 95 80 650 80 270 520 40 35 190 35 240 140 200 95 110 120 80

3883.13 3883.44 3887.35 3896.62 3916.48 3949.27 3958.10 3996.52 4024.23 4044.47 4094.19 4105.84 4138.33 4187.62 4203.73 4222.67 4242.15 4271.71 4298.36 4359.93 4386.43 4394.42 4396.50 4454.03 4481.26 4519.60 4522.57 4548.60 4599.02 4615.94 4626.33 4626.56 4634.26 4655.09 4681.92 4691.11 4724.26 4733.34 4759.90 4831.20 4957.18 5009.77 5034.22 5060.90 5113.97 5213.38 5307.12 5346.49 5631.41 5675.84 5684.76 5709.97 5764.29 5838.76 5895.63 5971.26 6460.26 6604.96 6779.77 6844.26 6845.76

I II I I I I II II I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I II I I II II II II I I I I I I II I II II I I I I II I I II II I II I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:33 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10 10 12 10 17 14 14 75 75 140 80 40 55 110 95 27

6937.37 7017.90 7034.34 7106.14 7272.62 7310.51 7432.18 7481.08 7490.20 7558.33 7731.53 7856.08 7927.51 7930.84 8017.90 8472.01

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II

Tin Sn Z = 50 7 169.47 150 361.01 100 753.01 200 910.92 500 956.25 7 985.13 500 1019.72 1000 1044.49 1000 1073.41 200 1089.35 8 1108.19 1000 1119.34 1000 1139.29 1000 1158.33 200 1160.74 10 1161.43 1000 1184.25 2000 1210.52 9 1219.07 13 1223.70 11 1243.00 2000 1251.38 1000 1259.92 20 1290.86 200 1294.36 1000 1305.97 1000 1314.55 20 1316.59 1000 1327.34 1000 1347.65 1000 1386.74 25 1400.52 1000 1437.52 20 1475.15 9 1489.22 1000 1570.36 10 r 1737.21 15 r 1751.46 20 r 1764.98 30 r 1790.75 80 r 1804.60 15 1811.34 500 1811.71 40 r 1815.74

II V III III IV II IV IV IV V II IV III III V II III III II II II V III II V III IV II III III III II IV II II III I I I I I II III I

Section 10.indb 79

10-79 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

120 r 9 50 r 200 r 80 100 12 50 80 500 150 50 h 80 50 50 70 80 100 100 200 100 100 r 50 40 r 20 r 30 80 150 r 300 r 400 r 80 r 400 r 60 400 r 200 r 600 r 300 r 1000 r 22 100 800 r 1000 r 15 300 13 10 200 400 500 r 200 200 r 700 r 150 1400 r 1000 r 700 r 850 r 12 550 r 550 r 50

1823.00 1831.89 1848.75 1860.32 1886.05 1891.40 1899.91 1909.30 1925.31 1941.86 1952.15 1977.6 1984.20 2040.66 2054.03 2058.31 2068.58 2072.89 2073.08 2096.39 2100.93 2113.93 2121.26 2148.73 2151.43 2151.54 2171.32 2194.49 2199.34 2209.65 2231.72 2246.05 2251.17 2268.91 2286.68 2317.23 2334.80 2354.84 2368.33 2408.15 2421.70 2429.49 2448.98 2483.39 2483.48 2486.99 2495.70 2546.55 2571.58 2594.42 2661.24 2706.51 2779.81 2839.99 2863.32 3009.14 3034.12 3047.50 3175.05 3262.34 3283.21

I II I I I I II I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 60 10 11 280 r 10 20 25 500 15 50 100 150 250 100 400 200 150 100 70 25 20 10 13 100 100 h 200 80 300 400 50 h 50 h 80 h 150 50 100 h 300 h 500 54 70 56 200 200 258 96 106 254 48 111 42 42 89 187 187 68 378 144 40 4

3330.62 3351.97 3472.46 3575.45 3801.02 5332.36 5561.95 5588.92 5631.71 5799.18 5925.44 5970.30 6037.70 6069.00 6073.46 6149.71 6154.60 6171.50 6310.78 6453.50 6844.05 7191.40 7387.79 7741.80 7754.97 8030.5 8114.09 8357.04 8422.72 8552.60 8681.7 9410.86 9415.37 9616.40 9741.1 9742.8 9805.38 9850.52 10894.00 11191.85 11277.66 11454.59 11616.26 11739.78 11825.18 11835.82 11932.99 12009.50 12313.24 12530.87 12536.5 12888.5 12981.7 13018.5 13081.5 13460.2 13608.2 20861.7 24738.2

Titanium Ti Z = 22 17 252.96

I II II II I II II II I II I I I I I I I I I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

15 14 13 18 20 20 23 20 11 10 20 18 180 190 190 22 25 360 24 210 190 190 130 23 24 23 22 270 340 510 300 640 800 950 250 250 190 180 280 450 340 1100 1300 1600 22 1300 d 1100 1600 2300 3600 720 500 780 1000 1600 2400 1000 3100 3800 780 1100

498.26 502.08 526.57 779.07 1298.66 1298.97 1455.19 1467.34 1717.40 1841.49 2067.56 2103.16 2273.28 2279.96 2305.67 2413.99 2516.05 2525.60 2527.84 2529.85 2531.25 2534.62 2535.87 2540.06 2563.44 2565.42 2567.56 2599.92 2605.15 2611.28 2619.94 2641.10 2644.26 2646.64 2742.32 2802.50 2841.94 2877.44 2884.11 2912.08 2928.34 2942.00 2948.26 2956.13 2984.75 3066.22 3072.97 3075.22 3078.64 3088.02 3119.72 3161.20 3161.77 3162.57 3168.52 3186.45 3190.87 3191.99 3199.92 3202.54 3217.06

V V V IV III III III IV V V IV IV I I I III III II III I II II II III III III III I I I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I III II II II II II I II II II II I II I I II II

5/4/05 8:06:36 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-80 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1300 6600 5200 4100 2600 1200 1200 1200 1200 840 2900 2100 1800 1100 5700 4300 12000 4100 7200 1100 4300 5700 2900 d 1400 5700 1400 1400 1100 890 600 600 480 890 600 17 600 4800 6600 7200 600 3100 600 2900 3300 330 5200 3300 2900 840 500 530 2600 500 500 15 1100 890 1100 4500 4500 5200

3222.84 3234.52 3236.57 3239.04 3241.99 3248.60 3252.91 3254.25 3261.60 3314.42 3322.94 3329.46 3335.20 3340.34 3341.88 3349.04 3349.41 3354.64 3361.21 3370.44 3371.45 3372.80 3377.48 3380.28 3383.76 3385.95 3387.84 3394.58 3444.31 3461.50 3477.18 3491.05 3504.89 3510.84 3576.44 3610.16 3635.46 3642.68 3653.50 3671.67 3685.20 3689.91 3729.82 3741.06 3741.64 3752.86 3759.30 3761.32 3786.04 3882.89 3900.54 3904.78 3913.46 3914.34 3915.47 3924.53 3929.88 3947.78 3948.67 3956.34 3958.21

Section 10.indb 80

II II II II II II II II II I II II II II I II II I II I I II I II II I II II II II II II II II IV I I I I I II I I I II I II II I I II I II I III I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

950 950 4800 570 5700 7800 950 1200 840 890 840 950 840 840 2000 200 2900 4100 6000 1200 330 890 230 840 550 840 950 1100 240 530 780 1000 1000 780 6000 240 3600 2400 1200 1200 720 950 240 15 950 720 240 15 d 950 480 720 840 950 470 400 380 5800 4600 4000 3600 3200 d

3962.85 3964.27 3981.76 3982.48 3989.76 3998.64 4008.93 4024.57 4078.47 4286.01 4287.40 4289.07 4290.94 4295.76 4298.66 4300.05 4300.56 4301.09 4305.92 4314.80 4395.04 4427.10 4443.80 4449.15 4450.90 4453.32 4455.33 4457.43 4468.50 4481.26 4512.74 4518.03 4522.80 4527.31 4533.24 4533.97 4534.78 4535.58 4535.92 4536.05 4544.69 4548.77 4549.63 4549.84 4552.46 4555.49 4571.98 4572.20 4617.27 4623.09 4656.47 4667.59 4681.92 4840.87 4885.08 4899.91 4981.73 4991.07 4999.51 5007.21 5014.19

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I II I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I II III I I II III I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

840 840 1200 840 740 1200 1400 1100 1300 1400 17 20 340 270 320 250 130 95 95 85 400 230 120 150 120 300 200 270 340 110 120 120 120 17 380 380 300 55 65 75 18 18 80 20 18 260 130 130 120 90 60 60 55 75 100 100 75 120 170 490 240

5020.03 5022.87 5035.91 5036.47 5038.40 5039.95 5064.66 5173.75 5192.98 5210.39 5278.12 5398.93 5512.53 5514.35 5514.54 5644.14 5675.44 5689.47 5715.13 5739.51 5866.46 5899.32 5918.55 5922.12 5941.76 5953.17 5965.84 5978.56 5999.04 6064.63 6085.23 6091.17 6126.22 6246.65 6258.10 6258.70 6261.10 6546.28 6554.23 6556.07 6621.58 6667.99 6743.12 7072.64 7084.57 7209.44 7244.86 7251.72 7344.72 7357.74 7364.11 7978.88 8024.84 8364.24 8377.85 8382.54 8396.87 8412.36 8426.52 8434.94 8435.70

I I I I I I I I I I III IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV I I I I I I III III I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

20 90

8466.87 8675.39

III I

Tungsten W 5800 13000 5100 4100 4100 7300 15000 5300 9700 6100 2100 2400 1500 1300 460 510 530 d 340 440 460 390 d 320 580 850 510 670 730 560 560 1700 d 610 870 1800 580 780 870 630 780 780 1100 1400 480 1200 870 1500 480 d 580 390 390 630 680 75 310 780 270 780 430 780

Z = 74 2001.71 2008.07 2009.98 2010.23 2014.23 2026.08 2029.98 2049.63 2079.11 2094.75 2118.87 2121.59 2166.32 2204.48 2249.80 2277.58 2294.49 2309.02 2313.17 2321.63 2326.56 2354.61 2360.44 2363.07 2374.47 2384.82 2397.09 2397.73 2397.98 2405.58 2415.68 2424.21 2435.96 2444.06 2451.48 2452.00 2454.98 2455.51 2456.53 2459.30 2466.85 2472.51 2474.15 2480.13 2481.44 2482.10 2484.74 2487.50 2489.23 2495.26 2504.70 2510.47 2520.46 2521.32 2522.04 2523.41 2527.76 2533.64

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I II I I I

5/4/05 8:06:39 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1200 780 2700 730 870 390 390 370 680 370 970 480 400 400 400 400 400 810 400 d 650 400 1600 810 810 650 2100 650 650 400 400 400 400 d 400 2100 2600 400 650 400 400 400 810 810 810 810 400 810 1600 810 810 1500 690 2400 2400 730 d 360 520 770 210 310 d 440 d 270

2547.14 2550.38 2551.35 2561.97 2580.49 2584.39 2589.17 2601.96 2606.39 2608.32 2613.08 2613.82 2620.25 2622.21 2625.22 2632.48 2632.70 2633.13 2638.62 2646.18 2646.73 2656.54 2662.84 2671.47 2677.28 2681.42 2695.67 2699.59 2700.01 2706.58 2708.59 2708.80 2715.50 2718.91 2724.35 2725.03 2748.84 2762.34 2764.27 2769.74 2770.88 2774.00 2774.48 2792.70 2799.93 2818.06 2831.38 2833.63 2848.02 2896.44 2935.00 2944.40 2946.99 2979.71 3013.79 3016.47 3017.44 3024.93 3026.67 3041.73 3043.80

Section 10.indb 81

I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-81 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

440 810 180 180 d 370 240 240 230 260 290 320 190 390 390 520 1000 190 210 210 210 d 730 440 440 440 390 230 240 400 650 240 1900 650 400 570 810 510 680 1000 340 1000 290 190 260 1400 1100 730 1800 730 8600 540 910 730 5000 1000 540 450 220 250 540 1400 4100

3046.44 3049.69 3073.28 3084.83 3093.50 3107.23 3108.02 3117.57 3120.18 3163.42 3176.60 3181.82 3191.57 3198.84 3207.25 3215.56 3232.49 3254.36 3259.66 3266.62 3300.82 3311.38 3326.20 3331.69 3373.75 3429.59 3443.00 3495.24 3545.22 3570.65 3617.52 3682.08 3683.30 3688.06 3707.92 3757.92 3760.13 3768.45 3773.71 3780.77 3809.22 3810.38 3810.79 3817.48 3835.06 3846.22 3867.99 3881.41 4008.75 4015.22 4045.59 4069.95 4074.36 4102.70 4137.46 4171.17 4207.05 4219.37 4244.36 4269.38 4294.61

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2200 200 180 200 640 170 640 640 790 380 220 820 770 220 65 55 45 40 55 55 55 40 45 35 40 17 13 15 13 15 9 11 10 15 15 10 17 17 13 11 22 22 13 10 27 10 13

4302.11 4378.48 4384.85 4408.28 4484.19 4588.73 4659.87 4680.51 4843.81 4886.90 4982.59 5053.28 5224.66 5514.68 5648.37 5735.09 5804.85 5902.64 5947.57 5965.86 6012.78 6021.52 6292.02 6404.21 6445.12 6611.62 6678.42 6693.08 6984.27 7140.52 7162.64 7200.16 7278.24 7285.81 7296.55 7509.00 7569.92 7614.15 7688.97 7784.15 8017.19 8055.64 8123.82 8338.08 8585.11 8594.42 8865.53

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Uranium U 440 610 830 870 630 630 870 680 920 970 1200 780 780

Z = 92 2565.41 2635.53 2793.94 2802.56 2807.05 2817.96 2821.12 2828.90 2832.06 2865.68 2889.62 2906.80 2908.28

II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

580 530 p 1300 830 580 580 580 530 630 630 580 630 630 580 580 580 970 530 680 530 680 530 730 680 730 1100 730 580 580 630 680 1600 530 630 780 1600 630 530 1200 680 1200 2300 530 630 3200 840 2800 1100 600 680 950 600 1900 570 1900 750 2000 1200 2400 4900 1900

2931.41 2940.37 2941.92 2943.90 2956.06 2967.94 2971.06 2984.61 3022.21 3031.99 3050.20 3057.91 3062.54 3072.78 3093.01 3102.39 3111.62 3119.35 3124.95 3139.61 3149.24 3153.11 3229.50 3232.16 3291.33 3305.89 3390.38 3424.56 3435.49 3466.30 3482.49 3489.37 3496.41 3500.08 3507.34 3514.61 3533.57 3540.47 3550.82 3555.32 3561.80 3566.59 3569.08 3578.72 3584.88 3638.20 3670.07 3701.52 3738.04 3746.42 3748.68 3751.17 3782.84 3793.10 3811.99 3826.51 3831.46 3839.63 3854.64 3859.57 3865.92

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I I II I II I I I II II II I I I I II I I II II II II II I II II I II II I II II II

5/4/05 8:06:41 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-82 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1500 1000 2200 2000 1200 1200 1000 1600 880 2200 810 880 1400 1000 600 620 170 150 110 170 80 70 80 70 70 160 70 70 230 100 90 55 90 110 90 45 50 35 75 30 100 75 100 100 100 100 100 75 100 75 75

3871.03 3881.45 3890.36 3932.02 3943.82 3985.79 4042.75 4050.04 4062.54 4090.13 4116.10 4153.97 4171.59 4241.67 4472.33 4543.63 4689.07 4756.81 5008.21 5027.38 5160.32 5280.38 5475.70 5480.26 5481.20 5492.95 5780.59 5798.53 5915.39 5976.32 6077.29 6372.46 6395.42 6449.16 6826.92 7533.93 7881.94 8445.39 8607.95 8757.76 10554.93 11167.84 11384.13 11859.42 11908.83 12250.46 13185.16 13306.23 13961.58 18634.43 21910.22

Vanadium V Z = 23 20 225.46 20 251.66 20 286.84 35 483.01 50 633.94 200 677.34 500 684.37 400 737.85 100 864.27

Section 10.indb 82

I II II II I II I II II II II I II II II II II I II I II I II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V V III IV IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 500 100 1000 1000 100 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 300 500 400 500 2100 500 1000 2500 2500 1000 240 410 210 80 h 230 250 250 80 h 180 1100 680 530 640 180 240 900 900 1400 900 2400 710 2400 1700 900 1100 410 600 1200 1400 2400 3800 3000 2600 2000 1500 3200 5300 3800 410 530

1006.46 1149.94 1426.65 1643.03 1650.14 1680.20 1694.78 1760.07 1788.26 1794.60 1812.19 1861.56 1939.06 1951.43 1997.72 2092.44 2268.30 2292.86 2330.42 2371.06 2382.46 2507.78 2526.22 2527.90 2570.72 2574.02 2593.05 2595.10 2645.54 2661.42 2687.96 2700.94 2706.17 2715.69 2731.35 2864.36 2891.64 2892.66 2893.32 2906.46 2908.82 2923.62 2924.02 2924.64 2941.37 2944.57 2962.77 2968.38 3056.33 3060.46 3066.38 3093.11 3102.30 3110.71 3118.38 3125.28 3183.41 3183.98 3185.40 3187.71 3188.51

III III IV III III V III III III III III IV IV IV IV I IV III III III III I I II IV I III III IV I II II II II I I II II II II II I II II II II I II I I I II II II II II I I I II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

750 1100 900 750 80 h 560 560 560 560 560 490 560 100 1300 1000 1500 1000 3800 1800 320 250 280 520 1100 570 570 1000 1300 1700 2600 1200 3000 1300 1500 700 2400 700 540 430 170 1100 1800 890 2800 590 2800 2300 8900 4300 1800 2000 3100 3100 2300 20 360 560 460 460 430 460

3190.68 3267.70 3271.12 3276.12 3514.25 3517.30 3533.68 3545.20 3556.80 3589.76 3592.02 3592.53 3679.86 3688.07 3690.28 3692.22 3695.86 3703.58 3704.70 3715.47 3727.34 3732.76 3790.32 3794.96 3799.91 3803.47 3813.49 3818.24 3828.56 3840.75 3855.37 3855.84 3864.86 3875.08 3890.18 3902.25 3909.89 3990.57 3998.73 4005.71 4090.58 4092.69 4095.49 4099.80 4102.16 4105.17 4109.79 4111.78 4115.18 4116.47 4123.57 4128.07 4132.02 4134.49 4200.32 4232.46 4268.64 4271.55 4276.96 4284.06 4330.02

II II II II IV II I II II II II I III I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

510 760 1000 12000 7000 4800 3600 1400 2300 2800 3600 4600 640 640 640 830 640 610 1000 2000 610 510 640 830 1300 230 100 130 160 130 110 130 130 130 150 120 320 480 620 740 110 110 110 110 110 110 100 140 140 100 200 400 110 110 310 1200 920 570 850 230 230

4332.82 4341.01 4352.87 4379.24 4384.72 4389.97 4395.23 4400.58 4406.64 4407.64 4408.20 4408.51 4416.47 4421.57 4437.84 4441.68 4444.21 4452.01 4459.76 4460.29 4462.36 4577.17 4580.40 4586.36 4594.11 4619.77 4635.18 4646.40 4670.49 4776.36 4786.51 4796.92 4807.53 4827.45 4831.64 4832.43 4851.48 4864.74 4875.48 4881.56 5128.53 5138.42 5192.99 5194.83 5234.07 5240.87 5401.93 5415.26 5584.50 5592.42 5624.60 5627.64 5657.44 5668.36 5670.85 5698.52 5703.56 5706.98 5727.03 5731.25 5737.06

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:44 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

450 480 1300 600 450 450 430 710 280 130 170 200 200 170 110 65 c 50 c 40 40 35 29 c 120 w 70 c 60 c

6039.73 6081.44 6090.22 6119.52 6199.19 6216.37 6230.74 6243.10 6251.82 6268.82 6274.65 6285.16 6292.83 6296.49 6531.43 6753.00 6766.49 6784.98 7338.92 7356.54 8027.39 8116.80 8161.07 8919.85

Xenon Xe Z = 54 8 657.8 8 660.1 9 673.8 9 674.0 9 676.6 10 694.0 20 698.5 12 705.1 10 721.2 15 731.0 10 733.3 350 740.41 15 742.6 10 756.0 10 761.5 10 769.1 25 779.1 15 792.9 12 796.1 15 802.0 350 803.07 25 823.2 30 824.9 25 853.0 600 880.80 350 885.54 15 889.3 20 894.0 20 896.0 600 925.87 250 935.40 10 965.5 800 972.77 700 976.68 35 1003.4 35 1017.7

Section 10.indb 83

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III III III III III III II III III III II II III III III II II III II II III III

10-83 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 700 1100 10 1000 1200 12 2000 600 1200 30 600 250 800 p 250 25 600 250 1000 600 80 100 30 40 30 40 30 200 80 w 60 w 30 150 h 30 50 40 80 w 40 60 40 40 80 w 400 40 30 100 h 100 40 50 30 300 100 w 80 c 40 100 80 30 80 w 40 30 200 h 80

1032.44 1037.68 1041.31 1047.8 1048.27 1051.92 1066.4 1074.48 1083.86 1100.43 1130.3 1158.47 1169.63 1183.05 1192.04 1232.1 1244.76 1250.20 1295.59 1469.61 2668.98 2717.33 2814.45 2815.91 2827.45 2847.65 2862.40 2864.73 2871.10 2871.24 2871.7 2895.22 2896.62 2906.6 2911.89 2912.36 2940.2 2945.2 2947.5 2948.1 2970.47 2979.32 2992.87 3004.25 3017.43 3023.81 3083.5 3091.1 3106.46 3128.87 3138.3 3150.82 3185.2 3242.86 3268.98 3287.82 3301.55 3331.6 3358.0 3366.72 3384.12

II II II III II II III II II II III II II II I III II I I I III III III III III III III II III III III II III III III III III III III III III II III III II III III III III II III III III III III III III III III II III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2 2 2 3 60 70 100 w 100 h 40 4 4 5 80 50 10 50 10 40 100 80 100 w 100 40 15 8 100 w 40 600 6 10 50 40 40 40 300 100 200 60 100 l 500 300 100 200 200 l 60 100 h 100 100 200 l 1000 h 500 h 300 h 100 h 300 h 100 300 h 400 h 500 h 100 l 30 500 h

3400.07 3418.37 3420.00 3442.66 3444.2 3454.2 3458.7 3461.26 3468.22 3469.81 3472.36 3506.74 3522.83 3542.3 3549.86 3552.1 3554.04 3561.4 3579.7 3583.6 3595.4 3606.06 3607.0 3610.32 3613.06 3615.9 3623.1 3624.08 3633.06 3669.91 3676.67 3685.90 3693.49 3776.3 3781.02 3841.5 3877.8 3880.5 3907.91 3922.55 3950.59 4037.59 4050.07 4057.46 4060.4 4098.89 4109.1 4145.7 4158.04 4180.10 4193.15 4208.48 4209.47 4213.72 4215.60 4223.00 4238.25 4245.38 4251.57 4285.9 4296.40

I I I I III III III II III I I I III III I III I III III III III III III I I III III III I I III I I III III III III III II III III II III II III II III III II II II II II II II II II II II III II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 h 1000 l 200 h 100 l 500 h 500 l 200 l 150 l 50 500 h 100 w 1000 h 500 l 100 l 100 w 100 w 100 w 30 60 30 600 100 w 150 500 400 300 40 500 500 200 l 400 300 100 l 200 200 1000 300 100 100 300 400 100 60 500 500 2000 300 1000 2000 200 30 200 500 100 50 3000 800 300 200 400 1000

4310.51 4330.52 4369.20 4373.78 4393.20 4395.77 4406.88 4416.07 4434.2 4448.13 4462.1 4462.19 4480.86 4521.86 4569.1 4570.1 4641.4 4673.7 4683.57 4723.60 4734.152 4757.3 4792.619 4807.02 4829.71 4843.29 4869.5 4916.51 4923.152 4971.71 4972.71 4988.77 4991.17 5028.280 5044.92 5080.62 5122.42 5125.70 5178.82 5188.04 5191.37 5192.10 5239.0 5260.44 5261.95 5292.22 5309.27 5313.87 5339.33 5363.20 5367.1 5368.07 5372.39 5392.80 5401.0 5419.15 5438.96 5445.45 5450.45 5460.39 5472.61

II II II II II II II II III II III II II II III III III III III III I III I I I I III I I II II II II I II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II III II II I III II II II II II II

5/4/05 8:06:47 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-84 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 l 40 200 600 100 300 300 600 150 100 200 200 500 500 300 300 100 300 150 100 300 100 200 100 500 300 2000 200 1000 2000 600 1500 400 100 100 150 120 300 500 100 60 100 25 60 60 500 400 100 100 250 500 400 600 200 100 300 150 120 100 200 h 300

5494.86 5524.4 5525.53 5531.07 5566.62 5616.67 5659.38 5667.56 5670.91 5695.75 5699.61 5716.10 5726.91 5751.03 5758.65 5776.39 5815.96 5823.89 5824.80 5875.02 5893.29 5894.99 5905.13 5934.17 5945.53 5971.13 5976.46 6008.92 6036.20 6051.15 6093.50 6097.59 6101.43 6115.08 6146.45 6178.30 6179.66 6182.42 6194.07 6198.26 6205.97 6220.02 6221.7 6238.2 6259.05 6270.82 6277.54 6284.41 6286.01 6300.86 6318.06 6343.96 6356.35 6375.28 6397.99 6469.70 6472.84 6487.76 6498.72 6504.18 6512.83

Section 10.indb 84

II III II II I II II II II I II II II II II II II I I I II I II I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I III II III III III II II II I II I II II II II I I I I I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 100 1000 100 400 100 150 300 200 150 100 1000 200 100 300 80 100 800 h 100 2000 150 500 50 s 200 500 100 200 200 100 150 300 200 80 500 100 200 60 100 100 300 500 100 200 150 100 150 h 100 700 10000 500 7000 2000 100 2000 50 h 200 50 h 250 100 200 50 h

6528.65 6533.16 6595.01 6595.56 6597.25 6598.84 6668.92 6694.32 6728.01 6788.71 6790.37 6805.74 6827.32 6872.11 6882.16 6910.22 6925.53 6942.11 6976.18 6990.88 7082.15 7119.60 7147.50 7149.03 7164.83 7284.34 7301.80 7339.30 7386.00 7393.79 7548.45 7584.68 7618.57 7642.02 7643.91 7670.66 7787.04 7802.65 7881.32 7887.40 7967.34 8029.67 8057.26 8061.34 8101.98 8151.80 8171.02 8206.34 8231.635 8266.52 8280.116 8346.82 8347.24 8409.19 8515.19 8576.01 8604.23 8648.54 8692.20 8696.86 8716.19

II I II I II II I II I II II II I I I II I II I II II I II II II II II II I I II I II I I II II I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I II I II I I I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 100 5000 300 200 200 1000 100 200 400 500 100 100 200 50 h 150 50 l 100 2000 3000 100 90 375 100 300 2500 250 2000 1250 800 375 140 3000 100 2500 150 250 100 1000 125 1500 1500 350 150 3000 250 1250 110 1800 175 2000 2500 250 750 300 150 100 100 600 1500 100

8739.39 8758.20 8819.41 8862.32 8908.73 8930.83 8952.25 8981.05 8987.57 9045.45 9162.65 9167.52 9374.76 9513.38 9591.35 9685.32 9698.68 9718.16 9799.70 9923.19 10838.37 11742.01 12235.24 12257.76 12590.20 12623.391 13544.15 13657.055 14142.444 14240.96 14364.99 14660.81 14732.806 15099.72 15418.394 15557.13 15979.54 16039.90 16053.28 16554.49 16728.15 17325.77 18788.13 20187.19 20262.242 21470.09 23193.33 23279.54 24824.71 25145.84 26269.08 26510.86 28381.54 28582.25 29384.41 29448.06 29649.58 29813.62 30253.14 30475.46 30504.12

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 6000 125 550 100 1800 3500 150 450 170 5000 110 250 150 450 850 140 175 270 120

30794.18 31069.23 31336.01 31607.91 32293.08 32739.26 33666.69 34014.67 34335.27 34744.00 35070.25 35246.92 36209.21 36231.74 36508.36 36788.83 38685.98 38737.82 38939.60 39955.14

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Ytterbium Yb Z = 70 1000 1050.24 1000 1054.46 5000 1134.43 900 1316.04 800 1326.36 900 1350.26 80 1561.42 80 h 1765.21 800 1791.06 100 1863.32 800 1873.91 500 1898.25 500 1998.82 900 2116.65 2500 2116.67 800 2123.32 3000 2126.74 800 2139.99 20000 2144.77 15000 2154.18 370 2161.60 850 2185.71 640 2224.46 300 2240.11 300 2305.32 140 2320.81 170 2390.74 460 2464.50 140 2512.06 270 2538.67 2000 2567.61 1000 2579.57 800 2599.14 600 2621.11 1000 2642.56 1000 2651.74 700 2652.25 990 2653.75 200 2665.04 2000 2666.13

IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III III III III IV II IV II IV IV IV II II II III III II II I II II III III III III III III III II II III

5/4/05 8:06:49 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2000 390 390 170 230 1300 170 600 1000 600 1000 140 190 230 h 360 430 140 200 45 200 3600 600 1000 170 140 280 35 140 2000 200 170 800 310 160 160 2000 920 3000 28 170 190 4000 1000 230 28 800 390 240 2000 35 18000 130 140 80 2000 240 280 d 240 2000 140 50

2666.99 2671.96 2672.66 2718.35 2748.66 2750.48 2776.28 2795.60 2803.43 2816.92 2818.72 2821.15 2830.99 2847.18 2851.13 2859.80 2861.21 2867.06 2873.49 2888.04 2891.38 2898.30 2906.31 2914.21 2915.28 2919.35 2934.36 2945.91 2970.56 2983.99 2994.80 2998.00 3005.77 3017.56 3026.67 3029.49 3031.11 3092.50 3100.74 3107.90 3117.81 3126.01 3138.58 3140.94 3162.29 3191.35 3192.88 3201.16 3228.58 3239.58 3289.37 3305.25 3305.73 3319.41 3325.51 3337.17 3342.93 3375.48 3384.01 3387.50 3412.45

Section 10.indb 85

III I II II II II II III III III III II II II II II II II I II II III III II II II I II II II II III II II II III II III I II II III III II I III II II III I II I II I III II II II III I I

10-85 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

140 360 240 85 500 190 d 360 2400 500 500 50 230 35 200 170 360 200 240 70 90 240 140 32000 70 400 180 550 80 60 h 170 340 340 140 500 32000 930 50 2000 70 440 470 120 340 300 150 d 120 70 120 60 h 60 h 440 85 h 100 85 h 640 200 70 140 40 190 170 h

3418.39 3426.04 3431.11 3452.40 3454.08 3458.29 3460.27 3464.37 3476.30 3478.84 3517.00 3520.29 3559.03 3560.33 3560.70 3585.47 3619.80 3637.76 3648.15 3655.73 3669.69 3675.08 3694.19 3700.58 3711.91 3734.69 3770.10 3774.32 3791.74 3839.91 3872.85 3900.85 3911.27 3931.23 3987.99 3990.88 4007.36 4028.14 4052.28 4089.68 4149.07 4174.56 4180.81 4213.64 4218.56 4231.97 4277.74 4305.97 4393.69 4430.21 4439.19 4482.42 4517.58 4563.95 4576.21 4582.36 4589.21 4590.83 4684.27 4726.08 4781.87

I I I I II II I I II II I II I II II II II II I I II II II I III I I I I I I I I III I I I III I I I I II III II I I I I I I I III I I I I I I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

170 35 40 40 h 27 710 140 30 70 220 50 60 85 100 150 h 170 30 h 150 30 40 60 40 17 85 h 2400 60 220 27 35 35 27 17 40 60 60 200 35 h 35 h 340 180 25 690 9h 8h 10 h 16 h 25 30 h 750 100 70 h 200 100

4786.61 4816.43 4837.46 4894.60 4912.36 4935.50 4966.90 5067.80 5069.14 5074.34 5076.74 5196.08 5211.60 5244.11 5277.04 5335.15 5351.29 5352.95 5363.66 5449.27 5481.92 5505.49 5524.54 5539.05 5556.47 5651.98 5719.99 5771.66 5833.99 5837.14 5854.51 5989.33 5991.51 6152.57 6274.78 6328.52 6400.35 6417.91 6489.06 6667.82 6727.61 6799.60 7244.41 7305.22 7313.05 7350.04 7448.28 7527.46 7699.48 7971.46 8922.56 10110.60 10830.36

Yttrium Y Z = 39 150 264.64 150 273.03 900 333.09 500 333.80 400 335.14 500 336.62 500 339.02

II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I I II I II II II I I II II II III I I I I II I I I I I I I I III II III III IV IV V V V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 900 300 300 400 500 300 300 600 300 4000 2000 5000 7000 15000 25000 5000 4000 4000 10000 16000 350 10000 10000 50 50000 40000 560 60 95 70 140 90000 45 70 95 160 99000 390 350 480 750 140 130 190 95 110 220 70 2300 2200 2200 3900 6200 4700 85 85 170 1700 3900 130

344.59 355.86 370.42 372.05 379.96 386.82 403.45 420.74 425.03 473.10 584.98 630.97 805.20 809.92 989.21 996.37 1314.51 1334.04 2068.98 2127.98 2191.16 2243.06 2284.34 2327.31 2354.20 2367.23 2414.64 2422.20 2694.21 2723.00 2742.53 2760.10 2817.04 2822.56 2854.43 2886.48 2919.05 2946.01 2948.40 2964.96 2974.59 2984.26 2996.94 3021.73 3045.37 3095.88 3173.06 3179.41 3191.31 3195.62 3200.27 3203.32 3216.69 3242.28 3327.89 3388.59 3412.47 3485.73 3496.09 3549.01 3551.80

V IV IV V V IV V V IV IV V V III III III III III III III III III II III III I III III II I I I I III I II I I III I I I I I I I II II II I II II II II II II I I I II II I

5/4/05 8:06:52 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-86 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

540 170 190 260 3300 300 100 2800 10000 6200 7800 4300 1900 7800 3000 170 13000 1200 10000 1400 7400 1300 4000 80 480 4400 3600 940 2400 9400 2000 9900 8900 7500 100 h 2400 2000 8000 160 280 h 600 2200 300 360 h 2800 110 440 h 120 800 120 12000 150 h 100 1800 890 100 130 170 180 160 110

3552.69 3558.76 3571.43 3576.05 3584.52 3587.75 3589.69 3592.92 3600.73 3601.92 3611.05 3620.94 3628.71 3633.12 3664.61 3692.53 3710.30 3747.55 3774.33 3776.56 3788.70 3818.35 3832.88 3876.82 3878.28 3950.36 3982.60 4039.83 4047.64 4077.38 4083.71 4102.38 4128.31 4142.85 4157.63 4167.52 4174.14 4177.54 4217.80 4220.63 4235.73 4235.94 4251.20 4302.30 4309.63 4330.78 4348.79 4357.73 4358.73 4366.03 4374.94 4375.61 4387.74 4398.02 4422.59 4443.66 4446.63 4475.72 4476.96 4477.45 4487.28

Section 10.indb 86

I I I I II I I I II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II I II II II I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I II I I I II I II I I II II I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 500 890 440 100 100 130 95 2000 200 h 2000 180 170 160 410 120 170 180 140 120 770 550 410 120 890 330 1900 95 1100 100 150 120 100 75 75 1100 180 960 1500 10000 180 75 220 90 190 710 100 240 300 250 120 740 120 180 620 120 560 120 120 740 90

4487.47 4505.95 4527.25 4527.80 4544.32 4559.37 4596.55 4604.80 4643.70 4658.32 4674.84 4696.81 4728.53 4752.79 4760.98 4781.04 4786.89 4799.30 4819.64 4822.13 4839.87 4845.68 4852.69 4854.25 4854.87 4859.84 4883.69 4893.44 4900.12 4906.11 4921.87 4974.30 5006.97 5070.21 5072.19 5087.42 5135.20 5200.41 5205.72 5238.10 5240.81 5380.62 5402.78 5424.37 5438.24 5466.46 5468.47 5497.41 5503.45 5509.90 5521.63 5527.54 5544.50 5577.42 5581.87 5606.33 5630.13 5644.69 5648.47 5662.94 5675.27

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I I I II I II II III I I II I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

160 90 75 100 120 120 120 150 1200 300 1000 90 70 95 40 150 70 190 21 45 29 24 h 24 29 35 35 50 29 9000 35 29 110 10000 24 10000 95 19 h

5706.73 5743.85 5765.64 5781.69 6009.19 6023.41 6135.04 6138.43 6191.73 6222.59 6435.00 6538.60 6557.39 6613.75 6650.61 6687.58 6700.71 6793.71 6815.16 6845.24 6887.22 6950.31 6979.88 7052.94 7191.66 7264.17 7346.46 7450.30 7558.71 7563.13 7855.52 7881.90 7991.43 8344.43 8796.21 8800.62 8835.85

I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I II III I I II III I III I II

Zinc Zn Z = 30 200 425.90 200 428.54 200 430.59 1000 677.63 750 677.96 200 713.90 60 1193.23 50 1239.12 50 1249.69 500 1265.74 500 1306.66 200 1456.72 200 1459.98 300 1499.42 300 1500.42 300 1505.92 300 1515.85 300 1552.30 90 1572.99 200 1629.19 200 1639.33 200 1673.05 80 d 1735.61

IV IV IV III III III II IV IV IV IV III IV III III III III III II III III III II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 100 100 d 100 d 100 100 100 100 d 100 d 100 100 100 500 500 200 120 300 200 800 r 1000 150 1000 300 200 300 200 300 300 200 300 300 400 100 200 200 300 500 r 800 700 r 800 500 50 300 400 400 800 500 200 500 500 500 500 1000 h 300 300 100 100 100 100 20 20

1767.69 1797.64 1811.05 1833.57 1864.12 1866.08 1872.13 1918.96 1929.67 1969.40 1982.11 1986.99 2025.48 2062.00 2064.23 2079.08 2099.94 2102.18 2138.56 2501.99 2515.81 2557.95 2582.49 2608.56 2608.64 2670.53 2684.16 2712.49 2756.45 2770.86 2770.98 2800.87 2801.06 3035.78 3072.06 3196.31 3282.33 3302.58 3302.94 3345.02 3345.57 3883.34 4680.14 4722.15 4810.53 4911.62 4924.03 5181.98 5894.33 6021.18 6102.49 6214.61 6362.34 7588.5 7732.5 11054.25 13053.63 13150.59 14038.70 16483.45 16491.98

III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II II I II II II II I II II I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:54 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

20 10

16505.23 24375.02

I I

Zirconium Zr Z = 40 500 304.01 60 480.66 60 497.23 60 500.22 600 628.66 500 633.56 50 690.39 2000 740.61 10000 800.00 10000 806.89 10000 812.05 3000 841.40 300 863.65 500 864.59 9000 1183.97 9000 1201.77 10000 1219.86 500 1303.93 500 p 1323.81 1000 1469.47 10000 1546.17 10000 1598.95 5000 1607.95 100 1612.38 700 1725.02 200 1790.19 150 1793.56 125 1798.13 600 1860.86 200 1940.25 600 2028.54 125 2070.43 200 2086.78 10000 2091.49 10000 2092.36 600 2132.42 10000 2163.68 100 2175.80 100 2191.15 10000 2286.67 100 2301.60 90 2539.65 570 2567.64 1600 2568.87 2100 2571.39 250 2620.56 200 2643.79 150 2664.26 1800 2678.63 90 2687.75 750 2700.13 1300 2722.61 800 2726.49 1400 2734.86 1100 2742.56 660 2745.86 660 2752.21 530 2758.81

V IV IV IV IV IV III V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV V V IV IV IV IV III V III III III V III V III III IV IV V IV III III IV III I II II II III III III II I II II II II II II II II

Section 10.indb 87

10-87 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

620 390 530 710 660 350 350 340 490 300 270 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 820 320 820 350 500 880 350 d 690 690 350 500 500 350 690 540 880 880 540 540 760 630 630 760 1000 1300 880 540 880 380 380 380 760 380 760 540 380 570 760 5700 570 570 760 380

2814.90 2818.74 2825.56 2837.23 2844.58 2848.52 2851.97 2869.81 2875.98 2915.99 2918.24 2926.99 2948.94 2955.78 2960.87 2962.68 2968.96 2978.05 2985.39 3003.74 3011.75 3020.47 3028.04 3029.52 3036.39 3054.84 3106.58 3120.74 3129.18 3129.76 3132.07 3138.68 3164.31 3165.97 3182.86 3191.21 3212.01 3214.19 3231.69 3234.12 3241.05 3273.05 3279.26 3284.71 3305.15 3306.28 3322.99 3326.80 3334.25 3340.56 3344.79 3356.09 3357.26 3374.73 3387.87 3388.30 3391.98 3393.12 3404.83 3410.25 3414.66

I II II I II I II II I II II II II II I II II II I II I II II I II II II I II II I II II II II I I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 4700 600 410 820 600 1200 1300 4100 820 1000 2000 440 440 630 1800 630 1800 2100 1100 2100 1100 1300 880 3500 690 1100 1100 1100 1100 390 800 390 960 720 560 880 480 480 340 720 560 560 2200 1300 550 550 550 2900 770 990 1500 2900 2000 610 1200 940 490 990 660 770

3430.53 3438.23 3447.36 3457.56 3463.02 3471.19 3479.39 3481.15 3496.21 3505.67 3509.32 3519.60 3525.81 3533.22 3542.62 3547.68 3550.46 3551.95 3556.60 3566.10 3572.47 3575.79 3576.85 3586.29 3601.19 3611.89 3613.10 3614.77 3623.86 3663.65 3671.27 3674.72 3697.46 3698.17 3709.26 3745.98 3751.60 3764.39 3766.72 3766.82 3780.54 3791.40 3822.41 3835.96 3836.76 3843.02 3847.01 3849.25 3863.87 3864.34 3877.60 3885.42 3890.32 3891.38 3921.79 3929.53 3958.22 3966.66 3968.26 3973.50 3991.13

II II I II II I II II II II I I II I II I I II II I II I II I I II II II I I II II II II II II II I I II I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

770 400 770 990 400 490 400 610 490 400 610 770 600 1500 2000 240 2000 400 1200 400 400 660 400 610 610 610 400 2000 2000 770 770 1200 550 550 550 1000 290 310 350 550 610 490 490 350 700 2300 510 1900 1400 870 700 250 360 470 300 200 100 270 160 160 340

3998.97 4023.98 4024.92 4027.20 4029.68 4030.04 4035.89 4043.58 4044.56 4045.61 4048.67 4055.03 4055.71 4064.16 4072.70 4078.31 4081.22 4121.46 4149.20 4161.21 4166.36 4187.56 4194.76 4199.09 4201.46 4208.98 4213.86 4227.76 4239.31 4240.34 4241.20 4241.69 4282.20 4294.79 4341.13 4347.89 4359.74 4360.81 4366.45 4507.12 4535.75 4542.22 4575.52 4602.57 4633.98 4687.80 4688.45 4710.08 4739.48 4772.31 4815.63 5046.58 5064.91 5078.25 5155.45 5158.00 5191.60 5385.14 5664.51 5797.74 5879.80

II I I I II I I I I II II I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:57 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-88 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

170 170 680 340 440

6045.85 6121.91 6127.44 6134.55 6143.20

I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 150 150 540 280

6313.02 6953.84 6990.84 7097.70 7102.91

I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

170 590 160 160 150

7103.72 7169.09 7944.61 8005.27 8063.09

I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

790 390 280

8070.08 8132.99 8212.53

I I I

Sources of Data for Each Element Numbers following the element name refer to the references on the following pages. Actinium: 193 Aluminum: 6,8,81,89,127,144,146,227,228,282 Americium: 92 Antimony: 164,167,194,386,406 Argon: 190,203,204,219,367,368,372,373,374,375,414,421 Arsenic: 163,168,197,244,280 Astatine: 188 Barium: 1,78,111,252,259,277,279 Berkelium: 53,339 Beryllium: 15,44,73,102,115,134,135,171,175,198,335 Bismuth: 1,357,358,359,360,361 Boron: 66,69,74,94,104,171,221,222 Bromine: 42,122,124,139,142,240,243,246,248,249,250,316 Cadmium: 44,285,296,353,399 Calcium: 16,25,70,150,270 Californium: 52,331 Carbon: 22,66,211 Cerium: 1,136,166,261,305 Cesium: 78,82,154,155,200,201,259,263,325 Chlorine: 11,28,30,31,85,233,238,239 Chromium: 1,379,380,412 Cobalt: 1,100,125,159,236,276,291 Copper: 199,273,290,295,324 Curium: 51,332 Dysprosium: 1 Einsteinium: 333 Erbium: 1,301 Europium: 1,312 Fluorine: 68,169,224,225,226 Francium: 408 Gadolinium: 1,46,137,151,152 Gallium: 2,19,62,132,140,141,143,195,281 Germanium: 5,119,293,340,341,342 Gold: 38,72,234,393,395 Hafnium: 1,369,404,410,425 Helium: 16,94,173,183,317 Holmium: 1 Hydrogen: 214 Indium: 1,132,348,349,350,351,352,353,435,436 Iodine: 20,21,58,84,124,153,161,176,184 Iridium: 1 Iron: 56,63,71,101,105,138,174,278,381,382 Krypton: 61,121,123,147,208,232,366,390,409,417,421 Lanthanum: 1,78,79,220,309 Lead: 54,64,106,256,274,297,283,329,330 Lithium: 3,15,17,18,37,44,112,284,321,335 Lutetium: 1,148,310,401 Magnesium: 4,7,49,83,103,128,129,177,217,269,315,335 Manganese: 1,126,385,405,433 Mercury (198): 43,50,69,145,229,242

Section 10.indb 88

Mercury (Natural): 34,45,90,117,133,189,235,304,327,328,343 Molybdenum: 1,383,420 Neodymium: 1 Neon: 56,58,69,118,150,230,364,365,371,388,389,400,402,413, 430 Neptunium: 93 Nickel: 1,294,415,416,422 Niobium: 1,392,407,431 Nitrogen: 66,107,108,212,213,318 Osmium: 1 Oxygen: 23,24,36,66,69,209,210,215 Palladium: 1,287,424 Phosphorus: 179,180,182,336 Platinum: 1,288 Plutonium: 91 Polonium: 47,48 Potassium: 32,59,60,75,76,86,150,160,172,268,314,322 Praseodymium: 1,149,306,308,337,338 Promethium: 196,260 Protactinium: 96 Radium: 253,254 Radon: 251 Rhenium: 1 Rhodium: 1,396 Rubidium: 12,109,130,241,257,258,262,264 Ruthenium: 1,423 Samarium: 1 Scandium: 1,88,150,298,323 Selenium: 9,80,181,216,245,247,275 Silicon: 87,170,237,292,319,320 Silver: 13,99,255,286,289,363,387,398 Sodium: 178,205,206,207,268,299,334 Strontium: 1,109,110,218,231,265,279,313 Sulfur: 29,144,202,209,210,266 Tantalum: 1,411,426 Technetium: 35 Tellurium: 1,344,345,346,347 Terbium: 1,302 Thallium: 1,195,348,354,355,356 Thorium: 1,97,98,156,157,165,434 Thulium: 1,307 Tin: 187,191,399,423 Titanium: 1,378,427,428 Tungsten: 1 Uranium: 1,303 Vanadium: 1,394,397,432 Xenon: 33,116,118,120,232,384,391,429 Ytterbium: 1,40,192,311 Yttrium: 1,77,265,419 Zinc: 39,55,113,131,185,186,370,376,377 Zirconium: 1,362,403,418

5/4/05 8:06:58 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

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Section 10.indb 89

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Line Spectra of the Elements 229. Peck, E. R., Khanna, B. N., and Anderholm, N. C., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 52, 53, 1962. 230. Persson, W., Phys. Scr., 3, 133, 1971. 231. Persson, W. and Valind, S., Phys. Scr., 5, 187, 1972. 232. Petersson, B., Ark. Fys., 27, 317, 1964. 233. Phillips, L. W. and Parker, W. L., Phys. Rev., 60, 301, 1941. 234. Platt, J. R. and Sawyer, R. A., Phys. Rev., 60, 866, 1941. 235. Plyer, E. K., Blaine, L. R., and Tidwell, E., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 55, 279, 1955. 236. Poppe, R., van Kleef, T. A. M., and Raassen, A. J. J., Physica, 77, 165, 1974. 237. Radziemski, L. J., Jr. and Andrew, K. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55, 474, 1965. 238. Radziemski, L. J., Jr. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 59, 424, 1969. 239. Radziemski, L. J., Jr. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 366, 1974. 240. Ramanadham, R. and Rao, K. R., Indian J. Phys., 18, 317, 1944. 241. Ramb, R., Ann. Phys., 10, 311, 1931. 242. Rank, D. H., Bennett, J. M., and Bennett, H. E., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 40, 477, 1950. 243. Rao, A. S. and Krishnamurty, S. G., Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 46, 531, 1943. 244. Rao, K. R., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 134, 604, 1932. 245. Rao, K. R. and Badami, J. S., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 131, 154, 1931. 246. Rao, K. R. and Krishnamurty, S. G., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 161, 38, 1937. 247. Rao, K. R. and Murti, S. G. K., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 145, 681, 1934. 248. Rao, Y. B., Indian J. Phys., 32, 497, 1958. 249. Rao, Y. B., Indian J. Phys., 33, 546, 1959. 250. Rao, Y. B., Indian J. Phys., 35, 386, 1961. 251. Rasmussen, E., Z. Phys., 80, 726, 1933. 252. Rasmussen, E., Z. Phys., 83, 404, 1933. 253. Rasmussen, E., Z. Phys., 86, 24, 1934. 254. Rasmussen, E., Z. Phys., 87, 607, 1934. 255. Rasmussen, E., Phys. Rev., 57, 840, 1940. 256. Rau, A. S. and Narayan, A. L., Z. Phys., 59, 687, 1930. 257. Reader, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 286, 1975. 258. Reader, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 988, 1975. 259. Reader, J., J. Opt Soc. Am., 73, 349, 1983. 260. Reader, J. and Davis, S., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 71, 587, 1967, and unpublished. 261. Reader, J. and Ekberg, J. O., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 464, 1972. 262. Reader, J. and Epstein, G. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 1467, 1972. 263. Reader, J. and Epstein, G. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 638, 1975. 264. Reader, J. and Epstein, G. L., Natl. Bur. Stand., unpublished. 265. Reader, J., Epstein, G. L., and Ekberg, J. O., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 273, 1972. 266. Kaufman, V., Phys. Scr., 26, 439, 1982. 267. Ricard, R., Givord, M., and George, F., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 205, 1229, 1937. 268. Risberg, P., Ark. Fys., 10, 583, 1956. 269. Risberg, G., Ark. Fys., 28, 381, 1965. 270. Risberg, G., Ark. Fys., 37, 231, 1968. 271. Robinson, H. A., Phys. Rev., 49, 297, 1936. 272. Robinson, H. A., Phys. Rev., 50, 99, 1936. 273. Ross, C. B., Jr., Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, 1969. 274. Ross, C. B., Wood, D. R., and Scholl, P. S., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 66, 36, 1976. 275. Ruedy, J. E. and Gibbs, R. C., Phys. Rev., 46, 880, 1934. 276. Russell, H. N., King, R. B., and Moore, C. E., Phys. Rev., 58, 407, 1940. 277. Russell, H. N. and Moore, C. E., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 55, 299, 1955. 278. Russell, H. N., Moore, C. E., and Weeks, D. W., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 34(2), 111, 1944. 279. Saunders, F., Schneider, E., and Buckingham, E., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 20, 291, 1934. 280. Sawyer, R. A. and Humphreys, C. J., Phys. Rev., 32, 583, 1928. 281. Sawyer, R. A. and Lang, R. J., Phys. Rev., 34, 712, 1929. 282. Sawyer, R. A. and Paschen, F., Ann. Phys., 84(4),1, 1927. 283. Scholl, P. S., M.S. thesis, Wright State Univ., 1975.

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10-91 284. Schurmann, D., Z. Phys., 17, 4, 1975. 285. Seguier, J., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 256, 1703, 1963. 286. Shenstone, A. G., Phys. Rev., 31, 317, 1928. 287. Shenstone, A. G., Phys. Rev., 32, 30, 1928. 288. Shenstone, A. G., Trans. R. Soc. London, 237(A), 57, 1938. 289. Shenstone, A. G., Phys. Rev., 57, 894, 1940. 290. Shenstone, A. G. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 241, 297, 1948. 291. Shenstone, A. G., Can. J. Phys., 38, 677, 1960. 292. Shenstone, A. G., Proc. R. Soc. London, 261(A), 153, 1961. 293. Shenstone, A. G., Proc. R. Soc. London, 276(A), 293, 1963. 294. Shenstone, A. G., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 74, 801, 1970. 295. Shenstone, A. G., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 79, 497, 1975. 296. Shenstone, A. G. and Pittenger, J. T., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 39, 219, 1949. 297. Smith, S., Phys. Rev., 36, 1, 1930. 298. Smitt, R., Phys. Scr., 8, 292, 1973. 299. Soderqvist, J., Ark. Mat. Astronom. Fys., 32(A), 1, 1946. 300. Sommer, L. A., Ann. Phys., 75, 163, 1924. 301. Spector, N., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 63, 358, 1973. 302. Spector, N. and Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 66, 436, 1976. 303. Steinhaus, D. W., Radziemski, L. J., Jr., and Blaise, J., Los Alamos Sci. Lab., unpublished, 1975. 304. Subbaraya, T. S., Z. Phys., 78, 541, 1932. 305. Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55, 33, 1965. 306. Sugar, J., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 73, 333, 1969. 307. Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60, 454, 1970. 308. Sugar, J., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 78, 555, 1974. 309. Sugar, J. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55, 1283, 1965. 310. Sugar, J. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 562, 1972. 311. Sugar, J., Kaufman, V., and Spector, N., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., Sect. A, 83, 233, 1978. 312. Sugar, J. and Spector, N., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 1484, 1974. 313. Sullivan, F. J. Univ. Pittsburgh Bull., 35, 1, 1938. 314. Svensson, L. A. and Ekberg, J. O., Ark. Fys., 37, 65, 1968. 315. Swensson, J. W. and Risberg, G., Ark. Fys., 31, 237, 1966. 316. Tech, J. L., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 67, 505, 1963. 317. Tech, J. L. and Ward, J. F., Phys. Rev. Lett., 27, 367, 1971. 318. Tilford, S. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 53, 1051, 1963. 319. Toresson, Y. G., Ark. Fys., 17, 179, 1960. 320. Toresson, Y. G., Ark. Fys., 18, 389, 1960. 321. Toresson, Y. G. and Edlen, B., Ark. Fys., 23, 117, 1963. 322. Tsien, W. Z., Chin. J. Phys., Peiping, 3, 117, 1939. 323. van Deurzen, C. H. H., Conway, J., and Davis, S. P., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 63, 158, 1973. 324. van Kleef, T. A. M., Raassen, A. J. J., and Joshi, Y. N., Physica, 84(C), 401, 1976. 325. Sansonetti, C. J., Andrew, K. L., and Verges, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 71, 423, 1981. 326. Wheatley, M. A. and Sawyer, R. A., Phys. Rev., 61, 591, 1942. 327. Wilkinson, P. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 45, 862, 1955. 328. Wilkinson, P. G. and Andrew, K. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 53, 710, 1963. 329. Wood, D. and Andrew, K. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 58, 818, 1968. 330. Wood, D. R., Ron, C. B., Scholl, P. S., and Hoke, M., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 1159, 1974. 331. Worden, E. F. and Conway, J. G., Lawrence Livermore Lab., unpublished, 1977. 332. Worden, E. F., Hulet, E. K., Gutmacher, R. G., Conway, J. G., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 18, 459, 1976. 333. Worden, E. F., Lougheed, R. W., Gutmacher, R. G., and Conway, J. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 77, 1974. 334. Wu, C. M., Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, 1971. 335. Zaidel, A. N., Prokofev, V. K., Raiskii, S. M., Slavnyi, V. A., and Schreider, E. Y., Tables of Spectral Lines, 3rd ed., Plenum, New York, 1970. 336. Zetterberg, P. O. and Magnusson, C. E., Phys. Scr., 15, 189, 1977. 337. Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55, 1058, 1965. 338. Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 61, 727, 1971. 339. Worden, E. F., and Conway, J. G., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 22, 329, 1978. 340. Kaufman, V. and Edlen, B., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, 825, 1974. 341. Lang, R. J., Phys. Rev., 34, 697, 1929. 342. Ryabtsev, A. N., Opt. Spectros., 39, 455, 1975.

5/4/05 8:07:01 AM

10-92 343. Foster, E. W., Proc. R. Soc. London, 200(A), 429, 1950. 344. Morillon, C. and Verges, J., Phys. Scr., 12, 129, 1975. 345. Ruedy, J. E., Phys. Rev., 41, 588, 1932. 346. McLennan, J. C., McLay, A. B., and McLeod, J. H., Philos. Mag., 4 ,486, 1927. 347. Handrup, M. B. and Mack, J. E., Physica, 30, 1245, 1964. 348. Clearman, H. E., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 42, 373, 1952. 349. Paschen, F., Ann. Physik, 424, 148, 1938. 350. Paschen, F. and Campbell, J. S., Ann. Phys., 31(5), 29, 1938. 351. Nodwell, R., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, unpublished, 1955. 352. Gibbs, R. C. and White, H. E., Phys. Rev., 31, 776, 1928. 353. Green, M., Phys. Rev., 60, 117, 1941. 354. Ellis, C. B. and Sawyer, R. A., Phys. Rev., 49, 145, 1936. 355. McLennan, J. C., McLay, A. B., and Crawford, M. F., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 125, 50, 1929. 356. Mack, J. E. and Fromer, M., Phys. Rev., 48, 346, 1935. 357. Humphreys, C. J. and Paul, E., U.S. Nav. Ord. Lab., Navord Rep. 4589, 25, 1956. 358. Walters, F. M., Sci. Pap. Bur. Stand., 17, 161, 1921. 359. Crawford, M. F. and McLay, A. B., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 143, 540, 1934. 360. McLay, A. D. and Crawford, M. F., Phys. Rev., 44, 986, 1933. 361. Schoepfle, G. K., Phys. Rev., 47, 232, 1935. 362. Acquista, N., and Reader, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 70, 789, 1980. 363. Benschop, H., Joshi, Y. N., and van Kleef, T. A. M., Can. J. Phys., 53, 498, 1975. 364. Bockasten, K., Hallin, R., and Hughes, T. P., Proc. Phys. Soc., 81, 522, 1963. 365. Boyce, J. C., Phys. Rev., 46, 378, 1934. 366. Boyce, J. C., Phys. Rev., 47, 718, 1935. 367. Boyce, J. C., Phys. Rev., 48, 396, 1935. 368. Boyce, J. C., Phys. Rev., 49, 351, 1936. 369. Corliss, C. H. and Meggers, W. F., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 61, 269, 1958. 370. Crooker, A. M. and Dick, K. A., Can. J. Phys., 42, 766, 1964. 371. De Bruin, T. L., Z. Physik, 77, 505, 1932. 372. De Bruin, T. L., Proc. Roy. Acad. Amsterdam, 36, 727, 1933. 373. De Bruin, T. L., Zeeman Verhandelingen, (The Hague), 1935, p. 415. 374. De Bruin, T. L., Physica, 3, 809, 1936. 375. De Bruin, T. L., Proc. Roy. Acad. Amsterdam, 40, 339, 1937. 376. Dick, K. A., Can. J. Phys., 46, 1291, 1968. 377. Dick, K. A., unpublished, 1978. 378. Edlen, B. and Swensson, J. W., Phys. Scr., 12, 21, 1975. 379. Ekberg, J. O., Phys. Scr., 7, 55, 1973. 380. Ekberg, J. O., Phys. Scr., 7, 59, 1973. 381. Ekberg, J. O., Phys. Scr., 12, 42, 1975. 382. Ekberg, J. O. and Edlen, B., Phys. Scr., 18, 107, 1978. 383. Eliason, A. Y., Phys. Rev., 43, 745, 1933. 384. Gallardo, M., Massone, C. A., Tagliaferri, A. A., Garavaglia, M., and Persson, W., Phys. Scr., 19, 538, 1979. 385. Garcia-Riquelme, O., Optica Pura Y Aplicada, 1, 53, 1968. 386. Gibbs, R. C., Vieweg, A. M., and Gartlein, C. W., Phys. Rev., 34, 406, 1929. 387. Gilbert, W. P., Phys. Rev., 48, 338, 1935. 388. Goldsmith, S. and Kaufman, A. S., Proc. Phys. Soc., 81, 544, 1963.

Section 10.indb 92

Line Spectra of the Elements 389. Hermansdorfer, H., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 1149, 1972. 390. Humphreys, C. J., Phys. Rev., 47, 712, 1935. 391. Humphreys, C. J., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 16, 639, 1936. 392. Iglesias, L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 45, 856, 1955. 393. Iglesias, L., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 64A, 481, 1960. 394. Iglesias, L., Anales Fisica Y Quimica, 58A, 191, 1962. 395. Iglesias, L., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 70A, 465, 1966. 396. Iglesias, L., Can. J. Phys., 44, 895, 1966. 397. Iglesias, L., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 72A, 295, 1968. 398. Joshi, Y. N., Can. Spectrosc., 15, 96, 1970. 399. Joshi, Y. N. and van Kleef, T. A. M., Can. J. Phys., 55, 714, 1977. 400. Kaufman, A. S., Hughes, T. P., and Williams, R. V., Proc. Phys. Soc., 76, 17, 1960. 401. Kaufman, V. and Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 68, 1529, 1978. 402. Keussler, V., Z. Physik, 85, 1, 1933. 403. Kiess, C. C., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 56, 167, 1956. 404. Klinkenberg, P. F. A., van Kleef, T. A. M., and Noorman, P. E., Physica, 27, 1177, 1961. 405. Kovalev, V. I., Romanos, A. A., and Ryabtsev, A. N., Opt. Spectrosc., 43, 10, 1977. 406. Lang, R. J., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 13, 341, 1927. 407. Lang, R. J., Zeeman Verhandelingen, (The Hague), 44, 1935. 408. Liberman, S., et al., C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 286, 253, 1978. 409. Livingston, A. E., J. Phys., B9, L215, 1976. 410. Meijer, F. G., Physica, 72, 431, 1974. 411. Meijer, F. G. and Metsch, B. C., Physica, 94C, 259, 1978. 412. Moore, F. L., thesis, Princeton, 1949. 413. Paul, F. W. and Polster, H. D., Phys. Rev., 59, 424, 1941. 414. Phillips, L. W. and Parker, W. L., Phys. Rev., 60, 301, 1941. 415. Poppe, R., Physica, 81C, 351, 1976. 416. Raassen, A. J. J., van Kleef, T. A. M., and Metsch, B. C., Physica, 84C, 133, 1976. 417. Rao, A. B. and Krishnamurty, S. G., Proc. Phys. Soc. (London), 51, 772, 1939. 418. Reader, J. and Acquista, N., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 69, 239, 1979. 419. Reader, J. and Epstein, G. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 619, 1972. 420. Rico, F. R., Anales, Real Soc. Esp. Fis. Quim., 61, 103, 1965. 421. Schonheit, E., Optik, 23, 409, 1966. 422. Shenstone, A. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 44, 749, 1954. 423. Shenstone, A. G., unpublished, 1958. 424. Shenstone, A. G., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 67A, 87, 1963. 425. Sugar, J. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 1656, 1974. 426. Sugar, J. and Kaufman, V., Phys. Rev., C12, 1336, 1975. 427. Svensson, L. A., Phys. Scr., 13, 235, 1976. 428. Swensson, J. W. and Edlen, B., Phys. Scr., 9, 335, 1974. 429. Tagliaferri, A. A., Gallego Lluesma, E., Garavaglia, M., Gallardo, M., and Massone, C. A., Optica Pura Y Aplica, 7, 89. 430. Tilford, S. G. and Giddings, L. E., Astrophys. J., 141, 1222, 1965. 431. Trawick, M. W., Phys. Rev., 46, 63, 1934. 432. Van Deurzen, C. H. H., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 67, 476, 1977. 433. Yarosewick, S. L. and Moore, F. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 57, 1381, 1967. 434. Zalubas, R., unpublished, 1979. 435. Bhatia, K. S., Jones, W. E., and Crooker, A. M., Can. J. Phys., 50, 2421, 1972. 436. van Kleef, T. A. M. and Joshi, Y. N., Phys. Scr., 24, 557, 1981.

5/4/05 8:07:01 AM

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITIES J. R. Fuhr and W. L. Wiese For the 2005 edition of this Handbook, we include new, more accurate data for Fe I and Fe II,1 and Ba I and Ba II.2 The new tables contain critically evaluated atomic transition probabilities for over 10500 selected lines of all elements for which reliable data are available on an absolute scale. The material is largely for neutral and singly ionized spectra, but also includes a number of prominent lines of more highly charged ions of important elements. Many of the data are obtained from comprehensive compilations of the Data Center on Atomic Transition Probabilities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Specifically, data have been taken from three recent comprehensive critical compilations on C, N and O,3 on Sc through Mn4 and Fe through Ni,5 and special compilations on neutral and singly ionized iron and barium. Material from earlier compilations for the elements H through Ne6 and Na through Ca7 was supplemented by more recent material taken directly from the original literature. For the highly charged ions, some of the data were derived from studies of the systematic behavior of transition probabilities.8-10 Most of the original literature is cited in the above tables and in recent bibliographies;11,12 for lack of space, individual literature references are not cited here. The wavelength range for the neutral species is normally the visible spectrum or shorter wavelengths; only the very prominent near infrared lines are included. For the higher ions, most of the strong lines are located in the far UV. The tabulation is limited to electric dipole — including intercombination — lines and comprises essentially the fairly strong transitions with estimated uncertainties in the 10% to 50% range. With the exception of hydrogen, helium, and the alkali metals, most transitions are between states with low principal quantum numbers. The transition probability, A, is given in units of 108 s-1 and is listed to as many digits as is consistent with the indicated accuracy. The power of 10 is indicated by the E notation (i.e., E-02 means 10-2). Generally, the estimated uncertainties of the A-values are ±25 to 50% for two-digit numbers, ±10 to 25% for three-digit numbers and ±1% or better for four- and five-digit numbers. Each transition is identified by the wavelength λ in ångströms (1 Å = 10-10 m); and the statistical weights, gi and gk, of the lower (i) and upper (k) states [the product gkA (or gi f) is needed for many applications]. Whenever the wavelengths of individual lines within a multiplet are extremely close, only an average wavelength for the multiplet as well as the multiplet A-value are given, and this is indicated by an asterisk (*) to the left of the wavelength. This also has been done when the transition probability for an entire multiplet has been taken from the literature and values for individual lines cannot be determined because of insufficient knowledge of the coupling of electrons. The wavelength data have been taken either from recent compilations or from the original literature cited in bibliographies published by the Atomic Energy Levels Data Center13,14 at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Wavelength values are consistent with those given in the table “Line Spectra of the Elements,” which appears elsewhere in this Handbook. In addition to the transition probability A, the atomic oscillator strength f and the line strength S are often used in the literature. The conversion factors between these quantities are (for electricdipole transitions):

gi f = 1.499∙10-8 λ2gkA = 303.8 λ-1 S where λ is in ångströms, A is in 108 s-1, and S is in atomic units, which are a02e2 = 7.188∙10-59 m2 C2. The table for hydrogen is presented first, followed by the tables for other elements in alphabetical sequence by element name (not symbol). Within each element, the tables are ordered by increasing ionization stage (e.g., Al I, Al II, etc.). The transition probabilities for hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions are known precisely. Because of the hydrogen degeneracy, a “transition” is actually the sum of all fine-structure transitions between the principal quantum numbers; therefore, the hydrogen table gives weighted average A-values. For hydrogen-like ions of nuclear charge Z, the following scaling laws hold: AZ = Z 4AHydrogen fZ = fHydrogen SZ = Z -2SHydrogen λZ = Z -2λHydrogen For very highly charged hydrogen-like ions, starting at about Z>25, relativistic corrections15 must be applied.

References 1. J. R. Fuhr and W. L. Wiese, A Critical Compilation of Atomic Transition Probabilities for Neutral and Singly-Ionized Iron, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, to be published, 2005. 2. J. Z. Klose, J. R. Fuhr, and W. L. Wiese, Critically Evaluated Atomic Transition Probabilities for Ba I and Ba II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 31, 217 (2002). 3. W. L. Wiese, J. R. Fuhr and T. M. Deters, Atomic Transition Probabilities for Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 7, 1996. 4. G. A. Martin, J. R. Fuhr, and W. L. Wiese, Atomic Transition Probabilities — Scandium through Manganese, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 3, 1988. 5. J. R. Fuhr, G. A. Martin, and W. L. Wiese, Atomic Transition Probabilities — Iron through Nickel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 4, 1988. 6. W. L. Wiese, M. W. Smith, and B. M. Glennon, Atomic Transition Probabilities (H through Ne — A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 4, Vol. I, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966. 7. W. L. Wiese, M. W. Smith, and B. M. Miles, Atomic Transition Probabilities (Na through Ca — A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 22, Vol. II, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1969. 8. W. L. Wiese and A. W. Weiss, Phys. Rev., 175, 50, 1968. 9. M. W. Smith and W. L Wiese, Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser., 23, No. 196, 103, 1971. 10. G. A. Martin and W. L. Wiese, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 537, 1976. 11. J. R. Fuhr, H. R. Felrice, K. Olsen, J. Hwang, and S. Kotochigova, Atomic Transition Probability Bibliographic Database, . 12. W. L. Wiese, Reports on Astronomy, Trans. Int. Astron. Union, 18A, 116-123, 1982; 19A, 122-138, 1985; 20A, 117-123, 1988; 21A, 111-

10-93

Section 10.indb 93

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NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-94 116, 1991; 22A, 109-114, 1994; 23A, 13-17, 1997; 24A, 2-9, 1999; 25A, 383-391, 2003, D. Reidel, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Holland. 13. C. E. Moore, Bibliography on the Analyses of Optical Atomic Spectra, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 306 — Section 1, 1968; Sections 2-4, 1969. 14. L. Hagan and W. C. Martin, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1968 through June 1971), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, 1972; L. Hagan, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1971 through June 1975),

λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

Hydrogen HI 912.768 912.839 912.918 913.006 913.104 913.215 913.339 913.480 913.641 913.826 914.039 914.286 914.576 914.919 915.329 915.824 916.429 917.181 918.129 919.351 920.963 923.150 926.226 930.748 937.803 949.743 972.537 1025.72 1215.67 3662.26 3663.40 3664.68 3666.10 3667.68 3669.46 3671.48 3673.76 3676.36 3679.35 3682.81 3686.83 3691.55 3697.15 3703.85 3711.97

Section 10.indb 94

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 8 1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450

5.167E-06 6.122E-06 7.297E-06 8.753E-06 1.057E-05 1.286E-05 1.578E-05 1.952E-05 2.438E-05 3.077E-05 3.928E-05 5.077E-05 6.654E-05 8.858E-05 1.200E-04 1.657E-04 2.341E-04 3.393E-04 5.066E-04 7.834E-04 1.263E-03 2.143E-03 3.869E-03 7.568E-03 1.644E-02 4.125E-02 1.278E-01 5.575E-01 4.699E+00 2.847E-06 3.374E-06 4.022E-06 4.826E-06 5.830E-06 7.096E-06 8.707E-06 1.078E-05 1.347E-05 1.700E-05 2.172E-05 2.809E-05 3.685E-05 4.910E-05 6.658E-05 9.210E-05

Å 3721.94 3734.37 3750.15 3770.63 3797.90 3835.38 3889.05 3970.07 4101.73 4340.46 4861.32 6562.80 8392.40 8413.32 8437.96 8467.26 8502.49 8545.39 8598.40 8665.02 8750.48 8862.79 9014.91 9229.02 9545.97 10049.4 10938.1 12818.1 16407.2 16806.5 17362.1 18174.1 18751.0 19445.6 21655.3 26251.5 27575 28722 30384 32961 37395 40511.5 43753 46525 46712 51273 59066 74578

gi

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 18 32 32 32 50 50 50 50 50 32 72 50 72 72 72 50

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 1, 1977; R. Zalubas and A. Albright, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1975 through June 1979), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 2, 1980; A. Musgrove and R. Zalubas, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1979 through December 1983), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 3, 1985. 15. S. M. Younger and A. Weiss, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 79A, 629, 1975.

Weights

A

gk

10 s

392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 288 242 200 162 32 128 98 72 288 242 200 162 128 50 288 98 242 200 162 72

8

Weights

λ –1

1.303E-04 1.893E-04 2.834E-04 4.397E-04 7.122E-04 1.216E-03 2.215E-03 4.389E-03 9.732E-03 2.530E-02 8.419E-02 4.410E-01 1.517E-05 1.964E-05 2.580E-05 3.444E-05 4.680E-05 6.490E-05 9.211E-05 1.343E-04 2.021E-04 3.156E-04 5.156E-04 8.905E-04 1.651E-03 3.358E-03 7.783E-03 2.201E-02 1.620E-04 2.556E-04 4.235E-04 7.459E-04 8.986E-02 1.424E-03 3.041E-03 7.711E-03 1.402E-04 2.246E-04 3.800E-04 6.908E-04 1.388E-03 2.699E-02 1.288E-04 3.253E-03 2.110E-04 3.688E-04 7.065E-04 1.025E-02

Å 75004 123680

gi

gk

A 108 s–1

72 72

128 98

1.561E-03 4.561E-03

Al I 2263.5 2269.1 2269.2 2367.1 2373.1 2373.4 2568.0 2575.1 2575.4 2652.5 2660.4 3082.2 3092.7 3092.8 3944.0 3961.5 6696.0 6698.7 7835.3 7836.1

2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6

4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 6 8

6.6E-01 7.9E-01 1.3E-01 7.2E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.8E-01 4.4E-02 1.33E-01 2.64E-01 6.3E-01 7.4E-01 1.2E-01 4.93E-01 9.8E-01 1.69E-02 1.69E-02 5.7E-02 6.2E-02

Al II 1047.9 1048.6 1539.8 1670.8 1719.4 1764.0 1772.8 1777.0 *1819.0 1855.9 1858.0 1862.3 1931.0 1990.5 2816.2 4663.1 6226.2 6231.8 6243.4 6335.7 6823.4 6837.1

1 3 3 1 1 5 1 5 15 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 5

3 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 15 3 3 3 1 5 1 3 3 5 7 3 3 3

3.6E-01 4.8E-01 8.8E+00 1.46E+01 6.79E+00 9.8E+00 9.5E+00 1.7E+01 5.6E+00 8.32E-01 2.48E+00 4.12E+00 1.08E+01 1.47E+01 3.83E+00 5.3E-01 6.2E-01 8.4E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E-01 3.4E-01 5.7E-01

Aluminum

5/4/05 8:07:07 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

A

gk

10 s

1 5 3 7

8

λ –1

6920.3 7042.1 7056.7 7471.4 Al III *560.36 695.83 696.22 *1352.8 1379.7 1384.1 1605.8 1611.8 1611.9 1854.7 1862.8 *1935.9 3601.6 3601.9 3612.4

2 2 2 10 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 10 6 4 4

6 4 2 14 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 14 4 4 2

4.0E-01 7.4E-01 7.2E-01 4.40E+00 4.59E+00 9.1E+00 1.22E+01 2.42E+00 1.45E+01 5.40E+00 5.33E+00 1.22E+01 1.34E+00 1.49E-01 1.5E+00

A1 X 39.925 51.979 55.227 55.272 55.376 59.107 332.78 394.83 395.36 397.76 400.43 401.12 403.55 406.31 670.06 2535

1 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 1

3 3 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 3

2.22E+03 4.8E+03 5.2E+03 7.2E+03 9.5E+03 4.6E+03 5.6E+01 8.3E+01 1.2E+01 1.7E+01 1.3E+01 3.6E+01 4.9E+01 1.9E+01 9.8E+00 3.8E-01

Al XI *36.675 39.091 39.180 39.530 39.623 48.298 48.338 52.299 52.446 52.458 54.217 54.388 *99.083 103.6 103.8 *141.6 150.31 150.61 157.0 157.4 *205.0

2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2

6 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 6

1.5E+03 2.6E+03 3.1E+03 1.8E+02 3.7E+02 3.09E+03 3.08E+03 8.1E+03 9.6E+03 1.6E+03 4.8E+02 9.6E+02 2.2E+02 4.2E+02 5.0E+02 4.07E+02 8.5E+02 9.9E+02 1.3E+02 2.6E+02 6.3E+01

Section 10.indb 95

3 3 3 5

gi

Weights

10-95

9.6E-01 5.9E-01 5.8E-01 9.4E-01

Å *308.6 *341.3 550.05 568.12 1997 2069 *4761 5172 5551 5687

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6 2 4 2 4 2 6 4 6 4

8

9.9E+01 1.3E+02 8.55E+00 7.73E+00 1.07E+00 9.7E-01 2.55E-01 3.95E-02 3.85E-02 6.0E-03

Argon Ar I 1048.22 1066.66 3406.18 3461.08 3554.30 3563.29 3567.66 3572.30 3606.52 3632.68 3634.46 3643.12 3649.83 3659.53 3670.67 3675.23 3770.37 3834.68 3894.66 3947.50 3948.98 4044.42 4045.96 4054.53 4158.59 4164.18 4181.88 4190.71 4191.03 4198.32 4200.67 4251.18 4259.36 4266.29 4272.17 4300.10 4333.56 4335.34 4345.17 4363.79 4424.00 4510.73 4522.32 4544.75 4554.32 4584.96 4586.61

1 1 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3

3 3 1 5 5 3 7 1 1 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3

Weights

λ –1

5.36E+00 1.29E+00 3.9E-03 6.7E-04 2.7E-03 1.2E-03 1.1E-03 5.1E-03 7.6E-03 6.6E-04 1.3E-03 2.4E-04 8.0E-03 4.4E-04 3.1E-04 4.9E-04 7.0E-04 7.5E-03 5.7E-04 5.6E-04 4.55E-03 3.33E-03 4.1E-04 2.7E-04 1.40E-02 2.88E-03 5.61E-03 2.80E-03 5.39E-03 2.57E-02 9.67E-03 1.11E-03 3.98E-02 3.12E-03 7.97E-03 3.77E-03 5.68E-03 3.87E-03 2.97E-03 1.2E-04 7.3E-05 1.18E-02 8.98E-04 8.3E-04 3.8E-04 1.6E-03 2.3E-03

Å 4587.21 4589.29 4596.10 4628.44 4642.15 4647.49 4702.32 4746.82 4752.94 4768.68 4798.74 4835.97 4836.70 4876.26 4886.29 4887.95 4894.69 4921.04 4937.72 4956.75 4989.95 5032.03 5048.81 5054.18 5056.53 5060.08 5070.99 5073.08 5078.03 5087.09 5104.74 5118.21 5127.80 5151.39 5152.30 5162.29 5177.54 5192.72 5194.02 5210.49 5214.77 5216.28 5221.27 5241.09 5246.24 5249.20 5252.79 5254.47 5286.07 5290.00 5309.52 5317.73 5373.50 5393.27 5410.48 5421.35 5439.99 5442.24 5451.65 5457.42

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 3 3 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 7 3 3 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 3 7 3 5

gi

1 5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 9 9 5 5 9 3 1 7 5 9 7 5 5 3 1 9 3 5 7 7 5 7 5 1 5 3 5 7 1 7 3 3 9 5 7 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 7 5 3 7 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1 4.9E-03 6.2E-05 9.47E-04 3.83E-04 9.6E-04 1.2E-03 1.09E-03 3.6E-03 4.5E-03 8.6E-03 8.8E-04 9.3E-04 1.02E-03 7.8E-03 1.2E-03 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 5.9E-04 3.6E-04 1.8E-03 1.1E-03 8.2E-04 4.6E-03 4.5E-03 5.7E-03 3.7E-03 2.6E-03 5.9E-04 4.7E-04 1.6E-03 8.7E-04 2.7E-03 3.3E-04 2.39E-02 1.1E-03 1.90E-02 2.4E-03 1.2E-04 7.8E-03 1.1E-03 2.1E-03 1.3E-03 8.8E-03 1.3E-03 1.2E-03 7.9E-04 5.4E-03 3.6E-03 9.6E-04 9.0E-04 1.2E-03 2.6E-03 2.7E-03 9.6E-04 2.0E-03 6.0E-03 1.9E-03 9.3E-04 4.7E-03 3.6E-03

5/4/05 8:07:09 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-96 λ Å 5459.65 5467.16 5473.46 5490.12 5492.09 5495.87 5506.11 5524.96 5528.97 5534.49 5540.87 5552.77 5558.70 5559.66 5572.54 5574.22 5581.87 5588.72 5597.48 5606.73 5618.01 5620.92 5623.78 5635.58 5637.33 5639.12 5641.39 5648.69 5650.70 5659.13 5681.90 5683.73 5700.87 5712.51 5739.52 5772.11 5773.99 5783.54 5789.48 5790.40 5802.08 5843.77 5882.62 5888.58 5916.58 5927.11 5928.81 5940.86 5942.67 5943.89 5949.26 5964.48 5968.32 5971.60 5981.90 5987.30 5988.13 5994.66 5999.00 6005.73

Section 10.indb 96

7 5 5 5 3 7 5 7 1 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 1 5 7 3 1 3 3 5 7 3 3 5 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 5 1 9 7 7 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 7 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 7 7 5 5 5 3

8

λ –1

3.8E-04 7.6E-04 2.0E-03 8.5E-04 5.6E-03 1.69E-02 3.6E-03 1.7E-03 1.2E-03 2.7E-03 4.1E-04 7.9E-04 1.42E-02 2.2E-03 6.6E-03 4.6E-04 5.6E-04 1.5E-03 4.2E-03 2.20E-02 2.1E-03 3.6E-03 1.4E-03 9.6E-04 9.1E-04 2.1E-03 8.7E-04 1.2E-03 3.20E-02 2.6E-03 2.0E-03 2.0E-03 5.9E-03 8.7E-04 8.7E-03 2.0E-03 1.1E-03 8.1E-04 4.6E-04 3.4E-04 4.2E-03 3.3E-04 1.23E-02 1.29E-02 5.9E-04 3.7E-04 1.1E-02 1.2E-03 1.8E-03 3.6E-04 1.5E-03 7.7E-04 1.8E-03 1.1E-02 1.2E-04 1.2E-03 6.1E-04 2.6E-04 1.4E-03 1.4E-03

Å 6013.68 6025.15 6043.22 6052.73 6064.76 6081.25 6085.86 6090.79 6098.81 6101.16 6104.58 6105.64 6113.46 6119.66 6121.86 6127.42 6128.73 6145.44 6155.24 6165.12 6170.17 6173.10 6179.41 6212.50 6215.94 6230.93 6243.40 6244.73 6248.41 6278.65 6296.87 6307.66 6309.14 6364.89 6369.58 6384.72 6416.31 6431.56 6466.55 6481.14 6513.85 6538.11 6596.12 6598.68 6604.02 6604.85 6632.09 6656.88 6660.68 6664.05 6677.28 6684.73 6698.47 6698.88 6719.22 6722.88 6752.84 6754.37 6756.10 6766.61

7 5 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 1 3 7 7 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 7 5 7 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 5 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 5 1 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3

8

Weights

λ –1

1.4E-03 9.0E-03 1.47E-02 1.9E-03 5.8E-04 7.5E-04 9.0E-05 3.0E-03 5.2E-03 3.3E-03 3.4E-03 1.21E-02 4.7E-04 5.1E-04 1.3E-04 1.1E-03 8.6E-04 7.6E-03 5.1E-03 9.89E-04 5.0E-03 6.7E-03 6.6E-04 3.9E-03 5.7E-03 1.2E-04 1.3E-03 2.0E-04 6.8E-04 2.0E-04 9.0E-03 6.0E-03 7.6E-04 5.6E-03 4.2E-03 4.21E-03 1.16E-02 5.1E-04 1.5E-03 9.4E-04 5.4E-04 1.1E-03 2.3E-04 3.6E-04 2.8E-03 1.3E-04 5.3E-04 3.1E-04 7.8E-03 1.5E-03 2.36E-03 3.9E-04 2.5E-04 1.6E-03 2.4E-03 3.2E-04 1.93E-02 2.1E-03 3.6E-03 4.0E-03

Å 6779.93 6818.29 6827.25 6851.88 6871.29 6879.59 6887.10 6888.17 6925.01 6937.67 6951.46 6960.23 6965.43 6992.17 7030.25 7067.22 7068.73 7086.70 7107.48 7125.83 7147.04 7158.83 7162.57 7206.98 7229.93 7265.17 7270.66 7272.93 7285.44 7311.72 7316.01 7350.78 7353.32 7372.12 7383.98 7392.97 7412.33 7422.26 7425.29 7435.33 7436.25 7471.17 7484.24 7503.84 7510.42 7514.65 7618.33 7628.86 7635.11 7670.04 7704.81 7723.76 7724.21 7798.55 7868.20 7891.08 7916.45 7948.18 8006.16 8014.79

1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 3 5 3 1 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 1 5 3 1 3 5

gi

3 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 1 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 5

gk

A 108 s–1 1.21E-03 2.0E-03 2.4E-03 6.7E-04 2.78E-02 1.8E-03 1.3E-03 2.5E-03 1.2E-03 3.08E-02 2.2E-03 2.4E-03 6.39E-02 7.5E-03 2.67E-02 3.80E-02 2.0E-02 1.5E-03 4.5E-03 6.0E-03 6.25E-03 2.1E-02 5.8E-04 2.48E-02 6.6E-04 1.7E-03 1.1E-03 1.83E-02 1.2E-03 1.7E-02 9.6E-03 1.2E-02 9.6E-03 1.9E-02 8.47E-02 7.2E-03 3.9E-03 6.6E-04 3.1E-03 9.0E-03 2.7E-03 2.2E-04 3.4E-03 4.45E-01 4.5E-03 4.02E-01 2.9E-03 2.9E-03 2.45E-01 2.8E-03 6.3E-04 5.18E-02 1.17E-01 8.7E-04 3.50E-03 9.5E-03 1.2E-03 1.86E-01 4.90E-02 9.28E-02

5/4/05 8:07:11 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 8037.23 8046.13 8053.31 8066.60 8103.69 8115.31 8264.52 8384.73 8408.21 8424.65 8490.30 8521.44 8605.78 8620.46 8667.94 8761.69 8784.61 8799.08 8962.19 9075.42 9122.97 9194.64 9224.50 9291.53 9354.22 9657.78 9784.50 10470.05 10478.0 10950.7 11078.9 11393.7 11441.8 11467.5 11488.11 11668.7 11719.5 12026.6 12112.2 12139.8 12343.7 12402.9 12439.2 12456.1 12487.6 12554.4 12702.4 12733.6 12746.3 12802.7 12933.3 12956.6 13008.5 13214.7 13273.1 13313.4 13504.0 13599.2 13622.4 13678.5

Section 10.indb 97

1 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 1 7 3 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 1 3 5 3 7 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 5 7 5 5 5

8

10-97 λ

–1

3.59E-03 1.12E-02 8.6E-03 1.4E-03 2.5E-01 3.31E-01 1.53E-01 2.4E-03 2.23E-01 2.15E-01 9.6E-04 1.39E-01 1.04E-02 9.2E-03 2.43E-02 9.5E-03 2.4E-03 4.6E-03 1.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.89E-01 1.76E-02 5.03E-02 3.26E-02 1.06E-02 5.43E-02 1.47E-02 9.8E-03 2.44E-02 3.96E-03 8.3E-03 2.22E-02 1.39E-02 3.69E-03 1.9E-03 3.76E-02 9.52E-03 4.2E-03 3.1E-02 4.5E-02 2.0E-02 1.1E-01 4.9E-02 8.9E-02 1.1E-01 1.2E-03 7.1E-02 1.1E-02 2.0E-02 5.7E-02 1.0E-01 7.4E-02 8.9E-02 8.1E-02 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 1.1E-01 2.2E-02 7.3E-02 6.2E-02

Å 14093.6 14739.1 15046.4 15172.3 15329.6 15555.5 15734.9 15816.8 15989.3 16122.7 16180.0 16264.1 16520.1 16739.8 16940.4 20317.0 20616.5 20812.0 21332.2 21534.9 22039.2 22077.4 23133.4 23844.8 23967.5

1 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 9 3

Ar II 2317.7 2891.6 2942.9 2979.1 3033.5 3139.0 3169.7 3181.0 3212.5 3221.6 3226.0 3243.7 3249.8 3263.6 3281.7 3430.4 3454.1 3466.3 3476.7 3491.2 3491.5 3509.8 3514.4 3520.0 3521.3 3535.3 3548.5 3550.0 3556.9 3559.5 3565.0 3576.6 3581.6

6 4 4 2 2 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 2 6 2 6 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 3 7 1 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 8 4 6 6 4 8 2 6 6 8 4 4 6 2 8 4 8 4

8

Weights

λ –1

4.3E-02 8.8E-04 5.2E-02 1.3E-02 1.2E-03 9.8E-05 2.9E-04 8.7E-04 1.9E-02 3.9E-04 1.2E-03 3.0E-04 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 2.5E-02 1.6E-03 3.9E-03 7.6E-04 3.2E-04 1.1E-03 1.2E-03 1.4E-03 1.7E-03 1.1E-02 3.6E-03 1.4E-01 1.82E-01 5.3E-01 4.16E-01 9.9E-02 5.2E-01 4.9E-01 3.7E-01 5.2E-02 1.8E-02 2.1E-02 1.06E+00 6.3E-01 1.55E-01 4.2E-01 6.2E-02 3.14E-01 3.0E-02 1.25E+00 1.79E+00 2.31E+00 2.55E+00 1.36E+00 5.2E-01 2.27E-01 5.7E-01 8.7E-01 2.6E-02 5.0E-02 2.88E+00 5.5E-01 2.75E+00 1.76E+00

Å 3582.4 3588.4 3605.9 3656.0 3682.5 3709.9 3717.2 3729.3 3746.9 3763.5 3766.1 3777.5 3780.8 3786.4 3799.4 3808.6 3826.8 3841.5 3844.7 3845.4 3850.6 3868.5 3872.1 3875.3 3880.3 3891.4 3892.0 3900.6 3911.6 3914.8 3928.6 3931.2 3932.5 3944.3 3952.7 3958.4 3968.4 3979.4 3988.2 3992.1 4013.9 4031.4 4035.5 4038.8 4042.9 4045.7 4052.9 4065.1 4072.0 4079.6 4082.4 4112.8 4128.6 4131.7 4178.4 4202.0 4228.2 4237.2 4266.5 4277.5

4 8 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 8 4 2 8 8 6 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 8 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 8 4 6 2 4 4 6 6

gi

6 10 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 4 2 8 6 4 6 6 2 8 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 6 6 8 2 6 8 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 4 6 4

gk

A 108 s–1 2.53E+00 3.03E+00 4.4E-02 7.6E-02 1.7E-02 4.7E-02 5.2E-02 4.80E-01 2.1E-02 1.78E-01 7.4E-02 1.1E-02 7.7E-01 1.5E-02 1.7E-01 1.0E-02 2.81E-01 2.69E-01 4.8E-02 1.6E-02 3.87E-01 1.4E+00 1.5E-01 8.2E-02 2.32E-01 4.3E-02 6.3E-02 7.2E-02 7.7E-02 3.7E-02 2.44E-01 2.0E-02 9.3E-01 4.1E-02 2.08E-01 3.8E-02 4.8E-02 9.8E-01 4.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.05E-01 7.5E-02 4.4E-02 1.2E-02 4.06E-01 1.6E-02 6.7E-01 1.1E-02 5.8E-01 1.19E-01 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 1.4E-02 8.5E-01 1.2E-02 2.1E-02 1.31E-01 1.12E-01 1.64E-01 8.0E-01

5/4/05 8:07:13 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-98 λ Å 4282.9 4300.6 4331.2 4332.0 4348.1 4352.2 4362.1 4370.8 4371.3 4376.0 4379.7 4383.8 4400.1 4401.0 4412.9 4420.9 4426.0 4430.2 4431.0 4460.6 4474.8 4481.8 4491.0 4530.5 4545.1 4579.4 4589.9 4598.8 4609.6 4637.2 4657.9 4726.9 4732.1 4735.9 4764.9 4806.0 4847.8 4879.9 4889.0 4904.8 4933.2 4965.1 4972.2 5009.3 5017.2 5017.6 5062.0 5141.8 5145.3 5176.2 6103.5 6114.9 6138.7 6172.3 6243.1 6483.1 6638.2 6639.7 6643.7 6666.4

Section 10.indb 98

gi

4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 8 6 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 2 10 6 8 8 4 6 4 10 2

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 6 4 2 8 2 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 6 6 2 8 4 6 6 2 4 2 8 2

8

λ –1

1.32E-01 5.7E-02 5.74E-01 1.92E-01 1.17E+00 2.12E-01 5.5E-02 6.6E-01 2.21E-01 2.05E-01 1.00E+00 1.1E-02 1.60E-01 3.04E-01 6.1E-02 3.1E-02 8.17E-01 5.69E-01 1.09E-01 1.5E-02 2.90E-01 4.55E-01 4.6E-02 2.1E-02 4.71E-01 8.0E-01 6.64E-01 6.7E-02 7.89E-01 7.1E-02 8.92E-01 5.88E-01 6.7E-02 5.80E-01 6.4E-01 7.80E-01 8.49E-01 8.23E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-02 1.44E-01 3.94E-01 9.7E-02 1.51E-01 2.07E-01 1.1E-02 2.23E-01 8.1E-02 1.06E-01 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 2.00E-01 1.2E-02 2.00E-01 3.0E-02 1.06E-01 1.37E-01 1.69E-01 1.47E-01 8.8E-02

Å 6684.3 6756.6 6863.5 7233.5 7380.4 7589.3

8 4 6 2 4 6

Ar III 769.15 871.10 875.53 878.73 879.62 883.18 887.40 3024.1 3027.2 3054.8 3064.8 3078.2 3285.9 3301.9 3311.3 3336.1 3344.7 3352.1 3358.5 3361.3 3472.6 3480.6 3499.7 3500.6 3502.7 3503.6 3511.7

5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 7

Ar IV 840.03 843.77 850.60 Ar VI 292.15 294.05

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6 4 6 4 4 4 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 9 7 7 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 5

8

Weights

λ –1

1.07E-01 2.0E-02 2.5E-02 3.7E-02 5.6E-02 1.07E-01 6.0E+00 1.59E+00 3.74E+00 2.79E+00 9.2E-01 1.22E+00 9.0E-01 2.6E+00 6.4E-01 1.9E+00 1.0E+00 1.4E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 2.2E-01 1.6E+00 3.0E-01 2.0E-01 1.6E+00 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 4.3E-01 1.2E+00 2.6E-01

4 4 4

2 4 6

2.73E+00 2.70E+00 2.63E+00

2 4

2 2

6.9E+01 1.36E+02

Ar VII *250.41 *477.54 585.75 *637.30

9 9 1 9

3 15 3 9

2.78E+02 9.92E+01 7.83E+01 6.7E+01

Ar VIII 158.92 159.18 229.44 230.88 337.09 337.26 338.22 519.43 526.46 526.87 700.24

2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2

4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4

1.1E+02 1.11E+02 1.12E+02 2.21E+02 1.2E+01 1.0E+02 1.1E+02 6.3E+01 7.2E+01 1.2E+01 2.55E+01

Å 713.81 Ar IX 48.739

2

gi

2

gk

A 108 s–1 2.4E+01

1

3

1.69E+03

Ar XIII 162.96 *163.08 184.90 186.38 *207.89 *245.10

5 9 5 1 9 9

3 3 5 3 9 15

3.4E+02 5.3E+02 1.66E+02 8.8E+01 9.5E+01 3.7E+01

Ar XIV 180.29 183.41 187.95 191.35 194.39 203.35

2 2 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 2 2

4.5E+01 1.69E+02 1.97E+02 7.5E+01 4.6E+01 7.8E+01

Ar XV 25.05 221.10 *265.3

1 1 9

3 3 9

1.7E+04 9.55E+01 8.1E+01

Ar XVI *23.52 *24.96 353.88 389.11 1268 1401 2975 3514

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

1.43E+04 4.4E+04 1.5E+01 1.1E+01 1.9E+00 1.4E+00 9.0E-02 6.5E-02

4 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 4

6 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2

2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.8E+00 3.5E-01 3.1E+00 6.0E-01 4.2E-01 7.2E-02 1.2E-01 2.6E-01 7.8E-01 5.5E-01 9.9E-02

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2.62E-04 2.44E-04 2.55E-04 2.57E-04 2.50E-04 2.91E-04 3.15E-04 3.41E-04

Arsenic As I 1890.4 1937.6 1972.6 2288.1 2344.0 2349.8 2369.7 2370.8 2456.5 2492.9 2745.0 2780.2 2860.4 2898.7 Barium Ba I 2380.66 2380.75 2380.86 2380.97 2381.08 2381.21 2381.34 2381.48

5/4/05 8:07:16 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 2381.63 2381.79 2381.97 2382.15 2382.36 2382.57 2382.80 2383.06 2383.34 2383.63 2383.96 2384.32 2384.71 2385.15 2385.62 2386.15 2386.74 2387.40 2388.13 2388.96 2399.39 2402.07 2405.30 2409.23 2414.08 2420.11 2427.41 2438.81 2452.33 2472.74 3071.58 3501.11 3889.33 4132.43 4175.69 4175.91 4176.12 4176.36 4176.60 4176.86 4177.15 4177.44 4177.74 4178.07 4178.43 4178.80 4179.20 4179.64 4180.09 4180.57 4181.09 4181.66 4182.27 4182.94 4183.64 4184.40 4185.25 4186.16 4187.15 4188.25

Section 10.indb 99

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

8

10-99 λ

–1

3.22E-04 3.44E-04 3.39E-04 3.63E-04 3.64E-04 3.14E-04 3.69E-04 3.57E-04 3.37E-04 3.70E-04 3.20E-04 2.97E-04 3.00E-04 2.50E-04 2.30E-04 2.03E-04 1.87E-04 1.37E-04 9.66E-05 8.37E-05 1.10E-04 4.60E-04 4.90E-04 8.60E-04 1.50E-03 2.30E-03 5.60E-03 1.40E-03 8.10E-04 4.60E-03 4.20E-01 3.50E-01 1.10E-02 1.50E-02 1.97E-04 1.98E-04 2.08E-04 2.19E-04 2.26E-04 2.48E-04 2.77E-04 3.03E-04 3.14E-04 3.07E-04 3.64E-04 4.01E-04 4.31E-04 4.46E-04 4.53E-04 4.55E-04 4.99E-04 5.42E-04 6.11E-04 6.65E-04 6.70E-04 7.93E-04 8.43E-04 9.24E-04 9.90E-04 1.03E-03

Å 4189.44 4190.76 4192.20 4193.81 4195.59 4323.00 4402.54 4488.98 4493.64 4573.85 4579.64 4599.72 4619.92 4700.42 4726.43 4801.30 4902.85 5169.53 5519.04 5535.48 5777.62 5784.04 5800.23 5826.27 5971.70 5997.09 6019.47 6063.11 6083.39 6129.23 6309.36 6341.68 6450.85 6498.76 6527.31 6527.40 6595.33 6675.27 6693.84 6986.80 7059.94 7120.33 7195.23 7213.60 7280.30 7392.41 7417.54 7488.08 7528.18 7610.48 7644.90 7672.09 7780.48 7877.80 7905.75 8147.70 8560.00 8654.08 9370.12 9645.60

gi

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 15 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 9 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 1 1 3 7 5 7 5 15 3 3 5 3 9 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 5 5

8

Weights

λ –1

1.13E-03 1.28E-03 1.36E-03 1.58E-03 1.78E-03 8.80E-02 2.70E-01 2.80E-01 1.95E-01 1.21E+00 7.00E-01 4.07E-01 2.70E-02 6.10E-02 3.30E-01 1.39E-01 5.40E-02 9.00E-04 5.70E-01 1.19E+00 8.00E-01 2.10E-01 2.39E-01 4.50E-01 1.62E-01 2.80E-01 8.10E-01 5.60E-01 1.10E-01 6.00E-02 2.00E-04 1.16E-01 1.10E-01 5.40E-01 3.30E-01 6.15E-01 3.80E-01 1.89E-01 1.46E-01 5.20E-03 5.00E-01 1.10E-01 5.60E-02 6.50E-04 3.20E-01 1.81E-01 7.70E-03 7.30E-02 2.70E-02 1.10E-02 5.03E-01 1.52E-01 7.60E-02 1.60E-02 2.65E-01 6.30E-02 2.00E-01 3.10E-03 7.60E-02 1.10E-01

Å 9704.31 9821.48 10370.30 10540.10 10649.10 11075.70 11303.00 11373.70 12342.30 14723.10 14999.90 17186.90 18202.80 21567.70 30685.30

3 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5

Ba II 1622.43 1630.36 1761.74 1771.10 1786.95 1892.49 1954.28 1955.05 1985.75 1999.55 2009.28 2024.06 2052.75 2054.09 2079.98 2153.93 2200.89 2214.76 2232.79 2235.38 2245.69 2254.78 2285.99 2528.41 2634.78 2641.37 2647.26 2771.35 3390.18 3412.44 3413.95 3552.45 3576.28 3578.57 3891.78 4130.65 4166.00 4216.07 4267.92 4309.26 4325.75 4329.56 4524.93

2 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 4 2 6 8 4 4 2

gi

1 1 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 6 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 8 10 6 4 2

gk

A 108 s–1 1.60E-01 5.50E-02 1.30E-02 1.80E-02 2.70E-02 3.10E-05 1.10E-03 1.30E-01 9.00E-04 8.60E-03 2.50E-03 2.70E-02 1.20E-02 2.60E-03 6.50E-03 2.46E-02 2.42E-02 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 9.00E-02 1.30E-01 1.40E-01 2.40E-02 2.00E-01 7.12E-02 6.51E-02 6.86E-02 2.20E-01 3.70E-02 1.17E-01 3.43E-01 1.13E-01 1.60E-02 3.69E-01 6.13E-02 1.60E-01 1.40E-01 2.03E-01 6.91E-01 7.33E-01 1.21E-01 2.26E-01 3.95E-01 4.54E-03 4.77E-03 3.18E-04 3.87E-03 4.07E-03 2.71E-04 2.17E+00 2.18E+00 3.54E-01 5.09E-02 3.10E-01 3.10E-01 5.65E-02 9.39E-03 6.63E-01

5/4/05 8:07:18 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-100 λ Å 4554.03 4708.90 4843.48 4847.19 4850.92 4899.93 4934.08 4957.09 4997.79 5012.95 5185.06 5267.01 5361.35 5391.59 5413.57 5421.06 5428.84 5480.25 5784.15 5853.67 5981.26 5999.91 6135.60 6141.71 6378.92 6496.90 6769.48 6874.08 6995.14 7115.03 8496.80 8591.43 8661.90 8703.69 8710.77 8719.12 8737.75 8760.61 8897.46 9603.12 10115.00 10212.80 10709.80 10768.00 10769.70 10993.40 11088.50 11127.50 11519.50 11577.10 11931.90 12475.00 13057.80 14211.50 17738.90 18530.70 18729.70 19642.60 19845.10 22994.70

Section 10.indb 100

2 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 2 4 6 6 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 8 6 8 2 6 6 4 6 4 4 8 6 2 4 4 6 2 6 8 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 6 8 2 4 4 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 6 2 4 2 2 8 2 10 4 2 6 8 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 8 10 8 10 4 6 4 6 8 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 8 10 4 6 4 2

8

λ –1

1.11E+00 8.47E-02 9.34E-02 3.49E-02 1.55E-02 1.04E+00 9.53E-01 5.13E-01 6.37E-02 5.15E-01 1.10E-02 1.00E-02 4.01E-02 4.22E-02 9.21E-05 2.77E-03 1.92E-03 1.78E-03 1.59E-01 6.00E-02 1.73E-01 2.86E-02 6.64E-02 4.12E-01 1.18E-01 3.10E-01 9.35E-01 9.26E-01 8.90E-03 8.80E-03 3.31E-02 6.19E-04 1.27E-02 3.69E-02 7.88E-01 6.12E-03 7.29E-01 1.17E-02 4.93E-02 4.16E-01 4.27E-01 6.92E-02 9.90E-05 5.56E-02 2.04E-03 1.83E-03 6.11E-02 1.01E-02 2.47E-02 1.75E-01 4.44E-02 2.80E-01 2.14E-01 1.66E-01 2.16E-01 1.96E-01 1.23E-01 1.28E-01 2.07E-02 6.18E-02

Å 24612.50 24699.00 25923.20 27687.20 29058.90 30196.00 42934.70 43294.30 47520.80

4 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 6

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 2 4 4 2 2 8 6 6

8

4.75E-03 9.98E-02 3.66E-02 6.10E-02 2.89E-02 4.70E-02 4.82E-03 4.39E-03 2.37E-04

Beryllium Be I 1491.8 1661.5 2348.6 *2494.7 *2650.6 4572.7 Be II 1197.1 1197.2 1512.3 1512.4 1776.1 1776.3 *2453.8 3046.5 3046.7 3130.4 3131.1 3241.6 3241.8 3274.6 3274.7 4360.7 4361.0 *5255.9 5270.3 5270.8 6279.4 6279.7 6756.7 6757.1 7401.2 7401.4

1 1 1 9 9 3

3 3 3 15 9 5

1.3E-02 2.0E-01 5.55E+00 1.6E+00 4.24E+00 7.9E-01

2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2

2 2 4 6 2 2 6 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2

4.7E-01 9.4E-01 9.2E+00 1.1E+01 1.4E+00 2.9E+00 1.42E-01 4.8E-01 5.9E-01 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.41E-01 2.8E-01 1.9E-01 1.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.1E+00 2.56E-02 3.30E-01 6.6E-01 1.2E-01 1.43E-01 5.1E-02 1.02E-01 3.0E-02 3.0E-02

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

6 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 2

1.2E+00 6.0E-02 9.9E-01 9.1E-01 2.6E-02 8.9E-01 2.6E+00 2.5E-01 4.3E-02 4.7E-01 6.4E-02 3.09E-01

Bismuth Bi I 1954.5 2021.2 2061.7 2110.3 2177.3 2228.3 2230.6 2276.6 2515.7 2627.9 2696.8 2780.5

Weights

λ –1

Å 2798.7 2898.0 2938.3 2989.0 2993.3 3024.6 3067.7 3076.7 3397.2 3402.9 3510.9 3596.1 3888.2 4121.5 4308.5 4493.0 4722.5 6134.8

6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 4 4

gi

6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1 3.6E-02 1.53E+00 1.23E+00 5.5E-01 1.6E-01 8.8E-01 2.07E+00 3.5E-02 1.81E-01 1.6E-02 6.8E-02 1.98E-01 6.9E-02 1.64E-01 1.6E-02 1.5E-02 1.17E-01 1.8E-02

Boron BI 1378.6 1378.9 1378.9 1379.2 1465.5 1465.7 1465.8 1825.9 1826.4 2088.9 2089.6 2496.8 2497.7

2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 2

3.50E+00 1.40E+01 1.75E+01 7.0E+00 3.34E+00 6.7E+00 1.00E+01 1.76E+00 2.11E+00 2.8E-01 3.3E-01 8.64E-01 1.73E+00

4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 6 2 2

4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 8 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2

1.2E+00 1.4E+00 2.0E-01 2.1E-02 8.1E-02 7.5E-03 4.2E-03 7.5E-03 9.3E-03 1.3E-02 2.8E-03 7.2E-03 1.6E-02 5.4E-03 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 7.6E-03 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 5.3E-02 1.9E-01 3.8E-02 2.2E-01

Bromine Br I 1488.5 1540.7 1574.8 1576.4 1633.4 4365.1 4425.1 4441.7 4472.6 4477.7 4513.4 4525.6 4575.7 4614.6 4979.8 5245.1 5345.4 7348.5 7513.0 7803.0 7938.7 8131.5 8343.7

5/4/05 8:07:20 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 8446.6 8638.7 Br II 4704.9 4785.5 4816.7

4 6

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4

8

λ –1

1.2E-01 9.7E-02

5 5 5

7 5 3

1.1E+00 9.4E-01 1.1E+00

Cd I 2288.0 2836.9 2880.8 2881.2 2980.6 2981.4 3261.1 3403.7 3466.2 3467.7 3610.5 3612.9 4140.5 4662.4 4678.1 4799.9 5085.8 6438.5

1 1 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 3

3 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5

5.3E+00 2.8E-01 4.2E-01 2.4E-01 5.9E-01 1.5E-01 4.06E-03 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 6.7E-01 1.3E+00 3.5E-01 4.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.3E-01 4.1E-01 5.6E-01 5.9E-01

Cd II 2144.4 2265.0 2572.9 2748.5 4415.6

2 2 2 4 4

4 2 2 2 6

2.8E+00 3.0E+00 1.7E+00 2.8E+00 1.4E-02

Cadmium

Calcium Ca I 2275.5 2995.0 2997.3 2999.6 3000.9 3006.9 3009.2 3344.5 3350.2 3361.9 3624.1 3630.8 3631.0 3644.4 3644.8 3870.5 3957.1 3973.7 4092.6 4094.9 4098.5 4108.5 4226.7 4283.0

Section 10.indb 101

1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 1 3

3 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 5 7 9 7 3 5

10-101

3.01E-01 3.67E-01 2.41E-01 2.79E-01 1.58E+00 7.5E-01 4.30E-01 1.51E-01 1.78E-01 2.23E-01 2.12E-01 2.97E-01 1.53E-01 3.55E-01 9.4E-02 7.2E-02 9.8E-02 1.75E-01 1.1E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E-01 9.0E-01 2.18E+00 4.34E-01

Å 4289.4 4299.0 4302.5 4307.7 4318.7 4355.1 4425.4 4435.0 4435.7 4454.8 4455.9 4526.9 4578.6 4581.4 4585.9 4685.3 4878.1 5041.6 5188.9 5261.7 5262.2 5264.2 5265.6 5270.3 5582.0 5588.8 5590.1 5594.5 5598.5 5601.3 5602.9 5857.5 6102.7 6122.2 6161.3 6162.2 6163.8 6166.4 6169.1 6169.6 6439.1 6449.8 6462.6 6471.7 6493.8 6499.7

1 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 7 3 5

Ca II 1341.9 1342.5 1649.9 1652.0 1673.9 1680.1 1680.1 1807.3 1814.5 1814.7 1843.1 1850.7

2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 5 1 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 1 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 9 5 7 7 5 5 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2

8

Weights

λ –1

6.0E-01 4.66E-01 1.36E+00 1.99E+00 7.4E-01 1.9E-01 4.98E-01 6.7E-01 3.42E-01 8.7E-01 2.0E-01 4.1E-01 1.76E-01 2.09E-01 2.29E-01 8.0E-02 1.88E-01 3.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E-01 6.0E-01 9.1E-02 4.4E-01 5.0E-01 6.0E-02 4.9E-01 8.3E-02 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 8.6E-02 1.4E-01 6.6E-01 9.6E-02 2.87E-01 3.3E-02 3.54E-01 5.6E-02 2.2E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 5.3E-01 9.0E-02 4.7E-01 5.9E-02 4.4E-01 8.1E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 3.2E-03 3.1E-03 2.24E-01 2.65E-01 4.41E-02 3.54E-01 4.2E-01 7.0E-02 1.6E-01 3.08E-01

Å

gi

4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2

gk

A 108 s–1

2103.2 2112.8 2113.2 2197.8 2208.6 3158.9 3179.3 3181.3 3706.0 3736.9 3933.7 3968.5

2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2

8.2E-01 9.7E-01 1.6E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01 3.1E+00 3.6E+00 5.8E-01 8.8E-01 1.7E+00 1.47E+00 1.4E+00

Ca III 357.97 439.69 490.55

1 1 1

3 3 3

8.8E+02 1.9E-01 1.6E-02

Ca V 558.60 637.93 643.12 646.57 647.88 651.55 656.76

5 5 3 5 3 1 3

3 3 1 5 3 3 5

2.2E+01 3.9E+00 9.1E+00 6.9E+00 2.3E+00 2.9E+00 2.1E+00

Ca VII 550.20 624.39 630.54 630.79 639.15 640.41

5 1 3 3 5 5

5 3 5 3 7 5

1.8E+01 3.3E+00 4.5E+00 2.2E+00 5.7E+00 1.3E+00

Ca VIII 182.71 184.16

2 4

2 2

1.6E+02 3.2E+02

Ca IX 163.23 371.89 373.81 378.08 395.03 466.24 498.01 506.18 515.57

5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 5

3 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 3

3.76E+02 8.8E+01 1.16E+02 1.5E+02 2.2E+02 1.12E+02 2.49E+01 7.2E+01 3.75E+01

Ca X 110.96 111.20 151.84 153.02 206.57 206.75 207.39 411.70 419.75 420.47 557.76 574.01

2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2

4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2

2.9E+02 2.92E+02 2.3E+02 4.5E+02 2.9E+01 2.6E+02 2.8E+02 8.3E+01 9.5E+01 1.6E+01 3.50E+01 3.2E+01

5/4/05 8:07:22 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-102 λ Å Ca XI 30.448 30.867 35.212 Ca XII 140.05 147.27

Weights

A

gk

10 s

gi

8

λ –1

1 1 1

3 3 3

6.2E+03 4.9E+04 2.0E+03

4 2

2 2

3.7E+02 1.6E+02

Ca XV 141.69 *142.23 161.00

5 9 5

3 3 5

4.08E+02 6.3E+02 1.9E+02

Ca XVII 19.558 21.198 192.82 218.82 223.02 228.72 232.83 244.06

1 3 1 3 1 3 5 5

3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3

3.8E+04 4.9E+04 1.21E+02 2.76E+01 3.44E+01 2.37E+01 6.5E+01 3.28E+01

Ca XVIII *18.71 *19.74 302.19 344.76

2 6 2 2

6 10 4 2

2.31E+04 7.0E+04 2.0E+01 1.3E+01

1 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 5

3 3 3 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 3 7 5

3.79E+00 1.14E+01 1.89E+01 1.22E+00 5.32E-01 1.70E+00 4.42E-01 3.71E-01 7.06E-01 1.27E+00 1.03E-02 1.27E+00 1.73E+00 9.12E-01 2.31E+00 6.35E-01 5.56E-02 1.10E-01 3.08E-01 3.11E-01 5.77E-01 1.73E-01 8.22E-01 3.33E-01 7.95E-01 2.41E+00 1.79E+00 1.00E+00 1.04E+00 1.57E-01

Carbon CI 945.191 945.338 945.579 1193.24 1260.74 1260.93 1261.00 1261.12 1261.43 1261.55 1274.11 1277.25 1277.28 1277.51 1277.55 1277.72 1277.95 1279.23 1279.89 1280.14 1280.33 1280.40 1280.60 1280.85 1328.83 1329.09 1329.58 1329.60 1355.84 1364.16

Section 10.indb 102

Å 1431.60 1432.10 1432.53 1459.03 1463.34 1467.40 1468.41 1470.09 1472.23 1481.76 1560.31 1561.34 1561.44 1656.27 1656.93 1657.01 1657.38 1657.91 1658.12 1751.83 1763.91 1765.37 1930.90 2478.56 2902.23 2903.27 2905.00 4371.37 4762.31 4762.53 4766.67 4770.03 4771.74 4775.90 4812.92 4817.37 4826.80 4932.05 5023.84 5039.06 5041.48 5041.79 5052.17 5380.34 5545.05 5668.94 5793.12 5794.47 5800.23 5800.60 5805.20 6001.12 6006.02 6007.18 6010.68 6013.17 6013.21 6014.83 6016.45 6587.61

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 1 5 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 3 7 7 5 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 3 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 3 3 1 9 9 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 9 3 7 3

8

Weights

λ –1

2.11E+00 2.01E+00 2.11E+00 4.76E-01 1.88E+00 5.49E-01 3.90E-02 1.37E-02 8.01E-03 3.92E-01 6.57E-01 2.94E-01 1.18E+00 8.58E-01 1.13E+00 2.52E+00 8.64E-01 3.43E+00 1.44E+00 9.07E-01 3.59E-02 1.04E-02 3.51E+00 3.40E-01 4.32E-03 1.29E-02 2.15E-02 1.27E-02 3.37E-03 2.72E-03 2.36E-03 1.07E-02 7.97E-03 4.84E-03 4.03E-04 8.76E-04 6.28E-04 6.02E-02 1.81E-03 4.73E-03 5.25E-03 3.28E-03 2.60E-02 1.86E-02 3.04E-03 2.35E-02 3.44E-03 6.44E-04 1.04E-03 3.04E-03 4.12E-03 3.22E-03 1.79E-02 5.34E-03 2.13E-02 1.79E-02 4.35E-03 1.60E-02 3.86E-03 5.09E-02

Å 6655.52 6828.12 7111.47 7113.18 7115.17 7115.18 7116.99 7119.66 7860.88 8058.62 8335.15 9061.44 9062.49 9078.29 9088.51 9094.83 9111.81 9405.73 9603.03 9620.78 9658.43

3 3 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 5

C II 687.345 858.092 858.559 903.623 903.962 904.142 904.480 1009.86 1010.08 1010.37 1036.34 1037.02 1323.91 1323.95 1334.53 1335.71 2091.14 2091.19 2091.65 2093.16 2173.85 2174.17 2509.13 2511.74 2512.06 2727.31 2728.72 2729.21 2730.63 5132.95 5133.28 5137.26 5139.17 5143.49 5145.16 5151.08 5640.55

4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 2

gi

3 5 5 9 7 1 5 3 5 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 6 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 5.03E-03 9.89E-03 2.17E-02 2.47E-02 2.19E-02 4.43E-02 3.26E-02 3.12E-02 1.53E-02 1.09E-02 3.51E-01 7.31E-02 9.48E-02 7.07E-02 3.00E-01 2.28E-01 1.35E-01 2.91E-01 3.06E-02 8.62E-02 1.25E-01 2.84E+01 1.18E+00 2.35E+00 6.85E+00 2.74E+01 3.42E+01 1.37E+01 5.71E+00 1.14E+01 1.71E+01 7.61E+00 1.52E+01 4.33E+00 4.49E+00 2.37E+00 2.84E+00 1.00E-01 1.69E-01 2.41E-01 7.20E-02 2.31E-01 2.31E-01 4.53E-01 9.04E-02 5.42E-01 6.63E-02 3.31E-01 2.65E-01 1.32E-01 3.89E-01 2.80E-01 1.55E-01 1.24E-01 7.73E-01 6.49E-01 4.16E-01 9.89E-02

5/4/05 8:07:24 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 5648.07 5662.46 5818.31 5822.98 5823.18 5827.85 5836.37 5843.62 5856.06 6095.29 6098.51 6102.56 6578.05 6582.88 6724.56 6727.07 6727.26 6731.07 6733.58 6734.00 6738.61 6742.43 6750.54 6755.16 6779.94 6780.59 6783.91 6787.21 6791.47 6798.10 6800.69 6812.28 7046.25 7053.09 7063.68 7112.48 7113.04 7115.63 7119.76 7119.91 7125.72 7132.47 7134.10 7231.33 7236.42 7237.17 8028.85 8037.73 8039.40 8048.31 8062.10 8062.80 8076.64 9238.30 9251.01 9863.06 9870.78 9882.68

4 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 6

C III 310.170

1

Section 10.indb 103

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 8 3

8

10-103 λ

–1

1.97E-01 2.93E-01 3.38E-02 3.38E-03 3.38E-02 2.16E-02 4.22E-02 1.20E-02 5.31E-02 4.20E-01 5.03E-01 8.37E-02 3.63E-01 3.62E-01 3.17E-02 6.34E-02 2.96E-02 5.06E-02 6.32E-02 1.80E-02 7.23E-02 4.41E-02 1.08E-01 2.38E-02 2.56E-01 1.52E-01 3.65E-01 3.04E-01 1.94E-01 6.04E-02 1.09E-01 1.80E-02 3.20E-01 3.19E-01 3.17E-01 2.94E-01 3.15E-01 3.60E-01 1.17E-01 4.19E-01 1.02E-01 8.33E-03 5.93E-02 3.52E-01 4.22E-01 7.03E-02 1.71E-02 4.26E-02 8.51E-02 1.36E-02 3.04E-02 4.56E-02 7.05E-02 3.34E-02 2.77E-02 5.56E-02 9.31E-02 1.33E-01 6.56E+00

Å 386.203 459.466 459.514 459.627 574.281 977.020 1174.93 1175.26 1175.59 1175.71 1175.99 1176.37 1247.38 2296.87 2849.05 3703.70 4325.56 4647.42 4650.25 4651.02 4651.47 4652.05 4659.06 4663.64 4665.86 4673.95 5244.66 5253.58 5272.52 5695.92 5858.34 5863.25 5871.68 5880.56 5894.07 6727.48 6731.04 6742.15 6744.39 6762.17 6773.39 6851.18 6853.68 6857.24 6862.69 6868.78 6872.04 6881.10 7353.88 7707.43 7771.76 7780.41 7796.00 8500.32 9593.32 9651.47 9696.48 9696.54 9699.57 9701.10

1 1 3 5 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 7 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 9 3

8

Weights

λ –1

3.46E+01 5.91E+01 7.97E+01 1.06E+02 6.24E+01 1.767E+01 3.293E+00 4.385E+00 3.287E+00 9.856E+00 1.313E+01 5.468E+00 2.082E+01 1.376E+00 1.95E-01 5.90E-01 1.24E-01 7.26E-01 7.25E-01 2.28E-01 7.24E-01 3.04E-01 2.27E-01 9.05E-01 6.78E-01 3.75E-01 5.30E-02 1.58E-01 2.61E-01 4.27E-01 1.34E-01 3.35E-02 1.00E-01 1.99E-02 1.11E-01 1.12E-01 1.50E-01 8.32E-02 1.99E-01 4.95E-02 5.47E-03 7.60E-03 5.64E-03 3.79E-02 3.51E-02 1.26E-02 4.46E-02 7.80E-03 3.09E-02 1.30E-01 1.77E-01 1.76E-01 1.75E-01 1.01E-01 5.32E-03 1.57E-02 7.53E-03 7.12E-03 8.47E-03 4.40E-02

Å

gi

5 3 7 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

9705.41 9706.44 9715.09 9717.75 9718.79

3 3 5 5 5

5.93E-02 3.29E-02 7.88E-02 1.97E-02 2.19E-03

C IV *312.43 *384.13 1548.19 1550.77 5801.31 5811.97

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

4.63E+01 1.76E+02 2.65E+00 2.64E+00 3.17E-01 3.16E-01

CV 34.9728 40.2678 *227.19 247.315 *248.71 *260.19 267.267 *2273.9 3526.66 8420.72 *8433.2 8448.12 8449.19

1 1 3 1 9 9 3 3 1 3 3 3 3

3 3 9 3 15 3 5 9 3 5 9 1 3

2.554E+03 8.873E+03 1.363E+02 1.278E+02 4.247E+02 6.680E+01 3.947E+02 5.646E-01 1.663E-01 6.898E-02 6.868E-02 6.832E-02 6.829E-02

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

7.6E-06 7.9E-06 8.5E-06 9.4E-06 1.19E-05 1.49E-05 1.7E-05 1.07E-07 2.0E-05 1.43E-07 2.5E-05 1.97E-07 2.8E-05 2.63E-07 3.45E-05 3.7E-07 4.25E-05 7.0E-07 5.6E-05 9.8E-07 1.0E-04 2.7E-06 1.6E-04 5.2E-06 2.2E-04 1.1E-05 4.0E-04 2.4E-05 6.6E-04 6.6E-05

Cesium Cs I 3203.5 3205.3 3207.5 3210.0 3212.8 3216.2 3220.1 3220.2 3224.8 3225.0 3230.5 3230.7 3237.4 3237.6 3245.9 3246.2 3256.7 3257.1 3270.5 3271.0 3288.6 3289.3 3313.1 3314.0 3347.5 3348.8 3397.9 3400.0 3476.8 3480.0

5/4/05 8:07:26 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-104 λ Å 3611.4 3617.3 3876.1 3888.6 4555.3 4593.2 8521.1 8943.5

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

8

λ –1

1.5E-03 2.5E-04 3.8E-03 9.7E-04 1.88E-02 8.0E-03 3.276E-01 2.87E-01

Chlorine Cl I 1188.8 1188.8 1201.4 1335.7 1347.2 1351.7 1363.4 4323.3 4363.3 4379.9 4389.8 4526.2 4601.0 4661.2 7256.6 7414.1 7547.1 7717.6 7745.0 7769.2 7821.4 7830.8 7878.2 7899.3 7924.6 7935.0 7997.9

4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4

6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 4

2.33E+00 2.71E-01 2.39E+00 1.74E+00 4.19E+00 3.23E+00 7.5E-01 1.1E-02 6.8E-03 1.4E-02 1.4E-02 5.1E-02 4.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.5E-01 4.7E-02 1.2E-01 3.0E-02 6.3E-02 6.0E-02 9.8E-02 9.7E-02 1.8E-02 5.1E-02 2.1E-02 3.9E-02 2.1E-02

Cl II 3329.1 3522.1 3798.8 3805.2 3809.5 3851.0 3851.4 3854.7 3861.9 3868.6 3913.9 3990.2 4132.5 4276.5 4768.7 4781.3 4794.6 4810.1 4819.5 4904.8

5 7 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 9 5 5 9 3 5 5 5 5 5

7 7 7 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 9 7 5 7 5 7 7 5 3 7

1.5E+00 1.4E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.5E+00 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 2.2E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 8.2E-01 8.4E-01 1.6E+00 7.6E-01 7.7E-01 1.0E+00 1.04E+00 9.9E-01 1.00E+00 8.1E-01

Section 10.indb 104

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 7 9 7

8

4917.7 5078.3 5219.1 5392.1

3 7 3 5

Cl III 2298.5 2340.6 2370.4 2531.8 2532.5 2577.1 2580.7 2601.2 2603.6 2609.5 2617.0 2661.6 2665.5 2691.5 2710.4 3340.4 3392.9 3393.5 3530.0 3560.7 3602.1 3612.9 3720.5

4 6 8 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4

4 6 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 8 4 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 6 6

4.2E+00 4.2E+00 2.8E+00 4.4E+00 5.3E+00 4.3E+00 4.7E+00 4.6E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 6.6E+00 3.4E+00 4.8E+00 3.5E+00 3.5E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 1.7E+00 1.7E+00 1.2E+00 1.7E+00

7.5E-01 7.7E-01 8.6E-01 1.0E+00

9 9 3 9 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 5 9 3 5 7 7 9 5 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 5 7

9 11 5 7 5 5 3 7 9 9 5 3 9 3 5 5 7 7 3 3 11 7 5 3 3 5 3 7

1.4E+00 4.1E-01 2.3E-01 6.7E-01 2.9E-01 4.5E-01 2.7E-01 5.6E-01 2.2E-01 4.5E-01 2.1E-01 3.8E-01 5.3E-01 4.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.4E-01 2.6E-01 6.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 7.5E-01 7.8E-01 7.5E-01 8.7E-01 6.8E-01 6.8E-01 3.7E-01

Chromium Cr I 1999.95 2383.30 2389.21 2408.60 2408.72 2492.57 2495.08 2496.30 2502.55 2504.31 2508.11 2508.97 2527.11 2549.55 2560.70 2571.74 2577.66 2591.84 2620.48 2673.64 2701.99 2726.50 2731.90 2736.46 2752.85 2757.09 2761.74 2764.36

Weights

λ –1

Å 2769.90 2780.70 2879.27 2887.00 2889.22 2893.25 2894.17 2896.76 2905.48 2909.05 2910.89 2911.15 2967.64 2971.10 2975.48 2980.78 2988.64 2991.88 2994.06 2995.09 2996.57 2998.78 3000.88 3005.06 3013.72 3015.20 3020.67 3021.58 3024.36 3029.17 3030.25 3031.35 3034.19 3037.05 3040.84 3053.87 3148.44 3155.16 3163.76 3237.73 3238.09 3578.68 3593.48 3605.32 3639.80 3743.89 3757.66 3768.24 3804.80 3963.69 3969.75 3983.90 3991.12 4001.44 4039.10 4048.78 4058.78 4065.71 4165.52 4204.48

gi

7 9 5 3 9 7 1 5 3 5 7 9 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 7 9 3 1 3 9 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 9 9 11 13 9 11 7 7 7 13 13 7 5 9 13 11 7 5 9 15 13 11 9 11 13

5 7 7 5 9 7 3 5 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 3 7 1 5 5 3 3 5 7 5 3 3 11 5 3 7 3 7 9 5 7 11 13 15 9 11 9 7 5 11 13 7 5 9 15 13 9 7 11 15 13 11 11 13 11

gk

A 108 s–1 1.1E+00 1.4E+00 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 6.6E-01 5.2E-01 3.3E-01 3.0E-01 1.3E+00 6.8E-01 3.4E-01 2.6E-01 3.9E-01 7.1E-01 8.9E-01 5.10E-01 5.2E-01 3.0E+00 2.5E-01 4.3E-01 2.0E+00 4.07E-01 1.6E+00 9.2E-01 8.3E-01 1.63E+00 1.5E+00 2.91E+00 1.27E+00 3.8E-01 1.1E+00 3.1E-01 3.5E-01 5.4E-01 7.4E-01 7.97E-01 5.6E-01 5.7E-01 6.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 1.48E+00 1.50E+00 1.62E+00 1.8E+00 7.61E-01 4.13E-01 5.10E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 1.05E+00 1.07E+00 6.8E-01 6.7E-01 6.4E-01 6.7E-01 3.5E-01 7.5E-01 3.1E-01

5/4/05 8:07:28 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 4254.33 4263.15 4274.81 4275.98 4280.42 4289.73 4291.97 4297.75 4298.05 4300.52 4301.19 4302.78 4319.66 4337.25 4373.65 4376.80 4413.86 4422.70 4424.29 4429.93 4432.16 4432.77 4443.72 4482.88 4490.55 4492.31 4495.28 4500.29 4506.84 4540.72 4564.17 4595.60 4622.47 4663.33 4665.90 4689.38 4698.46 4708.02 4718.43 4730.69 4737.33 4741.09 4752.07 4756.09 4792.49 4801.02 4816.13 4870.79 4887.01 4922.28 4966.80 5204.51 5206.02 5208.42 5243.38 5297.37 5297.99 5328.36 5329.17 5783.11

Section 10.indb 105

gi

7 15 7 11 13 7 7 11 9 9 11 11 5 5 9 13 7 5 9 3 1 15 3 3 9 5 9 7 13 11 11 13 7 3 3 7 9 11 13 7 9 3 13 11 7 9 9 7 9 11 3 5 5 5 5 7 7 9 9 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 17 7 11 15 5 5 13 9 7 9 11 3 7 9 13 5 5 7 3 3 15 1 3 7 3 7 7 11 11 13 13 7 3 3 5 7 9 11 5 7 5 13 9 5 7 9 9 11 13 1 3 5 7 3 9 7 11 9 3

8

10-105 λ

–1

3.15E-01 6.4E-01 3.07E-01 2.2E-01 4.7E-01 3.16E-01 2.4E-01 4.9E-01 2.6E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-01 3.2E-01 2.7E-01 2.7E-01 2.1E-01 2.4E-01 1.8E-01 4.9E-01 4.5E-01 3.0E-01 3.9E-01 4.47E-01 2.0E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 3.14E-01 5.1E-01 4.7E-01 4.1E-01 2.0E-01 3.0E-01 2.3E-01 2.2E-01 4.31E-01 3.4E-01 3.83E-01 3.38E-01 2.2E-01 6.2E-01 4.0E-01 2.6E-01 3.06E-01 1.8E-01 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 4.0E-01 3.0E-01 5.09E-01 5.14E-01 5.06E-01 2.19E-01 3.88E-01 3.0E-01 6.2E-01 2.25E-01 2.1E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 7

8

Weights

λ –1

5783.89 5787.97

5 5

2.02E-01 2.35E-01

Cr II 2653.57 2658.59 2666.02 2668.71 2671.80 2672.83 2744.97 2787.61 2822.38 2835.63 2840.01 2843.24 2849.83 2851.35 2856.77 2857.40 2860.92 2862.57 2866.72 2867.09 2867.65 2870.43 2873.81 2880.86 2898.53 2921.81 2930.83 2935.12 2953.34 2966.03 2971.90 2979.73 2985.32 2989.18 3118.64 3120.36 3122.59 3128.69 3136.68 4588.22

4 2 6 4 6 8 4 6 14 10 10 8 6 8 4 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 4 6 10 8 2 6 2 10 14 12 10 8 2 4 12 4 6 8

6 4 8 2 4 6 6 6 16 12 12 10 8 10 6 8 4 8 4 4 2 6 2 4 12 10 4 8 2 8 14 12 10 8 4 6 12 4 6 6

3.5E-01 5.8E-01 5.9E-01 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 5.5E-01 8.5E-01 1.5E+00 2.3E+00 2.0E+00 2.7E+00 6.4E-01 9.2E-01 2.2E+00 4.3E-01 2.8E-01 6.9E-01 6.3E-01 1.2E+00 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 8.8E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+00 9.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.8E+00 1.8E+00 5.4E-01 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 2.2E+00 2.2E+00 1.7E+00 1.5E+00 4.4E-01 8.1E-01 6.4E-01 1.2E-01

Cr V 434.306 436.351 436.601 437.420 437.655 441.056 456.357 456.637 456.743 457.028 457.504 464.015 469.634 1106.25 1121.07

9 9 7 7 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 9 5 7 7

9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 9 9

1.5E+01 2.4E+01 2.1E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 2.3E+01 9.5E+00 3.3E+01 9.1E+00 2.7E+01 1.2E+01 3.6E+01 2.3E+01 1.2E+01 2.1E+01

Å

gi

11 3 1 7 9

gk

A 108 s–1

1127.63 1465.86 1481.65 1519.03 1579.70

9 5 3 5 7

3.5E+01 1.1E+01 1.0E+01 9.5E+00 8.6E+00

Cr VI 161.687 168.088 201.007 201.224 201.388 201.606 202.442 202.739 226.241 227.202

6 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 4

6 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 8 6

1.7E+02 2.0E+02 2.5E+03 1.8E+02 2.7E+02 2.6E+03 1.0E+03 1.2E+03 7.2E+02 6.6E+02

Cr X 216.72 223.86 224.74 226.24 227.42 227.50 228.63 228.71 231.21 232.96 242.20 244.19 395.984 398.150

6 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6

8 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 6

9.0E+02 7.7E+02 7.6E+02 7.3E+02 5.2E+02 1.8E+01 8.1E+01 4.5E+02 1.2E+02 4.4E+02 5.0E+01 5.8E+01 2.4E+01 2.1E+01

Cr XI 214.31 226.45 232 235.53 240.76 250.28 366.491 366.942 374.927 422.083

5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 3

7 7 1 7 3 7 3 1 5 5

1.4E+01 6.0E+02 4.1E+02 5.5E+02 4.8E+02 1.0E+01 1.2E+01 3.0E+01 2.3E+01 1.0E+01

Cr XII 216 218 239 244.70 247 247 248 250 250 251.52 252 256 259 269 300.32

4 6 2 2 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 2 2 2

6 8 2 4 2 2 8 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 2

2.4E+02 2.4E+02 1.6E+02 3.0E+02 2.4E+02 3.3E+02 1.4E+02 3.5E+02 2.2E+02 3.4E+02 2.0E+02 1.5E+02 3.2E+02 2.1E+02 1.4E+02

5/4/05 8:07:30 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-106 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

305.81 309 309 311.55 324 327 332.06

4 4 6 4 4 6 6

Cr XIII 49.59 67.01 228 267.73 270 276.4 277 279.32 286 328.29 345

1 1 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7

3 3 7 7 1 7 3 5 1 3 9

9.9E+02 1.67E+03 1.8E+02 1.9E+02 1.7E+02 2.2E+02 2.1E+02 3.5E+02 4.6E+02 1.86E+02 1.74E+02

Cr XIV *38.036 39.796 40.018 40.782 40.800 41.556 41.788 44.597 44.869 46.125 46.468 46.527 48.300 48.338 50.821 51.172 51.180 52.321 52.363 53.760 54.164 60.699 60.756 63.324 63.539 68.594 69.213 69.247 86.060 86.169 86.185 101.05 101.42 104.4 104.5 109.8 110.4 118.3 125.2

2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 4

6 4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 2 6

2.47E+02 3.05E+02 3.6E+02 3.9E+02 3.9E+02 4.5E+02 5.3E+02 7.1E+02 8.3E+02 3.1E+02 6.6E+02 6.7E+02 5.9E+02 6.3E+02 1.2E+03 1.4E+03 2.3E+02 1.0E+03 1.1E+03 3.0E+02 5.9E+02 2.05E+03 2.19E+03 1.07E+03 1.13E+03 1.98E+03 2.31E+03 3.8E+02 5.3E+03 5.9E+03 3.9E+02 4.4E+02 4.83E+02 3.0E+02 3.1E+02 2.3E+02 2.8E+02 2.1E+02 5.0E+02

Section 10.indb 106

4 2 6 2 6 8 4

8

2.76E+02 2.7E+02 1.6E+02 1.6E+02 2.2E+02 2.2E+02 1.4E+02

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 2 2 6 8

8

Weights

λ –1

125.3 148.5 149.1 157.1 158.4 187.02 187.30 189.1 191.0 222.9 346.3 346.5

6 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 6

5.4E+02 2.18E+02 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 3.7E+02 9.3E+02 9.6E+02 2.13E+02 4.11E+02 2.2E+02 2.4E+02 2.5E+02

Cr XV 18.497 18.782 19.015 20.863 21.153 102 102.18 103 105 111.27

1 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 7 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3

1.62E+05 2.8E+04 6.3E+02 6.0E+03 5.6E+03 1.6E+02 7.0E+02 3.8E+02 5.3E+02 1.7E+02

Cr XVI 17.073 17.242 17.299 17.372 17.438 17.514 17.587 17.656 19.442 19.714

4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2

6 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2

1.2E+04 8.6E+04 2.5E+04 1.4E+05 1.1E+05 1.1E+05 2.0E+04 2.0E+04 9.9E+03 1.1E+04

Cr XVII 16.31 16.32 16.37 16.44 16.59 16.65 16.66 16.68 16.80 16.97 16.97 17.968 18.336 18.336 18.389

5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 5 1

3 7 1 7 1 5 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 5 3

9.6E+03 3.2E+04 9.7E+04 1.3E+05 5.7E+04 1.1E+04 1.8E+05 6.8E+04 4.4E+04 2.63E+04 1.5E+04 8.6E+03 1.7E+04 1.6E+04 9.2E+03

Cr XVIII 95.77 102.32 104.98 106.84 110.41 112.27 119.62

4 4 6 4 4 4 2

2 4 4 2 2 2 2

3.08E+02 1.54E+02 8.7E+02 3.4E+02 7.9E+02 4.24E+02 3.2E+02

Å

gi

4 4 6 2 4 2 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1

123.87 125.51 128.10 136.52 139.87 140.82 155.46 157.40

6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4

3.9E+02 3.4E+02 2.8E+02 1.66E+02 1.49E+02 2.66E+02 2.84E+02 2.83E+02

Cr XIX 14.73 14.80 14.81 14.84 109.64 110.37 113.97 118.31 118.67 118.83 126.30 126.33 130.99 134.89 138.15 138.45 140.92 143.57 163.94 179.18

3 1 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 5 3 5 3

3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 1 5 3 1 5 1

7.1E+04 1.3E+05 3.4E+04 1.3E+05 2.46E+02 6.0E+02 5.5E+02 3.29E+02 2.1E+02 1.35E+02 1.56E+02 4.35E+02 2.9E+02 1.98E+02 1.75E+02 1.71E+02 1.38E+02 7.2E+02 3.1E+02 1.45E+02

Cr XX 14.13 14.26 128.42 131.31 133.82 135.26 140.75 148.99 156.00 167.97 180.85

2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 6 4

4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 4

1.1E+05 1.3E+05 3.8E+02 1.27E+02 8.3E+01 2.41E+02 1.35E+02 1.75E+02 8.4E+01 1.12E+02 1.6E+02

Cr XXI 12.97 12.98 13.02 13.02 13.08 13.22 13.34 13.49 13.53 13.55 13.65 13.66 13.67 13.68 13.75 13.75

3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5

1 5 5 7 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 1 5 3 3 5

4.8E+04 3.9E+04 3.8E+04 3.9E+04 5.2E+04 4.6E+04 5.2E+04 9.0E+04 6.6E+04 1.2E+05 1.5E+05 1.2E+05 3.9E+04 8.2E+04 4.5E+04 9.5E+04

5/4/05 8:07:33 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 7 5 5 7 5 5 3

8

λ –1

13.76 13.78 13.84 13.87 13.92 13.93 13.95 14.04 14.24

1 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 1

Cr XXII 2.190 2.191 2.198 2.199 2.202 2.203 13.149 13.292

4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 4 4 6 2 4 6

1.7E+06 2.5E+06 4.5E+06 2.3E+06 1.6E+06 1.3E+06 1.29E+05 1.54E+05

Cr XXIII 1.7632 1.8557 2.095 2.101 2.101 2.102 2.103 2.104 2.105 2.106 2.107 2.107 2.109 2.113 2.119 2.129 2.1818 2.1923

1 1 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 1

3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 1 1 3 3

3.68E+05 8.97E+05 3.5E+06 2.0E+06 7.9E+05 2.1E+06 1.2E+06 1.4E+06 9.6E+05 2.0E+06 2.3E+06 3.3E+06 1.7E+06 5.9E+05 2.7E+05 5.1E+05 3.37E+06 2.34E+05

1.51E+05 1.7E+05 2.59E+05 8.5E+04 8.5E+04 4.2E+04 3.8E+04 1.2E+05 1.41E+05

8 10 10 8 6 6 4 8 6 4 10 6 10 6 8 10 4 6 4

8 8 10 8 8 6 4 10 8 6 10 8 8 6 6 12 6 8 6

8.6E-01 2.2E-01 5.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.1E-01 5.1E-01 7.7E-01 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 1.3E-01 7.3E-02 2.4E-01 4.0E-01 5.1E-01 3.6E+00 6.5E-01 3.4E+00 3.6E+00

Cobalt Co I 2287.80 2295.22 2309.03 2323.13 2325.53 2335.98 2338.66 2353.36 2355.48 2358.18 2365.06 2371.85 2384.86 2392.03 2402.06 2407.25 2412.76 2414.46 2415.29

Section 10.indb 107

10-107

Å 2424.93 2432.21 2436.66 2439.04 2460.80 2467.69 2470.27 2476.64 2504.52 2511.02 2521.36 2528.97 2530.13 2535.96 2536.50 2544.25 2562.12 2567.34 2574.35 2685.34 3017.55 3044.00 3048.89 3061.82 3072.34 3086.78 3354.37 3367.11 3385.22 3388.16 3395.37 3405.12 3409.17 3412.34 3412.63 3414.74 3417.15 3431.58 3433.05 3442.92 3443.64 3449.17 3449.44 3453.51 3455.24 3462.80 3465.79 3474.02 3483.41 3489.40 3491.32 3495.68 3502.28 3502.63 3506.32 3509.84 3512.64 3513.48 3518.34 3521.58

gi

10 8 6 4 4 6 10 10 10 10 10 8 6 6 8 4 4 6 8 6 8 10 6 8 6 4 8 10 8 6 6 10 8 8 10 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 10 10 4 4 10 6 8 8 4 4 10 6 8 6 6 8 6 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 8 6 4 6 8 12 8 8 10 8 6 6 4 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 10 4 8 6 4 6 8 6 4 8 10 8 10 8 4 6 6 4 4 8 6 10 12 2 6 12 8 10 6 4 6 8 6 6 8 4 10 4 8

8

Weights

λ –1

3.2E+00 2.6E+00 2.6E+00 2.7E+00 1.2E-01 7.0E-02 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 1.8E-01 9.2E-01 3.0E+00 2.8E+00 7.1E-02 1.9E+00 3.0E-01 3.0E+00 3.9E-01 3.0E-01 1.7E-01 5.5E-02 6.9E-02 1.9E-01 7.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.1E-01 6.0E-02 1.1E-01 2.4E-01 2.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.2E-01 6.1E-01 1.2E-01 8.8E-02 3.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.0E+00 1.2E-01 6.9E-01 7.6E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E+00 1.9E-01 7.9E-01 9.2E-02 5.6E-01 5.5E-02 1.3E+00 5.0E-02 4.9E-01 8.0E-01 5.2E-02 8.2E-01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 7.8E-02 1.6E+00 1.8E-01

Å

gi

3523.42 3526.85 3529.03 3529.82 3533.36 3560.89 3564.95 3569.37 3574.97 3575.36 3585.15 3587.19 3594.87 3602.08 3704.06 3745.49 3842.05 3845.47 3861.16 3873.12 3873.95 3881.87 3894.07 3894.98 3935.96 3995.31 3997.90 4092.39 4110.53 4118.77 4121.32 5146.75 5212.70 5265.79 5280.63 5352.05 5477.09 5483.96 6082.43 6455.00 7838.12 8093.93 8372.79

4 10 6 8 4 4 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 6 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 8 10 6 10 12 6 8 10 8 8 12 10

2 10 8 10 6 4 8 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 10 4 8 6 4 8 2 10 10 8 8 6 8 10 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10

Co II 2286.15 2307.85 2311.61 2314.05 2314.97 2330.36 2344.28 2353.41 2363.80 2378.62 2383.45 2388.92 2389.54 2404.17 2417.66

11 9 7 5 3 5 3 7 9 11 9 11 5 3 9

13 11 9 7 5 3 3 7 9 9 7 11 3 3 9

gk

A 108 s–1 9.8E-01 1.3E-01 8.8E-02 4.6E-01 9.1E-02 2.3E-01 7.0E-02 1.6E+00 1.5E-01 9.6E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E+00 9.2E-02 1.0E-01 1.2E-01 7.5E-02 1.3E-01 4.6E-01 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 1.0E-01 8.2E-02 6.9E-01 8.8E-02 6.2E-02 2.5E-01 7.0E-02 5.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.9E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 5.0E-02 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 6.8E-02 7.3E-02 5.4E-02 9.0E-02 5.4E-02 2.0E-01 8.7E-02 3.3E+00 2.6E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00 2.7E+00 1.32E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 2.1E+00 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 2.8E+00 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 8.5E-01

5/4/05 8:07:35 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-108 λ Å

Weights

A

gk

10 s

gi

8

λ –1

Copper Cu I *2024.3 2165.1 2178.9 2181.7 2225.7 2244.3 2441.6 2492.2 2618.4 2766.4 2824.4 2961.2 3063.4 3194.1 3247.5 3274.0 3337.8 4022.6 4062.6 4249.0 4275.1 4480.4 4509.4 4530.8 4539.7 4587.0 4651.1 4704.6 5105.5 5153.2 5218.2 5220.1 5292.5 5700.2 5782.1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 8 10 8 6 2 4 4 8 4 4

6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 8 4 4 4 2 8 4 6 2 8 2 2 2 4 6 8 8 4 4 6 4 8 4 2

9.8E-02 5.1E-01 9.13E-01 1.0E+00 4.6E-01 1.19E-02 2.0E-02 3.11E-02 3.07E-01 9.6E-02 7.8E-02 3.76E-02 1.55E-02 1.55E-02 1.39E+00 1.37E+00 3.8E-03 1.90E-01 2.10E-01 1.95E-01 3.45E-01 3.0E-02 2.75E-01 8.4E-02 2.12E-01 3.20E-01 3.80E-01 5.5E-02 2.0E-02 6.0E-01 7.5E-01 1.50E-01 1.09E-01 2.4E-03 1.65E-02

Cu II 2489.7 2544.8 2689.3 2701.0 2703.2 2713.5

5 9 7 5 3 5

5 7 7 5 3 5

1.5E-02 1.1E+00 4.1E-01 6.7E-01 1.2E+00 6.8E-01

17 17 15 15 15 15 17 17 17 17 13 17

15 17 17 13 13 13 19 17 19 15 11 17

6.5E-02 6.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.4E-01 3.1E-01 2.0E-01 3.0E+00 3.1E+00 8.7E-01 1.5E+00 1.7E+00 1.32E+00

Dysprosium Dy I 2862.7 2964.6 3147.7 3263.2 3511.0 3571.4 3757.1 3868.8 3967.5 4046.0 4103.9 4186.8

Section 10.indb 108

Å 4194.8 4211.7 4218.1 4221.1 4225.2 4268.3 4276.7 4292.0 4577.8 4589.4 4612.3 5077.7 5301.6 5547.3 5639.5 5974.5 5988.6 6010.8 6088.3 6168.4 6259.1 6579.4

gi

17 17 15 15 13 15 13 15 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 15 15 17 17

Weights

A

gk

10 s

17 19 15 17 15 15 13 15 19 15 15 17 15 17 19 17 15 15 13 17 19 15

8

7.2E-01 2.08E+00 1.85E+00 1.52E+00 4.5E+00 3.6E-02 7.3E-01 5.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.3E-01 8.2E-02 5.7E-03 1.1E-02 2.7E-03 4.7E-03 4.0E-03 5.3E-03 2.6E-02 3.5E-02 2.5E-02 8.5E-03 7.5E-03

Erbium Er I 3862.9 4008.0 4151.1

Å 3212.8 3213.8 3235.1 3241.4 3246.0 3247.6 3322.3 3334.3 3350.4 3353.7 3457.1 3467.9 3589.3 4594.0 4627.2 4661.9 5645.8 5765.2 6018.2 6291.3 6864.5 7106.5

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

gi

8 6 10 8 6 8 6 6 10 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 6 8 10 6 10 8

gk

A 108 s–1 2.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.0E-02 2.3E-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 3.5E-02 3.4E-01 1.5E-02 5.8E-03 8.4E-03 1.0E-02 6.9E-03 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 5.4E-03 1.1E-02 8.5E-03 1.8E-03 5.8E-03 2.6E-03

Fluorine 13 13 13

13 15 11

2.5E+00 2.6E+00 1.8E+00

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

6 8 10 10 8 10 6 10 8 8 6 10 10 6 6 8 6 10 8 6 10 6 8 10 10 10 10 10 8

1.9E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 7.0E-03 6.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 3.1E-02 3.7E-02 4.7E-02 1.3E-02 1.1E-01 5.0E-02 5.2E-02 1.0E-02 2.8E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E-01 6.9E-02 1.6E-02 3.8E-02 9.1E-03 5.5E-02 3.0E-01 6.9E-02 5.8E-03 1.1E-01

Europium Eu I 2372.9 2375.3 2379.7 2619.3 2643.8 2659.4 2682.6 2710.0 2724.0 2731.4 2732.6 2735.3 2738.6 2743.3 2745.6 2747.8 2772.9 2878.9 2892.5 2893.0 2909.0 2958.9 3059.0 3067.0 3106.2 3111.4 3168.3 3185.5 3210.6

Weights

λ –1

FI 806.96 809.60 951.87 954.83 955.55 958.52 6239.7 6348.5 6413.7 6708.3 6774.0 6795.5 6834.3 6856.0 6870.2 6902.5 6909.8 6966.4 7037.5 7127.9 7309.0 7311.0 7314.3 7332.0 7398.7 7425.7 7482.7 7489.2 7514.9 7552.2 7573.4 7607.2 7754.7 7800.2

4 2 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2

6 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 2 8 2 6 4 6 2 4 2 2 6 4 4 6 4

3.3E+00 2.8E+00 2.6E+00 5.77E+00 5.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E-01 1.4E-02 1.0E-01 5.2E-02 2.1E-01 4.94E-01 3.8E-01 3.2E-01 2.2E-01 1.1E-01 3.0E-01 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 3.9E-01 4.8E-01 3.1E-01 2.85E-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-02 1.1E-01 5.2E-02 7.8E-02 1.0E-01 7.0E-02 3.82E-01 2.1E-01

5/4/05 8:07:37 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

Weights

A

gk

10 s

gi

8

λ –1

Gallium Ga I 2195.4 2199.7 2214.4 2235.9 2255.0 2259.2 2294.2 2297.9 2338.2 2371.3 2418.7 2450.1 2500.2 2659.9 2719.7 2874.2 2943.6 2944.2 4033.0 4172.0

2 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 2 2

1.9E-02 3.3E-02 1.2E-02 4.3E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 7.0E-02 5.8E-02 9.8E-02 5.7E-02 1.0E-01 2.8E-01 3.4E-01 1.2E-01 2.3E-01 1.2E+00 1.4E+00 2.7E-01 4.9E-01 9.2E-01

Ga II 829.60 1414.4

1 1

3 3

2.2E-01 1.88E+01

Germanium Ge I 1944.7 1955.1 1988.3 1998.9 2041.7 2065.2 2068.7 2086.0 2094.3 2105.8 2256.0 2417.4 2498.0 2533.2 2589.2 2592.5 2651.2 2651.6 2691.3 2709.6 2754.6 3039.1 3124.8 3269.5 4226.6 4685.8

3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 1

1 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 3

7.0E-01 2.8E-01 2.5E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E+00 8.5E-01 1.2E+00 4.0E-01 9.7E-01 1.7E-01 3.2E-02 9.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.0E-01 5.1E-02 7.1E-01 2.0E+00 8.5E-01 6.1E-01 2.8E+00 1.1E+00 2.8E+00 3.1E-02 2.9E-01 2.1E-01 9.5E-02

Ge II 999.10 1016.6 1017.1 1055.0

2 4 4 2

4 6 4 2

1.9E+00 2.1E+00 3.5E-01 6.9E-01

Section 10.indb 109

10-109

Å 1075.1 1237.1 1261.9 1264.7 1602.5 1649.2 4741.8 4814.6 4824.1 5131.8 5178.5 5178.6 5893.4 6021.0 6336.4 6484.2

4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 2 2 2

8

1.3E+00 1.9E+01 2.2E+01 3.5E+00 3.4E+00 6.5E+00 4.6E-01 5.1E-01 8.6E-02 1.9E+00 1.3E-01 2.0E+00 9.2E-01 8.4E-01 4.4E-01 8.5E-01

Gold Au I 2427.95 2675.95 3122.78 6278.30

2 2 6 4

4 2 4 2

1.99E+00 1.64E+00 1.90E-01 3.4E-02

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 1 9 9 9 9 3 9 3 3 3 3 1 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 15 3 15 3 15 3 15 15 5 3 5 9 5 1 3 5

4.622E-01 7.317E-01 1.258E+00 2.436E+00 5.663E+00 1.799E+01 4.417E-03 6.023E-03 8.500E-03 1.251E-02 1.939E-02 3.201E-02 5.636E-02 5.102E-03 6.963E-03 9.843E-03 1.454E-02 2.269E-02 7.597E-03 4.836E-03 1.811E-02 3.802E-02 2.606E-02 9.744E-03 3.953E-02 6.435E-02 9.647E-03 2.447E-02 1.339E-02 9.475E-02 1.937E-02 7.448E-03 6.951E-02 2.961E-02

Helium He I 510.00 512.10 515.62 522.21 537.03 584.33 *2677.1 *2696.1 *2723.2 *2763.8 *2829.1 *2945.1 *3187.7 3231.3 3258.3 3296.8 3354.6 3447.6 *3554.4 *3563.0 *3587.3 3613.6 *3634.2 *3652.0 *3705.0 *3819.6 3833.6 *3867.5 3871.8 *3888.7 3926.5 3935.9 3964.7 4009.3

Weights

λ –1

Å 4024.0 *4026.2 *4120.8 4143.8 4169.0 4387.9 4437.6 *4471.5 *4713.2 4921.9 5015.7 5047.7 *5875.7 6678.2 *7065.2 7281.4 *8361.7 *9463.6 9603.4 *9702.6 *10311 *10668 *10830 *10913 10917 *10997 11013 11045 11226 *11969 *12528 12756 *12785 12791 *12846 12968 *12985

gi

gk

A 108 s–1

3 9 9 3 3 3 3 9 9 3 1 3 9 3 9 3 3 3 1 9 9 9 3 15 5 15 1 3 3 9 3 5 15 5 9 3 15

1 15 3 5 1 5 1 15 3 5 3 1 15 5 3 1 9 9 3 3 15 3 9 21 7 9 3 5 1 15 9 3 21 7 3 5 9

1.128E-02 1.160E-01 4.453E-02 4.881E-02 1.830E-02 8.989E-02 3.269E-02 2.458E-01 9.521E-02 1.986E-01 1.337E-01 6.771E-02 7.070E-01 6.371E-01 2.785E-01 1.830E-01 3.813E-03 5.687E-03 5.829E-03 8.651E-03 1.995E-02 1.447E-02 1.022E-01 1.980E-02 1.608E-02 1.425E-03 9.250E-03 1.846E-02 1.117E-02 3.478E-02 7.093E-03 1.275E-03 4.134E-02 3.248E-02 2.732E-02 3.362E-02 2.729E-03

In I 2560.2 2710.3 3039.4 3256.1 4101.8 4511.3

2 4 2 4 2 4

4 6 4 6 2 2

4.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 5.6E-01 1.02E+00

In II 2941.1

3

1

1.4E+00

4 4

4 6

2.71E+00 1.6E-01

10 10 10 10

10 12 10 10

2.1E-01 3.2E-01 4.7E-01 2.5E-01

Indium

Iodine II 1782.8 1830.4 Iridium Ir I 2475.12 2502.98 2639.71 2661.98

5/4/05 8:07:39 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-110 λ Å 2664.79 2694.23 2849.72 2853.31 2882.64 2924.79 2934.64 2951.22 3003.63 3168.88 3220.78 3558.99 3573.72 3617.21 3628.67 3661.71 3734.77 4033.76 4069.92 4913.35 4939.24

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 10 6 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 12 10

8 12 10 10 8 12 10 8 10 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 8 12 12

9 9 7 9 7 5 3 9 5 3 1 5 3 1 3 9 7 9 7 5 7 3 7 9 5 5 1 3 3 5 7 7 5 11 13 11

7 7 5 9 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 11 9 7 5 3 9 1 7 9 5 7 3 5 5 7 9 7 7 9 13 11

8

λ –1

4.0E-01 4.8E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-03 7.2E-02 1.42E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-02 5.9E-02 5.47E-02 2.4E-01 1.5E-02 5.4E-02 2.0E-02 2.8E-02 4.0E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 3.6E-02 3.3E-02 2.5E-03

Iron Fe I 1934.54 1937.27 1940.66 2132.02 2145.19 2153.01 2161.58 2166.77 2171.30 2173.21 2176.84 2191.84 2196.04 2200.39 2200.72 2259.51 2272.07 2276.03 2284.09 2287.25 2292.52 2294.41 2297.79 2298.17 2299.22 2300.14 2301.68 2303.58 2309.00 2313.10 2320.36 2373.62 2389.97 2438.18 2439.74 2442.57

Section 10.indb 110

2.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 7.6E-02 5.7E-02 6.9E-02 5.0E-02 2.7E+00 5.1E-02 8.3E-02 1.0E-01 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 8.9E-01 2.8E-01 5.66E-02 2.92E-02 1.25E-01 1.29E-01 2.23E-01 2.96E-02 3.61E-01 1.44E-01 3.09E-01 7.03E-02 4.99E-02 8.68E-02 4.83E-02 1.02E-01 1.18E-01 1.41E-01 6.53E-02 4.47E-02 7.09E-02 3.46E+00 3.12E+00

Å 2443.87 2453.48 2453.57 2457.60 2462.18 2462.65 2463.73 2465.15 2468.88 2470.97 2472.34 2472.87 2472.89 2473.16 2474.81 2476.66 2479.48 2479.78 2483.27 2483.53 2484.19 2485.99 2486.69 2487.07 2488.14 2489.75 2489.91 2490.64 2491.16 2491.99 2494.00 2496.53 2501.13 2501.69 2505.01 2506.57 2507.90 2510.83 2517.66 2518.10 2519.63 2522.85 2524.29 2527.27 2527.44 2529.14 2529.31 2529.84 2533.14 2535.61 2537.17 2537.46 2540.97 2542.10 2543.92 2545.98 2549.61 2576.69 2584.54 2599.57

gi

11 9 11 11 7 9 7 9 11 9 11 5 7 9 7 5 5 5 9 5 3 9 7 3 7 1 3 5 3 9 3 9 9 11 9 7 7 7 5 5 3 9 3 13 7 5 5 3 11 1 13 9 3 11 9 5 7 11 11 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 7 13 11 5 9 5 9 11 11 13 3 7 9 7 3 5 5 11 5 3 9 9 3 9 3 5 7 5 9 5 11 7 9 11 9 9 5 7 3 5 9 1 13 7 5 7 3 11 3 15 11 5 13 11 7 9 11 13 9

8

Weights

λ –1

5.89E-02 1.89E-01 1.23E-01 4.81E-01 1.10E-01 5.85E-01 1.64E-01 4.35E-01 2.40E-01 2.36E-02 7.21E-02 2.10E-01 1.30E+00 2.75E-02 6.13E-01 3.05E-01 2.10E-01 1.74E+00 4.80E+00 2.09E-01 2.26E+00 2.94E-02 1.47E-01 6.40E-01 4.20E+00 2.31E+00 8.72E-02 3.44E+00 2.91E+00 3.25E-01 8.89E-02 2.15E-01 6.75E-01 3.69E-02 2.56E-01 2.04E-01 1.93E-01 1.29E+00 1.58E-01 1.93E+00 1.34E-01 2.13E+00 3.23E+00 3.46E-01 1.93E+00 9.91E-01 4.86E+00 3.83E-01 2.07E-01 9.59E-01 3.70E+00 3.19E-02 9.59E-01 4.47E+00 4.70E+00 7.16E-01 2.31E-01 1.13E-01 3.15E-01 1.47E-01

Å 2606.83 2609.22 2618.02 2623.53 2632.24 2635.72 2635.81 2641.03 2641.64 2644.00 2656.15 2662.06 2666.81 2666.97 2669.49 2679.02 2679.06 2689.21 2689.83 2697.02 2699.11 2701.91 2702.45 2706.01 2706.58 2708.57 2710.54 2711.66 2716.26 2716.42 2718.44 2719.03 2719.06 2719.42 2720.90 2723.58 2724.95 2726.06 2728.02 2728.82 2731.28 2733.58 2735.48 2737.31 2737.64 2742.25 2742.41 2743.57 2744.07 2744.53 2750.14 2753.69 2754.03 2755.18 2756.33 2757.32 2761.78 2762.03 2767.52 2769.30

gi

9 7 7 7 5 11 5 9 9 3 13 7 11 9 11 9 11 9 7 7 9 9 13 13 7 9 5 9 9 11 5 9 7 11 7 5 7 3 9 9 5 11 9 3 13 7 5 7 1 5 7 3 5 11 3 3 5 7 9 13

11 7 7 9 5 9 7 7 7 5 15 5 9 11 13 11 11 7 9 9 9 7 11 13 5 9 7 11 9 9 3 7 7 11 5 3 9 1 9 9 7 9 7 3 11 5 5 7 3 3 7 1 5 9 5 3 5 7 9 13

gk

A 108 s–1 2.43E-01 4.60E-01 1.50E-01 2.13E-01 1.21E-01 4.29E-02 2.11E-01 7.71E-02 6.47E-02 2.34E-01 1.63E-01 4.64E-02 8.91E-02 5.16E-02 1.34E-01 1.10E-01 1.50E-01 1.68E-01 3.04E-02 3.51E-02 5.59E-02 1.05E-01 4.23E-02 2.28E-01 2.69E-01 6.49E-01 5.99E-02 4.99E-02 3.70E-02 4.96E-02 3.79E-01 1.42E+00 7.40E-01 3.20E-01 1.04E+00 5.69E-01 4.76E-02 5.52E-01 3.45E-02 2.98E-01 6.84E-02 7.10E-01 5.03E-01 7.25E-01 1.14E-01 3.41E-01 4.70E-01 4.84E-02 3.09E-01 2.53E-01 2.74E-01 4.00E-01 7.29E-02 5.13E-02 1.41E-01 2.85E-01 1.94E-01 1.76E-01 1.48E-01 1.80E-01

5/4/05 8:07:41 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 2772.07 2772.11 2778.22 2780.70 2784.34 2787.93 2788.10 2789.80 2797.78 2803.61 2804.52 2804.86 2806.98 2812.04 2813.29 2823.28 2825.56 2832.44 2834.75 2838.12 2843.63 2843.98 2845.59 2851.80 2853.77 2863.43 2868.45 2877.30 2883.75 2887.81 2892.48 2894.50 2895.03 2899.41 2901.91 2907.52 2908.86 2918.02 2919.84 2920.69 2923.29 2923.85 2925.36 2929.01 2929.12 2936.90 2947.36 2947.88 2948.43 2953.49 2953.94 2954.65 2957.36 2957.48 2959.99 2960.66 2965.25 2966.90 2968.48 2970.10

Section 10.indb 111

gi

11 5 11 9 11 9 11 11 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 9 5 9 5 7 3 7 9 5 9 11 11 9 5 7 5 11 9 7 13 9 5 11 11 7 7 9 9 5 7 9 7 5 5 3 5 11 11 1 9 3 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 7 11 9 11 11 13 9 9 9 9 7 11 9 11 7 9 9 11 5 7 7 5 5 9 9 3 9 11 13 9 5 7 3 11 11 9 13 11 5 11 11 9 5 9 9 5 7 9 7 5 7 3 3 13 9 3 11 3 5

8

10-111 λ

–1

2.34E-02 4.12E-02 9.08E-02 9.01E-02 2.30E-02 2.27E-02 5.92E-01 2.36E-01 4.52E-02 1.04E-01 1.05E-01 2.40E-01 1.15E-01 5.00E-02 3.42E-01 1.51E-01 1.32E-01 2.38E-01 5.41E-02 1.28E-01 6.96E-02 3.17E-01 7.86E-02 3.37E-01 5.91E-02 4.13E-02 1.45E-01 4.61E-02 2.91E-02 7.98E-02 8.78E-02 4.83E-01 4.24E-02 4.68E-01 1.78E-01 1.61E-01 8.98E-02 1.18E+00 7.44E-02 6.38E-02 1.39E+00 2.97E-01 1.69E-01 5.10E-02 1.53E+00 1.40E-01 9.30E-02 1.83E-01 3.32E-01 3.64E-01 1.89E-01 1.06E-01 1.77E-01 1.31E-01 5.02E-01 8.48E-02 1.16E-01 2.72E-01 8.26E-02 1.08E-01

Å 2973.13 2973.24 2976.13 2980.53 2981.45 2981.85 2982.23 2983.57 2987.29 2990.39 2994.43 2996.39 2999.51 3000.45 3000.95 3003.03 3004.11 3005.30 3007.15 3008.14 3009.09 3009.57 3011.48 3015.92 3016.18 3018.98 3019.29 3020.49 3020.64 3021.07 3024.03 3025.64 3025.84 3026.46 3030.15 3031.64 3037.39 3040.43 3041.64 3041.74 3042.02 3042.66 3047.60 3053.07 3055.26 3057.45 3059.09 3060.54 3066.48 3067.00 3067.12 3067.24 3068.17 3073.98 3075.72 3078.43 3079.99 3083.74 3091.58 3098.19

gi

5 7 5 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 7 3 11 9 5 7 11 13 9 3 13 9 7 11 5 7 9 5 9 7 3 13 1 5 11 3 3 9 7 7 3 5 5 3 7 11 7 9 9 11 5 9 5 11 7 1 9 5 3 11

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 7 7 5 9 7 7 7 11 5 5 11 11 3 5 11 15 7 1 11 9 9 9 3 7 11 5 9 7 5 13 3 5 11 3 5 11 9 9 5 7 7 5 5 9 9 7 7 13 7 7 3 9 5 3 11 3 1 11

8

Weights

λ –1

1.35E-01 1.83E-01 9.70E-02 1.66E-01 6.53E-02 1.86E-01 3.47E-02 2.79E-01 5.25E-02 3.5E-01 4.39E-01 1.70E-01 1.70E-01 5.41E-02 6.42E-01 7.50E-02 2.79E-02 2.94E-02 7.34E-02 1.07E+00 7.77E-02 1.43E-01 3.79E-01 6.3E-02 8.85E-02 1.03E-01 2.33E-02 1.94E-01 7.59E-01 4.55E-01 4.87E-02 5.86E-01 3.48E-01 1.10E-01 5.04E-01 1.38E-01 2.91E-01 2.45E-02 4.24E-02 5.20E-02 4.70E-02 5.20E-02 2.84E-01 1.53E-01 9.48E-02 3.13E-01 1.63E-01 6.75E-02 9.11E-02 1.71E-01 3.89E-02 3.12E-01 1.11E-01 3.83E-02 3.14E-01 1.52E-01 8.35E-02 3.08E-01 5.53E-01 7.52E-02

Å 3099.89 3099.97 3100.30 3100.67 3100.84 3101.00 3112.08 3119.49 3120.44 3125.68 3132.52 3142.45 3142.89 3143.99 3145.06 3147.79 3153.20 3154.50 3156.27 3157.04 3157.89 3160.66 3161.95 3165.86 3166.44 3171.35 3175.44 3178.01 3180.22 3181.52 3182.06 3182.97 3188.57 3188.82 3190.65 3190.82 3192.80 3193.30 3194.42 3196.12 3196.93 3199.53 3202.56 3205.40 3210.23 3210.83 3211.61 3211.99 3214.01 3214.06 3215.94 3217.38 3219.58 3219.80 3221.92 3222.07 3225.79 3227.80 3228.25 3229.99

gi

3 9 5 7 13 9 11 11 9 13 9 7 5 9 9 7 7 5 7 9 5 9 11 7 9 9 11 11 7 7 9 5 11 3 9 9 3 5 5 11 9 9 9 3 9 5 9 11 7 7 5 11 7 9 3 11 11 9 5 9

3 9 5 7 11 9 11 9 7 11 7 7 5 9 9 7 9 7 7 11 7 9 13 9 7 7 11 9 9 5 9 7 11 5 11 9 5 7 3 9 11 9 7 3 11 3 9 9 7 5 5 9 9 7 3 11 13 7 3 11

gk

A 108 s–1 1.93E-01 8.23E-02 1.87E-01 1.35E-01 2.73E-02 5.53E-02 5.24E-02 8.28E-02 7.26E-02 8.46E-02 3.39E-01 3.93E-02 5.65E-02 6.10E-01 4.65E-02 7.59E-02 7.91E-02 4.64E-02 6.36E-01 1.26E-01 1.61E-01 1.93E-01 4.65E-02 5.35E-02 1.14E-01 1.85E-01 1.44E-01 1.28E-01 4.42E-01 1.84E-01 3.23E-02 1.42E-01 5.00E-02 2.53E-01 5.75E-02 5.55E-02 5.01E-01 3.07E-01 1.08E-01 1.40E-01 5.97E-01 2.23E-01 6.18E-02 9.77E-01 1.15E-01 9.24E-01 3.07E-02 4.64E-01 8.38E-01 1.18E+00 6.19E-01 1.50E-01 4.64E-01 3.61E-01 1.22E-01 8.65E-01 1.18E+00 4.96E-01 3.72E-01 1.06E-01

5/4/05 8:07:43 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-112 λ Å 3230.21 3230.96 3233.05 3233.97 3239.43 3244.19 3246.96 3248.20 3250.76 3252.91 3253.60 3254.36 3257.23 3257.59 3259.99 3264.51 3265.62 3271.00 3271.48 3280.26 3282.89 3284.59 3286.75 3290.99 3292.02 3292.59 3298.13 3305.97 3306.34 3306.35 3307.23 3310.34 3310.49 3314.74 3319.25 3322.47 3323.74 3328.87 3335.77 3336.26 3337.67 3340.56 3341.91 3342.29 3347.93 3354.06 3355.23 3369.55 3370.78 3380.11 3383.69 3383.98 3392.30 3392.65 3394.58 3399.33 3402.26 3403.29 3404.35 3406.44

Section 10.indb 112

gi

5 7 13 9 9 9 5 7 11 9 7 11 9 7 7 5 7 5 7 9 3 5 7 3 7 3 3 5 9 3 13 11 7 5 9 9 5 11 3 9 11 5 11 3 5 1 9 9 11 7 5 7 5 7 5 5 13 5 5 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 5 15 9 9 11 3 7 11 11 9 13 9 5 9 3 5 3 7 11 5 5 7 5 9 3 5 7 9 5 13 11 9 7 9 11 5 11 5 9 9 5 11 3 5 3 9 9 11 7 3 7 5 7 3 5 13 7 7 5

8

λ –1

2.06E-01 3.7E-01 4.19E-01 2.08E-01 2.95E-01 3.06E-01 1.09E-01 1.92E-01 2.85E-02 2.20E-02 1.62E-01 4.24E-01 4.76E-02 8.94E-02 2.99E-02 1.01E-01 3.06E-01 6.4E-01 8.47E-02 4.21E-01 3.42E-01 5.64E-02 5.99E-01 7.58E-02 5.77E-01 3.0E-01 9.01E-02 4.05E-01 5.74E-01 4.84E-01 1.97E-01 3.78E-02 6.17E-02 7.25E-01 3.73E-02 8.21E-02 2.8E-01 2.21E-01 7.48E-02 4.91E-02 6.06E-02 4.95E-02 3.02E-02 9.42E-02 4.91E-02 1.34E-01 2.59E-01 2.15E-01 2.89E-01 1.66E-01 8.33E-02 6.52E-02 9.93E-02 1.88E-01 8.70E-02 2.76E-01 2.19E-01 3.98E-02 1.09E-01 2.7E-01

Å 3406.80 3407.46 3410.17 3411.35 3413.13 3415.53 3417.84 3418.51 3422.66 3424.28 3425.01 3426.63 3426.67 3427.12 3428.19 3431.81 3440.61 3440.99 3443.88 3445.15 3447.28 3450.33 3451.91 3458.30 3459.91 3465.86 3468.84 3469.01 3475.45 3475.65 3476.34 3476.85 3485.34 3489.67 3490.57 3495.29 3497.10 3500.56 3505.06 3506.50 3508.47 3513.82 3516.41 3516.56 3521.26 3522.27 3522.90 3523.31 3524.07 3524.24 3526.17 3526.24 3526.38 3526.47 3526.67 3527.79 3529.82 3530.39 3533.01 3533.20

gi

3 7 3 9 5 3 3 3 3 7 9 5 11 7 5 5 9 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 9 9 5 7 7 7 5 11 7 9 7 7 5 5 9 11 7 7 9 11 5 5 7 5 7 7 7 5 5 9 3 13 1 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 9 5 9 7 5 3 1 5 7 7 3 11 9 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 1 3 3 11 9 5 5 7 9 3 13 7 7 7 5 3 5 11 11 9 5 9 11 7 3 5 7 7 9 7 5 5 9 3 13 3 5

8

Weights

λ –1

2.08E-01 6.09E-01 5.07E-01 6.0E-02 3.23E-01 4.64E-02 4.01E-01 9.88E-01 1.38E-01 1.61E-01 2.57E-01 1.94E-01 1.07E-01 5.04E-01 1.71E-01 5.53E-02 1.71E-01 1.24E-01 7.92E-02 2.34E-01 1.07E-01 2.34E-01 1.13E-01 2.92E-01 2.17E-01 1.19E-01 2.61E-02 8.58E-02 9.75E-02 8.61E-02 2.70E-01 3.21E-02 1.30E-01 7.47E-02 6.14E-02 9.46E-02 9.02E-02 5.28E-02 1.77E-01 7.35E-02 6.46E-02 3.40E-02 3.6E-02 6.82E-02 6.14E-02 5.03E-02 3.51E-02 1.06E-01 9.9E-02 5.04E-02 4.14E-02 1.70E-01 4.13E-01 1.29E-01 5.26E-01 2.17E-01 7.75E-01 4.65E-02 8.52E-01 8.25E-01

Å 3534.53 3536.56 3537.73 3537.89 3540.12 3541.08 3542.08 3543.67 3545.64 3547.19 3552.11 3552.83 3553.74 3554.50 3554.92 3556.88 3558.52 3559.50 3560.70 3565.38 3567.03 3568.82 3568.97 3570.10 3572.00 3572.59 3573.39 3573.83 3573.89 3575.11 3575.25 3575.37 3576.76 3578.38 3581.19 3581.65 3581.81 3582.20 3584.66 3584.79 3584.96 3585.19 3585.32 3585.71 3586.11 3586.74 3586.98 3587.24 3588.53 3588.61 3588.92 3589.45 3594.63 3595.30 3597.02 3599.63 3602.46 3602.53 3603.20 3603.82

gi

11 5 5 11 7 9 7 3 9 9 3 5 11 3 11 9 5 3 7 7 5 7 11 9 11 9 5 13 9 3 11 5 11 1 11 11 3 13 11 7 11 11 7 9 13 13 5 7 9 11 5 9 9 5 5 11 7 7 11 3

11 7 3 11 9 11 9 5 9 9 5 5 9 5 13 11 7 3 9 9 7 9 9 11 11 9 7 13 7 3 9 5 9 3 13 9 5 11 11 5 9 9 7 9 11 13 5 9 7 11 3 7 9 5 3 9 7 5 11 3

gk

A 108 s–1 2.20E-02 9.95E-01 1.33E-01 8.0E-02 9.48E-02 8.65E-01 9.51E-01 1.6E-01 2.05E-01 7.13E-02 4.8E-02 1.74E-01 1.09E+00 9.87E-02 1.40E+00 4.1E-01 1.77E-01 2.2E-01 7.4E-02 4.29E-01 8.34E-02 6.72E-02 4.64E-02 6.76E-01 2.89E-01 3.31E-02 1.05E-01 2.41E-02 5.73E-01 1.60E-01 7.43E-02 3.06E-01 8.8E-02 7.82E-02 1.02E+00 3.21E-02 8.68E-02 2.35E-01 3.29E-01 1.56E-01 6.74E-01 3.19E-02 1.17E-01 3.75E-02 7.02E-01 3.62E-02 1.66E-01 7.73E-02 7.21E-02 1.19E-01 2.15E-01 1.05E-01 3.14E-01 8.21E-02 1.8E-01 2.33E-01 1.02E-01 2.12E-01 2.59E-01 1.70E-01

5/4/05 8:07:45 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3605.45 3605.50 3606.68 3608.14 3608.86 3610.16 3610.69 3612.07 3613.44 3617.79 3618.30 3618.39 3618.77 3621.46 3621.72 3622.00 3623.19 3625.14 3630.35 3631.10 3631.46 3632.04 3632.56 3633.07 3634.33 3636.22 3637.87 3638.30 3640.39 3644.80 3645.07 3645.82 3647.42 3647.84 3649.51 3650.03 3650.28 3651.47 3655.46 3659.52 3664.54 3666.24 3667.25 3668.21 3669.15 3669.52 3670.02 3670.09 3674.76 3676.31 3677.31 3677.63 3682.17 3682.24 3684.11 3684.14 3686.00 3687.46 3687.66 3688.46

Section 10.indb 113

gi

9 13 11 9 3 13 5 11 7 5 11 9 5 9 11 7 13 11 9 11 7 3 11 9 9 5 9 7 9 7 9 1 3 9 11 7 11 7 5 9 7 11 9 7 9 9 3 11 5 9 5 7 7 5 9 9 9 11 9 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 11 13 11 5 13 3 13 7 7 9 9 7 11 9 7 13 9 7 11 9 5 9 11 7 7 9 9 11 5 9 3 3 11 9 7 11 9 5 9 9 9 7 9 7 7 5 13 3 11 7 5 5 5 7 7 11 9 9 9

8

10-113 λ

–1

4.66E-01 2.12E-01 8.29E-01 6.22E-02 8.13E-01 5.90E-01 1.05E-01 1.11E-01 7.0E-02 7.09E-01 4.89E-02 8.88E-02 7.22E-01 4.45E-01 1.07E-01 5.14E-01 6.68E-02 8.15E-02 1.04E-01 2.15E-01 5.17E-01 6.74E-01 5.69E-02 3.54E-02 1.05E-01 2.20E-01 5.9E-02 2.36E-01 3.57E-01 8.3E-02 2.91E-02 4.87E-01 3.38E-01 2.91E-01 3.94E-01 2.26E-01 6.15E-02 5.83E-01 1.18E-01 6.31E-02 4.68E-02 3.87E-02 1.3E-01 3.2E-02 8.03E-02 2.34E-01 8.60E-02 7.20E-02 7.91E-02 4.63E-02 2.28E-01 6.08E-01 1.04E-01 1.5E+00 2.97E-01 9.29E-02 3.34E-01 8.00E-02 7.38E-02 7.3E-02

Å 3689.46 3690.45 3690.73 3694.01 3695.05 3697.43 3698.60 3699.14 3701.09 3702.03 3703.55 3703.69 3703.82 3704.46 3707.92 3709.25 3711.22 3711.41 3716.44 3718.41 3719.93 3721.50 3722.56 3724.38 3726.93 3727.09 3727.62 3727.81 3730.39 3730.46 3730.95 3732.40 3734.86 3735.32 3737.13 3738.31 3740.24 3742.62 3743.36 3743.47 3744.10 3745.56 3746.93 3748.26 3748.96 3749.49 3753.61 3756.94 3757.45 3758.23 3759.15 3760.05 3760.53 3762.20 3763.79 3765.54 3765.70 3767.19 3778.51 3779.45

gi

9 1 11 5 7 7 5 5 7 3 7 9 1 11 7 9 7 3 9 7 9 5 5 5 5 9 7 7 9 7 5 5 11 9 7 11 7 9 5 11 5 5 7 3 9 9 7 11 5 7 13 13 3 9 5 13 11 3 7 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 3 11 7 9 7 7 7 9 1 7 11 3 9 5 7 9 5 7 7 11 5 5 7 5 7 5 5 11 9 7 5 11 9 9 13 9 9 3 11 3 7 7 5 11 9 5 11 3 7 11 15 5 11 5 15 11 3 5 3

8

Weights

λ –1

3.70E-01 1.22E-01 2.99E-01 8.35E-01 2.01E-01 1.94E-01 3.6E-02 4.9E-02 6.35E-01 3.7E-01 3.84E-02 6.31E-02 1.02E-01 1.42E-01 3.32E-01 1.56E-01 3.62E-02 1.28E-01 3.49E-01 5.17E-02 1.62E-01 1.94E-01 4.97E-02 1.04E-01 4.57E-01 1.71E-01 2.24E-01 1.91E-01 9.73E-02 3.09E-02 3.50E-02 2.69E-01 9.01E-01 2.70E-01 1.41E-01 3.44E-01 1.3E-01 6.75E-02 2.60E-01 6.05E-01 3.17E-01 1.15E-01 2.33E-01 9.15E-02 1.48E-01 7.63E-01 1.22E-01 2.2E-01 8.26E-02 6.34E-01 4.55E-02 4.47E-02 5.50E-02 2.4E-02 5.44E-01 9.51E-01 2.36E-02 6.39E-01 1.17E-01 1.05E-01

Å 3781.94 3785.95 3786.19 3787.16 3787.88 3789.18 3789.82 3793.48 3794.34 3795.00 3797.51 3798.51 3799.55 3801.68 3801.98 3802.28 3804.01 3805.34 3806.22 3806.70 3807.54 3808.73 3810.76 3812.96 3813.06 3813.88 3815.84 3816.34 3817.64 3819.49 3820.43 3821.18 3821.83 3825.88 3827.82 3829.45 3833.31 3834.22 3836.33 3839.26 3840.44 3841.05 3843.26 3845.70 3845.99 3846.41 3846.80 3849.97 3852.57 3854.37 3856.37 3859.21 3859.91 3865.52 3867.22 3871.75 3872.50 3873.76 3878.02 3878.67

gi

5 11 5 5 3 9 9 7 9 5 13 9 7 5 11 5 11 9 3 11 3 9 5 7 7 13 9 5 11 7 11 11 5 9 7 3 9 7 5 9 5 5 9 5 9 11 7 3 7 9 7 13 9 3 5 11 5 11 7 9

7 13 5 5 5 11 7 7 11 7 13 11 9 7 13 5 9 11 3 11 5 9 3 5 7 11 7 7 11 5 9 13 5 7 5 3 9 5 5 9 3 3 7 7 7 9 7 1 9 7 5 11 9 3 5 11 5 9 7 7

gk

A 108 s–1 3.8E-02 4.14E-02 1.3E-01 9.9E-02 1.29E-01 2.16E-02 4.1E-02 7.92E-02 4.15E-02 1.15E-01 4.57E-01 3.23E-02 7.31E-02 6.26E-02 3.7E-02 5.63E-02 4.6E-02 8.60E-01 2.5E-01 4.35E-01 9.37E-02 3.54E-02 1.94E-01 7.91E-02 5.52E-02 6.62E-02 1.12E+00 4.16E-02 7.7E-02 4.9E-02 6.67E-01 5.54E-01 7.30E-02 5.97E-01 1.05E+00 1.32E-01 4.68E-02 4.52E-01 3.29E-01 2.35E-01 4.70E-01 1.36E+00 3.70E-01 5.89E-02 4.5E-02 1.68E-01 6.20E-01 6.05E-01 3.26E-02 5.07E-02 4.64E-02 7.25E-02 9.69E-02 1.55E-01 3.16E-01 5.83E-02 1.05E-01 6.57E-02 7.72E-02 7.02E-02

5/4/05 8:07:47 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-114 λ Å 3878.73 3883.28 3884.36 3885.51 3886.28 3887.05 3888.51 3888.82 3891.93 3893.39 3894.01 3897.89 3900.52 3902.95 3903.90 3906.75 3907.93 3909.66 3911.00 3916.73 3918.42 3918.64 3919.07 3925.64 3925.94 3926.01 3928.08 3931.12 3932.63 3933.60 3935.81 3941.28 3942.44 3946.99 3947.53 3948.10 3948.77 3949.95 3951.16 3952.60 3953.15 3955.34 3956.46 3956.68 3957.02 3960.28 3963.10 3967.42 3967.96 3969.26 3970.39 3971.32 3973.65 3976.61 3977.74 3981.77 3983.96 3985.39 3989.86 3996.96

Section 10.indb 114

gi

3 7 11 3 7 9 5 5 3 11 5 11 7 7 9 5 7 3 9 13 3 7 9 5 1 7 9 5 9 3 5 5 3 9 5 7 11 7 3 11 7 3 13 11 5 5 3 9 7 9 3 11 5 3 5 9 9 5 5 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 9 5 7 9 5 3 3 11 5 13 7 7 9 7 5 5 9 11 1 7 9 5 3 7 9 7 11 5 5 5 5 11 5 9 9 5 5 11 9 3 11 13 7 7 5 7 9 7 1 9 7 5 5 9 7 5 7 9

8

λ –1

5.34E-01 1.28E-01 3.99E-02 7.26E-02 5.29E-02 3.52E-02 2.50E-01 1.95E-01 2.71E-01 1.00E-01 1.03E-01 6.20E-02 7.9E-02 2.14E-01 7.61E-02 7.05E-02 6.67E-02 5.7E-02 2.68E-02 9.83E-02 4.22E-01 1.17E-01 3.72E-02 8.04E-02 1.67E-01 7.26E-02 5.64E-02 4.8E-02 2.70E-02 5.92E-02 1.14E-01 9.1E-02 9.62E-02 3.91E-02 5.12E-02 1.31E-01 2.08E-01 4.79E-02 4.29E-01 2.97E-02 2.97E-02 1.5E-01 1.76E-01 1.22E-01 1.67E-01 4.10E-02 1.5E-01 1.52E-01 6.09E-02 2.26E-01 3.9E-01 4.97E-02 5.81E-02 1.20E-01 6.41E-02 3.57E-02 5.72E-02 8.53E-02 5.3E-02 7.95E-02

Å 3997.39 3998.05 4005.24 4006.31 4009.71 4014.53 4017.15 4018.27 4021.87 4024.73 4030.49 4030.89 4031.96 4040.64 4043.90 4044.61 4045.59 4045.81 4054.87 4058.22 4062.44 4063.59 4067.98 4070.77 4071.74 4073.76 4074.79 4076.63 4076.80 4079.17 4080.21 4084.49 4085.00 4085.30 4085.98 4098.18 4107.49 4109.80 4112.96 4118.55 4125.62 4126.18 4127.61 4132.06 4132.90 4134.68 4137.00 4142.59 4143.41 4143.87 4149.37 4153.90 4154.50 4154.81 4156.80 4157.78 4158.79 4170.90 4172.12 4172.64

gi

9 11 7 11 3 9 9 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 7 5 9 9 5 9 3 7 9 7 5 5 9 9 5 5 3 11 3 7 7 7 5 3 11 11 9 11 1 5 3 5 3 3 9 7 11 7 5 9 5 5 3 5 7 11

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 9 5 9 5 7 11 7 9 9 11 7 5 7 7 3 7 9 3 7 3 7 9 5 5 3 9 9 7 5 1 9 5 7 5 7 3 3 13 13 11 11 3 7 5 7 5 5 9 9 13 9 3 11 5 7 5 5 5 11

8

Weights

λ –1

1.26E-01 5.70E-02 2.04E-01 5.1E-02 4.64E-02 1.53E-01 3.25E-02 3.44E-02 8.55E-02 8.09E-02 1.04E-01 5.02E-02 7.6E-02 4.8E-02 8.69E-02 8.17E-02 7.39E-02 8.62E-01 9.61E-02 4.47E-02 1.85E-01 6.65E-01 1.51E-01 1.1E-01 7.64E-01 1.68E-01 3.43E-02 1.32E-01 3.81E-02 5.4E-02 2.3E-01 8.66E-02 4.7E-02 8.92E-02 5.1E-02 7.49E-02 1.74E-01 1.51E-01 1.1E-01 4.96E-01 9.9E-02 4.2E-02 1.43E-01 1.18E-01 7.70E-02 1.25E-01 2.75E-01 7.5E-02 2.70E-01 1.33E-01 4.23E-02 2.05E-01 2.64E-01 1.40E-01 1.20E-01 2.18E-01 1.6E-01 6.29E-02 9.80E-02 2.24E-02

Å 4175.64 4181.75 4182.38 4184.89 4187.04 4187.80 4191.43 4195.33 4196.21 4198.25 4198.30 4198.63 4199.10 4200.92 4202.03 4203.94 4203.98 4210.34 4217.55 4219.36 4222.21 4224.17 4224.51 4225.45 4227.43 4233.60 4235.94 4238.81 4245.26 4246.09 4247.43 4250.12 4250.79 4260.47 4267.83 4271.15 4271.76 4276.68 4282.40 4294.12 4299.23 4307.90 4309.03 4315.08 4325.76 4327.10 4369.77 4383.55 4388.41 4401.29 4404.75 4415.12 4422.57 4433.22 4443.19 4455.03 4466.55 4469.38 4476.02 4484.22

gi

3 5 5 5 7 9 5 11 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 3 3 3 11 7 9 3 5 11 3 9 7 1 7 9 5 7 11 1 7 9 9 7 9 9 7 13 5 5 5 9 9 7 7 7 5 3 5 1 9 5 5 3 7

5 7 5 5 5 7 3 11 7 9 9 5 11 9 9 13 5 3 5 13 7 11 5 7 13 5 9 9 3 5 11 7 7 11 3 9 11 9 5 9 11 9 13 5 7 5 9 11 7 7 9 7 3 3 3 7 7 7 5 9

gk

A 108 s–1 1.14E-01 2.32E-01 5.04E-02 1.03E-01 2.15E-01 1.52E-01 2.73E-01 1.11E-01 1.09E-01 1.47E-01 8.03E-02 1.25E-01 4.92E-01 6.25E-02 8.22E-02 2.97E-02 7.37E-02 1.48E-01 2.46E-01 2.88E-01 5.76E-02 1.06E-01 6.81E-02 1.65E-01 5.29E-01 1.85E-01 1.88E-01 2.41E-01 9.0E-02 5.85E-02 1.94E-01 2.07E-01 1.02E-01 3.99E-01 8.17E-02 1.82E-01 2.28E-01 2.6E-02 1.21E-01 3.12E-02 1.29E-01 3.38E-01 1.96E-02 7.76E-02 5.16E-01 1.12E-01 6.09E-02 5.00E-01 1.03E-01 6.4E-02 2.75E-01 1.19E-01 8.72E-02 2.1E-01 1.02E-01 4.1E-02 1.20E-01 1.59E-01 1.01E-01 5.04E-02

5/4/05 8:07:49 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 4485.68 4494.56 4528.61 4547.85 4556.13 4619.29 4638.01 4654.61 4667.45 4673.16 4678.85 4736.77 4789.65 4800.65 4859.74 4871.32 4872.14 4878.21 4890.76 4891.49 4903.31 4918.99 4920.50 4957.30 4957.60 4966.09 4973.10 4978.60 4985.25 4988.95 5001.86 5006.12 5014.94 5021.59 5022.24 5048.44 5068.77 5074.75 5090.77 5121.64 5137.38 5139.25 5139.46 5184.27 5191.46 5192.34 5208.59 5215.18 5226.86 5232.94 5235.39 5242.49 5263.31 5266.56 5273.16 5281.79 5283.62 5302.30 5324.18 5339.93

Section 10.indb 115

gi

3 5 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 9 3 7 11 9 13 11 3 5 5 7 9 11 7 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 11 7 9 5 5 7 7 5 5 9 9 13 5 7 1 5 7 3 9 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 9 7 5 5 7 7 9 7 9 11 7 9 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 9 9 11 11 3 3 5 7 7 11 5 9 3 5 7 11 5 5 9 5 9 7 3 7 5 3 5 11 7 11 5 9 3 7 7 5 9 7

8

10-115 λ

–1

1.1E-01 3.45E-02 5.44E-02 4.48E-02 1.05E-01 5.2E-02 3.37E-02 3.68E-02 6.03E-02 3.81E-02 4.97E-02 4.78E-02 4.57E-02 3.01E-02 1.62E-01 2.44E-01 2.54E-01 1.21E-01 2.25E-01 3.08E-01 6.58E-02 1.79E-01 3.58E-01 1.18E-01 4.22E-01 3.31E-02 1.1E-01 1.19E-01 1.48E-01 5.2E-02 3.7E-01 5.87E-02 2.64E-01 6.18E-02 2.4E-01 4.88E-02 3.37E-02 1.4E-01 1.9E-01 7.9E-02 1.0E-01 9.16E-02 8.69E-02 3.8E-02 2.32E-01 1.34E-01 6.23E-02 1.10E-01 1.36E-01 1.94E-01 3.75E-02 2.38E-02 6.36E-02 1.10E-01 8.12E-02 5.00E-02 1.02E-01 9.04E-02 2.06E-01 6.36E-02

Å 5364.87 5367.47 5369.96 5373.71 5383.37 5393.17 5398.28 5404.15 5410.91 5415.20 5463.28 5473.90 5476.29 5476.56 5563.60 5569.62 5572.84 5576.09 5586.76 5594.66 5602.95 5615.64 5624.54 5633.95 5638.26 5649.99 5655.18 5658.82 5662.52 5679.02 5686.53 5705.99 5753.12 5762.99 5816.37 5905.67 6301.50 6400.00 6411.65 6419.95 6469.19 6496.47 6569.22 6633.75 6841.34 6855.16 7187.32 7511.02 8220.38 8699.45 9012.07 9401.11 9414.04 9443.80 9569.91 9626.50 9738.57 9763.38 9861.74 9889.04

gi

5 7 9 7 11 7 5 9 7 11 9 7 7 9 5 5 7 3 9 9 3 11 5 11 9 3 7 7 11 5 9 7 3 5 9 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 7 5 7 9 11 13 7 11 9 7 5 11 9 11 3 7 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 11 9 13 9 5 11 9 13 9 7 9 9 7 3 5 1 7 9 3 9 5 13 7 5 9 7 9 7 11 9 5 7 11 3 5 9 7 7 3 5 9 7 7 9 11 11 11 9 9 11 9 7 11 9 13 5 9 11

8

Weights

λ –1

5.59E-01 7.13E-01 7.22E-01 3.7E-02 7.81E-01 4.91E-02 9.0E-02 6.92E-01 6.33E-01 7.67E-01 2.9E-01 5.2E-02 2.87E-02 8.70E-02 3.4E-02 2.34E-01 2.28E-01 2.5E-01 2.19E-01 5.20E-02 1.00E-01 2.64E-01 7.41E-02 7.7E-02 4.4E-02 5.1E-02 4.7E-02 4.34E-02 6.18E-02 3.7E-02 6.71E-02 6.1E-02 8.26E-02 9.6E-02 4.49E-02 1.1E-01 6.43E-02 9.27E-02 4.43E-02 1.2E-01 8.3E-02 7.8E-02 6.0E-02 3.44E-02 3.4E-02 2.86E-02 8.36E-02 1.35E-01 1.69E-01 4.08E-02 4.46E-02 2.64E-02 3.98E-02 6.39E-02 2.50E-02 4.51E-02 7.64E-02 5.42E-02 5.49E-02 2.22E-02

Å

gi

22473.28 23566.67 24547.95 24729.10

11 9 11 13

11 11 9 11

Fe II 1055.26 1063.97 1068.35 1071.58 1096.88 1112.05 1121.97 1122.84 1125.45 1127.10 1128.05 1130.44 1133.40 1133.67 1138.63 1142.37 1143.23 1144.94 1147.41 1148.28 1151.15 1267.42 1272.61 1272.65 1371.02 1563.79 1580.63 1588.69 1608.45 1608.54 1610.92 1611.20 1618.47 1621.25 1621.69 1623.09 1625.52 1625.91 1629.16 1631.13 1633.91 1634.35 1635.40 1636.33 1637.40 1639.40 1641.76 1647.16 1661.32 1663.70 1670.75 1676.86 1688.40 1702.04

10 10 8 6 10 10 10 8 10 10 2 6 8 10 8 10 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 6 14 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 4 8 4 10 2 6 6 10 6 10 8 6 10

8 8 8 8 8 12 8 6 8 10 4 8 10 8 8 8 10 12 8 10 8 6 4 4 12 8 10 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 6 8 10 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 4 4 6 8 8 8 8 8 12

gk

A 108 s–1 3.32E-02 2.21E-02 3.72E-02 5.08E-02 4.6E-01 3.5E-01 1.59E+00 1.14E+00 2.26E+00 2.0E-01 1.92E+00 1.81E+00 1.03E+00 5.9E-02 1.40E+00 3.1E-01 2.6E-01 3.1E-01 5.5E-01 2.6E-01 9.8E-01 3.52E+00 1.24E+00 3.35E+00 2.23E+00 9.3E-01 3.3E-01 2.2E-01 1.74E+00 1.33E+00 5.8E-01 4.9E-03 1.91E+00 2.1E-02 1.94E-01 4.40E-02 5.53E-01 1.3E-02 1.32E+00 1.99E-01 4.04E-01 1.02E-01 8.66E-01 6.93E-01 3.85E-01 3.21E-01 2.28E+00 9.63E-01 3.57E-01 6.85E-01 1.76E+00 4.98E-01 1.2E-02 9.9E-03 1.06E+00 6.75E-02 2.53E-02 1.02E+00

5/4/05 8:07:51 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-116 λ Å 1761.37 1785.27 1786.75 1788.08 1796.98 1818.52 1833.08 1863.11 2020.75 2057.33 2074.19 2078.16 2097.02 2122.45 2146.37 2162.02 2182.36 2187.68 2189.03 2191.98 2201.59 2208.41 2209.03 2213.66 2218.26 2220.38 2228.73 2249.18 2250.18 2250.94 2251.56 2253.13 2254.41 2255.77 2260.08 2260.24 2260.86 2262.69 2266.00 2267.59 2268.56 2268.82 2279.92 2292.42 2296.88 2312.22 2327.40 2327.88 2331.31 2332.80 2338.01 2338.54 2343.50 2343.96 2344.28 2345.34 2348.12 2348.30 2351.20 2351.67

Section 10.indb 116

gi

8 6 6 6 6 8 6 6 6 6 10 10 8 10 8 10 10 8 10 8 6 10 10 14 8 12 6 10 4 6 8 8 4 6 10 2 4 4 6 6 2 8 8 12 6 10 6 10 10 8 4 10 10 8 2 14 10 6 12 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 8 6 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 14 10 12 8 8 4 6 6 8 2 4 10 2 6 4 6 8 4 8 10 10 8 8 4 12 8 6 4 12 8 6 4 12 8 6 10 6

8

λ –1

1.42E+00 1.2E+01 1.2E+01 4.6E+00 3.0E-03 5.70E-02 2.2E-02 2.4E-03 1.83E-01 2.80E-02 2.30E-02 2.84E-02 1.07E-02 4.8E-03 7.1E-03 2.54E-01 8.6E-02 2.87E-02 1.97E-02 7.54E-01 7.77E-01 1.59E+00 1.27E+00 3.26E-01 1.57E+00 4.19E-01 1.59E+00 3.00E-02 1.67E-02 3.19E-02 9.8E-03 4.41E-02 5.5E-03 4.75E-01 3.18E-02 3.4E-02 2.16E-02 1.98E-02 1.0E-02 3.69E-02 6.0E-03 3.97E-03 4.49E-02 8.42E-03 1.82E-02 9.3E-03 6.55E-01 1.08E+00 3.17E-01 1.31E+00 1.13E+00 5.6E-02 1.73E+00 3.13E-01 9.27E-01 7.3E-01 6.50E-01 1.15E+00 7.19E-01 1.80E+00

Å 2352.31 2353.47 2353.68 2354.48 2354.89 2356.21 2359.11 2359.60 2360.00 2360.29 2360.53 2361.73 2362.02 2363.86 2364.83 2365.76 2366.59 2366.88 2368.60 2369.95 2370.50 2372.36 2373.74 2375.19 2376.43 2378.55 2378.70 2379.28 2379.42 2380.76 2382.04 2382.36 2382.90 2383.06 2383.24 2384.39 2385.01 2388.39 2388.63 2390.10 2390.76 2391.48 2394.00 2395.42 2395.63 2396.72 2399.24 2400.05 2401.29 2402.45 2402.60 2402.63 2404.43 2404.89 2406.09 2406.66 2410.27 2410.52 2411.07 2411.81

gi

2 12 8 10 6 6 4 10 10 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 6 10 4 10 10 4 12 8 8 8 10 6 10 4 12 8 6 4 6 10 8 14 6 8 12 6 8 10 6 12 6 10 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 4 2 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 14 8 8 4 8 6 10 10 6 8 8 8 10 8 6 6 10 4 12 4 8 10 2 14 8 8 8 10 8 12 6 14 6 6 4 8 12 8 16 6 10 10 4 10 12 6 14 8 10 8 8 2 8 8 4 8 6 2 12

8

Weights

λ –1

4.38E+00 4.98E+00 1.30E+00 8.13E-01 2.67E-01 7.1E-03 5.0E-01 2.25E-01 3.59E-01 6.23E-01 2.22E-01 2.40E-01 1.41E-01 5.3E+00 5.90E-01 2.16E+00 1.01E-01 3.51E-02 6.06E-01 5.9E+00 1.73E-01 6.6E-03 4.25E-01 9.81E-01 6.4E+00 1.70E-01 1.49E-01 2.73E-01 3.68E-01 3.10E-01 3.13E+00 3.19E-02 1.62E-01 1.0E-01 3.59E-01 3.22E-01 3.60E-02 2.02E-01 1.05E+00 5.5E+00 1.17E+00 3.77E-02 9.4E-02 2.67E-01 2.59E+00 2.15E-01 1.39E+00 4.57E+00 1.89E+00 5.8E-01 2.17E-02 8.19E-01 6.44E-01 1.96E+00 2.05E-02 1.61E+00 7.65E-01 1.55E+00 2.37E+00 4.33E+00

Å 2412.01 2413.31 2414.10 2414.51 2416.45 2417.87 2418.17 2418.44 2419.89 2422.69 2422.93 2423.21 2424.15 2424.39 2424.50 2424.59 2424.65 2428.08 2428.36 2428.80 2429.04 2429.39 2429.86 2430.08 2432.26 2432.87 2433.50 2434.06 2434.24 2434.73 2434.95 2435.00 2436.62 2439.30 2440.42 2441.13 2442.38 2443.71 2444.52 2445.11 2445.57 2445.80 2446.11 2446.47 2447.21 2447.33 2447.76 2449.96 2450.21 2453.98 2454.58 2455.71 2455.90 2457.10 2458.78 2458.97 2460.44 2461.28 2461.86 2463.28

gi

6 2 14 10 8 12 6 6 10 6 10 4 10 6 8 6 8 12 8 4 2 4 8 8 6 14 10 8 8 12 4 8 6 12 6 10 10 8 6 12 4 4 8 12 6 4 12 4 2 8 14 8 4 6 10 6 10 6 8 12

8 4 12 8 10 12 8 8 10 8 8 6 12 8 8 6 8 10 10 4 4 4 8 10 8 14 12 6 10 12 6 8 8 14 8 10 12 10 8 12 6 6 8 14 6 2 10 4 4 10 12 8 6 4 12 4 12 8 10 10

gk

A 108 s–1 1.66E-01 1.02E+00 1.05E-02 4.2E-03 2.38E+00 9.5E-01 2.0E-02 2.28E+00 2.2E-02 1.46E+00 2.94E-02 1.40E+00 2.21E+00 1.61E-01 2.9E-03 1.24E+00 6.55E-02 7.0E-03 2.68E+00 1.38E+00 1.23E+00 6.9E-01 1.51E+00 1.91E+00 1.57E+00 2.86E+00 1.30E-01 7.2E-01 2.01E+00 2.79E+00 1.39E+00 2.02E+00 2.70E+00 2.25E+00 1.18E+00 8.95E-01 2.75E+00 1.44E+00 2.78E+00 2.03E+00 2.07E+00 1.23E+00 1.06E+00 2.99E-01 1.15E+00 2.56E+00 1.97E+00 1.24E+00 1.26E+00 1.31E+00 1.16E+00 1.01E+00 1.73E+00 4.71E-01 2.31E+00 2.51E+00 5.39E+00 2.34E+00 2.43E+00 7.1E-01

5/4/05 8:07:54 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 2464.01 2464.91 2465.91 2466.50 2466.67 2466.82 2468.30 2469.37 2469.52 2470.41 2470.67 2470.85 2471.28 2472.61 2473.32 2475.12 2475.54 2476.27 2477.35 2478.57 2480.16 2481.05 2482.12 2482.33 2482.66 2482.87 2483.72 2484.24 2484.44 2489.11 2489.48 2489.83 2490.71 2490.86 2491.40 2492.34 2493.26 2493.88 2494.12 2497.68 2497.82 2500.92 2501.35 2502.39 2503.33 2503.54 2503.57 2503.88 2506.09 2506.80 2508.34 2510.57 2511.76 2513.15 2514.38 2517.14 2519.05 2521.09 2521.82 2525.39

Section 10.indb 117

gi

10 6 8 2 4 6 10 10 8 6 8 8 10 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 10 12 14 4 12 6 8 4 8 4 12 12 10 8 10 10 14 6 12 10 6 6 2 8 12 8 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 10 8 2 8 6 8 14

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 6 4 2 4 10 8 6 6 6 8 8 10 2 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 14 4 10 4 10 6 8 4 12 12 12 8 8 12 16 6 10 12 6 8 2 8 12 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 4 6 4 8 14

8

10-117 λ

–1

1.32E+00 2.22E+00 1.62E+00 2.40E+00 2.64E+00 1.77E+00 9.8E-02 2.23E-02 2.58E+00 6.0E-01 1.54E+00 5.4E-03 4.15E-01 3.22E+00 2.74E+00 3.72E+00 3.18E+00 9.7E-02 1.70E-01 9.1E-01 1.55E+00 1.46E-01 6.5E-01 2.23E+00 1.25E+00 1.69E+00 5.4E-01 8.3E-02 2.16E+00 2.6E-02 5.1E-01 1.94E+00 1.44E+00 8.8E-01 1.01E+00 2.30E-01 3.04E+00 1.74E+00 2.97E-02 8.4E-03 1.68E+00 2.41E+00 1.48E+00 1.43E+00 7.3E-01 3.32E-01 2.53E-01 2.23E+00 9.9E-01 1.98E+00 3.79E-01 1.54E-01 2.30E+00 2.49E-01 2.11E+00 9.2E-01 2.10E+00 2.05E+00 2.36E+00 1.91E+00

Å 2525.92 2526.08 2526.29 2527.10 2527.71 2528.68 2529.08 2529.23 2529.55 2530.10 2533.63 2534.42 2535.36 2535.49 2536.67 2536.81 2536.84 2537.14 2538.21 2538.40 2538.50 2538.68 2538.91 2538.99 2539.81 2540.52 2540.66 2541.10 2541.84 2542.32 2542.74 2543.38 2543.43 2544.97 2545.22 2545.44 2545.53 2546.67 2547.34 2548.16 2548.32 2548.59 2548.74 2548.92 2549.08 2549.40 2549.46 2549.77 2550.03 2550.15 2550.57 2550.68 2551.20 2554.94 2555.07 2555.45 2557.08 2557.51 2559.24 2559.77

gi

8 10 6 12 10 10 4 12 10 4 12 8 6 10 12 10 12 10 14 6 8 6 10 14 8 2 6 8 8 4 2 10 6 4 8 8 8 8 8 6 4 10 4 12 10 4 6 8 10 8 12 12 10 8 6 4 8 10 8 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 8 6 10 8 8 6 10 10 6 12 8 4 8 12 10 14 10 12 8 6 8 8 12 8 2 8 6 6 2 2 12 4 6 10 10 10 8 8 8 6 10 2 10 8 4 6 6 10 10 12 12 8 8 8 6 10 8 8 8

8

Weights

λ –1

7.4E-01 3.52E-01 2.47E+00 3.67E-01 9.1E-01 2.3E-02 1.80E+00 3.27E-01 2.20E+00 6.6E-01 1.92E+00 1.83E+00 2.46E+00 7.47E-01 5.7E-01 1.69E+00 6.8E-01 1.44E+00 1.26E+00 3.7E-02 5.9E-01 7.4E-01 1.28E+00 1.93E+00 5.6E-02 1.26E+00 1.70E+00 9.6E-01 8.2E-01 3.9E-03 1.61E+00 6.7E-01 8.3E-01 3.93E-01 5.3E-01 1.52E-01 1.2E-02 7.98E-01 2.28E-01 8.0E-03 2.69E-01 2.67E-01 2.43E+00 6.0E-01 1.89E+00 1.65E+00 1.12E+00 2.35E-01 1.74E+00 3.91E-01 1.6E-02 1.07E+00 2.48E-01 2.6E-02 1.96E-01 2.49E-01 2.8E-02 1.53E-01 6.4E-02 2.42E-01

Å 2559.93 2560.28 2561.59 2562.09 2562.54 2563.48 2566.22 2566.40 2566.62 2566.91 2568.41 2568.89 2569.78 2570.55 2570.85 2571.55 2572.97 2573.21 2573.76 2574.37 2576.86 2577.43 2577.92 2580.72 2581.11 2582.41 2582.58 2583.05 2583.35 2585.62 2585.88 2586.06 2587.95 2588.19 2588.80 2590.55 2591.54 2592.79 2593.73 2594.96 2595.28 2595.30 2598.37 2599.40 2604.05 2604.67 2605.04 2605.31 2605.43 2605.90 2606.52 2607.09 2608.85 2609.13 2609.44 2609.87 2611.07 2611.34 2611.87 2613.57

gi

6 4 10 4 8 6 8 8 10 4 2 8 2 6 8 10 6 8 8 6 10 6 2 8 6 6 4 8 8 10 10 6 8 2 8 4 6 14 2 8 12 10 8 10 8 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 10 8 6 8 4 8 8 10

8 4 10 2 6 4 10 6 12 2 4 8 4 8 6 10 8 10 8 4 12 8 2 6 6 8 4 10 10 10 8 4 10 2 8 6 6 16 4 8 10 8 6 10 8 10 8 4 6 2 6 4 8 10 8 8 6 6 8 12

gk

A 108 s–1 2.47E-01 1.77E+00 1.1E-02 1.62E+00 1.79E+00 1.51E+00 2.61E+00 2.29E+00 7.1E-02 1.15E+00 4.77E-01 2.8E-02 1.11E+00 1.1E-03 1.84E+00 2.89E-02 7.89E-02 1.42E-01 2.3E-02 2.43E+00 1.32E+00 7.8E-03 1.24E+00 2.2E-02 7.61E-02 2.22E-01 8.80E-01 2.16E-02 9.0E-03 3.09E-01 8.94E-01 5.8E-02 1.69E+00 1.5E-01 8.4E-02 7.9E-02 5.72E-01 2.74E+00 1.63E-01 1.0E-01 1.67E-03 1.2E-02 1.43E+00 2.35E+00 1.49E-01 1.2E-02 2.34E+00 1.99E+00 3.40E-01 1.27E+00 2.31E+00 1.73E+00 5.0E-02 2.77E-01 6.0E-02 1.34E-01 7.28E-02 1.4E-02 1.20E+00 2.0E-02

5/4/05 8:07:56 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-118 λ Å 2613.82 2614.19 2614.59 2614.87 2617.62 2619.08 2620.17 2620.41 2620.70 2621.67 2623.13 2623.72 2625.49 2625.67 2626.50 2626.70 2628.29 2628.58 2629.59 2630.07 2631.05 2631.32 2631.61 2633.20 2636.70 2637.50 2637.64 2639.57 2641.12 2642.01 2646.21 2649.47 2650.48 2651.30 2652.57 2654.63 2657.92 2658.25 2659.06 2662.56 2664.66 2666.64 2667.22 2669.93 2670.38 2671.39 2680.23 2682.51 2683.00 2684.75 2684.96 2686.11 2686.39 2691.74 2692.60 2692.83 2693.86 2697.33 2697.46 2697.73

Section 10.indb 118

gi

4 8 10 8 6 10 6 4 8 2 14 6 12 8 4 8 2 6 6 4 4 6 10 6 4 6 2 2 4 6 12 6 6 12 10 4 10 8 10 2 8 6 4 2 6 2 6 8 4 8 12 6 6 10 10 8 8 4 4 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 10 8 6 6 10 6 4 8 2 14 6 14 10 6 8 4 6 8 6 6 8 12 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 10 8 8 12 8 4 10 8 10 2 10 8 6 4 8 4 8 10 6 10 12 6 4 8 12 6 6 4 2 8

8

λ –1

2.12E+00 3.3E-02 3.37E-02 3.5E-02 4.88E-01 2.48E-01 1.1E-01 4.30E-02 3.43E-01 5.60E-01 8.8E-02 1.92E-01 2.55E+00 3.52E-01 3.48E-01 1.94E-02 8.74E-01 3.4E-02 7.2E-01 5.1E-01 8.16E-01 6.29E-01 6.6E-01 1.21E+00 8.8E-02 6.2E-01 6.6E-01 8.0E-01 3.7E-02 2.29E-01 1.44E-02 1.98E+00 1.60E+00 4.0E-03 4.45E-02 8.1E-01 3.2E-02 2.12E-01 2.5E-03 1.33E+00 1.91E+00 1.87E+00 1.02E+00 5.2E-01 6.0E-02 6.5E-01 1.10E-01 9.2E-01 7.3E-01 1.57E+00 6.4E-03 9.4E-03 1.6E-02 5.04E-02 1.40E+00 1.64E-02 4.2E-02 2.48E-01 1.65E+00 2.6E-02

Å 2699.20 2703.99 2704.58 2707.13 2709.06 2709.38 2709.99 2711.84 2712.39 2714.41 2716.22 2716.44 2716.57 2716.70 2717.88 2718.64 2719.30 2721.81 2722.06 2722.74 2724.88 2726.52 2727.38 2727.54 2728.91 2730.73 2732.01 2732.45 2732.94 2736.49 2736.97 2739.55 2741.39 2743.20 2744.90 2746.48 2746.98 2749.18 2749.32 2749.49 2750.01 2751.13 2752.15 2753.29 2754.89 2755.74 2756.51 2757.03 2759.33 2761.81 2762.33 2762.45 2763.66 2763.91 2764.79 2765.13 2767.50 2768.93 2769.15 2769.35

gi

4 8 8 4 4 6 6 12 10 8 6 6 14 8 16 10 6 12 8 6 6 6 12 6 8 4 10 10 8 2 4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 6 2 10 4 4 10 8 8 6 10 8 2 6 6 14 8 12 10 12 4 8 12

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 8 8 6 6 4 8 14 12 6 6 6 12 8 14 8 8 10 8 8 6 8 10 4 10 4 8 10 6 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 2 10 4 4 12 6 10 8 8 8 4 6 4 12 6 12 8 14 6 10 14

8

Weights

λ –1

6.2E-01 1.38E+00 1.66E-02 8.3E-01 3.88E-01 2.78E-03 8.7E-03 4.36E-01 1.29E-01 5.70E-01 1.15E+00 2.8E-02 1.35E+00 1.02E-03 1.51E+00 1.18E+00 4.44E-01 5.1E-02 1.42E-01 8.2E-01 9.58E-02 5.0E-02 3.12E-01 9.38E-01 1.25E-01 2.79E-01 7.05E-02 9.8E-04 9.5E-01 1.5E-02 1.22E+00 2.21E+00 2.03E-01 1.97E+00 3.62E-02 2.05E+00 1.69E+00 1.21E+00 2.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.8E-02 2.92E-01 7.7E-01 1.89E+00 1.21E+00 2.15E+00 7.3E-02 8.07E-02 2.7E-04 1.38E-01 6.0E-01 3.3E-02 1.34E+00 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 1.47E+00 1.58E+00 4.75E-02 6.6E-02 2.07E-01

Å 2770.50 2771.19 2771.56 2772.73 2774.69 2775.34 2776.18 2776.91 2779.30 2779.91 2780.05 2783.69 2784.28 2785.19 2787.24 2790.56 2793.89 2796.63 2797.92 2799.29 2799.72 2804.02 2805.32 2805.79 2809.78 2811.27 2812.49 2813.61 2817.09 2819.34 2826.03 2827.43 2828.63 2831.56 2833.09 2835.71 2836.19 2836.51 2837.30 2838.22 2839.51 2839.80 2840.34 2840.65 2840.76 2841.36 2842.08 2843.32 2843.48 2844.96 2845.60 2847.21 2847.77 2848.11 2848.32 2848.91 2849.61 2852.87 2853.21 2855.67

gi

12 10 6 6 2 6 6 8 10 2 2 12 2 12 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 6 4 8 8 12 4 8 6 12 8 12 12 4 6 4 4 2 10 4 10 8 12 2 10 10 8 10 4 2 8 8 4 6 6 12 10 2 6 8

10 12 4 8 4 6 8 8 8 4 2 10 4 10 6 10 12 10 10 8 10 6 6 8 8 10 4 10 4 12 6 14 10 6 6 6 4 4 12 2 8 10 12 4 12 10 8 10 6 2 6 6 4 6 4 10 12 4 6 10

gk

A 108 s–1 4.08E-02 4.3E-02 1.9E-02 1.1E-03 2.73E-01 1.5E-04 2.66E-02 4.08E-01 1.00E+00 2.56E-01 3.3E-01 1.06E+00 3.4E-02 1.53E+00 1.83E-01 2.1E-02 1.26E-01 2.0E-01 3.2E-02 1.55E-01 5.0E-03 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 3.22E-02 3.10E-01 1.2E-02 2.9E-02 3.40E-02 3.37E-01 9.7E-03 4.5E-02 2.4E-02 6.9E-02 7.6E-01 4.55E-01 5.1E-01 5.4E-02 9.8E-02 1.9E-02 8.6E-01 1.47E+00 5.8E-01 7.7E-02 7.6E-01 1.49E-01 4.3E-03 1.5E-02 1.40E-02 9.6E-02 5.5E-01 1.57E+00 1.7E-04 5.1E-01 9.9E-01 1.59E+00 5.3E-02 4.6E-02 1.65E-02 2.3E-02 9.2E-02

5/4/05 8:07:58 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 2856.15 2856.38 2856.91 2857.17 2857.42 2858.34 2861.17 2864.97 2868.87 2869.16 2869.31 2869.70 2870.61 2871.06 2871.13 2872.38 2873.40 2875.35 2876.80 2879.25 2880.76 2883.71 2884.76 2885.93 2886.24 2887.31 2888.10 2892.83 2894.78 2895.22 2897.27 2902.32 2902.46 2906.12 2907.86 2910.76 2916.15 2917.08 2917.47 2922.02 2926.59 2934.49 2939.51 2944.40 2945.26 2947.65 2949.18 2953.77 2954.05 2959.60 2959.84 2961.28 2964.13 2964.62 2965.03 2965.41 2968.74 2969.94 2970.52 2970.69

Section 10.indb 119

gi

10 6 8 6 6 10 4 8 6 8 4 8 8 10 12 10 8 8 8 10 8 12 6 14 12 6 4 4 10 8 6 6 10 2 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 8 6 4 6 6 10 6 8 8 8 4 8 2 4 6 8 8 4 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 8 8 8 6 12 4 8 6 10 6 6 10 12 10 8 10 10 8 8 8 14 8 12 10 4 6 6 12 10 4 8 10 4 6 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 4 2 6 4 8 8 8 6 6 2 6 2 4 4 10 6 6 8

8

10-119 λ

–1

5.0E-02 4.42E-01 1.32E+00 1.22E-01 2.0E-02 4.85E-01 1.7E-03 4.3E-02 7.3E-03 1.4E-02 4.04E-01 1.1E-02 7.5E-03 2.2E-02 3.0E-02 1.70E-01 4.56E-01 1.35E-01 9.56E-02 3.6E-02 2.21E-02 1.48E-01 2.46E-01 3.8E-02 6.9E-03 1.9E-02 6.1E-02 1.8E-03 5.7E-02 1.09E-01 1.8E-01 8.81E-03 3.2E-02 4.4E-02 1.3E-03 1.5E-02 4.8E-04 2.7E-02 1.4E-03 3.8E-02 5.1E-02 5.6E-03 4.0E-03 3.5E-01 5.6E-04 2.01E-01 2.45E-01 5.2E-02 1.2E-02 9.7E-02 1.36E-01 8.9E-03 4.6E-02 6.5E-02 9.43E-02 1.1E-02 2.4E-03 2.28E-01 2.70E-02 4.15E-02

Å 2975.94 2978.85 2979.35 2980.96 2982.06 2984.82 2985.54 2997.30 2998.85 3000.06 3002.32 3002.65 3004.26 3020.01 3021.42 3036.96 3044.84 3048.99 3056.80 3062.24 3065.32 3070.69 3071.12 3076.44 3077.17 3078.68 3089.38 3096.29 3101.89 3105.17 3105.55 3106.57 3114.30 3114.69 3116.58 3129.01 3131.72 3133.05 3135.36 3144.75 3146.75 3154.20 3155.95 3162.80 3163.09 3166.67 3167.86 3170.34 3177.53 3179.50 3180.15 3183.11 3185.32 3186.74 3187.30 3192.07 3192.91 3193.80 3193.86 3196.07

gi

2 10 2 6 4 6 2 6 6 8 6 4 8 12 8 6 8 4 14 12 6 10 2 4 14 6 6 8 6 4 2 8 4 2 6 8 12 4 6 8 10 10 10 8 6 6 8 4 8 6 4 4 2 4 10 8 6 2 8 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 10 4 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 8 6 8 10 6 6 10 4 12 10 6 8 4 6 12 8 8 8 8 2 2 8 4 4 4 10 10 6 6 6 10 10 8 8 6 4 8 2 8 8 6 6 4 4 10 10 6 2 8 8

8

Weights

λ –1

9.1E-03 7.2E-03 1.61E-02 1.1E-02 2.41E-01 4.29E-01 2.39E-01 8.6E-02 4.2E-03 3.0E-02 2.0E-02 1.79E-01 8.6E-03 6.4E-04 3.8E-03 2.22E-01 1.2E-02 3.84E-01 1.7E-02 1.36E-01 2.9E-02 1.28E-02 2.59E-01 3.75E-01 1.35E-01 5.5E-01 2.2E-02 1.9E-02 9.1E-03 7.5E-02 7.0E-02 1.88E-02 6.4E-02 2.5E-02 5.5E-02 2.3E-03 6.6E-03 1.5E-02 8.8E-02 2.7E-02 4.9E-06 2.06E-01 4.17E-03 5.5E-02 1.92E-03 1.4E-03 1.59E-01 8.2E-03 1.74E-01 1.11E-01 7.7E-02 9.80E-03 3.00E-03 3.85E-02 5.0E-02 5.2E-03 1.27E-02 5.4E-02 3.86E-02 1.61E-02

Å 3210.44 3211.08 3213.31 3227.74 3231.71 3232.78 3237.40 3237.82 3241.69 3243.72 3247.17 3247.39 3255.89 3257.36 3258.77 3259.05 3266.94 3267.04 3268.51 3269.77 3273.49 3276.60 3277.35 3279.64 3281.29 3285.41 3289.35 3295.23 3295.82 3297.88 3302.86 3303.46 3304.43 3313.99 3323.06 3325.01 3360.11 3366.97 3381.01 3388.14 3395.33 3398.36 3416.02 3425.57 3436.11 3442.22 3453.62 3456.92 3463.96 3464.50 3468.68 3475.74 3487.99 3493.47 3494.67 3495.62 3499.88 3503.47 3507.40 3508.20

gi

2 6 4 6 6 8 4 2 8 10 4 8 8 8 6 8 10 8 8 10 8 6 8 10 6 4 8 6 4 6 6 2 6 2 8 8 12 8 6 8 8 14 4 6 8 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 4 10 4 10 8 2 2 2

4 8 6 8 8 6 4 4 8 8 6 8 8 6 8 10 10 10 6 8 8 8 10 10 6 2 8 8 4 4 8 2 8 4 10 8 12 6 4 10 8 14 2 8 6 6 10 6 6 8 8 8 6 10 6 8 8 2 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 3.63E-02 2.1E-03 6.12E-02 8.9E-02 1.4E-02 5.0E-02 1.8E-02 6.8E-02 1.9E-03 5.1E-02 7.1E-02 6.0E-03 2.78E-03 1.5E-03 9.39E-02 6.7E-02 4.5E-03 2.0E-04 6.8E-03 5.2E-03 8.5E-03 1.0E-02 3.31E-03 5.8E-03 2.31E-03 4.5E-04 2.1E-02 3.6E-03 2.04E-03 1.0E-02 2.78E-04 6.5E-04 2.0E-03 1.4E-04 1.4E-02 3.35E-03 2.1E-03 2.2E-02 3.0E-02 3.8E-04 3.66E-03 2.5E-03 2.6E-03 2.1E-04 5.7E-03 3.2E-03 8.5E-03 7.1E-03 7.6E-05 2.2E-03 2.0E-02 1.7E-04 1.7E-04 3.2E-02 7.1E-04 2.62E-03 4.29E-03 2.6E-04 4.1E-04 1.2E-04

5/4/05 8:08:00 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-120 λ Å 3614.88 3621.27 3624.89 3632.29 3711.98 3748.48 3759.46 3814.12 3824.93 3827.08 3906.04 3914.50 3935.96 3938.29 3938.97 3945.21 3974.17 4024.55 4075.95 4087.28 4122.67 4124.79 4128.75 4173.46 4178.86 4180.98 4233.17 4258.15 4273.33 4296.57 4303.18 4351.77 4369.41 4384.32 4385.39 4413.60 4416.83 4472.93 4489.18 4491.41 4508.29 4515.34 4520.22 4522.63 4534.17 4541.52 4549.19 4549.47 4555.89 4576.34 4582.84 4583.84 4620.52 4629.34 4635.32 4656.98 4666.76 4670.18 4720.15 4731.45

Section 10.indb 120

gi

8 2 2 10 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 2 12 2 10 2 6 8 4 4 6 10 6 4 4 4 8 8 6 6 10 8 10 6 6 8 6 4 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 2 10 6 4 2 6 6 8 8 4 10 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 8 4 8 4 2 6 4 6 4 10 2 10 4 4 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 8 6 8 8 8 10 8 6 10 8 6 8

8

λ –1

4.2E-03 2.2E-02 2.4E-02 1.2E-03 1.5E-03 3.4E-02 3.2E-02 4.9E-03 3.2E-05 2.5E-03 1.1E-02 4.6E-05 8.3E-03 6.1E-05 8.4E-03 3.9E-05 6.3E-05 2.5E-03 1.6E-05 3.0E-05 3.3E-04 3.4E-05 2.6E-04 4.43E-03 1.72E-03 2.2E-04 7.22E-03 3.1E-04 9.1E-04 7.0E-04 2.20E-03 4.86E-03 2.3E-04 7.2E-05 4.5E-03 2.2E-05 2.1E-03 2.5E-04 5.9E-04 1.89E-03 7.3E-03 2.37E-03 9.8E-04 8.4E-03 2.3E-04 8.6E-04 9.2E-03 1.00E-02 2.26E-03 6.4E-04 3.44E-04 7.22E-03 2.53E-04 1.72E-03 1.0E-02 1.37E-04 1.3E-04 3.2E-05 7.5E-06 2.8E-04

Å 4833.20 4840.00 4893.82 4923.93 4990.51 4993.36 5000.74 5001.96 5018.44 5030.63 5035.71 5100.66 5132.67 5136.80 5144.35 5149.47 5169.03 5197.58 5227.48 5234.62 5247.95 5251.23 5262.48 5264.18 5264.81 5272.40 5276.00 5284.11 5306.18 5316.22 5316.62 5316.78 5325.55 5387.06 5395.86 5402.06 5414.07 5425.26 5427.83 5429.99 5465.93 5482.31 5493.83 5506.19 5510.78 5525.12 5529.05 5534.85 5544.76 5607.14 5627.50 5725.96 5783.63 5813.68 5823.15 5824.41 5885.01 5902.83 5955.70 5961.71

gi

12 10 8 6 6 10 2 12 6 10 10 10 10 6 4 8 6 6 12 8 4 6 4 8 6 6 10 6 6 14 12 8 8 12 6 10 8 10 12 8 6 10 8 12 10 10 6 12 12 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 4 8 6 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 8 6 4 8 8 4 14 6 10 12 8 10 4 6 10 8 4 14 6 6 8 6 10 4 6 8 8 8 14 10 6 8 14 8 12 8 10 10 10 8 12 10 14 12 8 6 10 12 8 6 6 10 4 10 6 6 10 8 12

8

Weights

λ –1

4.6E-06 4.0E-06 2.5E-05 4.28E-02 5.2E-01 6.9E-05 1.8E-05 1.57E+00 2.0E-02 7.1E-01 9.4E-01 2.0E-05 2.0E-05 2.8E-05 8.5E-01 9.0E-01 4.22E-02 5.4E-03 1.22E+00 2.5E-03 1.43E+00 8.0E-01 8.0E-07 4.76E-01 3.52E-04 3.9E-03 3.76E-03 1.9E-04 3.28E-01 3.69E-01 3.89E-03 6.5E-04 8.0E-04 5.2E-01 5.5E-01 5.6E-01 9.4E-05 9.2E-05 5.9E-03 6.0E-01 6.2E-01 4.78E-01 4.01E-01 1.14E+00 2.28E-01 3.17E-05 2.01E-01 3.0E-04 2.49E-01 4.63E-05 2.93E-05 5.1E-06 4.62E-01 8.8E-04 2.0E-04 8.3E-07 6.4E-01 4.98E-01 4.19E-01 7.4E-01

Å

gi

gk

A 108 s–1

5965.62 5991.38 6084.11 6113.32 6129.70 6147.74 6149.26 6175.15 6179.38 6238.39 6239.95 6247.56 6305.30 6331.95 6369.46 6383.72 6416.92 6432.68 6446.41 6456.38 6516.08 7222.39 7224.49 7301.56 7320.65 7449.33 7462.41 7479.69 7515.83 7711.72

10 12 10 8 10 4 2 8 8 4 2 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 2 6 6 4 6 6 8 8

10 10 8 6 10 2 2 8 6 4 4 4 10 8 4 6 6 6 10 6 8 2 2 6 4 6 6 8 6 8

2.19E-01 4.2E-05 3.0E-05 1.7E-05 3.2E-06 1.3E-03 1.3E-03 1.8E-03 4.6E-04 7.5E-04 1.1E-04 1.6E-03 1.4E-03 1.8E-03 1.40E-04 1.1E-03 3.6E-04 8.5E-05 1.3E-03 1.7E-03 8.3E-05 2.5E-04 2.8E-04 2.1E-05 1.4E-04 1.68E-04 2.7E-04 3.5E-05 8.1E-05 4.94E-04

Fe III 1843.4 1844.3 1846.9 1854.38 1865.20 1893.98 1896.80 1904.3 1907.58 1915.08 1922.79 1930.39 1931.51 1937.35 1943.48 1950.33 1951.01 1952.65 1953.32 1987.50

9 7 5 3 7 11 13 5 15 13 11 9 9 7 5 13 11 9 7 13

7 5 3 1 7 9 11 5 13 15 13 11 11 9 7 15 11 9 7 13

4.8E+00 4.9E+00 5.5E+00 5.7E+00 6.1E+00 5.5E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 5.3E+00 6.0E+00 5.5E+00 5.1E+00 5.3E+00 5.1E+00 5.0E+00 5.5E+00 5.3E+00 4.9E+00 5.1E+00 4.9E+00

Fe VII 150.807 150.852 151.023 151.046 151.145 151.432 151.512

5 7 9 7 9 5 5

7 9 11 7 9 7 5

1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.6E+03 2.2E+02 2.1E+02 2.2E+02 5.3E+02

5/4/05 8:08:02 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

151.675 151.782 154.307 154.335 154.363 154.565 154.650 154.848 154.921 154.941 154.949 155.994 158.481 165.087 165.919 166.365 173.441 176.744 176.928 177.172 235.221 240.053 243.379

7 9 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 9 9 1 7 9 9 9 7 5 5 3 9

Fe VIII 112.472 112.486 116.196 117.197 167.486 168.172 168.545 168.929 185.213 186.601

4 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4

4 6 6 8 4 6 4 2 8 6

3.6E+02 4.3E+02 4.5E+02 3.8E+02 3.0E+03 3.1E+03 2.0E+03 2.1E+03 1.0E+03 9.4E+02

Fe X 76.822 77.865 100.026 101.733 101.846 102.095 102.192 102.829 103.319 103.724 104.638 174.534 175.266

2 4 8 6 4 10 10 4 6 6 8 4 2

2 6 10 8 6 12 12 6 8 8 10 6 4

1.8E+03 1.6E+03 2.6E+03 1.8E+03 1.7E+03 2.9E+03 2.9E+03 2.1E+03 2.6E+03 1.7E+03 2.1E+03 1.8E+03 1.72E+03

Fe XI 72.166 72.310 72.635 91.394 91.472 91.63 91.63 91.63 91.733

5 5 5 5 7 3 7 5 9

7 5 7 7 9 5 9 7 11

2.9E+03 1.5E+03 1.6E+03 2.6E+03 2.5E+03 2.3E+03 3.4E+03 2.8E+03 4.1E+03

Section 10.indb 121

7 9 1 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 7 11 9 3 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 1 7

8

10-121

3.9E+02 2.4E+02 8.9E+02 1.2E+03 4.2E+02 3.5E+02 8.8E+02 7.7E+02 9.7E+02 2.4E+02 1.0E+03 1.8E+03 2.3E+02 6.9E+02 2.8E+03 2.9E+03 3.6E+03 2.7E+03 2.4E+03 1.5E+03 1.7E+02 1.3E+02 2.1E+02

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

Weights

λ –1

92.81 92.87 93.433 179.762

9 11 9 5

11 13 11 7

3.7E+03 3.9E+03 3.2E+03 1.67E+03

Fe XII 65.905 66.526 66.960 67.164 67.821 68.382 80.541 81.943 82.226 84.48 84.48 84.52 84.52 84.85 85.14 85.477 186.880 192.394 193.509 195.119

4 6 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 10 6 6 8 10 6 4 4 4

4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 2 6 10 12 8 8 10 12 8 2 4 6

2.0E+03 1.7E+03 1.6E+03 1.1E+03 1.4E+03 1.7E+03 8.7E+02 1.4E+03 1.9E+03 4.5E+03 4.9E+03 5.2E+03 4.0E+03 2.3E+03 3.4E+03 4.6E+03 1.0E+03 9.0E+02 9.1E+02 8.6E+02

Fe XIII 62.353 62.46 62.699 63.188 64.139 74.845 75.892 76.117 78.452 84.270 107.384

1 5 3 5 1 5 5 5 9 7 7

3 7 5 7 3 5 3 3 11 9 5

2.0E+03 1.2E+03 2.3E+03 3.9E+03 2.1E+03 1.0E+03 7.7E+02 2.1E+03 6.3E+03 5.5E+03 1.8E+03

Fe XIV 58.963 59.579 69.176 69.386 69.66 69.66 70.251 70.613 72.80 76.022 76.152 91.009 91.273 188 190 207 211.316 213 214 216

2 4 4 2 2 6 6 4 10 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 6

4 6 6 4 2 6 4 2 12 6 8 4 2 6 8 2 4 2 2 8

2.7E+03 3.1E+03 5.6E+02 7.6E+02 8.9E+02 1.3E+03 8.1E+02 1.7E+03 7.9E+03 6.6E+03 7.0E+03 5.1E+02 5.6E+02 2.7E+02 2.8E+02 2.1E+02 3.6E+02 2.8E+02 4.0E+02 1.7E+02

Å

gi

8 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 6 8 4

gk

A 108 s–1

217 217 219 219 219.123 220 221 226 234 264.787 265 266 268 268 270.524 274.203 280 283 288.45

6 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4 6 6

4.0E+02 2.6E+02 4.8E+02 2.4E+02 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 5.9E+02 3.9E+02 2.8E+02 3.38E+02 1.5E+02 1.7E+02 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 2.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.8E+02 2.7E+02 1.6E+02

Fe XV 38.95 52.911 59.404 63.959 65.370 65.612 66.238 68.860 69.7 69.942 69.989 70.052 70.224 70.53 70.59 73.199 73.473 233.857 235 243 243 243.790 248 284.160

1 1 3 5 1 3 5 9 3 3 5 7 1 7 7 7 5 5 1 1 5 3 3 1

3 3 5 7 3 3 3 11 1 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 7 7 3 3 7 5 1 3

1.69E+03 2.94E+03 3.4E+03 1.6E+03 3.2E+02 9.8E+02 1.6E+03 9.2E+03 1.9E+03 7.4E+03 7.9E+03 8.8E+03 4.13E+03 2.6E+02 1.7E+03 8.8E+03 6.2E+03 2.2E+02 2.5E+02 2.4E+02 2.3E+02 4.2E+02 5.4E+02 2.28E+02

Fe XVI 31.041 31.242 32.166 32.192 32.433 32.652 34.857 35.106 35.333 35.368 36.01 36.749 36.803 37.096

2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 4

4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 2 4 2 6

5.2E+02 6.1E+02 6.8E+02 6.7E+02 7.7E+02 9.1E+02 1.23E+03 1.44E+03 6.4E+02 6.8E+02 5.0E+02 1.1E+03 1.2E+03 1.0E+03

5/4/05 8:08:04 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-122 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

37.138 39.827 40.153 40.161 40.199 40.245 41.91 42.30 46.661 46.718 50.350 50.555 54.142 54.728 54.769 62.879 63.719 66.263 66.368 66.392 76.502 76.796 80.192 80.270 85.587 86.133 96.256 96.348 117.2 117.7 123.4 124.5 144.06 144.25 148 266.7 267.0

6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6

Fe XVII 11.023 12.123 12.264 12.526 12.681 13.823 13.891 15.015 15.262 16.777 17.054 41.37 49.427 50.26 58.76

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 3 7 9

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 3 9 11

2.1E+04 8.0E+04 5.9E+04 3.0E+03 3.5E+03 3.3E+04 3.4E+03 2.28E+05 6.0E+04 8.29E+03 9.33E+03 4.8E+03 4.0E+03 6.0E+03 1.2E+04

Fe XIX 13.413 13.426 13.47 13.520 13.56

5 5 3 5 3

3 7 1 7 5

1.3E+04 4.8E+04 1.5E+05 2.0E+05 1.0E+04

Section 10.indb 122

8 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 6 8

8

1.07E+03 2.1E+03 2.5E+03 4.1E+02 1.7E+03 1.8E+03 4.72E+02 9.2E+02 3.46E+03 3.7E+03 1.86E+03 1.98E+03 3.41E+03 4.16E+03 6.97E+02 1.05E+03 2.18E+03 9.39E+03 1.00E+04 6.69E+02 6.7E+02 7.72E+02 5.2E+02 5.4E+02 4.0E+02 4.8E+02 8.7E+02 9.3E+02 3.93E+02 3.9E+02 5.9E+02 7.0E+02 1.6E+03 1.6E+03 6.5E+02 3.9E+02 4.3E+02

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 7 3 5 7 7 5 3 3 7 3 3 3 5 3 1

8

Weights

λ –1

13.68 13.69 13.700 13.71 13.738 13.796 13.83 13.934 13.961 14.668 14.671 14.929 14.966 14.995 15.015 16.668

3 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 3

8.0E+04 2.3E+04 2.7E+05 2.2E+04 1.0E+04 7.0E+04 1.4E+04 4.51E+04 2.0E+04 1.1E+04 1.1E+04 1.2E+04 2.5E+04 2.2E+04 1.4E+04 1.1E+04

Fe XX 12.67 12.69 12.73 12.77 12.78 12.78 12.79 12.82 12.88 12.89 12.90 12.90 12.92 12.93 12.93 12.98 12.99 13.00 13.01 13.03 13.07 13.13 13.24 13.28 13.70 13.71 13.78 13.79 13.83 13.90 13.98 13.99 14.05 14.23

6 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 2

6 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 2 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 2

1.0E+04 1.2E+04 4.0E+04 2.1E+05 6.9E+04 1.4E+05 1.7E+04 1.1E+05 2.7E+04 4.4E+04 6.2E+03 1.4E+05 1.7E+04 1.6E+05 1.2E+04 6.7E+04 5.1E+04 1.1E+04 3.0E+04 8.6E+04 8.2E+03 8.9E+04 1.2E+04 6.1E+03 1.1E+04 9.9E+03 1.0E+04 1.2E+04 9.8E+03 1.2E+04 1.6E+04 2.2E+04 1.7E+04 6.3E+03

Fe XXI 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.56 8.56 8.56 8.64

3 3 3 5 1 5 5

1 5 3 7 3 3 7

1.8E+04 6.1E+03 1.5E+04 2.0E+04 2.1E+04 6.5E+03 1.5E+04

Å 8.65 8.66 8.74 9.42 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.52 9.58 9.59 9.67 9.68 9.74 12.02 12.13 12.18 12.19 12.21 12.21 12.25 12.28 12.30 12.36 12.37 12.38 12.47 12.47 12.49 12.53 12.57 12.73 12.95 13.00 13.03 13.14 13.41

5 5 1 3 3 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 3 1 5 3 1

Fe XXII 9.002 9.006 9.006 9.163 9.183 9.241 11.748 11.748 11.748 11.763 11.789 11.789 11.797 11.823 11.837 11.837 11.886 11.898 11.922

4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 6 6 6 4 2 4

gi

7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 7 3 3 3 7 3 1 3 3 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 6 8 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 6

gk

A 108 s–1 3.9E+04 4.4E+03 2.5E+04 4.3E+04 3.3E+04 1.7E+04 5.2E+04 1.5E+04 4.9E+04 6.1E+03 8.1E+03 5.2E+03 1.0E+04 5.7E+04 4.0E+03 5.3E+03 1.3E+04 1.8E+04 2.2E+04 6.4E+03 1.5E+05 1.2E+05 2.1E+05 5.2E+04 2.1E+05 3.6E+04 3.1E+05 6.9E+03 5.8E+04 1.3E+04 1.3E+04 1.5E+04 7.2E+04 8.2E+03 6.2E+03 7.2E+03 1.3E+04 2.0E+04 7.3E+03 5.5E+04 5.7E+04 5.3E+04 6.9E+04 8.3E+04 5.1E+04 1.2E+05 1.6E+05 1.8E+05 1.6E+05 2.6E+05 1.2E+05 1.7E+05 7.9E+04 2.3E+05 1.7E+05 1.3E+05 8.2E+04 1.8E+05

5/4/05 8:08:07 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

11.976 12.027 12.045 12.045 12.053 12.077 12.077 12.095 12.193 12.193 12.325

6 2 6 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 2

Fe XXIII 7.733 7.849 8.307 8.529 8.550 8.552 8.614 8.664 8.669 8.672 8.752 8.764 8.814 10.902 10.910 10.927 10.934 10.979 11.018 11.086 11.165 11.255 11.298 11.325 11.338 11.429 11.433 11.441 11.445 11.485 11.491 11.519 11.520 11.524 11.593 11.613 11.615 11.691 11.698 11.737 11.898

5 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 1

7 7 3 3 5 3 7 3 7 3 7 7 5 5 1 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 7 7 5 3 7 5 5 3

3.0E+04 4.9E+04 4.8E+04 4.3E+04 6.0E+04 3.2E+04 7.7E+04 4.4E+04 6.1E+04 6.8E+04 1.2E+05 4.6E+04 6.2E+04 5.3E+04 6.7E+04 6.0E+04 5.4E+04 7.9E+04 4.9E+04 6.5E+04 6.7E+04 3.7E+04 1.3E+05 1.7E+05 9.3E+04 1.7E+05 1.2E+05 2.2E+05 5.6E+04 1.40E+05 5.9E+04 1.16E+05 2.16E+05 2.3E+05 3.58E+05 1.0E+05 4.4E+04 7.7E+04 7.3E+04 1.8E+05 2.03E+05

Fe XXIV 1.8523 1.8552 1.8563 1.8572 1.858

2 2 4 2 2

2 4 2 2 4

1.0E+05 4.82E+06 2.43E+06 3.06E+06 1.2E+05

Section 10.indb 123

8 4 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2

8

10-123

5.9E+04 6.9E+04 2.4E+05 9.7E+04 6.1E+04 1.0E+05 2.4E+05 7.8E+04 7.2E+04 9.9E+04 1.5E+05

Å 1.8614 1.8626 1.8627 1.8637 1.8655 1.8672 1.8678 1.8721 1.8721 1.8730 1.8739 1.891 1.897 8.231 8.316 10.619 10.663 11.030 11.171

4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4

Fe XXV 1.4607 1.4945 1.5730 1.5749 1.778 1.782 1.787 1.787 1.788 1.788 1.789 1.790 1.791 1.791 1.792 1.792 1.793 1.794 1.797 1.798 1.800 1.802 1.810 1.8502 1.8593 10.038

1 1 1 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 6 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3 3

8

6.24E+06 3.16E+06 5.47E+06 1.91E+06 2.14E+06 1.63E+06 3.5E+05 3.2E+05 2.0E+05 1.5E+05 8.3E+04 9.7E+04 9.8E+04 6.10E+04 7.07E+04 7.28E+04 7.51E+04 1.84E+05 2.18E+05 2.54E+05 5.05E+05 1.24E+06 1.5E+05 8.7E+04 4.69E+06 2.57E+06 1.19E+06 2.68E+06 1.63E+06 1.78E+06 1.23E+06 4.10E+06 2.59E+06 4.92E+06 2.81E+06 2.67E+06 2.22E+06 8.8E+05 1.0E+05 8.6E+04 4.1E+05 5.9E+05 4.57E+06 4.42E+05 8.08E+04

Krypton Kr I 1164.9 1235.8 4274.0 4351.4 4362.6 4376.1 4400.0 4410.4 4425.2 4453.9

1 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5

Weights

λ –1

3.16E+00 3.12E+00 2.6E-02 3.2E-02 8.4E-03 5.6E-02 2.0E-02 4.4E-03 9.7E-03 7.8E-03

Å

gi

3 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

4463.7 4502.4 5562.2 5570.3 5649.6 5870.9 6904.7 7224.1 7587.4 7601.5 7685.2 7694.5 7854.8 8059.5 8104.4 8112.9 8190.1 8263.2 8281.1 8298.1 8508.9 8776.7 8928.7

3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5

2.3E-02 9.2E-03 2.8E-03 2.1E-02 3.7E-03 1.8E-02 1.3E-02 1.4E-02 5.1E-01 3.1E-01 4.9E-01 5.6E-02 2.3E-01 1.9E-01 1.3E-01 3.6E-01 1.1E-01 3.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 2.7E-01 3.7E-01

Kr II 4250.6 4292.9 4355.5 4431.7 4436.8 4577.2 4583.0 4615.3 4619.2 4633.9 4658.9 4739.0 4762.4 4765.7 4811.8 4825.2 4832.1 5208.3 5308.7 7407.0

4 4 6 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 6

4 4 8 2 4 8 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6

1.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.8E+00 6.6E-01 9.6E-01 7.6E-01 5.4E-01 8.1E-01 7.1E-01 6.5E-01 7.6E-01 4.2E-01 6.7E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 7.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.4E-02 7.0E-02

1 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5

3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5

5.2E-02 1.2E-01 1.5E+00 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 2.8E-01 5.0E-01 2.7E-01 1.9E+00 3.1E-02 9.8E-04 7.1E-01

Lead Pb I 2022.0 2053.3 2170.0 2401.9 2446.2 2476.4 2577.3 2613.7 2614.2 2628.3 2657.1 2663.2

5/4/05 8:08:09 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-124 λ Å 2802.0 2823.2 2833.1 2873.3 3572.7 3639.6 3671.5 3683.5 3739.9 4019.6 4057.8 4062.1 4168.0 5005.4 5201.4 7229.0

5 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 3

8

λ –1

10 s

14 4 4 2 14 4 2

Mg IV 320.99 323.31 1219.0 1375.5 1459.6 1495.5 1510.7 1683.0 1698.8 1893.9

4 2 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6

2 2 6 4 4 6 4 8 6 6

1.2E+02 5.9E+01 5.9E+00 4.5E+00 4.6E+00 6.4E+00 6.7E+00 5.8E+00 3.9E+00 2.8E+00

Mg VI *269.92 *292.53 *314.64 *349.15 *387.94 399.29 400.68 403.32

10 6 6 10 6 4 4 4

6 6 2 10 10 2 4 6

3.1E+02 9.0E+01 1.8E+02 6.1E+01 1.3E+01 2.8E+01 2.8E+01 2.7E+01

Mg VII 277.01 278.41 280.74 319.02 *366.42 *433.04 1334.3 1410.0 1487.0 1487.9

3 5 5 5 9 9 5 5 3 5

3 3 3 5 9 15 5 5 5 7

9.5E+01 1.5E+02 2.0E+02 8.9E+01 4.4E+01 1.6E+01 5.3E+00 2.57E+00 3.02E+00 3.66E+00

Mg VIII *74.976 315.02 *342.29 353.86 356.00 *428.52 *434.62 *489.33 *686.92

6 4 10 4 6 10 6 6 6

10 4 6 4 4 10 10 6 10

4.3E+03 1.2E+02 6.3E+01 3.89E+01 5.7E+01 3.24E+01 1.6E+01 3.9E+01 9.4E+00

Mg IX 62.751 *67.189 *71.965 72.312 77.737 368.07 438.69 *443.74 749.55

1 9 9 3 3 1 3 9 3

3 15 3 5 1 3 1 9 5

2.87E+03 6.20E+03 1.22E+03 4.43E+03 3.92E+02 5.27E+01 7.9E+01 4.19E+01 8.2E+00

1.3E-02 1.17E-02 2.23E-01 6.860E-01 3.691E-01

4 4 6 6 4

4 6 4 6 4

2.23E+00 5.9E-01 1.1E-02 2.5E-01 2.1E-01

Mg I 2025.8 *2779.8 *2850.0 2852.1 *3094.9 3329.9 3332.2 3336.7 *3835.3 4703.0 5167.3 5172.7 5183.6 5528.4

1 9 9 1 9 1 3 5 9 3 1 3 5 3

3 9 15 3 15 3 3 3 15 5 3 3 3 5

8.4E-01 5.2E+00 2.3E-01 4.95E+00 5.2E-01 3.3E-02 9.7E-02 1.6E-01 1.68E+00 2.55E-01 1.16E-01 3.46E-01 5.75E-01 1.99E-01

Mg II 1239.9 1240.4 *2660.8 2790.8 2795.5 2797.9 2798.1 2802.7 2928.8 2936.5

2 2 10 2 2 4 4 2 2 4

4 2 14 4 4 4 6 2 2 2

1.4E-02 1.4E-02 3.8E-01 4.0E+00 2.6E+00 7.9E-01 4.8E+00 2.6E+00 1.2E+00 2.3E+00

Lutetium

Magnesium

Weights

λ –1

10 6 4 4 10 2 2

6 6 10 10 6

Section 10.indb 124

gk

8

*3104.8 3848.2 3848.3 3850.4 *4481.2 9218.3 9244.3

2 2 6 6 2

Lu I 3376.5 3567.8 3620.3 3841.2 4518.6

gi

A

1.6E+00 2.6E-01 5.8E-01 3.7E-01 9.9E-01 3.4E-01 4.4E-01 1.5E+00 7.3E-01 3.5E-02 8.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.2E-02 2.7E-01 1.9E-01 8.9E-03

Lithium Li I *2741.2 *3232.7 *4602.9 *6103.6 *6707.8

Å

Weights

8.1E-01 2.8E-02 3.0E-03 3.0E-02 2.23E+00 3.6E-01 3.6E-01

Å

gi

5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

1639.8 2814.2

3 1

2.1E+00 3.35E-01

Mg X 57.876 57.920 63.152 63.295 609.79 624.94 2212.5 2278.7 5918.7 6229.6

2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4

4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6

2.09E+03 2.09E+03 5.6E+03 6.7E+03 7.53E+00 7.01E+00 9.64E-01 8.82E-01 3.20E-02 3.30E-02

Mg XI 7.310 7.473 7.850 9.169

1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3

1.15E+04 2.27E+04 5.50E+04 1.97E+05

6 6 6 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 12 8 6 4 14 6 12 4 10 8 10 8 8 4 10 10 8 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 14 6 12 10

8 6 4 8 10 12 8 8 10 10 12 6 6 4 14 8 10 6 10 6 10 8 10 6 12 12 8 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 14 8 12 10

3.7E+00 3.6E+00 3.7E+00 1.8E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 5.9E-01 5.7E-01 6.7E-01 1.7E-01 6.1E-01 4.6E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-01 2.9E-01 2.7E-01 2.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 1.8E-01 2.2E-01 6.4E-01 1.9E-01 3.5E-01 2.2E-01 5.3E-01 2.3E-01 1.8E-01 5.0E-01 9.7E-01 3.8E-01 3.5E-01 3.3E-01 2.6E-01 2.7E-01

Manganese Mn I 2794.82 2798.27 2801.08 3007.65 3011.38 3016.45 3043.36 3044.57 3045.59 3045.80 3047.03 3054.36 3070.27 3073.18 3082.71 3110.68 3113.80 3118.10 3122.88 3126.85 3132.28 3132.79 3175.58 3201.11 3228.09 3230.23 3230.72 3240.88 3243.78 3251.13 3252.95 3256.14 3258.41 3260.24 3267.79 3268.72 3270.35 3273.02

5/4/05 8:08:11 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3298.23 3303.28 3463.66 3470.01 3511.83 3535.30 3559.81 3577.87 3595.11 3601.27 3607.53 3608.49 3610.30 3635.70 3660.40 3675.67 3676.96 3680.15 3682.09 3684.87 3706.08 3718.92 3731.94 3771.44 3773.86 3800.55 3806.72 3823.51 3823.89 3833.87 3834.37 3839.78 3841.07 3843.99 3889.46 3898.37 3899.34 3924.08 3926.48 3951.98 3952.84 3975.88 3982.16 3982.58 3982.90 3991.60 4011.91 4018.11 4030.76 4033.07 4034.49 4041.36 4048.75 4052.48 4055.55 4058.94 4061.74 4063.53 4065.08 4066.24

Section 10.indb 125

gi

6 4 8 6 12 10 6 10 6 12 8 6 4 10 12 6 10 12 8 6 12 10 8 14 12 6 10 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 12 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 4 6 6 2 8 10 6 6 6 10 6 6 8 4 8 6 12 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 8 8 12 10 6 8 4 10 8 6 4 8 14 8 12 10 10 8 14 12 10 14 12 8 12 10 6 4 8 2 6 4 14 8 6 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 4 2 8 8 8 6 4 10 4 8 8 2 6 6 14 8

8

10-125 λ

–1

2.8E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 9.4E-01 1.8E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-01 4.2E-01 2.1E-01 9.1E-01 2.2E-01 7.3E-01 1.9E-01 7.6E-01 2.6E-01 1.4E+00 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 2.7E-01 5.9E-01 5.21E-01 2.31E-01 3.14E-01 4.29E-01 4.64E-01 3.3E-01 2.11E-01 3.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.4E-01 9.4E-01 5.4E-01 3.1E-01 4.1E-01 1.8E-01 3.5E-01 2.3E-01 5.5E-01 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 2.54E-01 1.7E-01 1.65E-01 1.58E-01 7.87E-01 7.5E-01 3.8E-01 4.31E-01 7.25E-01 1.9E-01 1.69E-01 2.5E-01 2.2E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4070.28 4079.42 4082.95 4083.63 4089.94 4105.37 4135.03 4141.06 4148.80 4176.61 4189.99 4201.78 4235.30 4239.74 4257.67 4265.93 4281.10 4411.87 4414.89 4419.77 4436.36 4451.58 4453.01 4455.82 4457.04 4457.55 4458.26 4461.09 4462.03 4464.68 4470.14 4472.79 4479.40 4490.08 4498.90 4502.22 4605.37 4626.54 4709.71 4727.46 4739.11 4754.05 4761.53 4762.38 4765.86 4766.43 4783.43 4823.53 6013.48 6021.79

2 2 4 6 8 10 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 4 2 4 6 12 8 10 6 8 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 2 8 2 4 6 10 12 8 6 4 6 2 8 4 6 8 10 4 8

2 4 6 8 10 8 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 2 2 4 6 10 6 8 4 8 2 6 4 6 8 8 10 6 4 2 10 4 6 8 12 14 8 6 4 8 4 10 6 8 8 8 6 6

Mn II 2593.72 2605.68 2933.05 2939.31 2949.20 3441.99 3460.32 3474.13

7 7 5 5 5 9 7 5

7 5 3 5 7 7 5 3

8

Weights

λ –1

2.3E-01 3.8E-01 2.95E-01 2.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.7E-01 3.0E-01 2.6E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 2.0E-01 2.3E-01 9.17E-01 3.9E-01 3.7E-01 4.92E-01 2.3E-01 2.6E-01 2.93E-01 2.1E-01 4.37E-01 7.98E-01 5.44E-01 1.7E-01 2.34E-01 4.27E-01 4.62E-01 1.7E-01 7.00E-01 4.39E-01 3.00E-01 4.35E-01 3.4E-01 2.49E-01 2.49E-01 1.86E-01 3.6E-01 3.6E-01 1.72E-01 1.7E-01 2.40E-01 3.03E-01 5.35E-01 7.83E-01 4.1E-01 4.6E-01 4.01E-01 4.99E-01 1.72E-01 3.32E-01 2.6E+00 2.7E+00 2.0E+00 1.9E+00 1.9E+00 4.3E-01 3.2E-01 1.5E-01

Å

gi

5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

3482.90 3488.68

5 3

2.0E-01 2.5E-01

Mn VI 307.999 309.440 309.579 310.058 310.182 311.748 320.598 320.681 320.874 320.979 321.176 321.541 325.146 328.431 328.558 329.043 1236.23 1255.77 1285.10 1333.87

9 9 7 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 3 5 7

9 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 1 7 9

3.7E+01 5.7E+01 4.4E+01 3.4E+01 2.8E+01 5.7E+01 1.5E+01 2.2E+01 7.8E+01 2.2E+01 6.0E+01 2.7E+01 1.3E+02 4.4E+01 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 1.3E+01 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 1.0E+01

1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 1 3

3 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1

8.00E-02 3.88E-01 1.1E-01 6.10E-02 1.1E-02 1.6E-01 7.7E-02 4.5E-01 5.09E-01 9.4E-02 2.0E-02 6.56E-01 1.68E-01 1.3E+00 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 4.0E-02 3.0E-02 2.88E-02 8.4E-02 5.57E-01 5.8E-02 2.7E-04 4.87E-01 2.36E-01 5.3E-03 4.3E-03 2.8E-02 9.7E-03 2.71E-01

5

7.34E-01

Mercury Hg I 2536.52 2652.04 2655.13 2752.78 2856.94 2893.60 2925.4 2967.3 3021.50 3023.48 3027.49 3125.66 3341.48 3650.15 3654.83 4046.56 4077.81 4108.1 4339.22 4347.50 4358.34 4916.07 5025.64 5460.75 5769.59 6234.4 6716.4 6907.5 7728.8 10139.79

Molybdenum Mo I 2616.79

3

5/4/05 8:08:13 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-126 λ Å 2621.06 2628.96 2629.85 2631.50 2638.30 2640.98 2644.36 2649.46 2655.02 2658.11 2665.09 2679.85 2684.16 2706.11 2710.74 2725.15 2728.71 2733.39 2743.71 2745.38 2751.47 2756.26 2761.53 2763.02 2766.25 2787.83 2792.96 2798.02 2801.47 2825.68 2826.75 2876.54 2886.60 2906.06 2913.52 2915.38 2918.84 2930.39 2936.50 2945.43 2945.66 2946.01 2951.45 2959.48 2972.96 2977.27 2978.28 2983.04 2987.92 2988.23 2988.68 2989.80 3000.24 3000.44 3000.85 3001.43 3007.71 3013.39 3016.78 3025.00

Section 10.indb 126

gi

7 3 5 1 5 7 5 7 9 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 5 1 13 7 5 9 3 3 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 11 3 5 5 5 1 11 7 3 5 9 9 5 9 7 1 3 5 7 9 9 5 5 5 7 7 9 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 3 7 3 5 5 7 9 7 7 9 11 9 5 3 5 3 7 3 11 9 3 11 1 5 7 3 5 7 7 7 9 11 3 3 3 3 3 11 7 3 5 9 11 3 7 5 3 5 7 9 7 9 5 7 5 5 5 9 5

8

λ –1

1.16E-01 2.81E-01 7.75E-01 2.54E-01 7.57E-01 1.20E+00 1.96E-01 9.84E-01 4.08E-01 6.43E-01 1.32E-01 1.31E+00 4.18E-01 2.03E-01 1.57E-01 2.79E-01 1.26E-01 2.95E-01 2.47E-01 1.29E-01 2.54E-01 1.18E-01 2.06E-01 4.44E-01 1.17E-01 2.85E-01 1.53E-01 1.22E-01 1.24E-01 2.53E-01 4.23E-01 2.84E-01 4.74E-01 8.04E-01 1.38E-01 7.31E-01 3.79E-01 1.91E-01 2.33E-01 3.66E-01 4.08E-01 1.68E-01 1.43E-01 1.75E-01 2.69E-01 3.28E-01 1.50E-01 2.82E-01 8.43E-01 4.28E-01 1.61E-01 9.27E-01 1.40E-01 1.25E-01 2.58E-01 2.31E-01 1.90E-01 6.06E-01 2.75E-01 8.49E-01

Å 3036.31 3041.70 3046.80 3047.31 3055.32 3057.56 3061.59 3064.27 3065.04 3069.51 3069.96 3070.89 3074.37 3079.88 3080.40 3081.16 3085.62 3089.13 3089.71 3094.66 3099.92 3100.88 3101.34 3106.34 3117.54 3123.03 3125.03 3132.59 3135.90 3136.75 3142.75 3147.35 3155.19 3158.17 3170.34 3171.38 3175.59 3179.78 3183.03 3184.58 3185.10 3185.71 3188.10 3188.41 3192.79 3193.98 3194.88 3195.96 3197.18 3198.85 3200.89 3205.22 3205.43 3205.89 3208.84 3210.97 3214.44 3215.07 3216.78 3221.73

gi

3 13 13 11 9 7 7 13 13 5 11 9 11 9 7 3 9 11 5 7 9 7 5 7 13 3 5 7 9 9 3 13 7 7 7 5 13 11 11 7 7 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 1 15 3 1 9 9 7 7 9 3 15 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 11 11 9 7 5 5 13 13 5 11 11 11 11 9 5 9 9 7 7 7 9 5 5 13 3 3 9 11 11 5 11 7 7 7 7 11 13 9 5 7 3 9 7 11 5 11 7 3 13 5 3 11 9 5 5 7 5 13 1

8

Weights

λ –1

5.81E-01 5.94E-01 1.63E-01 5.01E-01 4.29E-01 2.64E-01 4.41E-01 8.46E-01 3.08E-01 1.52E-01 2.72E-01 1.87E-01 1.42E+00 9.55E-01 3.61E-01 2.35E-01 1.63E+00 1.53E-01 2.34E-01 1.63E+00 1.45E-01 1.20E+00 1.92E+00 2.21E-01 1.89E-01 2.81E-01 1.98E-01 1.79E+00 3.68E-01 1.57E-01 4.10E-01 2.41E-01 2.75E-01 4.63E-01 1.37E+00 2.03E-01 8.40E-01 2.33E-01 3.98E-01 2.77E-01 2.54E-01 6.10E-01 3.45E-01 4.40E-01 1.88E-01 1.53E+00 1.75E-01 4.10E-01 1.47E-01 7.22E-01 1.82E-01 4.27E-01 2.55E-01 5.35E-01 2.77E-01 6.94E-01 2.01E-01 4.20E-01 2.10E-01 1.41E+00

Å 3228.21 3229.79 3233.14 3237.06 3244.47 3247.61 3249.93 3251.65 3256.21 3256.72 3259.16 3262.63 3264.40 3265.14 3266.16 3270.90 3276.07 3285.03 3285.35 3287.38 3289.01 3290.82 3305.56 3305.91 3307.13 3312.33 3323.95 3325.13 3325.67 3327.30 3336.56 3340.16 3344.73 3346.83 3347.00 3358.12 3361.37 3363.78 3363.87 3373.81 3375.22 3375.65 3378.19 3378.46 3379.96 3382.48 3384.61 3385.87 3389.79 3392.17 3393.65 3404.33 3413.37 3415.27 3415.61 3416.14 3418.52 3419.69 3420.04 3422.31

gi

5 9 13 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 11 7 11 5 9 7 11 1 9 5 9 7 5 7 7 7 9 5 5 1 9 5 3 11 3 5 9 5 5 3 7 7 3 13 5 3 7 9 5 9 11 7 11 9 7 9 5 7 5 9

7 11 13 9 3 5 3 5 3 3 13 9 9 7 11 7 9 3 7 5 9 5 3 9 9 5 7 3 5 3 9 3 5 11 3 7 9 7 7 3 7 9 1 13 5 3 9 11 7 9 11 7 11 9 9 11 3 7 5 9

gk

A 108 s–1 3.85E-01 1.44E-01 6.33E-01 2.95E-01 2.80E-01 1.71E-01 1.87E-01 3.05E-01 6.89E-01 1.31E-01 1.62E-01 3.62E-01 5.42E-01 2.60E-01 1.95E-01 3.59E-01 1.18E-01 1.41E-01 4.49E-01 1.38E-01 5.08E-01 5.44E-01 1.74E-01 3.06E-01 1.25E-01 1.62E-01 2.82E-01 2.26E-01 1.72E-01 2.88E-01 1.64E-01 1.20E-01 6.04E-01 1.13E-01 2.72E-01 7.59E-01 1.38E-01 2.74E-01 1.39E-01 2.03E-01 1.38E-01 1.56E-01 1.88E-01 3.75E-01 4.11E-01 2.66E-01 7.32E-01 3.30E-01 1.85E-01 1.97E-01 2.08E-01 2.10E-01 1.25E-01 1.83E-01 1.29E-01 2.45E-01 1.41E-01 1.15E-01 3.28E-01 2.52E-01

5/4/05 8:08:16 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3425.13 3427.90 3434.79 3435.45 3437.21 3438.87 3441.87 3442.66 3445.03 3445.26 3445.80 3447.12 3447.29 3449.07 3449.85 3452.60 3456.15 3456.52 3460.22 3460.78 3465.84 3466.19 3466.96 3467.85 3469.22 3469.63 3470.92 3475.03 3479.42 3483.67 3483.83 3489.43 3504.41 3505.31 3508.11 3510.77 3517.55 3518.21 3521.38 3521.41 3524.65 3524.98 3538.92 3540.57 3542.17 3552.71 3555.64 3558.09 3563.75 3566.05 3566.74 3570.64 3573.88 3580.54 3581.88 3584.25 3585.57 3588.95 3590.74 3595.55

Section 10.indb 127

gi

11 11 7 15 11 1 5 3 7 7 9 9 5 7 5 7 5 3 5 9 3 9 7 5 5 13 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 13 11 3 9 9 5 7 11 5 7 9 3 5 1 9 7 15 3 13 11 3 7 7 7 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 13 7 15 9 3 3 3 9 5 9 11 3 9 7 7 5 3 3 7 1 7 7 7 3 15 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 9 9 13 11 3 9 11 3 9 11 3 5 7 3 7 3 9 7 15 5 11 13 3 5 7 9 5

8

10-127 λ

–1

2.29E-01 4.09E-01 1.75E-01 1.50E+00 8.06E-01 2.34E-01 1.34E-01 2.94E-01 1.53E-01 2.96E-01 1.14E-01 8.75E-01 1.79E-01 1.52E-01 1.65E-01 2.48E-01 3.60E-01 2.96E-01 2.77E-01 6.03E-01 9.99E-01 2.11E-01 1.52E-01 2.63E-01 6.96E-01 1.51E-01 2.91E-01 4.68E-01 2.26E-01 1.13E-01 1.41E-01 3.27E-01 8.06E-01 2.25E-01 1.59E-01 4.75E-01 5.41E-01 3.64E-01 1.39E-01 6.06E-01 3.10E-01 2.25E-01 2.24E-01 4.46E-01 4.93E-01 3.64E-01 3.46E-01 5.43E-01 1.53E-01 2.67E-01 1.43E-01 7.18E-01 3.58E-01 5.49E-01 3.81E-01 1.73E-01 3.95E-01 1.18E-01 2.23E-01 2.32E-01

Å 3598.88 3600.73 3601.88 3602.94 3604.07 3610.61 3611.99 3615.16 3623.22 3624.46 3624.62 3638.20 3638.21 3640.62 3647.84 3648.70 3654.58 3657.36 3658.13 3659.36 3660.92 3662.15 3662.99 3663.27 3664.81 3664.88 3669.34 3672.81 3672.82 3676.23 3680.68 3681.72 3683.01 3687.96 3688.97 3690.59 3694.94 3696.04 3698.07 3708.55 3715.75 3718.48 3720.25 3725.55 3727.68 3728.30 3728.50 3733.02 3733.41 3735.62 3742.28 3747.19 3748.48 3755.10 3755.16 3758.52 3759.60 3760.88 3768.73 3769.99

gi

13 9 7 5 9 5 7 7 11 9 5 5 5 7 7 7 3 5 9 7 3 7 11 7 11 1 9 9 9 3 11 9 3 5 11 11 5 11 7 7 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 7 13 11 7 5 9 3 9 9 9 9 9 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 9 9 7 7 3 7 9 9 11 7 3 3 5 7 5 3 7 9 9 5 9 11 5 13 3 7 11 9 1 11 7 5 7 9 9 7 11 5 9 7 7 9 7 11 5 9 7 13 11 7 7 11 5 9 9 7 9 9 9

8

Weights

λ –1

5.67E-01 2.07E-01 1.15E-01 2.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.78E-01 1.16E-01 1.96E-01 5.58E-01 5.27E-01 1.37E-01 3.51E-01 3.33E-01 1.94E-01 2.11E-01 1.15E-01 1.80E-01 2.03E-01 1.86E-01 6.70E-01 1.34E-01 1.45E-01 3.48E-01 2.30E-01 9.54E-01 1.92E-01 2.16E-01 1.95E-01 1.13E-01 5.22E-01 2.96E-01 1.68E-01 1.20E-01 2.12E-01 3.26E-01 2.07E-01 6.36E-01 3.59E-01 1.48E-01 1.28E-01 2.38E-01 1.34E-01 2.86E-01 1.60E-01 1.51E-01 1.55E-01 2.20E-01 1.45E-01 2.80E-01 1.66E-01 1.56E-01 3.07E-01 3.95E-01 1.41E-01 2.48E-01 1.22E-01 1.82E-01 2.16E-01 2.88E-01 2.46E-01

Å 3777.72 3788.25 3794.43 3797.47 3798.25 3801.84 3805.99 3819.78 3824.78 3827.15 3828.88 3830.81 3831.07 3832.11 3833.75 3834.64 3846.18 3847.25 3848.30 3851.99 3864.10 3866.69 3867.67 3869.08 3874.15 3902.95 3909.54 3911.94 3915.43 3916.43 3919.55 3955.48 3973.76 3977.90 3980.20 3991.85 4010.13 4021.01 4051.18 4062.08 4069.88 4076.19 4084.37 4102.15 4107.46 4120.09 4131.92 4148.98 4157.40 4157.90 4185.82 4188.32 4194.56 4232.59 4240.83 4246.02 4251.88 4254.95 4269.28 4276.91

gi

13 7 9 7 7 9 5 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 9 3 7 3 9 11 7 3 5 5 7 7 9 5 5 5 11 13 11 9 5 11 5 9 13 11 13 9 9 5 7 13 9 9 13 9 11 11 11 9 5 11 13 7 11 7

11 9 9 5 9 7 5 11 7 7 7 5 9 9 9 5 7 1 9 9 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 13 11 13 7 3 9 3 11 11 9 11 9 7 3 5 15 11 11 11 11 13 13 11 11 5 13 11 9 11 9

gk

A 108 s–1 1.66E-01 2.87E-01 1.22E-01 1.48E-01 6.90E-01 3.16E-01 2.44E-01 1.47E-01 1.40E-01 1.94E-01 1.35E-01 1.83E-01 1.20E-01 3.05E-01 1.70E-01 1.20E-01 1.26E-01 2.41E-01 1.26E-01 1.78E-01 6.24E-01 1.74E-01 2.22E-01 1.35E-01 1.67E-01 6.17E-01 1.13E-01 1.15E-01 1.40E-01 1.78E-01 2.24E-01 1.71E-01 4.39E-01 1.35E-01 2.70E-01 1.29E-01 4.38E-01 2.65E-01 1.36E-01 1.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.16E-01 1.94E-01 1.22E-01 2.02E-01 6.05E-01 1.56E-01 1.56E-01 2.17E-01 1.60E-01 3.82E-01 3.32E-01 2.70E-01 3.17E-01 1.68E-01 2.00E-01 1.76E-01 2.01E-01 1.36E-01 2.85E-01

5/4/05 8:08:18 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-128 λ Å 4277.24 4317.92 4325.80 4326.14 4340.74 4381.63 4382.41 4409.94 4411.69 4434.95 4446.42 4457.35 4474.57 4491.65 4536.80 4598.23 4624.23 4633.08 4649.06 4652.24 4686.08 4688.21 4707.25 4718.86 4723.05 4731.44 4758.50 4760.18 4764.11 4811.05 4819.25 4830.51 4858.39 4868.02 5037.18 5044.36 5047.70 5163.18 5171.06 5172.94 5174.18 5191.45 5238.21 5240.87 5242.80 5261.53 5280.85 5355.52 5356.46 5360.51 5364.28 5460.50 5493.76 5506.49 5533.03 5570.44 5849.71 5851.50 5893.36 5895.93

Section 10.indb 128

gi

9 15 3 5 5 13 11 13 11 9 11 7 5 11 13 1 9 3 3 5 3 13 7 5 9 9 11 11 9 13 11 9 13 7 9 7 3 9 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 5 5 9 11 9 9 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 15 3 7 7 13 13 13 11 9 11 7 5 11 15 3 9 5 1 7 3 15 9 5 9 11 9 13 7 11 9 7 11 5 7 5 1 11 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 7 5 9 11 11 9 3 5 7 5 3 3 5 5 7

8

λ –1

1.35E-01 1.28E-01 1.84E-01 2.56E-01 1.23E-01 2.93E-01 3.83E-01 1.38E-01 2.63E-01 2.51E-01 1.90E-01 1.28E-01 2.10E-01 2.09E-01 5.03E-01 1.47E-01 1.32E-01 2.35E-01 1.25E-01 1.55E-01 1.72E-01 1.54E-01 3.63E-01 2.17E-01 1.23E-01 4.49E-01 3.01E-01 4.67E-01 2.16E-01 4.36E-01 2.71E-01 4.07E-01 1.24E-01 3.11E-01 1.14E-01 1.31E-01 2.61E-01 2.03E-01 1.84E-01 4.11E-01 5.83E-01 1.62E-01 3.74E-01 3.89E-01 2.01E-01 1.13E-01 1.28E-01 1.21E-01 2.11E-01 6.19E-01 2.26E-01 3.46E-01 2.13E-01 3.61E-01 3.72E-01 3.30E-01 3.02E-01 1.55E-01 2.60E-01 3.12E-01

Å 5926.37 5928.88 7154.11

7 7 9

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 9

8

1.63E-01 5.32E-01 3.45E-01

Neodymium Nd II 3780.4 3805.4 3807.2 3863.3 3941.5 3951.2 3973.3 3979.5 3990.1 4012.3 4061.1 4106.6 4109.5 4133.4 4156.1 4205.6 4284.5 4303.6 4325.8 4358.2 4382.7 4400.8 4451.6 4456.4 4463.0 4958.1 5130.6 5192.6 5249.6 5276.9 5293.2 5302.3 5311.5 5319.8 5357.0 5371.9 5485.7 5594.4 5620.6 5688.5 5718.1 5726.8 5740.9 5804.0 5865.1 6051.9

16 14 10 8 10 12 18 10 16 18 16 14 14 14 12 18 18 8 16 14 12 10 12 16 14 12 22 20 18 12 16 20 14 12 18 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 16 12

18 16 12 10 10 12 18 12 16 20 18 16 16 12 14 16 18 10 16 14 10 10 14 18 16 10 20 18 16 10 14 18 12 10 16 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 18 10

1.4E-01 6.9E-01 4.9E-02 1.5E-01 6.1E-01 6.0E-01 6.3E-01 2.7E-01 5.2E-01 5.5E-01 4.4E-01 6.8E-02 3.7E-01 1.5E-01 3.4E-01 1.8E-01 8.5E-02 4.7E-01 1.6E-01 1.5E-01 4.0E-02 6.8E-02 2.5E-01 6.4E-02 1.8E-01 1.2E-02 1.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.8E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.6E-01 1.8E-01 5.1E-02 5.7E-02 7.0E-02 1.3E-01 5.9E-02 8.7E-02 5.6E-02 7.2E-02 4.6E-02 1.3E-02 1.1E-02

1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3

3.8E-01 9.3E-01 3.3E-01 7.4E-01 4.8E-01

Neon Ne I 615.63 618.67 619.10 626.82 629.74

Weights

λ –1

Å 735.90 743.72 3369.8 3369.9 3375.6 3417.9 3418.0 3423.9 3447.7 3450.8 3454.2 3460.5 3464.3 3466.6 3472.6 3498.1 3501.2 3510.7 3515.2 3520.5 3593.5 3593.6 3600.2 3633.7 3682.2 3685.7 3701.2 4536.3 4702.5 4708.9 4955.4 5113.7 5120.5 5154.4 5191.3 5326.4 5333.3 5341.1 5400.6 5418.6 5433.7 5652.6 5662.5 5852.5 5868.4 5881.9 5913.6 5939.3 5944.8 5961.6 5975.5 6030.0 6046.1 6074.3 6096.2 6118.0 6128.5 6143.1 6150.3 6163.6

1 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 1

gi

3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3

gk

A 108 s–1 6.11E+00 4.86E-01 1.0E-03 7.6E-03 2.2E-03 9.2E-03 2.2E-03 1.0E-03 2.1E-02 4.9E-03 3.7E-02 7.0E-03 6.7E-03 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 5.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-03 6.9E-03 9.3E-02 9.9E-03 6.6E-03 4.3E-03 1.1E-02 1.6E-03 3.9E-03 2.2E-03 5.0E-03 2.1E-03 4.2E-02 3.3E-03 1.0E-02 5.6E-03 1.9E-02 1.3E-02 6.8E-03 5.3E-03 1.1E-01 9.0E-03 5.2E-03 2.83E-03 8.9E-03 6.9E-03 6.82E-01 1.4E-02 1.15E-01 4.8E-02 2.00E-03 1.13E-01 3.3E-02 3.51E-02 5.61E-02 2.26E-03 6.03E-01 1.81E-01 6.09E-03 6.7E-03 2.82E-01 1.5E-02 1.46E-01

5/4/05 8:08:20 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 6217.3 6266.5 6273.0 6293.7 6304.8 6328.2 6330.9 6334.4 6351.9 6383.0 6401.1 6402.2 6506.5 6532.9 6599.0 6602.9 6652.1 6678.3 6717.0 6721.1 6929.5 7024.1 7032.4 7051.3 7059.1 7173.9 7245.2 7304.8 7438.9 7472.4 7535.8 7937.0 8082.5 8118.5 8128.9 8259.4 8571.4 8582.9 8647.0 8681.9 8767.5 8771.7 8783.8 8865.3 9201.8 9433.0 9486.7 9534.2 10621 11409 11525 11767 12459

5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Ne II *357.03 *361.77 *406.28 *446.37 460.73

6 6 6 6 4

Section 10.indb 129

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 10 2 10 6 2

8

10-129 λ

–1

6.37E-02 2.49E-01 9.7E-03 6.39E-03 4.16E-02 3.39E-02 2.3E-02 1.61E-01 3.45E-03 3.21E-01 1.39E-02 5.14E-01 3.00E-01 1.08E-01 2.32E-01 5.9E-03 2.9E-03 2.33E-01 2.17E-01 4.9E-04 1.74E-01 1.89E-02 2.53E-01 3.0E-02 6.8E-02 2.87E-02 9.35E-02 2.55E-03 2.31E-02 4.0E-02 4.3E-01 7.8E-03 1.2E-03 4.9E-02 7.2E-03 2.03E-02 5.5E-02 1.00E-02 3.91E-02 2.1E-01 1.1E-03 1.6E-01 3.13E-01 9.4E-03 9.1E-02 1.1E-03 2.5E-02 6.3E-02 2.4E-03 4.2E-02 8.4E-02 6.9E-02 1.5E-02 3.8E+01 1.6E+01 1.8E+01 4.07E+01 4.7E+01

Å 462.39 1907.5 1916.1 1930.0 1938.8 2858.0 2870.0 2873.0 2876.3 2876.5 2878.1 2888.4 2891.5 2897.0 2906.8 2910.1 2910.4 2916.2 2925.6 2933.7 2955.7 3001.7 3017.3 3027.0 3028.7 3028.9 3034.5 3037.7 3045.6 3047.6 3054.7 3092.9 3097.1 3118.0 3134.1 3140.4 3151.1 3154.8 3164.4 3165.7 3173.6 3176.1 3187.6 3188.7 3190.9 3194.6 3198.6 3198.9 3209.0 3209.4 3213.7 3214.3 3218.2 3224.8 3229.5 3229.6 3230.1 3230.4 3232.0 3232.4

2 4 4 2 2 6 6 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 6 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 8 2 2 4 8 6 8 8 6 4 6 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 4 2 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 8 4 8 4 4 6 10 8 8 10 6 6 4 4

8

Weights

λ –1

2.3E+01 2.8E-01 6.9E-01 5.7E-01 1.3E-01 7.9E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 7.8E-01 3.3E-01 6.9E-02 7.0E-02 6.1E-02 5.2E-02 5.5E-01 1.7E+00 5.9E-01 9.6E-02 5.6E-01 6.9E-02 1.2E+00 8.7E-01 3.5E-01 1.4E+00 8.5E-01 4.7E-01 3.1E+00 2.1E+00 2.5E+00 1.8E+00 9.4E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 4.2E-02 2.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-02 1.8E-02 1.6E-01 1.2E-01 4.5E-02 6.0E-02 1.4E-02 3.9E-01 1.5E-01 5.2E-01 1.7E+00 2.3E-01 1.6E-01 6.0E-01 1.7E+00 2.2E+00 3.6E+00 3.5E+00 1.3E-01 3.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.6E+00

Å 3243.4 3244.1 3248.1 3255.4 3263.4 3269.9 3270.8 3297.7 3309.7 3310.5 3311.3 3314.7 3319.7 3320.2 3323.7 3327.2 3329.2 3330.7 3334.8 3336.1 3344.4 3345.5 3345.8 3353.6 3355.0 3356.3 3357.8 3360.3 3360.6 3362.9 3371.8 3374.1 3378.2 3379.3 3386.2 3388.4 3390.6 3392.8 3404.8 3407.0 3411.4 3413.2 3414.9 3416.9 3417.7 3438.9 3440.7 3453.1 3454.8 3456.6 3457.1 3459.3 3475.2 3477.6 3481.9 3503.6 3522.7 3538.0 3539.9 3542.2

6 6 4 6 2 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 4 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6

gi

6 8 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 4 4 8 6 8 6 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 6 8 2 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 2.3E-01 1.5E+00 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 3.9E-01 5.1E-01 5.7E-02 4.3E-01 3.1E-01 6.9E-02 2.6E-01 4.4E-02 1.6E+00 2.1E-01 1.6E+00 9.1E-01 8.8E-01 3.9E-02 1.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.5E+00 1.4E+00 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 5.0E-01 8.6E-01 8.2E-01 3.5E-01 2.2E-01 3.0E-01 1.7E+00 3.0E-01 5.5E-02 2.2E+00 7.7E-02 4.4E-01 1.9E+00 2.3E+00 6.1E-01 1.8E+00 1.8E-02 6.4E-01 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 3.5E-01 4.6E-01 1.6E+00 9.6E-01 9.9E-02 1.6E+00 1.2E-02 4.3E-01 1.4E+00 2.0E+00 2.3E-02 7.6E-01 3.6E-02 6.0E-01

5/4/05 8:08:22 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-130 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

3542.9 3546.2 3551.6 3557.8 3561.2 3565.8 3568.5 3571.2 3574.2 3574.6 3590.4 3594.2 3612.3 3628.0 3632.7 3643.9 3644.9 3659.9 3664.1 3679.8 3694.2 3697.1 3701.8 3709.6 3713.1 3721.8 3726.9 3727.1 3734.9 3744.6 3751.2 3753.8 3766.3 3777.1 3800.0 3818.4 3829.8 3942.3

4 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4

Ne V *142.61 *143.32 147.13 151.23 154.50 *167.69 *358.93 365.59 *482.15 *571.04 2259.6 2265.7

9 9 5 5 1 9 9 5 9 9 3 5

9 15 7 5 3 9 3 3 9 15 5 7

6.7E+02 1.2E+03 1.5E+03 3.38E+02 7.0E+02 1.5E+02 2.1E+02 1.35E+02 3.01E+01 1.0E+01 1.9E+00 2.4E+00

Ne VII 97.502 *115.46 116.69 127.66 465.22 558.61 559.95

1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 5 1 3 5 3

1.07E+03 4.8E+02 1.6E+03 1.9E+02 4.09E+01 8.11E+00 1.07E+01

Section 10.indb 130

6 4 4 2 6 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6

8

1.2E+00 6.3E-02 3.7E-02 1.9E-01 2.1E-01 6.2E-01 1.4E+00 6.3E-01 1.0E-01 1.3E+00 3.6E-02 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 6.0E-01 1.3E-01 3.2E-01 9.9E-01 6.7E-02 7.0E-01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 1.2E-01 9.8E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 1.8E-01 4.5E-01 2.9E-01 4.2E-01 3.7E-01 6.1E-01 8.4E-01 1.0E-02

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 1 3

8

561.38 561.73 562.99 564.53

3 5 3 5

Ne VIII *88.09 *98.208 770.41 780.32 2820.7 2860.1

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

8.4E+02 2.77E+03 5.90E+00 5.69E+00 7.20E-01 6.88E-01

7.99E+00 2.39E+01 3.17E+01 1.31E+01

7 7 5 5 5 7 3 7 9 7 9 5 7 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 9 3 9 5 7 3

7 9 5 7 5 7 5 5 7 5 9 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 3 7 5 7 5 7 3

1.1E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E-01 8.3E-01 1.7E-01 9.0E-02 9.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 1.8E-01 9.7E-02 3.3E-01 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.1E-01 2.6E+00 9.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.7E-02 2.8E-01 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 4.1E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 8.9E-01 1.3E-01 1.2E-01 3.0E-01 7.8E-01 7.3E-01 2.2E-01 3.8E-01 1.9E-01 9.6E-02 1.7E-01 2.0E-01 9.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.1E+00 3.8E-01 7.5E-01 4.5E-01

Nickel Ni I 1963.85 1976.87 1981.61 1990.25 2007.01 2007.69 2014.25 2025.40 2026.62 2047.35 2052.04 2055.50 2059.92 2060.20 2064.39 2069.52 2085.57 2089.09 2095.13 2114.43 2121.40 2124.80 2147.80 2157.83 2158.31 2161.04 2173.54 2174.48 2182.38 2183.91 2190.22 2197.35 2201.59 2221.94 2244.46 2253.57 2254.81 2258.15 2259.56 2261.42 2287.32 2289.98 2293.11 2300.77 2302.97

Weights

λ –1

Å 2307.35 2312.34 2313.98 2317.16 2320.03 2321.38 2324.65 2325.79 2329.96 2345.54 2346.63 2347.51 2348.73 2419.31 2943.91 2981.65 3002.48 3003.62 3012.00 3037.93 3050.82 3054.31 3057.64 3064.62 3101.56 3101.88 3134.11 3225.02 3369.56 3380.57 3392.98 3414.76 3423.71 3433.56 3446.26 3452.88 3458.46 3461.66 3472.55 3483.77 3492.96 3510.33 3515.05 3524.54 3566.37 3597.70 3619.39 4027.67 4295.88 4401.54 4462.46 4470.48 4600.37 4604.99 4606.23 4648.66 4686.22 4701.54 4714.42 4715.78

gi

5 7 5 7 9 5 7 7 5 9 7 9 7 7 7 5 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 9 5 7 7 3 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 9 3 5 5 9 5 11 5 9 13 7

7 7 5 5 11 7 9 9 3 7 5 9 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 7 7 7 5 3 7 3 7 9 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 3 3 1 7 5 5 3 7 7 7 11 5 7 3 7 3 9 5 9 11 7

gk

A 108 s–1 1.6E-01 5.5E+00 5.0E+00 3.8E+00 6.9E+00 5.6E+00 1.8E-01 3.5E+00 5.3E+00 2.2E+00 5.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.1E-01 2.8E-01 8.0E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 2.8E-01 6.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.1E-01 6.3E-01 4.9E-01 7.3E-01 9.3E-02 1.8E-01 1.3E+00 2.4E-01 5.5E-01 3.3E-01 1.7E-01 4.4E-01 9.8E-02 6.1E-01 2.7E-01 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 9.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-01 1.0E+00 5.6E-01 1.4E-01 6.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 2.3E-01 1.0E-01 2.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 4.6E-01 2.0E-01

5/4/05 8:08:25 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4732.47 4752.43 4756.52 4786.54 4812.00 4829.03 4831.18 4838.64 4855.41 4904.41 4912.03 4913.97 4918.36 4935.83 4937.34 4953.20 4980.17 5000.34 5012.46 5017.58 5035.37 5042.20 5048.85 5080.53 5081.11 5082.35 5084.08 5099.95 5115.40 5129.37 5155.14 5155.76 5176.57 5371.33 5476.91 5637.12 5664.02 5695.00 6086.29 6175.42 7122.24 7381.94 7422.30 7727.66

7 3 9 11 3 5 9 9 5 5 3 1 9 7 9 5 9 7 7 11 7 3 7 9 7 3 7 7 11 7 5 5 5 7 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 9 7 7

9 3 9 11 1 7 7 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 9 5 11 7 7 11 9 5 7 11 9 3 9 7 9 5 5 7 5 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 11 5 7

Ni II 2165.55 2169.10 2174.67 2175.15 2184.61 2201.41 2206.72 2216.48 2220.40 2222.96 2224.86 2226.33 2253.85 2264.46

10 8 8 6 4 4 6 10 6 10 8 6 4 6

10 8 10 6 4 6 8 12 8 10 8 6 6 8

Section 10.indb 131

8

10-131 λ

–1

9.3E-02 2.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 9.5E-02 1.9E-01 1.6E-01 2.2E-01 5.7E-01 6.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 1.4E-01 1.1E-01 2.0E-01 5.7E-01 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 3.2E-01 5.7E-01 2.5E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 2.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 9.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 9.7E-02 1.8E-01 1.1E-01 2.4E+00 1.58E+00 1.43E+00 1.77E+00 2.90E+00 1.3E+00 1.66E+00 3.4E+00 2.3E+00 9.8E-01 1.55E+00 1.3E+00 1.98E+00 1.43E+00

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

Weights

λ –1

2270.21 2278.77 2287.09 2296.55 2297.14 2297.49 2298.27 2303.00 2316.04 2334.58 2375.42 2394.52 2416.13 2437.89 2510.87

8 8 6 8 6 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 6 8 8

10 6 4 8 4 2 6 6 8 8 8 10 8 10 10

1.56E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00 1.98E+00 2.70E+00 3.0E+00 2.8E+00 2.9E+00 2.88E+00 8.0E-01 6.6E-01 1.70E+00 2.1E+00 5.4E-01 5.8E-01

Ni III 1692.51 1709.90 1719.46 1722.28 1724.52 1741.96 1752.43 1760.56 1769.64 1823.06

11 9 5 3 3 9 7 5 11 9

13 11 7 5 1 7 5 3 11 9

7.9E+00 6.3E+00 6.0E+00 5.9E+00 6.7E+00 5.7E+00 5.5E+00 6.5E+00 6.2E+00 5.6E+00

Ni XIV 164.13 168 168.12 169.69 170.50 171.37 172.16 172.80 177.28 178 181 182.14 196 288.894 292.399

6 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 4 4 6

8 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 2 2 4 6

1.2E+03 2.4E+02 8.5E+02 9.8E+02 7.1E+02 9.4E+02 4.7E+02 1.4E+02 5.6E+02 8.9E+01 7.4E+01 1.5E+02 3.8E+01 4.6E+01 3.6E+01

Ni XV 50.249 60.890 64.635 163.64 173.73 175 179.28 181 269 278.386

5 9 7 5 5 3 5 1 3 5

7 11 9 7 7 1 7 3 1 5

6.8E+03 1.0E+04 9.6E+03 5.6E+01 7.6E+02 5.7E+02 7.5E+02 6.8E+02 5.3E+01 4.3E+01

Ni XVI 166 168 182 185.23

4 6 2 2

6 8 2 4

3.1E+02 3.2E+02 2.5E+02 4.2E+02

Å

gi

6 2 2 8 8 6 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 4 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1

187 187 188 190 192 192 194 194 194 194 194.04 195.27 196 197 197 199 206 217 218.391 223.119 231 232.475 233 235 235 236 237.875 238 239.550 245 245 249 249 250 254

4 4 2 6 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 6

1.2E+02 3.3E+02 4.7E+02 2.0E+02 4.54E+02 3.1E+02 2.8E+02 5.5E+02 1.1E+02 3.5E+02 4.6E+02 9.5E+01 6.7E+02 1.5E+02 1.2E+02 4.9E+02 3.7E+02 1.1E+02 9.5E+01 1.3E+02 1.6E+02 4.07E+02 2.4E+02 3.8E+02 2.5E+02 1.2E+02 2.6E+02 1.3E+02 2.6E+02 1.4E+02 3.2E+02 3.3E+02 1.2E+02 1.6E+02 1.8E+02

Ni XVII 30.919 42.855 54.451 55.361 57.348 197.39 199.87 204 205 206 207.50 215.89 216 217 227 249.180 281.50 282 284 292

1 1 9 1 7 1 3 3 3 1 5 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 5 5

3 3 11 3 9 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 3 7

2.77E+03 4.75E+03 1.5E+04 6.7E+03 1.4E+04 1.6E+02 2.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.4E+02 3.0E+02 2.5E+02 4.8E+02 2.7E+02 2.4E+02 1.6E+02 2.75E+02 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 1.5E+02 2.2E+02

Ni XVIII 24.881 25.070

2 4

4 6

8.6E+02 9.9E+02

5/4/05 8:08:27 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-132 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

26.02 26.020 26.046 26.218 27.98 27.982 28.018 28.220 29.383 29.422 29.779 29.829 31.845 31.890 32.034 32.340 36.990 37.049 41.015 41.218 43.814 44.365 44.405 52.615 52.720 52.745 59.950 60.212 63.512 63.589 69.075 76.254 76.359 99.275 100.4 114.46 114.74

2 2 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6

Ni XIX 9.140 9.153 9.977 10.110 10.283 10.433 11.539 11.599 12.435 12.656 13.779 14.043 40.7 40.7 41.132

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 7

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 9

3.1E+04 5.2E+03 1.1E+05 9.4E+04 4.7E+03 5.1E+03 4.8E+04 6.3E+03 3.66E+05 1.0E+05 1.23E+04 1.31E+04 6.4E+03 8.4E+03 9.4E+03

Ni XXI 11.13 11.23 11.239 11.28 11.318

3 5 5 3 5

3 3 7 1 7

1.7E+04 1.7E+04 5.7E+04 2.2E+05 2.8E+05

Section 10.indb 132

4 4 2 6 6 4 8 6 6 8 4 2 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 6 8

8

1.26E+03 1.1E+03 1.1E+03 1.5E+03 1.0E+03 2.0E+03 1.1E+03 2.33E+03 1.58E+03 1.69E+03 1.9E+03 1.9E+03 2.7E+03 3.0E+03 3.4E+03 4.0E+03 5.5E+03 5.9E+03 2.97E+03 3.2E+03 5.5E+03 6.8E+03 1.14E+03 1.5E+04 1.6E+04 1.06E+03 9.6E+02 1.1E+03 7.9E+02 8.5E+02 8.0E+02 1.38E+03 1.47E+03 1.0E+03 1.2E+03 2.5E+03 2.7E+03

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 5

8

Weights

λ –1

11.48 11.48 11.517 11.539 11.67 11.72 12.454 12.472 12.502

3 1 5 5 1 3 5 3 5

1.1E+05 4.0E+05 1.4E+05 1.2E+05 8.0E+04 2.3E+04 3.3E+04 1.8E+04 2.8E+04

Ni XXII 72.52 84.06 84.24 85.86 88.00 95.95 98.16 98.58 100.60 101.31 103.31 106.04 106.16 124.31 126.32

4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4

2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 4

2.84E+02 1.2E+03 5.6E+02 4.9E+02 1.2E+03 4.4E+02 5.2E+02 2.45E+02 3.9E+02 4.83E+02 2.66E+02 2.36E+02 5.1E+02 3.7E+02 3.3E+02

Ni XXIII 87.66 88.11 90.49 90.96 91.83 92.32 100.42 102.08 103.23 103.67 104.70 106.02 108.27 111.23 111.78 111.86 112.55 128.87 133.54 137.55

3 5 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 5 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 1

2.8E+02 8.3E+02 1.77E+02 2.5E+02 7.5E+02 4.39E+02 2.1E+02 5.3E+02 2.4E+02 1.78E+02 2.94E+02 2.87E+02 3.32E+02 2.26E+02 2.19E+02 1.7E+02 1.0E+03 4.02E+02 1.86E+02 2.53E+02

Ni XXIV 101.13 102.11 103.43 103.53 104.64 106.68 113.14 118.52 122.72 134.73 135.47

6 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 6 4

4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 4

1.63E+02 5.4E+02 1.3E+02 4.17E+02 4.7E+02 3.67E+02 1.65E+02 1.5E+02 2.17E+02 1.44E+02 8.0E+01

Å

gi

4 6 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1

137.01 138.80 153.47 159.69

4 4 2 2

2.6E+02 7.2E+01 1.27E+02 8.9E+01

Ni XXV 9.30 9.31 9.32 9.34 9.42 9.49 9.60 9.63 9.64 9.71 9.71 9.74 9.75 9.76 9.76 9.78 9.86 9.87 9.92 9.94 9.97 10.08

3 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 3 1

1 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 3 3 7 7 5 5 7 5 3

9.3E+04 8.2E+04 7.8E+04 1.1E+05 9.0E+04 8.9E+04 1.8E+05 2.4E+05 1.3E+05 2.3E+05 1.8E+05 3.0E+05 1.3E+05 3.03E+05 7.5E+04 2.9E+05 4.8E+05 2.03E+05 1.3E+05 1.29E+05 2.5E+05 2.80E+05

Ni XXVI 1.5930 1.5935 1.5973 1.5977 1.5982 1.5996 1.6005 1.6036 9.390 9.535

4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6

3.4E+06 4.0E+06 8.1E+06 4.4E+06 7.3E+06 2.7E+06 2.7E+06 2.1E+06 2.59E+05 2.96E+05

Ni XXVII 1.2534 1.2824 1.3500 1.3516 1.531 1.534 1.537 1.537 1.538 1.539 1.539 1.540 1.541 1.542 1.542 1.544 1.546 1.547 1.549

1 1 1 1 3 3 5 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1

3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3

3.35E+05 6.38E+05 1.63E+06 2.4E+05 2.0E+05 6.9E+06 2.3E+06 3.7E+06 3.9E+06 2.6E+06 2.6E+06 1.7E+06 5.5E+06 3.6E+06 3.5E+06 3.2E+06 1.6E+06 2.1E+05 2.0E+05

5/4/05 8:12:37 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 1.551 1.558 1.5883 1.5963

3 3 1 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 1 3 3

8

λ –1

8.2E+05 6.5E+05 6.02E+06 7.70E+05

Nitrogen NI 1163.88 1164.00 1164.21 1164.32 1167.45 1168.42 1168.54 1176.51 1176.63 1177.69 1199.55 1200.22 1200.71 1310.54 1316.29 1492.63 1492.82 1494.68 3822.03 3830.43 3834.22 4099.94 4109.95 4113.97 4137.64 4143.43 4151.48 4249.87 4264.00 4356.29 4385.54 4392.41 4435.43 4442.45 4669.89 4914.94 4935.12 5199.84 5201.61 5281.20 5344.05 5356.62 5367.01 5372.61 5378.27 6606.18 6622.54 6626.99 6636.94 6644.96 6646.50 6653.46 6656.51

Section 10.indb 133

6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4

6 6 4 4 8 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 8 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2

10-133

7.52E-01 1.27E-02 5.17E-02 6.94E-01 1.29E+00 4.24E-02 1.24E+00 9.22E-01 1.02E-01 1.02E+00 4.01E+00 3.99E+00 3.98E+00 8.42E-01 1.42E-02 3.13E+00 3.51E-01 3.72E+00 3.70E-02 4.67E-02 1.89E-02 3.48E-02 3.90E-02 6.62E-03 2.80E-03 6.09E-03 1.01E-02 2.59E-02 2.26E-02 5.10E-02 8.84E-03 1.76E-02 7.51E-03 3.81E-02 7.49E-03 8.08E-03 1.76E-02 1.87E-02 1.87E-02 2.45E-03 6.10E-04 1.41E-03 1.07E-03 8.34E-04 1.66E-03 8.87E-04 7.93E-03 2.20E-03 1.40E-02 3.49E-02 2.18E-02 2.74E-02 2.17E-02

Å 6926.67 6945.18 6951.60 6960.50 6973.07 6979.18 6982.03 7423.64 7442.30 7468.31 7898.98 7899.28 7915.42 8184.86 8188.01 8200.36 8210.72 8216.34 8223.13 8242.39 8567.74 8594.00 8629.24 8655.88 8680.28 8683.40 8686.15 8703.25 8711.70 8718.84 8728.90 8747.37 9028.92 9045.88 9049.49 9049.89 9060.48 9187.45 9187.86 9207.59 9208.00 9386.81 9392.79 9460.68 9776.90 9786.78 9788.29 9798.56 9810.01 9814.02 9822.75 9834.61 9863.33 9872.15 9883.38 9905.52 9909.22 9931.47 9947.07 9965.75

4 6 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 6 6 4 2 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 2 4 2 4 6 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 2 8 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 2 2 4 4 8 6

8

Weights

λ –1

7.75E-03 1.83E-02 1.03E-02 4.67E-03 3.83E-03 9.83E-03 2.04E-02 5.95E-02 1.24E-01 1.93E-01 2.82E-01 3.28E-02 3.13E-01 8.58E-02 1.27E-01 4.95E-02 4.84E-02 2.23E-01 2.64E-01 1.36E-01 4.92E-02 2.09E-01 2.66E-01 1.05E-01 2.46E-01 1.80E-01 1.09E-01 2.10E-01 1.28E-01 6.75E-02 3.76E-02 1.04E-02 3.02E-01 2.80E-01 1.88E-02 2.60E-01 2.95E-01 2.44E-01 1.76E-02 2.70E-02 2.33E-01 2.24E-01 2.63E-01 3.98E-02 1.18E-02 1.13E-02 2.99E-02 2.75E-02 5.30E-02 6.56E-03 4.95E-02 4.50E-02 9.62E-02 2.97E-02 2.93E-02 3.11E-03 7.58E-03 3.64E-02 1.08E-02 7.60E-03

Å 9968.51 9980.42 9997.73

6 4 8

N II 474.891 475.647 475.698 475.757 475.803 475.884 508.697 510.758 513.849 529.355 529.413 529.491 529.637 529.722 529.867 533.511 533.581 533.650 533.729 533.815 547.818 559.762 574.650 582.156 635.197 644.634 644.837 645.178 660.286 671.016 671.386 671.411 671.630 671.773 672.001 745.841 746.984 748.369 775.965 915.612 915.962 1083.99 1085.55 1085.70 3408.13 3437.14 3593.60 3609.10 3615.86 3829.80 3838.37 3842.19 3847.40 3855.10 3856.06

5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5

gi

4 6 8 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 7 1 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3

gk

A 108 s–1 4.50E-03 8.10E-03 9.20E-03 9.66E+00 1.17E+01 1.58E+01 8.75E+00 2.10E+01 5.25E+00 1.91E+00 1.87E+01 1.24E+01 7.23E+00 2.43E+01 6.75E+00 4.92E+00 1.03E+01 1.94E+01 2.39E+01 3.20E+01 1.66E+01 4.13E+01 9.19E+00 2.16E+00 1.14E+01 3.60E+01 2.85E+01 2.33E+01 1.21E+01 3.64E+01 6.07E+01 3.69E+01 2.47E+00 7.40E+00 3.04E+00 2.27E+00 9.85E+00 3.87E+00 1.25E+01 3.85E+01 3.83E+00 3.08E+01 4.38E+00 1.32E+01 2.18E+00 9.47E-01 3.87E+00 2.19E-01 2.07E+00 1.21E-01 1.41E-01 1.53E-01 2.42E-01 6.98E-01 3.06E-01 2.22E-01 8.82E-01 3.71E-01

5/4/05 8:12:51 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-134 λ Å 3919.00 3955.85 3995.00 4114.33 4124.08 4133.67 4145.77 4374.99 4447.03 4459.94 4465.53 4477.68 4488.09 4507.56 4564.76 4601.48 4607.15 4613.87 4621.39 4630.54 4643.09 4654.53 4667.21 4674.91 4694.27 4695.90 4697.64 4698.55 4700.03 4702.50 4704.25 4706.40 4709.58 4712.07 4718.38 4721.58 4774.24 4779.72 4781.19 4788.14 4793.65 4803.29 4810.30 4860.17 4987.38 4991.24 4994.36 4994.37 4997.22 5001.13 5001.47 5002.70 5005.15 5005.30 5007.33 5010.62 5011.31 5012.04 5016.38 5023.05

Section 10.indb 134

3 3 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 7 5 3 3 5 7 5 7

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 1 7 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 7 3 3 5 7 3 9 5 5 3 3 7 5 5

8

λ –1

6.76E-01 1.31E-01 1.35E+00 1.42E-03 3.20E-01 5.30E-01 7.36E-01 5.55E-03 1.14E+00 1.12E-01 2.36E-02 8.85E-02 1.30E-02 1.00E-01 1.41E-02 2.35E-01 3.26E-01 2.26E-01 9.55E-01 7.72E-01 4.51E-01 2.43E-02 2.99E-02 1.05E-01 1.23E-01 1.29E-01 3.06E-02 3.67E-01 1.05E-01 9.15E-02 2.13E-01 6.09E-02 1.82E-01 1.46E-01 3.02E-01 7.75E-02 3.24E-02 2.52E-01 2.05E-02 2.52E-01 7.77E-02 3.18E-01 4.75E-02 1.61E-02 7.48E-01 3.54E-01 2.62E-01 7.60E-01 1.96E-01 9.76E-01 1.05E+00 8.45E-02 1.16E+00 6.51E-02 7.89E-01 2.19E-01 5.84E-01 5.19E-01 1.62E-01 3.61E-01

Å 5025.66 5040.71 5045.10 5073.59 5168.05 5170.16 5171.27 5171.47 5172.34 5172.97 5173.39 5174.46 5175.89 5176.57 5177.06 5179.34 5179.52 5180.36 5183.20 5184.96 5185.09 5186.21 5190.38 5191.96 5199.50 5313.42 5320.20 5320.96 5327.76 5338.73 5340.21 5351.23 5383.72 5452.07 5454.22 5462.58 5478.09 5480.05 5495.65 5526.23 5530.24 5535.35 5535.38 5540.06 5543.47 5551.92 5552.68 5565.26 5666.63 5676.02 5679.56 5686.21 5710.77 5730.66 5747.30 5767.45 5893.15 5897.25 5899.83 5927.81

7 7 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 7 5 3 7 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 7 9 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 5 3 7 5 9 3 3 9 11 5 7 7 3 5 9 5 7 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 7 9 3 1 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3

8

Weights

λ –1

1.07E-01 3.78E-03 3.42E-01 2.59E-02 3.06E-01 6.54E-01 8.71E-01 5.81E-01 6.01E-01 5.01E-01 7.36E-01 5.07E-01 8.93E-01 2.17E-01 5.00E-01 8.67E-01 1.07E+00 4.28E-01 2.88E-01 3.20E-01 7.11E-02 5.76E-02 1.77E-01 4.25E-02 1.51E-02 1.41E-01 4.20E-01 2.52E-01 4.65E-02 1.85E-01 2.59E-01 3.67E-01 3.31E-03 8.89E-02 3.34E-01 1.00E-01 4.75E-02 1.30E-01 2.40E-01 2.13E-01 4.04E-01 6.04E-01 4.53E-01 6.03E-01 3.51E-01 2.00E-01 1.50E-01 3.97E-02 3.74E-01 2.96E-01 5.25E-01 1.94E-01 1.24E-01 1.34E-02 3.40E-02 2.44E-02 2.88E-01 2.16E-01 1.60E-01 3.22E-01

Å 5931.78 5940.24 5941.65 5952.39 5960.91 6065.00 6284.32 6379.62 6482.05 6610.56 6857.03 6869.58 6887.83 7762.24 8438.74 8831.75 8855.30 8893.29

3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 3 5

N III 374.198 451.871 452.227 684.998 685.515 685.817 686.336 763.334 764.351 771.545 771.901 772.384 772.889 772.955 979.832 979.905 989.799 991.511 991.577 1747.85 1751.22 1751.66 2972.55 2977.33 2978.84 2983.64 3342.76 3353.98 3354.32 3355.46 3358.78 3360.98 3365.80 3367.36 3374.07 3745.95 3752.63 3754.69 3762.60 3771.03

2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6

gi

5 3 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 3 5 7 5 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 4.27E-01 2.26E-01 5.54E-01 1.27E-01 1.34E-02 2.21E-03 7.74E-02 6.11E-02 3.01E-01 6.34E-01 2.53E-01 2.51E-01 2.49E-01 8.74E-02 2.24E-01 8.42E-03 2.51E-02 4.12E-02 9.89E+01 1.03E+01 2.05E+01 9.63E+00 3.83E+01 4.54E+01 1.95E+01 9.58E+00 1.85E+01 8.19E+00 1.64E+01 2.45E+01 2.09E+01 2.34E+01 8.84E+00 9.21E+00 4.18E+00 8.17E-01 4.97E+00 1.28E+00 2.48E-01 1.51E+00 6.67E-01 3.32E-01 1.66E-01 8.24E-01 3.80E-01 7.66E-01 5.51E-01 7.51E-01 3.05E-01 2.44E-01 1.52E+00 1.27E+00 8.13E-01 1.90E-01 6.67E-02 3.78E-01 4.24E-02 5.59E-01

5/4/05 8:12:59 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3771.36 3792.97 3934.50 3938.51 3942.88 4097.36 4103.39 4195.74 4200.07 4215.77 4318.78 4321.22 4321.39 4325.43 4327.69 4327.88 4332.95 4337.01 4345.81 4351.11 4510.88 4510.96 4514.85 4518.14 4523.56 4530.86 4534.58 4547.30 4634.13 4640.64 4641.85 4858.70 4858.98 4861.27 4867.12 4867.17 4873.60 4881.78 4884.14 4896.58 5260.86 5270.57 5272.68 5282.43 5297.75 5298.95 5314.36 5320.87 5327.19 5352.46 6365.84 6394.75 6445.34 6450.79 6454.08 6463.09 6467.02 6468.57 6478.76 6487.84

Section 10.indb 135

6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 6 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 6 2 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4

8

10-135 λ

–1

8.28E-02 1.03E-01 7.49E-01 8.96E-01 1.49E-01 8.70E-01 8.67E-01 9.37E-01 1.12E+00 1.85E-01 5.40E-02 1.08E-01 5.03E-02 8.60E-02 3.06E-02 1.07E-01 1.23E-01 7.47E-02 1.82E-01 4.01E-02 2.84E-01 4.77E-01 6.80E-01 5.65E-01 3.61E-01 1.12E-01 2.01E-01 3.33E-02 6.36E-01 7.60E-01 1.26E-01 4.35E-01 4.66E-01 5.32E-01 1.73E-01 6.18E-01 1.50E-01 1.22E-02 8.71E-02 5.86E-03 2.80E-02 6.95E-02 1.39E-01 2.21E-02 4.93E-02 7.38E-02 1.14E-01 5.68E-01 5.29E-01 3.72E-02 2.18E-01 2.15E-01 8.89E-02 1.77E-01 1.49E-01 1.13E-01 2.11E-01 3.52E-02 6.31E-02 1.05E-02

Å 7371.51 7404.54 8307.51 8344.95 8386.39 8424.56

4 6 2 2 4 4

N IV 247.205 *283.52 *322.64 335.047 387.356 765.147 *923.16 955.334 1718.55 2649.88 3052.20 3059.60 3075.19 3443.61 3445.22 3454.65 3461.36 3463.36 3474.53 3478.72 *3480.8 3483.00 3484.93 3689.94 3694.14 3707.39 3714.43 3735.43 3747.54 4057.76 4740.26 4747.96 4752.49 4762.09 4769.86 4786.92 4796.66 5200.41 5204.28 5205.15 5226.70 5245.60 5272.35 5288.25 5736.93 5776.31 5784.76 5795.09 5812.31 5826.43 5843.84 6380.75

1 9 9 3 3 1 9 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 4 2 4 2 3 15 3 5 1 3 9 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3

8

Weights

λ –1

3.53E-02 3.61E-02 1.65E-02 6.52E-02 8.03E-02 3.17E-02 1.19E+02 3.05E+02 8.99E+01 1.845E+02 2.55E+01 2.320E+01 1.759E+01 2.919E+01 2.321E+00 1.07E+00 1.33E-01 3.95E-01 6.48E-01 3.46E-01 4.60E-01 3.42E-01 1.36E+00 1.02E+00 5.61E-01 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 9.10E-02 2.27E-02 6.73E-02 1.34E-02 7.37E-02 9.92E-01 6.62E-01 1.53E-02 7.60E-02 1.13E-02 6.99E-02 2.50E-02 8.79E-02 1.53E-02 2.67E-01 3.55E-01 1.97E-01 1.46E-01 8.66E-02 9.48E-03 3.22E-02 1.84E-01 1.85E-02 5.51E-02 1.37E-02 1.36E-02 2.25E-02 4.01E-02 1.42E-01

Å

gi

3 5 3 15 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7

gk

A 108 s–1

7103.24 7109.35 7111.28 *7116.8 7122.98 7127.25 7127.25 9165.07 9182.16 9222.99 9247.04 9311.55

1 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7

6.28E-02 8.46E-02 4.70E-02 1.12E-01 1.12E-01 2.80E-02 3.11E-03 4.23E-02 4.45E-02 4.95E-02 7.66E-03 5.36E-03

NV *209.29 *247.66 1238.82 1242.80 4603.74 4619.97

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

1.21E+02 4.26E+02 3.40E+00 3.37E+00 4.14E-01 4.10E-01

N VI 24.8980 28.7870 *161.220 173.275 *173.93 185.192 *1901 2896.4 *6991.1 9622.0

1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3

5.158E+03 1.809E+04 2.859E+02 2.697E+02 8.756E+02 8.205E+02 6.780E-01 2.079E-01 8.384E-02 3.276E-02

5 1 3 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 3 1 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 3

5 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 3 5

4.94E+00 2.19E+00 1.64E+00 2.85E+00 5.12E+00 1.23E+00 1.33E+00 4.22E-01 5.28E+00 2.06E+00 3.41E+00 2.03E+00 6.76E-01 6.63E-03 1.87E-03 5.19E-03 5.59E-03 8.31E-04 1.63E-02 4.91E-03 4.88E-03 4.87E-03 3.10E-03 1.29E-03 1.03E-03 7.73E-04

Oxygen OI 791.973 792.938 792.967 877.798 877.879 922.008 935.193 1028.16 1152.15 1217.65 1302.17 1304.86 1306.03 3823.41 3823.87 3824.35 3825.02 3825.19 3855.01 3947.29 3947.48 3947.59 3951.93 3952.98 3953.00 3954.52

5/4/05 8:13:04 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-136 λ Å 3954.61 3997.95 4217.09 4222.77 4222.82 4233.27 4368.19 4368.24 4967.38 4967.88 4968.79 5019.29 5020.22 5329.11 5329.69 5330.74 5435.18 5435.77 5436.86 5512.60 5512.77 5554.83 5555.00 5958.39 5958.58 6046.23 6046.44 6046.49 6155.99 6156.78 6158.19 6324.84 6453.60 6454.44 6455.98 6726.28 6726.54 7001.92 7002.23 7254.15 7254.45 7254.53 7771.94 7774.17 7775.39 7981.94 7982.40 7986.98 7987.33 7995.07 8221.82 8227.65 8230.00 8233.00 8235.35 8446.25 8446.36 8446.76 8820.42 9260.81

Section 10.indb 136

5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 7 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 1 5 3 7 1

8

λ –1

2.32E-03 2.41E-02 5.44E-03 2.26E-03 1.81E-03 4.04E-03 7.56E-03 7.59E-03 4.43E-03 8.44E-03 1.27E-02 7.13E-03 9.98E-03 9.48E-03 1.81E-02 2.71E-02 7.74E-03 1.29E-02 1.80E-02 2.69E-03 3.58E-03 5.83E-03 9.71E-03 6.80E-03 9.06E-03 1.05E-02 1.75E-02 3.50E-03 2.67E-02 5.08E-02 7.62E-02 3.76E-05 1.65E-02 2.75E-02 3.85E-02 1.18E-05 6.44E-06 2.65E-02 3.53E-02 2.24E-02 3.73E-02 7.45E-03 3.69E-01 3.69E-01 3.69E-01 2.33E-04 3.09E-04 4.19E-04 1.41E-04 5.63E-04 2.89E-01 8.13E-02 2.26E-01 2.43E-01 4.86E-02 3.22E-01 3.22E-01 3.22E-01 2.93E-01 4.46E-01

Å 9260.85 9260.94 9262.58 9262.67 9262.78 9265.83 9265.93 9266.01 9482.89 9622.11 9622.16 9625.26 9625.30 9694.66 9694.91 9695.06

3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 5

O II 429.918 430.041 430.176 483.760 483.980 484.027 485.087 485.470 485.518 2290.85 2293.30 2300.33 2302.81 2365.14 2375.72 2406.38 2407.48 2411.60 2411.64 2415.13 2418.46 2425.57 2433.54 2436.06 2444.25 2445.53 2517.96 2523.21 2526.87 2530.28 2571.46 2575.28 3134.73 3273.43 3377.15 3390.21 3407.28 3712.74 3727.32 3749.48 3833.07 3842.81

4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 8 8 2 2 6 2 4 6 6 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 3 3 3 5 7 7 5 3 2 4 6 2 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 4

8

Weights

λ –1

3.34E-01 1.56E-01 1.11E-01 2.60E-01 2.97E-01 2.97E-02 1.48E-01 4.45E-01 2.34E-01 5.22E-04 1.57E-03 3.25E-04 1.85E-03 4.54E-04 4.54E-04 4.54E-04 4.25E+01 4.13E+01 4.36E+01 2.05E+01 1.80E+01 3.22E+00 2.60E+01 1.20E+00 1.93E+01 7.41E-02 3.25E-01 4.17E-01 1.67E-01 1.52E-01 1.35E-01 1.85E-01 2.25E-01 2.05E-01 1.10E-01 2.20E-01 2.30E-01 1.77E-01 4.21E-01 1.69E-01 7.56E-02 4.98E-01 7.72E-02 9.63E-02 1.20E-01 8.16E-02 1.15E-01 1.37E-01 1.23E+00 9.99E-01 1.27E+00 1.22E+00 1.02E+00 2.84E-01 5.81E-01 9.31E-01 1.02E-02 7.45E-02

Å 3843.58 3847.89 3850.80 3851.03 3851.47 3856.13 3857.16 3863.50 3864.13 3864.43 3864.67 3874.09 3875.80 3882.19 3882.45 3883.14 3893.52 3907.45 3911.96 3912.12 3919.27 3945.04 3954.36 3973.26 3982.71 4069.62 4069.88 4072.15 4075.86 4078.84 4084.65 4085.11 4092.93 4094.14 4096.53 4097.22 4103.00 4104.72 4104.99 4106.02 4109.84 4110.19 4110.79 4112.02 4113.83 4119.22 4120.28 4120.55 4121.46 4129.32 4132.80 4140.70 4153.30 4156.53 4169.22 4185.44 4189.58 4189.79 4192.51 4196.27

4 2 4 4 8 4 6 6 2 6 6 2 8 8 4 8 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4

gi

6 2 6 4 8 2 6 8 2 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 10 4 8 6 8 4 6 4 2 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 8 8 10 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 3.55E-02 1.95E-01 6.00E-03 1.59E-01 2.72E-02 2.28E-01 6.59E-02 6.49E-02 9.12E-02 2.15E-01 1.80E-01 3.26E-02 3.38E-02 5.50E-01 8.94E-02 1.13E-01 1.89E-02 8.64E-02 1.09E+00 1.41E-01 1.22E+00 2.05E-01 8.57E-01 1.04E+00 4.27E-01 1.52E+00 1.53E+00 1.98E+00 2.11E+00 5.52E-01 7.28E-02 4.55E-01 2.65E-01 4.70E-02 1.73E-01 3.62E-01 5.09E-01 3.14E-01 9.14E-01 1.70E-02 1.21E-02 2.54E-01 7.70E-01 1.81E-01 2.41E-01 1.33E+00 2.15E-01 2.60E-01 5.60E-01 1.79E-01 9.13E-01 4.09E-02 7.91E-01 2.11E-01 2.71E-01 1.91E+00 7.06E-02 1.98E+00 3.21E-01 3.56E-02

5/4/05 8:13:09 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 4196.70 4317.14 4319.63 4319.87 4325.76 4327.46 4327.85 4328.59 4331.47 4331.86 4336.86 4345.56 4347.22 4347.41 4349.43 4351.26 4351.46 4359.40 4366.89 4369.27 4395.93 4405.98 4414.90 4416.97 4443.01 4443.52 4447.68 4448.19 4452.38 4466.24 4467.46 4563.18 4590.97 4595.96 4596.18 4638.86 4641.81 4649.13 4650.84 4661.63 4673.73 4676.23 4690.89 4691.42 4696.35 4698.44 4699.01 4699.22 4701.18 4701.71 4703.16 4705.35 4710.01 4741.70 4751.28 4752.69 4844.92 4856.39 4856.76 4860.97

Section 10.indb 137

4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 8 4 2 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 4 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 2 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 6 6 6 4 4

8

10-137 λ

–1

3.56E-01 3.70E-01 2.55E-01 5.62E-01 1.47E-01 6.76E-01 7.24E-02 1.12E+00 4.82E-02 6.50E-01 1.57E-01 8.31E-01 1.19E-01 9.32E-01 6.91E-01 9.89E-01 5.82E-02 1.44E-02 3.98E-01 3.57E-01 3.91E-01 4.30E-02 8.34E-01 7.13E-01 5.05E-01 1.89E-02 2.52E-02 5.10E-01 1.37E-01 9.00E-01 9.00E-01 7.18E-03 8.85E-01 4.87E-02 8.34E-01 3.71E-01 5.96E-01 7.81E-01 6.86E-01 4.10E-01 1.35E-01 2.05E-01 1.86E-01 7.43E-01 3.25E-02 6.59E-02 9.88E-01 9.36E-01 9.23E-01 3.69E-01 9.20E-01 1.10E+00 2.98E-01 4.71E-02 6.39E-02 1.45E-02 1.02E-02 5.58E-02 1.00E-01 4.70E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4864.88 4871.52 4872.02 4890.86 4906.83 4924.53 4941.07 4943.01 4955.71 5159.94 5175.90 5190.50 5206.65 5583.22 5611.07 6627.37 6641.03 6666.66 6677.87 6717.75 6721.39 6810.48 6844.10 6846.80 6869.48 6884.88 6895.10 6906.44 6907.87 6910.56

4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 8 6 4 10 8 4 6

2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 8 6 8 6 4 8 6 2 4

O III 263.694 263.727 263.773 263.817 263.861 277.386 279.788 295.942 303.413 303.461 303.517 303.622 303.695 303.800 305.596 305.656 305.702 305.767 305.836 320.978 328.448 345.312 374.073 395.557 507.388 507.680 508.178 525.794

1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5

3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3

8

Weights

λ –1

8.07E-02 5.60E-01 9.34E-02 4.80E-01 4.54E-01 5.43E-01 5.87E-01 7.78E-01 1.82E-01 3.29E-01 1.49E-01 1.26E-01 3.58E-01 2.17E-02 2.14E-02 1.73E-01 9.88E-02 6.78E-02 3.37E-02 1.33E-01 1.81E-01 1.64E-03 2.97E-03 3.17E-02 5.35E-02 6.12E-02 2.72E-01 2.48E-01 3.03E-01 2.43E-01 3.32E+01 4.48E+01 2.49E+01 5.97E+01 1.49E+01 9.43E+01 4.25E+01 5.56E+01 4.29E+01 1.29E+02 3.21E+01 3.21E+01 5.34E+01 9.61E+01 1.20E+02 1.62E+02 9.01E+01 2.16E+02 5.40E+01 2.17E+02 1.04E+02 1.35E+02 2.85E+01 2.80E+01 1.61E+01 4.82E+01 8.04E+01 9.60E+01

Å 597.814 599.590 702.337 702.838 832.929 835.092 835.289 1679.03 1686.73 1760.41 1764.46 1766.63 1772.28 1772.97 2390.43 2454.97 2665.68 2674.58 2683.66 2686.15 2687.55 2695.48 2794.14 2798.93 2809.66 2818.70 2836.31 2959.69 2983.78 2992.08 2996.48 2997.69 3004.34 3008.78 3017.62 3023.43 3024.36 3024.54 3035.41 3042.07 3047.10 3059.28 3064.98 3068.13 3068.26 3068.67 3074.14 3074.72 3075.13 3075.95 3083.65 3084.64 3088.04 3095.79 3115.67 3121.63 3132.79 3198.18 3201.14 3202.51

1 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 7 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 5

gi

3 5 3 1 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 9 7 1 3 5 5 3 7

gk

A 108 s–1 1.49E+01 5.41E+01 6.06E+00 1.83E+01 3.41E+00 1.44E+00 5.99E+00 6.57E-01 6.48E-01 8.38E-01 2.50E+00 1.11E+00 3.29E+00 1.37E+00 1.62E+00 3.43E+00 6.75E-01 1.11E+00 1.85E+00 1.54E+00 1.84E+00 1.82E+00 1.82E-01 4.52E-02 1.34E-01 2.66E-02 1.46E-01 1.83E+00 2.15E+00 9.32E-02 4.64E-01 6.88E-02 4.27E-01 1.53E-01 5.38E-01 4.79E-01 9.39E-02 6.16E-01 4.59E-01 1.94E+00 1.49E+00 8.72E-01 2.17E-01 6.49E-01 5.41E-02 2.27E-01 1.84E-01 3.76E-01 1.61E-01 1.07E-01 3.20E-01 2.55E-01 5.30E-01 1.35E-01 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.37E+00 9.57E-02 4.77E-01 7.08E-02

5/4/05 8:13:14 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-138 λ Å 3207.61 3210.58 3216.07 3221.21 3260.86 3265.33 3267.20 3281.83 3284.45 3299.39 3312.33 3326.06 3330.30 3330.32 3332.41 3332.93 3336.67 3336.69 3340.76 3344.20 3344.51 3347.98 3350.62 3350.92 3355.86 3362.31 3376.61 3376.76 3377.26 3382.61 3383.31 3383.81 3384.90 3394.22 3395.43 3406.88 3408.13 3415.26 3428.63 3430.57 3444.05 3446.68 3447.15 3447.97 3450.91 3451.30 3454.84 3454.99 3459.48 3459.94 3466.13 3466.85 3475.24 3520.94 3531.22 3533.38 3534.90 3555.24 3556.78 3695.38

Section 10.indb 138

5 5 7 7 5 7 3 5 7 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 7 5 7 7 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 7 3 5 9 5 7 9 7 9 1 3 3 3 5 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 7 5 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 7 7 5 1 3 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 9 3 5 11 3 7 9 5 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 5

8

λ –1

4.40E-01 1.58E-01 5.58E-01 9.75E-02 1.68E+00 1.88E+00 1.58E+00 2.89E-01 2.06E-01 1.64E-01 4.60E-01 2.65E-01 6.81E-01 4.76E-01 7.92E-01 5.04E-01 3.76E-01 8.77E-02 6.57E-01 1.25E-01 3.48E-01 4.86E-01 1.12E+00 9.91E-01 6.89E-01 6.87E-01 1.49E+00 1.12E+00 5.20E-01 9.86E-01 3.70E-01 8.62E-01 1.48E+00 4.88E-01 9.75E-02 1.93E-01 5.79E-01 1.44E-01 1.42E-01 2.37E-01 4.21E-01 9.71E-01 8.09E-01 1.19E+00 1.44E+00 8.06E-01 6.89E-01 1.72E+00 1.14E-01 5.14E-01 2.84E-01 6.82E-02 2.42E-02 1.50E-01 4.45E-01 1.11E-01 1.11E-01 1.82E-01 3.26E-01 4.01E-01

Å 3698.72 3703.36 3704.75 3707.27 3709.54 3712.49 3714.03 3715.09 3720.89 3721.95 3725.31 3728.51 3728.84 3729.80 3732.13 3734.83 3742.63 3746.90 3754.70 3757.23 3759.88 3774.03 3791.28 3810.98 3816.75 3961.57 4072.64 4073.98 4081.02 4089.30 4103.07 4118.60 4440.09 4447.69 4461.61 4524.22 4532.78 4535.29 4555.39 4557.91 5268.30 5508.24 5592.25

5 7 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 3

O IV 238.360 238.570 238.579 279.631 279.933 553.329 554.076 554.513 555.263 608.397 609.829 616.952 617.005 617.036 624.619

2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 3 5 1 5 3 7 7 3 5 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4

8

Weights

λ –1

7.62E-01 1.14E+00 8.53E-01 7.34E-01 1.13E+00 6.59E-01 4.06E-01 9.73E-01 3.74E-01 2.80E-01 2.41E-01 1.29E+00 1.45E+00 1.22E+00 2.67E-02 7.40E-02 2.24E-01 1.59E-01 7.53E-01 5.56E-01 9.79E-01 3.91E-01 2.24E-01 2.37E-02 9.63E-02 1.25E+00 3.37E-01 4.54E-01 6.02E-01 2.49E-01 1.48E-01 1.63E-02 4.42E-01 4.40E-01 4.36E-01 3.38E-01 1.40E-01 8.40E-02 2.49E-01 8.27E-02 3.50E-01 1.06E-01 3.27E-01 2.96E+02 3.54E+02 5.90E+01 2.68E+01 5.34E+01 1.22E+01 4.86E+01 6.06E+01 2.41E+01 1.21E+01 2.40E+01 2.60E+01 2.89E+00 2.89E+01 1.07E+01

Å 625.127 625.853 779.736 779.820 779.912 779.997 787.710 790.112 790.199 921.296 921.365 923.367 923.436 1338.61 1342.99 1343.51 2120.58 2132.64 2493.39 2493.75 2493.99 2499.27 2501.81 2507.73 2509.22 2510.58 2517.37 2781.22 2803.57 2805.87 2812.50 2816.53 2829.17 2836.27 2916.31 2921.46 2926.18 3063.43 3071.60 3177.89 3180.77 3180.99 3185.74 3188.22 3188.64 3194.78 3199.58 3209.65 3216.31 3348.06 3349.11 3354.27 3362.55 3375.40 3378.02 3381.21 3381.30 3385.52 3390.19 3396.80

4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 2 6 2 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 2 4

gi

4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 4 8 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1 2.13E+01 3.19E+01 1.46E+00 1.31E+01 1.36E+01 9.70E-01 5.95E+00 1.18E+00 7.08E+00 2.21E+00 8.83E+00 1.10E+01 4.39E+00 2.17E+00 4.29E-01 2.57E+00 1.05E+00 1.29E+00 1.18E+00 8.48E-01 6.09E-01 4.68E-01 3.73E-01 2.32E+00 1.94E+00 1.19E+00 1.24E+00 1.03E-01 1.26E-01 2.90E-01 3.58E-02 5.74E-01 1.56E-01 8.43E-01 1.06E+00 1.27E+00 2.11E-01 1.30E+00 1.29E+00 7.59E-02 1.51E-01 7.06E-02 1.21E-01 4.28E-02 1.50E-01 1.71E-01 1.04E-01 2.53E-01 5.56E-02 8.51E-01 1.02E+00 7.71E-01 7.65E-01 7.56E-01 1.66E-01 7.19E-01 4.28E-01 1.02E+00 8.49E-01 5.40E-01

5/4/05 8:13:20 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3405.77 3409.70 3411.30 3411.69 3425.55 3489.89 3492.21 3493.43 3560.39 3563.33 3593.08 3725.89 3725.94 3729.03 3736.68 3736.85 3744.89 3758.39 3930.68 3942.06 3945.31 3956.77 3974.58 3977.09 3995.08 4687.03 4772.60 4779.10 4783.42 4794.18 4798.27 4813.15 5305.51 5362.51 6876.49 6931.60 7004.11 7061.30

4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 8 6 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 4 4

OV 172.169 *192.85 *215.17 220.353 248.460 629.732 758.677 759.442 760.227 760.446 761.128 762.004 774.518 1371.30 2729.31 2731.45 2743.61 2752.23 2755.13 2769.69

1 9 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5

Section 10.indb 139

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 3 15 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 3

8

10-139 λ

–1

1.67E-01 3.00E-01 1.69E-01 1.02E+00 4.94E-02 7.29E-01 6.06E-01 1.21E-01 1.03E+00 1.10E+00 7.15E-02 5.61E-01 6.01E-01 6.86E-01 2.23E-01 7.95E-01 1.92E-01 1.11E-01 3.80E-02 9.42E-02 1.88E-01 2.98E-02 6.62E-02 9.91E-02 1.52E-01 2.79E-01 1.23E-01 2.45E-01 2.06E-01 1.56E-01 2.91E-01 8.65E-02 6.10E-02 6.12E-02 1.88E-02 7.35E-02 8.90E-02 3.48E-02 2.94E+02 6.90E+02 1.83E+02 4.292E+02 5.59E+01 2.872E+01 5.547E+00 7.373E+00 5.514E+00 1.652E+01 2.197E+01 9.125E+00 3.804E+01 3.336E+00 4.52E-01 5.90E-01 4.38E-01 1.82E+00 1.37E+00 7.88E-01

Å 2781.01 *2784.0 2786.99 2789.85 3058.68 3144.66 3219.24 3222.29 3227.54 3239.21 3248.28 3263.54 3275.64 3297.62 3690.17 3698.36 3702.72 3717.31 3725.63 3746.64 3761.58 4119.37 4120.49 4123.96 4125.49 4134.11 4153.27 4158.86 4178.46 4213.35 4522.66 4554.53 5114.06 5339.94 5349.74 5372.71 5414.59 5428.38 5471.12 5571.81 5580.12 5583.23 *5589.9 5597.89 5604.27 5607.41 6330.05 6460.12 6466.14 6500.24 6543.77 6601.28 6764.72 6789.62 6817.40 6828.95 6878.76

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 9 5 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 1 3 3 5 5

O VI *150.10

2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 9 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 1 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 15 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 6

8

Weights

λ –1

1.40E+00 1.40E+00 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.39E+00 8.86E-01 1.54E-01 1.16E-01 3.38E-02 3.28E-01 1.18E-01 1.86E-02 4.76E-01 1.30E-01 1.97E-02 1.03E-01 1.41E-02 9.63E-02 2.91E-02 1.18E-01 1.61E-02 3.66E-01 3.33E-01 4.81E-01 2.70E-01 3.34E-01 1.92E-01 3.39E-01 1.12E-01 1.19E-02 1.02E-02 2.41E-01 1.80E-01 1.85E-02 7.04E-02 1.42E-02 9.29E-03 2.68E-02 4.86E-02 8.33E-02 1.11E-01 6.20E-02 1.49E-01 1.48E-01 3.68E-02 4.08E-03 1.21E-01 9.37E-02 1.01E-01 1.11E-01 1.64E-02 1.14E-02 4.37E-02 5.79E-02 3.00E-02 7.35E-02 1.65E-02 2.62E+02

Å

gi

10 4 2 4 2

gk

A 108 s–1

*173.03 1031.91 1037.61 3811.35 3834.24

6 2 2 2 2

8.78E+02 4.16E+00 4.09E+00 5.14E-01 5.05E-01

O VII 18.6270 21.6020 *120.33 128.411 *128.46 135.820 *1630.3 2448.98 *5933.1 8241.76

1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3

9.365E+03 3.309E+04 5.334E+02 8.982E+02 1.615E+03 1.523E+03 7.935E-01 2.514E-01 1.002E-01 3.864E-02

PI 1671.7 1674.6 1679.7 1775.0 1782.9 1787.7 2135.5 2136.2 2149.1 2152.9 2154.1 2154.1 2534.0 2535.6 2553.3 2554.9

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4

2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2

3.9E-01 4.0E-01 3.9E-01 2.17E+00 2.14E+00 2.13E+00 2.11E-01 2.83E+00 3.18E+00 4.85E-01 1.73E-01 5.8E-01 2.00E-01 9.5E-01 7.1E-01 3.00E-01

P II 1301.9 1304.5 1304.7 1305.5 1309.9 1310.7 4475.3 4499.2 4530.8 4554.8 4588.0 4589.9 4602.1 4943.5 5253.5 5425.9 6024.2 6043.1

1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5

3 1 3 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 7 5 9 5 5 5 5 7

5.0E-01 1.5E+00 3.7E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 9.6E-01 1.7E+00 1.6E+00 1.9E+00 6.3E-01 1.0E+00 6.9E-01 5.1E-01 6.8E-01

P III 1334.8 1344.3 1344.8

2 4 4

4 6 4

5.5E-01 6.4E-01 1.1E-01

Phosphorus

5/4/05 8:13:23 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-140 λ Å 4057.4 4059.3 4080.1

4 6 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 2

8

λ –1

1.0E-01 9.0E-01 9.9E-01

Potassium KI 4044.1 4047.2 5084.2 5099.2 5323.3 5339.7 5343.0 5359.6 5782.4 5801.8 5812.2 5831.9 6911.1 6938.8 7664.9 7699.0

2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2

4 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2

1.24E-02 1.24E-02 3.50E-03 7.0E-03 6.3E-03 1.26E-02 4.0E-03 4.6E-03 1.23E-02 2.46E-02 2.8E-03 3.2E-03 2.72E-02 5.4E-02 3.87E-01 3.82E-01

K II 607.93

1

3

1.3E-02

K III 2550.0 2635.1 2992.4 3052.1 3202.0 3289.1 3322.4 3421.8

6 4 6 4 4 4 6 2

4 4 8 6 4 6 6 4

2.0E+00 1.2E+00 2.5E+00 1.7E+00 1.8E+00 2.0E+00 1.3E+00 1.5E+00

K XVI 206.27

1

3

9.4E+01

K XVII 22.020 22.163 22.18 22.60 22.76

2 4 4 2 4

4 6 4 2 2

4.7E+04 5.6E+04 9.3E+03 2.5E+03 4.7E+03

15 15 19 17 15 13 15 15 17 15 13 13 15 17

1.87E-01 1.00E+00 8.4E-01 5.8E-01 5.2E-01 3.91E-01 2.30E-01 1.1E-01 9.0E-02 2.28E-01 1.24E-01 1.54E-01 1.16E-01 4.9E-02

Praseodymium Pr II 3997.0 4062.8 4100.7 4143.1 4179.4 4222.9 4241.0 4359.8 4405.8 4429.3 4449.8 4468.7 4510.2 4534.2

Section 10.indb 140

15 13 17 15 13 11 17 15 17 15 13 11 13 15

Å 4734.2 4879.1 4886.0 4912.6 5034.4 5110.8 5135.1 5173.9 5219.1 5220.1 5251.7 5259.7 5292.6 5810.6 5879.3 6200.8 6278.7 6398.0

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

15 15 15 17 19 21 17 19 15 17 15 15 13 17 15 15 13 11

13 15 15 15 19 19 17 17 15 15 13 13 13 19 15 17 15 13

8 6 6 10 4 6 6 6 6 8 6 4 8 4 8 4 6 10 6 6 4 6 6 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 8 6 6

6 4 6 8 6 6 4 6 4 8 8 4 10 2 6 4 4 10 8 6 4 6 8 6 10 8 8 4 6 6 10 4 8 2 4 8 6 8 4

8

2.5E-02 1.8E-02 1.3E-02 5.7E-02 1.1E-01 2.78E-01 1.25E-01 3.18E-01 9.5E-02 2.35E-01 1.1E-02 2.24E-01 9.3E-02 2.3E-02 7.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.6E-02 1.9E-02

Rhodium Rh I 3083.96 3114.91 3121.76 3123.70 3137.71 3189.05 3197.13 3263.14 3271.61 3280.55 3283.57 3289.14 3323.09 3331.09 3338.54 3360.80 3368.38 3396.82 3399.70 3462.04 3470.66 3478.91 3484.04 3498.73 3502.52 3507.32 3528.02 3543.95 3549.54 3570.18 3583.10 3596.19 3597.15 3612.47 3620.46 3654.87 3657.99 3666.22 3690.70

Weights

λ –1

4.8E-02 4.45E-02 1.1E-01 4.6E-02 3.3E-02 3.03E-01 4.35E-02 1.3E-01 2.0E-01 2.36E-01 4.4E-01 1.0E-01 6.3E-01 5.40E-02 3.5E-02 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 6.5E-01 1.2E-01 6.2E-01 8.5E-01 3.32E-01 9.3E-03 2.12E-01 4.3E-01 3.4E-01 8.5E-01 4.65E-01 2.22E-01 1.82E-01 2.6E-01 5.5E-01 5.9E-01 8.90E-01 8.5E-02 6.0E-02 8.8E-01 8.4E-02 3.23E-01

Å 3692.36 3700.91 3713.02 3788.47 3793.22 3799.31 3806.76 3818.19 3822.26 3828.48 3833.89 3856.52 3872.39 3877.34 3913.51 3922.19 3934.23 3942.72 3958.86 3984.40 3995.61 4053.44 4056.34 4082.78 4097.52 4121.68 4128.87 4135.27 4196.50 4211.14 4244.44 4278.60 4288.71 4373.04 4374.80 4379.92 4492.47 4528.72 4548.73 4551.64 4565.19 4569.00 4608.12 4675.03 4721.00 4745.11 4755.58 4842.43 4963.71 4977.75 4979.18 5090.63 5120.69 5130.76 5155.54 5184.19 5212.73 5292.14 5390.44 5424.72

gi

10 8 4 4 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 8 4 8 8 4 8 4 6 4 4 2 6 6 2 6 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 2 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 10 4 4

8 10 4 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 4 10 6 6 8 2 8 2 8 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 8 8 8 10 4 6 8 4 10 6 6 8 6 4 4 8 2 8 4 6 4 8 2 4 6 6 8 4 4 8 2 10 6 4

gk

A 108 s–1 9.1E-01 3.9E-01 8.3E-02 1.4E-01 4.2E-01 5.5E-01 6.2E-02 5.8E-01 8.5E-01 6.2E-01 5.8E-01 5.9E-01 6.7E-03 3.7E-02 2.5E-03 6.25E-02 1.58E-01 7.15E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 2.8E-02 9.5E-03 1.4E-01 7.0E-02 9.8E-02 1.73E-01 1.0E-01 3.9E-02 1.62E-01 6.5E-03 9.2E-03 6.1E-02 1.8E-02 1.64E-01 2.48E-02 4.5E-03 1.35E-02 5.5E-03 4.00E-02 1.1E-02 1.0E-02 2.1E-02 6.4E-03 3.43E-03 5.2E-03 6.0E-03 1.6E-03 3.0E-02 9.8E-03 1.0E-02 5.0E-03 3.1E-03 4.35E-03 9.8E-03 1.6E-03 5.95E-03 3.7E-03 9.5E-03 5.0E-03

5/4/05 8:13:28 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 5599.42 5983.60

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

6 10

8 10

1.3E-02 2.1E-02

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

4.13E-05 4.93E-05 8.2E-05 1.05E-04 1.49E-04 2.5E-04 1.3E-04 3.38E-04 2.0E-04 6.4E-04 3.8E-04 1.37E-03 8.9E-04 3.97E-03 2.9E-03 1.8E-02 1.5E-02 3.70E-01 3.40E-01

4 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4

4 6 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 6

2.0E-01 2.0E-01 5.8E-02 4.8E-01 4.6E-01 2.8E-01 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 2.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.1E-02 4.6E-02 1.7E-01 1.3E-01 2.8E-01 2.1E-01 4.9E-02 1.61E-01 2.4E-02 3.1E-01 1.49E-01 3.2E-01 7.5E-02 5.5E-01 5.4E-01 6.9E-02 7.8E-01 8.7E-01 1.00E-01 3.2E-01 3.13E+00 2.81E+00 1.66E+00

Rubidium Rb I 3022.5 3032.0 3044.2 3060.2 3082.0 3112.6 3113.1 3157.5 3158.3 3228.0 3229.2 3348.7 3350.8 3587.1 3591.6 4201.8 4215.5 7800.3 7947.6 Scandium Sc I 2116.7 2120.4 2262.3 2266.6 2270.9 2280.8 2289.6 2311.29 2315.69 2320.32 2324.75 2328.19 2334.67 2346.03 2429.19 2438.63 2468.40 2692.78 2699.02 2706.74 2707.93 2711.34 2965.88 2974.01 2980.76 2988.97 3015.37 3019.35 3030.76 3255.68 3269.90 3273.63 3907.48

Section 10.indb 141

10-141

Å 3911.81 3933.38 3996.60 4020.39 4023.22 4023.68 4031.38 4036.86 4043.80 4047.80 4051.83 4054.54 4067.00 4067.63 4074.96 4078.56 4080.57 4082.39 4086.66 4087.47 4093.12 4094.86 4098.36 4132.98 4140.27 4147.38 4161.85 4171.53 4186.42 4187.61 4193.53 4204.52 4205.20 4212.32 4212.48 4216.08 4218.23 4225.54 4225.69 4231.64 4233.59 4238.05 4239.55 4246.14 4542.55 4544.67 4706.94 4709.31 4711.72 4714.30 4719.31 4728.77 4729.20 4729.24 4734.11 4737.65 4741.02 4743.82 4973.67 4980.36

gi

6 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 10 4 6 2 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 8 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 10 4 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 8 4 6 2 8 8 6 4 4 4 8 6 4 6 8 6 8 6 8 4 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 8 6 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 4 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4

8

Weights

λ –1

1.79E+00 1.62E-01 1.65E-01 1.63E+00 3.0E-01 1.65E+00 2.9E-01 7.9E-02 3.11E-01 1.54E-01 7.7E-02 1.67E-01 1.91E-01 4.1E-02 3.7E-01 4.3E-01 6.6E-02 2.73E-01 3.7E-01 1.12E-01 1.23E-01 1.44E-01 8.7E-02 1.19E+00 1.17E+00 1.74E-01 1.77E-01 1.36E-01 8.4E-02 1.28E-01 6.1E-02 3.5E-02 1.12E-01 1.58E-01 8.6E-02 2.36E-01 2.26E-01 9.5E-02 7.6E-02 1.31E-01 4.0E-01 7.1E-01 2.27E-01 1.15E-01 1.28E-01 1.33E-01 2.81E-01 4.0E-01 1.81E-01 2.14E-01 1.04E-01 1.16E-01 2.20E-01 1.93E-01 1.10E+00 8.8E-01 9.1E-01 9.8E-01 8.4E-01 5.6E-01

Å 4983.43 4991.91 4995.00 5018.41 5021.52 5064.31 5066.38 5070.17 5072.71 5075.82 5080.22 5081.56 5083.72 5085.55 5086.94 5096.72 5099.27 5101.12 5331.79 5339.43 5341.07 5349.34 5350.28 5355.79 5356.10 5375.37 5392.06 5416.16 5416.41 5425.55 5429.42 5432.98 5433.25 5438.28 5439.04 5442.62 5446.20 5451.37 5455.24 5464.95 5468.40 5472.19 5482.01 5484.63 5514.23 5520.52 5526.10 5541.07 5631.04 5671.83 5686.86 5700.19 5708.64 5711.79 5717.31 5724.13 5988.43 6026.16 6146.20 6198.43

gi

4 6 4 6 4 8 6 6 2 4 4 10 8 6 4 6 4 10 4 6 4 6 8 6 8 8 10 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 2 4 8 6 4 4 6 8 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 10 8 6 10 4 8 6 6 4 6 4

4 6 6 4 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 8 6 6 8 4 4 4 6 2 2 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 8 10 4 6 4 12 10 8 10 6 8 6 6 4 8 6

gk

A 108 s–1 2.58E-01 3.8E-01 5.9E-02 2.09E-01 2.30E-01 7.3E-02 3.6E-02 1.16E-01 2.0E-02 1.15E-01 4.1E-02 7.6E-01 6.2E-01 5.7E-01 6.6E-01 1.69E-01 1.50E-01 8.8E-02 1.11E-01 1.06E-01 3.8E-01 5.9E-01 6.8E-02 3.0E-01 5.7E-01 3.4E-01 4.2E-01 4.4E-02 2.0E-02 4.5E-02 9.0E-02 5.4E-02 9.7E-02 3.4E-02 1.74E-01 2.15E-01 2.8E-01 1.50E-01 6.6E-02 3.2E-02 9.7E-02 9.7E-02 5.2E-01 5.2E-01 4.1E-01 4.3E-01 7.1E-02 5.5E-02 3.0E-02 5.4E-01 4.9E-01 4.6E-01 4.7E-02 4.5E-01 7.5E-02 7.4E-02 6.6E-02 7.2E-02 4.2E-02 3.5E-02

5/4/05 8:13:30 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-142 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6249.96 6262.22 6280.16 6284.16 6284.73 6293.02 7741.16 7800.42

6 4 2 6 4 2 10 8

8 6 4 6 4 2 10 8

Sc II 1880.6 2064.3 2068.0 2273.1 2545.20 2552.35 2555.79 2560.23 2563.19 2611.19 2667.70 2746.36 2782.31 2789.15 2801.31 2819.49 2822.12 2826.64 2870.85 2912.98 2979.68 2988.92 3039.92 3045.73 3052.92 3060.54 3065.12 3075.36 3128.27 3133.07 3139.72 3190.98 3199.33 3312.72 3320.40 3343.23 3353.72 3359.67 3361.26 3361.93 3368.94 3372.15 3379.16 3535.71 3558.53 3567.70 3572.53 3576.34 3580.93 3589.63

5 7 5 1 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 9 5 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 5

3 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 7 9 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 9 7 9 7 11 9 3 5 7 3 3 7 3 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 3 3

Section 10.indb 142

8

λ –1

3.2E-02 8.4E-02 4.0E-02 3.9E-02 7.1E-02 1.04E-01 3.8E-02 5.1E-02 5.0E+00 2.2E+00 2.0E+00 7.7E+00 4.0E-01 2.21E+00 6.9E-01 2.01E+00 2.70E+00 2.2E+00 1.5E+00 3.9E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 2.3E+00 2.5E+00 2.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 2.9E+00 3.5E+00 3.68E+00 3.92E+00 3.0E-01 4.00E+00 2.5E-01 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 2.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.9E+00 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 1.1E+00 1.51E+00 2.16E-01 3.4E-01 1.17E+00 8.3E-01 9.9E-01 2.5E+00 6.1E-01 3.0E-01 3.5E-01 1.38E+00 1.06E+00 1.23E+00 4.6E-01

Å 3590.47 3613.83 3630.74 3642.78 3645.31 3651.80 3859.59 4246.82 4314.08 4320.75 4325.00 4374.46 4400.39 4415.54 4670.41 5031.01 5239.81 5526.79 5657.91 5669.06

7 7 5 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 5 9 7 5 5 5 1 9 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 9 7 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 3 9 7 5 7 3 3 7 5 1

8

2.9E-01 1.48E+00 1.20E+00 1.13E+00 2.74E-01 3.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.29E+00 4.1E-01 4.0E-01 4.3E-01 1.48E-01 1.43E-01 1.47E-01 1.16E-01 3.5E-01 1.39E-01 3.3E-01 1.04E-01 1.31E-01

Silicon Si I 1977.6 1979.2 1980.6 1983.2 1986.4 1989.0 2208.0 2210.9 2211.7 2216.7 2218.1 2506.9 2514.3 2516.1 2519.2 2524.1 2528.5 2532.4 2631.3 2881.6 3905.5 4738.8 4783.0 4792.3 4818.1 4821.2 4947.6 5006.1 5622.2 5690.4 5708.4 5754.2 5772.1 5948.5 7226.2 7405.8 7409.1

1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 5

3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 7

Weights

λ –1

1.8E-01 5.1E-01 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 4.1E-01 3.11E-01 4.16E-01 2.32E-01 5.5E-01 1.38E-01 4.66E-01 6.1E-01 1.21E+00 4.56E-01 1.81E+00 7.7E-01 2.6E-01 9.7E-01 1.89E+00 1.18E-01 1.0E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.1E-02 8.0E-03 4.2E-02 2.8E-02 1.6E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 1.5E-02 3.6E-02 2.2E-02 7.9E-03 3.7E-02 2.3E-02

Å

gi

5 5 7 9 5

gk

A 108 s–1

7680.3 7918.4 7932.3 7944.0 7970.3

3 3 5 7 5

4.6E-02 5.2E-02 5.1E-02 5.8E-02 7.1E-03

Si II 989.87 992.68 1020.7 1190.4 1193.3 1194.5 1197.4 1248.4 1251.2 1260.4 1264.7 1304.4 1309.3 1526.7 1533.5 1808.0 2904.3 2905.7 3210.0 4128.1 4130.9 5041.0 5056.0 5957.6 5978.9 6347.1 6371.4 7848.8 7849.7

2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6

4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 8

6.7E+00 8.0E+00 1.3E+00 6.9E+00 2.8E+01 3.6E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 1.9E+01 2.0E+01 2.3E+01 3.6E+00 7.0E+00 3.73E+00 7.4E+00 3.7E-02 6.7E-01 7.1E-01 4.6E-01 1.32E+00 1.42E+00 9.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-01 8.1E-01 7.0E-01 6.9E-01 3.9E-01 4.2E-01

Si III 883.40 994.79 997.39 1141.6 1144.3 1161.6 1206.5 1206.5 1207.5 1294.5 1296.7 1298.9 1299.0 1301.2 1303.3 1328.8 1417.2 1435.8 1589.0 1778.7 1783.1 3241.6 *3486.9

5 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 15

7 3 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 3 9 7 3 21

6.3E+01 7.89E+00 1.31E+01 3.0E+01 3.9E+01 1.6E+01 2.59E+01 4.89E+01 1.9E+01 5.42E+00 7.19E+00 5.36E+00 1.61E+01 2.13E+01 8.85E+00 2.7E+01 2.60E+01 2.1E+01 1.1E+01 4.4E+00 3.8E+00 2.3E+00 1.8E+00

5/4/05 8:13:35 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

3590.5 4552.6 4554.0 4567.8 4683.0 4716.7 5451.5 5473.1 5716.3 5739.7 7462.6 7466.3 7612.4

3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 9 1 5 7 3

Si IV 457.82 458.16 515.12 516.35 *560.50 *749.94 815.05 818.13 *860.74 *1066.6 1122.5 1128.3 1128.3 1393.8 1402.8 *1724.1

2 2 2 4 6 10 2 4 10 10 2 4 4 2 2 10

4 2 2 2 10 14 2 2 6 14 4 4 6 4 2 6

3.6E+00 3.6E+00 4.1E+00 8.2E+00 1.0E+00 1.45E+01 1.23E+01 2.44E+01 1.8E+00 3.91E+01 2.05E+01 4.03E+00 2.42E+01 7.73E+00 7.58E+00 5.5E+00

Si V 96.439 97.143 117.86

1 1 1

3 3 3

4.8E+02 2.0E+03 3.0E+02

Si VI 246.00 249.12

4 2

2 2

1.7E+02 8.5E+01

Si VII 217.83 272.64 274.18 275.35 275.67 276.84 278.45

5 5 3 5 3 1 3

3 3 1 5 3 3 5

4.3E+02 5.1E+01 1.2E+02 8.9E+01 3.0E+01 3.9E+01 2.9E+01

Si VIII 214.76 216.92 232.86 235.56 250.45 250.79 314.31 316.20 319.83

4 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 4

2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 6

4.1E+02 3.6E+02 8.0E+01 9.7E+01 7.7E+01 1.6E+02 5.2E+01 5.0E+01 4.9E+01

Si IX 223.73

1

3

4.2E+01

Section 10.indb 143

5 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 7 3 3 5 5

8

10-143

3.9E+00 1.26E+00 7.6E-01 1.25E+00 9.5E-01 2.8E+00 6.0E-01 7.9E-01 1.9E-01 4.7E-01 4.9E-01 5.4E-01 1.1E+00

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 5 9 15

8

225.03 227.01 227.30 258.10 *294.37 *347.36

3 5 5 5 9 9

Si X 253.77 256.57 258.35 261.05 272.00 277.26 287.08 289.19 292.22 *347.73 *353.09

2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 10 6

4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 10 10

2.9E+01 1.1E+02 1.4E+02 5.4E+01 3.0E+01 5.7E+01 2.6E+01 5.0E+01 7.3E+01 4.3E+01 2.1E+01

Si XI 43.763 *49.116 49.222 52.296 303.30 358.29 358.63 361.41 364.50 365.42 368.28 371.48 604.14 2300.8

1 9 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 1

3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 3

6.11E+03 2.45E+03 8.9E+03 7.6E+02 6.42E+01 1.03E+02 1.38E+01 1.80E+01 1.32E+01 3.90E+01 5.1E+01 2.07E+01 1.12E+01 4.34E-01

Si XII *40.924 *44.118 499.43 520.72 1862 1949 4620 4942

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

4.42E+03 1.4E+04 9.56E+00 8.47E+00 1.15E+00 1.0E+00 4.6E-02 4.5E-02

1.2E+02 2.0E+02 2.3E+02 1.04E+02 5.9E+01 2.2E+01

2 2 2 2 2 4 4

4 2 4 2 4 6 4

3.1E-02 1.5E-02 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 7.5E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E-01

2 2 2

4 2 4

2.81E-02 2.81E-02 7.7E-03

Silver Ag I 2061.2 2069.9 3280.7 3382.9 5209.1 5465.5 5471.6 Sodium Na I 3302.4 3303.0 4390.0

Weights

λ –1

Å

gi

4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 2

gk

A 108 s–1

4393.3 4393.3 4494.2 4497.7 4497.7 4664.8 4668.6 4668.6 4747.9 4751.8 4978.5 4982.8 4982.8 5148.8 5153.4 5682.6 5688.2 5688.2 5890.0 5895.9 6154.2 6160.8 8183.3 8194.8 8194.8 11381 11404

4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

1.6E-03 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-03 2.33E-02 4.1E-03 2.5E-02 6.3E-03 1.27E-02 4.1E-02 8.2E-03 4.89E-02 1.17E-02 2.33E-02 1.03E-01 1.2E-01 2.1E-02 6.11E-01 6.10E-01 2.6E-02 5.2E-02 4.53E-01 5.4E-01 9.0E-02 8.9E-02 1.76E-01

Na II 300.15 301.44 372.08

1 1 1

3 3 3

3.0E+01 4.9E+01 3.4E+01

Na III 378.14 380.10 1991.0 2004.2 2011.9 2151.5 2174.5 2230.3 2232.2 2246.7 2459.3 2468.9 2497.0

4 2 4 2 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 6

2 2 6 4 8 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 6

7.7E+01 3.7E+01 8.3E+00 4.6E+00 8.4E+00 4.4E+00 5.3E+00 3.7E+00 3.3E+00 2.4E+00 3.0E+00 2.4E+00 1.7E+00

Na V *307.89 *333.46 *369.01 *400.72 *445.14 459.90 461.05 463.26 510.10 511.19

10 6 10 10 6 4 4 4 2 4

6 6 6 10 10 2 4 6 2 4

2.0E+02 5.6E+01 1.2E+02 5.0E+01 7.1E+00 2.3E+01 2.3E+01 2.2E+01 5.6E+01 6.8E+01

Na VI 313.75

5

3

1.3E+02

5/4/05 8:13:38 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-144 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 9 15 5 3 1 5 5 7

8

λ –1

361.25 *416.53 *492.80 1550.6 1567.8 1608.5 1649.4 1741.5 1747.5

5 9 9 5 5 3 5 3 5

7.7E+01 3.7E+01 1.3E+01 4.35E+00 2.68E+00 2.6E+00 2.05E+00 2.59E+00 3.1E+00

Na VII *94.409 *105.27 353.29 381.30 397.49 399.18 *483.28 486.74 491.95 555.80 777.83

6 6 4 4 4 6 10 2 4 4 4

10 2 4 2 4 4 10 4 6 4 6

2.7E+03 4.5E+02 1.0E+02 4.0E+01 3.5E+01 5.2E+01 2.9E+01 1.1E+01 1.3E+01 2.3E+01 6.8E+00

Na VIII *83.34 *89.88 90.536 411.15 1239.4 1802.7 1867.7 2059.1 2558.2 2772.0 3021.0 3108.9 3182.3

9 9 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1

15 3 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 7 3 3

3.94E+03 8.09E+02 2.86E+03 4.42E+01 3.02E+00 2.70E+00 2.01E+00 1.80E+00 2.26E-02 4.19E-01 4.90E-01 2.58E-01 2.92E-01

Na IX 70.615 70.653 77.764 77.911 681.72 694.17 2487.7 2535.8 6841.8 7103.4

2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4

4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6

1.35E+03 1.35E+03 3.6E+03 4.3E+03 6.63E+00 6.30E+00 8.32E-01 7.89E-01 2.59E-02 2.78E-02

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

6.6E-03 8.5E-03 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.7E-02 6.7E-02 1.2E-01 1.8E-01

Strontium Sr I 2206.2 2211.3 2217.8 2226.3 2237.7 2253.3 2275.3 2307.3 2354.3

Section 10.indb 144

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3

8

2428.1 2569.5 2931.8 4607.3

1 1 1 1

Sr II 2018.7 2051.9 2282.0 2322.4 2324.5 2423.5 2471.6 3464.5 3474.9 4077.7 4161.8 4215.5 4305.5 4414.8 4417.5 4585.9 5303.1 5379.1 5385.5 5723.7 5819.0 8688.9 8719.6

2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4

2 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4

1.2E-01 2.4E-01 8.3E-01 9.1E-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-01 3.1E+00 5.1E-01 1.42E+00 6.5E-01 1.27E+00 1.4E+00 1.1E-01 1.8E-02 7.0E-02 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 3.7E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E-01 5.5E-01 9.7E-02

1.7E-01 5.3E-02 1.9E-02 2.01E+00

5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 1 5 1 1 5

5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 3

4.9E+00 2.7E+00 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 6.6E+00 1.9E+00 2.4E+00 9.1E-01 5.0E-01 1.6E-01 4.5E+00 1.2E+00 3.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.4E+00 7.3E+00 4.2E-01 1.6E+00 5.0E-01 6.2E-02 1.7E-01 1.2E+00 7.5E-01 8.7E-01 6.3E+00 9.4E-01 1.9E+00 3.8E+00

Sulfur SI 1295.7 1296.2 1302.3 1302.9 1303.1 1303.4 1305.9 1401.5 1409.3 1412.9 1425.0 1425.2 1433.3 1433.3 1437.0 1448.2 1473.0 1474.0 1474.4 1474.6 1481.7 1483.0 1483.2 1487.2 1666.7 1687.5 1782.3 1807.3

Weights

λ –1

Å

gi

1820.3 1826.2 4694.1 4695.4 4696.2 6403.6 6408.1 6415.5 *6751.2 7679.6 7686.1 7696.7

3 1 5 5 5 3 5 7 15 3 5 7

3 3 7 5 3 5 5 5 25 5 5 5

S II 1124.4 1125.0 1131.0 1131.6 1250.5 1253.8 1259.5 4463.6 4483.4 4486.7 4524.7 4525.0 4552.4 4656.7 4716.2 4815.5 4885.6 4917.2 4924.1 4925.3 4942.5 4991.9 5009.5 5014.0 5027.2 5032.4 5047.3 5103.3 5142.3 5201.0 5201.3 5212.6 5212.6 5320.7 5345.7 5345.7 5428.6 5432.8 5453.8 5473.6 5509.7 5526.2 5536.8 5556.0 5564.9 5578.8

2 4 2 4 4 4 4 8 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 8 4 4 6 6

4 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 8 6 2 6 6

gk

A 108 s–1 2.2E+00 7.2E-01 6.7E-03 6.7E-03 6.5E-03 5.7E-03 9.5E-03 1.3E-02 7.9E-02 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 2.8E-02 1.0E+00 4.6E+00 3.5E+00 1.4E+00 4.6E-01 4.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.3E-01 3.1E-01 6.6E-01 9.3E-02 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 9.0E-02 2.9E-01 8.8E-01 1.7E-01 6.6E-01 2.2E-01 2.4E-01 1.5E-01 1.5E-01 7.0E-01 8.4E-01 2.6E-01 8.1E-01 3.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.9E-01 7.5E-01 6.5E-02 9.8E-02 8.5E-01 9.2E-01 8.8E-01 1.1E-01 4.2E-01 6.8E-01 8.5E-01 7.3E-01 4.0E-01 8.1E-02 6.6E-02 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 1.1E-01

5/4/05 8:13:45 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

5606.1 5616.6 5640.0 5645.6 5647.0 5659.9 5664.7 5819.2 6305.5 6312.7

10 4 4 6 2 6 4 4 8 6

8 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 4

S III 2496.2 2508.2 2636.9 2665.4 2680.5 2691.8 2702.8 2718.9 2721.4 2726.8 2731.1 2756.9 2785.5 2856.0 2863.5 2872.0 2950.2 2964.8 3662.0 3717.8 3778.9 3831.8 3837.8 3838.3 3860.6 3899.1 4253.6 4285.0

7 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3

5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 7 3 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 5

2.5E+00 2.3E+00 4.5E-01 1.4E+00 6.2E-01 4.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.2E+00 7.7E-01 6.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E+00 6.1E-01 5.1E+00 5.7E+00 4.7E+00 3.0E+00 4.0E+00 6.4E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E-01 5.6E-01 4.2E-01 1.3E+00 1.6E+00 6.7E-01 1.2E+00 9.0E-01

S IV 551.17 554.07 3097.5 3117.7

2 4 2 2

2 2 4 2

2.06E+01 4.08E+01 2.6E+00 2.5E+00

SV 437.37 438.19 439.65 *661.52 *679.01 *690.75 786.48 *854.85

1 3 5 9 9 9 1 9

3 3 3 15 15 9 3 9

1.12E+01 3.33E+01 5.5E+01 6.44E+01 8.6E+01 5.0E+01 5.25E+01 4.18E+01

S VI 248.99 249.27 388.94 390.86

2 2 2 4

4 2 2 2

3.1E+01 3.1E+01 4.5E+01 8.8E+01

Section 10.indb 145

10-145

5.4E-01 1.2E-01 6.6E-01 1.8E-02 5.7E-01 4.6E-01 5.8E-01 8.5E-02 1.8E-01 3.0E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 4 4 2

8

706.48 712.68 712.84 933.38 944.52

2 4 4 2 2

S VII 60.161 60.804 72.029

1 1 1

3 3 3

9.46E+03 5.1E+02 8.61E+02

S VIII 198.55 202.61

4 2

2 2

2.5E+02 1.2E+02

S XI *189.90 190.37 215.95 217.63 239.81 242.57 242.82 246.90 247.12 *288.49

9 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 9

3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 15

4.3E+02 2.8E+02 1.4E+02 7.2E+01 2.6E+01 1.9E+01 1.9E+01 5.4E+01 3.0E+01 2.9E+01

S XII 212.14 215.18 218.20 221.44 227.50 234.48

2 2 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 2 2

3.7E+01 1.4E+02 1.7E+02 6.4E+01 3.7E+01 6.8E+01

S XIII 32.236 37.600 256.66 299.89 303.37 307.36 308.91 312.68 316.84 500.42

1 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3

3 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 5

1.09E+04 1.3E+03 8.7E+01 1.78E+01 2.28E+01 1.64E+01 4.82E+01 6.3E+01 2.50E+01 1.43E+01

S XIV *30.434 *32.517 417.67 445.71 1550 1663 3967 4153

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

8.28E+03 2.6E+04 1.2E+01 1.0E+01 1.4E+00 1.2E+00 5.4E-02 5.7E-02

4.17E+01 4.85E+01 8.1E+00 1.7E+01 1.6E+01

4 4 8 6

6 4 10 8

5.7E-03 6.0E-03 8.5E-02 5.6E-03

Tantalum Ta I 3127.9 3168.3 3170.3 3205.5

Weights

λ –1

Å 3260.2 3337.8 3383.9 3406.9 3419.7 3463.8 3484.6 3488.8 3497.9 3505.0 3553.4 3607.4 3625.2 3626.6 3642.1 3657.5 3731.0 3754.5 3784.3 3792.1 3826.9 3836.6 3848.1 3858.6 3918.5 3922.8 3996.2 3999.3 4003.7 4006.8 4026.9 4029.9 4030.7 4040.9 4061.4 4064.6 4067.2 4067.9 4097.2 4105.0 4136.2 4147.9 4175.2 4205.9 4303.0 4378.8 4386.1 4402.5 4415.7 4441.0 4441.7 4473.5 4511.0 4511.5 4514.2 4521.1 4530.9 4547.2 4553.7 4565.9

gi

4 6 6 4 8 4 4 6 6 8 4 6 10 8 10 6 4 8 4 4 6 8 10 10 4 4 2 4 10 6 4 10 8 10 2 4 6 6 10 6 8 10 6 8 6 8 4 6 2 4 10 6 10 10 10 10 4 4 6 8

4 6 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 6 6 8 8 10 12 6 6 8 6 4 6 10 8 10 2 4 4 4 8 8 4 10 10 12 4 4 4 8 10 4 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 6 4 6 8 8 12 8 10 10 6 6 8 8

gk

A 108 s–1 5.8E-03 1.3E-02 5.3E-03 6.8E-02 1.91E-02 2.62E-02 8.5E-03 7.3E-03 4.9E-02 2.72E-02 3.3E-03 4.6E-02 1.0E-02 7.1E-02 5.5E-02 4.3E-03 5.3E-03 6.5E-03 4.3E-02 9.0E-03 5.2E-03 4.0E-03 1.30E-02 2.5E-03 2.5E-02 3.98E-02 3.35E-02 1.8E-02 3.1E-03 7.6E-03 3.60E-02 2.8E-02 2.3E-03 7.3E-03 6.5E-02 3.83E-02 6.8E-03 8.4E-03 2.1E-03 1.1E-02 1.82E-02 1.79E-02 2.8E-02 8.9E-03 2.08E-02 4.8E-03 1.0E-02 2.28E-02 2.53E-02 7.5E-03 9.0E-03 1.36E-02 1.56E-02 3.6E-03 3.1E-03 2.3E-03 2.42E-02 5.3E-03 9.5E-03 2.5E-02

5/4/05 8:13:47 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-146 λ Å 4574.3 4580.7 4619.5 4633.1 4669.1 4681.9 4684.9 4685.3 4691.9 4706.1 4740.2 4758.0 4769.0 4780.9 4812.8 4825.4 4832.2 4852.2 4884.0 4904.6 4920.9 4921.3 4926.0 4936.4 4969.7 5012.5 5037.4 5043.3 5067.9 5069.9 5082.3 5087.4 5090.7 5095.3 5136.5 5141.6 5143.7 5147.6 5161.8 5218.7 5235.4 5295.0 5336.1 5349.6 5354.7 5396.0 5402.5 5435.3 5499.4 5518.9 5620.7 5640.2 5645.9 5699.2 5767.9 5780.7 5811.1 5849.7 5877.4 5939.8

Section 10.indb 146

gi

4 8 6 4 6 6 10 6 2 6 4 4 8 10 4 6 4 4 6 12 8 2 4 8 4 4 10 6 8 10 10 6 8 6 2 4 6 6 4 8 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 10 8 8 6 6 6 6 4 8 10 10 2

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 10 4 4 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 4 8 10 10 4 4 6 4 4 8 4 6 12 12 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 4 4 8 2 6 10 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 12 4

8

λ –1

1.2E-02 2.1E-03 5.3E-02 1.2E-02 2.85E-02 1.5E-02 2.8E-03 3.4E-03 4.08E-02 1.4E-02 5.0E-02 7.5E-03 2.8E-02 2.16E-02 1.2E-02 2.63E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.1E-02 1.95E-02 2.1E-03 1.2E-02 1.5E-02 4.5E-02 1.0E-02 1.9E-02 4.4E-02 2.73E-02 2.92E-02 1.7E-03 1.9E-03 1.5E-02 9.5E-03 5.0E-03 4.5E-02 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 9.0E-03 6.3E-03 8.2E-03 4.7E-03 7.5E-03 5.5E-03 2.2E-02 6.5E-03 2.5E-03 1.4E-02 1.1E-02 6.1E-03 3.8E-02 6.0E-03 4.9E-03 1.43E-02 4.2E-03 2.6E-03 3.3E-03 5.7E-03 2.8E-03 2.3E-02 1.6E-02

Å 5944.0 5997.2 6020.7 6045.4 6047.3 6249.8 6258.7 6309.6 6360.8 6428.6 6430.8 6450.4 6485.4 6514.4 6516.1 6612.0 6673.7 6771.7 6866.2 6927.4 6928.5 6951.3 6953.9 6966.1 6969.5 7407.9

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

4 10 2 6 8 6 6 4 6 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 2 4 8 10 10 10 6 8 10 6

6 10 4 8 10 6 8 6 8 6 8 10 10 4 8 4 4 4 6 12 8 10 8 8 10 4

2.13E-02 2.4E-02 1.0E-02 2.6E-02 9.0E-03 3.5E-03 3.3E-03 1.83E-02 4.6E-03 6.0E-03 2.9E-02 2.2E-02 5.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.25E-02 1.9E-02 9.0E-03 5.8E-03 2.58E-02 1.01E-02 1.69E-02 3.7E-03 8.3E-03 1.2E-02 2.9E-03 2.0E-02

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 6 4 2 2

4.0E-02 2.0E-02 5.8E-02 3.1E-02 9.8E-02 1.9E-01 7.8E-02 4.4E-01 1.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-01 1.0E-01 1.9E-02 5.7E-02 1.7E-01 3.7E-02 1.26E+00 8.0E-02 4.2E-01 7.6E-02 1.73E-01 1.24E+00 2.20E-01 6.25E-01 7.05E-01

8 8 8

10 8 10

6.9E-02 1.7E-01 1.6E-01

Thallium Tl I 2104.6 2118.9 2129.3 2151.9 2168.6 2237.8 2316.0 2379.7 2507.9 2538.2 2580.1 2609.0 2609.8 2665.6 2709.2 2710.7 2767.9 2826.2 2918.3 2921.5 3229.8 3519.2 3529.4 3775.7 5350.5 Thulium Tm I 2513.8 2527.0 2596.5

Weights

λ Å

–1

2601.1 2622.5 2841.1 2854.2 2914.8 2933.0 2973.2 3046.9 3081.1 3122.5 3142.4 3172.7 3233.7 3247.0 3251.8 3380.7 3406.0 3410.1 3416.6 3418.6 3563.9 3567.4 3744.1 3751.8 3798.5 3807.7 3883.1 3887.4 3916.5 3949.3 4022.6 4044.5 4094.2 4105.8 4138.3 4158.6 4187.6 4203.7 4222.7 4271.7 4359.9 4386.4 4394.4 4643.1 4681.9 4691.1 5307.1 5658.3 5675.8 5760.2

8 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 6 8 6

gi

6 10 6 6 8 6 8 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 10 8 10 4 6 6 8 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 8 4 6 8 6 10 8 10 6

gk

A 108 s–1 1.7E-01 6.1E-02 2.0E-01 2.7E-01 7.7E-02 1.0E-01 2.3E-01 1.8E-01 1.9E-01 5.2E-01 8.8E-02 1.8E-01 5.1E-02 3.0E-01 5.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.0E-01 5.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.8E-02 4.2E-02 9.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.2E+00 3.9E-01 1.0E+00 3.8E-01 1.5E+00 1.0E+00 4.0E-02 2.9E-01 9.0E-01 6.0E-01 7.0E-01 5.5E-02 6.1E-01 2.5E-01 1.5E-01 1.1E-01 1.3E-01 4.2E-02 1.1E-01 3.4E-02 3.9E-02 3.9E-02 2.3E-02 1.0E-02 1.3E-02 1.3E-02

Tin Sn I 2073.1 2199.3 2209.7 2246.1 2268.9 2286.7 2317.2

1 3 5 1 5 5 5

3 5 5 3 7 5 7

3.6E-02 2.9E-01 5.6E-01 1.6E+00 1.2E+00 3.1E-01 2.0E+00

5/4/05 8:13:50 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 2334.8 2354.8 2380.7 2408.2 2421.7 2429.5 2433.5 2455.2 2476.4 2483.4 2491.8 2495.7 2523.9 2546.6 2558.0 2571.6 2594.4 2636.9 2661.2 2706.5 2761.8 2779.8 2785.0 2788.0 2812.6 2813.6 2840.0 2850.6 2863.3 2913.5 3009.1 3032.8 3034.1 3141.8 3175.1 3218.7 3223.6 3262.3 3330.6 3655.8 3801.0 4524.7 5631.7 5970.3 6037.7 6069.0 6073.5 6171.5

3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3

Sn II 2368.3 2449.0 2487.0 3283.2 3352.0 3472.5 3575.5 5332.4 5562.0 5588.9

4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 4

Section 10.indb 147

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 4 6 6

8

10-147 λ

–1

6.6E-01 1.7E+00 3.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.5E+00 1.5E+00 8.0E-03 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 2.1E-01 1.7E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-02 2.1E-01 3.4E-01 4.5E-01 3.0E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 6.6E-01 3.7E-03 1.8E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 1.2E-01 1.7E+00 3.3E-01 5.4E-01 8.3E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E+00 1.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.7E-02 1.2E-03 2.7E+00 2.0E-01 4.1E-02 2.8E-01 2.6E-01 2.4E-02 9.6E-02 5.0E-02 4.6E-02 6.3E-02 4.9E-02 4.4E-03 3.7E-01 5.5E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+00 1.6E-01 1.3E-01 8.6E-01 1.2E+00 8.5E-01

Å 5596.2 5797.2 5799.2 6453.5 6761.5 6844.1

4 6 6 2 2 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 8 4 2 2

8

1.5E-01 2.8E-01 8.1E-01 1.2E+00 3.2E-01 6.6E-01

Titanium Ti I 2276.75 2280.00 2299.86 2302.75 2305.69 2424.26 2520.54 2529.87 2541.92 2599.91 2605.16 2611.29 2611.47 2619.94 2631.55 2632.42 2641.12 2644.28 2646.65 2733.27 2735.30 2912.07 2942.00 2948.26 2956.13 2956.80 3186.45 3191.99 3199.92 3341.88 3354.63 3370.44 3371.45 3377.58 3385.94 3635.46 3642.68 3653.50 3724.57 3725.16 3729.81 3741.06 3752.86 3786.04 3948.67 3956.34 3958.21 3981.76 3989.76 3998.64 4013.24

7 9 5 7 9 9 5 7 9 5 7 9 7 9 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 9 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 9 7 9 5 7 9 9 5 5 7 9 5 5 7 9 5 7 9 7

5 7 5 7 9 9 3 5 7 5 7 9 5 7 7 5 3 5 7 5 1 7 5 7 9 5 7 9 11 7 9 3 11 5 7 7 9 11 9 3 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 5 7 9 5

Weights

λ –1

1.3E+00 9.4E-01 6.9E-01 5.7E-01 5.2E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.7E-01 6.4E-01 6.4E-01 3.3E-01 2.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 1.8E+00 1.4E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 4.1E+00 1.3E+00 1.0E+00 9.3E-01 9.7E-01 1.8E-01 8.0E-01 8.5E-01 9.4E-01 6.5E-01 6.9E-01 7.6E-01 7.2E-01 6.9E-01 5.0E-01 8.04E-01 7.74E-01 7.54E-01 9.1E-01 7.3E-01 4.27E-01 4.17E-01 5.04E-01 1.4E+00 4.85E-01 3.00E-01 4.05E-01 3.76E-01 3.79E-01 4.08E-01 2.0E-01

Å 4055.01 4060.26 4064.20 4065.09 4186.12 4266.23 4284.99 4289.07 4290.93 4295.75 4393.93 4417.27 4449.14 4450.90 4453.31 4453.71 4455.32 4457.43 4465.81 4481.26 4496.15 4518.02 4522.80 4527.31 4533.24 4534.78 4544.69 4548.76 4552.45 4563.43 4617.27 4623.10 4639.94 4640.43 4645.19 4650.02 4742.79 4758.12 4759.27 4778.26 4805.42 4840.87 4856.01 4885.08 4913.62 4928.34 4981.73 4989.14 4991.07 4999.50 5000.99 5007.21 5014.28 5036.47 5038.40 5062.11 5210.39 5222.69 5224.30 5259.98

gi

1 3 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 3 9 11 11 9 5 7 7 9 5 7 7 7 5 3 11 9 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 3 3 5 9 11 13 9 5 5 13 11 7 3 11 7 9 7 9 5 3 7 5 5 9 3 11 5

3 5 3 1 9 5 5 5 3 1 11 9 11 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 5 9 7 5 11 9 3 5 7 11 9 7 3 1 1 3 9 11 13 9 7 5 15 13 9 5 13 5 11 9 7 7 5 9 7 3 9 3 11 7

gk

A 108 s–1 2.8E-01 2.4E-01 2.4E-01 7.0E-01 2.10E-01 3.1E-01 3.2E-01 3.0E-01 4.5E-01 1.3E+00 3.3E-01 3.6E-01 9.7E-01 9.6E-01 5.98E-01 4.7E-01 4.8E-01 5.6E-01 3.28E-01 5.7E-01 4.4E-01 1.72E-01 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 8.83E-01 6.87E-01 3.3E-01 2.85E-01 2.1E-01 2.1E-01 8.51E-01 5.74E-01 6.64E-01 5.0E-01 8.57E-01 2.6E-01 5.3E-01 7.13E-01 7.40E-01 2.0E-01 5.8E-01 1.76E-01 5.2E-01 4.90E-01 4.44E-01 6.2E-01 6.60E-01 3.25E-01 5.84E-01 5.27E-01 3.52E-01 4.92E-01 6.8E-01 3.94E-01 3.87E-01 2.98E-01 3.57E-02 1.95E-01 3.6E-01 2.3E-01

5/4/05 8:13:53 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-148 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5351.07 5503.90 5774.04 5785.98 5804.27 6098.66 6220.46

7 11 9 11 13 9 9

7 9 11 13 15 7 7

Ti II 2440.91 2451.18 2525.59 2531.28 2534.63 2535.89 2555.99 2635.44 2638.56 2642.02 2645.86 2746.54 2751.59 2752.68 2757.62 2758.35 2758.79 2764.28 2804.82 2810.30 2817.83 2819.87 2821.26 2827.12 2828.06 2828.64 2828.83 2834.02 2836.47 2839.64 2845.93 2851.11 2856.10 2862.33 2877.47 2884.13 2910.65 2926.64 2931.10 2936.02 2938.57 2941.90 2942.97 2945.30 2952.00 2954.59 2958.80 2979.06 2990.06 3017.17 3022.64

4 6 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 6 8 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 6 10 10 8 12 10 2 12 4 8 10 8 10 6 4 6 8 8 10 8 10 8 4 6 12 10

4 6 8 6 4 2 8 4 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 6 4 4 8 10 12 8 8 10 14 6 10 12 8 12 10 4 12 6 8 10 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 12 8 12 10 6 8 12 10

Section 10.indb 148

8

λ –1

3.4E-01 2.6E-01 5.5E-01 6.1E-01 6.8E-01 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 5.1E-01 4.5E-01 5.6E-01 4.9E-01 5.4E-01 6.8E-01 3.2E-01 1.9E+00 1.7E+00 1.9E+00 2.7E+00 2.6E+00 3.7E+00 1.1E+00 7.2E-01 9.9E-01 4.4E-01 7.4E-01 4.6E+00 5.1E+00 3.8E+00 6.5E-01 7.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E+00 1.2E+00 9.1E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+00 8.3E-01 1.2E+00 4.1E-01 1.5E+00 4.0E-01 5.7E-01 5.2E-01 4.6E-01 8.9E-01 3.2E+00 2.7E+00 2.4E+00 1.8E+00 1.1E+00 2.7E+00 3.0E-01 4.0E+00 4.0E+00 1.2E+00 5.6E-01 3.6E-01 1.2E+00

Å 3023.67 3029.76 3056.75 3058.08 3066.34 3071.25 3072.99 3075.23 3078.65 3081.52 3088.04 3089.44 3097.20 3103.81 3105.10 3106.26 3117.67 3119.83 3127.86 3128.50 3161.23 3161.80 3162.59 3168.55 3181.73 3182.54 3189.49 3190.91 3202.56 3224.25 3228.62 3232.29 3234.51 3236.13 3236.58 3239.04 3239.66 3241.99 3251.91 3252.92 3272.07 3278.28 3278.91 3282.32 3287.66 3315.32 3321.70 3322.94 3329.46 3332.11 3340.34 3361.23 3372.80 3383.77 3452.49 3456.40 3465.56 3483.63 3492.37 3504.90

gi

8 10 2 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 10 8 4 10 2 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 4 4 6 4 12 4 8 10 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 6 2 8 2 4 10 8 6 4 8 6 4 2 4 4 10 8 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 10 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 8 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 8 6 10 2 6 10 4 8 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 4 2 10 4 4 10 8 4 4 10 8 6 2 4 2 8 6 10

8

Weights

λ –1

1.0E+00 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 5.0E-01 3.3E-01 3.6E-01 1.6E+00 1.13E+00 1.09E+00 1.1E+00 1.25E+00 1.3E+00 4.4E-01 1.1E+00 6.3E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E+00 5.9E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 5.9E-01 4.6E-01 3.9E-01 4.1E-01 4.6E-01 4.3E-01 9.2E-01 1.3E+00 1.1E+00 7.0E-01 2.0E+00 6.0E-01 1.38E+00 7.0E-01 1.11E+00 9.87E-01 9.4E-01 1.16E+00 3.38E-01 3.9E-01 3.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 3.8E-01 7.2E-01 3.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.1E+00 3.6E-01 1.1E+00 1.11E+00 1.09E+00 7.7E-01 8.2E-01 4.1E-01 9.7E-01 9.8E-01 8.2E-01

Å

gi

3510.86 3520.27 3535.41 3641.33 3706.23 3741.64 3757.70 3759.30 3761.33 4911.18

8 2 4 4 4 6 4 8 6 6

Ti III 865.79 1002.37 1004.67 1005.80 1007.16 1008.12 1286.37 1289.30 1291.62 1293.23 1298.97 1327.59 1420.44 1421.63 1422.41 1424.14 1455.19 1498.70 2007.36 2007.60 2010.80 2097.30 2099.86 2104.86 2105.09 2199.22 2237.77 2331.35 2331.66 2339.00 2346.79 2374.99 2413.99 2516.05 2567.56 2984.75 3066.51 3228.89 3278.31 3320.94 3340.20 3346.18 3354.71 3397.24 3404.46 3417.62 3915.47 4119.14

5 5 7 3 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 1 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3 7 3 3 5 7 5 5 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 9 11 3 3 3 9 5

8 4 6 2 4 6 4 8 6 4 3 5 5 3 3 1 9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 1 3 3 5 3 7 9 3 5 3 3 9 5 9 11 13 1 3 5 11 5

gk

A 108 s–1 9.3E-01 4.8E-01 5.5E-01 4.9E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01 4.1E-01 9.4E-01 9.9E-01 3.2E-01 6.6E+01 7.6E+00 4.3E+01 1.3E+01 3.8E+01 5.1E+01 2.0E+00 2.2E+00 2.4E+00 1.0E+00 4.9E+00 3.2E+00 1.2E+00 4.0E+00 3.0E+00 1.6E+00 6.4E+00 2.8E+00 3.4E+00 1.2E+00 5.4E+00 3.3E+00 2.5E+00 1.1E+00 1.7E+00 5.7E+00 2.4E+00 4.3E+00 1.2E+00 3.0E+00 3.3E+00 4.0E+00 3.8E+00 3.4E+00 2.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.5E+00 1.5E+00 3.4E+00 2.8E+00 3.7E+00 3.7E+00 4.4E+00 1.8E+00 1.8E+00 1.9E+00 2.1E+00 9.9E-01

5/4/05 8:13:56 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

4213.26 4215.53 4247.62 4248.54 4250.09 4259.01 4269.84 4285.61 4288.66 4296.70 4319.56 4343.25 4378.94 4433.91 4440.66 4533.26 4576.53 4628.07 4652.86 4874.00 4914.32 4971.19 5083.80 5278.33 7506.87

9 9 11 5 3 11 9 13 11 11 9 3 3 11 1 3 9 3 7 5 3 9 5 3 11

11 11 13 7 5 13 11 15 13 13 11 1 5 13 3 5 7 1 9 7 3 11 3 3 13

Ti IV 423.49 424.16 433.63 433.76 729.36 1183.64 1195.21 1451.74 1467.34 2067.56 2103.16 2541.79 2546.88 2862.60 3576.44

4 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 4

6 8 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 6 8 2 6

4.9E+01 5.3E+01 5.5E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 6.9E+00 1.4E+01 1.8E+01 2.1E+01 5.1E+00 5.0E+00 6.9E+00 7.4E+00 4.1E+00 4.6E+00

Ti VIII 249 258.610 269.533 272.037 272.843 276.701 277.813 289.375 478.971 480.376

6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 6

4 8 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 6

1.0E+01 7.5E+02 6.0E+02 4.3E+02 6.2E+01 9.3E+01 3.8E+02 3.6E+01 1.7E+01 1.5E+01

Ti IX 267.941 278.713 281.446 285.128 433.567

5 5 3 1 1

7 7 1 3 3

5.1E+02 4.7E+02 3.2E+02 4.1E+02 6.9E+00

Section 10.indb 149

10-149

2.2E+00 2.2E+00 1.1E+00 2.3E+00 9.5E-01 9.4E-01 1.7E+00 3.0E+00 1.1E+00 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.0E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.2E+00 1.5E+00 1.3E+00 1.5E+00 2.6E+00 1.5E+00 1.1E+00 2.1E+00 9.7E-01 9.4E-01 1.1E+00

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 1 5 3 5 7

8

Weights

λ –1

439.513 439.745 447.484 447.701 507.174 516.215

3 3 5 5 3 5

7.5E+00 2.1E+01 1.6E+01 6.5E+00 6.5E+00 6.9E+00

Ti X 253 254 281 289.579 290.294 291 291 292 293.684 293.798 295.584 296 297 298 302 305 317 355.815 360.133 363 363 365.628 382 385 389.99

4 6 2 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6 6

6 8 2 4 6 2 2 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 2 6 2 6 8 4

2.1E+02 2.3E+02 1.1E+02 2.5E+02 1.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.3E+02 1.1E+02 2.97E+02 1.7E+02 2.9E+02 1.4E+02 9.9E+01 4.3E+02 1.6E+02 2.5E+02 1.5E+02 1.3E+02 2.19E+02 2.1E+02 1.3E+02 1.2E+02 1.8E+02 1.8E+02 1.1E+02

Ti XI 65.403 87.725 266 308.250 313.229 318 322.75 323 327.192 332 386.140 408 425.74 446.69 453

1 1 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 3 3 5

3 3 7 5 7 1 7 3 5 1 3 9 1 1 7

5.1E+02 8.5E+02 1.8E+02 1.3E+02 1.6E+02 1.4E+02 1.99E+02 1.8E+02 2.9E+02 3.25E+02 1.48E+02 1.37E+02 1.2E+02 1.2E+02 1.3E+02

Ti XII 52.896 53.140 53.433 53.457 55.181 55.443 59.133 59.435 60.701

2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 2

4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4

1.61E+02 1.9E+02 2.1E+02 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 2.81E+02 3.72E+02 4.41E+02 3.4E+02

Å

gi

2 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 8 2 2 4 6 2 8 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 8 2

gk

A 108 s–1

60.762 61.286 62.433 62.470 65.540 65.577 67.171 67.555 70.986 71.031 71.545 71.987 82.121 82.307 82.344 82.368 89.844 90.512 90.547 116.497 116.597 116.62 139.884 140.361 141.6 141.7 169.7 169.8 207.2 208.5 252.8 253.1 257.5

2 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 4

3.5E+02 1.8E+02 2.08E+02 2.22E+02 3.2E+02 3.5E+02 6.2E+02 7.2E+02 5.7E+02 6.1E+02 1.8E+02 3.48E+02 5.9E+02 1.13E+03 5.8E+02 1.2E+03 9.9E+02 1.16E+03 1.9E+02 3.0E+03 3.2E+03 2.1E+02 2.6E+02 2.9E+02 1.7E+02 1.7E+02 2.8E+02 2.9E+02 1.5E+02 1.8E+02 4.8E+02 5.2E+02 2.4E+02

Ti XIII 23.356 23.698 23.991 26.641 26.960 117.1 117.3 120.2 120.2 128.7

1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 7 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 3

1.02E+05 1.2E+04 3.4E+02 4.06E+03 3.06E+03 1.3E+02 2.8E+02 5.4E+02 4.4E+02 1.2E+02

Ti XIV 21.341 21.522 21.657 21.733 21.82 21.883 21.958 22.05 24.592 24.891

4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2

6 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2

9.8E+03 4.5E+04 1.3E+04 8.8E+04 6.4E+04 7.0E+04 1.2E+04 1.4E+04 6.1E+03 7.5E+03

Ti XV 20.19 20.234

5 5

7 7

6.9E+03 1.9E+04

5/4/05 8:13:58 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-150 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

20.234 20.246 20.250 20.29 20.30 20.30 20.313 20.418 20.538 20.54 20.551 20.689 20.698 20.771 20.897 20.928 21.065 21.079 21.102 22.482 22.936 22.966 23.034

3 1 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 5 1

Ti XVI 110.561 116.198 118.215 121.382 124.805 129.075 134.724 138.800 143.459 145.665 157.812 161.168 163.610 169.740 176.267 178.240

4 4 6 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4

2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 4

3.36E+02 1.45E+02 7.4E+02 2.4E+02 6.1E+02 3.81E+02 2.6E+02 3.5E+02 2.8E+02 2.3E+02 1.32E+02 1.2E+02 1.92E+02 1.0E+02 2.45E+02 2.52E+02

Ti XVII 18.05 18.13 18.13 18.176 123.654 124.553 127.782 135.202 136.160 136.393 141.948 142.589 144.405 146.067 154.133 156.54 158.469 159.62

3 5 1 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 7 3 3 5 5

3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 5 1 1 5 3

4.5E+04 2.4E+04 8.1E+04 9.2E+04 2.3E+02 5.2E+02 4.6E+02 2.93E+02 1.95E+02 1.14E+02 3.87E+02 1.35E+02 9.4E+01 2.6E+02 1.63E+02 1.44E+02 1.4E+02 1.03E+02

Section 10.indb 150

3 3 3 3 3 1 3 7 3 1 3 7 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 3

8

4.9E+04 4.2E+04 6.5E+03 1.1E+04 3.4E+04 5.8E+04 7.5E+04 8.0E+04 3.8E+04 4.1E+04 1.3E+04 4.3E+04 1.1E+05 1.1E+04 2.85E+04 8.4E+03 1.1E+04 1.58E+04 1.3E+04 6.4E+03 1.1E+04 1.1E+04 6.3E+03

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 5 1

8

Weights

λ –1

163.049 186.863 207.73

3 5 3

6.2E+02 2.66E+02 1.07E+02

Ti XVIII 17.22 17.365 17.39 133.852 144.759 150.15 153.15 153.23 159.00 166.225 179.902 189.663 191.23 197.838 208.07

2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 6 4 4 4

4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4

7.3E+04 8.6E+04 1.4E+04 5.2E+01 3.2E+02 1.15E+02 1.97E+02 6.7E+01 1.16E+02 1.54E+02 6.3E+01 9.6E+01 6.6E+01 4.56E+01 1.2E+02

Ti XIX 15.67 15.68 15.74 15.75 15.83 15.86 16.02 16.18 16.41 16.43 16.46 16.51 16.55 16.61 16.64 16.69 16.71 16.72 16.72 16.74 16.77 16.80 16.85 17.08 17.36

3 5 5 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 1

1 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 7 5 1 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 7 5 5 3

3.3E+04 2.7E+04 2.7E+04 2.4E+04 3.2E+04 2.9E+04 3.1E+04 3.8E+04 6.1E+04 8.2E+04 4.4E+04 1.0E+05 2.7E+04 8.0E+04 5.3E+04 1.02E+05 7.3E+04 3.3E+04 7.3E+04 1.2E+05 2.6E+04 1.81E+05 4.4E+04 8.3E+04 9.5E+04

Ti XX 2.629 2.6295 2.631 2.6319 2.632 2.6355 8.621 9.788 10.046 10.109 *10.278 10.620

2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2

4 4 2 4 2 6 2 6 4 6 6 4

4.9E+04 3.2E+06 6.1E+05 1.5E+06 2.7E+06 1.2E+06 1.1E+06 5.26E+03 7.29E+03 8.6E+03 8.4E+03 1.34E+04

Å

gi

6 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 6

gk

A 108 s–1

10.690 *11.452 11.872 11.958 11.958 15.211 15.253 15.907 16.049 16.067 31.586 45.650 45.996

4 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4

1.58E+04 1.7E+04 2.8E+04 3.4E+04 5.6E+03 3.50E+04 3.58E+04 8.84E+04 1.05E+05 1.8E+04 5.49E+03 9.6E+03 1.1E+04

Ti XXI 2.0633 2.1108 2.2211 2.497 2.505 2.505 2.507 2.508 2.510 2.510 2.511 2.512 2.512 2.513 2.513 2.514 2.520 2.527 2.539 2.6102 2.6227

1 1 1 3 5 1 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 1 1

3 3 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 1 5 3 5 1 1 3 3

1.32E+05 2.60E+05 6.35E+05 2.4E+06 3.5E+05 1.4E+06 1.4E+06 7.9E+05 6.9E+05 9.6E+05 1.4E+06 1.8E+06 1.4E+06 2.7E+06 2.4E+06 1.2E+06 2.6E+05 1.2E+05 4.1E+05 2.40E+06 1.12E+05

1 1 7 3 7 9 7 3 3 7 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 3 7 5 1

3 3 9 5 9 11 9 3 5 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 5 5 7 3 3

2.4E-01 7.7E-02 1.54E-02 1.5E-01 6.4E-02 9.27E-02 1.21E-01 1.4E-01 5.8E-02 1.7E-01 1.1E-02 1.3E-02 4.4E-02 2.33E-02 1.58E-02 4.8E-03 6.0E-03 2.12E-02 2.64E-03 2.3E-02 3.2E-02

Tungsten WI 2879.4 2911.0 2923.5 2935.0 3013.8 3016.5 3017.4 3024.9 3046.4 3049.7 3064.9 3084.9 3093.5 3107.2 3108.0 3145.5 3170.2 3176.6 3183.5 3184.4 3191.6

5/4/05 8:14:02 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3198.8 3207.3 3208.3 3215.6 3221.9 3223.1 3232.5 3235.1 3259.7 3300.8 3311.4 3363.3 3371.0 3371.4 3386.1 3413.0 3459.5 3510.0 3545.2 3570.6 3606.1 3617.5 3631.9 3675.6 3682.1 3707.9 3757.9 3760.1 3768.5 3780.8 3809.2 3817.5 3829.1 3835.1 3846.3 3847.5 3864.3 3868.0 3881.4 3968.5 3975.5 4001.4 4008.8 4019.3 4028.8 4045.6 4055.2 4070.0 4070.6 4074.4 4088.3 4102.7 4115.6 4137.5 4171.2 4203.8 4219.4 4244.4 4269.4 4283.8

Section 10.indb 151

gi

7 7 5 9 5 5 9 7 7 7 7 9 7 3 7 7 9 7 1 5 3 7 3 9 9 7 7 5 3 7 7 7 3 5 3 1 5 7 7 1 9 9 7 5 1 7 7 7 3 7 5 9 11 5 7 9 9 9 7 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 9 5 11 7 3 9 5 7 9 5 7 5 3 7 9 9 9 3 3 5 7 5 11 11 7 9 7 3 5 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 9 7 3 11 9 9 3 3 5 9 5 5 7 3 7 11 7 9 7 7 11 5 7

8

10-151 λ

–1

4.6E-02 3.0E-02 4.4E-02 2.1E-01 1.61E-02 3.53E-03 2.4E-02 2.68E-03 1.3E-02 8.1E-02 5.6E-02 6.6E-03 1.0E-02 6.7E-03 2.64E-03 9.7E-03 2.04E-03 5.2E-03 3.2E-02 6.7E-03 9.6E-03 1.1E-01 1.3E-02 1.20E-02 2.0E-02 2.9E-02 1.38E-02 1.99E-02 3.47E-02 4.2E-02 9.0E-03 3.1E-02 3.83E-03 5.2E-02 2.14E-02 8.3E-03 5.6E-03 4.6E-02 3.6E-02 5.07E-03 4.1E-03 5.6E-03 1.63E-01 6.7E-03 2.0E-02 2.88E-02 1.79E-03 3.60E-02 5.6E-03 1.0E-01 4.13E-03 4.9E-02 4.8E-03 8.4E-03 8.6E-03 4.9E-03 6.1E-03 1.38E-02 3.04E-02 1.69E-03

Å 4294.6 4302.1 4355.2 4361.8 4378.5 4458.1 4466.3 4472.5 4484.2 4492.3 4495.3 4504.8 4552.5 4586.8 4592.6 4609.9 4613.3 4634.8 4659.9 4680.5 4720.4 4729.6 4752.6 4757.5 4757.8 4788.4 4843.8 4886.9 4924.6 4931.6 4948.6 4972.6 4982.6 4986.9 5006.2 5015.3 5040.4 5053.3 5071.5 5117.6 5124.2 5141.2 5224.7 5243.0 5254.5 5268.6 5500.5 5514.7 5537.7 5617.1 5631.9 5660.7 5675.4 5796.5 5891.6 5947.6 5965.9 6021.5 6081.4 6203.5

gi

7 7 9 9 7 3 7 13 3 9 11 9 9 1 7 7 9 9 1 7 3 7 3 7 11 9 5 9 13 7 9 9 1 11 9 7 3 3 13 11 5 7 7 9 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 5 9 7 5 7 5 5 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 7 9 7 5 5 5 11 5 11 11 7 9 3 9 9 9 9 3 7 5 5 3 5 9 11 5 11 11 5 11 11 3 9 7 9 5 3 11 11 5 9 5 7 5 9 9 3 11 7 7 11 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 7

8

Weights

λ –1

1.2E-01 3.6E-02 5.1E-03 1.64E-03 3.48E-03 4.2E-03 1.5E-02 1.55E-03 5.6E-03 3.6E-03 3.3E-03 7.0E-03 1.42E-03 4.20E-03 3.4E-03 1.42E-02 2.9E-03 8.8E-03 1.0E-02 1.4E-02 3.22E-03 7.8E-03 5.20E-03 2.72E-03 4.1E-03 2.6E-03 1.9E-02 8.1E-03 1.75E-03 1.0E-02 1.36E-03 3.9E-03 4.17E-03 6.3E-03 1.2E-02 5.4E-03 5.2E-03 1.9E-02 3.4E-03 1.61E-03 4.0E-03 1.12E-03 1.2E-02 1.1E-02 3.86E-03 1.4E-03 6.9E-03 7.3E-03 2.2E-03 1.47E-03 1.43E-03 6.8E-03 2.20E-03 2.21E-03 1.47E-03 2.40E-03 1.0E-02 8.7E-03 4.7E-03 3.0E-03

Å 6285.9 6292.0 6303.2 6404.2 6439.7 6445.1 6532.4 6538.1 6563.2 6814.9 7285.8 7569.9 7664.9 8017.2 8358.7 9381.4

gi

7 3 9 5 9 7 3 11 5 9 13 5 5 5 5 9

5 5 9 7 9 5 5 9 5 9 11 3 3 7 7 7

13 9 15 11 15 13 13 13 13 11 9 7 9 15 9 13 13 7 13 13 11 13 17 9 13 11 13 15 11 17 13 13 13 13 17 15 11 13 13 9 11

13 7 13 9 17 15 11 11 13 13 7 9 7 13 9 11 13 7 11 15 11 13 15 9 11 9 15 15 11 15 15 11 15 15 15 13 11 13 11 9 9

gk

A 108 s–1 6.6E-03 2.26E-03 1.84E-03 1.50E-03 1.29E-03 6.4E-03 4.6E-03 2.7E-03 2.04E-03 1.46E-03 1.47E-03 3.73E-03 3.80E-03 1.6E-03 1.89E-03 1.53E-03

Uranium UI 3553.0 3553.0 3553.4 3554.5 3554.9 3555.3 3555.8 3556.9 3557.8 3558.0 3558.6 3559.4 3560.3 3561.4 3561.5 3561.8 3563.7 3563.8 3565.0 3566.0 3566.6 3568.8 3569.1 3569.4 3570.1 3570.2 3570.6 3570.7 3571.2 3571.6 3572.9 3573.9 3574.1 3574.8 3577.1 3577.5 3577.8 3577.9 3578.3 3580.0 3580.2

2.0E-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 8.4E-03 7.9E-03 2.7E-02 4.1E-03 7.5E-03 2.9E-02 1.6E-02 3.9E-02 1.5E-02 6.4E-02 5.5E-02 2.5E-02 5.7E-02 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 2.9E-02 1.7E-02 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 1.1E-01 1.5E-02 1.3E-02 5.3E-03 2.7E-02 1.2E-02 6.3E-03 1.3E-01 1.5E-02 4.0E-02 3.5E-02 1.9E-02 4.3E-02 7.8E-03 8.3E-03 2.3E-02 2.0E-02 1.2E-02 2.9E-02

5/4/05 8:14:04 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-152 λ Å 3580.4 3580.9 3582.6 3584.6 3584.9 3585.4 3585.8 3587.8 3588.3 3589.7 3589.8 3590.7 3591.7 3593.0 3593.2 3593.7

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 13 13 7 13 11 11 9 7 11 15 9 11 11 13 11

13 13 13 5 15 11 9 11 9 13 13 7 9 11 15 11

6 10 4 6 8 10 6 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 4 6 2

8 8 4 6 8 10 4 6 4 8 2 6 4 6 4 2 8 10 6 12 6 8 10 10 12 6 8 8 10 4 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 8 4

8

λ –1

7.5E-03 2.1E-02 2.9E-02 2.4E-02 1.8E-01 1.9E-02 2.8E-02 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 2.1E-02 5.9E-02 2.2E-02 5.3E-02 1.4E-02 4.2E-02 7.2E-02

Vanadium VI 3043.12 3050.39 3053.65 3056.33 3060.46 3066.37 3066.53 3075.93 3080.33 3083.54 3087.06 3088.11 3089.13 3093.79 3094.69 3112.92 3183.41 3183.96 3183.98 3185.38 3198.01 3202.39 3205.58 3207.41 3212.43 3218.87 3233.19 3273.03 3284.36 3309.18 3329.85 3356.35 3365.55 3376.05 3377.39 3377.62 3397.58 3400.39 3529.73 3533.68 3533.76

Section 10.indb 152

2.3E-01 5.3E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.4E+00 2.1E+00 3.2E-01 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 2.5E-01 9.2E-01 4.9E-01 5.3E-01 4.1E-01 4.3E-01 5.0E-01 2.4E+00 2.5E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 3.9E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 1.4E+00 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 2.7E-01 2.8E-01 3.2E-01 7.7E-01 3.1E-01 4.8E-01 3.2E-01 9.0E-01 6.0E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01 4.1E-01 5.2E-01 3.7E-01

Å 3543.49 3545.33 3553.27 3555.14 3663.60 3667.74 3672.41 3673.41 3676.70 3680.12 3686.26 3687.50 3688.07 3690.28 3692.22 3695.34 3695.86 3703.57 3704.70 3705.04 3706.03 3708.71 3790.46 3794.96 3806.79 3818.24 3828.56 3840.75 3855.36 3855.85 3863.86 3864.86 3871.07 3875.07 3902.26 3921.86 3922.43 3930.02 3934.01 3992.80 3998.73 4050.96 4051.35 4090.57 4092.68 4095.48 4099.78 4102.15 4104.77 4105.16 4109.78 4111.78 4115.18 4116.47 4116.59 4123.50 4128.06 4131.99 4134.49 4232.46

gi

2 4 6 4 4 6 12 8 14 10 10 12 8 2 6 14 4 10 8 6 10 12 10 10 10 4 6 8 4 10 8 6 10 8 10 4 6 10 8 12 14 10 12 8 8 6 6 4 10 4 2 10 8 6 2 4 6 8 10 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 4 6 2 6 8 12 10 14 12 12 14 8 4 6 16 4 8 6 4 10 12 8 10 10 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 10 2 6 10 8 10 12 10 12 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 2 4 6 8 10

8

Weights

λ –1

6.7E-01 3.7E-01 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 3.1E+00 2.7E+00 9.2E-01 2.7E+00 1.3E+00 2.2E+00 2.3E-01 2.9E+00 3.5E-01 4.5E-01 5.4E-01 2.8E+00 6.6E-01 9.2E-01 6.6E-01 3.6E-01 5.2E-01 4.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01 6.73E-01 5.33E-01 5.48E-01 3.30E-01 5.78E-01 3.1E-01 2.70E-01 2.8E-01 2.36E-01 2.68E-01 2.7E-01 2.6E-01 3.3E-01 6.2E-01 1.2E+00 1.0E+00 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 8.5E-01 2.30E-01 7.2E-01 4.10E-01 7.1E-01 2.1E+00 4.9E-01 5.00E-01 1.01E+00 5.80E-01 3.2E-01 2.90E-01 1.00E+00 7.70E-01 5.5E-01 2.90E-01 9.8E-01

Å

gi

4232.95 4268.64 4271.55 4276.95 4284.05 4291.82 4296.10 4297.67 4298.03 4379.23 4384.71 4389.98 4395.22 4400.57 4406.64 4407.63 4408.20 4416.47 4452.01 4457.75 4460.33 4462.36 4468.00 4469.71 4474.04 4496.06 4514.18 4524.21 4525.17 4529.58 4545.40 4560.72 4571.79 4578.73 4706.16 4757.47 4766.62 4776.36 4786.50 4796.92 4807.52 5193.00 5195.39 5234.08 5240.87 5415.25 5487.91 5507.75 6090.21

8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 10 8 6 4 2 10 8 6 4 14 10 10 12 8 10 10 8 6 12 4 10 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 12 14 12 8 10 12 12 12 10 8

8 14 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 16 12 8 14 10 12 8 6 4 10 2 8 12 10 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 10 12 12 8 10 12 14 10 8 6

V II 2527.90 2528.47 2528.83 2554.04 2589.10 2640.86 2677.80 2679.33 2683.09

13 9 11 9 9 5 3 7 1

13 9 11 9 9 7 5 7 3

gk

A 108 s–1 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 9.6E-01 9.4E-01 1.2E+00 8.8E-01 7.7E-01 7.0E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 6.9E-01 5.5E-01 3.4E-01 2.2E-01 4.4E-01 6.0E-01 2.6E-01 9.2E-01 2.7E-01 3.0E-01 7.6E-01 2.3E-01 6.2E-01 4.7E-01 4.0E-01 3.3E-01 3.0E-01 4.1E-01 2.4E-01 7.6E-01 7.0E-01 6.0E-01 6.8E-01 2.4E-01 7.6E-01 5.6E-01 5.1E-01 4.7E-01 4.8E-01 5.8E-01 4.0E-01 2.3E-01 4.9E-01 4.3E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 3.5E-01 2.60E-01 6.1E-01 5.2E-01 5.3E-01 5.4E-01 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 3.4E-01 3.4E-01 3.4E-01

5/4/05 8:14:07 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 2687.96 2689.88 2690.25 2690.79 2700.94 2706.17 2734.22 2753.41 2784.20 2787.91 2825.86 2843.82 2847.57 2854.34 2862.31 2868.11 2869.13 2882.49 2884.78 2889.61 2891.64 2892.43 2892.65 2893.31 2903.07 2906.45 2908.81 2910.01 2910.38 2911.05 2912.46 2915.88 2924.02 2924.63 2930.80 2941.37 2944.57 2948.08 2952.07 2955.58 2968.37 2972.26 2973.98 2985.18 3001.20 3014.82 3016.78 3020.21 3048.21 3063.25 3100.94 3113.56 3122.89 3134.93 3136.50 3139.73 3151.32 3190.69 3250.78 3251.87

Section 10.indb 153

gi

9 3 7 5 9 7 9 13 9 7 9 7 9 11 11 5 13 5 3 3 5 9 7 9 3 7 11 5 3 7 11 9 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 7 7 5 9 7 7 5 7 9 11 9 7 11 11 13 11 9 3 9 11 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 1 5 3 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 5 7 9 11 3 11 5 3 1 3 9 5 7 5 7 9 5 3 9 9 7 11 9 7 9 7 11 5 9 9 7 11 9 7 3 5 7 13 11 7 11 13 13 11 9 5 9 9 7

8

10-153 λ

–1

7.6E-01 9.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 3.4E-01 6.2E-01 4.2E-01 1.3E+00 5.0E-01 1.2E+00 9.9E-01 4.6E-01 5.0E-01 3.6E-01 2.1E+00 4.8E-01 4.2E-01 5.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.4E+00 3.6E-01 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 3.4E-01 7.8E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 3.7E-01 5.0E-01 4.9E-01 1.7E+00 1.2E+00 5.8E-01 3.5E-01 7.6E-01 4.0E-01 7.2E-01 3.3E-01 7.0E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 4.4E-01 7.5E-01 8.9E-01 5.0E-01 5.0E-01 7.0E-01 1.0E+00 5.8E-01 5.0E-01 7.6E-01 5.9E-01 5.3E-01 5.2E-01 4.4E-01 3.3E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 11 11 7 7 7 3 5 7 5 5

8

Weights

λ –1

3271.12 3276.12 3279.84 3287.71 3337.85 3517.30 3530.77 3545.19 3556.80 3592.01 3618.92

7 9 9 5 5 9 5 7 9 7 3

6.9E-01 5.2E-01 5.8E-01 7.5E-01 5.3E-01 3.8E-01 4.5E-01 4.3E-01 5.1E-01 4.4E-01 3.3E-01

V III 2318.06 2323.82 2330.42 2331.75 2334.21 2337.13 2343.10 2358.73 2366.31 2371.06 2373.06 2382.46 2393.58 2404.18 2516.14 2521.55 2548.21 2554.22 2593.05 2595.10

8 6 10 8 6 4 6 6 8 10 4 8 6 4 10 8 6 8 6 8

10 8 10 8 6 4 8 8 10 12 6 10 8 6 10 8 4 6 6 8

4.6E+00 3.8E+00 3.2E+00 2.5E+00 2.2E+00 2.7E+00 3.6E+00 4.2E+00 4.2E+00 5.2E+00 2.9E+00 5.0E+00 4.3E+00 2.5E+00 3.7E+00 3.5E+00 2.0E+00 1.2E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00

V IV 677.345 680.632 681.145 682.455 682.923 684.450 691.530 723.537 724.068 724.809 737.854 750.110 884.146 1071.05 1110.72 1112.20 1112.44 1127.84 1131.26 1194.46 1226.52 1243.72 1247.07 1272.97 1304.17 1305.42

9 9 7 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 5 1 5 3 7 5 7 9 7 5 3 5 3 3 5

9 7 5 7 5 5 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 1 3 1 5 7

6.7E+00 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 6.5E+00 6.9E+00 7.7E+00 1.1E+01 1.5E+01 1.1E+01 5.6E+00 2.4E+01 1.0E+01 4.7E+00 6.1E+00 5.0E+00 6.3E+00 5.0E+00 8.9E+00 9.4E+00 1.0E+01 1.5E+01 9.4E+00 4.7E+00 2.7E+01 1.5E+01 7.0E+00

Å 1308.06 1309.50 1312.72 1317.57 1321.92 1326.81 1329.29 1329.97 1330.36 1331.67 1332.46 1334.49 1355.13 1356.53 1395.00 1400.42 1403.62 1412.69 1414.41 1414.84 1418.53 1419.58 1423.72 1426.65 1429.11 1434.84 1451.04 1454.00 1520.14 1522.49 1601.92 1611.88 1806.18 1809.85 1817.68 1825.84 1861.56 1939.07 1951.43 1963.10 1997.72 2084.43 2120.05 2141.20 2146.83 2149.85 2151.09 2155.34 2446.80 2570.72 3284.56 3496.42 3514.25

gi

7 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 5 7 7 3 9 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 5 3 7 5 7 3 7 5 7 11 9 9 7 7 9

9 5 7 7 9 5 5 3 3 1 3 9 9 3 7 7 9 3 7 5 7 9 5 11 5 7 3 3 7 5 3 7 3 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 7 5 9 5 9 7 9 13 11 11 9 9 11

1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3

gk

A 108 s–1 7.9E+00 8.7E+00 8.6E+00 8.7E+00 9.9E+00 4.0E+00 1.5E+01 4.8E+00 6.0E+00 1.7E+01 7.5E+00 8.3E+00 2.5E+01 4.9E+00 1.4E+01 7.5E+00 8.4E+00 1.1E+01 1.2E+01 4.6E+00 5.2E+00 1.3E+01 7.1E+00 2.2E+01 5.0E+00 5.4E+00 7.0E+00 1.1E+01 7.2E+00 5.5E+00 1.2E+01 5.2E+00 7.3E+00 7.2E+00 4.8E+00 5.3E+00 6.6E+00 5.8E+00 5.0E+00 4.8E+00 4.7E+00 4.0E+00 8.1E+00 7.0E+00 6.6E+00 5.1E+00 4.3E+00 1.2E+01 5.3E+00 7.6E+00 5.3E+00 4.4E+00 4.7E+00

Xenon Xe I 1043.8 1047.1 1050.1 1056.1

5.9E-01 1.3E+00 8.5E-02 2.45E+00

5/4/05 8:14:10 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-154 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 9 3 3

8

λ –1

1061.2 1068.2 1085.4 1099.7 1110.7 1129.3 1170.4 1192.0 1250.2 1295.6 1469.6 4501.0 4524.7 4624.3 4671.2 4807.0 7119.6 7967.3 8409.2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 3 7 1 5

1.9E-01 3.99E+00 4.10E-01 4.34E-01 1.5E+00 4.4E-02 1.6E+00 6.2E+00 1.4E-01 2.46E+00 2.81E+00 6.2E-03 2.1E-03 7.2E-03 1.0E-02 2.4E-02 6.6E-02 3.0E-03 1.0E-02

Xe II 4180.1 4330.5 4414.8 4603.0 4844.3 4876.5 5260.4 5262.0 5292.2 5372.4 5419.2 5439.0 5472.6 5531.1 5719.6 5976.5 6036.2 6051.2 6097.6 6270.8 6277.5 6805.7 6990.9

4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 8 4 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 10

4 8 6 4 8 8 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 8

2.2E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 8.2E-01 1.1E+00 6.3E-01 2.2E-01 8.5E-01 8.9E-01 7.1E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-01 9.9E-02 8.8E-02 6.1E-02 2.8E-01 7.5E-02 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 1.8E-01 3.6E-02 6.1E-02 2.7E-01

Yb I 2464.5 2672.0 3464.4 3988.0 5556.5

1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3

9.1E-01 1.18E-01 6.2E-01 1.76E+00 1.14E-02

Yb II 3289.4 3694.2

2 2

4 2

1.8E+00 1.4E+00

4 4

4 6

3.5E-01 3.5E-01

Ytterbium

Yttrium YI 2948.41 2974.59

Section 10.indb 154

Å 2984.25 2995.26 2996.94 3005.26 3022.28 3045.36 3053.95 3155.65 3172.84 3185.96 3209.38 3227.16 3484.05 3549.66 3552.69 4077.36 4083.71 4102.36 4128.30 4142.84 4167.51 4235.93 4352.40 4379.33 4385.47 4394.01 4409.70 4417.43 4437.34 4443.65 4459.01 4476.95 4491.74 4514.01 4527.78 4534.09 4544.31 4559.36 4581.33 4613.00 4643.70 4653.78 4674.85 4725.84 4762.96 4780.16 4781.03 4799.30 4804.31 4804.80 4821.63 4845.67 4852.68 4856.71 4859.84 4893.44 4900.08 4906.11 4950.01 4963.49

gi

6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 10 6 10 4 8 10 4 8 6 6 2 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 10 8 4

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 8 6 8 6 8 6 6 10 6 6 8 6 4 4 4 6 6 8 4 4 4 10 8 4 4 6 8 6 6 4 4 6 8 6 4

8

Weights

λ –1

4.8E-01 5.1E-02 8.4E-02 4.8E-02 6.6E-02 1.07E-01 1.9E-03 2.7E-03 9.9E-03 1.2E-03 3.0E-03 1.10E-03 1.2E-02 1.0E-03 2.3E-01 1.1E+00 2.5E-01 1.3E+00 1.6E+00 1.6E+00 2.38E-01 3.0E-01 6.7E-03 7.83E-01 6.9E-02 1.9E-02 2.7E-03 3.2E-02 8.64E-02 1.1E-01 1.8E-02 2.8E-01 2.3E-02 3.34E-01 8.33E-01 4.4E-02 4.10E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 4.2E-02 8.9E-02 1.0E-01 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 3.84E-01 1.0E-01 6.8E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E-01 7.26E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.2E-01 2.0E-02 1.4E-02

Å

gi

4981.97 5004.44 5205.01 5258.47 5271.82 5380.63 5381.24 5388.39 5390.81 5401.88 5424.36 5466.24 5466.47 5469.10 5513.65 5519.88 5526.43 5527.56 5541.63 5551.00 5573.03 5594.12 5606.34 5619.96 5630.14 5641.78 5675.27 5675.64 5693.63 5714.94 5729.25 5732.09 5740.22 5757.59 5788.36 5844.13 5879.93 5902.91 6087.94 6191.72 6222.58 6402.01 6435.02 6437.17 6538.57 6622.48 6815.15 7009.89 7035.15

4 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 6 6 4 10 4 6 4 6 8 8 4 6 6 10 6 4 2 6 4 4 8 6 6 8 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 10 10 8 2 2 4

6 4 4 6 6 4 4 8 6 8 4 4 12 6 6 6 4 10 8 4 4 8 10 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 2 8 4 4 6 4 6 8 10 6 4 4 4

Y II 3112.03 3179.42 3195.62 3200.27 3203.32 3216.69 3242.28 3448.81 3467.88

1 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5

3 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1 4.7E-03 1.2E-02 8.4E-03 2.9E-03 1.1E-02 3.2E-01 9.9E-03 1.1E-02 2.9E-02 6.0E-03 3.47E-01 1.0E-01 6.3E-01 3.6E-03 2.39E-01 1.2E-02 3.9E-03 5.4E-01 5.2E-02 6.9E-02 1.8E-02 5.0E-02 5.84E-02 2.0E-02 4.9E-01 1.9E-02 9.3E-02 4.3E-02 1.1E-01 2.0E-02 2.2E-03 7.5E-02 4.0E-02 7.6E-03 9.4E-03 5.6E-03 8.5E-02 4.0E-02 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 5.9E-03 2.7E-03 4.0E-02 4.8E-02 1.5E-01 4.5E-03 7.18E-02 4.4E-02 6.3E-02 1.3E-02 3.8E-02 8.23E-01 4.8E-01 2.77E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 4.1E-02 2.7E-02

5/4/05 8:14:13 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3496.08 3549.01 3584.51 3600.74 3601.91 3611.04 3628.70 3664.62 3710.29 3747.55 3774.34 3776.56 3788.70 3818.34 3832.90 3878.29 3930.66 3950.36 3951.59 3982.60 4124.91 4177.54 4199.27 4204.69 4235.73 4309.62 4358.73

Section 10.indb 155

1 5 3 7 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 7 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 5 7 3 5 3 5 9 3 7 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 3

8

10-155 λ

–1

3.49E-01 3.97E-01 4.02E-01 1.4E+00 1.13E+00 1.04E+00 3.3E-01 3.7E-01 1.5E+00 1.9E-01 1.1E+00 2.42E-01 8.1E-01 9.70E-02 3.0E-01 2.9E-02 2.1E-02 2.80E-01 1.5E-02 2.7E-01 1.8E-02 5.27E-01 5.36E-03 2.20E-02 2.3E-02 1.29E-01 5.55E-02

Å 4374.95 4398.01 4422.59 4682.33 4786.58 4823.31 4854.87 4881.44 4883.69 4900.11 4982.13 5087.42 5119.11 5200.41 5205.73 5289.82 5320.78 5473.39 5480.73 5497.41 5509.90 5544.61 5546.01 5728.89 6613.74 6832.48 7264.16

5 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 9 7 7 9 5 5 7 7 9 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 1 5 7 5 3 3 7 5 9 9 7 5 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 7 5 3

8

λ –1

9.97E-01 1.16E-01 1.83E-01 1.9E-02 2.1E-02 4.3E-02 3.9E-01 1.5E-03 4.7E-01 4.51E-01 1.5E-02 2.0E-01 1.6E-02 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 6.7E-03 3.9E-03 4.3E-02 7.62E-02 1.2E-01 4.24E-02 1.8E-01 5.8E-02 3.0E-02 1.7E-02 3.3E-03 1.3E-02

Weights

Å

gk

gi

A 108 s–1

Zinc Zn I 748.29 765.60 792.05 793.85 809.92 1109.1 2138.6 3075.9 3282.3 3302.6 3302.9 3345.0 3345.6 3345.9 6362.3 11054

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1

6.0E-02 7.6E-02 5.7E-02 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 3.05E-01 7.09E+00 3.29E-04 9.0E-01 1.2E+00 6.7E-01 1.7E+00 4.0E-01 4.5E-02 4.74E-01 2.43E-01

Zn II 2025.5 2064.2 2099.9 2102.2 4911.6

2 2 4 4 4

4 4 6 4 6

3.3E+00 4.6E+00 5.6E+00 9.3E-01 1.6E+00

5/4/05 8:14:15 AM

Electron Affinities Thomas M. Miller Electron affinity is defined as the energy difference between the lowest (ground) state of the neutral and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. The accuracy of electron affinity measurements has been greatly improved since the advent of laser photodetachment experiments with negative ions. Electron affinities can be determined with optical precision, though a detailed understanding of atomic and molecular states and splittings is required to specify the photodetachment threshold corresponding to the electron affinity. Atomic and molecular electron affinities are discussed in two excellent articles reviewing photodetachment studies which appear in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Vol. 3, Bowers, M. T., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, 1984: Chapter 21 by Drzaic, P. S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., “Electron Photodetachment from Gas Phase Negative Ions,” p. 167, and Chapter 22 by Mead, R. D., Stevens, A. E., and Lineberger, W. C., “Photodetachment in Negative Ion Beams,” p. 213. Persons interested in photodetachment details should consult these articles and the critical reviews of Andersen, T., Haugen, H. K., and Hotop, H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 28, 1511, 1999, Hotop, H. and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 731, 1985, and Andersen, T., Haugen, H. K., and Hotop, H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 1511, 1999. For simplicity in the tables below, any electron affinity which was discussed in the articles by Drzaic et al. or Hotop and Lineberger is referenced to these sources, where original references are given. The develop-

ment of cluster-ion photodetachment apparatuses has brought an explosion of electron affinity estimates for atomic and molecular clusters. The policy in this tabulation is to list the electron affinities for the atoms, diatoms, and triatoms, if adiabatic electron affinities have been determined, but to refer the reader to original sources for higher-order clusters. Additional data on molecular electron affinities may be found in Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, (Supplement No. 1), 1988 and on the NIST WebBook at the Internet address http://webbook.nist.gov/. For the present tabulation the 2002 CODATA value e/hc = 8065.54445 ± 0.00069 cm-1 eV-1 (http://physics.nist.gov) has been used to convert electron affinities from the units used in spectroscopic work, cm-1, into eV for these tables. The 86 ppb uncertainty in e/hc is insignificant compared to uncertainties in the electron affinity measurements. Abbreviations used in the tables: calc = calculated value; PT = photodetachment threshold using a lamp as a light source; LPT = laser photodetachment threshold; LPES = laser photoelectron spectroscopy; DA = dissociative attachment; attach = electron attachment/detachment equilibrium; e-scat = electron scattering; kinetic = dissociation kinetics; Knud=Knudsen cell; CT = charge transfer; CD = collisional detachment; and ZEKE = zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy.

TABLE 1. Atomic Electron Affinities Atomic number Atom  1 H

 2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

10-156

D D T He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn

Electron affinity in eV 0.754195 0.75420812 0.754593 0.75465624 0.75480540 not stable 0.618049 not stable 0.279723 1.262119 not stable 1.4611096 3.4011895 not stable 0.547926 not stable 0.43283 1.3895220 0.7465 2.077103 3.612724 not stable 0.50147 0.02455 0.188 0.079 0.525 0.666 not stable

Uncertainty in eV 0.000019 — 0.000074 — — — 0.000020 — 0.000025 0.000020 — 0.0000007 0.0000025 — 0.000025 — 0.00005 0.0000024 0.0003 0.000001 0.000027 — 0.00010 0.00010 0.020 0.014 0.012 0.012 —

Method LPT calc LPT calc calc calc LPT calc LPES LPT DA LPT LPT calc LPT e-scat LPES LPES LPT LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc

Ref. 89 205 89 deuterium 205 deuterium 205 tritium 1 185 1 191 28 1 4 227 1 1 1 208 227 1 1 52 1 1 44 1 1 1 1 1

Electron Affinities

10-157 Atomic number 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 63 69 70 71 72 73 74 75   76   77   78   79   80   81   82   83   84   85   86   87   88   89 118 121

Atom

Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Eu Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac ekaradon ekaactinium

Electron affinity in eV 0.151 0.662 1.156 1.235 not stable 0.43 1.232712 0.814 2.020670 3.363588 not stable 0.48592 0.048 0.307 0.426 0.893 0.748 0.55 1.05 1.137 0.562 1.302 not stable 0.3 1.112067 1.046 1.970876 3.059037 not stable 0.471626 0.14462 0.47 0.955 0.962 0.864 1.029 -0.020 0.34 »0 0.322 0.815 0.15 1.1 1.5638 2.128 2.30863 not stable 0.2 0.364 0.942362 1.9 2.8 not stable 0.46 0.10 0.35 0.056 0.57

Uncertainty in eV 0.003 0.003 0.010 0.005 — 0.03 0.000015 0.008 0.000025 0.000002 — 0.00002 0.006 0.012 0.014 0.025 0.002 0.20 0.15 0.008 0.005 0.007 — 0.2 0.000015 0.005 0.000007 0.000010 — 0.000025 0.00006 0.02 0.026 0.024 0.024 0.022 — 0.01 — 0.012 0.002 0.15 0.2 0.0005 0.002 0.00003 — 0.2 0.008 0.000013 0.3 0.2 — — — — 0.01 —

Method LPES LPES LPES LPES e-scat LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc calc LPES LPES LPES e-scat PT LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc LPT calc LPES LPES calc calc LPT LPT LPT e-scat PT LPES LPT calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc

Ref. 27 27 1 37 1 183 28 200 1 74 1 1 122 1 1 1 127 1 1 1 116 1 1 1 28 108 261 92 1 1 195 184 269 225 268 264 196 223 1 1 37 1 1 141 1 1 1 1 1 262 1 1 1 82 273 207 140 207

Electron Affinities

10-158 TABLE 2. Electron Affinities for Diatomic Molecules Molecule

Ag2 AgO Al2 AlO AlP AlS As2 AsH AsO Au2 AuO AuPd AuS BN BO BeH Bi2 Br2 BrO C2 CH CN CRh CS CaH Cl2 ClO Co2 CoD CoH Cr2 CrD CrH CrO Cs2 CsCl CsO Cu2 CuO F2 FO Fe2 FeD FeH FeO GaAs GaO GaP Ge2 I2 IBr IO InP K2 KBr KCl KCs KI KRb LiCl LiD LiH MgCl MgH MgI MgO MnD

Electron affinity in eV

1.023 1.654 1.10 2.60 2.043 2.60 0.739 1.0 1.286 1.938 2.374 1.88 2.469 3.160 2.508 0.7 1.271 2.55 2.353 3.269 1.238 3.862 1.46 0.205 0.93 2.38 2.275 1.110 0.680 0.671 0.505 0.568 0.563 1.221 0.469 0.455 0.273 0.836 1.777 3.08 2.272 0.902 0.932 0.934 1.493 1.949 2.612 1.988 2.035 2.524 2.55 2.378 1.845 0.497 0.642 0.582 0.471 0.728 0.486 0.593 0.337 0.342 1.589 1.05 1.899 1.630 0.866

Uncertainty in eV

0.007 0.002 0.15 0.02 0.020 0.03 0.008 0.1 0.008 0.007 0.007 — 0.006 0.005 0.008 0.1 0.008 0.10 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.004 0.02 0.021 0.05 0.10 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.006 0.006 0.10 0.006 0.008 0.015 0.011 0.005 0.020 0.008 0.020 0.001 0.015 0.10 0.006 0.020 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.06 0.018 0.025 0.010

Method

LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES

Ref.

37 233 68 143 218 129 200 2 198 37 282 220 282 189 6 2 119 2 88 87 2 111 206 2 2 2 88 27 29 29 114 29 29 5 104 30 133 37 118 2 88 27 9 9 45 218 279 218 123 305 2 88 218 104 30 30 104 30 104 30 102 102 31 2 31 178 9

Molecule

MnH MnO MoO NH NO NRh NS Na2 NaBr NaCl NaF NaI NaK NbO Ni2 NiCu NiAg NiD NiH NiO O2 OD OH ORh P2 PH PO Pb2 PbO PbS Pd2 PdCO PdO Pt2 PtN Rb2 RbCl RbCs Re2 S2 SD SF SH SO Sb2 ScO Se2 SeH SeO Si2 SiF SiH SiN Sn2 SnO SnPb Te2 TeH TeO TiO VO YO ZnF ZnH ZnO ZrO

Electron affinity in eV

0.869 1.375 1.290 0.370 0.026 1.51 1.194 0.430 0.788 0.727 0.520 0.865 0.465 1.29 0.926 0.889 0.979 0.477 0.481 1.470 0.450 1.825533 1.8276487 1.58 0.589 1.027 1.092 1.366 0.722 1.049 1.685 0.604 1.570 1.898 1.240 0.498 0.544 0.478 1.571 1.670 2.315 2.285 2.314343 1.125 1.282 1.35 1.94 2.212519 1.456 2.201 0.81 1.277 2.949 1.962 0.598 1.569 1.92 2.102 1.697 1.30 1.229 1.35 1.974 <0.95 2.087 1.3

Uncertainty in eV

0.010 0.010 0.006 0.004 0.005 0.02 0.011 0.015 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.030 0.02 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.007 0.007 0.003 0.002 0.000037 0.000011 0.02 0.025 0.006 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.010 0.008 0.010 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.015 0.010 0.020 0.008 0.015 0.002 0.006 0.000004 0.005 0.008 0.02 0.07 0.000025 0.020 0.010 0.02 0.009 0.008 0.010 0.006 0.008 0.07 0.015 0.022 0.03 0.008 0.02 0.008 ­— 0.008 0.3

Method

LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES

Ref.

9 158 127 32 73 206 2 104 30 30 30 30 104 174 112 128 128 29 29 146 222 142 226 206 42 281 2 117 105 228 112 160 290 112 46 104 30 104 33 53 10 93 47 84 108 171 38 48 41 100 278 2 274 117 168 117 38 39 40 172 170 171 179 2 179 173

Electron Affinities

10-159 TABLE 3. Electron Affinities for Triatomic Molecules

Electron Molecule affinity in eV 2.32 Ag3 AgCN 1.588 1.4 Al3

AlO2 AlP2 Al2N Al2P Al2S As3 AsH2 Au3 AuBr2 AuCl2 AuI2 Au2H Au2Pd BO2 B2N B3 Bi3 C3 CBr2 CCl2 CD2 CDF CF2 CH2 CHBr CHCl CHF CHI CI2 C2Cr C2H C2Nb C2O COS CS2 C2Ti CoD2 CoH2 CrH2 Cr2D Cr2H Cr2O CrO2 CrO2 Cs3 Cu3 CuCN CuCl2 CuBr2 DCO DNO DO2 DS2 Fe3 FeC2 FeCO FeD­2 FeH2 FeO2 Fe2H Fe2O GaAs2 GaP2 Ga2As Ga2N

4.23 1.933 2.571 2.513 0.80 1.45 1.27 3.7 4.46 4.60 4.18 3.55 3.80 4.3 3.098 2.82 1.60 1.981 1.88 1.59 0.645 0.535 0.180 0.652 1.454 1.210 0.542 1.42 2.09 2.30 2.969 1.380 2.289 -0.04 0.58 1.542 1.465 1.450 >2.5 1.464 1.474 0.9 2.413 1.5 0.864 2.11 1.466 4.35 4.35 0.301 0.330 1.077 1.912 1.43 1.9782 1.157 1.038 1.049 2.358 0.564 1.60 1.894 1.666 2.428 2.506

Uncertainty in eV Method 0.05 LPES 0.010 LPES 0.15 LPES 0.02 0.007 0.008 0.020 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.3 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.03 — 0.2 0.005 0.02 0.03 0.020 0.07 0.07 0.006 0.005 0.020 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.17 0.07 1.617 0.006 0.025 0.018 — 0.05 0.020 0.013 0.014 — 0.005 0.005 0.1 0.008 0.06 0.030 0.05 0.010 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.015 0.005 0.015 0.06 0.0006 0.005 0.013 0.014 0.030 0.019 0.02 0.033 0.041 0.020 0.008

LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES 0.015 LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES

Ref. 37 163 68 143 217 297 217 129 200 2 37 294 294 294 276 220 98 193 221 119 11 235 235 12 95 235 12 95 95 95 95 235 271 87 243 180 272 278 147 34 34 34 107 107 306 144 OCrO 241 Cr(O2) 18 37 163 177 177 35 14 15 53 149 254 103 34 34 130 254 152 192 192 192 302

Molecule Ga2P Ge3 GeH2 HCO HCl2 HNO HO2 HS2 I3 InP2 In2P K3 MnD2 MnH2 MnO2 N3 N3 NCN NCO NCS NH2 N2O NO2 (NO)R Na3 NaCS2 Na2CS2 Nb3 Ni3 NiCN NiCO NiD2 NiH2 NiO2 NiO2 O3 O2Ar OClO OIO PH2 P2H PO2 Pd3 PdCN PdCO Pt3 PtCN PtCO Rb3 ReO2 S3 SO2 S2O Sb3 SeO2 SiF2 Si2F SiH2 Si2H Si3 Sn3 SnCN Ta3 TiO2 V3 VO2 WO2

Electron affinity in eV 2.481 2.23 1.097 0.313 4.896 0.338 1.078 1.907 4.226 1.61 2.36 0.956 0.465 0.444 2.06 2.70 2.68 2.484 3.609 3.537 0.771 -0.03 2.273 R=Ar,Kr,Xe 1.019 0.80 0.25 1.032 1.41 1.771 0.804 1.926 1.934 3.05 0.82 2.1028 0.52 2.140 2.577 1.263 1.514 3.42 <1.5 2.543 0.606 1.87 3.191 1.212 0.920 2.5 2.093 1.107 1.877 1.85 1.823 0.10 1.99 1.124 2.31 2.29 2.24 1.922 1.36 1.59 1.107 2.3 1.958

Uncertainty in eV 0.015 0.01 0.015 0.005 0.005 0.015 0.006 0.015 0.013 0.05 0.05 0.050 0.014 0.016 0.03 0.12 0.01 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.10 0.005 — 0.060 0.05 0.05 0.010 0.05 0.010 0.012 0.007 0.008 0.01 0.03 0.0025 0.02 0.008 0.008 0.006 0.010 0.01 0.1 0.007 0.010 0.02 0.003 0.010 0.030 0.1 0.025 0.008 0.008 0.03 0.050 0.10 0.28 0.020 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.006 0.03 0.03 0.010 0.2 0.050

Method LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES

Ref. 192 123 28 35 69 14 15 53 162 137 137 18 34 34 158 2 255 154 111 111 58 59 63 90 18 278 278 175 55 287 2 34 34 214 ONiO 214 Ni(O2) 2 75 88 88 281 281 124 55 287 293 55 287 293 18 216 16 16 16 108 38 278 17 2 182 110 289 292 169 172 176 101 233

Electron Affinities

10-160 TABLE 4. Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules Molecule Agn Aln Al5 Al2C2 Al3C Al3C2 Al3Ge2 Al3Si2 Al3O Al5H2O5 Al5O4 AlnOm AlnOm AlnPm AlnSm Ar(H2O)n ArnBr ArnI As4 As5 As5 Aun AuF6 Au3Pd Au4Pd Au6 Au6(CO) Au6(CO)2 Au6(CO)3 Au12Nb Au12Ta Au12V B5 BD3 BH3 B6Li B 3N Bin Bi4 Bi5 Br(CO2) Br(H2O)n Br7Au2 Cn CnCr CnNb (CO2)n (CS)n (CS2)n CAl3Ge CAl3Si CCl4 CCoNO3 CDO2 CF3 CF3Br CF3I CFO2 CHCl3

Electron affinity in eV n=1-60 n=3-32 2.23 0.64 2.56 2.19 2.43 2.36 1.00 3.10 3.50 n=1,2 n=3-7 n=1-4 n=1-5 n=2,6,7 n=2-9 n=2-19 <0.8 ≈1.7 ≈3.5 n=1-233 7.5 2.51 2.69 2.06 2.04 2.03 1.95 3.70 3.77 3.76 2.33 0.027 0.038 2.3 2.098 n=2-9 1.05 2.87 3.582 n=1-4 3.52 n=2-84 n=2-8 n=2-7 n=1,2 n=2 n=1,2 2.70 2.77 ≤1.14 1.73 3.510 1.82 0.91 1.57 4.277 ≤0.78

Uncertainty in eV — — 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.15 0.10 0.05 m=1-5 m=2-5 m=1-4 m=1-3 — — — — — — — estimate — — 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.014 0.015 0.1 0.035 — 0.010 0.02 0.017 — 0.02 — — — — — — 0.06 0.06 — 0.03 0.015 0.05 0.2 0.2 0.030 —

Method LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES ZEKE ZEKE LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES CD CD LPES CT

Ref. 37 68 238 239 acetylide 161 244 244 244 68 283 283 143 267 217 129 77 212 212 200 200 253 37 98 220 220 288 288 288 288 275 275 275 245 62 62 298 193 213 119 253 131 250 301 70 271 243 75 75 75 224 224 266 199 Co(CO2)NO 109 187 2 2 131 266

Electron Affinities Molecule CHO2 CH2O4 CH2S CD3NO2 CD3O CD3O2 CD3S CD3S2 CH3 CH3I CH­3NO2 CH3O CH3O2 CH3S CH3S2 CH3Si CH3Si CH4N CH5Si CO3 C2F2 C2DN C2DN C2DO C2HF C2HN C2HN C2HO C2HNPd C2HPd C2HPt C2D2 C2HD C2HFe C2HNi C2H2 C2H2FO C2D2N C2D2N C2H2Fe C2H2N C2H2N C2H2Ni C2H3 C2H3Fe C2H3Ni C2D3O C2H3O C2D5O C2H5N C2H5O C2H5O2 C2H5S C2H5S C2H7O2 C3Fe C3H C3HFe C3H2 C3H2F3O

10-161 Electron affinity in eV 3.498 2.1 0.465 0.24 1.559 1.154 1.856 1.748 0.08 0.11 0.26 1.572 1.161 1.867 1.757 0.852 2.010 0.432 1.19 2.69 2.255 2.009 1.877 2.350 1.718 2.003 1.883 2.338 2.17 1.98 2.650 0.492 0.489 1.4512 1.063 0.490 2.22 1.538 1.070 1.328 1.543 1.059 2.531 0.667 1.587 1.103 1.81897 1.82476 1.699 0.56 1.712 1.186 1.953 0.868 2.26 1.69 1.858 1.58 1.794 2.625

Uncertainty in eV 0.015 0.2 0.023 0.08 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.022 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.004 0.005 0.004 0.022 0.010 0.010 0.015 0.04 0.14 0.006 0.020 0.010 0.020 0.006 0.014 0.013 0.008 0.03 0.03 0.010 0.006 0.006 0.0025 0.019 0.006 0.09 0.012 0.024 0.019 0.014 0.024 0.005 0.024 0.019 0.019 0.00012 0.00012 0.004 0.01 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.051 0.08 0.08 0.023 0.06 0.008 0.010

Method LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT LPES PT LPES LPES LPT LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT

Ref. 109 2 53 211 194 188 2 53 2 277 211 194 188 166 53 97 97 215 65 2 106 219 219 13 106 219 219 190 291 287 287 83 83 254 254 83 2 21 21 254 21 21 287 90 254 254 22 22 194 2 194 188 2 53 50 132 11 132 153 113

CO3(H2O)

d3-methyl peroxyl radical

methyl peroxyl radical

CH3-Si CH2=SiH CH3SiH2 difluorovinylidene DCCN DCNC monofluorovinylidene HCCN HCNC

vinylidene-d2 vinylidene-d1 vinylidene acetyl fluoride enolate cyanomethyl-d2 radical isocyanomethyl-d2 radical cyanomethyl radical isocyanomethyl radical HNiC2H vinyl

acetaldehyde-d3 enolate acetaldehyde enolate ethoxide-d3 ethyl nitrine ethoxide ethyl peroxyl radical ethyl sulfide CH3SCH2 MeOHOMe

1,1,1-trifluoroacetone enolate

Electron Affinities

10-162 Molecule C3H3 C3H2D C3D2H C3H3N C3D5 C3H5 C3H5 C3H4D C3H5O C3H5O C3H5O2 C3H7O C3H7O C3H7S C3H7S C3O C3O2 C3Ti C4F4Cl2 C4F4O3 C4F8 C4Fe C4HFe C4H2Fe C4H2O3 C4H3Fe C4H3Ni C4D4 C4H4 C4H4N C4H4N3O C4H5O C4H6 C4H6O2 C4H6D C4H7 C4H7O C4H5DO C4H4D2O C4H9O C4H9S C4H9S C4O C4O2 C4Ti C5 C5F5N C5F6O3 C5HF4N C5D5 C5H5 C5H5NO2 C5H5N2O C5H7 C5H7NO3 C5H7O C5H9O C5H11O C5H11S C5O2

Electron affinity in eV 0.893 0.88 0.907 1.247 0.464 0.481 0.397 0.373 1.758 1.621 1.80 1.789 1.847 2.00 2.02 1.34 0.85 1.561 0.87 0.5 0.63 <2.2 1.67 1.633 1.44 1.182 0.824 0.909 0.914 2.145 0.75 1.801 0.431 0.69 0.493 0.505 1.67 1.67 1.75 1.909 2.03 2.07 2.05 2.0 1.494 2.853 0.70 1.5 0.40 1.790 1.804 1.39 0.62 0.91 1.87 1.598 1.69 1.93 2.09 1.2

Uncertainty in eV 0.025 0.15 0.023 0.012 0.006 0.008 0.069 0.019 0.019 0.006 0.06 0.033 0.004 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.15 0.015 0.08 0.2 0.05 0.2 0.06 0.019 0.10 0.019 0.019 0.015 0.015 0.010 ­— 0.008 0.006 0.10 0.008 0.006 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.004 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.2 0.020 0.001 0.05 0.2 0.08 0.008 0.007 ­— — 0.03 — 0.007 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.2

Method LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES kinetic LPES LPT LPT PT LPES LPES PT PT LPES LPES LPES attach CD attach LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES CT LPES LPES PT PT PT LPES PT PT LPES LPES LPES LPT attach CD attach LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPT PT LPT PT LPES

Ref. 24 24 24 21 138 138 155 25 113 113 2 23 194 2 2 11 11 147 258 2 256 132 132 254 61 254 254 125 125 265 285 113 135 61 138 138 2 2 2 194 2 2 11 11 147 99 259 2 259 11 11 285 285 2 285 113 2 2 2 11

propargyl radical propargyl-d1 radical propargyl-d2 radical CH3CH-CN allyl-d5 allyl cyclopropyl allyl-d1 acetone enolate propionaldehyde enolate methyl acetate enolate propyl oxide isopropyl oxide propyl sulfide isopropyl sulfide

1,2-dichlorotetrafluoro-cyclobutene tetrafluorosuccinic anhydride octafluorocyclobutane

maleic anhydride

vinylvinylidene-d4 vinylvinylidene pyrrolyl NO (pyrimidine) cyclobutanone enolate trimethylenemethane 2,3-butanedione 2-methylallyl-d7 2-methylallyl butyraldehyde enolate 2-butanone-3-d1 enolate 2-butanone-3,3-d2 enolate t-butoxyl n-butyl sulfide t-butyl sulfide

pentafluoropyridine hexafluoroglutaric anhydride tetrafluoropyridine cyclopentadienyl-d5 cyclopentadienyl O2 (pyridine) NO (pyridine) pentadienyl O2 (pyridine · H2O) cyclopentanone enolate 3-penanone enolate neopentoxyl pentyl sulfide

Electron Affinities Molecule C5Ti C6 C6Br4O2 C6Cl4O2 C6F4O2 C6F5Br C6F5Cl C6F5I C6F5NO2 C6F6 C6F10 C6H2Cl2O2 C6H3F2NO2 C6D4 C6H4 C6H4BrNO2 C6H4BrNO2 C6H4BrNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClO C6H4FNO2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4O2 C6D5 C6D5N C6H2O2 C6H3O2 C6H5 C6H5N C6H5NO2 C6H5O C6H5S C6H5NH C6H6NO C6H6O2 C6H7 C6H8 C6H8Si C6H9 C6H9O C6H10 C6H11O C6H11O C6N4 C7F5N C7F8 C7F14 C7HF5O C7H3N3O4 C7H4F3NO2 C7H4N2O2 C7H4N2O2 C7H4N2O2 C7H6Br

10-163 Electron affinity in eV 1.748 4.180 2.44 2.78 2.70 1.15 0.75 1.41 1.52 0.53 >1.4 2.48 1.17 0.551 0.560 1.16 1.32 1.29 1.14 1.28 1.26 ≤2.58 1.07 1.23 1.12 1.65 1.65 2.00 1.860 1.092 1.44 1.859 <2.18 1.096 1.429 1.00 2.253 <2.47 1.70 0.44 1.06 <1.67 0.855 1.435 0.654 1.526 0.645 1.755 1.82 2.3 1.11 0.86 1.08 1.10 2.16 1.41 1.61 1.56 1.72 1.308

Uncertainty in eV 0.050 0.001 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.05 0.11 0.11 0.05 0.3 0.10 0.10 0.010 0.010 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.005 0.020 0.02 0.005 — 0.006 0.011 0.01 0.006 0.06 0.03 — — 0.04 0.010 0.004 0.010 0.010 0.015 +0.05/-0.005 0.06 0.3 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.008

Method LPES LPT CT CT CT CT attach CT CT attach CT CT CT LPES LPES CT CT CT CT CT CT PT CT CT CT CT CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES PT PT LPES LPES PT LPES LPT LPES LPT LPES LPT PT PT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT LPES

Ref. 147 8 2 61 61 67 260 67 67 257 2 61 61 36 36 61 61 61 61 61 61 2 61 61 61 61 61 61 284 26 96 232 232 26 115 164 26 2 2 285 285 2 203 65 203 113 126 113 2 2 67 67 61 67 61 61 61 61 61 167

tetrabromo-BQ tetrachloro-BQ tetrafluoro-BQ pentafluorobromobenzene pentafluorochlorobenzene pentafluoroiodobenzene pentafluoro-NB hexafluorobenzene perfluorocyclohexane 2,6-dichloro-BQ 2,4-difluoro-NB o-benzyne-d4 o-benzyne o-bromo-NB m-bromo-NB p-bromo-NB o-chloro-NB m-chloro-NB p-chloro-NB o-chlorophenoxide o-fluoro-NB m-fluoro-NB p-fluoro-NB o-diNB m-diNB p-diNB 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) phenyl-d5 phenylnitrene-d5 dehydrobenzoquinone benzoquinonide phenyl phenylnitrene nitrobenzene (NB) phenoxyl thiophenoxide anilide NO (benzene) O2 (benzene) methylchylopentadienyl (CH2)2C-C(CH2)2 C6H5SiH3 CH2=C(CH3)-C(CH2)2 cyclohexanone enolate t-butyl vinylidene pinacolone enolate 3,3-dimethylbutananl enolate TCNE pentafluorobenzonitrile octafluorotoluene perfluoromethylcyclohexane pentafluorobenzaldehyde 3,5-(NO2)2-benzonitrile m-trifluoromethyl-NB o-cyano-NB m-cyno-NB p-cyano-NB o-bromobenzyl

Electron Affinities

10-164 Molecule C7H6Br C7H6Br C7H6Cl C7H6Cl C7H6Cl C7H6F C7H6F C7H6F C7H6FO C7H6FO C7H6FeO3 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6O2 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7O C7H7O C7H8FO C7H9 C7H9O C7H9Si C7H11O C7H11O C7H13O C7H13O C8F14N2 C8H3F5O C8H3F6NO2 C8H4F3N C8H4F3N C8H4F3N C8H4O3 C8H6 C8H7 C8H7O C8H7O C8H8 C8H8 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H13O C8N4NiS4 C8N4PdS4 C8N4PtS4 C8S2

Electron affinity in eV 1.307 1.229 1.257 1.272 1.174 1.091 1.173 0.937 2.218 2.176 0.990 1.77 1.77 1.60 1.55 1.85 0.912 0.868 0.962 1.286 0.39 3.046 >1.140 0.92 0.99 0.95 1.04 0.91 <2.36 2.14 <3.05 1.27 1.61 1.33 1.598 1.49 1.72 1.46 1.89 0.88 1.79 0.70 0.67 0.83 1.21 1.044 1.091 2.057 2.10 0.55 0.919 1.21 2.61 0.86 1.63 4.56 4.55 4.45 0.049

Uncertainty in eV 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.04 0.006 0.006 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.007 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.08 0.02 0.008 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.005

Method LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT CT PT PT PT PT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT CT CT CT CT PT PT PT PT PT LPT LPT PT PT PT CT CT CT attach attach attach CT LPES LPES PT LPT CT LPES PT PT CT PT LPES LPES LPES LPES

Ref. 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 2 2 120 60 60 60 60 61 26 136 136 136 136 136 136 61 61 61 61 61 2 50 50 2 2 65 113 2 2 2 51 67 61 263 263 263 61 148 134 2 2 134 139 60 60 61 2 307 307 307 230

m-bromobenzyl p-bromobenzyl o-chlorobenzyl m-chlorobenzyl p-chlorobenzyl o-fluorobenzyl m-fluorobenzyl p-fluorobenzyl m-fluoroacetophenone enolate p-fluoroacetophenone enolate η4-1,3-butadiene-Fe(CO)3 3,4-dintrotoluene 2,3-dinitrotoluene 2,4-dinitrotoluene 2,6-dinitrotoluene o-CH3-BQ benzyl 1-quadricyclanide 2-quadricyclanide norbornadienide cycloheptatrienide 1-(1,6-heptadiynide) 3-(1,6-heptadiynide) o-methyl-NB m-methyl-NB p-methyl-NB m-OCH3-NB p-OCH3-NB o-methyl phenoxide benzyloxide PhCH2OHF heptatrienyl 2-norbornanone enolate C6H5(CH3)SiH cycloheptanone enolate 2,5-dimethylcyclopentanone enolate 4-heptanone enolate diisopropyl ketone enolate 1,4-(CN)2C6F4 pentafluoroacetophenone 3,5-(CF3)2-NB o-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile m-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile p-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile phthalic anhydride

acetophenone enolate phenylacetaldehyde enolate cyclooctatetraene m-xylylene 3,5-dimethyl-NB 2,6-dimethyl-NB 2,3-dimethyl-NB cyclooctanone enolate Ni-bis(dithiolene) Pd-bis(dithiolene) Pt-bis(dithiolene) bithiophene

Electron Affinities Molecule C9H8FeO3 C9H9O C9H9SiN C9H11NO2 C9H15O C10H4Cl2O2 C10H6N2O4 C10H6N2O4 C10H6O2 C10H7 C10H7NO2 C10H7NO2 C10H8 C10H8CrO3 C10H8FeO3 C10H8NO C10H8O2 C10H10O3 C10H12O4 C10H17O C11H8FeO3 C12F10 C12H4N4 C12H9 C12H12NO C12H15O C12H21O C13F10O C13H9FO C13H10O C14H9NO2 C14H10 C14H12O (C14H10)n C16H10 C18H12 C18H12 C20H12 C20H12 C20H16NO C22H14 C44Cl28FeN4 C44Cl8F20FeN4 C44Cl9F20FeN4 C44H8F20FeN4 C44H8ClF20FeN4 C44H8Cl21FeN4 C44H12Cl17FeN4 C44H20Cl8FeN4 C44H20Cl9FeN4 C44H28FeN4 C44H28NiN4 C44H28ClFeN4 C44H30N4 C45H29NiN4O C52H39FeN7O C60 C60F2 C64H64FeN8O4 C70F2

10-165 Electron affinity in eV 0.76 2.030 1.43 0.70 1.69 2.19 1.78 1.77 1.81 1.403 1.23 1.18 0.790 0.93 0.98 0.66 1.41 2.09 2.72 1.83 1.29 0.82 2.8 1.07 0.79 2.032 1.90 1.52 0.64 0.62 1.43 0.530 0.770 n=1-16 0.406 1.04 0.32 0.79 0.973 1.06 1.35 2.59 3.21 3.35 2.15 3.14 2.93 3.14 1.86 2.10 1.87 1.51 2.15 1.69 1.74 1.97 2.683 2.74 2.07 2.80

Uncertainty in eV 0.10 0.010 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.015 0.10 0.10 0.008 0.10 0.10 — — — — 0.06 0.10 0.11 0.3 0.10 — 0.010 0.07 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.005 0.005 — 0.010 0.10 0.01 0.10 0.005 — 0.10 0.11 0.03 0.03 0.15 0.03 0.23 0.03 0.03 0.19 0.03 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.008 0.07 0.03 0.07

Method CT LPT PT CT PT CT CT CT CT LPES CT CT LPES CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES PT CT CT CD PT LPES LPT PT CT CT CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES CT LPES LPES CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT LPES Knud CT Knud

Ref. 120 2 2 61 2 61 61 61 61 197 61 61 230 120 120 285 285 285 285 2 120 67 2 2 285 2 2 67 61 61 61 286 286 231 270 66 303 66 236 285 66 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 201 202 186 202

η4-1,3-cyclohexadiene-Fe(CO)3 m-methylacetophenone enolate trimethylsilylnitrene 2,4,6-trimethyl-NB cyclononanone enolate 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone 1,3-dinitronaphthalene 1,5-dinitronaphthalene 1,4-naphthoquinone 1-naphthyl radical 1-nitronaphthalene 2-nitronaphthalene azulene η4-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene Cr(CO)3 η4-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene-Fe(CO)3 NO–(naphthlene) O2 (naphthlene) O2 (naphthlene · H2O) O2 (naphthlene · (H2O)2) cyclodecanone enolate η4-1,3-butadiene-Fe(CO)3 decafluorobiphenyl TCNQ perinaphthenyl NO (benzene)2 t-butylacetophenone enolate cyclododecanone enolate decafluorobenzophenone 4-fluorobenzophenone benzophenone 9-nitroanthracene anthracene anthracene · H2O anthracene clusters pyrene tetracene chrysene benz[a]pyrene perylene NO (naphthalene)2 pentacene FeTPPCl28 FeTPPβCl8 FeTPPF20βCl8Cl FeTPPF20 FeTPPF20Cl FeTPPoCl20Cl FeTPPoCl8βCl8Cl FeTPPoCl8 FeTPPoCl8Cl iron tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP) nickel tetraphenylporphyrin (NiTPP) FeTPPCl H2 tetraphenylporphyrin NiTPPCHO FeTPP-val

FeTPP-piv

Electron Affinities

10-166 Molecule (benzene)n (toluene)n CeF4 Cl(CO2) Cl(H2O) Con CoBr3 CoCl3 CoF4 Cr(CO)3 CrO3 CrO4 CrO5 Cr2On CsO4 Cun CuBr2 Cun(CN)m CuCl2 F(H2O)n F(H2O)n Fen Fe(CO)2 Fe(CO)3 Fe(CO)4 FeBr3 FeBr4 FeCl3 FeCl4 FeF3 FeF4 Fe2H2 FenOm Ga2As3 GaxAsy Ga2P3 Gen GexAsy GeH3 H(NH3)n HNO3 (H2O)n I(CO2) I(H2O)n InxPy IrF4 IrF6 Kn KO4 LiO4 MnBr3 MnCl3 MnF4 MnO3 Mo(CO)3 MoF5 MoF6 MoO3 MoO4 MoO5

Electron affinity in eV n=53-124 n=33-139 3.8 3.907 n=1-4 n=1-108 4.6 4.7 6.4 1.349 3.66 4.98 4.4 n=1-7 2.5 n=1-411 4.35 n=1-6 4.35 n=1-4 n=1-4 n=3-34 1.22 1.8 2.4 4.26 5.50 4.22 6.00 3.6 6.0 0.942 n=1-4 2.783 n=2-50 2.991 n=3-15 n=5-30 <1.74 n=1,2 0.57 n=2-19 3.225 n=1-4 n=2-8 4.7 6.5 n=2-7 2.8 3.3 5.03 5.07 5.5 3.335 1.337 3.5 3.8 3.17 5.20 5.10

Uncertainty in eV ­— — 0.4 0.010 — — 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.006 0.02 0.09 0.1 0.2 — 0.05 m=1-6 0.05 — — — 0.02 0.2 0.3 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.1 estimate 0.019 m=1-6 0.024 n=x+y 0.026 — n=x+y 0.04 — 0.15 — 0.001 — n=x+y 0.3 0.4 — 0.2 0.2 0.06 0.06 0.2 0.010 0.006 0.2 0.2 0.02 0.07 0.07

Method LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES CD LPES LPES LPES LPES CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES CT CT LPES LPES LPES

Ref. 248 248 98 131 250 251 249 249 98 94 241 241 241 306 252 37 237 159 237 242 250 149 2 2 2 249 249 249 249 98 98 254 152 192 229 192 71 72 2 76 2 77 131 250 137 98 98 18 252 252 249 249 98 158 94 98 98 280 86 86

Electron Affinities Molecule Mo2O2 Mo2O3 Mo2O4 N2CD N2CH (NH3)n NH2(NH3)n NO(H2O)n NO3 NO3(H2O)n NO(N2O)n (NO)2 (N2O)n Nan (NaF)n Na(NaF)n NaO4 NaO5 NaSO3 Nbn Nb8 Nb3O Nin Nin(benzene)m NiBr3 NiCl3 Ni(CO)2 Ni(CO)3 Ni(CO)H OH(H2O) OH(NH3) OH(N2O) OH(N2O)n OsF4 OsF6 P5 PBr3 PBr2Cl PCl2Br PCl3 PF5 PO3 POCl2 POCl3 P2H2 P2H2 PtF4 PtF6 ReF6 ReO3 RhF4 RuF4 RuF5 RuF6 SF4 SF5 SF6 SO3 (SO2)2

10-167 Electron affinity in eV 2.24 2.33 2.13 2.622 2.622 n=41-1100 n=1,2 n=1,2 3.937 n=0-6 n=1,2 >2.1 n=1,2 n=2-5 n=1-7,12 n=5,7-12 3.1 3.2 2.3 n=6-17 1.513 1.393 n=1-100 n=1-3 4.94 5.20 0.643 1.077 1.126 <2.95 2.35 2.14 n=1-5 3.9 6.0 3.88 1.59 1.63 1.52 0.82 0.75 4.95 3.83 1.41 1.00 1.03 5.5 7.0 4.7 3.6 5.4 4.8 5.2 7.5 1.5 4.23 1.05 1.97 0.6

Uncertainty in eV 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.005 0.005 — — — 0.014 — — — — — — — 0.2 0.2 0.2 — 0.008 0.006 — m=1,2 0.08 0.08 0.014 0.013 0.010 0.15 0.07 0.02 — 0.3 0.3 0.03 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.15 0.06 0.25 0.20 0.01 0.01 0.3 0.4 estimate 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.2

Method LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES CT CT LPES CD CD CD CD CT LPES CD CD LPES LPES CT CT CT LPES CT CT CT CT CT e-scat CT LPES LPES

Ref. 280 280 280 154 154 77 78 75 85 240 79 75 81 18 64 64 252 252 252 181 157 169 247 295 249 249 2 2 293 2 234 209 209 98 98 253 2 2 2 2 121 156 2 2 281 281 98 98 98 216 98 98 98 98 91 204 56 165 80

NCND NCNH

HNiCO

trans-P2H2 cis-P2H2

Electron Affinities

10-168 Molecule Sbn Sb5 ScBr4 ScCl4 SeF6 Si4 Si5 Si7 Sin Si2C3 SiD3 SiF3 SiF4 SiF5 SinF SiH3 Si3H Si4H SinNam Snn SnCH2CN Sn(CN)2 Sn(CN)(CH2CN) Ta3O TeF6 Tin TiO3 UF5 UF6 UO3 Vn VF4 V2On V 3O V4O10 W(CO)3 WF5 WF6 WO2 WO3 (WO3)n WO4 WO5

Electron affinity in eV n=2-9 3.46 6.13 6.89 2.9 2.13 2.59 1.85 n=3-20 1.766 1.386 2.41 ≤0 ≥4.66 n=2-11 1.406 2.53 2.68 n=4-11 n=1-12 1.57 2.622 2.29 1.583 3.34 n=1-130 4.2 3.7 5.1 <2.1 n=3-65 3.5 n=3-7 1.218 4.2 1.859 1.25 3.5 1.998 3.62 n=7-10 5.30 5.1

Uncertainty in eV — 0.03 0.08 0.08 0.2 0.01 0.02 0.02 — 0.012 0.022 0.22 — — — 0.014 0.01 0.01 m=1-3 — 0.02 0.004 0.05 0.010 0.17 — — 0.2 0.2 — — 0.2 — 0.008 0.6 0.006 0.3 0.1 0.010 0.05 — 0.05 0.1

References 1. Hotop, H., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 731, 1985. 2. Drzaic, P. S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Vol. 3, Bowers, M. T., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, 1984, p. 167. The reference for C6H4ClO should read “Richardson, et al., 1975c”. 3. Schulz, P. A., Mead, R. D., Jones, P. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 77, 1153, 1982. 4. Neumark, D. M., Lykke, K. R., Anderson, T., and Lineberger, W. C., Phys. Rev. A, 32, 1890, 1985. EA(O) = 11,784.645 ± 0.008 cm-1. 5. Wenthold, P. G., Gunion, R. F., and Lineberger, W. C., Chem. Phys. Lett., 258, 101, 1996. 6. Wenthold, P. G., Kim, J. B., Jonas, K. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 4472, 1997. 7. Klein, R., McGinnis, R. P., and Leone, S. R., Chem. Phys. Lett., 100, 475, 1983.

Method LPES LPES LPES LPES CD LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CD LPES LPES CT CT CT LPES CT LPES LPES CT LPES CD CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES

Ref. 213 253 249 249 2 110 110 110 71 296 linear Si-C3-Si 43 17 17 17 17 43 182 182 210 289 292 292 292 169 2 151 172 98 98 98 150 98 246 169 101 94 18 19 299 86 300 86 86

8. Arnold, D. W., Bradforth, S. E., Kitsopoulos, T. N., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 95, 8753, 1991; linear Cn. 9. Stevens, A. E., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 78, 5420, 1983. 10. Breyer, F., Frey, P., and Hotop, H., Z. Phys., A 300, 7, 1981. 11. Oakes, J. M., and Ellison, G. B., Tetrahedron, 42, 6263, 1986. 12. Leopold, D. G., Murray, K. K., Miller, A. E. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 83, 4849, 1985. 13. Oakes, J. M., Jones, M.E., Bierbaum, V. M., and Ellison, G. B., J. Phys. Chem., 87, 4810, 1983. 14. Ellis, H. B., Jr. and Ellison, G. B., J. Chem. Phys., 78, 6541, 1983. 15. Ramond, T. M., Blanksby, S. J., Kato, S., Bierbaum, V. M., Davico, G. E., Schwartz, R. L., Lineberger, W. C., and Ellison, G. B., J. Phys. Chem. A 106, 9641, 2002. 16. Nimlos, M. E., and Ellison, G. B., J. Chem. Phys., 90, 2574, 1986. 17. Kawamata, H., Negishi, Y., Kishi, R., Iwata, S., Nakajima, A., and Kaya, K., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 5369, 1996.

Electron Affinities 18. McHugh, K. M., Eaton, J. G., Lee, G. H., Sarkas, H. W., Kidder, L. H., Snodgrass, J. T., Manaa, M. R., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 91, 3792, 1989. See also Ref. 104. 19. George, P. M., and Beauchamp, J. L., Chem. Phys., 36, 345 (1979). The lower limit given in this paper (3.4 eV) may be increased to 3.5 eV, as rapid charge transfer from HCO2– to WF6 has since been observed (Miller, T. M., and Viggiano, A. A., unpublished). 20. Burnett, S. M., Stevens, A. E., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., Chem. Phys. Lett., 100, 124, 1983. 21. Moran, S., Ellis, H. B., DeFrees, D. J., McLean, A. D., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 5996, 1987; Moran, S., Ellis, H. B., DeFrees, D. J., McLean, A. D., Paulson, S. E., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 6004, 1987; see also Lykke, K. R., Neumark, D. M., Andersen, T., Trapa, V. J., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 87, 6842, 1987. 22. Mead, R. D., Lykke, K. R., Lineberger, W. C., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., J. Chem. Phys., 81, 4883, 1984; Lykke, K. R., Mead, R. D., and Lineberger, W. C., Phys. Rev. Lett., 52, 2221, 1984. The EAs are 14,717.7 ± 1.0 cm-1 for acetaldehyde enolate and 14,671.0 ± 1.0 cm-1 for acetaldehyde-d3 enolate. 23. Ellison, G. B., Engelking, P. C., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 86, 4873, 1982. 24. Oakes, J. M., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 105, 2969, 1983. 25. Ellison, G. B., and Oakes, J. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 7734, 1984. EA(allyl) and EA(allyl-d5) are 0.119 and 0.083 eV too low, respectively, in this work, according to Ref. 138. Therefore, EA(allyl-d1) is likely too low by a similar amount. 26. Gunion, R. F., Gilles, M. K., Polak, M. L., and Lineberger, W. C., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 117, 601, 1992. 27. Leopold, D. G., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 85, 51, 1986. 28. Scheer, M., Bilodeau, R. C., Brodie, C. A., and Haugen, H. K., Phys. Rev. A, 58, 2844, 1998. 29. Miller, A. E. S., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 87, 1549, 1987. 30. Miller, T. M., Leopold, D. G., Murray, K. K., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys.,85, 2368, 1986. 31. Miller, T. M., and Lineberger, W. C., Chem. Phys. Lett., 146, 364, 1988. 32. Neumark, D. M., Lykke, K. R., Andersen, T., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 83, 4364, 1985. 33. Leopold, D. G., Miller, T. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 178, 1986. 34. Miller, A. E. S., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 84, 4127, 1986. 35. Murray, K. K., Miller, T. M., Leopold, D. G., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 84, 2520, 1986. 36. Leopold, D. G., Miller, A. E. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 1379, 1986. 37. Li, J., Li, X., Zhai, H. J., and Wang, L.-S., Science 299, 864, 2003; Hakkinen, H., Yoon, B., Landman, U., Li, X., Zhai, H. J., and Wang, L.-S., J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 6168, 2003; Taylor, K. J., Pettiette-Hall, C. L., Cheshnovsky, O., and Smalley, R. E., J. Chem. Phys. 96, 3319, 1992; Handschuh, H., Cha, C.-Y., Bechthold, P. S., Ganteför, G., and Eberhardt, W., J. Chem. Phys., 102, 6406, 1995; Cha, C.-Y., Ganteför, G., and Eberhardt, W., J. Chem. Phys., 99, 6308, 1993; Ho, J., Ervin, K. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 93, 6987, 1990; Leopold, D. G., Ho, J., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 86, 1715, 1987; Pettiette, C. L., Yang, S. H., Craycraft, M. J., Conceicao, J., Laaksonen, R. T., Cheshnovsky, O., and Smalley, R. E., J. Chem. Phys., 88, 5377, 1988. 38. Snodgrass, J. T., Coe, J. V., McHugh, K. M., Friedhoff, C. B., and Bowen, K. H., J. Phys. Chem., 93, 1249, 1989. 39. Friedhoff, C. B., Snodgrass, J. T., Coe, J. V., McHugh, K. M., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys.,84, 1051, 1986. 40. Friedhoff, C. B., Coe, J. V., Snodgrass, J. T., McHugh, K. M., and Bowen, K. H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 124, 268, 1986. 41. Coe, J. V., Snodgrass, J. T., Friedhoff, C. B., McHugh, K. M., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 84, 619, 1986. 42. Snodgrass, J. T., Coe, J. V., Friedhoff, C. B., McHugh, K. M., and Bowen, K. H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 122, 352, 1985. 43. Nimlos, M. R., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 6522, 1986.

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Electron Affinities 244. Li, X., Wang, L.-S., Cannon, N. A., and Boldyrev, A. I., J. Chem. Phys. 116, 1330, 2002. 245. Zhai, H.-J., Wang, L.-S., Alexandrova, A. N., and Boldyrev, A. I., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 7917, 2002. 246. Zhai, H.-J., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 7882, 2002. 247. Liu, S.-R., Zhai, H.-J., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9758, 2002. 248. Mitsui, M., Nakajima, A., and Kaya, K., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9740, 2002. 249. Yang, X., Wang, X.-B., Wang, L.-S., Niu, S., and Ichiye, T., J. Chem. Phys. 119, 8311, 2003. 250. Kim, J., Lee, H. M., Suh, S. B., Majumdar, D., and Kim, K. S., J. Chem. Phys. 113, 5259, 2000. 251. Liu, S. R., Zhai, H. J., and Wang, L.-S., Phys. Rev. B 64, 153402, 2001. 252. Zhai, H. J., Yang, X., Wang, X. B., Wang, L.-S., Elliott, B., and Boldyrev, A. I., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 6742, 2002. 253. Zhai, H. J., Wang, L.-S., Kuznetsov, A. E., and Boldyrev, A. I., J. Phys. Chem. A 106, 5600, 2002. 254. Drechsler, G., and Boesl, U., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 228, 1067, 2003. 255. Illenberger, E, Comita, P. B., Brauman, J. I., Fenzlaff, H. P., Heni, M., Heinrich, N., Koch, and W., Fenking, G., Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 89, 1026, 1985; Jackson, R. L., Pellerite, M. J., and Brauman, J. I., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 1802, 1981. 256. Miller, T. M., Friedman, J. F., and Viggiano, A. A., J. Chem. Phys. 120, 7024, 2004. 257. Miller, T. M., Van Doren, J. M., and Viggiano, A. A., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 233, 67, 2004. 258. Van Doren, J. M., McSweeney, S. A., Hargus, M. D., Kerr, D. M., Miller, T. M., Arnold, S. T., and Viggiano, A. A., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 228, 541, 2003. 259. Van Doren, J. M., Miller, T. M., and Viggiano, A. A., J. Chem. Phys. 123, 114303, 2005. 260. Miller, T. M., and Viggiano, A. A., Phys. Rev. A 71, 012702, 2005. 261. Haeffler, G., Klinkmueller, A. E., Rangell, J., Berzinsh, U., and Hanstorp, D., Z. Phys. D 38, 211, 1996. 262. Bilodeau, R. C., and Haugen, H. K., Phys. Rev. A 64, 024501, 2001. 263. Miller, T. M., Viggiano, A. A., Friedman, J. F., and Van Doren, J. M., J. Chem. Phys. 121, 9993, 2004. 264. Davis, V. T., and Thompson, J. S., Phys. Rev. A 65, 010501, 2001. Theoretical work implies that the measured EA(Tm) was actually for a long-lived excited anion state, and that Tm does not form a stable anion. See O’Malley, S. M., and Beck, D. R., Phys. Rev. A 70, 022502, 2004. 265. Gianola, A. J., Ichino, T., Hoenigman, R. L., Kato, S., Bierbaum, V. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. A 108, 10326, 2004. 266. Staneke, P. O., Groothuis, G., Ingemann, S., and Nibbering, N. M. M., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 142, 83, 1995. A Gaussian-3 calculation yields EA(CCl4) = 0.994 eV [Ed.]. 267. Meloni, G., Ferguson, M. J., and Neumark, D. M., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5, 4073, 2003. 268. Davis, V. T., and Thompson, J. S., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 37, 1961, 2004. 269. Davis, V. T., and Thompson, J. S., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 073003, 2002. 270. Ando, N., Kokubo, S., Mitsui, M., and Nakajima, A., Chem. Phys. Lett. 389, 279, 2004. 271. Zhai, H.-J., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 120, 8996, 2004. 272. Surber, E., and Sanov, A., J. Chem. Phys. 116, 5921, 2002. 273. Dzuba, V. A., and Gribakin, G. F., Phys. Rev. A 55, 2443, 1997. 274. Meloni, G., Sheehan, S. M., Ferguson, M. J., and Neumark, D. M., J. Phys. Chem. A 108, 9750, 2004. 275. Zhai, H.-J., Li, J., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 121, 8369, 2004. 276. Zhai, H.-J., Kiran, B., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 121, 8231, 2004. 277. Kim, J., Kelley, J. A., Ayotte, P., Nielsen, S. B., Weddle, G. H., and Johnson, M. A., J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 10, 810, 1999. 278. Misaizu, F., Tsunoyama, H., Yasumura, Y., Ohshimo, K., and Ohno, K., Chem. Phys. Lett. 389, 241, 2004. See also Ref. 236 for comments on EA(CS). 279. Meloni, G., Sheehan, S. M., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys. 122, 074317, 2005 280. Yoder, B. L., Maze, J. T., Raghavachari, K., and Jarrold, C. C., J. Chem. Phys. 122, 094313, 2005.

Electron Affinities 281. Ervin, K. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys. 122, 194303, 2005. 282. Ichino, T., Gianola, A. J., Andrews, D. H., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. A 108, 11307, 2004. 283. Das, U., Raghavachari, K., and Jarrold, C. C., J. Chem. Phys. 122, 014313, 2005. 284. Schiedt, J., and Weinkauf, R., J. Chem. Phys. 110, 304, 1999. 285. Le Barbu, K., Schiedt, J., Weinkauf, R., Schlag, E. W., Nilles, J. M., Xu, S.-J., Thomas, O. C., and Bowen, J. H., J. Chem. Phys. 116, 9663, 2002. Uncertainties not stated. 286. Schiedt, J., and Weinkauf, R., Chem. Phys. Lett. 266, 201, 1997. The uncertainty for EA(anthracene) quoted as ±0.008 eV in a later paper (Ref. 230). 287. Chatterjee, B., Akin, F. A., Jarrold, C. C., and Raghavachari, K., J. Phys. Chem. A 109, 6880, 2005. 288. Zhai, H.-J., Kiran, B., Dai, B., Li, J., and Wang, L.-S., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 127, 12098, 2005. 289. Moravec, V. D., Klopcic, S. A., and Jarrold, C. C., J. Chem. Phys. 110, 5079, 1999. 290. Klopcic, S. A., Moravec, V. D., and Jarrold, C. C., J. Chem. Phys. 110, 10216, 1999. 291. Moravec, V. D., and Jarrold, C. C., J. Chem. Phys., 112, 792, 2000. 292. Moravec, V. D., and Jarrold, C. C., J. Chem. Phys. 113, 1035, 2000. 293. Chatterjee, B., Akin, F. A., Jarrold, C. C., and Raghavachari, K., J. Chem. Phys. 119, 10591, 2003. 294. Schröder, D., Brown, R., Schwerdtfeger, P., Wang, X. B., Yang, X., Wang, L. S., and Schwarz, H., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42, 311, 2003.

10-173 295. Zheng, W., Nilles, J. M., Thomas, O. C., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys. 122, 044306, 2005. 296. Duan, X., Burggraf, L. W., Weeks, D. E., Davico, G. E., Schwartz, R. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys. 116, 3601, 2002. 297. Meloni, G., Sheehan, S. M., Parsons, B. F., and Neumark, D. M., J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 3527, 2006. 298. Alexandrova, A. N., Boldyrev, A. I., Zhai, H.-J., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 122, 054313, 2005. 299. Davico, G. E., Schwartz, R. L., Raymond, T. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, 6167, 1999. EA(WO2) may be lower than 1.998 eV by either 0.040 or 0.080 eV depending on the precise assignment of structures in the photoelectron spectrum. 300. Huang, X., Zhai, H.-J., Li, J., and Wang, L.-S., J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 85, 2006. 301. Zhai, H.-J., Wang, L.-S., Zubarev, Yu, D., and Boldyrev, A. I., J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 1689, 2006. 302. Sheehan, S. M., Meloni, G., Parsons, B. F., Wehres, N., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 124, 064303, 2006. 303. Tschurl, M., and Boesl, U., Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 249/250, 364, 2006. 304. Nee, M. J., Osterwalder, A., Zhou, J., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 125, 014306, 2006. 305. Zanni, M. T., Taylor, T. R., Greenblatt, B. J., Soep, B., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 110, 3748, 1997. 306. Zhai, H.-J., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys., 125, 164315, 2006. 307. Waters, T., Woo, H.-K., Wang, X.B., and Wang, L.-S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 4282, 2006.

Proton Affinities Proton affinity is a useful parameter for describing gas phase ion-molecule reactions in fields such as atmospheric chemistry, plasma chemistry, mass spectrometry, and astrophysics. The proton affinity Epa (often designated in the literature as PA) of a molecular species M is defined as the negative of the enthalpy change for the gas phase reaction

References

M + H+ → MH+.



A closely related quantity is the gas phase basicity ΔbaseG° (often designated as GB), which is the negative of the Gibbs energy change for the same reaction. Thus the two are related by ΔbaseG° = Epa + TΔS,



where T is the temperature and ΔS is the entropy change in the reaction (which can be calculated if the molecular structure of M and M+ is known). Direct measurement of the proton affinity is possible for only a few molecules, mainly olefins and carbonyl compounds. However, these measurements have been used to establish a scale of Epa values that permits proton affinities to be determined for many other molecules, including unstable species and reaction intermediates. The basis for this scale is described by Hunter and Lias in Reference 1. The Epa and ΔbaseG° values at a temperature of 298 K are tabulated below for selected molecules. Many values are given to one decimal place, but the majority are not accurate to better than one or two kilojoules per mole. The methods of measurement are deMolecular formula Ar AsF3 AsH3 BHO2 BH3O3 B2H6 B3H6N3 B4H10 B5H9 BaO Br BrH BrLi CaO Cl ClH ClLi Co Cr CsHO Cs2O Cu F FH FO F2 F2O2S

10-174

scribed in Reference 1, which contains a much more extensive and detailed tabulation. Compounds are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order, but with all compounds that do not contain carbon appearing before those that do contain carbon.

Name Argon Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsine Metaboric acid Boric acid Diborane Borazine Tetraborane(10) Pentaborane(9) Barium oxide Bromine (atomic) Hydrogen bromide Lithium bromide Calcium oxide Chlorine (atomic) Hydrogen chloride Lithium chloride Cobalt Chromium Cesium hydroxide Cesium oxide Copper Fluorine (atomic) Hydrogen fluoride Fluorine oxide Fluorine Sulfuryl fluoride

1. Hunter, E. P. L., and Lias, S. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27, 413, 1998. 2. Hunter, E. P., and Lias, S. G., “Proton Affinity Evaluation”, in NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, Linstrom, P. J., and Mallard, W. G., Eds., March 2003, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, . 3. Do, K., Klein, T. P., Pommerening, C. A., Bachrach, S. M., and Sunderlin, L. S., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 6093, 1998. 4. Kim, H.-T., Green, R. J., Qian, J., and Anderson, S. L., J. Chem. Phys. 112, 5717, 2000. 5. Park, S. T., Kim, S. K., and Kim, M. S., J. Chem. Phys. 114, 5568, 2001. 6. Hiraoka, K., Mizuno, T., Eguchi, D., Takao, T., and Ino, S., J. Chem. Phys. 116, 7574, 2002. 7. Oresmaa, L. O., Haukka, M., Vainiotalo, P., and Pakkanen, T. A., J. Org. Chem. 67, 8216, 2002. 8. Wang, F., Ma, S., Zhang, D., and Cooks, R. G., J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 2988, 1998. 9. Bouchoux, G., Gal, J.-F., Szulejko, J. E., McMahon, T. B., Tortajada, J., Luna, A., Yanez, M., and Mo, O., J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 9183, 1998. 10. van Beelen, E., Koblenz, T. A., Ingemann, S. and Hammerum, S., J. Phys. Chem. A 108, 2728, 2004.

Epa kJ/mol 369.2 636.7 747.9 763.0 728.1 615 802.5 605 699.4 1215.4 554.4 584.2 819 1190.6 513.6 556.9 827 742.7 791.3 1117.9 1442.9 655.3 340.1 484 508.7 332 605.5

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 346.3 604.2 712.0 730.5 698.4 586.0 772.8 572.5 666.9 1187.6 531.2 557.7 792.5 1162.3 490.1 530.1 800.5 719.8 768.4 1092.2 1412.2 632.4 315.1 456.7 482.2 305.5 580.5

Notes

Proton Affinities Molecular formula F3N F3OP F 3P F4Si F 6S Fe FeO GeH4 HI HKO HLi HLiO HNO3 HN3 HNa HNaO HO HO2 HP H2 H2N2O2 H2O H2O2 H2O4S H2P H2S H2Se H2Si H2Te H3N H3P H4N2 H4Si H6OSi2 He I K2O Kr La Li2 Li2O Lu Mg MgO Mg2 Mn N NO NO2 NP N2 N2O N2O Na2 Na2O Ne Ni O OP OSi

10-175 Name Nitrogen trifluoride Phosphoryl fluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Tetrafluorosilane Sulfur hexafluoride Iron Iron(II) oxide Germane Hydrogen iodide Potassium hydroxide Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Sodium hydride Sodium hydroxide Hydroxyl Hydroperoxy Phosphorus monohydride Hydrogen Nitramide Water Hydrogen peroxide Sulfuric acid Phosphino Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen selenide Silylene Hydrogen telluride Ammonia Phosphine Hydrazine Silane Disiloxane Helium Iodine (atomic) Potassium oxide Krypton Lanthanum Dilithium Lithium oxide Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium oxide Dimagnesium Manganese Nitrogen (atomic) Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Phosphorus nitride Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrous oxide Disodium Sodium oxide Neon Nickel Oxygen (atomic) Phosphorus monoxide Silicon monoxide

Epa kJ/mol 568.4 694.0 695.3 502.9 575.3 754 907 713.4 627.5 1101.8 1021.7 1000.1 751.4 756.0 1095 1071.8 593.2 660 670.3 422.3 757.4 691 674.5 717 709.2 705 707.8 839.2 735.9 853.6 785 853.2 639.7 749 177.8 608.2 1342.5 424.6 1013 1162 1206 992 819.6 988 919 797.3 342.2 531.8 591.0 789.4 493.8 549.8 575.2 1146.8 1375.9 198.8 737 485.2 682 777.8

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 538.6 664.2 662.8 476.6 550.7 731.1 880.5 687.1 601.3 1075.4 996.4 972.1 731.5 723.5 1070.6 1044.8 564.0 627.5 639.6 394.7 725.0 660.0 643.8 681 675.7 673.8 676.4 804.1 704.5 819.0 750.9 822.4 613.4 718.3 148.5 583.5 1311.8 402.4 991.9 1133.1 1175.3 970.6 797.3 959.4 886.5 774.4 318.7 505.3 560.3 757.0 464.5 523.3 548.7 1118.2 1345.2 174.4 714.1 459.6 649.5 750.4

Notes

Ref. 3

Protonation at N Protonation at O

Protonation at O

Proton Affinities

10-176 Molecular formula OSi OSr O2 O2S O3 O3S O4Os P Pd Rh Ru S SSi SSi Sc Si Ti U V Xe Y Zn CBrF3 CBrN CClF3 CClN CCl2 CCl2S CFN CF2 CF2O CF3I CF3NO CF4 CHCl CHF CHF3 CHF3O3S CHN CHN CHNO CHNO CHO CHO2 CH2F2 CH2N2 CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH2S CH2Se CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH3N3

Name Silicon monoxide Strontium oxide Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ozone Sulfur trioxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Phosphorus Palladium Rhodium Ruthenium Sulfur Silicon monosulfide Silicon monosulfide Scandium Silicon Titanium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Yttrium Zinc Bromotrifluoromethane Cyanogen bromide Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Dichloromethylene Carbonothioic dichloride Cyanogen fluoride Difluoromethylene Carbonyl fluoride Trifluoroiodomethane Trifluoronitrosomethane Tetrafluoromethane Chloromethylene Fluoromethylene Trifluoromethane Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen isocyanide Isocyanic acid (HNCO) Fulminic acid Oxomethyl (HCO) Formyloxyl Difluoromethane Diazomethane Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Thioformaldehyde Selenoformaldehyde Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrite Methyl nitrate Methyl azide

Epa kJ/mol 533 1209 421 672.3 625.5 588.3 676.9 626.8 696 768 774 664.3 627 683 914 837 876 995.2 859.4 499.6 967 608.6 580.0 749.8 571.3 722.1 861 752.5 632 765 666.7 628.0 703.3 529.3 874.1 797.9 619.5 699.4 712.9 772.3 753 758 636 623.4 620.5 858.9 805.6 712.9 742.0 759.7 764.0 664.2 647.3 598.9 691.7 822.2 754.6 798.9 733.6 833

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 500.5 1180.7 396.3 643.3 595.9 560.3 650.6 604.8 673.4 745.4 751.4 640.2 596.6 660.2 892.0 814.1 853.7 973.2 836.8 478.1 945.9 586.0 550.3 719.2 541.5 691.5 828.5 721.8 601.3 732.5 637.0 598.2 670.8 503.7 839.9 763.8 589.7 666.9 681.6 739.8 718.8 725.5 601.8 590.9 589.7 826.7 774.9 683.3 710.3 730.5 734.9 638.0 621.1 571.5 665.5 791.2 721.6 766.4 714.8 800.5

Notes Protonation at Si

Protonation at Si Protonation at S

Proton Affinities Molecular formula CH4 CH4N CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4O CH4O3S CH4S CH5N CH5NO CH5N3 CH5P CH6N2 CN CNS CO CO COS COSe CO2 CS CS2 CSe CSe2 C2ClF3O C2Cl3N C2F3N C2H C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HF C2HF3 C2HF3O2 C2H2 C2H2ClN C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2O C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3O C2H3F C2H3FO2 C2H3F3O C2H3F3O C2H3N C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NS C2H3NS C2H3N3 C2H3N3 C2H4 C2H4F2O C2H4F3N C2H4N2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4S C2H5Br

10-177 Name Methane Methylamidogen Urea Thiourea Methanol Methanesulfonic acid Methanethiol Methylamine O-Methylhydroxylamine Guanidine Methylphosphine Methylhydrazine Cyanide Thiocyanate Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon dioxide Carbon monosulfide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoselenide Carbon diselenide Trifluoroacetyl chloride Trichloroacetonitrile Trifluoroacetonitrile Ethynyl Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Fluoroacetylene Trifluoroethene Trifluoroacetic acid Acetylene Chloroacetonitrile 1,1-Difluoroethene trans-1,2-Difluoroethene Ketene Chloroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol Fluoroethene Fluoroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Methyl trifluoromethyl ether Acetonitrile Isocyanomethane Methyl isocyanate Methyl thiocyanate Methyl isothiocyanate 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 1H-1,2,4-Triazole Ethylene 2,2-Difluoroethanol 2,2,2-Trifluoroethylamine Aminoacetonitrile Acetaldehyde Oxirane Acetic acid Methyl formate Thiirane Bromoethane

Epa kJ/mol 543.5 832.8 873.5 893.7 754.3 761.3 773.4 899.0 844.8 986.3 851.5 898.8 >595 751 594 426.3 628.5 670 540.5 791.5 681.9 831.8 725 681.6 723.2 688.4 753 722.3 770.0 686 699.4 711.7 641.4 745.7 734 688.6 825.3 765.4 729.3 729 765.4 700.2 719.2 779.2 839.1 764.4 796.7 799.2 879.3 886.0 680.5 727.4 846.8 824.9 768.5 774.2 783.7 782.5 807.4 696.2

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 520.6 801.6 841.6 863.9 724.5 728.9 742 864.5 812.3 949.4 817.6 866.4 >564 718.5 562.8 402.2 602.6 644.1 515.8 760 657.7 800.2 700.9 649.8 692.6 657.7 720.8 690.5 739.1 661.3 666.9 680.7 616.7 715.1 705.1 657.9 793.6 734.5 698.9 700.1 734.5 669.9 690.0 748 806.6 732.0 766.1 766.7 847.4 855.9 651.5 697.0 812.9 791.0 736.5 745.3 752.8 751.5 777.6 669.7

Notes

Protonation at O; Ref. 8

Protonation at N Protonation at C Protonation at O Protonation at S Protonation at Se

Protonation at C

Proton Affinities

10-178 Molecular formula C2H5BrO C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5F C2H5FO C2H5I C2H5N C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NS C2H6 C2H6Hg C2H6N2 C2H6N2 C2H6N2O C2H6N2O2 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H7O3P C2H7P C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C2O C3 C3F6O C3HN C3H2F6O C3H2N2 C3H3 C3H3Cl3O C3H3F3O C3H3F3O2 C3H3N C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H3NS C3H3N3 C3H4 C3H4 C3H4 C3H4ClN C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4N2S C3H4O

Name 2-Bromoethanol Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Fluoroethane 2-Fluoroethanol Iodoethane Ethenamine Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethyl nitrite Glycine Acetohydroxamic acid Thioacetamide Ethane Dimethyl mercury Ethanimidamide trans-Dimethyldiazene 2-Aminoacetamide N-Methyl-N-nitromethanamine Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,2-Ethanediol Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite Dimethylphosphine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen Dicarbon monoxide Carbon trimer Perfluoroacetone Cyanoacetylene 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol Malononitrile 2-Propynyl 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanone 1,1,1-Trifluoroacetone Methyl trifluoroacetate Acrylonitrile Oxazole Isoxazole 2-Oxopropanenitrile Thiazole 1,3,5-Triazine Allene Propyne Cyclopropene 3-Chloropropanenitrile 1H-Pyrazole Imidazole 2-Thiazolamine Acrolein

Epa kJ/mol 766.1 693.4 766.1 683.4 715.6 724.8 898.9 905.5 863.6 851.3 765.7 818.9 886.5 854.0 884.6 596.3 771.6 970.7 865.1 828.3 776.4 792 884.4 815.9 789.6 830.9 815.3 912.0 929.5 930.3 894.8 912.0 951.6 927.1 674.7 774.7 767.0 670.4 751.2 686.6 723.0 741 768.3 723.9 740.5 784.7 876.4 848.6 746.9 904 848.8 775.3 748.2 818.5 773.1 894.1 942.8 930.6 797.0

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 735.7 666.9 735.7 655.8 685.2 698.3 866.5 872.5 832.6 820.3 733.2 786.4 852.2 823.0 852.8 569.9 740.8 938.2 834.4 882.3 795.8 746 764.5 853.7 773.6 758.4 801.2 782.8 878 896.5 896.8 862.4 877.9 912.5 894.7 645.8 747.0 736.3 639.7 720.5 656.2 694.1 708.5 736.3 692.0 709.6 753.7 844.5 816.8 716.2 872.1 819.6 745.8 723.0 787.8 742.4 860.5 909.2 898.7 765.1

Notes

Proton Affinities Molecular formula C3H4O C3H4O3 C3H5 C3H5 C3H5ClO2 C3H5FO C3H5F3O C3H5N C3H5N C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NO C3H5NO C3H5NS C3H5N3 C3H5N3 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6N2 C3H6N2 C3H6N2S C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H6S C3H6S C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2S C3H7NO3 C3H8 C3H8N2O C3H8N2S C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9As C3H9BO3 C3H9N

10-179 Name 1-Propen-1-one Ethylene carbonate Allyl Cyclopropyl Ethyl chloroformate 1-Fluoro-2-propanone 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether Propanenitrile 2-Propyn-1-amine Ethyl isocyanide Acrylamide Methoxyacetonitrile 2-Azetidinone (Methylthio)acetonitrile 1H-Pyrazol-3-amine 1H-Pyrazol-4-amine Propene Cyclopropane 3-Aminopropanenitrile Dimethylcyanamide 2-Imidazolidinethione Methyl vinyl ether Propanal Acetone Oxetane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Dimethyl carbonate (Methylthio)ethene Thietane Methylthiirane Allylamine Cyclopropylamine Azetidine 1-Methylaziridine Propyleneimine N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide Propanamide Isopropyl nitrite L-Alanine Sarcosine L-Cysteine L-Serine Propane N,N’-Dimethylurea N,N’-Dimethylthiourea 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,3-Propanediol 2-Methoxyethanol Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide Trimethylarsine Trimethyl borate Propylamine

Epa kJ/mol 834.1 814.2 736 738.9 764.8 795.4 747.6 794.1 887.4 851.3 870.7 758.1 852.6 784.8 921.5 907.6 741.6 750.3 866.4 852.1 921.9 859.2 786.0 812 801.3 797.2 799.4 821.6 830.2 858.2 834.8 833.3 909.5 904.7 943.4 934.8 925.1 887.5 888.5 876.2 845.5 901.6 921.2 903.2 914.6 625.7 903.3 926.0 786.5 793.0 808.6 876.2 768.8 874.8 794.9 803.6 846.5 897.3 815.8 917.8

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 803.4 784.4 707.4 702.0 733.8 763.5 718.4 763.0 853.5 818.9 839.8 727.4 821.7 754.1 889.6 874.0 722.2 832.5 821.4 891.2 830.3 754.0 782.1 773.9 766.2 768.4 790.7 799.2 829.3 805.0 801.5 875.5 869.9 908.6 904.1 892.1 856.6 857.6 845.3 813.0 867.7 888.7 869.3 880.7 607.8 873.5 895.1 756.1 762.6 781.2 825.9 729.8 820 763.6 772.3 815.3 864.9 783.4 883.9

Notes

Ref. 5

Proton Affinities

10-180 Molecular formula C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H9O3P C3H9O4P C3H9P C3H10N2 C3H10OSi C4F8 C4H2 C4H4F6O C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2S2 C4H4O C4H4O3 C4H4S C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5F3O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5NS C4H5N3O C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6F3NO C4H6N2 C4H6N2 C4H6N2 C4H6N2 C4H6N2 C4H6N2 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H7 C4H7N C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO

Name Isopropylamine Ethylmethylamine Trimethylamine 2-Methoxyethylamine Trimethylamine oxide 3-Amino-1-propanol Trimethyl phosphite Trimethyl phosphate Trimethylphosphine 1,3-Propanediamine Trimethylsilanol Perfluorocyclobutane 1,3-Butadiyne Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether Pyrazine Pyrimidine Pyridazine Uracil 2,4(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinedithione Furan Succinic anhydride Thiophene Ethyl trichloroacetate Ethyl trifluoroacetate Pyrrole Cyclopropanecarbonitrile Ethyl cyanoformate 2-Methylthiazole Cytosine 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 2-Butyne Cyclobutene 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N,Ndimethylacetamide 1-Methylimidazol 2-Methyl-1H-imidazole 4-Methyl-1H-imidazole 1-Methyl-1H-pyrazole 3-Methyl-1H-pyrazole 4-Methyl-1H-pyrazole 2-Methylpropenal 3-Buten-2-one Cyclobutanone 2,3-Dihydrofuran 2,5-Dihydrofuran trans-2-Butenoic acid Methacrylic acid Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2,3-Butanedione γ-Butyrolactone 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin Acetic anhydride 2-Methylallyl Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile 1-Isocyanopropane 2-Butenamide

Epa kJ/mol 923.8 942.2 948.9 928.6 983.2 962.5 929.7 890.6 958.8 987.0 814.0 >544 737.2 702.3 877.1 885.8 907.2 872.7 911.4 812 797 815.0 790.4 758.8 875.4 808.2 745.7 930.6 949.9 778.9 783.4 775.8 784.4 849.0

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 889.0 909.2 918.1 894.6 953.5 917.3 899.9 860.8 926.3 940.0 781.5

959.6 963.4 952.8 912.0 906.0 906.8 808.7 834.7 802.5 866.9 823.4 824.0 816.7 821.4 813.9 825.8 801.9 840.0 823.5 844 778 798.4 803.6 856.8 887.1

927.7 929.6 920.9 880.1 874.2 873.4 776.8 802.8 772.7 834.4 796 793 785.7 790.4 782.9 794.8 770.1 808.1 792.8

712.8 674.9 847.0 855.7 877.1 841.7 880.5 781 784.3 759.4 727.9 843.8 777.5 714.7 898.7 918 749.8 757.6 745.1 753.6 818.0

747.3 767.7 772.8 824.3 856.1

Notes

Ref. 6

Ref. 10 Ref. 9

Ref. 9

Proton Affinities Molecular formula C4H7NO C4H7NO4 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8N2 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O3 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O3 C4H8S C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H9NS C4H10 C4H10N2 C4H10N2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C4H12N2 C4H12N2 C4H12Sn

10-181 Name 2-Methyl-2-propenamide L-Aspartic acid trans-2-Butene Isobutene (Dimethylamino)acetonitrile L-Asparagine N-Glycylglycine Ethyl vinyl ether 2-Methoxy-1-propene Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Propyl formate Isopropyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl methyl carbonate Tetrahydrothiophene Pyrrolidine N-Methylpropanamide 2-Methylpropanamide N-Ethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine tert-Butyl nitrite Ethyl N-methylcarbamate L-Threonine N,N-Dimethylthioacetamide Isobutane Piperazine 3-Ethyl-3-methyldiaziridine 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether 1,4-Butanediol 1,2-Dimethoxyethane 1,2,4-Butanetriol 1-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Isopropylmethylamine Ethyldimethylamine N-Ethyl-N-hydroxyethanamine 4-Amino-1-butanol Diethanolamine 1,4-Butanediamine N,N’-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine Tetramethylstannane

Epa kJ/mol 880.4 908.9 747 802.1 884.5 929 870.1 894.9 792.7 797.3 827.3 822.1 804.9 811.3 835.7 830.2 825.4 797.4 842.7 849.1 948.3 920.4 878.6 898.0 908.0 924.3 863.9 888.8 922.5 925.3 677.8 943.7 903.8 789.2 815.7 793.7 802.6 828.4 814.9 826.3 915.6 858.0 905.9 801.7 802.6 816.4 856.7 921.5 934.1 924.8 952.4 952.4 960.1 914.7 984.5 953 1005.6 989.2 823.7

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 849.4 875 719.9 775.6 853.7 891.5 882 840.4 866.1 760.8 765.5 795.5 794.7 773.9 780.3 804.7 799.2 796.2 770.0 810.8 819.3 915.3 889.4 846.7 867.0 877.0 891.2 831.4 857.8 888.5 894.4 671.3 914.7 871.3 758.9 784.6 762.2 772.2 801 785.7 797.1 854.9 820.2 841 770.5 771.4 785.1 827.0 886.6 899.9 890.8 919.4 919.4 929.1 882.2 932.1 920 954.3 946.9 797.4

Notes

Proton Affinities

10-182 Molecular formula C4H14OSi2 C4NiO4 C5F5N C5FeO5 C5H3ClN4 C5H4BrN C5H4BrN C5H4BrN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4FN C5H4FN C5H4N2O2 C5H4N2O3 C5H4N4 C5H4N4O C5H5 C5H5N C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5N5 C5H5N5O C5H6 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2O2 C5H6O C5H6O C5H6O3 C5H6O3 C5H6S C5H7F3O2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8N2 C5H8N2 C5H8N2 C5H8N2 C5H8N2 C5H8N2 C5H8N2 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2

Name 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane Nickel carbonyl Perfluoropyridine Iron pentacarbonyl 6-Chloro-1H-purine 2-Bromopyridine 3-Bromopyridine 4-Bromopyridine 2-Chloropyridine 3-Chloropyridine 4-Chloropyridine 3-Fluoropyridine 2-Fluoropyridine 4-Nitropyridine 4-Nitropyridine 1-oxide 1H-Purine Hypoxanthine Cyclopentadienyl Pyridine 3-Pyridinol Pyridine-1-oxide Adenine Guanine 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Pyridinamine 3-Pyridinamine 4-Pyridinamine Thymine 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran Glutaric anhydride 3-Methylsuccinic anhydride 2-Methylthiophene Propyl trifluoroacetate trans-1,3-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 2-Pentyne 3-Methyl-1-butyne Cyclopentene 1-Methylcyclobutene Vinylcyclopropane 3,3-Dimethylcyclopropene 1,3-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole 1,4-Dimethyl-1H-imidazole 1,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole 3,4-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole 3,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole 1,2-Dimethyl-1H-imidazole 1,5-Dimethyl-1H-imidazole trans-2-Pentenal 3-Methyl-2-butenal 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid cis-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid Methyl trans-2-butenoate Methyl methacrylate

Epa kJ/mol 845.3 742.3 764.9 833.0 873.6 904.8 910.0 917.8 900.9 903.4 916.1 902.0 884.6 874.3 868.0 920.1 912.3 831.5 930 929.5 923.6 942.8 959.5 821.6 947.2 954.4 979.7 880.9 865.9 854.0 816 807 859.0 763.9 834.1 826.4 810.2 814.9 766.3 841.5 816.3 847.8 933.9 976.7 934.3 927.3 933.5 984.7 977.6 839.0 856.9 843.1 854.9 823.7 865.8 822.9 822.5 817.4 851.3 831.4

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 814.6 716.0 733.0 798.5 841.7 873.0 878.2 886.0 869 871.5 884.2 870.1 852.7 842.5 837.3 888.2 880.5 799.1 898.1 897.7 892.9 912.5 927.6 798.4 915.3 922.6 947.8 850.0 833.5 821.5

826.5 732.9 804.4 797.6 778.0 787.8 733.8 807.3 787.5 817.1 902.3 944.9 902.8 895.4 900.1 952.6 945.8 807.2 825.0 811.3 823 794.0 833.4 791.9 791.5 786.4 820.4 800.5

Notes

Ref. 9 Ref. 9

Proton Affinities Molecular formula C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9N C5H9N C5H9NO C5H9NO C5H9NO C5H9NO2 C5H9NO4 C5H9N3 C5H10 C5H10N2O C5H10N2O3 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10S C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S C5H12N2O C5H12N2S C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12S C5H12Si C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N3 C5H14N2 C5H14N2 C5H14N2 C6CrO6 C6F6 C6HF5 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3F3

10-183 Name Methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate 2,4-Pentanedione 2-Isocyano-2-methylpropane 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propyne Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 3-Ethoxypropanenitrile N,N-Dimethyl-2-propenamide N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone L-Proline L-Glutamic acid Histamine 2-Methyl-2-butene 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone L-Glutamine Allyl ethyl ether Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Butyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate cis-1,2-Cyclopentanediol Thiacyclohexane Allyldimethylamine Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide L-Valine L-Methionine Tetramethylurea Tetramethylthiourea 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl isopropyl ether 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol Vinyltrimethylsilane Pentylamine 2-Methyl-2-butanamine 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine Ethylisopropylamine N,N-Dimethyl-1-propanamine Diethylmethylamine 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethylmethanediamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine 1,5-Pentanediamine Chromium carbonyl Hexafluorobenzene Pentafluorobenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3-Trifluorobenzene

Epa kJ/mol 842.1 873.5 870.7 940.3 802.4 810.9 807.2 904.3 923.5 920.5 913.0 999.8 808.8 918.4 937.8 833.7 796.6 832.7 836.8 836.3 822.8 840.8 806.0 836.6 836.6 836.4 836.6 885.6 855.8 957.8 954.0 965.6 889.0 910.6 935.4 930.6 947.6 795.5 820.3 841.6 842.7 809.5 833 923.5 937.8 928.3 960.0 962.8 971.0 1031.6 952.2 1025.0 999.6 739.2 648.0 690.4 700.4 747.3 746.5 724.3

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 811.2 836.8 838.3 909.5 771.7 780.2 776.5 873.4 891.6 886.0 879.1 961.9 779.9 886.0 900 804.5 764.8 800.9 807 804.4 795.4 811.6 775 805.6 805.6 805.4 805.7 853.1 826.0 926.8 921 934.8 857.2 876.7 901.5 899.6 916.6 765.2 791.2 812.4 813.5 778.2 804.1 889.5 903.6 894.0 926.7 931.9 940.0 997.4 919.8 975.3 946.2 714.6 624.4 662.7 672.7 719.6 718.8 696.6

Notes

Proton Affinities

10-184 Molecular formula C6H3F3 C6H3F3 C6H4 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4O2 C6H5 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H5N3 C6H5O C6H6 C6H6BrN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClNO C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6IN C6H6N C6H6N2O C6H6N2O2 C6H6N4 C6H6O C6H6O C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H8 C6H8 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2O C6H8O C6H8O C6H8O C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O3

Name 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene Benzyne o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile p-Benzoquinone Phenyl Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Nitrosobenzene 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Nitrobenzene Azidobenzene Phenoxy Benzene 3-Bromoaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline 2-Chloro-4-methylpyridine 2-Chloro-6-methylpyridine 2-Chloro-6-methoxypyridine 3-Fluoroaniline 4-Fluoroaniline 3-Iodoaniline Anilino 3-Pyridinecarboxamide 4-Nitroaniline 6-Methyl-1H-purine Bis(2-propynyl) ether Phenol Bis(2-propynyl)amine Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 1-Methyl-2(1H)-pyridinone 2-Aminophenol 3-Aminophenol 2-Methoxypyridine 3-Methoxypyridine 4-Methoxypyridine 3-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 1,4-Cyclohexadiene 1,2-Benzenediamine 1,3-Benzenediamine 1,4-Benzenediamine Bis(2-cyanoethyl) ether 2,4-Dimethylfuran 2,5-Dimethylfuran 3,4-Dimethylfuran 1,3-Cyclohexanedione 1,4-Cyclohexanedione 1,2-Cyclohexanedione 4-Methylglutaric anhydride

Epa kJ/mol 729.5 741.9 841 731.2 749.7 718.7 872.9 877.0 880.6 799.1 884 754.1 753.1 755.9 854.3 904.6 800.3 820 873.2 750.4 873.2 868.1 873.8 921.2 908.0 909.9 867.3 871.5 878.7 949.8 918.3 866.0 939.2 783.9 817.3 910.0 882.5 949.1 943.4 947.2 925.8 898.8 898.8 934.7 942.7 961.7 935.2 837 837 896.5 929.9 905.9 813.8 894.7 865.9 869.0 881.2 812.5 849.6 820

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 699.4 715.4 808.5 703.5 722 692.8 841 845.1 848.8 769.3 851.5 725.8 724.6 726.6 823.6 872.8 769.5 787.5 725.4 841.4 836.3 842.0 889.4 876.2 878.0 835.5 839.7 846.8 917.4 886.4 834.2 907.3 756.5 786.3 876.9 850.6 917.3 911.6 915.3 894.8 866.9 866.9 902.8 910.9 929.8 902.8 804.5 808.0 865.8 899.2 874.0 786.4 862.3 835.2 838.3 849.4 782.7 818.9

Notes

Ref. 4

Ref. 9

Proton Affinities Molecular formula C6H9F3O2 C6H9N C6H9N3O2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10N2 C6H10N2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H11N C6H11NO C6H11N3O4 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12N2 C6H12N2O3 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H13N C6H13N C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H14N2O2 C6H14N4O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O3 C6H14S C6H14S C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N

10-185 Name Butyl trifluoroacetate 2,5-Dimethylpyrrole L-Histidine Methylenecyclopentane (1-Methylvinyl)cyclopropane 2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Cyclohexene 1-Methylcyclopentene 1,3,5-Trimethyl-1H-pyrazole 3,4,5-Trimethyl-1H-pyrazole 7-Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane trans-3-Hexen-2-one Diallyl ether Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid 2,5-Hexanedione N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine 1-Methyl-2-piperidinone N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine 1-Hexene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Triethylenediamine N-L-Alanyl-L-alanine Oxepane 3-Hexanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone cis-1,3-Cyclohexanediol trans-1,3-Cyclohexanediol Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Diacetone alcohol α-D-Glucose β-D-Glucose N,N,2-Trimethylpropenylamine Cyclohexylamine 1-Methylpiperidine Hexahydro-1H-azepine N,N-Dimethylbutanamide N,N-Diethylacetamide L-Leucine L-Isoleucine L-Lysine L-Arginine Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether tert-Butyl ethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipropyl sulfide Diisopropyl sulfide Butyldimethylamine Isobutyldimethylamine Hexylamine Dipropylamine

Epa kJ/mol 764.8 918.7 988 832.4 871.6 864.9 852.3 835.0 799.8 806.1 784.5 816.5 949.3 949.3 844.2 848.1 865.6 827.4 841.0 878.7 817.4 892.0 949.3 924.4 966.8 805.2 812 813.9 686.9 963.4 834.2 843.2 840.1 882.2 828.6 845.2 822.9

967.0 934.4 971.1 956.7 921.7 925.4 914.6 917.4 996 1051.0 837.9 855.5 856.0 918.8 864.7 876.4 969.2 968.7 927.5 962.3

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 733.8 887.1 950.2 803.5 842.7 836 823.4 807.8 774.8 781.1 752.0 787.1 917.4 916.0 816.8 815.6 833.8 800.0 811.2 846.9 786.4 851.8 916.3 892.6 916.8 776.3 783.1 785.9 666.9 934.6 905.6 806.8 811.3 808.2 849.7 797.9 814.2 791.1 778.9 778.9 934.5 899.6 940.1 923.5 890.8 894.4 880.6 883.5 951.0 1006.6 810.5 828.1 826.9 870.9 834.9 846.6 938.2 937.8 893.5 929.3

Notes

Proton Affinities

10-186 Molecular formula C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO C6H15OP C6H15O4P C6H15P C6H16N2 C6H16N2 C6H16OSi C6H18N3OP C6H18N3P C6H18OSi2 C6MoO6 C6O6W C7H4N2O2 C7H4N2O2 C7H5ClO C7H5ClO C7H5FO C7H5FO C7H5N C7H5N C7H5NO C7H5NO3 C7H6ClNO C7H6ClNO C7H6F C7H6FNO C7H6FNO C7H6F3N C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2O3 C7H6N2O3 C7H6O C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7 C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7I C7H7N C7H7NO C7H7NO C7H7NO C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2

Name Diisopropylamine Triethylamine 6-Amino-1-hexanol Triethylphosphine oxide Triethyl phosphate Triethylphosphine 1,6-Hexanediamine N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2ethanediamine Triethylsilanol Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Hexamethylphosphorous triamide Hexamethyldisiloxane Molybdenum hexacarbonyl Tungsten carbonyl 3-Nitrobenzonitrile 4-Nitrobenzonitrile 3-Chlorobenzaldehyde 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde 3-Fluorobenzaldehyde 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde Benzonitrile Isocyanobenzene Benzoxazole 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde 3-Chlorobenzamide 4-Chlorobenzamide m-Fluorobenzyl 3-Fluorobenzamide 4-Fluorobenzamide 3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 1H-Benzimidazole 1H-Indazole 3-Aminobenzonitrile 1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine 4-Nitrobenzamide 3-Nitrobenzamide Benzaldehyde 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one Benzoic acid Benzyl 2-Bromotoluene 3-Bromotoluene 4-Bromotoluene 2-Chlorotoluene 3-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene 2-Fluorotoluene 3-Fluorotoluene 4-Fluorotoluene 1-Iodo-2-methylbenzene 4-Vinylpyridine 1-(3-Pyridinyl)ethanone 1-(4-Pyridinyl)ethanone 4-Aminobenzaldehyde Benzamide Methyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate Methyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate Aniline-2-carboxylic acid Aniline-3-carboxylic acid

Epa kJ/mol 971.9 981.8 969.0 936.6 909.3 984.5 999.5 1012.8

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 938.6 951 915.7 906.8 879.6 952.0 946.2 970.6

822.1 958.6 930.1 846.4 762.6 758.0 781.4 775.7 813.0 831.3 814.3 827.1 811.5 868.4 891.6 795.1 877.2 877.2 836.5 877.2 877.2 856.9 953.8 900.8 842.3 940.2 845.3 854.2 834.0 920.8 821.1 831.4 775.3 782.0 775.3 790.5 783.9 762.9 773.3 785.4 763.8 780.3 944.1 916.2 914.7 910.4 892.1 925.6 926.6 901.5 864.7

794.8 928.7 897.7 816.2 738.1 733.4 750.7 745.1 781.1 799.4 782.5 795.3 780.9 836.0 859.8 763.2 846.3 846.3 804 846.3 846.3 825.1 920.5 868.9 810.4 908.3 814.4 823.2 802.1 891.0 790.1 800.7 745.8 752.5 745.8 761.1 754.5 735.2 743.8 756.0 736.1 750.8 912.3 884.3 882.9 878.6 861.2 893.8 894.7 869.0 832.3

Notes

Proton Affinities Molecular formula C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO3 C7H7N3 C7H7O C7H8 C7H8 C7H8N2O C7H8N2O C7H8N2O2 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O2 C7H8O2S C7H8S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H10 C7H10N2 C7H10N2 C7H10O C7H10O C7H11N C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12N2 C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H13N C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H15N C7H16O C7H17N C7H17N C7H17N

10-187 Name Aniline-4-carboxylic acid 4-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrobenzenemethanol 1-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole 2-Methylphenoxy Toluene 2,5-Norbornadiene 4-Aminobenzamide 3-Aminobenzamide N-Methyl-4-nitroaniline o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 2,6-Dimethyl-4H-pyran-4-one Methyl phenyl sulfone (Methylthio)benzene Benzylamine 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Ethylpyridine 3-Ethylpyridine 4-Ethylpyridine 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 2-Methoxyaniline 3-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxyaniline Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene N,N-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamine Dicyclopropyl ketone Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one Cyclohexanecarbonitrile 2,4-Dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene 1-Methylcyclohexene 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentene 2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydropyrrolo[1,2a]pyrimidine Cycloheptanone 4-Methylcyclohexanone Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene Methoxycyclohexane 4-Heptanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone Cyclohexanemethanol Cyclohexanemethanamine tert-Butyl isopropyl ether Heptylamine Methyldipropylamine Diethylpropylamine

Epa kJ/mol 864.7 815.2 810.5 931.2 874.5 784.0 849.3 927.9 900.9 891.6 832 841 814 778.3 839.6 941.5 812.7 872.6 913.3 890.9 895.8 896.7 916.6 952.4 947.4 951.1 958.9 962.9 958.8 963.0 957.3 955.4 905.2 913.0 900.3 836.5 968.2 997.6 880.4 847.4 815.0 886.5 825.1 822.6 1038.3

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 832.3 782.7 778.0 898.7 842 756.3 820.3 896.9 869.9 865.1 800 809 782 748.0 807.2 907.3 780.3 843.7 879.4 859.1 864.0 864.8 890.1 920.6 915.5 919.2 927.0 930.8 926.9 931.1 925.5 923.5 873.3 881.1 868.5 804.0 941.6 971.1 850.6 815.5 784.4 857.6 792.6 791.9 1005.9

845.6 844.9 823.8 983.3 812 840.5 845.0 850.3 802.1 926.6 870.7 923.2 983.5 978.8

815.9 813.0 792.8 952.5 783.1 811.3 815.3 820.5 771.7 895.8 841.5 889.3 950.9 947.9

Notes

Ref. 10 Ref. 10 Ref. 10

Proton Affinities

10-188 Molecular formula C7H18N2 C7H18N2 C8H4F3N C8H4F3N C8H4N2 C8H4N2 C8H5Cl C8H5Cl3O C8H5F3O C8H5F3O C8H5NO C8H6 C8H6ClN C8H6ClN C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7ClO C8H7ClO C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C8H7FO C8H7N C8H7N C8H7NO3 C8H7NO3 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H8 C8H8N2 C8H8N2 C8H8N2 C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H9N C8H9NO C8H9NO C8H9NO C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10ClN

Name 1,7-Heptanediamine N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,3propanediamine 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile 4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile m-Dicyanobenzene p-Dicyanobenzene 1-Chloro-4-ethynylbenzene 2,2,2-Trichloro-1-phenylethanone 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-phenylethanone 4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde 4-Formylbenzonitrile Phenylacetylene 4-(Chloromethyl)benzonitrile 3-(Chloromethyl)benzonitrile Quinoxaline Cinnoline 1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene 1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone Methyl 4-chlorobenzoate Methyl 3-chlorobenzoate 1-(4-Fluorophenyl)ethanone Benzeneacetonitrile 1H-Indole 1-(4-Nitrophenyl)ethanone 1-(3-Nitrophenyl)ethanone Methyl 3-nitrobenzoate Methyl 4-nitrobenzoate Styrene 1-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole 2-Methyl-2H-indazole 1-Methyl-1H-indazole 3-Methylbenzaldehyde 4-Methylbenzaldehyde Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Methyl benzoate 3-Methoxybenzaldehyde 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde 1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Methyl 3-hydroxybenzoate 2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole 3-Methylbenzamide 4-Methylbenzamide 1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone 3-Methoxybenzamide 2,4-Dimethyl-1-nitrobenzene Methyl 4-aminobenzoate 4-Methoxybenzamide Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 4-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline

Epa kJ/mol 998.5 1035.2

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 944.9 985.4

791.4 787.2 779.3 779.0 832.4 818.9 799.2 805.6 796.9 832.0 812.8 811.2 903.8 936.3 838.7 822.4 846.9 856.6 842.1 835.4 858.6 805.5 933.4 824.3 826.0 815.7 813.2 839.5 967.0 941.4 922.4 840.0 851.8 861.1 838.8 829.8 836.7 850.5 844.1 881.1 863.6 883.7 863.4 850.0 957.1 900.9 900.9 908.8 900.9 831.0 883.9 900.3 788.0 796.0 812.1 794.4 922.9

760.8 758.3 750.4 751.8 801.7 787.0 767.4 773.8 766.3 801.3 782.1 780.6 873.7 904.4 809.8 793.5 815.1 824.8 811.1 804.4 826.8 774.8 901.9 792.5 794.1 784.7 782.3 809.2 935.2 909.6 890.5 808.1 820.0 829.3 807.8 798.8 805.7 819.5 812.2 849.3 831.8 851.9 832.5 819.1 926.3 869.9 869.9 877.0 869.9 798.5 853.0 869.4 760.3 768.3 786.2 766.8 896.4

Notes

Proton Affinities Molecular formula C8H10N2O2 C8H10N2O2 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H12 C8H12N2 C8H12N2O2 C8H14O C8H14O C8H14O2 C8H16O C8H17N C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O4 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H20N2 C8H20N2 C9H7MnO3 C9H7N C9H7N C9H7NO C9H8 C9H8O C9H8O3 C9H9Cl C9H9ClO2 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10N2 C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O C9H10OS C9H10O2

10-189 Name N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitroaniline N,N-Dimethyl-3-nitroaniline Benzyl methyl ether 2-Methylanisole 3-Methylanisole 4-Methylanisole 4-Isopropylpyridine 3-Ethylaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline Benzeneethanamine 2-Propylpyridine 2-Methyl-2-norbornene N,N-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediamine Ethyl 1,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-3carboxylate Cyclooctanone 1-Cyclohexylethanone Methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Cyclohexyldimethylamine Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether Tetraethylene glycol Dibutyl sulfide Di-tert-butyl sulfide N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl-2-propanamine Octylamine Dibutylamine Di-sec-butylamine Diisobutylamine N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4butanediamine Tetraethylhydrazine Manganese 2-methylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl Quinoline Isoquinoline 4-Acetylbenzonitrile Indene 2-Methylbenzofuran Methyl 4-formylbenzoate 1-Chloro-4-isopropenylbenzene 3-Chloro-4-methoxyacetophenone 2-Methylstyrene 3-Methylstyrene 4-Methylstyrene cis-1-Propenylbenzene trans-1-Propenylbenzene Isopropenylbenzene Cyclopropylbenzene 4-(Dimethylamino)benzonitrile 1-(3-Methylphenyl)ethanone 1-Phenyl-1-propanone 1-Phenyl-2-propanone 4-Methylacetophenone 4-Acetylthioanisole Methyl 2-methylbenzoate

Epa kJ/mol 896.7 894.1 816.7 850 860 841 955.7 897.9 924.8 941.1 901.7 936.2 955.7 845 955.0 933.4 849.4 841.4 846.2 856.9 983.6 845.7 865.9 887.4 946.6

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 870.2 867.6 787.5 818 828 809 923.8 866.1 892.9 909.2 869.8 902.3 923.8 812.5 928.4 901.5

871.8 893.8 994.3 928.9 968.5 980.7 958.1 1046.3

819.6 809.5 815.3 825.0 952.6 818.3 838.5 860.0 892.4 >910 842.1 864.0 963.5 895.0 935.3 947.5 925.1 992.7

964.3 833.8

935.3 801.3

953.2 951.7 826.8 848.8 859.6 832.9 854.3 883.7 855.2 849.4 861.7 836.4 834.2 864.2 834.9 889.1 868.2 867.4 842.6 875.5 888.2 858.3

921.4 919.9 795.0 819.6 827.2 801.9 825.4 851.9 826.3 820.5 832.8 807.5 805.3 835.3 802.4 862.6 836.4 835.6 810.8 843.6 856.3 827.3

Notes

Ref. 10 Ref. 10 Ref. 10

Proton Affinities

10-190 Molecular formula C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C9H11N C9H11N C9H11NO C9H11NO C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO3 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12N2 C9H12N2O6 C9H12O3 C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H13NO C9H13N3O5 C9H14O C9H15N C9H15N C9H16O C9H17N3O4 C9H18O C9H18O C9H19N C9H19N C9H21N C10H8 C10H8 C10H8N2 C10H9N C10H10Fe C10H10N2 C10H10N2 C10H10N2 C10H10Ni C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H10O3 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H10Ru C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12O C10H12O

Name Methyl 3-methylbenzoate 1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)ethanone Methyl 4-methylbenzoate 4-Acetylanisole Methyl 4-methoxybenzoate Methyl 3-methoxybenzoate 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoline 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroisoquinoline 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde N,N-Dimethylbenzamide 1,3,5-Trimethyl-2-nitrobenzene L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 3-(2-Pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (S)Uridine 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene N-Ethyl-N-methylaniline 2,6-Diethylpyridine 4-tert-Butylpyridine 2-tert-Butylpyridine 2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline 3-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline 4-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine 4-Methoxy-N,N-dimethylaniline Cytidine Isophorone N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine N-(1-Cyclopenten-1-yl)pyrrolidine Cyclononanone N-(N-L-Alanyl-L-alanyl)-L-alanine 5-Nonanone Di-tert-butyl ketone 1-Isobutylpiperidine 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Tripropylamine Naphthalene Azulene 2,2’-Bipyridine 1-Naphthylamine Ferrocene 1,8-Naphthalenediamine 1-Methyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole 1-Methyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole Nickelocene 1,4-Diacetylbenzene 1,3-Diacetylbenzene 4-Acetylphenyl acetate Dimethyl isophthalate Dimethyl terephthalate Ruthenocene 1-Methyl-3-(1-methylvinyl)benzene 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)benzene 1-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl)benzene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 1-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone 1-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone

Epa kJ/mol 857.7 871.2 861.5 895.6 870.6 856.7 966.0 966.6 924.8 932.7 823.8 922.9 926 790.1 791.6 836.2 964.0 947.6 926.7 939.0 972.3 957.7 961.7 951.8 942.1 950.0 968.4 949.1 982.5 893.5 972.3 1019.2 852.6 853.7 861.3 974.5 987.0 991.0 802.9 925.2 965 907.0 863.6 944.5 932.6 932.4 935.7 850.8 852.0 853.2 843.5 843.2 899.1 867.6 881.8 857.8 809.7 882.6 873.5

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 826.8 839.3 830.6 863.7 839.6 825.8 934.1 934.7 898.3 901.8 793.1 888.9 892.1 762.4 763.9 808.6 931.0 916.6 898.2 912.4 940.4 925.8 929.8 925.3 915.7 918.1 937.4 922.4 950.0 861.6 941.3 988.4 822.8 924.1 821.9 831.5 943.5 953.9 960.1 779.4 896 875.1 841.3 912.1 900.8 900.5 907.3 821.0 822.3 821.3 814.3 812.3 876.8 838.7 852.9 828.9 782.1 850.8 841.6

Notes

Ref. 7

Proton Affinities Molecular formula C10H12O C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H13N C10H13NO C10H13NO C10H13NO C10H13NO C10H13N5O3 C10H13N5O4 C10H13N5O5 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14ClN C10H14N2 C10H14N2O C10H14N2O5 C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N C10H16N2 C10H17N C10H22O C10H22O5 C10H23N C10H24N2 C11H9N C11H10 C11H10 C11H12N2O2 C11H14O2 C11H15N C11H15N C11H16 C11H17N C11H17N C11H18O C11H24O4 C12H8N2 C12H9NO C12H10 C12H10 C12H16O C12H18 C12H18O C12H19N C12H20O C12H27N C13H9N C13H10 C13H10O C13H12 C13H12 C13H12 C13H12 C13H13P

10-191 Name 1-(3,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone Methyl 2,5-dimethylbenzoate Methyl 2,4-dimethylbenzoate Methyl 3,5-dimethylbenzoate 1-Phenylpyrrolidine 4’-(Dimethylamino)acetophenone N,N,3-Trimethylbenzamide N,N,4-Trimethylbenzamide 1-[3-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]ethanone 2’-Deoxyadenosine Adenosine Guanosine Butylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 4-Chloro-N,N-diethylaniline L-Nicotine N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide Thymidine N,N,2,6-Tetramethylaniline N,N,3,5-Tetramethylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2benzenediamine Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-1-amine Dipentyl ether Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether Decylamine N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,6hexanediamine 4-Phenylpyridine 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene L-Tryptophan Methyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate 1-Phenylpiperidine Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane-1carbonitrile Pentamethylbenzene N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline 2-Hexylpyridine 1,4,7,7-Tetramethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-one 2,6,10,14-Tetraoxapentadecane Phenazine Phenyl-3-pyridinylmethanone Acenaphthene Biphenyl 1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)ethanone Hexamethylbenzene 1-Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]dec-1-ylethanone N,N-Dipropylaniline 2,5-Di-tert-butylfuran Tributylamine Acridine 9H-Fluorene Benzophenone 2-Methylbiphenyl 3-Methylbiphenyl 4-Methylbiphenyl Diphenylmethane Methyldiphenylphosphine

Epa kJ/mol 882.8 864.7 868.2 864.3 941.6 932.8 927.0 927.0 928.0 991.5 989.3 993.4 791.9 845.6 931.0 963.4 940.9 948.3 954.1 956.1 959.8

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 851.0 833.7 837.2 833.4 915.1 906.3 896.0 896.0 901.5 959.1 956.8 960.9 764.2 816.5 899.2 932.6 909.0 915.9 923.2 924.3 927.9

982.6 948.8 852.7 953.8 930.4 1035.8

950.2 916.3 825.3 897.8 896.5 982.2

939.7 834.8 831.9 948.9 866.3 952.9 834.4

907.8 805.3 802.4 915 835.3 926.4 803.8

850.7 962.8 963.6 863.3

823.5 931.0 931.7 831.4

938.4 934.1 851.7 813.6 882.5 860.6 864.9 963.0 894.7 998.5 972.6 831.5 882.3 815.9 828.0 817.9 802.0 972.1

895.1 908.3 902.3 821.0 782.9 850.6 836.0 833.1 931.1 863.9 967.6 940.7 803.8 852.5 783.4 795.5 785.4 769.5 939.7

Notes

Proton Affinities

10-192 Molecular formula C13H21N C13H21N C13H21NO C14H10 C14H10 C14H12 C14H14 C14H18 C14H18 C14H23N C15H12 C15H12 C15H12N2 C15H16 C15H18 C15H24 C16H10 C16H10 C16H18 C17H20 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H15As C18H15AsO C18H15N C18H15OP C18H15P C18H15PS C18H15Sb C18H22 C18H30 C20H12 C22H12 C22H14 C24H12 C60 C70

Name 2,4-Di-tert-butylpyridine 2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine N,N-Dimethyltricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane1-carboxamide Anthracene Phenanthrene 1,1-Diphenylethene 1,2-Diphenylethane 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydroanthracene 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydrophenanthrene 4-Octylaniline 2-Methylanthracene 9-Methylanthracene 3,5-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole 1,3-Diphenylpropane 1,4-Dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene 1,3-Di-tert-butyl-5-methylbenzene Fluoranthene Pyrene 1,4-Diphenylbutane 1,5-Diphenylpentane Chrysene Naphthacene Triphenylene Triphenylarsine Triphenylarsine oxide Triphenylamine Triphenylphosphine oxide Triphenylphosphine Triphenylphosphine sulfide Triphenylstibine 1,6-Diphenylhexane 1,3,5-Tri-tert-butylbenzene Perylene Benzo[ghi]perylene Picene Coronene Carbon (fullerene-C60) Carbon (fullerene-C70)

Epa kJ/mol 983.8 982.9 949.4

ΔbaseG° kJ/mol 952.0 951 917.6

877.3 825.7 885.7 801.8 845.4 846.2 894.5 887.5 896.5 946.3 820.1 983.1 853.7 828.6 869.2 822.0 824.7 840.9 905.5 819.2 908.9 906.2 908.9 906.2 972.8 906.2 845.5 826.1 848.8 888.6 876.0 851.3 861.3

846.6 795.0 856.9 774.1 814.7 815.5 862 855.1 865.8 912.7 787.6 950.6 826.0 800.9 840.1 779.8 782.4 810.1 876.5 791.2 876.4 876.4 876.4 876.4 940.4 876.4 813.1 783.8 822.3 859.6 845.2 820.6 835.0 827.5 827.5

Notes

Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities Thomas M. Miller The polarizability of an atom or molecule describes the response of the electron cloud to an external field. The atomic or molecular energy shift ΔW due to an external electric field E is proportional to E2 for external fields which are weak com­pared to the internal electric fields between the nucleus and electron cloud. The electric dipole polarizability α is the con­stant of proportionality defined by ∆W = -αE2/2. The induced electric dipole moment is aE. Hyperpolarizabilities, coefficients of higher powers of E, are less often required. Technically, the polarizability is a tensor quantity but for spherically symmetric charge distributions reduces to a single number. In any case, an average polarizability is usually adequate in calculations. Fre­quency-dependent or dynamic polarizabilities are needed for electric fields which vary in time, except for frequencies which are much lower than electron orbital frequencies, where static polarizabilities suffice. Polarizabilities for atoms and molecules in excited states are found to be larger than for ground states and may be positive or negative. Molecular polarizabilities are very slightly tempera­ture dependent since the size of the molecule depends on its rovibrational state. Only in the case of dihydrogen has this effect been studied enough to warrant consideration in Table 3. Polarizabilities are normally expressed in cgs units of cm3. Ground state polarizabilities are in the range of 10-24 cm3 = 1 Å3 and hence are often given in Å3 units. Theorists tend to use atomic units of ao3 where ao is the Bohr radius. The conversion is a(cm3) = 0.148184 × 10-24 × a(ao3). Polarizabilities are only recently encountered in SI units, C m2/V = J/(V/m)2. The con­version from cgs units to SI units is a(C m2/V) = 4peo × 10-6 a(cm3), where eo is

the permittivity of free space in SI units and the factor 10-6 simply converts cm3 into m3. Thus, a(C m2/V) = 1.11265 × 10-16 × α(cm3). Persons measuring excited state polar­izabilities by optical methods tend to use units of MHz/(V/cm) 2, where the energy shift, DW, is expressed in frequency units with a factor of h understood. The polarizability is -2 ∆W/E2. The conversion into cgs units is a(cm3) = 5.95531 × 10-16 × α[MHz/(V/cm)2]. The polarizability appears in many formulas for low-energy processes involving the valence electrons of atoms or molecules. These formulas are given below in cgs units: the polarizability α is in cm3; masses m or μ are in grams; energies are in ergs; and electric charges are in esu, where e = 4.8032 × 10-10 esu. The symbol α(ν) denotes a frequency (ν) dependent polarizability, where α(ν) reduces to the static polarizability a for ν = 0. For further information, see Bonin, K. D., and Kresin, V. V., Electric Dipole Polarizabilities of Atoms, Molecules, and Clusters, World Scientific, Sinapore, 1997; Bonin, K. D., and Kadar-Kallen, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 24, 3313, 1994; and Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B., Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics, 13, 1, 1977, and Gould, H., and Miller, T. M., Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 51, 243, 2005. Details on polarizability-related interactions, especially in regard to hyperpolarizabilities and nonlinear optical phenomena, are given by Bogaard, M. P., and Orr, B. J., in Physical Chemistry, Series Two, Vol.2, Molecular Structure and Properties, Buckingham, A. D., Ed., Butterworths, London, 1975, pp. 149-194. A tabulation of tensor and hyperpolarizabilities is included. The gas number density, n, in Table 1 is usually taken to be that of 1 atm at 0ºC in reporting experimental data.

TABLE 1. Formulas Involving Polarizability Description



487_S10.indb 193

Formula

Remarks

Lorentz-Lorenz relation

α( ν) =

3  η ( ν) − 1    4 πn  η2 ( ν) + 2 

Refraction by polar molecules

α( ν) +

2 3  η ( ν) − 1  d2 =  2  3kT 4 πn  η ( ν) + 2 

Dielectric constant (dimensionless) Index of refraction (dimensionless) Diamagnetic susceptibility

κ( ν) = 1 + 4 πn α( ν)

From the Lorentz-Lorenz relation for the usual case of k(n) ≈ 1

η( ν) = 1 + 2 πn α( ν)

From η3(ν) = κ(ν)

χ m = e 2 (ao Nα )

Long-range electron- or ionmolecule interaction energy Ion mobility in a gas

V (r ) = − e 2 α / 2 r 4

From the approximation that the static polarizability is given by the variational formula α = (4/9ao)Σ(Niri2)2; N is the number of electrons, me is the electron mass; a crude approximation is χm=(Ei/4mec2)α, where Ei is the ionization energy

Langevin capture cross section

σ( ν o ) = (2 πe / ν o )(α / µ )

Langevin reaction rate coefficient Rate coefficient for polar molecules

k = 2 πe(α / µ )

2

1/ 2

For a gas of atoms or nonpolar molecules; the index of refraction is η(ν) The dipole moment is d, in esu.cm (= 10-18 D)

/ 4me c 2

The target molecule polarizability is α This one formula is not in cgs units. Enter a in Å3 or 10-24 cm3 units and the reduced mass m of the ion-molecule pair in amu. Classical limit; pure polarization potential The relative velocity of approach for an ion-molecule pair is no; the target molecular polarizability is a and the reduced mass of the ion-molecule pair is µ

κ = −13.87 / (αµ ) cm 2 / V ⋅ s 1/ 2

1/ 2

1/ 2

[

k d = 2 πe (α / µ )

1/ 2

Collisional rate coefficient for an ion-molecule reaction

+ cd (2 / µπkT )

1/ 2

]

The dipole moment of the neutral is d in esu cm; the number c is a “locking factor” that depends on α and d, and is between 0 and 1

10-193

4/10/06 11:19:34 AM

Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities

10-194 Description Modified effective range cross section for electron-neutral scattering

σ (k ) = 4 πA

Formula

+32π 4 e 2 αAk / 3h 2 +...

van der Waals constant between two systems A, B

C6 =

3  α Aα BE A E B    2  EA + EB 

Dipole-quadrupole constant between two systems A, B

C8 =

A B A B 15  α α q E Eq    A 4  E + Eq B 

+ van der Waals constant between an atom and a surface Relationship between α(ν) and oscillator strengths Dynamic polarizability

Rayleigh scattering cross section

Remarks Here, k is the electron momentum divided by h/2π, where h is Planck’s constant; A is called the “scattering length”; the reduced mass is µ

2

For the interaction potential term V6(r)= -C6r6; EA,B represents average dipole transition energiesand αA,B the respective polarizabilities of A, B For the interaction potential term V8(r) = -C8r8;EqA,B represents average quadrupole transition energies and αqA,B are the respective quadrupole polarizabilities of A, B

A B A B 15  α q α Eq E    A 4  Eq + E B 

C3 =

αgE A E S

(

A

8 E +E

α( v) =

α( v) =

α( v) =

S

For an interaction potential V3(r) = -C3r3; EA,S are characteristic energies of the atom and surface; g = 1 for a free-electron metal and g = (ε∞ - 1)/(ε∞ + 1) for an ionic crystal Here, f k is the oscillator strength from the ground state to an excited state k, with excitation energy Ek. This formula is often used to estimate static polarizabilities (ν = 0) Approximate variation of the frequency-dependent polarizability α(ν) from ν = 0 up to the first dipole-allowed electronic transition, of energy Er; the static dipole polarizability is α(0); infrared contributions ignored The photon frequency is ν; the polarizability anisotropy (the difference between polarizabilities parallel and perpendicular to the molecular axis) is γ(ν)

)

fk e h Σ 4 π 2 me Ek2 − (hv) 2 2

2

αE r 2

E r − (hν) 2

2

8π (2πν) 4 9c 4

[

]

× 3α 2 ( ν) + 2 γ 2 ( ν) / 3 Verdet constant

V ( ν) =

Defined from θ = V(ν)B, where θ is the angle of rotation of linearly polarized light through a medium of number density n, per unit length, for a longitudinal magnetic field strength B (Faraday effect)

νn  dα( ν)    2 me c 2  dν 

TABLE 2. Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Atoms (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Estimated accuracy (%) “exact” “exact” 0.1

Atomic number Atom 1 H 2 He

Polarizability 0.666793 0.2050522 0.2050

3 4 5 6

Li Be B C

24.33 5.60 3.03 1.76

0.7 2 2 2

7

N

1.10

2

8 9 10

O F Ne

0.802 0.557 0.3956

2 2 0.1

11 12

Na Mg

13 14 15 16 17

Al Si P S Cl

24.11 10.6 11.1 10.6 6.8 5.38 3.63 2.90 2.18

0.12 2 5 5 4.4 2 2 2 2

487_S10.indb 194

Method Ref. calc MB77 calc LJS04 index/ NB65/OC67 diel beam MJBTV06 calc MB77 calc MB77 calc MB77 calc/ index MB77 calc/ index MB77 calc MB77 diel OC67 interferom ESCHP94 calc MB77 calc S71 calc BM02 beam MMD90 calc MB77 calc MB77 calc MB77 calc MB77

Atomic number Atom

Polarizability

18 19 20

Ar K Ca

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu

30

Zn

31 32 33 34 35

Ga Ge As Se Br

1.6411 43.4 22.8 29.4 25.0 17.8 14.6 12.4 11.6 9.4 8.4 7.5 6.8 6.2 6.1 5.75 6.1 5.6 8.12 6.07 4.31 3.77 3.05

Estimated accuracy (%) Method Ref. index/ 0.05 diel NB65/OC67 2 beam MB77 2 calc MB77 6 calc BM02 8 beam MB77 25 calc D84 25 calc D84 25 calc D84 25 calc D84 25 calc D84 25 calc D84 25 calc D84 25 calc D84 6 calc BM02 25 calc D84 2 index GHM96 6 calc BM02 25 calc D84 2 calc MB77 2 calc MB77 2 calc MB77 2 calc MB77 2 calc MB77

4/10/06 11:19:39 AM

Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities Atomic number 36 37 38

Atom Kr Rb Sr

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

49

In

50 51 52 53

Sn Sb Te I

54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er

a

Polarizability 2.4844 47.3 27.6 23.5 22.7 17.9 15.7 12.8 11.4 9.6 8.6 4.8 7.2 7.36 7.4 7.2 10.2 9.1 7.7 6.6 5.5 5.35 4.7 4.044 59.42 39.7 31.1 29.6 28.2 31.4 30.1 28.8 27.7 23.5 25.5 24.5 23.6 22.7

Estimated accuracy (%) 0.05 2 8 6 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 3 6 25 12 25 25 25 25 25 25 0.5 0.13 8 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

10-195

Method Ref. diel OC67 beam MB77 beam MB77 calc BM02 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 index GH95 calc BM02 calc D84 beam GMBSJ84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 index A56 calc D84 diel MB77 beam AG03 beam MB77 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84

Atomic number 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

Atom Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

81

Tl

82 83 84 85 86 87

Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr

88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 119

Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No ekafrancium

Polarizability 21.8 21.0 21.9 16.2 13.1 11.1 9.7 8.5 7.6 6.5 5.8 5.02 5.7 7.6 7.5 6.8 7.4 6.8 6.0 5.3 48.60 47.1 38.3 32.1 32.1 25.4 24.9 24.8 24.5 23.3 23.0 22.7 20.5 19.7 23.8 18.2 17.5 24.26

Estimated accuracy (%) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 1 25 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 2 5 25 25 25 25 6 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2

Method Ref. calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 index GH96 calc D84 beam NYU84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc LSMS05 calc DJSB99 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 beam KB94 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 calc D84 cal LSMS05

Methods: calc = calculated value; beam = atomic beam deflection technique; interferom = atomic beam interference; index = determination based on the measured index of refraction; diel = determination based on the measured dielectric constant.

References

A56. Atoji, M., J. Chem. Phys. 25, 174, 1956. Semiempirical method based on molecular polarizabilities and atomic radii. AG03. Amini, J. M., and Gould, H., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 153001, 2003. BM02. Bromley, M. W. J., and Mitroy, J., Phys. Rev. A 65, 062505, 2002; 062506, 2002. D84. Doolen, G. D., Los Alamos National Laboratory, unpublished. A relativistic linear response method was used. The method is that described by Zangwill, A., and Soven, P., Phys. Rev. A 21, 1561, 1980. Adjustments of less than 10% across the periodic table have been made to these results to bring them into agreement with accurate experimental values where available, for the purpose of presenting “recommended” polarizabilities in Table 2. DJSB99. Derevianko, A., Johnson, W. R., Safronova, M. S., and Babb, J. F., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3589, 1999. ESCHP94. Ekstrom, C. R., Schmiedmayer, J., Chapman, M. S., Hammond, T. D., and Pritchard, D. E., Phys. Rev. A 51, 3883, 1995. See theoretical work by Thakkar, A. J., and Lupinetti, C., Chem. Phys. Lett. 402, 270, 2005. GH95. Goebel, D., and Holm, U., Phys. Rev. A 52, 3691, 1995.

487_S10.indb 195

GH96. Goebel, D., and Holm, U., J. Chem. Phys. 100, 7710, 1996. GHM96. Goebel, D., Holm, U., and Maroulis, G., Phys. Rev. A 54, 1973, 1996. GMBSJ84. Guella, T. P., Miller, T. M., Bederson, B., Stockdale, J. A. D., and Jaduszliwer, B., Phys. Rev. A 29, 2977, 1984. KB94. Kadar-Kallen, M. A., and Bonin, K. D., Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 828, 1994. LJS04. Łach, G., Jezionski, B., and Szalewicz, K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 233001, 2004. LS04. Lim, I. S., and Schwerdfeger, P., Phys. Rev. A 70, 062501, 2004. LSMS05. Lim, L. S., Schwerdfeger, P., Metz, B., Stoll, H., J. Chem. Phys. 122, 104103, 2005. MB77. Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B., Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 13, 1, 1977. For simplicity, any value in Table 2 which has not changed since this 1977 review is referenced as MB77. Persons interested in original references and further details should consult MB77. MJBTV05. Miffre, A., Jacquey, M., Büchner, M., Trénec, G., and Vigué, J., Phys. Rev. A 73, 011603 (R), 2006.

4/10/06 11:19:41 AM

Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities

10-196 MMD90. Milani, P., Moullet, I., and de Heer, W. A., Phys. Rev. A 42, 5150, 1990. See theoretical comments on this result, in Fuentealba, P., Chem. Phys. Lett. 397, 459, 2004, and in Lupinetti, C., and Thakkar, A. J., J. Chem. Phys. 122, 044301, 2005. NB65. Newell, A. C., and Baird, R. D., J. Appl. Phys. 36, 3751, 1965.

NYU84. Preliminary value from the New York University group. See GMBSJ84. OC67. Orcutt, R. H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys. 46, 697, 1967; see also the later references from this group, given following the tables. S71. Stwalley, W. C., J. Chem. Phys. 54, 4517, 1971.

TABLE 3. Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Diatomic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule Al2 BH Br2 CO Cl2 Cs2 CsK D2 (v=0,J=0) D2 (293 K) DCl F2 H2 (v=0,J=0) H2 (293 K) H2 (293 K) H2 (322 K) HBr HCl HD (v=0,J=0) HF HI

Polarizability 19 3.32* 7.02 1.95 4.61 104 89 0.7921* 0.7954 2.84 1.38* 0.8023* 0.8045* 0.8042 0.8059 3.61 2.63 2.77 0.7976* 0.80 5.44

Ref. 23 1 2 3 3 22 22 5 6 2 7 5 5 6 8 3 3 2 5 27 3

Molecule HgCl ICl K2 Li2 LiCl LiF LiH N2 NO Na2 NaK NaLi O2 Rb2

Polarizability 5.35 7.4* 12.3 77 72 32.8 34 3.46* 10.8* 3.84* 3.68* 3.88* 1.7403 1.70 40 38 51 40 1.5812 79

Ref. 2 9 2 22 21 29 22 10 11 12 13 14 6,8 2 22 21 22 4 6 22

TABLE 4. Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Triatomic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule BeH2 CO2 CS2 D2O H2O H2S HCN HgBr2 HgCl2

Polarizability 4.34* 2.911 8.74 8.86 1.26 1.45 3.782 3.95 2.59 2.46 14.5 11.6

Ref. 14 8 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2

Molecule HgI2 Li3 LiNa2 Li2Na N2O NO2 Na3 O3 OCS SO2

Polarizability 19.1 34.5 61.2 35.4 3.03 3.02 70 3.21 5.71 5.2 3.72 4.28

Ref. 2 29 30 30 8 2† 21 2 2 15 3 2

TABLE 5. Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Inorganic Polyatomic Molecules (Larger than Triatomic) (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule AsCl3 AsN3 BCl3 BF3 (BN3)2 (BH2N)3 ClF3 (CsBr)2 (CsCl)2 (CsF)2 (CsI)2 GanAsm GeCl4 GeH3Cl

487_S10.indb 196

Polarizability 14.9 5.75 9.38 3.31 5.73 8.0 6.32 54.5 42.4 28.4 51.8 n+m=4-30 15.1 6.7

Ref. 2 2 20 2 2 2† 2 16 16 16 16 28 2 2†

Molecule (HgCl)2 Kn (KBr)2 (KCl)2 (KF)2 (KI)2 Lin (LiBr)2 (LiCl)2 (LiF)2 (LiI)2 LiNa3 Li2Na2 Li3Na

Polarizability 14.7 n=2,5,7-9,11,20 42.0 32.1 21.0 36.3 n=2-22 18.9 13.1 6.9 23.4 75.6 60.0 54.8

Ref. 9 21 16 16 16 16 29 16 16 16 16 30 30 30

4/10/06 11:19:44 AM

Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities Molecule ND3 NF3 NH3

Polarizability 1.70 3.62 2.81 2.10 2.26

(NO2)2 Nan (NaBr)2 (NaCl)2 (NaF)2 (NaI)2 OsO4 PCl3 PF5 PH3 (RbBr)2 (RbCl)2 (RbF)2

2.22* 6.69 n=1-40 26.8 23.4 20.7 26.9 8.17 12.8 6.10 4.84 48.2 43.2 40.7

10-197 Molecule (RbI)2 SF6 (SF5)2 SO3 SO2Cl2 SeF6 SiF4 SiH4 (SiH3)2 SiHCl3 SiH2Cl2 SiH3Cl SnBr4 SnCl4

Ref. 2 2 20 2 3 33 2 21 16 16 16 16 2 2 2 2 16 16 16

SnI4 TeF6 TiCl4 UF6

Polarizability 46.3 6.54 13.2 4.84 10.5 7.33 5.45 5.44 11.1 10.7 8.92 7.02 22.0 18.0 13.8 32.3 9.00 16.4 12.5

Ref. 16 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 15 2 2 2 2

TABLE 6. Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Hydrocarbon Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule CH4 C2H2

Name methane acetylene

C2H4 C2H6

ethylene ethane

C3H4 C3H6

propyne propene cyclopropane propane

C3H8 C4H6 C4H8

C4H10 C5H6 C5H8 C5H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H10

C6H12

487_S10.indb 197

1-butyne 1,3-butadiene 1-butene trans-2-butene 2-methylpropene butane isobutane 1,3-cyclopentadiene 1-pentyne trans-1,3-pentadiene isoprene cyclopentane 1-pentene 2-pentene pentane neopentane benzene

1-hexyne 2-ethyl-1,3-butadiene 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene cyclohexene cyclohexane

Polarizability 2.593 3.33 3.93 4.252 4.47 4.43 6.18 6.26 5.66 6.29 6.37 7.41 8.64 7.97 8.52 8.49 8.29 8.20 8.14 8.64 9.12 10.0 9.99 9.15 9.65 9.84 9.99 10.20 10.0 10.32 10.74 10.9 11.8 11.8 12.1 11.8 10.7 11.0

Ref. 8 3 2 8 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2† 2 2 2 2 2 2 27 2 2 2 2 18 27 27 2 18 25 3 2 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 18

Molecule

Name

C6H14 C7H8

1-hexene hexane toluene

C7H12 C7H14 C7H16 C8H8 C8H10

1-heptyne methylcyclohexane 1-heptene heptane styrene ethylbenzene o-xylene p-xylene

C8H16 C8H18

C9H10 C9H12

m-xylene ethylcyclohexane n-octane 3-methylheptane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane α- methylstyrene isopropylbenzene 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

C9H18 C9H20 C10H8

isopropylcyclohexane nonane naphthalene

C10H14

durene tert- butylbenzene

C10H20 C10H22 C11H10

tert-butylcyclohexane decane α-methylnaphthalene β-methylnaphthalene

Polarizability 10.87 11.65 11.9 11.8 12.26 12.3 12.8 13.1 13.51 13.61 15.0 14.41 14.2 14.9 14.1 13.7 14.2 14.9 14.2 15.9 15.9 15.44 15.44 16.05 16.0 15.5 16.14 17.2 17.36 16.5 17.48 17.3 17.2 17.8 19.8 19.10 19.35 19.52

Ref. 15 27 2 25 15 2 2† 2 27 2 2 27 2 2 15 25 15 2 15 2 2 27 27 27 2† 25 27 2 27 17 27 25 25 2† 2 27 27 27

4/10/06 11:19:46 AM

Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities

10-198 Molecule C11H14 C11H16 C11H24 C12H10 C12H12

Name α,β,β-trimethylstyrene pentamethylbenzene undecane acenaphthene α-ethylnaphthalene β-ethylnaphthalene hexamethylbenzene dodecane fluorene anthracene

C12H18 C12H26 C13H10 C14H10

Polarizability 19.64 19.1 21.03 20.61 21.19 21.36 20.9 22.75 21.68 25.4 25.93

Ref. 27 25 27 27 27 27 25 27 27 17 27

Molecule

Name phenanthrene

C14H22 C16H10 C17H12 C18H12

p-di-tert-butylbenzene pyrene 2,3- benzfluorene naphthacene 1,2- benzanthracene chrysene triphenylene 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylbenzene coronene

C18H30 C24H12

Polarizability 36.8* 24.70 24.5 28.22 30.21 32.27 32.86 33.06 31.07 31.8 42.50

Ref. 17 27 25 27 27 27 27 27 27 25 27

TABLE 7. Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Organic Halides (in Units of 10-24 cm3)

487_S10.indb 198

Molecule CBr2F2 CClF3

Name dibromodifluoromethane chlorotrifluoromethane

CCl2F2

dichlorodifluoromethane

CCl2O CCl2S CCl3F CCl3NO2 CCl4

phosgene thiophosgene trichlorofluoromethane trichloronitromethane carbon tetrachloride

CF4 CF2O CHBr3 CHBrF2 CHClF2

carbon tetrafluoride carbonylfluoride bromoform bromodifluoromethane chlorodifluoromethane

CHCl2F CHCl3

dichlorofluoromethane chloroform

CHF3

fluoroform

CHFO CHI3 CH2Br2

fluoroformaldehyde iodoform dibromomethane

CH2ClNO2 CH2Cl2

chloronitromethane dichloromethane

CH2I2 CH3Br

diiodomethane bromomethane

CH3Cl

chloromethane

CH3F CH3I C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3N C2F6 C2HBr C2HCl C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2H2Cl2

fluoromethane iodomethane chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane trichloroacetonitrile hexafluoroethane bromoacetylene chloroacetylene trichloroethlyene pentachloroethane 1,1-dichloroethylene

Polarizability 9.0 5.72 5.59 7.93 7.81 7.29 10.2 9.47 10.8 11.2 10.5 3.838 1.88* 11.8 5.7 6.38 5.91 6.82 9.5 8.23 3.52 3.57 1.76* 18.0 9.32 8.68 6.9 6.48 7.93 12.90 5.87 6.03 5.55 5.35 4.72 2.97 7.97 6.3 8.5 10.42 6.82 7.39 6.07 10.03 14.0 7.83

Ref. 2† 20 2 20 2 2 2 2 2† 2 3 8 17 27 2† 20 2 2 8 27 20 8 17 27 2 27 2† 3 2 27 20 2 15 20 8 8 2 2† 2† 18 2 2 2 27 2 27

Molecule

C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl3F C2H2Cl4 C2H2ClN C2H2F2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F3 C2H3I C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4ClNO2 C2H4Cl2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5F C2H5I C3H4Cl2 C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6Cl2 C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7ClO

Name Polarizability trans-dichloroethylene 8.15 cis-dichloroethylene 8.03 1,1-dichloro-2,28.4 difluoroethane chloroacetyl chloride 8.92 1,2,2-trichloro-1-fluoroethane 10.2 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 12.1 chloroacetonitrile 6.10 1,1-difluoroethylene 5.01 bromoethylene 7.59 chloroethylene 6.41 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 8.05 acetyl chloride 6.62 methyl chloroformate 7.1 1,1,1-trichloroethane 10.7 1,1,1-trifluoroethane 4.4 iodoethylene 9.3 1-bromo-2-chloroethane 9.5 1,2-dibromoethane 10.7 1-chloro-2-fluoroethane 6.5 1-chloro-1-nitroethane 10.9 1,1-dichloroethane 8.64 1,2-dichloroethane 8.0 bromoethane 8.05 7.28 chloroethane 7.27 8.29 6.4 2-chloroethanol 7.1 6.88 chloromethyl methyl ether 7.1 fluoroethane 4.96 iodoethane 10.0 dichloropropene 10.1 chloropropene 8.3 chloroacetone 8.4 ethyl chloroformate 9.0 1-chloro-1-nitropropane 10.4 dichloropropane 10.9 1-bromopropane 9.4 9.07 2-bromopropane 9.6 chloropropane 10.0 β-chloroethyl methyl ether 8.71 2-chloro-1-propanol 8.89 3-chloro-1-propanol 8.84

Ref. 27 27 2† 2 2† 2† 18 20 2 2 2 2 2† 2 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2 2 2† 2 27 20 2 15 2† 27 2† 2 2 2† 2 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 27 2† 2 27 27 27

4/10/06 11:19:48 AM

Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities Molecule C3H7I C4H5Cl C4H7Cl C4H7ClO2 C4H8Cl2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl

C4H9ClO C4H9I C5H9ClO2

C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11F C6F6 C6HF5 C6H2Cl2O2 C6H2F4 C6H3F3 C6H4BrF C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4FI C6H4FNO2 C6H4F2

Name 1-iodopropane 4-chloro-1,2-butadiene 1-chloro-2-methylpropene 2-chlorobutyric acid 3-chlorobutyric acid 4-chlorobutyric acid 1,4-dichlorobutane bromobutane 1-chlorobutane 1-chloro-2-methylpropane 2-chloro-2-methylpropane 2-chlorobutane β-chloroethyl ethyl ether 2-chloro-1-butanol 3-chloro-1-butanol 1-iodobutane methyl 2-chlorobutanoate methyl 3-chlorobutanoate methyl 4-chlorobutanoate 2-chloropentanoic acid 3-chloropentanoic acid 4-chloropentanoic acid 1-bromopentane 1-chloropentane fluoropentane hexafluorobenzene pentafluorobenzene 2,5-dichloro-1,4benzoquinone 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene p-bromofluorobenzene chloronitrobenzene o-dichlorobenzene m-dichlorobenzene p-dichlorobenzene p-fluoroiodobenzene p-fluoronitrobenzene o-difluorobenzene m-difluorobenzene p-difluorobenzene

10-199 Polarizability 11.5 10.0 10.8 10.87 10.80 10.69 12.0 13.9 10.86 11.3 11.1 12.5 12.4 10.56 10.70 10.38 13.3 12.65 12.33 12.31 12.27 12.69 12.57 12.53 13.1 12.0 9.95 9.58 9.63 18.4 9.69 9.69 9.74 13.4 14.6 14.17 14.23 14.20 15.5 12.8 9.80 10.3 9.80

Ref. 2† 2† 2 27 27 27 2† 2 27 2 2 2† 2 27 27 27 2† 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 2† 2† 27 27 27 2 27 27 27 2† 2† 27 27 27 2† 2† 27 2† 27

Molecule C6H5Br

Name bromobenzene

C6H5Cl

chlorobenzene

C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H11ClO2

chlorophenol fluorobenzene iodobenzene ethyl 2-chlorobutanoate ethyl 3-chlorobutanoate ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate bromohexane fluorohexane p-bromotoluene p-chlorotoluene p-fluorotoluene p-iodotoluene 1-bromoheptane

C6H13Br C6H13F C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7I C7H15Br C7H15F C8H17Br C8H17F C9H19Br C9H19F C10F8 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H7I C10H21Br C10H21F C11H23F C12H25Br C12H25F C12H8Br2O C12H9BrO C13H11BrO C14H9Br C14H9Cl C14H9F C14H29F C16H33Br C18H37Br

fluoroheptane bromooctane fluorooctane bromononane fluorononane octafluoronaphthalene α-bromonaphthalene α-chloronaphthalene β-chloronaphthalene α-iodonaphthalene β-iodonaphthalene bromodecane fluorodecane fluoroundecane bromododecane fluorododecane 4,4’-dibromodiphenyl ether 4-bromodiphenyl ether p-bromophenyl-p-tolyl ether 9-bromoanthracene 9-chloroanthracene fluoranthracene fluorotetradecane bromohexadecane bromooctadecane

Polarizability 14.7 13.62 14.1 12.3 13.0 10.3 15.5 14.16 14.13 14.11 14.44 11.80 14.80 13.70 11.70 17.10 16.8 16.23 13.66 18.02 15.46 19.81 17.34 17.64 20.34 19.30 19.58 22.41 22.95 21.60 19.18 21.00 25.18 22.83 27.8 24.2 26.6 28.32 27.35 28.34 26.57 32.34 35.92

Ref. 2 27 2 15 2† 2 2† 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 2† 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 2† 2† 2† 27 27 27 27 27 27

TABLE 8. Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Other Ground State Organic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3)

487_S10.indb 199

Molecule CN4O8 CH2O

Name tetranitromethane formaldehyde

CH2O2 CH3NO

formic acid formamide

CH3NO2 CH4O

nitromethane methanol

CH5N

methyl amine

C2N2 C2H2O

cyanogen ketene

Polarizability 15.3 2.8 2.45 3.4 4.2 4.08 7.37 3.29 3.23 3.32 4.7 4.01 4.01* 7.99 4.4

Ref. 2 2† 18 2† 2† 18 2 2 15 18 2 19 33 2 2†

Molecule C2H3N

Name acetonitrile

C2H4O

acetaldehyde

C2H4O2 C2H4O4 C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O

ethylene oxide acetic acid methyl formate formic acid dimer acetamide N-methyl formamide nitroethane ethyl nitrite ethanol methyl ether

Polarizability 4.40 4.48 4.6 4.59 4.43 5.1 5.05 12.7 5.67 5.91 9.63 7.0 5.41 5.11 5.29

Ref. 2† 18 2† 18 18 2† 27 2 18 18 2 15 2 18 20

4/10/06 11:19:51 AM

Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities

10-200 Molecule

Name

C2H6O2

ethylene glycol

C2H6O2S C2H6S C2H7N

dimethyl sulfone ethanethiol ethyl amine dimethyl amine

C2H8N2 C3H2N2 C3H3N C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H5N

ethylene diamine malononitrile acrylonitrile pyrazole propenal propionitrile

C3H6O

acetone

C3H6O2

allyl alcohol propionaldehyde propionic acid ethyl formate methyl acetate

C3H6O3 C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H8O

dimethyl carbonate N-methyl acetamide N,N-dimethyl formamide nitropropane 2-propanol

C3H8O2

1-propanol ethyl methyl ether dimethoxymethane

C3H9N

ethylene glycol monomethyl ether propylamine

isopropylamine trimethylamine C4H2N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O2 C4H4S C4H5N C4H6N2 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6S C4H7N C4H8O C4H8O2

487_S10.indb 200

fumaronitrile succinonitrile pyrimidine pyridazine diketene thiophene methacrylonitrile trans-crotononitrile N-methylpyrazole crotonaldehyde methacrylaldehyde biacetyl acetic anhydride divinyl sulfide butyronitrile isobutyronitrile butanal methyl ethyl ketone trans-2,3-epoxy butane ethyl acetate

Polarizability 5.84 5.16 5.7 5.61 7.3 7.41 7.10 6.37 5.90* 7.2 5.79 8.05 7.23 6.38 6.70 6.24 6.27* 6.33 6.4 6.39 7.65 6.50 6.9 8.01 6.88 6.94 6.81 7.7 7.82 7.81 8.5 7.61 6.97 6.74 7.93 7.7

7.44

7.70 9.20 7.77 8.15 7.78* 11.8 8.1 8.53* 9.27* 8.0 9.67 8.0 8.2 8.99 8.5 8.3 8.2 8.9 10.9 8.4 8.05 8.05* 8.2 8.13 8.22* 9.7 8.62

Ref. 2 15 2† 27 2† 2 2 2 33 2† 18 2 27 2† 2 18 32 15 2† 18 2 2 2† 2 27 2 27 2† 18 18 2† 2 18 2 2 2†

27

27 2 27 2 33 2 2† 17 17 2† 2 2† 2† 27 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 18 32 2† 15 17 2 27

Molecule

C4H9NO2 C4H10O

C4H10S C4H11N C5H5N

Name

1,4-dioxane p-dioxane 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane butyric acid methyl propionate 1-nitrobutane 2-methyl-2-nitropropane ethyl ether 1-butanol 2-methylpropanol methyl propyl ether ethylene glycol monoethyl ether ethyl sulfide butylamine diethylamine pyridine

C5H10O3 C5H12O C5H12O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4O2 C6H5NO2

4-cyano-1,3-butadiene 1,5-dimethylpyrazole acetyl acetone valeronitrile 22-DMPN diethyl ketone methyl propyl ketone ethyl propionate methyl butanoate diethyl carbonate ethyl propyl ether tetramethyl orthocarbonate p-dinitrobenzene p-benzoquinone nitrobenzene

C6H6O

phenol

C6H7N C6H8N2

aniline phenylenediamine phenylhydrazine 1-ethyl-5-methylpyrazole ethyl acetoacetate dimethylketazine cyclohexanol amyl formate paraldehyde propyl ether

C5H8N2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H10O C5H10O2

C6H10N2 C6H10O3 C6H12N2 C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H15N C7H4N2O2 C7H5N C7H7NO3 C7H8O C7H9NO C7H10N2 C7H14O C7H14O2 C8H4N2

1,1-diethoxyethane 1,2-diethoxyethane triethylamine dipropylamine p-cyanonitrobenzene benzonitrile nitroanisole anisole o-anisidine 1,1-methylphenylhydrazine cyclohexyl methyl ether 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone pentyl acetate p-dicyanobenzene

Polarizability

10.0 8.60 9.44 8.58 8.97 10.4 10.3 10.2 8.73 8.88 8.92 8.86 9.28

10.8 13.5 10.2 9.61 9.5 9.18 10.5 10.72 10.5 10.4 9.59 9.93 9.93 10.41 10.41 11.3 10.68 13.0 18.4 14.5 14.7 12.92 11.1 9.94* 12.1 13.8 12.91 12.50 12.9 15.6 11.56 14.2 17.9 12.8 12.5 13.2 11.3 13.1 13.38 13.29 19.0 12.5 15.7 13.1 14.2 14.81 13.4 13.5 14.9 19.2

Ref.

2 18 15 27 27 2† 2† 2 15 2 2 27 27

2 2 2 27 15 27 2† 27 2† 2 18 15 15 27 27 2 27 2† 2 2 2 15 2† 17 2† 2† 27 27 2† 2 18 2 2 2 15 2† 2† 2 27 27 2 2† 2† 2† 2† 27 2† 15 2 2

4/10/06 11:19:54 AM

Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities Molecule

C8H6N2 C8H8O C8H8O2

C8H10O C8H11N C8H12N2 C8H12O2 C8H14O4 C8H18O C9H7N C9H10O2 C9H21N C10H9N

Name

quinoxaline acetophenone 2,5-dimethyl-1,4benzoquinone phenetole N-dimethylaniline 1,1-ethylphenylhydrazine ethyl sorbate tetramethylcyclobutane1,3-dione diethyl succinate butyl ether quinoline isoquinoline ethyl benzoate tripropylamine α-naphthylamine β-naphthylamine

10-201

Polarizability

15.13 15.0 18.8

Ref.

Molecule

27 2 2

14.9 16.2 16.62 17.2 18.6

2 2† 27 2† 2

16.8 17.2 15.70 16.43 16.9 18.87 19.50 19.73

2† 2 27 27 2† 27 27 27

C10H10Fe C10H10N2 C10H14BeO4 C11H8O C12H8N2 C12H9NO3 C14H8O2 C14H14O C15H21AlO6 C15H21CrO6 C15H21FeO6 C20H28O8Th C60

Name

2-methylquinoline 1-methylisoquinoline ferrocene 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline beryllium acetylacetonate 1-naphthaldehyde 2-naphthaldehyde phenazine 4-nitrodiphenyl ether anthraquinone di-p-tolyl ether aluminum acetylacetonate chromium acetylacetonate ferric acetylacetonate thorium acetylacetonate buckminsterfullerene

Polarizability

18.65 18.28 17.1 18.70 34.1 19.75 20.06 23.43 24.7 24.46 24.9 51.9 53.7 58.1 79.0 76.5 79

Ref.

27 27 26 27 2 27 27 27 2† 27 2† 2 2 2 2 24 31

Note: All polarizabilities in the tables are experimental values except those values marked by an asterisk (*), which indicates a calculated result. The experimental polarizabilities are mostly determined by measurements of a dielectric constant or refractive index which are quite accurate (0.5% or better). However, one should treat many of the results with several percent of caution because of the age of the data and because some of the results refer to optical frequencies rather than static. Comments given with the references are intended to allow one to judge the degree of caution required. Interested persons should consult these references. In many cases, the reference given is to a theoretical paper in which the experimental results are quoted. These papers, noted in the Ref­erences, contain valuable information on polarizability calculations and experimental data which often includes the tensor components of the polarizability. An emperical additive formula for molecular polarizabilities at 589 nm frequency has been given in Bosque, R., and Sales, J., J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 42, 1154, 2002: α=0.32 +1.51#C +0.17#H +0.57#O +1.05#N +2.99#S +2.48#P +2.16#Cl +3.29#Br +5.45#I, where “#C” denotes the number of carbon atoms in the molecule, etc.

References Kagawa, H., Ichimura, A., Kamka, N. A., and Mori, K., J. Mol. Structure (Theochem) 546, 127, 2001. Parameters were developed for rapid estimation of molecular polarizabilities; this paper contains references for the measured polarizabilities of 371 molecules. 1. McCullough, E. A., Jr., J. Chem. Phys., 63, 5050, 1975. This calcula­tion is for the parallel component, not the average polarizability. 2. Maryott, A. A., and Buckley, F., U. S. National Bureau of Standards Circular No. 537, 1953. A tabulation of dipole moments, dielectric constants, and molar refractions measured between 1910 and 1952, and used here to determine polarizabilities if no more recent result exists. The polarizability is 3/(4πNA) times the molar polarization or molar refraction, where NA is Avogadro’s number. The value 3/(4πNA) = 0.3964308 x 10-24 cm3 was used for this conversion. A dag­ger (†) following the reference number in the tables indicates that the polarizability was derived from the molar refraction and hence may not include some low-frequency contributions to the static polariz­ability; these “static” polarizabilities are therefore low by 1 to 30%. 3. Hirschfelder, J. O., Curtis, C. F., and Bird, R. B., Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1954, p. 950. Fundamental information on molecular polarizabilities. 4. Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B., Adv. At. Mol. Phys., 13, 1, 1977. Review emphasizing atomic polarizabilities and measurement tech­niques. The data quoted in Table 3 are accurate to 8 to 12%. 5. Kolos, W., and Wolniewicz, L., J. Chem. Phys., 46, 1426, 1967. Highly accurate molecular hydrogen calculations. See also recent work by Machado, A.M., and Masilli, M., J. Chem. Phys. 120, 7505, 2004. 6. Newell, A. C., and Baird, R. C., J. Appl. Phys., 36, 3751, 1965. Highly accurate refractive index measurements at 47.7 GHz (essen­tially static). 7. Jao, T. C., Beebe, N. H. F., Person, W. B., and Sabin, J. R., Chem. Phys. Lett., 26, 474, 1974. Tensor polarizabilities, derivatives, and other results are reported. 8. Orcutt, R. H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 46, 697, 1967 (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, H2, N2); Sutter, H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 132, 1970 (CF3H, CFH3, CClF3, CClH3); Bose, T. K., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 140, 1970 (CO2), and 54, 3829, 1971 (C2H4); Nelson, R. D., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 4033, 1971 (SF6, CClF3); Bose, T. K., Sochanski, J. S., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 57, 3592, 1972

487_S10.indb 201

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20.

(CH4, CF4); Kirouac, S., and Bose, T. K., J. Chem. Phys., 59, 3043, 1973 (N2O), and 64, 1580, 1976 (He). Highly accurate dielectric constant measurements. These modern data give the most accurate polarizabilities available. A criticism of the interpretation of these data in the case of polar molecules is given in Ref. 20, p. 2905. Huestis, D. L., Technical Report #MP 78-25, SRI International (project PYU 6158), Menlo Park, CA 94025. Molar refractions for mercury-chlorine compounds are analyzed. Bounds, D. G., Clarke, J. H. R., and Hinchliffe, A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 45, 367, 1977. Theoretical tensor polarizability for LiCl. Kolker, H. J., and Karplus, M., J. Chem. Phys., 39, 2011, 1963. The­oretical. Cutschick, V. P., and McKoy, V., J. Chem. Phys., 58, 2397, 1973. Theoretical tensor polarizabilities. Gready, J. E., Bacskay, G. B., and Hush, N. S., Chem. Phys., 22, 141, 1977, and 23, 9, 1977. Theoretical. Amos, A. T., and Yoffe, J. A., J. Chem. Phys., 63, 4723, 1975. Theo­retical. Stuart, H. A., Landolt-Börnstein Zahlenwerte and Funktionen, Vol. 1, Part 3, Eucken, A., and Hellwege, K. H., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Ber­lin, 1951, p. 511. Tabulation of molecular polarizabilities. Two mis­ prints in the chemical symbols have been corrected. Guella, T., Miller, T. M., Stockdale, J. A. D., Bederson, B., and Vusk­ovic, L., J. Chem. Phys., 94, 6857, 1991. Beam measurements with accuracies between 12-24%. Marchese, F. T., and Jaff‚ H. H., Theoret. Chim. Acta (Berlin), 45, 241, 1977. Theoretical and experimental tensor polarizabilities are tabulated in this paper. Applequist, J., Carl, J. R., and Fung, K.-K., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 94, 2952, 1972. Excellent reference on the calculation of molecular polarizabilities, including extensive tables of tensor polarizabilities, both theoretical and experimental, at 589.3 nm wavelength. Bridge, N. J., and Buckingham, A. D., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A295, 334, 1966. Measured tensor polarizabilities at 633 nm wave­ length. Barnes, A. N. M., Turner, D. J., and Sutton, L. E., Trans. Faraday Soc., 67, 2902, 1971. Dielectric constants yielding polarizabilities accurate from 0.3-8%.

4/10/06 11:19:56 AM

10-202 21. Rayane, D., Allouche, A. R., Benichou, E., Antoine, R., AubertFrecon, M., Dugourd, Ph., Broyer, M., Ristori, C., Chandezon, F., Huber, B. A., and Guet, C., Eur. Phys. J. D 9, 243, 1999. See also Knight, W. D., Clemenger, K., de Heer, W. A., and Saunders, W. A., Phys. Rev. B 31, 2539, 1985. These data probably correspond to a very low internal temperature. 22. Tarnovsky, V., Bunimovicz, M., Vuskovic, L., Stumpf, B., and Beder­son, B., J. Chem. Phys., 98, 3894, 1993. These data correspond to internal temperatures 480-948 K. 23. Milani, P., Moullet, I., and de Heer, W. A., Phys. Rev. A, 42, 5150, 1990. Beam measurements accurate to 11%. 24. Antoine, R., Dugourd, P., Rayane, D., Benichou, E., Broyer, M., Chandezon, F., and Guet, C., J. Chem. Phys., 110, 9771, 1999. 25. Aroney, M. J., and Pratten, S. J., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1, 80, 1201, 1984. Uncertainties in the range 1-3%. 26. Le Fevre, R. J. W., Murthy, D. S. N., and Saxby, J. D., Aust. J. Chem., 24, 1057, 1971. Kerr effect. 27. No, K. T., Cho, K. H., Jhon, M. S., and Scheraga, H. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 2005, 1993. Theoretical; these results are quoted in numerous valuable papers on calculated polarizabilities, e.g., Miller, K. J., and Savchik, J. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 7206, 1979.

487_S10.indb 202

Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities 28. Schlecht, S., Schäfer, R., Woenckhaus, J., Becker, J. A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 246, 315, 1995. 29. Benichou, E., Antoine, R., Rayane, D., Vezin, B., Dalby, F. W., Dug­ourd, P., Ristori, C., Chandezon, F., Huber, B. A., Rocco, J. C., Blun­ dell, S. A., and Guet, C., Phys. Rev. A 59, R1, 1999. See also Rayane, D., Allouche, A. R., Benichou, E., Antoine, R., Aubert-Frecon, M., Dugourd, Ph., Broyer, M., Ristori, C., Chandezon, F., Huber, B. A., and Guet, C., Eur. Phys. J. D 9, 243, 1999. 30. Antoine, R., Rayane, D., Allouche, A. R., Aubert-Frécon, M., Beni­chou, E., Dalby, F. W., Dugourd, P., Broyer, M., and Guet, C., J. Chem. Phys., 110, 5568, 1999. 31. Ballard, A., Bonin, K., and Louderback, J., J. Chem. Phys. 113, 5732, 2000. 32. Ritchie, G.L.D., and Watson, J.N., J. Phys. Chem. A 108, 4515, 2004. These measurements are at 632.8 nm frequency, and are stated accu­ rate to 0.4%. 33. Ritchie, G.L.D., and Blanch, E.W., J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 2093, 2003. These measurements are at 632.8 nm frequncy, and are stated accurate to better than 1%.

4/10/06 11:19:57 AM

Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions The ionization energies (often called ionization potentials) of neutral and partially ionized atoms are listed in this table. Data were obtained from the compilations cited below, supplemented by results from the recent research literature. Values for the first and second ionization energies come from Reference 6. All values are given in electron volts (eV). Following the traditional spectroscopic notation, columns are headed I, II, III, etc. up to XXX, where I indicates the neutral atom, II the singly ionized atom, III the doubly ionized atom, etc. The first section of the table includes spectra I to VIII of all the elements through rutherfordium; subsequent sections cover higher spectra (ionization stages) for those elements for which data are available.

Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41



6679X_S10.indb 203

Element H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb

I 13.598443 24.587387 5.391719 9.32270 8.29802 11.26030 14.5341 13.61805 17.4228 21.56454 5.139076 7.646235 5.985768 8.15168 10.48669 10.36001 12.96763 15.759610 4.3406633 6.11316 6.56149 6.82812 6.74619 6.76651 7.43402 7.9024 7.88101 7.6398 7.72638 9.394199 5.999301 7.89943 9.7886 9.75239 11.8138 13.99961 4.177128 5.69485 6.2173 6.63390 6.75885

References 1. Moore, C. E., Ionization Potentials and Ionization Limits Derived from the Analysis of Optical Spectra, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. — Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) No. 34, 1970. 2. Martin, W. C., Zalubas, R., and Hagan, L., Atomic Energy Levels — The Rare Earth Elements, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. — Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), No. 60, 1978. 3. Sugar, J. and Corliss, C., Atomic Energy Levels of the Iron Period Elements: Potassium through Nickel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol.14, Suppl. 2, 1985. 4. References to papers in J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, in the period 1973– 91 covering other elements may be found in the cumulative index to that journal. 5. Martin, W.C., and Wiese, W.L., in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Handbook, Drake, G.W.F., Ed., AIP Press, New York, 1996. 6. Sansonetti, J. E., Martin, W. C., and Young, S. L., Handbook of Basic Atomic Spectroscopic Data (version 1.1), NIST Physical Data web site (October 2004); J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 34, 1559, 2005.

Neutral Atoms to +7 Ions

II

III

54.417760 75.6400 122.45429 18.21114 153.89661 25.1548 37.93064 24.3833 47.8878 29.6013 47.44924 35.1211 54.9355 34.9708 62.7084 40.96296 63.45 47.2864 71.6200 15.03527 80.1437 18.82855 28.44765 16.34584 33.49302 19.7695 30.2027 23.33788 34.79 23.8136 39.61 27.62966 40.74 31.63 45.806 11.87172 50.9131 12.79977 24.75666 13.5755 27.4917 14.618 29.311 16.4857 30.96 15.6400 33.668 16.1877 30.652 17.084 33.50 18.16884 35.19 20.2924 36.841 17.96439 39.723 20.51515 30.7258 15.93461 34.2241 18.5892 28.351 21.19 30.8204 21.591 36 24.35984 36.950 27.2895 40 11.0301 42.89 12.224 20.52 13.1 22.99 14.0 25.04

IV

217.71865 259.37521 64.4939 77.4735 77.41353 87.1398 97.12 98.91 109.2655 119.992 45.14181 51.4439 47.222 53.4652 59.81 60.91 67.27 73.4894 43.2672 46.709 49.16 51.2 54.8 51.3 54.9 57.38 59.4 63.241 45.7131 50.13 42.9450 47.3 52.5 52.6 57 60.597 34.34 38.3

V

340.22580 392.087 97.8902 113.8990 114.2428 126.21 138.40 141.27 153.825 166.767 65.0251 72.5945 67.8 75.02 82.66 84.50 91.65 99.30 65.2817 69.46 72.4 75.0 79.5 76.06 79.8 82.6 86.01 93.5 62.63 68.3 59.7 64.7 71.0 71.6 77.0 80.348 50.55

VI

VII

VIII

489.99334 552.0718 138.1197 157.1651 157.93 172.18 186.76 190.49 205.27 220.421 88.0530 97.03 91.009 99.4 108.78 110.68 119.53 128.13 90.6349 95.6 99.1 102.0 108 103 108 112.7

667.046 739.29 185.186 207.2759 208.50 225.02 241.76 246.5 263.57 280.948 114.1958 124.323 117.56 127.2 138.0 140.8 150.6 160.18 119.203 124.98 128.9 133 139 134 140.9

871.4101 953.9112 239.0989 264.25 265.96 284.66 303.54 309.60 328.75 348.28 143.460 154.88 147.24 158.1 170.4 173.4 184.7 194.5 151.06 157.8 162 166 174 169.9

127.6 81.7 88.6 78.5 84.4 90.8 93.0

155.4 103.0 111.0 99.2 106 116

192.8 125.802 136 122.3 129

102.057

125

10-203

4/11/08 4:03:09 PM

Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions

10-204

6679X_S10.indb 204

Z 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84

Element Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po

I 7.09243 7.28 7.36050 7.45890 8.3369 7.57623 8.99382 5.78636 7.34392 8.60839 9.0096 10.45126 12.12984 3.893905 5.211664 5.5769 5.5387 5.473 5.5250 5.582 5.6437 5.67038 6.14980 5.8638 5.9389 6.0215 6.1077 6.18431 6.25416 5.42586 6.82507 7.54957 7.86403 7.83352 8.43823 8.96702 8.9588 9.22553 10.4375 6.108194 7.41663 7.2855 8.414

85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf

10.7485 4.072741 5.278423 5.17 6.3067 5.89 6.1941 6.2657 6.0260 5.9738 5.9914 6.1979 6.2817 6.42 6.50 6.58 6.65 4.9 6.0

Neutral Atoms to +7 Ions

II 16.16 15.26 16.76 18.08 19.43 21.47746 16.90831 18.8703 14.6322 16.63 18.6 19.1313 20.9750 23.15744 10.00383 11.059 10.85 10.55 10.72 10.90 11.07 11.25 12.09 11.52 11.67 11.80 11.93 12.05 12.176 13.9 15

III 27.13 29.54 28.47 31.06 32.93 34.83 37.48 28.03 30.50260 25.3 27.96 33 32.1230

IV 46.4

V 54.49

54 40.73502 44.2 37.41

72.28 56 58.75

19.1773 20.198 21.624 22.1 22.3 23.4 24.92 20.63 21.91 22.8 22.84 22.74 23.68 25.05 20.9594 23.3

49.95 36.758 38.98 40.4 41.1 41.4 42.7 44.0 39.79 41.47 42.5 42.7 42.7 43.56 45.25 33.33

61.6 65.55 57.53

18.563 20.20 18.7568 20.4283 15.03248 16.703

34.2 29.83 31.9373 25.56

42.32 45.3

68.8 56.0

10.14715 11.75 11.9

20.0

28.8

VI 68.8276

108 70.7

VII 125.664

VIII 143.6

137

77.6

66.8

16.1

88.3

10.6 11.2

11.8 12.0

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Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions

6679X_S10.indb 205

Z 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 36 37 38 39 42

Element F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Kr Rb Sr Y Mo

IX 1103.1176 1195.8286 299.864 328.06 330.13 351.12 372.13 379.55 400.06 422.45 175.8174 188.54 180.03 192.1 205.8 209.3 221.8 233.6 186.13 193 199 203 210.8 230.85 150 162 146.2 164.12

Z 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 36 42

Element Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Kr Mo

XVII 3946.2960 4120.8857 1033.4 1087 1094 1131 1168 1185 1224 1266 546.58 571.08 557 579 592 636

Z 25 26 27 28 29 36 42

Element Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Kr Mo

XXV 8571.94 8828 2219.0 2295 2308 1151 1263

+8 Ions to +15 Ions

X

XI

1362.1995 1465.121 367.50 398.75 401.37 424.4 447.5 455.63 478.69 503.8 211.275 225.18 215.92 230.5 244.4 248.3 262.1 275.4 224.6 232 238 244.0 268.2 277.1 177 191 186.4

XVIII

9277.69 9544.1 2399.2 2478 1205.3 1323

XII

XIII

XIV

XV

XVI

1648.702 1761.805 442.00 476.36 479.46 504.8 529.28 538.96 564.7 591.9 249.798 265.07 255.7 270.8 286.0 290.2 305 321.0 265.3 274 280.7 308

1962.6650 2085.98 523.42 560.8 564.44 591.99 618.26 629.4 657.2 687.36 291.500 308.1 298.0 314.4 330.8 336 352 369 310.8 319.2 350

2304.1410 2437.63 611.74 652.2 656.71 686.10 714.6 726.6 756.7 787.84 336.277 354.8 343.6 361.0 379 384 401 419.7 357.2 391

2673.182 2816.91 707.01 749.76 755.74 786.6 817.6 830.8 863.1 896.0 384.168 403.0 392.2 411 430 435 454 471.2 447

3069.842 3223.78 809.40 854.77 861.1 894.5 927.5 941.9 976 1010.6 435.163 457 444 464 484 490 508.8 492

3494.1892 3658.521 918.03 968 974 1009 1044 1060 1097 1134.7 489.256 511.96 499 520 542 548.3 541

324.1 206 209.3

374.0 230.28

279.1

302.60

544.0

570

+16 Ions to +23 Ions XIX

4426.2296 4610.8 1157.8 1213 1221 1260 1299 1317 1358 1397.2 607.06 633 619 641 702

XXVI

10-205

4934.046 5128.8 1287.97 1346 1355 1396 1437 1456 1504.6 1541 670.588 698 786 767

XX

5469.864 5674.8 1425.4 1486 1496 1539 1582 1603 1648 1697 738 833 833

+24 Ions to +29 Ions XXVII

10012.12 10288.8 2587.5 2928 1387

XXVIII

10775.40 11062.38 3070 1449

XXI

6033.712 6249.0 1569.6 1634 1644 1689 1735 1756 1804 1856 884 902

XXIX

11567.617 3227 1535

XXII

XXIII

XXIV

6625.82 6851.3 1721.4 1788 1799 1846 1894 1916

7246.12 7481.7 1879.9 1950 1962 2011 2060

7894.81 8140.6 2023 2119 2131 2182

937 968

998 1020

1051 1082

XXX

3381 1601

4/11/08 4:03:11 PM

IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES Sharon G. Lias This table presents values for the first ionization energies (IP) of approximately 1000 molecules and atoms. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the modified Hill order (see Preface). Values enclosed in parentheses are considered not to be well established. Data appearing in the 1988 reference, were updated in 1996 for inclusion in the database of ionization energies available at the Internet site of the Standard Reference Data program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (http://webbook. nist.gov). The list appearing here includes these updates. The list also includes values for enthalpies of formation of the ions at 298 K, ∆fHion, given according to the ion convention used by Mol. form.

Name

Substances not containing carbon Ac Actinium Ag Silver Silver(I) chloride AgCl AgF Silver(I) fluoride Al Aluminum AlBr Aluminum monobromide Aluminum tribromide AlBr3 AlCl Aluminum monochloride Aluminum trichloride AlCl3 AlF Aluminum monofluoride Aluminum trifluoride AlF3 AlI Aluminum monoiodide Aluminum triiodide AlI3 Am Americium Ar Argon As Arsenic Arsenic(III) chloride AsCl3 Arsenic(III) fluoride AsF3 Arsine AsH3 Au Gold B Boron Boron tribromide BBr3 Boron trichloride BCl3 BF Fluoroborane Difluoroborane Boron trifluoride BF3 BH Boron monohydride Borane BH3 Boron triiodide BI3 Boron dioxide BO2 Diborane B2H6 Boron oxide B2O3 Tetraborane B4H10 Pentaborane(9) B5H9 Hexaborane B6H10 Ba Barium Barium oxide BaO Beryllium Be Beryllium oxide BeO Bi Bismuth Bismuth trichloride BiCl3

mass spectrometrists; to convert these values to the electron convention used by thermodynamicists, add 6 kJ/mol. Details on the calculation of ∆fHion, as well as data for a much larger number of molecules, may be found in the reference and on the Internet site.

Reference Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W.G., Gas-Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 17, Suppl. No. 1, 1988.

IP/eV

∆f Hion kJ/mol

5.17 7.57624 (≤ 10.08) (11.0 ± 0.3) 5.98577 (9.3) (10.4) 9.4 (12.01) 9.73 ± 0.01 ≤ 15.45 9.3 ± 0.3 (9.1) 5.9738 ± 0.0002 15.75962 9.8152 (10.55 ± 0.025) (12.84 ± 0.05) (9.89) 9.22567 8.29803 (10.51) 11.60 ± 0.02 11.12 ± 0.01 (9.4) 15.7 ± 0.3 (9.77) 12.026 ± 0.024 (9.25 ± 0.03) (13.5 ± 0.3) 11.38 ± 0.05 13.5 ± 0.15 10.76 ± 0.04 9.90 ± 0.04 (9.0) 5.21170 6.91 ± 0.06 9.32263 (10.1 ± 0.4) 7.2855 (10.4)

905 1016 ≤ 1065 1071 905 913 593 855 573 673 ≤ 282 965 673 860 1521 1250 754 452 1021 1254 1363 809 718 957 317 365 1385 1261 964 1001 1134 460 1105 1028 965 683 543 1224 1111 908 736

10-205

Section 10.indb 205

5/4/05 8:16:14 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules

10-206 Mol. form. Bk Br BrCl BrF BrF5 BrH BrH3Si BrI BrK BrLi BrNO BrNa BrO BrRb BrTl Br2 Br2Hg Br2Sn Br3Ga Br3P Br4Hf Br4Sn Br4Ti Br4Zr Ca CaCl CaO Cd Ce Cf Cl ClCs ClF ClFO3 ClF2 ClF3 ClF5S ClH ClHO ClH3Si ClI ClIn ClK ClLi ClNO ClNO2 ClNa ClO ClO2 ClRb ClTl Cl2 Cl2CrO2 Cl2Ge Cl2H2Si Cl2Hg Cl2O Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2Pb

Section 10.indb 206

Name Berkelium Bromine (atomic) Bromine chloride Bromine fluoride Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Bromosilane Iodine bromide Potassium bromide Lithium bromide Nitrosyl bromide Sodium bromide Bromine monoxide Rubidium bromide Thallium(I) bromide Bromine Mercury(II) bromide Tin(II) bromide Gallium(III) bromide Phosphorus(III) bromide Hafnium(IV) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Calcium Calcium monochloride Calcium oxide Cadmium Cerium Californium Chlorine (atomic) Cesium chloride Chlorine fluoride Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine difluoride Chlorine trifluoride Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride Hypochlorous acid Chlorosilane Iodine chloride Indium(I) chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Sodium chloride Chlorine monoxide Chlorine dioxide Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine Chromyl chloride Germanium(II) chloride Dichlorosilane Mercury(II) chloride Chlorine oxide Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Lead(II) chloride

IP/eV 6.23 11.81381 11.01 11.86 13.172 ± 0.002 11.66 ± 0.03 10.6 9.790 ± 0.004 7.85 ± 0.1 (8.7) 10.17 ± 0.03 8.31 ± 0.1 10.46 ± 0.02 7.94 ± 0.03 9.14 ± 0.02 10.516 ± 0.005 10.560 ± 0.003 9.0 10.40 9.7 (10.9) 10.6 10.3 (10.7) 6.11316 5.86 ± 0.07 6.66 ± 0.18 8.99367 5.5387 6.30 12.96764 (7.84 ± 0.05) 12.66 ± 0.01 (12.945 ± 0.005) (12.77 ± 0.05) (12.65 ± 0.05) (12.335 ± 0.005) 12.749 ± 0.009 (11.12 ± 0.01) 11.4 10.088 ± 0.01 (9.51) (8.0 ± 0.4) 9.57 10.87 ± 0.01 (11.84) 8.92 ± 0.06 10.95 10.33 ± 0.02 (8.50 ± 0.03) 9.70 ± 0.03 11.480 ± 0.005 11.6 (10.20 ± 0.05) 11.4 11.380 ± 0.003 10.94 10.96 12.05 (10.2)

∆f Hion kJ/mol 911 1252 1079 1086 840 1087 943 986 578 685 1065 660 1135 583 844 1046 935 839 711 798 366 709 375 388 768 462 668 980 957 805 1373 510 1171 1224 1128 1057 144 1137 993 899 991 842 557 727 1099 1155 681 1159 1093 590 869 1108 580 813 765 952 1135 844 807 791

5/4/05 8:16:16 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules Mol. form. Cl2S Cl2Si Cl2Sn Cl3Ga Cl3HSi Cl3N Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3P Cl3PS Cl3Sb Cl4Ge Cl4Hf Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Ti Cl4V Cl4Zr Cl5Mo Cl5Nb Cl5P Cl5Ta Cl6W Cm Co Cr Cs CsF CsNa Cu CuF Dy Er Es Eu F FGa FH FHO FH3Si FI FIn FNO FNO2 FNS FO FO2 FS FTl F2 F2Ge F2HN F2H2Si F2Mg F2N F2N2 F2O F2OS F2O2S F2Pb

Section 10.indb 207

Name Sulfur dichloride Dichlorosilylene Tin(II) chloride Gallium(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Nitrogen trichloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Vanadyl trichloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trichloride Antimony(III) chloride Germanium(IV) chloride Hafnium(IV) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Molybdenum(V) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Curium Cobalt Chromium Cesium Cesium fluoride Cesium sodium Copper Copper(I) fluoride Dysprosium Erbium Einsteinium Europium Fluorine (atomic) Gallium monofluoride Hydrogen fluoride Hypofluorous acid Fluorosilane Iodine fluoride Indium monofluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Fluorine monoxide Fluorine superoxide (FOO) Sulfur fluoride Thallium(I) fluoride Fluorine Germanium(II) fluoride Difluoramine Difluorosilane Magnesium fluoride Difluoroamidogen trans-Difluorodiazine Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Sulfuryl fluoride Lead(II) fluoride

10-207

IP/eV 9.45 ± 0.03 (10.93 ± 0.10) (10.0) 11.52 (11.7) (10.12 ± 0.1) 11.36 ± 0.02 (11.6) 9.91 9.71 ± 0.03 (≤ 10.7) 11.68 ± 0.05 (11.7) 11.79 ± 0.01 11.7 ± 0.2 (11.5) (9.2) (11.2) (8.7) (10.97) (10.2) (11.08) (9.5) 6.02 7.8810 6.76664 3.89390 (8.80 ± 0.10) (4.05 ± 0.04) 7.72638 10.15 ± 0.02 5.9389 6.1078 6.42 5.6704 17.42282 (9.6 ± 0.5) 16.044 ± 0.003 12.71 ± 0.01 11.7 10.54 ± 0.01 (9.6 ± 0.5) 12.63 ± 0.03 (13.09) 11.51 ± 0.04 12.78 ± 0.03 (12.6 ± 0.2) 10.09 10.52 15.697 ± 0.003 (≤ 11.65) (11.53 ± 0.08) (12.2) (13.6 ± 0.3) 11.628 ± 0.01 (12.8) 13.11 ± 0.01 12.25 13.04 ± 0.01 (11.5)

∆f Hion kJ/mol 895 887 760 664 648 1244 540 425 668 573 s719 629 246 527 656 349 361 210 392 356 608 303 348 966 1187 1050 452 489 535 1084 984 862 907 753 723 1761 700 1276 1130 752 922 740 1152 1154 1090 1342 1228 986 835 1515 551 1046 386 588 1155 1315 1290 688 501 679

5/4/05 8:16:16 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules

10-208 Mol. form. F2S F2Si F2Sn F2Xe F3HSi F3N F3NO F3OP F3P F3PS F3Si F4Ge F4N2 F4S F4Si F4Xe F5I F5P F5S F6Mo F6S F6U Fe Fm Ga GaI3 Gd Ge GeH4 GeI4 GeO GeS H HI HLi HN HNO HNO2 HNO3 HN3 HO HO2 HS H2 H2N H2O H2O2 H2S H2Se H2Si H3N H3NO H3P H3Sb H4N2 H4Si H4Sn H6Si2 H8Si3 He

Section 10.indb 208

Name Sulfur difluoride Difluorosilylene Tin(II) fluoride Xenon difluoride Trifluorosilane Nitrogen trifluoride Trifluoramine oxide Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trifluoride Trifluorosilyl Germanium(IV) fluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine Sulfur tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane Xenon tetrafluoride Iodine pentafluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Sulfur pentafluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Iron Fermium Gallium Gallium(III) iodide Gadolinium Germanium Germane Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) sulfide Hydrogen (atomic) Hydrogen iodide Lithium hydride Imidogen Nitrosyl hydride Nitrous acid Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Hydroxyl Hydroperoxy Mercapto Hydrogen Amidogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen selenide Silylene Ammonia Hydroxylamine Phosphine Stibine Hydrazine Silane Stannane Disilane Trisilane Helium

IP/eV (10.08) 10.78 ± 0.05 (11.1) 12.35 ± 0.01 (14.0) 13.00 ± 0.02 13.31 ± 0.06 12.76 ± 0.01 11.60 ± 0.05 ≤ 11.05 ± 0.035 (9.99) (15.5) 11.94 ± 0.03 12.0 ± 0.3 15.24 ± 0.14 12.65 ± 0.1 12.943 ± 0.005 (15.1) 9.60 ± 0.05 (14.5 ± 0.1) 15.32 ± 0.02 14.00 ± 0.10 7.9024 6.50 5.99930 9.40 6.1500 7.900 ≤ 10.53 (9.42) 11.25 ± 0.01 (9.98) 13.59844 10.386 ± 0.001 7.7 ≤ 13.49 ± 0.01 (10.1) ≤ 11.3 11.95 ± 0.01 10.72 ± 0.025 13.0170 ± 0.0002 11.35 ± 0.01 10.4219 ± 0.0004 15.42593 ± 0.00005 11.14 ± 0.01 12.6206 ± 0.0020 10.58 ± 0.04 10.457 ± 0.012 9.892 ± 0.005 8.244 ± 0.025 10.070 ± 0.020 (10.00) 9.869 ± 0.002 9.54 ± 0.03 8.1 ± 0.15 11.00 ± 0.02 (10.75) 9.74 ± 0.02 (9.2) 24.58741

∆f Hion kJ/mol 676 450 586 1083 150 1125 1121 –24 161 ≤ 58 – 32 307 1119 399 –144 1016 408 –137 10 –159 258 –796 1177 627 851 765 991 1139 ≤ 1108 850 1044 1055 1530 1028 882 1678 1075 ≤ 1011 1019 1328 1294 1106 1145 1488 1264 976 885 989 984 1084 925 923 958 1067 877 1095 1200 1019 1009 2372

5/4/05 8:16:18 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules Mol. form. Hf Hg HgI2 Ho I IK ILi INa ITl I2 I4Ti I4Zr In Ir K KLi KNa K2 Kr La Li LiNa LiO LiRb Li2 Lu Md Mg MgO Mn Mo N NO NO2 NP NS N2 N2O N2O4 N2O5 Na NaRb Na2 Nb Nd Ne Ni No Np O OPb OS OS2 OSi OSn OSr O2 O2S O2Th O2Ti

Section 10.indb 209

Name Hafnium Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Holmium Iodine (atomic) Potassium iodide Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine Titanium(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Indium Iridium Potassium Lithium potassium Potassium sodium Dipotassium Krypton Lanthanum Lithium Lithium sodium Lithium monoxide Lithium rubidium Dilithium Lutetium Mendelevium Magnesium Magnesium oxide Manganese Molybdenum Nitrogen (atomic) Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Phosphorus nitride Nitrogen sulfide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen pentoxide Sodium Rubidium sodium Disodium Niobium Neodymium Neon Nickel Nobelium Neptunium Oxygen (atomic) Lead(II) oxide Sulfur monoxide Sulfur oxide (SSO) Silicon monoxide Tin(II) oxide Strontium oxide Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Thorium(IV) oxide Titanium(IV) oxide

10-209

IP/eV 6.82507 ± 0.00004 10.43750 9.5088 ± 0.0022 6.0216 10.45126 (7.21 ± 0.3) (7.5) 7.64 ± 0.02 8.47 ± 0.02 9.3074 ± 0.0002 (9.1) (9.3) 5.78636 9.1 4.34066 4.57 ± 0.04 4.41636 ± 0.00017 4.0637 ± 0.0002 13.99961 5.5770 5.39172 5.05 ± 0.04 (8.44) 4.3 ± 0.1 5.1127 ± 0.0003 5.42585 6.58 7.64624 (8.76 ± 0.22) 7.43402 7.09243 14.53414 9.26438 ± 0.00005 9.586 ± 0.002 11.84 ± 0.04 8.87 ± 0.01 15.5808 12.886 (10.8) (11.9) 5.13908 4.32 ± 0.04 4.894 ± 0.003 6.75885 5.5250 21.56454 7.6398 6.65 6.2657 ± 0.0003 13.61806 9.08 ± 0.10 10.294 ± 0.004 10.584 ± 0.005 11.49 ± 0.20 9.60 ± 0.02 6.6 ± 0.2 12.0697 ± 0.0002 12.349 ± 0.001 (8.7 ± 0.15) (9.54 ± 0.1)

∆f Hion kJ/mol 1278 1069 900 882 1115 570 633 659 826 960 602 500 802 1543 508 512 561 519 1351 969 680 571 894 486 709 950 635 885 901 998 1343 1875 985 958 1247 1119 1503 1325 1050 1161 603 480 614 1384 859 2081 1167 642 1069 1563 939 998 971 1008 944 623 1165 894 342 623

5/4/05 8:16:19 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules

10-210 Mol. form. O2U O3 O3S O3U O4Os O4Ru O7Re2 Os P P2 Pa Pb PbS Pd Pm Pr Pt Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S SSn S2 Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr

Name Uranium(IV) oxide Ozone Sulfur trioxide Uranium(VI) oxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Ruthenium(VIII) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Osmium Phosphorus Diphosphorus Protactinium Lead Lead(II) sulfide Palladium Promethium Praseodymium Platinum Plutonium Radium Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Radon Ruthenium Sulfur Tin(II) sulfide Disulfur Antimony Scandium Selenium Silicon Samarium Tin Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium

Substances containing carbon C Carbon Bromochlorodifluoromethane CBrClF2 Bromotrichloromethane CBrCl3 Bromotrifluoromethane CBrF3 Dibromodifluoromethane CBr2F2 Tetrabromomethane CBr4 CCl Chloromethylidyne Chlorotrifluoromethane CClF3

Section 10.indb 210

IP/eV (5.4 ± 0.1) 12.43 12.82 ± 0.03 (10.5 ± 0.5) (12.32) 12.15 ± 0.03 (12.7 ± 0.2) 8.7 10.48669 10.53 5.89 7.41666 (8.5 ± 0.5) 8.3367 5.55 5.464 9.0 6.025 5.27892 4.17713 7.88 7.45890 10.74850 7.36050 10.36001 (8.8) 9.356 ± 0.002 8.64 6.56144 9.75238 8.15169 5.6437 7.34381 5.69484 7.89 5.8639 7.28 9.0096 6.308 ± 0.003 6.8282 6.10829 6.18431 6.19405 6.746 ± 0.002 7.98 12.12987 6.217 6.25416 9.39405 6.63390

∆f Hion kJ/mol 57 1342 841 214 850 988 125 1630 1328 1160 1133 911 954 1181 536 883 1433 926 668 484 1530 1276 1037 1355 1277 966 1031 1096 1010 1168 1238 751 1011 713 1544 955 1380 1066 1207 1127 771 827 1129 1166 1621 1170 1022 754 1037 1251

11.26030 (11.21) (10.6) (11.40) 11.03 ± 0.04 (10.31 ± 0.02) (8.9 ± 0.2) 12.6 ± 0.2

1803 642 980 451 683 1079 1244 505

5/4/05 8:16:20 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules Mol. form. CClN CCl2 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CCl4 CF CFN CF2 CF2O CF3 CF3I CH CHBrCl2 CHBr2Cl CHBr3 CHCl CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHF CHF3 CHI3 CHN CHN CHNO CHNO CHO CH2 CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3N3 CH3O CH4 CH4N2O CH4O CH4S CH5N CH6N2 CH6Si CN CNO CO

Section 10.indb 211

Name Cyanogen chloride Dichloromethylene Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Fluoromethylidyne Cyanogen fluoride Difluoromethylene Carbonyl fluoride Trifluoromethyl Trifluoroiodomethane Methylidyne Bromodichloromethane Chlorodibromomethane Tribromomethane Chloromethylene Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Fluoromethylene Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen isocyanide Isocyanic acid Fulminic acid Oxomethyl (HCO) Methylene Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Diazomethane Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Methyl Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl azide Methoxy Methane Urea Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Methylhydrazine Methylsilane Cyanide Cyanate Carbon monoxide

10-211

IP/eV 12.34 ± 0.01 (9.27) 12.05 ± 0.24 (11.5) 11.77 ± 0.02 11.47 ± 0.01 9.11 ± 0.01 13.34 ± 0.02 11.44 ± 0.03 13.035 ± 0.030 8.7 ± 0.2 10.23 10.64 ± 0.01 10.6 10.59 ± 0.01 10.48 ± 0.02 9.84 (12.2) (11.5) 11.37 ± 0.02 10.06 ± 0.05 (13.86) 9.25 ± 0.02 13.60 ± 0.01 (12.5 ± 0.1) 11.595 ± 0.005 (10.83) (8.55) 10.396 ± 0.003 10.77 ± 0.01 (10.50 ± 0.02) 11.71 ± 0.01 11.32 ± .01 12.71 9.46 ± 0.02 8.999 ± 0.001 (10.4) 10.88 ± 0.01 11.33 ± 0.01 9.843 ± 0.002 11.14 ± 0.02 10.541 ± 0.003 11.22 ± 0.01 (11.36 ± 0.03) 12.47 ± 0.02 9.538 10.16 ± 0.06 11.08 ± 0.07 9.81 ± 0.02 (10.72) 12.61 ± 0.01 9.7 10.85 ± 0.01 9.44 ± 0.005 (8.80) 7.7 ± 0.15 (10.7) 13.5984 11.76 ± 0.01 14.014 ± 0.0003

∆f Hion kJ/mol 1329 1058 685 888 868 1010 1134 1325 899 617 379 397 1622 973 1030 1035 1247 693 829 992 1121 643 1010 1447 1407 1016 1263 826 1392 1085 1013 870 996 774 1030 1098 1137 941 715 1095 962 979 1001 548 956 936 796 994 1227 1050 1143 690 845 888 826 835 1003 1748 1290 1242

5/4/05 8:16:21 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules

10-212 Mol. form. COS COSe CO2 CS CS2 C2 C2Br2F4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4O C2Cl6 C2F3N C2F4 C2F6 C2H C2HBr C2HBrClF3 C2HCl C2HClF2 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2HCl5 C2HF C2HF3 C2HF3O2 C2H2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2O C2H2O2 C2H2S2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3N C2H3NO C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2

Section 10.indb 212

Name Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon dioxide Carbon sulfide Carbon disulfide Dicarbon 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chloropentafluoroethane Dichloroacetylene 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Trichloroacetyl chloride Hexachloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethylene Hexafluoroethane Ethynyl Bromoacetylene 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chloroacetylene 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethylene Trichloroethylene Dichloroacetyl chloride Pentachloroethane Fluoroacetylene Trifluoroethylene Trifluoroacetic acid Acetylene 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Chloroacetyl chloride 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethylene cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene Ketene Glyoxal Thiirene Bromoethylene Chloroethylene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride Chloroacetaldehyde Chloroacetic acid 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethylene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Acetonitrile Methylisocyanate Ethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane

IP/eV 11.18 ± 0.01 10.36 ± 0.01 13.773 ± 0.002 11.33 ± 0.01 10.0685 ± 0.0020 (11.4 ± 0.3) (11.1) 9.81 ± 0.03 (12.6) 9.9 12.2 11.5 11.99 ± 0.02 9.326 ± 0.001 (11.3) (11.0) (11.1) 13.93 ± 0.07 10.12 ± 0.02 (13.6) (11.61 ± 0.07) 10.31 ± 0.02 (11.0) 10.58 ± 0.02 9.80 ± 0.04 9.46 ± 0.02 (10.9) (11.0) 11.26 10.14 11.46 11.400 ± 0.002 9.81 ± 0.04 9.66 ± 0.01 9.64 ± 0.02 (≤ 10.3) (11.1) (≤ 11.62) 10.29 ± 0.01 10.23 ± 0.02 9.617 ± 0.003 10.2 8.61 9.83 ± 0.02 9.99 ± 0.02 (11.98) 10.82 ± 0.04 (10.48) (10.7) (11.0) (11.0) 10.36 ± 0.01 (11.5) 13.3 ± 0.5 12.20 ± 0.01 (10.67) 10.5138 ± 0.0006 10.35 ± 0.04 11.04 ± 0.02 11.04 ± 0.02

∆f Hion kJ/mol 936 929 935 1361 1089 2000 280 373 99 1165 252 386 429 887 563 827 920 845 315 -30 1685 1242 363 1276 628 894 809 919 1195 489 75 1328 949 936 934 815 920 ≤ 971 650 690 880 773 892 1028 985 626 801 815 597 917 911 861 667 536 1253 900 1067 961 935 931

5/4/05 8:16:23 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules Mol. form. C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5F C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6 C2H6Cl2Si C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3F6 C3F6O C3F8 C3HN C3H2O C3H3F3 C3H3N C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H4 C3H4 C3H4 C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5F C3H5N C3H5NO C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2

Section 10.indb 213

Name 1,1-Difluoroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Fluoroethane Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethane Dichlorodimethylsilane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen Perfluoropropene Perfluoroacetone Perfluoropropane Cyanoacetylene 2-Propynal 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 2-Propenenitrile Oxazole Isoxazole Allene Propyne Cyclopropene Imidazole Propargyl alcohol Acrolein Cyclopropanone Propenoic acid 2-Oxetanone 3-Bromopropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Methyl chloroacetate 3-Fluoropropene Propanenitrile Acrylamide Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane

10-213

IP/eV (11.87) 10.229 ± 0.0007 10.56 ± 0.01 10.65 ± 0.02 10.835 ± 0.005 10.29 ± 0.01 10.98 ± 0.02 (10.5) (11.78) 9.3492 ± 0.0006 (9.5 ± 0.3) 9.65 ± 0.03 9.83 ± 0.04 10.88 ± 0.05 11.56 ± 0.02 (10.7) 10.43 ± 0.05 10.025 ± 0.025 9.10 ± 0.03 10.16 9.31 ± 0.03 8.69 ± 0.02 (7.4 ± 0.3) 8.86 ± 0.02 8.24 ± 0.08 8.96 (8.6) 7.29 ± 0.05 13.37 ± 0.01 10.60 ± 0.03 (11.57 ± 0.13) (13.38) 11.64 ± 0.01 (10.7 ± 0.1) (10.9) 10.91 ± 0.01 (9.9) (9.93) 9.692 ± 0.004 10.37 ± 0.01 9.67 ± 0.01 (8.81) 10.49 ± 0.02 10.103 ± 0.006 (9.1 ± 0.1) 10.60 (9.70 ± 0.01) (9.96) 10.04 ± 0.01 (10.64) (10.3) (10.11) 11.84 ± 0.02 (9.5) 9.73 ± 0.02 9.86 (10.1) (≤ 10.2) 10.8 ± 0.1 10.89 ± 0.04

∆f Hion kJ/mol 643 821 966 595 690 931 947 756 873 893 1044 693 760 948 1031 576 772 783 727 593 851 801 690 808 777 664 812 787 1597 –103 –282 –491 1475 1145 437 1237 940 1038 1126 1187 1209 997 1060 900 895 701 653 1008 965 919 575 821 1194 720 959 1005 903 ≤ 919 886 892

5/4/05 8:16:23 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules

10-214 Mol. form. C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C4H2O3 C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O

Section 10.indb 214

Name Allyl alcohol Methyl vinyl ether Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Fluoropropane 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine Cyclopropylamine Propyleneimine N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether Dimethoxymethane 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 3-Amino-1-propanol Maleic anhydride 1-Buten-3-yne Succinonitrile Pyrimidine Pyridazine Furan Diketene Succinic anhydride Fumaric acid Thiophene Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Cyclopropanecarbonitrile 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Cyclobutene Divinyl ether trans-2-Butenal 2-Methylpropenal

IP/eV 9.67 ± 0.05 8.95 ± 0.01 9.96 ± 0.01 9.703 ± 0.006 (10.22) 9.65 ± 0.01 10.525 ± 0.003 10.61 ± 0.01 10.25 ± 0.02 (9.9) (10.3) 10.18 ± 0.01 10.10 ± 0.03 10.81 ± 0.01 10.79 ± 0.02 (11.3) (11.08) 9.25 ± 0.01 9.19 ± 0.02 (8.76) (8.8) (9.0) (9.12) (10.81) (10.71) 10.95 ± 0.05 10.18 ± 0.06 10.17 ± 0.02 9.72 ± 0.07 9.7 9.20 ± 0.01 9.145 ± 0.005 (8.55) (10.0) (10.15) (8.78) (8.72) 7.82 ± 0.06 (9.0) (10.8) 9.58 ± 0.02 (12.1 ± 0.25) 9.23 8.67 ± 0.03 8.883 ± 0.003 (9.6 ± 0.02) (10.6) (10.7) 8.86 ± 0.02 10.34 8.207 ± 0.005 (10.25) (9.03) 9.082 ± 0.004 10.19 ± 0.02 9.59 ± 0.03 9.43 ± 0.02 (8.7) 9.73 ± 0.01 (9.92)

∆f Hion kJ/mol 808 763 772 719 892 851 568 639 579 658 528 898 877 911 896 806 776 860 845 891 926 960 688 919 894 952 727 709 722 588 819 806 765 65 624 777 758 731 651 645 1230 1377 1087 1112 822 736 500 355 970 1127 900 1173 1034 986 1148 1071 1067 827 835 834

5/4/05 8:16:25 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules Mol. form. C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6S C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2

Section 10.indb 215

Name Cyclobutanone cis-Crotonic acid trans-Crotonic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate Acetic anhydride Dimethyl oxalate 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane 1,4-Dibromobutane Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether

10-215

IP/eV (9.35) (10.08) (9.9) (10.15) 9.19 ± 0.05 (9.9) (10.0) (10.0) (8.4) (11.2) (11.3) (9.2) 9.55 ± 0.06 9.11 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.01 9.239 ± 0.003 (9.82 ± 0.05) (9.46) (10.15) (8.98) (≤ 10.15) 9.84 ± 0.02 9.71 ± 0.01 9.52 ± 0.04 9.38 ± 0.05 10.17 ± 0.05 10.33 ± 0.03 10.52 ± 0.02 10.01 ± 0.05 10.15 ± 0.03 9.8 9.19 ± 0.01 (9.8) 8.38 (10.12) 10.01 ± 0.02 10.09 ± 0.02 9.92 ± 0.03 10.67 ± 0.03 10.53 10.73 ± 0.07 (10.61) 9.23 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.02 9.19 ± 0.01 (9.02) (8.0) 8.81 ± 0.03 (8.2) 10.53 ± 0.10 (10.57) 9.99 ± 0.05 9.88 ± 0.03 10.02 ± 0.04 9.90 ± 0.02 9.51 ± 0.03 9.41 ± 0.07 9.45 ± 0.04 (9.6) (9.3)

∆f Hion kJ/mol 815 625 604 611 572 641 398 287 898 1110 1115 674 921 871 866 875 976 936 879 709 862 742 721 678 721 509 516 555 522 548 607 571 577 774 869 845 861 823 875 857 877 842 840 815 824 798 769 616 841 890 886 689 658 683 642 666 670 661 529 558

5/4/05 8:16:26 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules

10-216 Mol. form. C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4NiO4 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6O C5H6O C5H6S C5H6S C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2

Section 10.indb 216

Name 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide Diethyl disulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Nickel carbonyl Furfural Pyridine 1-Penten-3-yne cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne Cyclopentene Spiropentane Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 2,2-Dimethylpropanal Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate

IP/eV 9.14 ± 0.01 (9.10) (9.12) (9.03) (8.43) (8.8) (8.7) (8.27) 8.7 ± 0.1 8.46 ± 0.1 8.46 ± 0.1 8.50 ± 0.1 7.85 ± 0.1 9.80 ± 0.04 8.89 ± 0.05 8.27 ± 0.04 9.22 ± 0.01 9.25 9.00 ± 0.01 9.14 ± 0.04 9.05 ± 0.01 9.25 ± 0.02 8.55 ± 0.02 8.38 ± 0.02 (8.64) (8.14) (8.40) 8.63 ± 0.03 8.59 ± 0.02 9.60 ± 0.02 8.84 ± 0.01 10.10 ± 0.01 9.01 ± 0.01 (9.26) (≤ 9.46) 9.26 ± 0.01 8.35 ± 0.01 (≤ 10.3) (9.7) 8.85 ± 0.01 (≤ 9.17) 9.51 ± 0.01 9.01 ± 0.03 9.04 ± 0.01 9.12 ± 0.01 9.52 ± 0.01 8.69 ± 0.01 (10.33 ± 0.15) 9.51 ± 0.01 (9.72) 9.74 ± 0.04 9.38 ± 0.01 9.31 ± 0.01 9.30 ± 0.01 9.25 ± 0.01 (≤ 10.53) (≤ 10.51) 10.52 ± 0.02 (≤ 9.92) 9.99 ± 0.03

∆f Hion kJ/mol 794 781 783 762 730 767 749 724 748 711 695 721 684 713 837 200 739 1031 1119 1137 1128 1152 955 729 763 867 893 914 905 1032 928 1119 905 1078 796 701 681 617 589 469 ≤ 676 896 843 841 844 891 796 918 675 695 709 646 640 635 670 ≤ 527 ≤ 499 584 501 482

5/4/05 8:16:27 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules Mol. form. C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11I C5H11N C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C6BrF5 C6ClF5 C6Cl6 C6F6 C6F12 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2

Section 10.indb 217

Name Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Thiacyclohexane 1-Bromopentane 1-Iodopentane Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Bromopentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexane Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene p-Benzoquinone Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene Fulvene o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline

10-217

IP/eV (10.00) (10.07) (8.2) 10.10 ± 0.01 9.20 ± 0.01 8.03 ± 0.11 ≤ 8.41 ± 0.02 10.28 ± 0.10 10.32 ± 0.05 (≤ 10.2) (10.00) (9.78) 9.78 (9.86) (9.8) (9.88 ± 0.13) (9.4 ± 0.1) (9.24) (9.45) (8.38) (8.50) (8.35) (9.67) (9.72) (8.98) 9.89 ± 0.04 (13.2) (9.63) (9.20) (9.53) (9.53) (9.35) (9.04) 9.32 ± 0.02 (9.92 ± 0.1) (9.96 ± 0.1) 9.06 ± 0.02 9.10 ± 0.02 8.92 ± 0.02 (9.90) 9.29 ± 0.01 9.33 ± 0.01 9.1589 ± 0.0003 10.01 ± 0.06 9.00 ± 0.02 9.07 ± 0.02 8.655 ± 0.001 (≤ 8.69) 9.20 ± 0.01 8.685 9.86 ± 0.02 (9.1) (9.0) (9.1) 9.24378 ± 0.00007 (8.36) (8.50) (8.09) (≤ 8.18) (8.27)

∆f Hion kJ/mol 500 520 728 846 817 726 ≤ 809 845 843 ≤ 818 668 630 628 649 615 637 648 608 640 687 716 689 222 126 822 8 –1095 122 –71 284 263 254 880 899 995 999 907 906 885 826 602 591 577 844 971 930 680 ≤ 692 772 1003 1019 782 755 761 975 1031 883 835 ≤ 844 861

5/4/05 8:16:28 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules

10-218 Mol. form. C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O4 C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H13I C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2

Section 10.indb 218

Name m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine o-Phenylenediamine m-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Diethyl oxalate Caprolactam 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 3-Methyl-2-pentanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether Methyl pentyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane

IP/eV (8.31) (8.34) 8.49 ± 0.02 7.94 ± 0.01 (8.32) 7.720 ± 0.002 (9.02) (9.04) (9.04) (7.2) (7.14) (6.87 ± 0.05) 9.27 ± 0.05 10.03 ± 0.05 9.90 ± 0.04 8.945 ± 0.01 9.14 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.01 (9.8) (9.07 ± 0.02) 9.44 ± 0.04 (8.97 ± 0.01) (8.97 ± 0.01) (9.08 ± 0.01) 9.45 ± 0.01 (8.58) 8.98 ± 0.01 (8.97 ± 0.01) (9.06 ± 0.02) (9.07 ± 0.01) 8.27 ± 0.01 9.86 ± 0.03 (9.85) 9.72 ± 0.05 9.3 ± 0.1 9.12 ± 0.02 9.21 ± 0.01 9.30 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.01 9.12 ± 0.02 (9.75) ≤ 10.12 (9.92 ± .05) 9.90 (9.90 ± 0.04) 9.179 (8.86) 10.13 (10.12) (10.08) (10.06) (10.02) (9.89) (9.80 ± 0.03) (9.63 ± 0.03) (9.27) 9.20 ± 0.05 (9.36) (≤ 9.67) (9.2)

∆f Hion kJ/mol 865 859 723 503 915 832 970 979 976 787 777 759 978 1089 1060 859 656 694 205 629 869 818 814 817 862 761 809 804 818 812 729 828 845 691 626 600 600 609 592 589 651 ≤ 463 471 453 466 794 750 810 802 801 787 791 639 611 599 602 569 610 ≤ 657 434

5/4/05 8:16:29 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules Mol. form. C6H14O3 C6H14S C6H14S C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C7H3F5 C7H5ClO C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10O C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H16 C7H16O

Section 10.indb 219

Name Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipropyl sulfide Diisopropyl sulfide Hexylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Triethanolamine 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene Benzoyl chloride (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid p-Bromotoluene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene Benzamide o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Dicyclopropyl ketone 1-Heptene trans-3-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 1-Methylcyclohexanol Heptane 1-Heptanol

10-219

IP/eV ≤ 9.8 8.30 ± 0.02 (8.2 ± 0.2) (8.63 ± 0.05) (7.84 ± 0.02) (7.73 ± 0.03) (7.50 ± 0.02) (7.9) (9.4) (9.53) (≤ 9.60) 9.685 ± 0.005 9.70 ± 0.01 9.49 ± 0.02 (9.3) 8.67 ± 0.02 (8.7 ± 0.1) (8.83) (8.69) 9.10 ± 0.02 8.91 ± 0.01 8.91 ± 0.01 8.79 ± 0.01 (9.25) 9.24 9.45 ± 0.1 9.46 ± 0.05 8.8276 ± 0.0006 (8.24) 8.29 ± 0.07 (8.3) (8.3) 8.22 ± 0.03 (8.64) (7.44 ± 0.02) (7.50 ± 0.02) (7.24 ± 0.02) 7.34 ± 0.04 (8.85 ± 0.02) (8.85 ± 0.03) (≤ 8.80 ± 0.05) 8.86 ± 0.03 (≤ 9.15) (≤ 9.25) (9.1) 9.34 ± 0.10 (8.92) 9.97 9.64 (9.92 ± 0.05) 9.7 ± 0.2 (9.65) 9.28 ± 0.10 9.18 ± 0.08 9.10 ± 0.06 (9.28) 8.95 ± 0.01 (9.8 ± 0.2) 9.93 ± 0.10 (9.84)

∆f Hion kJ/mol ≤ 448 676 649 699 641 602 631 206 64 815 ≤ 914 335 1154 878 604 908 856 869 855 897 709 709 701 792 946 941 942 901 670 668 675 701 725 917 772 778 753 792 922 918 ≤ 916 913 ≤ 953 ≤ 965 1041 839 790 844 775 828 799 668 594 589 577 586 552 586 771 614

5/4/05 8:16:30 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules

10-220 Mol. form. C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N

Section 10.indb 220

Name 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Ethyl pentyl ether Phthalic anhydride Isophthalic acid Terephthalic acid 2-Methylbenzonitrile 3-Methylbenzonitrile 4-Methylbenzonitrile Indole Styrene p-Tolualdehyde Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene p-Ethylphenol 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol Phenetole 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne 1-Octene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octane 2-Methylheptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether Dibutyl sulfide Di-tert-butyl sulfide Diisobutyl sulfide Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine

IP/eV (9.70) (9.68) (9.61) (≤ 9.49) (10.1) (9.98) (9.86) (≤ 9.38) (≤ 9.34) 9.32 ± 0.02 7.7602 ± 0.0006 8.464 ± 0.001 (9.33) 9.29 ± 0.03 (9.1) (9.43) (9.23) (8.26) 9.32 ± 0.03 8.77 ± 0.01 8.56 ± 0.01 8.56 ± 0.01 8.44 ± 0.01 (7.84) (8.26) (8.0) (8.05) (8.09) (8.13) (≤ 8.9) (≤ 7.67) 7.12 ± 0.02 (9.95 ± 0.02) 9.31 ± 0.01 9.22 ± 0.01 9.20 ± 0.01 9.43 ± 0.01 9.75 ± 0.05 (9.54) (9.42) (<9.78) 9.41 (<9.98) 9.53 (<9.93) (9.56) (9.34) (8.80) 9.80 ± 0.10 (9.84) (9.86) 9.8 (9.28) (9.11) 8.88 ± 0.07 (8.2) (8.0) (8.34) (7.69) (7.8)

∆f Hion kJ/mol 580 578 572 ≤ 602 603 268 232 1085 1085 1083 908 964 825 810 558 579 560 479 611 876 844 843 832 613 640 609 615 624 683 ≤ 880 ≤ 794 787 1040 961 952 946 829 816 748 728 772 728 778 743 782 738 753 511 737 734 713 720 s 560 511 493 624 583 625 586 574

5/4/05 8:16:31 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules Mol. form. C8H20Si C9H7N C9H7N C9H8 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H13N C9H14O C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H20 C10F8 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H16 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H20 C10H20 C10H22 C11H10 C11H10 C11H16 C11H24 C11H24 C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2O

Section 10.indb 221

Name Tetraethylsilane Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene o-Methylstyrene m-Methylstyrene p-Methylstyrene Cyclopropylbenzene Indan Ethyl benzoate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene N,N-Dimethyl-o-toluidine Isophorone Butylcyclopentane Propylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonane Perfluoronaphthalene 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol Dimethyl phthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene p-tert-Butylphenol α-Pinene Camphor cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene 1-Decene Butylcyclohexane Decane 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene p-tert-Butyltoluene Undecane 2-Methyldecane Acenaphthylene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl trans-Azoxybenzene

10-221

IP/eV (8.9) 8.62 ± 0.01 8.53 ± 0.03 8.14 ± 0.01 (8.20) (8.15) (8.1) (8.35) (8.3) (8.9) 8.713 ± 0.010 8.73 ± 0.01 8.42 ± 0.02 8.27 ± 0.01 8.41 ± 0.01 7.40 ± 0.02 (≤ 9.07) (9.95) (9.46) (9.33) (9.16) (9.07) 9.01 ± 0.06 9.71 ± 0.10 8.85 8.08 ± 0.03 (8.13) 8.1442 ± 0.0009 7.38 ± 0.05 7.76 ± 0.03 7.87 ± 0.06 (9.64 ± 0.07) 8.46 ± 0.02 8.69 ± 0.02 8.68 ± 0.02 8.68 ± 0.05 8.69 ± 0.02 (8.29) (≤ 8.51) (8.49) (8.40) 8.04 ± 0.02 (7.8) (8.07) (8.76) 9.36 ± 0.04 9.34 ± 0.04 9.42 ± 0.05 (9.41) (9.65) 7.97 ± 0.03 7.91 ± 0.08 (8.12) (9.56) (9.7) (8.22) (7.57) 7.75 ± 0.07 8.23 ± 0.10 (8.1)

∆f Hion kJ/mol 595 1041 1032 949 908 899 895 956 864 537 848 847 803 784 796 814 ≤ 670 793 720 704 545 530 512 709 –368 955 906 936 1001 719 729 277 841 826 820 816 817 771 ≤ 804 798 790 730 552 808 577 734 720 786 695 682 882 877 730 650 658 1053 961 903 977 1123

5/4/05 8:16:32 AM

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules

10-222 Mol. form. C12H10O C12H11N C12H18 C12H18 C12H22 C12H27N C13H10 C13H10O C13H12 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10 C14H12 C14H12 C14H14 C16H10 C16H10 C18H12 C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C20H12 C24H12

Section 10.indb 222

Name Diphenyl ether Diphenylamine 5,7-Dodecadiyne Hexamethylbenzene Cyclohexylcyclohexane Tributylamine 9H-Fluorene Benzophenone Diphenylmethane Anthracene Phenanthrene Diphenylacetylene cis-Stilbene trans-Stilbene 1,2-Diphenylethane Fluoranthene Pyrene Chrysene o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Perylene Coronene

IP/eV (8.09) 7.16 ± 0.04 (8.67) 7.85 ± 0.01 (9.41) (7.4) 7.91 ± 0.02 9.08 ± 0.05 (8.55) 7.439 ± 0.006 7.8914 ± 0.0006 7.94 ± 0.03 (7.80) 7.656 ± 0.001 8.9 ± 0.1 7.9 ± 0.1 7.4256 ± 0.0006 7.60 ± 0.01 (7.99) (8.01) 7.80 ± 0.03 6.960 ± 0.001 7.29 ± 0.01

∆f Hion kJ/mol 766 908 1079 670 690 492 952 926 963 948 966 1168 1005 973 1002 1052 935 1017 1056 1057 1037 981 1026

5/4/05 8:16:33 AM

X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS The energy levels in this tables are the values recommended by Bearden and Burr on the basis of a thorough review of the literature on x-ray wavelengths and related data. All values are in electron volts (eV). Values in parentheses are interpolated, and an asterisk * indicates a level which is not resolved from the level above it. See Reference 1 for uncertainties in the levels and a complete description of how the recommended values were obtained. Level K LI LII,III

1 H 13.59811

Level K LI LII,III

9 F 685.4 (31) 8.6

Level K LI LII LIII MI MII,III MIV,V Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV,V

25

2 He 24.58678

3 Li 54.75

References

1. Bearden, J. A., and Burr, A. F., Rev. Mod. Phys., 39, 125, 1967; also published as X-Ray Wavelengths and X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys. — Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 14, 1967. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, pp. 7-158 to 7-167, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 4 Be 111.0

5 B 188.0

6 C 283.8

7 N 401.6

4.7

6.4

9.2

8 O 532.0 23.7 7.1

10

Ne 866.9 (45) 18.3

11 Na 1072.1 63.3 31.1

12

Mg 1305.0 89.4 51.4

13 Al 1559.6 117.7 73.1

14 Si 1838.9 148.7 99.2

15 P 2145.5 189.3 132.2

16 S 2472.0 229.2 164.8

Cl 2822.4 270.2 201.6 200.0 17.5 6.8

Ar 3202.9 320 247.3 245.2 25.3 12.4

K 3607.4 377.1 296.3 293.6 33.9 17.8

Ca 4038.1 437.8 350.0 346.4 43.7 25.4

Sc 4492.8 500.4 406.7 402.2 53.8 32.3 6.6

Ti 4966.4 563.7 461.5 455.5 60.3 34.6 3.7

V 5465.1 628.2 520.5 512.9 66.5 37.8 2.2

Cr 5989.2 694.6 583.7 574.5 74.1 42.5 2.3

Mn 6539.0 769.0 651.4 640.3 83.9 48.6 48.6* 3.3

26 Fe 7112.0 846.1 721.1 708.1 92.9 54.0 54.0* 3.6

27 Co 7708.9 925.6 793.6 778.6 100.7 59.5 59.5* 2.9

28 Ni 8332.8 1008.1 871.9 854.7 111.8 68.1 68.1* 3.6

29 Cu 8978.9 1096.1 951.0 931.1 119.8 73.6 73.6* 1.6

30 Zn 9658.6 1193.6 1042.8 1019.7 135.9 86.6 86.6* 8.1

31 Ga 10367.1 1297.7 1142.3 1115.4 158.1 106.8 102.9 17.4

32 Ge 11103.1 1414.3 1247.8 1216.7 180.0 127.9 120.8 28.7

Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII

33 As 11866.7 1526.5 1358.6 1323.1 203.5 146.4 140.5 41.2 41.2*

34 Se 12657.8 1653.9 1476.2 1435.8 231.5 168.2 161.9 56.7 56.7*

36 Kr 14325.6 1921.0 1727.2 1674.9

2.5 2.5*

5.6 5.6*

35 Br 13473.7 1782.0 1596.0 1549.9 256.5 189.3 181.5 70.1 69.0 27.3 5.2 4.6

222.7 213.8 88.9 88.9* 24.0 10.6 10.6*

37 Rb 15199.7 2065.1 1863.9 1804.4 322.1 247.4 238.5 111.8 110.3 29.3 14.8 14.0

38 Sr 16104.6 2216.3 2006.8 1939.6 357.5 279.8 269.1 135.0 133.1 37.7 19.9 19.9*

39 Y 17038.4 2372.5 2155.5 2080.0 393.6 312.4 300.3 159.6 157.4 45.4 25.6 25.6*

40 Zr 17997.6 2531.6 2306.7 2222.3 430.3 344.2 330.5 182.4 180.0 51.3 28.7 28.7*

Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV

41 Nb 18985.6 2697.7 2464.7 2370.5 468.4 378.4 363.0 207.4

42 Mo 19999.5 2865.5 2625.1 2520.2 504.6 409.7 392.3 230.3

43 Tc 21044.0 3042.5 2793.2 2676.9

44 Ru 22117.2 3224.0 2966.9 2837.9 585.0 482.8 460.6 283.6

45 Rh 23219.9 3411.9 3146.1 3003.8 627.1 521.0 496.2 311.7

46 Pd 24350.3 3604.3 3330.3 3173.3 669.9 559.1 531.5 340.0

47 Ag 25514.0 3805.8 3523.7 3351.1 717.5 602.4 571.4 372.8

48 Cd 26711.2 4018.0 3727.0 3537.5 770.2 650.7 616.5 410.5

17

18

19

444.9 425.0 256.4

20

21

22

23

24

10-223

Section 10.indb 223

5/4/05 8:16:35 AM

X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels

10-224 Level MV NI NII NIII NIV,V

Nb 204.6 58.1 33.9 33.9* 3.2

41

Mo 227.0 61.8 34.8 34.8* 1.8

42

Tc 252.9

43

38.9 38.9*

Ru 279.4 74.9 43.1 43.1* 2.0

44

Rh 307.0 81.0 47.9 47.9* 2.5

45

Pd 334.7 86.4 51.1 51.1* 1.5

46

Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV OI OII OIII

In 27939.9 4237.5 3938.0 3730.1 825.6 702.2 664.3 450.8 443.1 121.9 77.4 77.4* 16.2 16.2* 0.1 0.8 0.8*

Sn 29200.1 4464.7 4156.1 3928.8 883.8 756.4 714.4 493.3 484.8 136.5 88.6 88.6* 23.9 23.9* 0.9 1.1 1.1*

Sb 30491.2 4698.3 4380.4 4132.2 943.7 811.9 765.6 536.9 527.5 152.0 98.4 98.4* 31.4 31.4* 6.7 2.1 2.1*

Te 31813.8 4939.2 4612.0 4341.4 1006.0 869.7 818.7 582.5 572.1 168.3 110.2 110.2* 39.8 39.8* 11.6 2.3 2.3*

I 33169.4 5188.1 4852.1 4557.1 1072.1 930.5 874.6 631.3 619.4 186.4 122.7 122.7* 49.6 49.6* 13.6 3.3 3.3*

Xe 34561.4 5452.8 5103.7 4782.2

Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV,V NVI,VII OI OII,III

57 La 38924.6 6266.3 5890.6 5482.7 1361.3 1204.4 1123.4 848.5 831.7 270.4 205.8 191.4 98.9

59 Pr 41990.6 6834.8 6440.4 5964.3 1511.0 1337.4 1242.2 951.1 931.0 304.5 236.3 217.6 113.2 2.0 37.4 22.3

60 Nd 43568.9 7126.0 6721.5 6207.9 1575.3 1402.8 1297.4 999.9 977.7 315.2 243.3 224.6 117.5 1.5 37.5 21.1

61 Pm 45184.0 7427.9 7012.8 6459.3

32.3 14.4

58 Ce 40443.0 6548.8 6164.2 5723.4 1434.6 1272.8 1185.4 901.3 883.3 289.6 223.3 207.2 110.0 0.1 37.8 19.8

Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI,VII OI OII OIII

65 Tb 51995.7 8708.0 8251.6 7514.0 1967.5 1767.7 1611.3 1275.0 1241.2 397.9 310.2 385.0 147.0 147.0* 2.6 39.0 25.4 25.4*

66 Dy 53788.5 9045.8 8580.6 7790.1 2046.8 1841.8 1675.6 1332.5 1294.9 416.3 331.8 292.9 154.2 154.2* 4.2 62.9 26.3 26.3*

67 Ho 55617.7 9394.2 8917.8 8071.1 2128.3 1922.8 1741.2 1391.5 1351.4 435.7 343.5 306.6 161.0 161.0* 3.7 51.2 20.3 20.3*

68 Er 57485.5 9751.3 9264.3 8357.9 2206.5 2005.8 1811.8 1453.3 1409.3 449.1 366.2 320.0 176.7 167.6 4.3 59.8 29.4 29.4*

69 Tm 59389.6 10115.7 9616.9 8648.0 2306.8 2089.8 1884.5 1514.6 1467.7 471.7 385.9 336.6 179.6 179.6* 5.3 53.2 32.3 32.3*

Section 10.indb 224

49

50

51

52

53

1471.4 1356.9 1051.5 1026.9 242 242* 120.4

Ag 366.7 95.2 62.6 55.9 3.3

47

Cd 403.7 107.6 66.9 66.9* 9.3

48

Cs 35984.6 5714.3 5359.4 5011.9 1217.1 1065.0 997.6 739.5 725.5 230.8 172.3 161.6 78.8 76.5 22.7 13.1 11.4

Ba 37440.6 5988.8 5623.6 5247.0 1292.8 1136.7 1062.2 796.1 780.7 253.0 191.8 179.7 92.5 89.9 39.1 16.6 14.6

62 Sm 46834.2 7736.8 7311.8 6716.2 1722.8 1540.7 1419.8 1106.0 1080.2 345.7 265.6 247.4 129.0 5.5 37.4 21.3

63 Eu 48519.0 8052.0 7617.1 6976.9 1800.0 1613.9 1480.6 1160.6 1130.9 360.2 283.9 256.6 133.2 0.0 31.8 22.0

64 Gd 50239.1 8375.6 7930.3 7242.8 1880.8 1688.3 1544.0 1217.2 1185.2 375.8 288.5 270.9 140.5 0.1 36.1 20.3

70 Yb 61332.3 10486.4 9978.2 8943.6 2398.1 2173.0 1949.8 1576.3 1527.8 487.2 396.7 343.5 198.1 184.9 6.3 54.1 23.4 23.4*

71 Lu 63313.8 10870.4 10348.6 9244.1 2491.2 2263.5 2023.6 1639.4 1588.5 506.2 410.1 359.3 204.8 195.0 6.9 56.8 28.0 28.0*

72 Hf 65350.8 11270.7 10739.4 9560.7 2600.9 2365.4 2107.6 1716.4 1661.7 538.1 437.0 380.4 223.8 213.7 17.1 64.9 38.1 30.6

54

999.0 937.0 672.3 146.7 146.7*

55

56

5/4/05 8:16:37 AM

X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels

10-225

Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI NVII OI OII OIII OIV,V

Ta 67416.4 11681.5 11136.1 9881.1 2708.0 2468.7 2194.0 1793.2 1735.1 565.5 464.8 404.5 241.3 229.3 25.0 25.0* 71.1 44.9 36.4 5.7

W 69525.0 12099.8 11544.0 10206.8 2819.6 2574.9 2281.0 1871.6 1809.2 595.0 491.6 425.3 258.8 245.4 36.5 33.6 77.1 46.8 35.6 6.1

Re 71676.4 12526.7 11958.7 10535.3 2931.7 2681.6 2367.3 1948.9 1882.9 625.0 517.9 444.4 273.7 260.2 40.6 40.6* 82.8 45.6 34.6 3.5

Os 73870.8 12968.0 12385.0 10870.9 3048.5 2792.2 2457.2 2030.8 1960.1 654.3 546.5 468.2 289.4 272.8 46.3 46.3* 83.7 58.0 45.4

Ir 76111.0 13418.5 12824.1 11215.2 3173.7 2908.7 2550.7 2116.1 2040.4 690.1 577.1 494.3 311.4 294.9 63.4 60.5 95.2 63.0 50.5 3.8

Pt 78394.8 13879.9 13272.6 11563.7 3296.0 3026.5 2645.4 2201.9 2121.6 722.0 609.2 519.0 330.8 313.3 74.3 71.1 101.7 65.3 51.7 2.2

Au 80724.9 14352.8 13733.6 11918.7 3424.9 3147.8 2743.0 2291.1 2205.7 758.8 643.7 545.4 352.0 333.9 86.4 82.8 107.8 71.7 53.7 2.5

Hg 83102.3 14839.3 14208.7 12283.9 3561.6 3278.5 2847.1 2384.9 2294.9 800.3 676.9 571.0 378.3 359.8 102.2 98.5 120.3 80.5 57.6 6.4

Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI NVII OI OII OIII OIV OV PI PII,III

Tl 85530.4 15346.7 14697.9 12657.5 3704.1 3415.7 2956.6 2485.1 2389.3 845.5 721.3 609.0 406.6 386.2 122.8 118.5 136.3 99.6 75.4 15.3 13.1

Pb 88004.5 15860.8 15200.0 13035.2 3850.7 3554.2 3066.4 2585.6 2484.0 893.6 763.9 644.5 435.2 412.9 142.9 138.1 147.3 104.8 86.0 21.8 19.2 3.1 0.7

Bi 90525.9 16387.5 15711.1 13418.6 3999.1 3696.3 3176.9 2687.6 2579.6 938.2 805.3 678.9 463.6 440.0 161.9 157.4 159.3 116.8 92.8 26.5 24.4

Po 93105.0 16939.3 16244.3 13813.8 4149.4 3854.1 3301.9 2798.0 2683.0 995.3 851 705 500.2 473.4

At 95729.9 17493 16784.7 14213.5 (4317) 4008 3426 2908.7 2786.7 (1042) 886 740 533.2

Rn 98404 18049 17337.1 14619.4 (4482) 4159 3538 3021.5 2892.4 (1097) 929 768 566.6

Fr 101137 18639 17906.5 15031.2 (4652) 4327 3663 3136.2 2999.9 (1153) 980 810 603.3 577

Ra 103921.9 19236.7 18484.3 15444.4 4822.0 4489.5 3791.8 3248.4 3104.9 1208.4 1057.6 879.1 635.9 602.7 298.9 298.9* 254.4 200.4 152.8 67.2 67.2* 43.5 18.8

Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV

Ac 106755.3 19840 19083.2 15871.0 (5002) 4656 3909 3370.2 3219.0 (1269) 1080 890 674.9

Th 109650.9 20472.1 19693.2 16300.3 5182.3 4830.4 4046.1 3490.8 3332.0 1329.5 1168.2 967.3 714.1

Pa 112601.4 21104.6 20313.7 16733.1 5366.9 5000.9 4173.8 3611.2 3441.8 1387.1 1224.3 1006.7 743.4

Np 118678 22426.8 21600.5 17610.0 5723.2 5366.2 4434.7 3850.3 3665.8 1500.7 1327.7 1086.8 815.9

Pu 121818 23097.2 22266.2 18056.8 5932.9 5541.2 4556.6 3972.6 3778.1 1558.6 1372.1 1114.8 848.9

Am 125027 23772.9 22944.0 18504.1 6120.5 5710.2 4667.0 4092.1 3886.9 1617.1 1411.8 (1135.7) 878.7

Cm 128220 24460 23779 18930 6288 5895 4797 4227 3971 1643 1440 1154

Section 10.indb 225

73

81

89

74

82

90

75

83

76

84

77

85

78

86

79

87

31.4 31.4*

2.7 91

U 115606.1 21757.4 20947.6 17166.3 5548.0 5182.2 4303.4 3727.6 3551.7 1440.8 1272.6 1044.9 780.4 92

93

94

95

80

88

96

5/4/05 8:16:39 AM

X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels

10-226 Level NV NVI NVII OI OII OIII OIV OV PI PII PIII Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII OI

Section 10.indb 226

Ac

89

97 Bk 131590 25275 24385 19452 6556 6147 4977 4366 4132 1755 1554 1235 398

Th 676.4 344.4 335.2 290.2 229.4 181.8 94.3 87.9 59.5 49.0 43.0

Pa 708.2 371.2 359.5 309.6 222.9 222.9* 94.1 94.1*

98 Cf 135960 26110 25250 19930 6754 6359 5109 4497 4253 1799 1616 1279 419

99 Es 139490 26900 26020 20410 6977 6574 5252 4630 4374 1868 1680 1321 435

90

91

U 737.7 391.3 380.9 323.7 259.3 195.1 105.0 96.3 70.7 42.3 32.3 92

Fm 143090 27700 26810 20900 7205 6793 5397 4766 4498 1937 1747 1366 454

100

Np 770.3 415.0 404.4 283.4 206.1 109.3 101.3

Pu 801.4 445.8 432.4 351.9 274.1 206.5 116.0 105.4

Md 146780 28530 27610 21390 7441 7019 5546 4903 4622 2010 1814 1410 472

102 No 150540 29380 28440 21880 7675 7245 5688 5037 4741 2078 1876 1448 484

93

101

94

95

Am 827.6

96

Cm

385

115.8 103.3

103 Lr 154380 30240 29280 22360 7900 7460 5710 5150 4860 2140 1930 1480 490

5/4/05 8:16:39 AM

ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS Gwyn P. Williams This table gives the binding energies in electron volts (eV) for selected electronic levels of the elements. For metallic elements the binding energy is referred to the Fermi level; for semiconductors, to the valence band maximum; and for gases and insulators, to the vacuum level. The atomic number is listed after the element name. Actinium (89) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2 O IV 5d3/2 OV 5d5/2 PI 6s P II 6p1/2 P III 6p3/2

106755 19840 19083 15871 5002 4656 3909 3370 3219 1269a 1080a 890a 675a 639a 319a 319a 272a 215a 167a 80a 80a — — —

Aluminum (13) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2

1559.0 117.8a 72.9a 72.5a

Antimony (51) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2

30419 4698 4380 4132 946b 812.7b 766.4b 537.5b 528.2b 153.2b 95.6b,c 95.6b 33.3b 32.1b

Argon (18) K 1s LI 2s

3205.9 326.3a

a

L II L III MI M II M III

2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

250.6a 248.4a 29.3a 15.9a 15.7a

Arsenic (33) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2

11867 1527.0a,d 1359.1a,d 1323.6a,d 204.7a 146.2a 141.2a 41.7a 41.7a

Astatine (85) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2 O IV 5d3/2 OV 5d5/2

95730 17493 16785 14214 4317 4008 3426 2909 2787 1042a 886a 740a 533a 507a 210a 210a 195a 148a 115a 40a 40a

Barium (56) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2

37441 5989 5624 5247 1293a,d 1137a,d 1063a,d 795.7a 780.5a 253.5b 192

References 1. Fluggle and Martensson, J. Elect. Spect., 21, 275, 1980. 2. Cardona, M. and Ley, L., Photoemission from Solids, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1978. 3. Bearden, J. A. and Burr, A. F., Rev. Mod. Phys., 39, 125, 1967.

N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

178.6b 92.6b 89.9b — — 30.3b 17.0b 14.8b

Beryllium (4) K 1s

111.5a

Bismuth (83) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2 O IV 5d3/2 OV 5d5/2

90526 16388 15711 13419 3999 3696 3177 2688 2580 939b 805.2b 678.8b 464.0b 440.1b 162.3b 157.0b 159.3a,d 119.0b 92.6b 26.9b 23.8b

Boron (5) K 1s

188a

Bromine (35) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2

13474 1782a 1596a 1550a 257a 189a 182a 70a 69a

Cadmium (48) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II

26711 4018 3727

L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV

2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2

3538 772.0b 652.6b 618.4b 411.9b 405.2b 109.8b 63.9b,c 63.9b,c 11.7b 10.7b

Calcium (20) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2

4038.5a 438.4b 349.7b 346.2b 44.3b 25.4b 25.4b

Carbon (6) K 1s

284.2a

Cerium (58) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s 5p1/2 O II O III 5p3/2

40443 6548 6164 5723 1436a,d 1274a,d 1187a,d 902.4a 883.8a 291.0a 223.3 206.5a 109a — 0.1 0.1 37.8 19.8a 17.0a

Cesium (55) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2

35985 5714 5359 5012 1211a,d 1071a

10-227

Section 10.indb 227

5/4/05 8:16:43 AM

Electron Binding Energies of the Elements

10-228 M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

1003a 740.5a 726.6a 232.3a 172.4a 161.3a 79.8a 77.5a — — 22.7 14.2a 12.1a

Chlorine (17) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2

2822.0 270a 202a 200a

Chromium(24) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2

5989 696.0b 583.8b 574.1b 74.1b 42.2b 42.2b

Cobalt (27) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2

7709 925.1b 793.2b 778.1b 101.0b 58.9b 58.9b

Copper (29) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2

8979 1096.7b 952.3b 932.5b 122.5b 77.3b 75.1b

Dysprosium (66) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s

53789 9046 8581 7790 2047 1842 1676 1333 1292a 414.2a 333.5a 293.2a 153.6a 153.6a 8.0a 4.3a 49.9a

Section 10.indb 228

O II O III

5p1/2 5p3/2

26.3 26.3

Erbium (68) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2

57486 9751 9264 8358 2206 2006 1812 1453 1409 449.8a 366.2 320.2a 167.6a 167.6a — 4.7a 50.6a 31.4a 24.7a

Europium (63) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s 5p1/2 O II O III 5p3/2

48519 8052 7617 6977 1800 1614 1481 1158.6a 1127.5a 360 284 257 133 1227a 0 0 32 22 22

Fluorine (9) K 1s

696.7a

Francium (87) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2

101137 18639 17907 15031 4652 4327 3663 3136 3000 1153a 980a 810a 603a 577a 268a 268a

OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III

5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2

234a 182a 140a 58a 58a 34 15 15

Gadolinium (64) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2

50239 8376 7930 7243 1881 1688 1544 1221.9a 1189.6a 378.6a 286 271 — 142.6a 8.6a 8.6a 36 20 20

Gallium (31) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2

10367 1299.0a,d 1143.2b 1116.4b 159.5b 103.5b 100.0b 18.7b 18.7b

Germanium (32) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2

11103 1414.6a,d 1248.1a,d 1217.0a,d 180.1a 124.9a 120.8a 29.8a 29.2a

Gold (79) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III

80725 14353 13734 11919 3425 3148 2743 2291 2206 762.1b 642.7b 546.3b

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

353.2b 335.1b 87.6b 83.9b 107.2a,d 74.2b 57.2b

Hafnium (72) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2

65351 11271 10739 9561 2601 2365 2107 1176 1662 538a 438.2b 380.7b 220.0b 211.5b 15.9b 14.2b 64.2b 38a 29.9b

Helium (2) K 1s

24.6a

Holmium (67) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2

55618 9394 8918 8071 2128 1923 1741 1392 1351 432.4a 343.5 308.2a 160a 160a 8.6a 5.2a 49.3a 30.8a 24.1a

Hydrogen (1) K 1s

13.6

Indium (49) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2

27940 4238 3938 3730 827.2b 703.2b 665.3b 451.4b

5/4/05 8:16:45 AM

Electron Binding Energies of the Elements MV NI N II N III N IV NV

3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2

443.9b 122.9b 73.5b,c 73.5b,c 17.7b 16.9b

Iodine (53) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2

33169 5188 4852 4557 1072a 931a 875a 631a 620a 186a 123a 123a 50a 50a

Iridium (77) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 52 O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2

76111 13419 12824 11215 3174 2909 2551 2116 2040 691.1b 577.8b 495.8b 311.9b 296.3b 63.8b 60.8b 95.2a,d 63.0a,d 48.0b

Iron (26) K LI L II L III MI M II M III

7112 844.6b 719.9b 706.8b 91.3b 52.7b 52.7b

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

Krypton (36) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2

Section 10.indb 229

14326 1921 1730.9a 1678.4a 292.8a 222.2a 214.4a 95.0a 93.8a 27.5a 14.1a

N III

4p3/2

10-229 14.1a

Lanthanum (57) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2

38925 6266 5891 5483 1362a,d 1209a,d 1128a,d 853a 836a 247.7a 205.8 196.0a 105.3a 102.5a — — 34.3a 19.3a 16.8a

Lead (82) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV

88005 15861 15200 13055 3851 3554 3066 2586 2484 891.8b 761.9b 643.5b 434.3b 412.2b 141.7b 136.9b 147a,d 106.4b 83.3b 20.7b 18.1b

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2

Lithium (3) K 1s Lutetium K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2

54.7a 63314 10870 10349 9244 2491 2264 2024 1639 1589 506.8a 412.4a 359.2a 206.1a 196.3a 8.9a

N VII OI O II O III

4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

7.5a 57.3a 33.6a 26.7a

Magnesium (12) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2

1303.0b 88.6a 49.6b 49.2a

Manganese (25) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2

6539 769.1b 649.9b 638.7b 82.3b 47.2b 47.2b

Mercury (80) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p3/2 O III 5p3/2 O IV 5d3/2 OV 5d5/2

83102 14839 14209 12284 3562 3279 2847 2385 2295 802.2b 680.2b 576.6b 378.2b 358.8b 104.0b 99.9b 127b 83.1b 64.5b 9.6b 7.8b

Molybdenum (42) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2

20000 2866 2625 2520 506.3b 411.6b 394.0b 231.1b 227.9b 63.2b 37.6b 35.5b

Neodymium (60) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2

43569 7126 6722 6208 1575 1403 1297

M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

1003.3a 980.4a 319.2a 243.3 224.6 120.5a 120.5a 1.5 1.5 37.5 21.1 21.1

Neon (10) K LI L II L III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2

870.2a 48.5a 21.7a 21.6a

Nickel (28) K LI L II L III MI M II M III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2

8333 1008.6b 870.0b 852.7b 110.8b 68.0b 66.2b

Niobium (41) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2

18986 2698 2465 2371 466.6b 376.1b 360.6b 205.0b 202.3b 56.4b 32.6b 30.8b

Nitrogen (7) K 1s LI 2s

409.9a 37.3a

Osmium (76) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2

73871 12968 12385 10871 3049 2792 2457 2031 1960 658.2b 549.1b 470.7b 293.1b 278.5b 53.4b 50.7b 84a 58a

5/4/05 8:16:47 AM

Electron Binding Energies of the Elements

10-230 O III

5p3/2

44.5b

Oxygen (8) K 1s LI 2s

543.1a 41.6a

Palladium (46) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2

24350 3604 3330 3173 671.6b 559.9b 532.3b 340.5b 335.2b 87.1a,d 55.7b,c 50.9b,c

Phosphorus (15) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2

2145.5 189a 136a 135a

Platinum (78) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2

78395 13880 13273 11564 3296 3027 2645 2202 2122 725.4b 609.1b 519.4b 331.6b 314.6b 74.5b 71.2b 101.7a,d 65.3a,b 51.7b

Polonium (84) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s

93105 16939 16244 13814 4149 3854 3302 2798 2683 995a 851a 705a 500a 473a 184a 184a 177a

Section 10.indb 230

O II O III O IV OV

5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2

132a 104a 31a 31a

Potassium (19) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2

3608.4a 378.6a 297.3a 294.6a 34.8a 18.3a 18.3a

Praseodymium (59) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s 5p1/2 O II O III 5p3/2

41991 6835 6440 5964 1511 1337 1242 948.3a 928.8a 304.5 236.3 217.6 115.1a 115.1a 2.0 2.0 37.4 22.3 22.3

Promethium (61) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s 4p1/2 N II N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2

45184 7428 7013 6459 — 1471.4 1357 1052 1027 — 242 242 120 120

Protactinium (91) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2

112601 21105 20314 16733 5367 5001 4174 3611 3442 1387a 1224a 1007a 743a

NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III

4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2

708a 371a 360a 310a 232a 232a 94a 94a — — —

Radium (88) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2 O IV 5d3/2 OV 5d5/2 PI 6s P II 6p1/2 P III 6p3/2

103922 19237 18484 15444 4822 4490 3792 3248 3105 1208a 1058 879a 636a 603a 299a 299a 254a 200a 153a 68a 68a 44 19 19

Radon (86) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2 O IV 5d3/2 OV 5d5/2 PI 6s

98404 18049 17337 14619 4482 4159 3538 3022 2892 1097a 929a 768a 567a 541a 238a 238a 214a 164a 127a 48a 48a 26

Rhenium (75) K 1s

71676

LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

12527 11959 10535 2932 2682 2367 1949 1883 625.4b 518.7b 446.8b 273.9b 260.5b 42.9a 40.5a 83b 45.6b 34.6a,d

Rhodium (45) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2

23220 3412 3146 3004 628.1b 521.3b 496.5b 311.9b 307.2b 81.4a,d 50.5b 47.3b

Rubidium (37) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2

15200 2065 1864 1804 326.7a 248.7a 239.1a 113.0a 112a 30.5a 16.3a 15.3a

Ruthenium (44) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2

22117 3224 2967 2838 586.2b 483.3b 461.5b 284.2b 280.0b 75.0b 46.5b 43.2b

Samarium (62) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II

46834 7737 7312

5/4/05 8:16:49 AM

Electron Binding Energies of the Elements L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

6716 1723 1541 1419.8 1110.9a 1083.4a 347.2a 265.6 247.4 129.0 129.0 5.2 5.2 37.4 21.3 21.3

Scandium (21) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2

4492 498.0a 403.6a 389.7a 51.1a 28.3a 28.3a

Selenium (34) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2

12658 1652.0a,d 1474.3a,d 1433.9a,d 229.6a 166.5a 160.7a 55.5a 54.6a

Silicon (14) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2

1839 149.7a,d 99.8a 99.2a

Silver (47) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III

25514 3806 3524 3351 719.0b 603.8b 573.0b 374.0b 368.0b 97.0b 63.7b 58.3b

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

Sodium (11) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2

1070.8b 63.5b 30.4b 30.5a

Strontium (38) K 1s LI 2s

16105 2216

Section 10.indb 231

10-231

L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III

2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

2007 1940 358.7b 280.3b 270.0b 136.0b 134.2b 38.9b 21.6b 20.1b

Sulfur (16) K LI L II L III

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2

2472 230.9a,d 163.6a 162.5a

Tantalum (73) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2

67416 11682 11136 9881 2708 2469 2194 1793 1735 563.4b 463.4b 400.9b 237.9b 226.4b 23.5b 21.6b 69.7b 42.2a 32.7b

Technetium (43) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2

21044 3043 2793 2677 586.1a 447.6a 417.7a 257.6a 253.9a 69.5a 42.3a 39.9a

Tellurium (52) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2

31814 4939 4612 4341 1006b 870.8b 820.0b 583.4b 573.0b 169.4b 103.3b,c 103.3b,c

N IV NV

4d3/2 4d5/2

41.9b 40.4b

Terbium (65) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2

51996 8708 8252 7514 1968 1768 1611 1267.9a 1241.1a 396.0a 322.4a 284.1a 150.5a 150.5a 7.7a 2.4a 45.6a 28.7a 22.6a

Thallium (81) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2 O IV 5d3/2 OV 5d5/2

85530 15347 14698 12658 3704 3416 2957 2485 2389 846.2b 720.5b 609.5b 405.7b 385.0b 122.2b 117.8b 136a,d 94.6b 73.5b 14.7b 12.5b

Thorium (90) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2

109651 20472 19693 16300 5182 4830 4046 3491 3332 1330a 1168a 966.4b 712.1b 675.2b 342.4b 333.1b

OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III

5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2

290a,c 229a,c 182a,c 92.5b 85.4b 41.4b 24.5b 16.6b

Thulium (69) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2

59390 10116 9617 8648 2307 2090 1885 1515 1468 470.9a 385.9a 332.6a 175.5a 175.5a — 4.6 54.7a 31.8a 25.0a

Tin (50) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2

29200 4465 4156 3929 884.7b 756.5b 714.6b 493.2b 484.9b 137.1b 83.6b,c 83.6b,c 24.9b 23.9b

Titanium (22) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2

4966 560.9b 460.2b 453.8b 58.7b 32.6b 32.6b

Tungsten (74) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2

69525 12100 11544 10207 2820 2575 2281 1949

5/4/05 8:16:52 AM

Electron Binding Energies of the Elements

10-232 MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III

3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

Uranium (92) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s

a b c d

1809 594.1b 490.4b 423.6b 255.9b 243.5b 33.6a 31.4b 75.6b 453a,d 36.8b 115606 21757 20948 17166 5548

M II

3p1/2

5182

M III

3p3/2

4303

M IV

3d3/2

3728

MV

3d5/2

3552

NI

4s

1439a,d

N II

4p1/2

1271a,d

N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI

4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s

1043b 778.3b 736.2b 388.2a 377.4b 321a,c,d

O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III

5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2

257a,c,d 192a,c,d 102.8b 94.2b 43.9b 26.8b 16.8b

Vanadium (23) K 1s LI 2s L II 2p1/2 L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2

5465 626.7b 519.8b 521.1b 66.3b 37.2b 37.2b

Xenon (54) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI

34561 5453 5107 4786 1148.7a 1002.1a 940.6a 689.0a 676.4a 213.2a 146.7 145.5a 69.5a 67.5a —

Reference 1. Reference 2 (remaining values from Reference 3). One-particle approximation not valid. Derived using energy differences from Reference 3.

Section 10.indb 232

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2

N VII OI O II O III

4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2

— 23.3a 13.4a 12.1a

Ytterbium (70) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s 3p1/2 M II M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2 N IV 4d3/2 NV 4d5/2 N VI 4f5/2 N VII 4f7/2 OI 5s O II 5p1/2 O III 5p3/2

61332 10486 9978 8944 2398 2173 1950 1576 1528 480.5a 388.7a 339.7a 191.2a 182.4a 2.5a 1.3a 52.0a 30.3a 24.1a

Yttrium (39) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2

17038 2373 2156 2080 392.0a,d 310.6a

M III M IV MV NI N II N III

3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2

298.8a 157.7b 155.8b 43.8a 24.4a 23.1a

Zinc (30) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV

1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2

9659 1196.2a 1044.9a 1021.8a 139.8a 91.4a 88.6a 10.2a 10.1a

Zirconium (40) K 1s LI 2s 2p1/2 L II L III 2p3/2 MI 3s M II 3p1/2 M III 3p3/2 M IV 3d3/2 MV 3d5/2 NI 4s N II 4p1/2 N III 4p3/2

17998 2532 2307 2223 430.3b 343.5b 329.8b 181.1b 178.8b 50.6b 28.5b 27.1b

5/4/05 8:16:53 AM

NATURAL WIDTH OF X-RAY LINES Natural widths of K X-ray lines in eV: Element Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ge Se Kr Sr Zr Mo Ru Pd Cd Sn Te Xe Ba

Kα1 1.00 1.45 2.05 2.45 3.00 3.40 3.75 4.10 4.23 5.17 5.70 6.82 7.41 8.80 9.80 11.20 12.80 14.20 16.10

Kα2 0.98 2.13 2.64 3.20 3.70 3.96 4.18 4.43 4.62 4.97 5.25 6.80 7.96 9.20 10.40 12.40 14.20 15.10 16.80

Kβ1

11.80 13.30 15.30 18.15

Kβ3

11.00 13.10 14.50 16.70

Element Ce Nd Sm Gd Dy Er Yb Hf W Os Pt Hg Pb Po Rn Ra Th U

Kα1 18.60 21.50 26.00 29.50 33.90 35.00 38.80 42.70 46.80 49.00 54.10 64.75 67.10 73.20 80.00 87.00 94.70 103.00

Kα2 19.50 21.50 24.70 28.00 32.20 35.50 40.60 44.30 48.00 49.40 54.30 68.20 72.30 75.10 81.50 88.20 95.00 104.30

Kβ1 20.60 23.25 25.65 29.37 32.73 36.20 41.43 46.00 51.83 55.90 59.98 65.75 72.20 78.60 85.50 94.20 99.70 105.00

Kβ3 18.60 21.33 24.65 28.00 32.00 35.70 41.15 46.10 51.50 55.95 62.13 68.95 73.80 80.10 86.50 95.50 101.00 107.30

From Salem, S. I. and Lee, P. L., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 18, 233, 1976.

Natural widths of L X-ray lines in eV: Element Zr Mo Ru Pd Gd Sn Tc Xe Ba Ce Nd Sm Cd Dy Er Yb Hf W Os Pt Hg Pb Po Rn Ra Th U Pu Cm

Lα1 1.68 1.86 2.03 2.21 2.43 2.62 2.88 3.15 3.39 3.70 3.93 4.13 4.46 4.81 5.17 5.40 5.83 6.50 7.04 7.60 8.10 8.82 9.50 10.03 11.00 11.90 12.40 13.20 14.80

Lα2 1.52 1.80 1.98 2.16 2.40 2.62 2.88 3.15 3.45 3.78 4.08 4.50 4.90 5.35 5.73 6.22 6.70 7.20 7.70 8.28 8.80 9.35 9.95 10.50 11.20 11.80 12.40 13.00 13.60

Lβ1 1.87 2.03 2.18 2.36 2.54 2.75 2.96 3.20 3.45 3.73 4.00 4.33 4.63 5.03 5.45 5.90 6.36 6.90 7.42 8.00 8.70 9.35 10.10 10.65 11.60 12.40 13.50 14.10 15.70

Lβ2 5.13 5.30 5.45 5.63 5.82 6.10 6.25 6.43 6.70 6.86 7.18 7.42 7.70 7.90 8.28 8.58 8.92 9.06 9.60 9.95 10.40 10.75 11.25 11.65 12.20 12.80 13.30 13.90 14.60

Lβ3 5.50 5.90 6.35 6.80 7.23 7.70 8.22 8.70 9.20 9.70 10.30 10.80 11.20 11.50 11.85 12.20 12.40 13.10 14.60 16.10 17.40 18.65 19.90 21.00 22.00 22.85 23.70 24.10 25.00

Lβ4 5.60 5.78 5.96 6.18 6.28 6.60 6.82 7.15 7.42 7.82 8.15 8.60 9.08 9.60 10.03 11.00 12.80 14.60 16.50 18.00 19.70 21.30 22.70 24.00 25.20 26.35 27.50 28.30 29.40

Lγ1 3.34 3.76 4.15 4.50 4.83 5.23 5.60 5.95 6.35 6.75 7.16 7.50 7.83 8.30 8.75 9.20 9.63 10.20 10.65 11.20 11.80 12.30 13.05 13.55 14.30 15.00 15.70 16.40 17.10

10-233

Section 10.indb 233

5/4/05 8:16:55 AM

PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS Martin J. Berger and John H. Hubbell This table gives mass attenuation coefficients for photons for all elements at energies between 1 keV (soft x-rays) and 1 GeV (hard gamma rays). The mass attenuation coefficient µ describes the attenuation of radiation as it passes through matter by the relation I ( x) /I o = e- µρx where Io is the initial intensity, I(x) the intensity after path length x, and ρ is the mass density of the element in question. To a high approximation the mass attenuation coefficient is additive for the elements present, independent of the way in which they are bound in chemical compounds. The power of ten is indicated beside each number in the table; i.e., 7.41 + 03 means 7.41 × 103. A vertical line between two columns indicates that an absorption edge lies between those energy values. The various edges are labeled at the bottom of the table.

The attenuation coefficients were calculated with the computer program XCOM (Reference 1), which uses a cross-section database compiled at the Photon and Charged Particle Data Center at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Their accuracy has been confirmed at all energies by extensive comparisons with experimental attenuation coefficients. Such comparisons for X-ray energies up to 100 keV can be found in Reference 2.

References 1. Berger, M. J. and Hubbell, J. H., National Bureau of Standards Report NBSIR-87-3597, 1987. 2. Saloman, E. B., Hubbell, J. H., and Scofield, J. H., Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, 38, 1, 1988.

10-234

Section 10.indb 234

5/4/05 8:17:00 AM

Photon Attenuation Coefficients

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn

Section 10.indb 235

Atomic no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

10-235 Mass attenuation coefficient, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV

0.001 7.21 + 00 6.08 + 01 2.34 + 02 6.04 + 02 1.23 + 03 2.21 + 03 3.31 + 03 4.59 + 03 5.65 + 03 7.41 + 03 6.54 + 02 9.22 + 02 1.19 + 03 1.57 + 03 1.91 + 03 2.43 + 03 2.83 + 03 3.18 + 03 4.06 + 03 4.87 + 03 5.24 + 03 5.87 + 03 6.50 + 03 7.40 + 03 8.09 + 03 9.09 + 03 9.80 + 03 9.86 + 03 1.06 + 04 1.55 + 03 1.70 + 03 1.89 + 03 2.12 + 03 2.32 + 03 2.62 + 03 2.85 + 03 3.17 + 03 3.49 + 03 3.86 + 03 4.21 + 03 4.60 + 03 4.94 + 03 5.36 + 03 5.72 + 03 6.17 + 03 6.54 + 03 7.04 + 03 7.35 + 03 7.81 + 03 8.16 + 03

0.002 0.005 1.06 + 00 4.19-01 6.86 + 00 5.77-01 2.71 + 01 1.62 + 00 7.47 + 01 4.37 + 00 1.60 + 02 9.68 + 00 3.03 + 02 1.91 + 01 4.77 + 02 3.14 + 01 6.95 + 02 4.79 + 01 9.05 + 02 6.51 + 01 1.24 + 03 9.34 + 01 1.52 + 03 1.19 + 02 1.93 + 03 1.58 + 02 2.26 + 03 1.93 + 02 2.78 + 03 2.45 + 02 3.02 + 02 2.86 + 02 3.85 + 02 3.49 + 02 4.52 + 02 3.90 + 02 5.12 + 02 4.23 + 02 6.59 + 02 5.19 + 02 8.00 + 02 6.03 + 02 8.70 + 02 6.31 + 02 9.86 + 02 6.84 + 02 1.11 + 03 9.29 + 01 1.28 + 03 1.08 + 02 1.42 + 03 1.21 + 02 1.63 + 03 1.40 + 02 1.78 + 03 1.54 + 02 2.05 + 03 1.79 + 02 2.15 + 03 1.90 + 02 2.37 + 03 2.12 + 02 2.52 + 03 2.27 + 02 2.71 + 03 2.47 + 02 2.93 + 03 2.71 + 02 3.10 + 03 2.90 + 02 3.41 + 03 3.21 + 02 3.60 + 03 3.43 + 02 3.41 + 03 3.74 + 02 2.59 + 03 4.06 + 02 7.42 + 02 4.42 + 02 8.12 + 02 4.76 + 02 8.89 + 02 5.13 + 02 9.60 + 02 5.45 + 02 1.04 + 03 5.84 + 02 1.12 + 03 6.17 + 02 1.21 + 03 6.59 + 02 1.29 + 03 6.91 + 02 1.40 + 03 7.39 + 02 1.47 + 03 7.69 + 02 1.58 + 03 8.13 + 02 1.66 + 03 8.47 + 02 L3 L1 L2

0.01 3.85-01 2.48-01 3.40-01 6.47-01 1.25 + 00 2.37 + 00 3.88 + 00 5.95 + 00 8.21 + 00 1.20 + 01 1.56 + 01 2.11 + 01 2.62 + 01 3.39 + 01 4.04 + 01 5.01 + 01 5.73 + 01 6.32 + 01 7.91 + 01 9.34 + 01 9.95 + 01 1.11 + 02 1.22 + 02 1.39 + 02 1.51 + 02 1.71 + 02 1.84 + 02 2.09 + 02 2.16 + 02 2.33 + 02 3.42 + 01 3.74 + 01 4.12 + 01 4.41 + 01 4.91 + 01 5.26 + 01 5.77 + 01 6.27 + 01 6.87 + 01 7.42 + 01 8.04 + 01 8.58 + 01 9.23 + 01 9.80 + 01 1.05 + 02 1.11 + 02 1.19 + 02 1.24 + 02 1.32 + 02 1.38 + 02

0.02 3.69-01 1.96-01 1.86-01 2.25-01 3.01-01 4.42-01 6.18-01 8.65-01 1.13 + 00 1.61 + 00 2.06 + 00 2.76 + 00 3.44 + 00 4.46 + 00 5.35 + 00 6.71 + 00 7.74 + 00 8.63 + 00 1.09 + 01 1.31 + 01 1.41 + 01 1.59 + 01 1.77 + 01 2.04 + 01 2.25 + 01 2.57 + 01 2.80 + 01 3.22 + 01 3.38 + 01 3.72 + 01 3.93 + 01 4.22 + 01 4.56 + 01 4.82 + 01 5.27 + 01 5.55 + 01 5.98 + 01 6.39 + 01 6.86 + 01 7.24 + 01 7.71 + 01 1.31 + 01 1.41 + 01 1.50 + 01 1.61 + 01 1.70 + 01 1.84 + 01 1.92 + 01 2.04 + 01 2.15 + 01

0.05 3.36-01 1.70-01 1.49-01 1.55-01 1.66-01 1.87-01 1.98-01 2.13-01 2.21-01 2.58-01 2.80-01 3.29-01 3.68-01 4.38-01 4.92-01 5.85-01 6.48-01 7.01-01 8.68-01 1.02 + 00 1.09 + 00 1.21 + 00 1.35 + 00 1.55 + 00 1.71 + 00 1.96 + 00 2.14 + 00 2.47 + 00 2.61 + 00 2.89 + 00 3.08 + 00 3.34 + 00 3.63 + 00 3.86 + 00 4.26 + 00 4.52 + 00 4.92 + 00 5.31 + 00 5.76 + 00 6.17 + 00 6.64 + 00 7.04 + 00 7.52 + 00 7.92 + 00 8.45 + 00 8.85 + 00 9.45 + 00 9.78 + 00 1.03 + 01 1.07 + 01 K EDGE

0.1 2.94-01 1.49-01 1.29-01 1.33-01 1.39-01 1.51-01 1.53-01 1.55-01 1.50-01 1.60-01 1.59-01 1.69-01 1.70-01 1.84-01 1.87-01 2.02-01 2.05-01 2.04-01 2.34-01 2.57-01 2.58-01 2.72-01 2.88-01 3.17-01 3.37-01 3.72-01 3.95-01 4.44-01 4.58-01 4.97-01 5.20-01 5.55-01 5.97-01 6.28-01 6.86-01 7.22-01 7.80-01 8.37-01 9.05-01 9.66-01 1.04 + 00 1.10 + 00 1.17 + 00 1.23 + 00 1.31 + 00 1.38 + 00 1.47 + 00 1.52 + 00 1.61 + 00 1.68 + 00

0.2 2.43-01 1.22-01 1.06-01 1.09-01 1.14-01 1.23-01 1.23-01 1.24-01 1.18-01 1.24-01 1.20-01 1.24-01 1.22-01 1.28-01 1.25-01 1.30-01 1.27-01 1.20-01 1.32-01 1.38-01 1.31-01 1.31-01 1.32-01 1.38-01 1.39-01 1.46-01 1.48-01 1.58-01 1.56-01 1.62-01 1.62-01 1.66-01 1.72-01 1.74-01 1.84-01 1.87-01 1.96-01 2.04-01 2.15-01 2.24-01 2.34-01 2.42-01 2.53-01 2.62-01 2.74-01 2.83-01 2.97-01 3.04-01 3.17-01 3.26-01

0.5 1.73-01 8.71-02 7.53-02 7.74-02 8.07-02 8.72-02 8.72-02 8.73-02 8.27-02 8.66-02 8.37-02 8.65-02 8.44-02 8.75-02 8.51-02 8.78-02 8.45-02 7.96-02 8.60-02 8.85-02 8.31-02 8.19-02 8.07-02 8.28-02 8.19-02 8.41-02 8.32-02 8.70-02 8.36-02 8.45-02 8.24-02 8.21-02 8.26-02 8.13-02 8.33-02 8.23-02 8.36-02 8.44-02 8.61-02 8.69-02 8.83-02 8.85-02 8.97-02 8.99-02 9.13-02 9.13-02 9.32-02 9.25-02 9.37-02 9.37-02

5/4/05 8:17:02 AM

Photon Attenuation Coefficients

10-236

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn

Section 10.indb 236

Atomic no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Mass attenuation coefficient, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV 1.0 1.26-01 6.36-02 5.50-02 5.65-02 5.89-02 6.36-02 6.36-02 6.37-02 6.04-02 6.32-02 6.10-02 6.30-02 6.15-02 6.36-02 6.18-02 6.37-02 6.13-02 5.76-02 6.22-02 6.39-02 5.98-02 5.89-02 5.79-02 5.93-02 5.85-02 5.99-02 5.91-02 6.16-02 5.90-02 5.94-02 5.77-02 5.73-02 5.73-02 5.62-02 5.73-02 5.63-02 5.69-02 5.71-02 5.80-02 5.81-02 5.87-02 5.84-02 5.88-02 5.85-02 5.89-02 5.85-02 5.92-02 5.83-02 5.85-02 5.80-02

2.0 8.77-02 4.42-02 3.83-02 3.94-02 4.11-02 4.44-02 4.45-02 4.46-02 4.23-02 4.43-02 4.28-02 4.43-02 4.32-02 4.48-02 4.36-02 4.50-02 4.33-02 4.07-02 4.40-02 4.52-02 4.24-02 4.18-02 4.11-02 4.21-02 4.16-02 4.26-02 4.20-02 4.39-02 4.20-02 4.24-02 4.11-02 4.09-02 4.09-02 4.01-02 4.09-02 4.02-02 4.06-02 4.08-02 4.14-02 4.15-02 4.18-02 4.16-02 4.19-02 4.16-02 4.20-02 4.16-02 4.21-02 4.14-02 4.15-02 4.11-02

5.0 5.05-02 2.58-02 2.26-02 2.35-02 2.48-02 2.71-02 2.74-02 2.78-02 2.66-02 2.82-02 2.75-02 2.87-02 2.84-02 2.97-02 2.91-02 3.04-02 2.95-02 2.80-02 3.05-02 3.17-02 3.00-02 2.98-02 2.96-02 3.06-02 3.04-02 3.15-02 3.13-02 3.29-02 3.18-02 3.22-02 3.16-02 3.16-02 3.19-02 3.14-02 3.23-02 3.20-02 3.25-02 3.29-02 3.35-02 3.38-02 3.44-02 3.44-02 3.48-02 3.48-02 3.53-02 3.52-02 3.58-02 3.54-02 3.56-02 3.55-02

10.0 3.25-02 1.70-02 1.53-02 1.63-02 1.76-02 1.96-02 2.02-02 2.09-02 2.04-02 2.20-02 2.18-02 2.31-02 2.32-02 2.46-02 2.45-02 2.59-02 2.55-02 2.45-02 2.70-02 2.84-02 2.72-02 2.73-02 2.74-02 2.86-02 2.87-02 2.99-02 3.00-02 3.18-02 3.10-02 3.18-02 3.13-02 3.16-02 3.21-02 3.19-02 3.29-02 3.28-02 3.36-02 3.41-02 3.50-02 3.55-02 3.63-02 3.65-02 3.71-02 3.73-02 3.80-02 3.80-02 3.88-02 3.85-02 3.90-02 3.90-02

20.0 2.15-02 1.18-02 1.11-02 1.23-02 1.37-02 1.58-02 1.67-02 1.77-02 1.77-02 1.95-02 1.97-02 2.13-02 2.17-02 2.34-02 2.36-02 2.53-02 2.52-02 2.45-02 2.74-02 2.90-02 2.80-02 2.84-02 2.88-02 3.03-02 3.07-02 3.22-02 3.26-02 3.48-02 3.41-02 3.51-02 3.48-02 3.53-02 3.60-02 3.60-02 3.74-02 3.74-02 3.85-02 3.93-02 4.05-02 4.12-02 4.22-02 4.26-02 4.35-02 4.39-02 4.48-02 4.50-02 4.61-02 4.59-02 4.65-02 4.66-02

50.0 1.42-02 8.61-03 8.68-03 1.02-02 1.19-02 1.43-02 1.57-02 1.71-02 1.75-02 1.96-02 2.03-02 2.23-02 2.31-02 2.52-02 2.58-02 2.79-02 2.81-02 2.76-02 3.11-02 3.32-02 3.23-02 3.30-02 3.36-02 3.56-02 3.63-02 3.83-02 3.88-02 4.17-02 4.10-02 4.24-02 4.22-02 4.30-02 4.40-02 4.41-02 4.60-02 4.61-02 4.75-02 4.87-02 5.03-02 5.13-02 5.27-02 5.33-02 5.45-02 5.50-02 5.63-02 5.66-02 5.81-02 5.79-02 5.88-02 5.90-02

100.0 1.19-02 7.78-03 8.21-03 9.94-03 1.19-02 1.46-02 1.63-02 1.79-02 1.86-02 2.11-02 2.19-02 2.42-02 2.52-02 2.76-02 2.84-02 3.08-02 3.11-02 3.07-02 3.46-02 3.71-02 3.62-02 3.71-02 3.78-02 4.01-02 4.09-02 4.33-02 4.40-02 4.73-02 4.66-02 4.82-02 4.80-02 4.89-02 5.01-02 5.03-02 5.24-02 5.26-02 5.43-02 5.56-02 5.75-02 5.87-02 6.03-02 6.10-02 6.24-02 6.30-02 6.45-02 6.49-02 6.67-02 6.64-02 6.75-02 6.78-02

500.0 1.14-02 7.79-03 8.61-03 1.08-02 1.32-02 1.64-02 1.85-02 2.06-02 2.14-02 2.43-02 2.53-02 2.81-02 2.93-02 3.23-02 3.33-02 3.62-02 3.67-02 3.62-02 4.09-02 4.40-02 4.30-02 4.40-02 4.49-02 4.76-02 4.86-02 5.15-02 5.23-02 5.61-02 5.53-02 5.72-02 5.70-02 5.80-02 5.95-02 5.97-02 6.22-02 6.25-02 6.45-02 6.61-02 6.83-02 6.98-02 7.17-02 7.26-02 7.43-02 7.51-02 7.69-02 7.73-02 7.93-02 7.91-02 8.04-02 8.07-02

1000.0 1.16-02 7.95-03 8.87-03 1.12-02 1.37-02 1.70-02 1.92-02 2.13-02 2.21-02 2.51-02 2.62-02 2.90-02 3.03-02 3.34-02 3.45-02 3.75-02 3.80-02 3.75-02 4.24-02 4.56-02 4.45-02 4.56-02 4.65-02 4.93-02 5.04-02 5.33-02 5.41-02 5.81-02 5.72-02 5.91-02 5.89-02 6.00-02 6.15-02 6.17-02 6.43-02 6.46-02 6.67-02 6.83-02 7.06-02 7.22-02 7.42-02 7.51-02 7.68-02 7.77-02 7.94-02 8.00-02 8.20-02 8.18-02 8.32-02 8.35-02

5/4/05 8:17:07 AM

Photon Attenuation Coefficients

Sb Te I Xe Cs ZB La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm

Section 10.indb 237

Atomic no. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

10-237 Mass attenuation coefficient, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV

0.001 0.002 8.58 + 03 1.77 + 03 8.43 + 03 1.83 + 03 9.10 + 03 2.00 + 03 9.41 + 03 2.09 + 03 9.37 + 03 2.23 + 03 8.54 + 03 2.32 + 03 9.09 + 03 2.46 + 03 9.71 + 03 2.61 + 03 1.06 + 04 2.77 + 03 6.63 + 03 2.88 + 03 2.06 + 03 3.05 + 03 2.11 + 03 3.12 + 03 2.22 + 03 3.28 + 03 2.29 + 03 3.36 + 03 2.40 + 03 3.51 + 03 2.49 + 03 3.47 + 03 2.62 + 03 3.59 + 03 2.75 + 03 3.52 + 03 2.90 + 03 3.69 + 03 3.02 + 03 3.80 + 03 3.19 + 03 3.45 + 03 3.34 + 03 3.60 + 03 3.51 + 03 3.77 + 03 3.68 + 03 3.92 + 03 3.87 + 03 3.77 + 03 4.03 + 03 2.22 + 03 4.24 + 03 1.03 + 03 4.43 + 03 1.08 + 03 4.65 + 03 1.14 + 03 4.83 + 03 1.18 + 03 5.01 + 03 1.23 + 03 5.21 + 03 1.29 + 03 5.44 + 03 1.35 + 03 5.72 + 03 1.42 + 03 5.87 + 03 1.49 + 03 5.83 + 03 1.49 + 03 6.08 + 03 1.56 + 03 6.20 + 03 1.62 + 03 6.47 + 03 1.70 + 03 6.61 + 03 1.74 + 03 6.53 + 03 1.83 + 03 6.63 + 03 1.86 + 03 6.95 + 03 1.96 + 03 7.19 + 03 2.04 + 03 7.37 + 03 2.10 + 03 7.54 + 03 2.15 + 03 7.84 + 03 2.25 + 03 7.89 + 03 2.31 + 03 7.79 + 03 2.40 + 03 7.13 + 03 2.46 + 03 M5 N5 N4 M4 N3 N2 N1

0.005 0.01 8.85 + 02 1.46 + 02 9.01 + 02 1.50 + 02 8.43 + 02 1.63 + 02 6.39 + 02 1.69 + 02 2.30 + 02 1.79 + 02 2.41 + 02 1.86 + 02 2.58 + 02 1.97 + 02 2.74 + 02 2.08 + 02 2.92 + 02 2.21 + 02 3.06 + 02 2.30 + 02 3.26 + 02 2.44 + 02 3.36 + 02 2.50 + 02 3.54 + 02 2.63 + 02 3.65 + 02 2.69 + 02 3.84 + 02 2.82 + 02 3.99 + 02 2.90 + 02 4.17 + 02 3.01 + 02 4.36 + 02 3.13 + 02 4.57 + 02 2.83 + 02 4.72 + 02 2.94 + 02 4.94 + 02 2.21 + 02 5.11 + 02 2.30 + 02 5.33 + 02 2.38 + 02 5.53 + 02 9.69 + 01 5.76 + 02 1.01 + 02 5.93 + 02 1.04 + 02 6.18 + 02 1.09 + 02 6.40 + 02 1.13 + 02 6.66 + 02 1.18 + 02 6.87 + 02 1.22 + 02 7.07 + 02 1.26 + 02 7.30 + 02 1.31 + 02 7.58 + 02 1.36 + 02 7.93 + 02 1.43 + 02 8.25 + 02 1.49 + 02 8.16 + 02 1.48 + 02 8.49 + 02 1.54 + 02 8.74 + 02 1.59 + 02 8.69 + 02 1.65 + 02 8.88 + 02 1.69 + 02 8.76 + 02 1.77 + 02 8.89 + 02 1.79 + 02 9.32 + 02 1.87 + 02 9.65 + 02 1.94 + 02 9.90 + 02 1.98 + 02 1.02 + 03 2.03 + 02 1.06 + 03 2.10 + 02 9.27 + 02 2.15 + 02 9.59 + 02 2.22 + 02 9.77 + 02 2.26 + 02 M3 M2 M1

0.02 2.27 + 01 2.34 + 01 2.54 + 01 2.65 + 01 2.82 + 01 2.94 + 01 3.12 + 01 3.31 + 01 3.53 + 01 3.68 + 01 3.92 + 01 4.03 + 01 4.24 + 01 4.36 + 01 4.59 + 01 4.76 + 01 4.98 + 01 5.20 + 01 5.45 + 01 5.63 + 01 5.88 + 01 6.09 + 01 6.33 + 01 6.57 + 01 6.84 + 01 7.04 + 01 7.32 + 01 7.57 + 01 7.88 + 01 8.12 + 01 8.36 + 01 8.64 + 01 8.95 + 01 9.35 + 01 9.70 + 01 9.56 + 01 9.93 + 01 1.02 + 02 1.06 + 02 9.37 + 01 7.03 + 01 7.11 + 01 7.45 + 01 7.71 + 01 7.93 + 01 8.14 + 01 8.39 + 01 8.58 + 01 4.01 + 01 4.09 + 01 L3

0.05 1.12 + 01 1.14 + 01 1.23 + 01 1.27 + 01 1.34 + 01 1.38 + 01 1.45 + 01 1.52 + 01 1.60 + 01 1.65 + 01 1.73 + 01 1.77 + 01 1.85 + 01 3.86 + 00 4.06 + 00 4.23 + 00 4.43 + 00 4.63 + 00 4.87 + 00 5.04 + 00 5.28 + 00 5.48 + 00 5.72 + 00 5.95 + 00 6.21 + 00 6.41 + 00 6.69 + 00 6.95 + 00 7.26 + 00 7.50 + 00 7.75 + 00 8.04 + 00 8.38 + 00 8.80 + 00 9.19 + 00 9.12 + 00 9.52 + 00 9.85 + 00 1.03 + 01 1.05 + 01 1.10 + 01 1.12 + 01 1.18 + 01 1.22 + 01 1.25 + 01 1.28 + 01 1.34 + 01 1.37 + 01 1.42 + 01 1.45 + 01 L2 L1

0.1 0.2 1.76 + 00 3.38-01 1.80 + 00 3.43-01 1.94 + 00 3.66-01 2.01 + 00 3.76-01 2.12 + 00 3.94-01 2.20 + 00 4.05-01 2.32 + 00 4.24-01 2.45 + 00 4.45-01 2.59 + 00 4.69-01 2.69 + 00 4.84-01 2.84 + 00 5.10-01 2.90 + 00 5.19-01 3.04 + 00 5.43-01 3.11 + 00 5.54-01 3.25 + 00 5.77-01 3.36 + 00 5.95-01 3.49 + 00 6.18-01 3.63 + 00 6.41-01 3.78 + 00 6.68-01 3.88 + 00 6.86-01 4.03 + 00 7.13-01 4.15 + 00 7.34-01 4.30 + 00 7.60-01 4.44 + 00 7.84-01 4.59 + 00 8.12-01 4.70 + 00 8.33-01 4.86 + 00 8.63-01 4.99 + 00 8.90-01 5.16 + 00 9.22-01 5.28 + 00 9.46-01 5.40 + 00 9.69-01 5.55 + 00 9.99-01 5.74 + 00 1.03 + 00 5.99 + 00 1.08 + 00 6.17 + 00 1.12 + 00 6.09 + 00 1.10 + 00 1.66 + 00 1.14 + 00 1.71 + 00 1.17 + 00 1.79 + 00 1.21 + 00 1.83 + 00 1.23 + 00 1.92 + 00 1.29 + 00 1.95 + 00 1.30 + 00 2.05 + 00 1.35 + 00 2.13 + 00 1.39 + 00 2.19 + 00 1.42 + 00 2.25 + 00 1.44 + 00 2.35 + 00 1.50 + 00 2.41 + 00 1.52 + 00 2.51 + 00 1.57 + 00 2.57 + 00 1.59 + 00 K EDGE

0.5 9.45-02 9.33-02 9.70-02 9.70-02 9.91-02 9.92-02 1.01-01 1.04-01 1.07-01 1.08-01 1.12-01 1.11-01 1.14-01 1.14-01 1.17-01 1.18-01 1.20-01 1.23-01 1.26-01 1.27-01 1.30-01 1.32-01 1.35-01 1.38-01 1.41-01 1.43-01 1.46-01 1.49-01 1.53-01 1.56-01 1.58-01 1.61-01 1.66-01 1.71-01 1.77-01 1.73-01 1.78-01 1.82-01 1.87-01 1.90-01 1.97-01 1.98-01 2.05-01 2.10-01 2.14-01 2.18-01 2.25-01 2.29-01 2.36-01 2.39-01

5/4/05 8:17:09 AM

Photon Attenuation Coefficients

10-238

Sb Te I Xe Cs ZB La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm

Section 10.indb 238

Atomic no. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

Mass attenuation coefficient, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV 1.0 5.80-02 5.67-02 5.84-02 5.78-02 5.85-02 5.80-02 5.88-02 5.96-02 6.07-02 6.07-02 6.19-02 6.11-02 6.19-02 6.12-02 6.20-02 6.20-02 6.26-02 6.32-02 6.40-02 6.40-02 6.48-02 6.50-02 6.57-02 6.62-02 6.69-02 6.71-02 6.79-02 6.86-02 6.95-02 6.99-02 7.03-02 7.10-02 7.21-02 7.39-02 7.54-02 7.30-02 7.45-02 7.53-02 7.69-02 7.71-02 7.94-02 7.90-02 8.13-02 8.26-02 8.33-02 8.41-02 8.62-02 8.70-02 8.89-02 8.94-02

2.0 4.10-02 4.01-02 4.12-02 4.08-02 4.12-02 4.08-02 4.12-02 4.18-02 4.24-02 4.24-02 4.31-02 4.24-02 4.28-02 4.23-02 4.27-02 4.26-02 4.29-02 4.32-02 4.36-02 4.35-02 4.39-02 4.39-02 4.41-02 4.43-02 4.46-02 4.46-02 4.50-02 4.52-02 4.57-02 4.57-02 4.58-02 4.61-02 4.66-02 4.75-02 4.82-02 4.65-02 4.72-02 4.75-02 4.82-02 4.81-02 4.93-02 4.88-02 4.99-02 5.05-02 5.06-02 5.08-02 5.18-02 5.20-02 5.28-02 5.28-02

5.0 3.56-02 3.49-02 3.61-02 3.58-02 3.64-02 3.61-02 3.66-02 3.73-02 3.80-02 3.81-02 3.88-02 3.83-02 3.88-02 3.84-02 3.89-02 3.90-02 3.93-02 3.96-02 4.01-02 4.00-02 4.05-02 4.05-02 4.08-02 4.10-02 4.14-02 4.13-02 4.17-02 4.20-02 4.24-02 4.25-02 4.25-02 4.27-02 4.32-02 4.40-02 4.46-02 4.30-02 4.36-02 4.38-02 4.44-02 4.42-02 4.52-02 4.46-02 4.56-02 4.60-02 4.60-02 4.60-02 4.68-02 4.68-02 4.74-02 4.72-02

10.0 3.92-02 3.86-02 4.00-02 3.99-02 4.06-02 4.04-02 4.11-02 4.19-02 4.29-02 4.30-02 4.40-02 4.35-02 4.42-02 4.38-02 4.45-02 4.46-02 4.50-02 4.55-02 4.61-02 4.61-02 4.66-02 4.68-02 4.72-02 4.75-02 4.79-02 4.79-02 4.84-02 4.87-02 4.93-02 4.94-02 4.94-02 4.97-02 5.03-02 5.12-02 5.20-02 5.01-02 5.08-02 5.10-02 5.17-02 5.15-02 5.26-02 5.19-02 5.30-02 5.34-02 5.34-02 5.34-02 5.42-02 5.42-02 5.48-02 5.45-02

20.0 4.70-02 4.64-02 4.82-02 4.82-02 4.91-02 4.90-02 5.00-02 5.10-02 5.23-02 5.26-02 5.38-02 5.34-02 5.42-02 5.38-02 5.47-02 5.49-02 5.55-02 5.61-02 5.70-02 5.70-02 5.77-02 5.80-02 5.85-02 5.89-02 5.95-02 5.96-02 6.02-02 6.06-02 6.14-02 6.15-02 6.16-02 6.21-02 6.28-02 6.40-02 6.49-02 6.26-02 6.35-02 6.38-02 6.47-02 6.45-02 6.59-02 6.51-02 6.65-02 6.71-02 6.70-02 6.70-02 6.81-02 6.81-02 6.89-02 6.86-02

50.0 5.96-02 5.89-02 6.13-02 6.12-02 6.25-02 6.25-02 6.37-02 6.52-02 6.68-02 6.72-02 6.89-02 6.84-02 6.96-02 6.91-02 7.03-02 7.06-02 7.14-02 7.23-02 7.35-02 7.35-02 7.45-02 7.48-02 7.56-02 7.62-02 7.70-02 7.71-02 7.80-02 7.86-02 7.95-02 7.98-02 8.00-02 8.06-02 8.15-02 8.32-02 8.44-02 8.14-02 8.26-02 8.31-02 8.43-02 8.40-02 8.60-02 8.49-02 8.68-02 8.76-02 8.77-02 8.77-02 8.92-02 8.92-02 9.04-02 9.00-02

100.0 6.85-02 6.77-02 7.04-02 7.04-02 7.19-02 7.19-02 7.34-02 7.50-02 7.69-02 7.74-02 7.94-02 7.88-02 8.02-02 7.97-02 8.11-02 8.15-02 8.24-02 8.34-02 8.48-02 8.49-02 8.60-02 8.64-02 8.73-02 8.80-02 8.89-02 8.90-02 9.01-02 9.08-02 9.19-02 9.22-02 9.24-02 9.31-02 9.42-02 9.61-02 9.76-02 9.42-02 9.56-02 9.61-02 9.75-02 9.72-02 9.95-02 9.83-02 1.01-01 1.01-01 1.02-01 1.02-01 1.03-01 1.04-01 1.05-01 1.05-01

500.0 8.16-02 8.07-02 8.40-02 8.40-02 8.58-02 8.58-02 8.76-02 8.96-02 9.19-02 9.25-02 9.48-02 9.41-02 9.57-02 9.51-02 9.67-02 9.72-02 9.83-02 9.95-02 1.01-01 1.01-01 1.02-01 1.03-01 1.04-01 1.05-01 1.06-01 1.06-01 1.07-01 1.08-01 1.09-01 1.10-01 1.10-01 1.11-01 1.12-01 1.15-01 1.16-01 1.12-01 1.14-01 1.15-01 1.16-01 1.16-01 1.19-01 1.17-01 1.20-01 1.21-01 1.21-01 1.21-01 1.24-01 1.24-01 1.25-01 1.25-01

1000.0 8.44-02 8.35-02 8.69-02 8.69-02 8.88-02 8.88-02 9.06-02 9.27-02 9.50-02 9.56-02 9.81-02 9.73-02 9.90-02 9.83-02 1.00-01 1.00-01 1.02-01 1.03-01 1.04-01 1.04-01 1.06-01 1.06-01 1.07-01 1.08-01 1.09-01 1.10-01 1.11-01 1.12-01 1.13-01 1.13-01 1.14-01 1.15-01 1.16-01 1.18-01 1.20-01 1.16-01 1.18-01 1.19-01 1.20-01 1.20-01 1.23-01 1.21-01 1.24-01 1.25-01 1.25-01 1.26-01 1.28-01 1.28-01 1.29-01 1.29-01

5/4/05 8:17:11 AM

Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation Hans Dolezalek Basic Conversions: c = λν = ν/k ν = c/λ = ck Frequency (ν) 3 × 100 – 3 × 101 Hz 3 – 30 Hz 3 × 101 – 3 × 102 Hz 30 – 300 Hz 3 × 102 – 3 × 103 Hz 300 Hz – 3 kHz 3 × 103 – 3 × 104 Hz 3 – 30 kHz 3 × 104 – 3 × 105 Hz 30 – 300 kHz 3 × 105 – 3 × 106 Hz 300 kHz – 3 MHz 3 × 106 – 3 × 107 Hz 3 – 30 MHz 3 × 107 – 3 × 108 Hz 30 – 300 MHz 3 × 108 – 3 × 109 Hz 300 MHz – 3 GHz 3 × 109 – 3 × 1010 Hz 3 – 30 GHz 3 × 1010 – 3 × 1011 Hz 30 – 300 GHz

Wavelength (λ) 108 – 107 m 100 – 10 Mm 107 – 106 m 10 – 1 Mm 106 – 105 m 1 Mm – 100 km 105 – 104 m 100 – 10 km 104 – 103 m 10 – 1 km 103 –102 m 1 km – 100 m 102 – 101 m 100 – 10 m 101 – 100 m 10 – 1 m 100 – 10-1 1 m – 100 mm 10-1 – 10-2 100 –10 mm 10-2 – 10-3 m 10 –1 mm

3 × 1011 – 3 × 1012 Hz 300 GHz – 3 THz

10-3 – 10-4 1 mm – 100 µm

3 × 1012 – 3 × 1013 Hz 3 – 30 THz

10-4 – 10-5 100 – 10 µm

3 × 1013 – 3 × 1014 Hz 30 – 300 THz

10-5 – 10-6 m 10 – 1 µm (100,000 – 10,000 Å) 10-6 – 10-7m 1 µm – 100 m (10,000 – 1000 Å) 10-7 – 10-8m 100 – 10 nm (1000 – 100 Å) 10-8 – 10-9 m 10 –1 nm (100 – 10 Å) 10-9 – 10-10 m 1 nm – 100 pm (10 – 1 Å) 10-10 – 10-11 m 100 – 10 pm (1 – 0.1 Å) 10-11 – 10-12 m 10 – 1 pm (0.1 – 0.01 Å) 10-12 – 10-13 m 1 pm – 100 fm (0.01 – 0.001 Å) 10-13 – 10-14 m 100 – 10 fm (0.001 – 0.0001 Å)

3 × 1014 – 3 × 1015 Hz 300 THz – 3 PHz 3 × 1015 – 3 × 1016 Hz 3 – 30 PHz 3 × 1016 – 3 × 1017 Hz 30 – 300 PHz 3 × 1017 – 3 × 1018 Hz 300 PHz – 3 Ehz 3 × 1018 – 3 × 1019 Hz 3 – 30 Ehz 3 × 1019 – 3 × 1020 Hz 30 – 300 Ehz 3 × 1020 – 3 × 1021 Hz 300 – 3000 EHz 3 × 1021 – 3 × 1022 Hz 3000 – 30,000 EHz

λ = c/ν = 1/k k = ν/c = 1/λ c = speed of light = 2.99792458 × 108 m/s Approximate photon energies

Wave number (k) 10-8 – 10-7 m-1 10 – 100 Gm-1 10-7 – 10-6 m-1 100 Gm-1 – 1Mm-1 10-6 – 10-5 m-1 1 – 10 Mm-1 10-5 – 10-4 m-1 10 – 100 Mm-1 10-4 – 10-3 m-1 100 Mm-1 – 1 km-1 10-3 – 10-2 m-1 1 – 10 km-1 10-2 – 10-1 m-1 10 – 100 km-1 10-1 – 100 m-1 100 km-1 – 1 mm-1 100 – 101 m-1 1 – 10 m-1 101 – 102 m-1 10 – 100 m-1 102 – 103 m-1 100 m-1 – 1 mm-1 (1 – 10 cm-1) 103 – 104 m-1 (1 – 10 mm-1) (10 – 100 cm-1) 104 – 105 m-1 10 – 100 mm-1 (100 – 1000 cm-1) 105 – 106 m-1 100 mm-1 – 1µm-1

Names of bands ELF-(ELF 1), ITU band no. 1

Part of µm waves, part of infrared

(1.6 – 16) × 10-20 joule {0.1 – 1 eV}

106 – 107 m-1 1 – 10 µm-1

Near infrared, visible, near ultraviolet

(1.6 – 16) × 10-19 joule {1 – 10 eV}

107 – 108 m-1 10 – 100 µm-1

Part of vacuum ultraviolet

(1.6 – 16) × 10-18 joule {10 – 100 eV}

108 – 109 m-1 100 µm-1 – 1 nm-1

Part of soft X-rays

(1.6 – 16) × 10-17 joule {100 – 1000 eV}

109 – 1010 m-1 1 – 10 nm-1

Part of soft X-rays

(1.6 – 16) × 10-16 joule {1 – 10 keV}

1010 – 1011 m-1 10 – 100 nm-1

Hard X-rays and part of soft γ-rays

(1.6 – 16) × 10-15 joule {10 – 100 keV}

1011 – 1012 m-1 100 nm-1 – 1 pm-1

Part of soft and part of hard γ-rays (limit at 510 keV)

(1.6 – 16) × 10-14 joule {100 keV – 1 MeV}

1012 – 1013 m-1 1 – 10 pm-1

Part of hard γ-rays and part of “cosmic” γ-rays

(1.6 – 16) × 10-13 joule {1 – 10 MeV}

1013 – 1014 m-1 10 – 100 pm-1

γ-rays produced by cosmic rays

(1.6 – 16) × 10-12 joule {10 – 100 MeV}

SLF-(ELF 2), ITU band no. 2, megameter waves ULF-(ELF 3), ITU band no. 3 VLF, ITU band no. 4, myriameter waves LF, ITU band no. 5, kilometer waves MF, ITU band no. 6, hectometer waves HF, ITU band no. 7, decameter waves VHF, ITU band no. 8, meter waves UHF, ITU band no. 9, decimeter wavesa SHF, ITU band no. 10, centimeter wavesa EHF, ITU band no. 11, millimeter waves Part of micrometer waves, includes part of far or thermal infrared; ITU band no. 12 Part of micrometer waves includes part of far (thermal) infrared

10-240

6679X_S10.indb 240

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Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation

10-241

Note: Abbreviations used in this table: Å— ångstrom (1 Å=10-10 m); EHz—exahertz (1018 hertz); EHF—extremely high frequency; ELF— extremely low frequency; eV—electron volt (1 eV = 1.60218 × 10-19 joule); fm—femtometer (10-15 m); GHz—gigahertz (109 hertz); Gm—gigameter (109 m); HF—high frequency; Hz—hertz (s-1); ITU—International Telecommunications Union; keV— kiloelectron volt (103 eV); km—kilometer (103 m); LF—low frequency; m—meter; MeV— megaelectron volt (106 eV); MF—medium frequency; MHz—megahertz (106 hertz); Mm—megameter (106 meter); mm—millimeter (10-3 meter); µm—micrometer (10-6 meter); nm—nanometer (10-9meter); PHz—petahertz (1015 hertz); pm—picometer (10-12 meter); SHF—super high frequency; SLF—super low frequency; THz—terahertz; UHF— ultra high frequency; ULF—ultra low frequency; VHF—very high frequency; VLF—very low frequency. a Also called “microwaves”; not to be confused with “micrometer waves”.

Letter Designations of Microwave Bands Frequency (GHz) 1—2 2—4 4—8 8—12 12—18 18—27 27—40

6679X_S10.indb 241

Wavelength (cm) 30—15 15—7.5 7.5—3.7 3.7—2.5 2.5—1.7 1.7—1.1 1.1—0.75

Wavenumber (cm-1) 0.033—0.067 0.067—0.133 0.133—0.267 0.267—0.4 0.4—0.6 0.6—0.9 0.9—1.33

Band L-Band S-Band C-Band X-Band Ku-Band K-Band Ka-Band

4/11/08 4:03:57 PM

Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths The human eye responds to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from about 360 nm (violet) to 820 nm (red), with a peak sensitivity near 555 nm (green). While the detailed shape of this response curve depends on the individual person, studies on representative samples of human subjects have led to adoption of a standard function relating the perceived brightness (luminous flux) to the actual power of the spectral radiation. This function is referred to as V(λ), the photopic spectral luminous efficiency function, and it plays an important role in photometry. The function V(λ), as adopted by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), is tabulated and plotted below.

References 1. The Basis for Physical Photometry, CIE Publication #18.2, 1983. 2. CIE Standard Colorimetric Observers, ISO/CIE #10527, 1991. 3. Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, Sixteenth Edition, Longman Group Ltd., Harlow, Essex, 1995.

λ/nm

V(λ)

λ/nm

V(λ)

λ/nm

V(λ)

360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510

0.000004 0.000012 0.000039 0.000120 0.000396 0.001210 0.004000 0.011600 0.023000 0.038000 0.060000 0.090980 0.139020 0.208020 0.323000 0.503000

520 530 540 550 555 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660

0.710000 0.862000 0.954000 0.994950 1.000000 0.995000 0.952000 0.870000 0.757000 0.631000 0.503000 0.381000 0.265000 0.175000 0.107000 0.061000

670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820

0.032000 0.017000 0.008210 0.004102 0.002091 0.001047 0.000520 0.000249 0.000120 0.000060 0.000030 0.000015 0.000007 0.000004 0.000002 0.000001

10-242

6679X_S10.indb 242

4/11/08 4:03:58 PM

BLACK BODY RADIATION The total power radiated from an ideal black body and the wavelength corresponding to maximum power are given here as a function of absolute temperature. Constants used in the calculation are taken from the table “Fundamental Physical Constants” in T/K 50 100 150 200 250 273 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730

Ptot 0.354 W/m2 5.671 28.707 90.728 221.504 314.973 348.541 401.064 459.311 523.684 594.596 672.478 757.771 850.931 952.428 1.063 kW/m2 1.182 1.312 1.452 1.602 1.764 1.939 2.125 2.325 2.539 2.767 3.010 3.269 3.544 3.836 4.146 4.474 4.822 5.189 5.577 5.986 6.417 6.871 7.349 7.851 8.379 8.933 9.514 10.122 10.760 11.427 12.124 12.853 13.615 14.410 15.239 16.103

λmax/µm 57.955 28.978 19.318 14.489 11.591 10.614 10.349 9.992 9.659 9.348 9.055 8.781 8.523 8.279 8.049 7.832 7.626 7.430 7.244 7.068 6.899 6.739 6.586 6.439 6.299 6.165 6.037 5.914 5.796 5.682 5.573 5.467 5.366 5.269 5.175 5.084 4.996 4.911 4.830 4.750 4.674 4.600 4.528 4.458 4.391 4.325 4.261 4.200 4.140 4.081 4.025 3.970

T/K 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500

Ptot 17.004 17.942 18.918 19.934 20.989 22.087 23.226 24.410 25.638 26.911 28.232 29.600 31.018 32.486 34.006 35.578 37.204 38.886 40.623 42.418 44.272 46.187 48.162 50.201 52.303 54.471 56.705 61.379 66.337 71.589 77.147 83.022 89.227 95.773 102.672 109.939 117.584 125.621 134.063 142.924 152.217 161.955 172.154 182.827 193.989 205.655 217.838 230.556 243.822 257.652 272.063 287.070

Section 1. The radiated power in a band ∆λ at λmax may be calculated from: Pmax = 0.657548 (∆λ/λmax) Ptot λmax/µm 3.916 3.864 3.813 3.763 3.715 3.668 3.622 3.577 3.534 3.491 3.450 3.409 3.369 3.331 3.293 3.256 3.220 3.184 3.150 3.116 3.083 3.050 3.018 2.987 2.957 2.927 2.898 2.841 2.786 2.734 2.683 2.634 2.587 2.542 2.498 2.456 2.415 2.375 2.337 2.300 2.264 2.229 2.195 2.163 2.131 2.100 2.070 2.041 2.012 1.985 1.958 1.932

T/K 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120 2140 2160 2180 2200 2220 2240 2260 2280 2300 2320 2340 2360 2380 2400 2420 2440 2460 2480 2500 2550 2600

Ptot 302.689 318.937 335.831 353.387 371.623 390.555 410.202 430.581 451.710 473.607 496.290 519.779 544.093 569.249 595.267 622.168 649.970 678.694 708.359 738.987 770.597 803.210 836.848 871.531 907.282 944.121 982.071 1.021 MW/m2 1.061 1.103 1.145 1.189 1.234 1.281 1.328 1.377 1.428 1.479 1.532 1.587 1.643 1.700 1.759 1.819 1.881 1.945 2.010 2.077 2.145 2.215 2.398 2.591

λmax/µm 1.906 1.882 1.858 1.834 1.811 1.789 1.767 1.746 1.725 1.705 1.685 1.665 1.646 1.628 1.610 1.592 1.575 1.558 1.541 1.525 1.509 1.494 1.478 1.464 1.449 1.435 1.420 1.407 1.393 1.380 1.367 1.354 1.342 1.329 1.317 1.305 1.294 1.282 1.271 1.260 1.249 1.238 1.228 1.218 1.207 1.197 1.188 1.178 1.168 1.159 1.136 1.115

10-242

Section 10.indb 242

5/4/05 8:17:23 AM

Black Body Radiation T/K 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 3200 3250 3300 3350 3400 3450 3500 3550

Ptot 2.796 3.014 3.243 3.485 3.741 4.011 4.294 4.593 4.907 5.237 5.583 5.946 6.326 6.725 7.142 7.578 8.033 8.509 9.006

10-243 T/K 3600 3650 3700 3750 3800 3850 3900 3950 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000

λmax/µm 1.093 1.073 1.054 1.035 1.017 0.999 0.982 0.966 0.950 0.935 0.920 0.906 0.892 0.878 0.865 0.852 0.840 0.828 0.816

Ptot 9.524 10.065 10.627 11.214 11.824 12.458 13.118 13.804 14.517 16.024 17.645 19.386 21.254 23.253 25.389 27.670 30.101 32.689 35.441

T/K 5100 5200 5300 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000

λmax/µm 0.805 0.794 0.783 0.773 0.763 0.753 0.743 0.734 0.724 0.707 0.690 0.674 0.659 0.644 0.630 0.617 0.604 0.591 0.580

Ptot 38.362 41.461 44.743 48.217 51.889 55.767 59.858 64.170 68.712 73.490 101.222 136.149 179.418 232.264 296.004 372.042 461.867 567.051

λmax/µm 0.568 0.557 0.547 0.537 0.527 0.517 0.508 0.500 0.491 0.483 0.446 0.414 0.386 0.362 0.341 0.322 0.305 0.290

The curves below show, for various temperatures, the fraction of radiant power as a function of wavelength. The function plotted is Pλ/∆λ Ptot, where Pλ is the power at wavelength λ in a small interval ∆λ (in µm), and Ptot is the total power. 0.25

Fraction of Radiant Power

0.20

1000 K

0.15

500 K

0.10

300 K

0.05 200 K 100 K

0

Section 10.indb 243

0

5

10

15 20 25 Wavelength in µm

30

35

40

5/4/05 8:17:24 AM

CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED DETECTORS This graph summarizes the wavelength response of some semiconductors used as detectors for infrared radiation. The quantity D*(λ) is the signal to noise ratio for an incident radiant power density of 1 W/cm2 and a bandwidth of 1 Hz (60° field of view). The Ge, InAs, and InSb detectors are photovoltaics, while the HgCdTe series are photoconductive devices. The cutoff wavelength of the latter can be varied by adjusting the relative amounts of Hg, Cd,

and Te (three examples are shown at 77 K). The graph also shows the theoretical background limited sensitivity for ideal detectors which introduce no intrinsic noise.

Reference Infrared Detectors 1995, EG&G Judson, Montgomeryville, PA.

1014 Ge 77 K 13

10

Ideal Photovoltaic (BLIP Limit) Ge -30°C

1012

Ideal Photoconductor (BLIP Limit)

D*(λ)

InAs 77 K InSb 77 K

Ge 22°C

11

10

HgCdTe -55°C 10

10

HgCdTe 77 K HgCdTe 77 K

InAs -30°C

HgCdTe 77 K

Doped Ge 4 K

109 InAs 22°C 8

10

HgCdTe -75°C

1

2

3

4

5 6 7 8 10 Wavelength (µm)

12

20

30

10-244

Section 10.indb 244

5/4/05 8:17:26 AM

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC CRYSTALS This table lists the index of refraction of selected crystalline inorganic compounds. When, available, values are give as a function of wavelength in the range from the ultraviolet to the far infrared region. For each compound a value at 589 nm, the wavelength of the principal sodium line, is given. The data have been taken from the references indicated; in many cases, data from a reference have been refitted to generate the index of refraction at the wavelengths used in this table. All values refer to ambient temperature. Entries marked by * are based on extrapolation beyond the range of available experimental data. Compounds belonging to the cubic crystal system have only a single refractive index value, but other systems are anisotropic, so that the crystal is characterized by two or three unique indexes. Hexagonal, rhombohedral, and tetragonal crystals have two unique indexes which are traditionally labeled no and ne for “ordinary ray” and “extraordinary ray”. Orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic crystals are characterized by three indexes which are here called nx, ny, and nz. The table indicates the crystal system for each entry in order to identify the material uniquely. The refractive index and other optical properties for metals, semiconductors, and certain other compounds can be found in the tables “Optical Properties of Selected Elements” and “Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids” in Section 12 of this Handbook.

Compound AgCl AlPO4 Al2O3 As2O3a BaF2 BaO BaSO4

BaTiO3 BaWO4 BeO BeSO4⋅4H2O CaCO3b CaF2 CaO CaSO4

CaSO4⋅2H2O

CaWO4 CdS

10-245

References 1. Li, H. H., “Refractive Index of Alkali Halides and its Wavelength and Temperature Derivatives”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 5, 329, 1976. 2. Li, H. H., “Refractive Index of Alkaline Earth Halides and its Wavelength and Temperature Derivatives”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 9, 161, 1980. 3. Li, H. H., “Refractive Index of ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe and its Wavelength and Temperature Derivatives”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 13, 103, 1984. 4. Shannon, R. D., Shannon, R. C., Medenbach, O., and Fischer, R. X., “Refractive Index and Dispersion of Fluorides and Oxides”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 931, 2002. 5. Gray, D. E., ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Sec. 6b, p. 612, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 6. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, III/11, Elastic, Piezoelectric, Pyroelectric, Piezooptic, Electrooptic Constants, and Nonlinear Dielectric Susceptibilities of Crystals, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979. 7. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, III/30A, High Frequency Properties of Dielectric Crystals. Piezooptic and Electrooptic Constants, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996. 8. Weber, M. J., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV. Optical Materials. Part 2: Properties, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986.

Index of Refraction at the Indicated Wavelength

Crystal system

Ray

cub rhomb rhomb hex hex cub cub cub orth orth orth tetr tetr tetr tetr hex hex tetr tetr hex hex cub cub orth orth orth monocl monocl monocl tetr tetr hex

n no ne no ne n n n nx ny nz no ne no ne no ne no ne no ne n n nx ny nz nx ny nz no ne no

300 nm

1.5010

1.7216 1.5145 1.4540

589 nm

750 nm

2.0668 1.5247 1.5338 1.7673 1.7598 1.7537 1.4744 1.9841 1.6362 1.6374 1.6480 2.4405 2.3831 1.8426 1.8405 1.7184 1.7342 1.4713 1.4328 1.6584 1.4864 1.4338 1.8396 1.5698 1.5755 1.6137 1.5207 1.5227 1.5304 1.9195 1.9355 2.507

2.0401 1.5203 1.5290

1
m 2.0224 1.5161 1.5245

2
m 2.0062 1.5034 1.5116

5
m 1.9975

10
m 1.9803

1.4712

1.4686

1.4647

1.4511

1.4014

1.6503 1.4828 1.4311

1.6436 1.4801 1.4289

1.6249 1.4753 1.4239

1.3990

1.299

2.390

2.334

20
m 1.9069

Ref. 5 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

Index of Refraction of Inorganic Cr ystals

10-246

Compound CdSe CdTe CeF3 CsBr CsCl CsClO4

CsF CsI Cs2SO4

CuBr CuCl CuSO4⋅5H2O

Dy2O3 FeF2 Gd2O3 HgS KBr KCl KClO4

KF KH2AsO4 KH2PO4 KI KIO3

KIO4 KNbO3

K2SO4

LaF3 LiBr LiCl LiClO4⋅3H2O LiF LiI LiIO3 LiNbO3

Crystal system hex hex hex cub hex hex cub cub orth orth orth cub cub orth orth orth cub cub tricl tricl tricl cub tetr tetr cub rhomb rhomb cub cub orth orth orth cub tetr tetr tetr tetr cub tricl tricl tricl tetr tetr orth orth orth orth orth orth hex hex cub cub hex hex cub cub hex hex rhomb

Index of Refraction at the Indicated Wavelength Ray ne no ne n no ne n n nx ny nz n n nx ny nz n n nx ny nz n no ne n no ne n n nx ny nz n no ne no ne n nx ny nz no ne nx ny nx nx ny nz no ne n n no ne n n no ne no

300 nm

1.8047 1.712

1.506 1.9790

1.6482 1.5455

1.380

1.5450 1.4977 1.834*

1.810 1.677

1.4087 1.979

589 nm 750 nm 1
m 2.525 2.409 2.352 2.68* 2.5502 2.69* 2.5696 1.6183 1.6113 1.6974 1.640 1.4752 1.4788 1.4804 1.477 1.7873 1.5598 1.5644 1.5662 2.117 1.9727 1.5140 1.5367 1.5436 1.9757 1.514 1.524 1.96 2.9413 3.3072 1.5598 1.4902 1.4730 1.4736 1.4768 1.362 1.5674 1.5179 1.5093 1.4682 1.665 1.6959 1.8317 1.8343 1.6205 1.6476 2.2480 2.3464 2.1803 1.4934 1.4947 1.4973 1.605 1.599 1.783 1.662 1.4832 1.4384 1.3921 1.955 1.8875 1.7400 2.3007

2
m

5
m

2.4682 2.4873

2.4483 2.4676

10
m

20
m

2.4331 2.4514 2.6724

2.6302

1.6861 1.631

1.6784 1.626

1.6711 1.620

1.6678 1.616

1.6630 1.606

1.6439 1.563

1.474 1.7694

1.472 1.7576

1.469* 1.7465

1.461* 1.7428

1.436* 1.7396

1.32* 1.7280

1.9391

1.9245

2.7770 3.0896 1.5498 1.4840

2.7120 3.0050 1.5444 1.4798

2.6305 2.8776 1.5383 1.4753

1.5345 1.4704

2.6018 2.8522 1.5264 1.4564

1.4924 1.3946

1.360

1.358

1.355

1.344

1.304*

1.09*

1.5030 1.4641 1.650

1.4957 1.4606 1.640

1.631

1.627

1.620

1.593

2.3395 2.2959 2.1457

2.2612 2.2622 2.1288

1.781 1.660

1.778 1.658

1.774* 1.654*

1.756* 1.62*

1.68* 1.53*

1.33*

1.3895 1.952 1.8713 1.7268 2.2632

1.3871 1.950 1.8589 1.7179 2.2370

1.3786 1.948* 1.8410 1.7062

1.3266 1.940*

1.1005 1.91*

1.77*

Ref. 5 7 7 7 4 4 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 4 7 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 1 1 4 4 4 1 7 7 5 5 1 7 7 7 4 4 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 1 1 6 6 7

Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals

Compound LiTaO3 Li2SO4⋅H2O

Lu2O3 MgF2 MgO MgSO4⋅7H2O

MnF2 NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 NaBr NaBrO3 NaCl NaClO3 NaF NaH2PO4⋅2H2O

NaI NaNO2

NaNO3 Na2HPO4⋅7H2O

Na2SO4

NdF3 Nd2O3 NiF2 NiSO4⋅6H2O PbF2 PbSO4

PrF3 RbBr RbCl RbClO4

RbF RbH2AsO4

Crystal system rhomb rhomb rhomb monocl monocl monocl cub tetr tetr cub orth orth orth tetr tetr tetr tetr tetr tetr cub cub cub cub cub orth orth orth cub orth orth orth rhomb rhomb monocl monocl monocl orth orth orth hex hex cub tetr tetr tetr tetr cub orth orth orth hex hex cub cub orth orth orth cub tetr tetr

10-247 Index of Refraction at the Indicated Wavelength

Ray ne no ne nx ny nz n no ne n nx ny nz no ne no ne no ne n n n n n nx ny nz n nx ny nz no ne nx ny nz nx ny nz no ne n no ne no ne n nx ny nz no ne n n nx ny nz n no ne

300 nm

1.3930 1.4055

1.6401 1.5754 1.5668 1.5137 1.748 1.6066 1.3424

1.93*

1.94*

1.639 1.549

1.428* 1.6183 1.5718

589 nm 2.2116 2.1864 2.1908 1.4615 1.4765 1.4863 1.9349 1.3776 1.3894 1.7355 1.4326 1.4555 1.4607 1.472 1.501 1.5777 1.5232 1.5247 1.4797 1.642 1.6168 1.5441 1.5151 1.3252 1.4400 1.4628 1.4814 1.774 1.6547 1.3455 1.4125 1.5840 1.3340 1.4411 1.4423 1.4525 1.4669 1.4730 1.4809 1.6191 1.6132 1.92 1.526 1.561 1.5107 1.4870 1.767 1.8780 1.8834 1.8945 1.6207 1.6146 1.553 1.493 1.4691 1.4701 1.4732 1.397 1.5603 1.5232

750 nm 1
m 2.1804 2.1567 2.1590 2.1391 2.1634 2.1432

2
m

5
m

10
m

20
m

2.1066 2.1115

1.375 1.387 1.7283

1.373 1.385 1.7228

1.368 1.379 1.7084

1.34 1.34 1.6361

1.21 1.21

1.5704 1.5179 1.5187 1.4754 1.631

1.5583 1.5101 1.5084 1.4694 1.623

1.616

1.609

1.593*

1.520*

1.5369

1.5320

1.5265

1.5188

1.4947

1.382*

1.3231

1.3214

1.3179

1.3017

1.2400

1.758

1.74

1.73*

1.73*

1.71*

1.66*

1.754

1.745

1.73

1.70

1.66

1.32

1.544 1.487

1.538 1.483

1.532 1.479

1.530 1.475

1.525 1.465

1.505* 1.424*

1.394 1.5538 1.5184

1.391 1.5432 1.5121

1.388

1.379

1.346

1.19*

Ref. 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 1 4 1 7 1 7 7 7 1 7 7 7 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 4 1 7 7

Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals

10-248

Compound RbH2PO4 RbI Rb2SO4

Sb2O3c Sc2O3 SiO2d SnO2 SrF2 SrO SrSO4

SrTiO3 SrWO4 TbF3 TeO2 ThO2 TiO2e

TlBr TlCl TlClO4

Tl2SO4

Y2O3 Yb2O3 ZnF2 ZnO ZnSf ZnSg ZnSe ZnTe ZrSiO4h * a b c d e f g h

Crystal system tetr tetr cub orth orth orth cub cub hex hex tetr tetr cub cub orth orth orth cub tetr tetr hex hex tetr tetr cub tetr tetr tetr tetr cub cub orth orth orth orth orth orth cub cub tetr tetr hex hex cub hex hex cub cub tetr tetr

Index of Refraction at the Indicated Wavelength Ray no ne n nx ny nz n n no ne no ne n n nx ny nz n no ne no ne no ne n no ne no ne n n nx ny nz nx ny nz n n no ne no ne n no ne n n no ne

300 nm 589 nm 1.5434 1.5078 1.5106 1.4791 1.808 1.647 1.5131 1.5133 1.5144 2.8017 1.9943 1.5733 1.5442 1.5882 1.5534 1.993 2.088 1.459 1.4380 1.8710 1.6214 1.6231 1.6303 2.4082 1.8618 1.8719 1.6034 1.5603 2.2738 2.4295 2.1113 2.612 2.910 2.562 2.489 2.418 2.247 1.6427 1.6446 1.6542 1.8604 1.8676 1.8857 1.930 1.9468 1.495 1.525 2.0036 2.0199 2.3691 2.372 2.368 2.6222 3.060 1.9255 1.9843

750 nm 1
m 1.5021 1.4941 1.4754 1.4704 1.633 1.623

2
m

1.615

1.5394 1.5484

1.5350 1.5438

1.5209 1.5291

1.435

1.433

2.3525

2.3160

5
m

10
m

20
m

1.612

1.608

1.595

1.429

1.412

1.35

2.2676

2.1205

2.2080 2.3520 2.533 2.805

2.485 2.748

2.399

2.220

2.350 2.198

2.289 2.145

2.103 1.986

1.984 1.891

2.339 2.193

1.9662 1.9821 2.3232 2.331 2.327 2.5384 2.880

1.9435 1.9589 2.2932 2.303 2.301 2.4888 2.789

1.9197 1.9330 2.2633 2.26

2.25

2.20

2.4462 2.719

2.4296 2.698

2.4065 2.684

Provisional value based on extrapolation beyond the range of experimental data. Arsenolite Calcite Senarmontite α-Quartz Rutile Sphalerite Wurtzite Zircon

2.322

Ref. 7 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 7 7 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 3,5 5 3 3 4 4

REFRACTIVE INDEX AND TRANSMITTANCE OF REPRESENTATIVE GLASSES References

Typical values of the index of refraction and internal transmittance (fraction of light transmitted through a one centimeter thickness) are tabulated here for selected types of glasses, as well as for synthetic fused (vitreous) silica. Nominal compositions are given in the first part of the table. The second part gives the index of refraction, relative to air, and the internal transmittance for representative samples of each glass at wavelengths in the infrared, visible, and near-ultraviolet regions. It should be emphasized that wide variation of these parameters may be found among subtypes of each glass. More detailed data may be found in Reference 3. Assuming that the Lambert-Beer Law is followed, the transmittance of a glass plate of thickness d (in centimeters) can be obtained by raising the transmittance value in the table to the power d. Type PK PSK BK K ZK BaK SK KF BaLF SSK LLF BaF LF F BaSF SF KzFS SiO2

Name Phosphate crown Dense phosphate crown Borosilicate crown Crown Zinc crown Barium crown Dense crown Crown flint Barium light flint Extra dense crown Extra light flint Barium flint Light flint Flint Dense barium flint Dense flint Short flint Fused silica

Type PK PSK BK K ZK BaK SK KF BaLF SSK LaK LLF BaF LF F BaSF SF KzFS SiO2

1.060 µm 1.51519 1.54154 1.50669 1.50091 1.52220 1.55695 1.59490 1.50586 1.57579 1.60402 1.69710 1.52775 1.56873 1.56594 1.58636 1.60889 1.71350 1.59680 1.44968

a

b

At 366.3 nm. At 213.9 nm.

SiO2 70 74 71 60 39 67 51 35 63 46 53 47 43 33

B2O3 3 3 10

Al2O3 10 5

3 15

10

5 2 5

1. Weber, M. J., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL ,1988. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. 3. Schott Optical Glass, Schott Glass Technologies, Inc., 400 York Ave., Duryea, PA 18642. 4. Kaye, G. W. C., and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 15th Edition, Longman, London, 1986.

Composition in percent by mass Na2O K2O CaO BaO 12 5 4 28 8 8 1 3 9 11 6 17 3 10 19 41 16 6 5 20 42 5 8 8 16 5 8 2 7 1 7 11 5

ZnO

PbO

P2O5 70 60

12 5 3 14 8 8

5

12 4 24 22 34 44 33 62

100 Index of refraction 546.1 nm 365.0 nm 1.52736 1.54503 1.55440 1.57342 1.51872 1.53627 1.51314 1.53189 1.53534 1.55588 1.57124 1.59407 1.60994 1.63398 1.51978 1.54251 1.59166 1.61804 1.61993 1.64595 1.71616 1.74573 1.54344 1.57038 1.58565 1.61524 1.58482 1.61926 1.60718 1.64606 1.62987 1.66926 1.74620 1.8145 1.61639 1.64849 1.46008 1.47435a

312.6 nm 1.5574 1.5868 1.5486 1.5454 1.5708 1.6108 1.5600

1.6739 1.53430b

1.060 µm 0.997 0.996 0.999 0.998 0.996 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.996 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.999 0.999 0.997 0.999 0.998

Transmittance of 1 cm plate 546.1 nm 365.0 nm 310 nm 0.998 0.987 0.46 0.998 0.984 0.46 0.998 0.987 0.35 0.998 0.988 0.40 0.998 0.976 0.27 0.997 0.986 0.28 0.998 0.959 0.28 0.996 0.989 0.49 0.998 0.933 0.010 0.998 0.915 0.010 0.998 0.882 0.17 0.997 0.990 0.32 0.997 0.992 0.004 0.998 0.981 0.008 0.998 0.959 0.998 0.857 0.997 0.650 0.998 0.672 0.012

10-249

Section 10.indb 249

5/4/05 8:17:30 AM

Index of Refraction of Water This table gives the index of refraction of liquid water at atmospheric pressure, relative to a vacuum, at several temperatures and wavelengths. It is generated from the formulation in Reference 1, which covers a wide range of temperature, pressure, and wavelength. The wavelengths listed here correspond to prominent lines of cadmium (226.50 and 361.05 nm), potassium (404.41 nm), sodium (589.00 nm), Ne (632.80 nm, from a helium - neon laser), and mercury (1.01398 µm).

t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100



487_S10.indb 251

226.50 nm 1.39450 1.39422 1.39336 1.39208 1.39046 1.38854 1.38636 1.38395 1.38132 1.37849 1.37547

361.05 nm 1.34896 1.34870 1.34795 1.34682 1.34540 1.34373 1.34184 1.33974 1.33746 1.33501 1.33239

References 1. Schiebener, P., Straub, J., Levelt Sengers, J. M. H., and Gallagher, J. S., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 677, 1990; 19, 1617, 1990. 2. Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.

404.41 nm 1.34415 1.34389 1.34315 1.34205 1.34065 1.33901 1.33714 1.33508 1.33284 1.33042 1.32784

589.00 nm 1.33432 1.33408 1.33336 1.33230 1.33095 1.32937 1.32757 1.32559 1.32342 1.32109 1.31861

632.80 nm 1.33306 1.33282 1.33211 1.33105 1.32972 1.32814 1.32636 1.32438 1.32223 1.31991 1.31744

1.01398 µm 1.32612 1.32591 1.32524 1.32424 1.32296 1.32145 1.31974 1.31784 1.31576 1.31353 1.31114

10-251

4/10/06 11:21:39 AM

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF LIQUIDS FOR CALIBRATION PURPOSES This table gives the index of refraction of six liquids which are available in highly pure form and whose index of refraction has been accurately measured as a function of wavelength and temperature. They are therefore useful for calibration of refractometers. The estimated uncertainty in the values is: 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane ±0.00003 Hexadecane ±0.00008 trans-Bicyclo[4.0.0]decane ±0.00008 ±0.00008 1-Methylnaphthalene Toluene ±0.00003 Methylcyclohexane ±0.00003

λ nm 667.81 656.28 589.26 546.07 501.57 486.13 435.83

20°C 1.38916 1.38945 1.39145 1.39316 1.39544 1.39639 1.40029

λ nm 667.81 656.28 589.26 546.07 501.57 486.13 435.83

20°C 1.46654 1.46688 1.46932 1.47141 1.47420 1.47535 1.48011

λ nm 667.81 656.28 589.26 546.07 501.57 486.13 435.83

20°C 1.49180 1.49243 1.49693 1.50086 1.50620 1.50847 1.51800

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 25°C 1.38670 1.38698 1.38898 1.39068 1.39294 1.39389 1.39776

Full details are given in the references. This table is reprinted from Reference 1 by permission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

References 1. Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 2. Tilton, L. W., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 32, 71, 1941.

30°C 1.38424 1.38452 1.38650 1.38820 1.39044 1.39138 1.39523

20°C 1.43204 1.43235 1.43453 1.43640 1.43888 1.43993 1.44419

trans-Bicyclo[4.4.0]decane 25°C 30°C 1.46438 1.46222 1.46472 1.46256 1.46715 1.46498 1.46923 1.46705 1.47200 1.46980 1.47315 1.47095 1.47789 1.47567

20°C 1.60828 1.60940 1.61755 1.62488 1.63513 1.63958

Toluene 25°C 1.48903 1.48966 1.49413 1.49803 1.50334 1.50559 1.51506

30°C 1.48619 1.48682 1.49126 1.49514 1.50041 1.50265 1.51206

20°C 1.42064 1.42094 1.42312 1.42497 1.42744 1.42847 1.43269

Hexadecane 25°C 1.43001 1.43032 1.43250 1.43436 1.43684 1.43788 1.44213

30°C 1.42798 1.42829 1.43047 1.43232 1.43480 1.43583 1.44007

1-Methylnaphthalene 25°C 1.60592 1.60703 1.61512 1.62240 1.63259 1.63701 1.65627

30°C 1.60360 1.60471 1.61278 1.62005 1.63022 1.63463 1.65386

Methylcyclohexane 25°C 1.41812 1.41842 1.42058 1.42243 1.42488 1.42590 1.43010

30°C 1.41560 1.41591 1.41806 1.41989 1.42233 1.42334 1.42752

10-251

Section 10.indb 251

5/4/05 8:17:32 AM

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF AIR This is a table of the index of refraction n of dry air at 15°C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa and containing 0.045% by volume of carbon dioxide (“standard air”). The index of refraction is defined by n = λvac/λair where λ is the wavelength of the radiation. The index is calculated from the expression

If the air is at a temperature t in °C (ITS-90) and a pressure p in pascals, a value of (n – 1) from this table should be multiplied by

(n–1) × 108 = 8342.54 + 2406147(130 – σ2)–1 + 15998(38.9 – σ2)–1

References

where σ = 1/λvac and λvac has units of µm. The equation is valid for λvac from 200 nm to 2 µm. The table also gives the correction (n–1)λair which must be added to the wavelength in air to obtain λvac. λvac 200 nm 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530

(n–1) × 108 32409 31748 31226 30801 30447 30148 29892 29670 29477 29307 29157 29023 28904 28796 28700 28612 28532 28460 28393 28332 28276 28224 28177 28132 28091 28053 28018 27985 27954 27925 27897 27872 27848 27825

λvac – λair 0.06480 nm 0.06665 0.06868 0.07082 0.07305 0.07535 0.07769 0.08009 0.08251 0.08497 0.08745 0.08995 0.09247 0.09500 0.09755 0.10011 0.10269 0.10527 0.10786 0.11046 0.11307 0.11569 0.11831 0.12094 0.12357 0.12620 0.12885 0.13149 0.13414 0.13679 0.13945 0.14211 0.14477 0.14743

λvac 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870

(n–1) × 108 27804 27784 27765 27747 27730 27714 27698 27684 27670 27657 27644 27632 27621 27610 27600 27590 27581 27572 27563 27555 27547 27539 27532 27525 27518 27511 27505 27499 27493 27488 27482 27477 27472 27467

p[1 + p(60.1 – 0.972t) × 10–10]/96095.43(1 + 0.003661t)

1. Birch, K. P., and Downs, M. J., Metrologia, 31, 315, 1994. 2. Edlen, B., Metrologia 2, 71, 1966.

λvac – λair 0.15010 0.15277 0.15544 0.15811 0.16079 0.16347 0.16614 0.16882 0.17151 0.17419 0.17688 0.17956 0.18225 0.18494 0.18763 0.19032 0.19301 0.19570 0.19840 0.20109 0.20379 0.20649 0.20918 0.21188 0.21458 0.21728 0.21998 0.22268 0.22538 0.22808 0.23079 0.23349 0.23619 0.23890

λvac 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1.00 µm 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00

(n–1) × 108 27462 27458 27454 27449 27445 27441 27437 27434 27430 27427 27423 27420

λvac – λair 0.24160 0.24431 0.24701 0.24972 0.25243 0.25513 0.25784 0.26055 0.26326 0.26597 0.26868 0.27138

27417 27402 27390 27379 27370 27361 27354 27347 27341 27336 27331 27327 27323 27319 27316 27313 27310 27307 27305 27303 27301

0.0002741 0.0002876 0.0003012 0.0003148 0.0003283 0.0003419 0.0003555 0.0003691 0.0003827 0.0003963 0.0004099 0.0004234 0.0004370 0.0004506 0.0004642 0.0004778 0.0004914 0.0005050 0.0005187 0.0005323 0.0005459

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Section 10.indb 252

5/4/05 8:17:35 AM

Index of Refraction of Gases This table gives the index of refraction of several gases at selected wavelengths ranging from the blue to the red region of the spectrum. The entries at 0.5893 μm correspond to the prominent sodium D line in the yellow region. All values refer to gas at a pressure of one atmosphere (101.325 kPa) and at a temperature of 0°C.

Gas

0.4360 μm

0.4861 μm

0.5461 μm

Air

1.0002966

1.0002947

1.0002932

References 1. Gray, D. E., ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, p. 6-110, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Forsythe, W. E., Smithsonian Physical Tables, Ninth Edition, p. 533, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1954. 3. Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, Sixteenth Edition, p. 131, Longman Group Ltd., Harlow, Essex, 1995.

Wavelength 0.5790 μm

0.5893 μm

0.6563 μm

0.6709 μm

1.0002926

1.0002924

1.0002915

1.0002913

Ar

1.000281

CH4

1.000444 1.000773

Cl2 CO2

1.0004563

H2

1.0001418

1.0004506 1.0001406

1.0001397

1.0003012

1.0002998

1.0004493 1.0001393

He

1.0002990

N2O

1.0001385

1.0002982

1.000516

NO SO2

1.0004471 1.0001387

1.000036

N2

O2

1.0001392

1.000297 1.0002743

1.0002734

1.0002717

1.0002710

1.0002709

1.0002698

1.0002683

1.000686

10-254

6679X_S10.indb 254

4/11/08 4:04:07 PM

CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES William F. Krupke Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation was first demonstrated by Maiman in 1960, the result of a population inversion produced between energy levels of chromium ions in a ruby crystal when irradiated with a xenon flashlamp. Since then population inversions and coherent emission have been generated in literally thousands of substances (neutral and ionized gases, liquids, and solids) using a variety of incoherent excitation techniques (optical pumping, electrical discharges, gas-dynamic flow, electron-beams, chemical reactions, nuclear decay). The extrema of laser output parameters which have been demonstrated to date and the laser media used are summarized in Table 1. Note that the extreme power and energy parameters listed in this table were attained with laser systems rather than with simple laser oscillators. Laser sources are commonly classified in terms of the state-ofmatter of the active medium: gas, liquid, and solid. Each of these classes is further subdivided into one or more types as shown in Table 2. A well-known representative example of each type of laser is also given in Table 2 together with its nominal operation wavelength and the methods by which it is pumped.

Parameter Peak power Peak power density Pulse energy Average power Pulse duration Wavelength Efficiency (nonlaser pumped) Beam quality Spectral linewidth Spatial coherence

Class Gas

Liquid

Solid

The various lasers together cover a wide spectral range from the far ultraviolet to the far infrared. The particular wavelength of emission (usually a narrow line) is presented for some six dozen lasers in Figures 1A and 1B. By suitably designing the excitation source and/or by controlling the laser resonator structure, laser systems can provide continuous or pulsed radiation as shown in Table 3. Besides the method of excitation and the temporal behavior of a laser, there are many other parameters that characterize its operation and efficiency, as shown in Tables 4 and 5. Although many lasers only emit in one or more narrow spectral “lines”, an increasing number of lasers can be tuned by changing the composition or the pressure of the medium, or by varying the wavelength of the pump bands. The spectral regions in which these tunable lasers operate are presented in Figure 2.

References Krupke, W. F., in Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. I, Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986.

TABLE 1. Extrema of Output Parameters of Laser Devices or Systems Value Laser medium 1 × 1014 W(collimated) Nd:glass 1018 W/cm2 (focused) Nd:glass >105 J CO2, Nd:glass 105 W CO2 3 × 10-15 s continuous wave (cw) Rh6G dye; various gases, liquids, solids 60 nm ↔ 385 µm Many required 70% CO Diffraction limited Various gases, liquids, solids 20 Hz (for 10-1 s) Neon-helium 10 m Ruby

TABLE 2. Classes, Types, and Representative Examples of Laser Sources Nominal operating Type (characteristic) Representative example wavelength (nm) Method(s) of excitation Atom, neutral (electronic transition) Neon-Helium (Ne-He) 633 Glow discharge Atom, ionic (electronic transition) Argon (Ar+) 488 Arc discharge Molecule, neutral (electronic transition) Krypton fluoride (KrF) 248 Glow discharge; e-beam Molecule, neutral (vibrational transition) Carbon dioxide (CO2) 10600 Glow discharge; gasdynamic flow Molecule, neutral (rotational transition) Methyl fluoride (CH3F) 496000 Laser pumping Molecule, ionic (electronic transition) Nitrogen ion (N2+) 420 E-beam Organic solvent (dye-chromophore) Rhodamine dye (Rh6G) 580–610 Flashlamp; laser pumping Organic solvent (rare earth chelate) Europium:TTF 612 Flashlamp Inorganic solvent (trivalent rare earth ion) Neodymium:POCl4 1060 Flashlamp Insulator, crystal (impurity) Neodymium:YAG 1064 Flashlamp, arc lamp Insulator, crystal (stoichiometric) Neodymium:UP(NdP5O14) 1052 Flashlamp Insulator, crystal (color center) F2–:LiF 1120 Laser pumping Insulator, amorphous (impurity) Neodymium:glass 1061 Flashlamp Semiconductor (p-n junction) GaAs 820 Injection current Semiconductor (electron-hole plasma) GaAs 890 E- beam, laser pumping

10-253

S10_18.indd 253

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Characteristics of Laser Sources

10-254

TABLE 3. Temporal Characteristics of Lasers and Laser Systems Technique Excitation is continuous; resonator Q is held constant at some moderate value Excitation is pulsed; resonator Q is held constant at some moderate value Excitation is continuous or pulsed; resonator Q is switched from a very low value to a moderate value Excitation is continuous or pulsed; resonator Q is switched from a very high value to a low value Excitation is continuous or pulsed; phase or loss of the resonator modes is modulated at a rate related to the resonator transit time

Form Continuous wave Pulsed Q-Switched Cavity dumped Mode locked

Parameter Excitation method

b

S10_18.indd 254

10-8 – 10-6 10-7 – 10-5 10-12 – 10-9

TABLE 4. Properties and Performance of Some Continuous Wave (CW) Lasers Gas Liquid Solid Rhodamine 6G Unit Neon helium Argon ion Carbon dioxide dye Nd:YAG GaAs Krypton arc DC injection DC discharge DC discharge DC discharge Ar+ laser pump lamp Rh 6G:H2O Nd:YAG p:n:GaAs Neon:helium Argon CO2:N2:He

Gain medium composition Gain medium density Torr ions/cm3 Wavelength nm cm-2 Laser cross-section Radiative lifetime s (upper level) Decay lifetime (upper s level) nm Gain bandwidth Type, gain saturation Homogeneous W cm-2 saturation flux Decay lifetime (lower s level) cm-3 Inversion density Small signal gain cm-1 coefficient Pump power density W cm-3 Output power density W cm-3 Laser size (diameter: cm:cm length) Excitation current/ A/V voltage Excitation current A cm-2 density Excitation power W W Output power % Efficiency a

Pulse width range (s) ∞ 10-8 – 10-3

Junction thickness:width:length. Pressure dependent.

0.1:1.0

0.4

0.4:0.8:5.0

633 3(-13) ~1(-7)

488 1.6(-12) 7.5(-9)

10600 1.5(-16) 4(-3)

2(18):2(22) 590 1.8(-16) 6.5(-9)

1.5(20):2(22) 1064 7(-19) 2.6(-4)

2(19):3(18):3(22) 810 ~6(-15) ~1(-9)

~1(-7)

~5.0(-9)

~4(-3)

6.0(-9)

2.3(-4)

~1(-9)

2(-3) 5(-3) Inhomogeneous Inhomogeneous

1.6(-2) Homogeneous ~20

80 Homogeneous 3(5)

0.5 Homogeneous 2.3(3)

10 Homogeneous ~2(4)

~ 1(-8)

~4(-10)

~5(-6)

<1(-12)

< 1(-7)

<1(-12)

~ 1(9) ~ 1(-3)

2(10) ~3(-2)

2(15) 1(-2)

2(16) 4

6(16) 5(-2)

1(16) 40

3 2.6(-3) 0.5:100

900 ~1 0.3:100

0.15 2(-2) 5.0:600

1(6) 3(5) 1(-3):0.3

150 95 0.6:10

7(7) 5(6) 5(-4):7(-3);2(-2)a

3(-2):2(3)

30:300

0.1:1.5(4)

90:125

1.0/1.7

0.15

600

6(-3)

140

4.5(3)

60 0.06 0.1

9(3) 10 0.1

1.5(3) 240 13

1.1(4) 300 2.6

1.7 0.12 7

4 0.3 7

4/12/05 3:02:08 PM

Characteristics of Laser Sources

Parameter Excitation method Gain medium composition Gain medium density Wavelength Laser crosssection Radiative lifetime (upper level) Decay lifetime (upper level) Gain bandwidth Homogeneous saturation fluence Decay lifetime (lower level) Inversion density Small signal gain coefficient Medium excitation energy density Output energy density Laser dimensions Excitation current/voltage Excitation current density Excitation peak power Output pulse energy Output pulse length Output pulse power Efficiency a b

S10_18.indd 255

Unit

torr

10-255

TABLE 5. Properties and Performance of Some Pulsed Lasers Gas Liquid Carbon dixoxide Krypton fluoride Rhodamine 6G TEAE- beam/sust. Glow discharge E-beam Xenon flashlamp discharge CO2:N2:He He:Kr:F2 Ar:Kr:F2 Rh6G:alcohol CO2:N2:He 100:50:600

240:240:320

1070:70:3

Nd:YAG Xenon flashlamp Nd:YAG

1235:52:3

Solid

Nd:glass Xenon flashlamp Nd:Glass –

1(18):1.5(22)

1.5(20):1(22)

3(20):2(22)

249 2(-16)

590 1.8(-16)

1064 7(-19)

1061 2.8(-20)

7(-9)

7(-9)

6.5(-9)

2.6(-4)

4.1(-4)

5(-5)

2(-9)

3(-9)

6.0(-9)

2.3(-4)

3.7(-4)

1 0.2

1 0.2

2 4(-3)

2 4(-3)

80 2(-3)

0.5 0.6

26 ∼5

s

5(-8)a

1(-8)a

< 1(-12)

<1(-12)

<1(-12)

<1(-7)

<1(-8)

cm-3 cm-1

3(17) 2(-2)

6(17) 4(-2)

4(14) 8–92)

2(14) 4(-2)

2(16) 4

4(17) 0.3

3(18) 8(-2)

J/cm3

0.1

0.36

0.15

0.13

2.8

0.15

0.6

J/cm3

2(-2)

1.8(-2)

1.5(-3)

1.2(-2)

0.85

5(-2)

2(-2)

cm: cm: cm A/V

4.5:4.5:87

10:10:100

1.5:4.5:100

8.5:10:100

1.2:25

0.6:7.5

0.6:8.3

6(4)/3.3(3)

2.4(4)/4(4)

2.5(4)/1.5(5)

1.2(4)/2.5(5)

2(5)/2.5(4)

A cm2

8.5

22

170

11.5

2.6(3)

W

2(8)

9(8)

4(9)

3(9)

5.4(9)

4(4)

9(4)

J

35

180

1

102

32

0.1

1.0

s

1(-6)

4(-6)

2.5(-8)

6(-7)

3.2(-6)

2(-8)

1(-4)

W

3.5(7)

4(7)

4(7)

2(8)

1(7)

5(6)

1(4)

%

17

5

1

10b

0.2

1.5

3.7

ions/ cm3 nm cm-2

10600 2(-18)

10600 2(-18)

249 2(-16)

s

4(-3)

4(-3)

s

~1(-4)

nm J/cm2

Pressure dependent. Intrinsic efficiency ≡ energy output/energy deposited in gas.

4/12/05 3:02:08 PM

10-256

Characteristics of Laser Sources

FIGURE 1A. Wavelengths of lasers operating in the 120 to 1200 nm spectral region.

S10_18.indd 256

4/12/05 3:02:11 PM

Characteristics of Laser Sources

10-257

FIGURE 1B. Wavelength of lasers operating in the 1300 to 12,000 nm spectral region.

S10_18.indd 257

4/12/05 3:02:13 PM

10-258

Characteristics of Laser Sources

FIGURE 2. Spectral tuning ranges of various types of tunable lasers.

S10_18.indd 258

4/12/05 3:02:15 PM

INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES Arthur Maki The CO2 laser has been the subject of a number of very accurate frequency measurements. Most of the earlier measurements are given by Bradley et al.1 That analysis was based on a single absolute frequency measurement and many laser frequency differences. New measurements of the methane frequency2-4 have made it necessary to slightly revise that single absolute frequency measurement. In addition, there have been several other absolute frequency measurements5-7 that have been used here to improve the accuracy of the present tables. New frequency difference measurements have also been added to the database used for the present tables.8

References 1. Bradley, L. C., Soohoo, K. L., and Freed, C., IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-22, 234–267, 1986.

2. Clairon, A., Dahmani, B., Filimon, A., and Rutman, J., IEEE Trans. Inst. Meas., IM-34, 265–268, 1985. 3. Weiss, C. O., Kramer, G., Lipphardt, B., and Garcia, E., IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-24, 1970–1972, 1988. 4. Bagayev, S. N., Baklanov, A. E., Chebotayev, V. P., and Dychkov, A. S., Appl. Phys., B-48, 31–35, 1989. 5. Blaney, T. G., Bradley, C. C., Edwards, G. J., Jolliffe, B. W., Knight, D. J. E., Rowley, W. R. C., Shotten, K. C., and Woods, P. T., Proc. R. Soc. Lond., A-355, 61–88, 1977. 6. Chardonnet, Ch., Van Lerberghe, A., and Bordé, Ch. J., Opt. Comm., 58, 333-337, 1986. 7. Clairon, A., Acef, O., Chardonnet, Ch., and Bordé, Ch. J., Frequency Standards and Metrology, De Marchi, A., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1989, p. 212. 8. Evenson, K., private communication.

Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties Line P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4)

Band I frequency (MHz) 26721305.4647 26794232.6712 26866318.8073 26937571.7234 27007998.9216 27077607.5643 27146404.4834 27214396.1873 27281588.8696 27347988.4161 27413600.4119 27478430.1487 27542482.6310 27605762.5826 27668274.4525 27730022.4206 27791010.4036 27851242.0594 27910720.7927 27969449.7593 28027431.8708 28084669.7981 28141165.9762 28196922.6067 28251941.6622 28306224.8888 28359773.8090 28412589.7245 28464673.7184 28516026.6574 28566649.1935 28616541.7661 28665704.6027 28714137.7205 28761840.9272 28832026.2198 28877902.4382 28923046.4303

Uncertainty (MHz) 0.1680 0.1217 0.0867 0.0606 0.0415 0.0279 0.0185 0.0121 0.0081 0.0057 0.0043 0.0036 0.0032 0.0030 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019 0.0017 0.0016 0.0014 0.0012 0.0011 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0006

Line P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4)

Band II frequency (MHz) 29789856.3783 29861850.7690 29933216.1760 30003944.2861 30074026.9127 30143456.0039 30212223.6504 30280322.0930 30347743.7306 30414481.1273 30480527.0196 30545874.3239 30610516.1429 30674445.7724 30737656.7080 30800142.6511 30861897.5150 30922915.4310 30983190.7534 31042718.0652 31101492.1833 31159508.1631 31216761.3029 31273247.1487 31328961.4978 31383900.4028 31438060.1749 31491437.3872 31544028.8776 31595831.7516 31646843.3843 31697061.4225 31746483.7868 31795108.6724 31842934.5511 31913172.5691 31958996.0621 32004017.3822

Uncertainty (MHz) 0.0308 0.0192 0.0122 0.0086 0.0072 0.0066 0.0061 0.0055 0.0049 0.0044 0.0041 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0036 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0034 0.0034

10-259

Section 10.indb 259

5/4/05 8:17:54 AM

Infrared Laser Frequencies

10-260 Line R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)

Band I frequency (MHz) 28967457.0657 29011133.0054 29054072.7010 29096274.3935 29137736.1129 29178455.6759 29218430.6852 29257658.5269 29296136.3689 29333861.1583 29370829.6191 29407038.2491 29442483.3168 29477160.8582 29511066.6733 29544196.3221 29576545.1205 29608108.1360 29638880.1831 29668855.8183 29698029.3350 29726394.7582 29753945.8385 29780676.0464 29806578.5659 29831646.2878 29855871.8032 29879247.3960 29901765.0357 29923416.3695 29944192.7145 29964085.0488 29983084.0036

Uncertainty (MHz) 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019 0.0022 0.0024 0.0027 0.0032 0.0037 0.0042 0.0047 0.0052 0.0058 0.0074 0.0113 0.0186 0.0302 0.0475 0.0720

Line R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)

Band II frequency (MHz) 32048236.2498 32091652.6619 32134266.8917 32176079.4878 32217091.2721 32257303.3386 32296717.0510 32335334.0408 32373156.2044 32410185.7003 32446424.9459 32481876.6140 32516543.6293 32550429.1641 32583536.6340 32615869.6937 32647432.2320 32678228.3665 32708262.4386 32737539.0081 32766062.8469 32793838.9334 32820872.4463 32847168.7576 32872733.4269 32897572.1935 32921690.9701 32945095.8355 32967793.0268 32989788.9322 33011090.0831 33031703.1467 33051634.9172

Uncertainty (MHz) 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0035 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.0041 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0039 0.0041 0.0045 0.0055 0.0071 0.0099 0.0141 0.0202 0.0288 0.0407 0.0567 0.0780 0.1060 0.1423

Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 13C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18)

Section 10.indb 260

25523832.1808 25590013.4703 25655543.6502 25720428.2487 25784672.4840 25848281.2771 25911259.2627 25973610.8005 26035339.9857 26096450.6582 26156946.4123 26216830.6053 26276106.3655 26334776.6003 26392844.0030 26450311.0599 26507180.0565 26563453.0836 26619132.0428 26674218.6515 26728714.4479 26782620.7952 26835938.8858 26888669.7451 26940814.2347

0.7836 0.5415 0.3629 0.2339 0.1430 0.0810 0.0405 0.0157 0.0045 0.0079 0.0101 0.0101 0.0090 0.0077 0.0068 0.0063 0.0061 0.0060 0.0058 0.0055 0.0054 0.0054 0.0054 0.0055 0.0055

P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18)

28512082.5283 28585121.9396 28657449.4180 28729056.6374 28799935.4147 28870077.7187 28939475.6771 29008121.5846 29076007.9109 29143127.3077 29209472.6164 29275036.8754 29339813.3270 29403795.4243 29466976.8383 29529351.4635 29590913.4252 29651657.0844 29711577.0447 29770668.1566 29828925.5239 29886344.5074 29942920.7308 29998650.0838 30053528.7271

1.2894 0.9194 0.6420 0.4375 0.2897 0.1853 0.1135 0.0659 0.0357 0.0180 0.0090 0.0058 0.0050 0.0044 0.0037 0.0032 0.0029 0.0028 0.0028 0.0031 0.0035 0.0041 0.0046 0.0051 0.0054

5/4/05 8:17:59 AM

Infrared Laser Frequencies Line P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66)

10-261

Band I frequency (MHz) 26992373.0555 27043346.7508 27093735.7083 27143540.1624 27192760.1962 27241395.7431 27289446.5880 27336912.3682 27407012.8882 27453013.4589 27498426.5430 27543251.1200 27587486.0225 27631129.9356 27674181.3963 27716638.7917 27758500.3577 27799764.1770 27840428.1773 27880490.1283 27919947.6395 27958798.1567 27997038.9591 28034667.1551 28071679.6785 28108073.2842 28143844.5432 28178989.8377 28213505.3554 28247387.0838 28280630.8035 28313232.0818 28345186.2652 28376488.4720 28407133.5839 28437116.2372 28466430.8141 28495071.4324 28523031.9357 28550305.8819 28576886.5323 28602766.8393

Uncertainty (MHz) 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048 0.0047 0.0046 0.0045 0.0043 0.0040 0.0037 0.0034 0.0031 0.0029 0.0029 0.0029 0.0029 0.0030 0.0029 0.0029 0.0028 0.0028 0.0027 0.0027 0.0026 0.0026 0.0026 0.0028 0.0033 0.0046 0.0083 0.0161 0.0301 0.0531 0.0887 0.1419 0.2188 0.3271 0.4763 0.6781 0.9467

Line P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) P(0) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38) P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50) P(52) P(54) P(56) P(58) P(60) P(62) P(64) P(66)

Band II frequency (MHz) 30107553.0955 30160719.9016 30213026.1388 30264469.0839 30315046.2994 30364755.6359 30413595.2335 30461563.5231 30531879.5415 30577664.6138 30622575.1885 30666611.0128 30709772.1257 30752058.8571 30793471.8269 30834011.9425 30873680.3976 30912478.6694 30950408.5159 30987471.9732 31023671.3517 31059009.2327 31093488.4642 31127112.1569 31159883.6793 31191806.6529 31222884.9469 31253122.6730 31282524.1795 31311094.0452 31338837.0736 31365758.2858 31391862.9147 31417156.3972 31441644.3679 31465332.6516 31488227.2557 31510334.3631 31531660.3243 31552211.6497 31571995.0017 31591017.1868

Uncertainty (MHz) 0.0055 0.0055 0.0054 0.0054 0.0054 0.0055 0.0056 0.0057 0.0057 0.0056 0.0054 0.0051 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0043 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0043 0.0045 0.0046 0.0048 0.0053 0.0061 0.0077 0.0108 0.0173 0.0295 0.0505 0.0845 0.1366 0.2138 0.3247 0.4800 0.6932 0.9805 1.3619

Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 12C18O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40)

Section 10.indb 261

27045326.3119 27114914.0922 27183635.7945 27251496.4118 27318500.7361 27384653.3618 27449958.6881 27514420.9224 27578044.0828 27640832.0010 27702788.3248 27763916.5206 27824219.8762 27883701.5029 27942364.3379 28000211.1464

0.4540 0.3324 0.2392 0.1688 0.1165 0.0783 0.0510 0.0319 0.0191 0.0108 0.0059 0.0035 0.0028 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024

P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40)

30695237.5856 30755520.2231 30815311.4928 30874607.2084 30933403.2309 30991695.4724 31049479.9009 31106752.5446 31163509.4964 31219746.9183 31275461.0455 31330648.1908 31385304.7490 31439427.2006 31493012.1163 31546056.1605

0.0858 0.0570 0.0364 0.0223 0.0131 0.0075 0.0049 0.0041 0.0040 0.0040 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0038 0.0038

5/4/05 8:18:00 AM

Infrared Laser Frequencies

10-262 Line P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)

Band I frequency (MHz) 28057244.5242 28113466.8992 28168880.5335 28223487.5256 28277289.8118 28330289.1679 28382487.2111 28433885.4012 28484485.0420 28534287.2828 28583293.1193 28631503.3952 28678918.8025 28725539.8830 28771367.0288 28816400.4829 28860640.3403 28904086.5477 28946738.9048 29009228.1702 29049894.0586 29089764.2368 29128837.8426 29167113.8668 29204591.1529 29241268.3964 29277144.1444 29312216.7955 29346484.5984 29379945.6517 29412597.9024 29444439.1458 29475467.0236 29505679.0230 29535072.4755 29563644.5557 29591392.2794 29618312.5023 29644401.9182 29669657.0575 29694074.2853 29717649.7992 29740379.6276 29762259.6274 29783285.4820 29803452.6988 29822756.6072 29841192.3558 29858754.9100 29875439.0495 29891239.3658 29906150.2589 29920165.9352 29933280.4042 29945487.4756

Uncertainty (MHz) 0.0022 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019 0.0017 0.0016 0.0015 0.0013 0.0012 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0009 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0014 0.0015 0.0016 0.0018 0.0020 0.0023 0.0028 0.0036 0.0053 0.0082 0.0128 0.0200 0.0307 0.0461 0.0681 0.0985 0.1401 0.1960 0.2702 0.3673 0.4930 0.6540 0.8581

Line P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) P(0) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38) P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50) P(52) P(54) P(56) P(58) P(60) P(62) P(64) P(66) P(68) P(70)

Band II frequency (MHz) 31598556.0954 31650508.7847 31701911.1970 31752760.4093 31803053.6105 31852788.1043 31901961.3125 31950570.7773 31998614.1649 32046089.2669 32092994.0036 32139326.4254 32185084.7154 32230267.1907 32274872.3041 32318898.6455 32362344.9434 32405210.0652 32447493.0185 32509824.0580 32550648.1723 32590887.7542 32630542.4457 32669612.0295 32708096.4282 32745995.7040 32783310.0573 32820039.8258 32856185.4827 32891747.6358 32926727.0254 32961124.5220 32994941.1249 33028177.9594 33060836.2743 33092917.4394 33124422.9429 33155354.3878 33185713.4894 33215502.0716 33244722.0637 33273375.4969 33301464.5003 33328991.2976 33355958.2027 33382367.6161 33408222.0209 33433523.9780 33458276.1228 33482481.1601 33506141.8605 33529261.0556 33551841.6335 33573886.5352 33595398.7493

Uncertainty (MHz) 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0038 0.0038 0.0038 0.0038 0.0037 0.0037 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.0041 0.0041 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041 0.0041 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0041 0.0043 0.0046 0.0049 0.0056 0.0068 0.0092 0.0134 0.0199 0.0294 0.0427 0.0607 0.0848 0.1165 0.1576 0.2104 0.2775 0.3621 0.4679 0.5992

Fre quencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 13C18O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties P(70) P(68) P(66)

Section 10.indb 262

25967863.7652 26033448.2798 26098273.9159

1.1146 0.8152 0.5860

P(70) P(68) P(66)

28960476.2278 29022326.9578 29083661.3546

0.4069 0.2861 0.1961

5/4/05 8:18:03 AM

Infrared Laser Frequencies Line P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56)

Section 10.indb 263

Band I frequency (MHz) 26162346.4813 26225671.5466 26288254.4494 26350100.2984 26411213.9778 26471600.1504 26531263.2618 26590207.5442 26648437.0195 26705955.5026 26762766.6051 26818873.7378 26874280.1143 26928988.7531 26983002.4809 27036323.9351 27088955.5657 27140899.6384 27192158.2363 27242733.2620 27292626.4396 27341839.3165 27390373.2651 27438229.4843 27485409.0008 27531912.6704 27577741.1795 27622895.0455 27667374.6182 27711180.0803 27754311.4480 27796768.5718 27859189.3155 27899959.0889 27940052.7921 27979469.5315 28018208.2478 28056267.7161 28093646.5448 28130343.1757 28166355.8825 28201682.7706 28236321.7757 28270270.6628 28303527.0249 28336088.2817 28367951.6781 28399114.2823 28429572.9843 28459324.4940 28488365.3390 28516691.8625 28544300.2211 28571186.3823 28597346.1222 28622775.0223 28647468.4672 28671421.6417 28694629.5272 28717086.8993 28738788.3239

10-263 Uncertainty (MHz) 0.4129 0.2844 0.1906 0.1237 0.0772 0.0459 0.0258 0.0138 0.0077 0.0057 0.0055 0.0055 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0055 0.0054 0.0051 0.0049 0.0047 0.0044 0.0042 0.0040 0.0037 0.0035 0.0033 0.0031 0.0031 0.0031 0.0033 0.0034 0.0036 0.0036 0.0035 0.0033 0.0031 0.0028 0.0026 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0024 0.0024 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0028 0.0029 0.0029 0.0031 0.0032 0.0032 0.0038 0.0071 0.0148 0.0286 0.0510 0.0852

Line P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) P(0) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38) P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50) P(52) P(54) P(56)

Band II frequency (MHz) 29144473.5795 29204757.8761 29264508.5768 29323720.1086 29382386.9988 29440503.8809 29498065.4997 29555066.7172 29611502.5178 29667368.0132 29722658.4475 29777369.2022 29831495.8006 29885033.9125 29937979.3584 29990328.1139 30042076.3132 30093220.2534 30143756.3978 30193681.3793 30242992.0038 30291685.2529 30339758.2870 30387208.4477 30434033.2603 30480230.4356 30525797.8725 30570733.6593 30615036.0750 30658703.5912 30701734.8727 30744128.7785 30806522.5414 30847319.2956 30887476.2168 30926993.0424 30965869.7046 31004106.3298 31041703.2379 31078660.9408 31114980.1420 31150661.7340 31185706.7976 31220116.5992 31253892.5891 31287036.3991 31319549.8396 31351434.8973 31382693.7318 31413328.6728 31443342.2165 31472737.0219 31501515.9074 31529681.8467 31557237.9646 31584187.5329 31610533.9656 31636280.8146 31661431.7650 31685990.6298 31709961.3449

Uncertainty (MHz) 0.1303 0.0833 0.0507 0.0290 0.0152 0.0073 0.0038 0.0032 0.0031 0.0031 0.0034 0.0039 0.0044 0.0049 0.0053 0.0054 0.0055 0.0055 0.0054 0.0053 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048 0.0046 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0043 0.0044 0.0045 0.0045 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0042 0.0041 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0041 0.0042 0.0043 0.0043 0.0044 0.0043 0.0043 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0040 0.0042 0.0046 0.0057 0.0088 0.0151 0.0261 0.0434

5/4/05 8:18:04 AM

Infrared Laser Frequencies

10-264 Line R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)

Band I frequency (MHz) 28759728.1540 28779900.5263 28799299.3572 28817918.3393 28835750.9374 28852790.3843 28869029.6768

Uncertainty (MHz) 0.1355 0.2075 0.3078 0.4447 0.6283 0.8707 1.1863

Line P(58) P(60) P(62) P(64) P(66) P(68) P(70)

Band II frequency (MHz) 31733347.9642 31756154.6537 31778385.6867 31800045.4375 31821138.3761 31841669.0622 31861642.1394

Uncertainty (MHz) 0.0693 0.1068 0.1594 0.2317 0.3291 0.4581 0.6268

Frequencies for the 011e1-(111e0,031e0)I and 011e1-(111e0,031e0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties P(59) P(57) P(55) P(53) P(51) P(49) P(47) P(45) P(43) P(41) P(39) P(37) P(35) P(33) P(31) P(29) P(27) P(25) P(23) P(21) P(19) P(17) P(15) P(13) P(11) P(9) P(7) P(5) P(3) R(1) R(3) R(5) R(7) R(9) R(11) R(13) R(15) R(17) R(19) R(21) R(23) R(25) R(27) R(29) R(31) R(33) R(35) R(37) R(39) R(41) R(43) R(45)

Section 10.indb 264

26125213.2723 26191576.6703 26257240.7898 26322208.2302 26386481.4313 26450062.6783 26512954.1076 26575157.7109 26636675.3402 26697508.7115 26757659.4084 26817128.8857 26875918.4726 26934029.3751 26991462.6787 27048219.3509 27104300.2431 27159706.0925 27214437.5237 27268495.0505 27321879.0769 27374589.8987 27426627.7040 27477992.5747 27528684.4867 27578703.3113 27628048.8151 27676720.6609 27724718.4080 27841759.7696 27887393.2105 27932349.2934 27976627.0108 28020225.2521 28063142.8031 28105378.3457 28146930.4576 28187797.6116 28227978.1750 28267470.4088 28306272.4666 28344382.3939 28381798.1267 28418517.4902 28454538.1976 28489857.8477 28524473.9240 28558383.7917 28591584.6963 28624073.7602 28655847.9806 28686904.2261

1.6633 1.0880 0.6844 0.4094 0.2286 0.1155 0.0498 0.0191 0.0160 0.0182 0.0177 0.0160 0.0144 0.0131 0.0119 0.0106 0.0096 0.0093 0.0097 0.0104 0.0108 0.0108 0.0104 0.0098 0.0096 0.0101 0.0113 0.0127 0.0141 0.0152 0.0146 0.0135 0.0124 0.0115 0.0110 0.0109 0.0109 0.0107 0.0103 0.0099 0.0099 0.0107 0.0122 0.0141 0.0165 0.0213 0.0312 0.0486 0.0754 0.1131 0.1644 0.2328

P(59) P(57) P(55) P(53) P(51) P(49) P(47) P(45) P(43) P(41) P(39) P(37) P(35) P(33) P(31) P(29) P(27) P(25) P(23) P(21) P(19) P(17) P(15) P(13) P(11) P(9) P(7) P(5) P(3) P(1) P(3) P(5) P(7) P(9) P(11) P(13) P(15) P(17) P(19) P(21) P(23) P(25) P(27) P(29) P(31) P(33) P(35) P(37) P(39) P(41) P(43) P(45)

30427055.2899 30494640.3229 30561557.5929 30627802.0344 30693368.7014 30758252.7710 30822449.5469 30885954.4624 30948763.0834 31010871.1119 31072274.3882 31132968.8940 31192950.7549 31252216.2430 31310761.7788 31368583.9339 31425679.4328 31482045.1550 31537678.1367 31592575.5725 31646734.8172 31700153.3868 31752828.9602 31804759.3803 31855942.6551 31906376.9582 31956060.6304 32004992.1796 32053170.2819 32170312.0391 32215845.0845 32260620.8121 32304638.8261 32347898.8990 32390400.9714 32432145.1513 32473131.7137 32513361.0997 32552833.9153 32591550.9309 32629513.0796 32666721.4564 32703177.3164 32738882.0732 32773837.2976 32808044.7156 32841506.2063 32874223.8000 32906199.6761 32937436.1606 32967935.7238 32997700.9775

0.1962 0.1332 0.0865 0.0530 0.0306 0.0175 0.0123 0.0114 0.0109 0.0100 0.0091 0.0091 0.0102 0.0118 0.0134 0.0147 0.0155 0.0157 0.0154 0.0147 0.0137 0.0127 0.0119 0.0113 0.0113 0.0116 0.0122 0.0129 0.0136 0.0149 0.0151 0.0152 0.0152 0.0150 0.0148 0.0145 0.0142 0.0140 0.0140 0.0141 0.0143 0.0144 0.0142 0.0136 0.0136 0.0174 0.0279 0.0462 0.0735 0.1114 0.1624 0.2292

5/4/05 8:18:07 AM

Infrared Laser Frequencies Line R(47) R(49) R(51) R(53)

Band I frequency (MHz) 28717239.2334 28746849.6038 28775731.7988 28803882.1361

10-265 Uncertainty (MHz) 0.3239 0.4465 0.6142 0.8465

Line P(47) P(49) P(51) P(53)

Band II frequency (MHz) 33026734.6728 33055039.6965 33082619.0689 33109475.9403

Uncertainty (MHz) 0.3151 0.4238 0.5595 0.7272

Frequencies for the 011f1-(111f0,031f0)I and 011f1-(111f0,031f0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50)

Section 10.indb 265

26051570.0104 26120964.4932 26189552.8496 26257339.6006 26324329.0344 26390525.2136 26455931.9824 26520552.9722 26584391.6075 26647451.1105 26709734.5057 26771244.6242 26831984.1067 26891955.4069 26951160.7945 27009602.3576 27067282.0045 27124201.4662 27180362.2977 27235765.8792 27290413.4182 27344305.9494 27397444.3368 27449829.2733 27501461.2824 27552340.7179 27602467.7649 27651842.4399 27700464.5912 27748333.8988 27864709.8633 27909939.2762 27954412.3294 27998127.7801 28041084.2173 28083280.0620 28124713.5668 28165382.8151 28205285.7213 28244420.0302 28282783.3158 28320372.9812 28357186.2574 28393220.2023 28428471.6994 28462937.4565 28496614.0042 28529497.6934 28561584.6939 28592870.9914 28623352.3850 28653024.4839 28681882.7038 28709922.2632 28737138.1785

4.4521 3.0629 2.0516 1.3305 0.8289 0.4901 0.2698 0.1334 0.0551 0.0181 0.0151 0.0174 0.0157 0.0126 0.0105 0.0096 0.0092 0.0090 0.0089 0.0090 0.0093 0.0096 0.0097 0.0096 0.0096 0.0101 0.0111 0.0125 0.0139 0.0148 0.0146 0.0135 0.0122 0.0112 0.0107 0.0108 0.0110 0.0112 0.0111 0.0110 0.0114 0.0129 0.0149 0.0168 0.0175 0.0165 0.0142 0.0163 0.0309 0.0593 0.1054 0.1779 0.2907 0.4635 0.7231

P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38) P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50)

30355115.0204 30425283.5969 30494732.8293 30563455.6325 30631445.1076 30698694.5456 30765197.4310 30830947.4444 30895938.4662 30960164.5794 31023620.0723 31086299.4415 31148197.3941 31209308.8510 31269628.9481 31329153.0395 31387876.6994 31445795.7236 31502906.1318 31559204.1695 31614686.3091 31669349.2515 31723189.9280 31776205.5007 31828393.3642 31879751.1463 31930276.7092 31979968.1497 32028823.8002 32076842.2290 32193218.1935 32238298.4853 32282538.0393 32325936.7244 32368494.6458 32410212.1438 32451089.7941 32491128.4063 32530329.0234 32568692.9211 32606221.6061 32642916.8154 32678780.5147 32713814.8971 32748022.3813 32781405.6101 32813967.4482 32845710.9809 32876639.5111 32906756.5580 32936065.8540 32964571.3426 32992277.1760 33019187.7118 33045307.5105

0.2752 0.1926 0.1301 0.0840 0.0512 0.0292 0.0163 0.0111 0.0104 0.0105 0.0105 0.0107 0.0114 0.0126 0.0138 0.0147 0.0151 0.0149 0.0141 0.0128 0.0113 0.0098 0.0086 0.0081 0.0085 0.0095 0.0107 0.0120 0.0131 0.0139 0.0150 0.0151 0.0153 0.0153 0.0154 0.0155 0.0155 0.0154 0.0152 0.0149 0.0147 0.0144 0.0140 0.0133 0.0120 0.0106 0.0122 0.0212 0.0385 0.0646 0.1015 0.1518 0.2184 0.3048 0.4152

5/4/05 8:18:09 AM

INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS Arthur Maki Aside from the CO2 laser transitions, the absorption spectrum of CO has been more accurately and thoroughly measured than any other spectrum. A bibliography of earlier measurements on CO is given by Maki and Wells,1 and the present tables were calculated from the measurements referred to in that work. In addition, some new and very accurate frequency measurements2,3 have been made and were incorporated in the present tables. The frequencies of the rotational transitions of HF and HCl were calculated from constants obtained from fitting the measurements of Evenson et al.4,5 and Jennings and Wells.6 A new report on infrared wavenumber standards from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, may be found in Reference 7.

References 1. Maki, A. G. and Wells, J. S., Wavenumber Calibration Tables from Heterodyne Frequency Measurements, NIST Special Publication 821, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1991. 2. Evenson, K. and Stroh, F., private communication. 3. George, T., Urban, W., and co-workers, private communication. 4. Jennings, D. A., Evenson, K. M., Zink, L. R., Demuynck, C., Destombes, J. L., Lemoine, B., and Johns, J. W. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 122, 477–480, 1987. 5. Nolt, I. G., Radostitz, J. V., DiLonardo, G., Evenson, K. M., Jennings, D. A., Leopold, K. R., Vanek, M. D., Zink, L. R., Hinz, A., and Chance, K. V., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 125, 274–287, 1987. 6. Jennings, D. A. and Wells, J. S., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 130, 267–268, 1988. 7. High Resolution Wavenumber Standards for the Infrared, Pure Appl. Chemistry, 68, 193, 1996.

Wavenumbers for the v = 1 – 0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)*/cm

–1

2139.426071(01) 2135.546178(01) 2131.631574(01) 2127.682404(01) 2123.698816(01) 2119.680957(01) 2115.628973(01) 2111.543012(01) 2107.423221(01) 2103.269746(01) 2099.082734(01) 2094.862333(01) 2090.608688(01) 2086.321947(01) 2082.002256(01) 2077.649762(01) 2073.264612(01) 2068.846952(01) 2064.396929(01) 2059.914688(02) 2055.400377(02) 2050.854140(02) 2046.276126(03) 2041.666479(03) 2037.025345(03) 2032.352870(04) 2027.649200(04) 2022.914480(04) 2018.148857(05) 2013.352474(05) 2008.525477(06) 2003.668012(06) 1998.780224(07) 1993.862257(09) 1988.914257(11) 1983.936367(14) 1978.928733(18) 1973.891500(25)

Transition P(1) P(2) P(3) P(4) P(5) P(6) P(7) P(8) P(9) P(10) P(11) P(12) P(13) P(14) P(15) P(16) P(17) P(18) P(19) P(20) P(21) P(22) P(23) P(24) P(25) P(26) P(27) P(28) P(29) P(30) P(31) P(32) P(33) P(34) P(35) P(36) P(37) P(38)

Wavenumber (unc)/cm–1 2147.081132(01) 2150.856006(01) 2154.595581(01) 2158.299710(01) 2161.968245(01) 2165.601041(01) 2169.197949(01) 2172.758824(01) 2176.283519(01) 2179.771887(01) 2183.223782(01) 2186.639057(01) 2190.017565(01) 2193.359161(01) 2196.663698(01) 2199.931030(01) 2203.161010(01) 2206.353492(01) 2209.508331(02) 2212.625379(02) 2215.704492(02) 2218.745522(02) 2221.748326(03) 2224.712755(03) 2227.638666(03) 2230.525912(04) 2233.374349(04) 2236.183829(04) 2238.954210(05) 2241.685344(05) 2244.377088(06) 2247.029296(07) 2249.641824(08) 2252.214527(10) 2254.747262(14) 2257.239883(18) 2259.692248(24) 2262.104213(33) 2264.475634(45)

Transition R(0) R(1) R(2) R(3) R(4) R(5) R(6) R(7) R(8) R(9) R(10) R(11) R(12) R(13) R(14) R(15) R(16) R(17) R(18) R(19) R(20) R(21) R(22) R(23) R(24) R(25) R(26) R(27) R(28) R(29) R(30) R(31) R(32) R(33) R(34) R(35) R(36) R(37) R(38)

10-266

Section 10.indb 266

5/4/05 8:18:13 AM

Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards

10-267

Wavenumbers for the v = 1 – 0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)*/cm 1968.824811(34) 1963.728813(46) 1958.603648(61) 1953.449462(82)

Transition P(39) P(40) P(41) P(42)

–1

Wavenumber (unc)/cm–1 2266.806368(61) 2269.096273(81) 2271.345206(106) 2273.553027(139)

* The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses.

Transition R(39) R(40) R(41) R(42)

Wavenumbers for the v = 2 – 0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)*/cm–1 4256.217140(02) 4252.302244(02) 4248.317633(02) 4244.263453(02) 4240.139852(02) 4235.946975(02) 4231.684972(02) 4227.353987(02) 4222.954169(02) 4218.485665(02) 4213.948620(02) 4209.343182(02) 4204.669499(02) 4199.927716(02) 4195.117980(02) 4190.240439(02) 4185.295239(02) 4180.282526(02) 4175.202447(02) 4170.055149(03) 4164.840777(03) 4159.559478(03) 4154.211398(03) 4148.796683(04) 4143.315479(04) 4137.767932(04) 4132.154187(05) 4126.474391(06) 4120.728689(07) 4114.917226(09) 4109.040148(12) 4103.097600(16) 4097.089728(21) 4091.016676(29) 4084.878591(40) 4078.675618(54) 4072.407901(73) 4066.075588(97) 4059.678822(127)

Transition P(1) P(2) P(3) P(4) P(5) P(6) P(7) P(8) P(9) P(10) P(11) P(12) P(13) P(14) P(15) P(16) P(17) P(18) P(19) P(20) P(21) P(22) P(23) P(24) P(25) P(26) P(27) P(28) P(29) P(30) P(31) P(32) P(33) P(34) P(35) P(36) P(37) P(38) P(39)

Wavenumber (unc)/cm–1 4263.837198(02) 4267.542066(02) 4271.176630(02) 4274.740746(02) 4278.234264(02) 4281.657039(02) 4285.008924(02) 4288.289772(02) 4291.499437(02) 4294.637773(02) 4297.704631(02) 4300.699868(02) 4303.623334(02) 4306.474886(02) 4309.254375(02) 4311.961657(02) 4314.596584(02) 4317.159011(02) 4319.648791(02) 4322.065779(03) 4324.409829(03) 4326.680794(03) 4328.878530(03) 4331.002889(04) 4333.053728(04) 4335.030899(05) 4336.934259(06) 4338.763661(07) 4340.518961(09) 4342.200014(11) 4343.806675(16) 4345.338799(21) 4346.796243(29) 4348.178862(40) 4349.486513(54) 4350.719052(73) 4351.876336(96) 4352.958224(127) 4353.964572(166) 4354.895240(214)

* The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses.

Transition R(0) R(1) R(2) R(3) R(4) R(5) R(6) R(7) R(8) R(9) R(10) R(11) R(12) R(13) R(14) R(15) R(16) R(17) R(18) R(19) R(20) R(21) R(22) R(23) R(24) R(25) R(26) R(27) R(28) R(29) R(30) R(31) R(32) R(33) R(34) R(35) R(36) R(37) R(38) R(39)

Wavenumbers for the v = 3 – 0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)*/cm

–1

6346.594000(13) 6342.644103(13) 6338.589491(13) 6334.430309(13)

Section 10.indb 267

Transition P(1) P(2) P(3) P(4)

Wavenumber (unc)/cm–1 6354.179057(13) 6357.813923(13) 6361.343487(13) 6364.767599(13) 6368.086115(13)

Transition R(0) R(1) R(2) R(3) R(4)

5/4/05 8:18:14 AM

Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards

10-268

Wavenumbers for the v = 3 – 0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)*/cm 6330.166705(13) 6325.798826(13) 6321.326819(13) 6316.750831(12) 6312.071008(12) 6307.287498(12) 6302.400447(12) 6297.410003(12) 6292.316311(13) 6287.119520(13) 6281.819775(13) 6276.417224(13) 6270.912012(13) 6265.304287(13) 6259.594194(13) 6253.781880(13) 6247.867492(14) 6241.851176(14) 6235.733077(14) 6229.513342(15) 6223.192117(15) 6216.769547(16) 6210.245778(17) 6203.620957(19) 6196.895229(23) 6190.068739(28) 6183.141633(37) 6176.114058(50) 6168.986159(67) 6161.758082(90)

–1

Transition P(5) P(6) P(7) P(8) P(9) P(10) P(11) P(12) P(13) P(14) P(15) P(16) P(17) P(18) P(19) P(20) P(21) P(22) P(23) P(24) P(25) P(26) P(27) P(28) P(29) P(30) P(31) P(32) P(33) P(34)

Wavenumber (unc)/cm–1 6371.298887(13) 6374.405768(12) 6377.406611(12) 6380.301271(12) 6383.089600(12) 6385.771452(12) 6388.346680(13) 6390.815139(13) 6393.176681(13) 6395.431160(13) 6397.578430(13) 6399.618344(13) 6401.550757(13) 6403.375523(13) 6405.092495(14) 6406.701527(14) 6408.202474(14) 6409.595189(15) 6410.879527(15) 6412.055343(16) 6413.122491(17) 6414.080825(19) 6414.930201(23) 6415.670474(28) 6416.301500(37) 6416.823133(50) 6417.235231(67) 6417.537649(90)

Transition R(5) R(6) R(7) R(8) R(9) R(10) R(11) R(12) R(13) R(14) R(15) R(16) R(17) R(18) R(19) R(20) R(21) R(22) R(23) R(24) R(25) R(26) R(27) R(28) R(29) R(30) R(31) R(32)

* The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses.

Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of CO Frequency/MHz 115271.2029 230538.0016 345795.9923 461040.7712 576267.9350 691473.0809 806651.8065 921799.7104 1036912.3919 1151985.4515 1267014.4906 1381995.1119 1496922.9195 1611793.5189 1726602.5173 1841345.5237 1956018.1486 2070616.0050 2185134.7075 2299569.8733 2413917.1217 2528172.0747 2642330.3567 2756387.5949

Section 10.indb 268

Uncertainty*/MHz 0.0004 0.0008 0.0012 0.0016 0.0019 0.0021 0.0023 0.0025 0.0027 0.0029 0.0031 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042 0.0047 0.0052 0.0057 0.0061 0.0065 0.0069 0.0071 0.0073 0.0074 0.0075

J´ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

J˝ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Wavenumber/cm–1 3.84503345 7.68991999 11.53451273 15.37866477 19.22222923 23.06505926 26.90700800 30.74792863 34.58767438 38.42609848 42.26305422 46.09839491 49.93197392 53.76364468 57.59326065 61.42067535 65.24574239 69.06831542 72.88824816 76.70539441 80.51960806 84.33074306 88.13865346 91.94319341

Uncertainty*/cm–1 0.00000001 0.00000003 0.00000004 0.00000005 0.00000006 0.00000007 0.00000008 0.00000008 0.00000009 0.00000010 0.00000010 0.00000011 0.00000013 0.00000014 0.00000016 0.00000017 0.00000019 0.00000020 0.00000022 0.00000023 0.00000024 0.00000024 0.00000025 0.00000025

5/4/05 8:18:16 AM

Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards

10-269

Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of CO Frequency/MHz 2870339.4194 2984181.4631 3097909.3621 3211518.7558 3325005.2869 3438364.6013 3551592.3489 3664684.1829 3777635.7608 3890442.7435 4003100.7965 4115605.5892 4227952.7954 4340138.0932 4452157.1657 4564005.7001

Uncertainty*/MHz 0.0077 0.0080 0.0085 0.0090 0.0096 0.0102 0.0107 0.0111 0.0118 0.0137 0.0179 0.0254 0.0370 0.0531 0.0746 0.1025

* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error.

J´ 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

J˝ 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Wavenumber/cm–1 95.74421713 99.54157896 103.33513334 107.12473480 110.91023800 114.69149772 118.46836884 122.24070637 126.00836545 129.77120137 133.52906952 137.28182546 141.02932487 144.77142361 148.50797766 152.23884318

Uncertainty*/cm–1 0.00000026 0.00000027 0.00000028 0.00000030 0.00000032 0.00000034 0.00000036 0.00000037 0.00000039 0.00000046 0.00000060 0.00000085 0.00000123 0.00000177 0.00000249 0.00000342

Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of HF Frequency/MHz 1232476.21 2463428.09 3691334.81 4914682.58 6131968.11 7341702.00 8542412.1 9732646.8 10910978.2 12076004.8 13226355.2 14360689.8 15477704.4 16576131.8 17654744.4 18712356.5 19747825.6 20760054.3 21747991.7 22710634.7 23647028.7 24556268.8 25437499.9 26289917.4 27112767.2 27905345.6 28666999.3 29397124.8 30095168.2 30760624.2 31393035.7

Uncertainty*/MHz 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.51 1.10 2.00 3.21 4.72 6.51 8.55 10.81 13.25 15.86 18.61 21.48 24.44 27.43 30.32 32.91 34.94 36.08 35.93 34.12 30.32 24.41 16.88 10.80 14.65 24.62 33.36 36.17

* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error.

Section 10.indb 269

J´ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

J˝ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Wavenumber/cm–1 41.110981 82.171116 123.129676 163.936165 204.540439 244.892818 284.944197 324.646153 363.951056 402.81216 441.18372 479.02105 516.28065 552.92024 588.89888 624.17703 658.71656 692.4809 725.4349 757.5452 788.7800 819.1090 848.5037 876.9373 904.38457 930.82214 956.22817 980.58253 1003.86676 1026.0640 1047.1590

Uncertainty*/cm–1 0.000004 0.000006 0.000008 0.000017 0.000037 0.000067 0.000107 0.000157 0.000217 0.000285 0.000361 0.00044 0.00053 0.00062 0.00072 0.00082 0.00092 0.00101 0.00110 0.00117 0.00120 0.00120 0.00114 0.00101 0.00081 0.00056 0.00036 0.00049 0.00082 0.00111 0.00121

5/4/05 8:18:16 AM

Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards

10-270

Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of H35Cl Frequency/MHz 1876226.517 2499864.439 3121986.563 3742216.601 4360180.042 4975504.51 5587820.10 6196759.76 6801959.63 7403059.41 7999702.7 8591537.3 9178215.8

Uncertainty*/MHz 0.065 0.066 0.064 0.076 0.098 0.11 0.12 0.22 0.50 1.02 1.8 3.1 4.8

* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error.

J´ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

J˝ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Wavenumber/cm–1 62.584180 83.386502 104.138262 124.826909 145.439951 165.964966 186.389615 206.701656 226.888951 246.939481 266.841359 286.582837 306.152324

Uncertainty*/cm–1 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000003 0.000003 0.000004 0.000004 0.000007 0.000017 0.000034 0.000062 0.000103 0.000161

Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of H37Cl Frequency/MHz 1873410.72 2496115.33 3117308.69 3736615.64 4353662.84 4968079.04 5579495.53 6187546.42 6791869.04 7392104.3 7987896.9 8578896.1

Uncertainty*/MHz 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.19 0.45 0.9 1.6 2.7

* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error.

Section 10.indb 270

J´ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

J˝ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Wavenumber/cm–1 62.490255 83.261445 103.982225 124.640082 145.222561 165.717279 186.111938 206.394332 226.552365 246.574057 266.447561 286.161170

Uncertainty*/cm–1 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000006 0.000015 0.000030 0.000054 0.000089

5/4/05 8:18:17 AM

SUMMARY TABLES OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES

Charge = ±1e Mass m = 80.403 ± 0.029 GeV mZ − mW = 10.785 ± 0.029 GeV mW + − mW − = −0.2 ± 0.6 GeV Full � = 2.141 ± 0.041 GeV � width � N ± = 15.70 ± 0.35 � π � N ± = 2.20 ± 0.19 � K� N = 0.92 ± 0.14 � p � Ncharged = 19.41 ± 0.15 W − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below.

Extracted from the Particle Listings of the Review of Particle Physics W.-M. Yao et al., J. Phys. G 33, 1 (2006) Available at http://pdg.lbl.gov Particle Data Group Authors of Listings and Reviews: W.-M. Yao, C. Amsler, D. Asner, R.M. Barnett, J. Beringer, P.R. Burchat, C.D. Carone, C. Caso, O. Dahl, G. D’Ambrosio, A. De Gouvea, M. Doser, S. Eidelman, J.L. Feng, T. Gherghetta, M. Goodman, C. Grab, ´ D.E. Groom, A. Gurtu, K. Hagiwara, K.G. Hayes, J.J. Hernandez-Rey, K. Hikasa, H. Jawahery, C. Kolda, Y. Kwon, M.L. Mangano, ¨ A.V. Manohar, A. Masoni, R. Miquel, K. Monig, H. Murayama, K. Nakamura, S. Navas, K.A. Olive, L. Pape, C. Patrignani, A. Piepke, G. Punzi, G. Raffelt, J.G. Smith, M. Tanabashi, J. Terning, ¨ N.A. Tornqvist, T.G. Trippe, P. Vogel, T. Watari, C.G. Wohl, R.L. Workman, P.A. Zyla

Technical Associates:

W+ DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

�+ ν e+ ν μ+ ν τ +ν hadrons π +γ D+ s γ cX cs invisible

[b]

B. Armstrong, G. Harper, V.S. Lugovsky, P. Schaffner

Z

Authors of Reviews: M. Artuso, K.S. Babu, H.R. Band, E. Barberio, M. Battaglia, H. Bichsel, O. Biebel, P. Bloch, E. Blucher, R.N. Cahn, D. Casper, A. Cattai, A. Ceccucci, D. Chakraborty, R.S. Chivukula, G. Cowan, T. Damour, T. DeGrand, K. Desler, M.A. Dobbs, M. Drees, A. Edwards, D.A. Edwards, V.D. Elvira, J. Erler, V.V. Ezhela, W. Fetscher, B.D. Fields, B. Foster, D. Froidevaux, T.K. Gaisser, L. Garren, H.-J. Gerber, G. Gerbier, L. Gibbons, F.J. Gilman, G.F. Giudice, ¨ A.V. Gritsan, M. Grunewald, H.E. Haber, C. Hagmann, I. Hinchliffe, ¨ A. Hocker, P. Igo-Kemenes, J.D. Jackson, K.F. Johnson, D. Karlen, B. Kayser, D. Kirkby, S.R. Klein, K. Kleinknecht, I.G. Knowles, R.V. Kowalewski, P. Kreitz, B. Krusche, Yu.V. Kuyanov, O. Lahav, P. Langacker, A. Liddle, Z. Ligeti, T.M. Liss, L. Littenberg, J.C. Liu, K.S. Lugovsky, S.B. Lugovsky, T. Mannel, D.M. Manley, W.J. Marciano, A.D. Martin, D. Milstead, M. Narain, P. Nason, Y. Nir, J.A. Peacock, S.A. Prell, A. Quadt, S. Raby, B.N. Ratcliff, E.A. Razuvaev, B. Renk, P. Richardson, S. Roesler, G. Rolandi, M.T. Ronan, L.J. Rosenberg, C.T. Sachrajda, Y. Sakai, S. Sarkar, M. Schmitt, O. Schneider, D. Scott, ¨ T. Sjostrand, G.F. Smoot, P. Sokolsky, S. Spanier, H. Spieler, A. Stahl, T. Stanev, R.E. Streitmatter, T. Sumiyoshi, N.P. Tkachenko, G.H. Trilling, G. Valencia, K. van Bibber, M.G. Vincter, D.R. Ward, B.R. Webber, J.D. Wells, M. Whalley, L. Wolfenstein, J. Womersley, C.L. Woody, A. Yamamoto, O.V. Zenin, J. Zhang, R.-Y. Zhu ©Regents of the University of California (Approximate closing date for data: January 1, 2006)

GAUGE AND HIGGS BOSONS I( J

γ

PC

Mass m < 6 × 10 eV Charge q < 5 × 10−30 e Mean life τ = Stable −17

g or gluon Mass m = 0[a] SU(3) color octet

) = 0, 1(1

−−

I ( J P ) = 0(1− )

)

J =1

W

Confidence level

(10.80 ± 0.09) % (10.75 ± 0.13) % (10.57 ± 0.15) % (11.25 ± 0.20) % (67.60 ± 0.27) % < 8 × 10−5 < 1.3 × 10−3 (33.4 ± 2.6) % (31+ −) % [c] (1.4 ± 2.8) %

95% 95%

p (MeV/c) – 40201 40201 40182 – 40201 40177 – – –

J =1

Charge = 0 Mass m = 91.1876 ± 0.0021 GeV[d] Full � width � � = 2.4952 ± 0.0023 GeV � �+ �− = 83.984 ± 0.086 MeV[b] � � � invisible = 499.0 ± 1.5 MeV[e] � � � hadrons = 1744.4 ± 2.0 MeV � � � � � μ+ μ− /� e+ e− = 1.0009 ± 0.0028 � + −� � + −� � τ τ /� e e = 1.0019 ± 0.0032[ f ]

Average charged � � multiplicity Ncharged = 20.76 ± 0.16 (S = 2.1) Couplings to leptons g �V = −0.03783 ± 0.00041 g �A = −0.50123 ± 0.00026 g νe = 0.53 ± 0.09 g νμ = 0.502 ± 0.017 Asymmetry parameters [g] Ae = 0.1515 ± 0.0019 Aμ = 0.142 ± 0.015 Aτ = 0.143 ± 0.004 As = 0.90 ± 0.09 Ac = 0.670 ± 0.027 Ab = 0.923 ± 0.020 Charge asymmetry (%) at Z pole A(0�) F B = 1.71 ± 0.10 A(0u) FB = 4 ± 7 A(0s) F B = 9.8 ± 1.1 A(0c) F B = 7.07 ± 0.35 A(0b) F B = 9.92 ± 0.16 Z DECAY MODES Fraction (�i / �) e+ e− μ+ μ− τ+ τ− [b] �+ �− invisible hadrons (u u + cc )/2 ( d d + ss + bb)/3 cc bb bbbb

(3.363 ± 0.004) % (3.366 ± 0.007) % (3.370 ± 0.008) % (3.3658 ± 0.0023)% % (20.00 ± 0.06) % (69.91 ± 0.06) (11.6 ± 0.6) % (15.6 ± 0.4) % (12.03 ± 0.21) % (15.12 ± 0.05) % (3.6 ± 1.3) ×10−4

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c) 45594 45594 45559 – – – – – – – –

11-1

Gauge & Higgs Boson Summary Table

11-2 ggg < 1.1 % π0 γ < 5.2 ×10−5 ηγ < 5.1 ×10−5 ωγ < 6.5 ×10−4 η� (958) γ < 4.2 ×10−5 γγ < 5.2 ×10−5 γγγ < 1.0 ×10−5 π±W ∓ [h] < 7 ×10−5 ρ± W ∓ [h] < 8.3 ×10−5 ) ×10−3 J /ψ(1S) X (3.51+0.23 −0.25 ψ(2S) X (1.60 ± 0.29)×10−3 χc1 (1P) X (2.9 ± 0.7) ×10−3 χc2 (1P) X < 3.2 ×10−3 ϒ(1S ) X + ϒ(2S) X + ϒ(3S) X (1.0 ± 0.5) ×10−4 ϒ(1S ) X < 4.4 ×10−5 ϒ(2S ) X < 1.39 ×10−4 ϒ(3S ) X < 9.4 ×10−5 ( D0 / D0 ) X (20.7 ± 2.0) % ± (12.2 ± 1.7) % D X D∗ (2010) ± X [h] (11.4 ± 1.3) % ± Ds1 (2536) X (3.6 ± 0.8) ×10−3 Ds J (2573) ± X (5.8 ± 2.2) ×10−3 D∗� (2629) ± X searched for (6.03 ± 0.15)% B+ X B0s X (1.55 ± 0.13)% + Bc X searched for �+ (1.54 ± 0.33)% c X b -baryon X (1.51 ± 0.26)% anomalous γ + hadrons [i] < 3.2 ×10−3 e+ e− γ [i] < 5.2 ×10−4 μ+ μ− γ [i] < 5.6 ×10−4 τ +τ −γ [i] < 7.3 ×10−4 �+ �− γ γ [j] < 6.8 ×10−6 qqγ γ [j] < 5.5 ×10−6 ννγ γ [j] < 3.1 ×10−6 e± μ∓ LF [h] < 1.7 ×10−6 e± τ ∓ LF [h] < 9.8 ×10−6 μ± τ ∓ LF [h] < 1.2 ×10−5 pe L, B < 1.8 ×10−6 pμ L, B < 1.8 ×10−6

CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% S= 1.1 – – CL = 90% – CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% – – – – – – – – – – – CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 95%

– 45594 45592 45590 45589 45594 45594 10146 10120 –

– – – –

Scalar Leptoquarks

Mass m > 256 GeV, CL = 95% (1st generation, pair prod.) Mass m > 298 GeV, CL = 95% (1st gener., single prod.) Mass m > 202 GeV, CL = 95% (2nd gener., pair prod.) Mass m > 73 GeV, CL = 95% (2nd gener., single prod.) Mass m > 148 GeV, CL = 95% (3rd gener., pair prod.) (See the Particle Listings for assumptions on leptoquark quantum numbers and branching fractions.)

Axions (A0 ) and Other Very Light Bosons, Searches for The standard Peccei–Quinn axion is ruled out. Variants with reduced couplings or much smaller masses are constrained by various data. The Particle Listings in the full Review contain a Note discussing axion searches.

– 45594 45594 45559 – – 45594 45594 45576 45576 45589 45589

Higgs Bosons — H0 and H± , Searches for H 0 Mass m > 114.4 GeV, CL = 95% H 01 in Supersymmetric Models (mH 0 < mH 0 ) 1 2 Mass m > 89.8 GeV, CL = 95% A0 Pseudoscalar Higgs Boson in Supersymmetric Models [k] Mass m > 90.4 GeV, CL = 95% tan β > 0.4 H ± Mass m > 79.3 GeV, CL = 95% (See the Particle Listings for a Note giving details of Higgs Bosons.)

Heavy Bosons Other than Higgs Bosons, Searches for Additional W Bosons W� with standard couplings decaying to eν, μν Mass m > 800 GeV, CL = 95% WR — right-handed W Mass m > 715 GeV, CL = 90% (electroweak fit)

Additional Z Bosons

Zη of E6 → SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)×U(1)η (with gη = e cos θW ) Mass m > 720 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 619 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit)

Z �SM with standard couplings Mass m > 825 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 1500 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) ZLR of SU(2) L ×SU(2) R×U(1) (with g L = g R) Mass m > 630 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 860 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zχ of SO(10) SU(5)× U(1) χ (with gχ = e cos θW ) Mass m > 690 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 781 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zψ of E6 → SO(10)×U(1)ψ (with gψ = e cos θW ) Mass m > 675 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 366 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit)

The best limit for the half-life of neutrinoless double beta decay with Majoron emission is > 7.2 × 1024 years (CL = 90%).

In this Summary Table:

NOTES

When a quantity has “(S = . . . )” to its right, the error on � the quantity has been enlarged by the “scale factor” S, defined as S = χ 2 /(N − 1), where N is the number of measurements used in calculating the quantity. We do this when S > 1, which often indicates that the measurements are inconsistent. When S > 1.25, we also show in the Particle Listings an ideogram of the measurements. For more about S, see the Introduction. A decay momentum p is given for each decay mode. For a 2-body decay, p is the momentum of each decay product in the rest frame of the decaying particle. For a 3-or-more-body decay, p is the largest momentum any of the products can have in this frame. [a] Theoretical value. A mass as large as a few MeV may not be precluded. [b] � indicates each type of lepton (e, μ, and τ ), not sum over them. [c] This represents the width for the decay of the W boson into a charged particle with momentum below detectability, p < 200 MeV. [d] The Z-boson mass listed here corresponds to a Breit–Wigner resonance parameter. It lies approximately 34 MeV above the real part of the position of the pole (in the energy-squared plane) in the Z-boson propagator. [e] This partial width takes into account Z decays into νν and any other possible undetected modes. [f] This ratio has not been corrected for the τ mass. [g] Here A ≡ 2gV g A/(g 2V + g 2A). [h] The value is for the sum of the charge states or particle/ antiparticle states indicated. [i] See the Z Particle Listings for the γ energy range used in this measurement. [j] For mγ γ = (60 ± 5) GeV. [k] The limits assume no invisible decays.

LEPTON SUMMARY TABLE

Weak anomalous magnetic dipole moment Re(ατw ) < 1.1 × 10−3 , CL = 95% Im(ατw ) < 2.7 × 10−3 , CL = 95%

Decay parameters

LEPTONS

e

J =

1 2

Mass m = (548.57990945 ± 0.00000024)×10−6 u Mass m = 0.51099892 ± 0.00000004 MeV |m e + − m e − |/m < 8 × 10−9 , CL = 90% |qe + + qe − |/e < 4 × 10−8 Magnetic moment μ = 1.0011596521859±0.0000000000038 μB (g e + − g e − ) / gaverage = (−0.5 ± 2.1)×10−12 Electric dipole moment d = (0.07 ± 0.07)×10−26 e cm Mean life τ > 4.6 × 1026 yr, CL = 90%[a]

μ

J =

τ + modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. “h± ” stands for π ± or K ± . “�” stands for e or μ. “Neutrals” stands for γ ’s and/or π 0 ’s.

1 2

Mass m = 0.1134289264 ± 0.0000000030 u Mass m = 105.658369 ± 0.000009 MeV Mean life τ = (2.19703 ± 0.00004)×10−6 s τ μ+ /τ μ− = 1.00002 ± 0.00008 cτ = 658.654 m Magnetic moment μ = 1.0011659208 ± 0.0000000006 e¯h/2m μ (g μ+ − g μ− ) / g average = (−2.6 ± 1.6)×10−8 Electric dipole moment d = (3.7 ± 3.4)×10−19 e cm Decay parameters[b] ρ = 0.7509 ± 0.0010 η = 0.001 ± 0.024 (S = 2.0) δ = 0.7495 ± 0.0012 ξ Pμ = 1.003 ± 0.008[c] ξ Pμ δ/ρ > 0.99682, CL = 90%[c] ξ � = 1.00 ± 0.04 ξ �� = 0.7 ± 0.4 α/A = (0 ± 4)×10−3 α � /A = (0 ± 4)×10−3 β/A = (4 ± 6)×10−3 β � /A = (1 ± 5)×10−3 η = 0.02 ± 0.08 μ+ modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. μ− DECAY MODES e − ν e νμ e − ν e νμ γ e − ν e νμ e + e − e− ve v¯ μ e− γ e− e + e − e− 2γ

τ

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (�i /�)

≈ 100% [d] (1.4 ± 0.4) % [e] (3.4 ± 0.4) × 10−5 Lepton Family number (LF) violating modes LF [f] < 1.2 % 90% LF < 1.2 ×10−11 90% LF < 1.0 ×10−12 90% LF < 7.2 ×10−11 90%

J =

See the τ Particle Listings for a note concerning τ -decay parameters. ρ τ (e or μ) = 0.745 ± 0.008 ρ τ (e) = 0.747 ± 0.010 ρ τ (μ) = 0.763 ± 0.020 ξ τ (e or μ) = 0.985 ± 0.030 ξ τ (e) = 0.994 ± 0.040 ξ τ (μ) = 1.030 ± 0.059 ητ (e or μ) = 0.013 ± 0.020 ητ (μ) = 0.094 ± 0.073 (δξ )τ (e or μ) = 0.746 ± 0.021 (δξ )τ (e) = 0.734 ± 0.028 (δξ )τ (μ) = 0.778 ± 0.037 ξ τ (π ) = 0.993 ± 0.022 ξ τ (ρ) = 0.994 ± 0.008 ξ τ (a1 ) = 1.001 ± 0.027 ξ τ (all hadronic modes) = 0.995 ± 0.007

1 2

Mass m = 1776.99+0.29 −0.26 MeV (mτ + − mτ − )/maverage < 3.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90% Mean life τ = (290.6 ± 1.0)×10−15 s cτ = 87.11 μm Magnetic moment anomaly > −0.052 and < 0.013, CL = 95% Re(dτ ) = −0.22 to 0.45 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Im(dτ ) = −0.25 to 0.008 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Weak dipole moment −17 e cm, CL = 95% Re(dw τ ) < 0.50 × 10 w −17 Im(dτ ) < 1.1 × 10 e cm, CL = 95%

53 53 53 53 53 53 53

τ − DECAY MODES

Scale factor/ Confidence level

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

Modes with one charged particle particle− ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0 ντ (“1-prong”) particle− ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0L ντ μ − ν μ ντ μ − ν μ ντ γ e− ν e ντ e− ν e ντ γ h− ≥ 0K 0L ντ h− ντ π − ντ K − ντ h− ≥1 neutrals ντ h− ≥1π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− π 0 ντ π − π 0 ντ π − π 0 non-ρ(770)ντ K − π 0 ντ h− ≥ 2π 0 ντ h− 2π 0 ντ h− 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) π − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) π − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ), scalar π − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ), vector K − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− ≥3π 0 ντ h− ≥3π 0 ντ (ex. K 0 ) h− 3π 0 ντ π − 3π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) K − 3π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 , η) h− 4π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− 4π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,η) K − ≥ 0π 0 ≥0K 0 ≥0γ ντ K − ≥1 (π 0 or K 0 or γ ) ντ

(85.33 ± 0.08) (84.69 ± 0.09) [g] (17.36 ± 0.05) [e] (3.6 ± 0.4) [g] (17.84 ± 0.05) [e] (1.75 ± 0.18) (12.14 ± 0.07) (11.59 ± 0.06) [g] (10.90 ± 0.07) [g] (6.91 ± 0.23) (37.05 ± 0.12) (36.51 ± 0.12) (25.95 ± 0.10) [g] (25.50 ± 0.10) (3.0 ± 3.2) [g] (4.52 ± 0.27) (10.81 ± 0.14) (9.47 ± 0.12) (9.31 ± 0.12) [g] (9.25 ± 0.12) <9 <7 [g]

(5.8 ± 2.3) (1.33 ± 0.07) (1.25 ± 0.07) (1.17 ± 0.08) [g] (1.04 ± 0.08) [g] (4.2 ± 2.1) (1.6 ± 0.4) [g] (1.0 ± 0.4) (1.57 ± 0.04) (8.78 ± 0.33)

0

h− K ντ 0

0 π− K

(non-K ∗ (892) − )ντ K − K 0 ντ K − K 0 ≥ 0π 0 ντ

S = 1.4

–

% % ×10−3 % % % % % ×10−3 % % % % ×10−3 ×10−3 % % % % ×10−3

S = 1.4

S = 1.5 S = 1.3 S = 1.3 S = 1.3 CL = 95%

– 885 885 888 888 883 883 883 820 – – 878 878 878 814 – 862 862 862 862

×10−3

CL = 95%

×10−4

% % % % ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3 % ×10−3

Modes with K 0 ’s (9.27 ± 0.34) ×10−3

K 0S (particles)− ντ

π − K ντ

%

[g]

(1.05 ± 0.04) (9.0 ± 0.4) < 1.7

[g] (1.53 ± 0.16) (3.07 ± 0.24)

%

×10−3 ×10−3

×10−3 ×10−3

S = 1.1 S = 1.1 S = 1.1 S = 1.3 S = 1.3 S = 1.1 S = 1.1

S = 1.1 S = 1.1 S = 1.1 S = 1.1

S = 1.1

S = 1.1

862 796 – – 836 836 766 800 800 820 –

–

S = 1.1

812

CL = 95%

812

S = 1.1

812

737 737

11-3

Lepton Summary Table

11-4 0

h− K π 0 ντ 0

π − K π 0 ντ

0 K ρ − ντ K − K 0 π 0 ντ 0 π − K ≥1π 0 ντ 0 − π K π 0 π 0 ντ K − K 0 π 0 π 0 ντ 0 π − K 0 K ντ π − K 0S K 0S ντ π − K 0S K 0L ντ 0 π − K 0 K π 0 ντ π − K 0S K 0S π 0 ντ π − K 0S K 0L π 0 ντ K 0 h+ h− h− ≥0

K 0 h+ h− h− ντ

[g] [g]

×10−3

794

×10−3

(2.2 ± 0.5) (1.54 ± 0.20) ×10−3

612 685

×10−4 ×10−4

763 CL = 95% 619

(5.3 ± 0.4)

(3.8 ± 0.4) ×10−3

(3.2 ± 1.0)

(2.6 ± 2.4) < 1.6

×10−3

(1.60 ± 0.31) [g] (2.4 ± 0.5)

×10−3 ×10−4

(3.1 ± 2.3) < 2.0

×10−4 ×10−4

[g] (1.12 ± 0.30) ×10−3

neutrals ντ

(3.1 ± 1.2) < 1.7 (2.3 ± 2.0)

×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−4

Modes with three charged particles h− h− h+ ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0L ντ (15.22 ± 0.09) % h− h− h+ ≥0 neutrals ντ (14.59 ± 0.08) % (ex. K 0S → π + π − ) (“3-prong”) h− h− h+ ντ (9.87 ± 0.08) % h− h− h+ ντ (ex.K 0 ) (9.51 ± 0.08) % h− h− h+ ντ (ex.K 0 ,ω) (9.47 ± 0.08) % π − π + π − ντ (9.33 ± 0.08) % π − π + π − ντ (ex.K 0 ) (9.02 ± 0.08) % π − π + π − ντ (ex.K 0 ), < 2.4 % non-axial vector π − π + π − ντ (ex.K 0 ,ω) [g] (8.99 ± 0.08) % h− h− h+ ≥ 1 neutrals ντ (5.34 ± 0.06) % h− h − h+ ≥ 1π 0 ντ (ex. K 0 ) (5.06 ± 0.06) % h− h− h+ π 0 ντ (4.73 ± 0.07) % h− h − h+ π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) (4.55 ± 0.06) % h− h − h+ π 0 ντ (ex. K 0 , ω) (2.78 ± 0.08) % π − π + π − π 0 ντ (4.59 ± 0.07) % π − π + π − π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) (4.46 ± 0.06) % π − π + π − π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,ω) [g] (2.69 ± 0.08) % h− h− h+ ≥2π 0 ντ (ex. K 0 ) (5.14 ± 0.34) ×10−3 h− h − h+ 2π 0 ντ (5.02 ± 0.34) ×10−3 h− h − h+ 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) (4.92 ± 0.34) ×10−3 h− h − h+ 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,ω,η) [g] (9 ± 4) ×10−4 h− h − h+ 3π 0 ντ [g] (2.2 ± 0.5) ×10−4 K − h + h− ≥ 0 neutrals ντ (6.79 ± 0.35) ×10−3 K − h + π − ντ (ex.K 0 ) (4.86 ± 0.32) ×10−3 K − h + π − π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) (8.5 ± 1.2) ×10−4 K − π + π − ≥ 0 neutrals ντ (5.2 ± 0.4) ×10−3 K − π + π − ≥ 0π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) (4.1 ± 0.4) ×10−3 K − π + π − ντ (3.9 ± 0.4) ×10−3 K − π + π − ντ (ex.K 0 ) [g] (3.33 ± 0.35) ×10−3 K − ρ 0 ντ → K − π + π − ντ (1.6 ± 0.6) ×10−3 K − π + π − π 0 ντ (1.32 ± 0.14) ×10−3 K − π + π − π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) (7.9 ± 1.2) ×10−4 K − π + π − π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,η) [g] (7.3 ± 1.2) ×10−4 K − π + π − π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,ω) (3.7 ± 0.9) ×10−4 K − π + K − ≥ 0 neut. ντ <9 ×10−4 K − K + π − ≥ 0 neut. ντ (1.59 ± 0.10) ×10−3 K − K + π − ντ [g] (1.53 ± 0.10) ×10−3 K − K + π − π 0 ντ [g] (6.1 ± 2.0) ×10−5 K − K + K − ≥ 0 neut. ντ < 2.1 ×10−3 K − K + K − ντ < 3.7 ×10−5 K − K + K − π 0 ντ < 4.8 ×10−6 π − K + π − ≥ 0 neut. ντ < 2.5 ×10−3 e− e − e + ν e ντ (2.8 ± 1.5) ×10−5 μ− e − e + ν μ ντ < 3.6 ×10−5 Modes with five charged particles 3h− 2h+ ≥ 0 neutrals ντ (1.02 ± 0.04) ×10−3 0 − + (ex. K S → π π ) (“5-prong”) 3h− 2h+ ντ (ex.K 0 ) [g] (8.38 ± 0.35) ×10−4 3h− 2h + π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) [g] (1.78 ± 0.27) ×10−4 3h− 2h + 2π 0 ντ < 1.1 ×10−4 Miscellaneous other allowed modes (5π) − ντ (7.6 ± 0.5) ×10−3 4h− 3h+ ≥ 0 neutrals ντ < 3.0 ×10−7 (“7-prong”) 4h− 3h + ντ < 4.3 ×10−7 4h− 3h + π 0 ντ < 2.5 ×10−7 X − (S = −1) ντ (2.95 ± 0.07) %

794

–

S = 1.2

682 682

S = 1.2

682

614 CL = 95% 614 614

CL = 95%

760 760

S = 1.4 S = 1.4

861 861

S = 1.3 S = 1.3 S = 1.3 S = 1.3 S = 1.3 CL = 95%

861 861 861 861 861 861

S = 1.3 S = 1.1 S = 1.1 S = 1.2 S = 1.2 S = 1.2 S = 1.2 S = 1.2 S = 1.2 S = 1.1 S = 1.1 S = 1.1

861 – – 834 834 834 834 834 834 – 797 797 797 749 794 794 763 794 794 794 794 – 763 763 763 763 685 685 685 618 472 472 346 794 888 885

S = 1.3 S = 1.4 S = 1.5 S = 1.5 S = 1.6 S = 1.6

CL = 95% S = 1.4 S = 1.4 S = 1.1 CL = 95% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 95% CL = 90% S = 1.1

794

S = 1.1

794 746 CL = 90% 687 S = 1.1 CL = 90%

800 683

CL = 90% CL = 90% S = 1.1

683 612 –

K ∗ (892) − ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0L ντ K ∗ (892) − ντ K ∗ (892) 0 K − ≥ 0 neutrals ντ K ∗ (892) 0 K − ντ ∗

K (892) 0 π − ≥ 0 neutrals ντ

%

(1.29 ± 0.05) (3.2 ± 1.4) (2.1 ± 0.4)

% ×10−3 ×10−3

665 542 542

(2.2 ± 0.5)

×10−3

656

(3.8 ± 1.7)

∗

K (892) 0 π − ντ ∗

( K (892)π )− ντ →

0 π − K π 0 ντ K1 (1270) − ντ K1 (1400) − ντ K ∗ (1410) − ντ K ∗0 (1430) − ντ K ∗2 (1430) − ντ ηπ − ντ ηπ − π 0 ντ ηπ − π 0 π 0 ντ ηK − ντ ηK ∗ (892) − ντ ηK − π 0 ντ 0 ηK π − ντ ηπ + π − π − ≥ 0

(1.42 ± 0.18)

(1.0 ± 0.4)

(4.7 ± 1.1) (1.7 ± 2.6) (1.5+1.4 ) −1.0 <5 <3 < 1.4 [g] (1.77 ± 0.24) (1.5 ± 0.5) [g] (2.7 ± 0.6) (2.9 ± 0.9) (1.8 ± 0.9) (2.2 ± 0.7) <3 (2.3 ± 0.5) < 3.9 < 1.1 < 2.0 < 7.4 < 8.0 < 2.0 < 6.7 (4.1 ± 0.8) (1.3 ± 0.4)

neutrals ντ

ηπ − π + π − ντ ηa1 (1260) − ντ → ηπ − ρ 0 ντ ηηπ − ντ ηηπ − π 0 ντ η� (958)π − ντ η� (958)π − π 0 ντ φπ − ντ φ K − ντ f1 (1285)π − ντ f1 (1285)π − ντ → ηπ − π + π − ντ π(1300) − ντ → (ρπ)− ντ → (3π)− ντ π(1300) − ντ → ((ππ) S−wave π)− ντ → (3π)− ντ h− ω ≥ 0 neutrals ντ h− ωντ K − ωντ h− ωπ 0 ντ h− ω 2π 0 ντ 2h− h+ ωντ

S = 1.4

665

×10−3

656

×10−3

–

×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−4

433 335 326 CL = 95% 326 CL = 95% 317 CL = 95% 798 778 746 720 511 665 S = 1.7

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

661 744 744 – 637 559 620 591 585 445 408 –

< 1.0

×10−4

CL = 90%

–

< 1.9

×10−4

CL = 90%

–

% % ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4

S = 1.2 S = 1.2

(2.39 ± 0.09) (1.99 ± 0.08) (4.1 ± 0.9) [g] (4.1 ± 0.4) (1.4 ± 0.5) (1.20 ± 0.22)

[g]

708 708 610 684 644 641

Lepton Family number (LF), Lepton number (L), or Baryon number (B) violating modes L means lepton number violation (e.g. τ − → e+ π − π − ). Following common usage, LF means lepton family violation and not lepton number violation (e.g., τ − → e− π + π − ). B means baryon number violation. − e γ LF < 1.1 ×10−7 CL = 90% μ− γ LF < 6.8 ×10−8 CL = 90% e− π 0 LF < 1.9 ×10−7 CL = 90% μ− π 0 LF < 4.1 ×10−7 CL = 90% LF < 9.1 ×10−7 CL = 90% e− K 0S LF < 9.5 ×10−7 CL = 90% μ− K 0S e− η LF < 2.4 ×10−7 CL = 90% μ− η LF < 1.5 ×10−7 CL = 90% e− ρ 0 LF < 2.0 ×10−6 CL = 90% μ− ρ 0 LF < 6.3 ×10−6 CL = 90% LF < 5.1 ×10−6 CL = 90% e− K ∗ (892) 0 LF < 7.5 ×10−6 CL = 90% μ− K ∗ (892) 0 ∗

LF

< 7.4

∗

LF LF LF LF LF LF LF LF LF LF LF LF L LF L

< 7.5 < 1.0 < 4.7 < 6.9 < 7.0 < 2.0 < 2.0 < 1.3 < 1.9 < 1.1 < 1.9 < 1.2 < 2.7 < 2.9 <7

e− K (892) 0

μ− K (892) 0 e− η� (958) μ− η� (958) e− φ μ− φ e− e + e − e− μ+ μ− e+ μ− μ− μ− e + e − μ+ e − e − μ− μ+ μ− e− π + π − e+ π − π − μ− π + π − μ+ π − π −

×10−6 ×10−6 ×10−6 ×10−7 ×10−6 ×10−6 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−8

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

888 885 883 880 819 815 804 800 719 715 665 660 665 660 630 625 596 590 888 882 882 885 885 873 877 877 866 866

Lepton Summary Table e− π + K − e− π − K + e+ π − K − e− K 0S K 0S e− K + K − e+ K − K − μ− π + K − μ− π − K + μ+ π − K − μ− K 0S K 0S μ− K + K − μ+ K − K − e− π 0 π 0 μ− π 0 π 0 e− ηη μ− ηη e− π 0 η μ− π 0 η pγ pπ 0 p 2π 0 pη pπ 0 η �π − �π − e− light boson μ− light boson

LF LF L LF LF L LF LF L LF LF L LF LF LF LF LF LF L,B L,B L,B L,B L,B L,B L,B LF LF

11-5 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−6 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−6 ×10−7 ×10−7 ×10−6 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−6 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−6 ×10−5 ×10−8 ×10−7 ×10−3 ×10−3

< 3.2 < 1.7 < 1.8 < 2.2 < 1.4 < 1.5 < 2.6 < 3.2 < 2.2 < 3.4 < 2.5 < 4.8 < 6.5 < 1.4 < 3.5 < 6.0 < 2.4 < 2.2 < 3.5 < 1.5 < 3.3 < 8.9 < 2.7 < 7.2 < 1.4 < 2.7 <5

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 95% CL = 95%

813 813 813 736 739 739 800 800 800 696 699 699 878 867 700 654 798 784 641 632 604 475 360 526 526 – –

sin2 (2θ23 ) > 0.92 �m232 = 1.9 to 3.0 × 10−3 eV2[i] sin2 (2θ13 ) < 0.19, CL = 90%

Heavy Neutral Leptons, Searches for For excited leptons, see Compositeness Limits below (see page A-54). Stable Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass Limits Mass m > 45.0 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 39.5 GeV, CL = 95%

(Dirac) (Majorana)

Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass Limits

Mass m > 90.3 GeV, CL = 95%

(Dirac ν L coupling to e, μ, τ ; conservative case(τ )) Mass m > 80.5 GeV, CL = 95%

(Majorana ν L coupling to e, μ, τ ; conservative case(τ ))

Heavy Charged Lepton Searches L± – charged lepton Mass m > 100.8 GeV, CL = 95% [h] L± – stable charged heavy lepton Mass m > 102.6 GeV, CL = 95%

in the sin2 (2θ23 )-�m 232 plane.

Decay to νW .

Neutrino Properties See the note on “Neutrino properties listings” in the Particle Listings. Mass m < 2 eV (tritium decay) Mean life/mass, τ/m > 300 s/eV, CL = 90% (reactor) Mean life/mass, τ/m > 7 × 109 s/eV (solar) Mean life/mass, τ/m > 15.4 s/eV, CL = 90% (accelerator) Magnetic moment μ < 0.9×10−10 μ B , CL = 90% (reactor) Number of Neutrino Types Number N = 2.994 ± 0.012 (Standard Model fits to LEP data) Number N = 2.92 ± 0.06 (Direct measurement of invisible Z width) Neutrino Mixing The following values are obtained through data analyses based on the 3-neutrino mixing scheme described in the review “Neutrino mass, mixing, and flavor change” by B. Kayser in this Review. sin2 (2θ12 )

=

0.86+0.03 −0.04

�m221

=

2 −5 (8.0+0.4 −0.3 ) × 10 eV

The ranges below for sin2 (2θ23 ) and �m 232 correspond to the projections onto the appropriate axes of the 90% CL contours

In this Summary Table:

NOTES

When a quantity has “(S = . . . )” to its right, the error on � the quantity has been enlarged by the “scale factor” S, defined as S = χ 2 /(N − 1), where N is the number of measurements used in calculating the quantity. We do this when S > 1, which often indicates that the measurements are inconsistent. When S > 1.25, we also show in the Particle Listings an ideogram of the measurements. For more about S, see the Introduction. A decay momentum p is given for each decay mode. For a 2-body decay, p is the momentum of each decay product in the rest frame of the decaying particle. For a 3-or-more-body decay, p is the largest momentum any of the products can have in this frame. [a] This is the best limit for the mode e− → νγ . The best limit for “electron disappearance” is 6.4 × 1024 yr. [b] See the “Note on Muon Decay Parameters” in the μ Particle Listings for definitions and details. [c] Pμ is the longitudinal polarization of the muon from pion decay. In standard V −A theory, Pμ = 1 and ρ = δ = 3/4. [d] This only includes events with the γ energy > 10 MeV. Since the e− ν e νμ and e− ν e νμ γ modes cannot be clearly separated, we regard the latter mode as a subset of the former. [e] See the relevant Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [f] A test of additive vs. multiplicative lepton family number conservation. [g] Basis mode for the τ . [h] L± mass limit depends on decay assumptions; see the Full Listings. [i] The sign of �m232 is not known at this time. The range quoted is for the absolute value.

QUARK SUMMARY TABLE

b� (4th Generation) Quark, Searches for Mass m > 190 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp, quasi-stable b� ) Mass m > 199 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp, neutral-current decays) Mass m > 128 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp, charged-current decays) Mass m > 46.0 GeV, CL = 95% (e+ e− , all decays)

QUARKS The u-, d -, and s-quark masses are estimates of so-called “current-quark masses,” in a mass-independent subtraction scheme such as MS at a scale μ ≈ 2 GeV. The cand b-quark masses are the “running” masses in the MS scheme. For the b-quark we also quote the 1S mass. These can be different from the heavy quark masses obtained in potential models.

u

I( J P) =

1 2

d

I( J P) =

1 2

2

Iz = + 12

� 1 +� 2

Mass m = 3 to 7 MeV Charge = − 13 e ms /md = 17 to 22 m = (mu + md )/2 = 2.5 to 5.5 MeV [a]

All searches since 1977 have had negative results. NOTES

� 1 +�

Charge = 23 e

Mass m = 1.5 to 3.0 MeV[a] mu /md = 0.3 to 0.6

Free Quark Searches

Iz = − 12

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

s

Mass m = 95±25 MeV[a] Charge = − 13 e Strangeness = −1 (ms (mu + md )/2)/(md − mu ) = 30 to 50 � +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

c

Mass m = 1.25±0.09 GeV

Charge = 23 e

Charm = +1

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

b

Charge = 13 e

Mass m = 4.20 ± 0.07 GeV Mass m = 4.70 ± 0.07 GeV

Bottom = −1 (MS mass) (1S mass)

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

t

Charge = 23 e

Top = +1

Mass m = 174.2±3.3 GeV[b] (direct observation of top events) Mass m = 172.3+10.2 −7.6 GeV (Standard Model electroweak fit)

t DECAY MODES Wq(q = b, s, d) Wb �ν� anything τ ντ b γ q(q = u, c)

p Fraction (�i / �) Confidence level (MeV/c)

[c,d] (9.4 ± 2.4) [e] < 5.9×10−3

% 95%

ΔT = 1 weak neutral current (T1) modes Zq(q = u, c) T1 [ f ] < 13.7% 95%

11-6

– – – – – –

[a] The ratios mu /md and ms /md are extracted from pion and kaon masses using chiral symmetry. The estimates of u and d masses are not without controversy and remain under active investigation. Within the literature there are even suggestions that the u quark could be essentially massless. The s-quark mass is estimated from SU(3) splittings in hadron masses. [b] Based on published top mass measurements using data from Tevatron Run-I and Run-II. Including also the most recent unpublished results from Run-II, the Tevatron Electroweak Working Group reports a top mass of 172.5 ± 1.3 ± 1.9 GeV. See the note “The Top Quark” in the Quark Particle Listings of this Review. [c] � means e or μ decay mode, not the sum over them. [d] Assumes lepton universality and W -decay acceptance. [e] This limit is for �(t → γ q)/ �(t → Wb). [f] This limit is for �(t → Zq)/ �(t → Wb).

MESON SUMMARY TABLE

Mass m = 547.51 ± 0.18 MeV [ f ] (S = 5.8) Full width � = 1.30 ± 0.07 keV [g]

LIGHT UNFLAVORED MESONS (S = C = B = 0) √ For I = 1(π, b, ρ, a) : ud, (uu − dd)/ 2, du; for I = 0(η, η� , h, h� , ω, φ, f, f � ):c1 (uu + dd) + c2 (ss) π±

C-nonconserving decay parameters π + π − π 0 Left–right asymmetry = (0.09 ± 0.17) × 10−2 π + π − π 0 Sextant asymmetry = (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−2 π + π − π 0 Quadrant asymmetry = (−0.17 ± 0.17) × 10−2 π +π −γ Left–right asymmetry = (0.9 ± 0.4) × 10−2 + − π π γ β (D-wave) = −0.02 ± 0.07 (S = 1.3)

I G( J P ) = 1− (0− )

Dalitz plot parameter π 0 π 0 π 0 α = −0.031 ± 0.004

Mass m = 139.57018 ± 0.00035 MeV (S = 1.2) Mean life τ = (2.6033 ± 0.0005) × 10−8 s (S = 1.2) cτ = 7.8045 m π ± → �± νγ form factors [a] FV = 0.017 ± 0.008 F A = 0.0115 ± 0.0005 (S = 1.2) R = 0.059+0.009 −0.008 π − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. For decay limits to particles which are not established, see the appropriate Search sections (Massive Neutrino Peak Search Test, A0 (axion), and Other Light Boson (X 0 ) Searches, etc.). π + DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

ρ Confidence level (MeV/c)

μ+ νμ μ + νμ γ e+ ve e + νe γ e+ νe π 0 e+ νe e+ e− e+ νe νν

[b] (99.98770 ± 0.00004) [c] (2.00 ± 0.25) [b] (1.230 ± 0.004) [c] (1.61 ± 0.23) (1.036 ± 0.006) (3.2 ± 0.5) <5

% ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−7 ×10−8 ×10−9 ×10−6 90%

30 30 70 70 4 70 70

Lepton Family number (LF) or Lepton number (L) violating modes μ+ ν e L [d] < 1.5 ×10−3 90% 30 μ+ νe LF [d] < 8.0 ×10−3 90% 30 − + + −6 μ e e ν LF < 1.6 ×10 90% 30

π0

I G( J PC ) = 1− (0−+ )

Mass m = 134.9766 ± 0.0006 MeV (S = 1.1) mπ ± − mπ 0 = 4.5936 ± 0.0005 MeV Mean life τ = (8.4 ± 0.6) × 10−17 s (S = 3.0) cτ = 25.1 nm

For decay limits to particles which are not established, see the appropriate Search sections ( A0 (axion) and Other Light Boson (X0 ) Searches, etc.). π 0 DECAY MODES 2γ e+ e− γ γ positronium e+ e+ e− e− e+ e− 4γ νν νe ν e νμ ν μ ντ ν τ γ νν

Fraction (�i / �) (98.798 ± 0.032)% (1.198 ± 0.032) % (1.82 ± 0.29) ×10−9 (3.14 ± 0.30) ×10−5 (6.2 ± 0.5) ×10−8 <2 ×10−8 [e] < 2.7 ×10−7 < 1.7 ×10−6 < 1.6 ×10−6 < 2.1 ×10−6 <6 ×10−4

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c) S = 1.1 S = 1.1

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (0−+ )

η

67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67

(S = 1.1)

η DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

neutral modes 2γ 3π 0 π 0 2γ π 0π 0γ γ other neutral modes

Neutral modes % (71.9 ± 0.5) [g] (39.38 ± 0.26) % (32.51 ± 0.28) % (4.4 ± 1.6) ×10−4 < 1.2 ×10−3 < 2.8 %

charged modes π +π −π 0 π +π −γ e+e−γ μ+ μ− γ e+e− μ+ μ− e+e−e+e− π +π −e+e− π + π − 2γ π +π −π 0γ π 0 μ+ μ− γ

π 0γ π +π − π 0π 0 π 0π 0γ π 0π 0π 0γ 3γ 4π 0 π 0e+e− π 0 μ+ μ− μ + e − + μ− e +

f0 (600)[i] or σ

Charged modes (28.0 ± 0.5) % (22.7 ± 0.4) % (4.69 ± 0.11) % (6.0 ± 0.8) ×10−3 (3.1 ± 0.4) ×10−4 < 7.7 ×10−5 (5.8 ± 0.8) ×10−6 < 6.9 ×10−5 (4.0+5.3 ×10−4 −2.5 ) < 2.0 ×10−3 <5 ×10−4 <3 ×10−6

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c) S = 1.3 S = 1.2 S = 1.2 S = 2.0 CL = 90% CL = 90%

– 274 179 257 238 –

S = 1.3 S = 1.3 S = 1.2 S = 1.4

– 174 236 274 253 274 253 274 235 236 174 210

CL = 90% CL = 90% S = 2.1 CL = 90% CL = 90%

Charge conjugation (C), Parity (P), Charge conjugation × Parity (CP), or Lepton Family number (LF) violating modes C <9 ×10−5 CL = 90% P,CP < 1.3 ×10−5 CL = 90% P,CP < 4.3 ×10−4 CL = 90% C <5 ×10−4 CL = 90% C <6 ×10−5 CL = 90% C <4 ×10−5 CL = 90% P,CP < 6.9 ×10−7 CL = 90% C [h] < 4 ×10−5 CL = 90% C [h] < 5 ×10−6 CL = 90% LF < 6 ×10−6 CL = 90%

257 236 238 238 179 274 40 257 210 264

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (0++ )

Mass m = (400–1200) MeV Full width � = (600–1000) MeV f0 (600) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

ππ γγ

dominant seen

p (MeV/c) – –

Charge conjugation (C) or Lepton Family number (LF) violating modes 3γ C < 3.1 × 10−8 CL = 90%67 + − μ e LF < 3.8 ×10−10 CL = 90% 26 μ− e+ LF < 3.4 ×10−9 CL = 90% 26 μ+ e− + μ− e+ LF < 1.72 ×10−8 CL = 90% 26

11-7

Meson Summary Table

11-8 ρ(770)[ j]

I G( J PC ) = 1+ (1− )

Mass m = 775.5 ± 0.4 MeV Full width � = 149.4 ± 1.0 MeV �ee = 7.02 ± 0.11 keV

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

ρ(770) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

ππ

∼ 100

π±γ π±η π ±π +π −π 0

ρ(770)± decays (4.5 ± 0.5) ×10−4 <6 ×10−3 < 2.0 ×10−3

π+π −γ π0γ ηγ π0π0γ μ+ μ− e+e−

[k] [k]

π+π −π 0 π+π −π +π − π+π −π 0π 0

%

363

S = 2.2 CL = 84% CL = 84%

ρ(770)0 decays (9.9 ± 1.6) ×10−3 (6.0 ± 0.8) ×10−4 (2.95 ± 0.30) ×10−4 (4.5 ± 0.8) ×10−5 (4.55 ± 0.28) ×10−5 (4.70 ± 0.08) ×10−5 −4 (1.01+0.54 −0.36 ± 0.34)×10 (1.8 ± 0.9) ×10−5 <4 ×10−5

S = 1.2

CL = 90%

375 153 254

362 376 194 363 373 388 323 251 257

I G( J PC ) = 0− (1− )

ω(782)

Mass m = 782.65 ± 0.12 MeV (S = 1.9) Full width � = 8.49 ± 0.08 MeV �ee = 0.60 ± 0.02 keV ω (782) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

π +π −π 0 π 0γ π +π − neutrals (excluding π 0 γ ) ηγ π 0e+e− π 0 μ+ μ−

(89.1 ± 0.7) (8.90+0.27 −0.23 ) (1.70 ± 0.27) +7.4 (1.6−1.1 ) (4.9 ± 0.5) (7.7 ± 0.9) (9.6 ± 2.3) (7.18 ± 0.12) <2 < 3.6 <1 (6.7 ± 1.1) < 3.3 (9.0 ± 3.1) < 1.9

e+e−

π+π −π 0π 0 π +π −γ π+π −π +π − π0π0γ ηπ 0 γ μ+ μ− 3γ

Fraction (�i /�)

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

π +π −η ρ 0 γ (including non-resonant π+ π− γ ) π 0π0η ωγ γγ 3π 0 μ+ μ− γ π +π −π 0 π 0ρ0 π+π +π −π − π + π + π − π − neutrals π +π +π −π − π 0 6π π +π −e+e− γ e + e− π 0γ γ 4π 0

(44.5 ± 1.4) (29.4 ± 0.9)

% %

S = 1.1 S = 1.1

232 165

(20.8 ± 1.2) (3.03 ± 0.31) (2.12 ± 0.14) (1.55 ± 0.26) (1.04 ± 0.26) <5 <4 <1 <1 <1 <1 <6 <9 <8 <5 < 2.1

% % % ×10−3 ×10−4 % % % % % % ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−7

S = 1.2

239 159 479 430 467 428 111 372 – 298 211 458 479 469 380 479

e+e−

+

% % % ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−5 ×10−5 % ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−4

S = 1.1 S = 1.1 S = 1.4 S = 1.1 S = 1.1 CL = 90% CL = 95% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 95%

−

π π π 0π0 π 0e+e− ηe + e − 3γ μ + μ− π 0 μ + μ− η eμ

327 380 366 – 200 380 349 391 262 366 256 367 163 377 391

163 330

η (958)

G

I (J

PC

) = 0 (0

−+

f0 (980) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�) dominant seen seen

a0 (980)[l]

p (MeV/c) 471

†

490

I G( J PC ) = 1− (0++ )

Mass m = 984.7 ± 1.2 MeV (S = 1.5) Full width � = 50 to 100 MeV a0 (980) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

ηπ

dominant seen seen

)

Mass m = 957.78 ± 0.14 MeV Full width � = 0.203 ± 0.016 MeV (S = 1.3)

458 459 469 322 479 445 274 473

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (0++ )

ππ KK γγ

γγ +

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 95% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

Mass m = 980 ± 10 MeV Full width � = 40 to 100 MeV

KK �

S = 1.3

Charge conjugation (C), Parity (P), Lepton family number (LF) violating modes P,CP < 2 % CL = 90% P,CP < 9 ×10−4 CL = 90% −3 C [h] < 1.4 ×10 CL = 90% C [h] < 2.4 ×10−3 CL = 90% −4 CL = 90% C < 1.0 ×10 C [h] < 6.0 ×10−5 CL = 90% C [h] < 1.5 ×10−5 CL = 90% LF < 4.7 ×10−4 CL = 90%

f0 (980)[l]

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Charge conjugation (C) violating modes C <1 ×10−3 CL = 90% C <3 ×10−4 CL = 90%

ηπ 0 3π 0

η � (958) DECAY MODES

φ(1020)

I G( J PC ) = 0− (1−− )

Mass m = 1019.460 ± 0.019 MeV Full width � = 4.26 ± 0.05 MeV (S = 1.7)

p (MeV/c) 322

†

492

Meson Summary Table

11-9 Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

φ(1020) DECAY MODES Fraction (�i /�) +

−

K K K 0L K 0S ρπ+ π + π − π 0 ηγ π 0γ e+e− μ+ μ− ηe + e − π +π − ωπ 0 ωγ ργ π +π −γ f0 (980)γ π 0π 0γ π +π −π +π − π +π +π −π −π 0 π 0e+e− π 0 ηγ a0 (980)γ η� (958)γ ηπ 0 π 0 γ μ+ μ− γ ργ γ ηπ + π − ημ+ μ−

(49.2 ± 0.6) % (34.0 ± 0.5) % (15.3 ± 0.4) % (1.301 ± 0.024)% (1.25 ± 0.07) ×10−3 (2.97 ± 0.04) ×10−4 (2.86 ± 0.19) ×10−4 (1.15 ± 0.10) ×10−4 (7.3 ± 1.3) ×10−5 (5.2+1.3 ×10−5 −1.1 ) <5 % < 1.2 ×10−5 (4.1±1.3) ×10−5 (4.40 ± 0.21) ×10−4 (1.09 ± 0.06) ×10−4 (3.9+2.8 ×10−6 −2.2 ) < 4.6 ×10−6 (1.12 ± 0.28) ×10−5 (8.3 ± 0.5) ×10−5 (7.6 ± 0.6) ×10−5 (6.2 ± 0.7) ×10−5 <2 ×10−5 (1.4 ± 0.5) ×10−5 <5 ×10−4 < 1.8 ×10−5 < 9.4 ×10−6

h1 (1170)

G

I (J

PC

) = 0 (1 −

+−

S = 1.2 S = 1.1 S = 1.2 S = 1.1 S = 1.1

CL = 84% CL = 90%

CL = 90%

S = 1.1 CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

seen

307

ρπ

b1 (1235)

I G( J PC ) = 1+ (1+− )

Mass m = 1229.5 ± 3.2 MeV (S = 1.6) Full width � = 142 ± 9 MeV (S = 1.2) b1 (1235) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

dominant [D/S amplitude ratio = 0.277 ± 0.027] π ±γ (1.6 ± 0.4) ηρ seen + + − 0 π π π π < 50 ± 0 <8 ( KK ) π K 0S K 0L π ± <6 0 0 ± KS K S π <2 φπ < 1.5

Confidence level

a1 (1260)[m]

p (MeV/c) 348

ωπ

607 † 535 248 235 235 147

×10−3 % % % % %

84% 90% 90% 90% 84%

I G( J PC ) = 1− (1++ )

Mass m = 1230 ± 40 MeV[n] Full width � = 250 to 600 MeV a1 (1260) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

(ρπ)S −wave (ρπ)D−wave ( ρ(1450)π )S −wave (ρ(1450)π )D−wave σπ f0 (980)π f0 (1370)π f2 (1270)π K K ∗ (892)+ c.c. πγ

seen seen seen seen seen not seen seen seen seen seen

p(MeV/c) 353 353 † † – 189 † † † 608

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (2++ )

Mass m = 1275.4 ± 1.1 MeV Full width � = 185.2+3.1 −2.5 MeV (S = 1.5) Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

f2 (1270) DECAY MODES Fraction (�i /�) (84.7+2.5 % −1.2 ) (7.1+1.4 % −2.7 ) (4.6 ± 0.4) % (2.8 ± 0.4) % (4.0 ± 0.8) ×10−3 (3.0 ± 1.0) ×10−3 (1.41 ± 0.13)×10−5 <8 ×10−3 < 3.4 ×10−3 <6 ×10−10

ππ π + π − 2π 0 KK 2π + 2π − ηη 4π 0 γγ ηπ π K 0 K − π + + c.c. e+e−

f1 (1285)

S = 1.2 S = 1.3 S = 2.7 S = 1.2 S = 2.1

623 563 404 559 327 565 638 478 293 638

CL = 95% CL = 95% CL = 90%

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (1++ )

Mass m = 1281.8 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.6) Full width � = 24.2 ± 1.1 MeV (S = 1.3) f1 (1285) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

4π (33.1+2.1 −1.8 ) π 0π 0π +π − (22.0+1.4 −1.2 ) 2π + 2π − (11.0+0.7 −0.6 ) ρ0π +π − (11.0+0.7 −0.6 ) seen ρ0ρ0 4π 0 <7 ηπ π (52 ± 16) a0 (980)π [ignoring a0 (980) →(36 ± 7) KK] (16 ± 7) ηπ π [excluding a0 (980)π] (9.0 ± 0.4) KK π K K ∗ (892) not seen γρ 0 (5.5 ± 1.3) φγ (7.4 ± 2.6)

)

Mass m = 1170 ± 20 MeV Full width � = 360 ± 40 MeV

h1 (1170) DECAY MODES

127 110 – 363 501 510 499 363 490 171 209 215 490 39 492 410 342 501 346 34 60 293 499 215 288 321

f2 (1270)

η(1295)

% % % %

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

S = 1.3 S = 1.3 S = 1.3 S = 1.3

568 566 563 336 † 568 482 234

×10−4 CL = 90% % % % %

482 308 † 406 236

S = 1.1

% S = 2.8 ×10−4

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (0−+ )

Mass m = 1294 ± 4 MeV (S = 1.6) Full width � = 55 ± 5 MeV η (1295) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

ηπ + π − a0 (980)π ηπ 0 π 0 η(π π ) S−wave

seen seen seen seen

π(1300)

I G( J PC ) = 1− (0−+ )

p(MeV/c) 487 244 490 –

Mass m = 1300 ± 100 MeV[n] Full width � = 200 to 600 MeV η (1300) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

ρπ π(π π ) S−wave

seen seen

π2 (1320)

I G( J PC ) = 1− (2++ )

Mass m = 1318.3 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.2) Full width � = 107 ± 5 MeV[n]

p(MeV/c) 404 –

Meson Summary Table

11-10

a2 (1320) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

ρπ ηπ ωππ KK η� (958)π π ±γ γγ π +π −π − e+e−

(70.1 ± 2.7) (14.5 ± 1.2) (10.6 ± 3.2) (4.9 ± 0.8) (5.3 ± 0.9) (2.68 ± 0.31) (9.4 ± 0.7) <8 <6

f0 (1370)[l]

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

% % % % ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−6 % ×10−9

S = 1.2

417 536 366 437 288 652 659 621 659

S = 1.3

CL = 90% CL = 90%

Mass m = 1200 to 1500 MeV Full width � = 200 to 500 MeV

Fraction (�i /�)

ππ 4π 4π 0 2π + 2π − π + π − 2π 0 ρρ 2(ππ ) S−wave π(1300)π a1 (1260)π ηη KK γγ e+e−

seen seen seen seen seen dominant seen seen seen seen seen seen not seen

π1 (1400)[o]

I G( J PC ) = 1− (1−+ )

π1 (1400) DECAY MODES ηπ 0 ηπ −

η(1405)[ p]

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

seen seen

570 569

η(1405) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

KKπ ηππ a0 (980)π η(ππ ) S−wave f0 (980)η 4π ρρ K ∗ (892)K

seen seen seen seen seen seen <58 % seen

K Kπ K K ∗ (892)+ c.c. ηππ φγ

ω(1420)[r ]

a0 (1450)[l]

a0 (1450) DECAY MODES

486 444 125 710

I G( J PC ) = 1− (0++ )

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

seen seen seen seen

627 410 547 484

πη π η� (958) KK ωπ π

ρ(1450)[s]

I G( J PC ) = 1+ (0−− )

Mass m = 1459 ± 11 MeV[n] (S = 3.4) Full width � = 147 ± 40 MeV[n] (S = 4.9)

ρ(1450) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

ππ 4π ωπ e+e− ηρ a2 (1320)π φπ KK ηγ

seen seen < 2.0 % seen <4% not seen <1% < 1.6 × 10−3 possibly seen

η(1475) DECAY MODES

Confidence level

p (MeV/c) 425 563 342 – † 639 † 125

99.85%

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (1++ )

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

dominant dominant possibly seen seen

438 163 573 349

I G( J PC ) = 0− (1−− )

p (MeV/c)

dominant seen seen seen

Confidence level

95%

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

dominant seen seen seen

477 245 393 738

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (0++ )

Mass m = 1507 ± 5 MeV (S = 1.2) Full width � = 109 ± 7 MeV

f0 (1500) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

Scale factor

ηη� (958) ηη 4π 4π 0 2π + 2π − ππ π +π − 2π 0 KK γγ

(1.9 ± 0.8) % (5.1 ± 0.9) % (49.5 ± 3.3) % seen seen (34.9 ± 2.3) % seen seen (8.6 ± 1.0) % not seen

1.7 1.4 1.2

f2� (1525)

717 666 508 730 304 39 355 537 627

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (0−+ )

KKπ K K ∗ (892)+ c.c. a0 (980)π γγ

f0 (1500)[o]

ρ (MeV/c)

95%

Mass m = 1476 ± 4 MeV (S = 1.4). Full width � = 87 ± 9 MeV (S = 1.6)

Mass m = 1426.3 ± 0.9 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width � = 54.9 ± 2.6 MeV f1 (1420) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

ρπ ωπ π b1 (1235)π e+e−

η(1475)[ p]

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (0−+ )

Mass m = 1409.8 ± 2.5 MeV[n] (S = 2.2) Full width � = 51.1 ± 3.4 MeV[n] (S = 2.0)

f1 (1420)[q]

p (MeV/c) 672 617 617 612 615 † – † 35 412 475 685 685

Mass m = 1376 ± 17 MeV Full width � = 300 ± 40 MeV

ω(1420) DECAY MODES

Mass m = 1474 ± 19 MeV Full width � = 265 ± 13 MeV

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (0++ )

f0 (1370) DECAY MODES

Mass m (1400–1450) MeV Full width � (180–250) MeV

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (2++ )

Mass m = 1525 ± 5 MeV[n] [n] Full width � = 73+6 −5 MeV

1.2 1.1

p (MeV/c) 37 518 692 692 688 741 741 741 569 754

Meson Summary Table

11-11

f2� (1525) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

KK ηη ππ γγ

(88.8 ± 3.1) % (10.3 ± 3.1) % (8.2 ± 1.5) × 10−3 (1.11 ± 0.14) × 10−6

π1 (1600)[o]

p (MeV/c) 581 531 750 763

I G( J PC ) = 1− (1−+ )

Mass m = 1653+18 −15 MeV (S = 1.6) Full width � = 225+45 −28 MeV (S = 1.5) π1 (1600) DECAY MODES πππ ρ0π − f2 (1270)π − b1 (1235)π η� (958)π − f1 (1285)π

η2 (1645)

Fraction (�i /�) seen seen not seen seen seen seen

p (MeV/c) 799 635 310 350 537 307

I (J

PC

) = 0 (2 +

−+

)

Mass m = 1617 ± 5 MeV Full width � = 181 ± 11 MeV η2 (1645) DECAY MODES a2 (1320)π KKπ K ∗K ηπ + π − a0 (980)π f2 (1270)η

ω (1650)[t]

Fraction (�i /�) seen seen seen seen seen not seen

p (MeV/c) 242 580 404 685 496 †

I G( J PC ) = 0− (1−− )

Mass m = 1670 ± 30 MeV Full width � = 315 ± 35 MeV ω(1650) DECAY MODES ρπ ωπ π ωη e+ e−

3π f2 (1270)π ρπ σπ (π π) S−wave K K ∗ (892)+ c.c. ωρ ρ(1450)π b1 (1235)π f1 (1285)π a2 (1320)π

φ (1680)

Fraction (�i /�) seen seen seen seen

p (MeV/c) 646 617 500 835

π2 (1670)

I G( J PC ) = 0− (1−− )

φ(1680) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

K K (892)+ c.c. K 0S K π KK e+e− ωπ π

dominant seen seen seen not seen

ρ3 (1690)

Fraction (�i /�) seen seen possibly seen

I G( J PC ) = 1− (2−+ )

Mass m = 1672.4 ± 3.2 MeV[n] (S = 1.4) Full width � = 259 ± 9 MeV[n] (S = 1.3)

p (MeV/c) 462 621 680 840 623

I G( J PC ) = 1+ (3−− )

Mass m = 1688 ± 2.1 MeV[n] Full width � = 161 ± 10 MeV[n] (S = 1.5) ρ3 (1690) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

4π π ±π +π −π 0 ωπ ππ KKπ KK ηπ + π − ρ(770)η π πρ Excluding 2ρ and a2 (1320)π . a2 (1320)π ρρ

(71.1 ± 1.9) (67 ± 22) (16 ± 6) (23.6 ± 1.3) (3.8 ± 1.2) (1.58 ± 0.26) seen seen seen

Scale factor % % % % % %

1.2

seen seen

p (MeV/c) 790 787 655 834 629 685 727 520 633 307 334

I G( J PC ) = 1+ (1−− )

Mass m = 1720 ± 20 MeV[n] (ηρ 0 and π + π − modes) Full width � = 250 ± 100 MeV[n] (ηρ 0 and π + π − modes)

I G( J PC ) = 0− (3−− )

Mass m = 1667 ± 4 MeV Full width � = 168 ± 10 MeV[n] ω3 (1670) DECAY MODES ρπ ωπ π b1 (1235)π

97.7% 97.7%

809 329 648 – – 455 304 154 366 323 292

Mass m = 1680 ± 20 MeV[n] Full width � = 150 ± 50 MeV[n]

ρ (1700)[s] ω3 (1670)

(95.8 ± 1.4)% (56.2 ± 3.2)% (31 ± 4) % (10.9 ± 3.4)% (8.7 ± 3.4) % (4.2 ± 1.4) % (2.7 ± 1.1) % < 3.6 ×10−3 < 1.9 ×10−3 possibly seen not seen

∗

G

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

ω2 (1670) DECAY MODES Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c) 645 615 361

ρ(1700) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

2(π + π − ) ρπ π ρ0π +π − ρ±π ∓π 0 a1 (1260)π h1 (1170)π π (1300)π ρρ π +π − ππ K K ∗ (892)+ c.c. ηρ a2 (1320)π KK e+e− π 0ω

large dominant large large seen seen seen seen seen seen seen seen not seen seen seen seen

p (MeV/c) 803 653 650 652 404 447 349 372 849 849 496 545 334 704 860 674

Meson Summary Table

11-12 f0 (1710)[u]

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (0++ )

Mass m = 1718 ± 6 MeV (S = 1.2) Full width � = 137 ± 8 MeV (S = 1.1) f0 (1710) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

KK

seen seen seen

ηη ππ

p (MeV/c) 703 662 849

a4 (2040) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

KK

seen seen seen seen seen seen seen seen

π +π −π 0 ρπ f2 (1270)π ωπ − π 0 ωρ ηπ 0 η� (958)π

f4 (2050) π (1800)

I G( J PC ) = 1− (0−+ )

π (1800) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

π +π −π − f0 (600)π − f0 (980)π − f0 (1370)π − f0 (1500)π − ρπ − ηηπ − a0 (980)η f0 (1500)π − ηη� (958)π − K ∗0 (1430) K − K ∗ (892) K −

seen seen seen seen not seen not seen seen seen seen seen seen not seen

φ3 (1850)

p (MeV/c) 879 – 631 368 248 732 661 470 248 376 570

φ3 (1850) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

KK K K ∗ (892)+ c.c.

seen seen

I (J

PC

) = 0 (2

++

Fraction (�i /�) seen seen seen seen seen seen

f2 (2010)

p (MeV/c) 387 962 925 803 837 972

Fraction (�i /�)

seen seen seen

p (MeV/c) 529 1037 1149

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (2++ )

f2 (2340) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

φφ

seen

p (MeV/c) 573

f2 (2010) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

φφ

seen

I G( J PC ) = 1− (4++ )

STRANGE MESONS (S = ±1,C = B = 0) K + = u s, K 0 = d s, K 0 = d s, K − = us, similarly for K ∗ ’s K±

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (2++ )

Mass m = 2001 ± 10 MeV Full width � = 313 ± 31 MeV

f2 (2300) DECAY MODES φφ

Mass m = 2339 ± 60 MeV Full width � = 319+80 −70 MeV

Mass m = 2011+60 −80 MeV Full width � = 202 ± 60 MeV

a4 (2040)

642 1003 884 852 967 572

)

f2 (1950) DECAY MODES

KK

p (MeV/c)

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (2++ )

Mass m = 2297 ± 28 MeV Full width � = 149 ± 40 MeV

p (MeV/c)

K ∗ (892) K ∗ (892)

γγ

ηη 4π 0 a2 (1320)π

f2 (2340)

Mass m = 1944 ± 12 MeV (S = 1.5) Full width � = 472 ± 18 MeV

π +π − 4π ηη

KK

γγ

785 602

+

not seen (17.0 ± 1.5)% −3 (6.8+3.4 −1.8 ) × 10 (2.1 ± 0.8) × 10−3 < 1.2% seen

KK

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (3−− )

G

Fraction (�i /�)

†

Mass m = 1812 ± 7 MeV Full width � = 87+28 −23 MeV (S = 1.2)

f2 (1950)

f4 (2050) DECAY MODES ωω ππ

f2 (2300)

870 977 844 583 822 628 920 764

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (4++ )

Mass m = 2025 ± 10 MeV (S = 1.8) Full width � = 225 ± 18 MeV (S = 1.7)

Mass m = 1812 ± 14 MeV (S = 2.3) Full width � = 207 ± 13 MeV

p (MeV/c)

p (MeV/c) †

I(J

P)

= 12 (0− )

Mass m = 493.677 ± 0.016 MeV[v] (S = 2.8) Mean life τ = (1.2385 ± 0.0024) × 10−8 s (S = 2.0) cτ = 3.713 m Slope parameter g [w] (See Particle Listings for quadratic coefficients an alternative parameterization related to ππ scattering) K + → π + π + π − = −0.2154 ± 0.0035 (S = 1.4) K − → π − π − π + = −0.217 ± 0.007 (S = 2.5) K ± → π ± π + π − (g+ − g− ) / (g+ + g− ) = (1.5 ± 2.9) × 10−4 K ± → π ± π 0 π 0 = 0.626 ± 0.007 K ± → π ± π 0 π 0 (g+ − g− ) / (g+ + g− ) = (0.02 ± 0.19)% K ± decay form factors[a,x] Assuming μ-e universality + −2 λ+ (K + μ3 ) = λ+ (K e3 ) = (2.96 ± 0.05) × 10 + −2 λ0 (K μ3 ) = (1.96 ± 0.12) × 10

Meson Summary Table

11-13

Not assuming μ-e universality −2 λ+ (K + e3 ) = (2.96 ± 0.06) × 10 + λ+ (K μ3 ) = (2.96 ± 0.17) × 10−2 −2 λ0 (K + μ3 ) = (1.96 ± 0.13) × 10 Ke3 form factor quadratic fit −2 λ’+ (K ± e3 ) linear coeff. = (2.48 ± 0.17) × 10 ± �� λ + (K e3 ) quadratic coeff. = (0.19±0.09)×10−2 +0.8 −2 K+ |f /f | e3 S + = (−0.3−0.7 ) × 10 K+ | f /f | = (−1.2 ± 2.3) × 10−2 e3 T + + K μ3 |fS /f+ | = (0.2 ± 0.6) × 10−2 −2 K+ μ3 |fT /f+ | = (−0.1 ± 0.7) × 10 + + K → e νe γ |FA + FV | = 0.148 ± 0.010 K + → μ+ νμ γ |FA + FV | = 0.165 ± 0.013 K + → e + νe γ |FA − FV | < 0.49 K + → μ+ νμ γ |FA − FV | = −0.24 to 0.04, CL = 90% Charge radius �r� = 0.560 ± 0.031 fm CP violation parameters �(K ± π μ μ ) = −0.02 ± 0.12 T violation parameters K + → π 0 μ+ νμ PT = (−1.7 ± 2.5) × 10−3 K + → μ+ νμ γ PT = (−0.6 ± 1.9) × 10−2 K + → π 0 μ+ νμ Im(ξ ) = −0.006 ± 0.008 K − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below.

K + DECAY MODES e + νe μ+ νμ π 0 e + νe Called K + e3 . π 0 μ+ νμ Called K + μ3 . π 0 π 0 e + νe π + π − e + νe π + π − μ+ νμ π 0 π 0 π 0 e + νe π +π 0 π +π 0π 0 π +π +π −

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (�i /�)

Leptonic and semileptonic modes (1.55 ± 0.07) ×10−5 (63.44 ± 0.14) % S = 1.2 (4.98 ± 0.07) % S = 1.3 (3.32 ± 0.06)

%

(2.2 ± 0.4) (4.09 ± 0.09) (1.4 ± 0.9) < 3.5

×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−6 CL = 90%

Hadronic modes (20.92 ± 0.12) % (1.757 ± 0.024)% (5.590 ± 0.031)%

S = 1.2

S = 1.1 S = 1.1 S = 1.1

247 236 228 215 206 203 151 135 205 133 125

Leptonic and semileptonic modes with photons μ+ νμ γ [y,z] (6.2 ± 0.8) ×10−3 [aa] < 3.0 ×10−5 CL = 90% μ+ νμ γ (SD+ ) [aa] < 2.7 ×10−5 CL = 90% μ+ νμ γ (SD+ INT) ×10−4 CL = 90% μ+ νμ γ (SD− + SD− INT) [aa] < 2.6 [aa] (1.52 ± 0.23) ×10−5 e + νe γ (SD+ ) [aa] < 1.6 ×10−4 CL = 90% e + νe γ (SD− ) [y,z] (2.69 ± 0.20) ×10−4 π 0 e + νe γ [aa] < 5.3 ×10−5 CL = 90% π 0 e + νe γ (SD) [y,z] (2.4 ± 0.8) ×10−5 π 0 μ+ νμ γ <5 ×10−6 CL = 90% π 0 π 0 e + νe γ

236 – – – – – 228 228 215 206

π +π 0γ π + π 0 γ (DE) π +π 0π 0γ π +π +π −γ π +γ γ π + 3γ

205 205 133 125 227 227

Hadronic modes with photons [y,z] (2.75 ± 0.15) ×10−4 [z,bb] (4.4 ± 0.7) ×10−6 [y,z] (7.6+5.6 ×10−6 −3.0 ) [y,z] (1.04 ± 0.31) ×10−4 [z] (1.10 ± 0.32) ×10−6 [z] < 1.0 ×10−4 CL = 90%

Leptonic modes with ��¯ pairs +

e νe νν μ+ νμ νν e + νe e + e − μ+ νμ e + e − e + νe μ+ μ− μ+ νμ μ+ μ−

<6 ×10−5 < 6.0 ×10−6 (2.48 ± 0.20)×10−8 (7.06 ± 0.31)×10−8 (1.7 ± 0.5) ×10−8 < 4.1 ×10−7

CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90%

247 236 247 236 223 185

Lepton Family number (LF), Lepton number (L), ΔS = Δ Q (SQ) violating modes, or ΔS = 1 weak neutral current (S1) modes SQ < 1.2 ×10−8 CL = 90% 203 π +π +e−νe SQ < 3.0 ×10−6 CL = 95% 151 π + π + μ− ν μ + + − −7 S1 (2.88 ± 0.13)×10 227 π e e S1 (8.1 ± 1.4) ×10−8 S = 2.7 172 π + μ+ μ− S1 (1.5+1.3 ×10−10 227 π + νν −0.9 ) π + π 0 νν S1 < 4.3 ×10−5 CL = 90% 205 LF < 2.0 ×10−8 CL = 90% 236 μ− νe+ e + LF [d] < 4 ×10−3 CL = 90% 236 μ+ νe LF < 1.3 ×10−11 CL = 90% 214 π + μ+ e − LF < 5.2 ×10−10 CL = 90% 214 π + μ− e + − + + −10 L < 5.0 ×10 CL = 90% 214 π μ e L < 6.4 ×10−10 CL = 90% 227 π −e+e+ L [d] < 3.0 ×10−9 CL = 90% 172 π − μ+ μ+ L [d] < 3.3 ×10−3 CL = 90% 236 μ+ ν e 0 + −3 L <3 ×10 CL = 90% 228 π e νe [cc] < 2.3 ×10−9 CL = 90% 227 π +γ

K0

I ( J P ) = 12 (0− )

50% KS , 50% KL Mass m = 497.648 ± 0.022 MeV m K 0 − m K ± = 3.972 ± 0.027 MeV

Mean square charge radius � 2� r = −0.077 ± 0.010 fm2

(S = 1.2)

T-violation parameters in K 0 K 0 mixing[x] Asymmetry AT in K 0 K 0 mixing = (6.6 ± 1.6) ×10−3 CPT-violation parameters [x] Re δ = (2.9 ± 2.7) ×10−4 Im δ = (−0.2 ± 2.0) ×10−5 Re(y), Ke3 parameter = (0.4 ± 2.5) × 10−3 Re(x = (−0.8 ± 2.5) × 10−3 − ), Ke3 parameter � � �m K 0 − m K 0 � / m average < 10−18 , CL = 90%[dd] (� K 0 − � K 0 )/m average = (8 ± 8) × 10−18 Tests of ΔS = ΔQ Re(x+ ), Ke3 parameter = (−0.8 ± 3.1) × 10−3 K S0

I ( J P ) = 12 (0− )

Mean life τ = (0.8953±0.0005)×10−10 s (S = 1.1) Assuming CPT Mean life τ = (0.8958 ± 0.0006) × 10−10 s (S = 1.2) Not assuming CPT cτ = 2.6842 cm Assuming CPT

CP-violation parameters[ee] Im(η+−0 ) = −0.002 ± 0.009 −2 �Im(η000 � ) � = (−0.1 ± 1.6) × 10 � �η000 � = �A(K 0 → 3π 0 )/A(K 0 → 3π 0 )� < 0.018, CL = S L 90% CP asymmetry A in π + π − e + e − = (−1 ± 4)%

Meson Summary Table

11-14

K 0S DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

π 0π0 π +π − π +π −π 0

Hadronic modes (30.69 ± 0.05) % (69.20 ± 0.05) % (3.5+1.1 ×10−7 −0.9 )

π+π −γ π +π −e+e− π0γ γ γγ π ± e ∓ νe

Modes with photons or [y,ff ] (1.79 ± 0.05)×10−3 (4.69 ± 0.30)×10−5 [ff ] (4.9 ± 1.8) ×10−8 (2.84 ± 0.07)×10−6 Semileptonic modes [gg] (7.04 ± 0.09) ×10−4

CP violating (CP) and ΔS = 1 weak neutral current (S1) modes CP < 1.2 ×10−7 90% 3π 0 + − S1 < 3.2 ×10−7 90% μ μ + − −7 e e S1 < 1.4 ×10 90% S1 [ff ] (3.0+1.5 ×10−9 π 0e+e− −1.2 ) S1 (2.9+1.5 ×10−9 π 0 μ+ μ− −1.2 )

K L0

Assuming CPT φ+− = (43.52 ± 0.05)◦ (S = 1.2) φ00 = (43.50 ± 0.06)◦ (S = 1.2) φ� =φSW = (43.51 ± 0.05)◦ (S = 1.1) Not assuming CPT φ+− = (43.4 ± 0.7)◦ (S = 1.3) φ00 = (43.7 ± 0.8)◦ (S = 1.2) φ� = (43.5 ± 0.7)◦ (S = 1.3) CP asymmetry A in K 0L → π + π − e + e − = (13.7 ± 1.5)% βCP from K 0L → e + e − e + e − = −0.19 ± 0.07 γCP from K 0L → e + e − e + e − = 0.01 ± 0.11 (S = 1.6) j for K 0L → π + π − π 0 = 0.0012 ± 0.0008 0 + − 0 f� for K � L → π π π = 0.004 ± 0.006 �η+−γ � = (2.35 ± 0.07) × 10−3 ◦ φ � +−γ �= (44 ± 4) �� � �/� < 0.3, CL = 90% +−γ

p Confidence level (MeV/c) 209 206 133 ��¯ pairs

206 206 231 249 229 139 225 249 231 177

I ( J P ) = 12 (0− )

m KL − m KS = (0.5292±0.0009)×1010 h¯ s−1 (S = 1.2) Assuming CPT = (3.483 ± 0.006) × 10−12 MeV Assuming CPT = (0.5290 ± 0.0016) × 1010 h¯ s−1 (S = 1.2) Not assuming CPT Mean life τ = (5.114 ± 0.021) × 10−8 s cτ = 15.33 m Slope parameter g [w] (See Particle Listings for quadratic coefficients) K 0L → π + π − π 0 = 0.678 ± 0.008 (S = 1.5)

K L decay form factors [x] Linear parametrization assuming μ-e universality λ+ (K 0μ3 ) = λ+ (K 0e3 ) = (2.84 ± 0.04) × 10−2 λ0 (K 0μ3 ) = (1.64 ± 0.11) × 10−2 Quadratic parametrization assuming μe universality (S = 1.3) λ� + (K 0μ3 ) = λ� + (K 0e3 ) = (2.42 ± 0.14) × 10−2 λ�� + (K 0μ3 ) = λ�� + (K 0e3 ) = (0.18 ± 0.05) × 10−2 (S = 1.1) λ0 (K 0μ3 ) = (1.46 ± 0.13) × 10−2 Pole parametrization assuming μe universality MμV (K 0μ3 ) = MeV (K 0e3 ) = 877 ± 5 MeV (S = 1.1) MμS (K 0μ3 ) = 1187 ± 50 � � −2 K 0e3 �fS /f+ � = (1.5+1.4 −1.6 ) × 10 � � +4 0 � −2 � K e3 �fT /f+ � = (5−5 ) × 10 K 0μ3 �fT /f+ � = (12 ± 12) × 10−2 KL → e + e − γ : αK ∗ = −0.33 ± 0.05 KL → μ+ μ− γ : αK ∗ = −0.158 ± 0.027 KL → e + e − e + e − : α eff K ∗ = −0.14 ± 0.22 KL → π + π − e + e − : a1 /a2 = −0.734 ± 0.022 GeV2 KL → π 0 2γ : aV = −0.54 ± 0.12 (S = 2.8)

CP-violation parameters[ee] A �L= � (0.332 ± 0.006)% �η00 � = (2.225 ± 0.007) × 10−3 � � �η+− � = (2.236 ± 0.007) × 10−3 |�| ± 0.007) × 10−3 � = (2.232 � �η00 /η+− � = 0.9950 ± 0.0008[hh] (S = 1.6) Re(� � /�) = (1.66 ± 0.26) × 10−3[hh] (S = 1.6)

T-violation parameters Im(ξ ) in K 0μ3 = −0.007 ± 0.026

CPT invariance tests φ00 − φ+− = (0.2 ± 0.4)◦ Re( 23 η+− + 13 η00 )− δ2L = (−3 ± 35) × 10−6 �S = −�Q in K �3 0 decay Re x = −0.002 ± 0.006 Im x = 0.0012 ± 0.0021 K 0L DECAY MODES π ± e ∓ νe Called K 0e 3 . π ± μ∓ νμ Called K 0μ3 . (πμ atom)ν π 0π ±e∓ ν

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (�i /�) Semileptonic modes [gg] (40.53 ± 0.15) %

S = 2.1

229

[gg] (27.02 ± 0.07) %

216

(1.05 ± 0.11) [gg] (5.20 ± 0.11)

188 207

×10−7 ×10−5

Hadronic modes, including Charge conjugation × Parity violating (CPV) modes (19.56 ± 0.14) % S = 1.9 139 3π 0 (12.56 ± 0.05) % 133 π +π −π 0 CPV (1.976 ± 0.008)×10−3 206 π +π− CPV (8.69 ± 0.04) ×10−4 S = 1.1 209 π0π0 π ± e ∓ νe γ π ± μ∓ νμ γ π0π0γ π+π −γ π 0 2γ π 0γ e+e− 2γ 3γ e+e−γ

μ+ μ− γ e+e−γ γ

μ+ μ− γ γ

Semileptonic modes with photons [y,gg,ii] (3.79 ± 0.08) ×10−3 (5.64 ± 0.23) ×10−4 Hadronic modes with photons or �� pairs < 5.6 ×10−6 [y,ii] (4.17 ± 0.15) ×10−5 [ii] (1.49 ± 0.08) ×10−6 S = 2.0 (2.3 ± 0.4) ×10−8 Other modes with photons or �� pairs S = 1.2 (5.48 ± 0.05) ×10−4 CL = 90% < 2.4 ×10−7 (10.0 ± 0.5) ×10−6 S = 1.5 (3.59 ± 0.11) ×10−7 S = 1.3 [ii] (5.95 ± 0.33) ×10−7 [ii] (1.0+0.8 ×10−8 −0.6 )

Charge conjugation × Parity (CP) or Lepton Family number (LF) violating modes, or �S = 1 weak neutral current (S1) modes S1 (6.87 ± 0.11) ×10−9 μ μ + − e e S1 (9+6 ×10−12 −4 ) S1 [ii] (3.11 ± 0.19) ×10−7 π +π −e+e− S1 < 6.6 ×10−9 CL = 90% π 0π 0e+e− S1 (2.69 ± 0.27) ×10−9 μ + μ− e + e − e+e−e+e− S1 (3.56 ± 0.21) ×10−8 +

−

229 216

209 206 231 231

249 249 249 225 249 225

225 249 206 209 225 249

Meson Summary Table π 0 μ+ μ− CP,S1 CP,S1 π 0e+e− CP,S1 π 0 νν e ± μ∓ LF e ± e ± μ∓ μ∓ LF LF π 0 μ± e ∓

[jj] [jj] [kk] [gg] [gg] [gg]

11-15

< 3.8 ×10−10 < 2.8 ×10−10 < .9 ×10−7 < 4.7 ×10−12 < 4.12×10−11 < 6.2 ×10−9

K (892) ∗

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

177 231 231 238 225 217

K 2∗ (1430) [I I]

K ∗2 (1430) ± mass m = 1425.6 ± 1.5 MeV (S = 1.1) K ∗2 (1430) 0 mass m = 1432.4 ± 1.3 MeV K ∗2 (1430) ± full width � = 98.5 ± 2.7 MeV (S = 1.1) K ∗2 (1430) 0 full width � = 109 ± 5 MeV

I ( J P ) = 12 (1− )

Kπ K 0γ K ±γ K ππ

Confidence level p (MeV/c)

∼ 100 % (2.31 ± 0.20) ×10−3 (9.9 ± 0.9) ×10−4 <7 ×10−4

K 1 (1270)

95%

289 307 309 223

Kπ K ∗ (892)π K ∗ (892)π π Kρ Kω K+γ Kη Kωπ K0γ

Full width � = 90 ± 20 MeV

(49.9 ± 1.2) (24.7 ± 1.5) (13.4 ± 2.2) (8.7 ± 0.8) (2.9 ± 0.8) (2.4 ± 0.5) (1.5+3.4 −1.0 ) < 7.2 <9

K ∗ (1680)

I ( J P ) = 12 (1+ )

Mass m = 1272 ± 7 MeV[n]

(S = 1.9)

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

K 2∗ (1430) DECAY MODES Fraction (�i / �)

K ∗ (892) ± mass m = 891.66 ± 0.26 MeV K ∗ (892) 0 mass m = 896.00 ± 0.25 MeV (S = 1.4) K ∗ (892) ± full width � = 50.8 ± 0.9 MeV K ∗ (892) 0 full width � = 50.3 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1) K ∗ (892) DECAY MODES Fraction (�i / �)

I ( J P ) = 12 (2+ )

Fraction (�i / �)

Kρ K ∗0 (1430)π K ∗ (892)π Kω K f0 (1370) γ K0

(42 ± 6) (28 ± 4) (16 ± 5) (11.0 ± 2.0) (3.0 ± 2.0) seen

p (MeV/c) % % % % %

45 † 302 † † 539

372 S = 1.2 311 S = 1.1 S = 1.3 CL = 95% CL = 90%

419 318 627 487 100 626

(S = 1.4)

Full width � = 322 ± 110 MeV

K1 (1270) DECAY MODES

619

I ( J P ) = 12 (1− )

Mass m = 1717 ± 27 MeV

[n]

% % % % % ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4

(S = 4.2)

K ∗ (1680) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

Kπ Kρ

(38.7 ± 2.5) (31.4+4.7 −2.1 )

p (MeV/c) % %

781 570

%

618

K 2 (1770) [mm] DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

p (MeV/c)

Kπ π K ∗2 (1430)π K ∗ (892)π K f2 (1270) Kφ Kω

dominant seen seen seen seen

(29.9+2.2 −4.7 )

K ∗ (892)π

K 2 (1770) [mm]

I ( J P ) = 12 (2− )

Mass m = 1773 ± 8 MeV

K 1 (1400)

Full width � = 186 ± 14 MeV

I ( J P ) = 12 (1+ )

Mass m = 1402 ± 7 MeV

Full width � = 174 ± 13 MeV

(S = 1.6)

K1 (1400) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

K ∗ (892)π Kρ K f0 (1370) Kω K ∗0 (1430)π γ K0

(94 ± 6) (3.0 ± 3.0) (2.0 ± 2.0) (1.0 ± 1.0) not seen seen

p (MeV/c) % % % %

402 292 † 284 † 613

K 3∗ (1780)

I ( J P ) = 12 (3− )

Mass m = 1776 ± 7 MeV

K (1410) ∗

Mass m = 1414 ± 15 MeV

(S = 1.3)

Full width � = 232 ± 21 MeV

(S = 1.1)

K ∗ (1410) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

K ∗ (892)π Kπ Kρ γ K0

> 40 (6.6 ± 1.3) <7 seen

K ∗0 (1430) [I I]

(S = 1.1)

Full width � = 159 ± 21 MeV

I ( J P ) = 12 (1− )

Confidence level % % %

95% 95%

p (MeV/c) 410 612 305 619

Full width � = 290 ± 21 MeV Fraction (�i / �) (93 ± 10)

Kρ K ∗ (892)π Kπ Kη K ∗2 (1430)π

(31 ± 9) (20 ± 5) (18.8 ± 1.0) (30 ± 13) < 16

Confidence level

p (MeV/c)

95%

613 656 813 719 291

% % % % %

I ( J P ) = 12 (2− )

Full width � = 276 ± 35 MeV

Mass m = 1414 ± 6 MeV K ∗0 (1430) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

Mass m = 1816 ± 13 MeV

I ( J P ) = 12 (1+ )

Kπ

(S = 1.3)

K 3∗ (1780) DECAY MODES

K 2 (1820) [nn]

794 288 654 53 441 607

p (MeV/c) %

613

K 2 (1820) [mm] DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

K ∗2 (1430)π K ∗ (892)π K f2 (1270) Kω

seen seen seen seen

p (MeV/c) 327 681 185 638

Meson Summary Table

11-16 K 4∗ (2045) Mass m = 2045 ± 9 MeV

I ( J P ) = 12 (4+ ) (S = 1.1)

Full width � = 198 ± 30 MeV K 4∗ (2045) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

Kπ K ∗ (892)ππ K ∗ (892)πππ ρ Kπ ωKπ φ Kπ φ K ∗ (892)

(9.9 ± 1.2) (9 ± 5) (7 ± 5) (5.7 ± 3.2) (5.0 ± 3.0) (2.8 ± 1.4) (1.4 ± 0.7)

p (MeV/c) % % % % % % %

958 802 768 741 738 594 363

CHARMED MESONS (C = ±1) D+ = cd, D0 = cu, D0 = cu, D− = cd, similarly for D∗ ’s

cτ = 311.8 μm

c-quark decays �(c → �+ anything)/�(c → anything) = 0.096 ± 0.004[oo] �(c → D∗ (2010) + anything)/�(c → anything) = 0.255 ± 0.017 CP-violation decay-rate asymmetries AC P (K 0S π ± ) = −0.016 ± 0.017 AC P (K 0S K ± ) = 0.07 ± 0.06 AC P (K + K − π ± ) = 0.007 ± 0.008 AC P (K ± K ∗0 ) = 0.005 ± 0.017 AC P (φπ ± ) = −0.001 ± 0.015 AC P (π + π − π ± ) = −0.02 ± 0.04 AC P (K 0S K ± π + π − ) = −0.04 ± 0.07 T-violation decay-rate asymmetry AT (K 0S K ± π + π − ) = 0.02 ± 0.07 D+ → K ∗ (892) 0 �+ ν � form factors rv = 1.62 ± 0.08 (S = 1.5) r2 = 0.83 ± 0.05 r3 = 0.0 ± 0.4 � L /�T = 1.13 ± 0.08 �+ /�− = 0.22 ± 0.06 (S = 1.6) Most decay modes (other than the semileptonic modes) that involve a neutral K meson are now given as K 0S modes, not as K 0 modes. Nearly always it is a K 0S that is measured, and interference between Cabibbo-allowed and doubly Cabibbo-suppressed modes can invalidate the assumption that 2 �(K 0S ) = �(K 0 ). Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (�i / �)

Inclusive modes (17.2 ± 1.9) e+ anything − (27.5 ± 2.4) K anything 0 0 K anything +K anything (61 ± 8) + (5.5 ± 1.6) K anything K ∗ (892) 0 anything (23 ± 5) K ∗ (892) 0 anything < 6.6 η anything [pp] < 13 φ anything < 1.8 < 1.6 φe+ anything

% % % % % % % % %

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

S = 1.1 CL = 90%

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

935 932 868 865 863 722 863 851 717 851 712 846 825 930

Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. K (892) 0 e+ νe (5.61 ± 0.31) % S = 1.1 722 ∗ K (892) 0 μ+ νμ (5.5 ± 0.5) % S = 1.1 717 K 1 (1270) 0 μ+ νμ <4 % CL = 95% 493 K ∗0 (1430) 0 μ+ νμ < 2.5 ×10−4 388 K ∗2 (1430) 0 μ+ νμ < 1.1 % CL = 95% 380 K ∗ (1680) 0 μ+ νμ < 1.6 ×10−3 105 ρ 0 e + νe (2.2 ± 0.4) ×10−3 774 0 + −3 ρ μ νμ (3.4 ± 0.8) ×10 770 +0.7 (1.6−0.6 ) ×10−3 771 ωe+ νe φe+ νe < 2.09 % CL = 90% 657 < 3.72 % CL = 90% 651 φμ+ νμ η�+ ν� <7 ×10−3 CL = 90% 854 < 1.1 % CL = 90% 684 η� (958)μ+ νμ

Mass m = 1869.3 ± 0.4 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean life τ = (1040 ± 7) × 10−15 s

D+ DECAY MODES

CL = 90%

∗

I ( J P ) = 12 (0− )

D±

Leptonic and semileptonic modes < 2.4 ×10−5 e + νe + μ νμ (4.4 ± 0.7) ×10−4 K 0 e+ νe (8.6 ± 0.5) % K 0 μ+ νμ (9.5 ± 0.8) % (4.5+1.0 % K − π + e + νe −0.8 ) K ∗ (892) 0 e+ νe , (3.74 ± 0.21) % ∗ 0 − + K (892) → K π K − π + e+ νe nonresonant <7 ×10−3 − + + (4.0 ± 0.5) % K π μ νμ K ∗ (892) 0 μ+ νμ , (3.7 ± 0.3) % K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + (2.1 ± 0.6) ×10−3 K − π + μ+ νμ nonresonant ( K ∗ (892)π )0 e+ νe < 1.2 % (Kπ π)0 e+ νe non<9 ×10−3 ∗ K (892) K − π + π 0 μ+ νμ < 1.7 ×10−3 π 0 e + νe (4.4 ± 0.7) ×10−3

– – – – – – – – –

Hadronic modes with a K or K K K K 0S π + (1.47 ± 0.06) % [qq] (9.51 ± 0.34) % K−π +π + K ∗ (892) 0 π + , [rr] (1.33 ± 0.11) % K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + K ∗0 (1430) 0 π + , [rr] (2.41 ± 0.24) % K ∗0 (1430) 0 → K − π + K ∗ (1680) 0 π + , [rr] (4.0 ± 0.8) ×10−3 K ∗ (1680) 0 → K − π + [rr] (9.0 ± 0.7) % K − π + π + nonresonant K 0S π + π 0 [qq] (7.0 ± 0.5) % K 0S ρ + (4.8 ± 1.1) % K ∗ (892) 0 π + , (1.3 ± 0.6) % K ∗ (892) 0 → K 0S π 0 0 + 0 K S π π nonresonant (9 ± 7) ×10−3 K−π +π +π 0 [qq] (6.00 ± 0.28) % K ∗ (892) 0 ρ + total, (1.3 ± 0.8) % K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + K 1 (1400) 0 π + , (1.8 ± 0.7) % K 1 (1400) 0 → K−π +π 0 (2.6 ± 1.6) % K − ρ + π + total K − ρ + π + 3-body (9 ± 6) ×10−3 K ∗ (892) 0 π + π 0 total, (4.2 ± 0.6) % K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + K ∗ (892) 0 π + π 0 3-body, (2.7 ± 0.8) % K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + ∗ − + + K (892) π π 3-body, (6 ± 3) ×10−3 K ∗ (892) − → K − π 0 K − π + π + π 0 nonresonant [ss] (1.0 ± 0.7) % K 0S π + π + π − [qq] (3.11 ± 0.21) % K 0S a1 (1260) + , a1 (1260) + → π +π +π − K 1 (1400) 0 π + , K 1 (1400) 0 → K 0S π + π − K ∗ (892) − π + π + 3-body, K ∗ (892) − → K 0S π − K 0S ρ 0 π + total K 0S ρ 0 π + 3-body

K 0S π + π + π − nonresonant

S = 1.1 S = 1.1

862 845 714 382 58

S = 1.2

845 845 677 714

S = 1.1

845 816 422 390 613 613 690 690 688

S = 1.1

816 814

(1.8 ± 0.3)

%

(1.8 ± 0.7)

%

390

(1.3 ± 0.6)

%

688

(1.86 ± 0.34) % (2.2 ± 2.2) (3.7 ± 1.9)

×10−3

×10−3

CL = 90%

328

610 610 814

Meson Summary Table K − 3π + π − K ∗ (892) 0 π + π + π − , K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + K ∗ (892) 0 ρ 0 π + , K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + K −ρ0π +π + K − 3π + π − nonresonant K + 2K 0S K + K − K 0S π +

[qq]

11-17 (5.8 ± 0.6) (1.2 ± 0.4)

×10−3 S = 1.1 ×10−3

772 645

(2.3 ± 0.4)

×10−3

239

(1.75 ± 0.29) ×10−3 (4.1 ± 3.0) ×10−4 (4.7 ± 2.1) ×10−3 (2.4 ± 0.6) ×10−4

524 772 545 435

Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. K 0S a1 (1260) + (3.6 ± 0.6) % 328 K 0S a2 (1320) + < 1.5 ×10−3 CL = 90% 199 K ∗ (892) 0 ρ + total [ss] (1.8 ± 1.4) % 422 K ∗ (892) 0 ρ + S-wave [ss] (1.4 ± 1.5) % 422 K ∗ (892) 0 ρ + P-wave <1 ×10−3 CL = 90% 422 K ∗ (892) 0 ρ + D-wave (8 ± 7) ×10−3 422 K ∗ (892) 0 ρ + D-wave <7 ×10−3 CL = 90% 422 longitudinal K 1 (1270) 0 π + <7 ×10−3 CL = 90% 487 K 1 (1400) 0 π + (4.3 ± 1.5) % S = 1.2 390 ∗ 0 + 0 K (892) π π total (5.8 ± 2.9) % 690 K ∗ (892) 0 π + π 0 3-body [ss] (3.6 ± 2.1) % 690 ∗ − + + — 688 K (892) π π total (1.8+1.1 % S = 1.2 688 K ∗ (892) − π + π + 3-body −0.9 ) K ∗ (892) 0 a1 (1260) + (9.4 ± 1.9) ×10−3 † π +π 0 π +π +π − ρ0π + π + (π + π − ) S−wave σ π +, σ → π +π − f0 (980)π + , f0 (980) → π +π − f0 (1370)π + , f0 (1370) → π + π − f2 (1270)π + , f2 (1270) → π + π − π + 2π 0 π +π +π −π 0 ηπ + , η → π + π − π 0 ωπ + , ω → π + π − π 0 3π + 2π −

Pionic modes (1.28 ± 0.09) ×10−3 (3.31 ± 0.21) ×10−3 (1.07 ± 0.11) ×10−3 (1.86 ± 0.18) ×10−3 (1.53 ± 0.32) ×10−3 (2.1 ± 0.5) ×10−4 (8 ± 6) (4.8 ± 1.3)

925 908 766 908 – 669

×10−5

–

−4

485

×10

(4.8 ± 0.4) ×10−3 (1.18 ± 0.09) % (7.9 ± 0.7) ×10−4 <3 ×10−4 CL = 90% (1.68 ± 0.17) ×10−3 S = 1.1

910 883 848 763 845

Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. ηπ + (3.50 ± 0.32) ×10−3 848 ωπ + < 3.4 ×10−4 CL = 90% 763 ηρ + <7 ×10−3 CL = 90% 655 η� (958)π + (5.3 ± 1.1) ×10−3 680 η� (958)ρ + <6 ×10−3 CL = 90% 348 Hadronic modes with a K K pair K + K 0S (2.96 ± 0.19) ×10−3 [qq] (1.00 ± 0.04) % S = 1.2 K+ K−π + φπ + , φ → K + K − (3.2 ± 0.4) ×10−3 K + K ∗ (892) 0 , (3.02 ± 0.35) ×10−3 K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + K + K ∗0 (1430) 0 , (3.7 ± 0.4) ×10−3 K ∗0 (1430) 0 → K − π + — K 0S K 0S π + K ∗ (892) + K 0S , (5.3 ± 2.3) ×10−3 0 + ∗ + K (892) → K S π K+ K−π +π 0 — φπ + π 0 , φ → K + K − (1.1 ± 0.5) % φρ + , φ → K + K − <7 ×10−3 CL = 90% (1.5+0.7 % K + K − π + π 0 non-φ −0.6 ) (1.75 ± 0.21) ×10−3 K + K 0S π + π − 0 − + + KS K π π (2.39 ± 0.23) ×10−3 K ∗ (892) + K ∗ (892) 0 , (5.8 ± 2.4) ×10−3 K ∗+ → K 0S π + , K ∗0 → K−π + K 0S K − π + π + <4 ×10−3 CL = 90% (non-K ∗+ K ∗0 ) (2.3 ± 1.2) ×10−4 K+ K−π +π +π −

792 744 647 613 – 741 611 682 619 258 682 678 678 280 678 600

Fractions of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. (6.5 ± 0.7) ×10−3 647 φπ + 0 φπ π (2.3 ± 1.0) % 619 + < 1.5 % CL = 90% 259 φρ K ∗ (892) + K 0S (1.6 ± 0.7) % 611 K ∗ (892) + K ∗ (892) 0 (2.6 ± 1.1) % 280 +

Doubly Cabibbo-suppressed modes K+π 0 < 4.2 ×10−4 + + − K π π (6.4 ± 0.8) ×10−4 K +ρ0 (2.5 ± 0.7) ×10−4 K ∗ (892) 0 π + , (3.0 ± 0.6) ×10−4 K ∗ (892) 0 → K + π − K + f0 (980), f0 (980) → (5.7 ± 3.5) ×10−5 π +π − K ∗2 (1430) 0 π + , (5.2 ± 3.5) ×10−5 K ∗2 (1430) 0 → K + π − (9.0 ± 2.1) ×10−5 K+ K+ K−

CL = 90%

ΔC = 1 weak neutral current (C1) modes, or Lepton Family number (LF) or Lepton number (L) violating modes π + e+ e− C1 < 7.4 ×10−6 CL = 90% [tt] (2.7+3.6 ×10−6 π + φ, φ → e+ e− −1.8 ) C1 < 8.8 ×10−6 CL = 90% π + μ+ μ− ρ + μ+ μ− C1 < 5.6 ×10−4 CL = 90% K + e+ e− [uu] < 6.2 ×10−6 CL = 90% K + μ+ μ− [uu] < 9.2 ×10−6 CL = 90% π + e ± μ∓ LF [gg] < 3.4 ×10−5 CL = 90% K + e ± μ∓ LF [gg] < 6.8 ×10−5 CL = 90% π − e+ e+ L < 3.6 ×10−6 CL = 90% π − μ+ μ+ L < 4.8 ×10−6 CL = 90% π − e + μ+ L < 5.0 ×10−5 CL = 90% ρ − μ+ μ+ L < 5.6 ×10−4 CL = 90% K − e+ e+ L < 4.5 ×10−6 CL = 90% K − μ+ μ+ L < 1.3 ×10−5 CL = 90% K − e + μ+ L < 1.3 ×10−4 CL = 90% K ∗ (892) − μ+ μ+ L < 8.5 ×10−4 CL = 90%

D0

I ( J P ) = 12 (0− ) Mass m = 1864.5 ± 0.4 MeV (S = 1.1) mD± − mD0 = 4.78 ± 0.10 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean life τ = (410.1 ± 1.5) × 10−15 s cτ = 122.9 μm |mD0 − mD0 | < 7 × 1010 h¯ s −1 , CL = 95%[vv] 1

2

(� D0 – � D0 )/ � = 2y = (1.4 ± 1.0) × 10−2 1 + −

2

�( K � ν � (viaD0 ))/ �( K − �+ ν� ) < 0.005, CL = 90% �( K + π − (via D0 ))/�( K − π + ) < 4.0 × 10−4 , CL = 95% �( K 0S π + π − (in D0 →D0 ))/�( K 0S π + π − ) �0 / �0 < 0.0063, CL = 95% CP-violation decay-rate asymmetries AC P ( K + K − ) = 0.014 ± 0.010 AC P ( K 0S K 0S ) = −0.23 ± 0.19 AC P (π + π − ) = 0.013 ± 0.012 AC P (π 0 π 0 ) = 0.00 ± 0.05 AC P (π + π − π 0 ) = 0.01+0.10 −0.09 AC P ( K 0S φ) = −0.03 ± 0.09 0 0 AC P ( K S π ) = 0.001 ± 0.013 AC P ( K ± π ∓ ) = 0.05 ± 0.04 AC P ( K ∓ π ± π 0 ) = −0.03 ± 0.09 AC P ( K ± π ∓ π 0 ) = 0.00 ± 0.05 AC P ( K 0S π + π − ) = −0.009+0.026 −0.061 AC P ( K ± π ∓ π + π − ) = −0.02 ± 0.04 AC P ( K + K − π + π − ) = −0.08 ± 0.07 T-violation decay-rate asymmetry AT ( K + K − π + π − ) = 0.01 ± 0.07 CPT-violation decay-rate asymmetry AC P T ( K ∓ π ± ) = 0.008 ± 0.008

864 845 678 714 – – 550

929 – 917 757 869 856 926 866 929 917 926 757 869 856 866 703

Meson Summary Table

11-18 Most decay modes (other than the semileptonic modes) that involve a neutral K meson are now given as

K 0S

0

modes, not as K modes. Nearly always it is

a K 0S that is measured, and interference between Cabibbo-allowed and doubly Cabibbo-suppressed modes can invalidate the assumption that 2�( K 0S )

D+ DECAY MODES 0-prongs 2-prongs 4-prongs 6-prongs e anything μ+ anything K − anything K 0 anything +K 0 anything K + anything K ∗ (892) 0 anything K ∗ (892) 0 anything η anything φ anything +

− +

K e νe K − μ+ νμ K ∗ (892) − e+ νe K ∗ (892) − μ+ νμ K − π + π − μ+ νμ ( K ∗ (892)π )− μ+ νμ π − e+ νe π − μ+ νμ ρ − e + νe

Topological modes [ww] (19 ± 6) % % (67 ± 6) [xx] (13.8 ± 0.5) % ×10−3 (1.2+1.3 −0.7 ) Inclusive modes (6.71 ± 0.29) % (6.5 ± 0.7) % (53 ± 4) % (42 ± 5) % (3.4+0.6 −0.4 )

(9 ± 4) (2.8 ± 1.3) [pp] < 13 (1.7 ± 0.8)

= �( K ).

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (�i / �)

[yy]

0

% % % % %

– – – –

S = 1.3

CL = 90%

Semileptonic modes (3.51 ± 0.11) % (3.19 ± 0.16) % (2.17 ± 0.16) % (1.95 ± 0.25) % < 1.2 ×10−3 CL = 90% < 1.4 ×10−3 CL = 90% (2.81 ± 0.19) ×10−3 (2.4 ± 0.4) ×10−3 (1.9 ± 0.4) ×10−3

Hadronic modes with one K (3.80 ± 0.07) % S = 1.1 K−π + K 0S π 0 (1.14 ± 0.12) % K 0S π + π − [qq] (2.90 ± 0.19) % (7.5+0.6 ×10−3 K 0S ρ 0 −0.8 ) 0 + − (2.1 ± 0.6) ×10−4 K S ω, ω → π π (1.36+0.30 ×10−3 K 0S f0 (980), f0 (980) → −0.22 ) π +π − (1.3+1.1 ×10−4 K 0S f2 (1270), −0.7 ) f2 (1270) → π + π − K 0S f0 (1370), (2.5 ± 0.6) ×10−3 f0 (1370) → π + π − (1.91 ± 0.14) % K ∗ (892) − π + , K ∗ (892) − → K 0S π − ∗ + − [zz] (10+12 ×10−5 K (892) π , −4 ) K ∗ (892) + → K 0S π + (2.8+0.6 ×10−3 K ∗0 (1430) − π + , −0.4 ) K ∗0 (1430) − → K 0S π − K ∗2 (1430) − π + , (3.2+2.1 ×10−4 −1.1 ) K ∗2 (1430) − → K 0S π − (6 ± 5) ×10−4 K ∗ (1680) − π + , K ∗ (1680) − → K 0S π − (2.6+5.9 ×10−4 K 0S π + π − nonresonant −1.6 ) [qq] (14.1 ± 0.5) % S = 1.2 K−π +π 0 (11.0 ± 0.7) % K −ρ+ − + −3 K ρ(1700) , (8.0 ± 1.7) ×10 ρ(1700) + → π + π 0 ∗ − + (2.25+0.36 % K (892) π , −0.20 ) K ∗ (892) − → K − π 0 ∗ 0 0 K (892) π , (1.91 ± 0.24) % K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + K ∗0 (1430) − π + , (4.6 ± 2.2) ×10−3 K ∗0 (1430) − → K − π 0 K ∗0 (1430) 0 π 0 , (5.8+4.6 ×10−3 −1.5 ) K ∗0 (1430) 0 → K − π + (1.8 ± 0.7) ×10−3 K ∗ (1680) − π + , K ∗ (1680) − → K − π 0

– – – – – – – – – 867 863 719 714 821 692 927 924 771 861 860 842 674 670 549 262 † 711 711 378 367 46 842 844 675 † 711 711 378 379 46

K − π + π 0 nonresonant K 0S π 0 π 0 K ∗ (892) 0 π 0 , K ∗ (892) 0 → K 0S π 0 K 0S π 0 π 0 nonresonant K−π +π +π − K − π + ρ 0 total K − π + ρ 0 3-body K ∗ (892) 0 ρ 0 , K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + K − a1 (1260) + , a1 (1260) + → π +π +π − K ∗ (892) 0 π + π − total, K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + K ∗ (892) 0 π + π − 3-body, K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + K1 (1270) − π + , K1 (1270) − → K−π +π − K − π + π + π − nonresonant K 0S π + π − π 0

(1.13+0.54 −0.20 ) (6.3+1.8 −1.5 )

+

−

843 812 609 609 416

(3.6 ± 0.6)

%

327

(1.5 ± 0.4)

%

685

(9.7 ± 2.1)

×10−3

685

[ss]

(2.9 ± 0.3)

×10−3

484

[qq]

(1.80 ± 0.25) % (5.3 ± 0.6) %

812 812

(9.8 ± 1.8) (2.1 ± 0.8)

0

ω→ π π π K (892) − ρ + , K ∗ (892) − → K 0S π − K1 (1270) − π + , K1 (1270) − → K 0S π − π 0 K ∗ (892) 0 π + π − 3-body, K ∗ (892) 0 → K 0S π 0 K 0S π + π − π 0 nonresonant K−π +π +π −π 0 K ∗ (892) 0 π + π − π 0 , K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + K − π + ω, ω → π + π − π 0 K ∗ (892) 0 ω, K ∗ (892) 0 → K−π +, ω → π +π −π 0 K 0S ηπ 0 K 0S a0 (980), a0 (980) → ηπ 0 K ∗ (892) 0 η, K ∗ (892) 0 → K 0S π 0 K 0S 2π + 2π −

K 0S ρ 0 π + π − , no K ∗ (892) − K ∗ (892) − π + π + π − , K ∗ (892) − → K 0S π − , no ρ 0 K ∗ (892) − ρ 0 π + , K ∗ (892) − → K 0S π − K 0S 2π + 2π − nonresonant K − 3π + 2π −

844 843 711

(4.2 ± 1.1) ×10−3 (7.72 ± 0.28) % S = 1.3 (6.4 ± 0.4) % −3 (4.9 ± 2.2) ×10 (1.00 ± 0.22) %

[qq]

K 0S η, η → π + π − π 0 K 0S ω, ∗

% — ×10−3

[ss]

(8.6 ± 1.4)

×10−4 ×10−3 %

670 416

(2.2 ± 0.6)

×10−3

484

(2.4 ± 0.5)

×10−3

685

(1.1 ± 1.1) (4.1 ± 0.4) (1.2 ± 0.6)

% % %

812 771 643

(2.7 ± 0.5) (6.5 ± 2.4)

% ×10−3

605 410

(5.2 ± 1.2)

×10−3

721

×10−3

–

(1.5 ± 0.5)

×10−3

–

(2.75 ± 0.31) ×10−3

768

(1.1 ± 0.7)

×10−3

–

(5 ± 8)

×10−4

642

(1.7 ± 0.7)

×10−3

230

(6.2 ± 2.0)

< 1.3 (2.1 ± 0.5)

772

×10 CL = 90% 768 ×10−4 713 −3

Fractions of many of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. (Modes for which there are only upper limits and K ∗ (892)ρ submodes only appear below.) K 0S η (3.8 ± 0.6) ×10−3 772 K 0S ω (1.10 ± 0.20) % 670 K 0S η� (958) (9.1 ± 1.4) ×10−3 565 (7.5 ± 1.1) % 327 K − a1 (1260) + K 0 a1 (1260) 0 < 1.9 % CL = 90% 322 K − a2 (1320) + <2 ×10−3 CL = 90% 197 K ∗ (892) 0 π + π − total (2.3 ± 0.5) % 685 K ∗ (892) 0 π + π − 3-body (1.46 ± 0.32) % 685 K ∗ (892) 0 ρ 0 (1.50 ± 0.33) % 417 K ∗ (892) 0 ρ 0 transverse (1.6 ± 0.5) % 417 K ∗ (892) 0 ρ 0 S-wave (2.9 ± 0.6) % 417 K ∗ (892) 0 ρ 0 S-wave long. <3 ×10−3 CL = 90% 417 ∗ 0 0 −3 K (892) ρ P-wave <3 ×10 CL = 90% 417 K ∗ (892) 0 ρ 0 D-wave (2.0 ± 0.6) % 417 ∗ − + (6.4 ± 2.5) % 417 K (892) ρ ∗ − + (3.1 ± 1.2) % 417 K (892) ρ longitudinal ∗ − + (3.4 ± 2.0) % 417 K (892) ρ transverse < 1.5 % CL = 90% 417 K ∗ (892) − ρ + P-wave − + [ss] (1.12 ± 0.31) % 484 K1 (1270) π < 1.2 % CL = 90% 386 K1 (1400) − π +

Meson Summary Table K 1 (1400) 0 π 0 K ∗ (892) 0 π + π − π 0 K−π +ω K ∗ (892) 0 ω K − π + η� (958) K ∗ (892) 0 η� (958)

11-19 < 3.7 (1.8 ± 0.9) (3.0 ± 0.6) (1.1 ± 0.4) (7.2 ± 1.8) < 1.1

% CL = 90% % % % ×10−3 ×10−3 CL = 90%

Hadronic modes with three K ’s K 0S K + K − (4.58 ± 0.34) ×10−3 K 0S a0 (980) 0 , a 00 → K + K − (3.0 ± 0.4) ×10−3 + 0 K − a0 (980) + , a + (6.1 ± 1.8) ×10−4 0 → K KS − 0 K + a0 (980) − , a − < 1.1 ×10−4 CL = 95% 0 → K KS K 0S f0 (980), f0 → K + K − < 1.0 ×10−4 CL = 95% K 0S φ, φ → K + K − (2.10 ± 0.16) ×10−3 K 0S f0 (1400), f0 → K + K − (1.7 ± 1.1) ×10−4 3K 0S (9.3 ± 1.3) ×10−4 K+ K− K−π + (2.11 ± 0.31) ×10−4 K + K − K ∗ (892) 0 , (4.2 ± 1.7) ×10−5 K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + K − π + φ, φ → K + K − (3.8 ± 1.6) ×10−5 φ K ∗ (892) 0 , φ → K + K − , (1.01 ± 0.20) ×10−4 K ∗ (892) 0 → K − π + K + K − K − π + nonresonant (3.2 ± 1.4) ×10−5 K 0S K 0S K ± π ∓ (6.1 ± 1.3) ×10−4 π +π − π 0π 0 π +π −π 0 ρ+π − ρ0π 0 ρ−π + f0 (980)π 0 , f0 (980) → π +π − f0 (600)π 0 , f0 (600) → π +π − (π + π − )S −wave π 0 3π 0 2π + 2π − π + π − 2π 0 ηπ 0 ωπ 0 2π + 2π − π 0 ηπ + π − ωπ + π − 3π + 3π −

Pionic modes (1.364 ± 0.032) ×10−3 (7.9 ± 0.8) ×10−4 (1.31 ± 0.06) % (10.0 ± 0.6) ×10−3 (3.2 ± 0.4) ×10−3 (4.5 ± 0.4) ×10−3 < 3.4 ×10−6 CL = 95%

[aaa] [aaa] [aaa] [aaa]

< 2.7

×10−5 CL = 95%

< 2.5 < 3.5 (7.31 ± 0.27) (9.8 ± 0.9) (5.6 ± 1.4) < 2.6 (4.1 ± 0.5) < 1.9 (1.6 ± 0.5) (4.0 ± 1.1)

×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−4

387 643 605 410 479 118 544 – – – – 520 – 538 434 † 422 † 434 427 922 922 907 764 764 764 – –

791 788 739 608 610 739 739 608 610 739 743 740 676 614 250 302 – 531 272 –

(5.1 ± 1.2)

–

×10−4

(1.26 ± 0.24) ×10−3 673 < 1.5 ×10−4 CL = 90% 595 (3.1 ± 2.0) ×10−3 600

Fractions of most of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. K (892) 0 K 0S <8 ×10−4 CL = 90% 608 K ∗ (892) + K − (3.7 ± 0.8) ×10−3 610 K ∗ (892) 0 K 0S <4 ×10−4 CL = 90% 608 K ∗ (892) − K + (2.0 ± 1.1) ×10−3 610 φπ 0 (7.4 ± 0.5) ×10−4 644 φη (1.4 ± 0.4) ×10−4 489 −3 φω < 2.1 ×10 CL = 90% 237 ∗

Radiative modes < 2.4 < 2.4 (2.4+0.7 −0.6 ) < 7.6

ρ0γ ωγ φγ K ∗ (892) 0 γ

×10−4 CL = 90% ×10−4 CL = 90% ×10−5 ×10−4 CL = 90%

Doubly Cabibbo suppressed (DC) modes or ΔC = 2 forbidden via mixing (C2M) modes K � ν � (via D ) C2M < 1.8 ×10−4 K + or K ∗ (892) + e− ν e C2M <6 ×10−5 (via D0 ) K+π − DC (1.43 ± 0.04) ×10−4 K + π − (via D0 ) C2M < 1.5 ×10−5 K 0S π + π − (in D0 → D0 ) C2M < 1.8 ×10−4 DC (10+12 ×10−5 K ∗ (892) + π − , −4 ) K ∗ (892) + → K 0S π + DC (3.29+0.30 ×10−4 K+π −π 0 −0.27 ) K+π −π +π − DC (2.49+0.21 ) ×10−4 −0.19 K + π − π + π − (via D0 ) C2M <4 ×10−4 μ− anything (via D0 ) C2M <4 ×10−4 + −

CL = 95% 907 CL = 90% 908 879 882 846 CL = 90% 761 844 CL = 90% 827 738 795

Hadronic modes with a K K pair K+ K− (3.84 ± 0.10) ×10−3 2K 0S (3.7 ± 0.7) ×10−4 K 0S K − π + (3.4 ± 0.5) ×10−3 S = 1.1 K ∗ (892) 0 K 0S , K ∗ (892) 0 → <6 ×10−4 CL = 90% K−π + K ∗ (892) + K − , (1.2 ± 0.3) ×10−3 K ∗ (892) + → K 0S π + K 0S K − π + nonresonant (1.1 ± 1.1) ×10−3 K 0S K + π − (2.6 ± 0.5) ×10−3 K ∗ (892) 0 K 0S , K ∗ (892) 0 → <3 ×10−4 CL = 90% K+π − K ∗ (892) − K + , (7 ± 4) ×10−4 K ∗ (892) − → K 0S π − (1.9+1.1 ×10−3 K 0S K + π − nonresonant −0.8 ) (1.3 ± 0.4) ×10−3 K+ K−π 0 K 0S K 0S π 0 < 5.9 ×10−4 K+ K−π +π − [bbb] (2.32 ± 0.13) ×10−3 φπ + π − 3-body, φ → (2.3 ± 2.3) ×10−5 K+ K− φρ 0 , φ → K + K − (6.7 ± 0.6) ×10−4 K + K − ρ 0 3-body (5 ± 7) ×10−5 f0 (980)π + π − , f0 → (3.5 ± 0.9) ×10−4 K+ K− K ∗ (892) 0 K ∓ π ± 3-body, [ccc] (2.5 ± 0.5) ×10−4 K ∗0 → K ± π ∓ K ∗ (892) 0 K ∗ (892) 0 , K ∗0 → (7 ± 5) ×10−5 K±π ∓ K1 (1270) ± K ∓ , (7.6 ± 1.7) ×10−4 K1 (1270) ± → K ± π + π −

K1 (1400) ± K ∓ , K1 (1400) ± → K±π +π − K 0S K 0S π + π − K 0S K − π + π + π − K+ K−π +π −π 0

0

CL = 90% CL = 90%

771 768 654 719

– –

861 CL = 95% 861 CL = 95% – 711 844 812 CL = 90% 812 CL = 90% –

ΔC = 1 weak neutral current (C1) modes, Lepton Family number (LF) violating modes, or Lepton number (L) violating modes γγ C1 < 2.6 ×10−5 CL = 90% e+ e− C1 < 1.2 ×10−6 CL = 90% μ+ μ− C1 < 1.3 ×10−6 CL = 90% π 0 e+ e− C1 < 4.5 ×10−5 CL = 90% π 0 μ+ μ− C1 < 1.8 ×10−4 CL = 90% ηe+ e− C1 < 1.1 ×10−4 CL = 90% ημ+ μ− C1 < 5.3 ×10−4 CL = 90% π + π − e+ e− C1 < 3.73 ×10−4 CL = 90% ρ 0 e+ e− C1 < 1.0 ×10−4 CL = 90% π + π − μ+ μ− C1 < 3.0 ×10−5 CL = 90% ρ 0 μ+ μ− C1 < 2.2 ×10−5 CL = 90% ωe+ e− C1 < 1.8 ×10−4 CL = 90% ωμ+ μ− C1 < 8.3 ×10−4 CL = 90% K − K + e+ e− C1 < 3.15 ×10−4 CL = 90% φe+ e− C1 < 5.2 ×10−5 CL = 90% K − K + μ+ μ− C1 < 3.3 ×10−5 CL = 90% φμ+ μ− C1 < 3.1 ×10−5 CL = 90% K 0 e+ e− [uu] < 1.1 ×10−4 CL = 90% K 0 μ+ μ− [uu] < 2.6 ×10−4 CL = 90% K − π + e+ e− C1 < 3.85 ×10−4 CL = 90% K ∗ (892) 0 e+ e− [uu] < 4.7 ×10−5 CL = 90% K − π + μ+ μ− C1 < 3.59 ×10−4 CL = 90% K ∗ (892) 0 μ+ μ− [uu] < 2.4 ×10−5 CL = 90% π + π − π 0 μ+ μ− C1 < 8.1 ×10−4 CL = 90% μ± e∓ LF [gg] < 8.1 ×10−7 CL = 90% π 0 e ± μ∓ LF [gg] < 8.6 ×10−5 CL = 90% ηe± μ∓ LF [gg] < 1.0 ×10−4 CL = 90% π + π − e± μ∓ LF [gg] < 1.5 ×10−5 CL = 90% ρ 0 e ± μ∓ LF [gg] < 4.9 ×10−5 CL = 90% ωe± μ∓ LF [gg] < 1.2 ×10−4 CL = 90% K − K + e± μ∓ LF [gg] < 1.8 ×10−4 CL = 90% φe± μ∓ LF [gg] < 3.4 ×10−5 CL = 90% K 0 e ± μ∓ LF [gg] < 1.0 ×10−4 CL = 90% K − π + e± μ∓ LF [gg] < 5.53 ×10−4 CL = 90% K ∗ (892) 0 e± μ∓ LF [gg] < 8.3 ×10−5 CL = 90% π − π − e+ e+ + c.c. L < 1.12 ×10−4 CL = 90%

932 932 926 927 915 852 838 922 771 894 754 768 751 791 654 709 631 866 852 861 719 829 700 863 929 924 848 911 767 764 754 648 862 848 714 922

Meson Summary Table

11-20 π − π − μ+ μ+ + c.c. K − π − e+ e+ + c.c. K − π − μ+ μ+ + c.c. K − K − e+ e+ + c.c. K − K − μ+ μ+ + c.c. π − π − e+ μ+ + c.c. K − π − e+ μ+ + c.c. K − K − e+ μ+ + c.c.

D∗ (2007)0

< 2.9 ×10−5 < 2.06 ×10−4 < 3.9 ×10−4 < 1.52 ×10−4 < 9.4 ×10−5 < 7.9 ×10−5 < 2.18 ×10−4 < 5.7 ×10−5

L L L L L L L L

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

894 861 829 791 709 911 848 754

D2∗ (2460)±

J P = 2+ assignment strongly favored. Mass m = 2459 ± 4 MeV (S = 1.7) mD∗ (2460)± − mD∗ (2460)0 = 2.4 ± 1.7 MeV 2

2

Full width � = 29 ± 5 MeV

D∗2 (2460) − modes are charge conjugates of modes below.

D2∗ (2460) ±

I ( J P ) = 12 (1− )

Mass m = 2006.7 ± 0.4 MeV (S = 1.1) mD∗0 − mD0 = 142.12 ± 0.07 MeV Full width � < 2.1 MeV, CL = 90%

D∗ (2007) 0 modes are charge conjugates of modes below. 0

D (2007) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

D0π 0 D0γ

(61.9 ± 2.9) (38.1 ± 2.9)

D∗ (2010)±

43 137

Ds± was F ∓

I, J , P need confirmation.

(67.7 ± 0.5) (30.7 ± 0.5) (1.6 ± 0.4)

s

D1 (2420)0

39 38 136

D+s DECAY MODES

(S = 1.2)

1

Full width � = 20.4 ± 1.7 MeV

D1 (2420) 0 modes are charge conjugates of modes below. Fraction (�i / �)

D∗ (2010) + π − D0 π + π − D+ π − D∗0 π + π −

seen seen not seen not seen

D2∗ (2460)0

p (MeV/c) 355 426 474 281

I ( J P ) = 12 (2+ )

J P = 2+ assignment strongly favored. Mass m = 2461.1 ± 1.6 MeV (S = 1.3) mD∗0 − mD+ = 593.9 ± 0.8 2

Full width � = 43 ± 4 MeV

(S = 1.8)

D∗2 (2460) 0 modes are charge conjugates of modes below.

D2∗ (2460)0 DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

D+ π − D∗ (2010) + π − D0 π + π − D∗0 π + π −

seen seen not seen not seen

Unless otherwise noted, the branching fractions for modes with a resonance in conjugates of the modes below.

I, J , P need confirmation.

D1 (2420)0 DECAY MODES

D+s form factors r2 = 1.32 ± 0.24 (S = 1.2) rv = 1.72 ± 0.21 � L / �T = 0.72 ± 0.18

the final state include all the decay modes of the resonance. D− s modes are charge

I ( J P ) = 12 (1+ )

Mass m = 2422.3 ± 1.3 MeV mD0 − mD∗+ = 411.7 ± 0.8

(S = 1.3)

T-violation decay-rate asymmetry AT ( K 0S K ± π + π − ) = −0.04 ± 0.07 p (MeV/c)

% % %

507 390 456 319

I ( J P ) = 0(0− )

Mean life τ = (500 ± 7) × 10−15 s cτ = 149.9 μm

D∗ (2010) − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below.

D0 π + D+ π 0 D+ γ

p (MeV/c)

Mass m = 1968.2 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) mD± − mD± = 98.85 ± 0.30 MeV (S = 1.4)

Mass m = 2010.0 ± 0.4 MeV (S = 1.1) mD∗ (2010)+ − mD+ = 140.64 ± 0.10 MeV (S = 1.1) mD∗ (2010)+ − mD0 = 145.421 ± 0.010 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width � = 96 ± 22 keV Fraction (�i / �)

Fraction (�i / �) seen seen not seen not seen

CHARMED, STRANGE MESONS (C = S = ±1) − similarly for D∗s ’s D+ s = cs, Ds = cs,

p (MeV/c) % %

I ( J P ) = 12 (1− )

D∗ (2010)± DECAY MODES

DECAY MODES

D0 π + D∗0 π + D+ π + π − D∗+ π + π −

I, J , P need confirmation.

∗

I ( J P ) = 12 (2+ )

p (MeV/c) 506 389 462 325

K − anything K 0 anything + K 0 anything K + anything (non-K K) anything e+ anything φ anything μ + νμ τ + ντ φ�+ ν� η�+ ν� + η� (958)�+ ν� η�+ ν� η� (958)�+ ν� K+ K0 K+ K−π + φπ + φπ + , φ → K + K − K + K ∗ (892) 0 , K ∗0 → K−π + f0 (980)π + , f0 → K+ K− K + K ∗0 (1430) 0 , K ∗0 → K − π + K0 K0π + K ∗ (892) + K 0 K+ K−π +π 0 φπ + π 0

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (�i / �) Inclusive modes (13+14 % −12 ) (39 ± 28) %

– –

(20+18 −14 ) (64 ± 17) (8+6 −5 ) (18+15 −10 )

– – – –

% % % %

Leptonic and semileptonic modes (6.1 ± 1.9) ×10−3 S = 1.4 (6.4 ± 1.5) % [ddd] (2.4 ± 0.4) % S = 1.1 [ddd] (4.2 ± 0.8) % [ddd] (3.1 ± 0.6) % [ddd] (1.08 ± 0.35) %

981 182 720 – 908 751

Hadronic modes with a K K (4.4 ± 0.9) % [qq] (5.2 ± 0.9) % [eee] (4.4 ± 0.6) % (2.16 ± 0.28) % (2.5 ± 0.5) %

850 805 711 712 416

pair S = 1.1 S = 1.1 S = 1.1

(5.7 ± 2.5)

×10−3

732

(4.8 ± 2.5)

×10

−3

218

[eee]

(5.3 ± 1.3)

[eee]

(11 ± 5)

— % — %

802 683 748 686

Meson Summary Table φ ρ+ φ π + π 0 3-body K + K − π + π 0 non-φ K + K 0 π+ π− K 0 K − π+ π+ K ∗ (892) + K ∗ (892) 0 K 0 K − π+ π+ (non-K ∗+ K ∗0 ) K + K − π+ π+ π− φ π+ π+ π− K + K − ρ 0 π + non-φ φ ρ0 π + φ a1 (1260) + K + K − π+ π+ π− nonresonant K 0S K 0S π + π + π −

11-21

[eee] (8.2+2.0 −2.4 ) [eee] < 3.1 < 11 (3.1 ± 0.9) (5.3 ± 1.4) [eee] (7.0 ± 2.7) < 3.5

% % % % % % %

401 CL = 90% 686 CL = 90% 748 744 744 416 CL = 90% 744

(8.3 ± 2.0) ×10−3 (1.18 ± 0.20) % < 2.5 ×10−4 CL = 90% [eee] (1.24 ± 0.33) % [eee] (2.9 ± 0.7) % (8 ± 7) ×10−4 [eee]

(2.7 ± 1.3)

673 640 248 181 † 673

959 959 559 421 935 902 822 899 902 724 885 856 743 803 464 720

Modes with one or three K ’s < 1.9 ×10−3 CL = 90% 916 (6.6 ± 1.4) ×10−3 900 (2.6 ± 0.7) ×10−3 744 → (7.0 ± 2.9) ×10−4 –

K + K + π−

(1.4 ± 0.4)

×10−3

775

(1.2 ± 0.4)

×10−3

–

(5 ± 4)

×10−4

–

(1.0 ± 0.4)

×10−3

900

(4.6 ± 1.8) [eee] < 6

×10−4 627 ×10−4 CL = 90% 606

Doubly Cabibbo-suppressed modes (2.7 ± 1.2) ×10−4

ΔC = 1 weak neutral current (C1) modes, Lepton family number (LF), or Lepton number (L) violating modes [uu] < 2.7 ×10−4 π + e+ e− [uu] < 2.6 ×10−5 π + μ+ μ− C1 < 1.6 ×10−3 K + e+ e− C1 < 3.6 ×10−5 K + μ+ μ− C1 < 1.4 ×10−3 K ∗ (892) + μ+ μ− LF [gg] < 6.1 ×10−4 π + e ± μ∓ LF [gg] < 6.3 ×10−4 K + e ± μ∓ L < 6.9 ×10−4 π − e+ e+ L < 2.9 ×10−5 π − μ+ μ+ L < 7.3 ×10−4 π − e + μ+ L < 6.3 ×10−4 K − e+ e+ L < 1.3 ×10−5 K − μ+ μ+ L < 6.8 ×10−4 K − e + μ+ L < 1.4 ×10−3 K ∗ (892) − μ+ μ+

I ( J P ) = 0(?? )

J P is natural, width and decay modes consistent with 1− . Mass m = 2112.0 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1) − mD ±s = 143.8 ± 0.4 MeV mD ∗± s Full width � < 1.9 MeV, CL = 90% D ∗− s modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Ds∗+ DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

D+ s γ 0 D+ s π

(94.2 ± 0.7)% (5.8 ± 0.7)%

669

×10−3

Hadronic modes without K ’s (1.22 ± 0.23) % S = 1.2 π+ π+ π− [fff ] (1.06 ± 0.22) % π + (π + π − ) S−wave (1.2 ± 0.7) ×10−3 f2 (1270) π + , f2 → π+ π− ρ(1450) 0 π + , ρ 0 → (8±7) ×10−4 π+ π− π+ π+ π− π0 < 15 % CL = 90% [eee] (2.11 ± 0.35) % ηπ+ [eee] (3.4 ± 1.2) ×10−3 ωπ+ (7.6 ± 1.6) ×10−3 3π + 2π − — π+ π+ π− π0 π0 [eee] (13.1 ± 2.6) % η ρ+ [eee] < 5 % CL = 90% η π + π 0 3-body (4.9 ± 3.2) % 3π + 2π − π 0 � + [eee] (4.7 ± 0.7) % η (958) π — 3π + 2π − 2π 0 [eee] (12.2 ± 2.4) % η� (958) ρ + [eee] < 1.8 % CL = 90% η� (958) π + π 0 3-body K 0 π+ K + π+ π− K + ρ0 K + ρ(1450) 0 , ρ 0 π+ π− K ∗ (892) 0 π + , K ∗0 → K + π − K ∗ (1410) 0 π + , K ∗0 → K + π − K ∗ (1430) 0 π + , K ∗0 → K + π − K + π + π − nonresonant K+K+K− φK+

DS∗±

805

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

979 968 922 909 765 976 919 979 968 976 922 909 919 765

∗ Ds0 (2317)±

p (MeV/c) 139 48

I ( J P ) = 0(0+ ) J , P need confirmation.

J P is natural, low mass consistent with 0+ . Mass m = 2317.3 ± 0.6 MeV mD ∗ (2317)± − m D ±s = 349.1 ± 0.6 MeV s0 Full width � < 4.6 MeV, CL = 90% ∗ Ds1 (2460)±

I ( J P ) = 0(1+ )

Mass m = 2458.9 ± 0.9 MeV (S = 1.1) = 346.9 ± 1.0 MeV (S = 1.2) m Ds1 (2460)± − m D ∗± s mDs1 (2460)± − m D ±s = 490.7 ± 0.9 MeV (S = 1.2) Full width � < 5.5 MeV, CL = 90% ∗ Ds1 (2536)±

I ( J P ) = 0(1+ ) J , P need confirmation.

Mass m = 2535.35 ± 0.34 ± 0.5 MeV Full width � < 2.3 MeV, CL = 90% Ds1 (2536) − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Ds1 (2536)± DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

0

D (2010) K D ∗ (2007) 0 K + D+ K 0 D0 K + D± s γ ∗

+

Ds2 (2573)±

p (MeV/c)

seen seen not seen not seen possibly seen

150 168 382 392 388

I ( J P ) = 0(?? )

J P is natural, width and decay modes consistent with 2+ . Mass m = 2573.5 ± 1.7 MeV Full width � = 15+5 −4 MeV Ds2 (2573) − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Ds2 DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

D0 K + D ∗ (2007) 0 K +

seen not seen

p (MeV/c) 436 246

Meson Summary Table

11-22

BOTTOM MESONS (B = ±1) B+ = ub, B0 = db, B0 = db, B− = ub, similarly for B∗ ’s B-particle organization Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B± section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections: “B± /B0 Admixture” for ϒ(4S) results and “B± /B0 / B0s /b-baryon Admixture” for results at higher energies. Most inclusive decay branching fractions and χb at high energy are found in the Admixture sections. B0 -B0 mixing data are found in the B0 section, while B0s -B0s mixing data and B-B mixing data for a B0 /B0s admixture are found in the B0s section. CPviolation data are found in the B± , B0 , and B± B0 Admixture sections. b-baryons are found near the end of the Baryon section. The organization of the B sections is now as follows, where bullets indicate particle sections and brackets indicate reviews. • B± mass, mean life, branching fractions CP violation • B0 mass, mean life, branching fractions polarization in B0 decay, B0 -B0 mixing, CP violation • B± B0 Admixtures branching fractions, CP violation • B± /B0 /B0s /b-baryon Admixtures mean life, production fractions, branching fractions χb at high energy,Vcb measurements • B∗ mass • B0s mass, mean life, branching fractions polarization in B0s decay, B0s - B0s mixing • B± c mass, mean life, branching fractions At end of Baryon Listings: • �b mass, mean life, branching fractions • b-baryon Admixture mean life, branching fractions

B±

I ( J P ) = 12 (0− )

I, J, P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quarkmodel predictions. Mass m B± = 5279.0 ± 0.5 MeV Mean life τ B± = (1.638 ± 0.011) × 10−12 s cτ = 491.1 μm

CP violation AC P ( B+ → J /ψ(1S) K + ) = −0.024 ± 0.014 AC P ( B+ → J /ψ(1S)π + ) = 0.09 ± 0.08 AC P ( B+ → J /ψ K ∗ (892) + ) = 0.048 ± 0.033 AC P ( B+ → ψ(2S) K + ) = −0.025 ± 0.024 AC P ( B+ → ψ(2S) K ∗ (892) + ) = −0.08 ± 0.21 AC P ( B+ → χc1 K + ) = 0.00 ± 0.08 AC P ( B+ → χc1 K ∗ (892) + ) = −0.5 ± 0.5 AC P ( B+ → D0 π + ) = −0.008 ± 0.008 AC P ( B+ → DC P(+1) π + ) = 0.035 ± 0.024 AC P ( B+ → DC P(−1) π + ) = 0.017 ± 0.026 AC P ( B+ → D0 K + ) = 0.07 ± 0.04 r B ( B+ → D0 K + ) = 0.12 ± 0.09 δ B ( B+ → D0 K + ) = 104 ± 50 degrees AC P ( B+ → [K − π + ] D K + ) = 0.9+0.8 −0.6 AC P ( B+ → [K − π + ] D K ∗ (892) + ) = −0.2 ± 0.6 AC P ( B+ → [K − π + ] Dπ + ) = 0.30+0.30 −0.26 AC P ( B+ → [π + π − π 0 ] D K + ) = −0.02 ± 0.16 AC P ( B+ → DC P(+1) K + ) = 0.22 ± 0.14(S = 1.4) AC P ( B+ → DC P(−1) K + ) = −0.09 ± 0.10 AC P ( B+ → D∗0 π + ) = −0.014 ± 0.015 AC P ( B+ → ( DC∗ P(+1) ) 0 π + ) = −0.02 ± 0.05 AC P ( B+ → ( DC∗ P(−1) ) 0 π + ) = −0.09 ± 0.05 AC P ( B+ → D∗0 K + ) = −0.09 ± 0.09 r ∗B ( B+ → D∗0 K + ) = 0.17 ± 0.11 δ ∗B ( B+ → D∗0 K + ) = −64 ± 50 degrees AC P ( B+ → DC∗0P(+1) K + ) = −0.15 ± 0.16 AC P ( B+ → DC∗ P(−1) K + ) = 0.13 ± 0.31 AC P ( B+ → DC P(+1) K ∗ (892) + ) = −0.08 ± 0.21 AC P ( B+ → DC P(−1) K ∗ (892) + ) = −0.3 ± 0.4 AC P ( B+ → K 0S π + ) = −0.02 ± 0.07(S = 1.9) AC P ( B+ → K + π 0 ) = 0.04 ± 0.04 AC P ( B+ → K + η� ) = 0.020 ± 0.025 AC P ( B+ → ηK + ) = −0.25 ± 0.14 AC P ( B+ → ηK ∗ (892) + ) = 0.13 ± 0.14 AC P ( B+ → ωK + ) = −0.02 ± 0.13 AC P ( B+ → K ∗0 π + ) = 0.07 ± 0.10 AC P ( B+ → K + π − π + ) = −0.01 ± 0.04 AC P ( B+ → f0 (980) K + ) = 0.09+0.14 −0.11 AC P ( B+ → ρ 0 K + ) = 0.32 ± 0.16 AC P ( B+ → K ∗0 (1430) 0 π + ) = −0.06 ± 0.04 AC P ( B+ → K ∗ (892) + π 0 ) = 0.04 ± 0.29 AC P ( B+ → ρ 0 K ∗ (892) + ) = 0.20 ± 0.31 AC P ( B+ → K 0 K + ) = 0.15 ± 0.33 AC P ( B+ → K + K 0S K 0S ) = −0.04 ± 0.11 AC P ( B+ → K + K − K + ) = 0.02 ± 0.08 AC P ( B+ → φ K + ) = 0.01 ± 0.07 AC P ( B+ → φ K ∗ (892) + ) = 0.05 ± 0.11 AC P ( B+ → ηK + γ ) = −0.16 ± 0.11 AC P ( B+ → π + π 0 ) = −0.02 ± 0.07 AC P ( B+ → π + π − π + ) = −0.01 ± 0.08 AC P ( B+ → ρ 0 π + ) = −0.07 ± 0.13 AC P ( B+ → f2 (1270)π + ) = 0.00 ± 0.25 AC P ( B+ → ρ + π 0 ) = 0.15 ± 0.12 AC P ( B+ → ρ + ρ 0 ) = −0.09 ± 0.16 AC P ( B+ → ωπ + ) = 0.10 ± 0.22(S = 1.9) AC P ( B+ → ωρ + ) = 0.05 ± 0.26 AC P ( B+ → ηπ + ) = −0.05 ± 0.10 AC P ( B+ → η� π + ) = 0.14 ± 0.16 AC P ( B+ → ηρ + ) = 0.02 ± 0.18 AC P ( B+ → ppπ + ) = −0.16 ± 0.22 AC P ( B+ → ppK + ) = −0.05 ± 0.11 γ ( B+ → D(∗) K + ) = (75 ± 20) ◦

Meson Summary Table

11-23

B− modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Modes which do not identify the charge state of the B are listed in the B± /B0 ADMIXTURE section. 0

0

The branching fractions listed below assume 50% B B and 50% B B production at the ϒ(4S). We have attempted to bring older measurements up to date by rescaling their assumed ϒ(4S) production ratio to 50:50 and their assumed D, Ds , D∗ , and ψ branching ratios to current values whenever this would affect our averages and best limits significantly. +

−

Indentation is used to indicate a subchannel of a previous reaction. All resonant subchannels have been corrected for resonance branching fractions to the final state so the sum of the subchannel branching fractions can exceed that of the final state. For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B → D± anything, the values usually are

multiplicities, not branching fractions. They can be greater than one.

B + DECAY MODES � ν� anything D0 �+ ν� D∗ (2007) 0 �+ ν� D1 (2420) 0 �+ ν� D∗2 (2460) 0 �+ ν� D− π + �+ ν� D∗− π + �+ ν� π 0 �+ ν� η�+ ν� ω�+ ν� ρ 0 �+ ν� ppe+ νe e + νe μ+ νμ τ + ντ e + νe γ μ+ νμ γ +

Fraction (�i / �)

Semileptonic and leptonic modes [ggg] (10.9 ± 0.4) % [ggg] (2.15 ± 0.22) % [ggg] (6.5 ± 0.5) % (5.6 ± 1.6) ×10−3 <8 ×10−3 CL = 90% (5.3 ± 1.0) ×10−3 (6.4 ± 1.5) ×10−3 (7.4 ± 1.1) ×10−5 (8 ± 4) ×10−5 [ggg] (1.3 ± 0.6) ×10−4 [ggg] (1.24 ± 0.23) ×10−4 < 5.2 ×10−3 CL = 90% < 1.5 ×10−5 CL = 90% < 6.6 ×10−6 CL = 90% < 2.6 ×10−4 CL = 90% < 2.0 ×10−4 CL = 90% < 5.2 ×10−5 CL = 90%

– 2310 2258 2084 2066 2306 2254 2638 2611 2582 2583 2467 2640 2638 2340 2640 2638

CL = 90%

– – – – – – – – – – –

Inclusive modes (9.8 ± 1.1) % (79 ± 5) % (3.8 ± 1.0) % (9.8 ± 1.8) % (14+5 % −4 ) < 2.2 % (2.9+1.4 % −1.1 ) (3.5+1.5 % −1.2 ) (98 ± 6) % % (33+6 −4 ) (131+10 % −8 )

D0 X D0 X D+ X D− X D+ s X D− s X �+ c X �− c X cX cX ccX D0 π + DCP(+1) π + DCP(−1) π + D0 ρ + D0 K + DCP(+1) K + DCP(−1) K + [ K − π + ]D π + [ π + π − π 0 ]D K − D0 K ∗ (892) + DC P(−1) K ∗ (892) + DC P(+1) K ∗ (892) + D0 K + K 0 D0 K + K ∗ (892) 0 D0 π + π + π − D0 π + π + π − nonresonant D0 π + ρ 0 D0 a1 (1260) + D0 ωπ + D∗ (2010) − π + π + D− π + π + D+ K 0 D∗ (2007) 0 π +

Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)

[hhh] [hhh]

[hhh] [hhh] [iii]

[hhh] [hhh]

D, D∗ , or Ds modes (4.92 ± 0.20) ×10−3 (4.0 ± 0.8) ×10−3 (3.6 ± 0.8) ×10−3 (1.34 ± 0.18) % (4.08 ± 0.24) ×10−4 (3.7 ± 0.6) ×10−4 (3.5 ± 0.5) ×10−4 (1.7 ± 0.5) ×10−5 (5.5 ± 1.2) ×10−6 (6.3 ± 0.8) ×10−4 (2.0 ± 0.9) ×10−4 (6.2 ± 1.5) ×10−4 (5.5 ± 1.6) ×10−4 (7.5 ± 1.7) ×10−4 (1.1 ± 0.4) % (5 ± 4) ×10−3

(4.2 ± 3.0) (4 ± 4) (4.1 ± 0.9) (1.35 ± 0.22) (1.02 ± 0.16) < 5.0 (4.6 ± 0.4)

×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−6 CL = 90% ×10−3

2308 – – 2237 2281 – – – – 2213 – – 2189 2071 2289 2289 2207 2123 2206 2247 2299 2278 2256

D∗ (2007) 0 ωπ + D∗ (2007) 0 ρ + D∗ (2007) 0 K + D∗ (2007) 0 K ∗ (892) + D∗ (2007) 0 K + K 0 D∗ (2007) 0 K + K ∗ (892) 0 D∗ (2007) 0 π + π + π − D∗ (2007) 0 a1 (1260) + D∗ (2007) 0 π − π + π + π 0 D∗0 3π + 2π − D∗ (2010) + π 0 D∗ (2010) + K 0 D∗ (2010) − π + π + π 0 D∗ (2010) − π + π + π + π − D∗1 (2420) 0 π + D1 (2420) 0 π + ×B(D01 → D0 π + π − ) D∗2 (2462) 0 π + ×B(D∗2 (2462) 0 → D− π + ) D∗0 (2308) 0 π + × B(D∗0 (2308) 0 → D− π + ) D1 (2421) 0 π + × B(D1 (2421) 0 → D∗− π + ) D∗2 (2462) 0 π + × B(D∗2 (2462) 0 → D∗− π + ) D�1 (2427) 0 π + × B(D�1 (2427) 0 → D∗− π + ) D1 (2420) 0 π + ×B(D01 → D∗0 π + π − ) D∗1 (2420) 0 ρ + D∗2 (2460) 0 π + D∗2 (2460) 0 π + ×B(D∗0 2 → D∗0 π + π − ) D∗2 (2460) 0 ρ + D0 D+ s Ds0 (2317) + D0 × 0 B(Ds0 (2317) + → D+ s π ) Ds0 (2317) + D0 × B(Ds0 (2317) + → D∗+ s γ) Ds0 (2317) + D∗ (2010) 0 × 0 B(Ds0 (2317) + → D+ s π ) Ds J (2457) + D0 × 0 B(Ds J (2457) + → D∗+ s π ) Ds J (2457) + D0 × B(Ds J (2457) + → D+ s γ) Ds J (2457) + D0 × + B(Ds J (2457) → + − D+ s π π ) Ds J (2457) + D0 × 0 B(Ds J (2457) + → D+ s π ) Ds J (2457) + D0 × B(Ds J (2457) + → D∗+ s γ) Ds J (2457) + D∗ (2010) 0 × 0 B(Ds J (2457) + → D∗+ s π ) Ds J (2457) + D∗ (2010) 0 × B(Ds J (2457) + → D+ s γ) D0 Ds J (2536) + × + B(Ds J (2536) → D∗ (2007) 0 K + ) ∗ D (2007) 0 Ds J (2536) + × B(Ds J (2536) + → D∗ (2007) 0 K + ) D0 Ds J (2573) + × B(Ds J (2573) + → D0 K + ) D∗ (2007) 0 Ds J (2573) + × B(Ds J (2573) + → D0 K + ) D0 D∗+ s D∗ (2007) 0 D+ s ∗ D (2007) 0 D∗+ s (∗)+ ∗∗0 Ds D D∗ (2007) 0 D∗ (2010) +

(4.5 ± 1.2) (9.8 ± 1.7) (3.7 ± 0.4) (8.1 ± 1.4) < 1.06 (1.5 ± 0.4) (1.03 ± 0.12) (1.9 ± 0.5) (1.8 ± 0.4) (5.7 ± 1.2) < 1.7 < 9.0 (1.5 ± 0.7) (2.6 ± 0.4) (1.5 ± 0.6) (1.9+0.5 −0.6 )

×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3 % % % ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−6 % ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−4

(3.4 ± 0.8)

×10−4

–

(6.1 ± 1.9)

×10

−4

–

(6.8 ± 1.5)

×10−4

–

(1.8 ± 0.5)

×10−4

–

(5.0 ± 1.2)

×10−4

–

CL = 90%

CL = 90 % CL = 90 % S = 1.3

2149 2181 2227 2156 2132 2008 2236 2063 2219 2196 2255 2225 2235 2217 2081 2081

<6

×10−6 CL = 90 %

2081

< 1.4 < 1.3 < 2.2

×10−3 CL = 90 % ×10−3 CL = 90 % ×10−5 CL = 90 %

1995 2063 2063

< 4.7 ×10−3 CL = 90 % (1.09 ± 0.27) % (7.4+2.3 ×10−4 −1.9 )

1976 1815 1605

< 7.6

1605

×10−4 CL = 90 %

(9 ± 7)

×10−4

–

(1.4+0.6 −0.5 )

×10−3 S = 1.3

–

(4.7+1.4 −1.2 )

–

−4

×10

< 2.2

×10

CL = 90 %

–

< 2.7

×10−4 CL = 90 %

–

< 9.8

×10−4 CL = 90 %

–

(7.6+3.6 −2.9 )

×10−3

–

(1.4+0.7 −0.6 )

−3

–

−4

×10

<2

×10

CL = 90 %

1447

<7

×10−4 CL = 90 %

1338

<2

×10−4 CL = 90 %

1416

<5

×10−4 CL = 90 %

1305

(7.2 ± 2.6) (10 ± 4) (2.2 ± 0.7) (2.7 ± 1.2) < 1.1

×10−3 ×10−3 % % % CL = 90 %

1734 1737 1651 – 1713

−4

Meson Summary Table

11-24 D0 D∗ (2010) + + D∗ (2007) 0 D+ D0 D∗ (2010) + D0 D+ D0 D+ K 0 D∗ (2007) 0 D+ K 0 D0 D∗ (2010) + K 0 D∗ (2007) 0 D∗ (2010) + K 0 D0 D0 K + D∗ (2010) 0 D0 K + D0 D∗ (2007) 0 K + D∗ (2007) 0 D∗ (2007) 0 K + D− D+ K + D− D∗ (2010) + K + D∗ (2010) − D+ K + D∗ (2010) − D∗ (2010) + K + ( D + D∗ )( D + D∗ ) K 0 D+ s π 0 D∗+ s π D+ s η D∗+ s η 0 D+ s ρ 0 D∗+ s ρ D+ ω s D∗+ s ω 0 D+ s a1 (1260) 0 D∗+ s a1 (1260) D+ s φ D∗+ s φ 0 D+ s K 0 D∗+ s K ∗ D+ K (892) 0 s ∗ 0 D∗+ s K (892) + + D− s π K + + D∗− s π K + ∗ + D− s π K (892) + ∗ + D∗− s π K (892) ηc K + η�c K + J /ψ(1S) K + J /ψ(1S) K + π + π − hc (1P) K + × B(hc (1P) → J /ψπ + π − ) X(3872) K + X(3872) K + × B(X → J /ψπ + π − ) X(3872) K + × B(X(3872) → D0 D0 ) X(3872) K + × B(X(3872) → D+ D− ) X(3872) K + × B(X(3872) → D0 D0 π 0 ) X(3872) K + × B(X(3872) → J /ψ(1S)η) X(3872) + K 0 × B(X(3872) + → J /ψ(1S)π + π 0 ) Y(4260) 0 K + × B(Y0 → J /ψπ + π − ) J /ψ(1S) K ∗ (892) + J /ψ(1S) K(1270) + J /ψ(1S) K(1400) + J /ψ(1S)ηK + J /ψ(1S)φ K + J /ψ(1S)π + J /ψ(1S)ρ + J /ψ(1S)a1 (1260) + J /ψ(1S) p� J /ψ(1S)� 0 p J /ψ(1S) D+ J /ψ(1S) D0 π + ψ(2S) K + ψ(2S) K ∗ (892) + ψ(2S) K + π + π −

< 1.3 (4.6 ± 0.9) (4.8 ± 1.0) < 2.8 < 6.1 (5.2 ± 1.2) (7.8 ± 2.6) (1.37 ± 0.32) < 3.8 (4.7 ± 1.0) (5.3 ± 1.6) <4 <7 (1.5 ± 0.4) < 1.8 (3.5 ± 0.6) < 1.7 < 2.7 <4 <6 < 3.1 <4 <4 <6 < 1.8 < 1.3 < 1.9 < 1.2 <9 <9 <4 <4 <7 < 9.8 <5 <7

%

CL = 90% −4

×10 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3 % ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−6 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3

CL = 90% CL = 90% S = 1.5 CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

Charmonium modes (9.1 ± 1.3) ×10−4 (3.4 ± 1.8) ×10−4 (1.008 ± 0.035) ×10−3 (1.07 ± 0.19) ×10−3 S = 1.9 < 3.4 ×10−6 CL = 90%

[jjj]

1792 1792 1866 1571 1475 1476 1362 1577 – 1481 1368 1571 1475 1475 1363 – 2270 2215 2235 2178 2197 2138 2195 2136 2079 2015 2141 2079 2242 2185 2172 2112 2222 2164 2138 2076 1753 – 1683 1612 1401

< 3.2 (1.14 ± 0.20)

×10−4 CL = 90% ×10−5

1141 1141

< 6.0

×10−5 CL = 90%

1141

< 4.0

×10−5 CL = 90%

1141

< 6.0

×10−5 CL = 90%

1141

< 7.7

×10−6 CL = 90%

1141

< 2.2

×10−5 CL = 90%

–

CL = 95%

–

< 2.9 (1.41 ± 0.08) (1.8 ± 0.5) <5 (1.08 ± 0.33) (5.2 ± 1.7) (4.9 ± 0.6) < 7.7 < 1.2 (1.18 ± 0.31) < 1.1 < 1.2 < 2.5 (6.48 ± 0.35) (6.7 ± 1.4) (1.9 ± 1.2)

−5

×10

−3

×10 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−3

CL = 90% S = 1.2 S = 1.5 CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% S = 1.3

1571 1390 1308 1510 1227 1727 1611 1414 567 – 871 665 1284 1115 1178

ψ(3770) K + ψ(3770) K + × B(ψ(3770) → D0 D0 ) ψ(3770) K + × B(ψ(3770) → D+ D− K + ) χc0 π + ×B(χc0 → π + π − ) χc0 (1P) K + χc0 K ∗ (892) + χc2 K + χc2 K ∗ (892) + χc1 (1P) K + χc1 (1P) K ∗ (892) + K0π + K+π 0 η� K + η� K ∗ (892) + ηK + ηK ∗ (892) + ωK + ωK ∗ (892) + 0 a+ 0 K a 00 K + K ∗ (892) 0 π + K ∗ (892) + π 0 K+π −π + K + π − π + nonresonant K + f0 (980)× B( f0 → π +π −) f2 (1270) 0 K + f ∗0 (1370) 0 K + × B( f ∗0 (1370) 0 → π + π − ) ρ 0 (1450) K + × B(ρ 0 (1450) → π + π − ) f0 (1500) K + × B( f0 (1500) → π + π − ) f �2 (1525) K + × B( f �2 (1525) → π + π − ) K +ρ0 K ∗0 (1430) 0 π + K ∗2 (1430) 0 π + K ∗ (1410) 0 π + K ∗ (1680) 0 π + K−π +π + K − π + π + nonresonant K1 (1400) 0 π + K0π +π 0 K 0ρ+ K ∗ (892) + π + π − K ∗ (892) + ρ 0 K ∗ (892) 0 ρ + K ∗ (892) + K ∗ (892) 0 K1 (1400) + ρ 0 K ∗2 (1430) + ρ 0 K+ K0 K0 K+π 0 K + K 0S K 0S K 0S K 0S π + K+ K−π + K + K − π + nonresonant K+ K+π − K + K + π − nonresonant K + K ∗ (892) 0 K+ K− K+ K+φ f0 (980) K + × B( f0 (980) → K + K − ) a2 (1320) K + × B(a2 (1320) → K + K − ) f �2 (1525) K + × B( f �2 (1525) → K + K − ) φ(1680) K + × B(φ(1680) → K + K − )

(4.9 ± 1.3) (3.4 ± 0.9)

×10−4 ×10−4

1220 1220

(1.4 ± 0.8)

×10−4

1220

<3 (1.6+0.5 −0.4 ) < 2.86 < 2.9 < 1.2 (5.3 ± 0.7) (3.6 ± 0.9)

×10−7 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−4

K or K ∗ modes (2.41 ± 0.17) ×10−5 (1.21 ± 0.08) ×10−5 (7.05 ± 0.35) ×10−5 < 1.4 ×10−5 (2.6 ± 0.6) ×10−6 (2.6 ± 0.4) ×10−5 (5.1 ± 0.7) ×10−6 < 7.4 ×10−6 < 3.9 ×10−6 < 2.5 ×10−6 (1.16 ± 0.19) ×10−5 (6.9 ± 2.4) ×10−6 (5.6 ± 0.9) ×10−5 (3.1+1.0 ×10−6 −0.8 ) (8.9 ± 1.0) ×10−6

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% S = 1.7

S = 1.4 CL = 90% S = 1.3 CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% S = 1.8 S = 2.6

– 1478 – – – 1411 1265 2614 2615 2528 2472 2588 2534 2557 2503 – – 2562 2562 2609 2609 2524

< 2.3 < 1.07

×10−6 CL = 90% ×10−5 CL = 90%

– –

< 1.17

×10−5 CL = 90%

–

< 4.4

×10−6 CL = 90%

2397

< 3.4

×10−6 CL = 90%

2392

(5.0+0.7 −0.8 )

−6

×10 (3.8 ± 0.5) ×10−5 < 6.9 ×10−6 < 4.5 ×10−5 < 1.2 ×10−5 < 1.8 ×10−6 < 5.6 ×10−5 < 2.6 ×10−3 < 6.6 ×10−5 < 4.8 ×10−5 < 1.1 ×10−3 (1.1 ± 0.4) ×10−5 (8.9 ± 2.1) ×10−6 < 7.1 ×10−5 < 7.8 ×10−4 < 1.5 ×10−3 (1.20 ± 0.32) ×10−6 < 2.4 ×10−5 (1.15 ± 0.13) ×10−5 < 3.2 ×10−6 < 6.3 ×10−6 < 7.5 ×10−5 < 1.3 ×10−6 < 8.79 ×10−5 < 5.3 ×10−6 (3.01 ± 0.19) ×10−5 (9.0 ± 0.8) ×10−6 < 2.9 ×10−6

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% S = 1.3 CL = 90%

2558 2448 2445 2448 2358 2609 2609 2451 2609 2558 2556 2504 2504 2484 2387 2381 2593 2578 2521 2577 2578 2578 2578 2578 2540 2522 2516 2524

< 1.1

×10−6 CL = 90%

2449

< 4.9

×10−6 CL = 90%

2392

<8

×10−7 CL = 90%

2344

Meson Summary Table

11-25 (2.40+0.30 ×10−5 −0.62 ) < 1.6 ×10−3 (9.6 ± 3.0) ×10−6 < 1.1 ×10−3 < 3.4 ×10−3 (2.6+1.1 ×10−6 −0.9 ) (4.03 ± 0.26) ×10−5 (4.3 ± 1.3) ×10−5 (8.4 ± 1.8) ×10−6 (3.4 ± 1.0) ×10−6 (2.50 ± 0.28) ×10−5 (2.0+0.7 ×10−5 −0.6 ) < 2.0 ×10−5 < 9.2 ×10−6 < 1.5 ×10−5 (1.4 ± 0.4) ×10−5 < 1.9 ×10−3 < 3.9 ×10−5 < 9.9 ×10−3

K + K − K + nonresonant K ∗ (892) + K + K − K ∗ (892) + φ K1 (1400) + φ K ∗2 (1430) + φ K + φφ K ∗ (892) + γ K1 (1270) + γ ηK + γ φ K+γ K+π −π +γ K ∗ (892) 0 π + γ K +ρ0γ K + π − π + γ nonresonant K1 (1400) + γ K ∗2 (1430) + γ K ∗ (1680) + γ K ∗3 (1780) + γ K ∗4 (2045) + γ

CL = 90% S = 1.9 CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

Light unflavored meson modes ρ+γ < 1.8 ×10−6 CL = 90% + 0 π π (5.5 ± 0.6) ×10−6 π +π +π − (1.62 ± 0.15) ×10−5 ρ0π + (8.7 ± 1.1) ×10−6 π + f0 (980)× < 3.0 ×10−6 CL = 90% B( f0 (980) → π + π − ) π + f2 (1270) (8.2 ± 2.5) ×10−6 ρ(1450) 0 π + < 2.3 ×10−6 CL = 90% f0 (1370)π + ×B( f0 (1370) → < 3.0 ×10−6 CL = 90% + − π π ) + −6 f0 (600)π ×B( f0 (600) → < 4.1 ×10 CL = 90% π +π −) + − + −6 π π π nonresonant < 4.6 ×10 CL = 90% π +π 0π 0 < 8.9 ×10−4 CL = 90% ρ+π 0 (1.20 ± 0.19) ×10−5 π +π −π +π 0 < 4.0 ×10−3 CL = 90% ρ+ρ0 (2.6 ± 0.6) ×10−5 a1 (1260) + π 0 < 1.7 ×10−3 CL = 90% a1 (1260) 0 π + < 9.0 ×10−4 CL = 90% + −6 ωπ (5.9 ± 1.0) ×10 S = 1.2 + −5 ωρ (1.3 ± 0.4) ×10 + −6 ηπ (4.9 ± 0.5) ×10 η� π + (4.0 ± 0.9) ×10−6 η� ρ + < 2.2 ×10−5 CL = 90% ηρ + (8.4 ± 2.2) ×10−6 φπ + < 4.1 ×10−7 CL = 90% φρ + < 1.6 ×10−5 a 00 π + < 5.8 ×10−6 CL = 90% π +π +π +π −π − < 8.6 ×10−4 CL = 90% 0 + −4 ρ a1 (1260) < 6.2 ×10 CL = 90% 0 + −4 ρ a2 (1320) < 7.2 ×10 CL = 90% π +π +π +π −π −π 0 < 6.3 ×10−3 CL = 90% a1 (1260) + a1 (1260) 0 < 1.3 % CL = 90% h± -k± or π ± h+ π 0 ωh+ h+ X0 (Familon) ppπ + ppπ + nonresonant ppπ + π + π − ppK + �(1710) ++ p× B(�(1710) ++ → pK + ) f J (2220) K + × B( f J (2220) → pp) p�(1520) ppK + nonresonant ppK ∗ (892) + p�

2522 2466 2460 2339 2332 2306 2564 2486 2588 2516 2609 2562 2558 2609 2453 2447 2360 2341 2243 2583 2636 2630 2581 2547 2483 2436 2460 – 2630 2631 2581 2621 2523 2494 2494 2580 2522 2609 2551 2492 2553 2539 2480 – 2608 2433 2410 2592 2335

Charged particle (h± ) modes (1.6+0.7 −0.6 ) (1.38+0.27 −0.24 ) < 4.9

×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−5

2636 2580 CL = 90% –

×10−6 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−6 ×10−8

CL = 90% CL = 90% S = 2.4 CL = 90%

< 4.1

×10−7

CL = 90% 2135

< 1.5 < 8.9 (1.03+0.38 −0.33 ) < 4.9

×10−6 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−7

CL = 90% 2322 CL = 90% 2348 2215 CL = 90% 2430

Baryon modes (3.1+0.8 −0.7 ) < 5.3 < 5.2 (5.6 ± 1.0) [kkk] < 9.1 [kkk]

2439 2439 2369 2348 –

p�γ p�γ p�π + π − ��π + ��K + �0 p �++ p D+ pp D∗ (2010) + pp + �− c pπ + 0 �− c pπ π + + − �− c pπ π π + + − 0 �− c pπ π π π � c (2455) 0 p � c (2520) 0 p � c (2455) 0 pπ 0 � c (2455) 0 pπ − π + � c (2455) −− pπ + π + �c (2593) − /�c (2625) − pπ +

(2.2 ± 0.6) ×10−6 < 4.6 ×10−6 < 2.0 ×10−4 < 2.8 ×10−6 (2.9+1.0 ×10−6 −0.8 ) < 3.8 ×10−4 < 1.5 ×10−4 < 1.5 ×10−5 < 1.5 ×10−5 (2.1 ± 0.7) ×10−4 (1.8 ± 0.6) ×10−3 (2.3 ± 0.7) ×10−3 < 1.34 % <8 ×10−5 < 4.6 ×10−5 (4.4 ± 1.8) ×10−4 (4.4 ± 1.7) ×10−4 (2.8 ± 1.2) ×10−4 < 1.9 ×10−4

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90%

2430 2413 2367 2358 2251 2402 2402 1860 1786 1980 1935 1880 1822 1938 1904 1896 1845 1845 –

Lepton Family number (LF) or Lepton number (L) violating modes, or ΔB = 1 weak neutral current (B1) modes π + e+ e− B1 < 3.9 ×10−3 CL = 90% 2638 π + μ+ μ− B1 < 9.1 ×10−3 CL = 90% 2633 π + νν B1 < 1.0 ×10−4 CL = 90% 2638 −7 B1 (8.0+2.2 ) ×10 S = 1.4 2616 K + e+ e− −1.9 −7 K + μ+ μ− B1 (3.4+1.9 ) ×10 S = 1.7 2612 −1.4 B1 [ggg] (5.3 ± 1.1) ×10−7 2616 K + �+ �− K + νν B1 < 5.2 ×10−5 CL = 90% 2616 K ∗ (892) + e+ e− B1 < 4.6 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2564 K ∗ (892) + μ+ μ− B1 < 2.2 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2560 K ∗ (892) + �+ �− B1 [ggg] < 2.2 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2564 π + e + μ− LF < 6.4 ×10−3 CL = 90% 2637 π + e − μ+ LF < 6.4 ×10−3 CL = 90% 2637 K + e + μ− LF <8 ×10−7 CL = 90% 2615 K + e − μ+ LF < 6.4 ×10−3 CL = 90% 2615 K ∗ (892) + e± μ∓ LF < 7.9 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2563 π − e+ e+ L < 1.6 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2638 π − μ+ μ+ L < 1.4 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2633 π − e + μ+ L < 1.3 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2637 ρ − e+ e+ L < 2.6 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2583 ρ − μ+ μ+ L < 5.0 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2578 ρ − e + μ+ L < 3.3 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2581 K − e+ e+ L < 1.0 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2616 K − μ+ μ+ L < 1.8 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2612 K − e + μ+ L < 2.0 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2615 K ∗ (892) − e+ e+ L < 2.8 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2564 K ∗ (892) − μ+ μ+ L < 8.3 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2560 K ∗ (892) − e+ μ+ L < 4.4 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2563

B0

I ( J P ) = 12 (0− )

I, J, P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quarkmodel predictions. Mass mB0 = 5279.4 ± 0.5 MeV mB0 − mB± = 0.33 ± 0.28 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean life τ B0 = (1.530 ± 0.009) × 10−12 s cτ = 458.7 μm τ B+ /τ B0 = 1.071 ± 0.009 (direct measurements) B 0 -B 0 mixing parameters χd = 0.188 ± 0.003 �mB0 = mB0 − mB0 = (0.507 ± 0.005) × 1012 h¯ s −1 H L = (3.337 ± 0.033) × 10−10 MeV xd = �mB0 / � B0 = 0.776 ± 0.008 Re(λC P / |λC P |) Re(z) = 0.01 ± 0.05 Re(z) = 0.00 ± 0.12 Im(z) = −0.002 ± 0.033 (S = 1.4)

Meson Summary Table

11-26 CP violation parameters Re(� B0 )/(1 + |� B0 |2 ) = (−1.3 ± 2.9) × 10−3 AT/C P = 0.005 ± 0.018 AC P ( B0 → D∗ (2010) + D− ) = 0.03 ± 0.07 AC P ( B0 → K ∗ (892) 0 φ) = 0.01 ± 0.07 AC P ( B0 → K + π − ) = −0.113 ± 0.020 AC P ( B0 → K 0S π 0 ) = 0.16 ± 0.29 AC P ( B0 → ηK ∗ (892) 0 ) = 0.02 ± 0.11 AC P ( B0 → ρ + K − ) = 0.26 ± 0.15 AC P ( B0 → K + π − π 0 ) = 0.07 ± 0.11 AC P ( B0 → K ∗ (892) + π − ) = −0.05 ± 0.14 AC P ( B0 → ρ + π − ) = −0.15 ± 0.08 AC P ( B0 → ρ − π + ) = −0.53 ± 0.30 AC P ( B0 → K ∗ (1430)γ ) = −0.08 ± 0.15 CD∗ (2010)− D+ ( B0 → D∗ (2010) − D+ ) = 0.20 ± 0.18 S D∗ (2010)− D+ ( B0 → D∗ (2010) − D+ ) = −0.53 ±0.32 (S = 1.2) CD∗ (2010)+ D− ( B0 → D∗ (2010) + D− ) = −0.17 ±0.23 (S = 1.3) S D∗ (2010)+ D− ( B0 → D∗ (2010) + D− ) = −0.54 ± 0.27 CD∗ + D∗ − ( B0 → D∗ + D∗ − ) = 0.27 ± 0.17 S D∗ + D∗ − ( B0 → D∗ + D∗ − ) = −0.2 ± 0.4 (S = 1.2) C+ ( B0 → D∗+ D∗− ) = 0.06 ± 0.17 S+ ( B0 → D∗+ D∗− ) = −0.75 ± 0.25 C− ( B0 → D∗+ D∗− ) = −0.2 ± 1.0 S− ( B0 → D∗+ D∗− ) = −1.8 ± 1.8 CD+ D− ( B0 → D+ D− ) = 0.1 ± 0.4 S D+ D− ( B0 → D+ D− ) = −0.3 ± 0.6 C J /ψ(1S)π 0 ( B0 → J /ψ(1S)π 0 ) = 0.13 ± 0.24 S J /ψ(1S)π 0 ( B0 → J /ψ(1S)π 0 ) = −0.4 ± 0.4 (S = 1.1) CωK 0 ( B0 → ωK 0S ) = −0.3 ± 0.5 S

SωK 0 ( B0 → ωK 0S ) = 0.8 ± 0.7 S

Cη� (958) K ( B0 → η� (958) K 0S ) = −0.04 ± 0.20 (S = 2.5) Sη� (958) K ( B0 → η� (958) K 0S ) = 0.43 ± 0.17 (S = 1.5) C f (980) K 0 ( B0 → f0 (980) K 0S ) = 0.39 ± 0.28

0 S 0 0 0 ( B → f0 (980) K S ) = 0.5 ± 0.4 0 (980) K S 0 CK S K S K S ( B → K S K S K S ) = −0.41 ± 0.21 (S = 2.4) SK S K S K S ( B0 → K S K S K S ) = −0.3+0.8 −0.7 CK + K − K 0 ( B0 → K + K − K 0S ) = 0.09 ± 0.10 S SK + K − K 0 ( B0 → K + K − K 0S ) = −0.45 ± 0.13 S 0 Cφ K 0 ( B → φ K 0S ) = −0.04 ± 0.17 S Sφ K 0 ( B0 → φ K 0S ) = 0.35 ± 0.21 S CK 0 π 0 ( B0 → K 0S π 0 ) = 0.08 ± 0.14 S SK 0 π 0 ( B0 → K 0S π 0 ) = 0.34 ± 0.28 S CK 0 π 0 γ ( B0 → K 0S π 0 γ ) = −0.3 ± 0.4 (S = 1.5) S SK 0 π 0 γ ( B0 → K 0S π 0 γ ) = −0.3+0.6 (S = 1.3) −0.5 S CK ∗ (892)0 γ ( B0 → K ∗ (892) 0 γ ) = −0.40 ± 0.23 SK ∗ (892)0 γ ( B0 → K ∗ (892) 0 γ ) = −0.39 ± 0.33 Cπ π ( B0 → π + π − ) = −0.36 ± 0.23 (S = 2.3) Sπ π ( B0 → π + π − ) = −0.49 ± 0.18 (S = 1.5) Cπ 0 π 0 ( B0 → π 0 π 0 ) = −0.3 ± 0.4 Cρπ ( B0 → ρ + π − ) = 0.30 ± 0.13 Sρπ ( B0 → ρ + π − ) = −0.04 ± 0.23 (S = 1.3) �Cρπ ( B0 → ρ + π − ) = 0.33 ± 0.13 �Sρπ ( B0 → ρ + π − ) = −0.07 ± 0.22 (S = 1.3) Cρρ ( B0 → ρ + ρ − ) = −0.02 ± 0.17 Sρρ ( B0 → ρ + ρ − ) = −0.22 ± 0.22 0 0

Sf

|λ|( B → ccK ) = 0.969 ± 0.028 |λ|( B0 → J /ψ K ∗ (892) 0 ) < 0.25, CL=95% (S = 1.6) cos 2β( B0 → J /ψ K ∗ (892) 0 ) = 1.7+0.7 −0.9 (S+ + S− )/2( B0 → D∗− π + ) = −0.028 ± 0.017 (S = 1.3) (S− − S+ )/2( B0 → D∗− π + ) = −0.001 ± 0.018 (S+ + S− )/2( B0 → D− π + ) = −0.043 ± 0.030 (S− − S+ )/2( B0 → D− π + ) = −0.01 ± 0.04 sin(2β) = 0.725 ± 0.037 sin(2βeff )( B0 → φ K 0 ) = 0.50 ± 0.26 sin(2βeff )( B0 → K + K − K 0S ) = 0.55 ± 0.25 | sin(2β + γ )| > 0.35, CL = 90% α = (96 ± 10) ◦

B0 modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not include mixing. Modes which do not identify the charge state of the B are listed in the B± /B0 ADMIXTURE section. The branching fractions listed below assume 50% B0 B0 and 50% B+ B− production at the ϒ(4S). We have attempted to bring older measurements up to date by rescaling their assumed ϒ(4S ) production ratio to 50:50 and their assumed D, Ds , D∗ , and ψ branching ratios to current values whenever this would affect our averages and best limits significantly. Indentation is used to indicate a subchannel of a previous reaction. All resonant subchannels have been corrected for resonance branching fractions to the final state so the sum of the subchannel branching fractions can exceed that of the final state. For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B → D ± anything, the values usually are

multiplicities, not branching fractions. They can be greater than one.

B 0 DECAY MODES �+ ν� anything D− �+ ν� D∗ (2010) − �+ ν� D0 π + �+ ν� D∗0 π + �+ ν� ρ − �+ ν� π − �+ ν� K ± anything D0 X D0 X D+ X D− X D+ s X D− s X + �c X − �c X cX cX ccX D− π + D− ρ + D− K 0 π + D− K ∗ (892) + D− ωπ + D− K + D− K + K 0 D− K + K ∗ (892) 0 D0 π + π − D∗ (2010) − π + D− π + π + π − (D− π + π + π − ) nonresonant D− π + ρ 0 D− a1 (1260) + D∗ (2010) − π + π 0 D∗ (2010) − ρ + D∗ (2010) − K + D∗ (2010) − K 0 π + D∗ (2010) − K ∗ (892) + D∗ (2010) − K + K 0 D∗ (2010) − K + K ∗ (892) 0 D∗ (2010) − π + π + π − (D∗ (2010) − π + π + π − ) nonresonant D∗ (2010) − π + ρ 0 D∗ (2010) − a1 (1260) + D∗ (2010) − π + π + π − π 0 D∗− 3π + 2π − D∗ (2010) − ppπ + D∗ (2010) − pn D∗ (2010) − ωπ + D1 (2420) − π + ×B(D− 1 → D− π + π − ) D1 (2420) − π + ×B(D− 1 → D∗− π + π − )

Scale factor/ Confidence level

Fraction (�i / �) [ggg] [ggg] [ggg]

[ggg] [ggg]

(10.4 ± 0.4) (2.12 ± 0.20) (5.35 ± 0.20) (3.2 ± 1.0) (6.5 ± 1.5) (2.3 ± 0.4) (1.36 ± 0.15)

% % % ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4

Inclusive modes (78 ± 8) % (6.3 ± 2.0) % (51 ± 4) % < 5.1 % (40 ± 5) % +4.4 (10.9−3.2 ) % < 8.7 % < 3.8 % (4.9+2.5 % −2.0 ) (104 ± 8) % (24 ± 5) % (128+11 % −10 ) ∗ D, D , or Ds modes (2.83 ± 0.17) ×10−3 (7.5 ± 1.2) ×10−3 (4.9 ± 0.9) ×10−4 (4.5 ± 0.7) ×10−4 (2.8 ± 0.6) ×10−3 (2.0 ± 0.6) ×10−4 < 3.1 ×10−4 (8.8 ± 1.9) ×10−4 (8.0 ± 1.6) ×10−4 (2.76 ± 0.21) ×10−3 (8.0 ± 2.5) ×10−3 (3.9 ± 1.9) ×10−3 (1.1 ± 1.0) (6.0 ± 3.3) (1.5 ± 0.5) (6.8 ± 0.9) (2.14 ± 0.20) (3.0 ± 0.8) (3.3 ± 0.6) < 4.7 (1.29 ± 0.33) (7.0 ± 0.8) (0.0 ± 2.5)

×10−3 ×10−3 % ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3

(5.7 ± 3.2) (1.30 ± 0.27) (1.76 ± 0.27) (4.7 ± 0.9) (6.5 ± 1.6) (1.5 ± 0.4) (2.9 ± 0.5) (8.9+2.3 −3.5 )

×10−3 % % ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−5

< 3.3

×10−5

p (MeV/c) – 2309 2257 2308 2256 2583 2638

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90%

CL = 90% S = 1.3

– – – – – – – – – – – – 2306 2235 2259 2211 2204 2279 2188 2070 2301 2255 2287 2287 2206 2121 2248 2180 2226 2205 2155 2131 2007 2235 2235 2150 2061 2218 2195 1708 1785 2148 –

CL = 90%

–

Meson Summary Table D∗2 (2460) − π + D2∗ (2460) − π + ×B(( D2∗ ) − → D∗− π + π − ) D∗2 (2460) − ρ + D− D+ D− D+ s D∗ (2010) − D+ s − ∗+ D Ds ∗ − ∗+ D (2010) Ds Ds0 (2317) + K − × 0 B(Ds0 (2317) + → D+ s π ) Ds0 (2317) + π − × 0 B(Ds0 (2317) + → D+ s π ) Ds J (2457) + K − × 0 B(Ds J (2457) + → D+ s π ) Ds J (2457) + π − × 0 B(Ds J (2457) + → D+ s π ) + D− D s s + D∗− s Ds ∗+ D D∗− s s Ds0 (2317) + D− × 0 B(Ds0 (2317) + → D+ s π ) Ds0 (2317) + D− × B(Ds0 (2317) + → D∗+ s γ) Ds0 (2317) + D∗ (2010) − × 0 B(Ds0 (2317) + → D+ s π ) Ds J (2457) + D− × B(Ds J (2457) + → 0 D∗+ s π ) Ds J (2457) + D− × B(Ds J (2457) + → D+ s γ) Ds J (2457) + D− × B(Ds J (2457) + → D∗+ s γ) Ds J (2457) + D− × + B(Ds J (2457) → + − D+ s π π ) Ds J (2457) + D− × 0 B(Ds J (2457) + → D+ s π ) Ds J (2457) + D∗ (2010)× B(Ds J (2457) + → 0 D∗+ s π ) Ds J (2457) + D∗ (2010)× B(Ds J (2457) + → D+ s γ) D− Ds J (2536) + × B(Ds J (2536) + → D∗ (2007) 0 K + ) D∗ (2010) − Ds J (2536) + × B(Ds J (2536) + → D∗ (2007) 0 K + ) D− Ds J (2573) + × B(Ds J (2573) + → D0 K + ) D∗ (2010) − Ds J (2573) + × B(Ds J (2573) + → D0 K + ) − D+ s π − D∗+ s π − ρ D+ s − D∗+ s ρ − D+ s a1 (1260) − D∗+ s a1 (1260) + D− s K + D∗− s K ∗ K (892) + D− s ∗ K (892) + D∗− s + 0 D− s π K + 0 D∗− s π K + ∗ 0 D− s π K (892) + ∗ 0 D∗− s π K (892) D0 K 0 D0 K + π − D0 K ∗ (892) 0 D∗2 (2460) − K + × B(D∗2 (2460) − → D0 π − )

11-27 < 2.2 < 2.4

×10−3 CL = 90% ×10−5 CL = 90%

2064 –

< 4.9 ×10−3 CL = 90% (1.9 ± 0.6) ×10−4 (6.5 ± 2.1) ×10−3 (8.8 ± 1.6) ×10−3 (8.6 ± 3.4) ×10−3 (1.79 ± 0.16) % (4.3 ± 1.5) ×10−5

1977 1864 1813 1735 1732 1649 2097

< 2.5

×10−5 CL = 90%

2128

< 9.4

×10−6 CL = 90%

–

< 4.0

×10

−6

CL = 90%

–

< 1.0 < 1.3 < 2.4 (9.7+4.1 −3.4 )

×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% S = 1.4

1759 1674 1584 1602

< 9.5

×10−4 CL = 90%

–

(1.5 ± 0.6)

×10−3

1510

(2.0+0.6 −0.5 )

×10−3

–

(6.6+1.8 −1.5 )

×10−4

–

< 6.0

×10−4 CL = 90%

–

< 2.0

×10−4 CL = 90%

–

< 3.6

×10−4 CL = 90%

–

(5.5+2.5 −2.0 )

×10−3

–

(2.3+0.9 −0.7 )

−3

–

×10

<5

×10−4 CL = 90%

1444

<7

×10−4 CL = 90%

1336

<1

×10−4 CL = 90%

1413

<2

×10−4 CL = 90%

1302

(2.2 ± 0.7) < 4.1 <6 <6 < 2.1 < 1.8 (3.1 ± 0.8) < 2.5 <8 <9 <4 < 2.6 < 3.1 < 1.7 (5.0 ± 1.4) (8.8 ± 1.7) (5.3 ± 0.8) (1.8 ± 0.5)

×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−5

2270 2215 2197 2138 2080 2015 2242 2185 2172 2112 2222 2164 2138 2076 2280 2261 2213 2031

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

D0 K + π − non-resonant D0 π 0 D0 ρ 0 D0 η D0 η� D0 ω D0 K + π − D0 K ∗ (892) 0 D∗0 γ D∗ (2007) 0 π 0 D∗ (2007) 0 ρ 0 D∗ (2007) 0 η D∗ (2007) 0 η� D∗ (2007) 0 π + π − D∗ (2007) 0 K 0 D∗ (2007) 0 K ∗ (892) 0 D∗ (2007) 0 K ∗ (892) 0 D∗ (2007) 0 π + π + π − π − D∗ (2010) + D∗ (2010) − D∗ (2007) 0 ω D∗ (2010) + D− D∗ (2010) − D+ + D∗ (2010) + D− D∗ (2007) 0 D∗ (2007) 0 D− D0 K + D− D∗ (2007) 0 K + D∗ (2010) − D0 K + D∗ (2010) − D∗ (2007) 0 K + D− D+ K 0 D∗ (2010) − D+ K 0 + D− D∗ (2010) + K 0 D∗ (2010) − D∗ (2010) + K 0 D0 D0 K 0 D0 D∗ (2007) 0 K 0 + D∗ (2007) 0 D0 K 0 D∗ (2007) 0 D∗ (2007) 0 K 0 ( D + D∗ )( D + D∗ ) K ηc K 0 ηc K ∗ (892) 0 J /ψ(1S) K 0 J /ψ(1S) K + π − J /ψ(1S) K ∗ (892) 0 J /ψ(1S)ηK 0S J /ψ(1S)φ K 0 J /ψ(1S) K(1270) 0 J /ψ(1S)π 0 J /ψ(1S)η J /ψ(1S)π + π − J /ψ(1S)ρ 0 J /ψ(1S)ω J /ψ(1S)φ J /ψ(1S)η� (958) J /ψ(1S) K 0 π + π − J /ψ(1S) K 0 ρ 0 J /ψ(1S) K ∗ (892) + π − J /ψ(1S) K ∗ (892) 0 π + π − X(3872) − K + X(3872) − K + × B(X(3872) − → J /ψ(1S)π − π 0 ) X(3872) K 0 × B(X → J /ψπ + π − ) J /ψ(1S) pp J /ψ(1S)γ J /ψ(1S) D0 ψ(2S) K 0 ψ(2S) K + π − ψ(2S) K ∗ (892) 0 χc0 (1P) K 0 χc0 K ∗ (892) 0 χc2 K 0 χc2 K ∗ (892) 0 χc1 (1P) K 0 χc1 (1P) K ∗ (892) 0

< 3.7 ×10−5 (2.91 ± 0.28) ×10−4 (2.9 ± 1.1) ×10−4 (2.2 ± 0.5) ×10−4 (1.25 ± 0.23) ×10−4 (2.5 ± 0.6) ×10−4 < 1.9 ×10−5 < 1.8 ×10−5 < 2.5 ×10−5 (2.7 ± 0.5) ×10−4 < 5.1 ×10−4 (2.6 ± 0.6) ×10−4 (1.23 ± 0.35) ×10−4 (6.2 ± 2.2) ×10−4 < 6.6 ×10−5 < 6.9 ×10−5 < 4.0 ×10−5 (2.7 ± 0.5) ×10−3 (8.3 ± 1.1) ×10−4 (4.2 ± 1.1) ×10−4 < 6.3 ×10−4 (9.3 ± 1.5) ×10−4

CL = 90% S = 1.6 S = 1.1 S = 1.5 CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90%

< 2.7 % CL = 90% (1.7 ± 0.4) ×10−3 −3 (4.6 ± 1.0) ×10 (3.1+0.6 ×10−3 −0.5 ) (1.18 ± 0.20) % < 1.7 ×10−3 CL = 90% (6.5 ± 1.6) ×10−3 (8.8 ± 1.9) < 1.4 < 3.7

– 2308 2237 2274 2198 2235 2261 2213 2258 2256 2182 2220 2141 2248 2227 2157 2157 2219 1711 2180 1790 1790 1715 1574 1478 1479 1366 1568 1473

×10−3 1360 ×10−3 CL = 90% 1575 ×10−3 CL = 90% 1478

< 6.6 ×10−3 (4.3 ± 0.7) % Charmonium modes (9.9 ± 1.9) ×10−4 (1.6 ± 0.7) ×10−3 (8.72 ± 0.33) ×10−4 (1.2 ± 0.6) ×10−3 (1.33 ± 0.06) ×10−3 (8 ± 4) ×10−5 (9.4 ± 2.6) ×10−5 (1.3 ± 0.5) ×10−3 (2.2 ± 0.4) ×10−5 < 2.7 ×10−5 (4.6 ± 0.9) ×10−5 (1.6 ± 0.7) ×10−5 < 2.7 ×10−4 < 9.2 ×10−6 < 6.3 ×10−5 (1.0 ± 0.4) ×10−3 (5.4 ± 3.0) ×10−4 (8 ± 4) ×10−4 (6.6 ± 2.2) ×10−4 <5 ×10−4 [jjj] < 5.4 ×10−6

CL = 90% 1365 –

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90% CL = 90%

1753 1648 1683 1652 1571 1508 1224 1390 1728 1672 1716 1611 1609 1519 1546 1611 1390 1514 1447 – –

< 1.03

×10−5 CL = 90% 1140

< 8.3 < 1.6 < 1.3 (6.2 ± 0.6) <1 (7.2 ± 0.8) < 5.0 < 7.7 < 2.6 < 3.6 (3.9 ± 0.4) (3.2 ± 0.6)

×10−7 ×10−6 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−4

CL = 90% 862 CL = 90% 1731 CL = 90% 877 1283 CL = 90% 1238 1116 CL = 90% 1477 CL = 90% – CL = 90% – CL = 90% – 1411 1265

Meson Summary Table

11-28

K or K ∗ modes (1.82 ± 0.08) ×10−5 K+π − (1.15 ± 0.10) ×10−5 K0π 0 (6.8 ± 0.4) ×10−5 η� K 0 < 7.6 ×10−6 η� K ∗ (892) 0 (1.77 ± 0.23) ×10−5 ηK ∗ (892) 0 < 2.0 ×10−6 ηK 0 ωK 0 (5.5+1.2 ) ×10−6 −1.0 < 7.8 ×10−6 a 00 K 0 + < 2.1 ×10−6 a− 0 K < 5.3 ×10−5 K 0S X0 (Familon) < 6.0 ×10−6 ωK ∗ (892) 0 < 3.7 ×10−7 K+ K− K0 K0 (1.13+0.38 ) ×10−6 −0.35 K 0S K 0S K 0S (6.2+1.2 ×10−6 −1.1 ) (3.7 ± 0.5) ×10−5 K+π −π 0 (8.5 ± 2.8) ×10−6 K +ρ− < 9.4 ×10−6 (K + π − π 0 ) non-resonant 0 [lll] (6.1 ± 1.6) ×10−6 K ∗0 x π (4.38 ± 0.29) ×10−5 K0π +π − < 3.9 ×10−5 K 0ρ0 (5.5 ± 0.9) ×10−6 K 0 f0 (980) (1.18 ± 0.15) ×10−5 K ∗ (892) + π − − π [lll] (5.1 ± 1.6) ×10−6 K ∗+ x < 3.5 ×10−6 K ∗ (892) 0 π 0 < 1.8 ×10−5 K ∗2 (1430) + π − < 2.1 ×10−5 K0 K−π + < 1.9 ×10−5 K+ K−π 0 (2.47 ± 0.23) ×10−5 K0 K+ K− K0φ (8.6+1.3 ×10−6 −1.1 ) [mmm] < 2.3 ×10−4 K−π +π +π − < 1.4 ×10−3 K ∗ (892) 0 π + π − < 3.4 ×10−5 K ∗ (892) 0 ρ 0 < 1.7 ×10−4 K ∗ (892) 0 f0 (980) < 1.1 ×10−3 K1 (1400) + π − [mmm] < 2.3 ×10−4 K − a1 (1260) + < 6.1 ×10−4 K ∗ (892) 0 K + K − (9.5 ± 0.9) ×10−6 K ∗ (892) 0 φ K ∗ (892) 0 K ∗ (892) 0 < 2.2 ×10−5 < 3.7 ×10−5 K ∗ (892) 0 K ∗ (892) 0 < 1.41 ×10−4 K ∗ (892) + K ∗ (892) − < 3.0 ×10−3 K1 (1400) 0 ρ 0 < 5.0 ×10−3 K1 (1400) 0 φ seen K ∗0 (1430) 0 φ < 1.1 ×10−3 K ∗2 (1430) 0 ρ 0 seen K ∗2 (1430) 0 φ (4.01 ± 0.20) ×10−5 K ∗ (892) 0 γ ηK 0 γ (8.7+3.6 ×10−6 −3.1 ) < 8.3 ×10−6 K 0 φγ (4.6 ± 1.4) ×10−6 K+π −γ < 1.3 ×10−4 K ∗ (1410)γ < 2.6 ×10−6 K + π − γ nonresonant (2.4 ± 0.5) ×10−5 K0π +π −γ < 5.8 ×10−5 K1 (1270) 0 γ < 1.5 ×10−5 K1 (1400) 0 γ (1.24 ± 0.24) ×10−5 K ∗2 (1430) 0 γ < 2.0 ×10−3 K ∗ (1680) 0 γ < 8.3 ×10−5 K ∗3 (1780) 0 γ < 4.3 ×10−3 K ∗4 (2045) 0 γ ρ0γ ωγ φγ π +π − π 0π 0 ηπ 0 ηη η� π 0 η� η� η� η η� ρ 0 ηρ 0 ωη

Light unflavored meson modes <4 ×10−7 <8 ×10−7 < 8.5 ×10−7 (4.6 ± 0.4) ×10−6 (1.5 ± 0.5) ×10−6 < 2.5 ×10−6 < 2.0 ×10−6 < 3.7 ×10−6 < 1.0 ×10−5 < 4.6 ×10−6 < 4.3 ×10−6 < 1.5 ×10−6 < 1.9 ×10−6

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% S = 1.3 S = 1.7 CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

2615 2614 2528 2472 2534 2587 2557 – – – 2503 2593 2592 2521 2609 2559 – – 2609 2558 2524 2562 – 2563 2445 2578 2579 2522 2516 2600 2557 2504 2468 2451 2471 2466 2460 2485 2485 2485 2388 2339 2336 2381 2333 2564 2587 2516 2615 2450 2615 2609 2486 2453 2447 2360 2341 2244

CL = 90% 2583 CL = 90% 2582 CL = 90% 2541 2636 S = 1.7 2636 CL = 90% 2610 CL = 90% 2582 CL = 90% 2551 CL = 90% 2460 CL = 90% 2522 CL = 90% 2492 CL = 90% 2553 CL = 90% 2552

ωη� ωρ 0 ωω φπ 0 φη φη� φρ 0 φω φφ ± a∓ 0π π +π −π 0 ρ0π 0 ρ∓π ± π +π −π +π − ρ0ρ0 a1 (1260) ∓ π ± a2 (1320) ∓ π ± π +π −π 0π 0 ρ+ρ− a1 (1260) 0 π 0 ωπ 0 π +π +π −π −π 0 a1 (1260) + ρ − a1 (1260) 0 ρ 0 π +π +π +π −π −π − a1 (1260) + a1 (1260) − π +π +π +π −π −π −π 0 pp ppπ + π − ppK 0 �(1540) + p× B(�(1540) + → pK 0S ) ppK ∗ (892) 0 p�π − p�K − p� 0 π − �� �0 �0 �++ �−− D0 pp D∗ (2007) 0 pp ++ � −− c � + − �− c pπ π �− c p 0 �− c pπ + − 0 �− pπ π π c + − + − �− c pπ π π π � c (2520) −− pπ + � c (2520) 0 pπ − � c (2455) 0 pπ − � c (2455) −− pπ + �c (2593) − / �c (2625) − p

[gg] [gg] [gg]

< 2.8 ×10−6 < 3.3 ×10−6 < 1.9 ×10−5 < 1.0 ×10−6 < 1.0 ×10−6 < 4.5 ×10−6 < 1.3 ×10−5 < 2.1 ×10−5 < 1.5 ×10−6 < 5.1 ×10−6 < 7.2 ×10−4 (1.8 ± 0.8) ×10−6 (2.28 ± 0.25) ×10−5 < 2.3 ×10−4 < 1.1 ×10−6 < 4.9 ×10−4 < 3.0 ×10−4 < 3.1 ×10−3 (2.5 ± 0.4) ×10−5 < 1.1 ×10−3 < 1.2 ×10−6 < 9.0 ×10−3 < 3.4 ×10−3 < 2.4 ×10−3 < 3.0 ×10−3 < 2.8 ×10−3 < 1.1 %

Baryon modes < 2.7 < 2.5 (2.1+0.6 −0.4 ) [nnn] < 2.3

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% S = 1.3 CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

×10−7 CL = 90% ×10−4 CL = 90% ×10−6 ×10−7 CL = 90%

< 7.6 ×10−6 (2.6 ± 0.5) ×10−6 < 8.2 ×10−7 < 3.8 ×10−6 < 6.9 ×10−7 < 1.5 ×10−3 < 1.1 ×10−4 (1.18 ± 0.22) ×10−4 (1.2 ± 0.4) ×10−4 < 1.0 ×10−3 (1.3 ± 0.4) ×10−3 (2.2 ± 0.8) ×10−5 < 5.9 ×10−4 < 5.07 ×10−3 < 2.74 ×10−3 (1.6 ± 0.7) ×10−4 < 1.21 ×10−4 (10 ± 8) ×10−5 (2.8 ± 0.9) ×10−4 < 1.1 ×10−4

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% S = 1.7 CL = 90%

2491 2522 2521 2539 2511 2447 2480 2479 2435 – 2631 2581 2581 2621 2523 2494 2473 2622 2523 2494 2580 2609 2433 2433 2592 2336 2572 2467 2406 2347 2318 2215 2401 2308 2383 2392 2335 2335 1863 1788 1839 1934 2021 1982 1882 1821 1860 1860 1895 1895 –

Lepton Family number (LF) violating modes, or ΔB = 1 weak neutral current (B1) modes γγ B1 < 6.2 ×10−7 CL = 90% 2640 e+ e− B1 < 6.1 ×10−8 CL = 90% 2640 μ+ μ− B1 < 3.9 ×10−8 CL = 90% 2638 K 0 e+ e− B1 < 5.4 ×10−7 CL = 90% 2616 B1 (2.0+1.3 ×10−7 S = 1.6 2612 K 0 μ+ μ− −1.0 ) B1 [ggg] < 6.8 ×10−7 CL = 90% 2616 K 0 �+ �− ∗ 0 + − −6 K (892) e e B1 < 2.4 ×10 CL = 90% 2564 B1 (1.22+0.38 ×10−6 2560 K ∗ (892) 0 μ+ μ− −0.32 ) B1 < 1.0 ×10−3 CL = 90% 2564 K ∗ (892) 0 νν K ∗ (892) 0 �+ �− B1 [ggg] (1.17 ± 0.30) ×10−6 2564 e ± μ∓ LF [gg] < 1.7 ×10−7 CL = 90% 2639 K 0 e± μ∓ LF < 4.0 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2615 K ∗ (892) 0 e± μ∓ LF < 3.4 ×10−6 CL = 90% 2563 e± τ ∓ LF [gg] < 1.1 ×10−4 CL = 90% 2341 μ± τ ∓ LF [gg] < 3.8 ×10−5 CL = 90% 2339 invisible B1 < 2.2 ×10−4 CL = 90% – ννγ B1 < 4.7 ×10−5 CL = 90% 2640

Meson Summary Table

11-29

B ± /B 0 ADMIXTURE CP violation AC P ( B →K ∗ (892)γ ) = −0.010 ± 0.028 AC P ( B →sγ ) = 0.00 ± 0.04 AC P (b →Xs �+ �− ) = −0.22 ± 0.26

The branching fraction measurements are for an admixture of B mesons at the ϒ(4S). The values quoted assume that B(ϒ(4S) → BB) = 100%. For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B → D± anything, the values usually are multiplicities, not branching fractions. They can be greater than one. B modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not include mixing.

B → J /ψ(1S) anything B → J /ψ(1S) (direct) anything B → ψ(2S)anything B → χc1 (1P) anything B → χc1 (1P) (direct) anything B → χc2 (1P) anything B → χc2 (1P) (direct) anything B → ηc (1S) anything B → KY(3940)× B(Y(3940) → ω J /ψ)

Charmonium modes (1.094 ± 0.032) % (7.8 ± 0.4) ×10−3

[sss]

(3.07 ± 0.21) (3.86 ± 0.27) (3.18 ± 0.25)

×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3

(1.3 ± 0.4) (1.65 ± 0.31)

×10−3 ×10−3

<9 (7.1 ± 3.4)

S = 1.1 S = 1.1

– – – – –

S = 1.9

– –

×10−3 CL = 90% – ×10−5 1083

K or K ∗ modes Scale factor/ p [gg] (78.9 ± 2.5) % B → K ± anything Confidence level (MeV/c) B DECAY MODES Fraction (�i / �) (66 ± 5) % B → K + anything − (13 ± 4) % B → K anything Semileptonic and leptonic modes [ooo] (10.78 ± 0.18) % – B → e+ νe anything B → K 0 /K 0 anything [gg] (64 ± 4) % B → pe+ νe anything < 5.9 ×10−4 CL = 90% – (18 ± 6) % B → K ∗ (892) ± [ooo] (10.78 ± 0.18) % – B → μ+ νμ anything anything [ggg,ooo] (10.78 ± 0.18) % – B → �+ ν� anything B → K ∗ (892) 0 / [gg] (14.6 ± 2.6) % [ggg] (2.8 ± 0.9) % – B → D− �+ ν� anything K ∗ (892) 0 anything B → D0 �+ ν� anything [ggg] (7.2 ± 1.5) % – B → K ∗ (892)γ (4.2 ± 0.6) ×10−5 B → D∗− �+ ν� anything [ppp] (6.7 ± 1.3) ×10−3 – ×10−6 B → ηKγ (8.5+1.8 −1.6 ) B → D∗∗ �+ ν� [ggg,qqq] (2.7 ± 0.7) % – < 1.27 ×10−4 B → K1 (1400)γ B → D1 (2420)�+ ν� (3.8 ± 1.3) ×10−3 S = 2.4 – (1.7+0.6 ×10−5 B → K ∗2 (1430)γ −0.5 ) anything < 1.2 ×10−3 B → K2 (1770)γ (2.6 ± 0.5) % S = 1.5 – B → Dπ�+ ν� B → K ∗3 (1780)γ < 3.7 ×10−5 anything + D∗ π�+ ν� B → K ∗4 (2045)γ < 1.0 ×10−3 anything B → Kη� (958) (8.3 ± 1.1) ×10−5 + (1.5 ± 0.6) % – B → Dπ� ν� anything B → K ∗ (892)η� (958) < 2.2 ×10−5 (1.9 ± 0.4) % – B → D∗ π�+ ν� anything B → Kη < 5.2 ×10−6 ∗ + −3 B → D2 (2460)� ν� (4.4 ± 1.6) ×10 – B → K ∗ (892)η (1.8 ± 0.5) ×10−5 anything B → Kφφ (2.3 ± 0.9) ×10−6 ∗− + + (1.00 ± 0.34) % – B → D π � ν� −4 B → b → sγ (3.43 ± 0.29) ×10 anything + −3 B → b → s gluon < 6.8 % B → D− � ν anything [ggg] < 7 ×10 CL = 90% – � s B → η anything < 4.4 ×10−4 B→ [ggg] < 5 ×10−3 CL = 90% – + + B → η� anything (4.2 ± 0.9) ×10−4 D− � ν K anything � s B→ [ggg] < 7 ×10−3 CL = 90% – Light unflavored meson modes + 0 D− s � ν� K anything B → ργ < 1.9 ×10−6 (10.61 ± 0.17) % – B → �+ ν� charm B → ρ / ωγ < 1.2 ×10−6 B → Xu �+ ν� (2.33 ± 0.22) ×10−3 – [gg,ttt] (358 ± 7) % B → π ± anything [ggg] (6.2 ± 0.6) % – B → K + �+ ν� anything B → π 0 anything (235 ± 11) % − + −3 B → K � ν� anything [ggg] (10 ± 4) ×10 – % B → η anything (17.6 ± 1.6) B → K 0 / K 0 �+ ν� [ggg] (4.6 ± 0.5) % – 0 B → ρ anything (21 ± 5) % anything B → ω anything < 81 % D, D∗ , or Ds modes B → φ anything (3.42 ± 0.13) % (22.8 ± 1.4) % – B → D± anything ∗ B → φ K (892) < 2.2 ×10−5 B → D0 /D0 anything (64.0 ± 3.0) % S = 1.2 – ∗ ± (22.5 ± 1.5) % – B → D (2010) Baryon modes − anything (6.4 ± 1.1) % B → �+ c / �c ∗ 0 B → D (2007) (26.0 ± 2.7) % – anything anything + < 3.2 ×10−3 B → �− c e anything [gg] (8.6 ± 1.2) % – B → D± s anything (3.6 ± 0.7) % B → �− c p anything ∗± (6.5 ± 1.2) % – B → Ds anything + < 1.5 ×10−3 B → �− c pe νe (∗) B → D∗± D (3.4 ± 0.7) % – −− s (4.2 ± 2.4) ×10−3 B → � c anything [gg,rrr] (7.1+2.7 % – B → D(∗) D(∗) K 0 + − −3 −1.7 ) � anything < 9.6 ×10 B → c D(∗) D(∗) K ± (4.6 ± 2.4) ×10−3 B → � 0c anything (22 ± 4) % – b → ccs < 1.5 ×10−3 B → � 0c N (N = p or n) B → Ds (∗) D(∗) [gg,rrr] (4.0 ± 0.6) % – B → �0c anything (1.93 ± 0.30) ×10−4 ∗ ∗ ± −3 B → D D (2010) [gg] < 5.9 ×10 CL = 90% 1711 × B(�0c → �− π + ) B → DD∗ (2010) ± + [gg] < 5.5 ×10−3 CL = 90% – ∗ ± (4.5+1.3 ×10−4 B → �+ c anything D D −1.2 ) + − + + → � π π ) × B(� ± −3 c B → DD [gg] < 3.1 ×10 CL = 90% 1866 [gg] (8.0 ± 0.4) % B → p / p anything [gg,rrr] (9+5 % – B → Ds (∗) ± D(∗) X −4 ) [gg] (5.5 ± 0.5) % B → p / p (direct) (nπ ± ) anything B → D∗ (2010)γ < 1.1 ×10−3 CL = 90% 2257 [gg] (4.0 ± 0.5) % B → � / � anything − ∗+ − B → D+ – [gg] < 4 ×10−4 CL = 90% s π , Ds π , [gg] (2.7 ± 0.6) ×10−3 B → �− / �+ anything − ∗+ − ρ , D ρ , D+ s s % B → baryons anything (6.8 ± 0.6) + 0 ∗+ 0 + Ds π , Ds π , Ds η (2.47 ± 0.23) % B → pp anything + 0 , D∗+ s η , Ds ρ , [gg] (2.5 ± 0.4) % B → � p / � panything 0 + ∗+ D∗+ s ρ , Ds ω , Ds ω <5 ×10−3 B → �� anything < 9.5 ×10−3 CL = 90% – B → Ds1 (2536) + anything

– – – – – –

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90% CL = 90%

2564 2588 2453 2447 2342 2341 2244 2528 2472 2588 2534 2306 – – – –

CL = 90% 2583 CL = 90% – – – – – CL = 90% – – CL = 90% 2460 – CL = 90%

– – CL = 90% 2021 – CL = 90% – – CL = 90% 1938 S = 1.1 – – – –

CL = 90%

– – – – – –

Meson Summary Table

11-30 Lepton Family number (LF) violating modes or ΔB = 1 weak neutral current (B1) modes + − B → se e B1 (4.7 ± 1.3) ×10−6 + − B → sμ μ B1 (4.3 ± 1.2) ×10−6 B → s�+ �− B1 [ggg] (4.5 ± 1.0) ×10−6 B1 (6.0+1.4 ×10−7 S = 1.1 B → Ke+ e− −1.2 ) B → K ∗ (892)e+ e− B1 (1.24+0.37 ×10−6 −0.32 ) −7 B → Kμ+ μ− B1 (4.7+1.1 ) ×10 −1.0 −6 B→ B1 (1.19+0.34 ) ×10 −0.29 K ∗ (892)μ+ μ− B → K�+ �− B1 (5.4 ± 0.8) ×10−7 B → K ∗ (892)�+ �− B1 (1.05 ± 0.20) ×10−6 B → e ± μ∓ s LF [gg] < 2.2 ×10−5 CL = 90% B → πe± μ∓ LF < 1.6 ×10−6 CL = 90% B → ρe± μ∓ LF < 3.2 ×10−6 CL = 90% B → Ke± μ∓ LF < 1.6 ×10−6 CL = 90% B→ LF < 6.2 ×10−6 CL = 90% K ∗ (892)e± μ∓

– – – 2617 2564 2612 2560 2617 2564 – 2637 2582 2616 2563

B ± /B 0 /B 0s /b-baryon ADMIXTURE These measurements are for an admixture of bottom particles at high energy (LEP, Tevatron, S ppS). Mean life τ = (1.568 ± 0.009) × 10−12 s Mean life τ = (1.72 ± 0.10) × 10−12 s Charged b-hadron admixture Mean life τ = (1.58 ± 0.14) × 10−12 s Neutral b-hadron admixture τcharged b−hadron /τneutral b−hadron = 1.09 ± 0.13 |�τb |/τb,b = −0.001 ± 0.014

The branching fraction measurements are for an admixture of B mesons and baryons at energies above the ϒ(4S). Only the highest energy results (LEP, Tevatron, S ppS) are used in the branching fraction averages. In the following, we assume that the production fractions are the same at the LEP and at the Tevatron.

For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B → D± anything, the values usually are multiplicities, not branching fractions. They can be greater than one. The modes below are listed for a b initial state. b modes are their charge conjugates. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not include mixing. Scale factor/ Fraction (�i / �) Confidence level

b¯ DECAY MODES

p (MeV/c)

PRODUCTION FRACTIONS The production fractions for weakly decaying b-hadrons at high energy have been calculated from the best values of mean lives, mixing parameters, and branching fractions in this edition by the Heavy Flavor Averaging Group (HFAG) as de0

0

D∗− π + �+ ν� anything D∗− π − �+ ν� anything D0j �+ ν� anything ×

B(D0j → D∗+ π − ) D−j �+ ν� anything × B(D−j → D0 π − ) D∗2 (2460) 0 �+ ν� anything × B(D∗2 (2460) 0 → D∗− π + ) D∗2 (2460) − �+ ν� anything × B(D∗2 (2460) − → D0 π − ) D∗2 (2460) 0 �+ ν� anything × B(D∗2 (2460) 0 → D− π + ) charmless �ν � τ + ντ anything D∗− τ ντ anything c → �− ν � anything c → �+ ν anything D0 anything D0 D± s anything D∓ D± s anything D0 D0 anything D0 D± anything D± D∓ anything D− anything D∗ (2010) + anything D1 (2420) 0 anything D∗ (2010) ∓ D± s anything 0 ∗ ± D D (2010) anything D∗ (2010) ± D∓ anything D∗ (2010) ± D∗ (2010) ∓ anything DD anything D∗2 (2460) 0 anything D− s anything D+ s anything �+ c anything c / c anything

0

scribed in the note “B -B Mixing” in the B Particle Listings. Values assume B(b →B+ ) = B(b →B0 ) 0

B(b →B ) + B(b →B ) + B(b +

→B0s )

+ B(b →b − bar yon) = 100%.

The notation for production fractions varies in the literature ( fd , dB0 , f (b →B0 ),

Br(b →B0 )). We use our own branching fraction notation here, B(b →B0 ). B+ B0 B0s b -baryon Bc

ν anything �+ ν� anything e+ νe anything μ+ νμ anything D− �+ ν� anything D− π + �+ ν� anything D− π − �+ ν� anything D0 �+ ν� anything D0 π − �+ ν� anything D0 π + �+ ν� anything D∗− �+ ν� anything

(39.8 ± 1.2) (39.8 ± 1.2) (10.3 ± 1.4) (10.0 ± 2.0) – DECAY MODES

% % % %

Semileptonic and leptonic modes (23.1 ± 1.5) % [ggg] (10.69 ± 0.22) % (10.86 ± 0.35) % (10.95+0.29 % −0.25 ) [ggg] (2.2 ± 0.4) % S = 1.9 (4.9 ± 1.9) ×10−3 −3 (2.6 ± 1.6) ×10 [ggg] (6.90 ± 0.35) % (1.07 ± 0.27) % (2.3 ± 1.6) ×10−3 [ggg] (2.75 ± 0.19) %

– – – – –

– – – – – – – – – – –

J /ψ(1S) anything ψ(2S) anything χc1 (1P) anything sγ sνν K ± anything K 0S anything π ± anything π 0 anything φ anything p / p anything charged anything hadron+ hadron− charmless � / � anything b -baryon anything

(4.8 ± 1.0)

×10−3

–

(6 ± 7)

×10

−4

–

[ggg,uuu]

(2.6 ± 0.9)

×10−3

–

[ggg,uuu]

(7.0 ± 1.9)

×10−3

–

×10−3 CL = 90%

–

(4.2+1.5 −1.8 )

×10−3

–

(160 ± 80)

%

–

< 1.4

[ggg] [ggg]

(1.7 ± 0.5) ×10−3 (2.48 ± 0.26) % (9 ± 4) ×10−3 (8.02 ± 0.19) % (1.6+0.4 % −0.5 )

Charmed meson and baryon modes (61.0 ± 3.1) % [gg] (9.1+3.9 % −2.8 ) [gg] (4.0+2.3 % −1.8 ) [gg] (5.1+2.0 % −1.8 ) [gg] (2.7+1.8 % −1.6 ) [gg] <9 ×10−3 CL = 90% (22.4 ± 1.8) % (17.3 ± 2.0) % (5.0 ± 1.5) % [gg] (3.3+1.6 % −1.3 )

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

[gg]

(3.0+1.1 −0.9 )

%

–

[gg]

(2.5+1.2 −1.0 )

%

–

[gg]

(1.2 ± 0.4)

%

–

% (4.7 ± 2.7) % (15.0 ± 2.6) % (10.1 ± 3.1) % (9.7 ± 2.9) % (116.2 ± 3.2) %

– – – – – –

(10+11 −10 )

[ttt]

Charmonium modes (1.16 ± 0.10) % (4.8 ± 2.4) ×10−3 (1.4 ± 0.4) % K or K ∗ modes (3.1 ± 1.1) < 6.4 (74 ± 6) (29.0 ± 2.9)

×10−4 ×10−4 CL = 90% % %

– – – – – – –

Pion modes (397 ± 21) % [ttt] (278 ± 60) % (2.82 ± 0.23) %

– – –

Baryon modes (13.1 ± 1.1) %

–

Other modes [ttt] (497 ± 7) (1.7+1.0 −0.7 ) (7 ± 21)

% ×10−5 ×10−3

Baryon modes (5.9 ± 0.6) % (10.2 ± 2.8) %

– – – – –

Meson Summary Table

μ+ μ− anything

11-31

ΔB = 1 weak neutral current (B1) modes B1 < 3.2 ×10−4 CL = 90%

B∗

–

I ( J P ) = 12 (1− )

I, J , P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quarkmodel predictions. Mass mB∗ = 5325.0 ± 0.6 MeV mB∗ − mB = 45.78 ± 0.35 MeV B ∗ DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

Bγ

dominant

Bc±

The branching fraction B(Bs0 → Ds− �+ ν� anything) is not a pure measurement since the measured product branching fraction + B(b → B0s ) × B(B 0s → D − s � ν� anything) was used to determine B(b → B 0s ), as described in the note on “B 0 − B 0 Mixing” For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B → D ± anything, the values usually are multiplicities, not branching fractions. They can be greater than one. Bs0 DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�) (94 ± 30) (7.9 ± 2.4) < 13 (23+21 −13 ) (9.3 ± 3.3) < 1.2 < 3.8 seen < 1.7 < 2.1 < 1.0 < 1.5 < 3.20 < 6.17 (1.4 ± 0.8) < 2.1 < 5.9 < 7.67 < 1.681 < 1.013 < 5.9 < .48 < 1.2

π +π− π 0π0 ηπ 0 ηη ρ0ρ0 φρ 0 φφ π +K −

K +K − K ∗ (892) 0 ρ 0 K ∗ (892) 0 K ∗ (892) 0 φ K ∗ (892) 0 pp

γγ φγ

B1

% % % % ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−4

Confidence level

90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

I ( J P ) = 0(0− ) I, J, P need confirmation.

Quantum numbers shown are quark model predictions. Mass m = 6.286 ± 0.005 GeV −12 s Mean life τ = (0.46+0.18 −0.16 ) × 10 modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. B− c

I, J , P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quarkmodel predictions. Mass m B 0s = 5367.5 ± 1.8 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean life τ = (1.466 ± 0.059) × 10−12 s cτ = 439 μm B 0s B 0s mixing parameters �m B 0s = mB 0 – m B 0 > 14.4 × 1012 h¯ s−1 , CL = 95% sH sL > 94.8 × 10−10 MeV, CL = 95% xs = �m B 0s / �B 0s > 19.9, CL = 95% χs > 0.49878, CL = 95% These branching fractions all scale with B(b¯ → Bs0 ), the LEP B 0s production fraction. The first four were evaluated using B(b¯ → Bs0 ) = (10.7 ± 1.4)% and the rest assume B(b¯ → Bs0 ) = 12%.

D− s anything + D− s � ν� anything + D− sπ Ds (∗) + Ds (∗) − J /ψ(1S )φ J /ψ(1S )π 0 J /ψ(1S )η ψ(2S )φ

2682 2684 2683 2582 2587

BOTTOM, CHARMED MESONS (B = C = ±1) ¯ Bc− = c¯ b, similarly for Bc∗ ’s Bc+ = cb,

45

I ( J P ) = 0(0− )

[vvv]

−

p (MeV/c)

BOTTOM, STRANGE MESONS (B = ±1,S = ∓1) ¯ B ¯ s0 = s¯ b, similarly for Bs∗ ’s Bs0 = s b, Bs0

Lepton Family number (LF) violating modes or ΔB = 1 weak neutral current (B1) modes B1 < 1.5 × 10−7 90% μ μ e+e− B1 < 5.4 × 10−5 90% e ± μ∓ LF [gg] < 6.1 × 10−6 90% B1 < 4.7 × 10−5 90% φ(1020)μ+ μ− B1 < 5.4 × 10−3 90% φνν +

p (MeV/c) – – 2321 – 1588 1787 1734 1121 2680 2680 2654 2627 2569 2527 2483 2659 2638 2550 2531 2507 2514 2684 2587

Bc+ DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

Confidence level

The following quantities are not pure branching ratios; rather the fraction �i /� × B(b → Bc ). J /ψ(1S )�+ ν� anything J /ψ(1S )π + J /ψ(1S )π + π + π − J /ψ(1S ) a1 (1260) D ∗ (2010) + D 0

(5.2+2.4 −2.1 ) < 8.2 < 5.7 < 1.2 < 6.2

×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−3 ×10−3

90% 90% 90% 90%

– 2377 2357 2177 2474

c c MESONS

ηc (1S)

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (0−+ )

Mass m = 2980.4 ± 1.2 MeV (S = 1.5) Full width � = 25.5 ± 3.4 MeV (S = 2.0) ηc (1S) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

Confidence level

Decays involving hadronic resonances (4.1 ± 1.7) % η� (958)ππ ρρ (2.0 ± 0.7) % ∗ 0 − + K (892) K π + c.c. (2.0 ± 0.7) % ∗ ∗ K (892) K (892) (9.2 ± 3.4) ×10−3 ∗0 ∗0 + − K K π π (1.5 ± 0.8) % φK + K − (2.9 ± 1.4) ×10−3 φφ (2.7 ± 0.9) ×10−3 φ 2(π + π − ) <4.7 ×10−3 90% a0 (980)π <2 % 90 % a2 (1320)π <2 % 90% K ∗ (892) K + c.c. <1.28 % 90% f2 (1270)η <1.1 % 90% ωω <3.1 ×10−3 90% ωφ <1.7 ×10−3 90% f2 (1270) f2 (1270) (1.0+0.4 % −0.5 ) KKπ

ηππ π+π−K +K − K + K − 2(π + π − ) 2(K + K − ) 2(π + π − ) 3(π + π − ) pp KKη

π + π − pp �� γγ

Decays into stable hadrons (7.0 ± 1.2) % (4.9 ± 1.8) % (1.5 ± 0.6) % (10 ± 4) ×10−3 (1.5 ± 0.7) ×10−3 (1.20 ± 0.30) % (2.0 ± 0.7) % (1.3 ± 0.4) ×10−3 <3.1 % <1.2 % <2 ×10−3 Radiative decays (2.8 ± 0.9) ×10−4

90% 90% 90%

p (MeV/c) 1321 1273 1276 1194 1071 1102 1087 1249 1324 1194 1308 1143 1268 1183 771 1379 1427 1343 1252 1053 1457 1405 1158 1263 1025 988 1490

Meson Summary Table

11-32

π +π − π0π0 K +K − K 0S K 0S

Charge conjugation (C), Parity (P), Lepton family number (LF) violating modes P,CP < 8.7×10−4 90% P,CP < 5.6×10−4 90% P,CP < 7.6×10−4 90% P,CP < 4.2×10−4 90%

J /ψ(1S)

1484 1484 1406 1405

I G( J PC ) = 0− (1−− )

Mass m = 3096.916 ± 0.011 MeV Full width � = 93.4 ± 2.1 keV �ee = 5.55 ± 0.14 ± 0.02 keV J ) ψ (1S) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

hadrons virtual γ → hadrons e+ e− μ+ μ−

(87.7 ± 0.5) % (13.50 ± 0.30) % (5.94 ± 0.06) % (5.93 ± 0.06) %

Scale factor/ Confidence level

Decays involving hadronic resonances ρπ (1.69 ± 0.15) % S = 2.4 ρ0π 0 (5.6 ± 0.7) ×10−3 (1.09 ± 0.22) % a2 (1320)ρ ωπ + π + π − π − (8.5 ± 3.4) ×10−3 ωπ + π + π 0 (4.0 ± 0.7) ×10−3 ωπ + π − (7.2 ± 1.0) ×10−3 ω f2 (1270) (4.3 ± 0.6) ×10−3 ∗ 0 ∗ 0 (6.7 ± 2.6) ×10−3 K (892) K 2 (1430) + c.c. ωK ∗ (892) K+ c.c. (5.3 ± 2.0) ×10−3 K + K ∗ (892) − + c.c. (5.0 ± 0.4) ×10−3 K 0 K ∗ (892) 0 + c.c. (4.2 ± 0.4) ×10−3 K1 (1400) ± K ∓ (3.8 ± 1.4) ×10−3 (3.4 ± 0.8) ×10−3 ωπ 0 π 0 ± ∓ b1 (1235) π [gg] (3.0 ± 0.5) ×10−3 ± 0 ∓ ωK K S π [gg] (2.9 ± 0.7) ×10−3 b1 (1235) 0 π 0 (2.3 ± 0.6) ×10−3 (2.04 ± 0.28) ×10−3 φ K ∗ (892) K+ c.c. ωK K (1.9 ± 0.4) ×10−3 ω f0 (1710) → ωK K (4.8 ± 1.1) ×10−4 φ 2(π + π − ) (1.66 ± 0.23) ×10−3 ++ − �(1232) pπ (1.6 ± 0.5) ×10−3 ωη (1.74 ± 0.20) ×10−3 S = 1.6 (1.83 ± 0.24) ×10−3 S = 1.5 φKK −4 φ f0 (1710) → φ K K (3.6 ± 0.6) ×10 −3 ppω (1.30 ± 0.25) ×10 S = 1.3 �(1232) ++ �(1232) −− (1.10 ± 0.29) ×10−3 − + −3 �(1385) �(1385) (or c.c.) [gg] (1.03 ± 0.13) ×10 ppη� (958) (9 ± 4) ×10−4 S = 1.7 φ f �2 (1525) (8 ± 4) ×10−4 S = 2.7 + − −4 φπ π (9.4 ± 1.5) ×10 S = 1.7 ± 0 ∓ −4 [gg] (7.2 ± 0.9) ×10 φK KSπ −4 ω f1 (1420) (6.8 ± 2.4) ×10 φη (7.4 ± 0.8) ×10−4 S = 1.5 − + �(1530) � (5.9 ± 1.5) ×10−4 − 0 −4 (5.1 ± 3.2) ×10 pK �(1385) ωπ 0 (4.5 ± 0.5) ×10−4 S = 1.4 � φη (958) (4.0 ± 0.7) ×10−4 S = 2.1 −4 (3.2 ± 0.9) ×10 S = 1.9 φ f0 (980) 0 0 −5 (3.2 ± 1.4) ×10 �(1530) � − + −4 �(1385) � (or c.c.) [gg] (3.1 ± 0.5) ×10 φ f1 (1285) (2.6 ± 0.5) ×10−4 S = 1.1 ρη (1.93 ± 0.23) ×10−4 � −4 ωη (958) (1.82 ± 0.21) ×10 ω f0 (980) (1.4 ± 0.5) ×10−4 (1.05 ± 0.18) ×10−4 ρη� (958) ppφ (4.5 ± 1.5) ×10−5 a2 (1320) ± π ∓ [gg] < 4.3 ×10−3 CL = 90% < 4.0 ×10−3 CL = 90% K K ∗2 (1430)+ c.c. K1 (1270) ± K ∓ < 3.0 ×10−3 CL = 90% K ∗2 (1430) 0 K ∗2 (1430) 0 < 2.9 ×10−3 CL = 90% K ∗ (892) 0 K ∗ (892) 0 <5 ×10−4 CL = 90% φ f2 (1270) < 3.7 ×10−4 CL = 90% ppρ < 3.1 ×10−4 CL = 90% φη(1405) → φηπ π < 2.5 ×10−4 CL = 90% < 2.2 ×10−4 CL = 90% ω f �2 (1525) <2 ×10−4 CL = 90% �(1385) 0 �

<1 < 1.1

×10−4 ×10−5

CL = 90% 1100 CL = 90% –

< 2.1 < 1.6 < 5.6 < 1.1 <9 < 6.4

×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−6

CL = 90% – CL = 90% – CL = 90% – CL = 90% – CL = 90% 1032 CL = 90% 1377

Decays into stable hadrons (3.37 ± 0.26)% (2.9 ± 0.6) % (2.02 ± 0.14)% (1.20 ± 0.30)% (9.0 ± 3.0) ×10−3 (6.2 ± 0.7) ×10−3 (6.1 ± 1.0) ×10−3 (6.0 ± 0.5) ×10−3 (3.55 ± 0.23)×10−3 (4.3 ± 0.4) ×10−3 (1.62 ± 0.21)% (2.26 ± 0.28)×10−3 (7.2 ± 1.5) ×10−4 (4 ± 4) ×10−3 (1.31 ± 0.10)×10−3 (4.7 ± 0.7) ×10−3 [www] (2.3 ± 0.9) ×10−3 (2.17 ± 0.08)×10−3 (2.09 ± 0.18)×10−3 (2.00 ± 0.10)×10−3 (2.2 ± 0.4) ×10−3 (1.8 ± 0.4) ×10−3 (1.54 ± 0.19)×10−3 (1.09 ± 0.09)×10−3 [gg] (1.06 ± 0.12)×10−3 (8.9 ± 1.6) ×10−4 (7.8 ± 1.4) ×10−4 (2.9 ± 0.8) ×10−4 (2.37 ± 0.31)×10−4 (1.46 ± 0.26)×10−4 (2.2 ± 0.6) ×10−4 (1.47 ± 0.23)×10−4 < 1.5 ×10−4 <1 ×10−6

1496 1433 S = 1.7 1533 1368 1345 1407 1442 S = 1.3 1107 1517 1466 1468 1446 1379 1106 988 S = 1.3 1320 S = 1.9 1033 1232 949 1174 1231 S = 1.8 818 S = 2.2 1074 1176 950 876 1131 819 1468 S = 2.7 1466 998 1542 CL = 90% 1034 CL = 95% 1466

�(1232) + p �(1540)�(1540) → K 0S pK − n+ c.c. �(1540) K − n → K 0S pK − n �(1540) K 0S p → K 0S pK + n �(1540) K + n → K 0S pK + n �(1540) K 0S p → K 0S pK − n �0 � φπ 0

p (MeV/c) – – 1548 1545 1448 1448 1123 1392 1418 1435 1142 1012 1097 1373 1373 1171 1436 1300 1210 1300 969 1268 878 1318 1030 1394 1179 875 768 938 697 596 871 1365 1114 1062 1320 601 646 1446 1192 1182 608 855 1032 1396 1279 1271 1281 527 1263 1159 1231 604 1266 1036 774 946 1003 912

2(π + π − )π 0 3(π + π − )π 0 π +π −π 0 π+π −π 0 K+ K− 4(π + π − )π 0 π+π− K+ K− K Kπ ppπ + π − 2(π + π − ) 3(π + π − ) 2(π + π − π 0 ) 2(π + π − )η 3(π + π − )η nnπ + π − �0 �0 2(π + π − ) K + K − ppπ + π − π 0 pp ppη pnπ − nn �� �� ppπ 0 �� − π + (or c.c.) pK − � 2(K + K − ) pK − � 0 K+ K− K 0S K 0L �� π 0 π +π− ��+ c.c. K 0S K 0S

γ ηc (1S) γ π + π − 2π 0 γ ηππ γ η(1405/1475) → γ K Kπ γ η(1405/1475) → γ γρ 0 γ η(1405/1475) → γ ηπ + π − γ η(1405/1475) → γ γ φ γρρ γ η2 (1870) → γ π + π − γ η� (958) γ 2π + 2π − γ f2 (1270) f2 (1270) γ f2 (1270) f2 (1270) (non resonant) γ K+ K−π+π− γ f4 (2050) γ ωω γ η(1405/1475) → γρ 0 ρ 0 γ f2 (1270) γ f0 (1710) → γ K K γη γ f1 (1420) → γ K K π γ f1 (1285) γ f1 (1510) → γ ηπ + π − γ f �2 (1525) γ f2 (1950) → γ K ∗ (892) K ∗ (892) γ K ∗ (892) K ∗ (892) γ φφ

Radiative decays (1.3 ± 0.4) % (8.3 ± 3.1) ×10−3 (6.1 ± 1.0) ×10−3 [p] (2.8 ± 0.6) ×10−3 (7.8 ± 2.0) ×10−6 (3.0 ± 0.5) ×10−4 < 8.2 ×10−5 (4.5 ± 0.8) ×10−3 (6.2 ± 2.4) ×10−4 (4.71 ± 0.27)×10−3 (2.8 ± 0.5) ×10−3 (9.5 ± 1.7) ×10−4 (8.2 ± 1.9) ×10−4

114 1518 1488 S = 1.6 1223 S = 1.8 1223 – CL = 95% – 1340 – S = 1.1 1400 S = 1.9 1517 878 –

(2.1 ± 0.6) ×10−3 (2.7 ± 0.7) ×10−3 (1.59 ± 0.33)×10−3 (1.7 ± 0.4) ×10−3 (1.38 ± 0.14)×10−3 (8.5+1.2 ×10−4 −0.9 ) (9.8 ± 1.0) ×10−4 (7.9 ± 1.3) ×10−4 (6.1 ± 0.8) ×10−4 (4.5 ± 1.2) ×10−4 (4.5+0.7 ×10−4 −0.4 ) (7.0 ± 2.2) ×10−4 (4.0 ± 1.3) ×10−3 (4.0 ± 1.2) ×10−4

1407 886 1336 1223 1286 1075 1500 1220 1283 – 1173 – 1266 1166

S = 1.3 S = 1.2 S = 1.7

S = 2.1

Meson Summary Table γ pp γ η(2225) γ η(1760) → γρ 0 ρ 0 γ X(1835) γ (K Kπ ) J PC =0−+ γ π0 γ ppπ + π − γγ γ �� 3γ γ f J (2220) γ f J (2220) → γ π π γ f J (2220) → γ K K γ f J (2220) → γ pp γ f0 (1500) γ e+ e−

11-33

(3.8 ± 1.0) ×10−4 (2.9 ± 0.6) ×10−4 (1.3 ± 0.9) ×10−4 (2.2 ± 0.6) ×10−4 S = 2.1 (7 ± 4) ×10−4 (3.3+0.6 ×10−5 −0.4 ) < 7.9 ×10−4 CL = 90% <5 ×10−4 CL = 90% < 1.3 ×10−4 CL = 90% < 5.5 ×10−5 CL = 90% > 2.50 ×10−3 CL = 99.9% (8 ± 4) ×10−5 (8.1 ± 3.0) ×10−5 (1.5 ± 0.8) ×10−5 > (5.7 ± 0.8)×10−4 (8.8 ± 1.4) ×10−3

Lepton Family number (LF) violating modes LF < 1.1 ×10−6 CL = 90% LF < 8.3 ×10−6 CL = 90% LF < 2.0 ×10−6 CL = 90%

e ± μ∓ e± τ ∓ μ± τ ∓

χc0 (1P)

1232 752 1048 1006 1442 1546 1107 1548 1074 1548 745 – – – 1182 1548

2(π π ) +

−

f0 (980) f0 (980) → 2π + 2π − π +π −K +K − f0 (980) f0 (980) → π+π −K + K − f0 (980) f0 (2200) → π+π −K +K − f0 (1370) f0 (1370) → π+π −K +K − f0 (1370) f0 (1500) → π+π −K +K − f0 (1370) f0 (1710) → π+π −K +K − f0 (1500) f0 (1370) → π+π −K +K − f0 (1500) f0 (1500) → π+π −K +K − f0 (1500) f0 (1710) → π+π −K +K −

ρ0π +π − 3(π + π − ) K + K ∗ (892) 0 π − + c.c. K1 (1270) + K − + c.c. → π+π −K + K − K1 (1400) + K − + c.c. → π+π −K + K − K ∗ (892) 0 K ∗ (892) 0 K0∗ (1430) 0 K ∗0 (1430) 0 → π +π −K +K − K0∗ (1430) 0 K ∗2 (1430) 0 + c.c. → π + π − K + K − K +K −

ππ ηη ωω K + K − K 0S K 0S K +K −K +K − K 0S K 0S K 0S K 0S π + π − K 0S K 0S pp π + π − pp

φφ pp

�� �� π + π − �− �+ K 0S K + π − + c.c.

Fraction (�i /�)

Hadronic decays (2.41 ± 0.23)% (7.1±2.3) ×10−4 (2.0 ± 0.4) % S = 1.6 (1.7+1.1 ×10−4 −1.0 ) (8.4+2.2 −2.7 )

χc1 (1P) DECAY MODES

3(π + π − ) 2(π + π − ) π+π−K +K − ρ0π +π − K + K ∗ (892) 0 π − + c.c. K ∗ (892) 0 K ∗ (892) 0 K 0S K + π − + c.c. π + π − K 0S K 0S π + π − pp K +K −K +K − pp

p (MeV/c) 1679 – 1580 –

×10−4

–

< 2.9

×10−4 CL = 90%

–

< 1.8

×10−4 CL = 90%

–

×10−4

–

< 1.4

×10−4 CL = 90%

–

<6

×10−5 CL = 90%

–

<7

×10−5 CL = 90%

–

(7.1+3.8 −2.5 )

(1.6 ± 0.5) % (1.19 ± 0.18)% (1.2 ± 0.4) % (6.7 ± 2.0) ×10−3 < 2.9

1607 1633 1523 –

×10−3 CL = 90%

–

(1.8 ± 0.6) (1.05+0.39 −0.30 )

×10 ×10−3

1456 –

(8.5+2.1 −2.6 )

×10−4

–

−3

(5.4 ± 0.6) ×10−3 (7.2 ± 0.6) ×10−3 (1.9 ± 0.5) ×10−3 (2.3 ± 0.7) ×10−3 (1.5 ± 0.5) ×10−3 (2.1 ± 0.4) ×10−3 (2.8 ± 0.7) ×10−3 (6.1 ± 1.1) ×10−3 < 8.8 ×10−4 (2.1 ± 0.7) ×10−3 (9 ± 5) ×10−4 (2.24 ± 0.27)×10−4 (4.4 ± 1.5) ×10−4 < 4.0 ×10−3 < 1.03 ×10−3 <7 ×10−4

S = 1.9 CL = 90% S = 1.4

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

303 1707

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (1++ )

Mass m = 3510.66 ± 0.07 MeV (S = 1.5) Full width � = 0.89 ± 0.05 MeV

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (0++ )

Scale factor/ Confidence level

Radiative decays (1.30 ± 0.11)% (2.76 ± 0.33)×10−4

χc1 (1P)

1547 1039 1035

Mass m = 3414.76 ± 0.35 MeV (S = 1.2) Full width � = 10.4 ± 0.7 MeV χc1 (1P ) DECAY MODES

γ J /ψ(1S ) γγ

1634 1702 1617 1517 1331 1333 1633 1579 884 1320 1370 1426 1292 1153 1081 1610

�� ��π + π −

K 0S K 0S pp −

+

� � π+π−+ K +K −

K 0S K 0S

γ J /ψ(1S )

χc2 (1P)

Fraction (�i /�) Hadronic decays (5.8 ± 1.4) ×10−3 (7.6 ± 2.6) ×10−3 (4.5 ± 1.0) ×10−3 (3.9 ± 3.5) ×10−3 (3.2 ± 2.1) ×10−3 (1.6 ± 0.4) ×10−3 (2.3 ± 0.7) ×10−3 (7.7 ± 3.3) ×10−4 (4.9 ± 1.9) ×10−4 (3.9 ± 1.7) ×10−4 (6.7 ± 0.5) ×10−5 (2.4 ± 1.0) ×10−4 < 1.5 ×10−3 < 4.5 ×10−4 < 3.4 ×10−4 < 2.1 ×10−3 <7 ×10−5

Scale factor/ Confidence level

p (MeV/c)

S = 1.2

1683 1728 1632 1657 1577 1512 1661 1630 1381 1393 1484 1355 1223 968 1156 – 1683

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

Radiative decays (35.6 ± 1.9) %

389

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (2++ )

Mass m = 3556.20 ± 0.09 MeV Full width � = 2.06 ± 0.12 MeV χc2 (1P) DECAY MODES

2(π + π − ) π +π−K +K − 3(π + π − ) ρ0π +π − K + K ∗ (892) 0 π − + c.c. K ∗ (892) 0 K ∗ (892) 0 φφ ωω ππ ηη π + π − K 0S K 0S K +K −K +K − π + π − pp K +K − K 0S K 0S K 0S K 0S pp pp

�� ��π + π − J /ψ(1S )π + π − π 0 K 0S K + π − + c.c. �− �+

γ J /ψ(1S ) γγ

Fraction (�i /�) Hadronic decays (1.23 ± 0.15)% (9.9 ± 2.5) ×10−3 (8.6 ± 1.8) ×10−3 (7 ± 4) ×10−3 (4.8 ± 2.8) ×10−3 (3.8 ± 0.8) ×10−3 (1.9 ± 0.7) ×10−3 (2.0 ± 0.7) ×10−3 (2.14 ± 0.25)×10−3 < 1.2 ×10−3 (2.6 ± 0.6) ×10−3 (1.41 ± 0.35)×10−3 (1.32 ± 0.34)×10−3 (7.7 ± 1.4) ×10−4 (6.7 ± 1.1) ×10−4 < 7.9 ×10−4 (6.6 ± 0.5) ×10−5 (2.7 ± 1.3) ×10−4 < 3.5 ×10−3 < 1.5 % < 1.0 ×10−3 < 3.7 ×10−4 Radiative decays (20.2 ± 1.0) % (2.59 ± 0.19)×10−4

Scale factor/ Confidence level

S = 1.6

CL = 90%

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

p (MeV/c) 1751 1656 1707 1681 1602 1538 1457 1597 1773 1692 1655 1421 1410 1708 1707 1007 1510 1385 1255 185 1685 1190

430 1778

Meson Summary Table

11-34 ηc (2S)

ωK + K − 3(π + π − ) pp π + π − π 0

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (0−+ )

Quantum numbers are quark model predictions. Mass m = 3638 ± 4 MeV (S = 1.8) Full width � = 14 ± 7 MeV ηc (2S) DECAY MODES KKπ

γγ

ψ(2S)

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

seen seen

1729 1819

I G( J PC ) = 0− (1−− )

Mass m = 3686.093 ± 0.034 MeV (S = 1.4) Full width � = 337 ± 13 keV �ee = 2.48 ± 0.06 keV ψ (2S) DECAY MODES

hadrons virtual γ → hadrons

Fraction (�i /�)

Scale factor/ Confidence level

(97.85 ± 0.13)% S = 1.5 (1.73 ± 0.14) % e e (7.35 ± 0.18) ×10−3 + − −3 (7.3 ± 0.8) ×10 μ μ (2.8 ± 0.7) ×10−3 τ +τ − Decays into J /ψ(1S ) and anything J /ψ(1S ) anything (56.1 ± 0.9) % J /ψ(1S ) neutrals (23.0 ± 0.4) % J /ψ(1S )π + π − (31.8 ± 0.6) % 0 0 J /ψ(1S )π π (16.46 ± 0.35)% J /ψ(1S )η (3.09 ± 0.08) % 0 J /ψ(1S )π (1.26 ± 0.13) ×10−3 S = 1.3 Hadronic decays (3.5 ± 1.6) ×10−3 3(π + π − ) π 0 (2.66 ± 0.29) ×10−3 2(π + π − ) π 0 (2.6 ± 0.9) ×10−4 ρ a2 (1320) pp (2.65 ± 0.22) ×10−4 S = 1.4 (1.28 ± 0.35) ×10−4 �++ �−− −4 (2.5 ± 0.7) ×10 S = 3.1 �� (2.6 ± 0.8) ×10−4 �+ �− 0 0 −4 (2.1 ± 0.7) ×10 S = 2.0 � � (1.1 ± 0.4) ×10−4 �(1385) + �(1385) − (1.5 ± 0.7) ×10−4 S = 3.0 � − �+ (2.8 ± 0.9) ×10−4 � 0 �0 < 8.1 ×10−5 CL = 90% �(1530) 0 �(1530) 0 < 7.3 ×10−5 CL = 90% �− �+ 0 −4 (1.33 ± 0.17) ×10 π pp −5 (6.0 ± 1.2) ×10 ηpp (6.9 ± 2.1) ×10−5 ωpp < 2.4 ×10−5 CL = 90% φ pp (6.0 ± 0.4) ×10−4 π + π − pp (4.5 ± 1.4) ×10−3 2(π + π − π 0 ) < 1.6 ×10−4 CL = 90% ηπ + π − (9.5 ± 1.7) ×10−4 ηπ + π − π 0 (4.5 ± 2.1) ×10−4 η� π + π − π 0 (6.6 ± 1.7) ×10−4 S = 2.7 ωπ + π − ∓ b± (3.6 ± 0.6) ×10−4 1π 0 0 −4 b1 π (2.4 ± 0.6) ×10 (2.0 ± 0.6) ×10−4 ωf2 (1270) (7.2 ± 0.5) ×10−4 π +π −K +K − (2.2 ± 0.4) ×10−4 ρ0K +K − K ∗ (892) 0 K ∗2 (1430) 0 (1.9 ± 0.5) ×10−4 K + K − 2(π + π − ) (1.8 ± 0.9) ×10−3 K1 (1270) ± K ∓ (1.00 ± 0.28) ×10−3 K 0S K 0S π + π − (2.2 ± 0.4) ×10−4 (5.0 ± 2.2) ×10−5 ρ 0 pp K + K ∗ (892) 0 π − + c.c. (6.7 ± 2.5) ×10−4 (2.4 ± 0.6) ×10−4 S = 2.2 2(π + π − ) (2.2 ± 0.6) ×10−4 S = 1.4 ρ0π +π − K +K −π +π − π 0 (1.24 ± 0.10) ×10−3 (5.9 ± 2.2) ×10−5 ωf0 (1710) → ωK + K − K ∗ (892) 0 K − π + π 0 + c.c. (8.6 ± 2.2) ×10−4 K ∗ (892) + K − π + π − + c.c. (9.6 ± 2.8) ×10−4 K ∗ (892) + K − ρ 0 + c.c. (7.3 ± 2.6) ×10−4 K ∗ (892) 0 K − ρ + + c.c. (6.1 ± 1.8) ×10−4 < 1.3 ×10−4 CL = 90% ηK + K − + −

K +K − K 0S K 0L

p (MeV/c) – – 1843 1840 489 – – 477 481 200 528 1746 1799 1500 1586 1371 1467 1408 1405 1218 1285 1292 1025 774 1543 1373 1247 1109 1491 1776 1791 1778 – 1748 1635 – 1515 1726 1616 1418 1654 1581 1724 1251 1674 1817 1750 1694 – – – – – 1664

π +π −π 0 ρ(2150)π → π + π − π 0 ρ(770)π → π + π − π 0 π +π− K1 (1400) ± K ∓ K +K −π 0 K + K ∗ (892) − + c.c. K ∗ (892) 0 K 0 + c.c. φπ + π − φ f0 (980) → π + π − 2(K + K − ) φK + K − 2(K + K − )π 0 φη φη� ωη� ωπ 0 ρη� ρη ωη φπ 0 ppK + K −

��π + π − �pK + �pK + π + π − φ f �2 (1525) �(1540)�(1540) K 0S pK − n + c.c. �(1540) K − n → �(1540) K 0S p → �(1540) K + n → �(1540) K 0S p → K 0S K 0S

→ 0

K S pK n K 0S pK + n K 0S pK + n K 0S pK − n

γ χc 0 (1P ) γ χc 1 (1P ) γ χc 2(1P) γ ηc (1S ) γ ηc (2S ) γ η� (958) γ f2 (1270) γ f0 (1710) → γ ππ γ f0 (1710) → γ K K γγ γη γ η(1405) → γ K K π

ψ (3770)

−

(1.85 ± 0.25)×10−4 (3.5 ± 2.0) ×10−4 (7.3 ± 0.7) ×10−4 (1.0 ± 0.7) ×10−4 (5.2 ± 0.7) ×10−5 (1.68 ± 0.26)×10−4 (1.9+1.2 ×10−4 −0.4 ) (3.2 ± 1.2) ×10−5 (8 ± 5) ×10−5 < 3.1 ×10−4 < 2.96 ×10−5 −5 (1.7+0.8 ) ×10 −0.7 (1.09 ± 0.20)×10−4 (1.13 ± 0.29)×10−4 (6.0 ± 2.2) ×10−5 (6.0 ± 1.4) ×10−5 (7.0 ± 1.6) ×10−5 (1.10 ± 0.28)×10−4 ×10−5 (2.8+1.0 −0.8 ) (3.1 ± 1.6) ×10−5 (3.2+2.5 ×10−5 −2.1 ) (2.1 ± 0.6) ×10−5 (1.9+1.7 ×10−5 −1.2 ) (2.2 ± 0.6) ×10−5 < 1.1 ×10−5 <4 ×10−6 (2.7 ± 0.7) ×10−5 (2.8 ± 0.6) ×10−4 (1.00 ± 0.14)×10−4 (1.8 ± 0.4) ×10−4 (4.4 ± 1.6) ×10−5 < 8.8 ×10−6 < 1.0 < 7.0 < 2.6 < 6.0 < 4.6 Radiative decays (9.2 ± 0.4) (8.7 ± 0.4) (8.1 ± 0.4) (2.6 ± 0.4) < 2.0 (1.5 ± 0.4) (2.1 ± 0.4) (3.0 ± 1.3) (6.0 ± 1.6) < 1.3 <9 < 1.2

−5

×10 ×10−6 ×10−5 ×10−6 ×10−6 % % % ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4 ×10−5 ×10−5 ×10−4 ×10−5 ×10−4

S = 1.1 S = 2.8

S = 1.4 S = 1.8 CL = 90% CL = 90% S = 1.7

S = 1.1 CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90%

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

1614 1774 1435 1776 1775 1830 – – 1838 1532 1754 1698 1697 1690 – 1499 1546 1440 1654 1555 1623 1757 1625 1717 1715 1699 1118 1346 1327 1167 1321 – – – – – 1775 261 171 128 638 47 1719 1622 – – 1843 1802 1569

I G( J PC ) = 0− (1−− )

Mass m = 3771.1 ± 2.4 MeV Full width � = 23.0 ± 2.7 MeV (S = 1.1) �ee = 0.242+0.027 −0.024 keV (S = 1.1) In addition to the dominant decay mode to D D, ψ(3770) was found to decay into the final states containing the J /ψ (BAI 05, ADAM 06). ADAMS 06 and HUANG 06A searched for various decay modes with light hadrons and found a statistically significant signal for the decay to φη only (ADAMS 06).

Meson Summary Table

11-35

ψ (3770) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

DD D0D0 D+D− J /ψπ + π − J /ψπ 0 π 0 J /ψη J /ψπ 0 e+e− K 0S K 0L

dominant seen seen (1.93 ± 0.28)×10−3 (8.0 ± 3.0) ×10−4 (9 ± 4) ×10−4 < 2.8 ×10−4 (1.05 ± 0.14)×10−5 < 2.1 ×10−4 < 1.12 ×10−3 < 1.06 ×10−3 < 1.24 ×10−3 < 6.0 ×10−4 < 1.34 ×10−3 < 2.44 ×10−3 < 9.0 ×10−4 < 4.1 ×10−4 < 4.5 ×10−4 < 2.36 ×10−3 < 4.1 ×10−4 < 3.4 ×10−4 < 6.0 ×10−4 < 7.5 ×10−4 < 2.9 ×10−4 < 5.8 ×10−4 < 1.85 ×10−3 < 5.4 ×10−4 < 2.9 ×10−4 < 3.2 ×10−4 < 1.3 ×10−4 < 1.2 ×10−4 < 2.5 ×10−4 < 2.8 ×10−4 < 6.3 ×10−4 (3.1 ± 0.7) ×10−4 not seen not seen not seen not seen not seen not seen not seen not seen not seen not seen not seen not seen

2(π + π − ) 2(π + π − ) π 0 ηπ + π − ωπ + π − η 3π η� 3π K +K −π +π − φπ + π − φ f0 (980) K +K −π +π − π 0 ηK + K − ωK + K − 2(K + K − ) φK + K − 2(K + K − )π 0 pp π + π − pp π + π − π 0 ηpp ωpp ppK + K − φ pp

�� �� π + π − �pK + �pK + π + π − φη π+π−π0 ρπ ωπ 0 φπ 0 ρη ωη ρη� ωη� φη�

K ∗0 K 0 K ∗+ K − b1 π

X (3872)

Scale factor/ Confidence level

CL = 90% S = 1.1 CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

D0D0 D+D− D0D0π 0

χc2 (2P)

ψ(4040) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

e+e− D0D0 D ∗ (2007) 0 D 0 + c.c. D ∗ (2007) 0 D ∗ (2007) 0 J /ψπ + π − J /ψπ 0 π 0 J /ψη J /ψπ 0 J /ψπ + π − π 0

(1.07 ± 0.16)×10−5 seen seen seen <4 ×10−3 <2 ×10−3 <7 ×10−3 <2 ×10−3 <2 ×10−3 < 1.1 % < 1.7 % < 1.1 % < 3.2 % <3 ×10−3

χc 1 γ χc 2 γ χc 1 π + π − π 0 χc 2 π + π − π 0 φπ + π −

ψ(4160)[xxx]

Confidence level

p (MeV/c)

90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

2019 776 576 227 794 797 675 823 746 494 454 306 233 1880

I G( J PC ) = 0− (1−− )

Mass m = 4153 ± 3 MeV Full width � = 103 ± 8 MeV �ee = 0.83 ± 0.07 keV ψ(4160) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

e+e− J /ψπ + π − J /ψπ 0 π 0 J /ψ K + K − J /ψη J /ψπ 0 J /ψη� J /ψπ + π − π 0 ψ(2S )π + π −

(8.1 ± 0.9) <3 <3 <2 <8 <1 <5 <1 <4 <7 < 1.3 <2 <8 <2

χc 1 γ χc 2 γ χc 1 π + π − π 0 χc 2 π + π − π 0 φπ + π −

hadrons e+e−

p (MeV/c)

seen not seen not seen not seen

649 520 502 117

Mass m = 3929 ± 5 MeV Full width � = 29 ± 10 MeV

Mass m = 4039 ± 1 MeV Full width � = 80 ± 10 MeV �ee = 0.86 ± 0.07 keV

ψ (4415) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (22++ )

I G( J PC ) = 0− (1−− )

×10−6 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3 % ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3

Confidence level

p (MeV/c)

90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

2076 888 891 324 786 914 385 847 353 593 554 452 398 1941

I G( J PC ) = 0− (1−− )

Mass m = 4421 ± 4 MeV Full width � = 62 ± 20 MeV �ee = 0.58 ± 0.07 keV

Mass m = 3871.2 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.4) mX(3872)± − mJ /ψ = 775 ± 4 MeV m X (3872)± − m ψ(2S ) Full width � < 2.3 MeV, CL = 90% X(3872) DECAY MODES

281 281 247 558 562 357 601 1886 1819 1860 1842 1835 1793 1823 1739 1771 1736 1599 1740 1711 1663 1550 1596 1492 1543 1489 1429 1308 1184 1176 1520 1403 1385 1232 1702 1873 1803 1802 1745 1762 1761 1673 1671 1605 1743 1744 1682

ψ(4040)[xxx]

ψ(4415)[xxx]

I G( J PC ) = 0? (??+ )

Quantum numbers not established.

π + π − J /ψ(1S )

p (MeV/c)

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

dominant (9.4 ± 3.2) × 10−6

– 2210

Meson Summary Table

11-36 χb1 (1P) DECAY MODES

bb¯ MESONS Υ(1S)

γ ϒ(1S )

I G( J PC ) = 0− (1−− )

χb2 (1P)[yyy]

Mass m = 9460.30 ± 0.26 MeV (S = 3.3) Full width � = 54.02 ± 1.25 keV �ee = 1.340 ± 0.018 keV

χb2 (1P) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

τ +τ −

(2.67+0.14 % −0.16 ) (2.38 ± 0.11)% (2.48 ± 0.05)% Hadronic decays (2.8 ± 0.4) % (6.5 ± 0.7) ×10−4 <5 ×10−3 (2.3 ± 0.7) ×10−4 (3.4 ± 1.0) ×10−4 (2.7 ± 0.9) ×10−4 <2 ×10−4 <5 ×10−4 <5 ×10−4 <5 ×10−4 < 1.84 ×10−5 Radiative decays (6.3 ± 1.8) ×10−5 (1.7 ± 0.7) ×10−5 (1.14 ± 0.13)×10−5

e+e−

η� (958) anything J /ψ(1S ) anything χc0 anything χc1 anything χc2 anything ψ(2S ) anything ρπ π +π − K +K − pp

π 0π+π− γ π +π− γ π 0π0 K + K − with 2 < mK + K − < 3

Confidence level

GeV <6 ×10−6 γ pp with 2<m p p <3 GeV (7.0 ± 1.5) ×10−4 γ 2h + 2h − (5.4 ± 2.0) ×10−4 γ 3h + 3h − (7.4 ± 3.5) ×10−4 γ 4h + 4h − (2.9 ± 0.9) ×10−4 γ π +π −K +K − (2.5 ± 0.9) ×10−4 γ 2π + 2π − (2.5 ± 1.2) ×10−4 γ 3π + 3π − (2.4 ± 1.2) ×10−4 γ 2π + 2π − K + K − (1.5 ± 0.6) ×10−4 γ π + π − pp (4 ± 6) ×10−5 γ 2π + 2π − pp (2.0 ± 2.0) ×10−5 γ 2 K + 2K − < 1.6 ×10−5 γ η� (958) γη < 2.1 ×10−5 <3 ×10−5 γ f0 (980) (3.7+1.2 ×10−5 γ f �2 (1525) −1.1 ) (1.00 ± 0.10)×10−4 γ f2 (1270) γ η(1405) < 8.2 ×10−5 < 1.8 ×10−4 γ f0 (1710) < 5.3 ×10−5 γ f4 (2050) <2 ×10−4 γ f0 (2200) → γ K + K − <8 ×10−7 γ fJ (2220) → γ K + K − <6 ×10−7 γ fJ (2220) → γ π + π − < 1.1 ×10−6 γ fJ (2220) → γ pp γ η(2225) → γ φφ <3 ×10−3 <3 ×10−5 γX (X = pseudoscalar with m< 7.2 GeV) <1 ×10−3 γXX (X X = vectors with m< 3.1 GeV)

χb0 (1P)[yyy]

γ ϒ(1S)

χb1 (1P)[yyy]

90%

90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

90%

90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

– 4720 4703 4679 4686 4720 4703 4658 4604 4563 4601 4682 4714 4679 4607 4644 4625 4574 4513 4475 4469 – – 4469 –

90%

–

90% 90% 90%

Fraction (�i /�)

Confidence level

p (MeV/c)

< 6%

90%

391

Mass m = 9892.78 ± 0.26 ± 0.31 MeV

– 4223 – – – – 4697 4728 4704 4636 4725 4728 4728 –

I G ( J PC ) = 0+ (0++ ) J needs confirmation.

I G ( J PC ) = 0+ (1++ ) J needs confirmation.

p (MeV/c) 4384 4730 4729

Mass m = 9859.44 ± 0.42 ± 0.31 MeV χb1 (1P ) DECAY MODES

p (MeV/c)

(35 ± 8)%

423

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (2++ ) J needs confirmation.

Mass m = 9912.21 ± 0.26 ± 0.31 MeV

Υ(1S) DECAY MODES

μ+ μ−

Fraction (�i /�)

γ ϒ(1S)

Υ2S

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

(22 ± 4)%

442

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (1−− )

Mass m = 10.02326 ± 0.00031 GeV Full width � = 31.98 ± 2.63 keV �ee = 0.612 ± 0.011 keV

Scale factor/ Confidence level

Υ(2S) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

ϒ(1S )π + π − ϒ(1S )π 0 π 0 τ +τ − μ + μ−

(18.8 ± 0.6) % (9.0 ± 0.8) % (1.7 ± 1.6) % (1.93 ± 0.17)% (1.91 ± 0.16)% < 1.1 ×10−3 <2 ×10−3 <6 ×10−3 Radiative decays (6.9 ± 0.4) % (7.15 ± 0.35)% (3.8 ± 0.4) % < 5.9 ×10−4 < 5.3 ×10−4 < 2.41 ×10−4 < 5.1 ×10−4

e+e− ϒ(1S )π 0 ϒ(1S )η J /ψ(1S ) anything

γ χb 1 (1P ) γ χb 2 (1P ) γ χb 0 (1P ) γ f0 (1710) γ f �2 (1525) γ f2 (1270) γ ηb (1S )

χb0 (2P)[yyy]

S = 2.2 CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90% CL = 90%

p (MeV/c) 475 480 4686 5011 5012 531 127 4533 130 110 162 4864 4896 4930 697

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (0++ ) J needs confirmation.

Mass m = 10.2325 ± 0.0004 ± 0.0005 GeV χb0 (2P) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

γ ϒ(2S ) γ ϒ(1S )

(4.6 ± 2.1) (9 ± 6)

χb1 (2P)[yyy]

p (MeV/c)

% ×10−3

207 743

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (1++ ) J needs confirmation.

Mass m = 10.25546 ± 0.00022 ± 0.00050 GeV mχb1 (2P) − m χb0 (2P) = 23.5 ± 1.0 MeV χb1 (2P) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

ωϒ(1S ) γ ϒ(2S ) γ ϒ(1S ) ππχb1 (1P )

(1.63+0.38 −0.34 ) (21 ± 4) (8.5 ± 1.3) (8.6 ± 3.1)

χb2 (2P)[yyy]

Scale factor % % % ×10−3

1.5 1.3

I G( J PC ) = 0+ (2++ ) J needs confirmation.

Mass m = 10.26865 ± 0.00022 ± 0.00050 GeV mχb2 (2P) − mχb1 (2P) = 13.5 ± 0.6 MeV

p (MeV/c) 135 230 764 238

Meson Summary Table

11-37

χb2 (2P) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

ωϒ(1S) γ ϒ(2S) γ ϒ(1S) π π χb2 (1P)

(1.10+0.34 −0.30 ) (16.2 ± 2.4) (7.1 ± 1.0) (6.0 ± 2.1)

Υ(3S)

G

I (J

PC

Υ(3S) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

ϒ(2S) anything ϒ(2S)π + π − ϒ(2S)π 0 π 0 ϒ(2S)γ γ ϒ(1S)π + π − ϒ(1S)π 0 π 0 ϒ(1S)π μ+ μ− e+e−

(10.6 ± 0.8) % (2.8 ± 0.6) % (2.00 ± 0.32) % (5.0 ± 0.7) % (4.48 ± 0.21) % (2.06 ± 0.28) % < 2.2 ×10−3 (2.18 ± 0.21) % seen Radiative decays (13.1 ± 1.6) % (12.6 ± 1.2) % (5.9 ± 0.6) % (3.0 ± 1.1) ×10−3 < 6.2 ×10−4 < 4.3 ×10−4

γ χb2 (2P) γ χb1 (2P) γ χb0 (2P) γ χb0 (1P) γ ηb (2S) γ ηb (1S)

Υ(4S) or Υ(10580)

194 242 777 229

which often indicates that the measurements are inconsistent. When S > 1.25, about S, see the Introduction. A decay momentum p is given for each decay mode. For a 2-body decay, p is the

Scale factor/ Confidence level

Fraction (�i / �) > 96 (50.6 ± 0.8) (18.2 ± 3.2) (49.4 ± 0.8) <4 (1.57 ± 0.08) < 1.9 < 7.4 < 2.3 <4 < 1.2 < 3.9

Υ(10860)

p (MeV/ c) 296 177 190 327 813 816 677 5177 5178

S = 2.2

CL = 90% S = 2.1 S = 3.4 S = 2.4 S = 1.4

86 99 122 484 – 1001

CL = 90% CL = 90%

G

I (J

PC

Υ(11020)

Confidence level % % % % % ×10−5 ×10−4 % ×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−4 ×10−4

95%

95% 95% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

330 335 – 330 – 5290 – 5099 5240 1053 1026 468

[b] Measurements of �(e+ νe )/ �(μ+ νμ ) always include decays with γ ’s, and measurements of �(e + νe γ ) and �(μ+ νμ γ ) never include low-energy γ ’s. Therefore, since no clean separation is possible, we consider the modes with γ ’s to be subreactions of the modes without them, and let [�(e+ νe ) + �(μ+ νμ )]/�total = 100%.

[c] See the π ± Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement; low-energy γ ’s are not included.

[d] Derived from an analysis of neutrino-oscillation experiments. [e] Astrophysical and cosmological arguments give limits of order 10−13 ; see the π 0 Particle Listings. [f ] Due to a new measurement in the average, this is 0.45 MeV larger than the mass we gave in our 2002 edition, 547.30 ± 0.12 MeV.

Fraction (�i / �)

Fraction (�i / �) (1.6 ± 0.5) × 10−6

[k] The ωρ interference is then due to ωρ mixing only, and is expected to be small. If eμ universality holds, �(ρ 0 → μ+ μ− ) = �(ρ 0 → e+ e− ) × 0.99785. [l] See the “Note on scalar mesons” in the f0 (1370) Particle Listings. [m] See the “Note on a1 (1260)” in the a1 (1260) Particle Listings. [n] This is only an educated guess; the error given is larger than the error on the average of the published values. See the Particle Listings for details. [o] See the “Note on non-qq mesons” in the Particle Listings (see the index for the page number). [p] See the “Note on the η(1405)” in the η(1405) Particle Listings. [q] See the “Note on the f1 (1420)” in the η(1405) Particle Listings. [r] See also the ω(1650) Particle Listings. [s] See the “Note on the ρ(1450) and the ρ(1700)” in the ρ(1700) Particle Listings.

) = 0– (1– – )

[t] See also the ω(1420) Particle Listings. [u] See the “Note on f0 (1710)” in the f0 (1710) Particle Listings. [v] See the note in the K ± Particle Listings.

p (MeV/c) 5432 –

[w] The definition of the slope parameter g of the K → 3π Dalitz plot is as follows (see also “Note on Dalitz Plot Parameters for K → 3π Decays” in the K ± Particle Listings): |M|2 = 1 + g(s3 − s0 )/m2π + + · · · . [x] For more details and definitions of parameters see the Particle Listings. [y] Most of this radiative mode, the low-momentum γ part, is also included in the parent mode listed without γ ’s. [z] See the K ± Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measure-

Mass m = 11.019 ± 0.008 GeV Full width � = 79 ± 16 MeV �ee = 0.130 ± 0.030 keV e+ e−

[a] See the “Note on π ± → �± νγ and K ± → �± νγ Form Factors” in the π ± Particle Listings for definitions and details.

[j] See the “Note on ρ(770)” in the ρ(770) Particle Listings. p (MeV/c)

I G( J PC ) = 0– (1– – )

Υ (11020) DECAY MODES

in this frame.

[i] See the “Note on scalar mesons” in the f0 (1370) Particle Listings. The interpretation of this entry as a particle is controversial.

(2.8 ± 0.7) × 10−6 (45 ± 11) %

e+ e− Ds anything + c.c.

a 3-or-more-body decay, p is the largest momentum any of the products can have

[h] C parity forbids this to occur as a single-photon process.

Mass m = 10.865 ± 0.008 GeV (S = 1.1) Full width � = 110 ± 13 MeV �ee = 0.31 ± 0.07 keV (S = 1.3) Υ (10860) DECAY MODES

momentum of each decay product in the rest frame of the decaying particle. For

[g] Due to removing an old measurement from the average, this is 0.11 keV larger than the width we gave in our 2002 edition, 1.18 ± 0.11 keV. See the �(2γ ) data block in the Data Listings.

Mass m = 10.5794 ± 0.0012 GeV Full width � = 20.5 ± 2.5 MeV �ee = 0.272 ± 0.029 keV (S = 1.5) BB B+ B− D+ s anything + c.c. B0 B0 non-BB e+ e− J /ψ(1S) anything D∗+ anything + c.c. φ anything ϒ(1S) anything ϒ(1S)π + π − ϒ(2S)π + π −

When a quantity has “(S = . . . )” to its right, the error on the quantity has been � χ 2 /(N − 1), where N is the

enlarged by the “scale factor” S, defined as S =

we also show in the Particle Listings an ideogram of the measurements. For more

I G( J PC ) = 0– (1– – )

Υ (4S) DECAY MODES

In this Summary Table:

number of measurements used in calculating the quantity. We do this when S > 1,

) = 0– (1– – )

Mass m = 10.3552 ± 0.0005 GeV Full width � = 20.32 ± 1.85 keV �ee = 0.443 ± 0.008 keV

NOTES

p (MeV/c)

% % % ×10−3

ment. [aa] Structure-dependent part. [bb] Direct-emission branching fraction. p (MeV/c) 5510

[cc] Violates angular-momentum conservation. [dd] Derived from measured values of φ+− , φ00 , |η|, |m K 0 − m K 0 |, and τ K 0 , L

S

as described in the introduction to “Tests of Conservation Laws.”

S

Meson Summary Table

11-38 [ee] The CP-violation parameters are defined as follows (see also “Note on CP Violation in K S → 3π” and “Note on CP Violation in K 0L Decay” in the Particle Listings): η+− = |η+− |eiφ +− = η00 = |η00 |eiφ 00 = δ=

[hh] [ii] [jj] [kk] [ll] [mm] [nn] [oo] [pp] [qq] [rr] [ss] [tt] [uu] [vv]

= � − 2� �

A( K 0S →π 0 π 0 )

�( K 0L →π − �+ ν) + �( K 0L →π + �− ν)

Im(η000 ) 2 =

[gg]

A( K 0L →π 0 π 0 )

= � + ��

�( K 0L →π − �+ ν) − �( K 0L →π + �− ν)

Im(η+−0 ) 2 =

[ff ]

A( K 0L →π + π − )

A( K 0S → π + π − )

�( K 0S →π + π − π 0 ) C P �( K 0L

viol.

→π + π − π 0 )

,

,

�( K 0S →π 0 π 0 π 0 )

�( K 0L →π 0 π 0 π 0 )

where for the last two relations CPT is assumed valid, i.e., Re(η+−0 ) � 0 and Re(η000 ) � 0. See the K 0S Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. The value is for the sum of the charge states or particle/antiparticle states indicated. Re(� � /�) = � � /� to a very good approximation provided the phases satisfy CPT invariance. See the K 0L Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. Violates CP in leading order. Test of direct CP violation since the indirect CP-violating and CP-conserving contributions are expected to be suppressed. See the “Note on f0 (1370)” in the f0 (1370) Particle Listings and in the 1994 edition. See the note in the L(1770) Particle Listings in Reviews of Modern Physics 56 No. 2 Pt. II (1984), p. S200. See also the “Note on K2 (1770) and the K2 (1820)” in the K2 (1770) Particle Listings. See the “Note on K2 (1770) and the K2 (1820)” in the K2 (1770) Particle Listings. This result applies to Z 0 → cc decays only. Here �+ is an average (not a sum) of e + and μ+ decays. This is a weighted average of D ± (44%) and D 0 (56%) branching fractions. See “D + and D 0 → (η anything)/(total D + and D 0 )” under “D + Branching Ratios” in the Particle Listings. The branching fraction for this mode may differ from the sum of the submodes that contribute to it, due to interference effects. See the relevant papers in the Particle Listings. These subfractions of the K − π + π + mode are uncertain: see the Particle Listings. The two experiments measuring this fraction are in serious disagreement. See the Particle Listings. This is not a test for the �C = 1 weak neutral current, but leads to the π + e + e − final state. This mode is not a useful test for a �C = 1 weak neutral current because both quarks must change flavor in this decay. This D 01 −D 02 limit is inferred from the D 0 -D 0 0 − + 0

mixing ratio �(K π (via

D )) / �(K π ) near the end of the D Listings.

+

−

[ww] This value is obtained by subtracting the branching fractions for 2-, 4and 6-prongs from unity. [xx] This is the sum of our K − π + π + π − , K − π + π + π − π 0 , K 0 2π + 2π − , 2π + 2π − , 2π + 2π − π 0 , K + K − π + π − , and K + K − π + π − π 0 , branching fractions. [yy] The branching fractions for the K − e+ νe , K ∗ (892) − e+ νe , π − e+ νe , and ρ − e+ νe modes add up to 6.14 ± 0.20 %. [zz] This is a doubly Cabibbo-suppressed mode. [aaa] This branching fraction includes all the decay modes of the resonance in the final state. [bbb] The experiments on the division of this charge mode among its submodes disagree, and the submode branching fractions here add up to considerably more than the charged-mode fraction. [ccc] However, these upper limits are in serious disagreement with values obtained in another experiment. [ddd] For now, we average together measurements of the Xe + νe and X μ+ νμ branching fractions. This is the average, not the sum. [eee] This branching fraction includes all the decay modes of the final-state resonance. [fff ] This comes from a K-matrix parametrization of the π + π − S-wave and is a sum over the f0 (980), f0 (1300), f0 (1200–1600), f0 (1500), and f0 (1750). Not all of these correspond to particles in our Tables. [ggg] An � indicates an e or a μ mode, not a sum over these modes. [hhh] An CP(±1) indicates the CP = +1 and CP = −1 eigenstates of the D 0 -D 0 system. [iii] D denotes D 0 or D 0 . [jjj] X (3872) + is a hypothetical charged partner of the X (3872). [kkk] �(1710) ++ is a possible narrow pentaquark state and G(2220) is a possible glueball resonance. [lll] Stands for the possible candidates of K ∗ (1410), K ∗0 (1430) and K ∗2 (1430). [mmm] B 0 and B 0s contributions not separated. Limit is on weighted average of the two decay rates. [nnn] �(1540) + denotes a possible narrow pentaquark state. [ooo] These values are model dependent. [ppp] Here “anything” means at least one particle observed. [qqq] D ∗∗ stands for the sum of the D(11P1 ), D(13P0 ), D(13P1 ), D(13P2 ), D(21S0 ), and D(21S1 ) resonances. [rrr] D (∗) D (∗) stands for the sum of D ∗ D ∗ , D ∗ D, DD ∗ , and DD. [sss] Y (3940) denotes a near-threshold enhancement in the ωJ /ψ mass spectrum. [ttt] Inclusive branching fractions have a multiplicity definition and can be greater than 100%. [uuu] Dj represents an unresolved mixture of pseudoscalar and tensor D ∗∗ (P-wave) states. [vvv] Not a pure measurement. See note at head of B 0s Decay Modes. [www] Includes ppπ + π − γ and excludes ppη, ppω, ppη� . [xxx] JPC known by production in e + e − via single photon annihilation. IG is not known; interpretation of this state as a single resonance is unclear because of the expectation of substantial threshold effects in this energy region. [yyy] Spectroscopic labeling for these states is theoretical, pending experimental information.

Meson Summary Table

11-39

See also the table of suggested qq¯ quark-model assignments in the Quark Model section. • Indicates particles that appear in the preceding Meson Summary Table. We do not regard the other entries as being established. † Indicates that the value of J given is preferred, but needs confirmation.

I G( J PC ) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

π± π0 η f0 (600) ρ(770) ω(782) η� (958) f0 (980) a0 (980) φ(1020) h1 (1170) b1 (1235) a1 (1260) f2 (1270) f1 (1285) η(1295) π (1300) a2 (1320) f0 (1370) h1 (1380) π1 (1400) η(1405) f1 (1420) ω(1420) f2 (1430) a0 (1450) ρ(1450) η(1475) f0 (1500) f1 (1510) f �2 (1525) f2 (1565) h1 (1595) π1 (1600) a1 (1640) f2 (1640) η2 (1645) ω(1650) ω3 (1670)

1− (0− ) 1− (0−+ ) 0+ (0−+ ) 0+ (0++ ) 1+ (1−− ) 0− (1−− ) 0+ (0−+ ) 0+ (0++ ) 1− (0++ ) 0− (1−− ) 0− (1+− ) 1+ (1+− ) 1− (1++ ) 0+ (2++ ) 0+ (1++ ) 0+ (0−+ ) 1− (0−+ ) 1− (2++ ) 0+ (0++ ) ?− (1+− ) 1− (1−+ ) 0+ (0−+ ) 0+ (1++ ) 0− (1−− ) 0+ (2++ ) 1− (0++ ) 1+ (1−− ) 0+ (0−+ ) 0+ (0++ ) 0+ (1++ ) 0+ (2++ ) 0+ (2++ ) 0− (1+− ) 1− (1−+ ) 1− (1++ ) 0+ (2++ ) 0+ (2−+ ) 0− (1−− ) 0− (3−− )

LIGHT UNFLAVORED (S = C = B = 0) • π2 (1670) • φ(1680) • ρ3 (1690) • ρ(1700) a2 (1700) • f0 (1710) η(1760) • π (1800) f2 (1810) X(1835) • φ3 (1850) η2 (1870) ρ(1900) f2 (1910) • f2 (1950) ρ3 (1990) • f2 (2010) f0 (2020) • a4 (2040) • f4 (2050) π2 (2100) f0 (2100) f2 (2150) ρ(2150) f0 (2200) f J (2220) η(2225) ρ3 (2250) • f2 (2300) f4 (2300) • f2 (2340) ρ5 (2350) a6 (2450) f6 (2510)

I G( J PC ) 1− (2−+ ) 0− (1−− ) 1+ (3−− ) 1+ (1−− ) 1− (2++ ) 0+ (0++ ) 0+ (0−+ ) 1− (0−+ ) 0+ (2++ ) ?? (?−+ ) 0− (3−− ) 0+ (2−+ ) 1+ (1−− ) 0+ (2++ ) 0+ (2++ ) 1+ (3−− ) 0+ (2++ ) 0+ (0++ ) 1− (4++ ) 0+ (4++ ) 1− (2−+ ) 0+ (0++ ) 0+ (2++ ) 1+ (1−− ) 0+ (0++ ) 0+ (2 or 4++ ) 0+ (0−+ ) 1+ (3−− ) 0+ (2++ ) 0+ (4++ ) 0+ (2++ ) 1+ (5−− ) 1− (6++ ) 0+ (6++ )

OTHER LIGHT Further States

STRANGE (S = ±1, C = B = 0) I( J P) • • • • • • • • • •

• • • •

•

K± K0 K 0S K 0L K ∗0 (800) K ∗ (892) K1 (1270) K1 (1400) K ∗ (1410) K ∗0 (1430) K ∗2 (1430) K(1460) K2 (1580) K(1630) K1 (1650) K ∗ (1680) K2 (1770) K ∗3 (1780) K2 (1820) K(1830) K ∗0 (1950) K ∗2 (1980) K ∗4 (2045) K2 (2250) K3 (2320) K ∗5 (2380) K4 (2500) K(3100)

1/2(0− ) 1/2(0− ) 1/2/(0− ) 1/2/(0− ) 1/2(0+ ) 1/2(1− ) 1/2(1+ ) 1/2(1+ ) 1/2(1− ) 1/2(0+ ) 1/2(2+ ) 1/2(0− ) 1/2(2− ) 1/2(?? ) 1/2(1+ ) 1/2(1− ) 1/2(2− ) 1/2(3− ) 1/2(2− ) 1/2(0− ) 1/2(0+ ) 1/2(2+ ) 1/2(4+ ) 1/2(2− ) 1/2(3+ ) 1/2(5− ) 1/2(4− ) ?? (??? )

CHARMED (C = ±1) D± D0 D∗ (2007) 0 D∗ (2010) ± D∗0 (2400) 0 D∗0 (2400) ± • D1 (2420) 0 D1 (2420) ± D1 (2430) 0 • D∗2 (2460) 0 • D∗2 (2460) ± D∗ (2640) ± • • • •

1/2(0− ) 1/2(0− ) 1/2(1− ) 1/2(1− ) 1/2(0+ ) 1/2(0+ ) 1/2(1+ ) 1/2(?? ) 1/2(1+ ) 1/2(2+ ) 1/2(2+ ) 1/2(?? )

CHARMED, STRANGE (C = S = ±1) • • • • • •

D± s D∗± s D∗s0 (2317) ± Ds1 (2460) ± Ds1 (2536) ± Ds2 (2573) ±

0(0− ) 0(?? ) 0(0+ ) 0(1+ ) 0(1+ ) 0(?? )

BOTTOM ( B = ±1)

I G( J PC )

B± 1/2(0− ) B0 1/2(0− ) ± 0 B /B ADMIXTURE B± /B0 /B0s /b-baryon ADMIXTURE Vcb and Vub CKM Matrix Elements • B∗ 1/2(1− ) B∗J (5732) ?(?? ) • • • •

BOTTOM, STRANGE ( B = ±1, S = ∓1) • B0s B∗s B∗s J (5850)

0(0− ) 0(1− ) ?(?? )

BOTTOM, CHARMED ( B = C = ±1) • B± c

0(0− ) cc 0+ (0−+ ) 0− (1−− ) 0+ (0++ ) 0+ (1++ ) ?? (??? ) 0+ (2++ ) 0+ (0−+ ) 0− (1−− ) 0− (1−− ) 0? (??+ ) 0+ (2++ ) ?? (??? ) 0− (1−− ) 0− (1−− ) ?? (1−− ) 0− (1−− )

• ηc (1S) • J /ψ(1S) • χc0 (1P) • χc1 (1P) hc (1P) • χc2 (1P) • ηc (2S) • ψ(2S) • ψ(3770) • X(3872) • χc2 (2P) Y(3940) • ψ(4040) • ψ(4160) Y(4260) • ψ(4415) bb ηb (1S) • ϒ(1S) • χb0 (1P) • χb1 (1P) • χb2 (1P) • ϒ(2S) ϒ(1D) • χb0 (2P) • χb1 (2P) • χb2 (2P) • ϒ(3S) • ϒ(4S) • ϒ(10860) • ϒ(11020)

0+ (0−+ ) 0− (1−− ) 0+ (0++ ) 0+ (1++ ) 0+ (2++ ) 0− (1−− ) 0− (2−− ) 0+ (0++ ) 0+ (1++ ) 0+ (2++ ) 0− (1−− ) 0− (1−− ) 0− (1−− ) 0− (1−− )

NON-qq CANDIDATES

BARYON SUMMARY TABLE This short table gives the name, the quantum numbers (where known), and the status of baryons in the Review. Only the baryons with 3- or 4-star status are included in the main Baryon Summary Table. Due to insufficient data or uncertain interpretation, the other entries in the short table are not established as baryons. The names with masses are of baryons that decay strongly. For N, �, and � resonances, the partial wave is indicated by the symbol L2i,2 j , where L is the orbital angular momuntum (S, P, D, . . . ), I is the isospin, and J is the total angular momentum. For � and � resonances, the symbol is Li,2 j . p n N (1440) N(1520) N(1535) N(1650) N(1675) N(1680) N(1700) N(1710) N(1720) N(1900) N(1990) N(2000) N(2080) N(2090) N(2100) N(2190) N(2200) N(2220) N(2250) N(2600) N(2700)

P11 P11 P11 D13 S11 S11 D15 F15 D13 P11 P13 P13 F17 F15 D13 S11 P11 G17 D15 H19 G19 I1,11 K1,13

**** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** *** *** **** ** ** ** ** * * **** ** **** **** *** **

�(1232) �(1600) �(1620) �(1700) �(1750) �(1900) �(1905) �(1910) �(1920) �(1930) �(1940) �(1950) �(2000) �(2150) �(2200) �(2300) �(2350) �(2390) �(2400) �(2420) �(2750) �(2950) �(1540) +

P33 P33 S31 D33 P31 S31 F35 P31 P33 D35 D33 F37 F35 S31 G37 H39 D35 F37 G39 H3,11 I3,13 K3,15

**** *** **** **** * ** **** **** *** *** * **** ** * * ** * * ** **** ** **

� �(1405) �(1520) �(1600) �(1670) �(1690) �(1800) �(1810) �(1820) �(1830) �(1890) �(2000) �(2020) �(2100) �(2110) �(2325) �(2350) �(2585)

P01 S01 D03 P01 S01 D03 S01 P01 F05 D05 P03 F07 G07 F05 D03 H09

**** **** **** *** **** **** *** *** **** **** **** * * **** *** * *** **

*

�+ �0 �− �(1385) �(1480) �(1560) �(1580) �(1620) �(1660) �(1670) �(1690) �(1750) �(1770) �(1775) �(1840) �(1880) �(1915) �(1940) �(2000) �(2030) �(2070) �(2080) �(2100) �(2250) �(2455) �(2620) �(3000) �(3170)

P11 P11 P11 P13

D13 S11 P11 D13 S11 P11 D15 P13 P11 F15 D13 S11 F17 F15 P13 G17

**** Existence is certain, and properties are at least fairly well explored. *** Existence ranges from very likely to certain, but further confirmation is desirable and/or quantum numbers, branching fractions, etc. are not well determined. **

Evidence of existence is only fair.

*

Evidence of existence is poor.

11-40

**** **** **** **** * ** * ** *** **** ** *** * **** * ** **** *** * **** * ** * *** ** ** * *

�0 �− �(1530) �(1620) �(1690) �(1820) �(1950) �(2030) �(2120) �(2250) �(2370) �(2500)

P11 P11 P13

D13

**** **** **** * *** *** *** *** * ** ** *

�− �(2250) − �(2380) − �(2470) −

**** *** ** **

�+ c �c (2593) + �c (2625) + �c (2765) + �c (2880) + �c (2455) �c (2520) �c (2800) �+ c �0c ��+ c ��0 c �c 2645 �c 2790 �c 2815 �0c �+ cc �0b �0b ,�− b

**** *** *** * ** **** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** * *** *

Baryon Summary Table

11-41

p → e− π + π + n → e− π + π 0 p → μ− π + π + n → μ− π + π 0 p → e− π + K + p → μ− π + K +

N BARYONS (S = 0, I = 1/2) p, N+ = uud; n, N 0 = udd p

I( J P) =

1 2

� 1 +�

p → e+ γ p → μ+ γ n → νγ p → e+ γ γ n → νγ γ

2

Mass m = 1.00727646688 ± 0.00000000013 u Mass m = 938.27203 ± 0.00008 MeV[a] |mp − mp¯ |/mp < 1.0 × 10−8 , CL = 90%[b] q q | mp¯p¯ |/( mpp ) = 0.99999999991 ± 0.00000000009

|qp + qp¯ |/e < 1.0 × 10−8 , CL = 90%[b] |qp + qe |/e < 1.0 × 10−21[c] Magnetic moment μ = 2.792847351 ± 0.000000028μ N (μ p + μ p¯ )/μ p = (−2.6 ± 2.9) × 10−3 Electric dipole moment d < 0.54 × 10−23 e cm Electric polarizability α = (12.0 ± 0.6) × 10−4 fm3 Magnetic polarizability β = (1.9 ± 0.5) × 10−4 fm3 Charge radius = 0.875 ± 0.007 fm Mean life τ > 1.9 × 1029 years, CL = 90% ( p → invisible mode) Mean life τ > 1031 to 1033 years[d] (mode dependent) See the “Note on Nucleon Decay” in our 1994 edition (Phys. Rev. D50, 1673) for a short review. The “partial mean life” limits tabulated here are the limits on τ /Bi , where τ is the total mean life and Bi is the branching fraction for the mode in question. For N decays, p and n indicate proton and neutron partial lifetimes. p DECAY MODES N → e+ π N → μ+ π N → νπ p → e+ η p → μ+ η n → νη N → e+ ρ N → μ+ ρ N → νρ p → e+ ω p → μ+ ω n → νω N → e+ K p → e+ K S0 p → e+ K L0 N → μ+ K p → μ+ K S0 p → μ+ K L0 N → νK n → ν K S0 p → e+ K ∗ (892) 0 N → ν K ∗ (892) p → e+ π + π − p → e+ π 0 π 0 n → e+ π − π 0 p → μ+ π + π − p → μ+ π 0 π 0 n → μ+ π − π 0 n → e+ K 0 π − n → e− π + n → μ− π + n → e− ρ + n → μ− ρ + n → e− K + n → μ− K +

Partial mean life (1030 years)

Confidence level

Antilepton + meson >158 (n), >1600 ( p) >100 (n), >473 ( p) >112 (n), >25 ( p) >313 >126 >158 >217 (n), > 75 ( p) >228 (n), > 110 ( p) >19 (n), > 162 ( p) >107 >117 >108 >17 (n), > 150 ( p) > 120 >51 >26 (n), > 120 ( p) >150 >83 >86 (n), > 670 ( p) > 51 > 84 >78 (n), > 51 ( p) Antilepton + mesons >82 >147 >52 >133 >101 >74 >18 Lepton + meson >65 >49 >62 >7 >32 >57

p (MeV/c)

90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

459 453 459 309 297 310 149 113 149 143 105 144 339 337 337 329 326 326 339 338 45 45

90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

448 449 449 425 427 427 319

90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

459 453 150 114 340 330

p → e+ e+ e− p → e + μ+ μ− p → e+ νν n → e+ e− ν n → μ+ e− ν n → μ+ μ− ν p → μ+ e+ e− p → μ+ μ+ μ− p → μ+ νν p → e − μ+ μ+ n → 3ν N → e+ anything N → μ+ anything N → e+ π 0 anything

Lepton + mesons >30 90% >29 90% >17 90% >34 90% >75 90% >245 90%

448 449 425 427 320 279

Antilepton + photon(s) >670 90% >478 90% >28 90% >100 90% >219 90%

469 463 470 469 470

Three (or more) leptons >793 90% >359 90% >17 90% >257 90% >83 90% >79 90% >529 90% >675 90% >21 90% >6 90% > 0.0005 90%

469 457 469 470 464 458 463 439 463 457 470

Inclusive modes >0.6 (n, p) 90% >12 (n, p) 90% >0.6 (n, p) 90%

– – –

ΔB = 2 dinucleon modes The following are lifetime limits per iron nucleus. + + >0.7 90% pp → π π pn → π + π 0 >2 90% + − >0.7 90% nn → π π 0 0 nn → π π >3.4 90% + + >5.8 90% pp → e e + + >3.6 90% pp → e μ + + >1.7 90% pp → μ μ + >2.8 90% pn → e ν¯ + >1.6 90% pn → μ ν¯ >0.000049 90% nn → νe ν¯ e pn → invisible >2.1 × 10−5 90% pp → invisible >0.00005 90%

p¯ DECAY MODES p¯ → e− γ p¯ → μ− γ p¯ → e− π 0 p¯ → μ− π 0 p¯ → e− η p¯ → μ− η p¯ → e− K S0 p¯ → μ− K S0 p¯ → e− K L0 p¯ → μ− K L0 p¯ → e− γ γ p¯ → μ− γ γ p¯ → e− ω

p¯ DECAY MODES Partial mean life (years) Confidence level >7 × 105 >5 × 104 >4 × 105 >5 × 104 >2 × 104 >8 × 103 >900 >4 × 103 >9 × 103 >7 × 103 >2 × 104 >2 × 104 >200

90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

– – – – – – – – – – – – p (MeV/c) 469 463 459 453 309 297 337 326 337 326 469 463 143

Baryon Summary Table

11-42 n

I( J P) =

1 2

� 1 +� 2

Mass m = 1.0086649156 ± 0.0000000006 u Mass m = 939.56536 ± 0.00008 MeV[a] mn − mp = 1.2933317 ± 0.0000005 MeV = 0.0013884487 ± 0.0000000006 u Mean life τ = 885.7 ± 0.8 s cτ = 2.655 × 108 km Magnetic moment μ = −1.9130427 ± 0.0000005μ N Electric dipole moment d < 0.63 × 10−25 e cm, CL = 90% Mean-square charge radius �rn2 � = −0.1161 ± 0.0022 fm2 (S = 1.3) Electric polarizability α = (11.6 ± 1.5) × 10−4 fm3 Magnetic polarizability β = (3.7 ± 2.0) × 10−4 fm3 Charge q = (−0.4 ± 1.1) × 10−21 e ¯ Mean nn-oscillation time >8.6 × 107 s, CL = 90% (free n) ¯ Mean nn-oscillation time > 1.3 × 108 s, CL = 90%[e] (bound n) Decay parameters[ f ] pee−ν¯ ” ” ” ” ”

λ ≡ g A/gV = −1.2695 ± 0.0029(S = 2.0) A = −0.1173 ± 0.0013(S = 2.3) B = 0.981 ± 0.004(S = 1.1) a = −0.103 ± 0.004 φ AV = (180.06 ± 0.07) ◦[g] D = (−4 ± 6) × 10−4

n DECAY MODES pe− ν¯ e pe− ν¯ e γ pνe ν¯ e

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (�i / �) 100 [h] 6.9

% × 10−3

1 1

90%

Charge conservation (Q) violating mode Q <8 × 10−27 68%

N(1440)P11

I( J P) =

1 2

1

� 1 +�

Nπ Nππ �π Nρ N(ππ ) SI=0 -wave pγ pγ , helicity = 1/2 nγ nγ , helicity = 1/2

0.55 to 0.75 30–40% 20–30% <8% 5–10% 0.035–0.048% 0.035–0.048% 0.009–0.032% 0.009–0.032%

N(1520)D13

I( J P) =

1 2

� 3 −�

(0.55 to 0.65 (2.3 ± 0.4) × 10−3 40–50% 15–25% 15–25% <8% 0.46–0.56% 0.001–0.034% 0.44–0.53% 0.30–0.53% 0.04–0.10% 0.25–0.45%

N(1535)S11

I( J P) =

1 2

p (MeV/c) 457 155 414 230 † – 470 470 470 470 470 470

� 1 −� 2

Breit–Wigner mass = 1525 to 1545 (≈1535) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 125 to 175 (≈150) MeV pbeam = 0.76GeV/c 4π λ¯ 2 = 22.5 mb Re(pole position) = 1490 to 1530 (≈1510) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 90 to 250 (≈170) MeV N(1535) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

Nπ Nη Nπ π �π Nρ N(π π ) SI=0 -wave N(1440)π pγ pγ , helicity = 1/2 nγ nγ , helicity = 1/2

35–55% 45–60% 1–10% <1% <4% <3% <7% 0.15–0.35% 0.15–0.35% 0.004–0.29% 0.004–0.29%

468 186 426 244 † – † 481 481 480 480

I( J P) =

1 2

� 1 −� 2

Breit–Wigner mass = 1645 to 1670 (≈1655) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 145 to 185 (≈165) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 16.2 mb pbeam = 0.97GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1640 to 1670 (≈1655) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 150 to 180 (≈165) MeV

Breit–Wigner mass = 1420 to 1470 (≈1440) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 200 to 450 (≈300) MeV pbeam = 0.61 GeV/c 4 π λ¯ 2 = 31.0 mb Re(pole position) = 1350 to 1380 (≈1365) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 160 to 220 (≈190) MeV Fraction (�i / �)

Fraction (�i /�)

Nπ Nη Nπ π �π Nρ N(π π ) SI=0 -wave pγ pγ , helicity = 1/2 pγ , helicity = 3/2 nγ nγ , helicity = 1/2 nγ , helicity = 3/2

N(1650)S11

2

N(1440) DECAY MODES

N(1520) DECAY MODES

p (MeV/c) 398 347 147 † – 414 414 413 413

N (1650) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

Nπ Nη �K Nπ π �π Nρ N(π π) SI=0 -wave N(1440)π pγ pγ , helicity = 1/2 nγ nγ , helicity = 1/2

0.60 to 0.95 3–10% 3–11% 10–20% 1–7% 4–12% <4% <5% 0.04–0.18% 0.04–0.18% 0.003–0.17% 0.003–0.17%

551 354 179 517 349 † – 156 562 562 561 561

2

Breit–Wigner mass = 1515 to 1525 (≈1520) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 100 to 125 (≈115) MeV pbeam = 0.74GeVc 4π λ¯ 2 = 23.5 mb Re(pole position) = 1505 to 1515 (≈1510) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 105 to 120 (≈110) MeV

N(1675)D15

I( J P) =

1 2

� 5 −� 2

Breit–Wigner mass = 1670 to 1680 (≈1675) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 130 to 165 (≈150) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 15.4 mb pbeam = 1.01GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1655 to 1665 (≈1660) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 125 to 150 (≈135) MeV

Baryon Summary Table

11-43

N(1675) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

Nπ Nη �K Nπ π �π Nρ pγ pγ , helicity = 1/2 pγ , helicity = 3/2 nγ nγ , helicity = 1/2 nγ , helicity = 3/2

0.35 to 0.45 (0.0 ± 1.0)% <1% 50–60% 50–60% <1–3% 0.004–0.023% 0.0–0.015% 0.0–0.011% 0.02–0.12% 0.006–0.046% 0.01–0.08%

564 376 216 532 366

N(1680)F15

I( J P) =

1 2

†

575 575 575 574 574 574

� 5 +�

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

Nπ Nη Nπ π �π Nρ N(π π ) SI=0 -wave pγ pγ , helicity = 1/2 pγ , helicity = 3/2 nγ nγ , helicity = 1/2 nγ , helicity = 3/2

0.65 to 0.70% (0.0 ± 1.0)% 30–40% 5–15% 3–15% 5–20% 0.21–0.32% 0.001–0.011% 0.20–0.32% 0.021–0.046% 0.004–0.029% 0.01–0.024%

571 387 539 374

I( J ) =

†

– 581 581 581 581 581 581

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

Nπ Nη �K Nπ π Nρ pγ pγ , helicity = 1/2 pγ , helicity = 3/2 nγ nγ , helicity = 1/2 nγ , helicity = 3/2

5–15% (0.0 ± 1.0)% <3% 85–95% <35% 0.01–0.05% 0.0–0.024% 0.002–0.026% 0.01–0.13% 0.0–0.09% 0.01–0.05%

581 402 255 550

1 2

� 1 +� 2

Breit–Wigner mass = 1680 to 1740 (≈1710) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 50 to 250 (≈100) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 14.2 mb pbeam = 1.07GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1670 to 1770 (≈1720) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 80 to 380 (≈230) MeV

1 2

†

– 598 598 597 597

� 3 +� 2

N (1720) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

Nπ Nη �K Nπ π Nρ pγ pγ , helicity = 1/2 pγ , helicity = 3/2 nγ nγ , helicity = 1/2 nγ , helicity = 3/2

10–20% (4.0 ± 1.0)% 1–15% >70% 70–85% 0.003–0.10% 0.003–0.08% 0.001–0.03% 0.002–0.39% 0.0–0.002% 0.001–0.39%

594 422 283 564 73 604 604 604 603 603 603

I( J P) =

N (2190) DECAY MODES

N (1700) DECAY MODES

I( J P) =

I( J P) =

†

269 557 394

1 2

� 7 −� 2

Breit–Wigner mass = 2100 to 2200 (≈2190) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 300 to 700 (≈500) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 6.21 mb pbeam = 2.07GeV/c Re(pole position) = 2050 to 2100 (≈2075) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 400 to 520 (≈450) MeV

2

Breit–Wigner mass = 1650 to 1750 (≈1700) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 50 to 150 (≈100) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 14.5 mb pbeam = 1.05GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1630 to 1730 (≈1680) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 50 to 150 (≈100) MeV

N(1710)P11

588 412

N(2190)G17

� � 1 3− 2

p (MeV/c)

10–20% (6.2 ± 1.0)% (13.0 ± 2.0)% 5–25% 40–90% 15–40% 5–25% 10–40% 0.002–0.05% 0.002–0.05% 0.0–0.02% 0.0–0.02%

Breit–Wigner mass = 1700 to 1750 (≈1720) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 150 to 300 (≈200) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 13.9 mb pbeam = 1.09GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1660 to 1690 (≈1675) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 115 to 275 MeV

N(1680) DECAY MODES

P

Fraction (�i /�)

Nπ Nη Nω �K Nπ π �π Nρ N(π π) SI=0 -wave pγ pγ , helicity = 1/2 nγ nγ , helicity = 1/2

N(1720)P13

2

Breit–Wigner mass = 1680 to 1690 (≈1685) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 120 to 140 (≈130) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 15.0 mb pbeam = 1.02GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1665 to 1680 (≈1675) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 110 to 135 (≈120) MeV

N(1700)D13

N (1710) DECAY MODES

†

591 591 591 590 590 590

N(2220)H19

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

10–20% (0.0 ± 1.0)%

Nπ Nη

I( J P) =

1 2

888 792

� 9+ � 2

Breit–Wigner mass = 2200 to 2300 (≈2250) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 350 to 500 (≈400) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 5.74 mb pbeam = 2.21GeV/c Re(pole position) = 2130 to 2200 (≈2170) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 400 to 560 (≈480) MeV N (2220) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

N(2250)G19

p (MeV/c)

10–20%

Nπ

I( J P) =

1 2

� 9 −� 2

Breit–Wigner mass = 2200 to 2350 (≈2275) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 230 to 800 (≈500) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 5.56 mb pbeam = 2.27GeV/c Re(pole position) = 2150 to 2250 (≈2200) MeV −2 Im(pole position) = 350 to 550 (≈450) MeV

924

Baryon Summary Table

11-44

N (2250) DECAY MODES Nπ

N(2600)I1,11

Fraction (�i /�) 5–15%

I( J P) =

1 2

p (MeV/c) 938

� 11 − � 2

Breit–Wigner mass = 2550 to 2750 (≈2600) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 500 to 800 (≈650) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 3.86 mb pbeam = 3.12GeV/c N (2600) DECAY MODES Nπ

�++ = uuu,

Fraction (�i /�) 5–10%

� BARYONS (S = 0, I = 3) 2) �+ = uud, �0 = udd,

Δ(1232)P33

I( J P) =

3 2

p (MeV/c) 1126

�− = ddd

� 3 +�

Δ(1600)P33

Fraction (�i /�) 100% 0.52–0.60% 0.11–0.13% 0.41–0.47%

I( J P) =

p (MeV/c) 229 259 259 259

2

Breit–Wigner mass = 1550 to 1700 (≈1600) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 250 to 450 (≈350) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 18.6 mb pbeam = 0.87GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1500 to 1700 (≈1600) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 200 to 400 (≈300) MeV � (1600) DECAY MODES Nπ Nππ �π Nρ N(1440)π Nγ Nγ , helicity = 1/2 Nγ , helicity = 3/2

Δ(1620)S31

Fraction (�i /�) 10–25% 75–90% 40–70% <25% 10–35% 0.001–0.02% 0.0–0.02% 0.001–0.005%

I( J P) =

3 2

� 1 −�

p (MeV/c) 513 477 303 † 82 525 525 525

2

Breit–Wigner mass =1600 to 1660 (≈1630) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 135 to 150 (≈145) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 17.2 mb pbeam = 0.93GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1590 to 1610 (≈1600) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 115 to 120 (≈118) MeV

Fraction (�i /�) 20–30% 70–80% 30–60% 7–25% 0.004–0.044% 0.004–0.044%

I( J P) =

3 2

p (MeV/c) 534 499 328 † 545 545

� 3 −� 2

Breit–Wigner mass = 1670 to 1750 (≈1700) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 200 to 400 (≈300) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 14.5 mb pbeam = 1.05GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1620 to 1680 (≈1650) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 160 to 240 (≈200) MeV Δ (1700) DECAY MODES Nπ Nπ π �π Nρ Nγ Nγ , helicity = 1/2 Nγ , helicity = 3/2

Fraction (�i /�) 10–20% 80–90% 30–60% 30–55% 0.12–0.26% 0.08–0.16% 0.025–0.12%

I( J P) =

3 2

p (MeV/c) 581 550 386 † 591 591 591

� 5 +� 2

Breit–Wigner mass = 1865 to 1915 (≈1890) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 270 to 400 (≈330) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 9.89 mb pbeam = 1.42GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1825 to 1835 (≈1830) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 265 to 300 (≈280) MeV Δ (1905) DECAY MODES Nπ Nπ π �π Nρ Nγ Nγ , helicity = 1/2 Nγ , helicity = 3/2

Δ(1910)P31

� � 3 3+ 2

Δ(1700)D33

Δ(1905)F35

2

Breit–Wigner mass (mixed charges) = 1231 to 1233 (≈1232) MeV Breit–Wigner full width (mixed charges) = 116 to 120 (≈118) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 94.8 mb pbeam = 0.30GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1209 to 1211 (≈1210) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 98 to 102 (≈100) MeV Δ (1232) DECAY MODES Nπ Nγ Nγ , helicity = 1/2 Nγ , helicity = 3/2

Δ (1620) DECAY MODES Nπ Nπ π �π Nρ Nγ Nγ , helicity = 1/2

Fraction (�i /�) 0.09 to 0.15 85–95% <25% >60 % 0.01–0.03% 0.0–0.1% 0.004–0.03%

I( J P) =

3 2

p (MeV/c) 704 680 531 397 712 712 712

� 1 +� 2

Breit–Wigner mass = 1870 to 1920 (≈1910) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 190 to 270 (≈250) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 9.54 mb pbeam = 1.46GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1830 to 1880 (≈1855) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 200 to 500 (≈350) MeV � (1910) DECAY MODES Nπ Nγ Nγ , helicity = 1/2

Δ(1920)P33

Fraction (�i /�) 15–30% 0.0–0.2% 0.0–0.2%

I( J P) =

3 2

p (MeV/c) 717 725 725

� 3 +� 2

Breit–Wigner mass = 1900 to 1970 (≈1920) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 150 to 300 (≈200) MeV pbeam = 1.48GeV/c

4π λ¯ 2 = 9.37 mb

Re(pole position) = 1850 to 1950 (≈1900) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 200 to 400 (≈300) MeV Δ (1920) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

Nπ �K

5–20% (2.10 ± 0.30)%

723 431

Baryon Summary Table Δ(1930)D35

11-45

I( J P) =

3 2

� 5 −� 2

Breit–Wigner mass = 1900 to 2020 (≈1960) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 220 to 500 (≈360) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 8.76 mb pbeam = 1.56GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1840 to 1960 (≈1900) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 175 to 360 (≈270) MeV Δ (1930) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

0.05 to 0.15 0.0–0.02% 0.0–0.01% 0.0–0.01%

748 755 755 755

Nπ Nγ Nγ , helicity = 1/2 Nγ , helicity = 3/2

Δ(1950)F37

I( J P) =

3 2

Nπ Nππ �π Nρ Nγ Nγ , helicity = 1/2 Nγ , helicity = 3/2

Δ(2420)H3�11

2

p (MeV/c) 729 706 560 442 737 737 737

20–30% <10% 0.08–0.13% 0.03–0.055% 0.05–0.075%

� 11 + �

Nπ

p (MeV/c)

5–15%

1023

Λ

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

Mass m = 1115.683 ± 0.006 MeV (m� − m�¯ )/m� = (−0.1 ± 1.1) × 10−5 (S = 1.6) Mean life τ = (2.631 ± 0.020) × 10−10 (S = 1.6) (τ� − τ�¯ )/τ� = −0.001 ± 0.009 cτ = 7.89 cm Magnetic moment μ = −0.613 ± 0.004μ N Electric dipole moment d < 1.5 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Decay parameters α− = 0.642 ± 0.013 pπ − ” φ− = (−6.5 ± 3.5) ◦ ” γ− = 0.76[i] ” �− = (8 ± 4) ◦[i] nπ 0 α0 = 0.65 ± 0.04 pe− ν¯ e g A/gV = −0.718 ± 0.015[ f ]

� −� I ( J P ) = 0 12

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

100%

157

� −� I ( J P ) = 0 32

Λ (1520) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

NK¯ �π �π π �π π �γ

45 ± 1% 42 ± 1% 10 ± 1% 0.9 ± 0.1% 0.85 ± 0.15%

243 268 259 169 350

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

Mass m = 1560 to 1700 (≈1600) MeV Full width � = 50 to 250 (≈150) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 41.6 mb pbeam = 0.58GeV/c Λ (1600) DECAY MODES NK¯ �π

Λ(1670)S01 � BARYONS (S = −1, I = 0) �0 = uds

101 104 162 101 163 131

Mass m = 1519.5 ± 1.0 MeV[k] Full width � = 15.6 ± 1.0 MeV[k] pbeam = 0.39GeV/c 4π λ¯ 2 = 82.8 mb

Λ(1600)P01

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

Mass m = 1406 ± 4 MeV Full width � = 50 ± 2 MeV Below K¯ N threshold

2

Breit–Wigner mass = 2300 to 2500 (≈2420) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 300 to 500 (≈400) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 4.68 mb pbeam = 2.64GeV/c Re(pole position) = 2260 to 2400 (≈2330) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 350 to 750 (≈550) MeV Δ (2420) DECAY MODES

Λ(1405)S01

Λ(1520)D03

0.35 to 0.45

3 2

(63.9 ± 0.5)% (35.8 ± 0.5)% (1.75 ± 0.15) × 10−3 [ j] (8.4 ± 1.4) × 10−4 (8.32 ± 0.14) × 10−4 (1.57 ± 0.35) × 10−4

�π

Fraction (�i /�)

I( J P) =

Fraction (�i /�)

pπ − nπ 0 nγ pπ − γ pe− ν¯ e pμ− ν¯ μ

Λ (1405) DECAY MODES

� 7 +�

Breit–Wigner mass =1915 to 1950 (≈1930) MeV Breit–Wigner full width = 235 to 335 (≈285) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 9.21 mb pbeam = 1.50GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1870 to 1890 (≈1880) MeV −2Im(pole position) = 220 to 260 (≈240) MeV Δ (1950) DECAY MODES

Λ DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

15–30% 10–60%

343 338

� −� I ( J P ) = 0 12

Mass m = 1660 to 1680 (≈1670) MeV Full width � = 25 to 50 (≈35) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 28.5 mb pbeam = 0.74GeV/c Λ (1670) DECAY MODES NK¯ �π �η

Λ(1690)D03

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

20–30% 25–55% 10–25%

414 394 71

� −� I ( J P ) = 0 32

Mass m = 1685 to 1695 (≈1690) MeV Full width � = 50 to 70 (≈60) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 26.1 mb pbeam = 0.78GeV/c Λ (1690) DECAY MODES NK¯ �π �ππ �ππ

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

20–30% 20–40% ∼25% ∼20%

433 410 419 358

Baryon Summary Table

11-46 Λ(1800)S01

Mass m = 1720 to 1850 (≈1800) MeV Full width � = 200 to 400 (≈300) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 17.5 mb pbeam = 1.01GeV/c Λ (1800) DECAY MODES

NK¯ �π �(1385)π NK¯ ∗ (892)

Λ(1810)P01

Fraction (�i /�) 25–40% seen seen seen

NK¯ �π �(1385)π NK¯ ∗ (892)

Λ(1820)F05

Fraction (�i /�) 20–50% 10–40% seen 30–60%

NK¯ �π �(1385)π

Λ(1830)D05

Λ (1830) DECAY MODES

NK¯ �π �(1385)π

Λ(1890)P03

NK¯ �π �(1385)π NK¯ ∗ (892)

Λ(2100)G07

p (MeV/c) 537 501 357 †

¯ NK �π �ω �(1385)π NK¯ ∗ (892)

Λ(2350)H09

� −� I ( J P ) = 0 52

p (MeV/c)

3–10% 35–75% >15%

553 516 374

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 32

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

20–35% 3–10% seen seen

599 560 423 236

p (MeV/c)

5–25% 10–40% seen seen 10–60%

757 711 455 591 525

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 92

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

∼12% ∼10%

915 867

� BARYONS (S = −1, I = 1) � + = uus, � 0 = uds, � − = dds Σ+

Fraction (�i /�)

Fraction (�i /�)

Mass m = 2340 to 2370 (≈2350) MeV Full width � = 100 to 250 (≈150) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 5.85 mb pbeam = 2.29GeV/c NK¯ �π

545 509 366

Mass m = 2090 to 2110 (≈2100) MeV Full width � = 100 to 250 (≈200) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 8.68 mb pbeam = 1.68GeV/c

751 705 617 491 443 515

Mass m = 2090 to 2140 (≈2110) MeV Full width � = 150 to 250 (≈200) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 8.53 mb pbeam = 1.70GeV/c

Λ (2350) DECAY MODES

p (MeV/c)

� −� I ( J P ) = 0 72

p (MeV/c)

25–35% ∼5% <3% <3% <8% 10–20%

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 52

Λ(2110)F05

Λ (2110) DECAY MODES

55–65% 8–14% 5–10%

Mass m = 1850 to 1910 (≈1890) MeV Full width � = 60 to 200 (≈100) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 13.6 mb pbeam = 1.21GeV/c Λ (1890) DECAY MODES

528 494 349 †

Fraction (�i /�)

Mass m = 1810 to 1830 (≈1830) MeV Full width � = 60 to 110 (≈95) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 16.0 mb pbeam = 1.08GeV/c

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 52

Mass m = 1815 to 1825 (≈1820) MeV Full width � = 70 to 90 (≈80) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 16.5 mb pbeam = 1.06GeV/c Λ (1820) DECAY MODES

NK¯ �π �η �K �ω NK¯ ∗ (892)

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

Mass m = 1750 to 1850 (≈1810) MeV Full width � = 50 to 250 (≈150) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 17.0 mb pbeam = 1.04GeV/c Λ (1810) DECAY MODES

Λ (2100) DECAY MODES

� −� I ( J P ) = 0 12

� +� I ( J P ) = 1 12

Mass m = 1189.37 ± 0.07 MeV (S = 2.2) Mean life τ = (0.8018 ± 0.0026) × 10−10 s cτ = 2.404 cm (τ�+ − τ�−¯ )/τ� + = (−0.6 ± 1.2) × 10−3 Magnetic moment μ = 2.458 ± 0.010μ N (S = 2.1) ¯ < 0.043 �(� + → n�+ ν)/ �(� − → n�− ν) Decay parameters pπ 0 ” ” ” nπ + ” ” ” pγ

α0 = −0.980+0.017 −0.015 φ0 = (36 ± 34) ◦ γ0 = 0.16[i] �0 = (187 ± 6) ◦[i] α+ = 0.068 ± 0.013 φ+ = (167 ± 20) ◦ (S = 1.1) γ+ = −0.97[i] ◦[i] �+ = (−73+133 −10 ) αγ = −0.76 ± 0.08

Baryon Summary Table Σ+ DECAY MODES pπ 0 nπ + pγ nπ + γ �e+ νe ne+ νe nμ+ νμ pe+ e− pμ+ μ−

11-47 p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (�i /�)

(51.57 ± 0.30) % (48.31 ± 0.30) % (1.23 ± 0.05) ×10−3 [j] (4.5 ± 0.5) ×10−4 (2.0 ± 0.5) ×10−5 ΔS = ΔQ(SQ) violating modes or ΔS = 1 weak neutral current (S1) modes SQ <5 × 10−6 90% SQ < 3.0 × 10−5 90% −6 S1 <7 × 10 +9 −8 S1 (9−8 ) ×10

Σ0

189 185 225 185 71

224 202 225 121

Σ−

Fraction (�i /�) 100% <3% [l] 5 × 10−3

Confidence level 90%

p (MeV/c) 74 74 74

� +� I ( J P ) = 1 12

Σ− DECAY MODES nπ − nπ − γ ne− ν¯ e nμ− ν¯ μ �e− ν¯ e

Σ(1385)P13

� +� I ( J P ) = 1 32

�(1385) + mass m = 1382.8 ± 0.4 MeV (S = 2.0) �(1385) 0 mass m = 1383.7 ± 1.0 MeV (S = 1.4) �(1385) − mass m = 1387.2 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 2.2) �(1385) + full width � = 35.8 ± 0.8 MeV �(1385) 0 full width � = 36 ± 5 MeV �(1385) − full width � = 39.4 ± 2.1 MeV (S = 1.7) Below K¯ N threshold

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

10–30% seen seen

405 440 387

� −� I ( J P ) = 1 32

Σ (1670) DECAY MODES NK¯ �π �π

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

7–13% 5–15% 30–60%

414 448 394

� −� I ( J P ) = 1 12

Mass m = 1730 to 1800 (≈1750) MeV Full width � = 60 to 160 (≈90) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 20.7 mb pbeam = 0.91GeV/c Σ (1750) DECAY MODES NK¯ �π �π �η

Σ(1775)D15

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

10–40% seen <8% 15–55%

486 507 456 99

� −� I ( J P ) = 1 52

Mass m = 1770 to 1780 (≈1775) MeV Full width �105 to 135 (≈120) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 19.0 mb pbeam = 0.96GeV/c

p (MeV/c)

(99.848 ± 0.005)% [ j] 4.6 ± 0.6) × 10−4 (1.017 ± 0.034 ) × 10−3 (4.5 ± 0.4) × 10−4 (5.73 ± 0.27) × 10−5

� +� I ( J P ) = 1 12

Mass m = 1665 to 1685 (≈1670) MeV Full width � = 40 to 80 (≈60) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 28.5 mb pbeam = 0.74GeV/c

Σ(1750)S11

α− = −0.068 ± 0.008 φ− = (10 ± 15) ◦ γ− = 0.98[i] ◦[i] �− = (249+12 −120 ) g A/gV = 0.340 ± 0.017[ f ] f2 (0)/ f1 (0) = 0.97 ± 0.14 D = 0.11 ± 0.10 gV /g A = 0.01 ± 0.10[ f ] (S = 1.5) gWM /g A = 2.4 ± 1.7[ f ] Fraction (�i /�)

Fraction (�i /�) Confidence level p (MeV/c) (87.0 ± 1.5) % 208 (11.7 ± 1.5) % 129 (1.3 ± 0.4) % 241 −4 <2.4 ×10 90% 173

Mass m = 1630 to 1690 (≈1660) MeV Full width � = 40 to 200 (≈100) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 29.9 mb pbeam = 0.72GeV/c

Σ(1670)D13

Mass m = 1197.449 ± 0.030 MeV (S = 1.2) m� − − m� + = 8.08 ± 0.08 MeV (S = 1.9) m� − − m� = 81.766 ± 0.030 MeV (S = 1.2) Mean life τ = (1.479 ± 0.011) × 10−10 s (S = 1.3) cτ = 4.434 cm Magnetic moment μ = −1.160 ± 0.025μ N (S = 1.7) � − charge radius = 0.78 ± 0.10 fm Decay parameters nπ − ” ” ” ne− ν¯ e ” ” �e− ν¯ e ”

Σ(1660)P11

Σ (1660) DECAY MODES NK¯ �π �π

� +� I ( J P ) = 1 12

Mass m = 1192.642 ± 0.024 MeV m� − − m� 0 = 4.807 ± 0.035 MeV (S = 1.1) m� 0 − m� = 76.959 ± 0.023 MeV Mean life τ = (7.4 ± 0.7) × 10−20 s cτ = 2.22 × 10−11 m Transition magnetic moment |μ� �| = 1.61 ± 0.08 μ N Σ0 DECAY MODES �γ �γ γ �e+ e−

Σ (1385) DECAY MODES �π �π �γ �− γ

193 193 230 210 79

Σ (1775) DECAY MODES NK¯ �π �π �(1385)π �(1520)π

Σ(1915)F15

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

37–43% 14–20% 2–5% 8–12% 17–23%

508 525 475 327 201

� +� I ( J P ) = 1 52

Mass m = 1900 to 1935 (≈1915) MeV Full width � = 80 to 160 (≈120) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 12.8 mb pbeam = 1.26GeV/c Σ (1915) DECAY MODES NK¯ �π �π �(1385)π

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

5–15% seen seen <5%

618 623 577 443

Baryon Summary Table

11-48 Σ(1940)D13

� −� I ( J P ) = 1 32

Mass m = 1900 to 1950 (≈1940) MeV Full width � = 150 to 300 (≈220) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 12.1 mb pbeam = 1.32GeV/c Σ (1940) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

<20% seen seen seen seen seen seen

637 640 595 463 355 410 322

NK¯ �π �π �(1385)π �(1520)π �(1232) K¯ NK¯ ∗ (892)

Σ(2030)F17

� +� I ( J P ) = 1 72

Mass m = 2025 to 2040 (≈2030) MeV Full width � = 150 to 200 (≈180) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 9.93 mb pbeam = 1.52GeV/c Σ (2030) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

17–23% 17–23% 5–10% <2% 5–15% 10–20% 10–20% <5%

702 700 657 422 532 430 498 439

NK¯ �π �π �K �(1385)π �(1520)π �(1232) K¯ NK¯ ∗ (892)

Σ(2250)

?

P

I ( J ) = 1(? )

Mass m = 2210 to 2280 (≈2250) MeV Full width � = 60 to 150 (≈100) MeV 4π λ¯ 2 = 6.76 mb pbeam = 2.04GeV/c Σ (2250) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

<10% seen seen

851 842 803

NK¯ �π �π

� BARYONS (S = −2, I = 1) 2) �0 = uss, �− = dss Ξ0

I( J P) =

1 2

� 1 +� 2

P is not yet measured; + is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 1314.83 ± 0.20 MeV 0 m− � − m� = 6.48 ± 0.24 MeV Mean life τ = (2.90 ± 0.09) × 10−10 s cτ = 8.71 cm Magnetic moment μ = −1.250 ± 0.014μ N Decay parameters �π 0 ” ” ” �γ �0γ � + e− ν¯ e � + e− ν¯ e

α = −0.411 ± 0.022 (S = 2.1) φ = (21 ± 12) ◦ γ = 0.85[i] ◦[i] � = (218+12 −19 ) α = −0.73 ± 0.17 α = −0.63 ± 0.09 g1 (0)/ f1 (0) = 1.32+0.22 −0.18 f2 (0)/ f1 (0) = 2.0 ± 1.3

Ξ0 DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

�π 0 �γ �0 γ � + e− ν¯ e � + μ− ν¯ μ

(99.523 ± 0.013)% (1.17 ± 0.07) × 10−3 (3.33 ± 0.10) × 10−3 (2.7 ± 0.4) × 10−4 (4.9+2.1 × 10−6 −1.6 )

� e νe � − μ+ νμ pπ − pe− ν¯ e pμ− ν¯ μ − +

Confidence level

p (MeV/c) 135 184 117 119 64

ΔS = ΔQ(SQ) violating modes or ΔS = 2 forbidden (S2) modes SQ < 9 × 10−4 90% SQ < 9 × 10−4 90% −6 S2 < 8 × 10 90% −3 S2 < 1.3 × 10 −3 S2 < 1.3 × 10

112 49 299 323 309

� +� I ( J P ) = 12 12 Ξ− P is not yet measured; + is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 1321.31 ± 0.13 MeV Mean life τ = (1.639 ± 0.015) × 10−10 s cτ = 4.91 cm Magnetic moment μ = −0.6507 ± 0.0025μ N Decay parameters α = −0.458 ± 0.012 (S = 1.8) �π − ¯ + )α+ ( �)]/[sum] ¯ = (0 ± 7) × 10−4 [α(�− ) α− (�) −α( � ◦ ” φ = (−2.1 ± 0.8) ” γ = 0.89[i] ” � = (175.9 ± 1.5) ◦[i] − �e ν¯ e g A/gV = −0.25 ± 0.05[ f ] Ξ− DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

�π − �− γ �e− ν¯ e �μ− ν¯ μ � 0 e− ν¯ e � 0 μ− ν¯ μ � 0 e − νe

(99.887 ± 0.035)% (1.27 ± 0.23) (5.63 ± 0.31) (3.5+3.5 −2.2 ) (8.7 ± 1.7) <8 < 2.3

nπ − ne− ν¯ e nμ− ν¯ μ pπ − π − pπ − e− ν¯ e pπ − μ− ν¯ μ pμ− μ−

S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 L

Ξ(1530)P13

Confidence level p (MeV/c) × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−3

�S = 2 forbidden (S2) modes < 1.9 × 10−5 < 3.2 × 10−3 < 1.5 % <4 × 10−4 <4 × 10−4 <4 × 10−4 <4 × 10−8

I( J P) =

1 2

90% 90%

139 118 190 163 122 70 6

90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

303 327 313 223 304 250 272

� 3 +� 2

�(1530) 0 mass m = 1531.80 ± 0.32 MeV (S = 1.3) �(1530) − mass m = 1535.0 ± 0.6 MeV �(1530) 0 full width � = 9.1 ± 0.5 MeV �(1530) − full width � = 9.9+1.7 −1.9 MeV Ξ(1530) DECAY MODES �π �γ

Fraction (�i /�)

Confidence level

p (MeV/c)

100% < 4%

90%

158 202

Baryon Summary Table Ξ(1690)

11-49 Ω− DECAY MODES

I ( J P ) = 12 (?? ) [k]

Mass m = 1690 ± 10 MeV Full width � < 30 MeV Ξ (1690) DECAY MODES � K¯ � K¯ �π �− π + π −

Ξ(1820)D13

Fraction (�i /�) seen seen seen possibly seen

1 2

I( J P) =

Mass m = 1823 ± 5 MeV[k] [k] Full width � = 24+15 −10 MeV Ξ (1820) DECAY MODES � K¯ � K¯ �π �(1530)π

Ξ(1950)

p (MeV/c) 240 70 311 214

p (MeV/c)

large small small small

402 324 421 237

Ω(2250)− DECAY MODES �− π + K − �(1530) 0 K −

seen possibly seen seen

Mass m = 2025 ± 5 MeV[k] [k] Full width � = 20+15 −5 MeV Ξ (2030) DECAY MODES � K¯ � K¯ �π �(1530)π ¯ � Kπ ¯ � Kπ

1 2

�

≥

5? 2

p (MeV/c) 522 460 519

�

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

∼20% ∼80% small small small small

585 529 574 416 499 428

� BARYONS (S = −3, I = 0) �− = sss � +� I ( J P ) = 0 32 +

J P is not yet measured; 32 is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 1672.45 ± 0.29 MeV + − −5 (m− ¯ )/m� = (−1 ± 8) × 10 � − m� Mean life τ = (0.821 ± 0.011) × 10−10 s cτ = 2.461 cm (τ�− − τ�+ )/τ�− = −0.002 ± 0.040 Magnetic moment μ = −2.02 ± 0.05μ N Decay parameters α = 0.0175 ± 0.0024 �K − 1 ¯ + )] = 0.00 ± 0.04 [α(�K − ) + α( �K 2 0 − α = 0.09 ± 0.14 � π α = 0.05 ± 0.21 �− π 0

90%

449

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

seen seen

532 437

CHARMED BARYONS (C = +1) = udc, �c++ = uuc, �c+ = udc, �c0 = ddc, �+ c + �c = usc, �0c = dsc, �0c = ssc

Fraction (�i /�)

I( J P) =

90%

211 294 290 190 17 319 314

I ( J P ) = 0(?? )

Mass m = 2252 ± 9 MeV Full width � = 55 ± 18 MeV

Fraction (�i /�)

Confidence level (MeV/c)

(67.8 ± 0.7) % (23.6 ± 0.7) % (8.6 ± 0.4) % (4.3+3.4 ×10−4 −1.3 ) (6.4+5.1 ) ×10−4 −2.0 (5.6 ± 2.8) ×10−3 < 4.6 × 10−4 �S = 2 forbidden (S2) modes S2 < 2.9 × 10−6

2

I ( J P ) = 12 (?? )

Ξ (1950) DECAY MODES � K¯ � K¯ �π

Ω−

�π −

Fraction (�i /�)

Ω(2250)−

� 3 −�

Mass m = 1950 ± 15 MeV[k] Full width � = 60 ± 20 MeV[k]

Ξ(2030)

�K − �0 π − �− π 0 �− π + π − �(1530) 0 π − �0 e− ν¯ e �− γ

Λ+c

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

J is not well measured; 12 is the quark-model prediction. Mass m = 2286.46 ± 0.14 MeV Mean life τ = (200 ± 6) × 10−15 s (S = 1.6) cτ = 59.9μm

Decay asymmetry parameters α = −0.91 ± 0.15 �π + α = −0.45 ± 0.32 �+π 0 α = −0.86 ± 0.04 ��+ ν� + + + ¯− ¯− ¯− [α(�+ c ) + α( �c )]/[α(�c ) − α( �c )] in �c → �π , �c → − ¯ �π = −0.07 ± 0.31 + + + ¯− ¯− ¯− ¯ − [α(�+ c ) +α( �c )]/[α(�c ) −α( �c )] in �c → �e νe , �c → �e ν¯ e = 0.00 ± 0.04

Nearly all branching fractions of the �+ c are measured relative to the pK − π + mode, but there are no model-independent measurements of this branching fraction. We explain how we arrive − + at our value of B(�+ c → pK π ) in a Note at the beginning of the branching-ratio measurements in the Listings. When this branching fraction is eventually well determined, all the other branching fractions will slide up or down proportionally as the true value differs from the value we use here.

Scale factor/ Fraction (�i /�) Confidence level Λ+c DECAY MODES Hadronic modes with a p : S = −1 final states p K¯ 0 (2.3 ± 0.6) % [m] (5.0 ± 1.3) % pK − π + ∗ 0 ¯ [n] (1.6 ± 0.5) % p K (892) (8.6 ± 3.0) ×10−3 �(1232) ++ K − [n] (1.8 ± 0.6) % �(1520)π + (2.8 ± 0.8) % pK − π + nonresonant p K¯ 0 π 0 (3.3 ± 1.0) % (1.2 ± 0.4) % p K¯ 0 η p K¯ 0 π + π − (2.6 ± 0.7) % (3.4 ± 1.0) % pK − π + π 0 [n] (1.1 ± 0.5) % pK ∗ (892)− π + (3.6 ± 1.2) % p( K − π + ) nonresonant π 0 seen �(1232) K¯ ∗ (892) (1.1 ± 0.8) ×10− 3 pK − π + π + π − (8 ± 4) ×10−3 pK − π + π 0 π 0

p (MeV/c) 873 823 685 710 627 823 823 568 754 759 580 759 419 671 678

Baryon Summary Table

11-50

pπ + π − pf0 (980) pπ + π + π − π − pK + K − pφ pK + K − non-φ

Hadronic modes with a p: S = 0 final states (3.5 ± 2.0) ×10−3 [n] (2.8 ± 1.9) ×10−3 (1.8 ± 1.2) ×10−3 (7.7 ± 3.5) ×10−4 [n] (8.2 ± 2.7) ×10−4 (3.5 ± 1.7) ×10−4

927 622 852 616 590 616

Hadronic modes with a hyperon: S = −1 final states (1.01 ± 0.28)% �π + (3.6 ± 1.3) % �π + π 0 + <5 % CL = 95% �ρ (2.6 ± 0.7) % �π + π + π − (7 ± 4) ×10−3 �(1385) + π + π − , � ∗ + → �π + (5.5 ± 1.7) ×10−3 �(1385) − π + π + , � ∗ − → �π − (1.1 ± 0.5) % �π + ρ 0 (3.7 ± 3.1) ×10−3 �(1385) + ρ 0 , � ∗ + → �π + <8 × 10−3 CL = 90% �π + π + π − nonresonant (1.8 ± 0.8) % �π + π + π − π 0 total [n] (1.8 ± 0.6) % �π + η [n] (8.5 ± 3.3) ×10−3 �(1385) + η [n] (1.2 ± 0.5) % �π + ω <7 ×10−3 CL = 90% �π + π + π − π 0 , no η or ω (6.5 ± 2.0 ) ×10−3 �K + K¯ 0 (1.9 ± 0.7) ×10−3 �(1690) 0 K + , �∗ 0 → � K¯ 0 (1.04 ± 0.31)% �0 π + (1.00 ± 0.34)% �+ π 0 (5.5 ± 2.3) ×10−3 �+ η (3.6 ± 1.0) % �+ π + π − < 1.4 % CL = 95% �+ ρ0 (1.9 ± 0.8) % �− π + π + (1.8 ± 0.8) % �0 π + π 0 (8.3 ± 3.1) × 10−3 �0 π + π + π − — �+ π + π − π 0 [n] (2.7 ± 1.0) % �+ ω (2.8 ± 0.8) ×10−3 �+ K + K − [n] (3.2 ± 1.0) ×10−3 �+ φ (8.2 ± 3.1) ×10−4 �(1690) 0 K + , �∗ 0 → � + K − <7 ×10−4 CL = 90% � + K + K − nonresonant (3.9 ± 1.4) ×10−3 �0 K + − + + −3 (4.9 ± 1.7) ×10 � K π [n] (2.6 ± 1.0) ×10−3 �(1530) 0 K +

864 844 635 807 688 688 523 363 807 757 691 570 517 757 443 286 825 827 714 804 575 799 803 763 767 569 349 295 286 349 653 566 473

Hadronic modes with a hyperon: S = 0 final states (7.5 ± 2.6) ×10−4 (5.8 ± 2.4) ×10−4 (1.7 ± 0.7) ×10−3 [n] (2.8 ± 1.1) ×10−3 < 1.0 ×10−3 CL = 90%

781 735 670 470 664

�K + �0 K + �+ K + π − � + K ∗ (892) 0 �− K + π +

Doubly Cabibbo-suppressed modes < 2.3 × 10−4

pK + π − ��+ ν� �e+ νe �μ+ νμ e+ anything pe+ anything p anything p anything (no �) n anything n anything (no �) � anything � ± anything 3prongs

pμ+ μ− � − μ+ μ+

Semileptonic modes [o] (2.0 ± 0.6) (2.1 ± 0.6) (2.0 ± 0.7) Inclusive modes (4.5 ± 1.7) (1.8 ± 0.9) (50 ± 16) (12 ± 19) (50 ± 16) (29 ± 17) (35 ± 11) [ p] (10 ± 5) (24 ± 8)

CL = 90% 823

% % %

871 871 867

% % % % % % % % %

– – – – – – – – –

S = 1.4

ΔC = 1 weak neutral current (C1) modes, or Lepton number (L) violating modes C1 < 3.4 ×10−4 CL = 90% 937 L < (7.0) × 10−4 CL = 90% 812

Λc (2593)+

� −� I ( J P ) = 0 12

The spin-parity follows from the fact that �c (2455)π decays, with little available phase space, are dominant. This assumes that J P = 1/2+ for the �c (2455). Mass m = 2595.4 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1) m − m�+c = 308.9 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width � = 3.6+2.0 −1.3 MeV �+ c ππ and its submode �c (2455) π — the latter just barely — are the only strong decays allowed to an excited �+ c having this mass; and the submode seems to dominate. Λc (2593)+ DECAY MODES + − �+ c π π �c (2455) ++ π − �c (2455) 0 π + + − �+ c π π 3-body 0 π �+ c γ �+ c

Λc (2625)+

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

[q] ≈67% 24 ± 7% 24 ± 7% 18 ± 10% [r ] not seen not seen

124 28 28 124 261 291

� −� I ( J P ) = 0 32 −

J P has not been measured; 32 is the quark-model prediction. Mass m = 2628.1 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.5) m− m�+c = 341.7 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.6) Full width � < 1.9 MeV, CL = 90% �+ c ππ and its submode �(2455)π are the only strong decays allowed to an excited �+ c having this mass. Λc (2625)+ DECAY MODES + − �+ c π π �c (2455) ++ π − �c (2455) 0 π + + − �+ c π π 3-body 0 π �+ c �+ c γ

Σc (2455)

p Fraction (�i /�) Confidence level (MeV/c) [q] ≈67% <5 <5 large [r] not seen not seen

90% 90%

184 102 102 184 293 319

� +� I ( J P ) = 1 12 +

J P has not been measured; 12 is the quark-model prediction. �c (2455) ++ mass m = 2454.02 ± 0.18 MeV �c (2455) + mass m = 2452.9 ± 0.4 MeV �c (2455) 0 mass m = 2453.76 ± 0.18 MeV m�c++ − m�+c = 167.56 ± 0.11 MeV m�c+ − m�+c = 166.4 ± 0.4 MeV m�c0 − m�+c = 167.30 ± 0.11 MeV m�c++ − m�c0 = 0.27 ± 0.11 MeV (S = 1.1) m�c+ − m�c0 = −0.9 ± 0.4 MeV �c (2455) ++ full width � = 2.23 ± 0.30 MeV �c (2455) + full width � < 4.6 MeV, CL = 90% �c (2455) 0 full width � = 2.2 ± 0.4 MeV (S = 1.4) �+ c π is the only strong decay allowed to a �c having this mass. Σc (2455) DECAY MODES �+ c π

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

≈100%

94

Baryon Summary Table

11-51

� +� I ( J P ) = 1 32

Σc (2520)

3+ 2

P

J has not been measured; is the quark model prediction. �c (2520) ++ mass m = 2518.4 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.4) �c (2520) + mass m = 2517.5 ± 2.3 MeV �c (2520) 0 mass m = 2518.0 ± 0.5 MeV m�c (2520)++ − m�+c = 231.9 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.5) m�c (2520)+ − m�+c = 231.0 ± 2.3 MeV m�c (2520)0 − m�+c = 231.6 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) m�c (2520)++ − m�c (2520)0 = 0.3 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.2) �c(2520)++ full width � = 14.9 ± 1.9 MeV �c(2520)+ full width � < 17 MeV, CL = 90% �c(2520)0 full width � = 16.1 ± 2.1 MeV �+ c π is the only strong decay allowed to a �c having this mass. ,m�c (2520) DECAY MODES ¯ �+ c π

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

≈100%

180

I ( J P ) = 1(?? )

Σc (2800)

�c (2800) ++ mass m = 2801+4 −6 �c (2800) + mass m = 2792+14 −5 �c (2800) 0 mass m = 2802+4 −7 m�c (2800)++ − m�+c = 514+4 −6 m�c (2800)+ − m�+c = 505+14 −5 m�c (2800)0 − m�+c = 515+4 −7 �c(2800)++ full width � = 75+22 −17 �c (2800) + full width � = 62+60 −40 �c(2800)0 full width � = 61+28 −18 Σc (2800) DECAY MODES

Ξ+c

443

I( J ) = +

J P has not been measured; 12 is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 2467.9 ± 0.4 MeV Mean life τ = (442 ± 26) × 10−15 s (S = 1.3) cτ = 132μ m Ξ+c DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

Confidence level p (MeV/c)

No absolute branching fractions have been measured. The following are branching ratios relative to Ξ− π + π + . pK S0 K S0 � K¯ 0 π + �(1385) + K¯ 0 �K − π + π + � K¯ ∗ (892) 0 π + �(1385) + K − π + �+ K − π + � + K¯ ∗ (892) 0 �0 K − π + π + �0 π + �− π + π + �(1530) 0 π + �0 π + π 0 �0 π + π + π − �0 e+ νe ω− K + π +

Cabibbo-favored (S = −2) decays [s] 0.087 ± 0.022 — [n,s] 1.0 ± 0.5 [s] 0.323 ± 0.033 [n,s] < 0.2 90% [n,s] < 0.3 90% [s] 0.94 ± 0.11 [n,s] 0.81 ± 0.15 [s] 0.29 ± 0.16 [s] 0.55 ± 0.16 [s] DEFINED AS 1 [n,s] < 0.1 90% [s] 2.34 ± 0.68 [s] 1.74 ± 0.50 [s] 2.3+0.7 −0.9 [s] 0.07 ± 0.04

−

2

Fraction (�i /�) seen seen seen seen seen seen seen seen seen seen seen

+

P

Ξ�+ c DECAY MODES

I( J P) =

1 2

1+ 2

p (MeV/c) 676 413 676 906 787 703 875 817 523 882 –

� 1 +� 2

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

seen

106

�+ c γ

Ξ�0 c 767 852 746 787 608 678 811 658 735 877 851 750 856 818 884 399

� 1 +�

has not been measured; is the quark-model prediction. Mass m = 2575.7 ± 3.1 MeV − m�+c = 107.8 ± 3.0 MeV m��+ c The �c�+ −�c+ mass difference is too small for any strong decay to occur. J

2

90% 90%

944 828 580 549 501

has not been measured; is the quark-model prediction. Mass m = 2471.0 ± 0.4 MeV m�0c − m�+c = 3.1 ± 0.5 MeV −15 Mean life τ = (112+13 s −10 ) × 10 cτ = 33.6μm Decay asymmetry parameters α = −0.6 ± 0.4 �− π + No absolute branching fractions have been measured. Several measurements of ratios of fractions may be found in the Listings that follow. J

Ξ�+ c

� 1 +�

1 2

1+ 2

pK K π pK − K¯ ∗ (892) 0 pK − K − π + no K¯ ∗ (892) 0 �K S0 � K¯ 0 π + π − �K − π + π + π − �− π + �− π + π + π − �− K + �− e+ νe �− �+ anything

seen

1 2

I( J P) =

P

−

p (MeV/c)

P

Ξ0c

Ξ0c DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

�+ c π

Cabibbo-suppressed decays pK − π + [s] 0.21 ± 0.03 [n,s] 0.12 ± 0.02 p K¯ ∗ (892) 0 �+ K + K − [s] 0.15 ± 0.07 [n,s] < 0.11 �+ φ �(1690) 0 K + , �(1690) 0 → � + K − [s] < 0.05

P

I( J P) = 1+ 2

1 2

� 1 +� 2

has not been measured; is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 2578.0 ± 2.9 MeV m��0c − m�0c = 107.0 ± 2.9 MeV The ��0 c − �c0 mass difference is too small for any strong decay to occur. J

Ξ�0 c DECAY MODES �0c γ

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

seen

105

Baryon Summary Table

11-52 Ξc (2645) P

I( J P) =

1 2

3+ 2

� 3 +�

J has not been measured; is the quark-model prediction. �c (2645) + mass m = 2646.6 ± 1.4 MeV (S = 1.6) �c (2645) 0 mass m = 2646.1 ± 1.2 MeV m�c (2645)+ − m�0c = 175.6 ± 1.4 MeV (S = 1.7) m�c (2645)0 − m�+c = 178.2 ± 1.1 MeV �c (2645) + full width � < 3.1 MeV, CL = 90% �c (2645) 0 full width � < 5.5 MeV, CL = 90% �c π is the only strong decay allowed to a �c resonance having this mass. Ξc (2645) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

seen seen

102 107

�0c π + − �+ c π

Ξc (2790) P

I( J P) =

1 2

1− 2

� 1 −� 2

J has not been measured; is the quark-model prediction. �c (2790) + mass = 2789.2 ± 3.2 MeV �c (2790) 0 mass = 2791.9 ± 3.3 MeV m�c (2790)+ − m�0c = 318.2 ± 3.2 MeV m�c (2790)0 − m�+c = 324.0 ± 3.3 MeV �c (2790) + width < 15 MeV, CL = 90% �c (2790) 0 width < 12 MeV, CL = 90% Ξc (2790) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

Ξc (2815)

p (MeV/c)

seen

��c π

I( J P) = −

1 2

159

� 3 −� 2

J P has not been measured; 32 is the quark-model prediction. �c (2815) + mass m = 2816.5 ± 1.2 MeV �c (2815) 0 mass m = 2818.2 ± 2.1 MeV m�c (2815)+ − m�+c = 348.6 ± 1.2 MeV m�c (2815)0 − m�0c = 347.2 ± 2.1 MeV �c(2815)+ full width � < 3.5 MeV, CL = 90% �c(2815)0 full width � < 6.5 MeV, CL = 90% The �c π π modes are consistent with being entirely via �c (2645)π . Ξc (2815) DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

seen seen

196 191

+ − �+ c π π �0c π + π −

Ω0c

� � I ( J P ) = 0 12 + +

J P has not been measured; 12 is the quark-model prediction. Mass m = 2697.5 ± 2.6 MeV (S = 1.2) Mean life τ = (69 ± 12) × 10−15 s cτ = 21μm No absolute branching fractions have been measured. Ω0c DECAY MODES �+ K − K − π + �0 K − π + �− K − π + π + �− e+ νe �− π + �− π + π 0 �− π − π + π +

BOTTOM BARYONS (B = −1) �0b = udb, �0b = usb, �− b = dsb

2

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

seen seen seen seen seen seen seen

691 903 832 830 822 798 754

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

Λ0b

+

I ( J P ) not yet measured; 0( 12 ) is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 5624 ± 9 MeV (S = 1.8) Mean life τ = (1.230 ± 0.074) × 10−12 s cτ = 369μm

These branching fractions are actually an average over weakly decaying b-baryons weighted by their production rates in Z decay (or highenergy p p¯ ), branching ratios, and detection efficiencies. They scale with the LEP b-baryon production fraction B(b → b-baryon) and are evaluated for our value B(b → b-baryon) = (10.0 ± 2.0)%.

The branching fractions B(b-baryon → ��− ν¯ � anything) and B(�0b − → �+ c � ν¯ � anything) are not pure measurements because the underlying measured products of these with B(b → b-baryon) were used to determine B(b → b-baryon), as described in the note “Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons.” For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B → D± anything, the values usually are multiplicities, not branching fractions. They can be greater than one. Λ0b DECAY MODES J /ψ(1S)� − �+ c π − �+ c a1 (1260) − �+ c � ν¯ � anything − �+ c � ν¯ � + − − �+ c π π � ν¯ � ph− pπ − pK − �γ

Fraction (�i /�)

[t] [u]

(4.7 ± 2.8) seen seen (9.1 ± 2.3) (5.0+1.9 −1.4 ) (5.6 ± 3.1) < 2.3 < 5.0 < 5.0 < 1.3

Confidence level p (MeV/c) 1744 2345 2155 – 2347 2337 2732 2732 2711 2701

×10−4 % % % × 10−5 × 10− 5 × 10−5 × 10−3

90% 90% 90% 90%

b-baryon ADMIXTURE (Λb � Ξb � Σb � Ωb ) Mean life τ = (1.209 ± 0.049) × 10−12 s

These branching fractions are actually an average over weakly decaying b-baryons weighted by their production rates in Z decay (or highenergy p p¯ ), branching ratios, and detection efficiencies. They scale with the LEP b-baryon production fraction B(b → b-baryon) and are evaluated for our value B(b → b-baryon) = (10.0 ± 2.0)%.

The branching fractions B(b-baryon → ��− ν¯ � anything) and B(�0b → − �+ c � ν¯ � anything) are not pure measurements because the underlying measured products of these with B(b → b-baryon) were used to determine B(b → b-baryon), as described in the note “Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons.”

For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B → D± anything, the values usually are multiplicities, not branching fractions. They can be greater than one. b-baryon ADMIXTURE DECAY MODES (Λb � Ξb � Σb � Ωb ) Fraction (�i /�) pμ− ν¯ anything p�ν¯ � anything p anything ��− ν¯ � anything ¯ anything �/� �− �− ν¯ � anything

(4.9+2.1 −1.8 )% (4.7 ± 1.2)% (59 ± 21)% (3.2 ± 0.7)% (33 ± 8)% (5.5 ± 1.6) × 10−3

p (MeV/c) – – – – – –

Baryon Summary Table

11-53 NOTES

This Summary Table only includes established baryons. The Particle Listings include evidence for other baryons. The masses, widths, and branching fractions for the resonances in this Table are Breit–Wigner parameters, but pole positions are also given for most of the N and � resonances. For most of the resonances, the parameters come from various partial-wave analyses of more or less the same sets of data, and it is not appropriate to treat the results of the analyses as independent or to average them together. Furthermore, the systematic errors on the results are not well understood. Thus, we usually only give ranges for the parameters. We then also give a best guess for the mass (as part of the name of the resonance) and for the width. The Note on N and � Resonances and the Note on � and � Resonances in the Particle Listings review the partial-wave analyses. When a quantity has “(S = . . . )” to its right, the error on the quantity � has been enlarged by the “scale factor” S, defined as S = χ 2 /( N − 1), where N is the number of measurements used in calculating the quantity. We do this when S > 1, which often indicates that the measurements are inconsistent. When S > 1.25, we also show in the Particle Listings an ideogram of the measurements. For more about S, see the Introduction. A decay momentum p is given for each decay mode. For a 2body decay, p is the momentum of each decay product in the rest frame of the decaying particle. For a 3-or-more-body decay, p is the largest momentum any of the products can have in this frame. For any resonance, the nominal mass is used in calculating p. A dagger (“†”) in this column indicates that the mode is forbidden when the nominal masses of resonances are used, but is in fact allowed due to the nonzero widths of the resonances. [a] The masses of the p and n are most precisely known in u (unified atomic mass units). The conversion factor to MeV, 1 u = 931.494043 ± 0.000080 MeV, is less well known than are the masses in u. [b] These two results are not independent, and both use the more precise measurement of |qp¯ /mp¯ /(qp /mp ). [c] The limit is from neutrality-of-matter experiments; it assumes qn = qp + qe . See also the charge of the neutron. [d] The first limit is for p → anything or “disappearance” modes of a bound proton. The second entry, a rough range of limits, assumes the dominant decay modes are among those investigated. For antiprotons the best limit, inferred from the observation of cosmic ray p’s is τ p > 107 yr, the cosmic-ray storage time, but this limit depends on a number of assumptions. The best direct observation of stored antiprotons gives τ p /B(p → e− γ ) > 7 × 105 yr.

[e] There is some controversy about whether nuclear physics and model dependence complicate the analysis for bound neutrons (from which the best limit comes). The first limit here is from reactor experiments with free neutrons. [f ] The parameters gA , g V , and g WM for semileptonic modes are defined by B f [γλ (g V +g Aγ5 ) +i(g WM /mBi ) σλν qν ]Bi , and φ AV is defined by g A/gV = |g A/gV |eiφ AV . See the “Note on Baryon Decay Parameters” in the neutron Particle Listings. [g] Time-reversal invariance requires this to be 0◦ or 180◦ . [h] This limit is for γ energies between 35 and 100 keV. [i] The decay parameters γ and � are calculated from α and φ using � 1� tan � = − 1−α 2 sin φ. γ = 1−α 2 cos φ, α [j] [k]

[l] [m] [n] [o] [p] [q] [r] [s] [t] [u]

See the “Note on Baryon Decay Parameters” in the neutron Particle Listings. See the Listings for the pion momentum range used in this measurement. The error given here is only an educated guess. It is larger than the error on the weighted average of the published values. A theoretical value using QED. + See the note on “�+ c Branching Fractions” in the �c Particle Listings. This branching fraction includes all the decay modes of the final-state resonance. An � indicates an e or a μ mode, not a sum over these modes. The value is for the sum of the charge states or particle/antiparticle states indicated. Assuming isospin conservation, so that the other third is 0 0 �+ c π π . A test that the isospin is indeed 0, so that the particle is indeed a �+ c . No absolute branching fractions have been measured. The value here is the branching ratio relative to �− π + π + . Not a pure measurement. See note at head of �0b Decay Modes. Here h − means π − or K − .

SEARCHES SUMMARY TABLE SEARCHES FOR MONOPOLES, SUPERSYMMETRY, TECHNICOLOR, COMPOSITENESS, EXTRA DIMENSIONS, etc.

Isolated supermassive monopole candidate events have not been confirmed. The most sensitive experiments obtain negative results. Best cosmic-ray supermassive monopole flux limit: < 1.0 × 10−15 cm−2 sr−1 s−1 for 1.1 × 10−4 < beta < 0.1

Supersymmetric Particle Searches

See the Particle Listings for a Note giving details of supersymmetry. � 0 , and H � 0) � i0 — neutralinos (mixtures of γ� , Z χ i Mass m χ� 0 > 46 GeV, CL = 95% [all tanβ, all �m0 , all m0 ] 1

Mass m χ� 0 > 62.4 GeV, CL = 95% 2

[1
1

Mass m χ� 0 > 99.9 GeV, CL = 95% 3

[1
1

� ± and H � ±) � i± — charginos (mixtures of W χ i Mass m χ� ± > 94 GeV, CL = 95% 1

[tanβ < 40, m χ� ± − m χ� 0 > 3 GeV, all m0 ] 1

� e — scalar electron (selectron) Mass m > 73 GeV, CL = 95%

[all m �eR –m χ� 0 ] 1

� — scalar muon (smuon) μ Mass m > 94 GeV, CL = 95% [1 ≤ tanβ ≤ 40, m μ� R –m χ� 0 > 10 GeV] 1

� τ — scalar tau (stau) Mass m > 81.9 GeV, CL = 95% [m�τ R − m χ� 0 >15 GeV, all θτ ] 1

� q — scalar quark (squark)

These limits include the effects of cascade decays, evaluated assuming a fixed value of the parameters μ and tanβ. The limits are weakly sensitive to these parameters over much of parameter space. Limits assume GUT relations between gaugino masses and the gauge coupling. Mass m > 250 GeV, CL = 95% [tanβ = 2, μ < 0, A = 0] � b — scalar bottom (sbottom) Mass m > 89 GeV, CL = 95% [m �b − m χ� 0 >8 GeV, all θb ] 1

� t — scalar top (stop) Mass m > 95.7 GeV, CL = 95% � 01 , all θt , m�t − m χ� 0 >10 GeV] t → cχ [�

11-54

1

Quark and Lepton Compositeness, Searches for Scale Limits � for Contact Interactions (the lowest dimensional interactions with four fermions) If the Lagrangian has the form

Limits are based on the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. Assumptions include: 1)� χ 01 (or γ� ) is lightest supersymmetric particle; 2) R-parity is conserved; 3) with the exception of �t and � b, all scalar quarks are assumed to be degenerate in mass and m �qR = m �qL . 4) Limits for sleptons refer to the � � R states.

� g — gluino

Technicolor Searches for a color-octet techni-ρ constrain its mass to be greater than 260 to 480 GeV, depending on allowed decay channels. Similar bounds exist on the color-octet techni-ω.

Magnetic Monopole Searches

1

The limits summarized here refer to the high-mass region (m�g ∼ 5GeV), and include the effects of cascade decays, evaluated assuming a fixed value of the parameters μ and tanβ. The limits are weakly sensitive to these parameters over much of parameter space. Limits assume GUT relations between gaugino masses and the gauge coupling, Mass m > 195 GeV, CL = 95% [any m �q ] Mass m > 300 GeV, CL = 95% [m �q = m�g ]

1

±

g2 ψ γμ ψ L ψ L γ μ ψ L 2�2 L

(with g 2 /4π set equal to 1), then we define � ≡ �± LL . For the full definitions and for other forms, see the Note in the Listings on Searches for Quark and Lepton Compositeness in the full Review and the original literature.

�+LL (e e e e)

>

�−LL (e e e e) �+LL (e e μμ) �−LL (e e μμ) �+LL (e e τ τ ) �−LL (e e τ τ ) �+LL (����) �−LL (����) �+LL (e e u u) �−LL (e e u u) �+LL (e e d d ) �−LL (e e d d ) �+LL (e e c c) �−LL (e e c c) �+LL (e e b b) �−LL (e e b b) �+LL (μμq q) �−LL (μμq q)

> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >

�(�ν �ν)

>

�(e ν q q)

>

�+LL (q q q q) �−LL (q q q q) �+LL (ν ν q q) �−LL (ν ν q q)

> > > >

8.3 TeV, CL = 95%

10.3 TeV, CL = 95% 8.5 TeV, CL = 95% 6.3 TeV, CL = 95%

5.4 TeV, CL = 95% 6.5 TeV, CL = 95%

9.0 TeV, CL = 95% 7.8 TeV, CL = 95%

23.3 TeV, CL = 95% 12.5 TeV, CL = 95%

11.1 TeV, CL = 95% 26.4 TeV, CL = 95%

1.0 TeV, CL = 95% 2.1 TeV, CL = 95%

5.6 TeV, CL = 95% 4.9 TeV, CL = 95%

2.9 TeV, CL = 95% 4.2 TeV, CL = 95%

3.10 TeV, CL = 90% 2.81 TeV, CL = 95%

2.7 TeV, CL = 95% 2.4 TeV, CL = 95%

5.0 TeV, CL = 95% 5.4 TeV, CL = 95%

Searches Summary Table

11-55

Excited Leptons The limits from �∗ �∗− do not depend on λ (where λ is the ��∗ transition coupling). The λ-dependent limits assume chiral coupling. e ∗± — excited electron Mass m > 103.2 GeV, CL = 95% (from e ∗ e ∗ ) Mass m > 255 GeV, CL = 95% (from e e ∗ ) Mass m > 310 GeV, CL = 95% (if λγ = 1) μ∗± — excited muon Mass m > 103.2 GeV, CL = 95% (from μ∗ μ∗ ) Mass m > 190 GeV, CL = 95% (from μμ∗ ) τ ∗± — excited tau Mass m > 103.2 GeV, CL = 95% (from τ ∗ τ ∗ ) Mass m > 185 GeV, CL = 95% (from τ τ ∗ ) ν ∗ — excited neutrino Mass m > 102.6 GeV, CL = 95% (from ν ∗ ν ∗ ) Mass m > 190 GeV, CL = 95% (from ν ν ∗ ) q ∗ — excited quark Mass m > 45.6 GeV, CL = 95% (from q ∗ q ∗ ) ∗ Mass m (from q X)

Color Sextet and Octet Particles Color Sextet Quarks (q6 ) Mass m > 84 GeV, CL = 95% Color Octet Charged Leptons (�8 ) Mass m > 86 GeV, CL = 95%

Color Octet Neutrinos (ν8 ) Mass m > 110 GeV, CL = 90%

(Stable q6 ) (Stable �8 ) (ν8 → ν g)

Extra Dimensions Please refer to the Extra Dimensions section of the full Review for a discussion of the model-dependence of these bounds, and further constraints. Constraints on the fundamental gravity scale MH > 1.1 TeV, CL = 95% (dim-8 operators; p p → e + e −, γ γ ) M D > 1.1 TeV, CL = 95% (e + e − → G γ ; 2-flat dimensions) M D > 3–1000 TeV (astrophys. and cosmology; 2-flat dimensions; limits depend on technique and assumptions) Constraints on the radius of the extra dimensions, for the case of two-flat dimensions of equal radii r < 90–660 nm (astrophysics; limits depend on technique and assumptions) r < 0.22 mm, CL = 95% (direct tests of Newton’s law; cited in Extra Dimensions review)

Table of the Isotopes Norman E. Holden This table presents an evaluated set of values for the experimental quantities that characterize the decay of radioactive nuclides. A list of the major references used in this evaluation is given below. When uncertainties are not listed, they are assumed to be five or less in the last digit quoted. If they exceed five in the last digit, the value is prefaced by an approximate sign. For quasi-stable nu-

clides, the measured width, Γ, of the resonance is given. To estimate the approximate half-life, the Heisenberg relationship may be used, the half-life = 4.56 × 10-22 seconds / Γ(MeV). The effective literature cutoff date for data in this edition of the Table is December, 2005.

Table Layout Column No. 1

Column title

Description

Isotope or Element

2 3 4

Isotopic Abundance Atomic Mass or Atomic Weight Half-life/Resonance Width

For elements, the atomic number and chemical symbol are listed. For nuclides, the mass number and chemical symbol are listed. Isomers are indicated by the addition of m, m1, or m2. In atom percent. Atomic mass relative to 12C = 12. Atomic weight of elements is given on the same scale.

5

Decay Mode/Energy

6

Particle Energy/Intensity

7 8 9

Spin and Parity Magnetic Dipole Moment Electric Quadrupole Moment Gamma Ray Energy/ Intensity

10

Half-life in decimal notation. μs = microseconds; ms = milliseconds; s = seconds; m = minutes; h = hours; d = days; and y = years. For quasi-stable nuclides, the measured width at half maximum of the energy resonance is given Decay modes are α = alpha particle emission; β = negative beta emission; β+ = positron emission; EC = orbital electron capture; IT = isomeric transition from upper to lower isomeric state; n = neutron emission; sf = spontaneous fission; ββ = double beta decay. Total disintegration energy in MeV units. End point energies of beta transitions and discrete energies of alpha particles in MeV and their intensities in percent. Nuclear spin or angular momentum of the nuclides in units of h/2π; parity is positive or negative. Magnetic dipole moments in nuclear magneton units. Electric quadrupole moments in barn units (10-24 cm2). Gamma ray energies in MeV and intensities in percent. Ann. rad. refers to the 511.006 keV photons emitted in the annihilation of positrons in matter.

General Nuclear Data References The following references represent the major sources of the nuclear data presented, along with subsequent published journal articles and reports: 1. G. Audi, O. Bersillon, J. Blachot, A.H. Wapstra, The Nubase Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties, Nuclear Physics A729, 3 (2003). 2. G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, The AME2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation (II), Nuclear Physics A729, 337 (2003). 3. International Commission on Atomic Weights, Atomic Weights of the Elements - 1999, Pure & Applied Chemistry 75, 667 (2001). 4. E.M. Baum, H.D. Knox, T.R. Miller, Chart of the Nuclides, 16th Edition, Knolls Atomic Power Lab. (2002) 5. N.E. Holden, Total and Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Uranium, Plutonium, Americium and Curium Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 61, 1483 (1989). 6. N.E. Holden, Half-lives of Selected Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 62, 941 (1990).

7. N.E. Holden, Review of Thermal Neutron Cross Sections and Isotopic Composition of the Elements, BNL-NCS-42224 (March 1989). 8. P. Raghavan, Table of Nuclear Moments, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 42, 189 (1989). 9. E. Brown, R. Firestone, Radioactivity Handbook, Wiley Interscience Press (1986). 10. J.K. Tuli, Nuclear Wallet Cards, Brookhaven National Laboratory (April 2005). 11. N.E. Holden, D.C. Hoffman, Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Ground State Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 72 1525 (2000). 12. N. Stone, Table of New Nuclear Moments, private communication, www.nndc.bnl.gov/nndc/stone_moments/moments.html (Dec 2000)

This research was carried out under the auspices of the US Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. The author is at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, and can be contacted at [email protected].

11-50

487_S11.indb 50

4/17/06 10:57:56 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. o

n

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

H

H H 3 H 4 H 5 H 6 H 7 H 2

2

99.9885(70) 0.0115(70)

He

He He 5 He 6 He

Atomic Mass or Weight 1.008664916

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 614. s β- /0.78235 β-, γ

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 0.782/100. 1/2+ / < 0.069

1.007825032 2.014101778 3.016049278 4.0278 5.0353 6.0449 7.053

> 2.8 × 1023 y 12.33 y Γ~3 Γ < 0.5 Γ = 1.6(4) Γ ~ 20.

β-/0.01859 n/ n/ n/

0.01860/100. /100 /100

Γ = 0.60(2) 0.807 s

He He

7.02802 8.03392

Γ = 0.15(2) 0.119 s

He He

9.04395 10.0524

Γ = 0.10(6) Γ = 0.3(2)

n, α β-/3.508 β, d n β-/10.65 n/ β, t n 2n

3

Li

6.941(2)

Li Li 6 Li 7 Li 8 Li

4.0272 5.01254 6.01512280 7.0160046 8.0224874

Γ = 6.0 Γ = 1.2

p/ p/α

/100

0.840 s

Li

9.026790

0.178 s

Li Li

10.03548 11.04380

Γ = 0.11(5) 8.8 ms

Li

12.054

< 0.01 μs

β-/16.004 α/ β-/13.606 β-/ n β-/20.6 β-, n β-, 2n β-, 3n β-, d β-, t

12.5/100. α(1.6) 13.5/75. 11/25. /7. /8.3 /85.7 /4.1 /1.9 />0.01 /0.02

4

Be

9.012182(3)

Be Be 7 Be 8 Be 9 Be 10 Be 11 Be 12 Be 13 Be 14 Be

5.041 6.01973 7.0169298 8.00530510 9.0121822 10.0135338 11.02166 12.02692 13.0357 14.0429

1.52 × 106 y 13.8 s 22.0 ms Γ ~ 1. 4.6 ms

15.053

< 0.2 μs

4

0.000134(3) 99.999866(3)

7 8

9

10

4 5

7.59(4) 92.41(4)

9

10 11

12

5 6

Be

15

487_S11.indb 51

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

1/2+ 1+ 1/2+ 2(1/2+) (2-)

+2.79285 +0.85744 +2.97896

1/2+ 0+ 3/20+

-2.12762

+2.86 mb

4.002602(2) 3.016029319 4.002603254 5.01222 6.018889

3

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) -1.913043

1.00794(7)

1 1

11-51

100.

Γ = 0.092(6) 53.28 d Γ = 6.8(17)eV

3.510/100. /0.00076 /84. /16. /0.82 /100 /100

p, 3He 2p,α EC/0.8618 2α/0.046 β-/0.5559 β-, β-α/11.51 β-, (n)/11.71

0.555/100. 11.48/61. n//0.5

β-/16.2 β-, n β-, 2n β-, α β-, t β-

0.288/94. /6. /<0.012 /<0.04

(3/2)0+

0.9807/84. 0.4776/5.

(1/2-) 0+

23/21+ 3/22+

+0.82205 +3.25644 +1.6536

-0.8 mb -0.0400 +0.0314

3/2-

3.4368

-0.0306

1+ 3/2(-)

3.668

-0.031

(1/2+) 0+ 3/20+ 3/20+ 1/2+ 0+ 0+

-1.4 -1.1776

3.368/33. 0.320/7. 2.590/8. 5.958/3. 2.895/1.5 2.811/1.1

0.4776/10.4 +0.0529 2.125/35.5 (0.95 - 4.4) 3.5346/0.9 3.6845/7.

4/17/06 10:57:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-52 Elem. or Isot. Be

16

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 16.062

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) < 0.2 μs β-

B

10.811(7)

B B 9 B 10 B 11 B 12 B

7.0299 8.024607 9.013329 10.0129370 11.0093054 12.014352

0.0202 s

B

13.017780

0.0174 s

B B 16 B 17 B 18 B 19 B

14.02540 15.03110 16.0398 17.0470 18.056 19.0637

14. ms 9.9 ms Γ < 0.1 5.1 ms < 0.026 μs 2.9 ms

β-/20.64 β-, (n)/19.09 n β-, (n)/22.7

5 7 8

13

19.9(7) 80.1(7)

14 15

Γ = 1.4(2) p, α 0.770 s β+, 2α/17.979 Γ = 0.5(2) keV p, 2α/

β-/13.369 β- α/1.6/ β- /13.437 β- n/0.25/

β-, (n)/26.5

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

13.7(β+)/93.

13.4 2.43(n)/0.09 3.55(n)/0.16 n//99.7

1n//72. 2n//16. 3n// < 9.

Spin (h/2 π) 0+

(3/2-) 2+ 3/23+ 3/21+

1.0355

0.068

+1.8006 +2.6886 +1.0027

+0.085 +0.0406 0.0132

3/2-

+3.1778

0.037

2(3/2-)

1.185 2.66

0.0298 0.038

2.54

0.039

0(3/2-)

C

12.0107(8)

C C 10 C

8.03768 9.031037 10.0168532

Γ = 0.25(4) 127. ms 19.3 s

p β+, p, 2α/16.498 β+/3.648 1.865

0+ (3/2-) 0+

11.011434 12.000000000 13.003354838 14.003241989 15.010599

20.3 m

β+, EC/1.982

0.9608/99.

5715. y 2.45 s

β-/0.15648 β-/9.772 β-/8.012 β, n β-/13.17 β-, n

0.1565/100. 4.51/68. 9.82/32. β/3.3, 4.3/84, 16 n/0.8, 1.7/84, 16

3/20+ ½0+ ½+

6 8 9

C C 13 C 14 C 15 C 11 12

98.93(8) 1.07(8)

16

C

16.014701

~ 0.750 s

17

C

17.02259

0.19 s

C

18.02676

0.092 s

C C

19.0348 20.0403

0.05 s 0.02 s

β-/11.81 β-, n n β,n

C C

21.049 22.057

< 0.03 μs 6 ms

β-, n

1n// ~ 61. 2n// < 37.

N

14.0067(2)

N N 12 N

10.0417 11.02609 12.018613

Γ = 2.3(16) Γ ~ 1. 11.00 ms

β+, β+α/17.338

16.38/95.

13.0057386 14.003074005 15.00010898 16.006102

9.97 m

β+ /2.2204

1.190/100.

7.13 s

β- /10.419

17.00845

4.17 s

β-, α β-, β- n/8.68

4.27/68. 10.44/26. 1.85/.0012 3.7/100.

18

19 20

21 22

7

10 11

N N 15 N 16 N 13 14

17

487_S11.indb 52

N

99.636(20) 0.364(20)

n/1.6–3.7/11.

n/0.88–4.59/21. 1n// ~ 65. 2n// < 19.

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

-1.391

-0.964

0.0333

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad.

4.438/1.3 3.215/0.00065 3.68/7.6

6.094/90.

ann.rad. ann.rad. 0.71829/100. ann.rad.

+0.70241 1.32

5.298/68. (7.30–9.05)

0+ 3/2+

1.375 1.849 1.906

0+ ½+ 0+

0+

½+ 1+ ½1+ ½2-

½-

+0.457

+10. mb

0.3222 +0.40376 -0.28319

+0.0200

1.986

18 mb

0.352

ann.rad. 4.438/2.

6.129/68.8 7.115/4.7 (0.99–8.87) 0.871/3.

4/17/06 10:58:01 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-53 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) 0.4–1.7n/95. β- α/ β- /13.90 β-, α β-,n

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 8.0, 8.2 9.4/100. /12. /14

N

18.01408

0.62 s

N N 21 N 22 N

19.01703 20.0234 21.0271 22.0344

0.32 s 0.14 s 0.08 s 0.02 s

β-/12.53 β- /17.97

23

N

23.0412

15. ms

β-, n

24

N N

24.0510 25.061

< 0.052 μs < 0.26 μs

O

15.9994(3)

O O

12.03441 13.02481

Γ = 0.51(16) 8.9 ms

2p β+, p/17.77

O

14.0085963

70.63 s

β+ /5.1430

1.560 (p) p/(1.00 - 13.5) 1.81/99.

15.0030656 15.9949146196 16.9991317 17.999161 19.003580

122.2 s

β+ /2.754

1.723/100.

26.9 s

β- /4.820

20.004077 21.00866 22.0100

13.5 s 3.4 s 2.2 s

β- /3.814 β- /8.11 β- /6.5

O O

23.0157 24.0205

0.08 s ~ 65. ms

β-, n

O O 27 O 28 O

25.0295 26.0383 27.048 28.058

< 0.05 μs < 0.04 μs < 0.026 μs < 0.10 μs

18

19 20

25

8

12 13

14

O O 17 O 18 O 19 O 15 16

99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14)

O O 22 O 20 21

23 24

25 26

9

F

F F 16 F 17 F 18 F 19 F 20 F

β-,n

1-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 2.1842/0.3

0.328

0.012

0.822/48. 1.65/47. 1.982/77. (0.535–7.13) (0.096–3.14)

0.011

ann.rad. 4.438/0.56 ann.rad. 2.312/99.4 ann.rad.

< 0.32

1n// ~ 41. 2n// < 13. n// ~ 42. 2n// ~ 8. 3n// < 3.4

3.25/60. 4.60/40.

0+ (3/2-)

1.389

0+ 1/20+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

0.7195 -1.8938

-0.026

1.5320

3.7 mb

0+ 0+

n//18.

0+

0.197/95.9 1.3569/50.4 (0.11–4.18) 1.057/100. (0.28–4.6) 0.072/100 0.638/98 1.862/63 (0.918-2.499) 1.83/28. 0.52/14. 1.31/12.

0+ 0+

18.9984032(5)

14 15

100.

14.0351 15.0180 16.01147 17.0020952 18.000938 18.9984032 19.9999813

Γ = 0.8(3) Γ = 0.037(14) 64.5 s 1.829 h

p p β+ /2.761 β+, EC/1.656

1.75/ 0.635/97.

11.00 s

β- /7.0245

5.398/100. 3.7/8. 5.0/63. 5.4/29. 3.48/15. 4.67/7.

21

F

20.999949

4.16 s

β- /5.684

22

F

22.00300

4.23 s

β- /10.82

487_S11.indb 53

Spin (h/2 π)

(1/2+) 05/2+ 1+ ½+ 2+

+4.721

0.058

+2.62887 +2.0934

0.072 0.042

5/2+

3.9

4+

ann.rad. ann.rad. 1.634/100. 3.33/0.009 0.3507/90. 1.395/15. (1.746–4.684) 1.2746/100. 2.0826/82.

4/17/06 10:58:03 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-54 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.50/62.

23

F

23.0036

2.2 s

β- /8.5

24

F F

24.0081 25.0121

0.3 s ~ 50. ms

β- /13.5 β-, (n)

n//14.

F

26.0196

10. ms

β-, (n)

n//11.

F F 29 F 30 F 31 F

27.0268 28.036 29.043 30.053 31.060

5.0 ms < 0.04 μs 2.5 ms < 0.26 μs > 0.26 μs

β-, (n)

n//90.

β-, (n)

n//100.

1.4–10.6/6.9 /0.014 3.416/92.

2.24/99.

25

26

27 28

Ne

20.1797(6)

Ne Ne

16.02576 17.01767

Γ = 0.12(4) 109. ms

18

Ne

18.0057082

1.668 s

2p β+, p/14.53 β+, α β+ /4.446

19

Ne

19.0018802

17.22 s

β+ /3.238

10 16 17

Ne Ne 22 Ne 23 Ne 20 21

90.48(3) 0.27(1) 9.25(3)

19.992440175 20.99384668 21.99138511 22.9944669

37.2 s

β- /4.376

24

Ne

23.9936108

3.38 m

β- /2.47

25

Ne

24.99774

0.61 s

β- /7.30

26

Ne

26.00046

197 ms

β-, n/7.3

27

Ne Ne

27.0076 28.0121

31. ms 19. ms

β-, n/12.7 β-, n/12.3

Ne

29.0194

15. ms

Ne Ne 32 Ne 33 Ne 34 Ne

30.025 31.033 32.040 33.049 34.057

7. ms 3. ms ~ 3.5 ms < 0.26 μs > 1.5 μs

β-, (n)/15.4 β-, 2n β-, (n)

28

29

30 31

11

Na

22.98976928(2)

Na Na 20 Na

18.02597 19.01388 20.00735

Γ = 0.34(9) 0.03 s 0.446 s

Na

20.997655

22.48 s

Na

21.9944364

2.605 y

18 19

21

22

487_S11.indb 54

3.95/32. 4.39/67. 1.10/8. 1.98/92. 6.3/ 7.3/ n//0.13

n//2. n//12. 2n//3. n//29. 2n//4. n//9.

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.82–4.37) 1.701/48. 2.129/34. (0.493–3.83) 1.9816/ 1.70/39. (0.57–2.19) 2.02/67. 1.67/19. 2.02/18.

0.787

ann.rad./ 0.495 ann.rad./ 1.0413/7.8 (0.658–1.70) ann.rad./ (0.11–1.55)

5/2+

0+ 1/20+

1/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ 5/2+

-1.885

-0.66180 -1.08

+0.103 -0.19 +0.15

0+ 1/2+

-1.006

0+

(3/2+) 0+

0.440/33. (1.64–2.98) 0.4723/100. 0.874/7.9 0.0895/96. (0.98–3.69) 0.082/100 1.278/6 0.233/5 0.151/3 1.211/1 2.489/1 2.06/19. 0.86/3. 2.92/55. (0.22–1.18) 0.151/9.

(3/2+) 0+ 0+ 0+

β+, p/11.18 β+ /13.89 α β+ /3.547 β+ /90/2.842 EC/10/

2.15/ 2.50/95. 0.545/90.

2+

+0.3694

~ + 0.04

3/2+

+2.3863

~ +0.05

3+

+1.746

+0.19

ann.rad./ 1.634/79. ann.rad./ 0.351/5. ann.rad./ 1.2745/99.9

4/17/06 10:58:04 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Na Na 24 Na 23

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 100.

11-55 Atomic Mass or Weight

22.989769281

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

23.9909628

20.2 ms 14.96 h

I.T., ββ- /5.5158

Na

24.989954

59.3 s

β- /3.835

Na

25.99263

1.071 s

β- /9.31

Na

26.994077

0.290 s

Na

27.99894

31. ms

Na

29.00286

44. ms

β- /9.01 β-, n/ β- /14.0 β-, n/ β-, n/13.3

Na Na

30.00898 31.0136

50. ms 17.2 ms

β-, n/17.5 β-, n/15.9

Na Na

32.0205 33.027

13.5 ms 8.0 ms

Na Na 36 Na 37 Na

34.035 35.042 36.051 37.059

5. ms 1.5 ms < 0.26 μs > 1.5 μs

β- /19.1 β- /20. β-, n β-, 2n β- /24. β- /24

24m

25

26

27

28

29

30 31

32 33

34 35

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π) 3/2+ 1+ 4+

+1.690

5/2+

+3.683

~ -0.06

3+

+2.851

-5.3 mb

7.95/

5/2+

+3.90

-7.2 mb

12.3/

1+

+2.42

+0.04

11.5/

3/2+

+2.46

+86. mb

n//30. n//37.

2+ 3/2-

+2.07 +2.30

1.389/>99.

2.6/7. 3.15/25. 4.0/65.

/ ~ 38 0.8,1.02/47(6) /13(3)

Mg

24.3050(6)

Mg Mg

19.0355 20.01886

< 0.02 μs 96. ms

Mg Mg

21.01171 21.999574

22.994124 23.98504170 24.98583692 25.98259293 26.98434059

9.45 m

β- /2.6103

Mg

27.983877

20.9 h

β- /1.832

1.59/41. 1.75/58. 2.65/0.3 0.459/95.

Mg

28.98860

1.3 s

β-/7.55

5.4/

3/2+

Mg Mg

29.99043 30.99655

0.32 s 0.24 s

β- /7.0 β- /11.7

8.4/29.9

0+ (3/2+)

Mg 33 Mg

31.99898 33.00525

0.12 s 91. ms

β-, n β- /10.3 β- /13.7 β-, n

12 19 20

21 22

Mg Mg 25 Mg 26 Mg 27 Mg 23 24

28

29

30 31

32

487_S11.indb 55

78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) +2.21752 +0.106

122. ms 3.876 s

β+ /10.73 β+, p β+, p/13.10 β+ /4.786

/70 /30

11.32 s

β+ /4.057

3.09/92.

3.05/

/1.7 /83. /17.

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4723/100. 1.3686/100. 2.754/100. (0.997–4.238) 0.3897/12.7 0.5850/13. 0.9747/14.9 (0.836–2.80) 1.809/98.9 (0.24-7.37) 0.9847/87.4 1.698/11.9 1.473/37. 2.389/18.6 2.560/36. (1.04–3.99) 1.483/46. 1.483/14. (0.05–3.54) 0.240–3.935 0.886/16 0.546/6.4 0.050–2.55

0+ 5/2+ 0+

3/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 1/2+

0.536

1.25

-0.85545

+0.200

0+

0+

-0.8836

0.332/51. 0.0729/60. 0.5820/100. (1.28–1.93) 0.440/8.2

0.17068/0.9 0.84376/72. 1.01443/28. 0.0306/95. 0.4006/36. 0.9418/36. 1.342/54. 0.960/15. 1.398/16. 2.224/36. 0.224/85. 1.613/47. 0.947/37. (0.666-4.640) 2.765/25. 1.848/

4/17/06 10:58:06 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-56 Elem. or Isot. Mg Mg 36 Mg 37 Mg 38 Mg 39 Mg 40 Mg 34

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

35

Atomic Mass or Weight 34.0095 35.0173 36.023 37.031 38.038 39.047 40.054

Al

26.9815386(8)

Al Al

21.0280 22.0195

13 21 22

Al

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 0.02 s β- /11.3 0.07 s 4. ms > 0.26 μs > 0.26 μs < 0.26 μs

< 0.035 μs 59. ms ~ 0.35 s

23m

Al

23.00727

Spin (h/2 π) 0+ (7/2-) 0+ (7/2-) 0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

p/1.3/18. α/3.3/0.3

4+

13.3 3.40/48. 4.42/41. 6.80/3. 8.74/8.

1+ 4+

ann.rad./ 0.554 0.839 ann.rad./

Al

23.999939

2.07 s

Al

24.9904281

7.17 s

β+ /4.277

3.27/

5/2+

3.646

Al Al

25.9868917

6.345 s 7.1 × 105 y

3.2/ 1.16/

0+ 5+

+2.804

+0.17

26.9815386 27.9819103 28.980445

β+ / β+ /82/4.0042 EC/18

2.25 m 6.5 m

β- /4.6422 β- /3.680

2.865/100. 1.4/30. 2.5/70.

5/2+ 3+ 5/2+

+3.64151 3.24

+0.140 0.18

Al

29.98296

3.68 s

β- /8.56

5.05/

3+

3.01

Al

30.98395

0.64 s

β- /8.00

6.25/

5/2+

Al Al

31.9881 32.9908

33. ms 41.7 ms

Al

33.9969

56. ms

Al

34.9999

38. ms

36

Al

36.0062

0.09 s

Al 38 Al 39 Al 40 Al 41 Al

37.0107 38.017 39.023 40.031 41.038

11. ms > 7.6 ms > 8. ms > 0.26 μs > 0.26 μs

β- /13.0 β- /12.0 β-, n β- /17.1 β-, n β-/14.3 β-, n β-/18.3 β-, n β-/16.

Al

0.129 s

24m

24

25

26m 26

Al Al 29 Al 27 28

30

31

32 33

34

35

37

Si

100.

14

28.0855(3)

Si Si 24 Si

22.0345 23.0255 24.01155

22 23

487_S11.indb 56

29. ms 40.7 ms 0.14 s

β+, p β+, p/5.9 β+, p/10.81

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

β+ /12.24 β+, p/ I.T./0.4259 β+ β+ /13.878,p

23

0.47 s

β+ /18.6 β+, p, 2p, α/ β+, p/0.17

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

/91.5 /8.5 4.255/44 /26. 0.974/48 / 38.

1+

4 5/2+

1.96

1.3686/5.3 1.078(2)/16. 1.368(2)/96. 2.753(2)/43. 4.315(3)/15. 5.392(3)/20. 7.0662(2)/41. ann.rad./ 1.6115(2)/100. 0.975(2)/5. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.8087/99.8 1.7778(6)/100. 1.2732(8)/89. 2.0282(8)/4. 2.4262(8)/7. 1.26313(3)/35. 2.23525(5)/65. 0.75223(3)/18. 1.69473(3)/59. 2.31664(4)/73. 1.940/2.5 (1.01–4.34) 0.929/57 (0.12–4.26) 0.064/45. (0.12–5.63)

/<31.

1.99/20 1.32,(0.6–11.6) 1.44,3.92,1.09

0+ 0+

ann.rad./

4/17/06 10:58:07 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-57

Si

25.00411

221 ms

β+, p/12.74

Si

25.992330

2.23 s

β+ /5.066

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) (1.66–4.47) p/4.25/9.5 5/2+ p/0.40/4.75 p/0.56-6.80 3.282/ 0+

Si

26.9867049

4.14 s

β+ /4.8118

3.85/100.

5/2+

25

26

27

Si Si 30 Si 31 Si 32 Si 33 Si

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

27.976926533 28.97649470 29.97377017 30.97536323 31.97414808 32.97800

2.62 h 1.6 × 102 y 6.1 s

β- /1.4920 β- /0.224 β- /5.85

1.471/99.9 0.213/100. 3.92

0+ 1/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ (3/2+)

Si

33.97858

2.8 s

β- /4.60

3.09/

0+

Si Si

34.98458 35.9866

0.9 s 0.5 s

Si

36.9929

~ 0.09 s

38

Si

37.9956

> 1 μs

Si Si 41 Si 42 Si 43 Si

39.0021 40.006 41.015 42.020 43.029

48. ms 33. ms 20. ms 13. ms > 0.26 μs

β- /10.50 β- /7.9 β-, n β- /12.5 β-, n β- /10.7 β-, n β- /14.8

28 29

92.223(19) 4.685(8) 3.092(11)

Atomic Mass or Weight

34

35 36

37

39 40

15

P

/~ 12. /~ 17.

P P 26 P

26.99923 27.992315

0.3 s 270. ms

β+, p/11.63 β+ /14.332

29

P

28.981801

4.14 s

β+ /4.9431

3.945/98.

1/2+

30

P

29.9783138

2.50 m

β+ /4.2323

3.245/99.9

1+

30.9737616 31.9739073 32.971726 33.973636

14.28 d 25.3 d 12.4 s

β- /1.7106 β- /0.249 β- /5.374

P P

34.973314 35.97826

47. s 5.7 s

β- /3.989 β- /10.41

1.710/100. 0.249/100. 3.2/15. 5.1/85. 2.34/100.

P

36.97961

2.3 s

β- /7.90

35 36

37

487_S11.indb 57

1.2662(5)/0.05 1.21

1.4313(5)/13. 1.8477/100. 2.538(2)/10. 0.42907(5)/60. 1.17852(2)/64. 1.60756(5)/36.

0+

P P

P P 33 P 34 P

-0.5553

0+

β+, p/18.1

32

ann.rad./ 0.8294(8)/22. ann.rad./ 2.211(5)/0.2

0+

< 0.03 μs 44. ms

31

ann.rad./

0+

24.034 25.0203 26.0118

25

28

-0.8554

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

30.973762(2)

24

27

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

100.

p/0.41/18.0 3+ p/1.98/2.4 p/0.78-7.49 p/0.73, 0.61/0.07 1/2+ 3.94/13. 3+ 5.25/13. 6.96/16. 8.8/7. 11.49/52.

1/2+ 1+ 1/2+ 1+ 1/2+

1.2349

+1.13160 -0.2524

ann.rad./ 1.779(2)/98. 2.839(2)/2.8 3.040(2)/3.2 4.498(2)/12. 7.537(2)/9. ann.rad./ 1.273/1.32 2.426/0.39 ann.rad./ 2.230(3)/0.07

1.78–4.1/ 2.127(5)/15. 1.572(1)/100. 0.902/77. 3.291/100. 0.6462/

4/17/06 10:58:09 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-58 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

38

P

37.9842

0.6 s

39

P

38.9862

0.3 s

40

P

39.9913

0.15 s

41

P

40.9943

0.10 s

42

P

42.0010

49. ms

43

P

43.006

36. ms

P 45 P 46 P

44.013 45.019 46.027

19. ms > 0.2 μs > 0.2 μs

44

16

S

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β- /12.4 β-, n β- /10.5 β-, n β- /14.5 β-,n β-/~ 13.8 β-, n β-/17. β-, n β-/16. β-, n

S S 28 S 29 S

26.0279 27.0188 28.0044 28.99661

~ 10 ms 16. ms 0.13 s 0.188 s

30

S

29.984903

1.18 s

β+ /13.79 β+, p/ β+ /6.138

31

S

30.979555

2.56 s

β+ /5.396

26

S S 34 S 35 S 36 S 37 S 33

94.99(26) 0.75(2) 4.25(24) 0.01(1)

31.9720710 32.9714588 33.9678669 34.9690322 35.9670808 36.9711256

β+, 2p/18.3

S

38.97513

11.5 s

β- /6.64

40

S S

39.9755 40.9796

9. s ~ 2.6 s

S

41.9810

~ 0.56 s

43

S

42.9872

0.26 s

44

S

43.9902

0.10 s

S

44.997

68. ms

S 47 S 48 S 49 S

46.001 47.009 48.014 49.024

0.05 s > 0.2 μs > 0.2 μs < 0.2 μs

β- /4.7 β- /8.7 β-, n β- /7.8 β-, n β-/12. β-, n β-/9. β-, n β-/14. β-, n

17

35.453(2)

Cl Cl 30 Cl 31 Cl

28.029 29.0141 30.0048 30.99241

29

487_S11.indb 58

/100.

p/2.26, 7.80

4.42/78. 5.08/20. 4.39/99.

1.64/94. 4.75/5.6 1.00/

39

Cl

/ ~ 50.

β- /4.8653 β- /2.94

28

/~ 30.

5.05 m 2.84 h

46

/~ 30.

0.1674/100.

37.97116

45

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.5829/ 1.2923/ 2.224/

/26

β- /0.1672

S

42

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

/~ 12.

87.2 d

38

41

Spin (h/2 π)

32.065(5)

27

32

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

< 0.02 μs < 0.03 μs 0.15 s

0+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 1/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ 7/20+

0+

/ < 4. / ~ 40 /18. /54.

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.678/79. ann.rad./ 1.2662(5)/1.2

0.48793

+0.64382

-0.068

+1.00

+0.047 0.9083(4)/0.06 3.1033(2)/94.2 0.1962(4)/0.2 1.9421(3)/84. 1.301/52. 1.697/44.

0+

0+

0+ 0+

β+, p/11.98

0.986, 1.52/0.7

3/2+

ann.rad./

4/17/06 10:58:11 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Cl

32

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Cl

11-59 Atomic Mass or Weight

31.98569

32.9774519

33

Cl

34m

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 297. ms β+ /12.69 β+, α β+, p 2.511 s β+ /5.583

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 9.47/50. 1+ /0.05 /0.026 4.51/98. 3/2+

32.2 m

1.35/24. 2.47/28.

3+

0+ 3/2+ 0+

β+/ I.T./

Cl Cl 36 Cl

75.76(10)

33.9737628 34.96885268 35.9683070

24.24(10)

36.96590259

34 35

Cl 38m Cl 38 Cl 37

1.528 s

β+ /5.4922

4.50/100.

3.01 × 105 y

β- /0.7086 β+, EC/1.1421

0.7093/98. 0.115/0.002

37.9680104

0.715 s 37.2 m

I.T./ β- /4.9168

Cl

38.968008

55.6 m

β- /3.442

40

Cl

39.97042

1.38 m

β- /7.48

Cl Cl 43 Cl 44 Cl

40.9707 41.9733 42.9741 43.9783

34. s 6.8 s 3.3 s ~ 0.43 s

Cl

44.9803

0.40 s

Cl

45.984

0.23 s

47

Cl

46.989

0.10 s

Cl 49 Cl 50 Cl 51 Cl

47.995 48.000 50.008 51.014

> 0.2 μs > 0.17 s

β- /5.7 β- /9.4 β- /8.0 β-/12.3 β-, n β-/11. β-, n β-/14.9 β-, n β-/15. β-, n

39

41 42

45

46

48

39.948(1)

Ar Ar

30.0216 31.0121

< 0.02 μs ~ 14.1 ms

Ar

31.997638

98. ms

Ar

32.9899257

174. ms

Ar

33.9802712

Ar

34.975258

30 31

32

33

34

35

487_S11.indb 59

0.1457(8)/42. 2.1276(5)/42.

3/2+ 52-

+0.82187 +1.28547

-0.0825 -0.018

+0.68412

-0.0649

2.05

3/2+

ann.rad./

ann.rad./ 0.6714/100 1.64216(1)/33.3 2.16760(2)/44.8 0.25026(1)/47. 1.26720(5)/54. 0.986–1.517 0.6431(3)/6. 1.4608(1)/77. 2.8402(2)/17. (0.167–1.359)

2-

3.8/

/ < 8. /24. / ~ 60 / < 3.

> 0.2 μs

Ar

18

1.11/31. 2.77/11. 4.91/58. 1.91/85. 2.18/8. 3.45/7.

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) 1.11 ann.rad./ 2.2305/92 (1.55–4.77) +0.755 ann.rad./ 0.8409/0.52 1.966/0.45 2.866/0.44 ann.rad./

0+ 5/2+

0.844 s

β+ /18.4 β+, p β+, 2p β+, 3p β+ /11.2 β+, p β+ /11.62 β+, p/ β+/6.061

p/2.08/100. /55. /2.5 /0.11 p/3.35, 0.6–5.55 /43. 3.17,2.10 (1.32–5.72) 5.0/95.

0+

1.77 s

β+/5.965

4.94/93.

3/2+

0+ 1/2+

ann.rad./ -0.72

+0.633

-0.08

ann.rad./ 0.810(2)/48. ann.rad./ 0.6658(1)/2.5 3.1290(1)/1.3 ann.rad./ 1.2185(5)/1.22 1.763(1)/0.25

4/17/06 10:58:12 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-60 Elem. or Isot. Ar Ar 38 Ar 39 Ar 40 Ar 41 Ar 36 37

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 0.3365(30) 0.0632(5) 99.6003(30)

Atomic Mass or Weight 35.96754511 36.9667763 37.9627324 38.964313 39.962383123 40.9645006

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

35.0 d

EC/.813

268. y

β-/0.565

0.565/100.

1.82 h

β-/2.492

1.198/

0+ 3/2+ 0+ 7/20+ 7/2-

0.60/100.

0+

Ar Ar

41.96305 42.96564

33. y 5.4 m

β-/0.60 β-/4.6

Ar Ar

43.964924 44.968040

11.87 m 21.5 s

β-/3.55 β-/6.9

0+ 7/2-

Ar Ar

45.96809 46.9722

8.4 s 1.23 s

β-/5.70 β-

0+

Ar Ar 50 Ar 51 Ar 52 Ar 53 Ar

47.9745 48.981 49.984 50.992 51.997 53.005

0.48 s 0.17 s ~ 0.085 s > 0.2 μs 10 ms

42 43

44 45

46 47

48 49

19

K

K K 34 K 35 K

32.022 33.0073 33.9984 34.98801

< 0.025 μs < 0.04 μs 0.19 s

K

35.98129

0.342 s

33

37

39 40

41 42

β+ /11.88 β+, p/

β+ /12.81

-1.59

-0.12 1.29364(5)/99. 1.6770(3)/0.05 0.4791(2)/10. 0.7380(1)/43. 0.9752(1)/100. 1.4400(3)/39. 0.182–1.866 0.0610/25. 1.020/35. 3.707/34. 1.944/ 0.36/100 1.66/53 1.74/41 (2.02 - 4.01)

0+ 0+ 0+

/0.37

3/2+

2+

+0.548

β+, p

5.3/42. 9.9/44. /0.048

36.9733759

1.23 s

β+ /6.149

5.13/

3/2+

+0.2032

K K

37.9690812

0.924 s 7.63 m

β+ /6.742 β+ /5.913

5.02/100. 2.60/99.8

0+ 3+

+1.37

3/2+ 4-

+0.39146 -1.29810

+0.049 -0.061

3/2+ 2-

+0.21487 -1.1425

+0.060

3/2+

+0.163

2-

-0.856

K K

93.2581(44) 0.0117(1)

38.9637067 39.9639985

1.248 × 109 y

K K

6.7302(44)

40.9618258 41.9624028

β- /1.3111 β+, EC/1.505

1.312/89. 1.50/10.7

12.36 h

β- /3.525

1.97/19. 3.523/81. 0.465/8. 0.825/87. 1.24/3.5 1.814/1.3 5.66/34.

43

K

42.96072

22.3 h

β- /1.82

44

K

43.96156

22.1 m

β- /5.66

487_S11.indb 60

+0.076

K

38m 38

n// ~ 65. n// ~ 35.

+1.15

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 2.964(1)/0.2

39.0983(1)

32

36

β- ,n β- ,n βββ-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

ann.rad./ 1.751/14. 2.5698/26. 2.9827/51. ann.rad./ 1.97044(5)/82. 2.20783(5)/30. 2.43343(2)/32. ann.rad./ 2.7944(8)/2. 3.602(2)/0.05 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 2.1675(3)/99.8 3.9356(5)/0.2 ann.rad./ 1.4608/10.5 0.31260(2)/0.3 1.5246(3)/18.1 0.2211(2)/4. 0.3729(2)/88. 0.3971(2)/11. 0.6178(2)/81. 0.36821/2.2

4/17/06 10:58:14 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-61 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

45

K

44.96070

17.8 m

β- /4.20

1.1/23. 2.1/69. 4.0/8.

3/2+

+0.173

46

K

45.96198

1.8 m

β- /7.72

6.3/

2-

-1.05

47

K

46.96168

17.5 s

β- /6.64

4.1/99. 6.0/1.

½+

+1.93

48

K

47.96551

6.8 s

β- /12.09

5.0/

(2-)

49

K

48.9675

1.26 s

β- /11.0

K K 52 K 53 K 54 K

49.9728 50.976 51.983 52.987 53.994

0.472 s 0.365 s 0.105 s 30. ms 10. ms

β- /14.2 β- / βββ-

β+, p/15.6

50 51

Ca

40.078(4)

Ca Ca

34.0141 35.0049

< 0.035 μs 25.7 ms

Ca

35.99309

0.10 s

Ca

36.98587

0.18 s

Ca

37.976318

0.44 s

β+, (p)/10.99 β+, n/ β+ /11.64 β+, n/ β+ /6.74

38.970720 39.9625910 40.9622781 41.9586180 42.9587666 43.9554818 44.9561866 45.953693 46.954546

0.861 s

β+ /6.531

1.02 × 105 y

EC/0.4214

20 34 35

36

37

38

Ca Ca 41 Ca 42 Ca 43 Ca 44 Ca 45 Ca 46 Ca 47 Ca 39 40

Ca

96.941(156) 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3)

β-βββ- /5.262

Ca

48.955674

50

Ca

49.95752

14. s

β- /4.97

Ca Ca 53 Ca 54 Ca 55 Ca 56 Ca

50.9615 51.965 52.9701 53.974 54.981 55.986

10. s 4.6 s 0.09 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /7.3 β- /8.0 β- /10.9

49

51 52

Sc

21

487_S11.indb 61

47.952534

β- /0.257 β-ββ-/1.992

4.3 × 1019 y > 7.1 × 1019 y 8.72 m

48

0.187(21)

162.7 d > 0.4 × 1016 y 4.536 d

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.15700(1)/58. 2.15079(2)/22. 0.1743(5)/80. 1.2607(8)/7. 1.7056(6)/69. 2.3542(5)/14. 1.347(1)/91. 3.700(5)/28. 0.56474(3)/15. 0.58575(3)/85. 2.0131/100 0.67122(1)/4. 0.6723(5)/20. 0.78016(1)/32. 3.83153(7)/80. 2.025/ 2.252/

3/2+

0+

p/1.43/49 1.9–8.8 2.52

0+

ann.rad./

3.103

3/2+

ann.rad./ 1.369 ann.rad./ 1.5677(5)/25. 3.210(2)/1. ann.rad./

0+

5.49/100.

0.257/100. 0.684/84. 1.98/16.

3/2+ 0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 7/20+

0.89/7. 1.95/92.

3/2-

3.12/

0+ (3/2-) 0+

1.02168 -1.5948

-0.090

-1.3173

-0.055

-1.327

+0.05

-1.38

+0.02

1.297/75 (0.041–1.88)

3.0844(1)/90.7 4.0719(1)/8.12 (0.143 - 4.738) 0.2569/98. (0.0715–1.59)

0+ 0+

44.955912(6)

4/17/06 10:58:15 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-62 Elem. or Isot. Sc Sc 38 Sc 39 Sc 40 Sc 36

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

37

Atomic Mass or Weight 36.0149 37.0031 37.9947 38.98479 39.977967

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 0.102 s 0.181 s < 0.3 μs < 0.3 μs p 0.182 s β+ /14.320

Sc Sc

40.9692511

0.596 s 61.6 s

β+ /6.4953 β+ /

Sc Sc

41.9655164 42.961151

0.682 s 3.89 h

β+ /6.4259 β+, EC/2.221

58.2 h 3.93 h

I.T./0.27 EC/3.926 β+, EC/3.653

45.955172

18.7 s 83.81 d

I.T./0.14253 β- /2.367

Sc

46.952408

3.349 d

β- /0.600

Sc

47.95223

43.7 h

β- /3.99

Sc Sc

48.950024 49.95219

57.3 m 1.71 m

51

Sc

50.95360

Sc Sc 54m Sc 54 Sc

51.9567 52.9596

Sc Sc

41

42m

42 43

Sc Sc 46 Sc 45

46m

47

48

49 50

52 53

55

56m

Sc Sc 58 Sc 56 57

Ti

-0.26

2+

+2.56

+0.10

+4.75649

-0.220

0.357/100.

7/214+

+3.03

+0.12

0.439/69. 0.601/31. 0.655/

7/2-

+5.34

-0.22

β- /2.006 β- /6.89

2.00/99.9. 3.05/76. 3.60/24.

7/2(5+)

12.4 s

β- /6.51

7/2-

8.2 s > 3. ms ~ 7 μs 0.27 s

β- /9.0 β- /8.1 I.T. β- /11.6

4.4/ 5.0/

54.968

0.103 s 0.06 s

β- /13

55.973 56.978 57.984

35. ms 13. ms 12. ms

βββ-

44.955912

53.9633

38.0098 39.0016 39.9905

< 0.12 μs 30. ms 54. ms

Ti

40.9832

80. ms

487_S11.indb 62

-0.156

1.47/

Ti Ti 40 Ti

41

+5.431

+3.88

47.867(1)

39

7/27+

6+

22 38

4-

+4.62

43.959403 100.

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+ 7/2-

Sc

Sc

5.73/50. 7.53/15. 8.76/15. 9.58/20. 5.61/100. 2.82/

Spin (h/2 π)

5.32/100. 0.82/22. 1.22/78.

44m

44

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β+ /15.4 β+ /11.7 β+, p

β+, p/12.93

6+

(3+) (5+)

(1+)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./ 0.752/41. 3.732/99.5 (1.12–3.92) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.4375(5)/100. 1.2270(5)/100. 1.5245(5)/100. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3729(1)/22. 0.27124(1)/87. (1.00–1.16) ann.rad./ 1.157/100 0.14253(2)/62. 0.8893/100 1.121/100 0.15938(1)/68. 0.9835/100 1.03750(1)/97. 1.3121/100 1.7619(3)/0.05 0.5235(1)/88. 1.1210(1)/100. 1.5537(2)/100. 1.4373(4)/52. 0.718–2.144

0.110/IT 0.100/50 1.70/40 0.50/40 0.593(1)/40 1.161/21 0.690/19 1.129/48

0+ p/2.16/29 3.73/23 1.70/22 0.242–5.74 p/4.73/107 3.10/67 3.75/39 0.744–6.73

0+

3/2+

ann.rad./

4/17/06 10:58:17 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

41.97303

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 0.20 s β+ /7.000

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 6.0/ 0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

Ti Ti

42.96852 43.959690

0.50 s 60. y

β+ /6.87 EC/0.268

5.80/

7/20+

0.85

Ti

44.958126

3.078 h

β+/86/2.062 EC/14/

1.04

7/2-

0.095

0.015

-0.78848

+0.30

-1.10417

+0.24

Ti

42

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-63

43 44

45

Ti Ti 48 Ti 49 Ti 50 Ti 51 Ti

45.952632 46.951763 47.947946 48.947870 49.944791 50.946615

5.76 m

β- /2.471

Ti

51.94690

1.7 m

β- /1.97

1.50/92. 2.13/ 1.8/100.

Ti

52.9497

33. s

β- /5.0

(2.2–3)/

Ti Ti

53.9511 54.9553

1.5 s 1.3 s

β- /4.3 β- /7.4

0+

Ti Ti 58 Ti 59 Ti 60 Ti 61 Ti

55.9582 56.9640 57.967 58.973 59.978 60.983

0.20 s 98. ms 53. ms 30. ms 22. ms > 0.3 μs

β- /7.0 β- /11. βββ-

0+

46 47

8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2)

Atomic Mass or Weight

52

53

54 55

56 57

23

V

0+ 5/20+ 7/20+ 3/2-

0.3197(2)/93. 0.6094–0.9291 0.0170(5)/100. 0.1245/100 0.1008(1)/20. 0.1276(1)/45. 0.2284(1)/39. 1.6755(5)/45. (1.72–2.8)/

0+ 3/2-

0.672/44 (0.32 - 1.83)

0+

0.114

0+

50.9415(1)

V V 42 V 43 V 44 V 45 V 46 V 47 V

40.0111 40.9998 41.9912 42.9807 43.9741 44.96578 45.960201 46.954909

< 0.055 μs > 0.8 s 0.09 s 0.54 s 0.4223 s 32.6 m

β+ /11.3 β+, α/13.7 β+ /7.13 β+ /7.051 β+, EC/2.928

6.03/100. 1.90/99.+

7/20+ 3/2-

48

V

47.952254

15.98 d

β+ /4.012

0.698/50.

4+

2.01

49

V V

48.948516 49.947159

337. d 1.4 × 1017 y

/82.7 /17.3

7/26+

4.47 +3.34569

+0.21

50.943960 51.944776 52.944338

EC/0.602 EC β-

3.76 m 1.56 m

β- /3.976 β- /3.436

2.47/ 2.52/

7/23+ 7/2-

+5.148706

-0.04

V V

53.94644

0.9 μs 49.8 s

I.T. β- /7.04

V

54.9472

6.5 s

β- /6.0

40 41

50

V V 53 V 51 52

0.250(4) 99.750(4)

54m 54

55

487_S11.indb 63

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.6107(5)/56. ann.rad./ 0.06787/91 0.07832/97 ann.rad./ (0.36–1.66)

1.00/5. 2.00/12. 2.95/45. 5.20/11. 6.0/

(5+) 3+

(7/2-)

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.7949(8)/0.19 (0.2–2.16) ann.rad./ 0.9835/100 (1.3–2.4)

1.4341(1)/100. 1.0060(5)/90. 1.2891(3)/10. 0.108/IT 0.8348/97. 0.9887/80. 2.259/46. (0.56–3.38) 0.5177/73. (0.224–1.21)

4/17/06 10:58:19 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-64 Elem. or Isot.

55.9505

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 0.22 s β- /9.1

V

56.9526

0.35 s

β- /8.1

V

57.9567

0.19 s

β- /11.6

V V 60 V 61 V 62 V 63 V 64 V

58.9602

97. ms 0.12 s 0.07 s 47. ms 34. ms 17. ms > 0.3 μs

β- /9.9

56

V

57

58

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

59

60m

Atomic Mass or Weight

59.9650 60.9685 61.9738 62.978 63.983

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

β- /14.

51.9961(6)

Cr

42.0064

13. ms

β+, p

43

Cr

42.9977

21. ms

β+, p

Cr Cr 46 Cr 47 Cr 48 Cr

43.98555 44.9796 45.96836 46.96290 47.95403

53. ms 0.05 s 0.3 s 0.51 s 21.6 h

β+, (p)/10.3 β+, p/12.5 β+ /7.60 β+ /7.45 EC/1.66

Cr

48.951336

42.3 m

β+, EC/2.631

49.946044 50.944767 51.940508 52.940649 53.938880 54.940840

> 1.3 × 1018 y 27.70 d

β+EC EC/0.7527

3.497 m

β- /2.603

2.5/

0+ 7/20+ 3/20+ 3/2-

Cr

55.940653

5.9 m

β- /1.62

1.50/100.

0+

Cr

56.943613

21. s

β- /5.1

3/2-

Cr Cr

57.9444

7.0 s 0.10 ms

β- /4.0 I.T.

3.3/ 3.5/

58.9486 59.9500 60.9547 61.9566 62.9619 63.9644 64.9702 65.973 66.980

1.0 s 0.6 s 0.26 s 0.19 s 0.129 s 0.043 s 0.027 s 0.01 s > 0.3 μs

β- /7.7 β- /6.0 β- /8.8 β- /7.3 ββββ-

42

44 45

49

Cr Cr 52 Cr 53 Cr 54 Cr 55 Cr 50 51

56

57

58

59m

Cr Cr 61 Cr 62 Cr 63 Cr 64 Cr 65 Cr 66 Cr 67 Cr 59 60

487_S11.indb 64

4.345(13) 83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.01/30. 0.688/26. (0.82 – 1.32) 0.268/52. 0.692/20. (0.25 – 1.31) 0.880/62 1.056/28 2.217/13 (1.04 – 1.57) 0.90/80. 0.102–0.208 (0.071-1.144)

Cr

24

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

p/1.90/29 p/1.50–3.7 p/3.83/18 p/4.29/15 p/1.01–4.59 p/0.95–3.1

1.39/ 1.45/ 1.54/

0+

0+ 7/20+ 3/20+

5/2-

0+ (9/2+)

0+ 0+ 0+ 0+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.116(2)/95. 0.305(10)/100. ann.rad./ 0.09064(1)/51. 0.15293(1)/27. (0.062-1.6)

0.476

-0.934 -0.47454

0.0834

0.3201/10.2 -0.15 1.5282(2)/0.04 (0.13–2.37) 0.026(2)/100. 0.083(3)/100. 0.850/8. (0.083-2.62) (0.131–0.683) 0.208/IT 0.193 0.102 1.236 0.354–1.860 (0.156-1.215) (0.250-3.454) 0.188 0.272, 1.368

4/17/06 10:58:20 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Mn

11-65 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

25

54.938045(5)

Mn Mn 46 Mn

44.0069 44.9945 45.9867

< 0.105 μs < 0.07 μs 34. ms

Mn 48 Mn

46.9761 47.9685

~ 0.1 s 0.15 s

β+ /17.1 β+, p β+ /12.3 β+ /13.5

Mn

48.95962

0.38 s

44 45

47

49

Mn

50m

Mn Mn

49.954238 50.948211

50 51

Mn

52m

ann.rad./

1.74 m

β+ /7.887

3.54/

5+

0.283 s 46.2 m

β+ /7.6330 β+, EC/3.208

6.61/ 2.2/

0+ 5/2-

3.568

21.1 m

β+ /98/5.09 I.T./2/0.378

2.631/

2+

0.0076

0.575/

6+

+3.063

+0.5

7/23+

5.024 +3.282

ann.rad./ 1.0980/94. 0.783/91. (0.66–3.11) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.7491(1)/0.26 (1.148–1.164) ann.rad./ 0.3778 (I.T.) 1.43406(1)/98. (0.7–4.8) ann.rad./ 0.74421(1)/90. 1.4341/100

+0.33

5/23+

+3.4687 +3.2266

Mn Mn

52.941290 53.940359

3.7 × 106 y 312.1 d 6.7 × 108 y

EC/0.5970 EC/1.377 β+

2.579 h

β- /3.6954

Mn Mn

55

100.

54.938045 55.938905

// ~ 58

5/2-

β+ /4.712 EC/

56

//1.3 × 10-7 0.718/18. 1.028/34.

Mn Mn

56.938285 57.93998

1.45 m 65 s

β- /2.691 β- /6.25

Mn

58.94044

4.6 s

β- /5.19

4.5/

5/2-

Mn Mn 61 Mn 62 Mn

59.9429 60.9447 61.9484

1.77 s 50. s 0.67 s 0.67 s

β- /IT β- /8.6 β- /7.4 β- /10.4

5.7/

3+ 0+ (5/2)(3+)

0.28 s > 0.1 ms 87 ms 0.092 s 64 ms 45 ms ~ 28 ms 14 ms

β- /8.8

1.8 ms 11. ms 21.7 ms

2p /1.14 β+ /13.1 β+ /15.6

57 58

59

60m 60

Mn Mn 64 Mn 65 Mn 66 Mn 67 Mn 68 Mn 69 Mn 63

64m

Fe

62.9502 63.9543 64.9563 65.9611 66.9641 67.969 68.973

26

55.845(2)

Fe Fe 47 Fe

45.0146 46.0008 46.9929

45 46

487_S11.indb 65

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

β+ /7.72

5.591 d

54

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

4+

51.945566

53

Spin (h/2 π)

5.79/58. 4.43/10. 6.69/

Mn

52

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

3.8/ 5.1/

5/23+

β- /11.8 β- /10.

p// ~ 59. p// ~ 36. p//87.

0.4

+0.32

0.8340/100

0.84675/98.9 1.81072(4)/26.3 2.113/13.8 (1.04 – 3.37) 0.45916(2)/20. 0.81076(1)/82. 1.32309(5)/53. 0.726/ 0.473/ 0.287–2.35 0.824/ 1.969/ 0.877/ 0.942–1.299 0.356,0.450 0.135/IT 0.746 0.366 0.471

0+

4/17/06 10:58:22 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-66 Elem. or Isot. Fe Fe 50 Fe 51 Fe 52m Fe 48

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

49

Fe

Atomic Mass or Weight 47.9805 48.9736 49.9630 50.95682

51.94811

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) ~ 44. ms 70. ms 0.15 s 0.31 s 46. s

β+ /11.2 β+ /13.0 β+ /8.2 β+ /8.02 β+ /4.4

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.804/

2.6 m

β+ /57/2.37 EC/43/ I.T./ I.T./3.0407

52.945308

8.51 m

β+ /3.743

2.40/42. 2.80/57.

53.939611 54.938293 55.934938 56.935394 57.933276 58.934876

> 3.1 × 1022 y 2.73 y

EC-EC EC/0.2314

44.51 d

β-/1.565

0.273/48. 0.475/51.

Fe Fe

59.934072

1.5 × 106 y 0.25 μs

β- /0.237 I.T.

0.184/100.

Fe

60.93675

6.0 m

β- /3.98

Fe Fe

61.93677 62.9404

68. s 6. s

β- /2.53 β- /6.3

2.5/13. 2.63/54. 2.80/31. 2.5/100.

Fe Fe 65 Fe 66 Fe 67m Fe 67 Fe 68 Fe 69 Fe 70 Fe 71 Fe 72 Fe

63.9412

2.0 s 0.4 μs 1.3 s 0.44 s ~ 0.04 ms 0.48 s 0.19 s 0.11 s 0.10 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /4.9 I.T. β- /7.9 β- /5.7 I.T. β- /8.8 β- / ~ 7.6

52

Fe

53m

Fe

53

Fe Fe 56 Fe 57 Fe 58 Fe 59 Fe 54 55

60

61m

61

62 63

64

65m

Co

27

Co Co 49 Co 50 Co 51 Co 52 Co 53m Co 53 Co 54m Co 47 48

Co

54

487_S11.indb 66

5.845(35) 91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4)

64.9454 65.9468 66.9510 67.954 68.959 69.961 70.967 71.970

8.28 h

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Spin (h/2 π) 0+ (7/2-) 0+ (5/2-) (12+)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

ann.rad./ 0.651 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.622–2.286)/ ann.rad./ 0.16868(1)/99. 0.377 (I.T.)/ 0.7011(1)/99. 1.0115(1)/87. 1.3281(1)/87. 2.3396(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.3779(1)/42. (1.2–3.2)

0+

19/2-

7/2-

0+ 3/20+ ½0+ 3/2-

0+ (9/2+)

0+ 5/20+ (5/2-) 0+ (5/2-) 0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

Mn x-ray +0.0906 -0.336

0.16 1.099/57 1.292/43. (0.14–1.48) 0.0586/100 0.654/IT 0.207 1.205/44. 1.028/43. (0.12–3.37) 0.5061(1)/100. 0.995/ (1.365–1.427) 0.364/IT 0.471–1.425 0.367/IT 0.189

0+ 0+

58.933195(5) 47.0115 48.0018 48.9897 49.9815 50.9707 51.9636 52.95422

53.948460

< 0.035 μs 44. ms > 0.2 μs 0.12 s 0.25 s 0.24 s 1.46 m

β+ /17.0 β+ /12.8 β+ /14.0 β+, p/ β+ /8.30 β+ /8.44

2.03–2.79

4.25/100.

19/27/27+

0.1932 s

β+ /8.2430

7.34/100.

0+

0.849–1.942 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.411(1)/99. 1.130(1)/100. 1.408(1)/100. ann.rad./

4/17/06 10:58:23 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Co

55

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-67 Atomic Mass or Weight

54.941999

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 17.53 h β+ /3.4513 EC/

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 0.53/ 7/21.03/ 1.50/ 1.459/18.

0.315/99.7

5+

+3.799

Co

55.939839

77.3 d

β+/4.566 EC/

Co

56.936291

271.8 d

EC/0.8361

7/2-

Co Co

57.935753

9.1 h 70.88 d

I.T./ β+ /2.307 EC/

5+ 2+

10.47 m

56

57

58m 58

Co Co

59

100.

58.933195

4+

Co

59.933817

5.271 y

I.T./99.8/0.059 β- /0.2/1.56 β- /2.824

Co

60.932476

1.650 h

β- /1.322

1.22/95.

7/2-

13.9 m

β- /

0.88/25. 2.88/75.

5+

1.03/10. 1.76/5. 2.9/20. 4.05/60. 3.6/

2+

60m

60

61

Co

62m

Co

61.93405

1.50 m

β- /5.32

63

Co

62.93361

27.5 s

β- /3.67

Co Co 66m2 Co

63.93581 64.93648

0.30 s 1.14 s > 0.1 ms

β- /7.31 β- /5.96 I.T.

62

64 65

Co Co 67 Co 68 Co 69 Co 70 Co

65.9398 66.9409 67.9449 68.9463 69.951

1.2 μs 0.25 s 0.43 s 0.19 s 0.20 s 0.12 s

I.T. β- /10.0 β- /8.4 β- /11.7 β- /9.3 β- 13.

Co

70.953

97. ms

Co

71.958

60. ms

ββ-,n ββ-,n

Co

72.960

41. ms

Co

73.965

30. ms

Co

74.968

> 0.3 μs

28

Ni

58.6934(2)

Ni Ni 50 Ni 51 Ni

48.020 49.0097 49.9959 50.9877

66m1 66

71

72

73

74

75

48 49

487_S11.indb 67

7/22+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +4.822 ann.rad./ 0.9312/75. 0.4772/20. (0.092–3.11) 3.85 +0.25 ann.rad./ 0.8468/99.9 1.2383/68. (0.26–3.61) +4.72 +0.5 0.12206/86 (0.014–0.706) 0.02489/0.035 +4.04 +0.22 ann.rad./ 0.81076/99 +4.63 +0.41 +4.40 +0.3 0.0586/2.0

~ 2.1 ms 12. ms 12. ms > 0.2 μs

ββ-,n ββ-,n

7.0/

7/2-

1+ (7/2)(8-)

(5+)

+0.44

1.1732/100 1.3325/100 0.0674/86. 0.842–0.909 1.1635(3)/70. 1.1730(3)/98. 2.0039(3)/19. 1.1292(3)/13. 1.1730(3)/83. 1.9851(1)/3. 2.3020(1)/19. 0.08713(1)/49. 0.9817(3)/2.6 0.156–2.17

0.252/IT 0.214 0.175 0.175/IT (1.245–1.425) 0.694

1.26/102 0.97/100 (0.45 – 0.92) 0.566/100 (0.25 – 0.77) 1.096/100 0.845 (0.455 – 1.197) 0.524/100 (0.24 – 0.76) 0.739 1.024

// > 3 // > 6

// > 9 // > 26

2p

p// ~ 25

0+

β+, p β+ /16.0

p//70.

0+

4/17/06 10:58:25 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-68 Elem. or Isot.

51.9757 52.9685 53.95791 54.95133 55.94213

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 38. ms 0.05 s 0.10 s 0.20 s 6.08 d

56.939794

35.6 h

β+ /3.264 EC/

57.935343 58.934347 59.930786 60.931056 61.928345 62.929669 63.927966 64.930084

>4 × 1019 y ~ 7.6 × 104 y

EC-EC EC/

Ni Ni Ni

Ni Ni 54 Ni 55 Ni 56 Ni 52

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

53

Ni

57

Ni Ni 60 Ni 61 Ni 62 Ni 63 Ni 64 Ni 65 Ni 58 59

66

67m

67

68.0769(89) 26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Ni Ni

65.929139

54.6 h 13.3 μs

β- /0.23 I.T.

0.65/30. 1.020/11. 2.140/58.

66.931569

21. s

β- /3.56

0.34 μs 0.86 ms

I.T.

(5-)

29. s 0.44 μs

β- /2.06 I.T.

0+ (17/2)

3.5 s 11. s

β- /5.4

0.21 μs

I.T.

(8+)

6.0 s 2.56 s 1.6 s 0.84 s 0.9 s 0.34 s 0.24 s 0.13 s ~ 0.11 s

β- /3.5 β- /6.9 β- /5.2 β- /9. β- /7.

0+

67.931869

68.935610

Ni

Ni Ni 72 Ni 73 Ni 74 Ni 75 Ni 76 Ni 77 Ni 78 Ni 71

Cu

69.9365 70.9407 71.9421 72.9465 73.9481 74.9529 75.955 76.961 77.963

Cu Cu 54 Cu 55 Cu 56 Cu

51.9972 52.9856 53.9767 54.9661 55.9586

< 0.3 μs < 0.075 μs > 0.2 μs 93. ms

β+ /13.2 β+ /15.3

Cu

56.94921

196. ms

β+ /8.77

57

487_S11.indb 68

0.69

0+ 9/2+ ½-

ann.rad./ 0.937 ann.rad./ 0.15838/99 0.81185(3)/87. 0.2695–0.7500 ann.rad./ 1.3776/78. (0.127–3.177)

-0.798

-0.75002

+0.601

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

+0.16

0.36627(3)/5. 1.11553(4)/16. 1.48184(5)/23. 0.313/IT 0.694 1.0722/100. 1.6539/100. (0.10–1.98) 0.511 0.814/IT 2.033 0.148/IT 0.593 1.959 0.6807(3)/100. (0.207–1.213) 0.183/IT 0.448 0.970 1.259

0+ 0+

0+

63.546(3)

53

3.8/

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

29 52

0+ 3/20+ 3/20+ ½0+ 5/2-

β- /2.137

70m

70

3/2-

2.517 h

69m1 69

0.712/10. 0.849/76.

0+ 7/20+ 7/20+

0.065/

Ni Ni

Ni Ni

7.66/

Spin (h/2 π)

β- /0.066945

68m1

69m2

β+ /11.7 β+, p/13.3 β+ /8.80 β+ /8.70 EC/2.14 β+ /<10-6

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

100. y

68m2

68

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

3/2-

0.511/233 2.700/100 0.9507–3.287 0.77–3.01

4/17/06 10:58:27 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Cu

58

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-69 Atomic Mass or Weight

57.944539

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 4.5/15. 1+ 7.439/83.

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

Cu

58.939498

1.36 m

β+ /4.800

1.9/ 3.75/

3/2-

+ 1.89

Cu

59.937365

23.7 m

β+ /6.127 EC/

2.00/69. 3.00/18. 3.92/6.

2+

+1.219

Cu

60.933458

3.35 h

β+ /2.237

3/2-

+2.14

Cu

61.932584

9.67 m

β+ /98/3.948 EC/

0.56/3. 0.94/5. 1.15/2. 1.220/51. 2.93/98.

1+

-0.380

3/21+

+2.2233 -0.217

-0.211

3/21+

+2.3817 -0.282

-0.195

3/2-

+ 2.54

6-

+1.24

1+

+2.48

59

60

61

62

Cu Cu

69.15(15)

62.929598 63.929764

12.701 h

0.578/ 0.65/

Cu Cu

30.85(15)

64.927790 65.928869

β- /38/0.579 β+ /19/1.6751 EC/41/

5.09 m

β- /2.642

66.927730

2.580 d

β- /0.58

3.79 m

I.T./86/ β- /14/1.8

1.65/6. 2.7/94. 0.395/56. 0.484/23. 0.577/20.

31. s

β- /4.46

0.36 μs

I.T.

2.8 m

β- /2.68

Cu

6.6 s

β/93

Cu

33. s

IT/7 β- /52 IT/48

44.5 s

β- /6.60

0.28 μs

I.T.

(19/2)

20. s 1.76 μs

β- /4.56 I.T.

3/2(4-)

63 64

65 66

Cu

67

Cu

68m

Cu

68

67.929611

Cu

69m

Cu

69

68.929429

70m2

70m1

Cu

70

69.932392

Cu

71m

Cu Cu

71

72m

487_S11.indb 69

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 3.21 s β+ /8.563 EC/

70.932677

3.5/40. 4.6/31.

(13/2+)

2.48/80.

3/2-

+2.84

2.52/10.

5-

+1.9

5.42/54. 6.09/46.

1+

+1.5

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.0403(4)/5. 1.4483(2)/11. 1.4546(2)/16. ann.rad./ 0.3393(1)/8. 0.8780(1)/12. 1.3015(1)/15. (0.4–2.6) ann.rad./ 1.3325/88. 1.7915/45. (0.12–5.048) ann.rad./ 0.2830/13. 0.6560/11. (0.067–2.123) ann.rad./ 1.17302(1)/0.6 (0.87–3.37) ann.rad./ 1.3459(3)/0.6

0.8330(1)/0.22 1.0392(2)/9.2 0.09125(1)/7. 0.09325(1)/17. 0.18453(1)/47. 0.0843(5)/70. 0.1112(5)/18. 0.5259(5)/74. (0.64–1.34) 1.0774(5)/58. 1.2613(5)/17. (0.15–2.34) 0.075/IT 0.190/IT 0.680 1.871 0.5307(3)/3. 0.8340(5)/6. 1.0065(8)/10. 0.8849/100 1.072/19 0.141/ IT 0.8848(2)/100. 0.9017(2)/90. 1.2517(5)/60. (0.39–3.06) 0.8848(2)/100. 0.9017/99.7 (0.438 - 3.062) 0.133/IT 0.494 0.939 1.189 0.490/ 0.051/IT

4/17/06 10:58:28 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-70 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

Cu Cu

71.935820 72.936675

6.6 s 4.2 s

β- /8.2 β- /6.3

Cu Cu 76m Cu 76 Cu 77 Cu 78 Cu 79 Cu 80 Cu

73.93988 74.942

1.59 s 1.2 s 1.2 s 0.64 s 0.46 s 0.33 s 0.19 s > 0.3 μs

β- /9.9 β- /7.9

30

Zn

69.409(4)

Zn Zn 56 Zn 57 Zn 58 Zn 59 Zn

53.9930 54.9840 55.9724 56.9648 57.95459 58.94926

~ 3.2 ms > 1.6 μs 0.04 s 0.04 s 0.09 s 183. ms

2p

Zn

59.94183

2.40 m

β+ /97/4.16 EC/3/

Zn

60.93951

1.485 m

β+ /5.64

4.38/68.

3/2-

Zn

61.93433

9.22 h

β+ /3/1.63 EC/93/

0.66/7.

0+

Zn

62.933212

38.5 m

β+ /93/3.367 EC/7/

3/2-

-0.28164

+0.29

> 4.3 × 1018 y 244.0 d

EC-β+ β+ /98/1.3514 EC/1.5/

1.02/ 1.40/ 1.71/ 2.36/84.

0+ 5/2-

+0.7690

-0.023

+0.8755

+0.15

72 73

74 75

75.94528 76.9479 77.9520 78.9546 79.961

54 55

60

61

62

63

β+, p/14.6 β+ β+, p/9.09

48.268(321)

63.929142 64.929241

Zn Zn 68 Zn 69m Zn 69 Zn 70 Zn 71m Zn

27.975(77) 4.102(21) 19.024(123)

65.926033 66.927127 67.924844

0.631(9)

68.926550 69.925319

13.76 h 56. m > 1.3 × 1016 y 3.97 h

I.T./99+/0.439 β- /0.906 β-ββ- /

Zn

70.92772

2.4 m

β- /2.81

Zn

71.92686

46.5 h

β- /0.46

Zn Zn

72.92978

6. s 24. s

Zn

73.92946

1.60 m

65

66 67

71

72

73m 73

74

487_S11.indb 70

(1+)

β- /11. β- / ~ 10. β- /12. β- /11.

Zn Zn

64

5.8/43 6.25/42

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.082 0.138 0.652/ 0.450/100 0.307–1.559

p//87

0+

8.1/

0+ (7/2-) 0+ 3/2-

ann.rad./

0+

0.325/

0.905/99.9 1.45/

0+ 5/20+ 9/2+ ½0+ 9/2+

½-

0.25/14. 0.30/86.

0+

β- /4.29

I.T./0.196 4.7/

(7/2+) (1/2-)

β- /2.3

2.1/

0+

ann.rad./ (0.491–0.914) ann.rad./ 0.669/47. (0.062–0.947) ann.rad./ 0.4748/17. (0.15–3.52) ann.rad./ 0.0408/25 0.5967/26. (0.20–1.526)/ ann.rad./ 0.66962(5)/8.4 0.96206(5)/6.6 (0.24–3.1) ann.rad./ 1.1155/49.8

0.4390(2)/95. 0.318/ 0.3864/93. 0.4874/62. 0.6203/57. (0.099–2.489) 0.5116(1)/30. 0.9103(1)/7.5 (0.12–2.29) 0.0164(3)/8. 0.1447(1)/83. 0.1915(2)/9.4 0.042 0.216(1)/100. 0.496–0.911 0.0565/

4/17/06 10:58:30 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-71 Atomic Mass or Weight

Zn Zn 77m Zn 77 Zn 78m Zn 78 Zn 79 Zn 80 Zn

74.9329 75.9333

Zn Zn 83 Zn

75 76

82

Ga

β- /6.0 β- /4.2 β- / β- /7.3

77.9384 78.9427 79.9443 80.9505 81.9544 82.9610

0.29 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /11.9

31

69.723(1)

Ga Ga 58 Ga 59 Ga 60 Ga

55.9949 56.9829 57.9743 58.9634 59.9571

< 0.043 μs 0.07 s

Ga Ga

60.9495 61.94418

0.17 s 116.0 ms

Ga

62.939294

32. s

Ga Ga

63.936839

0.022 ms 2.63 m

Ga

64.932735

Ga

56 57

61 62

63

64m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

3.6/ 4.8/

β- /6.4 β- /8.6 β- /7.3

β+ β+, p β+, α β+ /9.0 β+ /9.17 EC/ β+ /5.5 EC/

Spin (h/2 π)

0+ 0+

// ~ 1.6 // ~ 0.02 8.3/

3/20+

4.5/

0+

15.2 m

β+ /86/3.255 EC/

0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15.

3/2-

65.931589

9.5 h

β+ /56/5.175 EC/43/

0.74/1. 1.84/54. 4.153/51.

0+

Ga

66.928202

3.261 d

EC/1.001

Ga

67.927980

1.130 h

β+ /90/2.921 EC/10/

68.925574 69.926022

21.1 m

70.924701 71.926366

> 2.4 × 1026 y 14.10 h

EC/0.2/0.655 β- /99.8/1.656 ββ- /4.001

66

67

68

Ga Ga

60.108(9)

Ga Ga

39.892(9)

69 70

71 72

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1401/ (0.05–0.35) 0.229/ 0.119/ 0.772 0.189/ 1.070 0.225/ 0.702/ 0.713/ 0.2248/

0+

2.79/ 6.05/

65

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+ (1/2-)

β+ /7.165

64

487_S11.indb 71

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

10.2 s 5.7 s 1.0 s 2.1 s > 0.03 ms 1.5 s 1.0 s 0.54 s

76.9370

81

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

1.83/

1.65/99. 0.64/40. 1.51/9. 2.52/8.

3/2-

+1.8507

0.20

1+

0.01175

0.028

3/21+

+2.01659

+0.17

3/23-

+2.56227 -0.13224

+0.11 +0.5

1.004 3.848 1.555–2.559 0.088–1.362 ann.rad./ 0.954/0.0012 ann.rad./ 0.6271(2)/10. 0.6370(2)/11. 1.0652(4)/45. 0.0429 ann.rad./ 0.80785(1)/14. 0.99152(1)/43. 1.38727(1)/12. 3.3659(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.1151(2)/55. 0.1530(2)/96. 0.2069(2)/39. (0.06–2.4) ann.rad./ 1.03935(8)/38. 2.7523(1)/23. (0.28–5.01) 0.09332/37. 0.18459/20. 0.30024/17. (0.091–0.89) ann.rad./ 1.0774(1)/3. (0.57–2.33)/ 0.1755(5)/0.15 1.042(5)/0.48 0.8340/95.53 2.202/26.9 0.630/26.2

4/17/06 10:58:32 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-72 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.15/11.

Spin (h/2 π)

Ga

72.925175

74.87 h

β- /1.59

Ga Ga

73.926946

10. s 8.1 m

I.T./ β- /5.4

2.6/

1+ 3-

Ga

74.926500

2.10 m

β- /3.39

3.3/

3/2-

Ga

75.928828

29. s

β- /7.0

Ga

76.929154

13.0 s

β- /5.3

78

Ga

77.931608

5.09 s

β- /8.2

Ga Ga 81 Ga 82 Ga 83 Ga 84 Ga 85 Ga 86 Ga

78.9329 79.9365 80.9378 81.9430 82.9470 83.9527 84.9570 85.963

2.85 s 1.68 s 1.22 s 0.599 s 0.308 s ~ 0.085 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /7.0 β- /10.4 β- /8.3 β- /12.6 β- /~ 11.5 β- /14

73

74m 74

75

76

77

79 80

32

Ge

72.64(1)

Ge Ge 60 Ge 61 Ge 62 Ge 63 Ge 64 Ge

57.9910 58.9818 59.9702 60.9638 61.9547 62.9496 63.94165

> 0.11 μs 0.04 s 0.13 s 0.15 s 1.06 m

Ge

64.9394

31. s

Ge

65.93384

2.26 h

Ge

66.932734

19.0 m

β+ /96/4.225 EC/4/

Ge Ge

67.92809 68.927965

270.8 d 1.63 d

EC/0.11 β+ /36/2.2273 EC/64/

58 59

65

66

67

68 69

Ge Ge 71 Ge 72 Ge 70

71m

487_S11.indb 72

20.38(18)

69.924247

27.31(26)

70.924951 71.922076

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

3/2-

3-

5.2/ 3+ 4.6/ 10./ 5.1/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.113–3.678) 0.05344(5)/10. 0.29732(5)/47. (0.01–1.00)/ 0.0565(1)/75. 0.5959/92. 2.354/45. (0.23–3.99) 0.2529/ 0.5746/ (0.12–2.10) 0.5629/66. 0.5455/26. (0.34–4.25) 0.469/ 0.459/ 0.619/77. 1.187/20. 0.465/ 0.659/ 0.217/ 1.348/

0+

20.4 ms 11.2 d

0+

β+ /13.6 β- /9.8 β+ /4.4 EC/ β+, p β+ /6.2 EC/ EC, p β+, p β+ /27/2.10 EC/73/

EC/0.229

0+ 3.0/

0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15. //0.011

1.6/ 2.3/ 3.15/ 0.70/ 1.2/

I.T./0.0234

0+

0+

½-

0+ 5/2-

0+ 9/2+ ½0+

0.735

+0.547

0.02

ann.rad./ 0.1282(2)/11. 0.4270(3)/37. 0.6671(3)/17. ann.rad./ 0.0620/27. 0.6497/33. 0.8091/21. (0.19–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.0438/29. 0.3819/28. (0.022–1.77) ann.rad./ 0.1670/84. (0.25–3.73) Ga k x-ray/39. ann.rad./ 0.574/13. 1.1068/36. (0.2–2.04) 0.1749

4/17/06 10:58:33 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ge Ge 75m Ge 75 Ge 73 74

Ge Ge

76

77m

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 7.76(8) 36.72(15)

11-73 Atomic Mass or Weight

72.923459 73.921178 74.922859

7.83(7)

75.921403

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) > 1.8 × 1023 y β48. s 1.380 h

I.T./ β- /1.177

1.6 × 1021 y 53. s

β-βI.T./20/ β- /80/2.861

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.19/

2.9/

Spin (h/2 π) 9/2+ 0+ 7/2+ ½-

76.923549

11.25 h

β- /2.702

0.71/23. 1.38/35. 2.19/42.

7/2+

Ge

77.922853

1.45 h

β- /0.95

0.70/

0+

Ge Ge

78.9254

39. s 19.1 s

β- /IT β- /4.2

Ge

79.92537

29.5 s

β- /2.67

2.4/

0+

~ 7.6 s

β- /

3.75/

½+

78

79m 79

80

Ge

81m

4.0/20. 4.3/80.

Ge

80.9288

~ 7.6 s

β- /6.2

3.44/

9/2+

Ge Ge 84 Ge 85 Ge 86 Ge 87 Ge 88 Ge 89 Ge

81.9296 82.9346 83.9375 84.9430 85.9465 86.9525 87.957 88.964

4.6 s 1.9 s 0.98 s 0.54 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /4.7 β- /8.9 β- /7.7 β- /10.

1.093/80

0+

82 83

As

33

1.605/0.22 1.676/0.16 0.195–1.482 0.2110/29. 0.2155/27. 0.2644/51. (0.15–2.35) 0.2773(5)/96. 0.2939(5)/4.

7/2+ ½-

81

0.1096/21. (0.10–2.59) 0.5427(4)/15. 0.1104(4)/6. 0.2656(4)/25. 0.3362(4)/ 0.7935(4)/ 0.1976(4)/21. 0.3362(4)/100. 1.093/

0+ 0+ 0+

74.92160(2)

As As 62 As 63 As 64 As 65 As 66m2 As 66m1 As 66 As 67 As

59.993 60.981 61.9732 62.9637 63.9576 64.9496

65.945 66.9392

< 0.043 μs 0.02 s 0.13 s 8. μs 1.1 μs 95.8 ms 42. s

As

67.93677

2.53 m

β+ /8.1

As

68.93227

15.2 m

β+ /98/4.01 EC/2/

2.95/

5/2-

+ 1.623

As

69.93092

52.6 m

1.44/

4+

+2.1061

+0.09

As

70.927112

2.72 d

β+ /84/6.22 EC/16/2.14 /2.89 β+ /32/2.013

5/2-

+1.6735

-0.02

60 61

68

69

70

71

487_S11.indb 73

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0.13968(3)/39. 0.26461(5)/11. 0.41931(5)/0.2

+0.510

0+ ½-

Ge

77

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.879467 -0.17

β+ /9.4

β+ /9.55 β+ /6.0 EC/

5.0/

5/2-

3+

0.121/ 0.123/ 0.244/ ann.rad./ 0.652/32. 0.762/33. 1.016/77. (0.61–3.55) ann.rad./ 0.0868(5)/1.5 0.1458(3)/2.4 ann.rad./ 1.0395(7)/82. (0.17–4.4)/ ann.rad./

4/17/06 10:58:35 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-74 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/68/

As

71.926752

26.0 h

β+ /77/4.356

As

72.923825

80.3 d

EC/0.341

As

73.923829

17.78 d

72

73

74

As As 76 As 75m 75

100.

74.921597 75.922394

β+ /31/2.562 EC/37/ β- /1.353

0.94/26. 1.53/3. 0.71/16. 1.35/16.

2-

-1.597

26.3 h

β- /2.962

0.54/3. 1.785/8. 2.410/36. 2.97/51. 0.70/98.

3/22-

+1.43947 -0.903

3/2-

+1.295

0.017 s

38.8 h

β- /0.683

As

77.92183

1.512 h

β- /4.21

1.21 μs

I.T.

As

79m

3.00/12. 3.70/17. 4.42/37.

-2.1566

-0.08

3/2-

2-

9/2+

+0.31

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1749(2)/84. 1.0957(2)/4.2 ann.rad./ 0.83395(5)/80. 1.0507(1)/9.6 (0.1–4.0) 0.0133/0.1 0.0534/10.5 Se k x-ray/90. ann.rad./ 0.59588(1)/60. 0.6084(1)/0.6 0.6348(1)/15.

0.5591(1)/45. 0.65703(5)/6.2 1.21602(1)/3.4 (0.3–2.67) 0.2391(2)/1.6 0.2500(3)/0.4 0.5208/0.43 0.6136(3)/54. 0.6954(3)/18. 1.3088(3)/10. 0.542/IT 0.231 0.0955(5)/16. 0.3645(5)/1.9 0.6662(2)/42. (2.5–3.0) 0.4676(2)/20. 0.4911(2)/8. 0.6544(1)/77. 0.344/65. (0.561 – 1.894)

As

78.92095

9.0 m

β- /2.28

1.80/95.

3/2-

As

79.92253

16. s

β- /5.64

3.38/

1+

As

80.92213

33. s

β- /3.856

13.7 s

β- /

3.6/

5-

7.2/80.

(2-)

0.6544(1)/54. (0.755 – 3.667) 0.7345/100. 1.1131/34. 2.0767/28. 0.6671(2)/21. 1.4439(5)/49. (0.325–5.150) 0.667(1)/42. 1.4551(2)/100. 0.704/ 0.704/

79

80

81

As

82m

3/2-

As

81.9245

19. s

β- /7.4

As

82.9250

13.4 s

β- /5.5

As As

83.9291

0.6 s 4. s

ββ-, n/7.2

1-

85

As

84.9320

2.03 s

β-, n/8.9

3/2-

As As 88 As 89 As 90 As 91 As 92 As

85.9365 86.9399 87.9449 88.9494 89.956 90.960 91.967

0.95 s 0.49 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β-, n/11.4 β-, n/10.

82

83

84m 84

86 87

Se

78.96(3)

Se Se

64.965

34 64 65

487_S11.indb 74

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

2-

76.920647

78

Spin (h/2 π)

0.669/5. 1.884/12. 2.498/62. 3.339/19.

As

77

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

> 0.18 μs 0.011 s

β+ /60/14.

0+

4/17/06 10:58:36 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-75 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+, p

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.55/

Spin (h/2 π)

Se 67 Se

65.9552 66.9501

0.03 s 0.13 s

Se

67.94180

36. s

Se

68.93956

27.4 s

Se

69.9334

41.1 m

Se

70.93224

4.7 m

β+ /4.4 EC/

Se Se

71.92711

8.5 d 40. m

EC/0.34 I.T./73/0.0257 β+ /27/2.77

Se

72.92677

7.1 h

β+ /65/2.74 EC/35/

119.78 d

EC/0.864

17.4 s

I.T./

3.92 m 2.9 × 105 y

I.T./ β- /0.151

57.3 m

I.T./99/0.1031

80.917993

18.5 m

β- /1.585

81.916699

~ 1 × 1020 y 1.17 m

β-ββ- /3.96

Se

82.919118

22.3 m

β- /3.668

0.93/ 1.51/

9/2+

Se Se

83.91846 84.92225

3.3 m 32. s

β- /1.83 β- /6.18

1.41/100. 5.9/

0+ 5/2+

Se

85.92427

15. s

β- /5.10

0+

Se

86.92852

5.4 s

5/2+

Se

87.93142

1.5 s

β- /7.28 n/ β-, n/6.85

66

68

69

70

71

72

73m

73

Se Se

0.89(4)

73.922476 74.922523

Se Se 77 Se 78 Se 79m Se 79 Se 80 Se 81m Se

9.37(29)

75.919214

7.63(16) 23.77(28)

76.919914 77.917309

49.61(41)

78.918499 79.916521

74 75

76

77m

Se

81

Se Se

82

83m

83

84 85

86

87

88

487_S11.indb 75

8.73(22)

β+ /10.2 β+, (p)/ β+ /4.7 β+ /6.78 EC/ β+, p β+ /2.4

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

ann.rad./ 0.352 ann.rad./ (0.050–0.426) ann.rad./ 0.0664(4)/27. 0.0982(4)/63. ann.rad 0.04951(5)/35. 0.4262(2)/29. ann.rad 0.1472(3)/47. 0.8309(3)/13. 1.0960(3)/10. 0.0460(2)/57. ann.rad. 0.0257(2)/27. 0.2538(1)/2.5 ann.rad 0.0670(1)/72. 0.3609(1)/97. (0.6–1.5)

0+ 5.006/ // ~ 0.045

3.4/36.

0.85 1.45/ 1.70/ 0.80/ 1.32/95. 1.68/1.

0+

5/2-

0+ 3/2-

9/2+

0.86

0+ 5/2+

0.67

0+ 7/2+ ½0+ 7/2+ 0+ 7/2+

1.6/98.

2.88/ 3.92/

½-

0+ ½-

0+

1.0

0.13600/55 0.26465/58 (0.024–0.821) 0.1619(2)/52.

+0.53506

-1.018

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

+0.8

0.09573(3)/9.5

0.1031(3)/9.7 0.2602(2)/0.06 0.2760/0.06 0.2759/0.85 0.2901/0.75 0.8283/0.32 0.35666(6)/17. 0.9879(1)/15. 1.0305(1)/21. 2.0514(2)/11. (0.19–3.1) 0.22516(6)/33. 0.35666(6)/69. 0.51004(8)/45. (0.21–2.42) 0.4088(5)/100. 0.3450(1)/22. 0.6094(1)/41. 2.0124(1)/24. 2.4433(8)/100. 2.6619(1)/49. 0.468(1)/100. 1.4979(1)/23. 0.5346/

4/17/06 10:58:38 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-76 Elem. or Isot. Se Se 91 Se 92 Se 93 Se 94 Se 89

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

90

Br

Atomic Mass or Weight 88.9365 89.9400 90.9460 91.950 92.956 93.960

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Br Br 69 Br 70m Br 70 Br 71 Br 72 Br 73 Br

66.9648 67.9585 68.9501

67 68

69.9446 70.939 71.9366 72.93169

Br

74m

0+ 0+

< 1.5 μs < 0.024 μs 2.2 s ~ 0.08 s 21. s 1.31 m 3.4 m

β+ /10.0 β+ /6.9 β+ /8.7 β+ /4.7

/0.75

3.7/

3 3/2-

~ 0.55

46. m

β+ /

4.5/

4-

1.82

+0.75

β+ /9.6

9+

73.92989

25.4 m

β+ /6.91

Br

74.92578

1.62 h

β+ /76/3.03

3/2-

1.4 s

I.T./5.05

4+

75

Br

76m

Br

75.92454

16.0 h

β+ /57/4.96

Br Br

76.921379

4.3 m 2.376 d

I.T./0.1059 EC/99/1.365

Br

77.921146

6.45 m

β+ /92/3.574 EC/8/

4.86 s

I.T./0.207

4.42 h

I.T./0.04885

17.66 m

β- /92/2.004 EC/5.7/1.8706 β+ /2.6/

6.1 m

76

77m 77

78

Br Br 80m Br 79m

50.69(7)

Br

Br Br

78.918337

79.918529

80

81

49.31(7)

80.916291

Br

81.916804

1.471 d

I.T./98/0.046 β- /2 /3.139 β- /3.093

Br

82.915180

2.40 h

β- /0.972

82m

82

83

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

Br

74

79

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

79.904(1)

35

487_S11.indb 76

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 0.41 s β-, n/9.0 > 0.3 μs 0.27 s β-, n/8. > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

1.9/ 3.68/

1-

0.54821

0.270

9/2+ 3/2-

0.973

+0.53

1+

0.13

9/2+ 3/25-

+2.106400 +1.3177

+0.331 +0.75

1+

0.5140

0.196

3/22-

+2.270562

+0.276

0.444/

5-

+1.6270

0.751

0.395/1 0.925/99

3/2-

1.2/ 2.5/

1.38 β-/7.6 1.99 β-/82 0.85 β+ /2.8

0.4547–1.3167 ann.rad 0.065–0.700 ann.rad 0.6348 0.7285 (0.2–4.38) ann.rad 0.6341 0.6348 (0.2–4.7) ann.rad 0.28650 (0.1–1.56) 0.104548 0.05711 ann.rad 0.55911 1.85368 (0.4–4.6) 0.1059 ann.rad. 0.23898 0.52069 (0.08–1.2) ann.rad. 0.61363 (0.7–3.0) 0.2072 Br k x-ray 0.03705/39.1 0.04885/0.3 ann.rad. 0.6169/6.7 (0.64–1.45) 0.046/0.24 (0.62–2.66) 0.5544/71 0.61905/43 0.77649/84 (0.013–1.96) 0.52964 (0.12–0.68)

4/17/06 10:58:39 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Br

84m

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-77 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 6.0 m β- /4.97

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 2.2/100 (6-)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

2.70/11 3.81/20 4.63/34 2.57

2.

Br

83.91648

31.8 m

β- /4.65

Br

84.91561

2.87 m

β- /2.87

Br

85.91880

55.5 s

β- /7.63

3.3 7.4

(2-)

Br

86.92071

55.6 s

β- /6.85 n/

6.1/

3/2-

Br Br

87.92407

5.1 μs 16.3 s

Br

88.92640

4.35 s

Br

89.9306

1.91 s

Br

90.9340

0.54 s

Br

91.93926

0.31 s

Br

92.9431

0.10 s

Br Br 96 Br 97 Br

93.9487 94.9529 95.959 96.963

0.07 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

84

85

86

87

88m 88

89

90

91

92

93

94 95

Kr

1-

β- /8.16 n/ β- /10.4 n/

3/2-

β- /90 /9.80 β- n/10 / β- /12.20 β- n/ β- /11 β- n β- n/

83.798(2)

Kr Kr 71 Kr 72 Kr

68.9652 69.9553 70.950 71.94209

0.03 s 0.06 s 100. ms 17.1 s

Kr

72.93929

28. s

Kr

73.933084

11.5 m

Kr

74.93095

4.3 m

β+ /4.90 EC/

Kr

75.925910

14.8 h

EC/1.31

70

73

74

75

76

487_S11.indb 77

3/2-

β- /8.96 n/

36 69

2-

β+, (p)

8.3/ 9.8/

β+, EC/10.1 β+ /5.0 EC/

β+ /6.7 EC/ β+, p/ β+ /3.1 EC/

0.7649 0.7753 0.8021 (0.1–6.99) 0.7753 1.0978 0.6555 0.7071 1.3626 0.263 0.803 0.740

2-

0.117 (0.237–3.606)

//11

4.07/

0+ 0+

5/2/0.25

3.2/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4240/100 0.8817/98 1.4637/101 0.8816/41 1.8976/13 (0.23–4.12) 0.80241/2.56 0.92463/1.6 (0.09–2.4) 1.56460/64 2.75106/21 (0.5–6.8) 1.41983 1.4762 (0.2–6.1)

0+

5/2+

0+

-0.531

+1.1

(0.198–0.207) ann.rad 0.3099/15.3 0.4150/12.8 (0.305 – 3.305) ann.rad. 0.1781/66 (0.06–0.86) ann.rad. 0.08970/31 0.2030/20 (0.010–1.06) ann.rad. 0.1325/68 0.1547/21 (0.02–1.7) Br k x-ray 0.270/21 0.3158/39 (0.03–1.07)

4/17/06 10:58:40 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-78 Elem. or Isot. Kr

77

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 76.924670

Kr Kr 79 Kr

0.355(3)

Kr Kr 81 Kr

2.286(10)

Kr Kr

11.593(31)

81.913484

Kr Kr 85m Kr

11.500(19) 56.987(15)

82.914136 83.911507

17.279(41)

84.912527 85.9106107 86.9133549

Kr

78

79m

80

81m

82

83m

83 84

77.920365 78.920082

79.916379 80.916592

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.24 h β+ /80/3.06 EC/20/

> 2.3 × 1020 y 53. s 1.455 d

EC-EC I.T./0.1299 β+ /7 /1.626 EC/93 /

13.1 s 2.1 × 105 y

1.86 h

1.55/ 1.70/ 1.87/

Spin (h/2 π) 5/2+

-0.786 +0.536

I.T./0.1904 EC/0.2807

0+ ½7/2+

+0.586 -0.908

I.T./0.0416

0+ ½-

+0.591

9/2+ 0+ ½-

0.83/79

10.73 y 1.27 h

β- /3.887

87.91445

2.84 h

β- /2.91

1.33/8 3.49/43 3.89/30

Kr

88.9176

3.15 m

β- /4.99

3.8/ 4.6/ 4.9/

5/2+

Kr

89.91952

32.3 s

β- /4.39

2.6/77 2.8/6

0+

Kr

90.9235

8.6 s

β- /6.4

4.33/ 4.59/

5/2+

Kr

91.92616

1.84 s

Kr

92.9313

1.29 s

β- /5.99 n/ β- /8.6 n/

Kr

93.9344

0.21 s

β- /7.3 n

n//1.0

Kr Kr 97 Kr 98 Kr 99 Kr 100 Kr

94.9398 95.9431 96.9486 97.952 98.958 99.9611

0.10 s ~ 80 ms 0.06 s 0.05 s 0.04 s > 0.34 μs

β- /9.7 β- ,n β- ,n β- ,n β- ,n

n//2.9 n//3.7 n//7. n//7. n// ~ 11.

Kr Kr 87 Kr 86

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95 96

487_S11.indb 78

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -0.583 +0.9 ann.rad. 0.1297/80 0.1465/38 (0.02–2.3)

0+ 7/2+ ½-

β- /79 / I.T./21 /0.305 β- /0.687

85

4.48 h

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.15/0.4

9/2+ 0+ 5/2+

-0.970699

+0.63

+0.259

+ 0.633 1.005

+0.43

-1.023

-0.30

-0.330

+0.16

-0.583

+0.30

0+

0+ 7.1/

+0.40

½+

-0.413

0+

0+

- 0.410

Kr x-ray ann.rad. 0.2613/13 0.39756/19 0.6061/8 (0.04–1.3) 0.1904 Br k x-ray 0.2760 Kr k x-ray 0.00940 0.03216

0.30487 0.15118 0.51399 0.40258/49.6 2.5548/9.2 (0.13–3.31) 0.19632/26. 2.392/34.6 (0.03–2.8) 0.19746 0.2209/19.9 0.5858/16.4 1.4728/6.8 (0.2–4.7) 0.12182/32.9 0.5395/28.6 1.1187/36.2 (0.1–4.2) 0.10878/43.5 0.50658/19. (0.2–4.4) 0.1424/66. (0.14–3.7) 0.1820 0.2534/42. 0.32309/24.6 (0.057–4.03) 0.2196/67 0.6293/100. (0.098–0.985)

0+ 0+

4/17/06 10:58:42 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Rb

11-79 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

37

85.4678(3)

Rb Rb 73 Rb 74 Rb

70.9653 71.9591 72.9506 73.944265

< 1.5 μs < 0.03 μs 64.8 ms

β+ /10.4

Rb

74.93857

19. s

β+ /7.02

2.31/

Rb

75.935072

39. s

β+ /8.50

4.7/

1-

-0.372623

+0.4

Rb

76.93041

3.8 m

β+ /5.34

3.86/

3/2-

+0.654468

+0.70

5.7 m

I.T./0.1034 β+ / EC/ β+ /7.22 EC/

4-

+2.549

+0.81

5/2+

+0.3358

-0.10

4.1/22 4.7/74 1.4

1+

-0.0836

+0.35

9/2+

+5.598

-0.74

1.05/

3/2-

+2.060

+0.40

71 72

75

76

77

Rb

78m

Rb

77.92814

17.7 m

Rb

78.92399

23. m

β+ /84/3.65 EC/16 /

Rb

79.92252

34. s

β+ /5.72

30.5 m

I.T./0.85 β+, EC/ β+ /27/2.24 EC/73

78

79

80

Rb

81m

Rb

80.91900

81

Rb

82m

0+

6.47 h

β+/26/ EC/74/

0.80/

5-

+1.5100

+1.0

3.3/

1+

+0.554508

+0.19

Rb

81.918209

1.258 m

β+/96/4.40 EC/4/

Rb

82.91511

86.2 d

EC/0.91

5/2-

+1.425

+0.20

20.3 m

I.T./0.216

6-

+0.2129

+0.6

32.9 d

β+/22/2.681 EC/75 / β-/3/0.894

0.780/11 1.658/11 0.893/

2-

-1.32412

-0.015

I.T./0.5560 β-/1.775 β-/0.283 β-/5.316

1.774/8.8 0.273/100 5.31

5/2623/22-

+1.353 +1.815 -1.6920 +2.7512 0.508

+0.23 +0.37 +0.19 +0.13

β-/4.50

3/2-

+2.304

+0.14

82

83

Rb

84m

Rb

83.914385

84

Rb Rb 86 Rb 87 Rb 88 Rb 85

86m

Rb

89

487_S11.indb 79

4.57 h

3.4

72.17(2)

84.91178974

27.83(2)

85.9111674 86.90918053 87.9113156

1.018 m 18.65 d 4.88 × 1010 y 17.7 m

88.91228

15.4 m

1.26/38 1.9/5 2.2/34 4.49/18

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0.456/0.0025 (0.053 – 4.244) ann.rad 0.179 ann.rad 0.4240/92. (0.064–1.68) ann.rad 0.0665/59 (0.04–2.82) ann.rad 0.4553/81. (0.103–4.01) ann.rad 0.4553/63. (0.42–5.57) ann.rad. 0.68812/23. (0.017–3.02) ann.rad. 0.6167/25. ann.rad. (0.085–1.9) ann.rad./ 0.19030/64. (0.05–1.9) ann.rad./ 0.5544/63. 0.7765/85. (0.092–2.3) ann.rad./ 0.7665/13. (0.47–3.96) Kr x-ray 0.5205/46. (0.03–0.80) 0.2163/34. 0.2482/63. 0.4645/32. ann.rad./ 0.8817/68. (1.02–1.9) 0.556/98. 1.0768/8.8 0.8980/14.4 1.8360/22.8 (0.34–4.85) 1.032/58. 1.248/42. 2.1960/13 (0.12–4.09)

4/17/06 10:58:43 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-80 Elem. or Isot. Rb

90m

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 4.3 m β-/4.50

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.7/ 46.5/

Rb

89.91480

2.6 m

β-/6.59

6.6

1-

Rb

90.91654

58.0 s

β-/5.861

5.9

3/2-

Rb

91.91073

4.48 s

β-/8.11

8.1/94

1-

Rb

92.92204

5.85 s

β-/7.46 n/1

7.4/

5/2-

Rb

93.92641

2.71 s

β-/10.31 n/10

9.5/

3

Rb

94.92930

0.377 s

β-/9.30 n/8

8.6/

5/2-

β-/11.76 n/13/ β-/10.42 n/27/

10.8/

2+

10.0

3/2+

0.144/

90

91

92

93

94

95

Rb

1.7 μs

96m

Rb

95.93427

0.199 s

Rb

96.93735

0.169 s

98

Rb

97.94179

0.107 s

Rb 100 Rb

98.9454 99.9499

59. ms 53. ms

β-/12.34 n/13 β-/11.3 β- /13.5

Rb Rb

100.9532 101.9589

0.03 s 0.09 s

β- /11.8 β-

38

Sr

87.62(1)

Sr Sr 75 Sr 76 Sr 77 Sr

72.966 73.9563 74.9499 75.94177 76.93795

> 25 ms > 1.5 μs 88. ms 7.9 s 9.0 s

Sr Sr

77.93218 78.92971

2.7 m 2.1 m

β+ ,p β+ /6.1 β+ /6.9 β+, p β+ /3.76 β+ /5.32

Sr

79.92452

1.77 h

β+ /1.87

Sr

80.92321

22.3 m

β+ /87/3.93 EC/13/

Sr

81.91840

25.36 d

EC/0.18

96

97

99

101 102

73 74

78 79

80

81

82

487_S11.indb 80

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +1.616 +0.20 0.1069(IT) 0.8317/94 (0.20–5.00) 0.8317/28. (0.31–5.60) +2.182 +0.15 0.0936/34. (0.35–4.70) 0.8148/8. (0.1–6.1) +1.410 +0.18 0.2134/4.8 0.4326/12.5 0.9861/4.9 (0.16–5.41) +1.498 +0.16 0.8369/87. 1.5775/32. (0.12–6.35) +1.334 +0.21 0.352/65. 0.680/22. (0.20–2.27) 0.2999 0.4612 0.2400 0.093–0.369 +1.466 +0.25 0.815/76. (0.20–5.42) +1.841 +0.58 0.167/100. 0.585/79. 0.599/56. 1.258/52. (0.14–2.08) (0.07–3.68) 0.129 (0.058–4.483)

p//5. 5.6 //0.08 4.1

0+ 0+

0+ 3/2-

0.144/4.5 -0.35

+1.4

-0.474

+0.74

0+

2.43/ 2.68/

1/2-

0+

+0.544

0.147 (0.047–0.793) ann.rad./ 0.039/28. 0.105/22. (0.135–0.612) ann.rad./ 0.174/10. 0.589/39. (0.24–0.55) ann.rad./ 0.148/31. 0.1534/35 (0.06–1.7) Rb x-ray

4/17/06 10:58:45 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Sr Sr

83m

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Sr Sr

85m

Sr Sr 87m Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 89 Sr 90 Sr 91 Sr

0.56(1)

83.913425

9.86(1)

84.912933 85.909260

85 86

Atomic Mass or Weight 82.91756

83

84

11-81

7.00(1) 82.58(1)

86.908877 87.905612 88.907451 89.907738 90.910203

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 5.0 s I.T./0.2591 1.350 d β+/24/2.28 EC/76/

1.127 h 64.85 d

I.T./87/0.2387 EC/13 EC/1.065

2.81 h

I.T./0.3884

50.52 d 29.1 y 9.5 h

β-/1.497 β-/0.546 β-/2.70

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.465/ 0.803/ 1.227/

Spin (h/2 π) ½7/2+

0+ ½-

1.492/100 0.546/100 0.61/7 1.09/33 1.36/29 2.66/26 0.55/96 1.5/3 2.2/10 2.6/25 3.2/65

9/2+ 0+ ½9/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

Sr

91.911038

2.71 h

β-/1.91

Sr

92.91403

7.4 m

β-/4.08

Sr

93.91536

1.25 m

β-/3.511

Sr

94.91936

25.1 s

β-/6.08

Sr

95.92170

1.06 s

β-/5.37

4.2/

0+

Sr

96.92615

0.42 s

β-/7.47

5.3

(1/2+)

98

Sr

97.92845

0.65 s

β-/5.83

5.1

0+

Sr Sr 101 Sr 102 Sr 103 Sr 104 Sr 105 Sr

98.9332 99.9354 100.9405 101.9430 102.9490 103.952 104.959

0.27 s 0.201 s 0.115 s 68. ms > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β-/8.0 β-/7.1 β-/9.5 β-/8.8

92

93

94

95

96

97

99

100

487_S11.indb 81

2.1/ 3.3/

6.1/50

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.582 0.2591/87.5 -0.898 +0.79 ann.rad./ 0.3816/12. 0.3816 0.7627/30. (0.094–2.15) +0.601 -1.001

+0.30

+0.63 -1.093

+0.34

-1.149

-0.3

0.9092

-0.887

+0.044

-0.794

+0.26

0.5556/61. 0.7498/24. 1.0243/33. (0.12–2.4) 1.3831/90. (0.24–1.1) 0.5903/ 0.7104 0.87573 0.8883/ (0.17–3.97) 0.6219 0.7043 0.7241 0.8064 1.4283 0.6859 0.8269 2.7173 2.9332 0.1222 0.5305 0.8094 0.9318 0.2164 0.3071 0.6522 0.9538 1.2580 1.9050 0.0365 0.1190 0.4286 0.4447 0.5636

0+ 5/2+

0+

½+

0+

0.2318/84. (0.15–0.24) 0.51399/99.3

-0.5379

-0.500

-0.26

0.8

0.3884(IT)

0+ 0+

4/17/06 10:58:46 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-82 Elem. or Isot.

39

Y

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

75.9585 76.9497

Y Y 80 Y

78.9374

81

82

77

77.9436

5.5 5.0/

Y

80.9291

1.21 m

β+/5.5

3.7/ 4.2/

Y

81.9268

9.5 s

β+/7.8

6.3/

1+

2.85 m

β+/95/4.6 EC/5 /

2.9

1/2-

7.1 m

β+/4.47 EC/

3.3

9/2+

4.6 s

β+/ EC/ β+/6.4 EC/

Y

82.92235

Y

84m

Y

83.9204

Y

85m

Y

84.91643

Y

86m

487_S11.indb 82

Y

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(5+)

β+/10.5

β+/7.0

Y

86

> 0.2 μs ~ 57. ms 5.8 s 53 ms

79.9343

83m

85

Spin (h/2 π)

β+/7.1

80m

84

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

15. s 4.8 s 30. s

79

83

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

88.90585(2)

Y Y 78m Y 78 Y 76

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

85.91489

40. m

(4-)

1+ 1.64/47 2.24/25 2.64/21 3.15/7

5-

4.9 h

β+/70/ EC/30/

9/2+

2.6 h

β+/55/3.26 EC/45/

48. m

I.T./99/ β+/ EC/

8+

4.8

14.74 h

β+/5.24 EC/

4-

<0.6

1.54/

6.2

1/2-

0.279/100 0.504/90 0.713/40 (0.152–1.106) 0.2285 ann.rad./ 0.3858/100 0.5951/42 0.756–1.396 ann.rad./ 0.428 0.469 ann.rad./ 0.5736 0.6017 0.7375 ann.rad./ 0.2591 0.4218 0.4945 ann.rad./ 0.0355 0.4899 0.8821 (0.03–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.7930 ann.rad./ 0.4628 0.6606 0.7931 0.9744 1.0398 (0.2–3.3) ann.rad./ 0.2317 0.5356 2.1238 (0.1–3.1) 0.7673 ann.rad./ 0.2317 0.5045 0.9140 (0.07–1.4) ann.rad./ 0.0102(IT) 0.2080 (0.09–1.1) ann.rad./ 0.3070 0.6277 1.0766 1.1531

4/17/06 10:58:48 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Y

11-83 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

13. h

87m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

I.T./98/ β+/0.7/ EC/ EC/99+/1.862

87

Y

86.910876

3.35 d

88

Y

87.909501

106.6 d

EC/99+/3.623 β+/0.2/

15.7 s

I.T./0.909

3.24 h

Y Y 90m Y 89m 89

Y Y 91 Y 92 Y 90

91m

100.

88.905848

89.907152 90.907305 91.90895

Y

93m

93

Y

92.90958

Y

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.15/0.7

Spin (h/2 π)

9/2+

0.78/

1/2-

0.76/

4-

I.T./99+/ β-/0.002/

0.68204

9/2+ 1/27+

2.67 d 49.7 m 58.5 d 3.54 h

β-/2.282 I.T./0.555 β-/1.544 β-/3.63

2.28/

0.82 s

I.T./0.759

10.2 h

β-/2.87

2.88/90

1/2-

4.92/

2-

1.545/ 3.64/

29/2+ 1/22-

9/2+

1.4 μs

94m

94

Y

93.91160

18.7 m

β-/4.919

95

Y

94.91282

10.3 m

β-/4.42

1/2-

9.6 s

β-/

(3+)

Y

96m

96

Y Y

95.91589

6.2 s 1.21 s

β- /7.09 β- /7.4

7.12/ 4.8/ 6.0/

09/2+

Y

96.91813

3.76 s

β- /6.69

6.7

1/2-

2.1 s

β- /9.8

5.5/

(4-)

0.59 s

β- /8.83

8.7/

1+

97m

97

Y

98m

98

487_S11.indb 83

Y

97.92220

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

6.1

0.3880 0.4870 ann.rad./ 0.89802 1.83601 2.73404 3.2190 0.9092(IT)

-0.13742 5.1

-1.630 5.96 0.1641

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.9207 (0.1–3.8) 0.3807

-0.155

0.2025 0.4794 0.6820 0.5556(IT) 1.208 0.4485 0.5611 0.9345 1.4054 (0.4–3.3) 0.1686(IT) 0.5902 0.2669 0.9471 1.9178 0.4322 0.7699 1.2024 0.3816 0.9188 1.1389 (0.3–4.1) 0.4324 0.9542 2.1760 3.5770 0.1467 0.6174 0.9150 1.1071 1.7507 1.594 0.1614 0.9700 1.1030 0.2969 1.9960 3.2876 3.4013 0.2415 0.6205 0.6473 1.2228 1.8016 0.2131

4/17/06 10:58:50 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-84 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Y Y

98.92464

0.011 ms 1.47 s

Y Y 101 Y 102 Y 103 Y 104 Y 105 Y 106 Y 107 Y 108 Y

99.9278 100.9303 101.9336 102.9367 103.9411 104.9449 105.950 106.9414 107.959

0.94 s 0.73 s 0.43 s 0.36 s 0.23 s 0.18 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

40

Zr

91.224(2)

Zr Zr 80 Zr

77.9552 78.9492 79.940

> 0.2 μs 0.06 s ~ 4.5 s

Zr Zr 83m Zr 83 Zr

80.9372 81.9311 82.9287

5.3 s 32. s 7. s 44. s

β+ /7.2 β+ /4.0 β+ /7.0 β+ /5.9 EC

Zr

83.9233

26. m

β+ /2.7 EC/

0+

10.9 s

I.T./0.2922 β+, EC/

½-

99m 99

100m 100

78 79

81 82

84

Zr

85m

/2.5/

β-, n / β-, n/9.3 β-, n/8.6 β-, n/9.9 β-, n

n/1.8/ n/1.5/ n/4.0/ n/8.3/

1/2-

3+ 1+ (5/2+)

0+ β+ /8.0

0+ 6.1 3. 4.8

(3/2-) 0+ (7/2+) (1/2-)

7.9 m

β+ /4.7 EC/

Zr

85.91647

16.5 h

EC/1.47

0+

14.0 s

I.T./0.3362

½-

+ 0.64

β+ /3.67 EC/

9/2+

- 0.895

(8+) 0+ ½-

+ 0.80

Zr

87m

87

Zr

86.91482

1.73 h

Zr Zr 89m Zr

87.91023

1.4 μs 83.4 d 4.18 m

88m 88

EC/0.67 I.T./94/0.5877 β+ /1.5/ EC/4.7/

3.1

0.290 0.538

84.9215

86

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.2228 1.5907 2.9413 4.4501 0.1218/43.8 0.5362 0.7242 1.0130

Zr

85

487_S11.indb 84

β- /7.57 n

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

2.26

7/2+

+ 0.42

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0556 0.1050 0.2560 0.474 1.525 ann.rad./ 0.0449 0.1125 0.3729 0.667 ann.rad./ 0.2922(IT) 0.4165 ann.rad./ 0.2663 0.4163 0.4543 0.0280 0.243 0.612 0.1352(IT) 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.3811 1.228 0.077 0.3929 ann.rad./ 0.5877(IT) 1.507

4/17/06 10:58:51 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Zr

89

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 88.908889

Zr

90m

Zr Zr 92 Zr 93 Zr 94 Zr 95 Zr 90 91

Zr

96

Zr Zr 99 Zr 97 98

51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28)

2.80(9)

89.904704 90.905646 91.905041 92.906476 93.906315 94.908043

11-85 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 3.27 d β+ /23/2.832 EC/77/ 0.809 s I.T./

1.5 × 106 y >1017 y 64.02 d

β- /0.091 β-ββ- /1.125

96.910953 97.91274 98.91651

3 × 1019 y >1.7 × 1018 y 16.75 h 30.7 s 2.2 s

β-βββ- /2.658 β- /2.26 β- /4.56

95.908273

100

Zr

99.91776

7.1 s

β- /3.34

101

Zr

100.92114

2.1 s

β- /5.49

Zr Zr 104 Zr 105 Zr 106 Zr 107 Zr 108 Zr 109 Zr 110 Zr

101.92298 102.9266 103.9288 104.9331 105.9359 106.9408 107.944 108.9492 109.953

2.9 s 1.3 s 1.2 s ~ 1. s > 0.24 μs > 0.24 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /4.61 β- /7.0 β- /5.9 β- /8.5

102 103

41

Nb

92.90638(2)

Nb Nb 83 Nb 84 Nb

80.949 81.9431 82.9367 83.9336

81 82

Nb Nb 86m Nb 86 Nb 85m 85

84.9279 85.9250

Nb

87m

Nb

87

Nb

88m

487_S11.indb 85

86.92036

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 0.9/ 9/2+ 5-

0.366/55 0.400/44

1.91/ 2.2/100 3.9/ 3.5/

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -1.05 + 0.28 ann.rad./ 0.9092 6.3 0.1326 2.1862 2.3189(IT) -1.30362

-0.18 0.0304

1.13

+0.29

0+ ½0+ ½+

- 0.937

0.7434

- 0.930

0.4692/55.2 0.5459/48 0.028–1.321 0.4006 0.5043 0.1194 0.2057 0.2089

0+ 6.2/

3/2-

0+

0.7242 0.7567

- 0.27

+ 0.81

0+ 0+ 0+ 0+

<0.08 μs 50 ms 4.1 s 10. s

β+ /11. β+ /7.5 β+, EC/9.6

3. s 21. s 56. s 1.46 m

β+ /6.0 β+ β+ /8.0

(3+)

3.7 m

β+ / EC/

1/2-

2.6 m

β+ /5.2/ EC/

(9/2+)

7.7 m

β+ / EC/

4-

0.540 (0.456-1.427) 0.069

ann.rad./ 0.751 1.003 ann.rad./ 0.1352 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.2010 0.4706 0.6165 1.0665 1.8842 ann.rad./ 0.2625 0.3996 1.0569

4/17/06 10:58:53 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-86 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Nb

Atomic Mass or Weight 87.9183

88

Nb

89m

Nb

88.91342

89

Nb

90m

Nb

89.911265

90

Nb

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

14.3 m

β+ /7.6 EC/

3.2/

8+

2.0 h

β+ / EC/ β+ /74/4.29 EC/26 /

3.3/

9/2+

2.8/

1/2-

1.10 h

18.8 s

I.T./0.1246

14.6 h

β/53 /6.111 EC/47 /

62. d

1/2-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

+6.216

40.86/5 1.5/92

8+

4.961

Nb Nb

90.906996

7 × 102 y 10.13 d

I.T./97 / EC/3 / EC/1.253 EC/99+/

Nb

91.907194

3.7 × 107 y

EC/2.006

7+

16.1 y

I.T./0.0304

1/2-

6.26 m

I.T./99+ β- /0.5/

/2.086

9/2+ 3+

2.4 × 104 y

β- /2.045

0.47/

6+

3.61 d

0.2357

1/2-

0.160/ 0.5/10 0.75/90 0.734/98 1.27/98

9/2+ 6+

6.141 4.976

1/29/2+

6.15

91m

91

92m

92

Nb

93m

Nb Nb

93

94m

Nb

94

100.

92.906378

93.907284

Nb

9/2+ 2+

Nb Nb

94.906836 95.908101

34.97 d 23.4 h

I.T./97.5/ β- /2.5 / β- /0.926 β- /3.187

Nb Nb

96.908099

58.1 s 1.23 h

I.T./0.7434 β- /1.934

51. m

β- /4.67

2.9 s

β- /4.59

4.6/

1+

2.6 m

β- /

3.2/

1/2-

15.0 s

β- /3.64

3.5/100

9/2+

0.013 ms 3.0 s

β- /6.74

5.8

1.5 s

β- /6.25

6.2/ 5.3/

95m

95 96

97m 97

Nb

98m

Nb

98

97.91033

Nb

99m

Nb

99

98.91162

Nb Nb

100m2 100m1

100

487_S11.indb 86

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Nb

99.91418

5+

6.114

+6.1705

-0.32

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0825 ann.rad./ 1.0570 1.0828 (0.07–2.5) 0.5880/10(D) (0.17–4.0) ann.rad./ 0.5074 0.5880 0.7696 1.2775 0.002 0.1225 ann.rad./ 0.1412 1.1292 2.1862 2.3189 (0.1–3.3) 0.1045(IT) 1.2050 Mo k x-ray 0.9126 0.9345 1.8475 0.5611 0.9345 Nb x-ray 0.0304 Nb k x-ray 0.0409 0.87109 0.70263 0.87109 0.2040 0.2356 0.76578 0.7782 0.2191–1.498 0.7434 0.4809 0.6579 0.7874 0.1726–1.89 0.6451 0.7874 1.0243 0.0978/100 (0.138–3.010) 0.0977 0.1378/3.1 Nb k x-ray 0.159 0.6364 1.0637 0.5354 0.6001–1.566

4/17/06 10:58:55 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Nb Nb 102 Nb 103 Nb 104m Nb 104 Nb 105 Nb 106 Nb 107 Nb 108 Nb 109 Nb 110 Nb 111 Nb 112 Nb 113 Nb 101

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

102m

Atomic Mass or Weight 100.91525 101.91804 102.9191 103.9225 104.9239 105.9280 106.9303 107.9348 108.9376 109.9424 110.9457 111.951 112.955

42

Mo

95.94(2)

Mo Mo 85 Mo 86 Mo 87 Mo 88 Mo

82.9487 83.9401 84.9366 85.9307 86.9273 87.92195

83 84

Mo

89m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 7.1 s 4.3 s 1.3 s 1.5 s 0.9 s 4.8 s 3.0 s 1.0 s 0.30 s 0.19 s 0.19 s 0.17 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

~ 6. ms ~ 3.7 s 3.2 s 19. s 14. s 8.0 m

β+ /5.58 EC/

9/2+

1.2 μs 5.7 h

15.5 m

β+ /94/4.43 EC/6/

14.77(31)

91.906811

> 3 × 1017 y 6.9 h

β+-EC I.T./99+ /2.425

0+ 21/2+

Mo Mo 95 Mo 96 Mo 97 Mo 98 Mo 99 Mo

9.23(10) 15.90(9) 16.68(1) 9.56(5) 24.19(26)

92.906813 93.905088 94.905842 95.904680 96.906022 97.905408 98.907712

3.5 × 103 y

EC/0.405

5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ ½+

93 94

2.7476 d

β- /1.357

2.5/ 2.8/ 4.0/ 3.44/94

0.45/14

0.2960–2.184

(0.752–1.004) ann.rad./ 0.0800 0.1399 0.1707 0.118(IT) 0.268 ann.rad./ 0.659 0.803 1.155 1.272 0.063 ann.rad./ 0.04274 0.12237 0.25734 ann.rad./ 0.6529 1.2081 1.5080 2.2407 ann.rad./ 1.6373 2.6321 3.0286 (0.1–4.2)

+0.5

0+

90.91175

Mo

Mo Mo

1.085/

I.T./50/0.653 β+, EC/50 /

91

93m

0+

1.08 m

91m

92

β+ /25/2.489 EC/75 /

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1105–0.810

(0.193–0.590)

½-

89.91394

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

5/2+

I.T./0.118

Mo Mo

Mo

7.2/ 5.3/ n/0.06 n/0.05 n/1.7 n/4.5 n/6.0 n/6.2 n/31 n/40

Spin (h/2 π)

0.19 s 2.2 m

90

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 4.3/

0+ ½+ 0+

88.91948

90m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β- /4.57 β- / β- /7.21 β- /5.53 β-, n/ β-, n/8.1 β-, n/6.5 β-, n/9.3 β-, n/7.9 β, n/ β, n/ β, n/

β+ /6. β+/8.1 β+ /4.8 EC, β+/6.5 β+ /3.4 EC

Mo

89

487_S11.indb 87

11-87

½-

9/2-

+9.21

0.26306(IT) 0.68461 1.47711 0.0304

-0.9142

-0.02

-0.9335

+0.26

0.375

0.144048

4/17/06 10:58:56 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-88 Elem. or Isot.

100 101

Mo Mo

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

9.67(20)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

99.90748 100.91035

~1 × 1019 y 14.6 m

β-ββ- /2.82

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.84/2 1.21/84

2.23/ 0.7/

0+ 1/2+

102

Mo

101.91030

11.3 m

β- /1.01

103

Mo

102.9132

1.13 m

β- /3.8

3/2+

104

Mo

103.9138

1.00 m

β- /2.16

0+

105

Mo

104.9170

36. s

β- /4.95

3/2+

106

Mo

105.91814

8.4 s

β- /3.52

0+

Mo Mo 109 Mo 110 Mo

106.9217 107.9235 108.9278 109.9297

3.5 s 1.1 s 0.5 s 0.27 s

β- /6.2 β- /5.1 β- /7.2 β- /5.7

Mo Mo 113 Mo 114 Mo 115 Mo 116 Mo 117 Mo

110.9344 111.937 112.942 113.945 114.950

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

Tc Tc 87 Tc 88 Tc 89m Tc 89 Tc 90m Tc

84.9488 85.9429 86.9365 87.9327

< 0.1 ms 0.05 s 2.4 s 5.8 s 13. s 13. s 49.2 s

Tc

89.9236

107 108

111 112

1.2/

Spin (h/2 π)

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.18109 0.36644 0.73947 0.0063 0.19193 0.5909 (0.0809–2.405) 0.1493/89. 0.2116/100. 0.2243/32. 0.1028(2)/ 0.1440(2) 0.2511(2) 0.0686(1)/100. 0.4239(4)/21. 0.0642/ 0.0856/ 0.2495/ 0.1894(2)/22. 0.3644(2)/6. 0.3723(2)/12.

0+

(0.028–0.636)

0+

Tc k x-ray 0.142 (0.039–0.599)

0+ 0+ 0+

Tc

43 85 86

90

88.9272

Tc

91m

Tc Tc

91 92

487_S11.indb 88

90.9184 91.91526

β+ /11.9 β+ /8.6 β+ /10.1 β+ /7.5 β+

8.3 s

β+ /8.9

3.3 m

β+ EC

3.14 m 4.4 m

β+ /6.2 β+ /7.87 EC

5.3/

6+

7.0/15 7.9/95.

1+

5.2 4.1

9/2+ 8+

½+

ann.rad./ 0.9479/ 1.0542/ ann.rad./ 0.9479/ ann.rad./170. 0.8110(5)/5. 1.6052(1)/7.8 1.6339(1)/9.1 1.9023(1)/6. 2.4509(1)/13.5 ann.rad./200. ann.rad./200. 0.0850/ 0.1475 0.3293

4/17/06 10:58:58 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Tc

93m

Tc

93

92.910249

Tc

94m

Tc

94

93.909657

Tc

95m

Tc

95

94.90766

Tc

96m

Tc

96

95.90787

Tc

97m

Tc Tc

97 98

96.906365 97.907216

Tc

99m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

I.T./13 EC/20

2.73 h

β+ /13/3.201 EC/87/

52. m

β+ /72/4.33 EC/28/

2+

4.88 h

β+ /11/4.256 EC/89/

7+

61. d

I.T./4/ β+ /0.3 EC/96

20.0 h

EC/100/1.691

9/2+

52. m

I.T./90/ β+, EC/2/

4+

4.3 d

EC/2.973

7+

91. d 4.2 × 106 y ~ 6.6 × 106 y

I.T./0.0965 EC EC/100/0.320 β- /1.80

6.01 h

I.T./100/0.142

0.81

0.5/ 0.7/

/3.9 0.40/100

β- /0.294 β- /3.202 EC /1.8(10)-3/

Tc

100.90732

14.2 m

β- /1.61

4.4 m

I.T./2/4.8 β- /98/

1.8/

5.3 s

β- /4.53

3.4/

Tc

102m

102

Tc

101.90922

9/2+

6.26

5.08

1/2-

5.89

+5.04

1/29/2+ 6+ 1/2-

2.13 × 105 y 15.8 s

101

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

½-

98.906255 99.907658

100

Spin (h/2 π)

43. m

Tc Tc

99

487_S11.indb 89

11-89

0.293/100 2.2/ 2.9/ 3.3 1.32/

9/2+ 1+

9/2+

1+

+5.6847

-0.129

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7731 1.5096 0.3924(IT) 0.9437 2.6445 ann.rad./ 1.3629 1.4771 1.5203 (0.1–3.0) ann.rad./ 0.8710 1.8686 ann.rad./ 0.4491 0.7026 0.8496 0.8710 ann.rad./ 0.0389(IT) 0.2041 0.5821 0.5821 0.8351 0.7657 1.0738 0.0342(IT) 0.7782 1.2002 Mo k x-ray 0.7782 0.8125 0.8498 1.12168 Tc k x-ray 0.0965 Mo k x-ray 0.65241 0.74535 Tc k x-ray 0.14049 0.14261 0.5396 0.5908 (0.3 79–2.30) 0.1272 0.1841 0.3068 0.5451 (0.073–0.969) 0.4184 0.4752 0.6281 0.6302 1.0464 1.1033 1.6163 2.2447 0.4686

4/17/06 10:58:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-90 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 4.2 2.2/ 2.0/ 5/2+ 2.2/

Tc

102.90918

54. s

β- /2.66

Tc Tc

103.91145

0.005 ms 18.2 m

β- /5.60

5.3/

(3+)

105

Tc

104.9117

7.6 m

β- /3.6

3.4/

5/2+

106

Tc

105.91436

36. s

β- /6.55

107

Tc

106.9151

21.2 s

β- /4.8

108

Tc

107.9185

5.1 s

β- /7.72

Tc Tc 111 Tc

108.9200 109.9238 110.9257

1.4 s 0.83 s 0.30 s

β- /6.3 β- /8.8 β- .n/7.0

p/0.08 p/0.04 n/0.85

Tc Tc

111.9292 112.9316

0.26 s 0.15 s

β, n β-, n/8.

n/2.6 /2.1

113.936 114.939 115.943 116.946 117.951

0.15 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β-, n

/1.3

103

104m 104

109 110

112 113

Tc Tc 116 Tc 117 Tc 118 Tc 114 115

Ru

2+

(3)

Ru Ru 89 Ru 90 Ru

86.949 87.9403 88.9361 89.9299

> 1.5 μs 1.2 s 1.4 s 12. s

β+ .p/8. β+ /5.9

0+

Ru

90.9263

7.9 s

β+, EC/7.4

9/2+

Ru

91.9201

3.7 m

β+ /53/4.5 EC/47/

0+

91

92

487_S11.indb 90

0.3483 0.3580 0.5305 0.5351 0.8844 0.8931 1.6768 (0.3–3.7) 0.1079 0.1432 0.3215 0.2703 0.5222 1.9694 2.2393 2.7893 0.1027 0.1063 0.1770 0.4587 0.2422 0.4656 0.7078 0.7326 1.5835

0.0985/100 0.0658–1.520

101.07(2)

88

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4751 1.1055 0.1361 0.1743 0.2104 0.3464 0.5629 (0.13–1.0)

0.2407 0.150/92.7 0.063–1.435

44 87

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+ ann.rad./ 0.155–1.551 ann.rad./ (0.205-1.998) ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.2138 0.2593

4/17/06 10:59:01 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ru

93m

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-91 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 10.8 s I.T./21/ β+, EC/79/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.3/

Spin (h/2 π) 1/2-

Ru

92.9171

1.0 m

β+ /6.3 EC/

9/2+

Ru

93.91136

52. m

EC/100/1.59

0+

Ru

94.91041

1.64 h

EC/85/2.57 β+ /15/

> 3.1 × 1016 y 2.89 d

93

94

95

1.20/ 0.91/

5/2+

0.86

β+β+ EC/1.12

0+ 5/2+

-0.78

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 3/2+

0+ 3/2+

-0.3

Ru Ru

5.54(14)

95.90760 96.90756

Ru Ru 100 Ru 101 Ru 102 Ru 103 Ru

1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14)

97.90529 98.905939 99.904220 100.905582 101.904349 102.906324

39.27 d

β- /0.763

0.223

Ru Ru

18.62(27)

103.905433 104.907753

4.44 h

β- /1.917

1.11/22 1.134/13 1.187/49

Ru Ru

105.90733 106.9099

1.020 y 3.8 m

β- /0.0394 β- /2.9

0.0394/100 2.1/ 3.2/

0+

108

Ru

107.9102

4.5 m

β- /1.4

1.2/

0+

109

Ru

108.9132

34.5 s

β- /4.2

110

Ru

109.9141

15. s

β- /2.81

0+

111

Ru Ru

110.9177 111.9190

1.5 s 4.5 s

β- /5.5 β- /4.5

0+

96 97

98 99

104 105

106 107

112

487_S11.indb 91

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.7344 1.1112 1.3962 2.0931 ann.rad./ 0.6807 1.4349 (0.5–4.2)weak 0.3672 0.5247 0.8922 ann.rad./ 0.3364 0.6268 0.036–2.424 Tc k x-ray 0.2157 0.3245 0.4606

-0.6413

+0.079

-0.7188

+0.46

0.206

+0.62

0.05329 0.29498 0.4438 0.49708 0.55704 0.61033 (0.04–1.6) 0.12968 0.1491 0.2629 0.31664 0.46943 0.67634 0.72420 (0.1–1.8) 0.1939 0.3741 0.4625 0.8488 0.0923 0.1651 0.4339 0.4975 0.6189 0.1164 0.3584 0.1121 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967

4/17/06 10:59:02 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-92 Elem. or Isot.

112.9225

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 0.6 s 0.80 s β- /7.

Ru

113.9243

0.57 s

β- /6.1

Ru Ru 117 Ru 118 Ru 119 Ru 120 Ru

114.9287 115.931 116.936 117.938 118.943 119.945

~ 0.74 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /8.

Ru Ru

113m 113

114

115 116

Rh

45

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

88.9488

Rh

93.9217

90m

94

89.9429 90.9366 91.9320 92.9257

Rh

95m

Rh

95

94.9159

Rh

96m

Rh

96

Rh

97m

487_S11.indb 92

Spin (h/2 π)

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2632 0.048–2.418 0.127/24 (0.053–0.180)

0+ 0+ 0+

102.90550(2)

Rh Rh 90 Rh 91m Rh 91 Rh 92m Rh 92 Rh 93 Rh 94m Rh 89

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

95.91446

> 0.15 μs ~ 12. ms 1.0 s 1.5 s 1.5 s 0.5 s 4.7 s 12. s 25.8 s

β+ /11.1 β+ /8.1 β+ /

1.18 m

β+ /9.6

1.96 m

I.T./88/ β+, EC/12/

5.0 m

β+ /5.1

3.2

1.51 m

I.T./60/0.052 β+, EC/40/

4.70/

9.6 m

β+/6.45 EC/

3.3/

5+

46. m

I.T./5 / β+, EC/95/

2.6/

1/2-

IT

8+

6.4/

3+

½+

9/2+

2+

0.387 (0.438-0.973) 0.866 (0.163-0.991) (0.138–1.493) ann.rad./ 0.1264 0.3117 0.7562 1.0752 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.1461 0.3117 0.7562 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.5433(IT) 0.7837 ann.rad./ 0.2293 0.4103 0.6610 0.9416 1.3520 (0.2–3.8) ann.rad./ Tc,Ru x-rays 0.8326 1.0985 1.6921 (0.4–3.3) ann.rad./ 0.4299 0.6315 0.6853 0.7418 0.8326 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.4215 2.2452

4/17/06 10:59:03 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Rh

97

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 96.91134

Rh

98m

Rh

97.91071

98

Rh

99m

Rh

98.90813

99

Rh

100m

100

Rh

99.90812

Rh

101m

101

Rh

100.90616

Rh

102m

11-93 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 31.0 m β+ /3.52

3.5 m

β+ /

8.7 m

β+ /90/5.06

3.4/

2+

4.7 h

β+ /8/ EC/92/

.74/

9/2+

16. d

β+/4/2.10 EC/97/

0.54/ 0.68/

1/2-

4.7 m

I.T./99/ β+ /0.4/

20.8 h

β+ /3.63 EC/

4.35 d

EC/92/ I.T./8/0.1573

9/2+

3.3 y

EC/0.54

1/2-

3.74 y

EC/2.323 IT/0.0419 β+

6+

> 1.2 × 106 y

102

Rh

Rh Rh 104m Rh

101.906843

103m 103

487_S11.indb 93

100.

102.905504

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 2.1/ 9/2+

207. d

EC/62 β- /19/ β+ /14/

56.12 m

IT

4.36 m

I.T./99+ / β-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

5+

5.67

5+

2.62/ 2.07/

1-

+5.51

4.04

/<0.00025

0.5

1.3/

7/2+ 1/25+

4.54 -0.0884

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.3892 0.4515 0.8398 0.8788 (0.2–3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6154 0.6524 0.7452 ann.rad./ 0.6524 0.7623 ann.rad./ 0.2766/ 0.3408 0.6178 1.2612 ann.rad./ 0.0894/ 0.3530 0.5277 (0.1–2.0) ann.rad./ 0.0748/ 0.2647(IT) 0.4462 0.5396 0.5882 0.8225 1.5534 2.3761 Rh k x-ray 0.1272/ 0.3069 0.5451 Ru k x-ray 0.1272 0.1980 0.3252 0.4751 0.6313 0.6975 0.7668 1.0466 1.1032 ann.rad./ 0.4686 0.4751 0.5566 0.6280 1.1032 (0.4–1.6)

Rh k x-ray 0.0514 0.0971 0.5558

4/17/06 10:59:05 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-94 Elem. or Isot. 104

Rh

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 103.906656

Rh

105m

105

Rh

104.905694

Rh

106m

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 42.3 s β-/99+/2.441 EC/0.4/1.141

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.88/2 1+ 2.44/98

43. s

I.T./1.296

35.4 h

β- /0.567

0.247/30 0.567/70

7/2+

2.18 h

β- /

0.92/

6+

1/2-

106

Rh

105.90729

29.9 s

β- /3.54

2.4/2 3.0/12 3.54/79

1+

107

Rh

106.90675

21.7 m

β- /1.51

1.20/65 1.5/17

7/2+

6.0 m

β- /

1.57/

Rh

108m

108

Rh

107.9087

17. s

β- /4.5

109

Rh

108.90874

1.34 m

β- /2.59

2.25/

29. s

β- /

6/

5.5/

Rh

110m

Rh

109.91114

3.1 s

β- /5.4

Rh Rh 112 Rh 113 Rh 114m Rh 114 Rh 115 Rh 116m Rh 116 Rh

110.91159

11. s 6.8 s 3.5 s 0.9 s 1.9 s 1.8 s 0.99 s 0.9 s 0.7 s

β- /3.7 β- / β- /6.2 β- /4.9 β- / β- /6.5 β- /6.0 β- / β- /8.0

110

111

112m

487_S11.indb 94

111.9144 112.91553 113.9188 114.9203 115.9241

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

1+

7/2+

1+

1+

1+

1+

+4.45

+2.58

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3581 0.5558 1.2370 (0.35–1.8) Rh k x-ray 0.1296 0.2801 0.3061 0.3189 0.2217 0.4510 0.5119 0.6162 0.7173 0.7484 1.0458 1.5277 0.51186/ 0.61612 0.62187 (0.05–3.04) 0.2776 0.3028 0.3925 0.4339 0.4973 0.6189 0.4046 0.4339 0.4973 0.5811 0.6146 0.9014 0.9471 0.1134 0.1780 0.2914 0.3254 0.3268 0.4261 (0.1–1.6) 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967 0.3737 0.4400 0.5463 0.6877 0.8381 0.9045 0.275 0.3489 0.1285 (0.103-1.923) (0.276-0.783) 0.3405 0.340 0.398–1.665

4/17/06 10:59:06 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 117

Rh

118

Rh

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Rh Rh 121 Rh 122 Rh 119 120

Pd

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-95

116.9260

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 0.44 s β- /7.

117.9301

~ 0.30 ms

118.932 119.936 120.939 121.943

0.17 s 0.12 s > 0.15 μs

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

46

106.42(1)

Pd Pd 93 Pd

90.949 91.9404 92.9359

> 1.5 μs 1.0 s 1.2 s

β+, p

0+ 9/2+

94

Pd

93.9288

9. s

EC, β+ /~ 6.6

0+

Pd Pd 96 Pd

94.92684 94.9247 95.9182

13.4 s

EC, β+ /10.2

21/2+

2.03 m

EC, β+ /3.5

1.15/

0+

Pd

96.9165

3.1 m

β+, EC/4.8

3.5/

5/2+

Pd

97.91272

17.7 m

β+ /1.87 EC/

Pd

98.91177

21.4 m

β+ /49/3.37 EC/51/

100

Pd

99.90851

3.7 d

EC/0.36

101

Pd

100.90829

8.4 h

β+ /5/1.980 EC/95/

102

Pd Pd

1.02(1)

101.905609 102.906087

16.99 d

EC/0.543

0+ 5/2+

Pd Pd 106 Pd 107m Pd

11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3)

103.904036 104.905085 105.903486

20.9 s

I.T./0.2149

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 11/2-

26.46(9)

106.905133 107.903893

6.5 × 106 y

β- /0.033

4.75 m

I.T./0.1889

13.5 h

β- /1.116

91 92

95m 95

97

98

99

103

104 105

Pd Pd 109m Pd 107 108

109

487_S11.indb 95

Pd

108.905950

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0.240/81 0.382–0.864 0.5582 (0.0546–0.798)

0.1248 0.4995 ann.rad./ 0.2653 0.4752 0.7927 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.0677 0.1125 0.6630 0.8379 ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.2636 0.6734 (0.2–2.85) 0.03271 0.0748 0.0840 ann.rad./ 0.0244 0.2963 0.5904

0+

2.18/

5/2+

0+

0.776/

0.03/

1.028

5/2+

5/2+ 0+ 11/25/2+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0346 0.1317 0.379 0.575 0.370–1.037

-0.66

Rh k x-ray 0.03975 0.3575 0.4971 -0.642

+0.66 Pd k x-ray 0.2149(IT)

Pd x-ray 0.1889(IT) 0.0880 (0.08–1.0)

4/17/06 10:59:08 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-96 Elem. or Isot. 110

Pd Pd

111m

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 11.72(9)

Atomic Mass or Weight 109.905153

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

5.5 h

I.T./73/0.172 β- /27/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.35 0.77

Spin (h/2 π) 0+ 11/2-

Pd

110.90767

23.4 m

β- /2.19

2.2/95

5/2+

Pd Pd 113 Pd

111.90731

β- /0.29 β- / β- /3.34

0.28/

112.91015

21.04 h 1.48 m 1.64 m

0+ 5/2+

Pd

113.91036

2.48 m

β- /1.45

0+

Pd Pd

114.9137

50. s 25. s

β- /4.58

(9/2-) (3/2+)

Pd

115.9142

12.7 s

β- /2.61

0+

Pd Pd

116.9178

19. ms 4.4 s

β- /5.7

(9/2-) (3/2+)

118

Pd

117.9190

2.4 s

β- /4.1

0+

119

Pd

118.9231

0.9 s

β- /6.5

120

Pd

119.9247

0.5 s

β- /5.0

Pd Pd 123 Pd 124 Pd

120.9289 121.9306 122.935 123.9369

> 0.24 μs > 0.24 μs > 0.15 μs

111

112

113m

114

115m 115

116

117m 117

121 122

Ag

107.8682(2)

Ag Ag

92.950

Ag

93.9428

0.60 s

Ag Ag

94.9355

2.0 s 4.4 s

Ag

95.9307

7. s

47 93

94m

94

95

96m

96

Ag

97

487_S11.indb 96

96.9240

0.41 s

19. s

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0704 0.1722 0.3912 (0.1–1.97) 0.0598 0.2454 0.5800 0.6504 1.3885 1.4590 0.018 0.0959 0.0958 0.4824 0.6436 0.7394 0.1266 0.2320 0.5582 0.5760 0.089 0.1255 0.2554 0.3428 0.1015 0.1147 0.1778 0.203 0.2473 0.077–0.403 0.1254 0.028–0.596 0.2566 0.070–0.326 0.1581 0.053–0.595

0+ 0+

β+ β+,p/27. β+ β+,p/20. β+, p/ β+ β+, p β+ /11.6 EC/ β+, p β+ /7.0 EC/

p/0.79/1.9 p/1.01/2.2

/8.

/18.

(0.096-1.092) (0.659-0.905)

8+ 2+

(0.089–2.940)

ann.rad./ 0.1248 0.4995 (0.1066–1.416) ann.rad./ 0.6862 1.2941 (0.352–3.294)

4/17/06 10:59:09 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ag

98

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 97.9216

Ag

99m

Ag

99

98.9176

Ag

100m

100

Ag

99.9161

Ag

101m

101

Ag

100.9128

Ag

102m

102

Ag

101.91169

Ag

103m

103

Ag

102.90897

Ag

104m

104

Ag

Ag

105m

487_S11.indb 97

103.90863

11-97 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 47.6 s β+ /8.4 EC/ β+, p

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) /36. /0.11

Spin (h/2 π) 5+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

11. s

I.T./100/

½-

2.07 m

β+ /87 5.4 EC/13/

9/2+

2.3 m

β+ / EC/

2+

2.0 m

β+/7.1 EC/

3.1 s

I.T./0.23

11.1 m

β+ /69/4.2 EC/31/

2.7/

7.8 m

β+ /38/ EC/13/ I.T./49/

13.0 m

β+ /78/5.92 EC/22/

5.7 s

I.T./0.134

1.10 h

β+ /28/2.69 EC/72/

1.7 1.3

7/2+

+4.47

33. m

β+ /64/ EC/36/ I.T./0.07/

2.71/

2+

+3.7

69. m

β+ /16/4.28 EC/84/

0.99/

5+

3.92

7.2 m

I.T./98/0.0255

7/2+

+4.41

4.7/

5+

½-

9/2+

5.7

3.4

2+

+4.14

2.26/

5+

4.6

2.18/ 2.73/ 3.38/

1/2-

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.5711 0.6786 0.8631 (0.153–1.185) Ag k x-ray 0.1636(IT) 0.3426 ann.rad./ 0.2199 0.2645 0.8056 0.8323 (0.2–3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6657 1.6941 ann.rad./ 0.2807 0.4503 0.6657 0.7508 0.7732 Ag k x-ray 0.0981 0.176(IT) ann.rad./ 0.2610 0.2747 0.3269 0.4392 0.6673 1.1739 (0.2–3.1) ann.rad./ 0.5567 0.9777 1.8347 2.0545 2.1594 3.2386 ann.rad./ 0.5564 0.7193 0.163–2.242 Ag k x-ray 0.1344 ann.rad./ 0.1187 0.1482 ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.7657 (0.5–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.9259 0.9416 (0.18–2.27) Ag x-ray

4/17/06 10:59:10 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-98 Elem. or Isot.

105

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Ag

Atomic Mass or Weight

104.90653

Ag

106m

106

Ag

105.90667

Ag

Ag Ag

108m

108

51.839(8)

Ag

106.905097

107.905956

Ag

109m

109

Ag Ag

110m

110

Ag

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/2 /

41.3 d

EC/1.35

1/2-

0.1014

8.4 d

EC/

6+

3.71

24.0 m

β+ /59/2.965 EC/41 / I.T./0.093

1+

+2.85

7/2+

+4.40

1.0

1/26+

-0.11357 3.580

+1.3

1+

+2.6884

7/2+

+4.40

+1.0

1/26+

-0.13069 +3.60

+1.4

1+

+2.7271

0.2

44.2 s

107m

107

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

48.161(8)

108.904752

109.906107

Ag

111m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

/1.96

418. y

EC/92/ I.T./8 /0.079

2.39 m

β- /97/1.65 EC/2/ β- /1/1.92

39.8 s

I.T./0.088

249.8 d

β- /99/ I.T./1 /0.1164

0.087 0.530

24.6 s

β- /2.892

2.22/5 2.89/95

1.08 m

IT/99/0.0598 β- /1/

1.02/1.7 1.65/96 0.88/0.3

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

7/2+

111

Ag

110.905294

7.47 d

β- /1.037

1.035/

1/2-

-0.146

112

Ag

111.90701

3.13 h

β- /3.96

3.94/ 3.4

2-

0.0547

1.14 m

I.T./80 /0.043 β- /20 /

1.5

Ag

113m

7/2+

113

Ag

112.90657

5.3 h

β- /2.02

2.01/

1/2-

114

Ag

113.90880

4.6 s

β- /5.08

4.9/

1+

18.7 s

β- /

Ag

115m

487_S11.indb 98

7/2+

0.159

+1.1

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3063 0.3192 (0.1–1.0) 0.0640 0.2804 0.3445 0.4434 Pd k x-ray 0.4510 0.5118 0.7173 1.0458 ann.rad./ 0.5119 Ag x-ray 0.0931 Ag k x-ray Pd k x-ray 0.43392 0.61427 0.72290 ann.rad./ 0.43392 0.61885 0.63298 Ag k x-ray 0.0880 0.65774 0.76393 0.88467 0.93748 1.38427 (0.447–1.56) 0.65774 0.8154 1.1257 Ag k x-ray 0.0598 0.2454 0.2454 0.3421 0.6067 0.6174 1.3877 (0.4–2.9) 0.1422 0.2983 0.3161 0.3923 0.2588 0.2986 0.5582 0.5760 1.9946 0.1134 0.1315 0.2288 0.3887

4/17/06 10:59:12 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 115

Ag

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 114.90876

Ag Ag

116m2 116m

116

Ag

115.91136

Ag

117m

117

Ag

116.91168

Ag

118m

11-99 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 20. m β- /3.10

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

20. s 9.8 s

β-,IT/7 β-/92 /

2.68 m

I.T./8 β- /6.16

IT/0.0479 3.2/ 2.9 IT/.0809 5.3

5.3 s

β- /

3.2/

7/2+

1.22 m

β- /4.18

2.3

1/2-

2.8 s

β- /59/ I.T./41 /0.1277

118

Ag

117.9146

4.0 s

β- /7.1

119

Ag

118.9157

2.1 s

β- /5.35

0.40 s

β- /63. I.T./37.

Ag

120m

120

121

Ag

119.9188

1.23 s

β- /8.2 β-,n

Ag

120.9199

0.78 s

β- /6.4

1. s 0.44 s 0.31 s 0.22 s 0.17 s 0.11 s 0.11 s 58 ms 0.16 s ~ 46. ms ~ 35 ms

β- / β- /9.2 β- /7.4 β- /10.1 ββββ-

Ag Ag 123 Ag 124 Ag 125 Ag 126 Ag 127 Ag 128 Ag 129m Ag 129 Ag 130 Ag 122m 122

Cd

48

487_S11.indb 99

121.9235 122.9249 123.9286 124.9304 125.9345 126.9368 127.9412 128.9437 129.9505

Spin (h/2 π) 1/2-

5+

2-

7/2+

n//<0.0030%

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1316 0.2128 0.2291 0.4727 (0.13–2.49) 0.5134 0.7055 0.255–2.838 0.5134 0.6993 2.4779 0.1354 0.2981 0.3868 0.1571 0.1354 0.3377 0.1277 0.4878 0.6771 0.7709 (0.190-2.778) 0.4878 0.6771 3.2259 0.0674 0.3662 0.3991 0.6264 0.2030 0.5059 0.6978 0.8300 (0.115-1.644) 0.5059 0.6978 0.8171 (0.442-3.044) 0.1150 0.3148 0.3537 0.3696 0.5007 1.5105 (0.11–2.5)

β-, n

112.411(8)

4/17/06 10:59:13 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-100 Elem. or Isot. Cd Cd 97 Cd 98 Cd

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

94.950 95.9398 96.9349 97.9274

3. s 9.2 s

Cd Cd

98.9250 99.9203

16. s 1.1 m

101

Cd

100.9187

1.2 m

β+ /83/5.5 EC/17/

102

Cd

101.91446

5.8 m

β+ /27/2.59 EC/73

0+

103

Cd

102.91342

7.5 m

β+ /33/4.14 EC/67/

5/2+

104

Cd

103.90985

58. m

EC/1.14

0+

105

Cd

104.90947

55.5 m

β+ /26/2.739 EC/74/

106

Cd Cd

1.25(6)

105.90646 106.90662

> 5.8 × 1017 y 6.52 h

Cd Cd

0.89(3)

107.90418 108.904982

Cd Cd

12.49(18)

109.903002

Cd Cd 113m Cd 113 Cd 114 Cd 115m Cd

12.80(12) 24.13(21)

110.904178 111.902758

12.22(12) 28.73(42)

112.904402 113.903359

95 96

99

100

107

108 109

110

111m

111 112

115

Cd

116

Cd Cd

117m

487_S11.indb 100

7.49(18)

β+, (p) β+ /5.4 (p) β+, EC/6.9 β+, EC/3.9

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

/0.025

0+

0+ 4.5

5/2+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.090–1.043) In k x-ray 0.0985 1.7225 0.31–2.84) ann.rad./ 0.0974 0.4810 1.0366 1.3598 ann.rad./ Ag k x-ray 1.0799 1.4487 1.4618 (0.1–2.8) Ag k x-ray 0.0835 0.7093 Ag k x-ray 0.3469 0.6072 0.9618 1.3025 (0.25–2.4)

-0.81

-0.8

5/2+

-0.7393

+0.43

EC, EC EC/99+/1.417 β+ /

0+ 5/2+

-0.615055

+0.68

>4.1 × 1017 y 462.0 d

EC EC EC/0.214

0+ 5/2+

Ag k x-ray 0.0931 0.8289

-0.827846

+0.69

48.5 m

I.T./

0+ 11/2-

Ag k x-ray 0.08804

-0.594886

14.1 y 8.2 × 1015 y >6.0 × 1017 y 44.6 d

β- /99.9/0.59 ββ-ββ- /1.629

1/2+ 0+ 11/21/2+ 0+ 11/2-

114.905431

2.228 d

β- /1.446

1/2+

-0.648426

115.904756

3.8 × 1019 y 3.4 h

β-ββ- /2.66

1.69/

0.59/99.9

0.68/1.6 1.62/97 0.593/42 1.11/58

0.72/

0+ 11/2-

Cd k x-ray 0.1508(IT) 0.2454

-1.087 -0.622301

-0.71

0.2637

-1.042

-0.54

0.48450 0.93381 1.29064 0.23141 0.26085 0.33624 0.49227 0.52780 0.1586 0.5529 0.37–2.42

4/17/06 10:59:14 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 2.49 h β- /2.52

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 0.67/51 1/2+ 2.2/10

117

Cd

118

Cd Cd

117.90692

50.3 m 2.20 m

β- /0.52 β- /

119

Cd

118.9099

2.69 m

β- /3.8

~ 3.5/

1/2+

120

Cd Cd

119.90985

50.8 s 8. s

β- /1.76 β- /

1.5/

0+ 11/2-

Cd

120.9130

13.5 s

β- /4.9

(3/2+)

Cd Cd 123 Cd 124 Cd

121.91333

β- /3.0 β- / β- /6.12 β- /4.17

0+

122.91700 123.9177

5.3 s 1.9 s 2.09 s 1.24 s

124.9213 125.9224 126.9264 127.9278 128.9322 129.9339

0.66 s 0.68 s 0.52 s 0.4 s 0.28 s 0.24 s 0.162 s

β- / β- /7.16 β- /5.49 β- /8.5 β- /7.1 β- /5.9 β- / β-, n

/~ 3.5

β-, n/

/60

119m

121m

121

122

123m

Cd Cd 126 Cd 127 Cd 128 Cd 129 Cd 130 Cd

116.907219

11-101

125m 125

Cd Cd 133 Cd 131 132

In

49

In In 98 In 99 In 100 In 101 In 102 In 97

130.9407 131.9456

96.950

~ 0.03 s 1. s ~ 3.8 s 5.9 s 15. s 23. s

In In

102.91991

34. s 1.1 m

In In

103.9183

16. s 1.84 m

103m

104m 104

487_S11.indb 101

0+ 11/2-

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2209 0.2733 0.3445 1.3033 0.1056 0.7208 1.0250 2.0213 0.1340 0.2929 0.3429 0.1008 0.9878 1.0209 1.1815 2.0594 0.2102 0.3242 0.3492 1.0403

3+ 0+

0.0365 0.0628 0.1799

3/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+

0.2601 0.247 0.281

0+

0+

114.818(3)

97.9421 98.9342 99.9311 100.9263 101.9241

98m

103

68 ms 0.10 s 0.06 s

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

β+ /8.9 β+, (p)/10.5 β+ /7.3 EC/8.9

(0.297-1.365) (5)

0.1566 0.7767 (0.397–0.923) ann.rad./ 0.1879 (0.157–3.98)

β+, EC/6.05 EC

4.2 /45

9/2+

IT/0.0935 β+, EC/7.9

4.8

5+

+4.44

+0.7

ann.rad./ 0.6580 0.8341 0.8781

4/17/06 10:59:16 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-102 Elem. or Isot. In

105m

105

In

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

104.91467

In

106m

106

In

105.91347

In

107m

107

In

106.91030

In

108m

108

In

107.90970

In

109m

109

In

108.90715

In

110m

110

In

109.90717

In

111m

111

In

110.905103

In

112m

112

In

In

113m

487_S11.indb 102

111.90553

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 43. s I.T.

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

5.1 m

β+, EC/4.85

3.7

9/2+

5.3 m

β+ /85/ EC/15/

4.90

3+

6.2 m

β+ /65/6.52 EC/35/

2.6

7+

51. s

I.T./0.6786

32.4 m

β+ /35/3.43 E.C/65/

2.20/

57. m

β+ /53/ EC/47/

40. m

β+ /33/5.15 EC/67/

1.3 m

I.T./0.650

4.17 h

β+ /8/2.02 EC/92/

4.9 h

EC/

1.15 h

β+ /62/3.88 EC/38/

7.7 m

½-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

+5.675

+0.83

+4.92

+0.97

9/2+

+5.59

+0.81

1.3

6+

+4.94

+0.47

3.49/

3+

+4.56

+1.01

9/2+

+5.54

+0.84

7+

+4.72

+1.00

2+

+4.37

+0.35

I.T./0.537

½-

+5.53

2.8049 d

EC/0.866

9/2+

+5.50

+0.80

20.8 m

I.T./0.155

4+

14.4 m

β+ /22/2.586 EC/34/ β- /0.663 I.T./0.3917

1+

+2.82

+0.09

½-

-0.210

1.658 h

½-

½0.79/

2.22/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) In k x-ray 0.6740 0.1310 0.2600 0.6038 ann.rad./ 0.6326 0.8611 1.7164 ann.rad./ 0.2259 0.6327 0.8611 0.9978 1.0091 In k x-ray 0.6785 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2050 0.3209 0.5055 (0.2–2.99) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6329 1.9863 3.4522 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2429 0.6331 0.8756 In k x-ray 0.6498 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2035 0.6235 Cd k x-ray 0.6577 0.8847 0.9375 (0.1–1.98) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6577 (0.6–3.6) In k x-ray 0.537 Cd k x-ray 0.1712 0.2453 In k x-ray 0.1555 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6171 In k x-ray 0.3917

4/17/06 10:59:18 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 113

In In

114m

114

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 4.29(5)

In

Atomic Mass or Weight 112.904058

113.904914

In

54.1 m

/0.023 1.0

14.1 s

β- /3.274

3.3/99

1+

1.94 h

β- /53/1.769 I.T./47 /

1.77/

½-

44. m

β- /1.455

0.74/

9/2+

In

8.5 s

In

4.40 m

I.T./98/ β- /2/ β- /

5.0 s

17.9 m

In

115.905260

In

116.90451

118m2

(8-) 5+

β- /4.42

4.2/

1+

2.7/

½-

2.3 m

β- /97/ I.T./3/0.311 β- /2.36

1.6/

9/2+

In

47 s

β- /6.1

In

46. s

β- /5.8

2.2/

5+

3.1 s

β- /5.37

5.6/ 3.1/

(1+)

3.8 m

β- /99/ I.T./1/0.313

3.7/

1/2-

23. s

β- /3.36

2.5

9/2+

In

117.90635

In

119m

In

118.90585

120m2

120m1

In

119.90796

In

121m

487_S11.indb 103

5+

1.3 2.0

118m1

121

1+

9/2+ 8-

114.903878

In

120

9/2+ 5+

β- /0.495 I.T./0.162 EC β- /

95.71(5)

117m

119

1.984/

Spin (h/2 π)

4.4 × 1014 y 2.16 s

In In In

118

1.198 m

I.T./97/0.190 EC/3 / β- /97/1.989 EC/3/1.453

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

½-

116m1

117

49.51 d

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

I.T./95/0.336 β- /5 /0.83

116m2

116

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

4.486 h

115m

115

11-103

In

120.90785

8-

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +5.529 +0.80 +4.65 +0.74 In k x-ray 0.19027 +2.82 Cd k x-ray 0.5584 0.5727 1.2998 -0.255 In k x-ray 0.3362 0.4974 +5.541 +0.81 +3.22 +0.31 In k x-ray 0.1624 +4.43 +0.80 0.13792 0.41688/27 1.09723/58.5 1.29349/85 2.788 0.11 0.46313 1.2526 1.29349 -0.2517 In k x-ray 0.15855 0.31531 0.55294 +5.52 +0.83 0.15855 0.3966 0.55294 +3.32 +0.44 In k x-ray 0.1382 +4.23 +0.80 0.2086 0.6833 1.2295 0.5282 1.1734 1.2295 2.0432 -0.32 0.3114 0.7631 +5.52 +0.85 0.0239 0.6495 0.7631 1.2149 +3.692 +0.53 1.171 1.023 +4.30 +0.81 1.171 1.023 0.4146 0.5924 0.8637 1.0232 1.1714 (0.4–2.7) -0.36 0.0601 0.3136 0.9256 1.0412 1.1022 1.1204 +5.50 +0.81 0.2620 0.6573

4/17/06 10:59:19 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-104 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

In

122m

122

In

121.91028

In

123m

123

In

122.91044

In

124m

124

β- /

4.4/

8-

+3.78

+0.59

1.5 s

β- /6.37

5.3/

(1+)

47. s

β- /

4.6/

(1/2-)

-0.40

6.0 s

β- /4.39

3.3/

(9/2+)

+5.49

+0.76

3.4 s

β-

8-

+3.89

+0.66

3+

+4.04

+0.61

In In

124.91360

12.2 s 2.33 s

β- / β- /5.42

5.5/ 4.1/

1/29/2+

-0.43 +5.50

+0.71

4.9/

3+

+4.03

+0.49

+4.06

1.53 s

In

125.91646

1.63 s

β- /8.21

4.2/

8-

3.73 s

β- /

6.4/

(1/2-)

1.14 s

β- /6.51

4.9/

(9/2+)

0.7 s

β- /

5.4/

(8-)

0.80 s

β- /8.98

5.0/

3+

1.23 s

β- /98/ n/2/

~ 7.5/

1/2-

0.63 s

β- /7.66

5.5/

9/2+

In

0.53 s

β- /

8.8/

5+

In

0.51 s

β- /

6.1/

10-

In

126.91735

In

128m

In

127.92017

In

129m

In

130m2

130m1

487_S11.indb 104

10. s

5/

In

129

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

β- /7.36

127m

128

Spin (h/2 π)

3.18 s

In

127

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

123.91318

126m

126

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

In

125m 125

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

128.9217

+5.52

+0.59

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.9256 1.0014 1.1403 0.2391 1.0014 1.1403 1.164 1.1903 0.1258 1.170 3.234 0.6188 1.0197 1.1305 0.1029 0.9699 1.0729 1.1316 0.7070 0.9978 1.1316 3.2142 (0.3–4.6) 0.1876 0.4260 1.0318 1.3350 0.9086 0.9696 1.1411 0.1118 0.9086 1.1411 0.2523 3.074 0.4680 0.6461 0.8051 1.5977 1.8670 1.9739 (0.1205–2.12) 0.9352 1.1688 3.5198 4.2970 0.3153 0.9067 1.2220 0.2853 0.7693 1.8650 2.1180 0.0892 0.7744 1.2212 0.0892 0.1298 0.7744 1.2212

4/17/06 10:59:21 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

In In 131m1 In 131 In

129.92497

11-105 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

130.92685

0.29 s 0.3 s 0.35 s 0.28 s

β- /10.25 β- / β- / β- /9.18

In

131.9330

~ 0.206 s

β- /13.6

In In 135 In

132.9378 133.9442 134.9493

0.165 s 0.14 s 0.09 s

β-, (n)

β+ /7.3 β+ /9. β+ /5.8 β+ /7.7 β+,p EC β+, EC/4.5 β+ /6.3

130

131m2

132

133 134

Sn

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 10.0/

6.4/ 6.0/ 8.8/

Spin (h/2 π) 1(21/2+) (1/2-) (9/2+)

(0.354–2.005)

118.710(7)

Sn Sn 101 Sn 102 Sn 103 Sn

98.949 99.939 100.9361 101.9303 102.9281

1.0 s 3. s 3.8 s 7. s

Sn Sn

103.9231 104.9214

21. s 28. s

106

Sn

105.91688

2.0 m

β+ /20/3.18 EC/80/

107

Sn

106.9156

2.92 m

EC/5.0 β+ /

1.2/

108

Sn

107.91193

10.3 m

β+ /1/2.09 EC/99/

0.36/

0+

109

Sn

108.91128

18.0 m

β+ /9/3.85 EC/91/

1.52/

7/2+

110

Sn

109.90784

4.17 h

EC/0.64

111

Sn

110.90773

35. m

β+ /31/2.45 EC/69/

112

Sn Sn

21.4 m

I.T./92/0.077 EC/8/

115.1 d

EC/1.036

100

104 105

113m

113

Sn

Sn Sn 116 Sn 114 115

487_S11.indb 105

0.97(1)

111.904818

112.905171

0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9)

113.902779 114.903342 115.901741

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.9052

0.3328 2.433 0.1320 0.2992 0.3747 4.0406

(7-)

50 99

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

3.4/

0+ 0+

p//1.2 / 20.

1.3558 (0.351-2.813)

0+

0+

-1.08

+0.3

+0.61

+0.2

0+ 1.5/

7/2+

0+ 7/2+

½+

-0.879

0+ ½+ 0+

-0.9188

In-x-ray (0.2879–3.819) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.3865 0.4772 0.4218 0.6105 0.6785 1.0013 1.1290 1.542 In k x-ray 0.2724 0.3965 (0.105–1.68) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.6498 1.0992 In k x-ray 0.283 In k x-ray 0.7620 1.1530 1.9147 Sn k x-ray In x-ray 0.0774 In k x-ray 0.25511 0.39169

4/17/06 10:59:22 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-106 Elem. or Isot. Sn

117m

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Sn Sn 119m Sn

7.68(7) 24.22(9)

116.902952 117.901603

Sn Sn 121m Sn

8.59(4) 32.58(9)

118.903308 119.902195

117 118

119 120

Sn Sn 123m Sn 121 122

123

Sn

124

Sn Sn

125m

4.63(3)

5.79(5)

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 14.0 d I.T./0.3146

293. d

Spin (h/2 π) 11/2½+ 0+ 11/2-

I.T./0.0896

½+ 0+ 11/2-

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -1.396 -0.4 Sn k x-ray 0.15856 -1.0010 -1.4

0.21

Sn k x-ray 0.02387

-1.388

-0.14

0.698

-0.02

Sn k x-ray 0.03715

-1.0473

1.128 d

I.T./78/0.006 β- /22/ β- /0.388

0.354/ 0.383/100

40.1 m

β- /1.428

1.26/99

3/2+ 0+ 3/2+

122.905721

129.2 d

β- /1.404

1.42/99.4

11/2-

-1.370

+0.03

123.905274

> 2.2 × 1018 y 9.51 m

β-ββ- /2.387

2.03/98

0+ 3/2+

+0.764

+0.8

-1.35

+0.1

120.904236 121.903439

44. y

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

125

Sn

124.907784

9.63 d

β- /2.364

2.35/82

11/2-

126

Sn

125.90765

2.34 × 105 y

β- /0.38

0.25/100

0+

4.15 m

β- /3.21

2.72/

3/2+

+0.757

+0.60

2.42/ 3.2/

11/2-

-1.33

+0.3

Sn

127m

127

Sn

126.91036

2.12 h

β- /3.20

Sn Sn

127.91054

6.5 s 59.1 m

IT/0.091 β- /1.27

128m 128

0.48/ 0.63/

(7-) 0+

Sn Sn 130m Sn

128.91348

6.9 m 2.4 m 1.7 m

β- / β- /4.0 β- /

Sn

129.91397

3.7 m

β- /2.15

1.10/

0+

1.02 m

β- /

3.4/

129m 129

130

Sn

131m

11/23/2+ (7-)

-1.30 +0.754 -0.381

-0.2 +0.05 -0.4

11/2-

-1.28

+0.02

+0.747

-0.04

Sn Sn

130.91700 131.91782

39. s 40. s

β- /4.69 β- /3.12

3.8/ 1.8/

3/2+ 0+

134

Sn Sn 135 Sn

132.92383 133.9283 134.9347

1.44 s 1.04 s 0.53 s

7.5/

7/20+

Sn 137 Sn

135.9393 136.946

0.25 s 0.19 s

β- /7.8 β- /6.8 ββ-,n β-, n β-, n

131 132

133

136

487_S11.indb 106

/21. /30. /~ 58

0+

0.1603 0.3814 0.1603 1.0302 1.0886 0.3321 1.4040 1.0671 (0.2–2.3) 0.0643 0.0876 0.4148 0.6663 0.6950 0.4909 1.3480 1.5640 0.8231 1.0956 (0.120–2.84) 0.4823 0.5573 0.6805 1.1611 0.6456 0.1449 0.8992 0.0700 0.1925 0.7798 0.3043 0.4500 0.7985 1.2260 (0.08–3.21) see 131mSn 0.0855 0.2467 0.3402 0.8985 (0.053-2.417) (0.053-0.830) 0.733–1.855

4/17/06 10:59:24 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 138

Sn

Sb

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-107 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.15 s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

51

121.760(1)

Sb Sb 105 Sb 106 Sb 107 Sb

102.9397 103.9365 104.9315 105.9288 106.9242

> 1.5 μs 0.5 s 1.1 s 0.6 s 4.0 s

Sb Sb

107.9222 108.91813

7.0 s 17.3 s

β+ /9.5 β+ /6.38 EC/

110

Sb

109.9168

24. s

β+ /9.0 EC/

111

Sb

110.91316

1.25 m

112

Sb

111.91240

113

Sb

112.90937

103 104

108 109

β+,p β+ /10.5 β+ /7.9

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π) 0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

p//<0.1

4.42/ 4.67/ 4.33/ 6.8/

5/2+

β+ /87/4.47 EC/13 /

3.3/

5/2+

51.4 s

β+ /90/7.06 EC/10/

4.75/

3+

6.7 m

β+ /65/3.91

2.42/

5/2+

3+

EC/35/

114

Sb

113.90927

3.49 m

β+ /78/5.9 EC/22/

3.4/

3+

1.7

115

Sb

114.90660

32.1 m

β+ /67/3.03 EC/33/

1.51/

5/2+

+3.46

1.00 h

β+ /78/ EC/22/

1.16/

8-

2.6

Sb

116m

116

Sb

115.90679

16. m

β+ /50/4.707 EC/50/

1.3/ 2.3/

3+

2.72

117

Sb

116.90484

2.80 h

β+ /2/1.76 EC/98/ EC/99/

0.57/

5/2+

+3.4

8-

2.3

Sb

118m

487_S11.indb 107

5.00 h

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

-0.4

1.280 0.1515 0.6666 0.553–2.046 (0.151–1.280) 0.925 1.062 0.261–2.127 ann.rad./ 0.6365 0.9847 1.2117 1.2433 ann.rad./ 0.1002 0.1545 0.4891 1.0326 ann.rad./ 0.6700 0.9909 1.2571 ann.rad./ (0.3–3.6) Sn k x-ray 0.3324 0.4980 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.8876 1.2999 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.4973 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.4073 0.5429 0.9725 1.2935 (0.0998–1.501) ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.93180 1.29354 (0.138–3.903) Sn k x-ray 0.1586 Sn k x-ray 0.25368 1.05069 1.22964

4/17/06 10:59:25 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-108 Elem. or Isot. 118

Sb

119

Sb

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 117.905529

118.90394

Sb

120m

120

Sb

121

Sb Sb

122m

122

119.90507

57.21(5)

Sb

Sb Sb 124m1 Sb 123

124m2

120.903816

121.905174

42.79(5)

122.904214

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 3.6 m β+ /74/3.657 EC/26/

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 2.65/ 1+

38.1 h

EC/0.59

5/2+

5.76 d

EC/

8-

15.89 m

β+ /41/2.68 EC/59/

4.19 m

I.T./0.162

2.72 d

β- /98/1.979 β+ /2/1.620

20.3 m 1.6 m

I.T./0.035 I.T./80/ β- /20/

1.72/

1+

5/2+ 8-

1.414/65 1.980/26

1.2/ 1.7/

2-

7/2+ 85+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) 2.5 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 1.22964 +3.45 -0.4 Sn k x-ray 0.0239 2.34 Sn k x-ray 0.0898 0.19730 1.02301 1.17121 +2.3 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.7038 1.17121 +3.363 -0.4 Sb x-ray 0.0614 0.0761 -1.90 +0.9 0.56409 0.69277 1.14050 1.2569 +2.550 -0.5

124

Sb

123.905936

60.20 d

β- /2.905

0.61/52 2.301/23

3-

1.2

125

Sb

124.905254

2.758 y

β- /0.767

0.13/30 0.302/45 0.62/13

7/2+

+2.63

Sb

11. s

I.T./

Sb

19.0 m

β- /86 / I.T./14 /

1.9

5+

126m2

126m1

3-

126

Sb

125.90725

12.4 d

β- /3.67

1.9

8-

1.3

127

Sb

126.90692

3.84 d

β- /1.581

0.89/ 1.10/ 1.50/

7/2+

2.70

10.1 m

β- /96/ I.T./4/

2.6/

5+

Sb

128m

487_S11.indb 108

+1.9

0.4984 0.6027 0.6458 1.1010 0.60271/97.8 0.64583/7.4 0.72277/10.5 1.69094/48.2 (0.0274–2.808) 0.0355 0.17632 0.38044 0.42786 0.46336 0.60060 0.63595 L x-ray 0.0227 0.4148 0.6663 0.6950 0.2786 0.4148/83.3 0.6663/99.7 0.6950/99 0.7205 0.2524 0.2908 0.4121 0.4370 0.6857 0.7837 0.3140 0.5941 0.7432 0.7539

4/17/06 10:59:27 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 128

Sb

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 127.90917

Sb

129m

129

Sb

128.90915

Sb

130m

11-109 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 9.1 h β- /4.38

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 2.3/ 8-

17.7 m

β- /

4.40 h

β- /2.38

0.65/

6.5 m

β- /2.6

2.12/

7/2-

130

Sb

129.91166

38.4 m

β- /4.96

2.9/

8-

131

Sb

130.91198

23.0 m

β- /3.20

1.31/ 3.0/

7/2+

2.8 m

β- /

3.9/

4+

Sb

132m

132

Sb

131.91447

4.2 m

β- /5.49

133

Sb

132.91525

2.5 m

β- /4.00

1.20/

7/2+

Sb Sb

133.92038

10.4 s 0.8 s

β- / β- /8.4

6.1 8.4

70-

Sb

134.9252

1.71 s

β- /8.12

Sb Sb 138 Sb 139 Sb

135.9304 136.9353 137.9408 138.9460

0.82 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /9.3

52

Te

127.60(3)

Te Te 107 Te

104.9436 105.9375 106.9350

0.07 ms 3.1 ms

Te

107.9294

2.1 s

α/4.3 α/ 70/ β+, EC/10.1 α /68 /

134m 134

135

136 137

105 106

108

487_S11.indb 109

8-

7/2+

/100 3.86(1)/

0+

3.314(4)/

0+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) 1.3 0.2148 0.3141 0.5265 0.7433 0.7540 0.4338 0.6578 0.7598 2.82 0.0278 0.1808 0.3594 0.4596 0.5447 0.8128 0.9146 1.0301 0.1023 0.7934 0.8394 0.1823 0.3309 0.4680 0.7394 0.8394 0.6423 0.6579 0.9331 0.9434 0.1034 0.3538 0.6968 0.9739 0.9896 0.1034 0.1506 0.6968 0.9739 3.00 0.4235 0.6318 0.8165 1.0764 0.1152 0.2970 0.7063 1.2791 1.127 1.279

(0.090-0.721)

4/17/06 10:59:28 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-110 Elem. or Isot. Te

108.9274

4.6 s

110

Te

109.9224

19. s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+, EC/32 /6.8 β+ EC/96 /8.7 α/4 / β+, EC/4.5

111

Te

110.9211

19.3 s

β+, EC/8.0

(7/2+)

112

Te

111.9170

2.0 m

β+, EC/4.3

0+

113

Te

112.9159

1.7 s

β+ /85/5.7 EC/15/

114

Te

113.91209

15. m

β+ /40/3.2 EC/60/

0+

6.7 m

β+ /45/ EC/55/

(1/2+)

109

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Te

115m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

115

Te

114.91190

5.8 m

β+ /45/4.6 EC/55/

116

Te

115.90846

2.49 h

EC/1.5

117

Te

116.90865

1.03 h

EC/75/3.54 β+ /25/

118

Te Te

117.90583

6.00 d 4.69 d

EC/0.28 EC/

119

Te

118.90640

16.0 h

β+ /2/2.293 EC/98/

120

Te Te

~ 154. d 16.8 d

I.T. (89%) EC (11%) EC/1.04

119.7 d

I.T./0.247

> 9.2 × 1016 y

EC/0.051

119m

121m

0.09(1)

119.90402

121

Te

122

Te Te

2.55(12)

121.903044

Te Te

0.89(3) 4.74(14)

122.904270 123.902818

123m

123 124

487_S11.indb 110

120.90494

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

3.107(4)/

4.5/

2.7/

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

(7/2+)

7/2+

0+ 1.78/

0.627/

½+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7523 0.287–2.045 ann.rad./ 0.2191 0.6059 ann.rad./ 0.267 0.322 0.341 ann.rad./ 0.2962 0.3727 0.4187 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.8144 1.0181 1.1812 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.0838 0.0903 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 0.7704 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 1.3268 1.3806 (0.22–2.7) Sb k x-ray 0.0937 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.9197 1.7164 2.3000 Sb k x-ray Sb k x-ray 0.15360 0.2705 1.21271 ann.rad. Sb k x-ray 0.6440 0.6998

0+ 11/2-

0.89

½+

0.25

0+ 11/2-

0.90

Te k x-ray 0.2122 Sb k x-ray 0.5076 0.5731

-0.93

Te k x-ray 0.1590/84.1

½+

0+ 11/2½+ 0+

-0.73695

4/17/06 10:59:29 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Te

125m

Te Te 127m Te 125 126

Te Te 129m Te

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

7.07(15) 18.84(25)

124.904431 125.903312

31.74(8)

126.905226 127.904463

127 128

129

Te

130

Te Te

131m

Atomic Mass or Weight

34.08(62)

11-111 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 58. d I.T./0.145

109. d 9.4 h 2.2 × 1024 y 33.6 d

I.T./98/0.088 β- /2/0.77 β- /0.698 β-βI.T./63/0.105 β- /37/

128.906598

1.16 h

β- /1.498

129.906224

8 × 1020 y 1.35 d

β-ββ- /78/2.4 I.T./22/0.18

131

Te

130.908524

25.0 m

β- /2.233

132

Te

131.90855

3.26 d

β- /0.51

55.4 m

Te

133m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π) 11/2½+ 0+ 11/2-

0.696/

1.60/ 0.99/9 1.45/89

0.42/

0.64

3/2+

0.70

0+ 11/2-

-1.04

3/2+

0.70

1.35/12 1.69/22 2.14/60 0.215

0+

β- /82/ I.T./18/0.334

2.4/30

11/2-

Te

132.91096

12.4 m

β- /2.94

2.25/25 2.65

3/2+

134

Te

133.91137

42. m

β- /1.51

0+

135

Te

134.9165

19.0 s

β- /6.0

0.6/ 0.7/ 5.4/ 6.0

136

Te

135.92010

17.5 s

β- /5.1

2.5/

0+

137

Te

136.9253

2.5 s

6.8

7/2-

Te Te 140 Te 141 Te 142 Te

137.9292 138.9347 139.9389 140.9447 141.949

1.4 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /98 /6.9 n/2 / β- /6.4

139

53

I I

107.9435 108.9382

0.04 s 0.11 ms

α/91/4. p

I

109.9352

0.65 s

I

110.9303

2.5 s

β+, EC/83/11.4 α/17/~ 3.6 p/11/ β+, E.C./8.5

110

111

487_S11.indb 111

-1.09

0.06

Te k x-ray 0.45984 0.6959 0.0278 0.45984 0.48728 0.0811 0.1021 0.14973 0.77369 0.79375 0.85225 0.14973 0.45327 0.49269 0.049725 0.11198 0.22830 Te k x-ray 0.0949 0.1689 0.3121 0.3341 0.3121 0.4079 1.3334 0.7672/29 0.0794–0.9255 0.267 0.603 0.870 2.0779/25 0.0873–3.235 0.2436

0+

0+

126.90447(3)

109

Te k x-ray 0.0883 0.3603

0+

I

108

-1.04

3/2+ 0+ 11/2-

133

138

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -0.99 -0.06 Te k x-ray 0.0355 -0.8885

3.95

3.457(10)/

0.593/100 0.717/63 0.496–1.057 ann.rad./

ann.rad./

4/17/06 10:59:31 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-112 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

112

I

111.9280

3.4 s

β+, EC/10.2

113

I

112.9236

5.9 s

β+, EC/7.6

114

I

113.9219

2.1 s

β+, EC/8.7

115

I

114.9181

1.3 m

β+, EC/6.7

116

I

115.9168

2.9 s

β+ /97/7.8 EC/3/

6.7/

1+

117

I

116.91365

2.22 m

β+, EC/4.7

3.2/

(5/2+)

3.1

8.5 m

β+, EC/ I.T.

4.9/

7-

4.2

2-

2.0

(5/2+)

+2.9

118m

I

5/2+

118

I

117.91307

14. m

β+, EC/7.0

119

I

118.91007

19. m

β+ /54/3.5 EC/46/

2.4/

53. m

β+ /80/ EC/20/

3.8

120m

I

4.2

120

I

119.91005

1.35 h

β+ /56/5.62 EC/

4.03 4.60

2-

1.23

121

I

120.90737

2.12 h

β+ /13/2.27 EC/87/

1.2/

5/2+

2.3

122

I

121.90759

3.6 m

β+ /4.234 EC/

3.1/

1+

+0.94

123

I

122.905589

13.2 h

EC/1.242

5/2+

2.82

124

I

123.906210

4.18 d

β+ /23/3.160 EC/77/

2-

1.44

487_S11.indb 112

1.54/ 2.14/ 0.75/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2665 0.3215 0.3412 ann.rad./ 0.6889 0.7869 ann.rad./ 0.4625/100 0.6224/74 0.0550–1.422 ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ 0.275 0.284 0.460 0.709 ann.rad./ 0.5402 0.6789 ann.rad./ 0.2744 0.3259 ann.rad./ 0.104 0.5998 0.6052 0.6138 ann.rad./ 0.5448 0.6052 1.3384 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2575 ann.rad. Te k x-ray 0.4257 0.5604 0.6147 1.3459 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5604 0.6411 1.5230 (0.111–3.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2122 (0.14–1.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5641 Te k x-ray 0.1590 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.6027/62.9

4/17/06 10:59:32 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-113 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

125

I

124.904630

59.4 d

EC/0.1861

126

I

125.905624

13.0 d

EC/ β+ /2.155 β- /1.258/47

126.904473 127.905809

25.00 m

β- /2.118 EC/1.251

128.904988

1.7 × 107 y

β- /0.194

9.0 m

127 128

129

I I

100.

I

130

I

129.906674

12.36 h

I.T./83/0.048 β- /17/ β- /2.949

131

I

130.906125

8.021 d

β- /0.971

131.90800

1.39 h 2.28 h

IT β- /14/3.58 I.T./86/

9. s

I.T./1.63

20.8 h

β- /1.77

3.7 m

I.T./98/0.316 β- /2/

130m

132m 132

I

133m

133

I

I

I

I

134m

132.907797

I

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

5/2+

2.82

2-

1.44

2.13/

5/2+ 1+

+2.8133

-0.79

0.15/

7/2+

+2.621

-0.55

1.13/ 0.87/ 1.25/

1.04/ 0.62

5+

3.35

0.606/

7/2+

+2.742

-0.40

84+

3.09

0.09

+2.86

-0.27

0.80/ 1.03/ 1.2/ 1.6/ 2.16/

19/2-

1.24/85

7/2+

8-

I

133.90974

52.6 m

β- /4.05

1.2/

4+

135

I

134.91005

6.57 h

β- /2.63

0.9/ 1.3/

7/2+

47. s

β- /

4.7/ 5.2/

6-

1.39 m

β- /6.93

4.3/

2-

136

487_S11.indb 113

I

I

135.91465

-0.89

2+

134

136m

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

2.94

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7228/10.3 1.6910/11.2 (0.31–1.73) Te k x-ray 0.0355 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.3887 0.6622 Te k x-ray 0.44287 0.52658 Xe k x-ray 0.0396 I k x-ray 0.5361 0.4180 0.5361 0.6685 0.7395 0.08017 0.28431 0.36446 0.63699 I k x-ray 0.0980 0.5059 0.52264 0.63019 0.6506 0.66768 0.77260 0.95457 I kx-ray 0.0730 0.6474 0.9126 0.51056 0.52989 0.87537 I k x-ray 0.0444 0.2719 0.1354 0.84702 0.88409 0.2884 0.41768 0.52658 1.13156 1.26046 0.1973 0.3468 0.3701 0.3814 1.3130 (0.16–2.36) 0.3447

4/17/06 10:59:34 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-114 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.6/

Spin (h/2 π)

137

I

136.91787

24.5 s

β- /5.88

5.0/

(7/2+)

138

I

137.9224

6.5 s

β- /7.8

6.9/ 7.4/

2-

139

I

138.92610

2.30 s

β- /6.81 n/

140

I

139.9310

0.86 s

β- /8.8 n/

I I 143 I 144 I

140.9350 141.9402 142.9446 143.9500

0.45 s ~ 0.2 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /7.8 β-

141 142

Xe

131.293(6)

Xe

109.9443

0.11 s

Xe Xe

110.9416

0.9 s 0.7 s

Xe 113 Xe 114 Xe

111.9356 112.9333 113.92798

3. s 2.8 s 10.0 s

β+ /9.2 α EC, β+ EC, β+ /10.6 α/ EC, β+ /7.2 EC, β+ /9.1 β+, EC/5.9

Xe Xe

114.92629 115.92158

18. s 56. s

β+, EC/7.6 β+, EC/4.3

117

Xe

116.92036

1.02 m

β+, EC/6.5

118

Xe

117.91618

~ 4. m

β+, EC/3.

54

110

111m 111

112

115 116

487_S11.indb 114

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(3)

/~ 64

3.58(1)/ α/0.8/

0+

0+ 0+

3.3/

(5/2+) 0+

(5/2+)

2.7/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.3130 1.3211 2.2896 (0.3–6.1) 0.6010 1.2180 1.2201 1.3026 1.5343 (0.25–4.4) 0.4836 0.5888 0.8752 (0.4–5.3) 0.192 0.198 0.273 0.382 0.386 0.468 0.683 1.313 0.372 0.377 0.457

0+

-0.594

+1.16

ann.rad./ 0.1031 0.1616 0.3085 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1042 0.1916 0.2477 0.3107 0.4127 ann.rad./ 0.2214 0.5190 0.6389 0.6613 ann.rad./ 0.0535 0.0600

4/17/06 10:59:35 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-115 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

119

Xe

118.91541

5.8 m

β+, EC/5.0

120

Xe

119.91178

40. m

β+, EC/97/1.96 β+ /3/

121

Xe

120.91146

39. m

β+ /44/3.73 EC/56/

122

Xe

121.90837

20.1 h

EC/0.9

123

Xe

122.90848

2.00 h

β+ /23/2.68 EC/77/

124

Xe Xe

123.905893

> 1017 y 57. s

β-βI.T./0.252

124.906395

17.1 h

EC/1.653

1.15 m

125m

125

Xe

126

Xe Xe

127m

127

Xe

128

Xe Xe

0.0952(3)

0.0890(2)

Xe Xe

135m

135

Xe

136

Xe Xe

137

487_S11.indb 115

8.8573(44)

0+

-0.884

36.34 d

EC/0.662

½+

-0.504

8.89 d

I.T./0.236

0+ 11/2-

-0.891

I.T./0.164

½+ 0+ 11/2-

2.19 d

I.T./0.233

132.905911

5.243 d

β- /0.427

133.905394

> 1.1 × 1016 y 15.3 m

β- βI.T./

134.907227

9.10 h

β-/1.15

135.90722 136.91156

> 2.4 × 1021 y 3.82 m

β-ββ- /4.17

126.905184

10.4357(21)

+1.33

0+ (9/2-)

130.905082 131.904153

134

5/2+

I.T./0.297

125.90427

21.2324(30) 26.9086(33)

Xe

2.8/

-0.269

Xe Xe 133m Xe 133

-0.701

0+

½+

128.904779 129.903508

132

+1.31

-0.745

26.4006(82) 4.0710(13)

131

-0.654

0+ (9/2-)

Xe Xe 131m Xe 130

7/2+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

-0.150

127.903531

129

3.5/

Spin (h/2 π)

½+

1.9102(8)

129m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

11.9 d

1.51/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1199 0.0873 0.1000 0.2318 0.4615 I k x-ray 0.0251 0.0726 0.1781 (0.1–1.03) ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1328 0.2527 0.4452 (0.1–3.1) I k x-ray 0.3501 ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1489 0.1781 (0.1–2.1)

+0.42

Xe k x-ray 0.1111 0.141 I k x-ray 0.1884 0.2434

+0.69

Xe k x-ray 0.1246 0.1725 I k x-ray 0.1721 0.2029 0.3750

+0.64

Xe k x-ray 0.0396 0.1966

-0.9940

+0.73

3/2+ 0+ 11/2-

+0.69186

-0.12

Xe k x-ray 0.16398

-1.082

+0.77

3/2+

+0.813

+0.14

0+ 11/2-

1.103

+0.62

0.91/

3/2+

0.903

+0.21

4.1/

0+ 7/2-

-0.970

-0.49

0.47/

0.346/99

-0.7780

Xe k x-ray 0.23325 Cs k x-ray 0.080998 0.1606 Xe k x-ray 0.52658 0.24975 0.60807 0.45549

4/17/06 10:59:37 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-116 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.6/

Spin (h/2 π)

138

Xe

137.91395

14.1 m

β- /2.77

0.8/ 2.4/

139

Xe

138.91879

39.7 s

β- /5.06

4.5/ 5.0/

140

Xe

139.9216

13.6 s

β- /4.1

2.6

0+

141

Xe

140.9266

1.72 s

β- /6.2

6.2/

5/2+

142

Xe

141.9297

1.22 s

β- /5.0

3.7/ 4.2/

0+

Xe Xe 144 Xe 145 Xe 146 Xe 147 Xe

142.9351 143.9385 144.9441 145.9478 146.9536

0.96 s 0.30 s 1.2 s 0.9 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

ββ- /7.3 β- /6.1 β-, (n)

143m 143

55

Cs

132.9054519(2)

Cs Cs 114 Cs

111.9503 112.9445 113.9414

0.5 ms 17. μs 0.58 s

p p β+, EC/11.8

Cs Cs

114.9359

~ 1.4 s 0.7 s

β+, EC/8.4 β, EC/

Cs

115.9334

3.8 s

β+, EC/10.8

6.5 s ~ 8.4 s 17. s 14. s

β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/9.

112 113

115

116m

116

Cs Cs 118m Cs 118 Cs 117m 117

487_S11.indb 116

116.9287 117.92656

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

0+

-0.304

+0.40

+0.010

-0.58

-0.460

+0.93

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8489 0.9822 1.2732 1.7834 2.8498 0.1538 0.2426 0.2583 0.4345 1.76826 2.0158 0.1750 0.2186 0.2965 (0.1–3.37) 0.0801 0.6220 0.8055 1.4137 (0.04–2.3) 0.1187 0.9095 (0.05–2.55) 0.0338 0.0729 0.2038 0.3091 0.4145 0.5382 0.5718 0.6181 0.6448

0+

0.81 0.96

1+

2

ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3935 ann.rad./ 0.3935 0.5243 0.6151 0.6223

5. +3.88

ann.rad./ +1.4

ann.rad./ 0.3372 0.4727

4/17/06 10:59:38 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

+0.84 +5.5

+0.9 +2.8

Cs Cs

119.92068

60. s 64. s

β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.92

2+

+3.87

+1.45

2.0 m

I.T./60/ β+ /40/

4.4

(9/2+)

+5.41

+2.7

2.3 m

β+, EC/5.40

4.38/

3/2+

+0.77

+0.84

4.4 m 0.36 s

β+, EC IT

8-

+4.77

+3.3

21. s

β+, EC/7.1

(1+)

-0.133

-0.19

1.6 s

I.T./

Cs

120.91723

Cs Cs

122m1

Cs

121.91611

Cs

123m

Cs

122.91300

5.87 m

β+ /75/4.20 EC/25/

Cs Cs

123.91226

6.3 s 30. s

IT β+ /9 /5.92 EC/8 /

125

Cs

124.90973

45. m

126

Cs

125.90945

127

Cs

128

129

11/21/2+

+1.38

~ 5.

7+ 1+

+0.673

β+ /40/3.09 EC/60/

2.06/

1/2+

+1.41

1.64 m.

β+ /81/4.83 EC/19/

3.4 3.7/

1+

+0.78

126.90742

6.2 h

β+ /96/2.08 EC/4/

0.65/ 1.06

1/2+

+1.46

Cs

127.90775

3.62 m

β+ /68/3.930 EC/32 /

2.44/ 2.88/

1+

+0.97

Cs

128.90606

1.336 d

EC/1.195

1/2+

+1.49

3.5 m

IT, β+, EC

5-

+0.629

Cs

130m

487_S11.indb 117

5.8/

3.0/

124m 124

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

3/2 9/2+

122m2

123

Spin (h/2 π)

β+, EC/6.3

Cs

122

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

29. s 43. s

121m

121

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

118.92238

120m 120

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Cs Cs

119m 119

11-117

-0.74

-0.68

-0.57

+1.45

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5865 0.5906 ann.rad./ 0.169 0.176 0.224 0.257 ann.rad./ 0.3224 0.4735 0.5534 (0.3–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.1794 0.1961 ann.rad./ 0.1537 (0.08–0.56) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.4971 0.6385 (0.27–2.22) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.5120 0.8179 Cs k x-ray 0.0946 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.0974 0.5964 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3539 0.4925 0.9418 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.112 0.526 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3886 0.4912 0.9252 Xe k x-ray 0.1247 0.4119 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.4429 Xe k x-ray 0.3719 0.4115

4/17/06 10:59:39 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-118 Elem. or Isot. 130

Cs

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Cs 132 Cs

Cs Cs

134m

134

Cs

129.90671

130.90546 131.906434

131

133

Atomic Mass or Weight

100.

132.90545193

133.90671848

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 29.21 m β+ /55/2.98 EC/43/ β- /1.6/0.37 9.69 d EC/0.352 6.48 d EC/98/ β+ /0.3/2.120 β- / /1.280

2.91 h

I.T./0.139

2.065 y

β- /2.059 EC/1.22

Cs

135m

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.98/ 1+ 0.44/1.6

5/2+ 2-

7/2+ 80.089/27 0.658/70

4+

53. m

I.T./1.627

19/2-

β- /0.269 I.T./ β- /2.548

0.205/100 0.341/

7/2+ 85+

Cs Cs 136 Cs

134.905977 135.907312

2.3 × 106 y 19. s 13.16 d

Cs

136.907089

30.2 y

β- /1.176

0.514/95

7/2+

2.9 m

I.T./75 β- /25 /

/0.080 3.3

6-

135

136m

137

Cs

138m

138

Cs

137.91102

32.2 m

β- /5.37

2.9/

3-

139

Cs

138.913364

9.3 m

β- /4.213

4.21

7/2+

140

Cs

139.91728

1.06 m

β- /6.22

5.7/ 6.21/

1-

141

Cs

140.92005

24.9 s

β- /5.26

5.20/

7/2+

142

Cs

141.92430

1.8 s

β- /7.31

6.9/ 7.28

143

Cs

142.92735

1.78 s

β- /6.24

6.1

(3/2+)

144

Cs

143.93208

1.01 s

β- /8.47

8.46/ 7.9/

1

487_S11.indb 118

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +1.46 -0.06 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.5361 +3.54 -0.58 Xe k x-ray +2.22 +0.51 Xe k x-ray 0.4646 0.6302 0.66769 +2.582 -0.00355 +1.098 +1.0 Cs k x-ray 0.12749 +2.994 +0.39 0.56327 0.56935 0.60473 0.79584 +2.18 +0.9 0.7869 0.8402 +2.732 +0.05 +1.32 +0.7 +3.71 +0.2 0.06691 0.34057 0.81850 1.04807 +2.84 +0.05 Ba k x-ray 0.66164 +1.71 -0.40 Cs k x-ray 0.0799 0.1917 0.4628 1.43579 +0.700 +0.12 0.1381 0.46269 1.00969 1.43579 2.21788 +2.70 -0.07 0.6272 1.2832 (0.4–3.66) +0.13390 -0.11 0.5283 0.6023 0.9084 (0.41–3.94) +2.44 -0.4 Ba k x-ray 0.0485 0.5616 0.5887 1.1940 (0.05–3.33) 0.3596 0.9668 1.1759 1.3265 +0.87 +0.47 0.1955 0.2324 0.3064 (0.17–1.98) -0.546 +0.30 0.1993 0.5598 0.6392 0.7587

4/17/06 10:59:41 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 145

Cs

Cs Cs 148 Cs 149 Cs 150 Cs 151 Cs 146 147

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-119

144.93553

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 0.59 s β- /7.89

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 7.4/ 3/2+ 7.9/

145.9403 146.9442 147.9492 148.9529 149.9582 150.9622

0.322 s 0.227 s 0.15 s > 50 ms > 50 ms > 50 ms

β-, (n)/9.38 β-, (n)/9.3 β-, (n)/10.5

~ 9.0

2-

p/20 /0.9 p/<15 p/3 p/16

0+

Ba

137.327(7)

Ba

113.9507

0.43 s

Ba Ba 117 Ba 118 Ba 119 Ba 120 Ba

114.947 115.9414 116.9385 117.9330 118.9307 119.9260

0.45 s 1.3 s 1.8 s 5.2 s 5.4 s 24. s

β+, (p) α β+, (p) β+, (p) β+, (p), EC/8.4 β+, β+, EC/8. β+, EC/5.0

Ba Ba 123 Ba

120.9241 121.91990 122.91878

30. s 2.0 m 2.7 m

β+, EC/6.8 β+, EC/3.8 β+, EC/5.5

5/2+ 0+

Ba

123.91509

12. m

β+, EC/2.65

0+

Ba Ba

124.9145

8. m 3.5 m

β+, EC/ β+, EC/4.6

Ba

125.91125

1.65 h

β+ /2/1.67 EC/98 /

0+

Ba Ba

126.91109

1.9 s 12.9 m

IT β+ /54/3.5 EC/46/

7/21/2+

Ba

127.90832

2.43 d

EC/0.52

0+

2.17 h

EC/98/ β+ /2/

2.2 h

β+ /20/2.43 EC/80/

56

114

115 116

121 122

124

125m 125

126

127m 127

128

Ba

129m

129

487_S11.indb 119

Ba

128.90868

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.784 +0.6 0.1126 0.1755 0.1990 -0.515 +0.22 (0.024-2.2798)

0+ (3/2-) 0+

(0.0457–0.364) (0.040–0.156)

0+

4.5 3.4

1.42/

½+

+0.660

+1.8

-0.68

+1.5

0.174 +0.18

-0.723 +0.083

1.6

7/2+

+0.93

+1.6

1/2+

-0.40

ann.rad./ 0.140 (0.075–0.146) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0306 0.0927 0.1161 0.1235 ann.rad./ 0.1695 0.1888 1.2160 ann.rad./ 0.0550 0.0776 0.0854 0.1409 Cs k x-ray 0.2179 0.2336 0.2576 ann.rad./ Cs k x-ray 0.1148 0.1808 (0.07–2.5) Cs k x-ray 0.27344 Cs k x-ray 0.1769 0.1823 0.2023 1.4593 ann.rad./ Cs k x-ray 0.1291 0.2143

4/17/06 10:59:42 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-120 Elem. or Isot. Ba Ba 131m Ba

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

131

Ba

132

Ba Ba

133m

0.106(1)

0.101(1)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

129.906321

9.5 ms 2.2 × 1021 y 14.6 m

I.T./2.475 β+β+ I.T./0.187

130.906941

11.7 d

131.905061

132.906008

130m 130

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) /100.

Spin (h/2 π)

-0.04

+2.8

-0.87

+1.5

EC/1.37

1/2+

0.7081

1.3 × 1021 y 1.621 d

EC EC I.T./0.288

0+ 11/2-

Ba k x-ray 0.1085 Cs k x-ray 0.12381/28.4 0.21608/21.3 0.49636/42.9 (0.0549–1.171)

-0.91

+0.9

10.53 y

EC/0.517

1/2+

0.7717

1.20 d

I.T./0.2682

0+ 11/2-

Ba k x-ray 0.2761 Cs k x-ray 0.08099 0.35600

-1.00

+1.0

0.308 s

I.T./2.0305

3/2+ 7-

+0.838

+0.16

Ba k x-ray 0.2682

2.552 m

I.T./0.6617

0+ 11/2-

-0.99

+0.8

3/2+ 0+ 7/2-

+0.9374

+0.245

-0.97

-0.57

-0.34

+0.45

+0.44

-0.88

-0.28

+1.22

Ba

134

Ba Ba

2.417(18)

133.904508

Ba Ba

6.592(12)

134.9056886

Ba Ba

7.854(24)

135.9045759

11.232(24) 71.698(42)

136.9058274 137.9052472 138.9088412

1.396 h

β- /2.317

2.14/27 2.27/72 0.48 1.0/ 1.02/ 2.59/ 2.73/

0+

135

136m

136

137m

Ba Ba 139 Ba 137 138

140

Ba

139.91060

12.75 d

β- /1.05

141

Ba

140.91441

18.3 m

β- /3.22

142

Ba

141.91645

10.7 m

β- /2.212

1.0/ 1.10/

0+

143

Ba

142.92063

14.3 s

β- /4.24

4.2/

5/2+

144

Ba

143.92295

11.4 s

β- /3.1

2.4/ 2.9/

0+

145

Ba

144.9276

4.0 s

β- /4.9

4.9/

(5/2-)

146

Ba

145.9302

2.20 s

β- /4.12

3.9/

0+

487_S11.indb 120

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2208 0.080–0.802

80+ 9/2-

133

135m

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

3/2-

Ba k x-ray 0.8185 1.0481 Ba k x-ray 0.66164

0.16585 1.2544 1.42033 0.16268 0.30485 0.53727 0.1903 0.2770 0.3042 (0.1–2.5) 0.23152 0.25512 0.3090 1.2040 0.1786 0.21148 0.7988 (0.17–2.4) La k x-ray 0.10386 0.1566 0.1728 0.3882 0.43048 La k x-ray 0.0918 0.09709 0.0644 0.2513 0.3270 0.3329 0.3622

4/17/06 10:59:44 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 0.892 s β- /5.75 0.64 s β-, n/5.11 0.36 s β-, (n)/7.3 0.3 s > 0.15 μs

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.5/

23 ms

p

0.806/

EC, β+ /11. EC, β+/~ 9.7 EC/7. EC/ ~ 8.8

(7+)

124.92082

2.8 s 5.3 s 9. s 17. s 30. s 0.39 s 1.2 m

β+, EC/5.6

11/2-

La La

125.9195

< 50. s 54. s

β+, EC/7.6

127

La

126.91638

3.8 m

β+, EC/4.7

3/2+

128

La

127.9156

5.0 m

β+ /80/6.7 EC/20/

(5-)

La La

128.91269

0.56 s 11.6 m

IT β+ /58/3.72 EC/42/

130

La

129.91237

8.7 m

β+ /78/5.6 EC/22/

131

La

130.91007

59. m

β+ /76/3.0 EC/24/

24. m

I.T./76/ β+, EC/24/

Ba Ba 149 Ba 150 Ba 151 Ba 152 Ba 153 Ba 147 148

La

57

La La 119 La 120 La 121 La 122 La 123 La 124 La 125m La 125 La 117 118

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-121

146.9349 147.9377 148.9426 149.9457 150.9508 151.9543 151.960

116.9501 117.9467 118.9410 119.9381 120.9330 121.9307 122.9262 123.9246

129m 129

La

132m

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0+ 0+ 0+

2.42/

3/2+

(11/2-) 3/2+

3+

1.42/ 1.94/

3/2+

6-

132

La

131.91010

4.8 h

β+ /40/4.71 EC/60/

2.6/ 3.2 3.7/

2-

133

La

132.90822

3.91 h

β+ /4/2.2 EC/96/

1.2/

5/2+

487_S11.indb 121

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

138.90547(7)

126m 126

Spin (h/2 π)

ann.rad./ 0.0436 0.0676 ann.rad./ 0.256 0.455 0.117–3.853 ann.rad./ 0.025 0.0562 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.2841/87 0.4793/54 (0.315–2.212) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1105 0.2786 (0.1–1.8) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.3573/81 0.5506/27 (0.1965–1.989) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1085 0.3658 0.5263 La k x-ray 0.1352 0.4645 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.4645 0.5671 Ba k x-ray 0.2788

4/17/06 10:59:45 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-122 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

134

La

133.90851

6.5 m

β+ /63/3.71 EC/37/

135

La

134.90698

19.5 h

EC/1.20

136

La

135.9076

9.87 m

β+ /36/2.9 EC/64/

137

La La

136.90649 137.907112

6 × 104 y 1.06 × 1011 y

EC/0.60

138.906353 139.909478

1.678 d

β- /3.762

La La

140.910962 141.91408

3.90 h 1.54 h

β- /2.502 β- /4.505

La La 145 La 146m La 146 La 147 La 148 La 149 La

142.91606 143.91960 144.9216 145.9258 146.9282 147.9322 148.9347

14.1 m 40.7 s 24. s 10.0 s 6.3 s 4.02 s 1.1 s 1.10 s

β- /3.43 β- /5.5 β- /4.1 β- /6.7 β- /6.6 β- /5.0 β- /7.26 β- /5.5

La

149.9388

0.51 s

La La 153 La 154 La 155 La

150.9417 151.9462 152.950 153.955 154.958

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

138

139 140

141 142

La La

143 144

150

151 152

Ce

0.0888(6) 99.9112(6)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

2.67/

Spin (h/2 π)

1+

5/2+ 1.8/

1.35 1.24/ 1.67/ 2.43/ 2.11/ 2.98/ 4.52/ 3.3/ 4.1/ 4.1/ 5.5/ 6.2/ 4.6/

1+

7/2+ 5+

+2.70 +3.7136

+0.2 +0.4

7/2+ 3-

+2.7830 +0.73

+0.20 +0.09

7/23/2+ (6) (2-) 2-

140.116(1)

Ce Ce 121 Ce 122 Ce 123 Ce 124 Ce 125 Ce

118.953 119.947 120.943 121.9379 122.9354 123.9304 124.9284

1.1 s

β+, p

3.8 s 6. s 9.6 s

β+, EC/~ 8.6 EC/~ 5.6 β+, EC/7.

Ce Ce

125.92397 126.9227

50. s 29. s

EC/4. β+, EC/6.1

0+

128

Ce

127.91891

4.1 m

β+, EC/3.2

0+

129

Ce

128.91810

3.5 m

β+, EC/5.6

130

Ce

129.91474

26. m

β+, EC/2.2

120

126 127

487_S11.indb 122

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2901 0.3024 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.6047 (0.5–1.9) Ba k x-ray 0.4805 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.8185 0.2836 1.4358/65 0.7887/35

7/2+ 2-

58

119

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0.1335 0.009–1.709 x-ray (0.097–0.209)

0+ 0+ 0+ 7/2-

0+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.1666 0.056–1.329 ann.rad./ (0.058–1.961) ann.rad./ (0.023–0.880) ann.rad./ (0.0675–1.015) ann.rad./ La k x-ray

4/17/06 10:59:47 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Ce

131m

131

Ce

130.91442

Ce

132m

132

Ce

131.91146

Ce

133m

11-123 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

5. m

β+ EC

10. m

β+, EC/4.0

9.4 ms

IT/2.340

3.5 h

EC/1.3

0+

1.6 h

β+, EC/

½+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.047–1.431 ann.rad./ 0.2304 0.3955 0.4213 ann.rad. 0.119 0.169 0.414 0.3255 0.10–0.955 La k x-ray 0.1554 0.1821 ann.rad. 0.0769 0.0973 0.5577 ann.rad. 0.0584 0.1308 0.4722 0.5104 La k x-ray 0.1304 0.1623 0.6047 Ce k x-ray 0.0826 0.1497 0.2134 La k x-ray 0.0345 0.2656 0.3001 0.6068 Ce k x-ray 0.1693 0.2543 La k x-ray 0.4472

2.8/

133

Ce

132.91152

5.4 h

β+/8/2.9 EC/92/

134

Ce

133.90892

3.16 d

EC/0.5

0+

20. s

I.T./0.446

11/2-

134.90915

17.7 h

β+/1 /2.026 EC/99 /

135.90717

> 0.7 × 1014 y 1.43 d

EC EC I.T./99 /0.254 EC/0.8 /

0+ 11/2-

1.0

136.90781

9.0 h

β+/1.222

3/2+

0.96

0.251(2)

137.90599

> 0.9 × 1014 y 56.4 s

EC EC I.T./0.7542

0+ 11/2-

88.450(51)

138.90665 139.905439 140.908276

137.6 d

EC/0.28

32.50 d

β-/0.581

3/2+ 0+ 7/2-

141.909244 142.912386

> 1.6 × 1017 y 1.38 d

β- ββ-/1.462

Ce

135m

135

Ce

136

Ce Ce

137m

137

Ce

138

Ce Ce

139m

Ce Ce 141 Ce

0.185(2)

139 140

142 143

Ce Ce

11.114(51)

1.3/

0.8/

0.436/69 0.581/31 1.404/ 1.110/47

9/2-

1/2+

0+ 3/2-

144

Ce

143.913647

284.6 d

β-/0.319

0.185/20 0.318/

0+

145

Ce

144.91723

3.00 m

β-/2.54

1.7/24 1.3

3/2-

146

Ce

145.9188

13.5 m

β-/1.04

0.7/90

0+

487_S11.indb 123

1.06 1.1

0.43

Ce k x-ray 0.7542 La k x-ray 0.16585 Pr k x-ray 0.14544/48.0 Pr k x-ray 0.0574 0.2933 Pr k x-ray 0.0801 0.1335 Pr k x-ray 0.0627 0.7245 Pr k x-ray

4/17/06 10:59:48 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-124 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Ce Ce

146.92267 147.92443

56. s 56. s

β-/3.29 β-/2.1

Ce

148.9284

5.2 s

β-/4.2

Ce Ce 152 Ce

149.93041 150.9340 151.9365

4.4 s 1.0 s 1.4 s

β-/3.0 β-/5.3 β-/4.4

Ce Ce 155 Ce 156 Ce 157 Ce

152.9406 153.9434 154.948 155.951 156.956

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

147 148

149

150 151

153 154

Pr

Pr Pr 123 Pr 124 Pr 125 Pr

120.955 121.9518 122.946 123.943 124.9378

0.01 s

p

1.2 s ~ 3.3 s

β+, EC/12. β+

126

Pr

125.9353

3.1 s

β+, EC/~ 10.4

127

Pr

126.9308

4.2 s

β+ /~ 7.5

128

Pr

127.92879

3.0 s

β+, EC/~ 9.3

129

Pr

128.92510

32 s

β+, EC/5.8

Pr Pr 131 Pr

129.9236

β+, EC/8.1

130.9203

40. s 5.7 s 1.7 m

Pr

131.9193

1.6 m

β+, EC/7.1

1.1 s

IT/0.192

6.5 m

β+, EC/4.3

~ 11. m

β+, EC/

130

131m

132

Pr

133m

133

Pr

Pr

134m

487_S11.indb 124

132.91633

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

0+ 0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0986 0.2182 0.3167 0.0930 0.2687 0.0904 0.0985 0.1212 0.2918 0.0577 0.0864 0.3800 0.1099 0.0526 Pr k x-ray 0.098 0.115

0+

140.90765(2)

122

3.3/ 1.66/

Spin (h/2 π)

0+

59

121

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

p/0.882

β+, EC/5.3

~ 5.5

5/2+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1358 ann.rad./ (0.170–0.985) ann.rad./ (0.028–0.8949) ann.rad./ 0.207/100 0.400–1.373 ann.rad./ (0.0395–1.865) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.16) ann.rad./ (0.059–0.980) ann.rad./ 0.325 0.496 0.533 0.1305 0.0617 ann.rad./ 0.074 0.1343 0.2419 0.3156 0.3308 0.4650 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.460

4/17/06 10:59:50 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-125 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

134

Pr

133.91571

17. m

β+, EC/6.2

135

Pr

134.91311

24. m

β+, EC/3.7

2.5/

3/2+

136

Pr

135.91269

13.1 m

β+ /57 /5.13 EC/43

2.98/

2+

137

Pr

136.91071

1.28 h

β+ /26 /2.70 EC/74 /

1.68/

5/2+

2.1 h

β+ /24 / EC/76 /

1.65/

7-

Pr

138m

2+

138

Pr

137.91075

1.45 m

β+ /75 /4.44 EC/25 /

3.42/

1+

139

Pr

138.90894

4.41 h

β+ /8 /2.129 EC/92 /

1.09/

5/2+

140

Pr

139.90908

3.39 m

β+ /51 /3.39 EC/49 /

2.37/

1+

14.6 m 19.12 h

I.T./0.004 β- /2.162 EC/0.744 β- /0.934 IT/99+/0.059 β- /

c.e. 0.58/4 2.16/96 0.933/

0.807/1 2.30/ 2.996/98 1.80/97

Pr Pr 142 Pr 141

142m

100.

140.907653 141.910045

Pr Pr

142.910817

13.57 d 7.2 m

144

Pr

143.913305

17.28 m

β- /2.998

145

Pr

144.91451

5.98 h

β- /1.81

146

Pr

145.9176

24.2 m

β- /4.2

147

Pr

146.91900

13.4 m

β- /2.69

2.0 m

β- /

143

144m

Pr

148m

487_S11.indb 125

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

5/2+ 52-

+4.275 2.2 +0.234

+0.030

7/2+ 3-

+2.70

+0.8

0-

7/2+

2.2/30 3.7/10 4.2/40 1.5/ 2.1/

2-

4.0/

(4)

3/2+

-0.08

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.495 0.632 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 ann.rad./ 0.0826 0.2135 0.2961 0.5832 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.5398 0.5522 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.4339 0.5140 0.8367 (0.16–1.8) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3027 0.7887 1.0378 (0.07–2.0) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.7887 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.2551 1.3473 1.6307 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3069 1.5965

0.5088 1.57580 0.7420 Pr k x-ray 0.0590 0.6965 0.8142 0.69649 1.48912 2.18562 0.0725 0.6758 0.7483 0.4539/48 1.5247 0.3146/24. 0.5779/16 0.6413/19. 0.3016

4/17/06 10:59:51 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-126 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

148

Pr

147.92213

2.27 m

β- /4.9

149

Pr

148.9237

2.3 m

β- /3.40

150

Pr

149.92667

6.2 s

β- /5.7

Pr Pr

150.92832 151.9315

22.4 s 3.2 s

β- /4.2 β- /6.7

152.9338 153.9375 154.9401 155.9443 156.9474 157.952 158.956

4.3 s 2.3 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /5.5 β- /7.9

0.6 s

β+, p

1.8 s 4. s 4.9 s

β+, EC/9. β+, EC/6. β+, EC/8.

151 152

Pr Pr 155 Pr 156 Pr 157 Pr 158 Pr 159 Pr 153 154

60

Nd

144.242(3)

Nd Nd 126 Nd 127 Nd 128 Nd 129 Nd

123.952 124.9489 125.9432 126.9405 127.9354 128.9332

124 125

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.8/ 4.8/ 4.5/ 3.0

~ 5.5

Spin (h/2 π)

1(5/2+)

4+

0+ (5/2)

β+, EC/5. β+, EC/6.6

0+

132

Nd

131.92332

1.5 m

β+, EC/3.7

0+

133

Nd

132.92235

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.6

134

Nd

133.91879

~ 8.5 m

β+ /17 /2.8 EC/83 /

Nd Nd

134.91818

5.5 m 12. m

β+ / β+ /65 /4.8 EC/35 /

Nd

135.91498

50.6 m

EC/94 /2.21 β+ /6 /

1.6 s

I.T./0.5196

38. m

β+ /40 /3.69 EC/60 /

135

136

Nd

137m

137

487_S11.indb 126

Nd

136.91457

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.091–0.875) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.09–0.36) ann.rad./ (0.099–0.567) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.37) ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.1631/58 (0.09–1.00)

5/2(-)

28. s 0.5 m

135m

0.0726 0.164 0.285

0+

129.92851 130.92725

131

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4506 0.6975 0.3017 0.1085 0.1385 0.1651 0.1302 0.8044 0.8527

1-

Nd Nd

130

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

9/2-

1.04/

-0.78

0+

11/2-

1.7/20 2.40/20

1/2+

-0.63

+2.0

ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0415/23. 0.204/51. (0.11–1.8) Pr kx-ray 0.0401/21. 0.1091/35. (0.10–0.97) Nd k x-ray 0.1084 0.1775 0.2337 ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0755 0.5806

4/17/06 10:59:53 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 138

Nd

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 137.91195

Nd

139m

11-127 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 5.1 h EC/1.1

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

5.5 h

I.T./12 /0.231 β+ /88 /

1.17/

11/2-

1.77/

3/2+

139

Nd

138.91198

30. m

β+ /25 /2.79 EC/75 /

140

Nd Nd

139.90955

3.37 d 1.04 m

EC /0.22 IT/99+/0.756

Nd

140.909610

2.49 h

EC/98 /1.823 β+ /2 /

0.802/

2.1 × 1015 y

α

1.83

10.98 d

β- /0.896

0.805/

1.03/25 1.13/26 1.42/

141m

141

Nd Nd 144 Nd 145 Nd 146 Nd 147 Nd

27.153(39) 12.173(27) 23.798(18) 8.293(12) 17.189(33)

141.907723 142.909814 143.910087 144.912574 145.913117 146.916100

Nd Nd

5.756(21)

147.916893 148.920149

1.73 h

β- /1.691

Nd Nd

5.638(29)

149.920891 150.923829

1.4 × 1020 y 12.4 m

β-ββ- /2.442

142 143

148 149

150 151

Spin (h/2 π) 0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0.91

+0.3

1.01

+0.3

-1.07

-0.60

0+ 11/2-

1.2/

3/2+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) Pr k x-ray 0.1995 0.3258 Nd k x-ray Pr k x-ray 0.1139/34. 0.7382/30. ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.4050 Pr k x-ray Nd k x-ray 0.7565 Pr k x-ray (0.15–1.7)

0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 5/2-

-0.66

-0.31

0.58

0.9

0+ 5/2-

Pr k x-ray 0.53102 0.09111–0.686

0.35

1.3

Pr k x-ray 0.1143/19. 0.2113/27. (0.026–1.6)

0+ (3/2+)

Pm k x-ray 0.1168 0.2557 1.1806 (0.10–1.9)m 0.2785/29. 0.2501/18. (0.016–0.66) 0.418 0.1519 0.7998 0.1807 0.0848

152

Nd

151.92468

11.4 m

β- /1.1

0+

153

Nd Nd

152.92770 153.9295

28.9 s 25.9 s

β- /3.6 β- /2.8

0+

154.9329 155.9350 156.9390 157.9416 158.946 159.949 160.954

8.9 s 5.5 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /5.0 β- /4.1

0+

Pm Pm 130 Pm

127.9484 128.9432 129.9405

1.0 s ~ 2.4 s 2.5 s

β+, p

ann.rad.

β+, EC/11.

Pm

130.9359

~ 6.3 s

β+

131.9338 132.92978 133.9284

6. s 12. s 24. s

β+, EC/10. β+, EC/~ 7.0 β+, EC/~ 8.9

0.1589 0.326–1.062 0.185 0.220 0.146 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./

154

Nd Nd 157 Nd 158 Nd 159 Nd 160 Nd 161 Nd 155 156

0+ 0+

Pm

61

128 129

131

Pm Pm 134 Pm 132 133

487_S11.indb 127

(5+)

4/17/06 10:59:54 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-128 Elem. or Isot.

135 136

137

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Pm Pm

134.9249 135.9236

0.8 m 1.8 m

β+, EC/6.0 β+ /89 /7.9 EC/11 /

11/2(3+)

Pm

136.92048

2.4 m

β+, EC/5.6

(11/2-)

3.2 m

β+ /50 /~ 7.0 EC/50 /

3.9/

3+

10. s 0.18 s 4.14 m

β+ /6.9 IT/ β+ /68 /4.52 EC/32 /

6.1/ 3.52/

1+ (11/2-) (5/2+)

5.87 m

β+ /70 / EC/30 /

3.2

7/2-

Pm

138m

Pm Pm 139 Pm 138

139m

137.91955 138.91680

Pm

140m

140

Pm

139.91604

9.2 s

β+ /89 /6.09 EC/11 /

5.07/74

1+

141

Pm

140.91356

20.9 m

β+ /52 /3.72 EC/48 /

2.71

5/2+

Pm Pm

141.91287

67 μs 40.5 s

β+ /86 /4.87 EC/20 /

3.8/

1+

143

Pm

142.910933

265. d

144

Pm

143.912591

360. d

145

Pm

144.912749

146

Pm

Pm

142m 142

147

3.

EC/1.041 β+ /< 6 × 10-6/ EC/2.332 β+ /7 × 10-6/

5/2+

3.8

5-

1.7

17.7 y

EC/0.163

5/2+

+3.8

+0.2

145.914696

5.53 y

EC/63 /1.472 β- /37 /1.542

0.795/

146.915139

2.623 y

β- /0.224

0.224/

7/2+

+2.6

+0.7

41.3 d

β- /95 /2.6 I.T./5 /0.137

0.4/60 0.5/17 0.7/21 1.02/ 2.47/

6-

1.8

1-

+2.0

0.78/9 1.072/90

7/2+

3.3

Pm

148m

148

Pm

147.91748

5.37 d

β- /2.47

149

Pm

148.918334

2.212 d

β- /1.071

487_S11.indb 128

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

3-

+0.2

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.294 0.495 (0.13–0.47) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.3735 0.6027 ann.rad./ 0.1086 0.1775 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.5209 0.7290 ann.rad./ 0.1887 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4028 (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4199 0.7738 1.0283 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.7738 1.4898 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.8862 1.2233 (0.208-0.882) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.6414 1.5758 Nd k x-ray 0.7420 Nd k x-ray 0.6180 0.6965 Nd k x-ray 0.0723 Nd k x-ray 0.4538 0.7362 0.7474 0.1213 0.1974 0.5503/94. 0.6300/89. 0.7257/33 0.5503 0.9149 1.4651 0.2859 0.5909 0.8594

4/17/06 10:59:56 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 150

Pm

151

Pm

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-129

149.92098

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 2.68 h β- /3.45

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.6/ (1-) 2.3/ 1.8/

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

150.92121

1.183 d

β- /1.187

0.84/

+1.8

15. m 7.5 m

β-, I.T./ β- /

Pm Pm

152m2 152m1

(>6) (4-)

152

Pm

151.92350

4.1 m

β- /3.5

153

Pm

152.92412

5.4 m

β- /1.90

3.5/20 3.50/60 1.7/

2.7 m

β- /

2.0/

1.9/

Pm

154m

Pm

153.92646

1.7 m

β- /4.1

Pm Pm 157 Pm 158 Pm 159 Pm 160 Pm 161 Pm 162 Pm 163 Pm

154.92810 155.93106 156.9330 157.9366 158.9390 159.9430 160.9459 161.950 162.954

48. s 26.7 s 10.9 s 5. s 1.5 s

β- /3.2 β- /5.16 β- /4.6 β- /6.3

62

Sm

150.36(2)

Sm Sm 131 Sm 132 Sm 133 Sm

128.954 129.9489 130.9461 131.9407 132.9387

~ 0.55 s

β+, p

1.2 s 4.0 s 2.9 s

β+, EC/ β+ β+, EC/~ 8.4

Sm Sm 136 Sm 137 Sm 138 Sm

133.9340 134.9325 135.92828 136.92697 137.92324

11. s 10. s 42. s 45. s 3.0 m

β+, EC/5. β+, EC/7. β+, EC/4.5 β+, EC/6.1 β+, EC/3.9

10. s

I.T./94 /0.457 β+ /6 /

2.6 m

β+ /75 /5.5 EC/25 /

154

155 156

129 130

134 135

Sm

139m

139

487_S11.indb 129

Sm

138.92230

5/2+

1+ (5/2-)

(5/2-)

1.9

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3339/69. 1.1658/16. 1.3245/17. (0.25–2.9) 0.1677/8 0.2751/7 0.3401/22 (0.14–1.4) 0.1218 0.2447 0.3404 1.0971 1.4375 0.1218 (0.12–2.1) 0.0910 0.1198 0.1273 0.0820 0.1848 1.4403 0.0820 0.8396 1.3940 2.0589 (0.08–2.8) (0.05–0.78)

(0.072-0.261)

0+

ann.rad./

0+ 5/2+

0+ 7/2+ 0+ 0+

4.7

4.1/

(11/2-)

1.1

½+

-0.53

ann.rad./ 0.3696 0.0845 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0536 0.0747 Sm k x-ray 0.1118 0.1553 0.1901 0.2673 Pm k x-ray 0.3678 0.4028

4/17/06 10:59:57 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-130 Elem. or Isot. 140

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Sm

Atomic Mass or Weight 139.91900

Sm

141m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

14.8 m

β+, EC/3.4

1.9/

0+

22.6 m

β+ /32 / EC/68 / I.T./0.3 /0.1758

1.6/ 2.19/

11/2-

-0.83

-0.74

141

Sm

140.91848

10.2 m

β+ /52 /4.54 EC/48 /

3.2/

½+

142

Sm

141.91520

1.208 h

β+ /6 /2.10 EC/94 / IT/99/0.7540

1.0/

0+

2.47/

Sm

1.10 m

143m

143

Sm

144

Sm Sm

145

Sm Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 151 Sm 152 Sm 153 Sm

3.083(20)

146 147

154 155

Sm Sm

15.017(75) 11.254(51) 13.830(56) 7.351(36) 26.735(48)

22.730(78)

8.83 m

β+ /46 /3.443 EC/54 /

143.911999 144.913410

340. d

EC/0.617

1.03 × 108 y 1.06 × 1011 y 7 × 1015 y 1016 y

α/ α/ α/ α/

2.50/ 2.23/ 1.96/

90. y

β- /0.0768

0.076/

1.929 d

β- /0.808

0.64/ 0.69/

153.922209 154.924640

22.2 m

β- /1.627

1.52

+1.01

+0.4

0+ 7/2-

-1.12

-0.60

-0.815

-0.26

-0.672

+0.075

-0.363

+0.7

0.02154

-0.0216

+1.3

Eu k x-ray 0.0697/4.7 0.10318/29 0.075–0.714

1.1

Eu k x-ray 0.1043/75. 0.0872 0.1657 0.2038 Eu k x-ray 0.1964 0.1978 0.3942 0.1894/100. 0.3636/82. 0.1898 0.110 0.264 (0.036-0.741)

0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 5/20+ 3/2+

0+ 3/2-

Sm

155.92553

9.4 h

β- /0.72

0.43/ 0.71/

0+

157

Sm

156.92836

8.0 m

β- /2.7

2.4/

3/2-

158

Sm

157.9300

5.5 m

β- /2.0

0+

Sm Sm 161 Sm 162 Sm 163 Sm 164 Sm 165 Sm

158.9332 159.9351 160.9388 161.941 162.945 163.948 164.953

11.3 s 9.6 s ~ 4.8 s 2.4 s

β- /3.8 β- /3.6

0+

160

Eu

151.964(1)

Eu Eu

129.964 130.9578

63

130 131

487_S11.indb 130

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1396 0.2255 (0.07–1.7) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1966 0.4318 0.7774 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.4382 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray Sm k x-ray 0.7540 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 1.0565

3/2+

156

159

+1.6

11/2-

142.914628

145.913041 146.914898 147.914823 148.917185 149.917276 150.919932 151.919732 152.922097

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

Pm k x-ray 0.0613 0.4924

0+

0.9 ms ~ 26. ms

p β+, p

1.027/ p/0.95

4/17/06 10:59:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Eu Eu 134 Eu 135 Eu 136m Eu 136 Eu 137 Eu 138 Eu 139 Eu 140m Eu 140 Eu 141m Eu 132 133

141

Eu

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 131.9544 132.9492 133.9465 134.9418 135.9396 136.9356 137.93371 138.92979 139.9281

140.92493

Eu

142m

11-131 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

0.5 s 1.5 s ~ 3.2 s ~ 3.9 s 11. s 12. s 18. s 0.125 s 1.51 s 3.0 s

40. s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

EC, β+ EC, β+ /~ 8.7

Spin (h/2 π)

7+ 1+ 11/27+

EC, β+ /10. EC/~ 7.5 EC, β+ /~ 9.2 EC, β+ /6.7 EC, β+ EC, β+ /8.4 β+ /58 / EC/9 / I.T./33 /0.0964 β+ /81 /5.6 EC/15 /

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

5 6

111/2-

5/2+

+3.49

+0.85

1.22 m

β+ /83 / EC/17 /

4.8/

8-

+2.98

+1.4

β- /94/7.4 EC/6 / β+ /72/5.17 EC/28/

7.0/

1+

+1.54

+0.12

4.1/ 5.1/

5/2+

+3.67

+0.51

142

Eu

141.92343

2.4 s

143

Eu

142.92030

2.62 m

144

Eu

143.91882

10.2 s

β+ /86 /6.33 EC/13 /

5.31/

1+

+1.89

+0.10

145

Eu

144.916265

5.93 d

β+ /2 /2.660 EC/98 /1.71

0.79/

5/2+

+4.00

+0.29

146

Eu

145.91721

4.57 d

β+ /5 /3.88 EC/95 /

1.47/

4-

+1.42

-0.18

147

Eu

146.916746

24.4 d

EC/99. /1.722 β+ /0.4 /

5/2+

+3.72

+0.53

148

Eu

147.91809

54.5 d

EC/3.11

5-

+2.34

+0.35

149

Eu

148.917931

93.1 d

EC/0.692

5/2+

+3.57

+0.75

150

Eu

149.91970

36. y

EC/2.26

5-

+2.71

+1.13

487_S11.indb 131

0.92

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.255 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray (0.09–1.6) ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.3845 0.3940 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.5566 0.7680 1.0233 ann.rad./ 0.7680 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.1107/7 1.5368/3. 1.9127/2. ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 1.6601 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6535 0.8937 1.6587 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6336 0.6341 0.7470 (0.27–2.64) Sm k x-ray 0.12113/20.6 0.19725/24.0 (0.601-1.077) Sm k x-ray 0.5503/99. 0.6299/71. (0.067–2.17) Sm k x-ray 0.2770/4.1 0.3275/4.8 Sm k x-ray 0.3340 0.4394 0.5843 (0.25–1.8)

4/17/06 11:00:01 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-132 Elem. or Isot. Eu

150m

151

Eu Eu

152m2

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

47.81(6)

Atomic Mass or Weight

150.919850

Eu

152m1

152

Eu

153

Eu Eu

154m

151.921745

52.19(6)

152.921230

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 12.8 h β- /92 / β+ /0.4 / EC/8 /

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.013/ 01.24/ 5/2+ 8-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

+3.472

+0.90

3-

-1.941

+2.71

5/2+ 8-

+1.533

+2.41

3-

-2.01

+2.8

5/2+

+1.52

+2.4

0.30/11 0.49/30 1.2/12 2.45/31 0.98/ 1.30/41

1+

≈1.1

(5/2+)

+1.50

+2.6

1.60 h

I.T./0.1478

9.30 h

β- /72 / EC/28 /

1.85/ 0.89/

0-

13.5 y

EC/72 /1.874 β- /28 /1.818

0.69/ 1.47/

46.1 m

I.T./~ 0.16

154

Eu

153.922979

8.59 y

β- /99.9/1.969 EC/0.02/0.717

155

Eu

154.922893

4.76 y

β- /0.252

156

Eu

155.92475

15.2 d

β- /2.451

157

Eu

156.92542

15.13 h

β- /1.36

158

Eu

157.9279

45.9 m

β- /3.5

2.5/

(1-)

+1.44

+0.7

159

Eu

158.92909

18.1 m

β- /2.51

2.4/ 2.57/

(5/2+)

+1.38

+2.7

160

Eu

159.9320

38. s

β- /4.1

2.7/ 4.1/

(0-)

Eu Eu 163 Eu 164 Eu 165 Eu 166 Eu 167 Eu

160.9337 161.9370 162.9392 163.943 164.946 165.950 166.953

27. s 11. s

β- /3.7 β- /5.6

161 162

Gd

64

487_S11.indb 132

0.27/29 0.58/38 0.84/17 0.98/4 1.87/11 0.15/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) Sm k x-ray 0.3339 0.4065 Eu k x-ray 0.0898 Sm k x-ray 0.12178 0.84153 0.96334 Sm k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.12178 0.34427 1.40802 (0.252–1.528) Eu k x-ray 0.0682 0.1009 Gd k x-ray 0.12299/40. 0.72331/20. 1.2745/36 (0.059-1.90) Gd k x-ray 0.0865/30 0.1053/20 0.08899/9. 0.64623/7. 0.723441/6. 0.8118/10. Gd k x-ray 0.0639/100. 0.3705/48. 0.4107/76. 0.0795 0.8976 0.9442 0.9771 0.0678 0.0786 0.0957 0.0753 0.1735 0.4131 0.5155 0.8217 0.9110 0.9246 0.0719

157.25(3)

4/17/06 11:00:03 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Gd Gd 137 Gd 138 Gd 139m Gd 139 Gd 140 Gd 141m Gd 141 Gd 142 Gd 143m Gd 135

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

136

Atomic Mass or Weight 134.953 135.9473 136.9450 137.9401 138.9382 139.93367 140.93213 141.92812

11-133 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 1.1 s β+ 7. s ~ 4.7 s ~ 4.8 s 5. s 16. s 25. s 21. s 1.17 m 1.84 m

142.9268

39. s

β+ /82 /6.0 EC/18 /

144

Gd

143.92296

4.5 m

β+ /45 /4.3 EC/55 /

1.44 m

I.T./95 /0.749 β+ /4 /5.7

Gd

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+ 11/2½+ 0+ 11/2-

1/2+

3.3/

0+

11/2-

-1.0

-0.74

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.163–0.360) ann.rad./ 0.0647 0.1216 0.104–0.323 0.1748 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.1176 0.2719 0.5880 0.6681 0.7999 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.2048 0.2588 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.3332 0.0273 0.3295 0.3866 0.7214 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 1.7579 1.8806 (0.32–3.69) Eu k x-ray 0.1147 0.1155 0.1546 Eu k x-ray 0.2293 0.3699 0.3960 0.9289 (0.1–1.8)

0+

EC, β+ /~ 7.7 EC/4.8 EC, β+ / β+ /7.3 EC, β+ /4.2 β+ /67 / EC/33 / I.T./

Gd

Spin (h/2 π) 0+

EC, β+ /~ 8.8 EC, β+

143

145m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

145

Gd

144.92171

23.4 m

β+ /33 /5.05 EC/67 /

2.5/

1/2+

146

Gd

145.918311

48.3 d

EC/99.9 /1.03 β+ /0.2

0.35/

0+

147

Gd

146.919094

1.588 d

EC/99.8 /2.188 EC/0.2 /

0.93/

7/2-

1.0

148

Gd Gd

147.918115 148.919341

71. y 9.3 d

α/3.27 EC/1.32

3.1828/

0+ 7/2-

0.9

Gd Gd

149.91866 150.920348

1.8 × 106 y 124. d

α/2.80 EC/0.464

2.73/

0+ 7/2-

Eu k x-ray 0.1496 0.2985 0.3465

0.8

0.20(1)

151.919791 152.921750

240. d

EC/0.485

0+ 3/2-

Eu k x-ray 0.1536 0.2432

0.4

2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2)

153.920867 154.922622 155.922123 156.923960

Eu k x-ray 0.09743 0.10318

149

150 151

152 153

Gd Gd

Gd Gd 156 Gd 157 Gd 154 155

487_S11.indb 133

0+ 3/20+ 3/2-

-0.259

+1.30

-0.340

+1.36

4/17/06 11:00:04 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-134 Elem. or Isot. 158 159

160 161

Gd Gd

Gd Gd

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 24.84(7)

21.86(19)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

157.924104 158.926389

18.6 h

β- 0.971

159.927054 160.929669

> 1.9 × 1019 y 3.66 m

β- ββ- /1.956

162

Gd

161.930985

8.4 m

β- /1.39

163

Gd

162.9340

1.13 m

β- /3.1

Gd Gd 166 Gd 167 Gd 168 Gd 169 Gd

163.9359 164.9394 165.942 166.946 167.948 168.953

45. s 10 s ~ 4.8 s

β- /2.3 β-

164 165

65

Tb

158.92535(2)

Tb Tb 139 Tb

137.9532 138.9483

135 138

0.9 ms

p

2.4 s

β+, EC/11

Tb Tb 142m Tb 142 Tb 143 Tb 144m Tb 144 Tb 145m Tb

140.9415

3.5 s 25 μs 0.30 s 0.60 s 12. s 4.1 s < 1.5 s 30. s

β+, EC/~ 8.3

Tb Tb

144.9293

Tb Tb

145.92725

Tb

146.92405

142m2

145

146m

146

147m

147

Tb

148m

487_S11.indb 134

141.9387 142.9351 143.93305

0+ 3/2-

1.56/85

0+ 5/2-

1.0/

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.44

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) Tb k x-ray 0.36351 0.058-0.855 Tb k x-ray 0.1023 0.3149 0.3609 0.4030 0.4421 0.2868 0.214 1.685

0+ 0+

(0.040-1.015)

p/1.179

1.6 s

139.946

141

0.971/58 0.913/29 0.607/12

Spin (h/2 π)

0+

Tb

140

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.109 0.120 0.329 0.355–0.740

β+, EC/ β+, EC/10. β+, EC/7.4 IT β+, EC/8.4 β+, EC/~ 6.6

40+ 11/251+ 11/2-

β+, EC/6.5 β+ /76 / EC/24 /

½+ (5-)

~ 8. s 1.8 m

β+ /8.1 β+ /35 / EC/65 /

1+ 11/2-

1.6 h

β+ /42 /4.61 EC/58 /

5/2+

2.3 m

β+ /25 / EC/75 /

9+

23. s

ann.rad./ 0.2577 0.5370 0.9876 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.0789 1.5795

+1.70

ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.3977 1.7978 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.6944 1.1522 (0.120–3.318) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3945 0.6319 0.7845

4/17/06 11:00:06 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 148

Tb

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 147.92427

Tb

149m

149

Tb

148.923246

Tb

150m

150

Tb

149.92366

Tb

151m

151

Tb

150.923103

Tb

152m

11-135 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+, EC/5.69

2-

4.16 m

EC/88 / β+ /12 /

11/2-

4.13 h

β+ /4 /3.636 α/16/

6.0 m

β+ /17 / EC/83 /

3.3 h

β+, EC/4.66

2-

-0.90

25. s

I.T./95 / β+, EC/7 /

11/2-

17.61 h

β+/1 /2.565 EC/99 /

4.3 m

I.T./79 /0.5018 EC/21 /4.35

17.5 h

β+ /20 /3.99 EC/80 /

153

Tb

152.923435

2.34 d

Tb

Tb

154

487_S11.indb 135

Tb

153.92468

-1.75

+1.35

151.92407

1.8/ 3.97/

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

½+

Tb

154m1

Spin (h/2 π)

1.00 h

152

154m2

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.70/

1/2+

-0.3

+0.92

(8+)

2.5/ 2.8/

2-

-0.58

+0.3

EC/1.570

5/2+

+3.44

+1.1

23.1 h

EC/98 / I.T./2 /

(7-)

0.9

9. h

β+ /78 / I.T./22 /

(3-)

1.7

21.5 h

EC/99 /3.56 β+ /1 /

1.86/ 2.45

0-

+3.

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8824 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4888 0.7845 (0.14–3.8) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.7960 Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.3522 0.3886 (0.1–3.2) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4384 0.6380 0.6504 0.8275 ann.rad./ 0.4963 0.6380 (0.3–4.29) 0.0229 0.0495 0.3797 0.8305 Gd k x-ray 0.1083 0.2517 0.2870 (0.1–1.8) Tb k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.2833 0.3443 0.4111 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3443 (0.2–2.88) Gd k x-ray 0.2119 (0.05–1.1) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.3467 1.4199 Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.5401 (0.12–2.57) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 1.2744 2.1872

4/17/06 11:00:07 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-136 Elem. or Isot. 155

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Tb

Atomic Mass or Weight 154.92351

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

5.3 d

EC/0.82

3/2+

Tb

1.02 d

I.T./

(7-)

Tb

5.3 h

I.T./0.0884

(0+)

156m2

156m1

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) +2.01

+1.41

156

Tb

155.924747

5.3 d

EC/2.444

3-

~ 1.7

+2.

157

Tb

156.924025

1.1 × 102 y

EC/0.0601

3/2+

+2.01

+1.4

10.5 s

I.T./0.11

0-

157.925413

1.8 × 102 y

EC/80 /1.220 β- /20 /0.937

3-

+1.76

+2.7

158.925347 159.927168

72.3 d

β- /1.835

0.57/47 0.86/27

3/2+ 3-

+2.014 +1.79

+1.43 3.8

2.2

+1.2

Tb

158m

158

Tb

159

Tb Tb

160

100.

161

Tb

160.927570

6.91 d

β- /0.593

0.46/23 0.52/66 0.6/10

3/2+

162

Tb

161.92949

7.6 m

β- /2.51

1.4

(1/2-)

163

Tb

162.930648

19.5 m

β- /1.785

0.80/

3/2+

164

Tb

163.9334

3.0 m

β- /3.9

1.7/

(5+)

165

Tb

164.9349

2.1 m

β- /3.0

166

Tb Tb

165.9380 166.9401

26 s 19 s

β-/

167.944 168.946 169.950 170.953

8s

167

Tb Tb 170 Tb 171 Tb 168 169

Dy

162.500(1)

Dy

138.960

66

139

487_S11.indb 136

0.6 s

3/2+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.12–3.14) Gd k x-ray 0.08654 0.10530 Tb k x-ray 0.0496 Tb k x-ray 0.0884 Gd k x-ray 0.08896 0.19921 0.53435 1.22245 Gd k x-ray 0.0545 Gd k x-ray 0.0110 Gd k x-ray 0.0795 0.9442 0.9621 Dy k x-ray 0.08678 0.29857 0.87936 0.96615 Dy k x-ray 0.02565 0.04892 0.07458 Dy k x-ray 0.2600 0.8075 0.8882 Dy k x-ray 0.3511 0.3897 0.4945 Dy k x-ray 0.1689 0.2157 0.6110 0.6885 0.7548 0.5389 1.1785 1.2920 1.6648 0.057 0.070 0.075–0.227

β+, p

4/17/06 11:00:09 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Dy Dy 142 Dy 143 Dy 144 Dy 145m Dy 146m Dy 146 Dy 147m Dy 140

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

141

Atomic Mass or Weight 139.954 140.9514 141.9464 142.9438 143.93925 144.9365 145.93285

11-137 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

0.9 s 2.3 s 3.9 s 9.1 s 14. s 0.15 s 30. s 56. s

EC, β+ /9. EC, β+ /7.1 EC, β+ /~ 8.8 EC, β+ /~ 6.2 EC, β+ I.T. EC, β+ /5.2 I.T./40 / β+, EC/60 /

147

Dy

146.93109

75. s

EC, β+ /6.37

148

Dy

147.92715

3.1 m

β+ /4 /2.68 EC/96 /

149

Dy

148.92731

4.2 m

β+, EC/3.81

150

Dy

149.925585

7.18 m

Dy

150.926185

17. m

β+, EC/67 /1.79 α/33 / β+ /5 /2.871 EC/89 / α /6 /

151

152

153

154 155

156 157

158 159

Dy

151.92472

2.37 h

Dy

152.925765

6.3 h

Dy Dy

3. × 106 y 9.9 h

α/2.95 β+ /2 /2.095 EC/98 /

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

1.2/

0+ 11/210+ 0+ (11/2-)

-0.66

½+

-0.92

0+

(7/2-)

4.233/

+0.7

-0.12

-0.62

-0.95

-0.30

(7/2-)

-0.78

~-0.15

0+ 3/2-

-0.385

+1.04

Tb k x-ray 0.0655 0.2269

0+ 7/2-

4.067/

3.63/ 0.89/

0+

3.46/

2.87/ 0.845/

Dy k x-ray 0.072 0.6787 ann.rad./ 0.1007 0.2534 0.3653 ann.rad./ Tb k x-ray 0.6202 ann.rad./ 0.1008 0.1063 0.2534 0.6536 0.7894 1.7765 1.8062 Tb k x-ray 0.3967 Tb k x-ray 0.1764 0.3030 0.3861 0.5463 (0.16–2.09) Tb k x-ray 0.2569 Tb k x-ray 0.0807 0.0997 0.2137 (0.08–1.66)

0.056(3)

155.92428 156.92547

8.1 h

EC/1.34

0+ 3/2-

-0.301

+1.30

Dy Dy

0.095(3)

157.924409 158.925739

144. d

EC/0.366

0+ 3/2-

Tb k x-ray (0.0609–1.319)

-0.354

+1.37

2.329(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54)

159.925198 160.926933 161.926798 162.928731 163.929175

Tb k x-ray 0.3262

-0.480

+2.51

+0.673

+2.65

Dy Dy 162 Dy 163 Dy 164 Dy 165m Dy 161

487_S11.indb 137

153.92442 154.92575

Spin (h/2 π)

Dy Dy

160

165

EC/0.60 α/ β+ /1 /2.171 EC/99 / α /0.01 /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Dy

164.931703

1.26 m

I.T./98 /0.108 β- /2 /

2.33 h

β- /1.286

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/20+ 1/2-

1.29/

7/2+

-0.52

+3.5

Dy k x-ray 0.1082 0.5155 Ho k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:10 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-138 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

166

Dy

165.932807

3.400 d

β- /0.486

0.40/

0+

167

Dy

166.9357

6.2 m

β- /~ 2.35

1.78

(1/2-)

168

Dy

167.9371

8.5 m

β- /1.6

Dy Dy 171 Dy 172 Dy 173 Dy

168.9403 169.9424 170.9462 171.9488 172.953

~ 39. s

β- /3.2

169 170

Ho

67

Ho Ho 141 Ho 142 Ho 143 Ho 144 Ho 145 Ho 146 Ho 147 Ho 148m Ho 148 Ho 140

141m

139.969 140.963 141.960 142.9546 143.9515 144.9472 145.9446 146.94006 147.9377

Ho

6 ms 8 μs 4.2 ms 0.4 s > 0.2 μs 0.7 s 2.4 s 3.3 s 5.8 s 9. s 2. s

p/ p/ β+, p EC/β+, p

p/1.09 p/1.23 p/1.71

β+, EC/12 β+ β+, EC/10.7 β+, EC/8.2 β+, EC/ β+, EC/9.4

(10+) 11/241+

21. s

β+, EC/

11/2-

1/2+ (9+)

> 30. s 25. s

β+, EC/6.01 β+, EC/

Ho

149.93350

1.3 m

β+, EC/6.6

47. s

β+, EC/87 / α/13

4.605/

35.2 s

β+, EC/80/5.13 α/20 /

4.519/

50. s

β+, EC/90/ α/10/

4.453/

Ho

Ho

Ho

152m

487_S11.indb 138

0+

148.93378

151m

151

0+

Ho Ho

150m

150

0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.09468/3.8 Ho k x-ray 0.0282 0.0825 Ho k x-ray 0.2593 0.3103 0.5697 (0.06–1.4) Ho k x-ray 0.1925 0.4867

164.93032(2)

149m

149

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

150.93169

0.307

(9+)

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.6615 1.6883 ann.rad./ 1.0733 1.0911

+5.9

-1.

ann.rad./ 0.3939 0.5511 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.5913 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.2102 0.4889 0.6948 0.7762 ann.rad./ 0.3522 0.5274 0.9676 1.0471 ann.rad./ 0.4929 0.6138 0.6474

4/17/06 11:00:11 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 152

Ho

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 151.93171

Ho

153m

153

Ho

152.93020

Ho

154m

11-139 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

2.4 m

β+, EC/88/6.47 α/12/

9.3 m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(3+)

-1.02

β+, EC/99+/4.12 α/ 4.01/

5/2

+1.19

2.0 m

β+, EC/99+/4.13 α/ 3.91/

11/2-

+6.8

-1.1

3.3 m

β+, EC/

(8+)

5.7

-1.0

4.387/

+0.1

154

Ho

153.93060

12. m

β+, EC/5.75

1-

-0.64

+0.2

155

Ho

154.92910

48. m

β+/6/3.10 EC/94 /

(5/2+)

+3.51

+1.5

5.8 m

I.T./0.0352 β+ /25 / EC/75 /

+2.99

+2.3

7/2-

+4.35

+3.0

+2.44

+1.6

+3.77

+4.1

Ho

156m

1.8/ 2.9/

156

Ho

155.92984

56. m

β+, EC/4.4

157

Ho

156.92826

12.6 m

β+/5/2.54 EC/95/

Ho

28. m

I.T./44/ EC/56/

2-

Ho

21. m

β+, EC/

(9+)

11.3 m

β+/8/4.24 EC/92/

158m2

158m1

158

487_S11.indb 139

Ho

157.92894

(5+)

1.18/

1.30/

5+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6835 ann.rad./ 0.6140 0.6476 ann.rad./ 0.0905 0.1089 0.1618 0.2302 0.2707 0.3659 0.4565 ann.rad./ 0.2958 0.3346 0.4381 0.6383 ann.rad./ 0.3346 0.4124 0.4771 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.3346 0.5700 0.8734 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0474 0.1363 0.3254 (0.06–2.24) ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.1378 0.2666 (0.28–2.9) ann.rad./ 0.1378 0.2665 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.2800 0.3411 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989 0.2182 ann.rad./ 0.0981 0.1664 0.2182 0.3205 0.4062 0.9774 1.0532 0.4846 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989

4/17/06 11:00:13 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-140 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Ho

159m

159

Ho

158.927712

Ho Ho

160m

Ho

159.92873

Ho

161m

161

Ho

160.927855

Ho

162m

162

Ho

161.929096

Ho

163m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

IT/0.206

1/2+

33.0 m

EC/1.838

7/2-

+4.28

+3.2

1+ 2-

+2.52

+1.8

5+

+3.71

+4.0

IT/67/0.060 EC/33/3.35

25.6 m

β+, EC/3.29

0.57/

6.8 s

IT/0.211

2.48 h

EC/0.859

7/2-

+4.25

+3.2

1.12 h

IT/61/ EC/39/

6-

+3.60

+4.

15. m

EC/96 /0.295 β+ /4 /

1+

1.09 s

I.T./0.298

(1/2+) +4.23

+3.6

+4.17 3.6

+3.49 -3.

Ho Ho

162.928734

4.57 × 103 y 38. m

EC/0.00258 I.T./0.140

7/2(6-)

164

Ho

163.930234

29. m

EC/58 /0.987 β- /42 /0.963

1+

165

Ho Ho

1.2 × 103 y

β- /

163

164m

166m

100.

164.930322

7/27-

166

Ho

165.932284

1.117 d

β- /1.855

1.776/48 1.855/51

0-

167

Ho

166.93313

3.1 h

β- /1.007

0.31/43 0.61/21

(7/2-)

487_S11.indb 140

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

8.3 s

3. s 5.0 h

160m2

160

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2182 0.9488 Ho k x-ray 0.1660 0.2059 Dy k x-ray 0.1210 0.1320 0.2529 0.3096 (0.06–1.2) 0.0868 0.1970 0.6464 0.7281 0.8791 0.9619 0.9658 See Ho[166m] 0.7282 0.8794 Ho k x-ray 0.2112 Dy k x-ray 0.0256 0.0592 0.0774 0.1031 Dy k x-ray Ho k x-ray 0.0807 0.1850 0.2828 0.9372 1.2200 Dy k x-ray 0.0807 1.3196 1.3728 Ho k x-ray 0.2798 Dy M x-rays Ho k x-ray 0.0373 0.0566 0.0940 Dy k x-ray 0.0734 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.18407 0.71169 0.81031 Er k x-ray 0.08057 1.37943 Er k x-ray 0.0793

4/17/06 11:00:14 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

169

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

2.2 m 3.0 m

I.T./ β- /2.91

Ho

168.93687

4.7 m

β- /2.12

43. s

β- /

1+

6+

Ho

170

Ho

169.93962

2.8 m

β- /3.87

171

Ho Ho

170.941 171.9448

53 s 25. s

β- / β- /

Ho Ho 175 Ho

172.9473 173.951 174.954

173 174

Er

68

143.9604 144.9574 145.9520 146.9495 147.9446 148.94231 149.93791

> 0.2 μs 0.9 s ~ 1.7 s 2.5 s 4.5 s 10. s 10.7 s 18. s

Er Er

150.93745 151.93505

23. s 10.2 s

153

Er

152.935063

37.1 s

154

Er

153.93278

3.7 m

155

Er

154.93321

5.3 m

156

Er

155.93107

20. m

145

152

487_S11.indb 141

2.0/

3+

1.2/ 2.0/

(7/2-)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0835 0.2379 0.3213 0.3465 Er k x-ray 0.7413 0.8159 0.8211 (0.08–2.34) 0.1496 0.7610 0.7784 0.7884 0.8529 0.0787 0.8123 1.8940 1.9726 Er k x-ray 0.1816 0.2582 0.8902 0.9321 0.9414 1.1387 Er k x-ray (0.077–1.186)

167.259(3)

Er Er 146 Er 147 Er 148 Er 149m Er 149 Er 150 Er 144

151

Spin (h/2 π)

167.93552

170m

172

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.96/15 0.97/15

Ho Ho

168m 168

11-141

0+

β+ β+ E.C, β+ /~ 9.1 β+, EC/6.8 IT ECβ+ /8.1 β+ /36 /4.11 EC/64 / β+, EC/5.2 β+, EC/10/3.11 α/90/ α/ β+, EC/47/4.56 β+, EC/99+/2.03 α/0.5/ β+, EC/47/3.84 EC/53 /

β+, EC/1.7

0+ 0+ 11/2½+ 0+

4.804/ 4.674 4.35/ 4.166/

ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.4758 ann.rad./ ann.rad./

7/20+ -0.934

-0.42

0.351 (0.0945–1.700) ann.rad./

-0.669

-0.27

ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.1101 0.2415 ann.rad./ 0.0298 0.0352 0.0522 0.1336

0+ (7/2-)

0+

4/17/06 11:00:16 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-142 Elem. or Isot.

156.93192

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 25. m β+, EC/3.5

Er

157.92989

2.2 h

EC/99.5 /1.78 β+ /0.5 /

Er

158.930684

36. m

β+ /7 /2.769 EC/93 /

3/2-

Er

159.92908

1.191 d

EC/0.33

0+

Er

160.93000

3.21 h

EC/2.00

3/2-

1.25 h

EC/1.210

0+ 5/2-

10.36 h

EC/0.376

2.27 s

I.T./0.208

0+ 5/20+ ½7/2+ 0+ ½-

+0.485

0+ 5/2-

0.66

Er

157

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

158

159

160

161

Atomic Mass or Weight

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.74/

Spin (h/2 π) 3/2-

0+

Er Er

0.139(5)

161.928778 162.93003

Er Er 166 Er 167m Er

1.601(3)

163.929200 164.930726 165.930293

Er Er 169 Er

22.869(9) 26.978(18)

166.932048 167.932370 168.934590

9.40 d

β- /0.351

Er Er

14.910(36)

169.935464 170.938030

7.52 h

β- /1.491

Er

171.939356

2.05 d

β-/0.891

Er

172.9424

1.4 m

β- /2.6

(7/2-)

174

Er

173.9442

3.1 m

β- /1.8

0+

Er Er 177 Er

174.9478 175.9501 176.954

1.2 m

β-

~ 1.9 μs 3.1 μs

p p// ~ 10

162 163

164 165

167 168

170 171

172

173

175 176

33.503(36)

Tm

168.93421(2)

Tm Tm

144.9701

69

144 145

487_S11.indb 142

0.35/~ 100

0.28/48 0.36/46

0+

0+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -0.412 +0.92 ann.rad./ 0.117 0.385 1.320 1.660 1.820 2.000 Ho k x-ray 0.0719 0.2486 0.3868 -0.304 +1.17 ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.6245 0.6493 (0.07–2.5) Ho k x-ray (0.05–0.96) -0.37 +1.36 Ho k x-ray 0.8265 (0.07–1.74) +0.557

+2.55

Ho k x-ray 0.4361 0.4399 1.1135

+0.643

+2.71

Ho k x-ray

-0.5639

+3.57

Er k x-ray 0.2078

Tm k x-ray 0.1098 0.1182 2.9

Tm k x-ray 0.11160 0.29591 0.30832 (0.08–1.4) Tm k x-ray 0.0597 0.4073 0.6101 Tm k x-ray 0.1928 0.1992 0.8952 Tm k x-ray (0.100–0.152) (0.0765–1.168)

1.70, 1.43 1.73/91

4/17/06 11:00:19 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-143 Atomic Mass or Weight

Tm

146m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

0.198 s

β+, p

Tm

145.9664

0.08 s

β+/14. p

147

Tm Tm

146.9610

0.4 ms 0.56 s

Tm Tm 149 Tm 150 Tm 151 Tm 152m Tm 152 Tm 153 Tm

147.9578

0.7 s

β+, p EC, β+/85 p/15/ β+, EC/12.

148.9527 149.9500 150.94548

0.9 s 2.3 s 4. s 8. s 5. s 1.6 s

146

147m

148m 148

151.9444 152.94201

Tm

3.3 s

154m

Tm

154.93920

30. s

Tm Tm

155.93898

19. s 1.40 m

α/ β+, EC/7.6 α/

4.23/

Tm

156.93697

3.6 m

β+, EC/4.5 α/

2.6 3.97/

Tm

157.93698

4.0 m

Tm

158.93498

Tm Tm

159.93526

156

157

158

159

160m 160

(0.1007–2.177) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.4605–0.7960 ann.rad./ 0.0315 0.0638 0.0881 0.2268 0.5320 0.6067

4.46/

4.46/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./

5.109/ α/5.031/100 4.84/0.24 α/4.956/100 4.83/0.45

8.1 s

156m

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

9+

153.94157

155

Spin (h/2 π)

11/26-

Tm

154

487_S11.indb 143

β+, EC/~ 9.2 β+, EC/~ 11.5 β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/8.8 β+, EC/10 /6.46 α/90 / β+, EC/15 / α/ β+, EC/56 /7.4 α/44 / β+, EC/5.58 α/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.4/9 p/1.118/100 1.01/ 0.89/8 p/1.19/100 1.01/28 0.94/22 p/1.115 ~ 10.7 1.052/

2-

+0.40

-0.5

½

+0.48

β+, EC/74 /6.5 EC/26 /

(2-)

+0.04

+0.7

9.1 m

β+/23 /3.9 EC/77 /

5/2+

+3.42

+1.9

1.24 m 9.4 m

IT β+/15 /5.9 EC/85 /

(5) 1-

+0.16

+0.58

ann.rad./ 0.3446 0.4529 0.5860 ann.rad./ 0.1104 0.3484 0.3855 0.4550 (0.1–1.58) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1921 0.3351 0.6280 1.1498 (0.18–2.81) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0591 0.0848 0.2713 (0.05–1.27) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1264 0.2642 0.7285 0.8544

4/17/06 11:00:20 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-144 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Tm

Atomic Mass or Weight

160.93355

161

Tm

162m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

31. m

β+, EC/3.2

7/2+

24. s

I.T./90 / β+, EC/10 /

5+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

+2.40

+2.9

+0.69

Tm

161.93400

21.7 m

β+ /8 /4.81 EC/92 /

1-

+0.07

Tm

162.93265

1.81 h

EC/98 /2.439 β+ /1 /

½+

-0.082

5.1 m

I.T./80 / β+, EC/20 /

6-

162

163

Tm

164m

Tm

163.93356

2.0 m

β+ /36 /3.96 EC/64 /

1+

+2.38

Tm

164.932435

1.253 d

EC/1.593

½+

-0.139

Tm

165.93355

7.70 h

EC/98 /3.04 β+ /2 /

2+

+0.092

Tm

166.932852

9.24 d

EC/0.748

½+

-0.197

Tm

167.934173

93.1 d

EC/1.679

3+

+0.23

+3.2

168.934213 169.935801

128.6 d

½+ 1-

-0.232 +0.247

-1.2 +0.74

Tm

170.936429

1.92 y

β- /99.8/0.968 EC/0.2 /0.314 β- /0.096

½+

-0.230

Tm

171.93840

2.65 d

β- /1.88

Tm

172.939604

8.2 h

β- /1.298

164

165

166

167

168

Tm Tm

169 170

171

172

173

487_S11.indb 144

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

100

2.94/

0.883/24 0.968/76 0.03/2 0.096/98 1.79/36 1.88/29

0.80/21

2-

½+

+0.71

+2.14

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8614 1.3685 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0595 0.0844 1.6481 (0.04–2.15) Tm k x-ray Er k x-ray 0.0669 0.8115 0.9003 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1020 0.7987 (0.1–3.75) Er k x-ray 0.0692 0.1043 0.2414 0.0914 0.1394 0.2081 0.2405 0.3149 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.0472 0.0544 0.29728 0.80636 Er k x-ray 0.0806 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Er k x-ray 0.0571 0.20778 Er k x-ray 0.19825 0.4475 0.81595 Yb k x-ray 0.08425 0.06674 Yb k x-ray 0.07879 1.38722 1.46601 1.52982 1.60861 Yb k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:21 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-145 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.86/71

Spin (h/2 π)

Tm Tm

173.94217

2.29 s 5.4 m

β- /3.08

0.70/14 1.20/83

(4-)

Tm

174.94384

15.2 m

β- /2.39

0.9/36 1.9/23

(1/2+)

176

Tm

175.9470

1.9 m

β-/4.2

2.0/ 1.2/

(4+)

Tm Tm 179 Tm

176.9490 177.9526 178.955

1.4 m

β-

70

Yb

173.04(3)

Yb Yb 150 Yb 151 Yb 152 Yb 153 Yb 154 Yb

147.967 148.964 149.9584 150.9554 151.9503 152.9495 153.94639

0.7 s > 0.2 μs 1.6 s 3.2 s 4. s 0.40 s

β+, p

Yb

154.9458

1.7 s

Yb

155.94282

26. s

Yb

156.94263

39. s

Yb

157.93987

1.5 m

β+, EC/1.9

Yb

158.94005

1.4 m

EC, β+/5.1

Yb

159.93755

4.8 m

β+, EC/2.0

0+

Yb

160.93790

4.2 m

β+, EC/3.9

3/2-

Yb

161.93577

18.9 m

β+, EC/1.7

0+

174m 174

175

177 178

148 149

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

487_S11.indb 145

β+ /8.5 β+ EC/5.5 β+ EC/6.7 β+ EC/7 /4.49 α/93 / β+, EC/16 /6.0 α/84 / β+, EC/21/3.57 α/79 / β+, EC/99+/5.5 α/0.5/

p/2.5–6.4/

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3988 0.4613 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 0.17669 0.27332 0.3666 0.99205 (0.08–1.6) Yb k x-ray 0.36396 0.51487 0.94125 0.98247 Yb k x-ray 0.1898 0.3819 1.0691

0+

0.647

0+ 0+

5.32/ 5.19/ 4.69/

0+

ann.rad./ -0.8

-1.

0+

ann.rad./ -0.64

4.69/

ann.rad./

0+

-0.37

-.022

-0.33

+1.03

ann.rad./ 0.231 (0.035–0.670) ann.rad./ 0.0741 0.2526 Tm k x-ray 0.1661 0.1772 0.3297 0.3903 ann.rad./ 0.1404 0.1737 0.2158 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0782 0.5999 0.6315 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.1188

4/17/06 11:00:23 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-146 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Yb

162.93633

11.1 m

β+ /26 /3.4

Yb

163.93449

1.26 h

EC/1.0

Yb

164.93528

9.9 m

β+ /10 /2.76 EC/90 /

Yb

165.93388

2.363 d

EC/0.30

Yb

166.934950

17.5 m

β+ /0.5 /1.954 EC/99.5 /

46. s

I.T./0.0242

0+ 1/2-

32.02 d

EC/0.909

7/2+

4.19 d

β- /0.470

0+ 1/20+ 5/20+ 7/2-

11.4 s

I.T./1.051

175.942572

1026 y 6.41 s

β-βI.T./0.3315

Yb

176.945261

1.9 h

β- /1.399

1.40

9/2+

178

Yb

177.94665

1.23 h

β- /0.65

0.25/

0+

Yb Yb 181 Yb

178.9502 179.9523 180.9562

8. m 2. m

β- /2.4 β-

163

164

165

166

167

Yb Yb

168

169m

0.13(1)

Yb

168.935190

169

Yb Yb 172 Yb 173 Yb 174 Yb 175 Yb 170 171

167.933897

3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92)

169.934762 170.936326 171.936382 172.938211 173.938862 174.941277

Yb

176m

Yb Yb

176

177m

177

179 180

Lu

71

487_S11.indb 146

12.76(41)

1.4/

Spin (h/2 π) 3/2-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.37

+1.24

+0.48

+2.48

+0.62

+2.70

0+

1.58/

(5/2-)

0+

0.639/

0.466/73 0.071/21 0.353/6.2

5/2-

(8-)

0+ 1/2-

0+

-0.63

+3.5

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1635 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0636 0.8603 (0.06 –1.9) Tm k x-ray 0.0914 0.6752 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0801 1.0903 Tm k x-ray 0.0828 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Tm k x-ray 0.06296 0.10616 0.11337 0.17633 Yb L x-ray 0.0242 0.1979/35.9 0.3078/10.05 0.0207–0.2611

+0.49367 -0.67989 0.77

+2.80 Lu k x-ray 0.3963/13 (0.114–0.28) Yb k x-ray 0.0961 0.1901 0.2929 0.3897 Yb k x-ray 0.1131 0.2084 Lu k x-ray 0.1504 0.1415 0.3246 0.3516 0.3815 0.6125 0.1028–0.4423

174.967(1)

4/17/06 11:00:25 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

154.95432

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.045 ms 43. ms 16 μs 0.08 s 0.7 s 0.9 s 1.0 s 2.6 ms 0.07 s

155.9530

0.20 s ~ 0.5 s

Lu Lu

156.95010

~ 9.6 s 4.8 s

Lu

157.94931

10.4 s

Lu

158.94663

12.3 s

β+, EC/6.0

Lu

159.9460

36.1 s

β+, EC/7.3

Lu

160.94357

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.3

Lu Lu

161.9433

~ 1.5 m 1.37 m

EC/ β+, EC/6.9

Lu

162.94118

4.1 m

β+, EC/4.6

Lu

163.94134

3.14 m

β+, EC/6.3

1.6/ 3.8/

Lu

164.93941

10.7 m

β+, EC/3.9

2.06/

2.1 m

β+ /35 / EC/65 /

Lu Lu 151m Lu 151 Lu 152 Lu 153 Lu 154 Lu 155m Lu 155 Lu 150m 150

Lu 156 Lu

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-147 Atomic Mass or Weight

149.973 150.9676 151.9641 152.9588 153.9575

156m

157m 157

158

159

160

161

162m 162

163

164

165

Lu

166m2

487_S11.indb 147

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) p/1.29 p p/1.31 p/1.231

β+, EC/10.8 α/7.41 EC/8.0 α/ α/ β+, EC/9.5 α/ α β+, EC/94 /6.93 α/ β+, EC/99 /8.0 α/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

5.66/90 5.57/

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./

5.45/ 4.925/

ann.rad./

5.00/ 4.67/

41-

1/2+

(0-)

ann.rad./ 0.3682 0.4770 ann.rad./ 0.1505 0.1875 0.3693 ann.rad./ 0.2434 0.3957 0.5773 ann.rad./ 0.0437 0.0671 0.1003 0.1108 0.1562 0.2562 ann.rad./ 0.1666 0.6314 ann.rad./ 0.0539 0.0581 0.1504 0.1631 0.3717 0.1238 0.2621 0.7404 0.8639 0.8804 ann.rad./ 0.1206 0.1324 0.1742 0.2036 (0.04–2.0) ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 1.0673 1.2566 2.0986

4/17/06 11:00:26 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-148 Elem. or Isot. Lu

166m1

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π) (3-)

Lu

165.93986

2.8 m

β+ /25 /5.5 EC/75 /

Lu

166.93827

52. m

β+ /2 /3.1 EC/98 /

6.7 m

β+ /12 / EC/88 / IT/<0.8

5.5 m

β+ /6 /4.5 EC/94 /

2.7 m

I.T./0.0290

1.419 d

EC/2.293

0.7 s

I.T./0.0929

2.01 d

EC/3.46

1.31 m

I.T./0.0711

8.24 d

EC/1.479

3.7 m

I.T./0.0419

1-

166

167

Lu

168m

Lu

168

167.93874

Lu

169m

Lu

169

168.93765

Lu

170m

Lu

170

169.93848

Lu

171m

Lu

171

170.937913

Lu

172m

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(6-)

2.1/

7/2+

3+

1.2/

(6-)

1/21.271/

7/2+

2.30

3.5

2.30

3.42

4-

2.44/

0+

1/20.362/

7/2+

Lu

171.939086

6.64 d

EC/2.519

4-

2.90

3.80

Lu

172.938931

1.37 y

EC/0.671

7/2+

2.28

3.63

142. d

IT/99.3/ EC/0.7 /

6-

1.50

172

173

Lu

174m

487_S11.indb 148

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.4 m β+, EC/58 / I.T./42 /0.0344

0.17086

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.1024 0.2281 0.2861 0.8119 0.8301 ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 0.1024 0.2281 0.3375 0.3679 Yb k x-ray 0.0297 0.2392 (0.03–2.0) ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 0.1988/190 0.8960/100 0.9792/128 0.018–2.65 ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 0.1114 0.1124 0.2286 0.3483 1.4836 Lu L x-ray 0.0290 Yb k x-ray 0.19121 0.9606 (0.08–2.1) Lu L x-ray 0.04449 0.0484 Yb k x-ray 0.58711 0.5908 1.28029 (0.1–3.38) Lu k x-ray 0.07119 Yb k x-ray 0.01939 0.66744 (0.02–1.3) Lu L x-rays 0.04186 Yb k x-ray 0.18156 1.09367 (0.07–2.2) Yb k x-ray 0.07860 0.27198 Lu k x-ray 0.067055

4/17/06 11:00:27 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Lu

174

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-149 Atomic Mass or Weight

173.940338

Lu Lu

97.41(2)

174.940772

Lu

2.59(2)

175.942686

175

176m

176

Lu Lu

177m2 177m

Lu

177

176.943758

Lu

178m

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 3.3 y EC/1.374

3.66 h

β- /1.315

3.73 × 1010 y

β- /1.192 β+/ < 0.9

6. m 160.7 d

βIT/22/0.9702 β- /78

6.65 d

β- /0.498

23.1 m

β- /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.229/ 1.317/

Spin (h/2 π) 1-

7/2+ 17-

39/223/2-

0.497/

7/2+ (9-)

Lu

177.945955

28.5 m

β-/2.099

2.03/

1+

Lu

178.94733

4.6 h

β- /1.405

1.35/

7/2+

Lu

179.9499

5.7 m

β- /3.1

1.49/

Lu

180.9520

3.5 m

β- /2.5

Lu

181.9550

2.0 m

β- /~ 4.1

Lu Lu

182.9576 183.9609

58. s 20 s

β- / β-

7/2+

72

Hf

178.49(2)

Hf Hf 155 Hf 156 Hf 157 Hf 158 Hf

152.971 153.965 154.9634 155.9594 156.9584 157.95480

> 0.2 μs 2. s 0.9 s 25. ms 0.11 s 2.9 s

0+

Hf

158.95400

5.6 s

Hf

159.95068

~ 12. s

Hf Hf

160.95028 161.94721

17. s 38. s

EC, β+/~ 6.7 EC, β+/8. α/ α/ EC/54 /5.1 α/46 / β+, EC/88 /6.9 α/12 / β+, EC/97 /4.9 α/4.78 α/ β+, EC/3.7

Hf

162.94709

40. s

β+, EC/5.5

178

179

180

181

182

183 184

153 154

159

160

161 162

163

487_S11.indb 149

(7/2+)

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) 1.9 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 1.2419 +2.2327 +3.49 +0.318 -1.47 Hf k x-ray 0.088372 +3.169 +4.92 Hf k x-ray 0.20187 0.30691 0.089 2.33 5.4 Lu k x-ray Hf k x-ray 0.11295 0.20836 0.37850 0.41853 +2.239 +3.39 0.11295 0.20836 0.2166 0.3317 Hf k x-ray 0.0932 1.3099 1.3408 (0.09–1.7) 0.2143 0.3377 0.40795/50. (0.07–1.9) 0.0458 0.2059 0.5749 0.0978 0.7208 0.8182

0+

5.27/ 5.09/

4.60/

0+ ann.rad./ 0+

ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./ 0.1739 0.1963 0.4101 ann.rad./ 0.0454 0.0621 0.0710

4/17/06 11:00:29 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-150 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Hf Hf 166 Hf

163.94438 164.94457 165.94218

2.8 m 1.32 m 6.8 m

EC, β+/3.0 EC/4.6 EC/93 /2.3 β+ /7 /

0+ 11/20+

Hf

166.94260

2.0 m

β+ /40 /4.0 EC/60 /

(5/2-)

Hf

167.94057

25.9 m

β+, EC/1.8

0+

Hf

168.94126

3.25 m

EC/85 /3.3 β+ /15 /

(5/2-)

Hf

169.93961

16.0 h

EC/1.1

0+

Hf Hf

170.94049

30. s 12.2 h

EC, β+ /2.4

(1/2-) 7/2+

Hf

171.93945

1.87 y

EC/0.35

0+

Hf

172.94051

23.6 h

EC/1.6

½-

2.0 × 1015 y 71. d

EC/0.686

0+ 5/2-

51.4 m

I.T./2.740

0+ 37/2-

1.1 s

I.T./

23/2+

31. y

I.T./

7/216+

4.0 s

I.T./

8-

164 165

167

168

169

170

171m 171

172

173

Hf Hf

0.16(1)

173.940046 174.941509

Hf Hf

5.26(7)

175.941409

174 175

176

177m2

Hf

177m1

Hf Hf

177

178m2

Hf

178m1

487_S11.indb 150

18.60(9)

176.943221

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6882

ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.0788 ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.1754 0.3152 ann.rad./ (0.0144–1.311) ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.3695 0.4929 Lu k x-ray 0.0985 0.1202 0.1647 0.5729 0.6207

+0.53 -0.67

+3.46

ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.1221 0.6620 1.0714 Lu k x-ray 0.02399 0.12582 (0.0818–0.123) Lu k x-ray 0.12367 0.13963 0.29697 0.31124 (0.1–2.1)

-0.60

+2.7

Lu k x-ray 0.08936 0.34340

+0.7935 +8.16

+0.337 +6.00

Hf k x-ray 0.2140 0.2951 0.3115 0.3267 Hf k x-ray 0.20836 0.22847 0.37851 Hf k x-ray 0.32555 0.42635 0.089–0.574 Hf k x-ray 0.21342 0.32555

4/17/06 11:00:30 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Hf Hf

178

179m2

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 27.28(7)

11-151 Atomic Mass or Weight

177.943699

Hf

179m1

Hf Hf

179

180m

Hf Hf 181 Hf 180

181m

13.62(2)

178.945816

35.08(16)

179.946550 180.949101

Hf

182m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

25.1 d

I.T./1.1057

0+ 25/2-

18.7 s

I.T./0.375

½-

5.52 h

I.T./1.1416

9/2+ 8-

1.5 ms 42.4 d

/1.738 β- /1.027

0.408/

0+ 25/21/2-

62. m

β- /54 /1.60 IT/46 /1.173

0.49/43 0.95/10

8-

Hf

181.95055

8.9 × 106 y

β- /0.37

Hf

182.95353

1.07 h

β- /2.01

1.18/68 1.54/25

3/2-

184

Hf

183.95545

4.1 h

β- /1.34

0.74/38 0.85/16 1.10/46

0+

Hf Hf 187 Hf 188 Hf

184.9588 185.9609 186.9646 187.967

~ 3.5 m ~ 2.6 m > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /

p/1.77 β+ /~ 11.6 p/ α/ p/ α/

182

183

185 186

Ta

180.94788(2)

Ta Ta

154.975 155.9723

12 μs 0.11 s

Ta

156.9682

10 ms

Ta

157.9667

37. ms

Ta

158.96302

0.6 s

Ta

159.9615

1.4 s

Ta

160.9584

3.16 s

Ta

161.9573

4. s

73

155 156

157

158

159

160

161

162

487_S11.indb 151

0+

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.42635

7.4

Hf k x-ray 0.1227 0.1461 0.3626 0.4537 Hf k x-ray 0.1607 0.2141

-0.641 +9.

+3.79 +4.6

Hf k x-ray 0.2152 0.3323 0.4432

Ta k x-ray 0.13294/54 0.48200/100 0.3459/20 Hf k x-ray 0.0509 0.2244 0.3441 0.4558 0.5066 0.9428 Ta k x-ray 0.2704/79 (0.098-0.270) Ta k x-ray 0.0732 0.4591 0.7837 Ta k x-ray 0.0414 0.1391 0.3449 0.165 0.738

0+

β+, EC/20 /8.5 α/80 / β+, EC/10.1 α β+, EC/7.5 α/ EC/8.6

1.02/~ 100 6.117 0.927/3.4 6.05/100 5.97/100 α/5.52/34 5.60/55 5.41/ 5.15

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./

4/17/06 11:00:32 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-152 Elem. or Isot. Ta Ta

163 164

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 162.95433 163.95353

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

4.62/

Spin (h/2 π)

164.95077 165.95051

31. s 34. s

ECβ+/5.9 β+ /82 /7.7 EC/18 /

Ta Ta

166.94809 167.94805

1.4 m 2.4 m

β+, EC/5.6 β+ /77 /6.7 EC/23 /

Ta

168.94601

4.9 m

β+, EC/4.4

Ta

169.94618

6.8 m

β +/70 /6.0 EC/35 /

(3+)

Ta

170.94448

23.3 m

β+, EC/3.7

(5/2-)

Ta

171.94490

36.8 m

β+ /25 /4.9 EC/75 /

(3-)

Ta

172.94375

3.6 h

β+ /24 /3.7 EC/76 /

(5/2-)

Ta

173.94445

1.12 h

β+ /27 /3.8 EC/73 /

(3+)

Ta

174.94374

10.5 h

EC/2.0

7/2+

Ta

175.94486

8.1 h

EC/3.1

1-

Ta

176.944472

2.356 d

EC/1.166

7/2+

2.4 h

EC/

(7-)

9.29 m

EC/99 /1.9 β+ /1 /

1+

166

167 168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

Ta

178m

Ta

178

177.94578

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

3+

Ta Ta

165

487_S11.indb 152

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 10.6 s EC/6.8 14.2 s β+ /8.5 α/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.2110 0.3768

3+

1.70

-1.9

2.27

+3.7

2.25

+2.74

+0.65

ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1587 0.3117 0.8101 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1239 0.2615 0.7502 ann.rad./ 0.0288 0.1535 0.1924 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1008 0.2212 0.0496 0.5018 0.5064 (0.05–1.02) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.21396 1.10923 (0.09 –3.8) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.06972 0.17219 (0.06 –2.7) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09089 0.20638 (0.09–3.64) Hf k x-ray 0.2077 0.2671 0.3487 Hf k x-ray 0.08837 1.15735 Hf k x-ray 0.11295 (0.07–1.06) Hf k x-ray 0.08886 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:33 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ta Ta 180 Ta

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

179

180m

Ta Ta

181

182m

0.0120(2)

99.9880(2)

11-153 Atomic Mass or Weight

178.945930 179.947465

180.947996

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 1.8 y >1.2 × 1015 y 8.15 h

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

EC/0.110 EC/87 /0.854 β- /13 /0.708

15.8 m

I.T./0.5198

0.61/3 0.71/10

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

7/2+ (9-) 1+

2.29 4.82

3.37

7/2+ 10-

+2.370

+3.3

+2.6

Ta

181.950152

114.43 d

β- /1.814

0.25/30 0.44/20 0.52/40

3-

+3.02

Ta

182.951373

5.1 d

β- /1.070

0.45/5 0.62/91

7/2+

+2.36

Ta

183.95401

8.7 h

β- /2.87

1.11/15 1.17/81

(5-)

Ta

184.95556

49. m

β- /1.99

1.21/5 1.77/81

(7/2+)

186

Ta

185.9586

10.5 m

β- /3.9

2.2/

(3-)

Ta Ta 189 Ta

186.9605 187.9637 188.9658

> 0.3 μs 5 μs > 0.3 μs

W

183.84(1)

W W 159 W 160 W 161 W

157.975 158.9729 159.9685 160.9674

0.14 ms 1.3 ms 7. ms 0.08 s 0.41 s

W

161.9635

1.39 s

163

W

162.9625

2.8 s

164

W

163.95895

6. s

W

164.95828

5.1 s

W

165.95503

16. s

W W

166.95482 167.95181

20. s 53. s

182

183

184

185

187 188

74

158m 158

162

165

166

167 168

487_S11.indb 153

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.09316 Hf k x-ray Hf k x-ray W k x-ray 0.09333 0.10340 Ta k x-ray 0.14678 0.17157 W k x-ray 1.12127/100 1.22138/79 0.085–1.289 W k x-ray 0.0847 0.0991 0.1079 0.2461 0.3540 W k x-ray 0.2528/44. 0.4140/74. (0.09–1.4) W k x-ray 0.0697 0.1739 0.1776 W k x-ray 0.1979 0.2149 0.5106 (0.09–1.5) 0.292

α α/ α/ α/ β+, EC/18 /8.1 α/82 / β+, EC/54 /5.8 α/46 / β+, EC/59 /7.5 α/41 / β+, EC/97 /5.0 α/3 / β+, EC/99 /7.0 α/1 / β+, EC/99 /4.2 α/1 / EC/5.6 EC/3.8 α/10-5/

8.28(3)/ 6.433/96

0+

5.92/

0+

5.78/ 5.54/ 5.38/ 5.15/ 4.91/ 4.74/

4.40(1)

0+

0+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1755

4/17/06 11:00:35 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-154 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

169

W

168.95178

1.3 m

EC/5.4

170

W

169.94923

2.4 m

EC/2.2

171

W

170.94945

2.4 m

EC/4.6

172

W

171.94729

6.6 m

β+, EC/2.5

173

W

172.94769

6.3 m

EC/4.0

174

W

173.94608

35. m

EC/1.9

0+

175

W W

174.94672 175.94563

35. m 2.5 h

EC/2.9 β+, EC/0.8

½0+

177

W

176.94664

2.21 h

EC/2.0

(1/2-)

178

W W

177.94588

21.6 d 6.4 m

0+ (1/2-)

179

W

178.94707

38. m

EC/0.091 IT/99.7/0.222 EC/0.3/ EC/1.06

180

W W

0.12(1)

179.946704 180.948197

1.8 × 1018 y 121.1 d

α/ EC/0.188

0+ 9/2+

W W

26.50(16)

181.948204

> 7.7 × 1021 y 5.15 s

α/ I.T./

0+ (11/2+)

14.31(4) 30.64(2)

182.950223 183.950931

> 4.1 × 1021 y > 8.9 × 1021 y 1.6 m

α/ α/ I.T./0.1974

½0+ 11/2+

28.43(19)

184.953419 185.954364

74.8 d > 8.2 × 1021 y 1.6 μs 23.9 h

β- /0.433 α/ IT β- /1.311

176

179m

181

182

183m

W W 185m W 183 184

W W 187m W 187 W 185 186

487_S11.indb 154

186.957161

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

0+

(7/2-)

0.433/99.9 0.411 0.624/66

3/20+ 11/2+ 3/2-

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.037–0.573) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.123 (0.097–0.699) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3162 (0.060–0.144) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1842 (0.052–0.479) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.0389 (0.034–0.674) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.4576 (0.035–0.623) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3287 0.4288 (0.056–0.429) (0.015–0.27) 0.03358 0.06129 0.09487 0.10020 Ta k x-ray 0.15505 0.18569 0.42694 Ta k x-ray W k x-ray 0.2220 Ta k x-ray 0.0307 Ta k x-ray 0.13617 0.15221

+0.1177848

W k x-ray 0.0465 0.0526 0.0991 0.1605

W k x-ray 0.0659 0.1315 0.1737 0.12536

0.62

(0.014-0.287) Re k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:36 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-155 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.315/16 0.081–1.18 0.349/99

Spin (h/2 π)

188

W

187.958489

69.78 d

β- /0.349

189

W

188.9619

9.7 m

β- /2.5

(3/2-)

W W

189.9632

~ 0.06 ms 30. m

1.4/ 2.5/

β- /1.3

0.95/

0+

W W

190.9666 191.968

> 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

Re

186.207(1)

Re

159.9821

0.7 ms

Re

160.9776

14 ms

Re

161.9760

0.10 s

Re

162.97208

0.26 s

Re

163.9703

0.9 s

Re 165 Re

164.96709

~ 2.37 s 2.6 s

Re

165.9658

2.5 s

Re 167 Re

166.9626

6.2 s 3.4 s

Re

167.96157

4.4 s

190m 190

191 192

75

160

161

162

163

164

165m

166

167m

168

Re

169m

8.1 s

β+, EC/9.0 α/ β+, EC/10.7 α/ α/ β+, EC/87 /8.1 α/ β+, EC/9.4 α/ α, EC/ β+, EC/7.4 α/ β+, EC/9.1 α/ α

16. s 9.2 s

β+, EC/9.0

Re Re

170.95572

15.2 s 55. s

EC/~ 5.7 β+, EC/

Re

171.9554

15. s

β+, EC/7.3

Re Re

172.95324 173.95312

2.0 m 2.4 m

EC/~ 3.9 β+, EC/5.6

Re Re

174.95138 175.95162

5.8 m 5.3 m

β+, EC/4.3 β+, EC/5.6

Re

176.95033

14. m

EC/78 /3.4 β+ /22 /

171

172m

172

173 174

175 176

177

487_S11.indb 155

p/ α/ α/ p α/

168.95879 169.95822

170

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.68572/33 0.134–0.773 0.0636 0.2271 0.2907 0.2604 (0.1262-1.466) (0.0585-0.694) Re k x-ray 0.1576 0.1621

0+

Re Re

169

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

1.261(6)/91 6.54/ 6.24 1.35 6.12/94 6.09/94 α/5.87/32 5.92/66 5.78/ 5.502/ 5.49/ < 5. 5.50/

5.015/ 0.1117

4.833/ 4.70/ 4.87/

0.1560 0.3055 0.4125 (2)

(3+)

(5/2-)

ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 0.3504 ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1119 0.2430 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1089 0.2406 ann.rad./ W k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:38 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-156 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Re

177.95099

13.2 m

Re Re

178.94999

0.47 ms 19.7 m

Re

179.95079

Re

180.95007

178

179m 179

180

181

Re

182m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0797 0.0843 0.1968 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1059 0.2373 0.9391 W k x-ray 0.1199 0.2900 0.4154 0.4302 1.6803 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1036 0.9028 (0.07–2.2) W k x-ray 0.3607 0.3655 0.6390 W k x-ray 0.0677 1.1214 1.2215 (0.06–2.2) W k x-ray 0.0678 0.2293 1.1213 1.2214 W k x-ray 0.16232 Re k x-ray 0.1047 0.2165 0.92093 (0.10–1.1) W k x-ray 0.79207 0.90328 (0.1–1.4)

β+ /11 /4.7 EC/89 /

3.3/

(3+)

EC/99 /2.71 β+ /1 /

0.95/

(5/2+)

2.8

2.45 m

EC/92 /3.80 β+ /8 /

1.76/

1-

1.6

20. h

EC /1.74

5/2+

3.19

12.7 h

EC/

2+

3.3

+1.8

0.55/ 1.74/

Re

181.9512

2.67 d

EC/2.8

(7+)

2.8

+4.1

Re

182.95082

70. d

EC/0.56

(5/2+)

+3.17

+2.3

165. d

I.T./75 /0.188 EC/25 /

8+

+2.9

38. d

EC/1.48

3-

+2.53

+2.8

2.0 × 105 y

I.T./0.150

5/2+ 8+

+3.1871

+2.18

185.954986

3.718 d

β- /92 /1.070 EC/8 /0.582

0.973/21 1.07/71

1-

+1.739

+0.62

186.955753

4.2 × 1010 y 18.6 m

β- /0.00266 I.T./0.172

0.0025/

5/2+ (6-)

+3.2197

+2.07

Re

187.958114

17.00 h

β- /2.120

1.962/20 2.118/79

1-

+1.788

+0.57

Re

188.95923

24. h

β- /1.01

1.01/

(5/2+)

182

183

Re

184m

Re

183.952521

184

Re Re

185

186m

37.40(2)

Re

186

Re Re

187

188m

188

189

487_S11.indb 156

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

62.60(2)

184.952955

Re k x-ray 0.0590 W k x-ray 0.1227/0.6 0.1372/9.5 (0.63–0.77) Re k x-ray 0.0925 0.1059 Os k x-ray 0.15502 0.309–2.022 0.1471

4/17/06 11:00:43 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-157 Atomic Mass or Weight

Re

190m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

3.0 h

β- /51 / I.T./49 /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

(6-)

190

Re

189.9618

3.0 m

β- /3.2

1.8/

Re Re 192 Re 193m Re 193 Re 194 Re

190.96313

9.7 m ~ 0.12 ms 16. s ~ 0.08 ms > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /2.05

1.8/

β- /4.2

~ 2.5/

76

Os

190.23(3)

Os Os 164 Os 165 Os 166 Os

161.984 162.9827 163.9780 164.9768 165.97269

1.8 ms 5.5 ms 0.04 s 0.07 s 0.18 s

6.60 6.51

Os

166.9716

0.7 s

Os

167.96780

2.2 s

Os

168.96702

3.3 s

α/ α/ α α β+, EC/28 /6.3 α/72 / β+, EC/76 /8.2 α/24 / β+, EC/51 /5.7 α/49 / β+, EC/89 /7.7 α/13 /

Os

169.96358

7.1 s

Os

170.96319

8.4 s

Os

171.96002

19. s

Os

172.95981

16. s

Os

173.95706

44. s

Os

174.95695

1.4 m

β+, EC/5.3

Os

175.95481

3.6 m

β+, EC/3.2

0+

Os

176.95497

2.8 m

β+, EC/4.5

(1/2-)

Os

177.95325

5.0 m

β+, EC/2.3

0+

191

192m

162 163

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

487_S11.indb 157

191.9660 192.9675 193.9704

β+, EC/5.0 α/ β+, EC/98 /7.1 α/19 / β+, EC/99 /4.5 α/1.1/ β+, EC/6.3 α/0.4 / β+, EC/3.9 α/0.02 /

6.27/ 5.98/ 5.84/

5.57/80 5.51/12 5.54/8 5.40/ α/5.24/93.5 5.17/6.5 5.10/ 4.94/ 4.76/

(2-)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2167 0.2194 0.2451 Re k x-ray 0.1191 0.2238 0.6731 (0.1–1.79) Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.5580 0.6051 (0.0606-0.146) (0.2–0.75) (0.061-0.146)

0+ 0+ 0+

ann. rad./ ann.rad./

0+

ann. rad./ ann.rad./

0+

0+

0+

ann.rad./ (0.162–0.216) ann.rad./ 0.190–0.705 ann.rad./ (0.063–1.120) ann.rad./ 0.142–0.299 0.118 0.138 / 0.001 0.158 0.325 0.125 0.181 0.248 0.8155 0.7758 0.8573 1.2093 1.2909 0.0848 0.1958 0.3002 1.2686 ann.rad./ 0.5946

4/17/06 11:00:45 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-158 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Os

178.95382

7. m

β+, EC/3.7

Os

179.95238

21.5 m

β+, EC/1.5

0+

1.75 h

EC/

(1/2-)

179

180

Os

181m

Os

180.95324

2.7 m

EC/2.9

(7/2-)

Os

181.95211

21.5 h

EC/0.9

0+

9.9 h

EC/84 / I.T./16 /

½-

182.95313

13. h

EC/2.1

9/2+

93.6 d

EC/1.013

0+ ½-

2. × 1015 y

α/

5.8 h

I.T./0.0308

0+ ½0+ 9/2-

9.9 m

I.T./1.705

3/2+ 10-

13.1 h

I.T./0.0744

0+ 3/2-

15.4 d

β- /0.314

6.0 s

I.T./2.0154

191.961481 192.964152

30.5 h

β- /1.141

1.04/20

Os

193.965182

6.0 y

β- /0.097

Os Os

194.968 195.96964

6.5 m 34.9 m

β- /2.0 β- /1.16

0.054/33 0.096/67 2.0/ 0.84/

181

182

Os

183m

Os

183

Os Os

0.02(1)

183.952489 184.954042

Os Os 188 Os 189m Os

1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8)

185.953838 186.955750 187.955838

Os Os

16.15(5)

188.958148

Os Os

26.26(2)

189.958447

184 185

186 187

189

190m

190

191m

Os

190.960930

191

Os

192m

Os Os

192 193

194

195 196

487_S11.indb 158

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

40.78(19)

~ 2.75/

0.140/100

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

-0.79

+3.1

Re k x-ray 0.6461 0.8748 0.8805 +0.0646519

+0.65993 -0.6

9/2-

+0.86

+2.5

(10-)

0+ 3/2-

0+

0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6850 0.9687 1.3311 ann.rad./ 0.0654 0.2186 0.5938 Re k x-ray 0.0202–0.7174 ann.rad./ 0.0489 ann.rad./ 0.11794 0.23868 0.8267 (0.07–2.64) Re k x-ray 0.1802 0.5100 Os k x-ray Re k x-ray 1.1020 1.1080 Re k x-ray 0.1144 0.3818

+0.730

+0.47

Os L x-ray 0.0308 Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.3611 0.5026 0.6161 Os k x-ray 0.0744 Ir k x-ray 0.1294 Os k x-ray 0.2058/65.9 0.5692/70 (0.201–1.000) Ir k x-ray 0.1389 0.4605 Ir L x-ray 0.0429 0.1262/5 0.4079/5.9

4/17/06 11:00:47 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Os

197

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-159 Atomic Mass or Weight

Ir

192.217(3)

Ir Ir

163.9922 164.9875

77

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 2.8 m β-

167

Ir

166.98167

32. ms

Ir Ir 169 Ir 170 Ir 171 Ir 172 Ir

167.9799 168.97630 169.9750 170.97163 171.9705

0.16 s 280. ms 353. ms 0.43 s 1.3 s 2.1 s

p p/87 α/13 α/98.2 p/1.8 α/93 p/6.9 α/48, β+ p/32 α/80, β+ p/0.4 α/82 α/ α/ α/ α/ α/

Ir

172.96750

3.0 s

α/

5.665/

Ir

173.96686

4. s

α/

5.478/

Ir Ir

174.96411 175.96365

~ 4.5 s 8. s

5.393/

Ir

176.96130

30. s

Ir

177.96108

12. s

α/ EC, β+/80 α/3.2/ EC, β+/5.7 α/0.06/ β+, EC/6.3

Ir

178.95912

4. m

EC/4.9

Ir

179.95923

1.5 m

EC/6.4

Ir

180.95763

4.9 m

β+, EC/4.1

Ir

181.95808

15. m

β+ /44 /5.6 EC/56 /

Ir

182.95685

57. m

β+, EC/3.5

Ir

183.95748

3.0 h

β+ /12 /4.6 EC/88 /

Ir

184.95670

14. h

β+ /3 /2.4 EC/97 /

164 165

Ir

14.3 ms

166m

Ir

166

165.9858

Ir

169m

173

174

175 176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

487_S11.indb 159

0.010 s 26. ms

167m

168

0.06 ms 0.3 ms

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2239 (0.0412-0.406)

1.78 1.71 6.72 6.545 1.32 6.56 1.15 6.39/90 1.25/0.42 6.35/48 1.06/39.3 6.12/59 5.99/42 6.03/ 5.91/ 5.811/

0.228 (0.379–0.475) 0.0493 (0.092–0.296) 0.1587 (0.276–1.33) 0.1056 0.260 (0.135–0.415) 0.184 (0.062–0.194)

5.118/ 5.011/

(7/2+)

2.3/ 2.9/

5-

0.70

+2.41

(5/2-)

2.60

-2.1

0.1320 0.2667 0.3633 0.0975 (0.045–0.220) 0.2765 ((0.132–1.106) ann.rad./ 0.1076 (0.0196–1.715) ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.1273 0.2370 ann.rad./ 0.0877 0.2285 0.2824 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.11968 0.2640 0.3904 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.2543 1.8288

4/17/06 11:00:48 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-160 Elem. or Isot.

Ir

185.95795

15.7 h

EC/98 /3.83 β+ /2 /

(5+)

Ir

186.95736

10.5 h

EC/1.50

3/2+

Ir

187.95885

1.72 d

β+ /2.81 EC/99+ /

Ir

188.95872

13.2 d

EC/0.53

3/2+

3.09 h

(11-)

1.12 h 11.8 d

β+, EC/95 / I.T./5 / I.T. /0.0263 EC/2.0

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) 0.64 +1.46 Os k x-ray 0.1371 0.7675 3.9 -2.55 Os k x-ray 0.1372 0.2968 0.4348 (0.13–3.0) +0.94 Os k x-ray 0.0743 0.4009 0.4271 0.6109 0.9128 0.30 +0.48 Os k x-ray 0.1550 0.4780 0.6330 2.2146 0.13 +0.88 Os k x-ray 0.2449 0.376

7+ (4+)

0.04

4.93 s

I.T./0.1714

11/2-

+0.603

241. y 1.44 m

I.T./0.161 I.T./0.0580

3/2+ (9+) (1+)

+0.151

+0.82

73.83 d

β- /1.460

(4-)

+1.92

+2.15

10.53 d

I.T./0.0802

11/2-

170. d

β- /

3/2+ 11

+0.164

+0.75

19.3 h

β-/2.247

1.92/9 2.25/86

1-

+0.39

+0.34

3.9 h

β- /

0.41/ 0.97/

(11/2-)

2.8 h

β- /1.120

(3/2+)

1.40 h

β-/

1.0/80 1.11/13 1.16/

Ir

186m

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

186

187

188

189

Atomic Mass or Weight

Ir

190m2

Ir

190m1

Ir

190

189.960546

Ir

191m

Ir

191

Ir 192m1 Ir 192m2

37.3(2)

Ir

190.960594

191.962605

192

Ir

193m

Ir Ir

193

194m

Ir

194

62.7(2)

192.962926

193.965078

Ir

195m

Ir

195

Ir

196m

487_S11.indb 160

194.965980

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.7 h EC /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.13/ 1.64/

Spin (h/2 π) (2-)

(2-)

+2.8

Ir L x-ray Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.4072 0.5186 0.5580 0.6051 (0.2–1.4) Ir k x-ray 0.1294 Ir k x-ray Ir L x-ray 0.0580 0.3165 Pt k x-ray 0.31649/83. 0.46806/48. Ir L x-ray 0.0803 Pt k x-ray 0.3284 0.4829 0.5624 0.2935 0.3284 0.6451 (0.1–2.2) Pt k x-ray 0.3199/9.6 0.3649/9.5 0.4329/9.6 0.6849/9.6 Pt k x-ray 0.0989/9.7 Pt k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:50 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Ir

196

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-161 Atomic Mass or Weight

195.96840

Ir

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

52. s

β- /3.21

8.9 m

Ir

196.96965

5.8 m

β- / I.T./ β- /2.16

Ir

197.9723

8. s

β- /4.1

Ir

198.97380

78

Pt

195.084(9)

Pt Pt 168 Pt

165.995 166.930 167.9882

0.3 ms 0.9 ms 2.1 ms

Pt Pt

168.9867 169.98250

Pt

197m

2.1/15 3.2/80

Spin (h/2 π)

(11/2-) (3/2+)

α/ α/ α

7.11/ 6.98/ 6.82

0+

7.0 ms 14.0 ms

α α

6.69 6.55

170.9812

0.05 s

α

6.45

Pt Pt

171.97735 172.9764

0.10 s 0.36 s

Pt

173.97282

0.89 s

6.31/94 6.23 6.20/

Pt

174.97242

2.5 s

α/ β+, EC/8.2 α/ β+, EC/17 /5.6 α/83 / β+, EC/65 /7.6 α/35 /

Pt

175.96895

6.3 s

β+, EC/60 /5.1 α/40 /

Pt

176.96847

11. s

EC/91 /6.8 α/9 /

Pt

177.96565

21. s

EC/93 /4.5 α/7 /

Pt

178.96536

33. s

Pt

179.96303

52. s

Pt Pt

180.96310 181.96117

51. s 2.7 m

β+, EC/5.7 α/ 5.16/ β+, EC/99.7 /3.7 0+ 5.140/ α/0.3 / β+, EC/5.2 β+, EC/2.9

198

199

166 167

169 170

171

172 173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181 182

Pt

183m

43. s

β+, EC/ I.T./

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0-

1.5/ 2.0/

197

487_S11.indb 161

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

6.040/ 5.831/5 5.96/54 6.038/ 5.528/0.6 5.750/41 5.53/ 5.485/3 5.525/6 5.286/0.2 5.442/7

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3557 0.3935 0.4471 0.5214 0.6473 0.3329 0.3557 0.7796 0.3465 see Ir[197] 0.0531 0.1351 0.4306 0.4697 0.4074 0.5070

0+

0.582/69 0.594/69 0.725/62

0+

0.509/100 0.662/86 0.214–0.726 0.4450 (0.1564-1.208)

0+

0+ 0.0774 0.1354 0.2128 0+

ann.rad./ 0.2277 0.0908

0+

+0.43

0+

(7/2-)

+0.48

+0.78

+3.4

ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.1460 0.2100 ann.rad./ 0.3132/26

4/17/06 11:00:51 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-162 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Pt

182.96160

7. m

β+, EC/4.6

Pt

183.95992

17.3 m

β+, EC/2.3

0+

Pt Pt

184.96062

33. m 1.18 h

β+, EC/ β+, EC/3.8

½(9/2+)

Pt

185.95935

2.0 h

β+, EC/1.38

0+

Pt

186.96059

2.35 h

β+, EC/3.1

3/2-

Pt

187.95940

10.2 d

EC/0.51

0+

Pt

188.96083

10.9 h

β+, EC/1.97

4.5 × 1011 y 2.86 d

183

184

185m 185

186

187

188

189

Pt Pt

0.014(1)

189.95993 190.961677

Pt Pt

0.782(7)

191.961038

32.967(99)

192.962988 193.962680

33.832(10) 25.242(41)

194.964791 195.964952

190 191

192

193m

Pt Pt 195m Pt 193 194

Pt Pt 197m Pt 195 196

Pt

196.967340

197

Pt Pt

198

199m

Pt

199

487_S11.indb 162

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

7.163(55)

197.967893

198.970593

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

+0.50

+0.5 -0.75

+3.7

-0.41

-1.1

3/2-

-0.43

-1.2

EC/1.02

0+ (3/2-)

-0.50

-0.9

4.33 d

I.T./0.1498

0+ 13/2+

-0.75

60. y

EC/0.0566

4.01 d

I.T./0.2952

(1/2-) 0+ 13/2+

+0.60

1/20+ 13/2+

+0.6095

0.51

1.590 h

I.T./97 / β- /3 /

19.9 h

β- /0.719

1/2-

13.6 s

I.T./0.424

0+ 13/2+

30.8 m

β- /1.70

0.90/18

(5/2-)

-0.61

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3164/59 0.6296/100 0.058–1.75 ann.rad./ 0.119/100 0.307/93 0.260/90 0.058–1.377 ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.1919 0.5484 ann.rad./ 0.1353 0.1974 0.2296 0.2551 ann.rad./ 0.6115 0.6892 ann.rad./ Ir k x-ray 0.1064 0.1100 0.2015 0.2849 0.7092 Ir k x-ray 0.1876 0.1951 Ir k x-ray 0.0943 0.6076 0.7214 (0.09–1.47) Ir k x-ray 0.3599 0.4094 0.5389 Pt k x-ray 0.1355 Ir k x-rays

+1.4

Pt k x-ray 0.0989

Pt k x-ray 0.0530 0.3465 Au k x-ray 0.1914 0.2688 Pt k x-ray 0.3919 0.3170/3.88

4/17/06 11:00:53 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-163 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Spin (h/2 π)

Pt

199.971441

12.5 h

β- /~ 0.66

0+

Pt

200.97451

2.5 m

β- /2.66

(5/2-)

Pt Pt

201.9757

0.3 ms 1.8 d

Au

196.966569(4)

200

201

202m 202

79

Au

0.62 ms

170m

Au

170

169.9961

Au

0.30 ms 1.09 ms

171m

p/58 α/42 p/89 α/11 α/66 p/34 p/100

1.74/ 7.11/ 1.46/ 7.00/ 6.995 1.694 1.437 6.86 6.732 6.672 6.54

Au

170.99188

0.022 ms

Au Au 173 Au 174 Au 175 Au 176 Au

171.9900 172.98624 173.9848 174.98127 175.9801

4 ms 15 ms 0.02 s 0.14 s 0.15 s 0.9 s

α/7.02 α/92 α/94 α α β+, EC/10.5 α/

177

Au

176.97687

1.2 s

α/

Au Au 180 Au

177.9760 178.97321 179.97252

2.6 s 7.5 s 8.1 s

α/ α/ EC/8.6 α/

Au

180.97008

11.4 s

Au

181.96962

21. s

EC/97.5/6.3 α/2.7/ β+, EC/6.9 α/0.13/

Au

182.96759

42. s

EC/5.5 α/0.8/

Au Au

183.96745

48 s 21. s

I.T. EC, β+/7.1 α/0.013/ β+, EC/ I.T./0.145 β+, EC/4.71 α/0.26/ β+, EC/ β+, EC/6.0

172

173m

178 179

181

182

183

184m 184

Au

6.8 m

185m

Au

184.96579

4.3 m

Au Au

185.96595

< 2. m 10.7 m

185

186m 186

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

171

487_S11.indb 163

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.14/14

6.260/80 6.290/20 6.115/ 6.150/ 5.920/ 5.85/ 5.65 5.61 5.50

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.49375/4.47 0.5430/11.7 (0.055–1.293) Au k x-ray 0.13590 0.22747 0.24371 0.070 0.152 0.222 1.760 (0.535-0.719) 0.440

0.1522 0.2564 0.5242 0.6765 0.8084 0.8597

5.482/

+1.97

ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.2649 (0.13–1.4) 0.1630 0.2730 0.3625 0.069(IT)

(2+) (5+)

+1.44 +2.07

+1.9 +4.7

(5/2-)

+2.17

-1.1

ann.rad./

3-

-1.26

+3.1

0.1915 ann.rad./

4/17/06 11:00:55 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-164 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) α/8(10)-4/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1915 0.2988 ann.rad./ 0.9152 1.2668 1.3321 1.4081 ann.rad./ 0.2660 0.3404 0.6061 0.1667 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.4478 0.7133 0.8128 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2958 0.3018 0.5977 Au k x-ray 0.2414 0.2526 Pt k x-ray 0.5864/16 (0.088–1.30) ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2959 0.3165 Au k x-ray 0.2580 Pt k x-ray 0.1862 0.2556 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2935 0.3284/61 Au k x-ray 0.2617 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1478 0.1883 0.0847 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1302 0.2790

Au Au

186.96457

2.3 s 8.3 m

IT β+, EC/3.60

9/21/2+

+0.54

Au

187.96532

8.8 m

β+, EC/5.3

(1-)

-0.07

Au Au

188.96395

4.6 m 28.7 m

β+, EC/ EC/96 /3.2 β+ /4 /

11/21/2+

+6.19 +0.49

Au

189.96470

43. m

β+ /2 /4.44 EC/98 /

1-

-0.07

0.9 s

I.T./0.2663

(11/2-)

6.6

3/2+

+0.137

+0.72

1-

-0.011

-0.23

187m 187

188

189m 189

190

Au

191m

Au

190.96370

3.2 h

EC/1.83

Au

191.96481

4.9 h

β+ /5 /3.52 EC/95 /

3.9 s

I.T./0.2901

11/2-

6.2

+1.98

3/2+

+0.140

+0.66

1-

+0.076

-0.24

191

192

Au

193m

2.19/ 2.49/

Au

192.96415

17.6 h

EC/1.07

Au

193.96537

1.64 d

β+ /3 /2.49 EC/97 /

30.5 s

I.T./0.3186

11/2-

6.2

+1.9

186.10 d 9.7 h

EC/0.227 I.T./0.5954

3/2+ 12-

+0.149 5.7

+0.61

8.1 s 6.17 d 7.8 s

I.T./0.0846 EC/92 /1.506 I.T./0.4094 β- /8 /0.686

8+ 211/2-

+0.591 +6.0

0.81 +1.7

2.30 d

I.T./0.812

3/2+ (12-)

+0.14575

+0.55

2.695 d

β- /1.372

2-

+0.5934

+0.64

193

194

Au

195m

Au Au

194.965035

195

196m2

Au Au 197m Au 196m1

195.966570

196

Au Au

197

198m

Au

198

487_S11.indb 164

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

100.

196.966569

197.968242

1.49/

0.290/1 0.961/99

Au k x-ray 0.0972 0.1803 0.2419 Hg k x-ray 0.411794

4/17/06 11:00:57 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Au

199

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-165 Atomic Mass or Weight

198.968765

Au

200m

Au

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 3.14 d β- /0.453

18.7 h

β- /84 /1.0 I.T./16 /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.25/22 0.292/72 0.462/6 0.56/

Spin (h/2 π) 3/2+

12-

200

199.97073

48.4 m

β- /2.24

0.7/15 2.2/77

1-

Au Au 203 Au 204 Au

200.971657 201.9738 202.975155 203.9777

26. m 29. s 1.0 m 40. s

β- /1.28 β- /3.0 β- /2.14 β- /4.5

1.27/82

3/2+ (1-) 3/2+ (2-)

Au

204.9799

31. s

β- /

Hg

200.59(2)

Hg Hg 173 Hg 174 Hg 175 Hg 176 Hg 177m Hg 177 Hg 178 Hg

171.0038 171.9988 172.9972 173.99286 174.9914 175.98736 176.9863 177.98248

0.06 ms 0.3 ms 0.8 ms 1.9 ms 0.02 s 21 ms 1.5 μs 0.13 s 0.26 s

Hg

178.98183

1.05 s

Hg

179.97827

2.6 s

α α α α α α IT α EC/50 /6.1 α/50 / EC/8.0 α/ EC/5.5 α/

Hg

180.97782

3.6 s

β+ EC/76 /~ 7.3 α/24 /

Hg

181.97469

10.8 s

β+, EC/85/5.0 α/15/

Hg

182.97445

9. s

β+, EC/77/6.3 α/

Hg

183.97171

30.9 s

β+, EC/99/4.1 α/1/

21. s

β+, EC, IT, α/

184.97190 185.96936

51. s 1.4 m

186.96981

1.7 m 2.4 m

β+, EC/95/5.8 β+, EC/3.3 α β+, EC/ β+, EC/4.9

201 202

205

80

171 172

179

180

181

182

183

184

Hg

185m

Hg Hg

185 186

Hg 187 Hg 187m

487_S11.indb 165

~ 1.9/

7.49 7.36 7.20 7.07 6.74/94 6.58 6.43/ 6.29/ 6.12/33 5.69/.03

5.87/8.6 5.45/0.03 5.83/ 5.91/ 5.54/1.3 5.07/0.002 5.37/

5.09/0.02

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.2715 +0.51 Hg k x-ray 0.15837 0.20820 5.9 Au k x-ray 0.2559/71 0.3680/77 0.4978/73 0.5793/72 0.084–0.904) 0.3679/19 1.2254/10.6 (0.077–1.570) (0.027–0.732) 0.4396 (0.04–0.37) 0.4366 1.5113 (0.38–1.33)

0+ 0+ 0+

0.246

0+

0+

(1/2-)

+0.507

0+

½-

+0.524

0+

13/2+

-1.02

½0+

+0.509

13/2+ 3/2-

-1.04 -0.594

+0.2

+0.5 -0.8

0.1250 0.3005 0.3812 0.0663 0.0811 0.0924 0.1474 0.1587 0.2142 0.2398 0.129/122 0.2176/66 0.0256–0.543 0.0714 0.0874 0.1538 0.1565/102 0.2367/100 0.2384/18 (0.018-0.4227) 0.211 0.292 0.02–0.55 0.1119 0.2518 see Hg187 0.1034/32

4/17/06 11:00:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-166 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Hg

Atomic Mass or Weight

187.96758

188

Hg

189m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

3.2 m

β+, EC/2.3 α

8.6 m

EC/

13/2+

-1.06

+0.7

-0.6086

-0.8

4.61

0+

Hg

188.96819

7.6 m

EC/4.2

3/2-

Hg

189.96632

20.0 m

EC/1.5

0+

51. m

β+ /6 / EC/94 /

13/2+

-1.07

+0.6

-0.62

-0.8

189

190

Hg

191m

Hg

190.96716

50. m

β+, EC/3.2

(3/2-)

Hg

191.96563

5.0 h

EC/~ 0.5

0+

11.8 h

β+, EC/91 / I.T./9 /0.2901

13/2+

-1.05843

+0.92

191

192

Hg

193m

Hg

192.96667

3.8 h

EC, B+/2.34

3/2-

-0.6276

-0.7

Hg Hg

193.96544

520. y 1.67 d

EC/0.04 I.T./(54)/0.3186 EC/(46)/

0+ 13/2+

-1.04465

+1.1

Hg

194.96672

10.5 h

EC/1.51

1/2-

+0.541475

195.965833

>2.5 × 1018 y 23.8 h

I.T./(93)/0.2989

0+ 13/2+

-1.02768

196.967213

2.69 d

EC/0.600

1/2-

+0.527374

193

194

195m

195

Hg Hg

196

197m

0.15(1)

Hg

197

Hg

198

487_S11.indb 166

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

9.97(20)

197.9667690

0+

+1.2

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2334/100 0.2403/33 0.27151/31 0.3763/38 0.5254/30 0.10–2.18 0.0988 0.1148 0.1424 0.1900 0.0780 0.3210 0.4345 0.5655 (0.08–2.170) 0.2005 0.2038 0.2386 0.2485 0.1296 0.1426 ann.rad./ Au k x-ray 0.2741 0.4203 0.5787 (0.07–1.9) 0.1963 0.2247 0.2524 Au k x-ray 0.1572 0.2748 0.3065 Hg k x-ray 0.1866 0.2580 0.4076 0.5733 0.9324 (0.1–1.96) 0.1866 0.2580 0.8611 Au L x-rays Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.2617 0.5603 0.7798 Au k x-ray 0.0614 0.7798 Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.13398 Au k x-ray 0.07735

4/17/06 11:01:00 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Hg

199m

Hg Hg 201 Hg 202 Hg 203 Hg

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-167 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 42.7 m I.T./0.532

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π) 13/2+

16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26)

198.9682799 199.9683260 200.970302 201.970643 202.972873

46.61 d

β- /0.492

0.213/100

1/20+ 3/20+ 5/2-

6.87(15)

203.9734939 204.976073

5.2 m

β- /1.531

1.33/4

0+ 1/2-

206

205.97751

8.2 m

β- /1.31

0.935/34 1.3/63

Hg Hg 209 Hg 210 Hg

206.9826 207.9859 208.9910 209.9945

2.9 m 41. m 36 s > 0.3 μs

β- /4.8 βββ-

p p/51 α/49 α/73 p/27 α/

199 200

Hg Hg

204 205

Hg

207 208

Tl

204.3833(2)

Tl Tl

176.0006

5 ms 0.23 ms

Tl

176.99643

0.017 s

Tl

177.9949

0.25 s

81

176

177m

177

178

Tl

1.7 ms

Tl Tl

178.99109 179.9899

0.3 s 1.5 s

α α α α//8

Tl Tl 182 Tl

180.98626 181.9857

1.4 ms 3.2 ms 3. s

α α/ < 10 β+, EC/10.9

53. ms

α

5. s 11. s

β+, EC/7.7 β+, EC/(98)/9.2 α/(2)/

1.8 s 20. s 4. s 28. s

I.T./0.453 α/5.97 EC/β+/6.6 I.T./0.374 β+, EC/7.5

15.6 s 50. s 1.18 m

I.T./~ 0.33 β+, EC/6.0 β+, EC/

179m

179 180

181m 181

Tl

183m

Tl Tl

183 184

182.98219 183.98187

Tl

185m

Tl Tl 186 Tl 185

186m

Tl Tl 188m Tl

184.9788 185.9783

187m 187

487_S11.indb 167

186.97591

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -1.014703 +1.2 Hg k x-ray 0.15841 +0.505885 -0.560226

+0.39

+0.8489

+0.34

+0.6010

Tl k x-ray 0.279188 0.20378 (0.2–1.4) Tl k x-ray 0.3052 0.6502

0+

(9/2+) 0+

0.474 0.324

0+

1.26/~ 100 1.95 7.48

6.704 6.785 6.62 6.859 /7.21/80 /7.10/20 6.57/ 6.28/30 6.36/30 6.21/18 6.56/15 6.47/7 6.58/100 6.19/100

6.33/80 6.38/16 6.46/4

0.351 (0.26–0.41) 0.0618 (0.046-0.0894)

9/2-

½+

0.208 0.2868 0.3399 0.3667 0.1688 0.2840

6.16/

6.01

(9/2-)

(9/2+) ½+ (7+)

+3.8 1.6

-2.4

0.3738 0.3567 0.4026 0.4053 0.2995 Hg k x-ray 0.4129

4/17/06 11:01:02 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-168 Elem. or Isot.

Tl

188

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

187.97601

Tl

189m

Tl

189

188.97359

Tl

190m

Tl

190

189.97388

Tl

191m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

1.2 m

β+, EC/7.8

(2-)

+0.48

+0.13

1.4 m

β+, EC/

(9/2-)

+3.878

-2.29

2.3 m

β+, EC/5.2

(1/2+)

3.7 m

β+, EC/

4.2/

(7+)

+0.495

+0.29

2.6 m

β+, EC/7.0

5.7/

(2-)

+0.25

-0.33

5.2 m

β+, EC/(98)/

(9/2+)

+3.903

-2.3

10.8 m

β+, EC/

(1/2) (7+)

1.59 +0.518

0.46

Tl Tl

190.97179

Tl

191.97223

9.6 m

β+, EC/6.4

(2-)

+0.20

-0.33

Tl Tl

192.9707

2.1 m 22. m

I.T./(75)/ β+, EC/3.6

(9/2-) (1/2+)

+3.948 +1.591

-2.2

32.8 m

β+ /(20)/~ 0.30 EC/(80)/

(7+)

+0.540

+0.61

33.0 m

β+, EC/5.3

2-

0.140

-0.28

3.6 s

I.T./0.483

9/2-

1.16 h

EC/97/2.8 β+ /(3)/

1/2+

+1.58

1.41 h

β+, EC/95/4.9

(7+)

0.55

191

192m

192

193m 193

Tl

194m

Tl

194

193.9712

Tl

195m

Tl

195

Tl

196m

487_S11.indb 168

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

194.96977

+0.76

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5043 0.5921 see Tl[188m] 0.4129 0.2156 0.2284 0.3175 0.4452 0.3337 0.4510 0.5223 0.9422 0.1968 0.4164 0.7311 0.4164 0.6254 0.6838 1.0999 0.2157 0.2647 0.3256 0.3359 0.1740 0.4228 0.6348 0.7863 0.7455 0.3975 0.4228 0.6908 0.3650 0.2077 0.3244 0.3440 0.6761 1.0447 1.5793 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4282 0.6363 0.7490 0.4279/75.2 0.6452/10.8 (0.395-1.623) Tl k x-ray 0.0990 0.3836 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.2422 0.5635 0.8845 1.3639 (0.13–2.5) 0.0840 0.4261 0.6353

4/17/06 11:01:03 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Tl

11-169 Atomic Mass or Weight

195.97048

196

Tl

197m

Tl

196.96958

197

Tl

198m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

0.54 s

IT/53/0.608 β+, EC/47/

9/2-

2.83 h

β+ /(1)/2.18 EC/(99)/

1/2+

+1.58

1.87 h

β+, EC/(53)/ IT/47/0.5347

7+

+0.64

EC, β+ /(1)/3.5

Tl

198.96988

7.4 h

EC/1.4

Tl

199.97096

1.087 d

EC/2.46

Tl

200.97082

3.038 d

Tl

201.97211

201

202

Tl Tl

29.524(14)

202.972344 203.973864

Tl Tl

70.476(14)

204.974428

203 204

205

206m

Tl

206

205.976110

Tl

207m

1.4/ 2.1/ 2.4/

1/2-

+1.60

2-

0.04

EC/0.48

1/2+

+1.605

12.47 d

EC/1.36

2-

0.06

3.78 y

β- /97/0.7637 EC/(3)/0.347

1/2+ 2-

+1.622258 0.09

3.76 m

I.T./2.644

1/2+ 12-

+1.638215

4.20 m

β- /1.533

1.3 s

I.T./1.350

1.07/ 1.44/

0.763/97

1.53/99.9

011/2-

206.97742 207.982019

4.77 m 3.053 m

β- /1.423 β- /5.001

1.43/99.8 1.28/23 1.52/22 1.796/51

1/2+ (5+)

Tl

208.98536

2.16 m

β-/3.98

1.8 /100

(1/2+)

208

209

+0.072

2-

Tl Tl

207

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

2-

5.3 h

200

Spin (h/2 π)

β+ /(15)/4.4 EC/(85)/

197.9405

199

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.84 h

Tl

198

487_S11.indb 169

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

+1.88 +0.29

-0.18

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6954 (0.08–1.0) ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4257 0.6105 (0.03–2.4) Tl k x-ray 0.2262 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.1522/8.2 0.4258 Hg k x-ray Tl k x-ray 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.4118 0.6367 0.6759 (0.23–2.8) Hg k x-ray 0.2082 0.2473 0.4555 Hg k x-ray 0.36799 1.2057 (0.11–2.3) Hg k x-ray 0.13528 0.16740/10.0 Hg k x-ray 0.43957 Hg k x-ray

Tl k x-ray 0.2166 0.2661 0.4534 0.6866 1.0219 Pb k x-ray 0.80313 Tl k x-ray 0.3501 1.0000 0.89723 Pb k x-ray 0.27728 0.51061 0.58302 2.61448 Pb k x-ray

4/17/06 11:01:05 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-170 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Tl

209.99007

1.30 m

β- /5.48

Tl Tl

210.9935 211.9982

> 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

ββ-

Pb

207.2(1)

210

211 212

82

Pb Pb 180 Pb 181 Pb 182 Pb 183m Pb

178.00383 179.0022 179.99792 180.9966 181.99267

183

Pb

178 179

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.3/25 1.9/56

~ 0.2 ms α/ α/ α α

182.99187

0.54 s

α/

Pb Pb 185 Pb

183.98814 184.98761

0.48 s 4.3 s 6.3 s

α/~ 80 α α/

Pb

185.98424

5. s

β+, EC/95/5.5 α/(5)/

15.2 s

β+, EC/ α/12

6.32/ 6.34/<100 6.01/<0.2 5.99/ 6.19/

6.08/

185m

186

Pb

187m

Pb

186.98392

18.3 s

EC/7.2 α/7

Pb

187.98087

23. s

EC/(78)/4.8 α/(22)/

Pb

188.98081

51. s

Pb

189.97808

1.2 m

EC/6.1 α/ β+ (13)/4.1 EC/(86)/ α/(0.9)/

187

188

189

190

Pb

191m

β+, EC/

190.97827

1.3 m

β+, EC/5.5

Pb

191.97579

3.5 m

β+, EC/~ 3.4 α/.006/

192

487_S11.indb 170

2.2 m

Pb

191

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(5+)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.5670/100 0.4651/95 (0.12–1.33) Pb k x-ray 0.081 0.2981 0.79788

0+

5 ms 0.05 s 55 ms 0.42 s

184

Spin (h/2 π)

7.25 7.07 6.90 6.70/82.7 6.86/1.9 6.57/4.3 6.78/11.0 6.63/ 6.41/100 6.29/56 6.49/44 6.55/<1.4

5.98/<10 5.61/<0.1 5.58/

0+ 0+ 13/2+ (3/2-) 0+ 13/2+ 3/2-

-1.2 -1.1

0.205 0.269

0+

(1/2-)

0.0674 0.2080 0.2755 0.2995 0.4487 0.7477 0.1930 0.3314 0.3435 0.3934 0.1850 0.7582

13/2+

0+

0+

5.58/

13/2+

5.11

0+

-1.17

+0.085

ann.rad./ Tl k x-ray 0.1415 0.1512 0.9422 ann.rad./ 0.3871 0.6135 0.7122 ann.rad./ 0.9368 ann.rad./ 0.1675 0.6082 1.1954

4/17/06 11:01:07 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Pb

193m

Pb Pb

193 194

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-171 Atomic Mass or Weight

192.97617 193.97401

Pb

~ 2. m 10. m 15. m

195m

EC/5.2 β+, EC/2.7 α β+ /(8)/ EC/(92)/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

4.64

Spin (h/2 π) 13/2+

3/2 (-) 0+ 13/2+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -1.15 +0.19 ann.rad./ 0.3650 0.3922

-1.132

+0.30

Pb

194.97454

~ 15. m

β+, EC/5.8

Pb

195.97277

37. m

β+, EC/2.1

0+

43. m

EC/79/ β+ /2/ IT/19/0.3193

13/2+

-1.104

+0.38

-1.075

-0.08

-1.074

+0.08

195

196

Pb

197m

Pb

196.97343

~ 8. m

EC/97/3.6 β+ /3/

(3/2-)

Pb

197.97203

2.4 h

EC/1.4

0+

12.2 m

IT/93/0.4248 β+, EC/(7)/ EC/(99)/2.9 β+ /(1)/

13/2+

197

198

Pb

199m

Pb

198.97292

1.5 h

Pb

199.97183

21.5 h

EC/0.81

0+

1.02 m

I.T./0.6291

13/2+

9.33 h

EC/1.90

5/2-

+0.675

-0.009

3.53 h

IT/90/2.170 β+ /10/

9-

-0.228

+0.58

+0.686

+0.10

199

200

Pb

201m

Pb

201

200.97289

Pb

202m

5/2-

Pb Pb

201.97216

5.3 × 104 y 6.2 s

EC/0.05 I.T./0.8252

0+ 13/2+

Pb

202.97339

2.163 d

EC/0.98

5/2-

1.13 h

I.T./2.185

9-

202

203m

203

Pb

204m

487_S11.indb 171

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 5.8 m β+, EC/

ann.rad./ 0.2036 ann.rad./ Tl k x-ray 0.3836 0.3942 0.8784 ann.rad./ 0.3836 0.3937 0.7776 Tl k x-ray 0.2531 0.5021 Tl k x-ray 0.3079 0.3877 0.7743 (0.2–2.2) Tl k x-ray 0.3755 0.3858 0.7611 Tl k x-ray 0.1734 0.2903 0.3654 Pb k x-ray 0.4255 Tl k x-ray 0.3534 0.7202 1.1350 (0.22–2.4) Tl k x-ray 0.14763 Pb k x-ray 0.6288 Tl k x-ray 0.33120 0.36131 (0.11–1.8) Pb k x-ray Tl k x-ray 0.42219 0.78700 0.96271 Tl L x-ray Pb k x-ray 0.8203 0.8252 Tl k x-ray 0.279188 Pb k x-ray 0.37481 0.89922

4/17/06 11:01:08 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-172 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Pb Pb 206 Pb 207m Pb

1.4(1)

Pb Pb 209 Pb 210 Pb

22.1(1) 52.4(1)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.91175

+0.712

Tl L x-ray

1.51 × 107 y

EC/0.0512

0.80 s

I.T./1.632

0+ 5/20+ 13/2+

206.975897 207.976652 208.981090 209.984189

> 2 × 1019 y 3.25 h 22.6 y

sf β- /0.644 β- /0.0635

1/20+ 9/2+ 0+

+0.59258 -1.474

-0.3

Pb

210.988737

36.1 m

α β- /1.37

(9/2+)

-1.404

+0.09

Pb

211.991898

10.64 h

β- /0.574

Pb Pb

212.99658 213.999805

10.2 m 26.9 m

β- /2.1 β- /1.0

Pb

215.0048

36 s

83

Bi

208.98040(1)

Bi Bi 185 Bi

184.0011 184.9976

204 205

207 208

211

212

213 214

215

24.1(1)

203.973044 204.974482 205.974465

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Bi

185.9966

9.8 ms

α α p/90 α/10 α p/<0.5 α

187

Bi Bi

186.99316

~ 8. ms 32. ms

α/12 α/7

Bi Bi 189 Bi 190m Bi

187.99227

0.271 s 7.0 ms 0.68 s 5.7 s

α α α α/90

Bi

189.9883

~ 5.9 s

Bi Bi

190.98579

0.12 ms 12.4 s

Bi

191.98546

40. s

β+, EC/(30)/8.7 α/70 α/ β+, EC/(60)/7.3 α/(40)/ β+, EC/(80)/9.0 α/(20)/ β+, EC/ α/ β+, EC/40/7.1 α/(60)/ β+, EC/99.9/8.2 α/0.1/

184m 184

Bi

15. ms

186m

186

187m

188

189m

190

188.9892

191m 191

192

Bi

3.2 s

193m

Bi

192.98296

1.11 m

Bi

193.98283

1.8 m

193

194

487_S11.indb 172

0.007 s 13. ms 60. μs

0.645/100 0.017/81 0.061/19 3.72 0.57/5 1.36/92

0.28/83 0.57/12

0+

0.67/48 0.73/42

0+

(7.22-7.85)

+0.23

Pb k x-ray 0.56915 1.06310

0.40486 0.42700 0.83186 (0.09–1.27) Bi k x-ray 0.23858 Bi k x-ray 0.24192 0.29509 0.35187

0.449 0.124

1.55 8.03 7.07-7.23

(0.087-0.520)

7.26 7.37

0.1085

7.00/88.3 7.61/8.0 7.37/3.7 6.81 7.30

(0.071-0.320)

6.43 (6.23-6.72) α/6.45 (6.39-6.82) 6.87/100

(0.105-0.314) (0.089-0.374)

6.31 6.06/ 6.48/ 5.91/

1/2+ 9/2+ (10-)

0.1661 0.1740 0.2802 0.421

4/17/06 11:01:10 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-173 Atomic Mass or Weight

Bi

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

1.45 m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Bi

194.98065

2.9 m

196

Bi

195.98067

5. m

β+, EC/(94)/ α/(6)/ β+, EC/99.8/5.8 α/(0.2) EC/~ 7.4

Bi Bi 198 Bi

196.97886 197.97921

5. m 7.7 s 11.8 m

β+, EC/5.2 I.T./0.2485 β+, EC/6.6

1/2+ (10-) (7+)

198.97767

24.7 m 27. m

β+, EC/ β+, EC/4.3

9/2-

31. m

β+, EC/

(2+)

36. m

EC/(90)/5.9 β+ /(10)/

7+

59.1 m

I.T./0.846 β+, EC/ EC/3.84

(1/2+)

195m

195

197

198m

Bi Bi

199m 199

Bi

200m

Bi

200

199.97813

Bi

201m

Bi

200.97701

1.8 h

Bi

201.97774

1.72 h

β+ /(3)/5.16 EC/(97)/

Bi

202.97688

11.8 h

EC/99.8/3.25 β+ /(0.2)/

Bi

203.97781

11.2 h

Bi

204.97739

Bi

205.97850

201

202

203

204

205

206

487_S11.indb 173

6.11/ 5.45/

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

3/20.1376 0.3720 0.6880 1.0486

4.6

9/2-

4.8

5+

+4.26

-0.72

9/2-

+4.02

-0.69

EC/4.44

6+

+4.32

-0.43

15.31 d

EC/2.71

9/2-

+4.07

-0.59

6.243 d

EC/3.76

6+

+4.36

-0.39

1.35/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5754 0.9650

0.2485 0.0900 0.1976 0.5624 1.0635 ann.rad./ 0.7203 0.8374 0.8417 0.9460 1.0528 1.3056 (0.12–3.2) 0.2453 0.4198 0.4624 1.0265 ann.rad./ Pb k x-ray 0.4198 0.4623 1.0265 Bi k x-ray 0.8464 Pb k x-ray 0.6288 0.9357 1.0138 (0.13–2.4) ann.rad./ Pb k x-ray 0.57860 0.92734 (0.08–3.5) Pb k x-ray 0.1865 0.8203 0.8969 1.8475 (0.1–2.9) Pb k x-ray 0.37481 0.89922 0.98409 Pb k x-ray 0.70347 1.76435 Pb k x-ray 0.51619

4/17/06 11:01:11 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-174 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

Bi

206.978471

31.55 y

EC/2.399

9/2-

4.08

-0.6

Bi

207.979742

3.68 × 105 y

EC/2.880

5+

4.63

-0.64

208.980399

1.9 × 1019 y 3.0 × 106 y

α α/

9/29-

+4.111 +2.73

-0.37 -0.47

Bi

209.984120

5.01 d

β- /1.163

3.13 4.420(3)/0.29 4.569(3)/3.9 4.584(3)/1.4 4.908(4)/39 4.946(3)/55 1.16/99

1-

-0.0445

+0.136

Bi

210.98727

2.14 m

α/(99.7)/ β- /(0.3)/0.58 β- / α/(93)/ β- /(7)/

6.279/16 6.623/84

9/2-

207

208

Bi Bi

209

210m

210

211

100.

Bi Bi

7. m 25.0 m

212m2 212m1

Bi

211.991286

1.009 h

β- /(64)/2.254 α/(36)/

Bi

212.994385

45.6 m

β- /(98)/1.43 α/(2)/

Bi

213.99871

19.7 m

β- /3.27

Bi Bi

215.00177

37. s 7.7 m

β β- /2.3

Bi

216.00631

2.3 m

β-/4.0

Bi

217.0095

98 s

β/

Bi

218.0143

33. s

β-

Po

187.99942

0.27 ms

α

Po

188.99848

5 ms

α

Po

189.99510

2.4 ms

α/

93. ms

α

212

213

214

215m 215

216

217

218

6.300/40 6.340/53

(15-) (9-)

(1-)

+0.32

+0.1

1.02/31 1.42/66 5.549/0.16 5.869/2.0

9/2-

+3.72

-0.60

7.91/80 7.320 7.532/8 7.259/80 7.309/12 7.53/96.4 7.01/3.3 7.376/50 6.888/46

0+

6.051/25 6.090/9.6

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.80313 0.88100 Pb k x-ray 0.56915 1.06310 Pb k x-ray 2.61435 Tl k x-ray 0.2661 0.3052 0.6502 0.2661 0.3.52 Tl k x-ray 0.3501 0.120 0.233 0.275 0.404 0.727 Tl k x-ray Po k x-ray 0.2881 0.72725 0.78551 1.62066 Po k x-ray 0.4404 (0.15–1.328) 1.10006 0.60931 1.12027 1.76449 (0.19–3.2) (0.158-0.498) 0.2937/35.2 (0.271–1.399) 0.5498 0.4192 0.2646/100 (0.254-1.017) 0.5097/134 0.3857/100 (0.174-0.703)

Po

84

188

189

190

Po

191m

487_S11.indb 174

0+

4/17/06 11:01:12 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

190.99457

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 22 ms α/

Po

191.99134

32. ms

α/8.5

Po Po 194 Po

192.99103 193.98819

~ 0.07 s 0.45 s 0.2 s

α/ α/ α/

Po Po 196 Po

194.98811 195.98554

~ 2.8 s ~ 3.9 s 5. s

α/ α/ α/(95)/ β+, EC/(5)/~4.6 α/(84)/ β+, EC/(16)/ α/(44)/ β+, EC/(56)/6.2 α/(70)/ β+, EC/(30)/4.0 β+, EC/(51)/ α/(39)/

Po

191

192

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-175 Atomic Mass or Weight

193m 193

195m 195

Po

25.8 s

197m

Po

196.98566

53. s

Po

197.98339

1.76 m

197

198

199m

Po

4.2 m

β+, EC/(88)/7. α/(12)/

5.952/7.5

Po

199.981780

11.5 m

β+, EC/85/3.4 α/(15)/

5.863/11.1

8.9 m

β+, EC/(57)/ IT/40/0.418 α/(3)/

5.786/~ 3.

Po

201m

0+ 13/2+

0+

5.2 m

13/2+

0+

13/2+

1.00

3/2-

0.94

200.98226

15.3 m

β+, EC/98/4.9 α/(2)/

5.683(3)/1.1

Po

201.98076

45. m

β+, EC/98/2.8 α/(2)/

5.588/1.9

1.2 m

IT/96/0.6414 β-EC/(4)/

13/2+

5/2-

202

Po

203m

Po

202.98142

35. m

β+, EC/4.2

Po

203.98032

3.53 h

EC/2.34 α

Po

204.98120

1.7 h

β+, EC/3.53

203

204

205

5.377/0.66

0.99

(3/2-)

Po

201

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

6.18/57 5.27/7.6 × 10-4 6.059/24

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

(3/2-)

198.98367

200

Spin (h/2 π)

6.282(4)/76

Po

199

487_S11.indb 175

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 7.334/77 6.97/8 7.17/98.6 6.59/1.4 7.00 6.95 6.84/93 6.19/0.22 6.70/ 6.62/ 6.53/94 5.77/0.02 6.385(3)/55

0+

+0.74

0+

5/2-

+0.76

+0.17

ann.rad./ 0.2745 0.4998 1.0020 Bi k x-ray 0.1877 0.3616 1.0214 1.0344 0.14748 0.32792 0.6176 0.6709 Bi k x-ray Po k x-ray 0.2726 0.4123 0.4179 0.9670 Bi k x-ray 0.2056 0.2250 0.8483 0.9048 0.0410 0.1656 0.3158 0.6884 Bi k x-ray Po k x-ray 0.6414 0.17516 0.21477 0.89350 0.90863 1.09095 Bi k x-ray 0.2702 0.8844 1.0162 (0.11–1.9) Bi k x-ray

4/17/06 11:01:14 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-176 Elem. or Isot.

Po

206

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

205.98048

Po

207m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

EC/(95)/1.85 α/(5)/

2.8 s

I.T./1.383

19/2-

5/2-

206.98159

5.80 h

EC, β+/2.91

Po

207.981246

2.898 y

α/5.213

Po

208.982430

102. y

α/4.976

Po

209.982874

138.4 d

α/5.407

25.2 s

α/

0.516 s

α/7.594

45. s

α/

208

209

210

Po

211m

Po

211

210.986653

Po

212m

Po Po

211.988868 212.992857

0.298 μs 3.7 μs

α/8.953 α/8.537

Po

213.995201

163.7 μs

α/7.833

Po

214.999420

1.780 ms

α/7.526

Po

216.001915

0.145 s

α/6.906

Po Po

217.00634 218.008973

1.53 s 3.04 m

α/6.662 α/6.114

Po Po

219.0137 220.0166

~2m > 0.3 μs

212 213

214

215

216

217 218

219 220

Spin (h/2 π)

8.8 d

Po

207

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

5.223/5.5

4.233/0.0002 5.1158/100 4.624/0.56 4.879/99.2 4.516/0.001 5.304/100 7.273/91 7.994/1.7 8.316/0.25 8.875/7.0 6.570/0.54 6.892/0.55 7.450/98.9 8.514/2.0 9.086/1.0 11.650/97 8.784/100 7.614/0.003 8.375/100 6.904/0.01 7.686/99.99 6.950/0.02 6.957/0.03 7.386/100 5.895/0.002 6.778/99.99 6.539/ 6.003/99.999 5.181/0.11

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

+0.79

0+ 1/20+ 25/2+

9/2+

~ +0.77

+0.28

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.83681 0.84983 0.87241 1.00124 (0.12–2.7) Bi k x-ray 0.28644 0.31156 0.51134 0.80737 1.03228 (0.11–1.5) Po k x-ray 0.2682 0.30074 0.81448 Bi k x-ray 0.74263 0.91176 0.99225

0.26049 0.8964 0.80313 Pb k x-ray 0.32808 0.56915 0.89723 1.06310 0.56915 0.89723

16+

0+ 9/2+ 0+ (9/2+)

0.7995 0.298

0+

0+

0+

At

85

At

191m

At At

191

193m

487_S11.indb 176

2.1 ms

α

~ 1.7 ms 21 ms

α α

7.65/98 7.72/2 7.55/100 7.33/98 7.42/2

4/17/06 11:01:16 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. At At 195m At 195 At 196m At 196 At 197m At 197 At 193 194

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-177 Atomic Mass or Weight

192.9998 193.9987 194.99627 195.9958 196.99319

At

1.0 s

198m

At 199 At 198

197.99284 198.99053

At At

4.1 s 6.9 s 47. s 3.5 s

200m2 200m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) α/ α/ α α/ α/ α β+, EC/7.8 α/ β+, EC/(75)/ α/(25)/ α/ β+, EC/8/5.6 α/(92)/ α β+, EC/(80) α/(20)/ β+, EC/65/~ 8.0 α/(35)/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 7.24/100

7.05/ 6.707 6.960/ 6.856/86 6.755/94 6.643/ 6.411/ 6.538/12

199.99035

43. s

At

200.98842

1.48 m

At At

201.98863

0.46 s 3.02 m

At

202.98694

7.4 m

β+, EC/69/5.1 α/(31)/6.210

6.088/

At

203.98725

9.1 m

β+, EC/95/6.5 α/(5)/

5.951/

At

204.98607

26. m

β+, EC/90/4.54 α/(10)/6.020

5.902/

At

205.98667

29.4 m

β+, EC/99/5.72 α/(1)/5.881

5.703/

At

206.98578

1.81 h

β+, EC/90/3.91 α/(10)/5.873

5.758/

At

207.98650

1.63 h

β+, EC/99/4.97 α/(1)/5.752

At

208.98617

5.4 h

β+, EC/96/3.49 α/(4)/5.757

201

202m 202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

β+, EC/29/5.9 α/(71)/6.474 I.T./0.391 β+, EC/88/7.2 α/(12)/

Spin (h/2 π)

7.07-7.22 6.95

At

200

487_S11.indb 177

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 28 ms 40 ms 147 ms 0.33 s 8 μs 0.39 s 2.0 s 0.39 s

6.412/44 6.465/57 6.344/

6.135/7.7 6.225/4.3

5.626/0.01 5.641/0.53

5.647/4.1

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0.158 (1/2+) (9/2-)

9/2-

105+

9/2-

5+

9/2-

(5+)

(9/2-)

5+

9/2-

(6+)

(6+)

ann.rad./ 0.4413 0.5697 0.6753 0.1458 0.2459 0.6414 1.0020 1.0340 Po k x-ray 0.3271 0.4254 0.5156 0.6837 Po k x-ray 0.1543 0.6696 0.7194 Po k x-ray 0.20186 0.39561 0.47716 0.70071 Po k x-ray 0.16801 0.58842 0.81448 Po k x-ray 0.1770 0.2060 0.6601 0.6852 0.8450 1.0281 Po k x-ray 0.10422 0.54503

4/17/06 11:01:17 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-178 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

At

209.98715

8.1 h

EC/99.8/3.98 α/(0.2)/5.632

At

210.987496

7.21 h

EC/(58)/0.787 α/(42)/5.980

0.119 s

α/

210

211

At

212m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

5.361/0.05 5.442/0.05

5.211/0.004 5.868/42 7.837/65 7.897/33 7.058/0.4 7.088/0.6 7.618/15 7.681/84 9.080/

Spin (h/2 π)

5+

9/2-

(9-)

212

At

211.99075

0.314 s

α/7.828

At At 214 At 215 At

212.992937 213.996372 214.99865

0.11 μs 0.76 μs 0.56 μs 0.10 ms

α/9.254 α/8.762 α/8.987 α/8.178

At

216.002423

0.30 ms

α/7.947

At

217.004719

32. ms

α/7.202

218

At

218.00869

1.6 s

α/6.883

At At 221 At 222 At 223 At

219.011162 220.0154 221.0181 222.0223 223.0252

50. s 3.71 m 2.3 m 0.9 m 50. s

α/6.390 β- /3.7 β β β

5 ms 6 ms 4. ms 0.02 s 0.07 s 64. ms 0.32 s 0.62 s 1.06 s

α α α/ α α/ α α α/ α/(98)/ EC/(2)/5. EC/(10)/ α/(90)/ α/(80)/ EC/(20)/

7.56 7.54 7.46 7.36 7.26 7.205 7.060 6.989 6.901/

α/(12)/ EC/(88)/ α/

6.641/

0+

6.551

13/2+

213

214m

216

217

219 220

8.819/100 7.626/0.045 8.023/99.9 7.595/0.2 7.697/2.1 7.800/97 6.812/0.06 7.067/99.9

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.78189 0.79020 (0.1–2.6) Po k x-ray 0.24535 0.52758 1.18143 1.43678 1.48335 (0.04–2.4) Po k x-ray 0.66956 0.6870 0.74263

(1-)

9/2(9-) (1-) (9/2-)

0.40486

(1-)

(9/2-)

0.2595 0.3345 0.5940

6.654/6 6.695/90 6.748/4 6.275/

(0.24–0.70)

Rn

86

Rn Rn 196 Rn 197m Rn 197 Rn 198 Rn 199m Rn 199 Rn 200 Rn 195m 195

195.00544 196.00212 197.0016 197.99868 198.9984 199.99570

Rn

3.8 s

201m

Rn

200.9956

7.0 s

Rn

201.99326

9.9 s

201

202

Rn

203m

487_S11.indb 178

28. s

6.773/ 6.725/ α/6.778

0+

0+ (13/2+) 3/20+

0.4329 0.5043

13/2+ (3/2-)

-0.96

+1.3

0.5695 0.2876–0.6255

4/17/06 11:01:19 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Rn

203

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-179 Atomic Mass or Weight

202.99339

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 45. s α/(66)/6.629 EC/(34)/~ 7.4 1.24 m α/(68)/ EC/(32)/3.8 2.8 m α/(23)/6.390 EC/(77)/5.2

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 6.499/

3/2-

6.420/

0+

6.123(3)/0.02 6.262(3)/23

(5/2-)

6.258(3)/

0+

Rn

203.99143

Rn

204.99172

Rn

205.99021

5.7 m

α/(68)/6.384 EC/(32)/3.3

Rn

206.99073

9.3 m

β+, EC/77/4.6 α/(23)/6.252

Rn

207.98964

24.3 m

Rn

208.99042

29. m

α/(60)/6.260 EC/(40)/2.85 β+ /(83)/3.93 α/(17)/

5.469(2)/0.003 6.140(2)/60 2.16/2.3 5.887(3)/0.04 5.898(3)/0.02 6.039(2)/16.9

Rn

209.98970

2.4 h

α/(96)/6.157 EC/(4)/2.37

5.351(2)/0.005 6.039(2)/96

Rn

210.99060

14.6 h

β+, EC/74/2.89 α/(26)/5.964

Rn

211.990704

24. m

α/6.385

213

Rn

212.99388

19. ms

α/8.243

Rn Rn 216 Rn 217 Rn

213.99536 214.99875 216.00027 217.003928

0.27 μs 2.3 μs 45. μs 0.6 ms

α/9.209 α/8.840 α α/7.885

Rn

218.005601

35. ms

α/7.267

Rn

219.009480

3.96 s

α/6.946(1)

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

214 215

218

219

487_S11.indb 179

5.995(4)/0.02 6.068(3)/0.15 6.126(3)/22.8

5.619(1)/0.7 5.784(1)/16.4 5.851(1)/8.8

5.587(4)/0.05 6.260(4)/99.95 7.552(8)/1.0 8.087(8)/98.2 7.254/0.8 9.037(9)/ 8.674(8)/ 7.500/0.1 7.742(4)/100 6.534(1)/0.16 7.133(1)/99.8 6.3130(5)/0.05

Spin (h/2 π)

5/2-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

+0.80

+0.06

+0.82

+0.22

+0.8388

+0.31

0+ 5/2-

0+

1/2-

+0.60

0+ 9/2+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0.2652 0.3553 0.4648 0.6205 0.6753 0.7300 0.06170 0.0968 0.3245 0.3862 0.4822 0.4973 0.7728 At k x-ray 0.32947 0.34455 0.36767 0.40267 0.74723 (0.18–1.4)

At k x-ray 0.27933 0.33753 0.40841 0.68942 0.74594 (0.18–3.2) At k x-ray 0.19625 0.45824 0.57104 0.64868 (0.14–1.7) At k x-ray 0.16877 0.25022 0.37049 0.67412 0.67839 1.36298 (0.11–2.7)

0.540

0+ (9/2+) 0+ 9/2+ 0+ (5/2+)

-0.44

+0.93

0.6093 0.6653 Po k x-ray

4/17/06 11:01:20 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-180 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Rn

220.011394

55.6 s

α/6.404

Rn

221.01554

25. m

α/(22)/6.148 β- /(78)/1.2

Rn

222.017578

3.823 d

α/5.590

Rn Rn

223.0218 224.0241

23. m 1.8 h

β- / β- /

Rn Rn 227 Rn 228 Rn

225.0284 226.0309 227.0354 228.0380

4.5 m 7.4 m 2. s 65. s

β- / β- / β- / β- /

Fr Fr 201m Fr 201 Fr 202m Fr 202 Fr 203 Fr 204m2 Fr 204m1 Fr 204 Fr

199.00726 200.0066

12 s 49 ms ~ 0.02 s ~ 60 ms 0.29 s 0.30 s 0.54 s 0.8 s 2. s 1.8 s

α α α/ α/ α α/7.590 α/7.280 α α α/

Fr Fr 206 Fr 207 Fr 208 Fr

204.99859 205.99867 206.99695 207.99714

3.9 s 0.7 s 16.0 s 14.8 s 59.1 s

Fr

208.99595

50.0 s

Fr

209.99641

3.2 m

α/7.050 α/ α/7.416 α/6.900 α/(77)/6.770 EC/(23)/6.99 α/(89)/5.1 EC/(11)/5.16 α/6.670/71 EC/6.26

Fr

210.99554

3.10 m

Fr

211.99620

Fr

212.99619

220

221

222

223 224

225 226

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 6.425(3)/7.5 6.5309(4)/0.12 6.5531(3)/12.2 6.8193(3)/81 5.7486(5)/0.07 6.2883(1)/99.9 5.778(3)/1.8 5.788(3)/2.2 6.037(3)/18

4.987(1)/0.08 5.4897(3)/99.9

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.13057 0.27113 0.40170 (0.1–1.05)

-0.020

-0.38

Fr L x-ray 0.07384 0.08323 0.0610 0.18639 0.510

-0.78

+0.80

-0.70

+0.84

0+ 7/2+

0+

0+

7/20+

0.1085 0.2601 0.2655

0+

Fr

87

199 200

205

206m

209

210

211

212

213

487_S11.indb 180

201.0039 202.00337 203.00093

204.00065

7.66 7.47 7.454 7.36/ 7.236/ 7.24/100 7.132(5)/ 7.01 6.97 7.03/96 6.97/90 7.01/74 6.914(5)/ 6.93 6.792(5)/84 6.766(5)/ 6.636(5)/

9/27+

+3.9 -4.8

-0.16 +0.004

6.646(3)/

9/2-

+3.9

-0.24

6.543(5)/99.87 (5.90-6.42)

6+

+4.4

+0.19

α/6.660/87 EC/4.61

6.534(5)/99.94 (5.87-6.20)

9/2-

+4.0

-0.19

20. m

EC/(57)/5.12 α/(43)/6.529

(5+)

+4.6

-0.10

34.6 s

α/6.905

6.261(1)/16 6.335(1)/4 6.335(1)/4 6.343(1)/1.3 6.383(1)/10 6.406(1)/9.5 6.08–6.18 8.476(4)/51

9/2-

+4.0

-0.14

(9/2-)

(9/2-)

(9/2-)

0.531(IT)

0.7978 (0.1103–1.384) 0.2030 0.6438 0.8175 0.9008 0.220 0.2799 0.5389 0.9169 Rn x-ray 0.08107 0.08378 0.2277 1.1856 1.2748 0.014–1.178 (0.408-0.577)

4/17/06 11:01:22 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Fr

214m

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-181 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 3.4 ms α/

214

Fr

213.99897

5.0 ms

α/8.587

Fr Fr 217 Fr 218m Fr 218 Fr

215.00034 216.00320 217.00463 218.007578

0.12 μs 0.70 μs 0.016 ms 22. ms 1. ms

α/9.537 α/9.175 α/8.471 α α/8.014

Fr

219.00925

21. ms

α/8.132

Fr

220.012327

27.4 s

α/6.800

Fr

221.014255

4.8 m

α/6.457

Fr

222.01755

14.3 m

Fr

223.019736

22.0 m

β- /2.03 α/5.850 β- /1.149 α//0.006

Fr

224.02325

3.0 m

β- /2.82

Fr Fr

225.02557 226.0294

3.9 m 49. s

Fr Fr 229 Fr 230 Fr 231 Fr 232 Fr

227.0318 228.0357 229.03845 230.0425 231.0454 232.050

215 216

219

220

221

222

223

224

225 226

227 228

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 8.547(4)/46 6.775–8.046 7.409(3)/0.3 7.605(8)/1.0 7.940(3)/1.0 8.355(3)/4.7 8.427(3)/93 9.360(8)/ 9.005(10)/95 8.315(8)/ 7.384(10)/0.5 7.542(15)/1.0 7.572(10)/5 7.732(10)/0.5 7.867(2)/93 6.802(2)/0.25 6.967(2)/0.6 7.146(2)/0.25 7.313(2)/99 6.582(1)/10 6.630(2)/6 6.641(1)/12 6.686(1)/61 6.39–6.58 5.9393(7)/0.17 5.9797(7)/0.49 6.0751(7)/0.15 6.1270(7)/ 6.2433(3)/1.3 6.3410(7)/83.4 1.78/

Spin (h/2 π) 9-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(1-)

(0.073-0.966)

(9/2-)

(0.045–0.160)

(9/2-) (1-)

(9/2-)

1+

-0.67

+0.47

(5/2-)

+1.58

-1.0

2-

+0.63

+0.51

(3/2+)

+1.17

+1.17

1-

+0.40

+0.517

β- /1.87 β- /3.6

3/2 1

+1.07 +0.071

+1.3 -1.35

2.48 m 39. s 50. s 19. s 17. s 5. s

β- /2.5 β- /~ 3.5 β- / β- / β- / β- /

1/2 2-

+1.50 -0.76

+2.4

~ 1.6 ms ~ 0.02 ms 24 ms ~ 31 ms 0.06 s ~ 0.17 s 0.22 s 0.4 s

α α α α α

7.91/ 7.74 7.61 7.59 7.48

α α/7.416

7.34 7.272(5)/

α/5.291 5.314 5.403

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0.0450 0.061 0.1060 0.1539 0.1617 At k x-ray 0.0995 0.21798 0.4091

0.1509 0.0589 0.1453 0.13150 0.21575 0.8367 (0.1–2.21) 0.18606 0.25373

(3) (0.0545-0.721)

Ra

88

Ra Ra 203m Ra 203 Ra 204 Ra 205m Ra 205 Ra 206 Ra 201 202

487_S11.indb 181

202.0099 203.0093 204.0065 205.0063 206.00383

0+

0+

0+

4/17/06 11:01:23 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-182 Elem. or Isot. Ra Ra 209 Ra 210m Ra 210 Ra 211m Ra 211 Ra 207 208

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 207.0038 208.00184 209.00199 210.00050 211.00090

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 1.3 s 1.4 s 4.6 s 2.4 μs 3.7 s 3.9 μs 13. s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) α/7.270 α/7.273 α/7.150

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 7.133(5)/ 7.133(5)/ (6.50-7.14)

Spin (h/2 π) 0+ 5/2-

α/7.610

7.020(5)/

0+

α/7.046 EC/5.0

6.907/99. (6.26-6.79)

(5/2-)

α/7.033 IT

6.901(2)/

0+

Ra 212 Ra 213m Ra

211.99979

8.3 μs 13.0 s 2.1 ms

Ra

213.00038

2.7 m

Ra Ra

214.00011

> 0.015 ms 2.46 s

α/7.272

0+

Ra Ra

215

215.00272

7.6 μs 1.64 ms

7.14/99.8/ 6.51/0.2

α/8.864

(9/2+)

Ra Ra 218 Ra 219 Ra

216.00353 217.00632 218.00714 219.01009

0.18 μs 1.6 μs 26. μs 0.010 s

α/9.526 α/9.161 α/8.547 α/8.132

Ra

220.01103

18. ms

α/7.593

Ra

221.013917

29. s

α/6.879

Ra

222.015375

36.2 s

α/5.590

Ra

223.018502

11.43 d

α/5.979

Ra

224.020212

3.66 d

α/5.789

Ra

225.023612

14.9 d

β- /0.36 α

Ra

226.025410

1599. y > 4 × 1018 y

α/4.870 sf/4 × 10-14

7.883(6)/2.8 8.171(3)/1.4 8.700(3)/95.9 9.349(8)/ 8.992(8)/ 8.390(8)/ 7.680(10)/65 7.982(9)/35 7.39/5 7.45/95 6.254(10)/0.7 6.578(5)/3 6.585(3)/8 6.608(3)/35 6.669(3)/21 6.758(3)/31 6.237(2)/3.0 6.556(2)/97 5.287(1)/0.15 5.338(1)/0.13 5.365(1)/0.13 5.433(5)/2.3 5.502(1)/1.0 5.540(1)/9.2 5.607(3)/24 5.716(3)/52 5.747(1)/9 5.857(1)/0.32 5.872(1)/0.85 5.034(10)/0.003 5.047(1)/0.007 5.164(5)/0.007 5.449(2)/4.9 5.685(2)/95 0.32/100 5.01 × 10-5 4.98 × 10-6 4.194(1)/0.001 4.343(1)/0.006 4.601(1)/6.16

212m

213

214m 214

215m

216 217

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

487_S11.indb 182

EC/(20)/3.88 α/(80)/6.860

6.521(3)/4.8 6.622(3)/39 6.730(3)/36

(1/2-)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

+0.87

+0.40

+0.878

+0.48

(0.196-1.048) 0.773/100 0.852/74 0.055–1.048

0.465 -0.180

+1.9

0+ +0.271

0+

(3/2+)

0+

(0.120-0.665) (0.440-0.824)

(0.181-1.382) 0.642

0+

(3/2+)

(0.387-0.634) (0.0967-0.775) 574.9 (0.396-0.802)

(0.160-1.061) 0.1024 0.11010 0.2125

+0.613

0+ 9/20+

5/2+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

+1.25

0.324 0.1448–0.8402 Rn k x-ray 0.12231 0.14418 0.15418 0.15859 0.26939 0.32388 0.33328 0.44494 (0.10–0.7) Rn k x-ray 0.2407 0.4093 0.6501

-0.734

Ac k x-ray 0.0434 Rn k x-ray 0.1861/3.64 0.2624

4/17/06 11:01:25 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-183 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Ra

227.029178

42. m

β- /1.325

Ra

228.031070

5.76 y

β- /0.046

Ra Ra

229.03496 230.03706

4.0 m 1.5 h

β- /1.76 β- /1.0

231.0412 232.0436 233.0481 234.051

1.7 m 4. m 30. s ~ 30. s

ββββ-/

208.0116 209.00949 210.0094 211.0077 212.0078 213.0066 214.00690

0.04 s ~ 26 ms 27 ms ~ 25. ms ~ 0.1 s ~ 0.10 s 0.34 s 0.20 s 0.9 s 0.73 s 8.2 s

α α α/ α/ α/ α/ α/7.610 α/7.620 α/7.520 α/7.500 α/(86)/7.350 EC/(14)/6.34

215.00645

0.17 s

α/7.750

0.44 ms

α/

227

228

229 230

Ra Ra 233 Ra 234 Ra 231 232

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 4.784(1)/93.8 1.03/ 1.30/ 0.039/50 0.014/30 0.026/20 1.76/ 0.7/

Spin (h/2 π) (3/2+)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.404

+1.5

+0.503

+3.1

0+

(3/2+) 0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.053–2.448 Ac L x-ray Ac k x-ray 0.02739 0.0135 (0.006–0.0306) 0.0145–0.1715 0.0631 0.0720 0.2028 0.4698 0.4787

0+ 0+

Ac

89

Ac Ac 207 Ac 208m Ac 208 Ac 209 Ac 210 Ac 211 Ac 212 Ac 213 Ac 214 Ac 206m 206

Ac

215

206.0145 207.0120

Ac

216m

Ac

216.00872

44. ms

α/9.241

Ac Ac 218 Ac 219 Ac 220 Ac

217.00935 218.01164 219.01242 220.01476

0.7 μs 0.07 μs 1.1 μs 0.012 ms 26. ms

α/ α/9.832 α/9.380 α/8.830 α/8.350

Ac

221.01559

52. ms

α/7.790

63. s

α/(>89)/

216

217m 217

221

Ac

222m

487_S11.indb 183

7.79 7.75 7.69 7.72 7.62 7.58 7.462(8)/ 7.480(8)/ 7.379(8)/ 7.364(8)/ 7.215/54 7.081/42 (6.48-7.15) 7.60/99.57 7.21/0.46 7.03/0.20 6.96/0.14 8.198(8)/1.7 8.283(8)/2.5 9.028(5)/49 9.106(5)/46 8.990(2)/10 9.070(8)/90 10.540/100 9.650(10)/100 9.205(15)/ 8.664(10)/ 7.610(20)/23 4.680(20)/21 7.790(10)/13 7.850(10)/24 7.985(10)/4 8.005(10)/5 8.060(10)/6 8.195(10)/3 7.170(10)/2 7.375(10)/10 7.440(15)/20 7.645(10)/70 6.710(20)/7

(9/2-) (5+)

(0.0626-0.754)

(9/2-)

0.399 0.582 0.654

(9-)

(0.0826-1.375)

(1-)

9/2(9/2-)

4/17/06 11:01:27 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-184 Elem. or Isot.

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/(1)/ I.T./(<10)/

Ac

222.01784

5. s

α/7.141

Ac

223.01914

2.1 m

α/(99)/6.783 EC/(1)/0.59

Ac

224.021723

2.7 h

EC/(90)/1.403 α/(10)/6.323

Ac

225.023230

10.0 d

α/5.935

Ac

226.026098

1.224 d

EC/(17)/0.640 β- /(83)/1.116 α/(0.006)/5.51

222

223

224

225

226

Ac

227.027752

21.77 y

β- /98.6/0.045 α/(1.4)/5.043

Ac

228.031021

6.15 h

β- /2.127

227

228

487_S11.indb 184

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 6.750(20)/13 6.810(20)/24 6.840(20)/9 6.890(20)/13 6.970(20)/7 7.000(20)/13 6.967(10)/6 7.013(2)/94 6.131(2)/0.12 6.177(2)/0.94 6.293(1)/0.47 6.326(1)/0.3 6.332(2)/0.14 6.360(1)/0.22 6.397(1)/0.13 6.448(1)/0.2 6.473(1)/3.1 6.523(2)/0.6 6.528(1)/3.1 6.563(1)/13.6 6.582(3)/0.3 6.646(1)/44 6.661(1)/31 5.841(1)/0.5 5.860(1)/0.75 5.875(1)/1.7 5.941(1)/4.4 6.000(1)/6.7 6.013(1)/1.4 6.056(1)/22 6.138(1)/26 6.154(1)/1.0 6.204(1)/12 6.210(1)/20 5.286(1)/0.2 5.444(3)/0.1 5.554(1)/0.1 5.608(1)/1.1 5.636(1)/4.5 5.681(1)/1.4 5.722(1)/2.9 5.731(1)/10 5.791(1)/9 5.793(1)/18

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

1(5/2-)

0.0725 0.0839 0.0927 0.0990 0.1917 0.2158 0.3588 0.4768

0-

Ra L x-ray Ra k x-ray 0.08426 0.13150 0.1571 0.21575 0.2619 (0.03–0.3)

3/2

Fr k x-ray 0.06296/0.48 0.09982/1.36 0.1084 0.1116 0.1451 0.150.02/0.691 0.15724 0.18795/0.54 0.0075–0.8085 Ra k x-ray Th k x-ray 0.07218 0.15816 0.23034 0.0838/23. 0.0811/14. 0.2696/13. (0.044–1.27) Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.12903 0.33842 0.91116 0.96897 (0.2–1.96)

(1-)

5.399(5)/0.006

0.045/54 4.869(1)/0.09 4.938(1)/0.52 4.951(1)/0.65 1.11/32 1.85/12 2.18/11

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

(3/2-)

(3+)

+1.1

+1.7

4/17/06 11:01:28 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

229.03302

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.04 h β- /1.10

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.1/

Ac

230.0363

2.03 m

β- /2.7 β-, sf

1.4/ /0.000119

1+

231

Ac

231.0386

7.5 m

β- /2.1

2.1/100

(1/2+)

Ac Ac 234 Ac

232.0420 233.0446 234.0484

2.0 m 2.4 m 40. s

β- /3.7 β- / β- /

~ 0.01 s ~ 9 ms 0.04 s ~ 30. ms 0.14 s 0.10 s 1.2 s

α α α α/ α/7.840 α/7.825 α/7.660

0.14 ms

α

Ac

229

230

232 233

Th

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-185 Atomic Mass or Weight

90

232.03806(2)

Th Th 211 Th 212 Th 213 Th 214 Th 215 Th

209.0177 210.0158 211.0149 212.01298 213.0130 214.01150 215.01173

209 210

Th

216m

Th

216.01106

27. ms

α/8.071

217

Th

217.01311

0.25 ms

α/9.424

Th Th 220 Th 221 Th

218.01328 219.01554 220.01575 221.01818

0.11 μs 1.05 μs 10. μs 2. ms

α/9.847 α/9.510 α/8.953 α/8.628

Th

222.01847

2.24 ms

α/8.129

Th

223.02081

0.60 s

α/7.454

Th

224.02147

1.05 s

α/7.305

Th

225.023951

8.72 m

EC/(10)/0.68 α/(90)/6.920

Th

226.024903

30.83 m

α/6.454

216

218 219

222

223

224

225

226

487_S11.indb 185

Spin (h/2 π) (3/2+)

(2-) (1/2+) (1+)

8.08 7.90 7.79 7.80/ 7.692(10)/ 7.677(10)/ 7.33(10)/8 7.395(8)/52 7.524(8)/40 9.93/74 8.00, 9.31 7.92/99.46 7.30/0.54 9.27/94.6 8.46/3.8 8.73/1.6 9.665(10)/ 9.340(20)/ 8.790(20)/ 7.732/7 8.142/72 8.469/21 7.980/97.7 7.599/2.3 7.29(1)/41(5) 7.32(1)/29(5) 7.350(15)/20(5) 7.390(15)/10(4) 6.768(5)/1.2 6.997(5)/19 7.170(5)/7 6.441(2)/15 6.479(2)/43 6.501(3)/14 6.627(3)/3 6.650(5)/3 6.700(5)/2 6.743(3)/7 6.796(2)/9 6.026(1)/0.2

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.09335/2.43 0.16451/2.61 0.56916/2.24 0.0111–0.898 Th k x-ray 0.45497 0.50820 (0.12–2.5) 0.14379 0.18574 0.22140 0.28250 0.3070

0+ 0+ 0+ (1/2-)

0+

0.134 0.192 (0.069-0.295) (0.0905-1.478) 0.628 (0.546-0.822)

0+ 0+

0+

0+

(3/2+)

0+

Ra k x-ray

4/17/06 11:01:29 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-186 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Th

227.027704

18.72 d

α/6.146

Th

228.028741

1.913 y

α/5.520

Th Th

229.031762

13.9 h 7.9 × 103 y

α α/5.168

Th

230.033134

7.54 × 104 y

α/4.771

> 2 × 1018 y

sf/< 4 × 10-12

231.036304

1.063 d

β- /0.390

232.038055

1.40 × 1010 y 1.2 × 1021 y

α/4.081 sf/1.1 × 10-9

Th

233.041582

22.3 m

β-/1.245

Th

234.043601

24.10 d

β- /0.273

Th

235.04751

7.2 m

β- /1.9

Th

236.0499

37.5 m

β- /~ 1.0

Th Th

237.0539 238.0565

5.0 m 9.4 m

β-

91

Pa

231.03588(2)

Pa Pa 214 Pa 215 Pa 216 Pa

212.0232 213.0211 214.0209 215.0192 216.0191

~ 5 ms 7 ms 17 ms 15. ms 0.19 s

α α α α α/

227

228

229m 229

230

Th

231

Th

232

233

234

235

236

237 238

212 213

487_S11.indb 186

100.

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 6.041(1)/0.19 6.098(1)/1.3 6.2283(4)/23 6.3375(4)/75

5.1770(2)/0.18 5.2114(1)/0.4 5.3405(1)/26.7 5.4233(1)/73 4.83-5.08 4.814/9.3 4.845(5)/56 4.9008(5)/10.2 4.689–5.077 4.4383(6)/0.03 4.4798(6)/0.12 4.6211(6)/23.4 4.6876(6)/76.3 0.138/22 0.218/20 0.305/52

3.830(10)/0.2 3.952(5)/23 4.010(5)/77 1.245/

0.102/20 0.198/72

Spin (h/2 π)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1112 0.2421 0.1310 0.1733–0.9295 Ra L x-ray Ra k x-ray 0.05014 0.23597 0.25624 (0.02–1.0)

+0.46

0.1935/4.3 0.21089/277 0.13697/1.21 0.0111–0.6036 0.0677/0.46 0.1439/0.078

(3/2+)

0+

5/2+

0+

5/2+

0+

½+

0+

0+

0+

8.27 8.24 8.12 8.08/100 7.95/51 7.82/45 7.79/4

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

+4.

Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02564 0.084203/ (0.02–0.3) 0.0590 0.124 Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02938 0.08653 0.45930 (0.02–1.2) Pa L x-ray 0.06329/4.1 0.09235/2.4 0.09278/2.4 0.4162 0.6594 0.7272 0.747 0.9318 Pa k x-ray 0.1107 0.0890

0.134

4/17/06 11:01:31 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Pa

217m

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-187 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.08 ms α/

Pa

217.0183

3.8 ms

α/8.490

218

Pa

218.02004

0.12 ms

α/

Pa Pa 221 Pa 222 Pa

219.0199 220.0219 221.0219 222.0237

0.05 μs 0.8 μs 6. μs ~ 4.3 ms

α α α α/8.700

Pa

223.0240

~ 6.5 ms

α/8.340

Pa

224.02563

0.84 s

α/7.630

Pa

225.0261

1.8 s

α/7.380

Pa

226.02795

1.8 m

α/(74)/6.987 EC/(26)/2.83

Pa

227.02881

38.3 m

α/(85)/6.582 EC/(15)/1.02

Pa

228.031051

22. h

EC/(98)/2.111 α/(2)

Pa

229.032097

1.5 d

EC/(99.8)/0.32 α/(0.2)/5.836

Pa

230.034541

17.4 d

EC/(90)/1.310 β-/(10)/0.563

Pa

231.035884

3.25 × 104 y

α/5.148

> 2 × 1017 y

sf/< 1.6 × 10-15

217

219 220

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

487_S11.indb 187

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 10.16/72 8.306/11 9.55/6 9.69/2 8.337/99 7.873/0.4 7.728/0.3 7.710/0.3 9.54/31 9.61/69

9.08(3) 8.180/50 8.330/20 8.540/30 8.006(10)/55 8.196(10)/45 7.555(10)/75(3) 7.46(1)/25(3) 7.195(10)/30 7.245(10)/70 6.728(10)/0.7 6.823(10)/35 6.863(10)/39 6.357(4)/7 6.376(10)/2.2 6.401(4)/8 6.416(4)/13 6.423(10)/10 6.465(4)/43 5.779/0.23 5.805/0.15 6.078/0.4 6.105/0.25 6.118/0.22

5.536(2)/0.02 5.579(2)/0.09 5.668(2)/0.05 0.51/

4.6781(5)/1.5 4.7102(5)/1.0 4.7343(5)/8.4 4.8513(5)/1.4 4.9339(5)/3 4.9505(5)/22.8 4.9858(5)/1.4 5.0131(5)/25.4 5.0292(5)/20 5.0318(5)/2.5

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4504–0.8208

0.0466–0.634

0.092

0.1945 (0.028–0.412)

(5/2-)

(3+)

0.0649 0.0669 0.1100

+3.5

Th k x-ray 0.409/100 0.4631/222 0.91116/242 0.96464/120 0.96897/149 0.058–1.96 0.04244 (0.024–0.18)

(2-)

2.0

3/2-

2.01

Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.4437 0.45477 0.89876 0.91856 0.95199 (0.053–1.07) Ac L x-ray Ac k x-ray 0.01899 0.027396 0.03823 0.04639 0.25586 0.26029 0.28367 0.30007

(5/2+)

-1.7

4/17/06 11:01:32 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-188 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

232.03859

1.31 d

β- /1.34

Pa

233.040247

27.0 d

β-/0.571

1.17 m

β- /99.9/2.29 IT/0.13/

233

Pa

234m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.0587(5)/11

Spin (h/2 π)

0.15/40 0.256/60

3/2-

(0-)

234.043308

6.69 h

β- /2.197

0.51/

(4+)

Pa Pa

235.04544 236.0487

24.4 m 9.1 m

β- /1.41 β- /2.9

1.4/97 1.1/40 2.0/50 3.1/10

(3/2-) (1-)

Pa

237.0512

8.7 m

β- /2.3

1.1/60 1.6/30 2.3/10

(1/2+)

Pa

238.0545

2.3 m

β- /3.5

1.2/ 1.7/

(3-)

Pa

239.0573

1.8 h

U

238.02891(3) α α α α α α/ α/ α/

8.02 10.68 8.61 9.68(4)/

α/7.560

235 236

237

238

239

U U 218 U 219 U 222 U 223 U 224 U 225 U

217.0244 218.02354 219.0249 222.0261 223.0277 224.02761 225.02939

~ 0.2 ms ~ 0.56 ms 0.5 ms ~ 0.08 ms ~ 1.μs 0.02 s ~ 1. ms 84. ms

U

226.02934

0.26 s

217

218m

226

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(2-)

Pa

234

487_S11.indb 188

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Pa

232

92

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

8.78(4)/ 8.46/100 7.87/83 7.82/15 7.63/2 7.56/86 7.38/14

+4.0

-3.0

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.30264 0.33007 (0.02–0.61) U k x-ray 0.10900 0.15009 0.89439 0.96934 (0.10–1.17) U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.30017 0.31201/38.4 (0.0286-0.456) U k x-ray 0.25818/0.07 0.76641/0.32 1.0009/0.86 (0.06–1.96) U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.1312/0.03 0.5695/0.02 0.9256/0.02 (0.02–1.99) 0.0308–0.65893 U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 1.7630 (0.04–2.18) 0.4986 0.5293 0.5407 0.8536 0.8650 (0.04–1.4) 0.10350 0.1785 0.4484 0.6350 0.6800 1.01446 (0.04–2.5)

0+ 0+ 0+

0+

4/17/06 11:01:34 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 227 228

U U

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-189 Atomic Mass or Weight

227.03116 228.03137

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.1 m α/7.200 9.1 m α/6.803

229

U

229.03351

58. m

EC/(80)/1.31 α/(20)/6.473

230

U

230.033940

20.8 d > 4 × 1010 y

α/5.992 sf/< 10-10

231

U

231.036294

4.2 d

EC/0.36 α/(10-3)

232

U

232.037156

70. y 2.6 × 1015 y

α/5.414 sf/2.7 × 10-12

233

U

233.039635

1.592 × 105 y > 2.7 × 1017 y

α/4.909 sf/6 × 10-11

234

U

0.0054(5)

234.040952

2.455 × 105 y 1.5 × 1016 y

α/4.856 sf/1.6 × 10-9

U U

0.7204(6)

235.043930

26. m 7.04 × 108 y 1.0 × 1019 y

IT/0.0007 α/4.6793 sf/7 × 10-9

235m 235

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 6.870/ 6.404(6)/0.6 6.440(5)/0.7 6.589(5)/29 6.681(6)/70 6.223/3 6.297(3)/11 6.332(3)/20 6.360(3)/64 5.5866(3)/0.01 5.6624(3)/0.26 5.6663(3)/0.38 5.8178(3)/32 5.8887(3)/67 5.46/1.6 × 10-3 5.47/1.4 × 10-3 5.40/1. × 10-3 4.9979(1)/0.003 5.1367(1)/0.3 5.2635(1)/31 5.3203(1)/69 4.7830(8)/13.2 4.8247(8)/84.4 4.510–4.804 4.604(1)/0.24 4.7231(1)/27.5 4.776(1)/72.5 4.1525(9)/0.9 4.2157(9)/6. 4.3237(9)/4.6 4.3641(9)/19. 4.370(4)/6 4.3952(9)/57. 4.4144(9)/2.1 4.5025(9)/1.7 4.5558(9)/4.2 4.5970(9)/4.8 4.332(8)/0.26 4.445(5)/26 4.494(3)/74

Spin (h/2 π) 0+

0+

0+

+0.59

3.66

Th L x-ray 0.04244 0.09714 (0.0252–1.119) 0.05323/0.156 0.12091

-0.38

4.9

Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.10917 0.14378 0.16338 0.18574 0.20213 0.20533 0.22140 (0.03–0.79) Th L x-ray 0.04946/100 0.11279/24.1 0.17115/0.080 Np L x-ray Np k x-ray 0.05953 0.20801 Th L x-ray 0.04955/.06 0.1135/.01 (0.522–0.681)

0+

1/2+ 7/2-

U

236.045568

2.342 × 107 y 2.5 × 1016 y

α/4.569 sf/9 × 10-8

237

U

237.048730

6.75 d

β- /0.519

0.24/ 0.25/

1/2+

238

U

238.050788

4.47 × 109 y 8.2 × 1015y

α sf/5 × 10-5

0+

239

U

239.054293

23.5 m

β- /1.265

240

U

240.05659

14.1 h

β- /0.39

4.0395/0.23 4.147(5)/23 4.196(5)/77 1.2/ 1.3/ 0.36/

242

U

242.0629

16.8 m

β- /~ 1.2

487_S11.indb 189

Th L x-ray 0.07218 0.15421 0.23034 (0.081–0.8565) Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02564 0.08420

(5/2-)

5/2+

0+

5/2+ 0+

0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.095 0.152 0.187 0.246

(3/2+)

236

99.2742(10)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

Np L x-ray 0.04410 0.05558 0.06760

4/17/06 11:01:35 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-190 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

Np

93

Np Np 227 Np

225.0339 226.0352 227.0350

> 2 μs 0.03 s 0.51 s

Np

228.0362

61. s

Np Np

229.0363 230.0378

4.0 m 4.6 m

Np

231.03825

48.8 m

Np

232.0401

14.7 m

EC/99 /2.7

(4-)

Np

233.04074

36.2 m

EC/1.2

(5/2+)

Np

234.04290

4.4 d

β+, EC/1.81

Np

235.044063

1.085 y

EC/99.9 /0.124 α/0.001/5.191 EC/52 / β- /48 /

5/2+

(6-)

225 226

228

229 230

231

232

233

234

235

Np

22.5 h

236m

EC/60(7)/ α/40(7)/, sf α/7.010 EC/97 /3.6 α/3 EC/98 /1.8 α/2 /6.368

8.04(2)/ 7.65(2)/ 7.68(1)/

6.890(20) 6.660(20) 6.280/2

0.79/

5/2

(1-)

236.04657

1.55 × 105 y

EC/91 /0.94 β- /9 /0.49

Np

237.048173

2.14 × 106 y 1 × 1018 y

α/4.957 sf/2.1 × 10-10

Np

238.050946

2.117 d

β- /1.292

Np

239.052939

2.355 d

β- /0.722

0.341/30 0.438/48

5/2+

7.22 m

β- /99.9 / IT/0.1 /

2.18/

(1+)

237

238

239

Np

240m

0.2629 0.3475 0.3703 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.3268 0.81925 0.86683 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.29887 0.31201 U L x-ray U k x-ray 1.5272 1.5587 1.6022 U k x-ray

(0+)

Np

236

487_S11.indb 190

α/ α/

4.6395(5)/6.5 4.766(5)/9.7 4.7715(5)/22.7 4.7884(5)/47.8 4.558–4.873 1.2/

5/2+

2+

+3.14

+3.89

U L x-ray Pu L x-ray U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.10423 0.16031 Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.029378/15 0.08653/12 (0.03–0.28) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.98447/25.2 1.02855/18.3 (.044–1.026) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.10613 0.228186/11 0.27760/15 (0.04–0.50) 0.25143 0.26333 0.55454 0.59735

4/17/06 11:01:37 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Np

240

Np

241

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-191 Atomic Mass or Weight

240.05616

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.032 h β- /2.20

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.89/

5+

241.0583

13.9 m

β- /1.3

1.3/

5/2+

2.2 m

β- /

β- /2.7

2.7/

6+

7.81(2)/ 7.46/ 7.06/81 7.00/19

0+

Np

242m

Np

242.0616

5.5 m

Np Np

243.06428 244.0679

1.9 m 2.3 m

Pu Pu 230 Pu

228.03874 229.0402 230.03965

~ 1.1 s ~ 1.5 m 1.7 m

α/ α/ α/

Pu

231.04110

8.6 m

Pu

232.04119

34. m

EC/90 α/10 EC/>80/1.1 α/<20/6.716

Pu

233.04300

20.9 m

EC(99.9)/1.9 α/0.1 /6.416

Pu

234.04332

8.8 h

EC/94 /0.39 α/6 /6.310

Pu

235.04529

25.3 m

Pu Pu

236.046058

1.2 μs 2.87 y 1.5 × 109 y

EC/99+ /1.2 α/0.003/5.957

Pu

237.048410

45.7 d

EC/99.9 /0.220 α/0.003 /5.747

Pu

238.049560

87.7 y 4.75 × 1010 y

α/5.593 sf/1.8 × 10-7

Pu

239.052163

2.410 × 104 y 8. × 1015 y

α/5.244 sf/3 × 10-10

242

243 244

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(1+)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1471/ 0.5664 0.6008 0.1330/ 0.1740 0.280 0.15910 0.2651/ 0.78570 0.9448/ 0.6209 0.73620 0.78074 1.47340 (0.04–2.37)

Pu

94

228 229

231

232

233

234

235

236m 236

237

238

239

487_S11.indb 191

α/5.867 sf/1.9 × 10-7

6.72 6.542(10)/38 6.600(10)/62

0+

0+

0.1503 0.1804 0.2353 0.5002 0.5346/ 1.0352/

6.300(20)/0.1

6.035(3)/0.024 6.149(3)/1.9 6.200(3)/4. 5.850(20)/0.003 5.611/0.21 5.7210/30.5 5.7677(1)/69.3 5.334(4)/0.0015 5.356(4)/0.0006 5.650(4)/0.0007

5.3583(1)/0.10 5.465(1)/28.3 5.4992(1)/71.6 5.055/0.047 5.076/0.078 5.106/11.9 5.144/17.1 5.157/70.8 (4.74 –5.03)

0+

(5/2+)

0+

7/2-

0+

1/2+

+0.203

0.0476/0.07 0.109/0.02 (0.17–0.97) Np L x-ray Np k x-ray 0.026344 0.03319 0.05954 (0.03–0.5) U k x-ray 0.04347 (0.04–1.1) U k x-ray 0.05162 0.05682 0.12928 0.37502 0.41369

4/17/06 11:01:38 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-192 Elem. or Isot. Pu

240

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 240.053814

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 6.56 × 103 y α/5.255 sf/5.7 × 10-6 1.14 × 1011 y

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.0212(1)/0.07 5.1237(1)/26.4 5.1681(1)/73.5

Spin (h/2 π)

4.853/3 × 10-4 4.897/0.002

5/2+

4.7546(7)/0.098 4.8564(7)/22.4 4.9006(7)/78 0.49/21 0.58/60

0+

0+

Pu

241.056852

14.3 y

Pu

242.058743

< 6 × 1016 y 3.75 × 105 y 6.77 × 1010 y

β-/99+/0.0208 α/0.002 /5.139 sf/> 2.4 × 10-14 α/4.983 sf/5.5 × 10-4

Pu

243.062003

4.956 h

β- /0.582

Pu

244.064204 245.06775

α/99.9/4.665 sf/0.12 β- /1.21

4.546(1)/19.4 4.589(1)/80.5 0.93/57 1.21/11

0+

Pu

8.00 × 107 y 6.6 × 1010 y 10.5 h

Pu

246.07021

10.85 d

β- /0.40

0.150/85 0.35/10

0+

Pu

247.0741

2.3 d

Am Am 234 Am 235 Am

232.0466 233.0464 234.0478 235.0480

0.9 m ~ 3.2 m 2.3 m 10.3 m

Am Am 237 Am

236.0496 237.0500

2.9 m 3.6 m 1.22 h

Am

238.05198

Am

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

-0.683

+6.

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) U L x-ray 0.04524 0.10423 (0.04–0.97) 0.14854 0.1600 U L x-ray 0.04491 0.10350 Am L x-ray 0.0417 0.0839 U L x-ray 0.0439 Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.2804 / 0.30832 0.32752 0.56014 (0.03–1.2) Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.04379 0.22371

7/2+

(9/2-)

Am

95

232 233

236m

6.78

6.46/0.4

EC EC/99.98 /1.7 α/0.02 /6.20

6.042(5)/0.02

1.63 h

EC/2.26 α/0.0001 /6.04

5.940/0.0001

239.053025

11.9 h

EC/99.99/0.803 α/0.01/5.924

Am

240.05530

2.12 d

EC/1.38 α/5.592

Am

241.056829

432.7 y 1.2 × 1014 y

α/5.637 sf/3.6 × 10-10

236

238

239

240

241

487_S11.indb 192

EC/~ 5.0 α EC/4.2 EC α

5.734(2)/0.001 5.776(2)/0.008

5.378(1)/16 × 10-4

5.2443(1)/0.002 5.3221(1)/0.015 5.3884(1)/1.4 5.4431(1)/12.8

(1-) (5-) (5/2-)

1+

5/2-

(3-)

5/2-

+1.58

+3.1

Pu K x-ray 0.291/100 (0.170-0.828) (0.583-0.713) (0.158-1.038) Pu k x-ray 0.14559 0.28026 0.43845 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.91870 0.96278 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.18172 0.22818 0.27760 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.88878 0.98764 (0.1–1.3) Np L x-ray 0.02634 /.024 0.03319/.00126 0.05954/0.359

4/17/06 11:01:40 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-193 Atomic Mass or Weight

Am

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

141. y

242m

> 3 × 1012 y

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

IT/99.5/0.048 α/0.5/5.62 sf/< 4.7 × 10-9

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.4857(1)/85.2 5.5116(1)/0.20 5.5442(1)/0.34 5.141(4)/0.026 5.2070(2)/0.4

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.03–1.128)

5-

+1.0

+6.5

Am L x-ray 0.04863 0.08648 0.10944 0.16304 Pu L x-ray Cm L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.0422 0.04453 0.04354 0.07467 0.08657 0.11770 0.14197 0.0429 Am L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.7460 0.9000 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.27002 0.79881 1.06201 1.07885 (0.04–2.29) Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.1529 0.2046 0.6786 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.2267 / 0.2853 /

Am

242.059549

16.02 h

β- /83 /0.665 EC/17 /0.750

0.63/46 0.67/37

1-

+0.388

-2.4

Am

243.061381

7.37 × 103 y 2. × 1014 y

α/5.438 sf/3.7 × 10-9

5/2-

+1.5

+2.9

Am Am

244.064285

~ 26. m 10.1 h

β- /1.498 β- /1.428

5.1798(5)/1.1 5.2343(5)/11 5.2766(5)/88 5.394(5)/0.12 5.3500(5)/0.16

Am

245.066452

2.05 h

β- /0.894

0.65/19 0.90/77

(5/2+)

25.0 m

β- /

1.3/79. 1.60/14 2.1/7

2-

1.2/

(7-)

7.34/ 7.24/

0+

242

243

244m 244

245

Am

246m

Am

246.06978

39. m

β- /2.38

Am

247.0721

22. m

β- /1.7

~ 51. s

α/ α

246

247

(1-)

Cm

96

Cm Cm 235 Cm 236 Cm 237 Cm 238 Cm 233 234

Cm

239.0550

~ 3. h

EC/1.7 EC/2.5 EC/>90 /0.97 α/<10 /6.632 EC/1.7

Cm

240.055530

27. d

α/6.397

1.9 × 106 y

sf/3.9 × 10-6

239

240

487_S11.indb 193

233.0508 234.05016 235.0514 236.0514 237.0529 238.05303

2.4 h

0+

6.520(50)/<10

5.989/0.014 6.147/0.05 6.2478(6) /28.8 6.2906(6) /70.6

0+

0+

0.0407 0.1466 0.1874

4/17/06 11:01:41 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-194 Elem. or Isot. Cm

241

Cm

242

Cm

243

Cm

244

Cm

245

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 241.057653

242.058836

243.061389

244.062753

245.065491

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 32.8 d EC/99 /0.768 α/1 /6.184

162.8 d

α/6.216

7.0 × 106 y

sf/6.4 × 10-6

29.1 y

α/6.167

5.5 × 1011 y

sf/5.3 × 10-9

18.1 y

α/5.902

1.32 × 107 y

sf/1.4 × 10-4

8.48 × 103 y

α/5.623

1.4 × 1012 y

sf/6.1 × 10-7

α/5.476 sf/0.026 α/5.352

Cm

246.067224

Cm

247.070354

4.76 × 103 y 1.8 × 107 y 1.56 × 107 y

Cm

248.072349

3.48 × 105 y

α/99.92 /5.162

Cm

249.075953

4.15 × 106 y 64.15 m

sf/8.38 β- /0.900

Cm

250.07836

~ 9.7 × 103 y

Cm

251.08229

16.8 m

sf/85.8 α/5.27 β- /1.42

Cm

252.0849

<2d

238.0583 239.0583 240.0598 241.0602 242.0620 243.063008

2.4 m

EC/5.0

~ 4.8 m 4.6 m 7.0 m 4.5 h

EC EC/3.0 EC/99.8 /1.508

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.8842(4)/0.12 5.9291(4)/0.18 5.9389(4)/0.69

Spin (h/2 π) 1/2+

5.9694(1)/0.035 6.069(1)/25 6.1129(1)/74

0+

5.6815(5) /0.2 5.6856(5)/1.6 5.7420(5)/10.6 5.7859(5)/73.3 5.9922(5)/6.5 6.0103(5)/1.0 6.0589(5)/5 6.0666(5)/1.5

5/2+

5.6656/0.02 5.7528/23 5.8050/77 5.515/0.004 5.235(10)/0.3 5.3038(10)/5.0 5.3620(7)/93 5.4927(11)/0.8 5.5331(11)/0.6

0+

5.343(3)/21 5.386(3)/79 4.818(4)/4.7 4.8690(20)/71 4.941(4)/1.6 4.9820(20)/2.0 5.1436(20)/1.2 5.2104(20)/5.7 5.2659(20)/13.8 4.931(5)/0.07 5.0349(2)/16.5 5.0784(2)/(75)/1 0.9/

0+

7/2+

9/2-

0.41

0.5

0.37

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) Am k x-ray 0.13241 0.16505 0.18028 0.43063 0.47181 Pu L x-ray 0.04408 0.10189 (0.04–1.2) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.10612 0.20975 0.22819 0.27760 0.28546 0.33431 (0.04–0.7) Pu L x-ray 0.04282 0.09885 0.15262 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.04195 0.13299 0.13606 0.17494 Pu L x-ray 0.04453 Pu k x-ray 0.2792 0.2886 0.3471 0.4035

0+

1/2+

0+ 0.90/16

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(1/2+)

0+

Bk k x-ray 0.56039/0.84 0.63431/1.5 (0.085-0.653)

0.3896 / 0.5299 0.5425

Bk

97

Bk Bk 240 Bk 241 Bk 242 Bk 243 Bk 238 239

487_S11.indb 194

(0.152-0.262) 6.542(4)/0.03

(3/2-)

0.1466

4/17/06 11:01:43 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-195 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) α/0.15 /6.871

Bk

244.06518

4.4 h

EC/99.99 /2.26 α/0.01 /6.778

Bk

245.066362

4.94 d

EC/99.9 /0.810 α/0.1 /6.453

Bk

246.0687

1.80 d

EC/1.35

Bk

247.07031

1.4 × 103 y

α/5.889

Bk

248.07310

23.7 h

β- /70 /0.87 EC/30 /0.72

Bk

249.074987

320. d

Bk

250.078317

1.8 × 109 y 3.217 h

β- /0.125 α/0.001 /5.525 sf/4.9 × 10-8 β- /1.780

Bk

251.08076

56. m

β- /1.09

Bk

252.0843

1.8 m

Cf Cf

237.062 238.0614

2.1 s 21 ms

Cf Cf

239.0624 240.0623

~ 0.7 m 1.1 m

Cf

241.0637

4. m

Cf

242.06370

3.5 m

Cf

243.0654

11. m

Cf

244.066001

20. m

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 6.5738(2)/0.04 6.7180(22)/0.02 6.7581(20)/0.02

6.625(4)/0.003 6.667(4)/0.003

5.8851(5)/0.03 6.1176(9)/0.01 6.1467(5)/0.02 6.3087(5)/0.014 6.3492(5)/0.018

5.465(5)/1.5 5.501(5)/7 5.532(5)/45 5.6535(20)/5.5 5.678(2)/13 5.712(2)/17 5.753(2)/4.3 5.794(2)/5.5 0.86/

0.125/100 5.390(1)/0.0002 5.4174(6)/0.001 0.74/

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(4-)

3/2-

(2-)

Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.79881 1.08142 0.04175 0.0839 0.268

(3/2-)

(1-)

7/2+

2-

(3/2-)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1874 0.755 0.840 0.946 0.1445 0.1876 0.2176 0.9815 0.9215/ Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299 0.3809 0.3851

2.0

Cm L x-ray Cf L x-ray Cm k x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.5507 0.327/10-5 0.308/10-6 Cf L x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.98912 1.03184 (0.04–1.6) 0.02481 0.1528 0.1776

Cf

98

237 238

239 240

241

242

243

244

487_S11.indb 195

α, sf/10 sf/~ 100 α/~ 0.2 α α/7.719 sf/ ~ 2.1 EC/3.3 α/7.60 α/7.509 sf/<0.014 EC/86 /2.2 α/14 /7.40 α/7.328

0+

7.590(10)/

7.335(5)/ 7.351(6)/20 7.385(4)/80 7.060(6)/20 7.170/4 7.168(5)/25

0+

0+ (1/2+) 0+

4/17/06 11:01:44 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-196 Elem. or Isot. Cf

245.068049

44. m

α/36 /7.255 EC/64 /1.569

Cf

246.068805

1.49 d

α/6.869

1.8 × 103 y

sf/2.3 × 10-4

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 7.210(5)/75 7.14/91.7 6.983/0.31 7.09/7 7.065/0.68 6.6156(10)/0.18 6.7086(7)/21.8 6.7501(7)/78.0

6.301(5)/

245

246

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Cf

247.07100

3.11 h

EC/99.96 /0.65 α/0.04 /6.55

Cf

248.07219

Cf

249.074854

334. d 3.2 × 104 y 351. y

α/6.369 sf/0.0029 α/6.295

8. × 1010 y

sf/4.4 × 10-7

13.1 y 1.7 × 104 y

α/6.129 sf/0.077

26.3 μs 9.0 × 102 y

α/6.172

247

248

249

Cf

250.076406

Cf Cf

251.079587

Cf

252.081626

2.65 y 86. y

α/96.9 /6.217 sf/3.1/

Cf

253.08513

17.8 d

Cf

254.08732

60.5 d

β- /99.7 /0.29 α/0.3 /6.126 sf/99.7/ α/0.3/5.930

Cf Cf

255.0911 256.0934

1.4 h 12. m

β- /0.7 sf

Es Es 243 Es

241.0685 242.0698 243.0696

~8s 16 s 21. s

Es

244.0709

37. s

Es

245.0713

1.3 m

Es

246.0729

7.7 m

Es

247.07366

4.8 m

α α α/>30 / EC/<70 /4.0 EC/76 /4.6 α/4 / α/40 /7.858 EC/60 /3.1 EC/90 /3.9 α/10 / EC/93 /2.48 α/7 /

250

251m 251

252

253

254

255 256

6.220(5)/17 6.262(5)/83 5.758/3.7 5.812/85.7 5.8488(2)/1.0 5.9029(2)/2.8 5.9451(2)/4.0 6.1401(2)/1.1 6.1940(2)/2.2 5.8913(4)/0.3 5.9889(4)/15 6.0310(4)/84.5 5.56448(7)/1.5 5.632(1)/4.5 5.648(1)/3.5 5.6773(6)/35 5.762(3)/3.8 5.7937(7)/2.0 5.8124(8)/4.2 5.8514(6)/27 6.0140(7)/11.6 6.0744(7)/2.7 5.7977(1)/0.23 6.0756(4)/15.2 6.1184(4)/81.6 0.27/100 5.921(5)/0.02 5.792(5)/0.05 5.834(5)/0.26

Spin (h/2 π)

0+

7/2+

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) Cm K x-ray 0.5709 0.6014 0.6163 Cm L x-ray 0.04221 0.0945 0.147 Bk k x-ray 0.2941 0.4778

9/2-

Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299/2.5 0.33351/13.6 0.38832/63.6 (0.0376–1.103)

0+

Cm L x-ray 0.04285

1/2+

0.109/19.8 0.1775/17.3 (0.0385-0.354)

0+

Cm L x-ray 0.04339 0.1002

(7/2+) 0+

0+

Es

99

241 242

244

245

246

247

487_S11.indb 196

8.11 7.92 7.89/>30

7.57/4 7.74

7.35 7.32

4/17/06 11:01:46 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Es

248

Es

249

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-197 Atomic Mass or Weight

248.0755 249.07641

Es

250m

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 26. m EC/99.7 /3.1 α/0.3 / 1.70 h EC/99.4 /1.45 α/0.6 / 2.2 h EC/ β+

Es

250.0786

8.6 h

EC/2.1

Es

251.07999

1.38 d

EC/99.5 /0.38 α/0.5 /

Es

252.08298

1.29 y

Es

253.084825

20.47 d 6.3 × 105 y

α/76 / EC/24 /1.26 α/ sf/8.9 × 10-6

250

251

252

253

Es

1.64 d

6.87 6.77

Spin (h/2 π)

(6+)

6.462/0.05 6.492/0.4 6.632/61.0 6.562/10.3 6.633/89.8 6.5916/6.6

(3/2-)

(5-) 7/2+

+4.10

7.

2.9

3.7

2+ 2+

6.429

(7+)

2.6 × 103 y 7.6 h

α/ sf/< 3 × 10-6 β- /92 /0.29 α/8 / sf/0.0042 β- /

256.0936 257.0960

25. m 7.7 d

β-/1.7 β-

Fm Fm

242.0734 243.0744

0.8 ms 0.2 s

Fm Fm

244.0741 245.0754

3.3 ms 4. s

Fm

246.07530

1.2 s

Fm Fm

247.0769

4.3 s 29. s

Fm

248.07720

33. s

Fm

249.0790

1.6 m

sf/> 96 α/ sf/< 0.4 sf/> 97 α/ sf/<0.1 α/85/ sf/15/ α/ α/8.20 EC/2.9 α/99.9 /8.001 sf/0.1/ EC/2.4 α/ IT/ sf/<8 × 10-5 α/ EC/0.8 sf/0.007 EC/98 /1.47 α/2 /

Es

254.088022

Es

255.09027

254

Es

256m

Es Es

256 257

276. d > 2.5 × 107 y 40. d

6.26 6.300

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0.3795 0.8132 Cf L x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.9891 1.0319 Cf L x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.30339 0.34948 0.82883

(1-)

0.475 6.382

> 10. y

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(7/2+)

β- /99.6 / α/0.3 /6.67 sf/0.045

254m

255

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.04180/5.6 0.3892/2.7 (0.0309-1.106) Fm L x-ray Fm k x-ray 0.6488 0.6938 0.064

(7/2+)

(8+)

(1+)

0.218 0.232 0.862

Fm

100 242 243

244 245

246

247m 247

248

249

Fm

1.8 s

250m

250

Fm

250.07952

30. m

Fm

251.08158

5.3 h

251

487_S11.indb 197

8.55

8.15/ 8.24/ 8.17/ 7.87/70 7.93/30 7.83/20 7.87/80 7.57

7.43/

6.833

0+

0+

0+

0+ (7/2+)

0+

(9/2-)

4/17/06 11:01:47 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-198 Elem. or Isot.

Fm

253.085185

Fm

254.086854

Fm

255.089962

Fm

256.09177

257

Fm

257.09511

Fm Fm 260 Fm

258.0971 259.1006 260.103

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.058 d α/7.154 sf/0.0023 3.0 d EC/88/0.333 α/12 / 3.240 h α/ sf/0.059 20.1 h α/ sf/2.3 × 10-5 1.0 × 104 y 2.63 h sf/91 α/19 100.5 d α/99.79 sf/0.21 0.37 ms sf/ 1.5 s sf/ ~ 4 ms sf/

Md Md 246 Md

245.0808 246.0819

~ 0.4 s 0.9 ms 1.0 s

α sf α

Md Md 248 Md

247.0816 248.0828

~ 0.2 s 3. s 7. s

Md

249.0830

24. s

Md

250.0844

50. s

Md

251.0848

4.0 m

252

Md

252.0866

2. m

Md 254m Md 254 Md 255 Md

253.0873 254.0897 255.09108

~6m 30. m 10. m 27. m

sf/ α EC/80 /5.3 α/20 / sf/<0.05 EC>/<80 /3.7 α/>20 /8.46 EC/94 /4.6 α/6 /8.25 EC/>94 /3.1 α/<6 / EC/>50 /3.9 α/<50 / EC/2.0 EC/ EC/2.7 EC/92 /1.04 α/8 / sf/< 0.15

Md

256.0941

1.30 h

EC/89 /2.13 α/11 / sf/< 2.6

Md

257.095541

5.5 h

Fm

252

253

254

255

256

258 259

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 252.08247

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 6.998/15 7.039/85 6.676/ 6.943/ 7.150 7.192 6.9635(5)/5.0 7.0225(5)/93.4

8.64, 8.68

6.92/ 6.519

Spin (h/2 π) 0+ ½+ 0+ 7/2+ 0+ (9/2+) 0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

Es k x-ray 0.2719

0.08148/1. (0.041-0.900)

0.1794 0.2410

0+

Md

101

245m 245

247m 247

249

250

251

253

256

Md

258.098431

51.5 d

Md

259.1005

1.64 h

Md

260.1037

~ 27.8 d

EC/85 /0.41 α/15, sf/< 1 EC/ sf/< 30 α/7.40 sf/< 0.003 sf/>98.7 α/<1.3 sf/ 73–100

248.0866

< 1.0 μs

sf

257

Md

57. m

258m

258

259

260

8.74 8.50–8.56 8.43 8.32/15 8.36/5

8.030(20)/ 7.75/4 7.83/2 7.55/ 7.73/

α/7.33/93 7.27/5 7.75/1 7.71/1 7.21/71 7.14/22 7.68/2.5 7.25/2.5 7.64/2.1

(7/2-)

7.074 7.014

(7/2-)

6.718(2)/ 6.763(4)/

(1-) (8-) 7/2+

0.121/100 0.115/65 0.136/35 0.141–0.453 Fm k x-ray 0.121/409 0.115/266 0.136/143 0.634/119 0.141–1.37 Fm k x-ray (0.181–0.389) Fm k x-ray 0.3678 0.057–0.448

No

102

No

248

487_S11.indb 198

0+

4/17/06 11:01:49 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. No

249

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-199 Atomic Mass or Weight

249.0878

No

250.0875

No No

251.0890

No

252.08898

No

253.0907

250

251m 251

252

253

No

254m

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 0.05 ms sf α/ < 20 6. μs sf/ α/ < 10 0.9 s α 0.78 s α/91 sf/0.26 2.44 s α/75/8.551 sf/24/ EC, β+/<1.6 1.7 m α/ EC/3.2 0.28 s I.T./ sf/< .2 49. s α/ EC/1.1 sf/0.17 3.1 m α/62 / EC/38/2.01

No

254.09096

No

255.09324

No

256.09428

2.9 s

No

257.09688

24.5 s

No No

258.0982 259.1010

~ 1.2 ms 58. m

No No

260.1026 262.1073

0.11 s ~ 8. ms

251.0944 252.0954

39 m ~ 0.36 s

254

255

256

257

258 259

260 262

α/ sf/0.5 α/ sf/<1.5 sf/ α/78 /7.794 EC/22/0.5 sf/<9.7 sf/ sf/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0+ 8.67 8.62/96 8.58/4 8.42 8.37

0+

8.00

(9/2-)

0.222/100 (0.151-0.280)

8.09

0+

0.102 0.152

8.12/ 7.93 8.08 8.43

½+

0.187

8.222/83 8.27 8.323/17

(7/2+)

7.52 7.55

0+

0+ (9/2+)

0.0770 0.1018 0.1241

0+ 0+

Lr

103

Lr Lr

251 252

Lr

~ 0.57 s

253m

Lr

253.0952

1.5 s

Lr

254.0965

13. s

Lr

255.09669

22. s

Lr

256.0986

27. s

Lr

257.0996

0.65 s

Lr

258.1018

3.9 s

Lr

259.1029

6.1 s

Lr

260.1055

3. m

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

487_S11.indb 199

sf α sf/<1 α sf/1.3 α/ sf/8 α/ EC/5.2 sf/<0.1 α/ EC/3.2 sf/< 0.1 α/99.7 /8.554 EC/4.2 sf/< 0.03 α/ EC/2.5 sf/< 0.03 α/ EC/3.4 sf/< 5 α/80 sf/20 α/

9.02/73 8.97/27 8.79 8.72 8.45

8.37/60 8.43/40 8.43/ 8.39 8.80

7/2+

8.60/46 8.62/25 8.56/20 8.65/9 8.44(1) 8.03

4/17/06 11:01:50 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-200 Elem. or Isot. Lr Lr

261 262

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 261.1069 262.1096

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 40. m sf 3.6 h EC/2. sf/<10

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

Rf

104

Rf

253.1007

~ 48. μs

Rf

254.1002

23. μs

Rf

255.1013

1.6 s

Rf

256.10117

6.2 ms

Rf

257.1030

4.7 s

Rf

258.1035

12. ms

259

Rf

259.1056

3.4 s

Rf Rf 261 Rf 262 Rf 263 Rf 265 Rf 267 Rf

260.1064 261.10877 262.1099 263.1126 265.1167 267.122

20. ms 1.3 m 5. s 2.1 s 10. m ~ 13 h ~ 0.1 d

Db

255.1074

~ 1.5 s

Db

256.1081

1.6 s

253

254

255

256

257

258

260

261m

sf α/<10 sf/>98.5 α/<1.5 α sf/52

sf/99.68 α/0.32 α/9.22 EC/11 sf/<1.4 sf/87 α/13 α/9.09/93 sf/7 sf/ α α/60, sf/40 sf/>99.2 sf, α α sf

0+ 8.72/<0.05 8.77/94 8.67/<0.05 8.58/<0.05 8.92/<0.05 8.81 8.77 9.01 8.95 8.62

8.77(2)/ 8.86/ 8.28 8.52/

0.203 0.142

0+ 0.117

0+

0+

0+

Db

105 255

256

Db

0.8 s

257m

Db

257.1077

1.5 s

Db

258.1092

4.2 s

Db

259.1096

~ 0.51 s

Db 260 Db

260.1113

0.3 m 1.5 s

Db

261.1121

1.8 s

Db

262.1141

0.5 m

257

258

259

260m

261

262

487_S11.indb 200

α, sf/~ 20 α/64 EC/35 sf/0.05 α sf/<13 α/ sf/<6

α/ EC/5.3 sf/<33 sf/ α/ α/ sf/<9.6 α/ sf/<18 sf/<33

9.02/67 8.89/11 9.08/11 9.12/11 9.16 8.97/33 9.07/38 9.12/5.5 8.94/9 9.02/9 8.89/5.5 9.30/ 9.17/ 9.08/ 9.47/ 9.05/ 9.08/ 9.13/ 8.93/

4/17/06 11:01:51 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-201 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) α/

Db

263.1150

~ 0.45 m

Db Db

267.1224 268.125

1.2 h 1.2 d

Sg

258.1132

~ 2.9 ms

Sg

259.1145

0.5 s

Sg

260.11442

4. ms

α/50 sf/50

Sg Sg

261.1161 262.1164

0.3 s 0.007 s

Sg Sg

263.1183

0.3 s 0.8 s

Sg

265.1211

8. s

α, sf/<10 sf α/<22 α α sf/<30 α/>65 sf/<35

Sg

266.1221

~ 21. s

Sg

271.133

~ 0.04 h

260.122 261.1217

12. ms

263

267 268

sf/57 α/41 EC/3 sf sf, EC

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 8.45/ 8.53/ 8.67/ 8.36/ 8.41/

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

Sg

106 258

259

260

261 262

263m 263

265

266

271

sf α/<20 α/ sf/<20

α/ sf/<82 α/50 sf/50

0+ 9.62 9.35 9.03 9.76 9.72 9.81 9.56

9.2 9.06 9.25 8.84/46 8.76/23 8.94/23 8.69/8 8.77/66 8.52/33 8.53

0+

0+

0+

Bh

107

Bh Bh

260 261

Bh

8. ms

262m

α α/, sf <10

α/ sf/<12 α/ sf/<12

Bh

262.1229

0.10 s

264

Bh

264.1246

1.0 s

Bh Bh 267 Bh

265.1252 266.1269 267.1277

0.9 s ~2s ~ 17 s

α/ sf/ α α α

~ 0.08 ms ~ 0.75 ms

α/ α/, sf/~ 50 α

262

265 266

10.40 10.10 10.03 10.37 10.24 10.06 9.91 9.74 9.3 – 9.8 9.24 9.08 8.83

Hs

108

Hs Hs 265m Hs

263.1286 264.12839

Hs

265.1301

263 264

265

487_S11.indb 201

2.0 ms

α/ sf/<1

11.0 10.57/63 10.73 10.52 10.34 10.30/90 10.43 10.37

0+

4/17/06 11:01:53 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-202 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Hs Hs 267 Hs

266.1301

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 10.25 10.2

α

267.1318

~ 2.3 ms ~ 0.8 s 0.05 s

269

Hs

269.1341

~ 14 s

α

Hs Hs 277 Hs

270.1347 275.146 277.150

~ 3.6 s ~ 0.15 s ~ 11 m

α α sf

266.1373 267.137 268.1387 270.141 275.149 276.151

~ 1.2 ms ~ 0.7 ms 19 ms ~ 0.03 s 5 ms 0.01 s ~ 0.7 s

α α α α/>68 α α α

10.46–10.81 10.48–11.31

11.6 11.11 10.95 11.15 12.15 11.03 9.9 10.8 11.8 9.73

266

267m

270 275

α/>88

9.88 9.83 9.75 9.23 9.18 9.16 9.3

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

0+

Mt

109

Mt Mt 267 Mt 268 Mt 270 Mt 275 Mt 276 Mt 266m 266

10.3 - 10.8 10.0 10.3 9.7

Ds

110

Ds Ds 270m Ds

267.1443 269.1451

~ 3 μs 0.17 ms ~ 6 ms

α/>32 α/>75 α

Ds Ds 271 Ds 273m Ds 273 Ds 279 Ds

270.1447

0.1 ms 0.07 s 1.6 ms 0.076 ms 118 ms 0.18 s

Ds 281 Ds 282 Ds

280.160 281.162

~ 7.6 s 10. s 0.5 ms

α α α α α/ sf/90 α/10 sf/ sf sf

272.1536 274.156 279.162 280.164

~ 2 ms ~ 65 ms ~ 0.17 s ~ 3.6 s

α/>68 α α α

10.82 11.2 10.4 ~ 9.75

112

277.1639

~ 0.24 ms

α

283

112

283.172

~ 4. s

112 285 112

284.172 285.174

0.10 s ~ 34. s

sf/< 10 α/~ 100 sf α

11.45 11.65

283.176 284.178

0.24 ms ~ 0.1 s ~ 0.5 s

α α α

267 269

270

271m

280

271.1461 273.1489 279.159

9.7

0+

0+

Rg

111

Rg Rg 279 Rg 280 Rg 272 274

112

112 277

284

9.5 9.16

113

113

113 113 284 113 278 283

487_S11.indb 202

11.7 10.1 10.0

4/17/06 11:01:54 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-203 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

114

114 286

114

286.184

0.16 s

114 114 289 114

287.186 288.186 289.187

287 288

10.2

0.5 s 0.8 s ~ 2.7 s

α/40 sf/60 α α α

287.191 288.192

~ 0.03 s ~ 0.09 s

α α

10.6 10.5

290.199 291.200 292.200

~ 15 ms ~ 6. ms ~ 18. ms ~ 0.05 s

α α α α

10.9 ~ 10.74 ~ 10.66 10.5

~ 2.0 ms

α

11.7

10.0 9.95 9.82

115

115

115 115

287 288

116

116

116 116 292 116 293 116 290 291

118

118

118

294

487_S11.indb 203

4/17/06 11:01:55 AM

NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES Norman E. Holden This table presents an evaluated set of values for experimental quantities that characterize the properties for scattering and absorption of neutrons. The neutron cross section is given for room temperature neutrons, 20.43°C, corresponding to a thermal neutron energy of 0.0253 electron volts (eV) or a neutron velocity of 2200 meters/second. The neutron resonance integral is defined over the energy range from 0.5 eV to 0.1×106 eV, or 0.1 MeV.

Bound neutron scattering lengths and neutron cross sections averaged over a Maxwellian spectrum at 30 keV for astrophysical applications are also presented. A list of the major references used is given below. The literature cutoff date is January 2003. Uncertainties are given in parentheses. Parentheses with two or more numbers indicate values to the excited state(s) and to the ground state of the product nucleus.

Table Layout Column Number Column Title 1 Isotope/Element 2 3

Isotopic Abundance Half-life

4

Thermal Neutron Cross Sections

5

Neutron Resonance Integrals

6

Neutron Scattering Lengths

7

Maxwellian Averaged Cross Section

Description For elements, atomic number and chemical symbol are listed. For nuclides, mass number and chemical symbol are listed. Isomers are indicated by the addition of m, m1, or m2. in atom percent Half-life in decimal notation. µs = microsecond; ms = millisecond; s = second; m = minute; h = hour; d = day; y = year. Cross sections for neutron capture reactions in units of barns (10-24 cm2) or millibarns (mb). Proton, alpha production and fission reactions are designated by σp, σα, σf , respectively. Separate values are listed for isomeric production. Resonance integrals for neutron capture reactions in barns (10 -24 cm2) or millibarns (mb). Proton, alpha production and fission reactions are designated by R.I.p, R.I.α, R.I.f, respectively. Separate values are listed for isomeric production. Bound coherent scattering lengths for neutron scattering reactions in units of femtometers (fm), which is equal to fermis (10-13 cm). Astrophysical Cross Sections, averaged over a stellar neutron maxwellian spectrum characterized by a thermal energy of 30 keV, expressed in barns (10-24 cm2), millibarns (mb) or microbarns (µb).

General Nuclear Data References The following references represent the major sources of the nuclear data presented: Mughabghab, S.F., Divadeenam, M., Holden, N.E.; Neutron Cross Sections, Vol. 1 Neutron Resonance Parameters and Thermal Cross Sections, Part A, Z = 1-60. Academic Press Inc., New York, New York (1981); Mughabghab, S.F.; Part B, Z = 61-100. Academic Press Inc., Orlando, Florida (1984). Holden, N.E.; Fifty Years with Nuclear Fission Conference, Wash., D.C., Gaithersburg, Md. April 26-29, 1989, p. 946. American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, Illinois (1989).

Elem. or Isot. 1H 1H 2H 3H 2He 3He 4

He Li Li

3 6

Natural Abundance (%) 99.9885(70) 0.0115(70)

Half-Life >2.8×1023 y 12.33 y

0.000134(3)

Tuli, J.K.; Nuclear Wallet Cards , Brookhaven National Laboratory (Jan. 2000). Holden, N.E.; Half-lives of Selected Nuclides , Pure & Applied Chemistry 62, 941 (1990). Holden, N.E., Hoffman, D.C.; Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Ground State Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 72, 1525 (2000). Koester, L., Rauch, H., Seymann, E.; Neutron Scattering Lengths: A Survey of Experimental Data and Methods, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 49, 65 (1991). Sears, V.F.; Neutron Scattering Lengths and Cross Sections, Neutron News 3, (3), 26 (1992). Bao, Z.Y., Beer, H., Käppeler, F., Voss, F., Wisshak, K., Raucher,T.; Neutron Cross Sections for Nucleo-synthesis Studies, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 76, 70 (2000).

Thermal Neut. Cross-Section (barns) 0.332(2) 0.332(2) 0.51(1)mb < 6. µb < 0.05 σp = 5.33(1)×103 0.05(1) mb

Resonance Integral (barns) 0.149(1) 0.149(1) 0.23(2) mb

71.(2) σt = 9.4(1)×102

32.(1) RIt = 422.(4)

RIp = 2.39(1)×103

99.999867(3) 7.59(4)

Coh. Scat. σ (30 keV) Maxw. Length (fm) Avg. (barns) -3.739(1) - 3.741(1) 0.25(2) mb* 6.671(4) 2.1(4) µb 4.79(3) 3.26(3) 5.74(7) 8.(1) µb* 3.26(3) - 1.90(2) 2.0(1) σt ≈ 1.

*Extrapolated value.

11-185

11-186 Elem. or Isot. 7

Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties Natural Abundance (%)

Li Li 4Be 7Be

92.41(4)

9

Be Be 5B 10B

100.

11

80.1(7)

8

15

53.28 d

1.52¥106 y 19.9(7)

98.93(8) 1.07(8) 5715. y 99.636(20)

N O 8 16O 17O

0.364(20)

18

0.205(14)

O 9F 19F 10Ne 20Ne 21Ne 22

99.757(16) 0.038(1)

100. 90.48(3) 0.27(1)

Ne 11Na 22Na

9.25(3)

23

100.

Na Mg 12 24Mg 25Mg 26Mg 27Mg 13Al 26Al 27

Al Si Si 29Si 30Si 31Si 32Si 15P 31P 16S 32S 14 28

Thermal Neut. Cross-Section (barns) 39.(5) mb 45.(5) mb

Resonance Integral (barns) 17.(2) mb 20.(2) mb

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

8.8(4) mb sp = 3.9(1)¥104 sa ≈ 0.1 8.8(4) mb <1. mb 7.6(1)¥102 sa = 38.4(1)¥102 0.3(1) sp = 7.(1) mb st = 8.(2) mb 5.(3) mb 3.5(1) mb 3.5(1) mb 1.4(1) mb <1.4 mb 2.00(6) sp = 1.93(5) 0.080(1) 0.04(1) mb 0.29(1) mb 0.19(1) mb sa = 0.257(10) 0.54(7) mb 0.16(1) mb 9.5(1) mb 9.5(1) mb 42.(5) mb 39.(5) mb 0.7(1) sa = 0.18(9) mb 51.(5) mb 0.53(2) sp = 2.8(3)¥104 sa = 2.6(4)¥102 sm = 0.43(3) 66.(6) mb 0.053(6) 0.20(1) 0.038(1) 0.07(2) 0.230(2) sp = 1.97(10) sa = 0.34(1) 0.230(2) 0.166(9) 0.17(1) 0.12(1) 0.107(3) 73.(6) mb < 0.5 0.17(1) 0.17(1) 0.54(2) 0.55(5) sa < 0.5 mb

3.9(2) mb RIp = 1.75(5)¥104

7.79(1)

3.9(2) mb

7.79(1)

3.4(1)¥102 RIa = 17.3(1)¥102 0.13(4)

5.30(4) - 0.1(3)

2.(1) mb 1.6(1) mb 1.6(1) mb 1.7(2) mb

6.65(4) 6.646(1) 6.651(2) 6.19(9)

0.90(3) RIp = 0.87(3) 0.034(1) 0.11(3) mb 0.40(4) mb 0.36(4) mb 0.11(1) 0.39(5) mb 0.81(4) mb 21.(3) mb 21.(3) mb 19.(3) mb 18.(3) mb 0.31(5)

9.36(2) 9.37(2)

- 2.22(2)

0.84 s

10

B C 6 12C 13C 14C 7N 14N

Half-Life

2.605 y

78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3) 9.45 m 7.1¥105 y 100. 92.223(19) 4.685(8) 3.092(11) 2.62 h 1.6¥102 y 100. 94.93(31)

*Extrapolated value.

23.(3) mb 0.32(2) RIp< 2.¥105 RIa = 1.2(2) x 102 RIm = 0.30(6) 38.(5) mb 32.(4) mb 98.(15) mb 25.(2) mb 0.03(1) 0.17(1)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) 0.06(1) mb* 42.(3) mb < ≈ 5.5 mb sp = 16(4)*

6.44(3) 5.805(4) 5.805(5) 5.8(2) 5.84(7) 5.65(1) 5.65(1) 4.566(6) 4.631(6) 6.7(2)

16.(1) mb* 0.021(4) mb 3.(1) mb* sp = 1.8(2) mb* 0.04(1) mb 6.(1) mb* 34.(4) mb sa = 3.9(5) mb* 9.(1) mb* 6.(1) mb 6.(1) mb 0.12(1) mb ≈ 1.5 mb

3.87(1) 3.63(2)

58.(4) mb* 2.1(2) mb

3.63(2) 5.375(4) 5.7(2) 3.6(2) 4.9(2)

2.1(2) mb 3.3(4) mb 6.4(4) mb 0.13(1) mb*

3.45(1) 0.14(2)

0.17(1) 0.12(2) 0.11(2) 0.08(2) 0.62(6) 33.(3) mb

3.45(1) 4.15(1) 4.11(1) 4.7(1) 4.61(1)

0.08(1) 0.08(1) 0.24(2) 0.25(2)

5.13(1) 5.13(1) 2.847(1) 2.804(2)

2.9(3) mb 2.9(3) mb 7.9(9) mb 3.2(3) mb*

1.7(1) mb 4.1(2) mb

Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties Elem. or Isot. 33S

34

S S 17Cl 35Cl 36

36

Cl 18Ar 36Ar

37

Ar

38

Ar Ar

40

Ar Ar 19K 39K

75.78(4)

3.01¥105 y

24.22(4) 0.3365(30)

35.0 d 0.0632(5) 268. y 99.6003(30)

41

40

20 40

41

1.82 h 93.2581(44)

K

0.0117(1)

K Ca Ca

6.7302(44)

41

Ca Ca 44Ca 45Ca 46Ca 48Ca 21Sc 45Sc 46Sc 22Ti 44Ti 43

46

Ti Ti 48Ti 49Ti 50Ti 23V 50V 47

1.26¥109 y

96.941(156) 1.02¥105 y

Ca

42

Half-Life

4.29(28) 0.02(1)

Cl

37

39

Natural Abundance (%) 0.76(2)

0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3) 0.187(21)

162.7 d >4¥1015 y 4.3¥1019 y

100. 83.81 d 60 y 8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2) 0.250(4)

*Extrapolated value.

1.4¥1017 y

Thermal Neut. Cross-Section (barns) 0.46(3) sa = 0.12(1) sp = 2. mb 0.25(1) 0.24(2) 33.6(3) 43.7(4) sp = 0.44(1) sa≈ 0.08 mb sp = 46.(2) mb <10. sa = 0.59(7) mb (0.05 + 0.38) 0.66(3) 5.(1) sa = 5.4(3) mb sp < 1.5 mb sa = 1.08(8)¥103 sp = 37.(4) 0.8(2) 6.(2)¥102 sa <0.29 0.64(3) 0.5(1) 2.1(1) 2.1(2) sa = 4.3(5) mb sp < 0.05 mb 30.(8) sp = 4.4(4) sa = 0.42(8) 1.46(3) 0.43(2) 0.41(3) sa = 0.13(4) mb ≈ 4. sa = 0.18(3) s p = 7.(2) mb 0.65(10) 6.(1) 0.8(2) ≈ 15. 0.70(3) 1.0(1) 27.2(2) (10.+17.) 8.(1) 6.1(1) 1.1(2) sp<0.2 0.6(2) 1.6(2) 7.9(9) 1.9(5) 0.179(3) 5.0(2) 21.(4) sp = 0.7(4) mb

11-187 Resonance Integral (barns) 0.21(2) RIa = 0.05(1) 0.13 0.26(3) 15.(2) 20.(2) RIp = 0.2

Coh. Scat. s (30 keV) Maxw. Length (fm) Avg. (barns) 4.7(2) 7.4(15) mb sa = 0.18(1) 3.48(3) 9.58(1) 11.7(1)

RIa = 900. RIp = 31. 0.4(1)

0.41(5) 0.2(1) 1.0(1) 0.9(1)

9.4(3) mb sp = 1.7(2) mb* sp = 91.(8) mb

RIp = 0.02

(0.04+0.26) 0.42(5) 2.(1)

0.23(1) mb 0.17(1) mb*

3.1(1) 1.91(1) 24.9(1)

sa = 0.9(2) mb 2.0(2) mb

sa ≈ 1.3 sp ≈ 0.04 3.5(35)

1.83(1)

2.5(3) mb

3.67(2) 3.74(2)

11.8(4) mb

sp = 7.(1) mb sa = 40.(6) mb

13.(4) 2.0(2) 1.4(2) 0.23(2) 0.22(4)

2.69(8) 4.70(2) 4.80(2)

22.(1) mb 6.7(7) mb

0.39(4) 3.9(2) 0.56(1)

3.4(1) - 1.56(9) 1.42(6)

16.(2) mb 51.(6) mb 9.(1) mb

0.9(1) 0.5(1) 12.(1) (5.6+6.4) 3.6(5) 2.8(2)

3.6(2) 0.39(9) 12.3(1) 12.3(1)

5.3(5) mb* 0.8(1) mb*

- 3.438(2)

0.4(1) 1.6(2) 3.6(2) 1.2(2) 0.12(2) 2.8(1) 50.(20)

4.93(6) 3.63(1) - 6.09(2) 1.04(5) 6.18(8) - 0.382(1) 7.6(6)

69.(5) mb

27.(3) mb 64.(8) mb 32.(5) mb 22.(2) mb 3.6(4) mb

11-188 Elem. or Isot. 51V 24Cr 50Cr 51Cr 52Cr 53Cr 54Cr 25Mn 53Mn 54Mn 55Mn 26Fe 54Fe 55

Natural Abundance (%) 99.750(4) 4.345(13)

Fe Fe 58Fe 59Fe 27Co 58mCo 58Co 59Co 60mCo 60Co 28Ni 58Ni 57

59

Ni

60

Ni Ni

62

Ni Ni 64Ni 65Ni 29Cu 63Cu 64Cu 65Cu 66Cu 30Zn 64Zn

Half-Life

>1.8¥1017 y 27.70 d

83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7) 3.7¥106 y 312.1 d 100. 5.845(35)

Fe

56

61

Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties

2.73 y 91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4) 44.51 d 9.1 h 70.88 d 100. 10.47 m 5.271 y 68.0769(89)

>4¥1019 y ≈ 7.6¥104 y

26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17)

63

100. y 0.9256(9) 2.517 h 69.15(15) 12.701 h 30.85(15) 5.09 m 48.27(32)

65

Zn

66

Zn

27.977(77)

67

Zn

4.102(21)

68

Zn

19.02(12)

70

Zn Ga

0.631(9)

>2.3¥1018 y

243.8 d

31

*Extrapolated value.

Thermal Neut. Cross-Section (barns) 4.9(1) 3.0(2) 15.(1) < 10. 0.8(1) 18.(2) 0.36(4) 13.3(1) 70.(10) < 10. 13.3(1) 2.7(1) 2.3(2) sa = 10. mb 13.(2) sa = 0.01 2.8(3) 1.4(2) 1.3(1) 13.(3) 37.19(8) 1.4(1)¥105 1.9(2)¥103 (20.7+16.5) 58.(3) 2.0(2) 4.5(2) 4.6(4) sa < 0.03 mb sabs = 92.(4) sa = 14.(2) sp = 2.(1) 2.9(3) 2.5(5) sa = 0.03 mb 15.(1) 20.(5) 1.6(1) 22.(2) 3.8(1) 4.5(2) ≈ 270. 2.17(3) 1.4(1)¥102 1.1(2) 0.74(5) sp < 12. mb sa = 11.(3) mb 66.(8) sa = 2.0(2) 0.9(3) sa < 0.02 mb 6.9(1.4) sa = 0.4 mb (0.072 + 0.8) sa <0.02 mb (8.1+83.) mb 2.9(1)

Resonance Integral (barns) 2.7(2) 1.7(1) 8.(1)

Coh. Scat. s (30 keV) Maxw. Length (fm) Avg. (barns) - 0.402(2) 38.(4) mb 3.635(7) - 4.5(1) 0.05(1)

0.6(2) 9.(1) 0.25(5) 14.0(3) 32.(5)

4.91(2) - 4.2(1) 4.6(1) - 3.75(2)

8.8(4) mb 0.06(1) 7.(2) mb

14.0(3) 1.4(2) 1.3(2) RIa = 1.1(1) mb 6.(1)

- 3.75(2) 9.45(2) 4.2(1)

40.(3) mb

1.4(2) 0.8(4) 1.3(2) 6.(1) 74.(2) 2.5(10)¥105 7.(1)¥103 (39.+35.) 230.(50) 4.3(10) 2.3(2) 2.3(2)

9.93(3) 2.3(1) 15.(7)

11.7(5) mb 40.(4) mb 12.(1) mb

29.(2) mb

2.49(2)

2.49(2)

10.3(1) 14.4(1)

38.(4) mb

41.(2) mb

RIabs = 1.4(1)¥102

1.5(2) 1.5(4)

2.8(1) 7.60(6)

25.(1) mb 82.(8) mb

6.8(3) 9.(2) 1.2(2) 10.(1) 4.1(4) 5.(1)

- 8.7(2)

13.(4) mb

- 0.37(7)

9.(1) mb

2.2(1) 60.(20) 2.8(4) 1.4(3)

10.61(19)

41.(5) mb

5.680(5) 5.23(4)

59.(5) mb

1.8(2)

5.98(5)

35.(3) mb

25.(5)

7.58(8)

0.15(2)

(0.2 + 2.9)

6.04(3)

0.9(2) 22.(3)

19.(2) mb sm = 3.(1) mb 0.02(1)

7.288(2)

7.718(4) 6.43(15)

0.09(1)

30.(4)

Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties Elem. or Isot. 69Ga 71Ga Ge Ge 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 33As 75As 34Se 74Se 75Se 76Se 77Se

Natural Abundance (%) 60.108(9) 39.892(9)

32 68

78

Se Se 82Se 35Br 76Br 79Br 80

81

Br Kr 36 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr Kr Kr 37Rb 84Rb 85Rb 86Rb 87Rb 88Rb 38Sr 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Sr 90Sr 39Y 89Y 90Y 91Y 40Zr 90

Zr Zr 92Zr 93Zr 91

>2.4¥1026 y

270.8 d 20.370(89) 27.380(60) 7.759(78) 36.656(80) 7.835(81)

>1.8¥1023 y 1.6¥1021 y

100. 0.89(4) 119.78 d 9.37(29) 7.63(16) 23.77(28) 49.61(41) 8.73(22)

≈ 1¥1020 y 16.0 h

50.69(7) 49.31(7) 0.353(3) 2.286(10) 11.593(3) 11.500(19) 56.987(15)

85 86

Half-Life

>2.3¥1020 y

10.73 y 17.279(41) 32.9 d 72.17(2) 27.83(2)

18.65 d 4.88¥1010 y 17.7 m

0.56(1) 9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1) 50.52 d 29.1 y 100. 2.67 d 58.5 d

51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8)

*Extrapolated value.

1.5¥106 y

Thermal Neut. Cross-Section (barns) 1.68(7) 4.7(2) sm = 0.15(5) 2.2(1) 1.0(5) (0.3 + 2.7) 0.9(2) 15.(1) (0.14 + 0.28) (0.09 + 0.06) 4.0(4) 4.0(4) 12.(1) 50.(2) 3.3(10)¥102 (22. + 63.) 42.(4) sa = 0.97(3) mb sm = 0.38(2) (0.05+0.54) (39.+ 5.2) mb 6.8(2) 224.(42) (2.5+8.3) (2.4+0.24) 24.(1) (0.17+6.) (4.6+7.) (14.+7.) 183.(30) (sm+ sg) = 0.11 sm = 0.09 1.7(2) 3.(2) mb 0.39(4) sp = 12.(2) (0.06+0.38) <20. 0.10(1) 1.2(3) 1.2(1) (0.6+0.2) sm = 0.81(4) 16.(3) 5.8(4) mb 0.42(4) 10.(1) mb 1.25(5) (0.001+1.25) <6.5 1.4(3) 0.19(1) sa <0.1 mb ≈ 0.014 1.2(3) 0.2(1) <4.

11-189 Resonance Integral (barns) 16.(2) 31.(3) 6.(2)

Coh. Scat. s (30 keV) Maxw. Length (fm) Avg. (barns) 7.88(4) 0.14(1) 6.40(3) 0.12(1) 8.19(2)

2.3(1) 0.8(3) 66.(20) (0.4+0.5) (1.3+0.6) 61.(5) 61.(5) 14.(3) 520(50)

10.0(1) 8.5(1) 5.02(4) 7.6(1) 8.2(15) 6.58(1) 6.58(1) 7.970(9) 0.8(3)

88.(5) mb 0.07(2) 0.3(1) 53.(7) mb 0.03(2)

(9.+31.) 30.(5)

12.2(1) 8.25(8)

0.16(1) 0.3(1)

0.57(4) 0.2(1)

RIm = 4.3(4) (0.15+0.85) 39.(4) mb 92.(8)

8.24(9) 7.48(3) 6.34(8) 6.79(2)

0.1 42.(3) mb 0.04(2)

(36.+96.)

6.79(7)

51.(5) 39.(6) 20.(1) 57.(6) 130.(13) 183.(20) 2.4(3)

6.78(7) 7.81(2)

0.63(4) sm = 0.08(1) 0.31(2) (0.11+0.19) (0.09+0.18) 90.(6) mb 0.24(2) (16.+33.) mb

1.8(10) ≈ 1. mb 6.(3)

8.1(3) 7.08(2)

(0.7+7.)

7.0(1)

0.24(1)

2.3(4) 0.5(1) 10.(1) (9.+1.) RIm = 4.(1) 118.(30) 0.07(3) 0.2 0.10(2) 1.0(1) (0.006+1.0)

7.3(1)

16.(1) mb

5.68(5) 7.41(7) 7.16(6)

0.4(1) (48.+22.) mb 97.(5) mb 6.0(2) mb

7.75(2) 7.75(2)

19.(1) mb

0.6(1) 0.95(9)

7.16(3)

0.2(1) 5.(2) 0.6(2) 16.(5)

0.07(2) 3.2(4) mb

7.02(2)

6.4(1) 8.8(1) 7.5(2)

21.(2) mb 60.(8) mb 33.(4) mb 0.10(1)

11-190 Elem. or Isot. 94Zr 96Zr 41Nb

Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties Natural Abundance (%) 17.38(28) 2.80(9)

Half-Life >1017 y >1.7¥1018 y

93

Nb

94

Nb

2.4¥104 y

Nb Mo

34.97 d

100.

95 42

92

Mo

14.77(31)

94

Mo Mo

9.226(99) 15.900(85)

Mo Mo

16.674(12) 9.560(50)

Mo Mo 43Tc 98Tc 99Tc 44Ru 96Ru 98Ru 99Ru 100Ru 101Ru

24.20(25) 9.67(20)

95

96 97

98

100

102

Ru Ru 104Ru 105Ru 106Ru 45Rh 103Rh 104mRh 104Rh 105Rh 46Pd 102Pd 104Pd 105Pd Pd Pd 108Pd 110Pd 47Ag 107Ag 109Ag 110mAg 111Ag 48Cd 106Cd 108Cd

≈ 1¥1019 y ≈ 6.6¥106 y 2.13¥105 y

5.54(14) 1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2)

>3.1¥1016 y

31.55(14)

103

106

>3¥1017 y

39.27 d 18.62(27) 4.44 h 1.020 y 100. 4.36 m 42.3 s 35.4 h 1.02(1) 11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3)

107

6.5¥106 y 26.46(9) 11.72(9) 51.839(8) 48.161(8) 249.8 d 7.47 d 1.25(6) 0.89(3)

*Extrapolated value.

>2.6¥1017 y >4.1¥1017 y

Thermal Neut. Cross-Section (barns) 0.049(6) 0.020(3) 1.11(1) sa <0.1 mb 1.1 sm = 0.86 (sm+ sg) = 15.(1) sm = 0.6(1) <7. 2.5(1) sa <0.1 mb 0.06 sm = 0.2 mb 0.02 13.4(3) sa = 30.(4) mb 0.5 2.5(2) sa = 0.4(2) mb 0.14(1) 0.19(1) sm = 0.9(2) 23.(2) 2.6 (1) 0.23(4) < 8. 4.(1) 5.8(6) 5.(1) sa <0.15 mb 1.2(1) <20. 0.49(2) 0.29(3) 0.15(4) 145.(2) (11.+ 134.) 800.(100) 40.(30) 1.1(3)¥104 7.(1) 3.2(10) 22.(2) sa = 0.5(2) mb (0.013+0.28) 1.8(2) (0.19+8.5) (0.033+0.7) 62.(1) (1.+35.) (4.1 + 87.) 82.(11) 3.(2) 2.52(5)¥103 0.20(3) 1.

Resonance Integral (barns) 0.25(3) 5.0(5) 8.5(6) (6.3+2.2)

Coh. Scat. s (30 keV) Maxw. Length (fm) Avg. (barns) 8.3(2) 26.(1) mb 5.5(1) 11.(1) mb 7.14(3) 7.14(3)

266.(5) mb

126.(13) <200. 26.(5)

6.72(2)

≈ 0.8

6.93(8)

0.07(1)

≈ 0.8 109.(5)

6.82(7) 6.93(6)

0.10(2) 0.29(1)

17.(3) 14.(3)

6.22(6) 7.26(8)

0.11(1) 0.34(1)

7.2(7) 3.6(3)

6.60(7) 6.75(7)

0.10(1) 0.11(1)

4.0(4)¥102 48.(5) 7.(2)

6.8(3) 7.03(3)

0.93(5) 0.21(1) 0.3(1) 1.2(3) 0.21(1) 1.00(4)

195.(20) 11.(2) 1.1(3)¥102 4.3(5) ≈ 30. 6.(2) 0.13(1) 2.0(6) 1.2(1)¥103 (0.08+1.1)¥103

1.7(4)¥104 82.(8) 10.(2) 16.(2) 60.(20) (0.2+5.5) 108.(4) (2.+240.) (0.7+8.) 767.(60) (3.+105.) (0.7+14.1)¥102 20.(4) 105.(20) 73.(8) 4.(1) 14.(3)

0.15(1) 0.15(1)

5.88(4) 5.88(4)

0.81(1)

5.91(6)

5.5(3) 6.4(4) 4.1(3) 5.922(7) 7.56(1) 4.17(1)

0.3(1) 0.29(3) 1.20(6) 0.25(3) 1.34(6) 0.20(2) 0.15(2) 0.80(3) 0.79(3)

4.87(5) 5.4(1)

0.30(2) 0.20(1)

Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties Elem. or Isot. 109Cd 110

Natural Abundance (%)

Half-Life 462.0 d

Cd Cd 112Cd 113Cd

12.49(18) 12.80(12) 24.13(21) 12.22(12)

7.7¥1015 y

114

28.73(42) 7.49(18)

3.8¥1019 y

4.29(5) 95.71(5)

4.4¥1014 y

111

Cd Cd 49In 113In 115In 50Sn 112Sn 113Sn 114Sn 115Sn 116Sn 117Sn 118Sn 119Sn 120Sn 122Sn 124Sn 51Sb 121Sb 123Sb 124Sb 52Te 120Te 122Te 123Te

116

124

Te Te 126Te 128Te 130Te 53I 125I 127I 128I 129I 130I 131I 54Xe 124Xe 125Xe 126Xe 127Xe 128Xe 129Xe 130Xe 131Xe 132Xe 133Xe 134Xe 135Xe 125

0.97(1) 115.1 d 0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9) 7.68(7) 24.22(9) 8.59(4) 32.58(9) 4.63(3) 5.79(5)

>2.2¥1018 y

57.21(5) 42.79(5) 60.20 d 0.09(1) 2.55(12) 0.89(3) 4.74(14) 7.07(15) 18.84(25) 31.74(8) 34.08(62)

>5.3¥1016 y

2.2¥1024 y 8.¥1020 y 59.4 d

100. 25.00 m 1.7¥107 y 12.36 h 8.021 d 0.0953(27)

>1017 y 17.1 h

0.0890(14) 36.34 d 1.910(22) 26.40(18) 4.071(53) 21.233(62) 26.9087(680) 10.436(29)

*Extrapolated value.

5.243 d >1.1¥1016 y 9.10 h

Thermal Neut. Cross-Section (barns) ≈ 180. sa <0.05 (0.06+11.) 3.5(20) (0.012+2.2) 2.06(4)¥104 sa <1. mb (0.04+0.29) (26.+52.) mb 197.(4) (3.1+5.0+3.9) (88.+73.+44.) 0.61(3) (0.15+0.40) ≈ 9. ≈ 0.12 sa = 0.06 mb (0.006+0.14) 1.1(1) sm = 4. mb 2.(1) (0.001+0.13) (0.15+0.001) (0.13+0.004) 5.2(2) (0.4+5.8) (0.02+0.04+4.0) 17.(3) 4.2(1) (1.+5.) (0.4+3.) 370.(40) sa = 0.05 mb (1.+6.) 1.1(2) (0.12+0.8) (0.03+0.2) (0.01+0.19) 6.2(1) 900.(100) 6.2(1) 22.(4) (20.7+10.3) 18.(3) ≈ 0.7 25.(1) (28.+137.) sa < 0.03 (0.45+3.) sa ≤ 0.01 sm = 0.48 22.(5) sm = 0.45 90.(10) (0.05+0.4) 190.(90) (0.003 + 0.26) 2.65(11)¥106

11-191 Resonance Integral (barns) 6.7(12)¥103

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

(6.+34.) 51.(6) 15. 390.(40)

5.9(1) 6.5(1) 6.4(1) - 8.0(2)

16.(7) 1.2 3.3(2)¥103 (220.+90.) (1.5+1.2+0.7)¥103 8.(2) (8.+19.) 210.(50) 5.(1) 29.(6) (0.5+11.) 16.(5) 4.7(5) 2.9(5) 1.2(3) 0.81(4) (8.0+0.08) 169.(20) (13.+192.) (1.+119.) ≈ 8. 47.(3) ≈ 1. (5.+75.) 4.5(3)¥103 (1.4+4.) 21.(4) (0.6+7.4) (0.2+1.6) (0.03+0.3) 1.5(1)¥102 1.4(2)¥104 1.5(1)¥102 ≈ 10. 36.(4) ≈ 8. 8.(4) 263.(50) (0.6+3.0)¥103

7.5(1) 6.3(1) 4.07(2) 5.39(6) 4.01(2) 6.225(2)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

(0.01+0.22) 0.75(1) 0.19(1) 0.67(1) (0.01+0.12) (12.+47.) mb (0.48+0.31) (0.69+0.02) 0.21(1)

6.2(3) 5.93(5) 6.48(5) 6.07(5) 6.12(5) 6.49(5) 5.74(5) 5.97(5) 5.57(3) 5.71(6) 5.38(7) 5.80(3) 5.3(5) 3.8(2) - 0.05

134.(3) mb 0.34(1) 91.(2) mb 319.(7) mb 62.(1) mb 0.18(1) (0.5+36.) mb (18.+4.) mb 12.(2) mb 0.53(2) 0.30(1)

0.4(1) 295.(3) mb 0.83(1)

8.0(1) 5.02(8) 5.56(7) 5.89(7) 6.02(7) 5.28(2)

155.(2) mb 431.(4) mb (28.+53.) mb (3.+41.) mb (4.+11.) mb

5.28(2)

0.64(3) 0.44(2)

4.92(3) (0.13+0.51)

(8.+52.)

(0.04+0.32)

RIm = 38.(10) 250.(50) RIm = 16.(4) 9.(1)¥102 (0.9+3.7)

0.26(1) 0.62(2) 0.132(3) 0.45(8) (5.+60.) mb

0.40(4) 7.6(5)¥103

20.(2) mb

11-192 Elem. or Isot. 136Xe 55Cs 132Cs 133Cs 134Cs 135Cs 137Cs 56Ba 130Ba 132Ba 133Ba 134Ba 135Ba 136Ba 137Ba 138Ba 139Ba 140Ba 57La 138La 139La 140La 58Ce 136Ce 138Ce 140Ce 141Ce 142Ce 143Ce 144Ce 59Pr 141Pr 142Pr 143Pr 60Nd 142Nd 143Nd 144 145

146

Nd Nd

Nd Nd 148Nd 150Nd 61Pm 146Pm 147Pm 148mPm 148Pm 149Pm 151Pm 62Sm 144Sm 145Sm 147Sm 148Sm 149Sm

Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties Natural Abundance (%) 8.858(33)

Half-Life >8¥1020 y 6.48 d

100. 2.065 y 2.3¥106 y 30.2 y 0.106(1) 0.101(1)

2.2¥1021 y 1.3¥1021 y 10.53 y

2.417(18) 6.592(12) 7.854(24) 11.232(24) 71.698(42) 1.396 h 12.75 d 0.090(1) 99.910(1)

1.06¥1011 y 1.678 d

0.185(2) 0.251(2) 88.450(51) 11.114(51)

32.50 d >1.6¥1017 y 1.38 d 284.6 d

100. 19.12 h 13.57 d 27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1)

2.1¥1015 y

17.2(3)

147

10.98 d 5.7(1) 5.6(2)

≈ 1¥1019 y 5.53 y 2.623 y 41.3 d 5.37 d 2.212 d 1.183 d

3.07(7) 14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7)

*Extrapolated value.

340. d 1.06¥1011 y 7¥1015 y 1016 y

Thermal Neut. Cross-Section (barns) 0.26(2) 30.4(8) sa < 0.15 (2.7+27.3) 140.(10) 8.3(3) (0.20+0.07) 1.3(2) (1.+8.) (0.84+9.7) 4.(1) (0.1+1.3) (0.014+5.8) (0.010+0.44) 5.(1) 0.41(2) 5.(1) 1.6(3) 9.2(2) 57.(6) 9.2(2) 2.7(3) 0.64(4) (1.0+6.5) (0.025+1.0) 0.58(4) 29.(3) 0.97(3) 6.1(7) 1.0(1) 11.5(4) (4.+7.5) 20.(3) 90.(10) 51.(2) 19.(1) 330.(10) sa = 17. mb 3.6(3) 47.(6) sa = 12. mb 1.5(2) 440.(150) 2.4(1) 1.0(1) 8.4(1.7)¥103 (84.+96.) 10600.(800) ≈ 103 1400.(200) ≈ 150. 5.6(1)¥103 1.6(1) 280.(20) 56.(4), sa = 0.6 mb 2.4(6) 4.01(6)¥104, sa = 31. mb

Resonance Integral (barns) 0.7(2) 422.(50) (32.+360.) 54.(9) 38.(3) 0.36(7) 10.(2) (25.+200.) (4.7+24.) 85.(30) (5.6+18.) (0.47+131.) (0.1+1.5) 4.(1) 0.4(1) 2.2(5) 14.(1) 12.(1) 4.1(9)¥102 12.(1) 69.(4) 0.71(6) 58.(12) (1.5+5.2) 0.50(5) 13.(2) 1.3(3) 2.7(3) 2.6(3) 14.(3) 14.(3) 9.(1) 190.(25) 49.(5) 34.(11) 128.(30)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) 0.9(1) mb

5.42(2) 5.42(2)

5.07(3) - 3.6(6) 7.8(3) 5.7(1) 4.7(1) 4.91(8) 6.8(1) 4.84(8)

(0.04+0.47)

0.76(11) 0.6(1) 0.18(1) 0.46(2) 61.(2) mb 76.(3) mb 4.0(2) mb

8.24(4) 8.24(4)

38.(3) mb

4.84(2) 5.80(9) 6.70(9) 4.84(9)

(0.028+0.3) 179.(5) mb 11.0(4) mb

4.75(9)

28.(1) mb

4.58(5) 4.58(5)

111.(2) mb

7.69(5) 7.7(3)

35.(1) mb 0.24(1)

3.9(5) 260.(40)

2.8(3)

81.(2) mb 0.42(1)

3.0(4) 200. 13.(2) 14.(2)

8.7(2)

91.(1) mb

5.7(3) 5.3(2)

147.(2) mb 0.16(1)

(1000.+1280.)

12.6(4)

2.(1)

2.6(2.4)¥103

1.4(2)¥103 2.4(3) 600.(90) 710.(50) 27.(14) 3.1(5)¥103

92.(6) mb 14.(3)

0.97(1) 241.(2) mb 1.82(2)

Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties Elem. or Isot. 150Sm 151Sm 152Sm 153Sm 154Sm 63Eu 151Eu

Natural Abundance (%) 7.38(1)

90. y 26.75(16) 1.929 d 22.75(29) 47.81(6)

152m1

Eu Eu 153Eu 154Eu 155Eu 64Gd 148Gd 152Gd 153Gd 154Gd 155Gd 156Gd 157Gd 158Gd 160Gd 161Gd 65Tb 159Tb 160Tb 66Dy 156Dy 158Dy 159Dy 160Dy 161Dy 162Dy 163Dy 164Dy 165mDy 165Dy 67Ho 163Ho 165Ho 166mHo 68Er 162Er 164Er 166Er 167Er 168Er 170Er 171Er 69Tm 169Tm 170Tm 171Tm 70Yb 168Yb 169Yb 170Yb

Half-Life

9.30 h 13.5 y

152

52.19(6) 8.59 y 4.76 y

0.20(1) 2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2) 24.84(7) 21.86(19)

75. y 1.1¥1014 y 240. d

>1.9¥1019 y 3.66 m

100. 72.3 d 0.056(3) 0.095(3) 144. d 2.39(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54) 1.26 m 2.33 h

Thermal Neut. Cross-Section (barns) 102.(5) 1.52(3)¥104 206.(15) 420.(180) 7.5(3) 4570.(100) (4.+3150.+6000.) sa = 8.7(3) mb 6.8(15)¥104 1.1(2)¥104 300.(20), sa <1. mb 1.5(3)¥103 3.9(2)¥103 48.8(6)¥103 1.40(14)¥104 700.(200), sa <7. mb 2.(1)¥104, sa = 0.03 (0.035+60.) 61.(1)¥103, sa = .08 mb ≈ 2.0 2.54(3)¥105, sa <0.05 2.3(3) 1.5(7) 2.0(6)¥104 23.2(5) 23.2(5) 570.(110) 9.5(2)¥102 33.(3), sa < 9. mb 43.(6), sa < 6. mb 8.(2)¥103 60.(10), sa < 0.3 mb 600.(50), sa < 1. mb 170.(20) 120.(10), sa < 20. mb (1.7+1.0)¥103 2.0(6)¥103 3.5(3)¥103 61.(2)

11-193 Resonance Integral (barns) 290.(30) 3520.(60) 3.0(3)¥103 32.(6) 3.8(5)¥103 (2.+4.)¥103 < 105 1.6(2)¥103 1.8(4)¥103 1.6(2)¥103 1.6(2)¥104 400.(10)

Coh. Scat. s (30 keV) Maxw. Length (fm) Avg. (barns) 14.(3) 422.(4) mb 2.(1) - 5.0(6) 473.(4) mb 9.(1) 5.3(3)

(1.6+2.2)

8.2(1)

1.2¥103 y 0.139(5) 1.601(3) 33.503(36) 22.869(9) 26.978(18) 14.910(36) 7.52 h 100 128.6 d 1.92 y 0.13(1) 32.02 d 3.04(15)

*Extrapolated value.

(3.1+58.), sa < 20. mb 3.1(8)¥103 1.5(2)¥102 19.(3), sa < 11. mb 13.(3), sa < 1.2 mb (3.+14.), sa < 70. mb 6.5(8)¥102, sa = 3. mb 2.3(3), sa = 0.09 mb 8.(2) 370.(40) 108.(4) (8.+100.) 100.(20) ≈ 160. 52.(10) 2.4(2)¥103, sa < 0.1 mb 3.6(3)¥103 12.(2), sa < 10. mb

5.(2) 2.8(1) 4.4(7) 1.3(1)

9.5(2)

700.(200)

1.05(2)

230.(50) 1540.(100) 104.(15) 800.(100) 73.(7) 6.(1)

9.(2) 9.15(5)

1.03(1) 2.65(3) 615.(5) mb 1.37(2) 324.(3) mb 0.15(2)

7.34(2) 7.34(2)

1.6(2)

420.(50) 420.(50)

6.3(4)

1.5(2)¥103 1000.(100) 120.(10)

16.9(3)

1100.(200) 1100.(100) 2755.(300) 1600.(400) (4.+2.)¥102

6.7(4) 10.3(4) - 1.4(5) 5.0(4) 49.4(2)

2.2(3)¥104 670.(40)

6.1(5)

(?+670.) 10.(3)¥103 730.(10) 480.(50) 105.(10) 96.(12) 2970.(70) 37.(5) 26.(4) 170.(20) 1.5(2)¥103 1.5(2)¥103 460.(50) 118.(6) 1.7(2)¥102 2.0(5)¥104 5200.(500) 320.(30)

1.6(2) 0.8(2) 0.89(1) 1.96(2) 446.(4) mb 1.11(1) 212.(3) mb

8.01(8)

4.57¥103 y 100.

0.21(1)

8.01(8)

(0.4+1.7) (0.8+0.5)

7.79(2) 8.8(2) 8.2(2) 10.6(2) 3.0(3) 7.4(4) 9.6(5)

1.6(1) 1.08(5) 0.56(6) 1.4(2) 0.34(4) 0.17(1)

7.07(3) 7.07(3)

1.13(6)

12.43(3) -4.07(2)

0.7(4)

6.8(1)

0.77(1)

11-194 Elem. or Isot. 171Yb 172Yb 173Yb 174Yb 176Yb 71Lu 175Lu 176Lu 177mLu 177Lu 72Hf 174Hf 176Hf 177Hf 178m2Hf 178Hf 179Hf 180Hf 181Hf 73Ta 179Ta 180mTa 181Ta 182Ta 74W 180W 182W 183W 184W 185W 186W 187W 188W 75Re 185Re 187Re 76Os 184Os 186Os 187Os 188Os 189Os 190Os 191Os 192Os 193Os 77Ir 191Ir 192Ir 193Ir 194Ir 78Pt 190Pt 192Pt 194Pt 195Pt 196Pt 198Pt

Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties Natural Abundance (%) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92) 12.76(41) 97.41(2) 2.59(2)

0.16(1) 5.26(7) 18.60(9)

Half-Life

3.73¥1010 y 160.7 d 6.65 d 15

2.0¥10 y

31. y 27.28(7) 13.62(2) 35.08(16) 42.4 d

0.012(2) 99.988(2)

1.8 y > 1.2¥1015 y 114.43 d

0.12(1) 26.50(16) 14.31(4) 30.64(2) 28.43(19)

37.40(2) 62.60(2) 0.02(1) 1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8) 16.15(5) 26.26(2)

7.4¥1016 y 8.3¥1018 y 1.9¥1018 y 4.0¥1018 y 74.8 d 6.5¥1018 y 23.9 h 69.78 h

4.2¥1010 y >5.6¥1013 y 2.¥1015 y

15.4 d 40.78(19) 30.5 h 37.3(2) 73.83 d 62.7(2) 19.3 h 0.014(1) 0.782(7) 32.967(99) 33.832(10) 25.242(41) 7.163(55)

*Extrapolated value.

4.5¥1011 y

Thermal Neut. Cross-Section (barns) 53.(5), sa < 1.5 mb ≈ 1.3, sa < 1. mb 16.(2), sa < 1. mb (46.+17.), sa < 0.02 mb 3.1(2), sa < 1. mb 78.(7) (16.+8.) (2.+2100.) 3.2(3) 1000.(300) 106.(3) 600.(50) 23.(4) (1.+375.), sa < 20. mb sm2 = 45.(5) (54.+32.) (0.43+46.) 13.0(5), sa < 13. mb 30.(25) 20.(1) 9.3(6)¥102 ≈ 560. (0.012 + 20.), sa <1. mb 8200.(600) 18.(1) ≈ 4. 20.(1) 10.5(3) (0.002 + 2.0) ≈ 3.3 37.(2) 70.(10) 12.(1) 90.(4) (0.33+110.) (2.+72.) 17.(1) 3.3(3)¥103, sa <10. mb ≈ 80., sa < 0.1 mb 2.(1)¥102, sa < 0.1 mb ≈ 5., sa < 30. mb (0.00026+40.),sa<10. mb (9.+4.), sa < 20. mb 3.8(6)¥102 3.(1), sa < 10. mb 2.5(5)¥102 4.2(1)¥102 (0.14+660.+260.) 1.4(3)¥103 (0.04+6.+109.) 1.6(3)¥103 10.(1) 1.5(1)¥102, sa < 8. mb (2.0+6.), sa < 0.2 mb (0.1+1.1), sa < 5. mb 28.(1), sa < 5. mb (0.045+0.55) (0.3+3.1)

Resonance Integral (barns) 315.(30) 25.(3) 380.(30) (13.+16.) 8.(2) 8.3(7)¥102 (550.+270.) (3.+930.) 1.4(2) 19.7(5)¥102 400.(50) 700.(100) 7170.(200) RIm2 = 8(1)¥102 (0.9+1.0)¥103 (6.8+620.) 32.(1) 650(20.) 1.22(7)¥103 1350.(100) (0.4+650.) 900.(90) 3.6(3)¥102 210.(30) 600.(90) 340.(50) 15.(2) 300.(50) 510.(50) 2760.(550) 8.4(2)¥102 1700.(50) (9.+310.) 1.5(1)¥102 1.4(1)¥103 3.8(9)¥102 5.0(7)¥102 1.5(2)¥102 (0.013+670.) (22.+8.) 1.7(3)¥102 7.(1) 1.1(2)¥102 2.8(4)¥103 (1.0+4.2)¥103 4.8(7)¥103 1.4(2)¥103 7.(2)¥102 1.3(1)¥102 70.(10) 115.(20) (4.+?) 365.(50) 7.(2) (5.+53.)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm) 9.7(1) 9.4(1) 9.56(7) 19.3(1) 8.7(1) 7.21(3) 7.24(3) 6.1(2)

7.8(1) 11.(1) 6.6(2)

5.9(2) 7.5(2) 13.2(3)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns) 1.21(1) 0.34(1) 0.75(1) 151.(2) mb 116.(2) mb (1.04+0.11) 1.53(7)

0.8(2) 0.46(2) 1.5(1) 0.31(1) (0.01+0.95) 179.(5) mb

6.91(7)

6.91(7)

0.77(2)

4.86(2) 6.97(4) 6.53(4) 7.48(6)

0.54(6) 274.(8) mb 0.52(2) 0.22(1)

- 0.72(4)

176.(5) mb

9.2(3) 9.0(3) 9.3(3) 10.7(2)

1.54(6) 1.16(6)

7.6(3) 10.7(3) 11.0(3)

0.4(2) 0.42(2) 0.90(3) 0.40(2) 1.17(5) 0.30(5)

11.5(4)

0.31(5)

12(2)

10.6(3) 1.35(4) 0.99(7) 9.60(1) 9.(1) 9.9(5) 10.55(8) 8.8(1) 9.89(8) 7.8(1)

0.7(2) 0.6(1) (0.03+0.34) 0.9(2) (0.01+0.19) (3.+79.) mb

Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties Elem. or Isot. 199Pt 79Au 197Au

Natural Abundance (%)

100.

198

Au Au Hg 80 196Hg 198Hg 199Hg 200Hg 201Hg 202Hg 204Hg 81Tl

2.695 d 3.14 d

199

203

Tl Tl 205Tl 82Pb 204Pb 205Pb 206Pb 207Pb 208Pb 210Pb 83Bi 209Bi 210mBi 84Po 210Po

Half-Life 30.8 m

0.15(1) 9.97(8) 16.87(10) 23.10(16) 13.18(8) 29.86(20) 6.87(4)

>2.5¥1018 y

29.524(14)

204

3.78 y 70.476(14) 1.4(1) 1.51¥107 y 24.1(1) 22.1(1) 52.4(1)

>2¥1019 y 22.6 y

100. 3.0¥106 y

At Rn Rn 222Rn 88Ra 223Ra 224Ra 226Ra 228Ra 89Ac 227Ac 90Th 227Th 228Th 229Th

Thermal Neut. Cross-Section (barns) ≈ 15. 98.7(1) sm+g = 98.7(1) sm = 8.(2) mb 26.5(15)¥103 ≈ 30. 3.7(1)¥102 (105.+3000.) (0.017+2.) 2.1(2)¥103 ≈ 1. ≈ 8. 4.9(5) 0.4(1) 3.3(1) 11.(1), sa < 0.3 mb 22.(2) 0.11(2) 0.172(2) 0.68(7) ≈ 5. 0.027(1) 0.61(3) 0.23(1) mb, sa < 8. mb < 0.5 0.034(1) (11.+23.) mb,sa<0.3 mb 54.(4) mb

138.4 d

sm<0.5 mb, sa < 2. mb sg<30. mb, sf< 0.1

55.6 s 3.823 d

<0.2 0.74(5)

11.43 d 3.66 d 1599. y 5.76 y

1.3(2)¥102, sf< 0.7 12.0(5) ≈ 13., sf< 7. mb 36.(5), sf< 2.

21.77 y

8.8(7)¥102, sf< 0.35 mb 7.4 sf = 2.0(2)¥102 1.2(2)¥102, sf<0.3 ≈ 60. sf = 30.(3) 23.4(5) sf < 0.5 mb 7.37(4) sf = 3.(1) mb sa < 1. mb 1.5(1)¥103 sf = 15.(2) 1.8(5) sf < 0.01

11-195 Resonance Integral (barns) ≈ 7. 1.55(3)¥103 RIm+g = 1.55(3)¥103 RIm = 0.06(2) ≈ 4.¥104

Coh. Scat. Length (fm) 7.63(6) 7.63(6)

87.(5) (53.+410.) (1.7+70.) 435(20) 2.1(5) 30.(3) 4.5(2) 0.8(2) 12.5(8)

12.69(2) 30.(1)

41.(2) 90.(20) 0.6(2) 0.14(4) 2.0(2) ≈ 2. 0.10(1) 0.38(1) 2.0(2) mb

7.0(2)

0.19(2) 0.19(2) 0.20(3)

16.9(4)

11.(1)

18.72 d 1.913 y 7.9¥103 y

230

Th

7.54¥104 y

232

Th

233

Th

22.3 m

234

Th

24.10 d

100.

*Extrapolated value.

1.40¥1010 y

9.52(7) 9.402(2) 10.9(1)

124.(8) mb 0.14(5) 54.(4) mb

9.23(5) 9.28(2) 9.50(3) 8.532(2) 8.532(2)

2.7(5) mb

10.(1)

1.5(4)¥103 85.(3)

10.31(3)

1014.(400) 1.0(2)¥103 RIf = 466.(75) 1.0(1)¥103

4.(1)¥102

0.4(2) 0.17(2) 0.37(2) 0.12(1) 0.26(1) 74.(6) mb 42.(4) mb

90.(6) mb 0.06(1) 16.(1) mb 10.(1) mb 0.36(4) mb

280.(50)

85.(3)

582.(9) mb

8.776(5)

85

86 220

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

10.31(3)

11-196

Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties

Elem. or Isot. 91Pa 230Pa 231Pa 232

Natural Abundance (%)

Half-Life 17.4 d 3.25¥104 y

Pa

1.31 d

233

Pa

27.0 d

U U 231U 232U

20.8 d 4.2 d 70. y

92 230

233

U

1.592¥105 y

234

U

0.0054(5)

2.455¥105 y

235

U

0.7204(6)

7.04¥108 y

236

U

2.342¥107 y

237

U

6.75 d

238

U

239

U

99.2742(10)

Np Np 235Np 236mNp 236Np 237Np 93 234

238

Np Np

239

Pu Pu 237Pu 238Pu 94 236

4.47¥109 y

23.5 m

4.4 d 1.085 y 22.5 h 1.55¥105 y 2.14¥106 y 2.117 d 2.355 d

2.87 y 45.7 d 87.7 y

239

Pu

2.410 x 104 y

240

Pu

6.56¥103 y

241

Pu

14.4 y

242

Pu

3.75 x 105 y

243

Pu

4.956 h

*Extrapolated value.

Thermal Neut. Cross-Section (barns) 1.5(3)¥103 2.0(1)¥102 sf = 20.(1) mb 4.6(10)¥102 sf = 1.5(5)¥103 39.(2) sm = 20.(4) sg = 19.(3) sf < 0.1 3.4(3); sf = 4.2(1) sf ≈ 25. sf ≈ 250. 73.(2) sf = 74.(8) 47.(2) sf = 5.3(1)¥102 sa < 0.2 mb 96.(2) sf = 0.07(2) 95.(5) sf = 586.(2) sa < 0.1 mb 5.1(3) sf < 1.3 mb ≈ 102 sf < 0.35 2.7(1) sf ≈ 3. mb sa = 1.4(5) mb 22.(2) sf = 15.(3) sf = 9.(3)¥102 1.6(1)¥102 sf = 2.7(2)¥103 sf = 3.0(2)¥103 1.7(1)¥102 sf = 20.(1) mb sf = 2.6(3)¥103 (32.+19.) sf < 1. sf = 1.6(3)¥102 sf = 2.3(3)¥103 5.1(2)¥102 sf = 17.(1) 2.7(1)¥102 sf = 752.(3) sa ≤ 0.3 mb 2.9(1)¥102 sf ≈ 59. mb 3.7(1)¥102, sa <0.2 mb sf = 1.01(1)¥103 19.(1) sf<0.2 <100. sf = 2.0(2)¥102

Resonance Integral (barns)

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

750.(80) RIf = 0.05(1) 300.(70) RIf = 1.0(1)¥103 (460.+440.)

9.1(3)

280.(20),RIf = 2.0

8.417(5)

280.(15) RIf = 350.(30) 137.(6) RIf = 760.(17) 660.(70) RIf = 6.5 144.(6) RIf = 275(5)

10.1(2)

12.(4) 10.47(4)

360.(15) RIf = 4.38(50) 1200.(200) 277.(3) 1.54(15) mb

7.(4)¥102 1.35(30)¥103 6.5(3)¥102 RIf = 4.7 1.4(3)¥103

8.402(5)

10.6(1)

1000.(60) 1.6(2)¥102 RIf = 26.(2) 2.0(2)¥102 3.0(1)¥102

14.1(5)

8.4(3)¥103 RIf = 3.2 1.6(1)¥102 5.7(4)¥102 1.1(1)¥103 RIf = 0.23

3.5(1)

7.7(1)

8.1(1)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties Elem. or Isot. 244Pu 245Pu 95Am 241Am 242m

Natural Abundance (%)

Half-Life 8.00¥107 y 10.5 h 432.7 y

Am

141. y

242

Am

16.02 h

243

Am

7.37¥103 y

244m

Am Am 96Cm 242Cm

≈ 26. m 10.1 h

243

29.1 y

244

Cm

162.8 d

244

Cm

18.1 y

245

Cm

8.48¥103 y

246

Cm

4.76¥103 y

247

Cm

1.56¥107 y

248

Cm

3.48¥105 y

249

Cm Cm 97Bk 249Bk

64.15 m ≈ 9.7¥103 y

250

Bk Cf 98 249Cf

3.217 h

250

Cf

13.1 y

251

Cf

9.0¥102 y

250

320. d

351. y

252

2.65 y

253

Cf

17.8 d

254

Cf Es 99 253Es 254mEs 254Es

60.5 d

Cf

255 100 255

257

20.47 d 1.64 d 276. d

Es Fm Fm

20.1 h

Fm

100.5 d

*Extrapolated value.

40. d

11-197

Thermal Neut. Cross-Section (barns) 1.7(1) 1.5(3)¥102

Resonance Integral (barns) 41.(3) 220.(40)

(0.6+6.4)¥102 sf = 3.15(10) 1.7(4)¥103 sf = 5.9(3)¥103 sf = 2.1(2)¥103 3.3(5)¥102 (75.+5.) sf = 79.(2) mb sf = 1.6(3)¥103 sf = 2.2(3)¥103

(1.+14.)¥102 14.(1) ≈ 200. RIf = 1.8(1)¥103 RIf = < 300. ≈ 1.5¥102 (17.1+1.0)¥102 RIf = 0.056

≈ 20. sf ≈ 5. 1.3(1)¥102 sf = 6.2(2)¥102 15.(1) sf = 1.1(2) 3.5(2)¥102 sf = 2.1(1)¥103 1.2(2) sf = 0.16(7) 60.(30) sf = 82.(5) 2.6(3) sf = 0.36(7) ≈ 1.6 ≈ 80.

120.(50) 214.(20) RIf = 1.6(1)¥103 640.(50) RIf = 10.8(8) 110.(10) RIf = 8.(1)¥102 120.(10) 13.(2) 5.(1)¥102 7.3(7)¥102 270.(30) 13.(2)

7.(1)¥102 sf ≈ 0.1 sf = 1.0(2)¥103

9.(1)¥102

5.0(3)¥102 sf = 1.7(1)¥103 2.0(2)¥103 sf = 110.(90) 2.9(2)¥103 sf = 4.5(5)¥103 20.(2) sf = 32.(4) 18.(2) sf = 1.3(2)¥103 4.5(10)

7.7(4)¥102 RIf = 2.1(3)¥103 12.(2)¥103 RIf = 160.(40) 1.6(1)¥103 RIf = 5.5(3)¥103 43.(3) RIf = 1.1(3)¥102 8.(1) 2.

(180.+5.8) sf = 1.8(1)¥103 28.(3) sf = 1.8(2)¥103 ≈ 55.

(37.5+1.1)¥102

26.(3) sf = 3.3(2)¥103 sf = 3.0(2)¥103

14.(2)

18.(2) RIf = 1.2(3)¥103

Coh. Scat. Length (fm)

8.3(2)

9.5(3)

9.3(2)

7.7(2)

s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)

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TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION Experimental Techniques Used to Determine the Composition, Structure, and Energy States of Solids and Liquids H.P.R. Frederikse The many experimental methods, originally designed to study the chemical and physical behavior of solids and liquids, have grown into a new field known as Materials Characterization (or Materials Analysis). During the past 30 years a host of techniques aimed at the study of surfaces and thin films has been added to the many tools for the analysis of bulk samples. The field has benefitted particularly from the development of computers and microprocessors, which have vastly increased the speed and accuracy of the measuring devices and the recording of their output. Materials characterization was and is a very important tool in the search for new physical and chemical phenomena. It plays an essential role in new applications of solids and liquids in industry, communications, and medicine. Many of its techniques are used in quality control, in safety regulations, and in the fight against pollution. In most Materials Characterization experiments the sample is subjected to some kind of radiation: electromagnetic, acoustic, thermal, or particles (electrons, ions, neutrons, etc.). The surface Technique

Sample

In

analysis techniques usually require a high vacuum. As a result of interactions between the solid (or liquid) and the incoming radiation a beam of a similar (or a different) nature will emerge from the sample. Measurement of the physical and/or chemical attributes of this emerging radiation will yield qualitative, and often quantitative, information about the composition and the properties of the material being probed. The modern tendency of describing practically everything in this world by a combination of a few letters (acronyms) has also penetrated the field of Materials Characterization. The table below gives the meaning of the acronym for every technique listed, the form and size of the required sample (bulk, surface, film, liquid, powder, etc.), the nature of the incoming and of the emerging radiation, the depth and the lateral spatial resolution that can be probed, and the information obtained from the experiment. The last column lists one or two major references to the technique described. Out

Lateral resolution

Depth

Information obtained

Ref.

Optical and Mass Spectroscopies for Chemical Analysis 1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

10.

AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ICP-AES Induct. Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Dynamic SIMS Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy Static SIMS Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy SNMS Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectroscopy SALI Surface Analysis by Laser Ionization LIMS Laser Ionization Mass Spectroscopy

Atomize (flame, electro, thermal, etc.) Atomize (flame, electro, thermal, ICP, etc.)

Light e.g., glow discharge –

Surface

Ion beam (1–20 keV)

Surface

Ion beam (0.5–20 keV)

Surface, bulk

Plasma discharge; noble gases: 0.5–20 keV e-beam, ion-beam, or laser for sputtering

Surface, bulk

u.v. laser (ns pulses)

SSMS Spark Source Mass Spectroscopy GDMS Glow Discharge Mass Spectroscopy

Sample in the form of two electrodes Sample forms the cathode for a D.C. glow discharge Liquid-dissolved sample carried by gas stream into R.F. induction coil

High voltage R.F. spark produces ions Sputtered atoms ionized in plasma

ICPMS Induct. Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy

Surface

Ions produced in argon plasma

Absorption spectrum

–

–

Emission spectrum

–

–

Secondary ions; analysis with mass spectrometer Secondary ions, analysis with mass spectrometer Sputtered atoms ionized by atoms or electrons; then mass analyzed Sputtered atoms ionized by laser; then mass analyzed Ionized species; analyzed with mass spectrometer Ions – analyzed in mass spectrometer Ions – analyzed in mass spectrometer

2 nm–1 µm (or deeper: ion milling) 0.1–0.5 nm

0.50 nm

0.1–0.5 nm (or deeper: ion milling) 0.1–0.5 nm up to 3 µm in milling mode 50–150 nm

1 cm

60 nm

Surface analysis; depth profiling 7

5 µm–1 mm

Elemental (micro)analysis; detection limits: 1–100 ppm

8

1–5 µm

–

9

0.1–100 µm

3–4 mm

Survey of trace elements; detection limit: 0.01–0.05 ppm (Bulk) trace element analysis; detection limit: sub-ppb

Ions – analyzed in quadrupole mass spectrometer

–

–

High sensitivity analysis of trace 11 elements

Electronic transitions (mainly in semiconductors and superconductors); vibrational modes (in crystals and molecules) Spectra obtained at higher speed and resolution

10 µm

Concentration of atomic species 1,2 (quantitative, using standards) Concentration of atomic species 3 (quantitative, using standards) Elemental and isotopic analysis; depth profile (all elements); detection limits: ppb-ppm Elemental analysis of surface layers; molecular analysis; detection limits: ppb-ppm Elemental analysis Z ≥ 3; depth profile; detection limit: ppm

4

4

4,6

9,10

Photons — Absorption, Reflection and Electron Emission 11.

IRS Infrared Spectroscopy

Thin crystal, glass, liquid

I.R. light (W-filament, globar, Hg-arc)

I.R. spectrum

–

–

12.

FTIR Fourier Transform I.R. Spectroscopy

White light (all frequencies)

–

ATR Attenuated Total Reflection (µ)-RS (Micro-) Raman Spectroscopy

–

Fourier Transform of spectrum (interferometer) –

–

13.

Solid, liquid; transmission or reflection Surface or thin crystal

µm’s

–

Solid, liquid (1 µm–1 cm)

Laser beam, e.g., Arline, YAG-line

Raman spectra

0.5 µm

0.5 µm

14.

12,13,14

15

Atomic or molecular spectra of 16 surfaces and films Molecular and crystal vibrations 12,14,17

12-1

Section 12.indb 1

4/28/05 1:53:49 PM

Techniques for Materials Characterization

12-2 Technique 15.

16. 17.

18.

CARS Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy Ellipsometry UPS Ultraviolet Photo-electron Spectroscopy PSD Photon Stimulated Desorption

Sample

In

Out

Lateral resolution

Depth

Information obtained

Ref.

Solid, liquid (50 µm–3 cm)

Pump beam (ω0)+ probe beam (ωs)

Anti-Stokes spectrum

–

–

High resolution Raman spectra

14

Transparent films, crystals, adsorbed layers Surfaces, adsorbed layers

Polarized light

Change in polarization

18,19

Electrons

25 µm (or sample thickness) 0.1–10 nm

Refractive index and absorption

u.v. light, 10–100 eV; 200 eV (synchrotron)

0.05 nm–5 µm 0.2–10 nm

Energies of electronic states of surfaces and free molecules

20,21

Surfaces with adsorbed species

Far u.v. light E > 10 eV

Ions – analyzed with mass spectrometer

0.1–2 nm

–

Structure and desorption kinetics of adsorbed atoms and molecules

22

Identification of crystallographic structures; all elements (low Z difficult) Elemental analysis; all elements except H, He, Li – (EDS also used in XRD, SEM, TEM and EPMA) Local atomic structure: order/ disorder in vicinity of absorbing atom (Quantitative) identification of all elements in surface layer or film

23,24

Energy levels of impurities and point defects Identification of surface species

30

X-Rays 19.

XRD X-Ray Diffraction

Single crystals, powders films

X-rays: λ = 0.05–0.2 nm (6–17 keV)

Diffracted X-ray beam

1–1000 µm

0.1–10 mm

20.

XRF/EDS X-Ray Fluorescence/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

Thin films, single layer

Prim. X-ray beam λ = 0.02–0.1 nm 12–80 keV

Fluorescent X-rays

1–100 µm

10 mm

21.

EXAFS Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure XPS/ESCA X-Ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy/ Electron Spect. for Chemical Analysis

Films, foils

High intensity X-rays (synchrotron)

Spectrum near absorption edge

nm–µm

–

Surfaces, thin films (≈20 atomic layers)

Soft X-rays (1–20 keV)

Core electrons; valence electrons

0.5–10 nm

5 nm–50 µm

CL Cathode Luminescence APS Appearance Potential Spectroscopy

Insulators, semiconductors Surface (≈20 atomic layers)

Electrons 5–50 keV

Photons 0.1–5 eV

1 nm–2 µn

1 or 2 µm

Electrons (energy scan) 50–2000 eV

–

–

25.

AES Auger Electron Spectroscopy

Thin films, surfaces

Electrons 3–10 keV

X-rays to pinpoint electron energy threshold Auger electrons 20– 2000 eV

0.3–3 nm

≈30 nm

26.

EELS Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

Very thin samples (<200 nm)

Electrons (100–400 keV)

(Retarded) electrons; minus 1–1000 eV

<200 nm

1–100 nm

27.

EXELFS Extended Electron Energy Loss Fine Structure ESD Electron Stimulated Desorption

Thin films

Electrons (100–400 keV)

Electrons energies 0–30 eV above edge

<200 nm

1–100 nm

Adsorbed species

Electrons E > 10 eV

Ions – analyzed with mass spectrometer

–

–

ESDIAD ESD-Ion Angular Distribution EPMA Electron Probe (X-Ray) Micro Analysis LEED Low Energy Electron Diffraction

(See ESD)

(See ESD)

–

–

Solid conductors and insulators <1 cm thick

Electrons 5–30 keV

Directional dependence of emitted ions Characteristic X-ray 0.1–15 keV

100 nm–5 µm

1 µm

Surface

Mono-energetic electron beam 10– 1000 eV Electron beam at grazing angle 5–50 keV High energy electrons usually ~30 keV

Diffracted electrons

0.4–2 nm

<5 µm

Crystallographic structure of surface; resolution: 0.01 nm

35

Reflected electrons

0.2–10 nm

<5 µm

Surface symmetry

36,37

Secondary and backscattered electrons

1 nm–5 µm

1–20 nm

33,34

Transmitted and diffracted electrons

(Sample thickness)

2–20 nm

≈0.5 nm

10–100 nm

Surface image, defect structure; resolution 5–15 nm; magnification 300,000× (Defect) structure of cryst. solids; microchemistry; high resol.: 0.2 nm Surface image, crystallographic structure

1–5 nm

2–10 nm

1–100 nm

1–100 nm

0.5–5 nm

0.2–130 nm

22.

25,26

27

28,29

Electrons 23. 24.

28.

29. 30.

31.

32.

RHEED Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy

Surface

(S)TEM (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy FEM Field Emission Microscopy

Thin specimen – <200 nm

High energy electrons typically 300 keV

Metals, alloys (sharp point)

–

36.

STM Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Polished or cleaved surface (conducting)

37.

SPM Scanned Probe Microscopy

Very flat surface

38.

AFM Atomic Force Microscopy

Very flat surface

33.

34.

35.

Section 12.indb 2

Bulk, films (conducting)

Electron emission (with appl. electric field – 50 kV) Tunneling current controls distance between sample and very sharp tip Any field: e.g. mechan. vibration recorded with laser probe; same with magnetic, electric or thermal field Similar to STM; force measured with cantilever spring

Elemental composition of surface (except H, He); detection limit 0.1–1% Local elemental concentration; electronic structure, chem. bonding; interatomic distances Density of states of valence electrons (above Fermi level)

21, see also C 28,29

31

27,32

Structure and desorption 22 properties of adsorbed atoms and molecules Geometries of adsorbed species 22 (atoms or molecules) Elemental analysis, Z ≤ 4, major, 33,34 minor and trace amounts

33

34

Atomic-scale relief map of surface; resolution: vert. 0.002 nm, hor. 0.2 nm Surface-magnetic field, surfacethermal conductivity, etc.

39

Surface topography with atomic resolution; interatomic force

40

39a

4/28/05 1:53:51 PM

Techniques for Materials Characterization Technique

Sample

12-3 In

Out

Lateral resolution

Depth

Information obtained

Ref.

Ions and Neutrons 39.

ISS (or LEIS) Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (Low Energy Ion Scattering) FIM Field Ion Microscopy RBS Rutherford Back Scattering

Surface

Ion beam He+ or Ne+ <3 keV

Sputtered ions (energy analysis)

0.1–0.5 nm

1–100 µm

Surface: metals, alloys; very sharp tip Solids, thin films

He ions + high electric field produce image Backscattered ions

≈0.1 nm

0.1–2 nm

10 nm–1 µm

1 mm

Element identification (Li to U) detection limit: 0.01–1%

46

42.

NRA Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Solids, thin films

Protons, deuterons 3He, 0.1–5 µm α-particles, γ-rays

10 µm–10 mm

Element identification (all) detection limit: 10–12–10–2

47

43.

PIXE Particle Induced X-ray Emission

Thin films, surface layers

(He gas above sample) Mono-energetic ions (H+ or He++) 0.5–3 MeV Mono-energetic ions (Li, Be, B, etc.) 200 keV–6 MeV High energy ions (H+ or He++)

Characteristic X-rays

<10 µm

1 µm–2 mm

48

44.

INS Ion Neutralization Spectroscopy NAA Neutron Activation Analysis

Surface

He-ions (≈5 eV)

Electrons

–

–

Trace impurities: Z >3 detection limit: 0.1–100 ppm (depending on sample thickness) Energies of valence electrons

Bulk, >0.5 g

Thermal neutrons

Characteristic γ-rays, (≈1 MeV)

Bulk

–

43

N(P)D Neutron (Powder) Diffraction SANS Small Angle Neutron Scattering

Crystalline solids

Diffracted neutrons

Bulk

–

Scattered neutrons

1–25 mm

–

Trace concentrations (of isotopes) of elements: trans. metals, Pt-group; detection limit: 108–1014 atoms/cm3 Crystallographic structure; porosity, particle size Average size of inhomogeneities; range: 1 nm– 1 mm

Reflected acoustic wave

µm–cm

0.1–20 mm

Defect structure; thickness measurement

40. 41.

45.

46. 47.

Thermal neutrons E ≈0.0025 eV Inhomogeneous solids; Thermal neutrons 2 θ powders; porous samples = 10–2–10–4

Elemental analysis (better for low Z) detection limits: 0.01– 1% Atomic structure of surface

41

34,42

49

44 45

Acoustic 48.

SLAM Scanning Laser Acoustic Microscopy

Bulk, film

Acoustic wave produced by laser 1 MHz–1 GHz

50

Thermal 49. 50.

51.

DTA Differential Thermal Analysis DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Specimen and reference Uniform heating sample Specimen and ref. sample Controlled heating

Temperature difference

Bulk

–

Phase transitions, crystallization 51

Measure heat required for equal temperature

Bulk

–

51

TGA Thermo Gravimetric Analysis

Bulk, 1–100 g

Controlled heating

Weight as function of temperature (and time)

Bulk

–

Phase transitions, crystallization; activation energies Decomposition, nonstoichiometry, kinetics of reaction

Local environment of paramagnetic ion; concentration of paramagnetic, species; detection limit: 1011 spins/cm3 Electronic energy bands, effective masses

53,54

52

Resonance 52.

EPR (ESR) Electron Paramagnetic (Spin) Resonance

Paramagnetic solids or liquids

Microwave radiation in magnetic field 3– 300 GHz; 1–100 kG

Microwave absorption (at resonance)

Bulk

–

53.

ECR Electron Cyclotron Resonance

Bulk

–

Mössbauer Effect

Microwave radiation in magnetic field 10– 30 GHz; 5–10 kG Mono-energetic γrays: 5–100 keV

Microwave absorption (at resonance)

54.

Semiconductors, metals; free electrons (low temperature) Source and absorber

Mössbauer spectrum (Doppler shifted (lines)

50 m

1 cm

55.

NMR (MRI) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Solids, liquids

<1 cm

1 cm

56.

ENDOR Electron Nuclear Double Resonance

Solids, liquids

–

–

Hyperfine interaction → local atomic structure

54

57.

NQR Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance

Solids

R.F. absorption R.F. radiation + magnetic field; e.g. for protons: 60 MHz, 14 kG Microwave absorption R.F. + microwave radiation in magn. field. R.F. absorption R.F. radiation 0.5– 1000 MHz

–

–

Asymmetry of the charge distribution at the nucleus

55,59

–

–

Surface area measurement

60

55

Interaction between nucleus and 56 its environment (local electric, magnetic fields; bonds; valency; diffusion, etc.) Quant. analysis; local magnetic 58 environment; diffusion; imaging

Other 58.

Section 12.indb 3

BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

(Large) surface area 1–20 Adsorbed gas (e.g., N2 at low temp.) as function m2/g of pressure (monolayer coverage)

4/28/05 1:53:52 PM

Techniques for Materials Characterization

12-4

References General References A. Wachtman, J. B., Characterization of Materials, ButterworthHeinemann, Boston, 1993. B. Brundle, C. R., Evans, C. A., and Wilson, S., Eds., Encyclopedia of Materials, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1992. C. Woodruff, D. P. and Delchar, T. A., Modern Techniques of Surface Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. D. Metals Handbook, 9th Edition, Vol. 10, Materials Characterization, Whan, R. E., Coordinator, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1986. Specific References 1. Slavin, M., Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978. 2. Schrenk, W. G., Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy, Plenum Press, New York, 1975. 3. Dean, J. A. and Rains, T. E., Flame Emission and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Vols. 1–3, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1969. 4. Benninghoven, A., Rudenauer, F. G., and Werner, H. W., Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. 5. Bird, J. R. and Williams, J. S., Eds., in Ion Beams for Materials Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1989, pp. 515–537. 6. Smith, G. C., Quantitative Surface Analysis for Materials Science, The Institute of Metals, London, 1991. 7. Becker, E. H., in Ion Spectroscopies for Surface Analysis, Czanderna, A. W. and Hercules, D. M., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1991, p. 273. 8. Simons, D. S., Int. J. Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 55, 15, 1983. 9. White, F. A. and Wood, G. M., Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 10. Harrison, W. W. and Bentz, B. L., Prog. Anal. Spectrometry, 11, 53, 1988. 11. Bowmans, P. W. J. M., Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy, Parts I and II, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. 12. Brame, Jr., E. G. and Grasselli, J., Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, Practical Spectroscopy Series, Vol. I, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976. 13. Hollas, J. M., Modern Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. 14. Turrell, G., Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Crystals, Academic Press, New York and London, 1972. 15. Griffith, P. R. and Haseth, J. A., Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 16. Barnowski, M. K., Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Communications, Academic Press, New York, 1976. 17. Long, D. A., Raman Spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977. 18. Azzam, R. M. A., Ellipsometry and Polarized Light, Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam, 1977. 19. Hecht, E., Optics, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, 1987. 20. Brundle, C. R., in Molecular Spectroscopy, West, A. R., Ed., Heyden, London, 1976. 21. Park, R. L., in Experimental Methods in Catalytic Research, Vol. III, Anderson, R. B. and Dawson, P. T., Academic Press, New York, 1976, pp. 1–39. 22. Madey, T. E. and Stockbauer, R., in Solid State Physics: Surfaces, Vol. 22 of Methods of Experimental Physics, Park, R.L. and Lagally, M. G., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1985. 23. Cullity, B. D., Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, 2nd Edition, AddisonWesley, Reading, MA, 1978. 24. Schwartz, L. H. and Cohen, J. B., Diffraction from Materials, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1987. 25. deBoer, D. K. G., in Advances in X-Ray Analysis, Vol. 34, Barrett, C. S. et. al., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1991. 26. Birks, L. S., X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1969. 27. Bonnelle, C. and Mande, C., Advances in X-Ray Spectroscopy, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982.

Section 12.indb 4

28. Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-Ray Photo-Electric Spectroscopy, Briggs, D. and Seah, M. P., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983. 29. Powell, C. J. and Seah, M. P., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, Vol. 8, 735, 1990. 30. Yacobi, G. G. and Holt, D. B., Cathodeluminescence Microscopy of Inorganic Solids, Plenum Press, New York, 1990. 31. Egerton, R. F., Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope, Plenum Press, New York, 1986. 32. Disko, M. M., Krivanek, O. L., and Rez, P., Phys. Rev., B25, 4252, 1982. 33. Goldstein, J. I., et. al., Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 2nd Edition, Plenum Press, New York, 1986. 34. Murr, L. E., Electron and Ion Microscopy and Microanalysis, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982. 35. Armstrong, R. A., in Experimental Methods in Catalytic Research, Vol. III, Anderson, R. B., and Dawson, P. T., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1976. 36. Dobson, P. J. et. al., Vacuum, 33, 593, 1983. 37. Rymer, T. B., Electron Diffraction, Methuen, London, 1970. 38. Reimer, L., Transmission Election Microscopy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984. 39. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods, Behm, R. J., Garcia, N., and Rohrer, H., Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1990. 39a. Wikramasinghe, H.K., Scientific American, Vol. 261, No. 4, pp. 98– 105, Oct. 1989. 40. Rugar, D. and Hansma, P., Physics Today, 43(10), pp. 23–30, 1990. 41. Feldman, C. C. and Mayer, J. W., Fundamentals of Surface and Thin Film Analysis, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1986. 42. Muller, E. W. and Tsong, T. T., Field Ion Microscopy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1969. 43. Amiel, S., Nondestructive Activation Analysis, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1981. 44. Bacon, G. E., Neutron Diffraction, 3rd Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975. 45. Neutron Scattering, Part A., in Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. 23, Skold, K. and Price, D. L., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1986. 46. Chu, W. K., Mayer, J. W., and Nicolet, M. A., Backscattering Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, 1987. 47. Rickey, F. A., in High Energy and Heavy Ion Beams in Materials Analysis, Tesmer, J. R., et. al., Eds., MRS, 1990, pp. 3–26. 48. Johansson, S. A. E. and Campbell, J. L., PIXE: A Novel Technique for Elemental Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988. 49. Hagstrum, H. D., in Inelastic Ion-Surface Collisions, Tolk, N. H. et. al., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1977, pp. 1–46. 50. Nikoonahad, M., in Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing, Vol. VI, Sharpe, R.S., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1984, pp. 217– 257. 51. Gallagher, P. K., Characterization of Materials by Thermoanalytical Techniques, MRS - Bulletin, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 23–27, 1988. 52. Earnest, C. M., Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry, ASTM Special Technical Publication 997, 1988. 53. Poole, C. P., Electron Spin Resonance – A Comprehensive Treatise on Experimental Techniques, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983. 54. Atherton, N. M., Principles of Electron Spin Resonance, Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, U.K., 1993. 55. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, p. 196. 56. Gibb, T. C., Principles of Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Chapman & Hall, London, 1976. 57. Slichter, C. P., Principles of Magnetic Resonance, 3rd Edition, SpringerVerlag, Berlin, 1990. 58. NMR Spectroscopy Techniques, Dybrowski, C. and Lichter, R. L., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987. 59. Das, T. P. and Hahn, E. L., Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, 1958. 60. Somorjai, G. A., Principles of Surface Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1972, p. 216

4/28/05 1:53:54 PM

SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS L. I. Berger The ability of a body to coincide with itself in its different positions regarding a coordinate system is called its symmetry. This property reveals itself in iteration of the parts of the body in space. The iteration may be done by reflection in mirror planes, rotation about certain axes, inversions and translations. These actions are called the symmetry operations. The planes, axes, points, etc., are known as symmetry elements. Essentially, mirror reflection is the only truly primitive symmetry operation. All other operations may be done by a sequence of reflections in certain mirror planes. Hence, the mirror plane is the only true basic symmetry element. But for clarity, it is convenient to use the other symmetry operations, and accordingly, the other aforementioned symmetry elements. The symmetry elements and operations are presented in Table 1. The entire set of symmetry elements of a body is called its symmetry class. There are thirty-two symmetry classes that describe all crystals that have ever been noted in mineralogy or been synthesized (more than 150,000). The denominations and symbols of the symmetry classes are presented in Table 2. There are several known approaches to classification of individual crystals in accordance with their symmetry and crystallochemistry. The particles that form a crystal are distributed in certain points in space. These points are separated by certain distances (translations) equal to each other in any chosen direction in the crystal. Crystal lattice is a diagram that describes the location of particles (individual or groups) in a crystal. The lattice parameters

are three non-coplanar translations that form the crystal lattice. Three basic translations form the unit cell of a crystal. August Bravais (1848) has shown that all possible crystal lattice structures belong to one or another of fourteen lattice types (Bravais lattices). The Bravais lattices, both primitive and non-primitive, are the contents of Table 3. Among the three-dimensional figures, there is a group of polyhedrons that are called regular, which have all faces of the same shape and all edges of the same size (regular polygons). It has been shown that there are only five regular polyhedrons. Because of their importance in crystallography and solid state physics, a brief description of these polyhedrons is included in Table 4. The systematic description of crystal structures is presented primarily in the well-known Structurbericht. The classification of crystals by the Structurbericht does not reflect their crystal class, the Bravais lattice, but is based on the crystallochemical type. This makes it inconvenient to use the Structurbericht categories for comparison of some individual crystals. Thus, there have been several attempts to provide a more convenient classification of crystals. Table 5 presents a compilation of different classifications which allows the reader to correlate the Structurbericht type with the international and Schoenflies point and space groups and with Pearson’s symbols, based on the Bravais lattice and chemical composition of the class prototype. The information included in Table 5 has been chosen as an introduction to a more detailed crystallophysical and crystallochemical description of solids.

TABLE 1. Symmetry Operations and Elements Symmetry element Symbol Presentation on the stereographic projection International (Hermann-Mauguin) Schoenflies Parallel Perpendicular

Symmetry operation

Name

Reflection in a plane

Plane

m

Cs

Rotation by angle α = 360°/n about an axis

Axis

n = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6

Cn

n=2

C2

n=3

C3

n=4

C4

n=6

C6

¯n = ¯3, ¯4, ¯6

Cni

¯n = ¯3

C3i

¯n = ¯4

C4i

Rotation about an axis and inversion in a symmetry center lying on the axis

Inversion (improper) axis

12-5

Symmetry of Crystals

12-6

Symmetry operation

Name

Inversion in a point Parallel translation Reflection in a plane and translation parallel to the plane Rotation about an axis and translation parallel to the axis Rotation about an axis and reflection in a plane perpendicular to the axis

Crystal symbol Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Trigonal Tetragonal Hexagonal Cubic a

Primitive Int Sch 1 C1

3 4 6 23

C3 C4 C6 T

TABLE 1. Symmetry Operations and Elements Symmetry element Symbol Presentation on the stereographic projection International (Hermann-Mauguin) Schoenflies Parallel Perpendicular

¯n = ¯6

C6i

Center

¯1

Ci

Translation œ


b, œ


c
œ vector a, Glide–plane

a, b, c, n, d

Screw axis Rotatoryreflection axis

C3i C4h C6h Th

Sn

TABLE 2. The Thirty-Two Symmetry Classes Class namea and its symbol – International (Int) and Schoenflies (Sch) Planal Axial Plane-axial Inversion primitive Int Sch Int Sch Int Sch Int Sch

Central Int Sch 1 Ci

3 4/m 6/m m3

nm (m = 1, 2, .., n – 1) ñ ñ = ˜1, ˜2, ˜3, ˜4, ˜6

m mm2

Cs C2v

2 222

C2 D2

2/m mmm

C2h D2h

3m 4mm 6mm ¯43m

C3v C4v C6v Td

32 422 622 432

D3 D4 D6 O

¯3m

C3d D4h D6h Oh

4/mmm 6/mmm m3m

¯4 ¯6

S4 C3h

Inversion-planal Int Sch

¯42m ¯6m2

D2d D3h

Per Fedorov Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, nomenclature.

TABLE 3. The Fourteen Possible Space Lattices (Bravais Lattices)

Crystal system

Metric category of the system

No. of different lattices in the system

C

+ +

Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Trigonal

Trimetric Trimetric Trimetric Dimetric

1 2 4 1

+ + +

(rhombohedral) Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric (cubic)

Dimetric Dimetric Monometric

2 1 3

+ + +

a

R

a

b

c

α

β

γ

α≡(b,c), β≡(a,c), γ≡(a,b)

+ + + +

+ + +

+ + +

+

+ +

+

+

1 1 or 2 1, 2 or 4 1

a ≠ b ≠ c, α ≠ β ≠ γ a ≠ b ≠ c, α = γ = 90° ≠ β a ≠ b ≠ c, α = β = γ = 90° a = b = c, 120° > α = β = γ ≠ 90°

1 2/m mmm 3m

C C2h D2h D3d

1 or 2 1 1, 2 or 4

+ + +

a = b ≠ c, α = β = γ = 90° a = b ≠ c, α = β = 90°, γ = 120° a = b = c, α = β = γ = 90°

4/mmm 6/mmm m3m

D4h D6h Oh

Lattice typea (marked by +) P

I

+

F

+

+ +

+

Description of characteristic parameters a⊂X, b⊂Y, c⊂Z

No. of identipoints per unit cell

Characteristic parameters (marked by +)

+ + +

Symmetry of the lattice Int

Designations of the space-lattice types: P – primitive, C – side-centered (base-centered), I – body-centered, F – face-centered, R – rhombohedral.

TABLE 4. The Five Possible Regular Polyhedrons Polyhedron Tetrahedron

Symmetry (Schoenflies) Class Elements T 4C33C2

Form of faces Equilateral triangle

Faces (F) 4

Number ofa Edges (E) 6

Vertices (V) 4

Sch

Symmetry of Crystals

12-7

Cube (hexahedron) Octahedron

O O

3C44C36C2 3C44C36C2

Pentagonal dodecahedron Icosahedron

J J

6C510C315C2 6C510C315C2

a

Square Equilateral triangle Regular pentagon Equilateral triangle

6 8

12 12

8 6

12 20

30 30

20 12

Per formula by Leonhard Euler: F + V – E = 2

TABLE 5. Classification of Crystals Strukturbericht symbol 1 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A10 A11 A12 A13 A15 A20 B1 B2 B3 B4 B81 B82 B9 B10 B11 B13 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20 B27 B31 B32 B34 B35 B37 Be Bf (B33) Bg Bh Bi C1 C1b C2 C3 C4 C6 C7 C11a C11b

Structure name 2 Cu W Mg C Sn In As Se Hg Ga α-Mn β-Mn OW3 α-U ClNa ClCs SZn SZn AsNi InNi2 HgS OPb γ-CuTi NiS GeS PtS CuS AuCd FeSi BFe MnP NaTl Pds CoSn SeTl CdSb ξ-BCr BMo CW γ´CMo (AsTi) CaF2 AgAsMg FeS2 Cu2O O2Ti CdI2 MoS2 C2Ca MoSi2

Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 Fm3m O4h Im3m O9h P63/mmc D46h Fd3m O7h If1/amd D194h I4/mmm D174h R¯3m D53d D43 (D63) P3121 or P3221 R¯3m D53d Cmca D182h I4¯3m T3d P4132 O7 Pm3n O3h Cmcm D172h Fm3m O5h Pm3m O1h F¯43m T2d C46v P63mc P63/mmc D46h P63/mmc D46h P3121 or P3221 D43 or D63 P4/nmm D74h P4/nmm D74h D53d R¯3m Pnma D162h P42/mmc D94h P63/mmc D46h Pmma D52h P213 T4 Pnma D162h Pnma D162h Fd3m O7h P42/m C24h P6/mmm D16h I4/mcm D184h Pbca D152h Cmcm D172h I41/amd D194h P6m2 D13h P63/mmc D46h Fm¯3m F¯43m Pa3 Pn3m P42/mnm P3m1 P63/mmc I4/mmm I4/mmm

O5h T2d T6h O4h D144h D33d D46h D174h D174h

Pearson symbola 5 cF4 cI2 hP2 cF8 tI4 tI2 hR2 hP3 hR1 oC8 cI58 cP20 cP8 oC4 cF8 cP2 cF8 hP4 hP4 hP6 hP6 tP4 tP4 hR6 oP8 tP4 hP12 oP4 cP8 oP8 oP8 cF16 tP16 hP6 tI16 oP16 oC8 tI4 hP2 hP8

Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 F B H F U U R H R Q B C C Q F C F H H H H T T R O T H O C O O F T H U O Q U H H

cF12 cF12 cP12 cP6 tP6 hP3 hP6 tI6 tI6

F F C C T H H U U

Symmetry of Crystals

12-8 TABLE 5. Classification of Crystals Strukturbericht symbol 1 C12 C14 C15 C15b C16 C18 C19 C22 C23 C32 C33 C34 C36 C38 C40 C42 C44 C46 C49 C54 Cc Ce DO2 DO3 DO9 DO11 DO18 DO19 DO20 DO21 DO22 DO23 DO24 DOc DOe D13 D1a D1b D1c D1e D1f D21 D23 D2b D2c D2d D2f D2h D51 D52 D53 D58 D59 D510 D513 D5a D5c

Structure name 2 CaSi2 MgZn2 Cu2Mg AuBe5 Al2Cu FeS2 CdCl2 Fe2P Cl2Pb AlB2 Bi2STe2 AuTe2 MgNi2 Cu2Sb CrSi2 SiS2 GeS2 AuTe2 Si2Zr Si2Ti Si2Th CoGe2 As3Co BiF3 O3Re CFe3 AsNa3 Ni3Sn Al3Ni Cu3P Cu3P Al3Zr Ni3Ti SiU3 Ni3P Al4Ba MoNi4 Al4U PtSn4 B4Th BMn4 B6Ca NaZn13 Mn12Th MnU6 CaCu5 B12U Al6Mn α-Al2O3 La2O3 Mn2O3 S3Sb2 P2Zn3 C2C3 Al3Ni2 Si2U3 C3Pu2

Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 R¯3m D53d P63/mmc D46h Fd3m O7h F¯43m or F23 T2d or T2 I4/mcm D184h Pnnm D122h R¯3m D53d P2¯6m D13h Pnma D162h P6/mmm D16h R¯3m D53d C2/m (P2/m) C32h (C12h) P63/mmc D46h P4/nmm D74h P6222 D46 Ibam D262h Fdd2 C192v Pma2 C42v Cmcm D172h Fddd D242h I41/amd D194h Aba2 C172v Im3 T5h Fm3m O5h Pm3m O1h Pnma D162h P63/mmc D46h P63/mmc D46h Pnma D162h P¯3c1 D43d I4/mmm D174h I4/mmm D174h P63/mmc D46h I4/mcm D184h I¯4 S24 I4/mmm D174h I4/m C54h Imma D282h Aba2 C172v P4/mbm D54h Fddd D242h Pm3m O1h Fm3m O5h I4/mmm D174h I4/mcm D184h P6/mmm D16h Fm3m O5h Cmcm D172h R3c D63d P¯3m1 D33d Ia3 T7h Pnma D162h P42/mmc D94h Pnma D162h P¯3m1 D33d P4/mbm D54h I¯43d T6d

Pearson symbola 5 hR6 hP12 cF24 cF24 tI12 oP6 hR3 hP9 oP12 hP3 hR5 mC6 hP24 tP6 hP9 oI12 oF72 oP24 oC12 oF24 tI12 oC23 cI32 cF16 cP4 oP16 hP8 hP8 oP16 hP24 tI8 tI16 hP16 tI16 tI32 tI10 tI10 oI20 oC20 tP20 oF40 cP7 cF112 tI26 tI28 hP6 cF52 oC28 hR10 hP5 cI80 oP20 tP40 oP20 hP5 tP10 cI40

Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 R H F F U O R H O H R N H T H P S O Q S U Q B F C O H H O H U U H U U U U P Q T S C F U U H F Q R H B O T O H T B

Symmetry of Crystals

12-9 TABLE 5. Classification of Crystals

Strukturbericht symbol 1 D71 D73 D7b D81 D82 D83 D84 D85 D86 D88 D89 D810 D811 D8a D8b D8e D8f D8h D8i D8l D8m D101 D102 E01 E11 E21 E24 E3 E93 E9a E9b F01 F51 F56 H11 H24 H25 L10 L12 L21 L22 L`2b L`3 L60

Structure name 2 Al4C3 P4Th3 B4Ta3 Fe3Zn10 Cu5Zn8 Al4Cu9 C6Cr23 Fe7W6 Cu15Si4 Mn5Si3 Co9S8 Al8Cr5 Al5Co2 Mn23Th6 σ-phase of Cr-Fe (Al,Zn)49Mg32 Ge7Ir3 B5W2 B5Mo2 B3Cr5 Si3W5 C3Cr7 Fe3Th7 ClFPb CuFeS2 CaO3Ti S3Sn2 Al2CdS4 SiFe3W3 Al7Cu2Fe AlLi3N2 NiSSb CrNaS2 CuS2Sb Al2MgO4 Cu3S4V AsCu3S4 AuCu AlCu3 AlCu2Mn Sb2Tl7 H2Th Fe2N CuTi3

Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 R¯3m D53d I¯43d T6d Immm D252h Im3m O9h I¯43m T3d P43m T1d Fm3m O5h R¯3m D53d I¯43m T3d P63/mcm D36h Fm3m O5h R3m C53v P63/mcm D36h Fm3m O5h p¯42/mnm D144h T5h O9h D46h D53d D184h D184h C43v C46v D74h D122d O1h D162h S24 O7h D64h T7h T4 D53d or D73 D162h O7h T1d C72v D14h O1h O5h O9h D174h D46h D14h

Im3 Im3m P63/mmc R¯3m I4/mcm I4/mcm P31c P63mc P4/nmm I¯42d Pm3m Pnma I¯4 Fd3m P4/mnc Ia3 P213 R3m or R32 Pnma Fd3m P43m Pmn21 P4/mmm Pm3m Fm3m Im3m I4/mmm P63/mmc P4/mmm

Pearson symbola 5 hR7 cI28 oI14 cI52 cI52 cP52 cF116 hR13 cI76 hP16 cF68 hR26 hP28 cF116 tP30

Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 R B P B B C F R B H F R H F T

cI162 cI40 hP14 hR7 tI32 tI32 hP80 hP20 tP6 tI16 cP5 oP20 tI14 cF112 tP40 cI96 cP12 hR4 oP16 cF56 cP8 oP16 tP4 cP4 cF16 cI54 tI6 hP3 tP4

B B H R U U H H T U C O U F T B C R O F C O T C F B U H T

a

The first letter denotes the crystal system: triclinic (a), monoclinic (m), orthorhombic (o), tetragonal (t), hexagonal (h) and cubic (c). Trigonal (rhombohedral) system is denoted by combination hR. The second letter of Pearson’s symbol denotes lattice type: primitive (P), edge-(base-) centered (C), body-centered (I) or face-centered (F). The following number denotes number of atoms in the crystal unit cell.

b

Standard ASTM E157-82a has the Bravais lattices designations as following: C – primitive cubic; B – body-centered cubic; F – face-centered cubic; T – primitive tetragonal; U – body-centered tetragonal; R – rhombohedral; H – hexagonal; O – primitive orthorhombic; P – body-centered orthorhombic; Q – base-centered orthorhombic; S – face-centered orthorhombic; M – primitive monoclinic; N – centered monoclinic; A – triclinic.

References 1. A. Schoenflies, Kristallsysteme und Kristallstructur, Leipzig, 1891. 2. E. S. Fedorow, Zusammenstellung der kristallographischen Resultate, Zs. Krist., 20, 1892.

12-10 3. P. Groth, Elemente der physikalischen und chemischen Krystallographie, R. Oldenbourg, München/Berlin, 1921. 4. N. V. Belov, Class Method of Deriving Space Groups of Symmetry, Trudy Instituta Kristallodraffi imeni Fedorova (Transactions of the Fedorov Inst. of Crystallography), 5, 25, 1951, in Russian. 5. W. B. Pearson, Handbook of Lattice Spacings and Structures of Metals and Alloys, Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, 1958; Vol. 2, 1967. 6. Ch. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 1956. 7. G. S. Zhdanov, Fizika Tverdogo Tela (Solid State Physics), Moscow University Press, 1962, in Russian. 8. M. J. Buerger, Elementary Crystallography, John Wiley & Sons, 1963. 9. F. D. Bloss, Crystallography & Crystal Chemistry, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971. 10. T. Janssen, Crystallographic Groups, North-Holland/American Elsevier, 1973. 11. M. P. Shaskolskaya, Kristallografiya (Crystallography), Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, 1976, in Russian. 12. T. Hahn, Ed., Internat. Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A, D. Reidel Publishing, Boston, 1983. 13. Crystal Data. Determinative Tables, Volumes 1–6, 1966–1983, JCPDSIntern Centre for Diffraction Data and U.S. Dept. of Commerce. 14. R. W. G. Wyckoff, Crystal Structures, 2nd ed., Volumes 1–6, Interscience, New York, 1963. 15. C. J. Bradley and A. P. Cracknell, The Mathematical Theory of Symmetry in Solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972.

Symmetry of Crystals 16. International Tables for Crystallography. Volume A, Space–Group Symmetry, T. Hahn, Ed., 1989; Volume B, Reciprocal Space, U. Schmueli, Ed.; Volume C, Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Tables, A. J. C. Wilson, Ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989. 17. G. R. Desiraju, Crystal Engineering: The Design of Organic Solids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989. 18. M. Senechal, Crystalline Symmetries: An Informal Mathematical Introduction, Adam Hilger Publ., Bristol, 1990. 19. C. Hammond, Introduction to Crystallography, Oxford University Press, 1990. 20. N.W. Alcock, Bonding and Structure: Structural Principles in Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Ellis Norwood Publ., 1990. 21. T. C. W. Mak and G. D. Zhou. Crystallography in Modern Chemistry: A Resource Book of Crystal Structures, Wiley–Interscience, New York, 1992. 22. S. C. Abrahams, K. Mirsky, and R. M. Nielson, Acta Cryst, B52, 806 (1996); B52, 1057 (1996). 23. C. Marcos, A. Panalague, D. B. Morciras, S. Garcia-Granda and M. R. Dias. Acta Cryst, B52, 899 (1996). 24. A. C. Larson, Crystallographic Computing, Manksgaard, Copenhagen, 1970. 25. G. M. Sheldrick, SHELXS86. Crystallographic Computing 3, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986; SHELXL93. Program for the Refinement of Crystal Structures, University of Göttingen Press, 1993. 26. Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, CD–ROM. Sci. Inf. Service. E-mail: [email protected].

IONIC RADII IN CRYSTALS Ionic radii are a useful tool for predicting and visualizing crystal structures. This table lists a set of ionic radii Ri in Å units for the most common coordination numbers CN of positive and negative ions. The values are based on experimental crystal structure determinations, supplemented by empirical relationships, and theoretical calculations. The notation sq after the coordination number indicates a square configuration, while py indicates pyramidal. Ion

Anions F-1 Cl-1 Br-l I-l OH-1 O

-2

S Se-2 Te-2 Cations Ac+3 Ag+1 -2

Ag+2 Al+3

Am+3 Am+4 As+3 As+5 Au+1 Au+3 Ba+2

Be+2 Bi+3

Bi+5 Bk+3 Bk+4 Br+5 Br+7 C+4 Ca+2

CN

Ri/Å

6 6 6 6 4 6 2 6 8 6 6 6

1.33 1.81 1.96 2.20 1.35 1.37 1.21 1.40 1.42 1.84 1.98 2.21

6 4 6 8 4sq 6 4 5 6 6 8 6 8 6 4 6 6 4sq 6 6 8 12 4 6 5 6 8 6 6 6 8 3py 4 6 4 6 6

1.12 1.00 1.15 1.28 0.79 0.94 0.39 0.48 0.54 0.98 1.09 0.85 0.95 0.58 0.34 0.46 1.37 0.64 0.85 1.35 1.42 1.61 0.27 0.45 0.96 1.03 1.17 0.76 0.96 0.83 0.93 0.31 0.25 0.39 0.15 0.16 1.00

Ion

Cd+2

Ce

+3

Ce+4

Cf+3 Cf+4 Cl+5 Cl+7 Cm+3 Cm+4 Co+2

Co+3 Cr+2 Cr+3 Cr+4 Cr+6 Cs+1

Cu+1

Cu+2 Dy+2 Dy+3 Er

+3

Eu+2

The advice of Howard T. Evans and Marvin J. Weber in preparing this table is appreciated.

References

1. Shannon, R. D., Acta Crystallogr. A32, 751, 1976. 2. Jia, Y. Q., J. Solid State Chem. 95, 184, 1991.

CN 8 10 12 4 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12 6 6 8 3py 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 4sq 6 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 10

Ri/Å 1.12 1.23 1.34 0.78 0.95 1.10 1.31 1.01 1.14 1.25 1.34 0.87 0.97 1.07 1.14 0.95 0.82 0.92 0.12 0.08 0.97 0.85 0.95 0.56 0.65 0.90 0.55 0.73 0.62 0.41 0.55 0.26 0.44 1.67 1.74 1.81 1.88 0.46 0.60 0.77 0.57 0.73 1.07 1.19 0.91 1.03 0.89 1.00 1.17 1.25 1.35

Ion Eu+3 F+7 Fe+2

Fe+3

Fr+1 Ga+3 Gd+3 Ge+2 Ge+4 Hf+4

Hg+1 Hg+2

I+5 I+7 In+3 Ir+3 Ir+4 Ir+5 K+1

La+3

Li+1

Lu+3 Mg+2

Mn+2

CN 6 8 6 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 2 4 6 8 3py 6 4 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 4 6 8 6 8 4 6 8 4

Ri/Å 0.95 1.07 0.08 0.63 0.61 0.92 0.49 0.55 0.78 1.80 0.47 0.62 0.94 1.05 0.73 0.39 0.53 0.58 0.71 0.83 1.19 0.69 0.96 1.02 1.14 0.44 0.95 0.42 0.53 0.62 0.80 0.68 0.63 0.57 1.37 1.38 1.51 1.64 1.03 1.16 1.27 1.36 0.59 0.76 0.92 0.86 0.97 0.57 0.72 0.89 0.66

12-11

Section 12.indb 11

4/28/05 1:54:30 PM

Ionic Radii in Crystals

12-12 Ion

Mn+3 Mn+4 Mn+5 Mn+6 Mn+7 Mo+3 Mo+4 Mo+5 Mo+6

N+3 N+5 Na+1

Nb+3 Nb+4 Nb+5

Nd+3

Ni+2 Ni+3 Np+3 Np+4 Np+5 Np+6 Os+4 Os+5 Os+6 Os+8 P+5 Pa+3 Pa+4 Pa+5 Pb+2

Pb+4

Pd+2 Pd Pd+4 Pm+3 +3

Po+4

Section 12.indb 12

CN 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 7 6 6 4 6 8 9 12 6 8 6 4 6 8 6 8 9 12 4sq 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 8 10 12 4 6 8 4sq 6 6 6 6 8 6

Ri/Å 0.83 0.96 0.58 0.39 0.53 0.33 0.26 0.25 0.69 0.65 0.46 0.61 0.41 0.59 0.73 0.16 0.13 0.99 1.02 1.18 1.24 1.39 0.72 0.79 0.68 0.48 0.64 0.74 0.98 1.12 1.16 1.27 0.49 0.69 0.56 1.01 0.87 0.75 0.72 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.39 0.17 0.38 1.04 0.90 0.78 1.19 1.29 1.40 1.49 0.65 0.78 0.94 0.64 0.86 0.76 0.62 0.97 1.09 0.97

Ion Pr+3 Pr+4 Pt+2 Pt+4 Pu+3 Pu+4 Pu+5 Pu+6 Ra+2 Rb+1

Re+4 Re+5 Re+6 Re+7 Rh+3 Rh+4 Rh+5 Ru+3 Ru+4 Ru+5 Ru+7 Ru+8 S+4 S+6 Sb+3 Sb+5 Sc+3 Se+4 Se+6 Si+4 Sm+2 Sm+3

Sn+4

Sr+2

Ta+3 Ta+4 Ta+5 Tb+3 Tb+4

CN 6 8 6 8 4sq 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4py 6 6 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 6 8 12 4 6 8 6 8 10 12 6 6 6 6 8 6 8

Ri/Å 0.99 1.13 0.85 0.96 0.60 0.80 0.63 1.00 0.86 0.74 0.71 1.48 1.70 1.52 1.61 1.66 1.72 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.38 0.53 0.67 0.60 0.55 0.68 0.62 0.57 0.38 0.36 0.37 0.12 0.29 0.76 0.76 0.60 0.75 0.87 0.50 0.28 0.42 0.26 0.40 1.19 1.27 0.96 1.08 1.24 0.55 0.69 0.81 1.18 1.26 1.36 1.44 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.92 1.04 0.76 0.88

Ion Tc+4 Te+4 Te+6 Th+4

Ti+2 Ti+3 Ti+4

Tl+1

Tl+3

Tm+2 Tm+3 U+3 U+4

U+5 U+6

V+2 V+3 V+4

V+5

W+4 W+5 W+6

Y+3

Yb+2 Yb+3 Zn+2

Zr+4

CN 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 10 12 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 12 4 6 8 6 7 6 8 6 6 8 12 6 2 4 6 8 6 6 5 6 8 4 5 6 6 6 4 5 6 6 8 9 6 8 8 9 4 6 8 4 6 8 9

Ri/Å 0.65 0.66 0.97 0.43 0.56 0.94 1.05 1.13 1.21 0.86 0.67 0.42 0.61 0.74 1.50 1.59 1.70 0.75 0.89 0.98 1.01 1.09 0.88 0.99 1.03 0.89 1.00 1.17 0.76 0.45 0.52 0.73 0.86 0.79 0.64 0.53 0.58 0.72 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.66 0.62 0.42 0.51 0.60 0.90 1.02 1.08 1.02 1.14 0.99 1.04 0.60 0.74 0.90 0.59 0.72 0.84 0.89

4/28/05 1:54:33 PM

POLARIZABILITIES OF ATOMS AND IONS IN SOLIDS H. P. R. Frederikse The polarization of a solid dielectric medium, P, is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume averaged over the volume of a crystal cell. A component of P can be expanded as a function of the electric field E: Pi = ∑ a j E j + ∑ bjk E j Ek j

jk

For relatively small electric fields in isotropic substances P = χeE, where χe is the electric susceptibility. If the medium is made up of N atoms (or ions) per unit volume, the polarization is P = N pm where pm is the average dipole moment per atom. The polarizability α can be defined as pm = αE0 , where E0 is the local field at the position of the atom. Using the Lorentz method to calculate the local field one finds: P = N α ( E + 4 πP ) = χ e E

Together with the definition of the dielectric constant (relative permittivity), ε = 1+ 4πχe, this leads to: α=

3  ε − 1    4 πN  ε + 2 

2. Ionic polarization occurs in ionic materials because the electric field displaces cations and anions in opposite directions: Pi = NαiE0, where αi is the ionic polarizability. 3. Orientational polarization can occur in substances composed of molecules that have permanent electric dipoles. The alignment of these dipoles depends on temperature and leads to an orientational polarizability per molecule: αor = p2/3kT, where p is the permanent dipole moment per molecule, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Because of the different nature of these three polarization processes the response of a dielectric solid to an applied electric field will strongly depend on the frequency of the field. The resonance of the electronic excitation in insulators (dielectrics) takes place in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum; the characteristic frequency of the lattice vibrations is located in the infrared, while the orientation of dipoles requires fields of much lower frequencies (below 1010 Hz). This response to electric fields of different frequencies is shown in Figure 1. Values of the electronic polarizabilities for selected atoms and ions are given in Table 1.

References

This expression is known as the Clausius-Mossotti equation. The total polarization associated with atoms, ions, or molecules is due to three different sources: 1. Electronic polarization arises because the center of the local electronic charge cloud around the nucleus is displaced under the action of the field: Pe = NαeE0 where αe is the electronic polarizability.

1. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1971. 2. Lerner, R.G., and Trigg, G.L., Eds., Encyclopedia of Physics, Second Edition, VCH Publishers, New York, 1990. 3. Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., An Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976.

Real part of polarizability

Orientation

Ionic

Electronic

Frequency 1MHz

1GHz

1THz

1PHz

FIGURE 1. Schematic graph of the frequency dependence of the different contributions to polarizability.

12-13

Section 12.indb 13

4/28/05 1:54:38 PM

Polarizabilities of Atoms and Ions in Solids

12-14

TABLE 1. Electronic Polarizabilities in Units of 10–24 cm3 He 0.201 Li+ 0.029

Be2+ 0.008

B3+ 0.003

C4+ 0.0013

O2– 3.88

F– 1.04

Ne 0.39

Na+ 0.179

Mg2+ 0.094

Al3+ 0.052

Si4+ 0.0165

S2– 10.2

Cl– 3.66

Ar 1.62

K+ 0.83

Ca2+ 0.47

Sc3+ 0.286

Ti4+ 0.185

Se2– 10.5

Br– 4.77

Kr 2.46

Rb+ 1.40

Sr2+ 0.86

Y3+ 0.55

Zr4+ 0.37

Te2– 14.0

I– 7.1

Xe 3.99

Cs+ 2.42

Ba2+ 1.55

La3+ 1.04

Ce4+ 0.73

Data from Pauling, L., Proc. R. Soc. London, A114, 181, 1927. See also Jaswal, S.S. and Sharma, T.P., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 34, 509, 1973. Values are appropriate for cgs units. To convert to SI, use the relation α(SI)/C m2V–1 = 1.11265.10–16 α(cgs)/cm3

Section 12.indb 14

4/28/05 1:54:39 PM

Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements H. W. King The crystal structures of the allotropic forms of the elements are presented in terms of the Pearson symbol, the Strukturbericht designation, and the prototype of the structure. The temperatures of the phase transformations are listed in degrees Celsius and the pressures are in GPa. A consistent nomenclature is used, whereby all allotropes are labeled by Greek letters. The lattice parameters of the units cells are given in nanometers (nm) and are considered to be accurate to ±2 in the last reported digit. This compilation is restricted to changes in crystal structures that occur as a result of a change in temperature or pressure. Low-

Element Ac Ag αAl βAl α´Am αAm βAm γAm αAr (βAr) αAs єAs Au βΒ αΒa βΒa γΒa αΒe βΒe γΒe αΒi βΒi γΒi σΒi єΒi ζΒi αΒk βΒk Βr C (graphite) C (diamond) C (hd) αCa βCa γCa Cd αCe βCe γCe δ-Ce α´Ce



temperature structures are included for the diatomic and rare gases, which show many similarities with respect to the metallic elements. The elements identified with an asterisk (*) have polymorphic structures based on different molecular configurations. The crystal data given for these elements refer to the most stable structure at room temperature. Reprinted with the permission of ASM International from T.Β. Massalski, Ed., Βinary Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1986; certain data on rare earth elements were provided by K.A. Gschneidner.

Temperature, °C 25 25 25 25 25 >769 >1074 25 <-189.35 <-189.40 25 >448 25 25 25 25 25 25 >1270 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 >977 <7.25 25

Pressure, GPa atm atm atm >20.5 atm atm atm >15 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >5.33 >23 atm atm >9.3 atm >2.6 >3.0 >4.3 >6.5 >9.0 atm atm atm atm

Pearson symbol cF4 cF4 cF4 hP2 hP4 cF4 cI2 oC4 cF4 hP2 hR2 oC8 cF4 hR105 cI2 hP2 ? hP2 cI2 ? hR2 mC4 mP3 ? ? cI2 hP4 cF4 oC8 hP4

Space group Fm3m Fm3m Fm3m P63 /mmc P63/mmc Fm3m Im3m Cmcm Fm3m P63 /mmc R3m Cmca Fm3m R3m Im3m P63 /mmc ? P63 /mmc Im3m … r3m C2/m ? ? ? Im3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Cmca P63 /mmc

Strukturbericht designation Al A1 A1 A3 A3´ A1 A2 A20 A1 A3 A7 … A1 … A2 A3 … A3 A2 … A7 … … … … A2 A3´ A1 … A9

Prototype Cu Cu Cu Mg αLa Cu W αU Cu Mg αAs P(black) Cu βΒ W Mg … Mg W … αAs βBi … … … W αLa Cu Cl C (graphite)

0.5311 0.40857 0.40496 0.2693 0.34681 0.4894 ? 0.3063 0.5316 0.3760 0.41319 0.362 0.40782 1.017 0.50227 0.3901 … 0.22859 0.25515 … 0.47460 0.6674 0.605 … … 0.3800 0.3416 0.4997 0.668 0.24612

25

>60

cF8

Fd3m

A4

C (diamond)

0.35669

25 25 >443 25 25 <-177 25 25 >726 25

HP atm atm >1.5 atm atm atm atm atm >5.4

hP4 cF4 cI2 ? hP2 cF4 hP4 cF4 cI2 oC4

P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m … P63 /mmc Fm3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m Cmcm

… A1 A2 … A3 A1 A3´ A1 A2 A20

C (hd) Cu W … Mg Cu αLa Cu W αU

0.2522 0.55884 0.4480 … 0.29793 0.485 0.36810 0.51610 0.412 0.3049

Lattice parameters, nm a

b … … … … … … … 0.5968 … … … 1.085 … … … … … … … … … 0.6117 0.42 … … … … … 0.449 … … … … … … … … … … … 0.5998

c … … … 0.4398 1.1241 … … 0.5169 … 0.6141 …… 0.448 … … … 0.6154 … 0.35845 … … … 0.3304 0.465 … … … 1.1069 … 0.874 0.6709 … 0.4119 … … … 0.56196 … 1.1857 … … 0.5215

Comment, c/a or α or β … … … 1.6331 2*1.621 … … … … 1.633 α = 54.12o … … α = 65.12o … 1.5775 … 1.5681 … … α = 57.23o β = 110.33o β = 85.33o … … … 2*1.620 … … 2.7258 … 1.633 … … … 1.8862 … 2*1.611 … … …

12-15

Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements

12-16

Element αCf βCf Cl αCm βCm єCo αCo αCr α´Cr aCs βCs β´Cs γCs Cu α´Dy αDy βDy γDy Er αEs βEs Eu αF βF αFe γFe σFe єFe αGa βGa γGa αGd βGd γGd αGe βGe γGe σGe αH βH αHe βHe γHe αHf βHf αHg βHg γHg αHo βHo I In Ir K Kr αLa βLa γLa β´La αLi

Temperature, °C 25 >590 <-102 25 >1277 25 >422 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 <-187 25 >1381 25 25 25 ? 25 <-227.6 <-219.67 25 >912 >1394 25 25 25 -53 25 >1235 25 25 25 25 LT <-271.9 <-259.34 <-268.94 >-258 <-271.47 25 >1995 <-38.84 <-194 <-194 25 25 25 25 25 25 <-157.39 25 >310 >865 25 <-193

Pressure, GPa atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm HP atm >2.37 >4.22 >4.27 atm atm atm atm >7.5 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >13 atm >1.2 >3.0 atm atm >3.0 atm >12 >12→atm >12 atm atm atm 0.125 0.03 atm atm atm HP c.w. atm >7.5 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >2.0 atm

Pearson symbol hP4 cF4 oC8 hP4 cF4 hP2 cF4 cI2 tI2 cI2 cF4 cF4 ? cF4 oC4 hP2 cI2 hR3 hP2 hP4 cF4 cI2 mC8 cP16 cI2 cF4 cI2 hP2 oC8 tI2 oC40 hP2 cI2 hR3 cF8 tI4 tP12 cI16 cF4 hP2 hP2 cF4 cI2 hP2 cl2 hR1 tI2 hR1 hP2 hR3 oC8 tI2 cF4 cI2 cF4 hP4 cF4 cI2 cF4 hP2

Space group P63 /mmc Fm3m Cmca P63 /mmc Fm3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m I4/mmm Im3m Fm3m Fm3m … Fm3m Cmcm P63 /mmc Im3m R3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m C2/c Pm3n Im3m Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc Cmca I4/mmm Cmcm P63 /mmc Im3m R3m Fd3m I41/amd P41212 Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc Im3m R3m I4/mmm ? P63 /mmc R3m Cmca I4/mmm Fm3m Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc

Strukturbericht designation A3´ A1 … A3´ A1 A3 A1 A2 … A2 A1 A1 … A1 … A3 A2 … A3 A3´ A1 A2 … … A2 A1 A2 A3 A11 A6 … A3 A2 … A4 A5 … … A1 A3 A3 A1 A2 A3 A2 A10 … … A3 … … A6 A1 A2 A1 A3´ A1 A2 A1 A3

Lattice parameters, nm Prototype αLa Cu Cl αLa Cu Mg Cu W α´Cr W Cu Cu … Cu α´Dy Mg W αSm Mg αLa Cu W αF γO W Cu W Mg αGa In γGa Mg W αSm C (diamond) βSn σGe γSi Cu Mg Mg Cu W Mg W αHg βHg … Mg αSm Cl In Cu W Cu αLa Cu W Cu Mg

a 0.339 ? 0.624 0.3496 0.4382 0.25071 0.35447 0.28848 0.2882 0.6141 0.6465 0.5800 … 0.36146 0.3595 0.35915 0.403 0.3436 0.35592 ? ? 0.45827 0.550 0.667 0.28665 0.36467 0.29315 0.2468 0.45186 0.2808 1.0593 0.36336 0.406 0.361 0.56574 0.4884 0.593 0.692 0.5338 0.3776 0.3555 0.4240 0.4110 0.31946 0.3610 0.3005 0.3995 … 0.35778 0.334 0.72697 0.3253 0.38392 0.5321 0.5810 0.37740 0.5303 0.426 0.517 0.3111

b … … 0.448 … … … … … … … … … … … 0.6184 … … … … … … … 0.338 … … … … … 0.76570 … 1.3523 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.47903 … … … … … … … … …

c 1.1015 … 0.826 1.1331 … 0.40686 … … 0.2887 … … … … … 0.5678 0.56501 … 2.483 0.55850 … … … 0.728 … … … … 0.396 0.45258 0.4458 0.5203 0.57810 … 2.603 … 0.2692 0.698 … … 0.6162 0.5798 … … 0.50510 … … 0.2825 … 0.56178 2.45 0.97942 0.49470 … … … 1.2171 … … … 0.5093

Comment, c/a or α or β 2*1.625 … … 2*1.621 … 1.6228 … … 1.002 … … … … … … 1.5732 … 4.5*1.606 1.5692 … … … β = 102.17o … … … … 1.603 … 1.588 … 0.5910 … 4*1.60 … 0.551 1.18 … … 1.632 1.631 … … 1.5811 … α = 70.53o 0.707 … 1.5702 4.5*1.63 … 1.5210 … … … 2*1.6125 … … … 1.637

Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements

Element βLi γLi Lu Mg αMn βMn γMn σMn Mo αN βN γN αNa βNa Nb αNd βNd γNd Ne Ni αNp βNp γNp αO βO γO Os P (black) αPa βPa αPb βPb Pd αPm βPm αPo βPo αPr βPr γPr Pt αPu βPu γPu σPu σ´Pu єPu Ra αRb βRb γRb Re Rh Ru αS αSb βSb γSb σSb αSc

Temperature, °C 25 <-201 25 25 25 >710 >1079 >1143 25 <-237.6 <-210.00 <-253 <-233 25 25 25 >863 25 <-243.59 25 25 >280 >576 <-243.3 <-229.6 <-218.79 25 25 25 >1170 25 25 25 25 >890 25 >54 25 >795 25 25 25 >125 >215 >320 >463 >483 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

Pressure, GPa atm c.w. atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >3.3 atm atm atm atm atm >5.0 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >10.3 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >4.0 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >1.08 >2.05 atm atm atm atm atm >5.0 >7.5 >14.0 atm

Pearson symbol cI2 cF4 hP2 hP2 cl58 cP20 cF4 cI2 cI2 cP8 hP4 tP4 hP2 cI2 cI2 hP4 cI2 cF4 cF4 cF4 oP8 tP4 cI2 mC4 hR2 cP16 hP2 oC8 tI2 cI2 cF4 hP2 cF4 hP4 cI2 cP1 hR1 hP4 cI2 cF4 cF4 mP16 mI34 oF8 cF4 tI2 cI2 cI2 cI2 ? ? hP2 cF4 hP2 oF128 hR2 cP1 hP2 mP3 hP2

Space group Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc I43m P4132 Fm3m Im3m Im3m Pa3 P63 /mmc P42 /mnm P63 /mmc Im3m Im3m P63 /mmc Im3m Fm3m Fm3m Fm3m Pnma P4212 Im3m C2m R3m Pm3n P63 /mmc Cmca I4/mmm Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc Fm3m P63 /mmc Im3m Pm3m R3m P63 /mmc Im3m Fm3m Fm3m P21/m I2/m Fddd Fm3m I4/mmm Im3m Im3m lm3m … … P63 /mmc Fm3m P63/mmc Fddd R3m Pm3m P63 /mmc ? P63 /mm

Strukturbericht designation A2 A1 A3 A3 A12 A13 A1 A2 A2 … … … A3 A2 A2 A3´ A2 A1 A1 A1 Ac Ad A2 … … … A3 … Aa A2 A1 A3 A1 A3´ A2 Ah … A3´ A2 A1 A1 … … … A1 A6 A2 A2 A2 … … A3 A1 A3 A16 A7 Ah A3 … A3

12-17 Lattice parameters, nm

Prototype W Cu Mg Mg αMn βMn Cu W W αN βN γN Mg W W αLa W Cu Cu Cu αNp βNp W αO βO γO Mg P (black) αPa W Cu Mg Cu αLa W αPo βPo αLa W Cu Cu αPu βPu γPu Cu In W W W … … Mg Cu Mg αS αAs αPo Mg … Mg

a 0.35093 0.4388 0.35052 0.32094 0.89126 0.63152 0.3860 0.3080 0.31470 0.5661 0.4050 0.3957 0.3767 0.42906 0.33004 0.36582 0.413 0.480 0.4462 0.35240 0.6663 0.4883 0.352 0.5403 0.4210 0.683 0.27341 0.33136 0.3921 0.381 0.49502 0.3265 0.38903 0.365 (0.410) 0.3366 0.3373 0.36721 0.413 0.488 0.39236 0.6183 0.9284 0.31587 0.46371 0.33261 0.36343 0.5148 0.5705 … … 0.27609 0.38032 0.27058 1.0464 0.45067 0.2992 0.3376 0.556 0.33088

b … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.4723 … … 0.3429 … … … 1.0478 … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.4822 1.0463 0.57682 … … … … … … … … … … 1.28660 … … … 0.404 …

c … … 0.55494 0.52107 … … … … … … 0.6604 0.5109 0.6154 … … 1.17966 … … … … 0.4887 0.3389 … 0.5086 … … 0.43918 0.43763 0.3235 … … 0.5387 … 1.165 … … … 1.18326 … … … 1.0963 0.7859 1.0162 … 0.44630 … … … … … 0.4458 … 0.42816 2.44860 … … 0.5341 0.422 0.52680

Comment, c/a or α or β … … 1.5832 1.6236 … … … … … … 1.631 1.291 1.634 … … 2*1.6124 … … … … … 0.694 … β = 132.53o α = 46.27o … 1.6063 … 0.825 … … 1.650 … 2*1.60 … … α = 98.08o 2*1.6111 … … … β = 101.97o β = 92.13o … … 1.3418 … … … … … 1.6145 … 1.5824 … α = 57.11o … 1.582 β = 86.0o 1.5921

Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements

12-18

Element βSc γSe αSi βSi γSi σSi αSm βSm γ´Sm σSm αSn βSn γSn αSr βSr β´Sr Ta α´Tb aTb βTb γTb Tc αTe βTe γTe αTh βTh αTi βTi ωTi αTl βTl γTl Tm αU βU γU V W Xe αY βY αYb βYb γYb Zn αZr βZr ωZr

Temperature, °C >1337 25 25 25 25 25 25 >734 >922 25 <13 25 25 25 >547 25 25 <-53 25 >1289 25 25 25 25 25 25 >1360 25 >882 25 25 >230 25 25 25 >668 >776 25 25 <-111.76 25 >1478 <-3 25 >795 25 25 >863 25

Pressure, GPa atm atm atm >9.5 >16.0 >16→atm atm atm atm >4.0 atm atm >9.0 atm atm >3.5 atm atm atm atm >6.0 atm atm >2.0 >7.0 atm atm atm atm HP→atm atm atm HP atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm HP→atm

Pearson symbol cI2 hP3 cF8 tI4 cI16 hP4 hR3 hP2 cI2 hP4 cF8 tI4 tI2 cF4 cI2 cI2 cI2 oC4 hP2 cI2 hR3 hP2 hP3 hR2 hR1 cF4 cl2 hP2 cl2 hP3 hP2 cI2 cF4 hP2 oC4 tP30 cI2 cI2 cI2 cF4 hP2 cI2 hP2 cF4 cI2 hP2 hP2 cI2 hP2

Space group Im3m P3121 Fd3m I41/amd Im3m P63 /mmc R3m P63 /mmc Im3m P63 /mmc Fd3m I41/amd ? Fm3m Im3m Im3m Im3m Cmcm P63 /mmc Im3m R3m P63 /mmc P3121 R3m R3m Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc Im3m P6/mmm P63 /mmc Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc Cmcm P42 /mnm Im3m Im3m Im3m Fm3m P63/mmc Im3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc Im3m P6/mmm

Strukturbericht designation A2 A8 A4 A5 … A3´ … A3 A2 A3´ A4 A5 … A1 A2 A2 A2 … A3 A2 … A3 A8 A7 … A1 A2 A3 A2 … A3 A2 A1 A3 A20 Ab A2 A2 A2 A1 A3 A2 A3 A1 A2 A3 A3 A2 …

Lattice parameters, nm Prototype W γSe C (diamond) βSn γSi αLa αSm Mg W αLa C (diamond) βSn γSn Cu W W W α´Dy Mg W αSm Mg γSe αAs βPo Cu W Mg W ωTi Mg W Cu Mg αU βU W W W Cu Mg W Mg Cu W Mg Mg W ωTi

a (0.373) 0.43659 0.54306 0.4686 0.6636 0.380 0.36290 0.36630 (0.410) 0.3618 0.64892 0.58318 0.370 0.6084 0.487 0.4437 0.33030 0.3605 0.36055 (0.407) 0.341 0.2738 0.44566 0.469 0.3002 0.50842 0.411 0.29506 0.33065 0.4625 0.34566 0.3879 ? 0.35375 0.28537 1.0759 0.3524 0.30240 0.31652 0.6350 0.36482 (0.410) 0.38799 0.54848 0.444 0.26650 0.32316 0.36090 0.5036

b … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.6244 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.58695 … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

c … 0.49537 … 0.2585 … 0.628 2.6207 0.58448 … 1.166 … 0.31818 0.337 … … … … 0.5706 0.56966 … 2.45 0.4393 0.59264 … … … … 0.46835 … 0.2813 0.55248 … … 0.55540 0.49548 0.5656 … … … … 0.57318 … 0.63859 … … 0.49470 0.51475 … 0.3109

Comment, c/a or α or β … 1.1346 … 0.552 … 1.653 4*1.6048 1.5956 … 2*1.611 … 0.5456 0.91 … … … … … 1.5800 … 4*1.60 1.604 1.3298 α = 53.30o α = 103.3o … … 1.59873 … 0.6082 1.5983 … … 1.5700 … 0.526 … … … … 1.5711 … 1.6459 … … 1.8563 1.5929 … 0.617

Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure This table gives the phase transition temperatures for the elements that can exist in two or more crystalline forms (allotropes). The crystal phases are labeled by Greek letters in the most common conventions, although some variation is found. All data refer to normal atmospheric pressure.

Element Americium

Beryllium Boron

Calcium Californium Cerium

Cobalt Curium Dysprosium

Fluorine Gadolinium Hafnium Iron

Lanthanum

Lithium Manganese

Neodymium Neptunium



Symbol Am Am Am Be Be B B B Ca Ca Cf Cf Ce Ce Ce Ce Co Co Cm Cm Dy Dy Dy F2 F2 Gd Gd Hf Hf Fe Fe Fe La La La Li Li Mn Mn Mn Mn Nd Nd Np Np Np

Transition α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→δ δ→liq ε→α α→liq α→β β→liq α’→α α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→γ γ→δ δ→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→δ δ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq

t/°C 769 1077 1176 1270 1287 1100 1500 2075 443 842 590 900 –177 61 726 799 422 1495 1277 1345 –187 1381 1412 –227.60 –219.67 1235 1313 1743 2233 912 1394 1538 277 860 920 –193 180.50 727 1100 1138 1246 855 1016 280 576 644

References 1. Massalski, T. B., Ed., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Second Edition, ASM International, Metals Park, OH, 1990. 2. Cordfunke, E. H. P., and Konings, R. J. M., Eds., Thermochemical Data for Reactor Materials and Fission Products, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1990. 3. Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., Chemistry of the Elements, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997. 4. Rhyne, J. J., “Magnetic Phase Transitions of the Elements”, Bull. Alloy Phase Diag. 3, 402, 1982. Comments

β-Ce and γ-Ce are magnetic

magnetic transition at 1115 °C magnetic transition at –221 °C

magnetic transitions in α-Dy at –184 °C and –94 °C

magnetic transition in α-Fe at 771 °C

magnetic transition in α-Mn at –100 °C

magnetic transition in α-Nd at –253 °C

12-19

Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure

12-20 Element Nitrogen Oxygen

Phosphorus

Plutonium

Polonium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Samarium

Scandium Selenium Sodium Strontium Sulfur Terbium

Thallium Thorium Tin Titanium Uranium

Ytterbium

Yttrium Zirconium

Symbol N2 N2 O2 O2 O2 P P P Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Po Po Pr Pr Pm Pm Pa Pa Sm Sm Sm Sc Sc Se Se Na Na Sr Sr S S Tb Tb Tb Tl Tl Th Th Sn Sn Ti Ti U U U Yb Yb Yb Y Y Zr Zr

Transition α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq brown→β-white β-white→α-white α-white→liq α→β β→γ γ→δ δ→δ’ δ’→ε ε→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α-red→gray gray→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α’→α α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α (gray)→β (white) β (white)→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq

t/°C –237.54 –210.0 –249.29 –229.35 –218.79 –190 –76.9 44.15 124.5 214.8 320.0 462.9 482.6 640 54 254 795 931 890 1042 1170 1572 734 922 1072 1337 1541 180 220.8 –233 97.794 547 777 95.3 115.21 –53 1289 1359 230 304 1360 1750 13.2 231.928 882 1668 669 776 1135 3 795 824 1478 1522 866 1854.7

Comments

several amorphous phases (red, black, gray) exist (Ref. 3)

magnetic transition in α-Pm at –175 °C

magnetic transition in α-Sm at –167 °C

many allotropes exist (Ref. 3)

many allotropes exist (Ref. 3)

magnetic transition in α-Tb at –230 °C

defining fixed point on ITS-90

LATTICE ENERGIES H. D. B. Jenkins and H. K. Roobottom THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE AND CALCULATED VALUES

METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF VALUES NOT TABULATED

Table 1 contains calculated values of the lattice energies (total lattice potential energies), UPOT , of crystalline salts, MaXb. UPOT is expressed in units of kilojoules per mole, kJ mol–1. M and X can be either simple or complex ions. Substances are arranged by chemical class. Also listed in the table is the lattice energy, UPOTBFHC, obtained from the application of the Born - Fajans - Haber cycle (BHFC) described below, using the “Standard Thermochemical Properties of Chemical Substances” table in Section 5 of this Handbook, References 1 through 4, and certain other data which are given in Table 3 below. The lattice enthalpy, ∆HL, is given by the cycle:

In cases where the lattice energy is not tabulated and we want to furnish an estimate, then the Kapustinskii equation5 can be used to obtain a value (in kJ mol–1): U POT =

121.4 z a z b v  0.0345  1 −  (ra + rb )  (ra + rb )

where za and zb are the moduli of the charges on the v ions in the lattice and ra and rb (in nm) are the thermochemical radii given in Table 2. The ra for metal ions is taken to be the Goldschmidt6 radius. To cite an example, if we wish to estimate the lattice energy of the salt [NH+4][HF–2] using the above procedure, we see that Table 2 gives the thermochemical radius (ra ) for NH+4 to be 0.136 nm and that for HF–2 (rb ) to be 0.172 nm. The lattice potential energy is then estimated to be 700 kJ mol–1 compared with the calculated value of 705 kJ mol–1 and the Born - Fajans - Haber cycle value of 658 kJ mol–1.

References

where (ss) is the standard state of the element concerned. The lattice enthalpy, ∆HL, is obtained using the equation: ∆H L = a∆f H o (M b+ , g ) + b∆f H o (X a− , g ) − ∆f H o (M a X b , c)

and is futher related to the total lattice potential energy, UPOT, by the relationship:  n n   ∆H L = U POT +  a  M − 2 + b  X − 2 RT   2 2  

where nM and nX equal 3 for monatomic ions, 5 for linear polyatomic ions and 6 for polyatomic non-linear ions.

1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 3. Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas-Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 17, Suppl. 1, 1988. 4. Jenkins, H. D. B., and Pratt, K. F., Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 22, 1, 1978. 5. Kapustinskii, A. F., Quart. Rev., 10, 283-294, 1956. 6. Goldschmidt, V. M., Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, I, Mat.Naturn. Kl, 1926. See also Dasent, W. E., Inorganic Energetics, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1982. 7. Jenkins, H. D. B., Roobottom, H. K., Passmore, J., and Glasser, L., J. Chem. Education, in press.

12-19

Section 12.indb 19

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Lattice Energies

12-20 Table 1. Lattice Energies (kJ mol –1) Substance Acetates Li(CH3COO) Na(CH3COO) K(CH3COO) Rb(CH3COO) Cs(CH3COO)

Calc. UPOT

UPOTBHFC

– 828 749 715 682

843 807 726 – –

Acetylides CaC2 SrC2 BaC2

2911 2788 2647

2902 2782 2652

Azides LiN3 NaN3 KN3 RbN3 CsN3 AgN3 TlN3 Ca(N3)2 Sr(N3)2 Ba(N3)2 Mn(N3)2 Cu(N3)2 Zn(N3)2 Cd(N3)2 Pb(N3)2

861 770 697 674 665 854 689 2186 2056 2021 2408 2730 2840 2446 –

875 784 – 691 674 910 742 2316 2187 – 2348 2738 2970 2576 2300

Bihalide Salts LiHF2 NaHF2 KHF2 RbHF2 CsHF2 NH4HF2 CsHCl2 Me4NHCl2 Et4NHCl2 Bu4NHCl2

821 755 657 627 607 705 601 427 346 290

847 748 660 631 – 658 – – – –

Bicarbonates NaHCO3 KHCO3 RbHCO3 CsHCO3 NH4HCO3

820 741 707 678 –

656 573 522 520 577

5146 5104 5021 7447 7406 10083 7447 7447 7406 7447 5104 7489 7489 7489

– – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Borides CaB6 SrB6 BaB6 YB6 LaB6 CeB6 PrB6 NdB6 PmB6 SmB6 EuB6 GdB6 TbB6 DyB6

Section 12.indb 20

Substance HoB6 ErB6 TmB6 YbB6 LuB6 ThB6

Calc. UPOT 7489 7489 7489 5146 7489 10167

UPOTBHFC – – – – – –

Borohydrides LiBH4 NaBH4 KBH4 RbBH4 CsBH4

778 703 655 648 628

– 694 638 – –

Borohalides LiBF4 NaBF4 KBF4 RbBF4 CsBF4 NH4BF4 KBCl4 RbBCl4 CsBCl4

699 657 611 577 556 582 506 489 473

749 674 616 590 565 – 497 486 –

Carbonates Li2CO3 Na2CO3 K2CO3 Rb2CO3 Cs2CO3 MgCO3 CaCO3 SrCO3 BaCO3 MnCO3 FeCO3 CoCO3 CuCO3 ZnCO3 CdCO3 SnCO3 PbCO3

2523 2301 2084 2000 1920 3138 2804 2720 2615 3046 3121 3443 3494 3121 2929 2904 2728

2254 2016 1846 1783 1722 3122 2811 2688 2554 3092 3169 3235 – 3273 3052 – 2750

Cyanates LiNCO NaNCO KNCO RbNCO CsNCO NH4NCO

849 807 726 692 661 724

– 816 734 – – –

Cyanides LiCN NaCN KCN RbCN CsCN Ca(CN)2 Sr(CN)2 Ba(CN)2 NH4CN AgCN

874 766 692 638 601 2268 2138 2001 617 (741)

759 686 – – 2240 – 2009 691 935

4/28/05 1:54:56 PM

Lattice Energies Substance Zn(CN)2 Cd(CN)2 Formates Li(HCO2) Na(HCO2) K(HCO2) Rb(HCO2) Cs(HCO2) NH4(HCO2)

12-21 Calc. UPOT 2809 2583

UPOTBHFC 2817 2591

865 791 713 685 651 715

– 804 722 – – –

7991 7301 6987 6653

– 7306 – 6643

Halates LiBrO3 NaBrO3 KBrO3 RbBrO3 CsBrO3 NaClO3 KClO3 RbClO3 CsClO3 LiIO3 NaIO3 KIO3 RbIO3 CsIO3

883 803 740 720 694 770 711 690 – 975 883 820 791 761

880 791 722 705 681 785 721 703 679 974 876 780 – –

Halides LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI KF KCl KBr KI RbF RbCl RbBr RbI CsF CsCl CsBr CsI FrF FrCl FrBr FrI CuCl CuBr CuI AgF AgCl AgBr

1030 834 788 730 910 769 732 682 808 701 671 632 774 680 651 617 744 657 632 600 715 632 611 582 992 969 948 953 910 897

1049 864 820 764 930 790 754 705 829 720 691 650 795 695 668 632 759 670 647 613 – – – – 996 978 966 974 918 905

Germanates Mg2GeO4 Ca2GeO4 Sr2GeO4 Ba2GeO4

Section 12.indb 21

Substance AgI AuCl AuBr AuI InCl InBr InI TlF TlCl TlBr TlI Me4NCl Me4NBr Me4NI PH4Br PH4I BeF2 BeCl2 BeBr2 BeI2 MgF2 MgCl2 MgBr2 MgI2 CaF2 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 SrF2 SrCl2 SrI2 BaF2 BaCl2 BaBr2 BaI2 RaF2 RaCl2 RaBr2 RaI2 ScCl2 ScBr2 ScI2 TiF2 TiCl2 TiBr2 TiI2 VCl2 VBr2 VI2 CrF2 CrCl2 CrBr2 CrI2 MoCl2 MoBr2 MoI2 MnF2 MnCl2 MnBr2 MnI2 FeF2

Calc. UPOT 881 1013 1029 1027 – – – – 738 720 692 566 553 544 616 590 3464 3004 2950 2780 2926 2477 2406 2293 2640 2268 2132 1971 2476 2142 1984 2347 2046 1971 1862 2284 2004 1929 1803 2380 2291 2201 2724 2439 2360 2259 2607 – – 2778 2540 2377 2269 2737 2742 2630 2644 2510 2448 2212 2849

UPOTBHFC 892 1066 1059 1070 764 767 733 850 751 734 710 – – – – – 3526 3033 2914 2813 2978 2540 2451 2340 2651 2271 – 2087 2513 2170 1976 2373 2069 1995 1890 – – – – – – – – 2514 2430 2342 2593 2534 2470 2939 2601 2536 2440 2746 2753 – – 2551 2482 – 2967

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Lattice Energies

12-22 Substance FeCl2 FeBr2 FeI2 CoF2 CoCl2 CoBr2 CoI2 NiF2 NiCl2 NiBr2 NiI2 PdCl2 PdBr2 PdI2 CuF2 CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 AgF2 ZnF2 ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 CdF2 CdCl2 CdBr2 CdI2 HgF2 HgCl2 HgBr2 HgI2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 SnI2 PbF2 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 ScF3 ScCl3 ScBr3 ScI3 YF3 YCl3 YI3 TiF3 TiCl3 TiBr3 TiI3 ZrCl3 ZrBr3 ZrI3 VF3 VCl3 VBr3 VI3 NbCl3 NbBr3 NbI3 CrF3

Section 12.indb 22

Calc. UPOT 2569 2515 2439 3004 2707 2640 2569 3098 2753 2729 2607 2778 2741 2748 3046 2774 2715 2640 2942 3021 2703 2648 2581 2809 2552 2507 2441 2757 2657 2628 2628 2551 2297 2251 2193 2535 2270 2219 2163 5492 4874 4729 4640 4983 4506 4240 5644 5134 5012 4845 – – – 5895 5322 5214 5121 5062 4980 4860 6033

UPOTBHFC 2641 2577 2491 3042 2706 2643 2561 3089 2786 2721 2637 2818 2751 2760 3102 2824 2774 – 2967 3053 2748 2689 2619 2830 2565 2517 2455 – 2664 2639 2624 – 2310 2256 2206 2543 2282 2230 2177 5540 4901 4761 – – 4524 4258 – 5153 5023 – 4791 4758 4591 – 5329 5224 5136 – – – 6065

Substance CrCl3 CrBr3 CrI3 MoF3 MoCl3 MoBr3 MoI3 MnF3 MnCl3 MnBr3 MnI3 TcCl3 TcBr3 TcI3 FeF3 FeCl3 FeBr3 FeI3 RuCl3 RuBr3 RuI3 CoF3 RhCl3 IrF3 IrBr3 NiF3 AuF3 AuCl3 ZnCl3 ZnBr3 ZnI3 AlF3 AlCl3 AlBr3 AlI3 GaF3 GaCl3 GaBr3 GaI3 InCl3 InBr3 InI3 TlF3 TlCl3 TlBr3 TlI3 AsBr3 AsI3 SbF3 SbCl3 SbBr3 SbI3 BiCl3 BiI3 LaF3 LaCl3 LaBr3 LaI3 CeCl3 CeI3 PrCl3

Calc. UPOT 5518 5355 5275 6459 5246 5156 5073 6017 5544 5448 5330 5270 5215 5188 5870 5364 5333 5117 5245 5223 5222 5991 5641 (6112) (4794) (6111) (5777) (4605) 5832 5732 5636 5924 5376 5247 5070 5829 5217 4966 4611 4736 4535 4234 5493 5258 5171 5088 5497 4824 5295 5032 4954 4867 4689 3774 4682 4263 4209 3916 4394 – 4322

UPOTBHFC 5529 – 5294 – 5253 – – – – – – – – – – 5436 5347 – 5257 5232 5235 – 5665 – – – – – – – – 6252 5513 5360 5227 6238 5665 5569 5496 5183 5117 5001 – 5278 – – 5365 5295 5324 4857 4776 4692 4707 – – 4242 – 3986 4348 4061 4387

4/28/05 1:55:01 PM

Lattice Energies Substance PrI3 NdCl3 SmCl3 EuCl3 GdCl3 DyCl3 HoCl3 ErCl3 TmCl3 TmI3 YbCl3 AcCl3 UCl3 NpCl3 PuCl3 PuBr3 AmCl3 TiF4 TiCl4 TiBr4 TiI4 ZrF4 ZrCl4 ZrBr4 ZrI4 MoF4 MoCl4 MoBr4 MoI4 SnCl4 SnBr4 PbF4 CrF2Cl CrF2Br CrF2I CrCl2Br CrCl2I CrBr2I CuFCl CuFBr CuFI CuClBr CuClI CuBrI FeF2Cl FeF2Br FeF2I FeCl2Br FeCl2I FeBr2I LiIO2F2 NaIO2F2 KIO2F2 RbIO2F2 CsIO2F2 NH4IO2F2 AgIO2F2 Hydrides LiH NaH KH

Section 12.indb 23

12-23 Calc. UPOT – 4343 4376 4393 4406 4481 4501 4527 4548 – – 4096 4243 4268 4289 (3959) 4293 10012 9431 9288 9108 8853 8021 7661 7155 8795 8556 8510 8427 8355 7970 9519 5795 5753 5669 5448 5381 5330 2891 2853 2803 2753 2694 2669 5711 5653 5569 5339 5272 5209 845 766 699 674 636 678 736 916 807 711

UPOTBHFC 4101 4415 4450 4490 4495 4529 4572 4591 4608 4340 4651 – – – – – – 9908 – 9059 8918 8971 8144 7984 7801 – 9603 9500 – 8930 8852 – – – – – 5429 5370 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 756 689 – – – 685 918 807 713

Substance RbH CsH VH NbH PdH CuH TiH ZrH HfH LaH TaH CrH NiH PtH AgH AuH TlH GeH PbH BeH2 MgH2 CaH2 SrH2 BaH2 ScH2 YH2 LaH2 CeH2 PrH2 NdH2 PmH2 SmH2 GdH2 AcH2 ThH2 PuH2 AmH2 TiH2 ZrH2 CuH2 ZnH2 HgH2 AlH3 FeH3 ScH3 YH3 LaH3 FeH3 GaH3 InH3 TlH3

Calc. UPOT 686 648 1184 1163 979 828 996 916 904 828 1021 1050 929 937 941 1033 745 950 778 3205 2791 2410 2250 2121 2711 (2598) 2380 2414 2448 2464 2519 2510 2494 2372 2711 2519 2544 2866 2711 2941 2870 2707 5924 5724 5439 5063 4895 5724 5690 5092 5092

UPOTBHFC 684 653 (1344) (1633) 1368 1254 1407 1590 – – – – – – – 1108 – – – 3306 2718 2406 2265 2133 2744 2733 2522 2509 2405 2394 – 2389 2651 – 2738 – – 2864 2999 – – – 5969 – – 4910 4493 – – – –

Hydroselenides NaHSe KHSe RbHSe CsHse

703 644 623 598

732 712 689 669

Hydrosulphides LiHS NaHS RbHS

768 723 655

862 771 682

4/28/05 1:55:03 PM

Lattice Energies

12-24 Substance CsHS NH4HS Ca(HS)2 Sr(HS)2 Ba(HS)2

Calc. UPOT 628 661 2184 2063 1979

Hydroxides LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH Be(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 Ti(OH)2 Mn(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 Co(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 Pd(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 CuOH AgOH AuOH TlOH Zn(OH)2 Cd(OH)2 Hg(OH)2 Sn(OH)2 Pb(OH)2 Sc(OH)3 Y(OH)3 La(OH)3 Cr(OH)3 Mn(OH)3 Al(OH)3 Ga(OH)3 In(OH)3 Tl(OH)3 Ti(OH)4 Zr(OH)4 Mn(OH)4 Sn(OH)4

1021 887 789 766 721 3477 2870 2506 2330 2142 – 2909 2653 2786 2832 – 2870 1006 918 1033 705 2795 2607 2669 2489 2376 5063 4707 4443 5556 6213 5627 5732 5280 5314 9456 8619 10933 9188

1028 892 796 765 732 3620 2998 2637 2474 2330 2953 3008 3044 3109 3186 3189 3229 – 845 – 874 3151 2909 – 2721 – 5602 – – 6299 – – 6368 – – – – – 9879

Imides CaNH SrNH BaNH

3293 3146 2975

– – –

Metavanadates Li3VO4 Na3VO4 K3VO4 Rb3VO4 Cs3VO4

3945 3766 3376 3243 3137

– – – – –

848 755 685 662

854 763 694 671

Nitrates LiNO3 NaNO3 KNO3 RbNO3

Section 12.indb 24

UPOTBHFC 657 718 (2171) – (1956)

Substance CsNO3 AgNO3 TlNO3 Mg(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2 Ba(NO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 Co(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 Sn(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2

Calc. UPOT 648 820 690 2481 2268 2176 2062 2318 – 2560 – – 2376 2238 2155 2067

UPOTBHFC 650 832 707 2521 2247 2151 2035 2478 (2580) 2647 2729 2739 2649 2462 2254 2208

Nitrides ScN LaN TiN ZrN VN NbN CrN

7547 6876 8130 7633 8283 7939 8269

7506 6793 8033 7723 8233 8022 8358

Nitrites NaNO2 KNO2 RbNO2 CsNO2

774 699 724 690

772 687 765 –

Oxides Li2O Na2O K2O Rb2O Cs2O Cu2O Ag2O Tl2O LiO2 NaO2 KO2 RbO2 CsO2 Li2O2 Na2O2 K2O2 Rb2O2 Cs2O2 MgO2 CaO2 SrO2 KO3 BeO MgO CaO SrO BaO TiO VO MnO

2799 2481 2238 2163 2131 3273 3002 2659 (878) 799 741 706 679 2592 2309 2114 2025 1948 3356 3144 3037 697 4514 3795 3414 3217 3029 3832 3932 3724

2814 2478 2232 2161 2063 3189 2910 2575 (872) 821 751 721 696 2557 22717 2064 1994 1512 3526 3132 2977 707 4443 3791 3401 3223 3054 3811 3863 3745

4/28/05 1:55:06 PM

Lattice Energies Substance FeO CoO NiO PdO CuO ZnO CdO HgO GeO SnO PbO Sc2O3 Y2O3 La2O3 Ce2O3 Pr2O3 Nd2O3 Pm2O3 Sm2O3 Eu2O3 Gd2O3 Tb2O3 Dy2O3 Ho2O3 Er2O3 Tm2O3 Yb2O3 Lu2O3 Ac2O3 Ti2O3 V2O3 Cr2O3 Mn2O3 Fe2O3 Al2O3 Ga2O3 In2O3 Pb2O3 CeO2 ThO2 PaO2 VO2(g) NpO2 PuO2 AmO2 CmO2 TiO2 ZrO2 MoO2 MnO2 SiO2 GeO2 SnO2 PbO2 Perchlorates LiClO4 NaClO4 KClO4 RbClO4 CsClO4 NH4ClO4

Section 12.indb 25

12-25 Calc. UPOT 3795 3837 3908 3736 4135 4142 3806 3907 3919 3652 3520 13557 12705 12452 12661 12703 12736 12811 12878 12945 12996 13071 13138 13180 13263 13322 13380 13665 12573 – 15096 15276 15146 14309 15916 15590 13928 (14841) 9627 10397 10573 10644 10707 10786 10799 10832 12150 11188 11648 12970 13125 12828 11807 11217

UPOTBHFC 3865 3910 4010 – 4050 3971 – – – – – 13708 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14149 14520 14957 15035 14774 – 15220 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

709 643 599 564 636 583

715 641 595 576 550 580

Substance Ca(ClO4)2 Sr(ClO4)2 Ba(ClO4)2 Permanganates NaMnO4 KMnO4 RbMnO4 CsMnO4 Ca(MnO4)2 Sr(MnO4)2 Ba(MnO4)2

Calc. UPOT 1958 1862 1795

UPOTBHFC 1971 1862 1769

661 607 586 565 1937 1845 1778

– – – – – – –

11632 10602 10125 9652 7397 7251 8201 7427 7381

11407 10479 10075 9654 – 7300 – 7507 –

Selenides Li2Se Na2Se K2Se Rb2Se Cs2Se Ag2Se Tl2Se BeSe MgSe CaSe SrSe BaSe MnSe

2364 2130 1933 1837 1745 2686 2209 3431 3071 2858 2736 2611 3176

– – – – – – – – – 2862 – – –

Selenites Li2SeO3 Na2SeO3 K2SeO3 Rb2SeO3 Cs2SeO3 Tl2SeO3 Ag2SeO3 BeSeO3 MgSeO3 CaSeO3 SrSeO3 BaSeO3

2171 1950 1774 1715 1640 1879 2113 3322 3012 2732 2586 2460

– 1916 1749 1675 – – 2148 – 2998 – 2588 2451

Selenates Li2SeO4 Na2SeO4 K2SeO4 Rb2SeO4 Cs2SeO4 Cu2SeO4 Ag2SeO4 Tl2SeO4 Hg2SeO4 BeSeO4

2054 1879 1732 1686 1615 2201 2033 1766 2163 3448

– – – – – – – – – –

Phosphates Mg3(PO4)2 Ca3(PO4)2 Sr3(PO4)2 Ba3(PO4)2 MnPO4 FePO4 BPO4 AlPO4 GaPO4

4/28/05 1:55:08 PM

Lattice Energies

12-26 Substance MgSeO4 CaSeO4 SrSeO4

Calc. UPOT 2895 2632 2489

UPOTBHFC – – –

Sulphides Li2S Na2S K2S Rb2S Cs2S (NH4)2S Cu2S Ag2S Au2S Tl2S

2464 2192 1979 1929 1892 2008 2786 2606 2908 2298

2472 2203 (2052) 1949 1850 (2026) 2865 2677 – 2258

Sulphates Li2SO4 Na2SO4 K2SO4 Rb2SO4 Cs2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 Cu2SO4 Ag2SO4 Tl2SO4 Hg2SO4 CaSO4 SrSO4 BaSO4 MnSO4

2229 1827 1700 1636 1596 1766 2276 2104 1828 – 2489 2577 2469 2920

2142 1938 1796 1748 1658 1777 2166 1989 1722 2127 2480 2484 2374 2825

Ternary Salts Cs2CuCl4 Rb2ZnCl4 Cs2ZnCl4 Rb2ZnBr4 Cs2ZnBr4 Cs2ZnI4 CsGaCl4 NaAlCl4 CsAlCl4 NaFeCl4 Rb2CoCl4 Cs2CoCl4 K2PtCl4 Cs2GeF6 (NH4)2GeF6 Cs2GeCl6 K2HfCl6 K2IrCl6 Na2MoCl6 K2MoCl6 Rb2MoCl6 Cs2MoCl6 K2NbCl6 Rb2NbCl6 Cs2NbCl6 K2OsCl6 Cs2OsCl6 K2OsBr6 K2PdCl6 Rb2PdCl6

1393 1529 1492 1498 1454 1386 494 556 486 492 1447 1391 1574 1573 1657 1404 1345 1442 1526 1418 1399 1347 1375 1371 1381 1447 1409 1396 1481 1449

– – – – – – – – – – – – 1550 – – 1419 1461 1440 1504 1412 1399 1347 1398 1385 1344 1447 – – 1493 –

Section 12.indb 26

Substance Cs2PdCl6 Rb2PbCl6 Cs2PbCl6 (NH4)2PbCl6 K2PtCl6 Rb2PtCl6 Cs2PtCl6 (NH4)2PtCl6 Tl2PtCl6 Ag2PtCl6 BaPtCl6 K2PtBr6 Ag2PtBr6 K2PtI6 K2ReCl6 Rb2ReCl6 Cs2ReCl6 K2ReBr6 K2SiF6 Rb2SiF6 Cs2SiF6 Tl2SiF6 K2SnCl6 Rb2SnCl6 Cs2SnCl6 Tl2SnCl6 (NH4)2SnCl6 Rb2SnBr6 Cs2SnBr6 Rb2SnI6 Cs2SnBr6 K2TeCl6 Rb2TeCl6 Cs2TeCl6 Tl2TeCl6 (NH4)2TeCl6 K2RuCl6 Rb2CoF6 Cs2CoF6 K2NiF6 Rb2NiF6 Rb2SbCl6 Rb2SeCl6 Cs2SeCl6 (NH4)2SeCl6 (NH4)2PoCl6 Cs2PoBr6 Cs2CrF6 Rb2MnF6 Cs2MnF6 K2MnCl6 Rb2MnCl6 (NH4)2MnCl6 Cs2TeBr6 Cs2TeI6 K2TiCl6 Rb2TiCl6 Cs2TiCl6 Tl2TiCl6 K2TiBr6 Rb2TiBr6

Calc. UPOT 1426 1343 1344 1355 1468 1464 1444 1468 1546 1773 2047 1423 1791 1421 1416 1414 1398 1375 1670 1639 1604 1675 1363 1361 1358 1437 1370 1309 1306 1226 1243 1318 1321 1323 1392 1318 1451 1688 1632 1721 1688 1357 1409 1397 1420 1338 1286 1603 1688 1620 1462 1451 1464 1306 1246 1412 1415 1402 1560 1379 1341

UPOTBHFC – 1343 – – 1471 – – – – 1881 2070 1392 2276 – 1442 – – 1375 1765 1673 1498 – 1390 1363 – – 1344 – – – – 1320 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1447 1416 1384 1553 1379 1331

4/28/05 1:55:11 PM

Lattice Energies Substance Cs2TiBr6 Na2UBr6 K2UBr6 Rb2UBr6 Cs2UBr6 K2WCl6 Rb2WCl6 Cs2WCl6 K2WBr6 Rb2WBr6 Cs2WBr6 K2ZrCl6 Rb2ZrCl6 Cs2ZrCl6

12-27 Calc. UPOT 1339 1504 1484 1473 1459 1398 1397 1392 1408 1361 1362 1339 1341 1339

Tellurides Li2Te Na2Te K2Te Rb2Te Cs2Te Cu2Te Ag2Te Tl2Te BeTe MgTe CaTe

UPOTBHFC 1306 – – – – 1423 1434 1366 1408 1391 1332 1371 – 1307

2212 1997 1830 1837 1745 2706 2607 2084 3319 2878 2721

– 2095 – – – 2683 2600 2172 – 3081 –

Calc. UPOT

Substance Thiocyanates LiCNS NaCNS KCNS RbCNS CsCNS NH4CNS Ca(CNS)2 Sr(CNS)2 Ba(CNS)2 Mn(CNS)2 Zn(CNS)2 Cd(CNS)2 Hg(CNS)2 Sn(CNS)2 Pb(CNS)2 Vanadates LiVO3 NaVO3 KVO3 RbVO3 CsVO3

UPOTBHFC

764 682 623 623 623 605 2184 2063 1979 2280 2335 2201 2146 2117 2058

(765) 682 616 619 568 611 2118 1957 1852 2351 2560 2374 2492 2142 –

810 761 686 657 628

– – – – –

TABLE 2. Thermochemical Radii (nm) Ion Singly Charged Anions AgF4AlBr4AlCl4AlF4AlH4AlI4AsF6AsO2Au(CN)2AuCl4AuF4AuF6B(OH)4BF4BH4BrBrF4BrO3CF3SO3CH3CO2ClClO2ClO3ClO4ClS2O6CNCr3O8CuBr4FFeCl4-

Section 12.indb 27

Radius 0.231 0.321 0.317 0.214 0.226 0.374 0.243 0.211 0.266 0.288 0.240 0.235 0.229 0.205 0.205 0.190 0.231 0.214 0.230 0.194 0.168 0.195 0.208 0.225 0.260 0.187 0.276 0.315 0.126 0.317

± 0.019 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

GaCl4HH2AsO4H2PO4HCO2HCO3HF2HSO4II2BrI3I4IBr2ICl2ICl4IO2F2IO3IO4IrF6MnO4MoF6MoOF5N3NCONbCl6NbF6Nb2F11NbO3NH2NH2CH2COONO2-

Ion

0.328 0.148 0.227 0.213 0.200 0.207 0.172 0.221 0.211 0.261 0.272 0.300 0.251 0.235 0.307 0.233 0.218 0.231 0.242 0.220 0.241 0.241 0.180 0.193 0.338 0.254 0.311 0.194 0.168 0.252 0.187

Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

4/28/05 1:55:13 PM

Lattice Energies

12-28 NO3O2O3OHOsF6PaF6PdF6PF6PO3PtF6PuF5ReF6ReO4RuF6S6SCNSbCl6SbF6Sb2F11Sb3F14SeCl5SeCNSeHSHSO3FS3N3S3N3O4TaCl6TaF6TaO3UF6VF6VO3WCl6WF6WOF5-

Ion

Doubly Charged Anions AmF62Bi2Br82Bi6Cl202CdCl42CeCl62CeF62CO32CoCl42CoF42CoF62Cr2O72CrF62CrO42CuCl42CuF42GeCl62GeF62HfF62HgI42IrCl62MnCl62MnF42MnF62MoBr62-

Section 12.indb 28

0.200 0.165 0.199 0.152 0.252 0.249 0.252 0.242 0.204 0.247 0.239 0.240 0.227 0.242 0.305 0.209 0.320 0.252 0.312 0.374 0.258 0.230 0.195 0.191 0.214 0.231 0.252 0.352 0.250 0.192 0.301 0.235 0.201 0.337 0.246 0.241

Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.034 ± 0.019 ± 0.020 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

0.255 0.392 0.501 0.307 0.352 0.249 0.189 0.306 0.209 0.256 0.292 0.253 0.229 0.304 0.213 0.335 0.244 0.248 0.377 0.332 0.314 0.219 0.241 0.364

± 0.019 ± 0.055 ± 0.073 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.031 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

MoCl62MoF62MoO42NbCl62NH2Ni(CN)42NiF42NiF62O2O22OsBr62OsCl62OsF62PbCl42PbCl62PbF62PdBr62PdCl42PdCl62PdF62PoBr62PoI62Pt(NO2)3Cl32Pt(NO2)4Cl22Pt(OH)22Pt(SCN)62PtBr42PtBr62PtCl42PtCl62PtF62PuCl62ReBr62ReCl62ReF62ReF82ReH92ReI62RhF62RuCl62RuF62S2S2O32S2O42S2O52S2O62S2O72S2O82S3O62S4O62S6O62ScF62Se2SeBr62SeCl62SeO42SiF62SiO32SmF42Sn(OH)62SnBr62-

Ion

0.338 0.274 0.231 0.343 0.128 0.322 0.211 0.249 0.141 0.167 0.365 0.336 0.276 0.279 0.347 0.268 0.354 0.313 0.333 0.252 0.380 0.428 0.364 0.383 0.333 0.451 0.324 0.363 0.307 0.333 0.245 0.349 0.371 0.337 0.256 0.276 0.257 0.421 0.240 0.336 0.248 0.189 0.251 0.262 0.270 0.283 0.275 0.291 0.302 0.325 0.382 0.276 0.181 0.363 0.336 0.229 0.248 0.195 0.218 0.279 0.374

Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.026 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.020 ± 0.019

4/28/05 1:55:16 PM

Lattice Energies SnCl62SnF62SnI62SO32SO42TcBr62TcCl62TcF62TcH92TcI62Te2TeBr62TeCl62TeI62TeO42Th(NO3)62ThCl62ThF62TiBr62TiCl62TiF62UCl62UF62VO32WBr62WCl62WO42WOCl52ZnBr42ZnCl42ZnF42ZnI42ZrBr42ZrCl42ZrCl62ZrF62-

Ion

Multi-Charged Anions AlH63AsO43CdBr64CdCl64CeF63CeF73Co(CN)63Co(NO2)63CoCl53CoF63Cr(CN)63CrF63Cu(CN)43Fe(CN)63FeF63HfF73InF63Ir(CN)63Ir(NO2)63Mn(CN)63Mn(CN)65MnCl64N3Ni(NO2)63-

Section 12.indb 29

12-29 0.345 0.265 0.427 0.204 0.218 0.363 0.337 0.244 0.260 0.419 0.220 0.383 0.353 0.430 0.238 0.424 0.360 0.263 0.356 0.335 0.252 0.354 0.256 0.204 0.363 0.339 0.237 0.334 0.335 0.306 0.219 0.384 0.334 0.306 0.348 0.258

Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

0.256 0.237 0.374 0.352 0.278 0.282 0.349 0.343 0.320 0.258 0.351 0.254 0.312 0.347 0.298 0.277 0.268 0.347 0.338 0.350 0.401 0.349 0.180 0.342

± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038

Ni(NO2)64NiF63O3P3PaF83PO43PrF63Rh(NO2)63Rh(SCN)63TaF83TbF73Tc(CN)65ThF73TiBr63TlF63UF73YF63ZrF73-

Ion

Singly Charged Cations N(CH3)4+ N2H5+ N2H62+ NH(C2H5)3+ NH3C2H5+ NH3C3H7+ NH3CH3+ NH3OH+ NH4+ NH3C2H4OH+ As3S4+ As3Se4+ AsCl4+ Br2+ Br3+ Br3Br5+ BrClCNH2+ BrF2+ BrF4+ C10F8+ C6F6+ Cl(SNSCN)2+ Cl2C=NH2+ Cl2F+ Cl3+ ClF2+ ClO2+ GaBr4I2+ I3+ I5+ IBr2+ ICl2+ IF6+ N(S3N2)2+ N(SCl)2+ N(SeCl)2+ N(SF2)2+ N2F+ NO+ NO2+

0.383 0.250 0.288 0.224 0.299 0.230 0.281 0.345 0.428 0.284 0.290 0.410 0.282 0.315 0.271 0.285 0.275 0.273

Radius ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038

0.234 0.158 0.158 0.274 0.193 0.225 0.177 0.147 0.136 0.203 0.244 0.253 0.221 0.155 0.204 0.238 0.229 0.175 0.183 0.172 0.265 0.228 0.347 0.173 0.165 0.182 0.147 0.118 0.317 0.185 0.225 0.263 0.196 0.175 0.209 0.258 0.186 0.246 0.214 0.156 0.145 0.153

± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.029 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.036 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027

4/28/05 1:55:18 PM

Lattice Energies

12-30 Ion O2+ O2(SCCF3Cl)2+ ONCH3CF3+ OsOF5P(CH3)3Cl+ P(CH3)3D+ PCl4+ ReOF5S(CH3)2Cl+ S(N(C2H5)3)3+ S2(CH3)2Cl+ S2(CH3)2CN+ S2(CH3)3+ S2Br5+ S2N+ S2N2C2H3+ S2NC2(PhCH3)2+ S2NC3H4+ S2NC4H8+ S3(CH3)3+ S3Br3+ S3C3H7+ S3C4F6+ S3CF3CN+ S3Cl3+ S3N2+ S3N2Cl+ S4N3+ S4N3(Ph)2+ S4N4H+ S5N5+ S7I+ Sb(NPPh3)4+ SBr3+ SCH3O2+ SCH3P(CH3)3+ SCH3PCH3Cl2+ SCl(C2H5)2+ SCl2CF3+ SCl2CH3+ SCl3+ Se3Br3+ Se3Cl3+ Se3N2+ Se3NCl2+ Se6I+ SeBr3+ SeCl3+ SeF3+ SeI3+ SeN2Cl+ SeNCl2+ (SeNMe3)3+ SeS2N2+ SF(C6F5)2+ SF2CF3+ SF2N(CH3)2+ SF3+ SFS(C(CF3)2)2+ SH2C3H7+ SN+ SNCl5(CH3CN)-

0.140 0.275 0.200 0.246 0.197 0.196 0.235 0.245 0.207 0.439 0.265 0.223 0.233 0.267 0.159 0.211 0.310 0.218 0.225 0.239 0.245 0.199 0.261 0.263 0.233 0.201 0.232 0.231 0.316 0.178 0.257 0.262 0.518 0.220 0.183 0.248 0.205 0.207 0.207 0.204 0.185 0.253 0.245 0.288 0.163 0.260 0.182 0.192 0.179 0.238 0.196 0.157 0.406 0.282 0.294 0.198 0.210 0.172 0.275 0.210 0.158 0.290

Radius ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.034 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.042 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.042 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038

Ion (SNPMe3)3+ SNSC(CH3)N+ SNSC(CN)CH+ SNSC(Ph)N+ SNSC(Ph)NS3N2+ SNSC(PhCH3)N+ (Te(N(SiMe3)2)2+ Te(N3)3+ Te4Nb3OTe2I6+ TeBr3+ TeCl3+ TeCl3(15-crown-5)+ TeI3+ Xe2F11+ Xe2F3+ XeF+ XeF3+ XeF5+ XeOF3+

0.308 0.225 0.209 0.251 0.327 0.264 0.371 0.226 0.407 0.235 0.216 0.282 0.243 0.266 0.221 0.174 0.183 0.186 0.186

Radius ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027

Doubly Charged Cations Co2S2(CO)62+ FeW(Se)2(CO)2+ I42+ Mo(Te3)(CO)42+ S192+ S2(S(CH3)2)22+ S2I42+ S3N22+ S3NCCNS32+ S3Se2+ S4N42+ S6N42+ S82+ Se102+ Se172+ Se192+ Se2I42+ Se3N22+ Se42+ Se4S2N42+ Se82+ SeN2S22+ (SNP(C2H5)3)22+ TaBr6Te(trtu)42+ Te(tu)42+ Te2(esu)4Br22+ Te2(esu)4Cl22+ Te2(esu)4I22+ Te2Se22+ Te2Se42+ Te2Se82+ Te3S32+ Te3Se2+ Te42+ Te82+ W(CO)4(h3-Te)2+ W2(CO)10Se42+

0.263 0.260 0.207 0.234 0.292 0.230 0.231 0.184 0.220 0.326 0.186 0.232 0.182 0.253 0.236 0.296 0.218 0.182 0.152 0.224 0.186 0.182 0.312 0.351 0.328 0.296 0.356 0.361 0.342 0.192 0.222 0.252 0.217 0.193 0.169 0.187 0.234 0.290

± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.049 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035

Multi-Charged Cations I153+ Te2(su)64+

0.442 0.453

± 0.051 ± 0.034

Ligand abbreviations: su = selenourea; esu = ethyleneselenourea; tu = thiourea; ph = phenyl.

Section 12.indb 30

4/28/05 1:55:20 PM

Lattice Energies

12-31 TABLE 3. Ancillary Thermochemical Data (kJ mol–1) Species AsO43– BrO3– ClO4– CNCO32– Fe(NO3)2 HF2– HfCl62– IO2F2– IO3– IrCl62– LiCH3O2 NbCl62– NH2CH2CO2– O22– PdCl62– PO43– PtCl62– ReBr62– ReCl62– Ti(OH)2

Section 12.indb 31

State g g g g g c g g g g g c g g g g g g g g c

∆fHo (289) –145 –344 66 –321 (–448) –774 –1640 –693 –208 –785 (–745) –1224 –564 553 –749 291 –774 –689 –919 –778

4/28/05 1:55:20 PM

THE MADELUNG CONSTANT AND CRYSTAL LATTICE ENERGY If U is the crystal lattice energy and M is the Madelung constant, thena U=

Substance

NMzi z j e2 r

(1 − 1/n)

Ion type

Crystal formb

Sodium chloride, NaCl

–

M ,X

FCC

1.74756

Cesium chloride, CsCl

M+, X–

BCC

1.76267

Calcium chloride, CaCl2

M++, 2X–

Cubic

2.365

Calcium fluoride (fluorite), CaF2

M++, 2X–

Cubic

2.51939

Cadmium chloride, CdCl2

–

M , 2X

Hexagonal

2.244c

Cadmium iodide (α), CdI2

M++, 2X–

Hexagonal

2.355c

Magnesium fluoride, MgF2

M , 2X

Tetragonal

2.381c

Cuprous oxide (cuprite), Cu2O

2M+, X– –

Cubic

2.22124

Zinc oxide, ZnO

M ,X

Hexagonal

1.4985c

Sphalerite (zinc blende), ZnS

M++, X– –

FCC

1.63806

Wurtzite, ZnS

M ,X

Hexagonal

1.64132c

Titanium dioxide (anatase), TiO2

M4+, 2X– –

Tetragonal

2.400c

Titanium dioxide (rutile), TiO2

M , 2X

Tetragonal

2.408c

β-Quartz, SiO2

M , 2X

Hexagonal

2.2197c

Corundum, Al2O3

2M3+, 3X– –

Rhombohedral

4.1719

a b c

+

++

++

++

++

4+ 4+

–

––

––

–– ––

M

N is Avogadro’s number, zi and zj are the integral charges on the ions (in units of e), and e is the charge on the electron in electrostatic units (e = 4.803 × 10–10 esu). r is the shortest distance between cation-anion pairs in centimeters. Then U is in ergs (1 erg = 10–7 J). FCC = face centered cubic; BCC = body centered cubic. For tetragonal and hexagonal crystals the value of M depends on the details of the lattice parameters.

The Born Exponent, n is: Ion type

n 5

He, Li

+

Ne, Na+, F–

7

Ar, K , Cu , Cl +

+

–

9

Kr, Rb+, Ag+, Br–

10

Xe, Cs+, Au+, I–

12

For a crystal with a mixed-ion type, an average of the values of n in this table is to be used (6 for LiF, for example).

12-32

S12_07.indd 32

5/2/05 12:54:08 PM

ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse This table gives selected values of elastic constants for single crystals. The values believed most reliable were selected from the original literature. The substances are arranged by crystal system and, within each system, alphabetically by name. A reference to the original literature is given for each value; a useful compilation of published values from many sources may be found in Reference 1 below. Data are given for the single-crystal density and for the elastic constants cij, in units of 1011 N/m2, which is equivalent to 1012 dyn/cm2.

General References 1. Simmons, G., and Wang, H., Single Crystal Elastic Constants and Calculated Aggregate Properties: A Handbook, Second Edition, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

CUBIC CRYSTALS Name

Formula

ρ/g cm–3

T/K

Ref.

Aluminum Aluminum antimonide Ammonium bromide Ammonium chloride Argon Barium fluoride Barium nitrate Calcium fluoride Calcium telluride Cesium Cesium bromide Cesium chloride Cesium iodide Chromite Chromium Cobalt oxide Cobalt zinc ferrite Copper Gallium antimonide Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Garnet (yttrium-iron) Germanium Gold Indium antimonide Indium arsenide Indium phosphide Iridium Iron Lead Lead fluoride Lead nitrate Lead telluride Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium iodide Magnesium oxide Magnetite Manganese oxide Mercury telluride Molybdenum Nickel

Al AlSb NH4Br NH4Cl Ar BaF2 Ba(NO3)2 CaF2 CaTe Cs CsBr CsCl CsI FeCr2O4 Cr CoO CoZnFeO2 Cu GaSb GaAs GaP Y3Fe2(FeO4)3 Ge Au InSb InAs InP Ir Fe Pb PbF2 Pb(NO3)2 PbTe Li LiBr LiCl LiF LiI MgO Fe3O4 MnO HgTe Mo Ni

2.6970 4.3600 2.4314 1.5279 1.7710 4.8860 3.2560 3.810 5.8544 1.9800 4.4560 3.9880 4.5250 4.4500 7.20 6.44 5.43 8.932 5.6137 5.3169 4.1297 5.17 5.313 19.283 5.7890 5.6720 4.78 22.52 7.8672 11.34 7.79 4.547 8.2379 0.5326 3.47 2.068 2.638 4.061 3.579 5.18 5.39 8.079 10.2284 8.91

298 300 300 290 4.2 298 293 298 298 78 298 298 298 RT 298 298 303 298 298 298 300 298 298 296.5 298 293 RT 300 298 296 300 293 303.2 298 RT 295 RT RT 298 RT 298 290 273 298

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 11 12 13 14 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 32 20 32 35 36 37 15

C11

1.0675 0.8939 0.3414 0.3814 0.0529 0.9199 0.2925 1.6420 0.5351 0.0247 0.3063 0.3644 0.2446 3.2250 3.398 2.6123 2.660 1.683 0.8839 1.1877 1.4120 2.680 1.2835 1.9244 0.6720 0.8329 1.0220 5.80 2.26 0.4966 0.8880 0.3729 1.0795 0.1350 0.3940 0.4927 1.1397 0.2850 2.9708 2.730 2.23 0.548 4.637 2.481

C12

0.6041 0.4427 0.0782 0.0866 0.0135 0.4157 0.2065 0.4398 0.3681 0.0206 0.0807 0.0882 0.0661 1.4370 0.586 1.4699 1.530 1.221 0.4033 0.5372 0.6253 1.106 0.4823 1.6298 0.3670 0.4526 0.5760 2.42 1.40 0.4231 0.4720 0.2765 0.0764 0.1144 0.1880 0.2310 0.4767 0.1400 0.9536 1.060 1.20 0.381 1.578 1.549

C44

0.2834 0.4155 0.0722 0.0903 0.0159 0.2568 0.1277 0.8406 0.1994 0.0148 0.0750 0.0804 0.0629 1.1670 0.990 0.8300 0.780 0.757 0.4316 0.5944 0.7047 0.766 0.6666 0.4200 0.3020 0.3959 0.4600 2.56 1.16 0.1498 0.2454 0.1347 0.1343 0.0878 0.1910 0.2495 0.6364 0.1350 1.5613 0.971 0.79 0.204 1.092 1.242

12-33

Section 12.indb 33

4/28/05 1:55:28 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-34 CUBIC CRYSTALS Name

Formula

ρ/g cm

T/K

Ref.

Niobium Palladium Platinum Potassium Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium cyanide Potassium fluoride Potassium iodide Pyrite Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride Rubidium iodide Silicon Silver Silver bromide Sodium Sodium bromate Sodium bromide Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide Spinel Strontium fluoride Strontium nitrate Strontium oxide Strontium titanate Tantalum Tantalum carbide Thallium bromide Thorium Thorium oxide Tin telluride Titanium carbide Tungsten Uranium carbide Uranium dioxide Vanadium Zinc selenide Zinc sulfide Zinc telluride Zirconium carbide

Nb Pd Pt K KBr KCl KCN KF KI FeS2 Rb RbBr RbCl RbI Si Ag AgBr Na NaBrO3 NaBr NaClO3 NaCl NaF NaI MgAl2O4 SrF2 Sr(NO3)2 SrO SrTiO3 Ta TaC TlBr Th ThO2 SnTe TiC W UC UO2 V ZnSe ZnS ZnTe ZrC

8.578 12.038 21.50 0.851 2.740 1.984 1.553 2.480 3.128 5.016 1.58 3.350 2.797 3.551 2.331 10.50 5.585 0.971 3.339 3.202 2.485 2.163 2.804 3.6689 3.6193 4.277 2.989 4.99 5.123 16.626 14.65 7.4529 11.694 9.991 6.445 4.940 19.257 13.63 10.97 6.022 5.262 4.088 5.636 6.606

300 300 300 295 298 298 RT 295 300 RT 170 300 300 300 298 300 300 299 RT 300 RT 298 300 300 298 300 293 300 RT 298 RT 298 300 298 300 RT 297 300 298 300 298 298 298 298

38 39 40 41 11 11 32 33 42 43 44 45 45 45 46 47 48 49 32 33 50 11 51 52 53 54 29 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 107 64 65 66 67 68 68 68 63

Section 12.indb 34

–3

C11

2.4650 2.2710 3.4670 0.0370 0.3468 0.4069 0.1940 0.6490 0.2710 3.818 0.0296 0.3152 0.3624 0.2556 1.6578 1.2399 0.5920 0.0739 0.5450 0.3970 0.4920 0.4947 0.9700 0.3007 2.9857 1.2350 0.4255 1.601 3.4817 2.6023 5.05 0.3760 0.7530 3.670 1.1250 5.00 5.2239 3.200 3.960 2.287 0.8096 1.0462 0.7134 4.720

C12

1.3450 1.7604 2.5070 0.0314 0.0580 0.0711 0.1180 0.1520 0.0450 0.310 0.0250 0.0500 0.0612 0.0382 0.6394 0.9367 0.3640 0.0622 0.1910 0.1001 0.1420 0.1288 0.2380 0.0912 1.5372 0.4305 0.2921 0.435 1.0064 1.5446 0.73 0.1458 0.4890 1.060 0.0750 1.13 2.0437 0.850 1.210 1.190 0.4881 0.6534 0.4078 0.987

C44

0.2873 0.7173 0.7650 0.0188 0.0507 0.0631 0.0150 0.1232 0.0364 1.094 0.0171 0.0380 0.0468 0.0278 0.7962 0.4612 0.0616 0.0419 0.1500 0.0998 0.1160 0.1287 0.2822 0.0733 1.5758 0.3128 0.1590 0.590 4.5455 0.8255 0.79 0.0757 0.4780 0.797 0.1172 1.75 1.6083 0.647 0.641 0.432 0.4405 0.4613 0.3115 1.593

4/28/05 1:55:30 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-35 TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS

Name

Formula

ρ/g cm

T/K

Ref.

Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) Barium titanate Calcium molybdate Indium Magnesium fluoride Nickel sulfate hexahydrate Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) Rutile Tellurium oxide Tin (white) Zircon

NH4H2AsO4

2.3110

298

69

0.6747

–0.106

0.1652

NH4H2PO4

1.8030

293

69

0.6200

–0.050

0.1400

BaTiO3 CaMoO4 In MgF2 NiSO4·6H2O KH2AsO4

5.9988 4.255 7.300 3.177 2.070 2.867

298 298 RT RT RT RT

70 79 71 72 73 12

2.7512 1.447 0.4450 1.237 0.3209 0.530

1.7897 0.664 0.3950 0.732 0.2315 –0.060

1.5156 0.466 0.4050 0.536 0.0209 –0.020

KH2PO4

2.388

RT

71

0.7140

–0.049

RbH2PO4

2.800

298

74

0.5562

TiO2 TeO2 Sn ZrSiO4

4.260 5.99 7.29 4.70

298 RT 288 RT

75 76 77 78

2.7143 0.5320 0.7529 2.585

–3

C11

C12

C13

C16

C33

C44

C66

0.3022

0.0685

0.0639

0.3000

0.0910

0.0610

1.6486 1.265 0.4440 1.770 0.2931 0.370

0.5435 0.369 0.0655 0.552 0.1156 0.120

1.1312 0.451 0.1220 0.978 0.1779 0.070

0.1290

0.5620

0.1270

0.0628

–0.064

0.0279

0.4398

0.1142

0.0350

1.7796 0.4860 0.6156 1.791

1.4957 0.2120 0.4400 1.542

4.8395 1.0850 0.9552 3.805

1.2443 0.2440 0.2193 0.733

1.9477 0.5520 0.2336 1.113

0.134

ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS Name

Formula

ρ/g cm

T/K

Ref.

Acenaphthene Ammonium sulfate Aragonite Barite Benzene Benzophenone Bronzite Calcium sulfate Celestite Cesium sulfate Fosterite Iodic acid Lithium ammonium tartrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Natrolite Nickel sulfate heptahydrate Olivine Potassium pentaborate Potassium sulfate Rochelle salt Rubidium sulfate Sodium ammonium tartrate Sodium tartrate Strontium formate dihydrate Sulfur Thallium sulfate Topaz Uranium (alpha) Zinc sulfate heptahydrate

C12H10 (NH4)2SO4 CaCO3 BaSO4 C6H6 (C6H5)2CO (MgFe)SiO3 CaSO4 SrSO3 Cs2SO4 Mg2SiO4 HIO3 LiNH4C4H4O6·4H2O MgSO4·7H2O

1.220 1.774 2.93 4.40 1.061 1.219 3.38 2.962 3.96 4.243 3.224 4.630 1.71 1.68

293 293 RT RT 250 RT RT RT RT 293 298 RT RT RT

80 81 82 82 83 32 78 84 12 81 85 73 12 86

0.1380 0.3607 1.5958 0.8941 0.0614 0.1070 1.876 0.9382 1.044 0.4490 3.2848 0.3030 0.3864 0.325

0.0210 0.1651 0.3663 0.4614 0.0352 0.0550 0.686 0.1650 0.773 0.1958 0.6390 0.1194 0.1655 0.174

0.0410 0.1580 0.0197 0.2691 0.0401 0.0169 0.605 0.1520 0.605 0.1815 0.6880 0.1169 0.0875 0.182

0.1262 0.2981 0.8697 0.7842 0.0656 0.1000 1.578 1.845 1.061 0.4283 1.9980 0.5448 0.5393 0.288

0.0460 0.1456 0.1597 0.2676 0.0390 0.0321 0.561 0.3173 0.619 0.1800 0.7380 0.0548 0.2007 0.182

0.1117 0.3534 0.8503 1.0548 0.0583 0.0710 2.085 1.1180 1.286 0.3785 2.3530 0.4359 0.3624 0.315

0.0265 0.1025 0.4132 0.1190 0.0197 0.0203 0.700 0.3247 0.135 0.1326 0.6515 0.1835 0.1190 0.078

0.0290 0.0717 0.2564 0.2874 0.0378 0.0155 0.592 0.2653 0.279 0.1319 0.8120 0.2193 0.0667 0.156

0.0185 0.0974 0.4274 0.2778 0.0153 0.0353 0.544 0.0926 0.266 0.1323 0.8088 0.1736 0.2326 0.090

(Na,Al)SiO3 NiSO4·7H2O (MgFe)SiO4 KB5O8·4H2O K2SO4 NaK(C4H4O6)·4H2O Rb2SO4 NaNH4C4H4O6·4H2O Na2C4H4O6·2H2O Sr(CHO2)2·2H2O S TlSO4 Al2SiO3(OH,F)2 U ZnSO4·7H2O

2.25 1.948 3.324 1.74 2.665 1.79 3.621 1.587 1.794 2.25 2.07 6.776 3.52 19.0453 1.970

RT RT RT RT 293 RT 293 RT RT RT RT 293 RT 293 RT

78 86 87 71 81 71 81 12 12 12 12 81 82 88 86

0.716 0.353 3.240 0.582 0.5357 0.255 0.5029 0.3685 0.461 0.4391 0.240 0.4106 2.8136 2.1486 0.3320

0.261 0.198 0.590 0.229 0.1999 0.141 0.1965 0.2725 0.286 0.1037 0.133 0.2573 1.2582 0.4622 0.1720

0.297 0.201 0.790 0.174 0.2095 0.116 0.1999 0.3083 0.320 –0.149 0.171 0.2288 0.8464 0.2176 0.2000

0.632 0.311 1.980 0.359 0.5653 0.381 0.5098 0.5092 0.547 0.3484 0.205 0.3885 3.8495 1.9983 0.2930

0.297 0.201 0.780 0.231 0.1990 0.146 0.1925 0.3472 0.352 –0.014 0.159 0.2174 0.8815 1.0764 0.1980

1.378 0.335 2.490 0.255 0.5523 0.371 0.4761 0.5541 0.665 0.3746 0.483 0.4268 2.9452 2.6763 0.3200

0.196 0.091 0.667 0.164 0.195 0.134 0.1626 0.1058 0.124 0.1538 0.043 0.1125 1.0811 1.2479 0.0780

0.248 0.172 0.810 0.046 0.1879 0.032 0.1589 0.0303 0.031 0.1075 0.087 0.1068 1.3298 0.7379 0.1530

0.423 0.099 0.793 0.057 0.1424 0.098 0.1407 0.0870 0.098 0.1724 0.076 0.0751 1.3089 0.7454 0.0830

Section 12.indb 35

–3

C11

C12

C13

C22

C23

C33

C44

C55

C66

4/28/05 1:55:31 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-36 MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS Name

Formula

ρ/g cm

T/K

Ref.

Aegirine Anthracene Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diopside Dipotassium tartrate Feldspar (microceine) Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Naphthalene Potassium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate Stilbene Triglycine sulfate (TGS)

(NaFe)Si2O6 C14H10

3.50 1.258

RT RT

89 90

1.858 0.0852

0.685 0.0672

0.707 0.0590

0.098 –0.0192

1.813 0.1170

CoSO4·7H2O (CaMg)Si2O6 KHC4H4O6 KAlSi3O8

1.948 3.31 1.97 2.56

RT RT RT RT

86 91 12 92

0.335 2.040 0.4294 0.664

0.205 0.884 0.1399 0.438

0.158 0.0883 0.3129 0.259

0.016 –0.193 –0.0105 –0.033

0.378 1.750 0.3460 1.710

FeSO4·7H2O

1.898

RT

86

0.349

0.208

0.174

–0.020

0.376

Li2SO4·H2O C10H8 K2C4H4O6 Na2S2O3 (C6H5CH)2 (NH2CH2COOH)3· H2SO4

2.221 1.127 1.987 1.7499 1.60 1.68

RT RT RT RT RT RT

32 93 32 12 94 32

0.5250 0.0780 0.3110 0.3323 0.0930 0.4550

0.1715 0.0445 0.1720 0.1814 0.0570 0.1720

0.1730 0.0340 0.1690 0.1875 0.0670 0.1980

–0.0196 –0.006 0.0287 0.0225 –0.003 –0.030

0.5060 0.0990 0.3900 0.2953 0.0920 0.3210

Name Aegirine Anthracene Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diopside Dipotassium tartrate Feldspar (microceine) Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Naphthalene Potassium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate Stilbene Triglycine sulfate (TGS)

Section 12.indb 36

–3

C11

C12

C13

C15

C22

C23 0.626 0.0375 0.158

C25 0.094 –0.0170 –0.018

C33 2.344 0.1522 0.371

C35 0.214 –0.0187 –0.047

C44 0.692 0.0272 0.060

C46 0.077 0.0138 0.016

C55 0.510 0.0242 0.058

C66 0.474 0.0399 0.101

0.482 0.1173

–0.196 0.0176

2.380 0.6816

–0.336 0.0294

0.675 0.0961

–0.113 –0.0044

0.588 0.1270

0.705 0.0841

0.192 0.172

–0.148 –0.019

1.215 0.360

–0.131 –0.014

0.143 0.064

–0.015 0.001

0.238 0.056

0.361 0.096

0.0368

0.0571

0.5400

–0.0254

0.1400

–0.0054

0.1565

0.2770

0.0230 0.1330 0.1713 0.0485 0.2080

–0.0270 0.0182 0.0983 –0.005 –0.0036

0.1190 0.5540 0.4590 0.0790 0.2630

0.0290 0.0710 –0.0678 –0.005 –0.0500

0.0330 0.0870 0.0569 0.0325 0.0950

–0.0050 0.0072 –0.0268 0.0050 –0.0026

0.0210 0.1040 0.1070 0.0640 0.1110

0.0415 0.0826 0.0598 0.0245 0.0620

4/28/05 1:55:33 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-37 HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS T/K

Ref.

C11

C12

C13

C33

C55

Name

Formula

ρ/g cm

Apatite Beryl Beryllium Beryllium oxide Cadmium Cadmium selenide Cadmium sulfide Cobalt Dysprosium Erbium Gadolinium Hafnium Ice Indium Magnesium Rhenium Ruthenium Thallium Titanium Titanium diboride Yttrium Zinc Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide Zirconium

Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) Be3Al2Si6O18 Be BeO Cd CdSe

3.218 2.68 1.8477 3.01 8.652 5.655

RT RT 300 RT 300 298

12 12 95 96 97 68

1.667 2.800 2.923 4.70 1.1450 0.7046

0.131 0.990 0.267 1.68 0.3950 0.4516

0.655 0.670 0.140 1.19 0.3990 0.3930

1.396 2.480 3.364 4.94 0.5085 0.8355

0.663 0.658 1.625 1.53 0.1985 0.1317

CdS Co Dy Er Gd Hf H2O(solid) In Mg Re Ru Tl Ti TiB2

4.824 8.836 8.560 9.064 7.888 12.727 0.920 7.2788 1.7364 21.024 12.3615 11.560 4.5063 4.95

298 298 298 298 298 298 250 300 298 298 298 300 298 RT

98 99 100 100 101 102 103 104 105 100 100 106 102 107

0.8431 3.071 0.7466 0.8634 0.6667 1.881 0.1410 0.4535 0.5950 6.1820 5.6260 0.4080 1.6240 6.90

0.5208 1.650 0.2616 0.3050 0.2499 0.772 0.0660 0.4006 0.2612 2.7530 1.8780 0.3540 0.9200 4.10

0.4567 1.027 0.2233 0.2270 0.2132 0.661 0.0624 0.4151 0.2180 2.0780 1.6820 0.2900 0.6900 3.20

0.9183 3.581 0.7871 0.8554 0.7191 1.969 0.1515 0.4515 0.6155 6.8350 6.2420 0.5280 1.8070 4.40

0.1458 0.755 0.2427 0.2809 0.2089 0.557 0.0288 0.0651 0.1635 1.6060 1.8060 0.0726 0.4670 2.50

Y Zn ZnO ZnS Zr

4.472 7.134 5.6760 4.089 6.505

300 295 298 298 298

108 109 110 96 102

0.7790 1.6368 2.0970 1.2420 1.434

0.2850 0.3640 1.2110 0.6015 0.728

0.2100 0.5300 1.0510 0.4554 0.653

0.7690 0.6347 2.1090 1.4000 1.648

0.2431 0.3879 0.4247 0.2864 0.320

Name

Formula

ρ/g cm

T/K

Ref.

Aluminum oxide Aluminum phosphate Antimony Bismuth Calcite Hematite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Quartz Selenium Sodium nitrate Tourmaline

Al2O3 AlPO4

3.986 2.556

300 RT

111 73

4.9735 1.0503

1.6397 0.2934

1.1220 0.6927

–0.2358 –0.1271

4.9911 1.3353

1.4739 0.2314

Sb Bi CaCO3 Fe2O3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 SiO2 Se NaNO3

6.70 9.80 2.712 5.240 4.70 7.45 2.6485 4.838 2.27 3.05

295 295 300 RT RT RT 298 300 RT RT

112 112 113 82 114 114 115 116 12 82

1.0130 0.6370 1.4806 2.4243 2.030 2.330 0.8680 0.1870 0.8670 2.7066

0.3450 0.2490 0.5578 0.5464 0.530 0.470 0.0704 0.0710 0.1630 0.6927

0.2920 0.2470 0.5464 0.1542 0.750 0.800 0.1191 0.2620 0.1600 0.0872

0.2090 0.0717 –0.2058 –0.1247 0.090 –0.110 –0.1804 0.0620 0.0820 –0.0774

0.4500 0.3820 0.8557 2.2734 2.450 2.750 1.0575 0.7410 0.3740 1.6070

0.3930 0.1123 0.3269 0.8569 0.600 0.940 0.5820 0.1490 0.2130 0.6682

–3

TRIGONAL CRYSTALS

Section 12.indb 37

–3

C11

C12

C13

C14

C33

C44

4/28/05 1:55:34 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-38

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

Section 12.indb 38

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61. 62. 63. 64. 65.

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4/28/05 1:55:35 PM

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF PURE METALS The first part of this table gives the electrical resistivity, in units of 10–8 Ω m, for 28 common metallic elements as a function of temperature. The data refer to polycrystalline samples. The number of significant figures indicates the accuracy of the values. However, at low temperatures (especially below 50 K) the electrical resistivity is extremely sensitive to sample purity. Thus the low-temperature values refer to samples of specified purity and treatment. The references should be consulted for further information on this point, as well as for values at additional temperatures. The second part of the table gives resistivity values in the neighborhood of room temperature for other metallic elements that have not been studied over an extended temperature range.

T/K

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

T/K

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Aluminum 0.000100 0.000193 0.000755 0.0181 0.0959 0.245 0.442 1.006 1.587 2.417 2.650 2.709 2.733 3.87 4.99 6.13 7.35 8.70 10.18 Gold 0.0220 0.0226 0.035 0.141 0.308 0.481 0.650 1.061 1.462 2.051 2.214 2.255 2.271 3.107 3.97 4.87 5.82 6.81 7.86

References 1. C. Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183–322, 1983; 13, 1069– 1096, 1984; 13, 1097–1130, 1984, 13, 1131–1172, 1984. 2. R. A. Matula, J. Phys Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 1147–1298, 1979. 3. T. C. Chi, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 339–438, 1979; 8, 439–498, 1979. 4. K. H. Hellwege, Ed., Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Group III, Vol. 15, Subvolume a, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982. 5. L. A. Hall, Survey of Electrical Resistivity Measurements on 16 Pure Metals in the Temperature Range 0 to 273 K, NBS Technical Note 365, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, 1968.

Electrical Resistivity in 10–8 Ω m

Barium 0.081 0.189 0.94 2.91 4.86 6.83 8.85 14.3 20.2 30.2 33.2 34.0 34.3 51.4 72.4 98.2 130 168 216

Hafnium 1.00 1.00 1.11 2.52 4.53 6.75 9.12 15.0 21.0 30.4 33.1 33.7 34.0 48.1 63.1 78.5

Beryllium 0.0332 0.0332 0.0336 0.0367 0.067 0.075 0.133 0.510 1.29 3.02 3.56 3.70 3.76 6.76 9.9 13.2 16.5 20.0 23.7

Iron 0.0225 0.0238 0.0287 0.0758 0.271 0.693 1.28 3.15 5.20 8.57 9.61 9.87 9.98 16.1 23.7 32.9 44.0 57.1

Calcium 0.045 0.047 0.060 0.175 0.40 0.65 0.91 1.56 2.19 3.11 3.36 3.42 3.45 4.7 6.0 7.3 8.7 10.0 11.4 Lead

4.9 6.4 9.9 13.6 19.2 20.8 21.1 21.3 29.6 38.3

Cesium 0.0026 0.243 0.86 1.99 3.07 4.16 5.28 8.43 12.2 18.7 20.5 20.8 21.0

Lithium 0.007 0.008 0.012 0.074 0.345 1.00 1.73 3.72 5.71 8.53 9.28 9.47 9.55 13.4

Chromium

1.6 4.5 7.7 11.8 12.5 12.6 12.7 15.8 20.1 24.7 29.5 34.6 39.9 Magnesium 0.0062 0.0069 0.0123 0.074 0.261 0.557 0.91 1.84 2.75 4.05 4.39 4.48 4.51 6.19 7.86 9.52 11.2 12.8 14.4

Copper 0.00200 0.00202 0.00280 0.0239 0.0971 0.215 0.348 0.699 1.046 1.543 1.678 1.712 1.725 2.402 3.090 3.792 4.514 5.262 6.041 Manganese 7.02 18.9 54 116 131 132 132 136 139 143 144 144 144 147 149 151 152

12-39

Section 12.indb 39

4/28/05 1:55:38 PM

Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals

12-40 T/K

Molybdenum 0.00070 0.00089 0.00261 0.0457 0.206 0.482 0.858 1.99 3.13 4.85 5.34 5.47 5.52 8.02 10.6 13.1 15.8 18.4 21.2

T/K

Sodium 0.0009 0.0015 0.016 0.172 0.447 0.80 1.16 2.03 2.89 4.33 4.77 4.88 4.93

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Element Antimony Bismuth Cadmium Cerium (β, hex) Cerium (γ, cub) Cobalt Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Gallium Holmium Indium Iridium Lanthanum Lutetium Mercury Neodymium Niobium

Section 12.indb 40

T/K

273 273 273 290–300 298 273 290–300 290–300 290–300 290–300 273 290–300 273 273 290–300 290–300 298 290–300 273

Nickel 0.0032 0.0057 0.0140 0.068 0.242 0.545 0.96 2.21 3.67 6.16 6.93 7.12 7.20 11.8 17.7 25.5 32.1 35.5 38.6

Palladium 0.0200 0.0242 0.0563 0.334 0.938 1.75 2.62 4.80 6.88 9.78 10.54 10.73 10.80 14.48 17.94 21.2 24.2 27.1 29.4

Platinum 0.002 0.0154 0.0484 0.409 1.107 1.922 2.755 4.76 6.77 9.6 10.5 10.7 10.8 14.6 18.3 21.9 25.4 28.7 32.0

Potassium 0.0008 0.0160 0.117 0.480 0.90 1.34 1.79 2.99 4.26 6.49 7.20 7.39 7.47

Rubidium 0.0131 0.109 0.444 1.21 1.94 2.65 3.36 5.27 7.49 11.5 12.8 13.1 13.3

Strontium 0.80 0.80 0.92 1.70 2.68 3.64 4.58 6.84 9.04 12.3 13.2 13.4 13.5 17.8 22.2 26.7 31.2 35.6

Tantalum 0.10 0.102 0.146 0.751 1.65 2.62 3.64 6.19 8.66 12.2 13.1 13.4 13.5 18.2 22.9 27.4 31.8 35.9 40.1

Tungsten 0.000016 0.000137 0.00196 0.0544 0.266 0.606 1.02 2.09 3.18 4.82 5.28 5.39 5.44 7.83 10.3 13.0 15.7 18.6 21.5

Vanadium

Zinc 0.0100 0.0112 0.0387 0.306 0.715 1.15 1.60 2.71 3.83 5.46 5.90 6.01 6.06 8.37 10.82 13.49

Electrical resistivity 10–8 Ω m 39 107 6.8 82.8 74.4 5.6 92.6 86.0 90.0 131 13.6 81.4 8.0 4.7 61.5 58.2 96.1 64.3 15.2

0.0145 0.039 0.304 1.11 2.41 4.01 8.2 12.4 18.1 19.7 20.1 20.2 28.0 34.8 41.1 47.2 53.1 58.7

Element Osmium Polonium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Uranium Ytterbium Yttrium

T/K

273 273 290–300 290–300 273 273 273 273 290–300 290–300 290–300 273 273 290–300 273 273 273 290–300 290–300

Silver 0.00100 0.00115 0.0042 0.0539 0.162 0.289 0.418 0.726 1.029 1.467 1.587 1.617 1.629 2.241 2.87 3.53 4.21 4.91 5.64 Zirconium 0.250 0.253 0.357 1.44 3.75 6.64 9.79 17.8 26.3 38.8 42.1 42.9 43.3 60.3 76.5 91.5 104.2 114.9 123.1

Electrical resistivity 10–8 Ω m 8.1 40 70.0 75 est. 17.7 17.2 4.3 7.1 94.0 56.2 115 15 14.7 67.6 11.5 39 28 25.0 59.6

4/28/05 1:55:40 PM

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS These values were obtained by fitting all available measurements to a theoretical formulation describing the temperature and composition dependence of the electrical resistivity of metals. Some of the values listed here fall in regions of temperature and composition where no actual measurements exist. Details of the procedure may be found in the reference.

Wt % Al 99a 95a 90b 85b 80b 70b 60b 50b 40c 30c 25f 15h 10g 5c 1b

Wt % Al 99c 95c 90c 10b 5b 1a

Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70c 60c 50c 40c 30c 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c

Values of the resistivity are given in units of 10–8 Ω m. General comments in the preceding table for pure metals also apply here

Reference C. Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183–322, 1983.

Aluminum-Copper 293 K 300 K

100 K

273 K

0.531 0.895 1.38 1.88 2.34 3.02 3.49 4.00

2.51 2.88 3.36 3.87 4.33 5.03 5.56 6.22 7.57 11.2 16.3

8.71 7.92 3.22

10.8 9.43 4.46

100 K

273 K

0.958 3.01 5.42 14.0 9.93 2.78

2.96 5.05 7.52 17.1 13.1 5.92

3.18 5.28 7.76 17.4 13.4 6.25

100 K

273 K

Copper-Gold 293 K

0.520 1.21 2.11 3.01 3.95 5.91 8.04 9.88 11.44 12.43 12.59 11.38 9.33 5.91 2.00

1.73 2.41 3.29 4.20 5.15 7.12 9.18 11.07 12.70 13.77 13.93 12.75 10.70 7.25 3.40

1.86 2.54 4.42 4.33 5.28 7.25 9.13 11.20 12.85 13.93 14.09 12.91 10.86 7.41 3.57

2.74 3.10 3.59 4.10 4.58 5.31 5.88 6.55 7.96 11.8 17.2 12.3 11.0 9.61 4.60

350 K

400 K

2.82 3.18 3.67 4.19 4.67 5.41 5.99 6.67 8.10 12.0 17.6

3.38 3.75 4.25 4.79 5.31 6.16 6.77 7.55 9.12 13.5 19.8

3.95 4.33 4.86 5.42 5.99 6.94 7.63 8.52 10.2 15.2 22.2

11.1 9.68 4.65

11.7 10.2 5.00

12.3 10.7 5.37

Aluminum-Magnesium 293 K 300 K 3.26 5.36 7.85 17.6 13.5 6.37 300 K 1.91 2.59 3.46 4.38 5.32 7.30 9.36 11.25 12.90 13.99 14.14 12.96 10.91 7.46 3.62

350 K 3.82 5.93 8.43 18.4 14.3 7.20 350 K 2.24 2.92 3.79 4.71 5.65 7.64 9.70 11.60 13.27 14.38 14.54 13.36 11.31 7.87 4.03

400 K 4.39 6.51 9.02 19.2 15.2 8.03 400 K 2.58 3.26 4.12 5.05 5.99 7.99 10.05 11.94 13.65 14.78 14.94 13.77 11.72 8.28 4.45

12-41

Section 12.indb 41

4/28/05 1:55:42 PM

Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys

12-42

Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70i 60i 50i 40c 30i 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c

Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70c 60c 50c 40c 30c 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c

Wt % Cu 99b 95b 90b 85b 80b 70b

Wt % Au 99c 95c 90i 85b 80b 70c 60b 50a 40a 30b 25b 15a 10a 5a 1a

Section 12.indb 42

100 K 1.45 6.19 12.08 18.01 23.89 35.73 45.76 50.22 36.77 26.73 22.22 13.49 9.28 5.20 1.81 100 K 0.91 2.99 5.69 8.30 10.74 15.67 20.45 26.07 33.53 45.03 44.12 31.79 23.00 13.09 8.97

273 K 2.71 7.60 13.69 19.63 25.46 36.67 45.43 50.19 47.42 40.19 33.46 22.00 16.65 11.49 7.23 273 K

Copper-Nickel 293 K 2.85 7.71 13.89 19.83 25.66 36.72 45.38 50.05 47.73 41.79 35.11 23.35 17.82 12.50 8.08

2.23 4.35 7.03 9.61 12.12 17.01 21.87 27.79 35.51 46.66 46.45 36.99 29.51 20.75 12.67

100 K

273 K

Copper-Zinc 293 K

0.671 1.54 2.33 2.93 3.44 4.08

1.84 2.78 3.66 4.37 5.01 5.87

100 K

273 K 2.69 5.21 8.01 10.50 12.75 18.23 26.70 27.23 24.65 20.82 18.86 15.08 13.25 11.49 10.07

2.91 7.82 13.96 19.90 25.72 36.76 43.35 50.01 47.82 42.34 35.69 23.85 18.26 12.90 8.37

Copper-Palladium 293 K 300 K

2.10 4.21 6.89 9.48 11.99 16.87 21.73 27.62 35.31 46.50 46.25 36.52 28.90 20.00 11.90

1.31 3.88 6.70 9.14 11.23 16.44 24.64 23.09 19.40 14.94 12.72 8.54 6.54 4.58 3.01

300 K

1.97 2.92 3.81 4.54 5.19 6.08 Gold-Palladium 293 K 2.86 5.35 8.17 10.66 12.93 18.46 26.94 27.63 25.23 21.49 19.53 15.77 13.95 12.21 10.85

2.27 4.40 7.08 9.66 12.16 17.06 21.92 27.86 35.57 46.71 46.52 37.16 29.73 21.02 12.93 300 K 2.02 2.97 3.86 4.60 5.26 6.15 300 K 2.91 5.41 8.22 10.72 12.99 18.54 27.02 27.76 25.42 21.72 19.77 16.01 14.20 12.46 11.12

350 K 3.27 8.22 14.40 20.32 26.12 36.85 45.20 49.73 48.28 44.51 39.67 27.60 21.51 15.69 10.63 350 K 2.59 4.74 7.41 10.01 12.51 17.41 22.30 28.25 36.03 47.11 46.99 38.28 31.19 22.84 14.82 350 K 2.36 3.33 4.25 5.02 5.71 6.67 350 K 3.32 5.79 8.56 11.10 13.45 19.10 27.63 28.64 26.74 23.35 21.51 17.80 16.00 14.26 12.99

400 K 3.62 8.62 14.81 20.70 26.44 36.89 45.01 49.50 48.49 45.40 42.81 31.38 25.19 18.78 13.18 400 K 2.92 5.08 7.74 10.36 12.87 17.78 22.69 28.64 36.47 47.47 47.43 39.35 32.56 24.54 16.68 400 K 2.71 3.69 4.63 5.44 6.17 7.19 400 K 3.73 6.17 8.93 11.48 13.93 19.67 28.23 29.42 27.95 24.92 23.19 19.61 17.81 16.07 14.80

4/28/05 1:55:44 PM

Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys

Wt % Au 99b 95a 90j 85j 80j 70j 60j 50j 40j 30a 25a 15a 10a 5i 1b

Wt % Fe 99a 95c 90c 85c 80c 70b 60c 50d 40d 30c 25b 15c 10c 5c 1b

Wt % Ag 99b 95b 90b 85k 80k 70k 60i 50k 40m 30b 25k 15i 10i 5b 1a

a

b c d e f g h i j k m

Section 12.indb 43

12-43

100 K

273 K

Gold-Silver 293 K

1.20 3.16 5.16 6.75 7.96 9.36 9.61 8.96 7.69 6.15 5.29 3.42 2.44 1.44 0.627

2.58 4.58 6.57 8.14 9.34 10.70 10.92 10.23 8.92 7.34 6.46 4.55 3.54 2.52 1.69

2.75 4.74 6.73 8.30 9.50 10.86 11.07 10.37 9.06 7.47 6.59 4.67 3.66 2.64 1.80

100 K

273 K

Iron-Nickel 293 K

10.9 18.7 24.2 27.8 30.1 32.3 53.8 28.4 19.6 15.3 14.3 12.6 11.4 9.66 7.17

12.0 19.9 25.5 29.2 31.6 33.9 57.1 30.6 21.6 17.1 15.9 13.8 12.5 10.6 7.94

3.32 10.0 14.5 17.5 19.3 20.9 28.6 12.3 7.73 5.97 5.62 4.97 4.20 3.34 1.66 100 K 0.839 2.528 4.72 6.82 8.91 13.43 19.4 29.3 40.8 37.1 32.4 21.0 14.95 8.91 3.97

273 K 1.891 3.58 5.82 7.92 10.01 14.53 20.9 31.2 42.2 40.4 36.67 27.08 21.69 15.98 11.06

300 K 2.80 4.79 6.78 8.36 9.55 10.91 11.12 10.42 9.11 7.52 6.63 4.72 3.71 2.68 1.84 300 K 12.4 20.2 25.9 29.7 32.2 34.4 58.2 31.4 22.5 17.7 16.4 14.2 12.9 10.9 8.12

Silver-Palladium 293 K 300 K 2.007 3.70 5.94 8.04 10.13 14.65 21.1 31.4 42.2 40.6 37.06 26.68 22.39 16.72 11.82

Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 2%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 3%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 5%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 7% below 300 K and ± 5% at 300 and 400 K. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 7%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 8%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 10%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 12%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 4%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 1%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 3% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 2% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K.

2.049 3.74 5.98 8.08 10.17 14.69 21.2 31.5 42.2 40.7 37.19 27.89 22.63 16.98 12.08

350 K 3.22 5.19 7.19 8.75 9.94 11.29 11.50 10.78 9.46 7.85 6.96 5.03 4.00 2.96 2.12

400 K 3.63 5.59 7.58 9.15 10.33 11.68 11.87 11.14 9.81 8.19 7.30 5.34 4.31 3.25 2.42

400 K 18.7 26.8 33.2 37.3 40.0 42.4 73.9 43.7 34.0 27.4 25.1 21.1 18.9 16.1 12.8 350 K 2.35 4.04 6.28 8.38 10.47 14.99 21.6 32.0 42.3 41.3 38.1 29.3 24.3 18.8 13.92

400 K 2.66 4.34 6.59 8.68 10.78 15.30 22.0 32.4 42.3 41.7 38.8 30.6 25.9 20.5 15.70

4/28/05 1:55:46 PM

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF GRAPHITE MATERIALS L. I. Berger At normal conditions, the only stable crystallographic modification of carbon is graphite. The quasi-stable diamond turns into graphite starting from about 1000ºC in the air. In industry, a graphitic material is commonly called either carbon, if it consists of small and low-oriented crystallites, or graphite, the material with highly ordered structure. In the 1970s, the first carbon filaments of about 7 nm in diameter were grown by Morinobu Endo at the University of Orleans, France, by the vapor-growth technique. In 1985, Sir Harold Walter Kroto of Sussex University, UK, and Richard E. Smalley and co-workers at Rice University discovered spherical carbon molecules, C60 (or C60), consisting of combinations of carbon atoms organized into hexagons and pentagons, named buckminsterfullerenes or fullerenes and possessing very promising mechanical and electrical properties. In 1991, Sumio Iijima, NEC Labs, Japan, and David S. Bethune, IBM Almaden Labs, observed the carbon atomic groups in the form of tubes capped by halves of the fullerene molecules and formed on the cathodes of carbon arc devices. The length of the tubes could be up to tens of micrometers and the diameter, naturally, is equal to that of the fullerene molecule. These tubes, called nanotubes, may be single wall (SWNT) or consist of several concentric tubes with a common axis (multi-walled nanotubes, MWNT). Two-dimensional graphene is another crystallographic modification of

Material

Electrical resistivity ρ at R. T. mΩ cm [μΩ inch]

graphite (Saroj Nayak, Rensselaer U., 2004) that is a flat hexagonal network of carbon atoms with a thickness equal to the carbon atom size. The nanotube may be considered as formed by strips of graphenes turned into a cylinder. The character of the electrical conductivity (metallic or semiconductive) of a SWNT depends on orientation of the carbon hexagons of the nanotube surface regarding its axis (the chiral angle [Ref. 1]). The following table contains some typical data on electrical and electronic properties of graphite materials.

References 1. M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and Ph. Avouris (Eds.), Carbon Nanotubes. Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications, Springer-Verlag, 2001. 2. ESPI Metals Catalog, 2007. 3. SPI Supplies Catalog, 2007. 4. F. L. Vogel, J. Mater. Sci., 12, 982–986, 1977. 5. K. S. Novoselov et al., Nature, 438, 197–200, 2005. 6. Y. Zhang et al., Nature, 438, 201–204, 2005. 7. N. Tombros et al., Nature, 448, 571–574, 2007. 8. H. Dai, in Ref. 1, pp. 29–53. 9. CTI Carbon Nanotube Cat., 2007. 10. L. Matija et al., Sci. Forum, 413, 49–52, 2003.

Energy gap at R. T. Electron mobility (1/ρ)dρ/dt near R. T. 10–4 °C–1 Ref. eV cm2/V s

Bulk graphite Electromet graphite

1.90 [750]

–5

2

Electro graphite

1.60 [630]

–5

2

Aeromet graphite

1.47 [580]

–5

2 2

ESPI Superconductive

1.75 [690]

–5

Radioelectronics data

30 [11,800]

–5.6

Highly ordered pyrolytic graphite

Parallel 0.04 [15.7]

Single crystal graphite, normal to c-axis

1•10-6

3 3

Across 150 [59000] 4

Graphenes n-Graphene

≈5 (М); ≈10 (Г)c

p-Graphene

106

5,6

104

7

Carbon nanotubes Metallic SWNT

12 kΩa

MWNT

1 0.7 – 0.9b

Semiconducting SWNT 10

2

128d

1 9

Carbon fullerenes Fullerene (C60) a b c d

Minimum resistance of individual nanotubes [Ref. 8] Est. from Ref. 1, p. 47 Est. from Ref. 1, p. 116 Est. from Ref. 1, p. 179.

12-44

1012

1.95

10

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF INORGANIC SOLIDS H. P. R. Frederikse frequency of the measurement is given in the last column (i.r. indicates a measurement in the infrared). Substances are listed in alphabetical order by chemical formula.

This table lists the permittivity ε, frequently called the dielectric constant, of a number of inorganic solids. When the material is not isotropic, the individual components of the permittivity are given. A superscript S indicates a measurement made under constant strain (“clamped” dielectric constant). If the constraint is removed, the measurement yields εT, the “unclamped” or free dielectric constant. The temperature of the measurement is given when available; the symbol r.t. indicates a value at nominal room temperature. The Formula Ag3AsS3

Name Silver thioarsenate (Proustite)

Reference

Young, K. F. and Frederikse, H. P. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 313, 1973.

T/K

εijk T 11

S 11

T 33

S 11

ε = 16.5, ε = 14.5 ε = 20.0 , ε = 18.0

AgBr AgCN AgCl AgNO3 AgNa(NO2)2 Ag2O (AlF)2SiO4

Silver bromide Silver cyanide Silver chloride Silver nitrate Silver sodium nitrite Silver oxide Aluminum fluosilicate (topaz)

Al2O3

Aluminum oxide (alumina)

AlPO4 AlSb AsF3 BN BaCO3 Ba(COOH)2

Aluminum phosphate Aluminum antimonide Arsenic trifluoride Boron nitride Barium carbonate Barium formate

BaCl2 BaCl2 ⋅ 2H2O BaF2 Ba(NO3)2

Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium fluoride Barium nitrate

Ba2NaNb5O15

Barium sodium niobate (“Bananas”)

12.50 5.6 11.15 9.0 4.5 ± 0.5 8.8 ε 11 = 6.62 ε 22 = 6.58 ε 33 = 6.95 ε 11 = ε 22 = 9.34 ε33 = 11.54 T ε11 = 6.05

11.21 5.7 7.1 8.53 ε 11 = 7.9 ε22 = 5.9 ε33 = 7.5 9.81 9.00 7.32 4.95 S T ε11 = 222, ε11 = 235 S 22

T 22

ε = 227, ε = 247 S 33

T 33

ε = 32, ε = 51 BaO BaO2 BaS BaSO4 BaSnO3 BaTiO3

Barium oxide (baria) Barium peroxide Barium sulfide Barium sulfate Barium stannate Barium titanate

34 ± 1 10.7 19.23 11.4 18 T ε11 = 3600

Barium tungstate

r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 293 r.t. r.t. 297 297 297 298 298

2 × 107

r.t. 300 r.t. r.t. 291 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 292 292

103 i.r.

296

104

106 5 × 105 9.4 ×109 7 × 103 7 × 103 7 × 103 102 – 8 × 109 102 – 8 × 109

i.r. 2 × 105 103 103 103 103 5 × 102 – 1011 2 × 105

296 296 248, 333 r.t. r.t. 288 298

60 × 107 2 × 106 7.25 × 106 108 25 × 105 105

298

2.5 × 108

T 33

298

105

S 33

298

2.5 × 108

298 298 297.5 297.5

1.6 × 103 1.6 × 103

ε = 80

BaWO4

2 × 107

298

ε = 150

Barium titanium niobate

r.t.

S 11

ε = 2300

Ba6Ti2Nb8O30

ν/Hz

ε11 = ε22 ≈ 190 ε33 ≈ 220 ε 11 = ε22 = 35.5 ± 0.2 ε33 = 37.2 ± 0.2

12-44

Section 12.indb 44

4/28/05 1:55:53 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids Formula BaZrO3 Be3Al2Si6O18

Name Barium zirconate Beryllium aluminum silicate (Beryl)

BeCO3 BeO BiFeO3

Beryllium carbonate Beryllium oxide (beryllia) Bismuth iron oxide

Bi12GeO20 Bi(GeO4)3 Bi2O3 Bi4Ti3O12 C

C4H4O6

Bismuth germanite Bismuth germanate Bismuth sesquioxide Bismuth titanate Diamond Type I Type IIa Tartaric acid

C6H14N2O6

Ethylene diamine tartrate (EDT)

12-45 εijk 43 ε33 = 5.95 ε11 = ε22 = 6.86 9.7 7.35 ± 0.2 40 ± 3 S ε11 = 38

r.t. 293 r.t. r.t.

16 18.2 112 5.87 ± 0.19 5.66 ± 0.04 ε11 = ε22 = 4.3 ε33 = 4.5 ε13 = 0.55 T ε11 = 5.0

300 300 298 298 298

ε T22 = 8.3

293 293

T 13

ε = 0.7

293

T ε11 = 4.0

r.t.

C6H12O6NaBr

Dextrose sodium bromide

(CH3NH3)Al(SO4)2 ⋅ 2H2O Ca2B6O11 ⋅ 5H2O

Methyl ammonium alum (MASD)

19

Colemanite

CaCO3

Calcium carbonate

CaCeO3 CaF2 CaMoO4

Calcium cerate Calcium fluoride Calcium molybdate

Ca(NO3)2 CaNb2O6 Ca2Nb2O7 CaO CaS CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O

Calcium nitrate Calcium niobate Calcium pyroniobate Calcium oxide Calcium sulfide Calcium sulfate dihydrate

CaTiO3 CaWO4

Calcium titanate Calcium tungstate

Cd3As2 CdBr2 CdF2 CdS

Cadmium arsenide Cadmium bromide Cadmium fluoride Cadmium sulfide

ε11 = 20 ε33 = 25 ε11 = 8.67 ε22 = 8.69 ε33 = 8.31 21 6.81 ε11 = ε22 = 24.0 ± 0.2 ε33 = 20.0 ± 0.2 6.54 ε11 = 22.8 ± 1.9 ~45 11.8 ± 0.3 6.699 ε11 = 5.10 ε22 = 5.24 ε33 = 10.30 165 ε11 = ε22 = 11.7 ± 0.1 ε33 = 9.5 ± 0.2 ε33 = 18.5 8.6 8.33 ± 0.08 ε11 = ε22 = 8.7 ε33 = 9.25 ε11 = ε22 = 8.37 ε33 = 9.00 εT11 = 8.48

2 × 106 103 103 103

103

293 293 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 300 297.5 297.5 292 r.t. r.t. 283 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 297.5 297.5 4 293 300 300 300 8 8

103 103 9.4 × 1010 9.4 × 1010 9.4 × 1010 5 × 102–1011 <10 <10 2 × 105 (5–500) × 103 5 × 107 2 × 106 7.25 × 106

1.59 × 103 1.59 × 103 5 × 105 105–107 i.r. i.r. i.r. i.r.

77

104

77

104

S 11

T 11

298

104

S 33

T 33

298

104

S 11

T 11

298

104

ε = 9.02, ε = 9.35 ε = 9.53, ε = 10.33

Section 12.indb 45

7 × 103 7 × 103 2 × 105 2 × 106 9.4 × 109

197

ε T33 = 9.48

Cadmium selenide

ν/Hz

293

T 33

ε = 6.0

CdSe

T/K r.t. 297 297 291 293 300

ε = 9.53, ε = 9.70

4/28/05 1:56:00 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids

12-46 Formula

Name

CdTe

Cadmium telluride

Cd2Nb2O7 CeO2 CoNb2O6

Cadmium pyroniobate Cerium oxide Cobalt niobate

CoO Cr2O3

Cobalt oxide Chromic sesquioxide

CsAl(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O CsBr Cs2CO3 CsCl CsH2AsO4 CsH2PO4 CsH3(SeO3)2

Cesium alum Cesium bromide Cesium carbonate Cesium chloride Cesium dihydrogen arsenate (CDA) Cesium dihydrogen phosphate (CDP) Cesium trihydrogen selenite

CsI CsNO3

Cesium iodide Cesium nitrate

CsPbCl3 CuBr CuCl CuO Cu2O CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O EuF2 Eu2(MoO4)3 EuS FeO Fe2O3 Fe2O3-α Fe3O4 GaAs

Cesium lead chloride Cuprous bromide Cuprous chloride Cupric oxide Cuprous oxide (Cuprite) Cupric sulfate pentahydrate Europium fluoride Europium molybdate Europium sulfide Ferrous oxide Ferric sesquioxide Ferric sesquioxide (hematite) Ferrosoferric oxide (magnetite) Gallium arsenide

GaP

Gallium phosphide

GaSb

Gallium antimonide

Gd2(MoO4)3

Gadolinium molybdate

Ge

Germanium

GeO2 HIO3

Germanium dioxide Iodic acid

HNH4(ClCH2COO)2 H2O

Hydrogen ammonium dichloroacetate Ice I (P = 0 kbar) Ice III (P = 3 kbar) Ice V (P = 5 kbar) Ice VI (P = 8 kbar) Mercurous chloride (Calumel) Mercuric chloride Mercurous sulfide (Cinnabar)

HgCl HgCl2 HgS

Section 12.indb 46

εijk ε S33 = 10.2, ε T33 = 10.65

T/K

ν/Hz

298

104

ε11 = ε22 = 10.60 ± 0.15 ε33 = 7.05 ± 0.05 500–580 7.0 ε11 = 18.4 ± 1.1 ε22 = 21.4 ± 1.1 ε33 = 33.0 ± 0.7 12.9 ε11 = ε22 = 13.3 ε33 = 11.9 8 5.0 6.38 6.53 7.2 4.8 6.15 ε11 = 80 ε22 = 63 ε33 = 12 6.31 ε11 = ε22 = 9.4 ε33 = 8.3 14.37 8.0 9.8 ± 0.5 18.1 7.60 ± 0.06 6.60 7.7 ± 0.2 9.5 13.10 ± 0.04 14.2 4.5 12 20 13.13 12.90 11.1 10.75 ± 0.1 15.69 15.7 εT = 10 ε S = 9.5 16.0 ± 0.3 15.8 ± 0.2 ε11 = ε22 = 7.44 ε11 = 7.5 ε22 = 12.4 ε33 = 8.1 ε[102] = 5.9 99 117 114 193 ε11 = ε22 = 14.0 6.5 ε11 = ε22 = 18.0 ε33 = 32.5

297 297 293 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 298.5 298.5 315 (TN) r.t. 298 291 298 273 285 273 273 273 298 r.t. r.t. 300 293 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 298 80 r.t. r.t. r.t. 300 4 r.t. 1.6 r.t. 4 298 298 4 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 243 243 243 243 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t.

i.r. i.r. 103 2 × 106 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 102– 1010 103 103 6 × 1010 20–20 × 103 1.6 × 103 2 × 105 9.5 ×109 9.5 × 109 105 105 105 1.6 × 103 5 × 105 5 × 105 105–106 5 × 105 103 2 × 106 105 (1–300) × 103 5 × 102–105 2 × 106 105–107 6 × 1010 105–107 i.r. i.r. i.r. 103 9.2 × 109 500–3 × 1010 i.r. 103 103 103 105

1012 1012 i.r. i.r.

4/28/05 1:56:04 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids Formula HgSe I2

Name Mercurous selenide Iodine

InAs

Indium arsenide

InP InSb KAl(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O KBr

Indium phosphide Indium antimonide Potassium alum Potassium bromide

KBrO3 KCN K2CO3 K2C4H4O6 ⋅ 1/2 H2O

Potassium bromate Potassium cyanide Potassium carbonate Dipotassium tartrate (DKT)

KCl

Potassium chloride

KClO3 KClO4 K2CrO4 KCr(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O KD2AsO4

Potassium chlorate Potassium perchlorate Potassium chromate Potassium chrome alum Potassium dideuterium arsenate (KDDA)

KD2PO4 KF KH2AsO4

Potassium dideuterium phosphate (KDDP) Potassium fluoride Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA)

KH2PO4

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP)

K2HPO4 KI KIO3

Dipotassium monohydrogen orthophosphate Potassium iodide Potassium iodate

(K,H)Al3(SiO4)3 (K,H)Mg3Al(SiO4)3

Mica (muscovite) Mica (Canadian)

KNO2 KNO3 KNbO3 K3PO4 KSCN K2SO4 K2S3O6 K2S4O6 K2S5O6 ⋅ H2O K2S6O6 K2SeO4

Potassium nitrite Potassium nitrate Potassium niobate Potassium orthophosphate Potassium thiocyanate Potassium sulfate Potassium trithionate Potassium tetrathionate Potassium pentathionate Potassium hexathionate Potassium selenate

KSr2Nb5O15

Potassium strontium niobate

KTaNbO3

Potassium tantalate niobate (KTN)

KTaO3 LaScO3

Potassium tantalate Lanthanum scandate

Section 12.indb 47

12-47 εijk 25.6 ε11 = 6 ε22 = 3 ε33 = 40 14.55 ± 0.3 15.15 12.61 17.88 6.5 4.88 4.53 7.3 6.15 4.96 ε11 = 6.44 ε22 = 5.80 ε33 = 6.49 ε13 = 0.005 4.86 ± 0.02 4.50 5.1 5.9 7.3 6.5 ε11 = 70 ε33 = 31 50 ± 2 6.05 ε11 = 60 ε33 = 24 46 ε11 = 42 ε33 = 21 9.05 5.00 170 10 ε[101] ≈ 40,70 16.85 5.4 ε11 = ε22 = 6.9 ε33 = 7.3 25 4.37 700 7.75 7.9 6.4 5.7 5.5 7.8 7.8 ε11 = 5.9 ε22 = 7.7 ε11 = ε11 ≈ 1200 ε33 ≈ 800 34,000 6,000 242 30

T/K r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 4 r.t. 4 r.t. 300 4.2 r.t. r.t. 291 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 4.2 r.t. r.t. r.t. 100–240 298 298 297 298 298 298 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 255 293 r.t. r.t. 299 298 298 305 293 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 293 293 293 293 r.t. r.t. 298 298 273 293 298 r.t.

ν/Hz 104–106 5 × 104–107 5 × 104–107 5 × 104–107 i.r. i.r. i.r. i.r. 20–20 × 103

2 × 106 2 × 106 2 × 105

5 × 103 2 × 106 2 × 106 6 × 107 175 × 103

103 2 × 106

103

2 × 106 9.4 × 1010 105 105 105 2 × 106 102–3 × 109 102–104 104 2 × 105 2 × 106 2 × 106 2 × 106 1.8 × 106 1.8 × 106 1.8 × 106 1.8 × 106 103 103

104 104 2 × 105

4/28/05 1:56:06 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids

12-48 Formula LiBr Li2CO3 LiCl LiD LiF

Name Lithium bromide Lithium carbonate Lithium chloride Lithium deuteride Lithium fluoride

LiGaO2

Lithium metagallate

εijk 12.1 4.9 11.05 14.0 ± 0.5 9.00 9.11 T T ε11 = 7.0, ε 22 = 6.0 ε T33 = 9.5 S 11

Lithium-6 hydride Lithium-7 hydride Lithium trihydrogen selenite

LiI LiIO3

Lithium iodide Lithium iodate

LiNH4C4O6 ⋅ H2O

Lithium ammonium tartrate (LAT)

LiNa3CrO4 ⋅ 6H2O LiNa3MoO4 ⋅ 6H2O

Lithium trisodium chromate Lithium trisodium molybdate

LiNbO3

Lithium niobate

Li2SO4 ⋅ H2O

Lithium sulfate monohydrate

LiTaO3

Lithium tantalate

13.2 ± 0.5 12.9 ± 0.5 29 ε11 = 13.0 ε22 = 12.9 ε33 = 46 11.03 ε11 = ε22 = 65 ε33 = 554 T ε11 = 7.2

MgCO3 MgNb2O6

Lithium thallium tartrate (LTT) Magnesium borate monochloride (boracite) Magnesium carbonate Magnesium niobate

MgO (MgO)xAl2O3 MgSO4 MgSO4 ⋅ 7H2O MgTiO3 MgWO4

Magnesium oxide (Periclase) Spinel Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate septahydrate Magnesium titanate Magnesium tungstate

MnNb2O6

Manganese niobate

MnO MnO2 Mn2O3 MnWO4

Manganese oxide (Pyrolusite) Manganese dioxide Manganese sesquioxide Manganese tungstate

Section 12.indb 48

r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 294.5 298

104

2 × 106 103

298

ε T22 = 8.0

298

ε T33 = 6.9

298

8.0 ε11 = 6.7 ε33 = 5.3 ε11 = ε22 = 82 ε33= 30 ε11 = 5.6 ε22 = 10.3 ε33 = 6.5 ε13 = 0.07 ε11 = ε22 = 53 ε33 = 46 S S ε11 = ε 22 = 41

r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 298 298 298 298 298 r.t. r.t.

S 33

LiTIC4O6 ⋅ H2O Mg3B7O13Cl

ν/Hz 2 × 106 2 × 105 2 × 106 i.r. 102–107 102–107

r.t. S 22

ε = 6.8, ε = 5.8 Li6H Li7H LiH3(SeO3)2

T/K r.t. 291 r.t. r.t. 298 353

103 103 103 105 105

105 105

r.t.

ε = 43

r.t.

T T ε11 = ε 22 = 51

r.t.

ε T33 = 45

r.t.

ε11 ≈ 20 ε11 = 14.1

80 r.t.

8.1 ε11 = 16.4 ± 0.5 ε22 = 20.9 ± 0.5 ε33 = 32.4 ± 0.5 9.65 8.6 8.2 5.46 13.5 ε11 = 18.0 ± 1 ε22 = 18.0 ± 1 ε11 = 17.4 ± 2 ε22 = 16.1 ± 0.5 ε33 = 30.7 ± 1 12.8 ~104 8 ε11 = 19.3 ± 1.3

291 r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 r.t. r.t.

5 × 105 2 × 105 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 102–108

(5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 6 × 1010 104 6 × 1010 (5–500) × 103

4/28/05 1:56:13 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids Formula

Name

N(CH3)4HgBr3

N4(CH2)6 (ND4)2BeF4

Tetramethylammonium tribromomercurate (TTM) Tetramethylammonium triiodo mercurate (TTM) Hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA) Deuteroammonium fluoberyllate

(ND4)2SO4

Deuteroammonium sulfate

(NH2 ⋅ CH2COOH)3 ⋅ H2SO4

N(CH3)4HgI3

12-49 εijk ε22 = 14.3 ± 0.5 ε33 = 16.5 ± 1.1 ~10

T/K r.t. r.t. 233–373

~10

233–373

2.6 ± 0.2 ε11 = 10 ε22 = 9 ε33 = 9 ε11 = 9 ε22 = 10 ε33 = 9

r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t.

109–1010

Triglycine sulfate (TGS)

ε11 = 9 ε22 = 30 ε33 = 6.5

273 273 273

104 104 104

293

1.6 × 103

(NH2 ⋅ CH2COOH)3 ⋅ H2SeO4 (NH2 ⋅ CH2COOH)3 ⋅ H2BeF4 NH4Al(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O (NH4)2BeF4

Triglycine selenate (TGSe)

200

Triglycine fluorberyllate (TGFB) Ammonium alum Ammonium fluorberyllate

NH4Br NH4I (NH4)2C2H6O6

Ammonium bromide Ammonium iodide Ammonium tartrate

(NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 NH4Cl NH4(ClCH2COO) NH4Cr(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O NH4HSO4 NH4H2AsO4

Ammonium cadmium sulfate Ammonium chloride Ammonium monochloroacetate Ammonium chrome alum Ammonium bisulfate Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA)

NH4H2PO4

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)

ND4D2PO4

Ammonium dideuterium phosphate (ADDP) Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate

ε22 = 12 6 ε11 = ε22 = 7.8 ε33 = 7.1 ε11 = ε22 = 8.8 ε33 = 9.2 7.1 9.8 ε11 = 6.45 ε22 = 6.8 ε33 = 6.0 10.0 6.9 5 6.5 165 5.1 ε11 = ε22 = 85 ε33 = 22 ε11 = ε22 = 57.1 ± 0.6 ε33 = 14.0 ± 0.3 ε11 = ε22 = 74, ε33 = 24

NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4

(NH4)2UO2(C2O4)2 (NH4)2UO2(C2O4)2 ⋅ 3H2O NaBr

Ammonium uranyl oxalate Ammonium uranyl oxalate trihydrate

NaBrO3

Sodium bromate

NaCN NaCO3 NaCO3 ⋅ 10H2O NaCl

Sodium cyanide Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate decahydrate Sodium chloride

NaClO3

Sodium chlorate

Section 12.indb 49

ν/Hz (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103

Sodium bromide

273 r.t. 123 123 293 293 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 273 265 298 298 294.5 294 300

104 1012 105 105 105 105 7 × 105 103 103 103 104 7 × 105 2 × 106 175 × 103 5 × 104 9.5 × 109 103 105–35 × 109 105–36 × 109 (5–50) × 103 105 105 105 105 104–3.3 × 109 104–3.3 × 109

10.7 ε11 = ε22 = 8.0 ε33 = 6.3 ε11 = ε22 = 10.0 ε33 = 9.3 8.03 6.06

322 123 123 293 293 r.t. r.t.

6.44 T ε11 = 5.70

298

1.6 × 103

298

103

7.55 8.75 5.3 5.9 5.45 T ε11 = 5.76

293 291 r.t. 298 4.2 301

105 2 × 105 6 × 107 102–107

5.28

r.t.

103

103

4/28/05 1:56:16 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids

12-50 Formula NaClO4 NaF NaH3(SeO3)2 NaD3(SeO3)2 NaI NaK(C4H2D2O6) ⋅ 4D2O NaK(C4H4O6) ⋅ 4H2O NaNH4(C4H4O6) ⋅ 4H2O

Name Sodium perchlorate Sodium fluoride Sodium trihydrogen selenite Sodium trideuterium selenite Sodium iodide Sodium potassium tartrate tetradeutrate (double deuterated Rochelle salt) Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate (Rochelle salt) Sodium ammonium tartrate (Ammonium Rochelle salt)

NaNbO3

Sodium niobate

NaNO2

Sodium nitrite

NaNO3 NaSO4 NaSO4 ⋅ 10H2O Na2SO4 ⋅ 5H2O Na2UO2(C2O4)2 NdAlO3 NdScO3 Ni3B7O13I NiNb2O6

Sodium nitrate Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfate decahydrate Sodium sulfate pentahydrate Sodium uranyl oxalate Neodymium aluminate Neodymium scandate Nickel iodine boracite Nickel niobate

NiO NiSO4 ⋅ 6H2O

Nickel oxide Nickel sulfate hexahydrate

NiWO4

Nickel tungstate

P

PbBr2 PbCO3 Pb(C2H3O2)2 PbCl2 Pb2CoWO6 PbF2 PbHfO3

Phosphorous (red) Phosphorous (yellow) Tetramethylphosphonium tribromomercurate (TTM) Lead bromide Lead carbonate Lead acetate Lead chloride Lead cobalt tungstate Lead fluoride Lead hafnate

PbI2 Pb3MgNb2O9 PbMoO4

Lead iodide Lead magnesium niobate Lead molybdate

Pb(NO3)2

Lead nitrate

PbNb2O6

Lead niobate

PbO PbS

Lead oxide Lead sulfide (Galena)

PbSO4 PbSe PbTa2O6

Lead sulfate Lead selenide Lead metatantalate

PbTe

Lead telluride

[P(CH3)4]HgBr3

Section 12.indb 50

εijk 5.76 5.08 ± 0.02 ε11 ≈ 75 ε11 ≈ 220 7.28 ± 0.03 ε11 = 70 ε22 = 8.9 ε11 = 170 ε22 = 9.1 ε11 = 8.4 ε22 = 9.2 ε33 = 9.5 ε33 = 670 ±13 ε11 = ε22 = 76 ± 2 ε11 = 7.4 ε22 = 5.5 ε33 = 5.0 6.85 7.90 5.0 7 5.18 17.5 27 ε11 = 14 ε11 = 16.0 ± 0.5 ε22 = 23.8 ± 1.8 ε33 = 31.3 ± 2.5 11.9 ε11 = 6.2 ε33 = 6.8 ε11 = 17.4 ± 2.4 ε22 = 13.6 ± 1.0 ε33 = 19.7 ± 0.6 4.1 3.6 ~10

T/K r.t. r.t. 273 273 r.t. 273 273 273 273 298 298 298 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 292 r.t. r.t. 250–290 r.t. r.t. r.t. 260 r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 233–373

>30 18.6 2.6 33.5 ~250 26.3 390 185 20.8 10,000 ε11 = 34.0 ± 0.4 ε33 = 40.6 ± 0.2 16.8 ε T33 = 180

293 288 290–295 273 r.t. r.t. 300 400 293 297 297.5 297.5 r.t.

25.9 190 200 ± 35 14.3 280 ε11 = ε22 ≈ 300 ε33 = 150 450

r.t. 77 r.t. 290— 295 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t.

ν/Hz 103 5 × 103 2 × 105 2 × 105 103 103 103 103

5 × 105 5 × 105 5 × 105 2 × 105

300–104

(5–500) ×103 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 105

(5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 108 108 (0.5–3) × 106 10.8 106 (0.5–3) × 106

105 (0.5–3) × 106 1.6 ± 103 1.6 ± 103 (0.5–3) × 106

298 2 × 106 i.r. i.r. 106 i.r. 104 104 i.r.

4/28/05 1:56:19 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids Formula

Name

PbTiO3 PbWO4

Lead titanate Lead tungstate

Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 PbZrO3 RbAl(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O RbBr Rb2CO3 RbCl RbCr(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O RbF RbHSO4

Lead zinc niobate Lead zirconate Rubidium alum Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate Rubidium chloride Rubidium chrome alum Rubidium fluoride Rubidium bisulfate

RbH2AsO4 RbH2PO4 RbI RbInSO4 RbNO3

Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate (RDA) Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) Rubidium iodide Rubidium indium sulfate Rubidium nitrate

S

Sulfur

SC(NH2)2

sublimed Thiourea

Sb2O3 Sb2S3

Antimonous sesquioxide Antimonous sulfide (stibnite)

Sb2Se3 SbSI

Antimonous selenide Antimonous sulfide iodide

Se

Selenium (monocrystal)

Si SiC

(amorphous) Silicon Silicon carbide cubic 6H

Si3N4 SiO SiO2

Silicon nitride Silicon monoxide Silicon dioxide

Sm2(MoO4)3 SnO2

Samarium molybdate Stannic dioxide

SnSb SnTe Sr(COOH)2 ⋅ 2H2O SrCO3 SrCl2 SrCl2 ⋅ 6H2O SrF2 SrMoO4

Tin antimonide Tin telluride Strontium formate dihydrate Strontium carbonate Strontium chloride Strontium chloride hexahydrate Strontium fluoride Strontium molybdate

Section 12.indb 51

12-51 εijk 40 430 ~200 ε11 = ε22 = 23.6 ± 0.3 ε33 = 31.0 ± 0.4 7 200 5.1 4.83 4.87 ± 0.02 4.91 ± 0.02 5.0 5.91 ε11 = 7 ε22 = 8 ε33 = 10 3.90 6.15 4.94 ± 0.02 6.85 20—380 30 ε11 = 3.75 ε22 = 3.95 ε33 = 4.44 3.69 ε11 = ε22 ≈ 3 ε22 = 35 12.8 ε11 = ε33 = 15 ε33 = 180 ~110 2000 ε11 = ε22 ≈ 25 ε33 ≈ 5 × 104 ε11 = ε22 = 11 ε33 = 21 6.0 12.1

T/K 77 4.2 r.t. 297.5 297.5 300 400 r.t. 300 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 273 285 r.t. r.t. 433–488 488–538 298 298 298 298 77–300 300 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 273 r.t. 295 300 300 298 4.2

9.72 ε11 = ε22 = 9.66 ε33 = 10.03 9.7 ± 0.1 4.2 (film) 5.8 ε11 = 4.42 ε22 = 4.41 ε33 = 4.60 12 ε11 = ε22 = 14 ± 2 ε33 = 9.0 ± 0.5 147 1770 ± 300 6.1 8.85 9.19 8.52 6.50 ε11 = ε22 = 31.7 ± 0.2

r.t. r.t. r.t. 1.8 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 r.t. r.t. 300 297.5

ν/Hz 104–15 × 104 104–15 × 104 103 1.59 × 103 1.59 × 103 103, 300 × 103 1012 5 × 103 5 × 103 1012 2 × 106 105 105 105 9.5 × 109 9.5 × 109 5 × 103 106 106 102–103 102–103 102–103 102–103 103 103 (1.5–2) × 103 103 103 (10–16.5) × 109 105 103–105 103–105 24 × 109 24 × 109 102—1010 107—109 i.r. i.r. i.r. i.r. 103 103 9.4 × 1010 9.4 × 1010 9.4 × 1010 104–1010 104–1010 104–106 i.r. 103 2 × 105

5 × 102–1011 1.59 × 103

4/28/05 1:56:21 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids

12-52 Formula

Name

Sr(NO3)2 Sr2Nb2O7

Strontium nitrate Strontium niobate

SrO SrS SrSO4 SrTiO3

Strontium oxide Strontium sulfide Strontium sulfate Strontium titanate

SrWO4

Strontium tungstate

Ta2O5

Tantalum pentoxide (tantala) α phase

Tb(MoO4)3

β phase Terbium molybdate

Te

Tellurium

ThO2 TiO2

polycrystalline monocrystalline Thorium dioxide Titanium dioxide (rutile)

Ti2O3 TlBr TlCl TlI

Titanium sesquioxide Thallium bromide Thallous chloride Thallous iodide (orthorhombic)

TlNO3 TlSO4 UO2 WO3 YMnO3 Y2O3 YbMnO3 Yb2O3

Thallous nitrate Thallous sulfate Uranium dioxide Tungsten trioxide Yttrium manganate Yttrium sesquioxide Ytterbium manganate Ytterbium sesquioxide

ZnO

Zinc monoxide

εijk ε33 = 41.7 ± 0.2 5.33 ε11 = 75 ε22 = 46 ε33 = 43 13.3 ± 0.3 11.3 11.5 332 2080 ε11 = ε22 = 25.7 ± 0.2 ε33 = 34.1 ± 0.2 ε11 = ε22 = 30 ε33 = 65 24 11 ε11 = ε22 = 33 ε33 = 53 ε11 = ε22 = 33 ε33 = 54 27.5 28.0 18.9 ± 0.4 ε11 = ε22 = 86 ε33 = 170 30 30 32.2 ± 0.2 20.7 ± 0.2 37.3 16.5 25.5 24 300 20 10 20 5.0 (film) S ε11 = 8.33 S 33

ZnS

Zinc sulfide

Zinc selenide

77 77 292 298 100–200 100–200 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 300 300 77 293 293 293 193 293 293 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t.

103 103 1.6 × 103 1.6 × 103 103 103 103 9.4 × 109 9.4 × 109

i.r. i.r. 3 × 105 104–106 104–106 6 × 1010 103–107 103–105 104 107 5 × 105 5 × 105 3 × 105 2 × 107 106 2 × 107 103

r.t. r.t.

T ε11 = 9.26

r.t.

ε T33 = 11.0

r.t.

ε11 = 9.26 ε33 = 8.2 8.15 S ε11 = 8.08 ± 2%

r.t. r.t. r.t.

i.r.

77

104

S 11

298

104

T 11

ε = 8.14 ± 2%

77

104

T ε11 = 8.37 ± 2%

298

104

298

104

T 11

s

T 11

s

ε = ε11 = 9.12 ± 2%

ZnTe

Zinc telluride

ε = ε11 = 10.10 ± 2%

r.t.

ZnWO4 ZrO2

Zinc tungstate Zirconium dioxide (zirconia)

ε22 = 16.1 ± 0.5 12.5

r.t. r.t.

Section 12.indb 52

ν/Hz 1.59 × 103 2 × 105 103 103 103 2 × 106 7.25 × 106

ε = 8.84

ε = 8.32 ± 2%

ZnSe

T/K 297.5 292 r.t. r.t. r.t. 273 r.t. r.t. 298 78 297.5 297.5

(5–500) × 103 2 × 106

4/28/05 1:56:28 PM

CURIE TEMPERATURE OF SELECTED FERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse The following table lists the major ferroelectric crystals and their Curie temperatures, TC.

Reference Young, K. F. and Frederikse, H. P. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 313, 1973.

Formula

TC/K

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate group KDP KDA KDDP KDDA RDP RDA RDDP RDDA CDP CDA CDDA

KH2PO4 KH2AsO4 KD2 PO4 KD2AsO4 RbH2PO4 RbH2AsO4 RbD2PO4 RbD2AsO4 CsH2PO4 CsH2AsO4 CsD2AsO4

123 97 213 162 146 111 218 178 159 143 212

Rochelle salt group Rochelle salt Deuterated Rochelle salt Ammonium Rochelle salt LAT

NaKC4H4O6·4H2O NaKC4H2D2O6·4H2O NaNH4C4H4O6·4H2O LiNH4C4H4O6·H2O

255–297 251–308 109 106

Triglycine sulfate group TGS TGSe TGFB AFB HADA

(NH2CH2COOH)3·H2SO4 (NH2CH2COOH)3·H2SeO4 (NH2CH2COOH)3·H2BeF4 (NH4)2BeF4 HNH4(ClCH2COO)2

322 295 346 176 128

Perovskites and related compounds Barium titanate Lead titanate Potassium niobate Potassium tantalate niobate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Barium titanium niobate Ba-Na niobate (“Bananas”) Potassium iodate Lithium iodate Potassium nitrate Sodium nitrate Rubidium nitrate

BaTiO3 PbTiO3 KNbO3 KTa2/3Nb1/3O3 LiNBO3 LiTaO3 Ba6Ti2Nb8O30 Ba2NaNb5O15 KIO3 LiIO3 KNO3 NaNO3 RbNO3

406, 278, 193 765 712 241, 220, 170 1483 891 521 833 485, 343, 257–263, 83 529 397 548 437–487

Miscellaneous compounds Cesium trihydrogen selenite Lithium trihydrogen selenite Potassium selenate Methyl ammonium alum (MASD) Ammonium cadmium sulfate Ammonium bisulfate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate Colemanite Cadmium pyroniobite Gadolinium molybdate

CsH3(SeO3)2 LiH3(SeO3)2 K2SeO4 CH3NH3Al(SO4)2∙12H2O (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 (NH4)HSO4 (NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3 CaB3O4(OH)3∙H2O Cd2Nb2O7 Gd2(MoO4)3

143 TC > Tmp 93 177 95 271 224 398, 357, 305, 255 266 185 432

Name or acronym

12-53

Section 12.indb 53

4/28/05 1:56:30 PM

PROPERTIES OF ANTIFERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse Some important antiferroelectric crystals are listed here with their Curie Temperatures TC. The last column gives the constant T0 which appears in the Curie-Weiss law describing the dielectric constant of these materials above the Curie Temperature: ε=const./(T–T0) Name or acronym ADP ADA ADDP ADDA AdDDP AdDDA Sodium niobate Lead hafnate Lead zirconate Lead metaniobate Lead metatantalate Tungsten trioxide Potassium strontium niobate Sodium nitrite Sodium trihydrogen selenite Sodium trideuterium selenite Ammonium trihydrogen periodate

Formula NH4H2PO4 NH4H2AsO4 NH4D2PO4 NH4D2AsO4 ND4D2PO4 ND4D2AsO4 NaNbO3 PbHfO3 PbZrO3 PbNb2O6 PbTa2O6 WO3 KSr2Nb5O15 NaNO2 NaH3(SeO3)2 NaD3(SeO3)2 (NH4)2H3IO6

TC/K 148 216 242, 245 299 243 304 911, 793 476 503 843 543 1010 427 437 193 271 245

T0/K

378 475 530 533 413 437 192 245

12-54

S12_13.indd 54

5/4/05 11:07:23 AM

Dielectric Constants of Glasses

Type Corning 0010 Corning 0080 Corning 0120 Pyrex 1710 Pyrex 3320 Pyrex 7040 Pyrex 7050 Pyrex 7052 Pyrex 7060 Pyrex 7070 Vycor 7230 Pyrex 7720 Pyrex 7740 Pyrex 7750 Pyrex 7760 Vycor 7900 Vycor 7910 Vycor 7911 Corning 8870 G. E. Clear (silica glass) Quartz (fused) a



487_S12.indb 55

Dielectric constant at 100 MHz (20°C) 6.32 6.75 6.65 6.00 4.71 4.65 4.77 5.07 4.70 4.00 3.83 4.50 5.00 4.28 4.50 3.9 3.8 3.8 9.5 3.81 3.75 (4.1 at 1 MHz)

Volume resistivity (In MΩ cm at 350°C ) 10 0.13 100 2,500 – 80 16 25 13 1,300 – 16 4 50 50 130 1,600 4,000 5,000 4,000–30,000 –

Loss factora 0.015 0.058 0.012 0.025 0.019 0.013 0.017 0.019 0.018 0.0048 0.0061 0.014 0.040 0.011 0.0081 0.0023 0.00091 0.00072 0.0085 0.00038 0.0002 (1 MHz)

Power factor × dielectric constant equals loss factor.

12-55

3/24/06 10:11:48 AM

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS L. I. Berger and B. W. Roberts The following tables include superconductive properties of selected elements, compounds, and alloys. Individual tables are given for thin films, elements at high pressures, superconductors with high critical magnetic fields, and high critical temperature superconductors. The historically first observed and most distinctive property of a superconductive body is the near total loss of resistance at a critical temperature (Tc) that is characteristic of each material. Figure 1(a) below illustrates schematically two types of possible transitions The sharp vertical discontinuity in resistance is indicaHo ρ

tive of that found for a single crystal of a very pure element or one of a few well annealed alloy compositions. The broad transition, illustrated by broken lines, suggests the transition shape seen for materials that are not homogeneous and contain unusual strain distributions. Careful testing of the resistivity limit for superconductors shows that it is less than 4 × 10–23 ohm cm, while the lowest resistivity observed in metals is of the order of 10–13 ohm cm. If one compares the resistivity of a superconductive body to that of copper at room temperature, the superconductive body is at least 1017 times less resistive. –4πM

Normal

Hc Superconducting

0 (a)

Tc

0

(b)

Tc

0

Hcl Hc Mixed state (c)

Hc2

Hc3

FIGURE 1. Physical properties of superconductors. (a) Resistivity vs. temperature for a pure and perfect lattice (solid line); impure and/or imperfect lattice (broken line). (b) Magnetic-field temperature dependence for Type-I or “soft” superconductors. (c) Schematic magnetization curve for “hard” or Type-II superconductors.

The temperature interval ∆Tc, over which the transition between the normal and superconductive states takes place, may be of the order of as little as 2 × 10–5 K or several K in width, depending on the material state. The narrow transition width was attained in 99.9999% pure gallium single crystals. A Type-I superconductor below Tc, as exemplified by a pure metal, exhibits perfect diamagnetism and excludes a magnetic field up to some critical field Hc, whereupon it reverts to the normal state as shown in the H-T diagram of Figure 1(b). The magnetization of a typical high-field superconductor is shown in Figure 1(c). The discovery of the large current-carrying capability of Nb3Sn and other similar alloys has led to an extensive study of the physical properties of these alloys. In brief, a highfield superconductor, or Type-II superconductor, passes from the perfect diamagnetic state at low magnetic fields to a mixed state and finally to a sheathed state before attaining the normal resistive state of the metal. The magnetic field values separating the four stages are given as Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. The superconductive state below Hc1 is perfectly diamagnetic, identical to the state of most pure metals of the “soft” or Type-I superconductor. Between Hc1 and Hc2 a “mixed superconductive state” is found in which fluxons (a minimal unit of magnetic flux) create lines of normal flux in a superconductive matrix. The volume of the normal state is proportional to –4πM in the “mixed state” region. Thus at Hc2 the fluxon density has become so great as to drive the interior volume of the superconductive body completely normal. Between Hc2 and Hc3 the superconductor has a sheath of current-carrying superconductive material at the body surface, and above Hc3 the normal state exists. With several types of careful measurement, it is possible to determine Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. Table 6 contains some of the available data on high-field superconductive materials.

High-field superconductive phenomena are also related to specimen dimension and configuration. For example, the Type-I superconductor, Hg, has entirely different magnetization behavior in high magnetic fields when contained in the very fine sets of filamentary tunnels found in an unprocessed Vycor glass. The great majority of superconductive materials are Type-II. The elements in very pure form and a very few precisely stoichiometric and well annealed compounds are Type I with the possible exceptions of vanadium and niobium. Metallurgical Aspects. The sensitivity of superconductive properties to the material state is most pronounced and has been used in a reverse sense to study and specify the detailed state of alloys. The mechanical state, the homogeneity, and the presence of impurity atoms and other electron-scattering centers are all capable of controlling the critical temperature and the current-carrying capabilities in high-magnetic fields. Well annealed specimens tend to show sharper transitions than those that are strained or inhomogeneous. This sensitivity to mechanical state underlines a general problem in the tabulation of properties for superconductive materials. The occasional divergent values of the critical temperature and of the critical fields quoted for a Type-II superconductor may lie in the variation in sample preparation. Critical temperatures of materials studied early in the history of superconductivity must be evaluated in light of the probable metallurgical state of the material, as well as the availability of less pure starting elements. It has been noted that recent work has given extended consideration to the metallurgical aspects of sample preparation. Symbols in tables: Tc: Critical temperature; Ho: Critical magnetic field in the T = 0 limit; θD: Debye temperature; and γ: Electronic specific heat.

12-56

Section 12.indb 56

4/28/05 1:56:35 PM

Properties of Superconductors

Element Al Am* (α,?) Am* (β,?) Be Cd Ga Ga (β) Ga (γ) Ga (∆) Hf Hg (α) Hg (β) In Ir La (α) La (β) Lu Mo Nb Os Pa Pb Re Ru Sn Ta Tc Th Ti Tl U V W Zn Zr Zr (ω)

12-57

TABLE 1. Selective Properties of Superconductive Elements Tc(K) Ho(oersted) θD(K) 1.175 ± 0.002 104.9 ± 0.3 420 0.6 1.0 0.026 0.517 ± 0.002 28 ± 1 209 1.083 ± 0.001 58.3 ± 0.2 325 5.9, 6.2 560 7 950, HFa 7.85 815, HF 0.128 12.7 4.154 ± 0.001 411 ± 2 87, 71.9 3.949 339 93 3.408 ± 0.001 281.5 ± 2 109 0.1125 ± 0.001 16 ± 0.05 425 4.88 ± 0.02 800 ± 10 151 6.00 ± 0.1 1096, 1600 139 0.1 ± 0.03 350 ± 50 0.915 ± 0.005 96 ± 3 460 276 9.25 ± 0.02 2060 ± 50, HF 0.66 ± 0.03 70 500 1.4 7.196 ± 0.006 803 ± 1 96 1.697 ± 0.006 200 ± 5 4.5 0.49 ± 0.015 69 ± 2 580 3.722 ± 0.001 305 ± 2 195 4.47 ± 0.04 829 ± 6 258 411 7.8 ± 0.1 1410, HF 1.38 ± 0.02 1.60 ± 3 165 0.40 ± 0.04 56 415 2.38 ± 0.02 178 ± 2 78.5 0.2 5.40 ± 0.05 1408 383 0.0154 ± 0.0005 1.15 ± 0.03 383 0.85 ± 0.01 54 ± 0.3 310 0.61 ± 0.15 47 290 0.65, 0.95

γ(mJ mol–1K–1) 1.35

0.21 0.69 0.60

2.21 1.81 1.37 1.672 3.19 9.8 11.3 1.83 7.80 2.35 3.1 2.35 2.8 1.78 6.15 6.28 4.32 3.3 1.47 9.82 0.90 0.66 2.77

TABLE 2. Range of Critical Temperatures Observed for Superconductive Elements in Thin Films Condensed Element Al Be Bi Cd (Disordered) (Ordered) Ga Hg In La Mo a

Section 12.indb 57

Tc Range (K) 1.15–5.7 5–9.75 6.17–6.6 0.79–0.91 0.53–0.59 2.5–8.5 3.87–4.5 2.2–5.6 3.55–6.74 3.3–8.0

Usually at Low Temperatures

Comments HFa HF

HF HF

HF denotes high magnetic field superconductive properties.

Element Nb Pb Re Sn Ta Tc Ti Tl V W Zn

Tc Range (K) 2.0–10.1 1.8–7.5 1.7–7 3.5–6 <1.7–4.51 4.6–7.7 1.3 Max 2.33–2.96 1.8–6.02 <1.0–4.1 0.77–1.9

Comments

HFa

4/28/05 1:56:36 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-58

Element Al As Ba II III IV Bi II III IV V VI VII(?) Ce (α) Ce (α′) Cs V Ga II II′ Ge Lu P

TABLE 3. Elements Exhibiting Superconductivity Under or After Application of High Pressure Tc Range (K) Pressure (kbar) Element Tc Range (K) Pressure (kbar) 3.55 160 1.98–0.075 0–62 Pb II 2.3 Max. “Plastic” 0.31–0.5 220–140 Re II 0.2–0.25 140–100 compression 2.6–2.7 1–1.8 55–85 Sb (prepared 120 1.8–5 85–144 kbar, held below 4.5–5.4 144–190 77K) 3.55–3.40 85–150 3.9 25–27 Sb II 6.75, 6.95 130 6.55–7.25 28–38 Se II 7.0, 8.7–6.0 43, 43–62 Si 6.7–7.1 120–130 5.2–4.85 125–160 6.7, 8.3 48–80 Sn II 5.30 113 8.55 90, 92–101 III 2.4–5.1 38–55 8.2 30 Te II 0.020–0.045 20–35 4.1–4.2 53–62 4.72–4 63–80 1.9–1.3 45–125 IV 1.5 >125 () 3.3–2.8 100–260 1.45 35 6.38 ≥35 Tl (cubic form) (hexagonal form) 1.95 35 7.5 ≥35 then P removed U 2.4–0.4 10–85 5.35 115 Y 1.7–2.5 110–160 60–130 0.022–1.0 45–190 Zr (omega form, metastable) 1–1.7 5.8 170

TABLE 4. Superconductive Compounds and Alloys

All compositions are denoted on an atomic basis, i.e., AB, AB2, or AB3 for compounds, unless noted. Solid solutions or odd compositions may be denoted as AzB1–z or AzB. A series of three or more alloys is indicated as AxB1–x or by actual indication of the atomic fraction range, such as A0–0.6B1–0.4. The critical temperature of such a series of alloys is denoted by a range of values or possibly the maximum value. The selection of the critical temperature from a transition in the effective permeability, or the change in resistance, or possibly the incremental changes in frequency observed by certain techniques is not often obvious from the literature. Most authors choose the

mid-point of such curves as the probable critical temperature of the idealized material, while others will choose the highest temperature at which a deviation from the normal state property is observed. In view of the previous discussion concerning the variability of the superconductive properties as a function of purity and other metallurgical aspects, it is recommended that appropriate literature be checked to determine the most probable critical temperature or critical field of a given alloy. A very limited amount of data on critical fields, Ho, is available for these compounds and alloys; these values are given at the end of the table.

A. Superconductors with Tc< 10 K Substance Ag3.3Al AgxAlyZn1-x-y AgBi2 Ag7F0.25N0.75O10.25 Ag2F Ag7FO8 Ag0.8–0.3Ga0.2–0.7 Ag4Ge Ag0.438Hg0.562 AgIn2 Ag0.1In0.9Te (n = 1.4 × 1022)* Ag0.2In0.8Te (n = 1.07 × 1022) AgLa AgLa (9.5 kbar) AgLu AgMo4S5 Ag1.2Mo6Se8

Section 12.indb 58

Tc, K

0.34 0.15 2.87–3.0 0.85–0.90 0.0.066 0.3 6.5–8 0.85 0.64 ~2.4 1.2–1.89 0.77–1.00 0.94 1.2 0.33 9.1 5.9

Crystal structure type

Substance

A12-cI58 (Mn) Cubic

Ag7NO11 AgxPb1-x Ag4Sn AgxSn1-x AgxSn1–x (film) AgTe3 AgTh AgTh2 Ag0.03Tl0.97 Ag0.94Tl0.06 AgY AgxZn1-x AlAu4 Al2Au Al2CMo3 Al2CaSi Al0.131Cr0.088V0.781 AlGe2

Cubic Hex., c.p. D82 C16 B1 B1 B2-cP2 (CsCl) B2 B2-cP2 hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same

Tc, K

1.04 7.2 max. 0.1 1.5–3.7 2.0–3.8 2.6 2.2 2.26 2.67 2.32 0.33 0.5–0.845 0.4–0.7 0.1 9.8–10.2 5.8 1.46 1.75

Crystal structure type Cubic h**

Cubic C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) C16

B2-cP2 (CsCl) Like A13 C1-cF12 (CaF2) A13+trace 2nd. phase Cubic

4/28/05 1:56:38 PM

Properties of Superconductors Substance Al2Ge2U AlLa3 Al2La Al2Lu Al3Mg2 AlMo3 AlMo6Pd AlN Al2NNb3 Al3Nb AlOs Al3Os AlPb (film) Al2Pt Al5Re24 AlSb Al2Sc Al2Si2U AlTh2 Al3Th AlxTiyV1-x-y Al0.108V0.892 Al2Y Al3Yb AlxZn1-x AlZr3 AsBiPb AsBiPbSb AsHfOs AsHfRu As0.33InTe0.67 (n = 1.24 ×1022) As0.5InTe0.5 (n = 0.97 × 1022) As4La3 AsNb3 As0.50Ni0.06Pd0.44 AsNi0.25Pd0.75 AsOsZr AsPb AsPd2 (low-temp. phase) AsPd2 (high-temp. phase) AsPd5 As3Pd5 AsRh AsRh1.4–1.6 AsSn AsSn (n = 2.14 × 1022) As~2Sn~3 As3Sn4 (n = 0.56 × 1022) AsV3 Au5Ba AuBe Au2Bi Au5Ca AuGa2 AuGa Au0.40–0.92Ge0.60–0.08 AuIn2 AuIn AuLu AuNb3

Section 12.indb 59

Tc, K

1.6 5.57 3.23 1.02 0.84 0.58 2.1 1.55 1.3 0.64 0.39 5.90 1.2–7 0.48–0.55 3.35 2.8 1.02 1.34 0.1 0.75 2.05–3.62 1.82 0.35 0.94 0.5–0.845 0.73 9.0 9.0 3.2 4.9 0.85–1.15 0.44–0.62 0.6 0.3 1.39 1.6 8.0 8.4 0.60 1.70 0.46 1.9 0.58 < 0.03–0.56 4.10 3.41–3.65 3.5–3.6; 1.21–1.17 1.16–1.19 0.20 0.4–0.7 2.64 1.80 0.34–0.38 1.6 1.2 <0.32–1.63 0.2 0.4–0.6 <0.35 1.2

12-59 Crystal structure type

Substance

LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) DO19 C15 C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) F.C.C. A15

AuPb2 AuPb2 (film) AuPb3 AuPb3 (film) Au2Pb AuSb2 AuSn AuxSn1-x (film) Au5Sn AuTa4.3 Au3Te5 AuTh2 AuTl AuV3 AuxZn1-x AuZn3 AuxZr y AuZr3 B2Ba0.67Pt3 BCMo2 BCMo2 B2Ca0.67Pt3 B4ErIr4 B4ErRh4 B4ErRh4 BHf B4HoIr4 B4HoRh4 B2Ir3La B2Ir3Th B4Ir4Tm B6La B2LaRh3 B12Lu B2LuOs B2LuOs3 B4LuRh4 B2LuRu B4LuRu4 BMo

B4 A13 tI8 (Al3Ti) B2

C1 A12 B4-tI4 (Sn) C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) DO19 Cubic Cubic C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) LI2 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) same B1 B1 cI28 (Th3P4) L12-tP32 C2 B81-hP4 (NiAs) C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Hexagonal C22 Complex B31 Hexagonal B1

Rhombohedral A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) D2d B20 C15 C15b C1-cF12 (CaF2) B31 Complex C1-cF12 Complex B2 A2

BMo2 BNb B4NdRh4 B2OsSc B2OsY B2Pt3Sr0.67 BRe2 B4Rh3.4Ru0.6 B4Rh4Sm B4Rh4Th B4Rh4Tm B4Rh4Tm B0.3Ru0.7 B4Ru4Sc B2Ru3Th B2Ru3Y B2Ru Y B4Ru4Y B12Sc BTa

Tc, K

3.15 4.3 4.40 4.25 1.18; 6–7 0.58 1.25 2.0–3.8 0.7–1.1 0.55 1.62 3.08 1.92 0.74 0.50–0.845 1.21 1.7–2.8 0.92 5.60 5.4 5.3–7.0 1.57 2.1 4.3 8.7 3.1 2.0 1.4 1.65 2.09 1.6 5.7 2.82 0.48 2.66 4.62 6.2 9.86 2.0 0.5 (extrapol.) 4.74 8.25 5.3 1.34 2.22 2.78 2.80; 4.6 8.38 2.7 4.3 9.8 5.4 2.58 7.2 1.79 2.85 7.80 1.4 0.39 4.0

Crystal structure type

C15 C2 B81 A3 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Cubic C16 A15 Cubic A3 A15 hP12 (B2BaPt3) Orthorhombic Same hP12 tP18 (B4CeCo4) oC108 (B4LuRh4) tP18 (B4CeCo4) Cubic tP18 oC108 hP6 (CaCu5) Same tP18 hP6 oP16 (B2LuRu) hP6 oC108 oP16 tI72 (B4LuRu4) C16 Bf tP18 oP16 oP16 hP12 (B2BaPt3) tI72 tP18 Same Same oC108 D102 tI72 hP6 Same oP16 tI72 Bf

4/28/05 1:56:40 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-60 Substance BTa2 B6Th BW2 B6Y B12Y BZr B12Zr BaBi3 Ba2Mo15Se19 BaxO3Sr1-xTi (n = 4.2 ×1019) Ba0.13O3W Ba0.14O3W BaRh2 Be22Mo Be8Nb5Zr2 Be0.98–0.92Re0.02–0.08 (quenched) Be0.957Re0.043 BeTc Be22W Be13W Bi3Ca Bi0.5Cd0.13Pb0.25Sn0.12 (weight fractions) BiCo Bi2Cs BixCu1-x (electrodeposited) BiCu Bi3Fe Bi0.019In0.981 Bi0.05In0.95 Bi0.10In0.90 Bi0.15–0.30In0.85–0.70 Bi0.34–0.48In0.66–0.52 Bi3In5 BiIn2 Bi2Ir Bi2Ir (quenched) BiK Bi2K BiLi Bi4–9Mg Bi3Mo BiNa BiNb3 BiNb3 (high pressure and temperature) BiNi Bi3Ni BiNi0.5Rh0.5 Bi0.5NiSb0.5 Bi1-0Pb0-1 Bi1-0Pb0-1 (film) Bi0.05–0.40Pb0.95–0.60 Bi2Pb BiPbSb Bi0.5Pb0.31Sn0.19 (weight fractions) Bi0.5Pb0.25Sn0.25 BiPd2 Bi0.4Pd0.6 BiPd

Section 12.indb 60

Tc, K

3.12 0.74 3.1 6.5–7.1 4.7 3.4 5.82 5.69 2.75 <0.1–0.55 1.9 <1.25–2.2 6.0 2.51 5.2 9.5–9.75 9.62 5.21 4.12 4.1 2.0 8.2 0.42–0.49 4.75 2.2 1.33–1.40 1.0 3.86 4.65 5.05 5.3–5.4 4.0–4.1 4.1 5.65 1.7–2.3 3.0–3.96 3.6 3.58 2.47 0.7–~1.0 3–3.7 2.25 4.5 3.05 4.25 4.06 3.0 2.0 7.26–9.14 7.25–8.67 7.35–8.4 4.25 8.9 8.5 8.5 4.0 3.7–4 3.7

Crystal structure type

Substance

C16-tI12 (Al2Cu)

Bi2Pd Bi2Pd BiPd0.45Pt0.55 BiPdSe BiPdTe BiPt Bi0.1PtSb0.9 BiPtSe BiPtTe Bi2Pt Bi2Rb BiRe2 BiRh Bi3Rh Bi4Rh BiRu Bi3Sn BiSn BixSny Bi3Sr Bi3Te Bi5Tl3 Bi0.26Tl0.74 Bi0.26Tl0.74 Bi2Y3 Bi3Zn Bi0.3Zr0.7 BiZr3 BrMo6Se7 Br3Mo6Se5 CCsx CFe3 CGaMo2 CHf0.5Mo0.5 CHf0.3Mo0.7 CHf0.25Mo0.75 CHf0.7Nb0.3 CHf0.6Nb0.4 CHf0.5Nb0.5 CHf0.4Nb0.6 CHf0.25Nb0.75 CHf0.2Nb0.8 CHf0.9–0.1Ta0.1–0.9 CK (excess K) C8K C2La C2Lu C0.40–0.44Mo0.60–0.56 C3MoRe C0.6Mo4.8Si3 CMo0.2Ta0.8 CMo0.5Ta0.5 CMo0.75Ta0.25 CMo0.8Ta0.2 CMo0.85Ta0.15 CMoxV1-x CMoxZr1-x C0.984Nb CNb2 CNbxTi1-x CNb0.1–0.9Zr0.9–0.1

C16

Cubic Tetragonal hP15 (Mo6PbS8) Tetragonal Hexagonal C15 Cubic (Be22Re) Cubic Cubic (Be22Re) Cubic Cubic (Be22Re) Tetragonal

C15

m** α-phase Same α- and β-phases

β-phase

C15 L1o, α-phase L1o A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) A15 B81 Orthorhombic B81-hP4 (AsNi) Same

H.C.P. to ε-phase t**

Hexagonal, ordered Orthorhombic

Tc, K

1.70 4.25 3.7 1.0 1.2 1.21 2.05; 1.5 1.45 1.15 0.155 4.25 1.9–2.2 2.06 3.2 2.7 5.7 3.6–3.8 3.8 3.85–4.18 5.62 0.75–1.0 6.4 4.4 4.15 2.25 0.8–0.9 1.51 2.4–2.8 7.1 7.1 0.020–0.135 1.30 3.7–4.1 3.4 5.5 6.6 6.1 4.5 4.8 5.6 7.0 7.8 5.0–9.0 0.55 0.39 1.66 3.33 9–13 3.8 7.6 7.5 7.7 8.5 8.7 8.9 2.9–9.3 9.8 9.8 9.1 <4.2–8.8 4.2–8.4

Crystal structure type Monoclinic, α-phase Tetragonal, β-phase B81-hP4 (NiAs) C2 C2 B81 B81-hP4 (NiAs) C2 C2 Hexagonal C15 B81 Orthorhombic (NiB3) Hexagonal m**

L12 Cubic, disordered L12, ordered (?)

hP15 (Mo6PbS8) Same Hexagonal DO11-oP16 (Fe3C) Hexagonal B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Hexagonal Hexagonal tI6 (CaC2) Same B1-cF8 D88 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1

4/28/05 1:56:42 PM

Properties of Superconductors Substance CRbx (Au) CRe0.06W CRu C0.987Ta C0.848–0.987 CTa (film) CTa2 CTa0.4Ti0.6 Cta1–0.4W0–0.6 CTa0.2–0.9Zr0.8–0.1 CTc (excess C) CTi0.5–0.7W0.5–0.3 CW CW2 CW2 C2Y Ca3Co4Sn13 Ca3Ge13Rh4 CaHg CaHg3 CaIr2 Ca3Ir4Sn13 CaxO3Sr1-xTi (n = 3.7–11 × 1019) Ca0.1O3W CaPb CaRh2 CaRh1.2Sn4.5 CaTl3 Cd0.3–0.5Hg0.7–0.5 CdHg Cd0.0075–0.05In0.9925–0.95 Cd0.97Pb0.03 CdSn Cd0.17Tl0.83 Cd0.18Tl0.82 CeCo2 CeCo1.67Ni0.33 CeCo1.67Rh0.33 CexGd1-xRu2 CeIr3 CeIr5 Ce0.005La0.995 CexLa1-x CexPr1-xRu2 CexPt1-x CeRu2 Ce3Mo6Se5 Ce2Mo6Te6 CoxFe1-xSi2 CoHf2 CoLa3 Co4La3Sn13 CoLu3 CoxLuSny Co0–0.01Mo0.8Re0.2 Co0.02–0.10Nb3Rh0.98–0.90 CoxNi1-xSi2 Co0.5Rh0.5Si2 CoxRh1-xSi2 Co~0.3So~0.7

Section 12.indb 61

Tc, K

0.023–0.151 5.0 2.00 9.7 2.04–9.7 5.09 3.26 4.8 8.5–10.5 4.6–8.3 3.85 6.7–2.1 1.0 2.74 5.2 3.88 5.9 2.1 1.6 1.6 6.15 7.1 < 0.1–0.55 1.4–3.4 7.0 6.40 8.7 2.0 1.70–1.92 1.77; 2.15 3.24–3.36 4.2 3.65 2.3 2.54 0.84 0.46 0.47 3.2–5.2 3.34 1.82 4.6 1.3–6.3 1.4–5.3 0.7–1.55 6.0 5.7 1.7 1.4 (max.) 0.56 4.28 2.8 ~0.35 1.5 2–10 2.28–1.90 1.4 (max.) 2.5 3.65 (max.) ~0.35

12-61 Crystal structure type

Substance

Hexagonal

Co4Sc5Si10 CoSi2 CoxSnyYb Co3Th7 CoxTi1-x CoxTi1-x CoTi2 CoTi CoU CoU6 Co0.28Y0.72 CoY3 CoZr2 Co0.1Zr0.9 Cr0.6Ir0.4 Cr0.65Ir0.35 Cr0.7Ir0.3 Cr0.72Ir0.28 Cr3Ir Cr0–0.1Nb1–0.9 Cr0.80Os0.20 Cr3Os CrxRe1-x Cr0.4Re0.6 Cr0.8–0.6Rh0.2–0.4 Cr3Rh Cr3Ru (annealed) Cr2Ru Cr3Ru2 Cr0.1–0.5Ru0.9–0.5 CrxTi1-x CrxTi1-x Cr0.1Ti0.3V0.6 Cr0.0175U0.9825 Cs0.32O3W Cu0.15In0.85 (film) Cu0.04–0.08In0.94–0.92 CuLa Cu2Mo6O2S6 Cu2Mo6Se8 CuxPb1-x CuS CuS2 CuSSe CuSe2 CuSeTe CuxSn1-x CuxSn1-x (film, made at 10K) CuxSn1-x (film, made at 300K) CuTe2 CuTh2 Cu0–0.027V CuY CuxZn1-x DyMo6S8 ErxLa1-x ErMo6S8 ErMo6Se8 Fe3Lu2Si5 Fe0–0.04Mo0.8Re0.2 Fe0.05Ni0.05Zr0.90

hP2 (CW)

B1 L΄3 B1 B1 B1 Cubic B1 L΄3 F.C.C. tI6 (CaC2) cP40 (Pr3Rh2Sn13) Same B2-cP2 (CsCl) hP8 (Ni3Sn) C15 cP40

Hexagonal C15 cP40 B2-cP2 Tetragonal Tetragonal

C15 C15 C15 C15

C15 C15 hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same C1 E93 cP40 cP40 A15 C1

Tc, K

5.0 1.40; 1.22 2.5 1.83 2.8 (max.) 3.8 (max.) 3.44 0.71 1.7 2.29 0.34 <0.34 6.3 3.9 0.4 0.59 0.76 0.83 0.45 4.6–9.2 2.5 4.68 1.2–5.2 2.15 0.5–1.10 0.3 3.3 2.02 2.10 0.34–1.65 3.6 (max.) 4.2 (max.) 5.6 0.75 1.12 3.75 4.4 5.85 9 5.9 5.7–7.7 1.62 1.48–1.53 1.5–2.0 2.3–2.43 1.6–2.0 3.2–3.7 3.6–7 2.8–3.7 <1.25–1.3 3.49 3.9–5.3 0.33 0.5–0.845 2.1 1.4–6.3 2.2 6.2 6.1 1–10 ~3.9

Crystal structure type tP38 (Co4Sc5Si10) C1 cP40 D102 Co in α-Ti Co in β-Ti E93 A2 B2, distorted D2c C16 A3 H.C.P. H.C.P. H.C.P. A15 A2 Cubic A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) D8b A3 A15-cP8 A15 D8b D8b-tP30 (CrFe) A3 Cr in α-Ti Cr in β-Ti β-phase Hexagonal

hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same B18 C18 C18 C18 C18

C18 C16 A2 B2-cP2 (CsCl) hR15 hR15 hR15 tP40 (Fe3Sc2Si5)

4/28/05 1:56:44 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-62 Substance

Tc, K

Fe3Re2 Fe3Sc2Si5 Fe3Si5Tm Fe3Si5Y2 Fe3Th7 FexTi1-x FexTi1-x FexTi0.6V1-x FeU6 Fe0.1Zr0.9 Ga0.5Ge0.5Nb3 Ga2Ge2U GaHf2 GaLa3 Ga3Lu Ga2Mo GaMo3 GaN (black) Ga0.7Pt0.3 GaPt GaSb (120kbar, 77K, annealed) GaSb (unannealed) Ga0–1Sn1–0 (quenched) Ga0–1Sn1–0 (annealed) GaTe Ga5V2 GaV4.5 Ga3Zr Ga3Zr5 GdxLa1-x GdMo6S8 GdMo6Se8 GdxOs2Y1-x GdxRu2Th1-x Ge10As4Y5 GeIr GeIrLa Ge10Ir4Lu5 Ge10Ir4Y5 Ge2La

~5.9 3.47–4.18 2.6–3.85 0.17 3.55 9.15 1.38 3.8 < 1.0–5.5 3.5 5.6 1.4–4.7 3.6 (max.) 9.06 4.7 1.64 2.60 2.62 1.49; 2.2

GeLaPt Ge13Lu3Os4 Ge10Lu5Rh4 Ge13Lu3Ru4 GeMo3 GeNb2 Ge0.29Nb0.71 GePt Ge3Rh5

3.53 3.6 2.79 2.3 1.43 1.9 6 0.40 2.12

GeRh Ge13Rh4Sc3 Ge10Rh4Y5 Ge13Ru4Y3 Ge2So GeTa3 Ge3Te4 (n = 1.06 × 1022) GexTe1-x (n = 8.5–64 × 1020)

0.96 1.9 1.35 1.7 1.3 8.0 1.55–1.80 0.07–0.41

Section 12.indb 62

6.55 4.52 1.3 2.4 1.86 3.2 (max.) 3.7 (max.) 6.8 (max.) 3.86 1.0 7.3 0.87 0.21 5.84 2.3 9.5 0.76 5.85 2.9 1.74 4.24

Crystal structure type

Substance

D8b-tP30 (FeCr) tP40 Same Same D10 Fe in α-Ti Fe in β-Ti

GeV3 Ge2Y Ge1.62Y Ge2Zr GeZr3 H0.33Nb0.67 H0.1Nb0.9 H0.05Nb0.95 H0.12Ta0.88 H0.08Ta0.92 H0.04Ta0.96 HfIrSi HfMo2 HfN0.989 Hf0–0.5Nb1–0.5 Hf0.75Nb0.25 HfOs2 HfOsP HfPRu HfRe2 Hf0.14Re0.86 Hf0.99–0.96Rh0.01–0.04 Hf0–0.55Ta1–0.45 HfV2 HgxIn1-x HgIn Hg2K Hg3K Hg4K Hg8K Hg3Li HgMg3 Hg2Mg Hg3Mg5 Hg2Na Hg4Na HgxPb1-x HgSn HgxTl1-x Hg5Tl2 HoxLa1-x Ho1.2Mo6Se8 In1–0.86Mg0–0.14 In2Mo6Te6 InNb3 (high pressure and temp.) In0.5Nb3Zr0.5 In0.11O3W In0.95–0.85Pb0.05–0.15 In0.98–0.91Pb0.02–0.09 InPb InPd InSb (quenched from 170 kbar into liquid N2) InSb (InSb)0.95–0.10Sn0.05–0.90 (various heat treatments) (InSb)0–0.07Sn1–0.93 In3Sn InxSn1-x

D2c A3 A15 B2-cP2 C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) B2-cP2 A15 B4 C1 B20 A5

mC24 (GaTe) Tetragonal (Mn2Hg5) D8b-hP16 (Mn5Si3) hR15 hR15 C15 tP38 (C04Sc5Si10) B31 tI12 (LaPtSi) tP38 tP38 Orthorhombic, distorted (Mn2Hg5) tI12 cP40 (Pr3Rh2Sn13) tP38 cP40 A15 A15 B31 Orthorhombic, related to InNi2 B31-oP8 (MnP) c P40 tP38 cP40 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Rhombohedral R1

Tc, K

6.01 3.80 2.4 0.30 0.4 7.28 7.38 7.83 2.81 3.26 3.62 3.50 0.05 6.6 8.3–9.5 > 4.2 2.69 6.1 9.9 4.80 5.86 0.85–1.51 4.4–6.5 8.9–9.6 3.14–4.55 3.81 1.20 3.18 3.27 3.42 1.7 0.17 4.0 0.48 1.62 3.05 4.14–7.26 4.2 2.30–4.19 3.86 1.3–6.3 6.1 3.395–3.363 2.6 4–8; 9.2 6.4 < 1.25–2.8 3.6–5.05 3.45–4.2 6.65 0.7 4.8 2.1 3.8–5.1

Crystal structure type A15 Cc oC12 (ZrSi2) L12-tP32 (Ti3P) B.C.C. Same Same B.C.C. Same Same C37-cP12 (Co2Si) hP24 (Ni2Mn) B1 A2 C14 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Same C14 A12 A2 C15

Orthorhombic

Hexagonal hP8 (Na3As) tI6 (MoSi2) D8b-hP16 (Mn5Si3) Hexagonal

D102-hR12 (Be3Nb) hR15 (Mo6PbS8) A15 Hexagonal

B2 Like A5 B4

3.67–3.74 ~5.5 3.4–7.3

4/28/05 1:56:46 PM

Properties of Superconductors Substance In0.82–1Te (n = 0.83–1.71 × 1022) In1.000Te1.002 In3Te4 (n = 4.7 × 1021) InxTl1-x In0.8Tl0.2 In0.62Tl0.38 In0.78–0.69Tl0.22–0.31 In0.69–0.62Tl0.31–0.38 Ir2La Ir3La Ir3La7 Ir5La IrLaSi2 IrLaSi3 Ir2Lu Ir3Lu Ir4Lu5Si10 IrMo IrMo3 IrMo3 IrNb3 Ir0.4Nb0.6 Ir0.37Nb0.63 IrNb Ir1.15Nb0.85 Ir0.02Nb3Rh0.98 Ir0.05Nb3Rh0.95 Ir0.287O0.14Ti0.573 Ir0.265O0.035Ti0.65 IrxOs1-x Ir1.5Os0.5 IrOsY IrSiY IrSiZr Ir2Sc Ir2.5Sc Ir4Sc5Si10 Ir2Si2Th IrSi3Th IrSiTh Ir2Si2Y Ir4Si10Y5 Ir3Si5Y2 IrSn2 Ir2Sr Ir7Ta13 Ir0.5Te0.5 IrTe3 IrTh Ir2Th Ir3Th Ir3Th7 Ir5Th IrTi3 IrV2 IrW3 Ir0.28W0.72 Ir2Y Ir0.69Y0.31 Ir0.70Y0.30

Section 12.indb 63

12-63 Crystal structure type

Substance

1.02–3.45

B1

3.5–3.7 1.15–1.25 2.7–3.374 3.223 2.760 3.18–3.32 2.98–3.3 0.48 2.32 2.24 2.13 2.03 2.7 2.47 2.89 3.9 < 1.0 9.6 6.8 1.9 9.8 2.32 7.9 4.6 2.43 2.38 5.5 2.30 0.3–0.98 2.4 2.6 2.70 2.04 2.07 2.46 8.46 2.14 1.75 6.50 2.60 3.10 2.83 0.65–0.78 5.70 1.2 ~3 1.18 < 0.37 6.50 4.71 1.52 3.93 5.40 1.39 3.82 4.49 2.18; 1.38 1.98; 1.44 2.16

B1 Rhombohedral

Ir2Y3 Ir3Y IrxY1-x Ir2Zr Ir0.1Zr0.9 K2Mo15S19 K0.27–0.31O3W K0.40–0.57O3W La0.55Lu0.45 La0.8Lu0.2 LaMg2 LaMo6S8 LaN LaOs2 LaPt2 La0.28Pt0.72 LaPtSi LaRh3 LaRh5 La7Rh3 LaRhSi2 La2Rh3Si5 LaRhSi3 LaRh2Si2 LaRu2 La3S4 La3Se4 LaSi2 LaxY1-x LaZn Li2Mo6S8 LiPb LuOs2 Lu0.275Rh0.725 LuRh5 Lu5Rh4Si10 LuRu2 Mg1.14Mo6.6S8 Mg2Nb Mg~0.47Tl~0.53 MgZn MnxTi1-x MnxTi1-x MnU6 Mo2N Mo6Na2S8 MoxNb1-x Mo5.25Nb0.75Se8 Mo6NdSa8 Mo3Os Mo0.62Cs0.38 Mo3P Mo6Pb1.2Se8 Mo0.5Pd0.5 Mo6PrSe8 MoRe MoRe3 MoxRe1-x Mo0.42Re0.58 MoRh MoxRh1-x

Tc, K

Tetragonal F.C.C. C15 D102 D102 oC16 (CeNiSi2) tI10 (BaNiSn3) C15 C15 tP38 (Co4Sc5Si10) A3 A15 D8b A15 D8b D8b D8b oP12 (IrTa) A15 A15 E93 E93 C14 C15 C37-oP12 (Co2Si) Same C15 C15 tP38 tI10 tI10 tI12 (LaPtSi) tI10 (Al4Ba) tP38 oI40 C1 C15 D8b-tP30 (FeCr) C2 Bf C15 D102 D2d A15 A15

C15 C15 C15

Tc, K

1.61 3.50 0.3–3.7 4.10 5.5 3.32 0.50 1.5 2.2 3.4 1.05 7.1 1.35 6.5 0.46 0.54 3.48 2.60 1.62 2.58 3.42 4.45 2.7 3.90 1.63 6.5 8.6 2.3 1.7–5.4 1.04 4.2 7.2 3.49 1.27 0.49 3.95 0.86 3.5 5.6 2.75 0.9 2.3 (max.) 1.1–3.0 2.32 5.0 8.6 0.016–9.2 6.2 8.2 7.2 5.65 5.31 6.75 3.52 9.2 7.8 9.25; 9.89 1.2–12.2 6.35 1.97 1.5–8.2

Crystal structure type D102-hR13 (Be3Nb) C15 A3 hR15 Hexagonal Tetragonal Hexagonal, La type Same C15 hR15 C15 C15 C15 tI12

D102 oC16 (CeNiSi2) oI40 (Co3Si5U2) tl10 (BaNiSn3) tl10 (Al4Ba) C15 D73 D73 Cc B2 hR15 C14 C15 tP38 (Co4So5Si10) C14 hR15 B2 A3-oP4 (AuCd) Mn in -Ti Mn in -Ti D2c F.C.C. hR15 hR15 hR15 A15 D8b DOe hR15 A3 hR15 D8b-tP30 A12 D8b A3 B.C.C.

4/28/05 1:56:48 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-64 Substance MoRu Mo0.61Ru0.39 Mo0.2Ru0.8 Mo3Ru2 Mo4Ru2Te8 Mo6S8 Mo6S8Sc Mo6S8Sm1.2 Mo6S8Tb Mo6S8Tl Mo6S8Tm1.2 Mo6S8Y1.2 Mo6S8Yb Mo6.6S8Zn11 Mo3Sb4 Mo6Se8 Mo6Se8Sm1.2 Mo6Se8Sn1.2 Mo6Se8Tb Mo3Se3Tl Mo6Se8Tm1.2 Mo6Se8Yb Mo3Si MoSi0.7 MoxSiV3-x Mo5.25Ta0.75Te8 Mo6Te8 Mo0.16Ti0.84 Mo0.913Ti0.087 Mo0.04Ti0.96 Mo0.025Ti0.975 MoxU1-x MoxV1-x Mo2Zr NNb (film) NxOyTiz NxOyVz N0.34Re NTa (film) N0.6–0.987Ti N0.82–0.99V NZr N0.906–0.984Zr Na0.28–0.35O3W Na0.28Pb0.72 NbO NbOs2 Nb3Os Nb0.6Os0.4 Nb3Os0.02–0.10Rh0.98–0.90 Nb3P NbPRh Nb0.6Pd0.4 Nb3Pd0.02–0.10Rh0.92–0.90 Nb0.62Pt0.38 Nb5Pt3 Nb3Pt0.02–0.98Rh0.98–0.02 NbRe3 Nb0.38–0.18Re0.62–0.82 NbRe NbReSi

Section 12.indb 64

Tc, K

9.5–10.5 7.18 1.66 7.0 1.7 1.85 3.6 2.9 2.0 8.7 2.1 3.0 9.2 3.6 2.1 6.3 6.8 6.8 5.7 4.0 6.3 6.2 1.30 1.34 4.54–16.0 1.7 1.7 4.18; 4.25 2.95 2.0 1.8 0.7–2.1 0–~5.3 4.25–4.75 6–9 2.9–5.6 5.8–8.2 4–5 4.84 < 1.17–5.8 2.9–7.9 9.8 3.0–9.5 0.56 7.2 1.25 2.52 1.05 1.89; 1.78 2.42–2.30 1.8 4.08 1.60 2.49–2.55 4.21 3.73 2.52–9.6 5.27 2.43–9.70 3.8 5.1

Crystal structure type

Substance

A3 D8b A3 D8b-tP30 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15

Nb3Rh Nb0.6Rh0.40 Nb0.9Rh1.1 Nb3Rh0.98–0.90Ru0.02–0.10 NbxRu1-x NbRuSi NbS2 NbS2

2.64 4.21 3.07 2.42–2.44 1.2–4.8 2.65 6.1–6.3 5.0–5.5

Nb3Sb Nb3Sb0–0.7Sn1–0.3 NbSe2 Nb1–1.05Se2 Nb3Se4 Nb3Si Nb3SiSnV3 NbSn2 Nb6Sn5 NbSnTaV NbSnV2 Nb2SnV NbxTa1-x Nb3Te4 NbxTi1-x Nb0.6Ti0.4 NbxU1-x Nb0.88V0.12 Nb0.5V1.5Zr Ni0.3Th0.7 NiZr2 Ni0.1Zr0.9 O3Rb0.27–0.29W OSn O3SrTi (n = 1.7–12.0 × 1019) O3SrTi (n = 1018–1021) O3SrTi (n = 1020) O3Sr0.08W OTi O3Tl0.30W OV3Zr3 OW3 (film) OsPti OsPZr OsReY Os2Sc OsTa Os3Th7 OsxW1-x OsW3 Os2Y Os2Zr OsxZr1-x PPb OsW2 PPd3.0–3.2 P3Pd7 (high temperature) P3Pd7 (low temperature) PRh PRh2 P4Rh5 PRhTa

0.2 6.8–18 5.15–5.62 2.2–7.0 2.0 1.5 4.0 2.60 2.8 6.2 5.5 9.8 4.4–9.2 1.8 0.6–9.8 9.8 1.95 (max.) 5.7 4.3 1.98 1.52 1.5 1.98 3.81 0.12–0.37 0.05–0.47 0.47 2–4 0.58 2.0–2.14 7.5 3.35; 1.1 1.2 7.4 2.0 4.6 1.95 1.51 0.9–4.1 ~3 4.7 3.0 1.5–5.6 7.8 3.81 <0.35–0.7 1.0 0.70 1.22 1.3 1.22 4.41

hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hP14 hR15 hR15 A15 A15 hR15 hR15

Cubic

C15 B1 Cubic Cubic F.C.C. B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Tetragonal

A12 A15 D8b A15 L12tP32 (Ti3P) C37-oP12 (Co2Si) D8f plus cubic A15 D8b D8b A15 D8b-tP30 (FeCr) A15 D8b-tP30 oI36 (FeTiSi)

Tc, K

Crystal structure type A15 D8b plus other A3-oP4 (AuCd) A15 oI36 Hexagonal, NbSe2 type Hexagonal, three-layer type L12-tP32 (Ti3P) A15 Hexagonal Same hP14 L12 Orthorhombic oI44 (Sn5Ti6) A15 A15 A15 A2 hP14

A2 C15-hP12 (MgZn2) D102 A3 Hexagonal tP4 (PbO)

Hexagonal Hexagonal E93 A15 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Same C14 C14 A12 D102 C14 C14

D8b-tP30 (FeCr) DO11 Rhombohedral Complex C1 oP28 (CaFe2O4) C37-oP12 (Co2Si)

4/28/05 1:56:49 PM

Properties of Superconductors Substance PRhZr PRuTi PRuZr PW3 Pb2Pd Pb4Pt Pb2Rh PbSb PbTe (plus 0.1 w/o Pb) PbTe (plus 0.1 w/o Te) PbTl0.27 PbTl0.17 PbTl0.12 PbTl0.075 PbTl0.04 Pb1–0.26Tl0–0.74 PbTl2 Pb3Zr5 PbZr3 Pd0.9Pt0.1Te2 Pd0.05Ru0.05Zr0.9 Pd2.2S (quenched) PdSb2 PdSb PdSbSe PdSbTe Pd4Se Pd6–7Se Pd2.8Se PdxSe1-x PdSi PdSn PdSn2 Pd2Sn Pd3Sn Pd2SnTm Pd2SnY Pd2SnYb PdTe PdTe1.02–1.08 PdTe2 PdTe2.1 PdTe2.3 Pd1.1Te Pd3Te PdTh2 Pd0.1Zr0.9 PtSb PtSi PtSn PtSn4 Pt3Ta7 PtTa3 PtTe PtTh Pt3Th7 Pt5Th PtTi3 Pt0.02U0.98 PtV2.5 PtV3

Section 12.indb 65

Tc, K

1.55 1.3 3.46 2.26 2.95 2.80 2.66 6.6 5.19 5.24–5.27 6.43 6.73 6.88 6.98 7.06 7.20–3.68 3.75–4.1 4.60 0.76 1.65 ~9 1.63 1.25 1.5 1.0 1.2 0.42 0.66 2.3 2.5 (max.) 0.93 0.41 3.34 0.41 0.47–0.64 1.77 4.92 1.79 2.3; 3.85 2.56–1.88 1.69 1.89 1.85 4.07 0.76 0.85 7.5 2.1 0.88 0.37 2.38 1.5 0.4 0.59 0.44 0.98 3.13 0.58 0.87 1.36 2.87–3.20

12-65 Crystal structure type

Substance

Same C22-hP9 (Fe2P) C37-oP12 DOe C16 Related to C16 C16

PtV3.5 Pt0.5W0.5 PtxW1-x Pt2Y3 Pt2Y Pt3Y7 PtZr Re2Sc Re24Sc5 ReSiTa Re3Si5Y2 Re3Ta2 Re0.64Ta0.36 Re3Ta Re24Ti5 RexTi1-x Re0.76V0.24 Re3V Re0.92V0.08 Re0.6W0.4 Re0.5W0.5 Re13W12 Re3W Re2Y Re2Zr Re3Zr Re6Zr Rh17S15 Rh~0.24Sc~0.76 Rh4Sc5Si10 Rh4Sc3Sn13 RhxSe1-x RhSi3Th Rh0.86Sc1.04Th Rh2Si2Y Rh3Si5Y2 Rh4Sn13Sr3 RhxSnyTh RhxSnyTm Rh4Sn13Y3 Rh2Sr Rh0.4Ta0.6 RhTe2 Rh0.67Te0.33 RhxTe1-x RhTh Rh3Th7 Rh5Th RhxTi1-x Rh0.02U0.98 RhV3 RhW RhY3 Rh2Y3 Rh3Y Rh5Y Rh3Y7 Rh0.005Zr (annealed) Rh0–0.45Zr1–0.55 Rh0.1Zr0.9 Ru2Sc RuSiTa

D88 A15 C6 Cubic C2 B81 C2 C2 Tetragonal Like Pd4Te B31 B31 C37 B82 DO3-cF16 (BiF3) Same Same B81 B81 C6 C6 C6 B81 cI2 (W) C16 A3 B81 B31 B81 C16-oC20 (PdSn4) D8b-tP30 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Orthorhombic Bf D102 A15 β-phase A15 A15

Tc, K

1.26 1.45 0.4–2.7 0.90 1.57; 1.70 0.82 3.0 4.2 2.2 4.4 1.76 1.4 1.46 6.78 6.60 6.6 (max.) 4.52 6.26 6.8 6.0 5.12 5.2 9.0 1.83 5.9 7.40 7.40 5.8 0.88; 0.92 8.54 4.5 6.0 (max.) 1.76 6.45 3.11 2.70 4.3 1.9 2.3 3.2 6.2 2.35 1.51 0.49 1.51 (max.) 0.36 2.15 1.07 2.25–3.95 0.96 0.38 ~3.4 0.65 1.48 1.07 0.56 0.32 5.8 2.1–10.8 9.0 1.67 3.15

Crystal structure type A15 A1

C15 D102 A3 C15-hP12 (MgZn2) A12-cI58 (Mg) oI36 (FeTiSi) tP40 (Fe3Sc2Si5) D8b-tP30 (FeCr) A12 A12-cI58 (Mn) A12 D8b D8b-tP30 A3 D8b D8b-tP30 A12-cI58 C14 C14 A12-cI58 Same Cubic tP38 cP40 tI10 tI12 tI10 oI40 cP40 cI2 (W) cP40 cP40 C15 D8b C2

Bf D102

A15 A3

C15 hP20 (Fe3Th7) H.C.P. C14 oI36

4/28/05 1:56:51 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-66 Substance Ru3Si2Th Ru3Si2Y Ru1.1Sn3.1Y Ru2Th RuTi Ru0.05Ti0.95 Ru0.1Ti0.9 RuxTi0.6Vy Ru3U Ru0.45V0.55 RuW Ru2Y Ru2Zr Ru0.1Zr0.9 STh SbSn SbTa3 SbTi3 Sb2Ti7 Sb0.01–0.03V0.99–0.97 SbV3 SeTh SiMo3 Si2Th Si2Th SiV2.7Ru0.3 Si2W3 SiZr3 Sn0.174–0.104Ta0.826–0.896 SnTa3 SnTa3 SnTaV2 SnTa2V SnxTe1-x (n = 10.5–20 × 1020) Sn3Th SnTi3 SnxTl1-x SnV3 Sn0.02–0.057V0.98–0.943 SnZr3 Ta0.025Ti0.975 Ta0.05Ti0.95 Ta0.05–0.75V0.95–0.25 Ta0.8–1W0.2–0 Tc0.1–0.4W0.9–0.6 Tc0.50W0.50 Tc0.60W0.40 Tc6Zr TeY ThTl3 Th0–0.55Y1–0.45 Ti0.70V0.30 TixV1-x Ti0.5Zr0.5 (annealed) Ti0.5Zr0.5 (quenched) Tl3Y V2Zr V0.26Zr0.74 W2Zr YZn

Tc, K

3.98 3.51 1.3 3.56 1.07 2.5 3.5 6.6 (max.) 0.15 4.0 7.5 1.52 1.84 5.7 0.5 1.30–1.42 0.72 5.8 5.2 3.76–2.63 0.80 1.7 1.4 3.2 2.4 2.9 2.8; 2.84 0.5 6.5–< 4.2 8.35 6.2 2.8 3.7 0.07–0.22 3.33 5.80 2.37–5.2 3.8 2.87–~1.6 0.92 1.3 2.9 4.30–2.65 1.2–4.4 1.25–7.18 7.52 7.88 9.7 1.02 0.87 1.2–1.8 6.14 0.2–7.5 1.23 2.0 1.52 8.80 5.9 2.16 0.33

* n denotes current carriers concentration in cm–3.

Section 12.indb 66

Crystal structure type hP12 hP12 cP40 C15 B2

L12-cP4 B2 A3 C14 C14 A3 B1-cF8 (NaCl) B1 or distorted A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Same A2 A15 B1-cF8 A15-cP8 Cc, α-phase C32, β-phase A15 L12-tP32 (Ti3P) A15 A15, highly ordered A15, partially ordered A15 A15 B1 L12-cP4 A15-cP8 A15 A2 A15-cP8 Hexagonal Hexagonal A2 A2 Cubic α plus plus α A12 B1-cF8 L12-cP4 Cubic

L12-cP4 C15 C15 B2-cP2 (CsCl)

B. Superconductors with Tc > 10Κ Substance Al2CMo3 Al0.5Ge0.5Nb Al~0.8Ge~0.2Nb3 AlNb3 AlNb3 A1xNb1–x A1xNb1–x A10.27Nb0.73–0.48V0–0.25 A1 NbxV1–x A10.1Si0.9V3 A1V3 AuNb3 Au0–0.3Nb1–0.7 Au0.02–0.98Nb3Rh0.98–0.02 AuNb3(1–x)V3x B0.03C0.51Mo0.47 B4LuRh4 B2LuRu B4Rh4Y B0.1Si0.9V3 BaBi0.2O3Pb0.8 Ba2CaCu2O8T12 Ba2Cu3LaO6 Ba2Cu3O7Tm Ba2Cu3O7Y (Ba,La)2CuO4 Bi2CaCu2O8Sr2 Br2Mo6S6 C3La CMo CMo2 C0.5MoxNb1–x CMoxTi1–x CMo0.83Ti0.17 C0–0.38N1–0.62Ta CNb (whiskers) CNb C0.7–1.0Nb0.3–0 CNbxTa1–x CNb0.6–0.9W0.4–0.1 C0.1Si0.9V3 CTa CTa1–0.4W0–0.6 C0.66Th0.13Y0.21 C3Y2 CW (Ca,La)2CuO4 Cu(La,Sr)2O4 Cu1.8Mo6S8 Cr0.3SiV2.7 GaNb3 GaxNb3Sn1–x GaV3 GaV2.1–3.5 GeNb3 GeNb3 (quenched) GexNb3Sn1–x Ge0.5Nb3Sn0.5 Ge0.1Si0.9V3 GeV3 InLa3

Tc,K

10.0 12.6 20.7 18.0 12.0 <4.2–13.5 12–17.5 14.5–17.5 4.4–13.5 14.05 11.8 11.5 1.1–11.0 2.53–10.9 1.5–11.0 12.5 11.7 10 11.3 15.8 13.2 120 80 101 90 36 110 13.8 11.0 14.3 12.2 10.8–12.5 10.2(max) 10.2 10.0–11.3 7.5–10.5 11.5 6–11 8.2–13.9 12.5–11.6 16.4 10.3 8.5–10.5 17 11.5 10 18 39 10.8 11.3 14.5 14–18.37 16.8 6.3–14.45 23.2 6–17 17.6–18.0 11.3 14.0 11 9.83; 10.4

Crystal structure type A13 A15 A15 A15 D8b A15 A15

A15 A15

(Cr3Si) (FeCr)

(Cr3Si)

A15 A15 (B4CeCo4) A15

A15

B1 B1 B1 B1

(B4CeCo4)

(K2NiF4) (Mo6PbS8) (C3Pu2) (NaC1) o**

B1 B1 B1 A15 B1 B1

B1

A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 LI2

(C3Pu2) (C3Pu2) (K2NiF4) (Mo6PbS8) (Cr3Si)

(AuCu3)

4/28/05 1:56:53 PM

Properties of Superconductors Substance In0–0.3Nb3Sn1–0.7 InV3 Ir0.4Nb0.6 LaMo6Se8 LiO4Ti2 MgB2 MoN Mo3Os Mo6Pb0.9S7.5 Mo3Re MoxRe1–x Mo0.52Re0.48 Mo0.57Re0.43 Mo~0.60Re0.395 MoRu Mo3Ru Mo6Se8T1 Mo0.3SiV2.7 Mn3Si Mo3Tc Mo0.3Tc0.7 MoxTc1–x MoTc3 NNb (whiskers) NNb (diffusion wires) N0.988Nb N0.824–0.988Nb N0.7–0.795Nb NNbxOy NNbxOy

Substance Ag2F Ag7NO11 Al2CMo3 BaBi3 Bi2Pt Bi3Sr Bi5Tl3 CdSn CoSi2 Cr0.1Ti0.3V0.6 In1-0.86Mg0-0.14

Section 12.indb 67

Tc,K

18.0–18.19 13.9 10 11.4 13.7 39.0±0.5 12; 14.8 12.7 15.2 10.0; 15 1.2–12.2 11.1 14.0 10.6 9.5–10.5 10.6 12.2 11.7 12.5 15 12.0 10.8–15.8 15.8 10–14.5 16.10 14.9; 17.3 14.4–15.3 11.3–12.9 13.5–17.0 6.0–11

12-67 Substance

Crystal structure type A15 A15

C32 A15 A15

A3 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15

B1 B1 B1

(FeCr) (Mo6PbS8) (A12MgO4) h* (Mo6PbS8)

(Mo6PbS8)

N100–42w/oNb0–58w/oTi N100–75w/oNb0–25w/oZr NNbxZr1–x N0.93Nb0.85Zr0.15 NTa NZr Nb3Pt Nb0.18Re0.82 Nb3Si Nb0.3SiV2.7 Nb3Sn Nb0.8Sn0.2 NbxSn1–x (film) Nb3Sn2 NbSnTa2 Nb2SnTa Nb2.5SnTa0.5 Nb2.75SnTa0.25 Nb3xSnTa3(1–x) Nb2SnTa0.5V0.5 NbTc3 Nb0.75Zr0.25 Nb0.66Zr0.33 PbTa3 RhTa3 RhZr2 Rh0–0.45Zr1–0.55 SiTi0.3V2.7 SiV3 SiV2.7Zr0.3

TABLE 5. Critical Field Data Ho (oersteds) 2.5 57 1700 740 10 530 >400 >266 105 1360 272.4–259.2

Substance InSb InxTl1-x In0.8Tl0.2 Mg0.47Tl0.53 Mo0.16Ti0.84 NbSn2 PbTl0.27 PbTl0.17 PbTl0.12 PbTl0.075 PbTl0.04

Tc,K

15–16.8 12.5–16.35 9.8–13.8 13.8 12–14 10.7 10.9 10 19 12.8 18.05 18.18; 18.5 2.6–18.5 16.6 10.8 16.4 17.6 17.8 6.0–18.0 12.2 10.5 10.8 10.8 17 10 10.8; 11.3 2.1–10.8 10.9 17.1 13.2

Crystal structure type

B1 B1 B1 B1 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15

A15 A15 A15 A15

(Mn)

o* t*

A15 A12

A15 A15 C16

(A12Cu)

A15 A15 A15

Ho (oersteds) 1100 252–284 252 220 <985 620 756 796 849 880 864

4/28/05 1:56:55 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-68

TABLE 6. High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys Substance

Hc1, kOe

9.8–10.2

C8K

0.39

C0.44Mo0.56 CNb CNb0.4Ta0.6 CTa CaxO3Sr1-xTi Cd0.1Hg0.9 (by weight) Cd0.05Hg0.95 Cr0.10Ti0.30V0.60 GaN GaxNb1-x GaSb (annealed) GaV1.95 GaV2.1-3.5 GaV3

12.5–13.5 8–10 10–13.6 9–11.4 <0.1–0.55

GaV4.5 HfxNby HfxTay Hg0.05Pb0.95 Hg0.101Pb0.899 Hg0.15Pb0.85 In0.98Pb0.02 In0.96Pb0.04 In0.94Pb0.06 In0.913Pb0.087 In0.316Pb0.684 In0.17Pb0.83 In1.000Te1.002 In0.95Tl0.05 In0.90Tl0.10 In0.83Tl0.17 In0.75Tl0.25 LaN La3S4 La3Se4 Mo0.52Re0.48

9.15

1.35 6.5 8.6 11.1

Mo0.6Re0.395

10.6

Mo0.5Ti0.5 Mo0.16Ti0.84

4.18

0.028

2.95 1.85–2.06

0.060

Mo0.913Ti0.087 Mo0.1-0.3U0.9-0.7 Mo0.17Zr0.83

Section 12.indb 68

Tc , K

Al2CMo3 AlNb3 BaxO3Sr1-xTi Bi0.5Cd0.1Pb0.27Sn0.13 BixPb1-x Bi0.56Pb0.44 Bi7.5w/oPb92.5w/ob Bi0.099Pb0.901 Bi0.02Pb0.98 Bi0.53Pb0.32Sn0.16 Bi1-0.93Sn0-0.07 Bi5Tl3 C8K (excess K)

<0.1–0.55 7.35–8.4 8.8

0.091 0.375 0.0039 max. 0.122 max. 0.29 0.46

6.4 0.55

5.6 5.85 4.24 5.3 6.3–14.45

6.75 3.45 3.68 3.90 4.2 3.5–3.7

0.087 0.12 0.19 0.22 0.002–0.004 0.23 0.28 0.071 0.725

0.4

0.235 0.23 0.1 0.1 0.095 ~10.17 0.155 0.263 0.257 0.242 0.216 0.45 ≈0.15 ≈0.2

156

Hc2, kOe

Hc3, kOe

1.2

>24 30 max. 15 2.32 2.8 0.73 >25 0–0.032 >5.6 0.160 (H⊥c) 0.730 (H|c) 0.025 (H⊥c) 0.250 (H|c) 98.5 16.9 14.1 4.6

3.06 4.2 4.2

0.34

2.04

0.31 84.4

2.16 0 4.2 4.2 3.5

>28 2.64 73e 230–300d 350e 500d 121c >52–>102 >28–>86 2.3 4.3 >13 0.12 0.18 0.55 3.7 2.8 1.2c 0.263 0.257 0.39 0.50 >25 >25 14–21 18–28 14–20 19–26 75c 98.7c 36–38 15 >25 30

Tobs, Ka

3.06 3.7 3.35 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 1.2 4.2 1.2 1.2

0 0 0 1.2 1.2

0.12 0.25 0.35 2.65 5.5

22–33 37–43 20–37 26–37

4.2 2.93 2.76 2.94 3.12 4.2 4.2 0 3.3 3.25 3.21 3.16 0.76 1.3 1.25 4.2 1.3 4.2 1.3 0 0 3.0 4.2

4/28/05 1:56:56 PM

Properties of Superconductors Substance

Tc , K

N(12.8 w/o)Nb NNb (wires)

15.2 16.1

NNbxO1-x NNbxZr1-x N0.93Nb0.85Zr0.15 Na0.086Pb0.914 Na0.016Pb0.984 Nb

13.5–17.0 9.8–13.8 13.8 9.15

Hc1, kOe

0.19 0.28

Nb Nb (unstrained) Nb (strained) Nb (cold-drawn wire) Nb (film) NbSc Nb3Sn

0.4–1.1 1.1–1.8 1.25–1.92 2.48

Nb0.1Ta0.9 Nb0.2Ta0.8 Nb0.65-0.73Ta0.02-0.10Zr0.25 NbxTi1-x

0.084

Nb0.222U0.778 NbxZr1-x

1.98

O3SrTi O3SrTi PbSb1 w/o(quenched) PbSb1 w/o(annealed) PbSb2.8 w/o(quenched) PbSb2.8 w/o(annealed) Pb0.871Sn0.129 Pb0.965Sn0.035 Pb1-0.26Tl0-0.74 PbTl0.17 Re0.26W0.74 Sb0.93Sn0.07 SiV3 SnxTe1–x Ta (99.95%)

Ta0.5Nb0.5 Ta0.65-0Ti0.35-1 Ta0.5Ti0.5 Te TcxW1-x Ti Ti0.75V0.25 Ti0.775V0.225 Ti0.615V0.385 Ti0.516V0.484 Ti0.415V0.585 Ti0.12V0.88 Ti0.09V0.91 Ti0.06V0.94

Section 12.indb 69

12-69

0.170

0.43 0.33

7.20–3.68 6.73 17.0

0.0049c 0.00195c

0.45 0.53

0.55 0.00043–0.00236 0.425 0.325 0.275 0.090

4.4–7.8 3.3 5.75–7.88

0.25c

5.3 4.7 7.07 7.20 7.49

0.029c 0.024c 0.050 0.062 0.078

Hc2, kOe

>9.5 153c 132 95 53 38 4- >130 >130 6.0 2.05 2.020 1.710 3–5.5 3.40 3.44 4.10 >25 >30 221 70 54 34 17 0.154 10 >70–>90 148 max. 120 max. 23 127 max. 94 max. 0.504c 0.420c >1.5 >0.7 >2.3 >0.7 1.1 0.56 2–6.9c 4.5c >30 0.12 156e 0.005–0.0775 1.850 1.425 1.175 0.375 3.55 >14–138 138 8–44 199c 172c 34 28 25 17.3 14.3 8.2

Hc3, kOe

13.2 0 4.2 8 12

Tobs, Ka

4.2 4.2

6–9.1 6.0–8.7 ≈10

1.4 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 14.15 15 16 17 4.195 4.2 4.2 1.2 4.2 1.2 1.2 4.2 0 0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 0 0 3.7

2.7

28.1 16.4 12.7

0.012–0.079 1.3 2.27 2.66 3.72 4.2 1.2 1.2 0 4.2 4.2 0 0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2

4/28/05 1:56:58 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-70 Substance

Tc , K

Ti0.03V0.97 TixV1-x V

5.31

V0.26Zr0.74

≈5.9

W (film)

1.7–4.1

a b c d e

Hc1, kOe

0.8 0.75 0.45 0.30 0.238 0.227 0.185 0.165

>34

6.8

Hc3, kOe

4.2 1.2 1.79 2 3 4 1.05 1.78 3.04 3.5 1

Tobs, Ka

Temperature of critical field measurement. w/o denotes weight percent. Extrapolated. Linear extrapolation. Parabolic extrapolation

References 1. B. W. Roberts, in Superconductive Materials and Some of Their Properties. Progress in Cryogenics, Vol. IV, 1964, pp. 160–231. 2. B. W. Roberts, Superconductive Materials and Some of Their Properties, NBS Technical Notes 408 and 482, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966 and 1969; B. W. Roberts, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 581, 1976. 3. B. W. Roberts, Properties of Selected Superconductive Materials, 1978 Supplement, NBS Technical Note 983, 1978. 4. T. Claeson, Phys. Rev., 147, 340, 1966. 5. C. J. Raub, W. H. Zachariasen, T. H. Geballe, and B. T. Matthias, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 24, 1093, 1963. 6. T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, V. B. Compton, E. Corenzwit, G. W. Hull, Jr., and L. D. Longinotti, Phys. Rev., 1A, 119, 1965. 7. C. J. Raub, V. B. Compton, T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, J. P. Maita, and G. W. Hull, Jr., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 2051, 1965. 8. R. D. Blaugher, J. K. Hulm, and P. N. Yocom, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 2037, 1965. 9. T. Claeson and H. L. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 1081, 1966. 10. S. C. Ng and B. N. Brockhouse, Solid State Comm., 5, 79, 1967. 11. O. I. Shulishova and I. A. Shcherbak, Izv. AN SSSR, Neorg. Materials, 3, 1495, 1967. 12. T. F. Smith and H. L. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 569, 1967. 13. A. C. Lawson, J. Less-Common Metals, 23, 103, 1971. 14. R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, and J. Prigent, J. Solid State Chem., 3, 515, 1971. 15. M. Marezio, P. D. Dernier, J. P. Remeika, and B. T. Matthias, Mat. Res. Bull., 8, 657, 1973. 16. J. K. Hulm and R. D. Blaugher in Superconductivity in d- and f-Band Metals, D. H. Douglass, Ed., American Institute of Physics, 4, 1, 1972. 17. R. N. Shelton, A. C. Lawson, and D. C. Johnston, Mat. Res. Bull., 10, 297, 1975. 18. H. D. Wiesinger, Phys. Status Sol., 41A, 465, 1977. 19. O. Fisher, Applied Phys., 16, 1, 1978. 20. D. C. Johnston, Solid State Comm., 24, 699, 1977. 21. H. C. Ku and R. H. Shelton, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1441, 1980. 22. H. Barz, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1489, 1980. 23. G. P. Espinosa, A. S. Cooper, H. Barz, and J. P. Remeika, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1635, 1980. 24. E. M. Savitskii, V. V. Baron, Yu. V. Efimov, M. I. Bychkova, and L. F. Myzenkova, in Superconducting Materials, Plenum Press, 1981, p. 107. 25. R. Fluckiger and R. Baillif, in Topics in Current Physics, O. Fischer and M. B. Maple, Eds., Springer Verlag, 34, 113, 1982. 26. R. N. Shelton, in Superconductivity in d- and f-Band Metals, W. Buckel and W. Weber, Eds., Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe, 1982, p. 123. 27. D. C. Johnston and H. F. Braun, Topics in Current Phys., 32, 11, 1982.

Section 12.indb 70

Hc2, kOe

3.8 108 max. 3.4 3.15 2.2 1.2

28. R. Chevrel and M. Sergent, Topics in Current Phys., 32, 25, 1982. 29. G. P. Espinosa, A. S. Cooper, and H. Barz, Mat. Res. Bull., 17, 963, 1982. 30. R. Muller, R. N. Shelton, J. W. Richardson, Jr., and R. A. Jacobson, J. Less-Comm. Met., 92, 177, 1983. 31. You-Xian Zhao and Shou-An He, in High Pressure in Science and Technology, North Holland, 22, 51, 1983. 32. You-Xian Zhao and Shou-An He, Solid State Comm., 24, 699, 1983. 33. G. P. Meisner and H. C. Ku, Appl. Phys., A31, 201, 1983. 34. R. J. Cava, D. W. Murphy, and S. M. Zahurak, J. Electrochem. Soc., 130, 2345, 1983. 35. R. N. Shelton, J. Less-Comm. Met., 94, 69, 1983. 36. B. Chevalier, P. Lejay, B. Lloret, Wang Xian–Zhong, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller, Annales de Chemie, 9, 191, 1984. 37. G. Venturini, M. Meot-Meyer, E. McRae, J. F. Mareche, and B. Rogues, Mat. Res. Bull., 19, 1647, 1984. 38. J. M. Tarascon, F. G. DiSalvo, D. W. Murphy, G. Hull, and J. V. Waszczak, Phys. Rev., 29B, 172, 1984. 39. G. V. Subba and G. Balakrishnan, Bull. Mat. Sci., 6, 283, 1984. 40. B. Batlog, Physica, 126B, 275, 1984. 41. M. J. Johnson, Ames Lab (USA) Report IS-T-1140, 1984. 42. I. M. Chapnik, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 4, 370, 1985. 43. W. Rong-Yao, L. Q-Guang, and Z. Xiao, Phys. Status Sol., 90A, 763, 1985. 44. W. Xian-Zhong, B. Chevalier, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller, Mat. Res. Bull., 20, 517, 1985. 45. H. R. Ott, F. Hulliger, H. Rudigier, and Z. Fisk, Phys. Rev., 31B, 1329, 1985. 46. P. Villars and L. D. Calver, Pearson’s Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic Phases, Vol. 1–3, ASM, 1985. 47. G. V. Subba Rao, K. Wagner, G. Balakhrishnan, J. Jakani, W. Paulus, and R. Scollhorn, Bull. Mat. Sci., 7, 215, 1985. 48. J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Muller, Zs. Physik, B64, 189, 1986. 49. W. Rong-Yao, Phys. Status Sol., 94A, 445, 1986. 50. H. D. Yang, R. N. Shelton, and H. F. Braun, Phys. Rev., 33B, 5062, 1986. 51. G. Venturini, M. Kanta, E. McRae, J. F. Mareche, B. Malaman, and B. Roques, Mat. Res. Bull., 21, 1203, 1986. 52. W. Rong-Yao, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 5, 87, 1986. 53. M. K. Wu, J. R. Ashburn, C. J. Torng, P. H. Hor, R. L. Meng, L. Gao, Z. J. Huang, Y. Q. Wang, and C. W. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 908, 1987. 54. R. J. Cava, R. B. Van Dover, B. Batlog, and E. A. Rietman, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 408, 1987. 55. L. C. Porter, T. J. Thorn, U. Geiser, A. Umezawa, H. H. Wang, W. K. Kwok, H-C. I. Kao, M. R. Monaghan, G. W. Crabtree, K. D. Carlson, and J. M. Williams, Inorg. Chem., 26, 1645, 1987. 56. A. M. Kini, U. Geiser, H-C. I. Kao, K. D. Carlson, H. H. Wang, M. R. Monaghan, and K. M. Williams, Inorg. Chem., 26, 1834, 1987.

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Properties of Superconductors 57. T. Penney, S. von Molnar, D. Kaiser, F. Holtzberg, and A. W. Kleinsasser, Phys. Rev., B38, 2918, 1988. 58. Y. K. Tao, J. S. Swinnea, A. Manthiram, J. S. Kim, J. B. Goodenoug, and H. Steinfink, J. Mat. Res., 3, 248, 1988. 59. G. G. Peterson, B. R. Weinberger, L. Lynds, and H. A. Krasinski, J. Mat. Res., 3, 605, 1988. 60. J. B. Torrance, Y. Tokura, A. Nazzai, and S. S. P. Parkin, Phys. Rev. Lett., 60, 542, 1988. 61. K. Kourtakis, M. Robbins, P. K. Gallagher, and T. Teifel, J. Mat. Res., 4, 1289, 1989. 62. J. C. Phillips, Physics of High-Tc Superconductors, Academic Press, 1989, p. 336. 63. Shui Wai Lin and L. I. Berger, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 60, 507, 1989. 64. M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity, McGraw–Hill, New York, 1975. 65. O. Fischer and M.B. Maple, Eds., Topics in Current Physics, Volume 32: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds I; Volume 34: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds II, Springer–Verlag, Berlin, 1982. 66. K. J. Dunn and F. P. Bundy, Phys. Rev., B25, 194, 1982. 67. A. Barone and G. Paterno, Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect, Wiley, New York, 1982.

Section 12.indb 71

12-71 68. D. H. Douglass, Ed., Superconductivity in d- and f-Band Metals, Plenum Press, New York, 1976. 69. D. M. Ginsberg, Ed., Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, (Volume II, 1990; Volume III, 1992; Volume V, 1996), World Scientific, Singapore. 70. T. Ishiguro and K. Yamji, Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. 71. Sh. Okada, K. Shimizu, T. C. Kobayashi, K. Amaya, and Sh. Endo., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 65, 1924, 1996. 72. A. Bourdillon and N. X. Tan Bourdillon, High Temperature Superconductors: Processing and Science, Academic Press, 1994. 73. J. M. Williams, J. R. Ferraro, R. J. Thorn, K. Carlson, U. Geiser, H. H. Wang, A. M. Kini, and M.-H. Whangbo, Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes): Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Theory, Prentice–Hall, 1992. 74. J. Nagamatsu, N. Nakagawa, T. Muranaka, Y. Zenitani, and J. Akimitsu, Nature (London), 410, 63, 2001. 75. Y. Boguslavsky, G. K. Perkins, X. Qi, L. F. Cohen, and A. D. Caplin, Nature (London), 410, 563, 2001. 76. B. Q. Fu, Y. Feng, G. Yan, Y. Zhao, A. K. Pradhan, C. H. Cheng, P. Ji, X. H. Liu, C. F. Liu, L. Zhou, and K. F. Yau, J. Appl. Phys., 92, 7341, 2002.

4/28/05 1:57:00 PM

HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS C. N. R. Rao and A. K. Raychaudhuri The following tables give properties of a number of high temperature superconductors. Table 1 lists the crystal structure (space group and lattice constants) and the critical transition temperature Tc for the more important high temperature superconductors so far studied. Table 2 gives energy gap, critical current density, and penetration depth in the superconducting state. Table 3 gives electrical and thermal properties of some of these materials in the normal state. The tables were prepared in November 1992 and updated in November 1994.

References

2. Rao, C. N .R., Ed., Chemistry of High-Temperature Superconductors, World Scientific, Singapore, 1991. 3. Shackelford, J. F., The CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992, 98–99 and 122–123. 4. Kaldis, E., Ed., Materials and Crystallographic Aspects of HTcSuperconductivity, Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1992. 5. Malik, S. K. and Shah, S. S., Ed., Physical and Material Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, Nova Science Publ., Commack, N.Y., 1994. 6. Chmaissem, O. et. al., Physica, C230, 231–238, 1994. 7. Antipov, E. V. et. al., Physica, C215, 1–10, 1993.

1. Ginsburg, D. M., Ed., Physical Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors, Vols. I–III, World Scientific, Singapore, 1989–1992.

TABLE 1. Structural Parameters and Approximate Tc Values of High-Temperature Superconductors Material

La2CuO4+δ La2-xSrx(Bax)CuO4 La2Ca1-xSrxCu2O6 YBa2Cu3O7 YBa2Cu4O8 Y2Ba4Cu7O15 Bi2Sr2CuO6 Bi2CaSr2Cu2O8 Bi2Ca2Sr2Cu3O10 Bi2Sr2(Ln1-xCex)2Cu2O10 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Tl2CaBa2Cu2O8 Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10 Tl(BaLa)CuO5 Tl(SrLa)CuO5 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2CuO5 TlCaBa2Cu2O7 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)CaSr2Cu2O7 TlSr2Y0.5Ca0.5Cu2O7 TlCa2Ba2Cu3O8 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2Ca2Cu3O9 TlBa2(La1-xCex)2Cu2O9 Pb2Sr2La0.5Ca0.5Cu3O8 Pb2(Sr,La)2Cu2O6 (Pb,Cu)Sr2(La,Ca)Cu2O7 (Pb,Cu)(Sr,Eu)(Eu,Ce)Cu2Ox Nd2-xCexCuO4 Ca1-xSrxCuO2 Sr1-xNdxCuO2 Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 Rb2CsC60 NdBa2Cu3O7 SmBaSrCu3O7 EuBaSrCu3O7 GdBaSrCu3O7 DyBaSrCu3O7 HoBaSrCu3O7 ErBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) TmBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) YBaSrCu3O7 HgBa2CuO4 HgBa2CaCu2O6 (annealed in O2) HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8 HgBa2Ca3Cu4O10

Structure

Bmab; a = 5.355, b = 5.401, c = 13.15 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.779, c = 13.23 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.825, c = 19.42 Å Pmmm; a = 3.821, b = 3.885, c = 11.676 Å Ammm; a = 3.84, b = 3.87, c = 27.24 Å Ammm; a = 3.851, b = 3.869, c = 50.29 Å Amaa; a = 5.362, b = 5.374, c = 24.622 Å A2aa; a = 5.409, b = 5.420, c = 30.93 Å A2aa; a = 5.39, b = 5.40, c = 37 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.888, c = 17.28 Å A2aa; a = 5.468, b = 5.472, c = 23.238 Å; I4/mmm; a = 3.866, c = 23.239 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.855, c = 29.318 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.85, c = 35.9 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.83, c = 9.55 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.7, c = 9 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.738, c = 9.01 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.856, c = 12.754 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.05 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.10 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.853, c = 15.913 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.81, c = 15.23 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.8, c = 29.5 Å Cmmm; a = 5.435, b = 5.463, c = 15.817 Å P2212; a = 5.333, b = 5.421, c = 12.609 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.820, c = 11.826 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.837, c = 29.01 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.95, c = 12.07 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.902, c = 3.35 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.942, c = 3.393 Å Pm3m; a = 4.287 Å a = 14.493 Å Pmmm; a = 3.878, b = 3.913, c = 11.753 I4/mmm; a = 3.854, c = 11.62 I4/mmm; a = 3.845, c = 11.59 I4/mmm; a = 3.849, c = 11.53 Pmmm; a = 3.802, b = 3.850, c = 11.56 Pmmm; a = 3.794, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 Pmmm; a = 3.787, b = 3.846, c = 11.54 Pmmm; a = 3.784, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 Pmmm; a = 3.803, b = 3.842, c = 11.54 I4/mmm; a = 3.878, c = 9.507 I4/mmm; a = 3.862, c = 12.705 Pmmm; a = 3.85, c = 15.85 Pmmm; a = 3.854, c = 19.008

Tc/K (maximum value) 39 35 60 93 80 93 10 92 110 25 92 119 128 40 40 40 103 90 90 110 120 40 70 32 50 25 30 110 40 31 31 58 84 88 86 90 87 82 88 84 94 127 133 126

12-72

Section 12.indb 72

4/28/05 1:57:02 PM

High Temperature Superconductors

12-73 TABLE 2. Superconducting Properties

Jc (0): Critical current density extrapolated to 0 K λab: Penetration depth in a-b plane kB: Boltzmann constant Material Y Ba2Cu3O7 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Tl2Ba3CaCu2O8 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.15 Nd2-xCexCuO4

Form Single Crystal Single Crystal Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic

Energy gap (∆) 2∆ƒit/kBTc† 2∆pp/kBTc* 5–6 4–5 8–9 5.5–6.5 6–7 4–6 7–9 4–6 8 4–5

10–6 × Jc (0)/A cm–2 30 (film) 2 10 (film, 80 K)

λab/Å 1400 2700 2000

0.2 (film)

* Obtained from peak to peak value. † Obtained from fit to BCS-type relation.

ρab: ρc: +ve: –ve: nH: k: in plane: out of plane: Material YBa2Cu3O7 YBa2Cu4O8 Bi2Sr2CuO6 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.12 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.20 Nd2–xCexCuO4, x = 0.17 x = 0.15

TABLE 3. Normal State Properties

Resistivity in the a-b plane Resistivity along the c axis ρc has positive temperature coefficient of resistivity ρc has negative temperature coefficient of resistivity Hall density Thermal conductivity Along a-b plane Perpendicular to a-b plane ρab/µΩ cm ρc/mΩ cm Form 300 K 100 K 300 K Single crystal 110 35 5 Film 200–300 60–100 Single crystal 75 20 10 Film 100–200 20–50 Single crystal 300 150 5000 Single crystal 150 50 >1000 Single crystal 300–400 50–75 200–300 Ceramic ∗∗∗ ∗∗ Single crystal 900 350 200 Single crystal 400 200 80 Film 400 160 Single crystal 500 275 140–180 35 Film

dρc/dT

10–21 × nH/cm–3 300 K 100 K

+ve

11–16 5–9

4–6 2–3

–ve

14 22

17

–ve

6

5

–ve

4

3

+ve

3.1

2.5 ≈ 2*

+ve for T >225 K +ve for T >150 K

k/(mW/cm K) at 300 K in plane out of plane 120

3

60

8

50 (for x = 0.04)

20

2.5 10 8.4

6.3

53 32

17 11

250 (for x = 0.15)

* At 200 K ** ρ ~0.4 mΩ cm at 120 K *** ρ ~1.5 mΩ cm at 300 K

Section 12.indb 73

4/28/05 1:57:04 PM

ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTORS H.P.R. Frederikse Although the vast majority of organic compounds are insulators, a small number of organic solids show considerable electrical conductivity. Some of these materials appear to be superconductors. The superconducting organics fall primarily into two groups: those containing fulvalenes (pentagonal rings containing sulfur or selenium) and those based on fullerenes, involving the nearly spherical cluster C60. The transition temperatures Tc of the fulvalene derivatives are shown in Table 1. The abbreviations of the various molecular groups are listed in Table 2 and their chemical structures are depicted in Figure 1. Most of the Tc’s are between 1 and 12 K. Several of the compounds only show superconductivity under pressure. The fullerenes are A3C60 compounds, where A represents a single or a combination of alkali atoms. The C60 cluster is shown in

Figure 2a, while Figure 2b illustrates how the alkali atoms fit into the A3C60 molecule to form the A15 crystallographic structure. Their superconducting transition temperatures range from 8 to 31.3 K (see Table 3).

References 1. Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. 2. Williams, Jack M. et al., Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1992. 3. The Fullerenes, Ed.: Krato, H. W., Fisher, J. E., and Cox, D. E., Pergammon Press, Oxford, 1993. 4. Schluter, M. et al., in The Fullerenes (Ref. 3), p. 303.

TABLE 1. Critical Pressure and Maximum Critical Temperature of Organic Superconductors Material (TMTSF)2PF6 (TMTSF)2AsF6 (TMTSF)2SbF6 (TMTSF)2TaF6 (TMTSF)2ClO4 (TMTSF)2ReO4 (TMTSF)2FSO3 (ET)4(ReO4)2 βL-(ET)2I3 βH-(ET)2I3 γ-(ET)3I2.5 ε-(ET)2I3(I8)0.5 α-(ET)2I3I2-doped αt-(ET)2I3 ε→β-(ET)2I3a θ-(ET)2I3 κ-(ET)2I3

Pc/kbar

6.5 9 11 12 0 9.5 5 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tc/K

1.2 1.3 0.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 3 2 1.4 8.1 2.5 2.5 3.3 8 6 3.6 3.6

Material β-(ET)2IBr2 β-(ET)2AuI2 (ET)4Hg2.89Cl8 (ET)4Hg2.89Br8 (ET)3Cl2(H2O)2 κ-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2 κ-(d-ET)2Cu(NCS)2 (DMET)2Au(CN)2 (DMET)2AuI2 (DMET)2AuBr2 (DMET)2AuCl2 (DMET)2I3 (DMET)2lBr2 (MDT-TTF)2AuI2 TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2 TTF[Pd(dmit)2]2 (CH3)4N[Ni(dmit)2]2

Pc/kbar

0 0 0 12 16 0 0 1.5 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 20 7

Tc/K

2.8 4.8 4.2 1.8 2 10.4 11.4 0.9 0.6 1.9 0.9 0.6 0.7 3.5 1.6b 6.5 5

Converted form ε-type to β-type by thermal treatment. For 7 kbar. From Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. With permission. a

b

TABLE 2. List of Symbols and Abbreviations

TTF TMTSF BEDT-TTF or “ET” MDT-TTF DMET dmit Tc Pc

tetrathiafulvalene tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene [dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene] 4,5-dimercapto-1,3-dithiole-2-thione transition temperature to superconducting state minimum pressure required for superconducting transition

12-74

Section 12.indb 74

4/28/05 1:57:06 PM

Organic Superconductors

12-75

H3C

Se

Se

CH3

S

S

H3C

Se

Se

CH3

S

S

TMTSF

TTF

Tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene H H H H

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

Tetrathiafulvalene

H H H H

Me

Se

S

S

Me

Se

S

S

BEDT − TTF or ET

DMET

Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene Dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene

S

S

S

S S

S

S

S

C

C

S

S C S

S M

C

n–

S

S C S

C S

MDT − TTF

M=Ni, Pd, Pt M(dmit)22–

Methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene

Ligand is 4,5-dimercapto-1.3-dithiole-2-thione

FIGURE 1. Structures of various donor molecules and acceptor species.

(001)

(010)

(100)

a b FIGURE 2. (a) C60 cluster placed in a fcc lattice. Each crystal axis crosses a double bond shared by two hexagons. (b) A hypothetical A3C60 with the A15 structure. The structure can be seen to be an ordered defect structure of A6C60.

Section 12.indb 75

4/28/05 1:57:10 PM

Organic Superconductors

12-76 TABLE 3. Unit Cell and Tc for FCC-A3 C60 Na2Rb0.5Cs0.5C60 Na2CsC60 No. 1a Na2CsC60 No. 2a K3C60 K2RbC60 Rb2KC60 No. 1a Rb2KC60 No. 2a Rb3C60 Rb2CsC60

Lattice parameter(s) (Å) 14.148(3) 14.132(2) 14.176(9) 14.253(3) 14.299(2) 14.336(1) 14.364(5) 14.436(2) 14.493(2)

Tc/K 8.0 10.5 14.0 19.3 21.8 24.4 26.4 29.4 31.3

Samples labeled No. 1 and No. 2 have the same nominal composition. From Schluter, M et. al., The Fullerenes, Ed.: Krato, H.W., Fisher, J.E., and Cox, D.E., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993. With permission.

a

Section 12.indb 76

4/28/05 1:57:12 PM

PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS L. I. Berger The term semiconductor is applied to a material in which electric current is carried by electrons or holes and whose electrical conductivity, when extremely pure, rises exponentially with temperature and may be increased from its low “intrinsic” value by many orders of magnitude by “doping” with electrically active impurities. Semiconductors are characterized by an energy gap in the allowed energies of electrons in the material that separates the normally filled energy levels of the valence band (where “missing” electrons behave like positively charged current carriers “holes”) and the conduction band (where electrons behave rather like a gas of free negatively charged carriers with an effective mass dependent on the material and the direction of the electrons’ motion). This energy gap depends on the nature of the material and varies with direction in anisotropic crystals. It is slightly dependent on

temperature and pressure, and this dependence is usually almost linear at normal temperatures and pressures. Data are presented in five tables. Table 1 lists the main crystallographic and semiconducting properties of a large number of semiconducting materials in three main categories: “Tetrahedral Semiconductors” in which every atom is tetrahedrally coordinated to four nearest neighbor atoms (or atomic sites) as for example in the diamond structure; “Octahedral Semiconductors” in which every atom is octahedrally coordinated to six nearest neighbor atoms—as for example the halite structure; and “Other Semiconductors.” Table 2 gives electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, while Tables 3 and 4 give more details on the semiconducting properties and band structures of the most common semiconductors. Table 5 lists semiconducting minerals with typical resistivity ranges.

TABLE 1. Physico-Chemical Properties of Semiconductors (Listed by Crystal Structure)

Substance

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3)

Melting point (K)

Microhardness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Coefficient of Thermal Debye thermal linear conductivity temp. expansion [mW/cm·K (K) [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

1.1. Tetrahedral (Adamantine) Semiconductors 1.1.1. Diamond Structure Elements (Strukturbericht symbol A4, Space Group Fd3m-O 7h ) C (Diamond)

12.01

3.56683

3.513

≈4713 (12.4 GPa) Transition to graphite > 980

10 (M)

471.5

2340

1.18

9900(I) 23200(IIA) 13600(IIB)

Si

28.09

5.43072

2.329

1687

11270

702

645

2.6

1240

Ge

72.64

5.65754

5.323

1211.35

7644

321.9

374

5.8

640

118.71

6.4912

5.769

505.1 (Tr. 286.4)

213

230

5.4 (220 K)

α-Sn

–

1.1.2. Sphalerite (Zinc Blende) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B3 Space Group F 4 3m-Td2 ) I-VII Compounds CuF

82.54

41.27

4.255

CuCl

98.99

49.49

5.4057

3.53

695

1181 2.3 (M)

490

240

12.1

8.4

CuBr

143.45

71.73

5.6905

4.98

770

2.5 (M)

381

207

15.4

12.5

Cul

190.45

95.23

6.60427

5.63

878

192

276

181

19.2

16.8

AgBr

187.77

93.89

6.473 >1570 (Tr. 410)

2.5 (M)

270

AgI

234.77

117.39

6.502

5.67

2.5 (M)

232

134

–2.5

4.2

BeS

41.08

20.54

4.865

2.36

BeSe

87.97

43.99

5.139

4.315

BeTe

136.61

68.31

5.626

5.090

BePo

(2318)

5.838

7.3

ZnO

81.39

40.69

4.63

5.675 2248

5.0 (M)

494

416

2.9

234

ZnS

97.46

48.72

5.4093

4.079 2100 (Tr. 1295)

1780

472

530

6.36

251

831 II-VI Compounds

12-80

(109)

dec.

Properties of Semiconductors

Substance

12-81

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3)

Melting point (K)

Microhardness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Coefficient of Thermal Debye thermal linear conductivity temp. expansion [mW/cm·K (K) [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

ZnSe

144.34

72.17

5.6676

5.42

1790

1350

339

400

7.2

140

ZnTe

192.99

96.5

6.101

6.34

1568

900

264

223

8.19

108

ZnPo

(274)

(137)

6.309

CdS

144.48

72.24

5.832

4.826

1750

1250

330

219

4.7

200

CdSe

191.37

95.68

6.05

5.674

1512

1300

255

181

3.8

90

CdTe

240.01

120.00

6.477

5.86

1365

600

205

200

4.9

58.5

CdPo

(321)

(161)

6.665

HgS

232.66

116.33

5.8517

7.73

1820

3 (M)

210

HgSe

279.55

139.78

6.084

8.25

1070

2.5 (M)

178

151

5.46

10

HgTe

328.19

164.10

6.4623

8.17

943

300

164

242

4.6

20

793

≈1900

III-V Compounds BN

24.82

12.41

3.615

3.49

3239

10 (M)

BP(L.T.)

41.78

20.87

4.538

2.9

1398 (dec)

37000

200

≈980

BAs

85.73

42.87

4.777

≈2300

19000

≈625

AlP

57.95

28.98

5.451

2.42

≈2100

5.5 (M)

588

AlAs

101.90

50.95

5.6622

3.81

2013

5000

417

3.5

840

AlSb

148.74

74.37

6.1355

4.218

1330

4000

292

4.2

600

GaP

100.70

50.35

5.4905

4.13

1750

9450

446

5.3

752

GaAs

144.64

72.32

5.65315

5.316

1510

7500

344

5.4

560

GaSb

191.48

95.74

6.0954

5.619

980

4480

265

6.1

270

InP

145.79

72.90

5.86875

4.787

1330

4100

321

4.6

800

InAs

189.74

94.87

6.05838

5.66

1215

3300

268

249

4.7

290

InSb

236.58

118.29

6.47877

5.775

798

2200

144

202

4.7

160

320

920

Other sphalerite structure compounds MnS

87.00

MnSe

133.90

66.95

5.82

40.10

20.1

4.348

3.21

3070

Ga2Se3

376.32

75.26

5.429

4.92

1020

3160

Ga2Te3

522.24

104.45

5.899

5.75

1063

2370

47

In2Te3(H.T.)

608.44

121.7

6.173

5.8

940

1660

69

MgGeP2

158.84

β-SiC (3-C SiC)

43.5

39.71

5.011 2.9

4.9

8.9

50

5.652

ZnSnP2

246.00

61.5

5.65

ZnSnAs2(H.T.)

333.90

82.38

5.851

5.53

1050

1200

ZnSnSb2

427.56

106.89

6.281

5.67

870

76 2500

76

1.1.3. Wurtzite (Zincite) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B4, Space Group P 63mc-C46v) I-VII Compounds CuCl

99.0

49.5

3.91

6.42

703

CuBr

143.45

71.73

4.06

6.66

770

Cul

190.45

95.23

4.31

7.09

Agl

234.77

117.40

4.580

7.494

BeO

25.01

12.51

2.698

4.380 7.39

II-VI Compounds MgTe

151.9

2800

76.0

4.54

3.85

≈2800

ZnO

81.37

40.69

3.24950 5.2069

5.66

2250

600

ZnS

97.43

48.72

3.8140 6.2576

4.1

2100

460

Properties of Semiconductors

12-82

Substance

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3) 6.99

Melting point (K)

Microhardness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Coefficient of Thermal Debye thermal linear conductivity temp. expansion [mW/cm·K (K) [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

ZnTe

192.99

46.50

4.27

CdS

144.48

72.23

4.1348 6.7490

4.82

1748

1568 401

CdSe

191.37

95.68

4.299

7.010

5.66

1512

316

CdTe

240.01

120.00

4.57

7.47

BP(H.T.)

41.79

20.90

3.562

5.900

AlN

40.99

20.50

3.111

4.978

3.26

≈2500

823

GaN

83.73

41.87

3.190

5.189

6.10

1500

656

InN

128.83

64.42

3.533

5.693

6.88

1200

556

III-V Compounds

Other wurtzite structure compounds MnS

87.00

43.5

3.985

6.45

MnSe

133.90

66.95

4.12

6.72

40.10

20.1

3.076

5.048

MnTe

182.54

91.27

4.078

6.701

Al2S3

150.14

30.03

3.579

5.829

2.55

1400

Al2Se3

290.84

58.17

3.890

6.30

3.91

1250

SiC

3.248

–

1.1.4. Chalcopyrite Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E11 , Space Group I 4 2d-D12 24 ) I-III-VI2 Compounds CuAlS2

154.65

38.66

5.323

10.44

3.47

2500

CuAlSe2

248.45

62.11

5.617

10.92

4.70

2260

CuAlTe2

345.73

86.43

5.976

11.80

5.50

2550

CuGaS2

197.39

49.53

5.360

10.49

4.35

2300

CuGaSe2

291.19

72.80

5.618

11.01

5.56

1970

4200

CuGaTe2

388.47

97.12

6.013

11.93

5.99

2400

3500

CuInS2

242.49

60.62

5.528

11.08

4.75

1400

2550

CuInSe2

336.29

84.07

5.785

11.56

5.77

1600

2050

CuInTe2

433.57

108.39

6.179

12.365

6.10

1660

400

CuTlS2

322.05

83.01

5.580

11.17

6.32

CuTlSe2(L.T.)

425.85

106.46

5.844

11.65

7.11

900

CuFeS2

183.51

45.88

5.29

10.32

4.088

1135

CuFeSe2

277.31

69.33

CuLaS2

266.58

66.65

5.65

10.86

195

5.4

42

6.9

27

6.6

37

7.1

49

850

AgAlS2

198.97

49.74

5.707

10.28

3.94

AgAlSe2

292.77

73.19

5.968

10.77

5.07

1220

AgAlTe2

390.05

97.51

6.309

11.85

6.18

1000

AgGaS2

241.71

60.43

5.755

10.28

4.72

83.88

5.985

10.90

5.84

1120

6.301

11.96

6.05

990

AgGaSe2

335.51

AgGaTe2

432.79

AgInS2(L.T.)

286.87

71.70

5.828

11.19

5.00

AgInSe2

380.61

95.15

6.102

11.69

5.81

1053

AgInTe2

477.89

119.47

6.42

12.59

6.12

965

AgFeS2

227.83

56.96

5.66

10.30

4.53

ZnSiP2

155.40

38.85

5.400

10.441

3.39

1640

1100

5.465

10.771

4.17

1295

8100

108.2

275

4400 1800

212

10

2250 1850

30 9.49, 0.69

II-IV-V2 Compounds ZnGeP2

199.90

49.98

ZnSnP2

246.00

61.5

CdSiP2

202.43

50.61

180

6500 5.678

10.431

4.00

≈1470

10500

282

Properties of Semiconductors

Substance

12-83

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3)

CdGeP2

246.94

61.74

5.741

10.775

CdSnP2

243.03

73.26

5.900

11.518

ZnSiAs2

242.20

60.55

5.61

10.88

ZnGeAs2

287.80

71.95

5.672

ZnSnAs2

333.90

83.48

4.48

Melting point (K)

Microhardness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Coefficient of Thermal Debye thermal linear conductivity temp. expansion [mW/cm·K (K) [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

1049

5650

840

5000

4.70

1311

9200

11.153

5.32

1150

6800

263

110

5.8515 11.704

5.53

1048

4550

271

150

10.882

110 195

140

CdSiAs2

290.34

72.58

5.884

>1120

6850

CdGeAs2

334.83

83.71

5.9427 11.217 2

5.60

938

4700

48

CdSnAs2

380.93

95.23

6.0944 11.918 2

5.72

880

3450

40

1.1.5. Other Ternary Semiconductors with Tetrahedral Coordination I2-IV-VI3 Compounds Cu2SiS3(H.T.)

251.36

41.89

Cu2SiS3(L.T.)

3.684

6.004

3.81

5.290

10.156

3.63

1200

23

Cu2SiTe3

537.98

89.66

5.93

5.47

Cu2GeS3(H.T.)

295.88

49.31

5.317

4.45

5.327

5.215

4.46

Cu2GeSe3

436.56

72.76

5.589

5.485

5.57

Cu2GeTe3

582.51

97.09

5.958

5.935

5.92

Cu2SnS3

341.98

57.00

5.436

5.02

1110

2770

440

214

7.8

CuSnSe3

482.66

80.44

5.687

5.94

960

2510

310

148

8.9

Cu2SnTe3

628.61

104.77

6.048

6.51

680

1970

Ag2GeSe3

525.21

87.54

Ag2SnSe3

571.31

95.22

Cu2GeS3(L.T.)

Ag2GeTe3

671.13

111.86

Ag2SnTe3

717.23

119.54

Cu3PS4

349.85

40.73

1210

4550

510

254

7.2

1030

3840

340

168

8.4

2890

12 24 130 28 35 144

810 600 I3-V -VI4-Compounds 7.44

6.19

Cu3AsS4

393.79

49.22

6.43

6.14

4.37

931

Cu3AsSe4

581.37

72.67

5.570

10.957

5.61

733

Cu3SbS4

440.64

55.08

5.38

16.76

4.90

830

Cu3SbSe4

628.22

78.53

5.654

11.256

6.0

700

CuSi2P3

212.64

35.44

5.25

CuGe2P3

301.65

50.28

5.375

AgGe2P3

345.97

57.66

3.2

30.2

169

9.5

19

131

12.4

I-IV2-V3 Compounds 4.318

1113

8500

1015

6150

429

–

1.1.6. “Defect Chalcopyrite” Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E3, Space Group I 4 -S24 ) ZnAl2Se4

435.18

62.17

5.503

10.90

4.37

ZnAl2Te4(?)

629.74

84.96

5.904

12.05

4.95

ZnGa2S4(?)

333.06

47.58

5.274

10.44

3.80

ZnGa2Se4(?)

520.66

74.38

5.496

10.99

5.21

ZnGa2Te4(?)

715.22

102.17

5.937

11.87

5.67

ZnIn2Se4

610.86

87.27

5.711

11.42

5.44

1250

ZnIn2Te4

805.42

115.06

6.122

12.24

5.83

1075

CdAl2S4

294.61

42.09

5.564

10.32

3.06

CdAl2Se4

482.21

68.89

5.747

10.68

4.54

CdAl2Te4(?)

676.77

97.68

6.011

12.21

5.10

8.21

37.6

14.6

Properties of Semiconductors

12-84

Substance

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3)

CdGa2S4

380.09

54.30

5.577

10.08

4.03

CdGa2Se4

567.69

81.10

5.743

10.73

5.32

CdGa2Te4

762.25

108.89

6.093

11.81

5.77

CdIn2Te4

852.45

121.78

6.205

12.41

5.9

HgAl2S4

382.79

54.68

5.488

10.26

4.11

Melting point (K)

Microhardness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Coefficient of Thermal Debye thermal linear conductivity temp. expansion [mW/cm·K (K) [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

1060

HgAl2Se4

570.39

82.48

5.708

10.74

5.05

HgAl2Te4(?)

764.48

109.28

6.004

12.11

5.81

HgGa2S4

468.27

66.90

5.507

10.23

5.00

HgGa2Se4

655.87

93.70

5.715

10.78

6.18

HgIn2Se4

746.07

106.58

5.764

11.80

6.3

1100

HgIn2Te4(?)

940.63

134.38

6.186

12.37

6.3

980

3.21

3070

1.1.7. Other Adamantine Compounds α−SiC

40.10

20.10

Hg5Ga2Te8

2163.19

144.21

Hg5In2Te8

2253.39

150.23

Cdln2Se4

657.89

93.98

3.0817 15.12 6.235 6.328 a = c = 5.823

1.2. Octahedral Semiconductors 1.2.1. Halite Structure Semiconductors (Strukturbericht symbol B1, Space Group Fm3m-O 5h) GeTe

200.21

100.10

5.98

SnSe

197.67

98.83

6.020

6.14

SnTe

246.31

123.15

6.313

6.45

1080 (max)

91

PbS

239.3

119.63

5.9362

7.61

1390

23

1133

PbSe

286.2

143.08

6.1243

8.15

1340

17

PbTe

334.8

167.4

6.454

8.16

1180

23

7.98

880

1.2.2. Selected Other Binary Halites BiSe

287.94

143.97

5.99

BiTe

336.58

168.29

6.47

EuSe

230.92

115.46

6.191

2300

GdSe

236.21

118.11

5.771

2400

NiO

74.69

37.35

4.1684

CdO

128.41

64.21

4.6953

SrS

119.69

59.84

6.0199

2.4

2260

6.6

1700

7

3000

3.643

1.3. Other Semiconductors 1.3.1. Antifluorite Structure Compounds (Fm3m–O5h ) Mg2Si

76.70

25.57

6.338

1.88

1375

11.5

Mg2Ge

121.22

40.4

6.380

3.08

1388

15.0

Mg2Sn

167.32

55.77

6.765

3.53

1051

9.9

Mg2Pb

225.81

85.27

6.836

5.1

823

10.0

92

1.3.2. Tetradymite Structure Compounds (R3m–D53d) Sb2Te3

626.3

125.26

4.25

30.3

6.44

Bi2Se3

654.84

130.97

4.14

28.7

7.51

895 979

167

Bi2Te3

800.76

160.15

4.38

30.45

7.73

858

155

24 16

30

Properties of Semiconductors

Substance

12-85

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3)

Melting point (K)

Microhardness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Coefficient of Thermal Debye thermal linear conductivity temp. expansion [mW/cm·K (K) [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

1.3.3. Skutterudite Structure Compounds (Im3–T5h) >1270

CoP3

151.85

37.96

7.7073

CoAs3

286.70

71.65

8.2060

CoSb3

424.18

106.05

9.0385

NiAs3

283.45

70.86

8.330

RhP3

195.83

48.96

7.9951

>1470

RhAs3

327.67

81.92

8.4427

>1270

RhSb3

468.16

117.04

9.2322

1170

IrP3

285.14

71.29

8.0151

7.36

>1470

IrAs3

416.98

104.25

8.4673

9.12

>1470

IrSb3

557.47

139.37

9.2533

9.35

1170

5.786

6.60

910

10.5

6.078

7.12

830

86

6.73

1230 1123

307

50

6.43 100

90 303

1.3.4. Selected Multinary Compounds AgSbSe2

387.54

96.88

AgSbTe2 (or Ag19Sb29Te52)

484.82

AgBiS2(H.T.)

380.97

95.24

5.648 5.82

121.2

AgBiSe2(H.T.)

474.77

118.69

AgBiTe2(H.T.)

572.05

143.01

6.155

Cu2CdSnS4

486.43

60.80

5.586

10.83

1.3.5. Some Elemental Semiconductors B

10.81

4.91

Se(gray)

78.96

4.36

12.6 4.95

2.34

2348

4.81

493

9.5 (M) 350

1277

1370

292.6

8.3

600

(||C) 17.89

(||C) 45.2

(⊥C) 74.09 Te

127.60

4.45

5.91

6.23

723

196.5

(⊥C) 13.1

16.8

(||C) 33.8 (⊥C) 19.7

TABLE 2. Basic Thermodynamic, Electrical, and Magnetic Properties of Semiconductors (Listed by Crystal Structure)

Substance

Minimum Heat of Atomic room formation Volume Static magnetic temperature [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV)

Mobility (room temp.) (cm2/V·s)

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Electrons

Holes

Optical transition

5.4

1800

1400

i*

500

1.12

1900

500

i

30

0.67

3800

1820

i

0.0; 0.8

2500

2400

2.1. Adamantine Semiconductors

Remarks

2.1.1. Diamond Structure Elements (Strukturbericht symbol A4, Space Group Fd 3m–O 7h) C

714.4

Si

324

Ge

291

α-Sn

267.5

5.7

–5.88

0.306

11.9

–3.9

0.768

16

–0.12

18

24

2.419 (589 nm) 3.49 (589 nm) 3.99 (589 nm) 2.75 (589 nm)

2.1.2. Sphalerite (Zinc Blende) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B3 Space Group F 4 3m–T 2d) I-VII Compounds CuF CuCl 481 0.26 7.9 1.93 3.17

d

Nantokite

Properties of Semiconductors

12-86

Substance

Minimum Heat of Atomic room formation Volume Static magnetic temperature [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV)

CuBr Cul AgBr AgI BeS BeSe BeTe BePo ZnO ZnS ZnSe ZnTe ZnP CdS CdSe CdTe CdPo HgS HgSe HgTe

481 439 486 389

0.26 0.27 0.41

7.9 6.5 12.4 10

477

8.9

422 376

9.2 10.4

2.12 2.91 2.346 2.95 2.253 2.50 2.22 2.22 II-VI Compounds 4.17 3.61 1.45

–9.9

Mobility (room temp.) (cm2/V·s) Electrons

Holes

Optical transition

4000 30

d d i d

20

i i d

5(400˚C) d

2.356

3.54

180

2.89 3.56

2.58 2.26

540 340

28 100

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Remarks

Marshite Bromirite Miersite

See 2.1.3. See also 2.1.3.

d d See 2.1.3. See 2.1.3.

339

7.2

2.50

1.44

1200 250

2.85 247 242

BN 815 BP(L.T.) BAs AlP AlAs 627 AlSb 585 0.571 GaP 635 0.110 GaAs 535 0.771 GaSb 493 0.457 InP 560 0.735 InAs 477 0.549 InSb 447 0.442 * i = indirect, d = direct, s = semimetal.

10.9 11 11.1 13.2 15.7 12.4 14.6 17.7

–13.8 –16.2 –14.2 –22.8 –27.7 –32.9

50

2.10 (α) –0.06 III-V Compounds 4.6 ≈2.1 ≈1.5 2.45 2.16 3.2 1.60 3.2 2.24 3.30 1.35 3.8 0.67 3.1 1.27 3.5 0.36 3.96 0.163

20000 25000

d ≈1.5 350

500 80 1200 200–400 300 8800 4000 4600 33000 78000

d

s s

Borazone Ignites 470K

70

420 550 150 400 1400 150 460 750

Metacinnabarite Tiemannite Coloradoite

i i i i d d d d d

Other sphalerite structure compounds MnS

See also 2.1.3. See also 2.1.3.

MnSe β-SiC 271 Ga2Te3 In2Te3(H.T.) 198 MgGeP2 ZnSnP2 ZnSnAs2(H. T.) ZnSnSb2

2.697 –13.5 –13.6

2.3 1.35 1.04

4000 50 50

2.1 ≈0.7 0.4

2.1.3. Wurtzite (Zincite) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B4, Space Group P 63 mc-C 46v) I-VII Compounds CuCl CuBr CuI AgI 2.63 II-VI Compounds BeO MgTe ZnO –350 3.2 180 ZnS –206 3.67 ZnTe –163

El–Td12 Same Same Same

Iodargirite

Properties of Semiconductors

Substance

12-87

Minimum Heat of Atomic room formation Volume Static magnetic temperature [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6cgs) refraction (eV)

8.45; 9.12

CdS CdSe CdTe BP(H.T.) AlN GaN InN MnS MnSe SiC MnTe Al2S3 Al2Se3

Mobility (room temp.) (cm2/V·s) Electrons

350 900 650

2.32

2.42 1.74 1.50 III-V Compounds

Holes

40 50

Optical transition

d d

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Remarks

Greenockide Cadmoselite

6.02 3.34 2.0 Other wurtzite structure compounds

2.654 ≈1.0 4.1 3.1

426 367

2.1.4 Chalcopyrite Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E11, Space Group I 4 2d-D 12 2d ) I-III-VI2 Compounds CuAlS2 0.106 2.5 CuAlSe2 2.67 CuAlTe2 0.88 CuCaS2 0.106 2.38 CuGaSe2 0.141 0.96, 1.63 CuGaTe2 0.227 0.82, 1.0 CuInS2 0.141 1.2 CuInSe2 0.187 0.86, 0.92 CuInTe2 0.278 0.95 CuTlS2 CuTlSe2 1.07 (L.T.) CuFeS2 0.53 CuFeSe2 0.16 CuLaS2 AgAlS2 AgAlSe2 0.7 AgAlTe2 0.56 AgGaS2 0.150 1.66 AgGaSe2 0.182 1.1 0.280 1.9 AgGaTe2 AglnS2 0.185 1.18 (L.T.) AgInSe2 0.238 0.96, 0.52 AgInTe2 0.338 AgFeS2 II-IV-V2 Compounds ZnSiP2 312 2.3 1000 ZnGeP2 293 2.2 ZnSnP2 275 1.45 CdSiP2 0.103 2.2 1000 CdGeP2 289 1.8 CdSnP2 270 1.5 ZnSiAs2 290 1.7 ZnGeAs2 271 –14.4 0.85 ZnSnAs2 252 –18.4 0.65 CdSiAs2 CdGeAs2

266

0.143

CdSnAs2

247

13.7

Chalcopyrite

50 300

Disorders at 910 K Disorders at 903 K

–23.4

1.6 0.53

70

25

–21.5

0.26

22000

250

Properties of Semiconductors

12-88

Substance

Minimum Heat of Atomic room formation Volume Static magnetic temperature [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV)

2.1.5. Other Ternary Semiconductors with Tetrahedral Coordination II2-IV-VI3 Compounds Cu2SiS3 (H.T.) Cu2SiS3 (L.T.) Cu2SiTe3 Cu2GeS3 –18.7 (H.T.) Cu2GeS3 (L.T.) Cu2GeSe3 211.5 –21.3 0.94 Cu2GeTe3 190.2 –23.4 Cu2SnS3 –18.2 0.91 CuSnSe3 –21.0 0.66 Cu2SnTe3 –28.4 –29.6 0.91 (77K) Ag2GeSe3 Ag2SnSe3 –29.5 0.81 Ag2GeTe3 –31.4 0.25 Ag2SnTe3 –31.0 0.08 II3-V-VI4 Compounds Cu3PS4 Cu3AsS4 269.6 –15.8 1.24 Cu3AsSe4 161.3 –13.1 0.88 Cu3SbS4 –8.3 0.74 Cu3SbSe4 127.1 –20.5 0.31 II-IV2-V3 Compounds CuSi2P3 CuGe2P3 0.12 0.90 AgGe2P3

Mobility (room temp.) (cm2/V·s) Electrons

Holes

Optical transition

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Remarks

Wurtzite Tetragonal Cubic Cubic 360

Tetragonal

238

Same Same Cubic Cubic Cubic

405 870

Enargite Famatinite Famatinite

El El

2.1.6. “Defect Chalcopyrite” Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E3, Space Group I 4-S24) ZnAl2Se4 ZnAl2Te4(?) ZnGa2S4 ≈3.4 (?) ZnGa2Se4(?) ≈2.2 ZnGa2Te4(?) 1.35 ZnIn2Se4 206 1.82 35 ZnIn2Te4 198 1.2 CdAl2S4 CdAl2Se4 CdAl2Te4(?) CdGa2S4 256 3.44 60 CdGa2Se4 216 2.43 33 CdGa2Te4 Cdln2Te4 195 (1.26 or 0.9) 4000 HgAl2S4 HgAl2Se4 HgAl2Te4(?) HgGa2S4 249 2.84 HgGa2Se4 204 1.95 400 HgIn2Se4 196 0.6 290 HgIn2Te4(?) 188 0.86 200 2.1.7. Other Adamantine Compounds α−SiC Hg5Ga2Te8

10.2

–6.4

2.67

2.86

400

Hg5ln2Te8

0.7

2000

Cdln2Se4

1.55

6H structure B3 with superlattice B3 with superlattice

Properties of Semiconductors

Substance

12-89

Minimum Heat of Atomic room formation Volume Static magnetic temperature [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV)

2.2. Octahedral Semiconductors

Mobility (room temp.) (cm2/V·s) Electrons

2.2.1. Halite Structure Semiconductors (Strukturbericht symbol B1, Space Group Fm3m-O 5h) GeTe SnSe SnTe PbS 435 0.5 600 PbSe 393 161 0.37 1000 PbTe 393 280 0.26 1600 360 0.25 2.2.2. Selected Other Binary Halites BiSe BiTe EuSe GdSe NiO CdO 531 SrS

Holes

600 900 600

Optical transition

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Remarks

Altaite

0.4 1.8 2.0 or 3.7 2.5 4.1

4 100

2.3.1. Antifluorite Structure Compounds (Fm3m-O 5h ) Mg2Si 79.08 Mg2Ge Mg2Sn 76.57 Mg2Pb 52.72

0.77 0.74 0.36 0.1

405 520 320

2.3.2. Tetradymite Structure Compounds (R3m-D53d ) Sb2Te3 Bi2Se3 Bi2Te3

0.3 0.35 0.21

600 1140

0.43 0.69 0.63

70

2.3. Other Semiconductors 70 110 260

360 680

R3m (166)

5 h

2.3.3. Skutterudite Structure Compounds (Im3-T ) CoP3 CoAs3 CoSb3 RhP3 RhAs3 RhSb3 IrSb3

0.85 0.80 1.18

2.3.4. Selected Multinary Compounds AgSbSe2 AgSbTe2 (orAg19Sb29 Te52) AgBiS2 (H.T.) AgBiSe2 (H.T.) AgBiTe2 (H.T.) Cu2CdSnS4 2.3.5. Some Elemental Semiconductors B 397.1 Se(gray) Te

~4000 ~3000 700 ~3000 ~7000 1500

0.58 0.7, 0.27

–6.7 6.6 –22.1 (0.1 GHz) –39.5

1.16

<2

3.4 2.5

1.55 1.5

10

3.3

0.33

1700

5 1200

P3121(152) Same

Properties of Semiconductors

12-90 TABLE 3. Semiconducting Properties of Selected Materials Minimum energy gap (eV) Substance

R.T.

0K

104·dEg/dT eV/˚C

106·dEg/dP eV·cm2/kg

Si Ge α−Sn Te

1.107 0.67 0.08 0.33

1.153 0.744 0.094

–2.3 –3.7 –0.5

–2.0 +7.3

AlAs AlSb GaP GaAs GaSb InP InAs InSb

2.2 1.6 2.24 1.35 0.67 1.27 0.36 0.165

2.3 1.7 2.40 1.53 0.78 1.41 0.43 0.23

–3.5 –5.4 –5.0 –3.5 –4.6 –2.8 –2.8

–1.6 –1.7 +9.4 +12 +4.6 +8 +15

ZnO ZnS

3.2 3.54

–9.5 –5.3

+0.6 +5.7

ZnSe ZnTe CdO CdS CdSe GdTe HgSe HgTe

2.58 2.26 2.5 ± .1 2.4 1.74 1.44 0.30 0.15

2.80

–7.2

+6 +6

1.85 1.56

–6 –5 –4.6 –4.1

PbS PbSe PbTe

0.37 0.26 0.25

0.28 0.16 0.19

+4 +4 +4

ZnSb CdSb Bi2S3 Bi2Se3 Bi2Te3 Mg2Si Mg2Ge Mg2Sn Mg3Sb2 Zn3As2 Cd3As2 GaSe GaTe InSe TlSe CdSnAs2 Ga2Te2 α-In2Te2 β-In2Te2 Hg5In2Te8 SnO2

0.50 0.45 1.3 0.27 0.13

0.56 0.57

–5.4

0.21 0.93 0.55 2.05 1.66 1.8 0.57 0.23 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.5

+3.3 +8

–1

0.77 0.74 0.33 0.32

1.80

–0.95 –6.4 –9 –3.5

540 340 0.1 120 0.165 400 0.13 650 0.14 1200 0.030 20,000 0.017 25,000 Halite Structure Compounds 0.16 800 0.3 1500 0.21 1600 Others 0.15 10 0.15 300 200 600 0.58 1200 0.46 400 280 0.37 320 20 10 0.046 100,000

–3.8 –3.6 –3.9

1.55 1.2

–7

Density of states Electron mobility and temperature electron dependence effective mass μn (cm2/V·s) mda (mo) –x Elements 1.1 1900 2.6 0.55 3800 1.66 0.02 2500 1.65 0.08 1100 III-V Compounds 1200 0.09 200 1.5 0.35 300 1.5 0.068 9000 1.0 0.050 5000 2.0 0.067 5000 2.0 0.022 33,000 1.2 0.014 78,000 1.6 II-VI Compounds 0.38 180 1.5 180

0.3 0.05

14 900 30 25,000

1.0

Hole mobility and temperature Density of states dependence hole effective Mass mdp (mn) μp (cm2/V·s) –x 0.56 0.3 0.3 0.19

0.4 0.5 0.5 0.23 0.41 0.4

500 1820 2400 560 420 500 150 500 1400 200 460 750

2.3 2.33 2.0

1.8 1.5 2.1 0.9 2.4 2.3 2.1

5(400˚C ) 28 100 0.8 0.6 0.35

50

0.5

350

0.1 0.34 0.14

1000 1500 750

2.0

1.68 2.5 2

1.07

1.1 0.88

2000 1100 675 510 70 110 260 82 10

2.2 2.2 2.2 1.5 1.5

1.95

20

0.6

20

1.5

50 5 11,000 78

1.1

1.7

–4.8 0.7

Properties of Semiconductors

12-91 TABLE 4. Band Properties of Semiconductors

4.1. Data on Valence Bands of Semiconductors (Room Temperature) Band curvature effective mass (Expressed as fraction of free electron mass) Substance

Heavy holes

Light holes

“Split-off” band holes

Energy separation of “split-off” band (eV)

4.1.1. Semiconductors with Valence Band Maximum at the Center of the Brillouin Zone (“F”) Si 0.52 0.16 0.25 0.044 Ge 0.34 0.043 0.08 0.3 Sn 0.3 AlAs AlSb 0.4 0.7 GaP 0.13 GaAs 0.8 0.12 0.20 0.34 GaSb 0.23 0.06 0.7 InP 0.21 InAs 0.41 0.025 0.083 0.43 InSb 0.4 0.015 0.85 CdTe 0.35 HgTe 0.5 4.1.2. Semiconductors with Multiple Band Maxima Band curvature effective masses Number of equivalent Substance valleys and direction PbSe 4 “L” [111] PbTe 4 “L” [111] Bi2Te3 6

Longitudinal mL 0.095 0.27 0.207

Transverse mT 0.047 0.02 ~0.045

Measured (light) hole mobility (cm2/V·s) 500 1820 2400 550 100 400 1400 150 460 750 50 350

Anistrophy K = mL/mT 2.0 10 4.5

Measured (light) hole mobility (cm2/V·s) 1500 750 515

4.2. Data on Conduction Bands of Semiconductors (Room Temperature Data) 4.2.1. Single Valley Semiconductors Substance Energy gap (eV) Effective mass (mo) Mobility (cm2/V·s) Comments GaAs

1.35

0.067

8500

InP InAs InSb CdTe

1.27 0.36 0.165 1.44

0.067 0.022 0.014 0.11

5000 33,000 78,000 1000

3(or 6?) equivalent [100] valleys 0.36 eV above this maximum with a mobility of ~50. 3(or 6?) equivalent [100] valleys 0.4 eV above this minimum. Equivalent valleys ~1.0 eV above this minimum. 4(or 8?) equivalent [111] valleys 0.51 eV above this minimum.

4.2.2. Multivalley Semiconductors

Substance Si Ge GaSb PbSe PbTe Bi2Te3

Energy gap 1.107 0.67 0.67 0.26 0.25 0.13

Mineral Diamond (C) Sulfides Argentite, Ag2S Bismuthinite, Bi2S3 Bornite, Fe2S3 · nCu2S Chalcocite, Cu2S Chalcopyrite, Fe2S3 · Cu2S Covellite, CuS Galena, PbS Haverite, MnS2 Marcasite, FeS2 Metacinnabarite, HgS Millerite, NiS

Number of equivalent valleys and direction 6 in [100] “Δ” 4 in [111] at “L” as Ge (?) 4 in [111] at “L” 4 in [111] at “L” 6

Band curvature effective mass Longitudinal mL 0.00 1.588 ~1.0 0.085 0.21

Transverse mT 0.192 0.0815 ~0.2 0.05 0.029

Anisotropy K = mL/mT 4.7 19.5 ~5 1.7 5.5 ~0.05

TABLE 5. Resistivity of Semiconducting Minerals ρ (ohm · m)

2.7 1.5 to 2.0 × 10–3 3 to 570 1.6 to 6000 × 10–6 80 to 100 × 10–6 150 to 9000 × 10–6 0.30 to 83 × 10–6 6.8 × 10–6 to 9.0 × 10–2 10 to 20 1 to 150 × 10–3 2 × 10–6 to 1 × 10–3 2 to 4 × 10–7

Mineral Pentlandite, (Fe, Ni)4S4 Pyrrhotite, Fe7S4 Pyrite, FeS2 Sphalerite, ZnS Antimony-sulfur compounds Berthierite, FeSb2S4 Boulangerite, Pb5Sb3S11 Cylindrite, Pb3Sn4Sb2S14 Franckeite, Pb5Sn3Sb2S14 Hauchecornite, Ni4(Bi, Sb)2S14 Jamesonite, Pb4FeSb6S14 Tetrahedrite, Cu3SbS3 Arsenic-sulfur compounds

ρ (ohm · m) 1 to 11 × 10–6 2 to 160 × 10–6 1.2 to 600 × 10–3 2.7 × 10–3 to 1.2 × 104 0.0083 to 2.0 2 × 103 to 4 × 104 2.5 to 60 1.2 to 4 1 to 83 × 10–6 0.020 to 0.15 0.30 to 30,000

Properties of Semiconductors

12-92 Mineral Molybdenite, MoS2 Cobaltite, CoAsS Enargite, Cu3AsS4 Gersdorfite, NiAsS Glaucodote, (Co, Fe)AsS Antimonide Dyscrasite, Ag3Sb Arsenides Allemonite, SbAs3 Lollingite, FeAs2 Nicollite, NiAs Skutterudite, CoAs3 Smaltite, CoAs2 Tellurides Altaite, PbTe Calavarite, AuTe2 Coloradoite, HgTe

ρ (ohm · m) 0.12 to 7.5 6.5 to 130 × 10–3 0.2 to 40 × 10–3 1 to 160 × 10–6 5 to 100 × 10–6 0.12 to 1.2 × 10–6 70 to 60,000 2 to 270 × 10–6 0.1 to 2 × 10–6 1 to 400 × 10–6 1 to 12 × 10–6 20 to 200 × 10−6 6 to 12 × 10−6 4 to 100 × 10–6

References 1. Beer, A. C., Galvanomagnetic Effects in Semiconductors, Academic Press, New York, 1963. 2. Goryunova, N. A., The Chemistry of Diamond-Like Semiconductors, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1965. 3. Abrikosov, N. Kh., Bankina, V. F., Poretskaya, L. E., Shelimova, L. E., and Skudnova, E.V., Semiconducting II-VI, IV-VI, and V-VI Compounds, Plenum Press, New York, 1969. 4. Berger, L. I. and Prochukhan, V. D., Ternary Diamond-Like Semiconductors, Cons. Bureau/Plenum Press, New York, 1969. 5. Shay, J. L. and Wernick, J. H., Ternary Chalcopyrite Semiconductors: Growth, Electronic Properties, and Applications, Pergammon Press, 1975. 6. Bergman, R., Thermal Conductivity in Solids, Clarendon, Oxford, 1976. 7. Handbook of Semiconductors, Vol. 1, Moss, T.S. and Paul, W., Eds., Band Theory and Transport Properties; Vol. 2, Moss, T.S. and Balkanski, M., Eds., Optical Properties of Solids; Vol. 3, Moss, T.S. and Keller, S.P., Eds., Materials Properties and Preparation, North Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 1980. 8. Böer, K. W., Survey of Semiconductor Physics, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990. 9. Rowe, D. M., Ed., CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 10. Berger, L. I., Semiconductor Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997. 11. Glazov, V. M., Chizhevskaya, S.N., and Glagoleva, N.N., Liquid Semiconductors, Plenum Press, New York, 1969. 12. Phillips, J. C., Bonds and Bands in Semiconductors, Academic Press, New York, 1973. 13. Harrison, W. A., Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids, Freeman Publ. House, San Francisco, 1980. 14. Balkanski, M., Ed., Optical Properties of Solids, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1980.

Mineral Arsenopyrite, FeAsS Hessite, Ag2Te Nagyagite, Pb6Au(S,Te)14 Sylvanite, AgAuTe4 Oxides Braunite, Mn2O3 Cassiterite, SnO2 Cuprite, Cu2O Hollandite, (Ba, Na, K) Mn8O16 Ilmenite, FeTiO3 Magnetite, Fe3O4 Manganite, MnO · OH Melaconite, CuO Psilomelane, BaMn9O18 · 2H2O Pyrolusite, MnO2 Rutile, TiO2 Uraninite, UO2

ρ (ohm · m) 20 to 300 × 10–6 4 to 100 × 10–6 20 to 80 × 10–6 4 to 20 × 10–6 0.16 to 1.0 4.5 × 10–4 to 10,000 10 to 50 2 to 100 × 10–3 0.001 to 4 52 × 10–6 0.018 to 0.5 6000 0.04 to 6000 0.007 to 30 29 to 910 1.5 to 200

15. Landolt-Börnstein. Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Group III: Crystal and Solid State Physics, Hellwege, K.-H. and Madelung, O., Eds., Volumes 17 and 22, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984 (and further). 16. Shklovskii, B. L. and Efros, A.L., Electronic Processes in Doped Semiconductors, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984. 17. Cohen, M. L. and Chelikowsky, J. R., Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Springer Verlag, New York, 1988. 18. Glass, J.T., Messier, R.F., and Fujimori, N., Eds., Diamond, Silicon Carbide, and Related Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, MRS Symposia Proc. 1652, Mater. Res. Soc., Pittsburgh, 1990. 19. Palik, E., Ed., Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids II, Academic Press, New York, 1991. 20. Reed, M., Ed., Semiconductors and Semimetals, Volume 35, Academic Press, Boston, 1992. 21. Haug, H. and Koch, S. W., Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors, 2nd Edition, World Scientific, Singapore, 1993. 22. Lockwood, D. J., Ed., Proc. 22nd Intl. Conf. on the Physics of Semiconductors, Vancouver, 1994, World Scientific, Singapore, 1994. 23. Morelli, D. T., Caillat, T., Fleurial, J.-P., Borschchevsky, A., Vandersande, J., Chen, B., and Uher, C., Phys. Rev., B51, 9622, 1995. 24. Caillat, T., Borshchevsky, A., and Fleurial, J.-P., J. Appl. Phys., 80, 4442, 1996. 25. Fleurial, J.-P.,Caillat, T., and Borshchevsky, A., Proc. XVI Intl. Conf. Thermoelectrics, Dresden, Germany, August 26–29, 1997 (in print). 26. Borshchevsky, A. et al., U.S. Patents 5,610,366 (March 1977) and 5,831,286 (March 1998). 27. Jarrendahl, K. and Davis, R. F., Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 52, Y.S. Park, Ed., 1998, pp. 1–20. 28. Bettini, M., Solid State Comm.,13, 599, 1973. 29. Chen, A. and Sher, A., Semiconductor Alloys, Physics and Material Engineering, Plenum Press, New York, 1995. 30. Holloway, P. H. and McGuire, G. E., Eds., Handbook of Compound Semiconductors, Noyes Publ., Park Ridge, NJ, 1995.

SELECTED PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR SOLID SOLUTIONS L.I. Berger Alloy system

SixGe1-x

Limits of solubility

Energy gap in eV (300 K)

Adamantine Semiconductors IV-IV 0.8941+0.0421x+0.1691x2 0≤x≤1 0.7596+1.0860x+0.3306x2

Remarks, references Transition Γ - X [Ref.1] Trans. Γ - L [Ref. 1]

Adamantine Semiconductors III-V/III-V Common Anion AlxGa1-xN AlxGa1-xP AlxIn1-xP AlxGa1-xAs AlxIn1-xAs AlxGa1-xSb AlxIn1-xSb GaxIn1-xN GaxIn1-xP GaxIn1-xAs GaxIn1-xSb Common Cation GaNxAs1-x GaPxAs1-x GaPxAs1-x GaAsxSb1-x InPxAs1-x

0≤x≤1 0≤x≤0.5 0≤x≤0.44 0≤x≤0.5 0≤x≤1 0≤x<≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0<x<1 0≤x≤0.05 0<x<1 0≤x≤0.05 0≤x≤0.45, 0.6≤x≤1 0<x<1

2.28+0.16x at Γ: 134+2.23x; at X: 2.24+0.18x 1.42=0.75x [Ref.3]; 1.424+1.429x-0.14x2 [Ref.4] at Γ: 0.37+1.91x+0.74x2; at X: 1.8+0.4x 0.73+1.10x+0.47x2

Wurtzite Structure [Ref. 2 & 3] [Ref. 2] [Ref. 2]

0.360+0.629x+0.436x2 0.235+0.1653x+0.413x2

[Ref. 2 and 6] Trans. Γ8v- Γ6c [Ref. 2] [Ref. 6] Wurtzite [Ref. 8 and 10] [Ref. 2] [Ref. 5] [Ref. 2, see also Ref. 9]

1.42-9.9x 2.270-0.846x 1.515+1.172x+0.186x2 1.9715+0.144x+0.211x2 1.43-1.9x+1.2x2 0.356+0.675x+0.32x2

[Ref. 2] [Ref. 2] (at 2K, Γ−Γ) [Ref. 7] [Ref. 2] [Ref. 5] [Ref. 2]

1.950+1.487x-1.000x(1-x)

Adamantine Binary Semiconductors II-VI/II-VI [Ref. 3 and 6] Common Anion ZnxCd1-xS ZnxHg1-xS CdxHg1-xS ZnxCd1-xSe ZnxHg1-xSe CdxHg1-xSe ZnxCd1-xTe ZnxHg1-xTe CdxHg1-xTe

0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0.7≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤0.7 and 0.75≤x*≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1

Common Cation ZnSxSe1-x ZnSxTe1-x ZnSexTe1-x CdSxSe1-x CdSxTe1-x CdSexTe1-x HgSxSe1-x HgSxTe1-x HgSexTe1-x

0≤x≤1 0≤x≤0.1 and 0.9≤x*≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤0.25 and 0.8≤x*≤1 0≤x≤0.4 and 0.6≤x*≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1

(ZnS)x(AlP)1-x (ZnSe)x(GaAs)1-x (CdTe)x(InAs)1-x (CdTe)x(AlSb)1-x (HgTe)x(InAs)1-x

Wurtzite Structure Wurtzite Structure at x<0.6

x*- Wurtzite Structure

x*- Wurtzite Structure Wurtzite Structure x*- Wurtzite Structure x*- Wurtzite Structure

Quaternary Adamantine Semiconductors II-VI/III-V [Ref. 6] 0.99≤x≤1 0≤x<1 0<x≤0.2 and 0.7≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1

12-90

Section 12.indb 90

4/28/05 1:57:14 PM

Selected Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions Alloy system

Limits of solubility

12-91 Energy gap in eV (300 K)

Remarks, references

GaxIn1-xAsyP1-y

Quaternary Adamantine Semiconductors IIIx-III1-x-Vy - V1-y 0≤x≤1, 0≤x≤1 1.35+0.668x-1.068y+0.758x2+0.078y20.069xy-0.322x2y+0.03xy2

[Ref. 2 and 6]

AlxGayIn1-x-ySb

Quaternary Adamantine Semiconductors III1-x-y-IIIx-IIIy-V 0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1 0.095+1.76x+0.28y+0.345(x2+y2)+0.085( 1-x-y)2 +xy (1-x-y)(23-28y)

[Ref. 2 and 6]

References 1. Krishnamurti, S., Sher, A., and Chen, A. Appl. Phys. Lett. 47, 160, 1985. 2. Madelung, O., Ed., Semiconductors Group IV Elements and III-V Compounds, Springer, 1991; Semiconductors Other than Group IV Elements and III-V Compounds, Springer, 1992. 3. Goryunova, N. A., Kesamanly, F.P., and Nasledov, D.N., Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 4, 1968, p. 413. 4. El Allali, M., Sorensen, C. B., Veje, E., and Tideman-Peterson, P., Phys. Rev. B, 48, 4398, 1993.

Section 12.indb 91

5. Nahorny, R. E., Pollack, M. A., Johnson, W. D., and Barns, R. L. Appl. Phys. Lett. 33, 695, 1978. 6. Goryunova, N. A. Multicomponent Diamond-Like Semiconductors, Sov. Radio, Moscow, 1968 (in Russian). 7. Capizzi, M., Modesti, S., Martelli, F., and Frova, A., Solid State Comm. 39, 333, 1981. 8. Nakamura, S., Pearton, S., and Fasol, G., The Blue Laser Diode, 2nd ed., Springer, 2000. 9. Roth, A. P., Keeler, W. J., and Fortin, E. Canad. J. Phys. 58, 560, 1980. 10. Wu, J., Walukiewicz, Yu, K. M., Ager, J. W., Haller, E. E., Lu, H., and Schaff, W.J., Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 4741, 2002.

4/28/05 1:57:14 PM

PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS L. I. Berger

Substance Metal-Free Molecular Crystals 3-Acetylamino-N-methylphthalimide 3-Acetylamino-N-phenylphthalimide 4-Amino-N-cyclomethylphthalimide 4-Aminophthalimide Acridine Anthanthrene Anthanthrene Anthanthrone Anthracene Anthracene Anthracene 1,2-Benzanthracene Benzanthrone Benzene (liquid) Benzene (amorphous) Benzene (cryst.) Benzimidazole Benzophenone Benzo[f]quinoline Benzo[h]quinoline 3-Benzoylamino-N-methylphthalimide Benzpentacene Biphenyl Biphenyl o-Chloranil p-Chloranil Chlorpromazine Chrysene Chrysene Circumanthracene Coronene Coronene Cyananthrone 1,6-Diaminopyrene Dibenzpentacene Dinaphthopyrene 1,8-Diphenyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene Diphenylpentacene 4,4′-Diphenylstilbene 4,4′-Diphenylstilbene Ferrocene Flavanthrone Fluorene Fluorene Fluoridine Hexacene Hexacene Hexamethylbenzene 3-Hydroxy-N-methylphthalimide Imidazole

12-92

Energy Gap, E, (in E/2 kT) eV 3.46 3.50 2.90 2.78 3.90 1.67 0.84 1.70 0.83 2.50 3.88 to 4.1 1.04 3.12 0.41 0.84 7 3.0 to 4.0 3.34 2.77 2.72 3.28 1.72 1.46 1.45 3.0 0.61 2.1 1.1 2.20 1.8 1.7 0.85 0.20 0.6 1.50 1.60 1.7 1.60 1.56 0.80 1.22 0.70 2.7 1.4 1.6 0.57 1.3 1.86 3.80 2.6

Room Temperature Electrical Resistivity, ohm · cm

Mobility, μ, cm2/V · s

Sign of Majority Carriers

Temperature Range, ºC 67 to 100 54 to 124 73 to 100 123 to 151

1.5 · 1019 1.5 · 1019 (15ºC) 7.7 · 1018 1.3 ∙ 1014 (15ºC) 1.5 ∙ 1011 >1015 1016 (30ºC) 1.6 · 1016 1015 5 · 1013

40 to 105 20 to 150 2.3 1.74(n), 2.07(p)

2

+ +&–

–

–14 to 5 –23 84 to 144 –23 to 14 30 to 50 84 to 112 0 to 150

1.7 · 1015 (50ºC)

20 to 70

1015 1012 (32ºC) 4 · 1019 (15ºC) 4 · 1019 6 · 1012 1.7 · 1017 1.7 · 1017 (15ºC) 1.2 · 107 108

20 to 130

+&–

32 to 80 25 to 90 60 to 80 30 to 125 0 to 150 25 to 90 72 to 191 0 to 150 160 to 280

1014 1.4 · 1011

+

6 · 1013 3.8 · 1010 (50ºC)

+

20 to 140

+

20 to 140 60 to 91 28 to 68

1011

Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 2 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1

Properties of Organic Semiconductors

Substance Indanthrazine Indanthrone Indanthrone (black) Mesitylene (liquid) Mesonaphthodianthracene Mesonaphthodianthrene Mesonaphthodianthrone 3-Methoxy-N-methyl-phthalimide Naphthacene Naphthalene Naphthalene Naphthalene m-Naphthodianthrene m-Naphthodianthrone β-Naphthol β-Naphthoquinoline 1-Naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine picrate 2-Naphthylphenyl sulphone 1-Nitronaphthalene Ovalene Pentacene Pentacene Perylene Perylene Phenanthrene Phenanthrene 1,10-Phenanthroline Phenazine Phenazine Phenothiazine Phenothiazine Phenylanthranilic acid 4-Phenylstilbene 4-Phenylstilbene Phosphonitrilic chloride trimer Phthalocyanine, PcH2 Phthalocyanine, PcH2 Pyranthrene Pyranthrene Pyranthrone Pyrene Pyrene 5,6-N-Pyridine-1,9-benzanthrone p-Quaterphenyl Quaterrylene p-Quinquiphenyl α-Resorcin β-Resorcin Salanil p-Sexiphenyl cis-Stilbene trans-Stilbene trans-Stilbene trans-Stilbene o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl

12-93 Energy Gap, E, (in E/2 kT) eV 0.66 0.64 0.56 0.19 0.6 1.48 0.86 3.18 1.7 3.5 1.15 4.9 to 5.1 1.20 1.30 2.36 2.77 2.2 2.7 3.5 2.5 1.13 0.58 1.5 2.1 3.10 1.15 0.65 2.73 2.1 1.1 1.6 3.30 1.74 0.86 1.68 1.66 2 1.11 0.51 1.06 2.02 1.60 0.89 0.6 0.91 2.10 3.27 4.1 0.91 2.4 1.80 0.91 1.4

0.6 1.2

Room Temperature Electrical Resistivity, ohm · cm 1.4 · 1015 7.5 · 1014 2.5 · 108

Mobility, μ, cm2/V · s

Sign of Majority Carriers

4.0 · 1018 (15ºC)

1 · 1015 1014 2.8 · 1014 (50ºC) 4 · 1018 1.5 · 1018 2 · 105

2.3 · 1015 2.4 · 109 (50ºC) 6 · 1013 4.1 · 1013 1.3 · 1014

45 to 250 5 to 110 54 to 78 27 to 47 0.64(n), 1.50(p)

1015 1013 107 1 · 1015 4.5 · 1016 (15ºC) 3.9 · 1015 5 · 1017

5.53(n), 87.4(p)

1014 (25ºC)

+&–

– 2.45(n), 0.02(p)

+&–

0.1 to 0.4 1.2(n), 1.1(p)

+ +&–

0.50

1.0 · 1015 (50ºC) 105 2.0 · 1015 (50ºC) 2 · 1016 2 · 1018 104 7.0 · 1014 (50ºC)

3 · 10–5

+&–

40 to 150 40 to 150 60 to 110 25 to 42 28 to 98 67 to 102 25 to 44

7 · 1014 (100ºC) 1011

Temperature Range, ºC 30 to 125 30 to 125 30 to 125

– +

20 to 140 40 to 100 –213 12 to 72 50 to 90 98 to 143 50 to 150 87 to 119 140 to 220

26 to 350 100

40 to 150

– 30 to 94 30 to 94 20 to 40

2.4

+ +

10-5

+ + +

0.025

+

at 20 70 to 120

Ref. 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 4 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 2 1

Properties of Organic Semiconductors

12-94

Substance p-Terphenyl Tetracene Tetracene Tetracene 1,1,10,10-Tetracyanodecapentaene 1,1,6,6-Tetracyanohexatriene Tetracyanoethylene 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane 1,1,8,8-Tetracyanooctatetraene Tetraphenylpentacene Tetrathiotetracene Triphenodioxazine Triphenyldiamine Violanthrene Isoviolanthrene Violanthrone Isoviolanthrone o-Xylene (liquid) m-Xylene (liquid) p-Xylene (liquid)

Energy Gap, E, (in E/2 kT) eV 0.66 1.7 3.4 2.24 1.54

3.2 · 1012 (50ºC)

1.42 1.62 0.46 1.65

1012

0.85 0.82 0.78 0.76 0.45 0.41 0.41

Long-Chain Compounds and Polymers Acrylic acid-amylproparylaniline copolymers Acrylic acid-methylproparylaniline copolymers Acrylic acid-octylproparylaniline copolymers Anthrone polymers [CH(AsF5)0.1]x [CH ∙ I0.22]x 1,6-Diacetylenes (cyclopolymerized) Ionene elastomers 1,3,4-Oxydiazole polymers Oxypyrrole polymer films Phenylformaldehyde polymeric pyrolysates   a) Pyrolysis Temperature 600ºC   b) 1200ºC Phenylthiocyanate polymers Polyacetylene (undoped) Polyacetylene (I2 doped) Polyacetylene (cis-rich, undoped) trans-Polyacetylene (I2 doped, 0.22 mole %) Polyacrylonitrile (heat treated 700ºC) Poly-5,5′-biisatyl thiophene-indophene Poly bis(amino)-phosphazenes Poly-5,5′-diisatylmetane-thiophene-indophenine Polyethylene Polyethylene (low density) Polyimide Polymalonitrile Poly(metalphthalocyanines) :Cu :Fe :Ni :Sb :Zn Poly-N-methylpyrrole Polyoxypyrrole (black) Polyphthalocyanines Polypyrrole

Room Temperature Electrical Resistivity, ohm · cm

1.9

0.81

0.5 to 0.8

air 0.84 vacuum 1.0 1.75 0.45 2.74 0.17 2.84 1.72 0.12 0.15 0.46 0.12 0.044 0.01 0.01

1013 1014

104 5 · 1014 2.1 · 1014 8.4 · 1013 2.3 · 1010 5.7 · 109

Mobility, μ, cm2/V · s 1.2(n), 0.80(p)

0.85

+

0.26(max) 0.65

– + – –

2 · 10–2

109–1010 109–1010 109–1010 0.28 ≥100 at 1.8 kbar ≥2 at 33 kbar 0.0005 trans 105, cis 109 1010–1014 2.7 ∙ 107 to 2.2 ∙ 108 3 ∙ 1012 0.125 27 0.0044 105–108 1010 0.04 107

air 2.6 ∙ 109 vacuum 3.1 ∙ 109 1.8 ∙ 1011 7.3 ∙ 104

Sign of Majority Carriers +&–

–

>68

0 to 150 20 to 140 at 20 40 to 105 40 to 150 40 to 150 40 to 150

Ref. 4 2 1 4 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3

+

–80 to 60 20 to 140

0.0014 7.84

– +

0.01

+ – +

+

4 ∙ 109

7 ∙ 106 1.1 ∙ 106 100 3.1 ∙ 106 5.3 ∙ 103 2 ∙ 106 1790 7 to 58

Temperature Range, ºC

–100 to 100 20 to 140 20 to 180 20 to 140 20 to 70 above Tg

–

–173 to 27 –193 to 250

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Properties of Organic Semiconductors

Substance Polypyrroline II Polyselenomethylene Poly(2-vinylpyridine):I2 (1:2) PVC (commercial) PVC (commercial) PVC (pure) Salicylal-N-alkyliminate-Cu TTF-acetylacetonate polymers TTF-metal polymers

12-95 Energy Gap, E, Room Temperature (in E/2 kT) Electrical Resistivity, eV ohm · cm 1.74 0.7 to 2.62 >1013 0.12 1000 2.84–3.04 1.24–1.96 1.0±0.1 1.62 1.7 ∙ 1014 1.6 ∙ 104 1.6 ∙ 104

Mobility, μ, cm2/V · s

Sign of Majority Carriers

Temperature Range, ºC 20 to 120 –73 to 27 TTg 0 to 30

References

1. F. Gutman and L. E. Lyons, Organic Semiconductors, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1967. 2. Y. Okamoto and W. Brenner, Organic Semiconductors, Reinhold Publ. Corp., New York, 1964. 3. F. Gutman, H. Keyzer, L. E. Lyons, and R. B. Somoano, Organic Semiconductors, Part B, R. E. Krieger Publ. Co., Melbourne, FL, 1983. 4.. L. I. Berger, Semiconductor Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997.

Ref. 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3

DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS B. L. Sharma The diffusion coefficient D in many semiconductors may be expressed by an Arrhenius-type relation

Abbreviations used in the table are

D = Do exp(–Q/kT) where Do is a frequency factor, Q is the activation energy for diffusion, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. This table lists Do and Q for various diffusants in common semiconductors.

AES – Auger Electron Spectroscopy DLTS – Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy SEM – Scanning Electron Microscopy SIMS – Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry D(c) – Concentration Dependent Diffusion Coefficient Dmax – Maximum Diffusion Coefficient (f ) – Fast Diffusion Component (i) – Interstitial Diffusion Component (s) – Slow Diffusion Component () – Parallel to c Direction (⊥) – Perpendicular to c Direction

Semiconductor Si

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

Activation energy, Q(eV)

Temperature range (°C)

Method of measurement

H

6 × 10–1

1.03

120–1207

Electrical and SIMS

1

Li Na

2.5 × 10–3 1.65 × 10–3

0.65 0.72

25–1350 530–800

2 3

K

1.1 × 10–3

0.76

740–800

Cu

4 × 10–2 4.7 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 2.4 × 10–4 2.75 × 10–3 (D ~ 10–7) (D ~ 6 × 10–14) 1 × 10–1 2.46 2.4 × 101 1.38 1.8 3.74 × 10–1 6 × 101 7.85 × 10–1 1.94 × 101 1.37 1.65 × 101 8 × 10–2 (D ~ 3.9 × 10–13) 2.5 × 10–7 7.5 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–12 2 × 10–3 8 × 10–3 2.8 × 10–5 1.45 × 10–2 3.3 × 10–1 1.54 × 102 1.6 × 103 3.5 × 10–1 2.5 × 103 7.55 × 103 3.2 × 101 2.7 × 10–3

1.0 0.43 (i) 1.6 0.39 (i) 2.05 (s) – – 1.4 3.59 3.87 3.41 3.2 3.39 3.89 3.63 3.86 3.7 3.9 3.2 – 1.74 1.2 (s) 0.13 (f ) 2.9 3.0 0.95 1.79 2.92 4.65 4.77 3.92 4.97 5.08 4.25 2.8

800–1100 300–700 1100–1350 700–1300

Electrical Electrical and flame photometry Electrical and flame photometry Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

1050 1100 980–1270 1100–1250 840–1250 1119–1390 1025–1175 1143–1393 900–1050 1180–1389 1150–1242 1244–1338 1105–1360 1100–1250 1050 1100–1280 730–1270

Electrical Electrical and SIMS Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive SIMS Electrical Radioactive

8 1 9 10 11 12 13 12 14 12 15 12 16 1 1 1 1

1100–1250 1100–1280 947–1097 950–1200 1070–1400 855–1175 1200–1400 855–1000 1030–1302 1100–1300 1050–1294 800–1200

Radioactive Radioactive Neutron activation DLTS Radioactive SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive SIMS Neutron activation Out Diffusion; SIMS

1 1 1 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 1

Diffusant

Ag Au Be Ca Zn B Al Ga In Tl Sc Ce Pr Pm Er Tm Yb Ti C Si (self ) Ge

Sn N

Ref.

3 4 5 6 7

12-92

Section 12.indb 92

4/28/05 1:57:17 PM

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors Semiconductor

Diffusant P

As

Sb Bi Cr Mo W O S Se Te Mn Fe Co Ni Ru

Ge

Rh Pd Pt Os Ir Li Na Cu

Ag Au Be Mg Zn Cd B Al Ga In Tl Si Ge (self ) Sn P As Sb

Section 12.indb 93

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

12-93 Activation energy, Q(eV)

Temperature range (°C)

2.02 × 101 1.1 7.4 × 10–2 6.0 × 101 6.55 × 10–2 2.29 × 101 1.29 × 101 2.14 × 10–1 1.03 × 103 1.08 1 × 10–2 (D ~ 2 × 10–10) (D ~ 10–12) 7 × 10–2 1.4 × 10–1 5.95 × 10–3 9.5 × 10–1 5 × 10–1 6.9 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 (D ~ 5 × 10–7 – 5 × 10–6) (D ~ 10–6–10–4) 2.95 × 10–4 1.5 × 102 (D ~ 2 × 10–6) 4.2 × 10–2 1.3 × 10–3 9.1 × 10–3 3.95 × 10–1 1.9 × 10–4 4 × 10–2 4 × 10–3 4.4 × 10–2 4 × 10–2 2.25 × 102 5 × 10–1 (D ~ 8 × 10–9) 5

3.87 3.4 3.3 4.2 3.44 4.1 3.98 3.65 4.64 3.85 1 – – 2.44 2.53 1.83 2.6 3.34 0.63 0.68 0.69 0.47 –

1100–1250 900–1200 1130–1405 950–1350 1167–1394 900–1250 1190–1398 1190–1405 1220–1380 1190–1394 1100–1250 1000 1100 700–1250 700–1160 975–1200 1050–1250 900–1250 900–1200 30–1250 700–1300 800–1300 1000–1280

Electrical Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive DLTS DLTS SIMS SIMS Radioactive Electrical SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical

10 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 16 27 30 1 1 31 32 33 34 1 35 36 37 38 1

– 0.22 (i) 2.22 – 1.3 0.46 0.57 2.03 0.18 (i) 0.99 (s) 0.33 (i) 1.0 (i) 2.23 (s) 2.5 2.5 – 2.7

1000–1200 702–1320 800–1000 1280 950–1250 350–800 800–500 700–850 750–900 600–700 350–750 700–900 800–900 600–900 720–900 900 600–900

Electrical Nuclear Activation Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive

39 1 1 40 41 42 43 44 45 5 46, 47 48 49 50 1

1.75 × 109 1.8 × 109 1.0 × 103 ~1.6 × 102 1.4 × 102 3.4 × 101 1.8 × 104 3.3 × 101 1.7 × 103 2.4 × 10–1 2.48 × 101 7.8 1.7 × 10–2 3.3 2.1 3.2 1.0 × 101

4.4 4.55 3.45 ~3.24 3.35 3.1 3.67 3.02 3.4 2.9 3.14 2.95 1.9 2.5 2.39 2.41 2.5

760–915 600–900 554–905 750–850 554–916 600–900 554–919 700–855 800–930 650–900 549–891 766–928 – 600–900 700–900 700–855 600–900

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive and electrical Radioactive Electrical SIMS Electrical SIMS Electrical SIMS Radioactive Radioactive (γ) resonance Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive and electrical

Method of measurement

Ref.

51 52 51 53 54 55 51 56 57 58 59 60 61 45 51 62 57 51

4/28/05 1:57:18 PM

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors

12-94 Semiconductor

GaAs

Diffusant

Temperature range (°C)

3.3 4 × 10–1 (D ~ 10–9) (D ~ 10–10) 5.6 1.3 × 10–1 1.6 × 10–1 8 × 10–1 5.3 × 10–1

2.57 2.08 – – 2.43 1.08 1.12 0.9 1.0

650–850 – 920 920 750–900 750–900 750–850 670–900 250–500

Cu

3 × 10–2 6 × 10–2 1.5 × 10–3 4 × 10–4 1 × 10–3 7.3 × 10–6 4 × 10–5 1.5 × 101 2.5 × 10–1 1.3 × 10–3 5 × 10–2 (D ~ 5 × 10–14) (D ~ 4 × 10–18–10–14) 4 × 10–5 1 × 107 (D ~ 7 × 10–11) (D ~ 1.04 × 10–16) 1.1 × 10–1 1.6 × 10–5 6 × 10–4 1 × 10–5 (D ~ 10–12–10–10)

0.53 0.98 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.22 2.49 3.0 2.2 2.43 – 4.3 2.6 5.6 – – 2.5 2.06 2.5 2 2.9

100–500 450–750 800–1000 500–1150 740–1025 800–990 800–1200 600–980 750–1000 800–1100 868–1149 1100 850–1100 1025–1100 1125–1230 1000 825 850–1050 650–850 1060–1200 800–1000 800–1150

7 × 10–1 2.04 × 10–6 7.9 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 1.85 × 10–2 1.1 × 101 3 × 103 1.5 × 10–1 6.5 × 10–1 4.2 × 10–2 2.2 × 10–3 5 × 102 1.2 × 10–1 2.3 × 10–16 2.3 × 10–4

3.2 0.83 (f ) 1.7 (s) 2.2 1.1 2.6 2.95 4.16 3.5 2.49 1.8 2.32 2.5 2.64 1.0 1.9 (s)

– 750–1000 700–900 800–1100 700–900 1000–1300 750–900 1025–1200 1000–1150 850–1100 850–1150 750–1050 800–1000 750–1050 800–1000 527–657

1.2 × 10–1 4.7 × 10–3 (D ~ 2 × 10–13 – 1 × 10–11) 1.5 × 10–6 3.2 × 103 1.2 × 10–7 2.4 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 3.4 × 104 (D ~ 2.4 × 10–13 – 1.37 × 10–11)

0.7 (f ) 0.9 2 0.72 3.15 0.53 0.8 1.1 3.45 –

277–657 470–650 510–600 640–800 658–700 320–650 320–650 500–650 658–700 400–500

Cd Hg Al Ga (self ) In C Si Ge Sn P As (self ) Cr

O S Se Te Mn Fe Co Tm Li

Cu Zn Cd Ga (self ) In Sn Sb (self ) Se

Section 12.indb 94

Activation energy, Q(eV)

Bi O S Se Te Fe Co Ni Li

Ag Au Be Mg Zn

GaSb

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

Method of measurement

Ref.

– Optical – – Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical and chemical Radioactive Ultrasonic Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive AES Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive SIMS SIMS SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Reflectance measurements Radioactive SIMS

63 64 65 65 66 67 47 68

Chemical analysis Mass spectroscopy Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical and flame photometry

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 70 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

69

4/28/05 1:57:21 PM

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors Semiconductor

Activation energy, Q(eV)

Temperature range (°C)

3.8 × 10–4 5 × 10–2 5 × 102 – 8 20

1.20 1.9 (I) 2.3 (II) – 2.5 (I) 2.4 (II)

320–650 500–650 500–650 1000–1300 1050–1250 1100–1250

Be

(Dmax ~ 2.4 × 10–9– 8.5 × 10–8)

–

900–1000

Mg Zn Ge Cr S Mn

5 × 10–5 1.0 – 6.2 × 10–4 3.2 × 103 2.1 × 109 1.1 × 10–6 1.6 × 10–1 2.8 × 10–3 3.8 × 10–3 3.6 × 10–4 1.32 × 10–5 1.37 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–8 (D ~ 2 × 10–9– 4 × 10–8) 1.8 1.1 × 10–7 (D ~ 7 × 10–13– 2 × 10–10) 1 × 105 (D ~ 3 × 10–8)

1.4 2.1 – 1.2 4.7 4.7 0.9 2.3 2.9 0.69 0.59 0.48 0.73 0.3 – 1.9 0.72 – 3.85 –

700–1050 700–1300 900–1000 900–1130 1120–1305 T < 950 950–1130 980–1180 850–1100 600–900 500–900 600–820 600–900 750–900 700–900 700–900 700–900 450-650 830–990 550

7 × 1010 – 3.6 × 10-4 (D ~ 2 × 10–8) – 3 6.8 × 105 9 × 10–1 3.6 × 10–3 2.2 × 10–2 7.3 × 10–4 5.8 × 10–3 1.98 × 10–6 4.2 × 10–3 3.11 × 10–3 7.4 × 10–4 1.45 × 10–5 6 × 105 3.74 × 10–6 1.49 × 10–6 3 × 107 6.78 12.6 3.43 × 10–5 7 × 10–4 9 × 10–4 3 × 10–5 1 × 10–7 7 × 10–4 5 × 10–1

5.65 – 1.94 – 2.9 2 3.4 1.8 0.52 0.54 0.26 0.65 1.17 0.96 1.17 1.15 1.32 4.0 1.17 1.17 4.45 2.2 2.2 1.28 0.28 1.08 0.37 0.25 0.32 1.35

900–1000 600–900 585–708 550 650–750 600–950 600–700 600–950 342–875 525–890 450–900 600–900 600–900 600–900 600–900 650–900 650–850 740–900 600–900 600–900 740–900 600–900 600–900 600–900 0–210 200–500 230–490 440–510 140–510 362–508

Diffusant Te Fe

GaP

InP

Ag Au

Fe Co Cu Ag Au Zn Cd

In (self ) Sn P (self ) Cr S Se Mn Fe

InAs

Co Cu Ag Au Mg Zn

InSb

Cd Hg In (self ) Ge Sn As (self ) S Se Te Li Cu Ag Au Zn

Section 12.indb 95

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

12-95 Method of measurement

Ref.

Radioactive Radioactive

69 69

Radioactive Radioactive Diffusion (I) A face and (II) B face Atomic absorption analysis Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive; ESR Radioactive Radioactive; ESR

69 69

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Etching and cathodoluminescence Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Cathodoluminescence SIMS Radioactive SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

69 69 69 69 69 69 69

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

4/28/05 1:57:22 PM

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors

12-96 Semiconductor

Diffusant Cd Hg In (self ) Sn Pb Sb (self )

AlAs AlSb

ZnS

S Se Te Fe Co Ga Zn Cu Zn Cd Al (self ) Sb (self ) Cu

Au Zn (self )

Cd Al In S (self )

ZnSe

Se Mn Li Cu Ag Zn (self ) Cd Al Ga In S Se (self )

ZnTe

Ni Li

Zn (self )

CdS

Section 12.indb 96

Al In Te (self ) Li Na

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

Activation energy, Q(eV)

Temperature range (°C)

– 1 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–4 4 × 10–6 6 × 10–7 1.8 × 1013 5.5 × 10–8 (D ~ 2.7 × 10–15) 5.35 × 10–4 3.1 × 1013 9 × 10–2 1.6 1.7 × 10–7 1 × 10–7 2.7 × 10–11 (D ~ 2 × 10–18– 10–15) (D ~ 9 × 10–11) 3.5 × 10–3 3.3 × 10–1 D(c) ~ 4 × 10–12– 3 × 10–10 2 1 2.6 × 10–3 4.3 × 10–4 9.75 × 10–3 1.75 × 10–4 3 × 10–4 1.5 × 104 1 × 1016 (D ~ 10–10) 5.69 × 10–4 3 × 101 2.16 × 104 8 × 10–5 (D ~ 5 × 10–13) 2.3 × 103 2.66 × 10–6 1 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–5 2.2 × 10–2 9.8 6.39 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–2 1.81 × 102 – (D ~ 2 × 10–12) (D ~ 8 × 10–12) 1.3 × 101 2.3 × 10–1 (D ~ 1.5 × 10–8– 1.7 × 10–7) 2.9 × 10–2

1.5 1.1 1.2 1.17 1.45 4.3 0.75 – 1.91 4.3 1.4 1.87 0.57 0.25 0.39 3.6 – 0.36 1.93 – 1.88 1.7 0.79 0.64 1.04 1.16 1.5 3.26 6.5 – 1.28 2.2 3.15 2.2 – 2.46 0.49 0.66 0.56 1.18 3.0 1.87 1.8 3.0 1.3 – – 2.5 2.7 – 1.22 (s)

355–455 250–500 360–500 425–500 400–500 475–517 390–512 500 400–500 475–517 360–500 380–500 300–500 440–510 420–500 850–1100 557 150–500 660–860 900 570–620 570–620 470–750 250–1200 400–800 500–800 925
SIMS Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive AES SEM Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive X-ray X-ray Radioactive Electroluminescence Luminescence Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 71 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 70 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

72 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

1.7 × 10–4 2.34 1.4 × 101 – 4 2 × 104 3 × 10–6 (D ~ 3 × 10–7)

0.78 (f ) 2.56 2.69 2.0 1.96 3.8 0.68 –

Luminescence Luminescence Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive X-ray microprobe Radioactive Electrical Luminescence Radioactive Luminescence Radioactive Photoluminescence Luminescence Luminescence Electron probe – X-ray microprobe Radioactive Radioactive Luminescence Nuclear and chemical analysis

760–860 667–1077 700–1000 1100–1300 727–977 610–960 800

Radioactive Radioactive Electrical and optical Radioactive Radioactive Microhardness Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69

Method of measurement

Ref.

69

4/28/05 1:57:24 PM

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors Semiconductor

Diffusant

Radioactive Radioactive

69 69

700–1100 667–967 650–930

69 69

2.03 (⊥) 1.6 2.05 2.4 – 10.4 – – 10.9 – 0.53 1.5 1.25 (I) 2.18 (II)

Radioactive Optical and microprobe Radioactive, optical and microprobe

800–1100 800–900 750–1050 900 700–1000 800 1000 570–900 960 22–400 700–1000 600–900 600–900

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

(D ~ 5.3 × 10–12– 6 × 10–11) 2.6 × 103

– 1.55

900–1000 700–1000

(D ~ 1.5 × 10–10) 3.7 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–8 –

– 0.67 0.64 –

300 97–300 290–350 700–800

Au Cd (self )

6.7 × 101 1.26 3.26 × 102 1.58 × 101

2.0 2.07 2.67 (I) 2.44 (II)

600–1000 700–1000 650–900

In

8 × 10–2 1.17 × 102 6.48 × 10–4

1.61 2.21 (I) 1.15 (II)

650–1000 500–850

Sn P As O

8.3 × 10–2 (D ~ 1.2 × 10–10) – 5.6 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–4 8.54 × 10–7

2.2 – – 1.22 0.29 1.35 1.42 (I)

700–925 900 850 200–650 650–900 700–1000 600–900

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Luminescence Photoluminescence Ultrasonic Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Se pressure Radioactive Radioactive; saturated Se pressure Ion microprobe Radioactive Ion backscattering Electrical and photoluminescence Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure Radioactive Radioactive – Mass spectrometry

69

1.66 × 10–4 7.1 × 10–2 (D ~ 4 × 10–8)

1.38 (II) 1.6 0.77

500–800 520–800 900

Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure Radioactive Radioactive

69 69

P S (self ) Se Te Cl I Ni Yb Ag Cd (self )

P Se (self ) Li Cu Ag

Se Te (self )

Cl Fe

Section 12.indb 97

1 × 101 6.5 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–2 – (D ~ 1.2 × 10–9) 1.3 × 10–7 (D ~ 3 × 10–10) (D ~ 5 × 10–12) 6.75 × 10–3 (D ~ 1.3 × 10–9) 2 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–3 6.3 × 10–2 4.12 × 10–2

Ref.

500–800 720–1000

Cd (self ) Ga In

0.76 1.05 0.72 1.2 (s) 0.8 (f ) 1.8 0.86 (s) 0.66 (f ) 2.0 – 2.3 ()

Method of measurement 69 69 69 69

Au Zn

1.5 × 10–3 1.2 × 10–2 8 × 10–5 2.5 × 101 2.4 × 10–1 2 × 102 1.27 × 10–9 1.22 × 10–8 3.4 – 6 × 101

Temperature range (°C)

Radioactive Ultrasonic Electrical Radioactive

Ag

CdTe

Activation energy, Q(eV)

400–700 300–700 20–200 300–500

Cu

CdSe

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

12-97

69

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

69

69 69 69 69 69

69

4/28/05 1:57:25 PM

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors

12-98 Semiconductor HgSe HgTe

Diffusant Sb Se (self ) Ag Zn Cd Hg (self ) In Sn

PbS

Te (self ) Mn Cu

PbSe

Pb (self ) S (self ) Ni Na

PbTe

Cu Ag Pb (self ) Sb Se (self ) Cl Ni Na Sn Pb (self ) Sb Te Cl Ni

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

6.3 × 10–5 – 6 × 10–4 5 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–4 2 × 10–8 6 × 10–6 1.72 × 10–6 1.8 × 10–3 10–6 1.5 × 10–4 4.6 × 10–4 5 × 10–3 8.6 × 10–5 6.8 × 10–5 1.78 × 101 1.5 × 101 5.6 × 10–6 2 × 10–5 7.4 × 10–4 4.98 × 10–6 3.4 × 10–1 2.1 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–8 (D ~ 1 × 10–10) 1.7 × 10–1 3.1 × 10–2 2.9 × 10–5 4.9 × 10–2 2.7 × 10–6 (D > 2.3 × 10–10) (D > 1 × 10–6)

Activation energy, Q(eV)

Method of measurement

Ref.

540–630 200–400 250–350 250–350 250–350 200–350 200–300 200–300

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

200–400 250–350 150–450 100–400 500–800 500–750 200–500 400–850

Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

93–520 400–850 400–800 650–850 650–850 400–850 700 600–850 500–800 250–500 500–800 500–800

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

– –

700 700

Radioactive Radioactive

69 69

References 1. N. A. Stolwijk and H. Bracht, in Diffusion in Semiconductors and NonMetallic Solids, D. L. Beke, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, 2-1. 2. E. M. Pell, Phys. Rev., 119, 1960; 119, 1014, 1960. 3. L. Svob, Solid State Electron, 10, 991, 1967. 4. B. I. Boltaks and I. I. Sosinov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 28, 3, 1958. 5. R. N. Hall and J. N. Racette, J. Appl. Phys., 35, 379, 1964. 6. B. I. Boltaks and Hsueh Shih-Yin, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 2, 2383, 1961. 7. W. R. Wilcox and T. J. LaChapelle, J. Appl. Phys., 35, 240, 1964. 8. E. A. Taft and R. O. Carlson, J. Electrochem. Soc., 117, 711, 1970. 9. R. Sh. Malkovich and N. A. Alimbarashvili, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 1725, 1963. 10. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Solid State Electron, 15, 1113, 1972. 11. C. Hill, Semiconductor Silicon 1981, H. R. Huff, R. J. Kreiger, and Y. Takeishi, Eds., p. 988, Electrochem. Soc., 1981. 12. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Phys. Rev. B, 3, 2507, 1971. 13. W. Rosnowski, J. Electrochem. Soc., 125, 957, 1978. 14. J. S. Makris and B. J. Masters, J. Appl. Phys., 42, 3750, 1971. 15. M. F. Millea, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 315, 1965 (refer Reference 2). 16. C. S. Fuller and J. A. Ditzenberger, J. Appl. Phys., 27, 544, 1956. 17. S. Hocine and D. Mathiot, Appl. Phys. Lett., 53, 1269, 1988. 18. R. C. Newman and J. Wakefield, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 19, 230, 1961. 19. L. Kalinowski and R. Seguin, Appl. Phys. Lett., 35, 211, 1979; Appl. Phys. Lett., 36, 171, 1980. 20. R. F. Peart, Phys. Stat. Sol., 15, K 119, 1966. 21. G. Hettich, H. Mehrer and K. Maler, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., 46, 500, 1979.

Section 12.indb 98

Temperature range (°C)

0.85 – 0.8 0.6 0.66 0.6 0.9 0.66 (s) 0.80 (f ) 1.4 1.3 0.36 0.31 1.52 1.38 0.95 1.74 (s) 0.4 (f ) 0.31 0.35 0.83 2.0 1.2 0.45 – 1.91 1.56 0.6 1.54 0.75

22. M. Ogina, Y. Oana and M. Watanabe, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a), 72, 535, 1982. 23. T. H. Yeh, S. M. Hu, and R. H. Kastl, Appl. Phys., 39, 4266, 1968. 24. I. Franz and W. Langheinrich, Solid State Electron, 14, 835, 1971. 25. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Hys. Rev. B, 3, 389, 1971. 26. B. J. Masters and J. M. Fairfield, J. Appl. Phys., 40, 2390, 1969. 27. R. N. Goshtagore, Phys. Rev. B, 3, 397, 1971. 28. R. S. Fair and J. C. C. Tsai, J. Electrochem. Soc., 122, 1689, 1975. 29. J. J. Rohan, N. E. Pickering, and J. Kennedy, J. Electrochem. Soc., 106, 705, 1969. 30. W. Wuerker, K. Roy, and J. Hesse, Matsr. Res. Bull., 9, 971, 1974. 31. J. C. Mikkelsen, Jr., Appl. Phys. Lett., 40, 336, 1982. 32. S. Tang Lee and D. Nicols, Appl. Phys. Lett., 47, 1001, 1985. 33. P. L. Gruzin, S. V. Zemskii, A. D. Bullkin, and N. M. Makarov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 7, 1241, 1974. 34. N. S. Zhdanovich and Yu. I. Kozlov, Svoistva Legir, Poluprovodn., V. S. Zemskov, Ed., Nauka, Moscow, 1977, 115–120; Fiz Tekh. Poluprovod., 9, 1594, 1975. 35. D. Gilles, W. Bergholze, and W. Schroeter, J. Appl. Phys., 59, 3590, 1986. 36. E. R. Weber, Appl. Phys. A, 30, 1, 1983. 37. E. R. Weber, Properties of Silicon, EMIS Datareviews Ser. No. 4, INSPEC Publications, 1988, 409–451. 38. M. K. Bakhadyrkhanov, S. Zainabidinov, and A. Khamidov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 14, 243, 1980. 39. S. A. Azimov, M. S. Yunosov, F. K. Khatamkulov, and G. Nasyrov, Poluprovod., N. Kh. Abrikosov and V. S. Zemskov, Eds., Nauka, Moscow, 1975, 21–23.

4/28/05 1:57:26 PM

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors 40. S. A. Azimov, M. S. Yunosov, G. Nurkuziev, and F. R. Karimov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 12, 981, 1978. 41. S. A. Azimov, B. V. Umarov, and M. S. Yunusov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 10, 842, 1976. 42. C. S. Fuller and J. A. Ditzenberger, Phys. Rev., 91, 193, 1953. 43. B. Pratt and F. Friedman, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 1893, 1966. 44. M. Stojic, V. Spiric, and D. Kostoski, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., 31, 304, 1976. 45. B. I. Boltaks, Diffusion in Semiconductors, Inforsearch, London, 1963, 162. 46. A. A. Bugai, V. E. Kosenko, and E. G. Miselyuk, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 27, 67, 1957. 47. L. Y. Wei, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 18, 162, 1961. 48. V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 42, 1962. 49. W. C. Dunlap, Jr., Phys. Rev., 97, 614, 1955 50. Yu. I. Belyaev and V. A. Zhidkov, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 3, 133, 1961. 51. W. C. Dunlap, Jr. Phys. Rev., 94, 1531, 1954. 52. V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 1, 1481, 1960. 53. P. Dorner, W. Gust, A. Lodding, H. Odelius, B. Predel, and U. Roll, Acta Metall., 30, 941, 1982. 54. W. Meer and D. Pommerrening, Z. Agnew. Phys., 23, 369, 1967. 55. U. Sodervall, H. Odelius, A. Lodding, U. Roll, B. Predel, W. Gust, and P. Dorner, Phil. Mag. A, 54, 539, 1986. 56. P. Dorner, W. Gust, A. Lodding, H. Odelius, B. Predel, and U. Roll, Z. Metalkd., 73, 325, 1982.

Section 12.indb 99

12-99 57. P. V. Pavlov, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 8, 2377, 1967. 58. V. I. Tagirov and A. A. Kuliev, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 196, 1962. 59. J. Raisanen, J. Hirvonen, and A. Anttila, Solid State Electron., 24, 333, 1981. 60. C. Vogel, G. Hettich, and H. Mehrer, J. Phys. C., 16, 6197, 1983. 61. H. Letaw, Jr., W. M. Portnoy, and L. Slifkin, Phys. Rev., 102, 363, 1956. 62. W. Bosenberg, Z. Naturforsch., 10a, 285, 1955. 63. V. M. Glazov and V. S. Zemskov, Physicochemical Principles of Semiconductor Doping, Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 1968. 64. J. W. Corbett, R. S. McDonald, and G. D. Watkins, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 25, 873, 1964. 65. W. W. Tyler, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 8, 59, 1959. 66. V. D. Ignatkov and V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 1193, 1962. 67. A. A. Bugal, V. E. Kosenko, and E. G. Miseluk, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 27, 210, 1957. 68. F. van der Maesen and J. A. Brenkman, Phillips Res. Rep., 9, 255, 1954. 69. M. B. Dutt and B. L. Sharma, in Diffusion in Semiconductors and NonMetallic Solids, D. L. Beke, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, 3-1. 70. L. L. Chang and A. Koma, Appl. Physics Lett., 29, 138, 1976. 71. D. L. Kendall, Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 4, R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Eds., Academic, 1968, 255. 72. H. J. Biter and F. Williams, J. Luminescence, 3, 395, 1971.

4/28/05 1:57:27 PM

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS H. P. R. Frederikse

Glossary of Symbols Quantity

Symbol

Magnetic field Magnetic induction Magnetization Spontaneous magnetization Saturation magnetization Magnetic flux Magnetic moment Coercive field Remanence Saturation magnetic polarization Magnetic susceptibility Magnetic permeability Magnetic permeability of free space Saturation magnetostriction Curie temperature Néel temperature

H B M Ms M0 Φ m, µ Hc Br Js χ µ µ0 λ (∆l/l) TC TN

SI

Units

A m-1 T (tesla) A m-1 A m-1 A m-1 Wb (weber) A m2 A m-1 T T

emu Oe (oersted) G (gauss) emu cm-3 emu cm-3 emu cm-3 maxwell erg/G Oe G G

H m–1 (henry/meter) H m–1 K K

K K

Magnetic moment µ = γħJ = g µB J where γ = gyromagnetic ratio; J = angular momentum; g = spectroscopic splitting factor (~2) µΒ = bohr magneton = 9.2741⋅10–24 J/T = 9.2741⋅10–21 erg/G Earth’s magnetic field H = 56 A m–1 = 0.7 Oe For iron: M0 = 1.7⋅106 A m–1; Br = 0.8⋅106 A m–1 1 Oe = (1000/4π) A m–1; 1 G = 10–4 T; 1 emu cm–3 = 103 A m–1 1 maxwell = 10–8 Wb µ0 = 4π 10–7 H m–1

Relation Between Magnetic Induction and Magnetic Field B (b) +Br (a) (c) +Hc

-Hc

(c)

H

-Br

FIGURE 1. Typical curve representing the dependence of magnetic induction B on magnetic field H for a ferromagnetic material. When H is first applied, B follows curve a as the favorably oriented magnetic domains grow. This curve flattens as saturation is approached. When H is then reduced, B follows curve b, but retains a finite value (the remanence Br) at H = 0. In order to demagnetize the material, a negative field –Hc (where Hc is called the coercive field or coercivity) must be applied. As H is further decreased and then increased to complete the cycle (curve c), a hysteresis loop is obtained. The area within this loop is a measure of the energy loss per cycle for a unit volume of the material.

(a) = Domain growth (b) = Field removal (c) = Hysteric curve on field

12-100

Section 12.indb 100

4/28/05 1:57:29 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

12-101 FIGURE 2. Schematic curve illustrating the B vs. H dependence for hard and soft magnetic materials. Hard materials have a larger remanence and coercive field, and a correspondingly large hysteresis loss.

B

Hard Soft H

Reference Ralls, K. M., Courtney, T. H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976, p. 577, 582. With permission.

Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements

FIGURE 3. Molar susceptibility of the elements at room temperature (cgs units of 10–6 cm3/mol). Values are not available for Z = 9, 61, and 84–89; Fe, Co, and Ni (Z = 26–28) are ferromagnetic. Data taken from the table “Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds” in Section 4.

Reference Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5–224. With permission.

Section 12.indb 101

4/28/05 1:57:31 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

12-102 Ground State of Ions with Partly Filled d or f Shells Z

Element

n

S

L

J

Gr. state

22

Ti

1

1/2

2

3/2

2

23

V4+

1

1/2

2

3/2

2

23

V

3+

2

1

3

2

3

23

V2+

3

3/2

3

3/2

4

24

Cr

3

3/2

3

3/2

4

25

Mn4+

3

3/2

3

3/2

4

24

Cr

4

2

2

0

5

25

Mn3+

4

2

2

0

5

3+

3+

2+

1.73

1.55

1.8

1.73

1.55

1.8

F2

2.83

1.63

2.8

F3/2

3.87

0.77

3.8

F3/2

3.87

0.77

3.7

F3/2

3.87

0.77

4.0

D0

4.90

0

4.9

D0

4.90

0

5.0

S5/2

5.92

5.92

5.9

S5/2

5.92

5.92

5.9

D4

4.90

6.70

5.4

F9/2

3.87

6.54

4.8

F4

2.83

5.59

3.2

D5/2

1.73

3.55

1.9

25

Mn

5

5/2

0

5/2

Fe3+

5

5/2

0

5/2

6

26

Fe

6

2

2

4

5

27

Co2+

7

3/2

3

9/2

4

28

Ni2+

8

1

3

4

3

29

Cu

9

1/2

2

5/2

2

2+

pmeas

D3/2

26

2+

pcalcb

D3/2

6

2+

pcalca

pcalcc

a b c

58

Ce3+

1

1/2

3

5/2

2

59

Pr

2

1

5

4

3

60

Nd3+

3

3/2

6

9/2

4

61

3+

Pm

4

2

6

4

5

62

Sm3+

5

5/2

5

5/2

6

63

Eu

6

3

3

0

7

64

Gd3+

7

7/2

0

7/2

8

65

3+

Tb

8

3

3

6

7

66

Dy3+

9

5/2

5

15/2

6

67

Ho

10

2

6

8

5

68

Er3+

11

3/2

6

15/2

4

69

Tm

12

1

5

6

3

70

Yb3+

13

1/2

3

7/2

2

3+

3+

3+

3+

2.54

2.4

H4

3.58

3.5

I9/2

3.62

3.5

I4

2.68

H5/2

0.84

1.5

F0

0.0

3.4

S7/2

7.94

8.0

F6

9.72

9.5

H15/2

10.63

10.6

I8

10.60

10.4

I15/2

9.59

9.5

H6

7.57

7.3

F7/2

4.54

4.5

pcalc = 2[S(S + 1)]

1/2

pcalc = 2[J(J + 1)]1/2 pcalc = g[J(J + 1)]1/2

References 1. Jiles, D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Chapman & Hall, London, 1991, p. 243.

Section 12.indb 102

F5/2

2. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, pp. 405–406. 3. Ashcroft, N. W. and Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p. 652.

4/28/05 1:57:33 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

12-103 Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Elements

M0 is the saturation magnetization at T = 0 K nB is the number of Bohr magnetons per atom M0/gauss 22020 18170 6410

Fe Co Ni Cr Mn Ce Nd

nB 2.22 1.72 0.62

TC/K 1043 1388 627

Sm Eu Gd Tb

24880

7 9

293 220

Dy

10

87

Ho

10

20

Er

9

32

Tm

7

32

TN/K

311 100 12.5 19.2 7.8 106 13.8 90.5

230.2 176 133 80 56

References 1. Ashcroft, N. W., and Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p.652.

TC is the Curie temperature TN is the Néel temperature Comments

c-Axis antiferromagnetic Basal plane modulation on hexagonal sites Cubic sites order (periodicity different from high-T phase) Ordering on hexagonal sites Cubic site order Spiral along cube axis Basal plane ferromagnet Basal plane spiral Basal plane ferromagnet Basal plane spiral Bunched cone structure Basal plane spiral c-Axis ferrimagnetic cone structure c-Axis modulated structure c-Axis ferrimagnetic cone structure c-Axis modulated structure 2. Gschneidner, K. A., and Eyring, L., Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1978.

Selected Ferromagnetic Compounds M0 is the saturation magnetization at T = 293 K Compound MnB MnAs MnBi MnSb Mn4N MnSi CrTe CrBr3 CrI3 CrO2 EuO EuS GdCl3 FeB Fe2B FeBe5 Fe3C FeP *

M0/gauss 152 670 620 710 183 247 270 515 1910* 1184* 550*

TC is the Curie temperature TC/K 578 318 630 587 743 34 339 37 68 386 77 16.5 2.2 598 1043 75 483 215

cub(FeSi) hex(NiAs) hex(BiI3) hex(BiI3) tetr(TiO2) cub cub orthorh orthorh tetr (CuAl2) cub(MgCu2) orthorh orthorh (MnP)

At T = 0 K

References 1. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986.

Section 12.indb 103

Crystal system orthorh(FeB) hex(FeB) hex(FeB) hex(FeB)

2. Ashcroft, N. W., and Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976.

4/28/05 1:57:34 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

12-104

Magnetic Properties of High-Permeability Metals and Alloys (Soft) Js is the saturation polarization WH is the hysteresis loss per cycle TC is the Curie temperature

µi is the initial permeability µm is the maximum permeability Hc is the coercive force Material

Composition (mass %)

Iron Iron Silicon-iron Silicon-iron (110) [001] Silicon-iron {100} <100> Mild steel Hypernik Deltamax {100} <100> Isoperm {100} <100> 78 Permalloy Supermalloy Mumetal Hyperco Permendur 2V-Permendur Supermendur 25Perminvar 7Perminvar Perminvar (magnet. annealed) Alfenol (or Alperm) Alfer Aluminum-Iron Sendust

Commercial 99Fe Pure 99.9Fe 96Fe-4Si 97Fe-3Si 97Fe-3Si Fe-0.1C-0.1Si-0.4Mn 50Fe-50Ni 50Fe-50Ni 50Fe-50Ni 78Ni-22Fe 79Ni-16Fe-5Mo 77Ni-16Fe-5Cu-2Cr 64Fe-35Co-0.5Cr 50Fe-50Co 49Fe-49Co-2V 49Fe-49Co-2V 45Ni-30Fe-25Co 70Ni-23Fe-7Co 43Ni-34Fe-23Co 84Fe-16Al 87Fe-13Al 96.5Fe-3.5Al 85Fe-10Si-5Al

µi/µ0

200 25000 500 9000 800 4000 500 90 4000 100000 20000 650 500 800 400 850 3000 700 500 36000

References 1. McCurrie, R. A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 42.

Applications

µm/µ0

6000 350000 7000 40000 100000 1100 70000 200000 100 100000 1000000 100000 10000 6000 4000 60000 2000 4000 400000 55000 3700 19000 120000

Hc/A m–1 70 0.8 40 12 6 200 4 16 480 4 0.15 4 80 160 160 16 100 50 2.4 3.2 53 24 1.6

Js/T

2.16 2.16 1.95 2.01 2.01

1.60 1.55 1.60 1.05 0.79 0.75 2.42 2.46 2.45 2.40 1.55 1.25 1.50 0.8 1.20 1.90 0.89

WH/J m–3

TC/K

500 60 50–150 35–140

1043 1043 1008 1015 1015

22

753 773

50 2 20 300 1200 600 1150

651 673 673 1243 1253 1253 1253

723 673 753

2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5–224.

Applications of High-Permeability Materials

Requirements

Power applications Distribution and power transformers

Low core losses, high permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization

High-quality motors and generators, stators and armatures, switchedmode power supplies Instrument transformers Audiofrequency transformers

Low core losses, high permeability, high magnetic polarization

Pulse transformers

High permeability Cores for inductor coils

Audiofrequency

Low hysteresis, high permeability

Carrier frequency

Very low hysteresis and eddy current loss

Radiofrequency

High permeability at low fields

Relays, switches Earth leakage circuit Magnetic shielding

Section 12.indb 104

}

Miscellaneous High permeability, low remanence, low coercivity Low core loss for AC applications

4/28/05 1:57:35 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

Applications

12-105 Applications of High-Permeability Materials

Requirements

Magnetic recording heads

High initial permeability, low or zero remanence

Magnetic amplifiers Saturable reactors Saturable transformers Transformer cores

Rectangular hysteresis loops, low hysteresis loss

}

Magnetic shunts for temperature compensation in magnetic circuits

Low Curie temperature, appropriate decrease in permeability with increase in temperature

Electromagnets in indicating instruments, fire detection, quartz watches, electromechanical devices

High permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization

Magnetic yokes in permanent magnet devices, such as lifting and holding magnets, loudspeakers

High permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization

Reference McCurrie, R. A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994. With permission.

Saturation Magnetostriction of Selected Materials

The tabulated parameter λs is related to the fractional change in length ∆l/l by ∆l/l = (3/2)λs(cos2θ – 1/3), where θ is the angle of rotation. Material

λs × 106 –7 +9 –33 –62 +27 0 +70 +30 +40 –110 –1560 +1753 +2000 +35 0

Iron Fe - 3.2% Si Nickel Cobalt 45 Permalloy, 45% Ni - 55% Fe Permalloy, 82% Ni - 18% Fe Permendur, 49% Co - 49% Fe - 2% V Alfer, 87% Fe - 13% Al Magnetite, Fe3O4 Cobalt ferrite, CoFe2O4 SmFe2 TbFe2 Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.93 (Terfenol D) Fe66Co18B15Si (amorphous) Co72Fe3B6Al3 (amorphous)

Reference McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 91; additional data provided by A.E. Clark, Adelphi, MD.

Properties of Various Permanent Magnetic Materials (Hard) Br is the remanence H is the flux coercivity B c H is the intrinsic coercivity i c

Composition Alnico1 20Ni;12Al;5Co Alnico2 17Ni;10Al;12.5Co;6Cu Alnico3 24-30Ni;12-14Al;0-3Cu Alnico4 21-28Ni;11-13Al;3-5Co;2-4Cu Alnico5 14Ni;8Al;24Co;3Cu Alnico6 16Ni;8Al;24Co;3Cu;2Ti Alnico8 15Ni;7Al;35Co;4Cu;5Ti Alnico9 15Ni;7Al;35Co;4Cu;5Ti Alnico12 13.5Ni;8Al;24.5Co;2Nb

S12_20.indd 105

(BH)max is the maximum energy product TC is the Curie temperature Tmax is the maximum operating temperature

Br/T

0.72 0.72 0.5–0.6 0.55–0.75 1.25 1.05 0.83 1.10 1.20

Hc/103 A m–1

B

53 1.6 1.45

Hc/103 A m–1

i

35 40–50 40–54 36–56 54 75 160 1.45 64

(BH)max/kJ m–3

25 13–14 10 11–12 40 52 45 75 76.8

TC/°C

Tmax/°C

850

520

850

520

5/2/05 1:05:18 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

12-106 Composition

Br/T

BaFe12O19 (Ferroxdur) SrFe12O19 LaCo5 CeCo5 PrCo5 NdCo5 SmCo5 Sm(Co0.76Fe0.10Cu0.14)6.8 Sm(Co0.65Fe0.28Cu0.05Zr0.02)7.7 Nd2Fe14B sintered Fe;52Co;14V (Vicalloy II) Fe;24Cr;15Co;3Mo (anisotropic) Fe;28Cr;10.5Co (Chromindur II) Fe;23Cr;15Co;3V;2Ti Cu;20Ni;20Fe (Cunife) Cu;21Ni;29Fe (Cunico) Pt;23Co Mn;29.5Al;0.5C (anisotropic)

References

Hc/103 A m–1

B

0.4 0.4 0.91 0.77 1.20 1.22 1.00 1.04 1.2 1.22 1.0 1.54 0.98 1.35 0.55 0.34 0.64 0.61

192 3.3

7.9 4.8 10 8.4 42 67 32 4 4 0.5 4 2.16

696 5 16 1120

1. McCurrie, R. A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 204.

Js is the saturation magnetic polarization TC is the Curie temperature ∆H is the line width Material

Js/T

Hc/103 A m–1

i

1.6 2.95

2.4

(BH)max/kJ m–3

29 30 164 117 286 295 196 212 264 280 28 76 16 44 12 8 76 56

TC/°C

400 400

480 300

350 120

Selected Ferrites

TC/°C

∆H/kA m–1

Applications

0.52 0.60 0.34 0.14 0.50 0.50 0.31 0.15 0.12 0.05 0.25 0.14 0.17 0.53 0.39

575 585 575 440 375 300 590 450 430 1860 290

Garnets Y3Fe5O12 Y3Fe5O12 (single crys.) (Y,Al)3Fe5O12 (Y,Gd)3Fe5O12 Sm3Fe5O12 Eu3Fe5O12 GdFe5O12

0.178 0.178 0.12 0.06 0.170 0.116 0.017

280 292 250 250 305 293 291

55 0.5 80 150

Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices

0.45 0.34 0.28

430 470 130 390 500 450

1.5 12 25 16 8

Permanent magnets Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Permanent magnets

0.16 0.4

250 300 300 100 500 500 500 500 350

2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5–165. 3. Jiles, D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Chapman & Hall, London, 1991.

Spinels γ-Fe2O3 Fe3O4 NiFe2O4 MgFe2O4 NiZnFe2O4 MnFe2O4 NiCoFe2O4 NiCoAlFe2O4 NiAl0.35Fe1.65O4 NiAlFe2O4 Mg0.9Mn0.1Fe2O4 Ni0.5Zn0.5Al0.8Fe1.2O4 CuFe2O4 CoFe2O4 LiFe5O8

Hexagonal crystals BaFe12O19 Ba3Co2Fe24O41 Ba2Zn2Fe12O22 Ba3Co1.35Zn0.65Fe24O41 Ba2Ni2Fe12O22 SrFe12O19

Tmax/°C

450 450 567 380 620 637 700 800 800 300 700 630 630 630 410

455 520 670

Reference

350 70 120 50 140 330 67 32 56 17

Microwave devices Transformer cores Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Electromechanical transducers Microwave devices

McCurrie, R. A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994.

Section 12.indb 106

4/28/05 1:57:37 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

12-107 Spinel Structure (AB2O4)

A

B

FIGURE 4. Arrangement of metal ions in the two octants A and B, showing tetrahedrally (A) and octahedrally (B) coordinated sites. (Reprinted from McCurrie, R.A., Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994. With permission.)

A B O2-

Selected Antiferromagnetic Solids TN is the Néel temperature

Material

Structure

Binary oxides MnO FeO CoO NiO α-Mn2O3 CuO UO2 Er2O3 Gd2O3

cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub monocl cub cub cub

122 198 291 525 90 230 30.8 3.4 1.6

orth orth orth orth orth orth cub cub orth cub* cub cub* cub cub cub* orth cub

282 100 750 224 760 118 110 5.3 141 673 125 88.3 115 275 60 149 82

Perovskites LaCrO3 LaMnO3 LaFeO3 NdCrO3 NdFeO3 YbCrO3 CaMnO3 EuTiO3 YCrO3 BiFeO3 KCoF3 KMnF3 KFeF3 KNiF3 NaMnF3 NaNiF3 RbMnF3 Spinels Co3O4 NiCr2O4

Section 12.indb 107

cub tetr

TN/K

40 65

Material

Structure

TN/K

ZnCr2O4 ZnFe2O4 GeFe2O4 MgV2O4 MnGa2O4

cub cub cub cub cub

NiAs and related structures CrAs CrSb CrSe MnTe NiS CrS

orth hex hex hex hex monocl

300 705–723 300 320–323 263 460

Rutile and related structures CoF2 CrF2 FeF2 MnF2 NiF2 CrCl2 MnO2 FeOF

tetr monocl tetr tetr tetr orth tetr tetr

38 53 79 67 83 20 84 315

Corundum and related structures Cr2O3 α-Fe2O3 FeTiO3 MnTiO3 CoTiO3

rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb

318 948 68 41 38

VF3 and related structures CoF3 CrF3

rhomb rhomb

460 80

15 9 10 45 33

4/28/05 1:57:39 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

12-108 Material

Structure

FeF3 MnF3 MoF3

rhomb monocl rhomb

Miscellaneous K2NiF4 MnI2 CoUO4 CaMn2O4 CrN CeC2 FeSn Mn2P

tetr hex orth orth cub* tetr hex hex

TN/K

394 43 185 97 3.4 12 225 273 33 373 103

References 1. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5–168 to 5–183. 2. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 3. Ashcroft, N. W., and Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p. 697.

* Distorted.

Section 12.indb 108

4/28/05 1:57:39 PM

ORGANIC MAGNETS J.S. Miller Magnetic ordering, e.g., ferromagnetism, like superconductivity, is a property of a solid, not of an individual molecule or ion, and very rarely occurs for organic compounds. In contrast to superconductivity, where all electron spins pair to form a perfect diamagnetic material, magnetic ordering requires unpaired electron spins; hence, superconductivity and ferromagnetism are mutually exclusive. The vast majority of organic compounds are diamagnetic (i.e., all electron spins are paired), and a relative few possess unpaired electrons (designated by an arrow, ↑) and are paramagnetic (PM), i.e., they are oriented in random directions. A few organic solids, however, exhibit strong magnetic behavior and magnetically order as ferromagnets (FO) with all spins aligned in the same direc-

tion. In some cases the spins align in the opposite direction and compensate to form an antiferromagnet (AF). In some cases these spins are not opposed to each other and do not compensate and lead to a canted antiferromagnet or weak ferromagnet (WF). If the number of spins that align in one direction differs from the number of spins that align in the opposite direction, the spins cannot compensate and a ferrimagnet (FI) results. Metamagnets (MM) are antiferromagnets in which all the spins become aligned like a ferromagnet in an applied magnetic field. Above the ordering or critical temperature, Tc, all magnets are paramagnets (PM). Organic magnets all possess electron spins in p-orbitals, but these may be in conjunction with metal ion-based spins.

Paramagnet (PM) (random) arrangement of spins

Ferromagnetic (FO) ordering of spins

Antiferromagnetic (AF) ordering of spins

Ferrimagnetic (FI) ordering of spins

Canted antiferromagnet or weak ferromagnet (WF) ordering of spins

FIGURE 1.

Schematic illustration of the different types of magnetic behavior.

12-109

Section 12.indb 109

4/28/05 1:57:41 PM

Organic Magnets

12-110

Summary of the Critical Temperature, Tc, Saturation Magnetization, Ms, Coercive Field, Hcr, and Remanent Magnetization, Mr, for Selected Organic-Based Magnets Magnet α-1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-2,6-diazaadamantane-N,N’-doxyl β-2-(4'-Nitrophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-oxyl-3-N-oxide {FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] {MnIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] {CrIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] α-{FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNQ] β-{FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNQ] Tanol subarate NCC6F4CN2S2 MnII(hfac)2NITC2H5 MnII(hfac)2NIT(i-C3H8) [Mn(hfac)2]3[{ON[C6H3(t-C(CH3)3]2NO]2} [MnTPP][TCNE].2C6H5CH3 V[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Mn[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Fe[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Co[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5)

Type FO

Tc/K 1.48

FO FO FO FO MM FO MM WF FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI

0.6 4.8 8.8 3.65 2.55 3.0 0.38 35.5 7.8 7.6 46 13 ~400 75 97 44

Ms/A m-1 48,300

Hcr/T <0.00001

Mr/A m-1 —

22,300 37,600 58,200 46,300 34,200 21,600 20,700 45 39,400 42,400 24,400 18,400 28,200 52,000 46,300 22,000

0.00008 0.10 0.12 — — — — 0.00009 0.03 <0.0005 — 2.4 0.0015 - 0.006 0.002 0.23 0.65

<200 2,300 3,700 — — — — — 27,600 <420 — 10,300 1,650 270 3 —

List of Symbols and Abbreviations Ms Hcr Tc Mr TCNE TCNQ

Saturation magnetization at 2 K Coercive Field Critical Temperature Remanent magnetization at 2 K Tetracyanoethylene 7,7,8,8-Tetracyano-p-quinodimethane

hfac NIT FO FI MM WF

2-(4’-Nitrophyenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1Himidazol-1-oxyl-3-N-oxide

1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-2,6-diazaadamantane-N,N’-doxyl

M[C5(CH3)5]2(M = Cr, Mn, Fe)

Section 12.indb 110

Hexafluoroacetonate Nitronyl nitroxide Ferromagnet Ferrimagnet Metamagnet Weak ferromagnet

TCNE

TCNQ

4/28/05 1:57:47 PM

Organic Magnets

12-111

Mn(hfac)2

Tanol subarate

NITR (R = C2H5, i-C3H8, n-C3H8)

MnTPP

References 1. Miller, J. S. and Epstein, A. J., Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed., 33, 385, 1994. 2. Chiarelli, R., Rassat, A., Dromzee, Y., Jeannin, Y., Novak, M. A., and Tholence, J. L., Phys. Scrip., T49, 706, 1993. 3. Kinoshita, M., Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 33, 5718, 1994. 4. Gatteschi, D., Adv. Mat., 6, 635, 1994.

Section 12.indb 111

{ON[C6H3(t-C(CH3)3]2NO]2}

NCC6F4CN2S2 5. Miller, J. S. and Epstein, A. J., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1319, 1998. 6. Broderick, W. E., Eichorn, D. M., Lu, X., Toscano, P. J., Owens, S. M. and Hoffman, B. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117, 3641, 1995. 7. Banister, A. J., Bricklebank, N., Lavander, I., Rawson, J., Gregory, C. I., Tanner, B. K., Clegg, W. J., Elsegood, M. R., and Palacio, F., Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed., 35, 2533, 1996.

4/28/05 1:57:52 PM

ELECTRON INELASTIC MEAN FREE PATHS Cedric J. Powell The inelastic mean free path (IMFP) of electrons is defined as the average of distances, measured along the trajectories, that electrons with a given energy travel between inelastic collisions in the substance. It is an important parameter in analyzing results from surface-characterization techniques such as Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and others. IMFPs can be measured by the elastic-peak electron spectroscopy technique and other methods, and they can be calculated from optical data. A detailed analysis of the experimental and theoretical considerations in obtaining reliable IMPF values can be found in reference 4. The table below gives recommended IMFP values for several elements, simple inorganic compounds, and organic materials. Values are given in Ångström units (1 Å = 10-10 m) for a range of

electron energies. Substances are given in alphabetical order by name, with elements and inorganic compounds listed before the organic materials.

References 1. Tanuma, S., Powell, C. J., and Penn, D. R., Surf. Interface Anal. 17, 911, 1991. 2. Tanuma, S., Powell, C. J., and Penn, D. R., Surf. Interface Anal. 17, 927, 1991. 3. Tanuma, S., Powell, C. J., and Penn, D. R., Surf. Interface Anal. 21, 165, 1994. 4. Powell, C. J., and Jablonski, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 19, 1999. 5. Tanuma, S., Powell, C. J., and Penn, D. R., Surf. Interface Anal., 37, 1, 2005.

Electron Inelastic Mean Free Path in Å Electron Energy in eV Substance Aluminum Bismuth Carbon Chromium Copper Gallium phosphide Gold Hafnium Indium phosphide Iridium Iron Lead(II) sulfide Lead(II) telluride Magnesium Molybdenum Nickel Niobium Osmium Palladium Platinum Potassium chloride Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Silicon Silicon carbide Silicon dioxide (vitreous) Silver Tantalum Titanium Tungsten Vanadium Yttrium Zinc sulfide Zirconium Adenine Bovine plasma albumin β-Carotene

Formula Al Bi C Cr Cu GaP Au Hf InP Ir Fe PbS PbTe Mg Mo Ni Nb Os Pd Pt KCl Re Rh Ru Si SiC SiO2 Ag Ta Ti W V Y ZnS Zr C5H5N5 C40H56

50 3.5 4.9 5.9 4.4 5.2 5.6 6.3 5.8 4.8 5.3 4.3 4.8 4.3 4.0 5.1 4.9 6.0 5.5 4.8 5.0 7.5 5.2 4.8 4.9 4.1 4.7 8.0 6.4 4.8 4.5 5.0 4.2 5.0 5.8 4.4 6.4 7.3 6.4

100 4.6 5.5 6.4 4.3 5.0 6.5 4.7 6.2 4.9 4.3 4.4 5.6 5.5 5.4 4.5 4.5 6.0 4.3 4.8 4.2 7.8 3.8 4.1 4.2 5.3 4.9 7.7 4.7 4.5 5.1 4.1 4.9 5.5 6.5 4.8 6.6 7.2 7.0

150 5.7 6.3 7.5 5.0 5.4 7.8 4.7 7.1 5.6 4.7 5.1 6.7 6.6 6.8 5.0 4.9 6.7 4.5 5.4 4.5 9.3 3.9 4.5 4.6 6.5 5.8 8.8 4.8 5.0 6.2 4.5 5.9 6.4 7.7 5.7 7.8 8.5 8.5

200 6.8 7.2 8.8 5.7 6.0 9.0 5.1 8.0 6.4 5.2 5.8 7.8 7.7 8.2 5.6 5.4 7.7 5.0 6.2 4.9 10.9 4.3 5.0 5.2 7.8 6.8 10.0 5.2 5.5 7.3 5.0 6.8 7.5 8.9 6.6 9.2 9.9 10.0

300 8.9 8.8 11.2 7.2 7.3 11.4 6.1 10.2 8.1 6.4 7.2 10.0 9.8 10.7 7.1 6.5 9.7 6.0 7.8 6.0 14.2 5.1 6.1 6.5 10.3 8.7 12.6 6.4 6.8 9.5 6.1 8.8 9.8 11.3 8.6 11.8 12.7 13.0

400 10.9 10.6 13.7 8.6 8.6 13.7 7.2 12.0 9.7 7.5 8.5 12.1 11.9 13.0 8.5 7.7 11.7 7.1 9.4 7.1 17.3 6.0 7.3 7.8 12.5 10.5 15.2 7.7 8.0 11.6 7.3 10.7 11.9 13.6 10.5 14.4 15.4 15.9

600 14.5 14.0 18.4 11.4 11.3 18.1 9.5 15.6 12.8 9.7 11.2 16.1 15.8 17.5 11.3 10.1 15.6 9.1 12.5 9.2 23.2 7.7 9.7 10.4 16.6 13.9 20.0 10.2 10.4 15.6 9.4 14.3 16.0 17.9 14.1 19.2 20.7 21.4

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 18.0 21.3 24.6 27.8 31.0 34.1 37.2 17.2 20.2 23.2 26.1 28.9 31.6 34.4 22.8 27.0 31.1 35.2 39.1 43.0 46.8 14.0 16.6 19.1 21.6 24.0 26.3 28.6 13.9 16.5 18.9 21.3 23.7 26.0 28.3 22.3 26.3 30.2 34.1 37.8 41.5 45.2 11.7 13.8 15.8 17.8 19.7 21.6 23.4 19.0 22.2 25.3 28.4 31.4 34.4 37.3 15.7 18.7 21.4 24.2 26.8 29.4 32.0 11.8 13.8 15.7 17.6 19.4 21.2 22.9 13.7 16.2 18.6 20.9 23.2 25.5 27.7 19.8 23.6 27.1 30.6 33.9 37.2 40.5 19.6 23.4 26.9 30.3 33.7 37.0 40.2 21.7 25.9 29.9 33.9 37.7 41.6 45.3 14.0 16.5 18.9 21.2 23.5 25.8 28.0 12.4 14.6 16.7 18.8 20.8 22.8 24.7 19.2 22.6 25.9 29.1 32.3 35.3 38.4 11.1 12.9 14.7 16.4 18.1 19.8 21.5 15.4 18.2 20.9 23.5 26.0 28.4 30.9 11.2 13.1 14.9 16.7 18.5 20.2 21.9 28.7 34.0 39.2 44.2 49.1 54.0 58.8 9.4 10.9 12.5 14.0 15.4 16.9 18.3 12.0 14.1 16.2 18.2 20.1 22.0 23.9 12.8 15.1 17.4 19.5 21.6 23.7 25.7 20.6 24.4 28.2 31.8 35.4 39.0 42.5 17.1 20.3 23.3 26.3 29.2 32.1 35.0 24.7 29.3 33.7 38.0 42.2 46.4 50.5 12.6 14.9 17.2 19.3 21.4 23.5 25.5 12.7 14.8 16.9 19.0 21.0 22.9 24.9 19.5 23.2 26.8 30.2 33.6 36.9 40.2 11.4 13.4 15.2 17.1 18.9 20.6 22.4 17.7 21.0 24.3 27.4 30.5 33.5 36.4 19.8 23.4 27.0 30.4 33.8 37.1 40.4 22.0 26.0 29.8 33.6 37.3 40.9 44.5 17.5 20.7 23.8 26.9 29.9 32.8 35.7 24.1 28.6 33.1 37.4 41.6 45.8 49.9 25.8 30.8 35.6 40.2 44.8 49.4 53.8 26.9 32.0 37.0 41.9 46.6 51.3 56.0

Ref. 5 1 1 1 4 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 3

12-112

Section 12.indb 112

4/28/05 1:57:55 PM

Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths Substance Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5hexatriene Guanine Hexacosane Kapton Polyacetylene Poly(butene-1-sulfone) Polyethylene Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polystyrene Poly(2-vinylpyridine)

Section 12.indb 113

Formula

C18H16 C5H5N5O C26H54

50

12-113 100

150

200

300

400

600

800

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Ref.

7.3

7.3

8.5

9.8

12.6

15.4

20.7

25.9

30.8

35.6

40.3

44.9

49.4

53.8

3

6.4 6.2 7.0 7.0 5.3 7.1 6.9 7.8 6.9 6.9

7.0 6.2 7.6 6.8 5.7 7.2 7.2 7.9 7.3 7.3

8.4 7.2 9.2 7.9 6.8 8.5 8.6 9.3 8.7 8.7

9.9 8.4 10.9 9.2 7.9 9.9 10.1 10.8 10.2 10.3

12.9 10.8 14.1 11.7 10.2 12.7 13.0 13.9 13.2 13.3

15.8 13.1 17.2 14.2 12.5 15.4 15.9 16.9 16.1 16.2

21.3 17.5 23.2 19.0 16.9 20.7 21.4 22.7 21.6 21.8

26.7 21.8 29.2 23.7 21.1 25.8 26.8 28.3 27.1 27.3

31.8 25.9 34.7 28.2 25.1 30.6 31.8 33.7 32.2 32.5

36.8 29.9 40.1 32.5 29.0 35.3 36.8 38.8 37.2 37.5

41.7 33.8 45.4 36.7 32.8 39.9 41.6 43.9 42.1 42.4

46.4 37.6 50.6 40.9 36.5 44.4 46.3 48.9 46.9 47.3

51.1 41.4 55.7 44.9 40.2 48.8 51.0 53.8 51.6 52.0

55.7 45.1 60.7 49.0 43.8 53.2 55.6 58.6 56.2 56.7

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4/28/05 1:57:57 PM

ELECTRON WORK FUNCTION OF THE ELEMENTS The electron work function Φ is a measure of the minimum energy required to extract an electron from the surface of a solid. It is defined more precisely as the energy difference between the state in which an electron has been removed to a distance from the surface of a single crystal face that is large enough that the image force is negligible but small compared to the distance to any other face (typically about 10-4 cm) and the state in which the electron is in the bulk solid. In general, Φ differs for each face of a monocrystalline sample. Since Φ is dependent on the cleanliness of the surface, measurements reported in the literature often cover a considerable range. This table contains selected values for the electron work function of the elements which may be regarded as typical values for a reasonably clean surface. The method of measurement is indicated for each value. The following abbreviations appear: Element

Plane

Φ/eV

Ag

100 110 111 100 110 111 polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 112 polycr 100 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr liquid polycr 100 110 111

4.64 4.52 4.74 4.20 4.06 4.26 (3.75) 5.47 5.37 5.31 (4.45) 2.52 4.98 4.34 (5.0) 2.87 4.08 2.9 5.0 4.5 1.95 5.10 4.48 4.94 4.53 2.5 4.67 4.81 4.32 2.90 5.0 3.9 4.475 4.09 5.67 5.42 5.76

Al

As Au

B Ba Be Bi C Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu

Eu Fe Ga Gd Ge Hf Hg In Ir

Method PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE TH TH PE PE CPD PE CPD PE PE PE PE FE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE CPD CPD PE PE PE PE PE PE

Element K La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo

Na Nb

Nd Ni

Os Pb Pd Pt

Rb Re Rh

TE – Thermionic emission PE – Photoelectric effect FE – Field emission CPD – Contact potential difference polycr – Polycrystalline sample amorp – Amorphous sample Values in parentheses are only approximate.

References 1. Hölzl, J., and Schulte, F. K., Work Functions of Metals, in Solid Surface Physics, Höhler, G., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979. 2. Riviere, J. C., Work Function: Measurements and Results, in Solid State Surface Science, Vol.1, Green, M., Ed., Decker, New York, 1969. 3. Michaelson, H. B., J. Appl. Phys., 48, 4729, 1977.

Plane

Φ/eV

210 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 112 114 332 polycr 001 110 111 112 113 116 310 polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr 111 polycr 110 111 320 331 polycr polycr polycr

5.00 2.29 3.5 2.93 (3.3) 3.66 4.1 4.53 4.95 4.55 4.36 4.50 4.55 2.36 4.02 4.87 4.36 4.63 4.29 3.95 4.18 3.2 5.22 5.04 5.35 5.93 4.25 5.22 5.6 5.64 5.84 5.93 5.22 5.12 2.261 4.72 4.98

Method PE PE PE FE CPD PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE TH TH TH TH TH TH TH PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE FE FE FE FE PE TE PE

Element

Plane

Φ/eV

Method

Ru Sb

4.71 4.55 4.7 3.5 5.9 4.85 (4.91) 4.60 2.7 4.42 (2.59) 4.25 4.15 4.80 4.00 3.0 4.95 3.4 4.33 (3.84) 3.63 3.73 3.90 3.67 4.3 4.55 4.63 5.22 4.45 4.46 4.32 3.1 3.63

PE

Y Zn

polycr amorp 100 polycr polycr n p 100 p 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 113 polycr polycr 100 110 111 113 116 polycr polycr

PE PE CPD CPD PE PE CPD TH TH TH TH TH PE PE TH PE CPD PE PE PE PE PE CPD FE FE FE FE TH PE PE

Zr

polycr polycr

(4.9) 4.05

CPD PE

Sc Se Si

Sm Sn Sr Ta

Tb Te Th Ti Tl U

V W

12-114

S12_21.indd 114

5/2/05 1:20:49 PM

SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION The secondary emission yield, or secondary emission ratio, δ, is the average number of secondary electrons emitted from a bombarded material for every incident primary electron. It is a function of the primary electron energy Ep. The maximum yield δmax corresponds to a primary electron energy Epmax (see figure). The two primary electron energies corresponding to a yield of unity are denoted the first and second crossovers (EI and EII). An insulat-

ing target, or a conducting target that is electrically floating, will charge positively or negatively depending on the primary electron energy. For EI < Ep < EII, δ > 1 and the surface charges positively provided there is a collector present that is positive with respect to the target. For Ep < EI or Ep > EII, δ < 1, and the surface charges negatively with respect to the potential of the source of primary electrons.

1.5 δmax δ 1.0 0.5

Ep EII EI max Primary Electron Energy (Ep) Element Ag Al Au B Ba Bi Be C (diamond) C (graphite) C (soot) Cd Co Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hg K Compound Alkali halides CsCl KBr (crystal) KCl (crystal) KCl (layer) KI (crystal) KI (layer) LiF (crystal) LiF (layer) NaBr (crystal) NaBr (layer) NaCl (crystal) NaCl (layer) NaF (crystal) NaF (layer) NaI (crystal) NaI (layer) RbCl (layer) Oxides Ag2O Al2O3 (layer) BaO (layer)

δmax 1.5 1.0 1.4 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.5 2.8 1.0 0.45 1.1 1.2 0.7 1.3 1.3 1.55 1.15 1.3 0.7

Epmax (eV) 800 300 800 150 400 550 200 750 300 500 450 600 400 600 400 500 500 600 200 δmax 6.5 14 12 7.5 10 5.6 8.5 5.6 24 6.3 14 6.8 14 5.7 19 5.5 5.8 1.0 2–9 2.3–4.8

EI (eV) 200 300 150 50 None None None None 300 None 300 200 None 200 120 75 150 350 None Epmax(eV) 1800 1600 1200 1600 700 1800 1200 600 1200 1300

400

EII (eV) >2000 300 >2000 600 None None None >5000 300 None 700 None None 1500 1400 None 900 >1200 None

Element Li Mg Mo Na Nb Ni Pb Pd Pt Rb Sb Si Sn Ta Th Ti Tl W Zr Compound BeO CaO Cu2O MgO (crystal) MgO (layer) MoO2 SiO2 (quartz) SnO2 Sulfides MoS2 PbS WS2 ZnS Others BaF2 (layer) CaF2 (layer) BiCs3 BiCs GeCs Rb3Sb SbCs3 Mica Glasses

δmax 0.5 0.95 1.25 0.82 1.2 1.3 1.1 >1.3 1.8 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.35 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.7 1.4 1.1

Epmax (eV) 85 300 375 300 375 550 500 >250 700 350 600 250 500 600 800 280 650 650 350 δmax 3.4 2.2 1.2 20–25 3–15 1.2 2.1–4 3.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.8 4.5 3.2 6 1.9 7 7.1 6 2.4 2–3

EI (eV) None None 150 None 150 150 250 120 350 None 250 125 None 250 None None 70 250 None

EII (eV) None None 1200 None 1050 >1500 1000 None 3000 None 2000 500 None >2000 None None >1500 >1500 None

Epmax(eV) 2000 500 400 1500 400–1500 400 640 500 350

1000 1000 700 450 700 350 300–450

12-115

Section 12.indb 115

4/28/05 1:58:02 PM

Optical Properties of Selected Elements J. H. Weaver and H. P. R. Frederikse These tables list the index of refraction n, the extinction coefficient k, and the normal incidence reflection R (φ = 0) as a function of photon energy E, which is expressed in electron volts (eV). To convert the energy in eV to the wavelength in µm, use λ = 1.2398/ E. To compute the dielectric function ˜ε = ε1 + iε2 from the complex ˜ = n + ik, use ε1 = n2 – k2 and ε2 = 2nk. index of refraction N The optical constants in these tables are abridged from three more extensive tabulations: •

• •

Optical Properties of Metals (OPM), Volumes I and II, Physics Data, Nr. 18-1 and 18-2, J. H. Weaver, C. Krafka, D. W. Lynch, and E. E. Koch, Fachinformationzentrum, Karlsruhe, Germany. Handbook of Optical Constants (HOC), Vol. I, 1985, and Vol. II, 1991. E. D. Palik, Ed., Academic Press, Inc., London. American Institute of Physics Handbook (AIPH), 3rd Edition, D. E. Gray, Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

tors are listed at the end of the tables. Generally, tabulated values for the optical properties are accurate to better than 10%. Data in parentheses are extrapolated or interpolated values. For most elements the spectral range covered is from the far infrared (0.010 or 0.10 eV) to the far ultraviolet (10, 30 or 300 eV). The intervals between successive energies in the tables are chosen in such a way that the major spectral features are preserved. Very small values of k are expressed in exponential notation, e.g., 1.23E-5 means 1.23 × 10-5. The following table is convenient for associating the energy entries in these tables with the corresponding wavelengths: λ 1 mm 500 µm 100 µm 50 µm 10 µm 5 µm 1 µm

The first two of these major sources provide detailed comparisons of all optical data available in the literature at the time of the compilation. For critical applications the reader should refer to the original work. References for individual metals and semiconducEnergy (eV)

n

Aluminum1 0.040 98.595 0.050 74.997 0.060 62.852 0.070 53.790 0.080 45.784 0.090 39.651 0.100 34.464 0.125 24.965 0.150 18.572 0.175 14.274 0.200 11.733 0.250 8.586 0.300 6.759 0.350 5.438 0.400 4.454 0.500 3.072 0.600 2.273 0.700 1.770 0.800 1.444 0.900 1.264 1.000 1.212 1.100 1.201 1.200 1.260 1.300 1.468 1.400 2.237 1.500 2.745 1.600 2.625 1.700 2.143 1.800 1.741 1.900 1.488 2.000 1.304



k 203.701 172.199 150.799 135.500 123.734 114.102 105.600 89.250 76.960 66.930 59.370 48.235 40.960 35.599 31.485 25.581 21.403 18.328 15.955 14.021 12.464 11.181 10.010 8.949 8.212 8.309 8.597 8.573 8.205 7.821 7.479

R(φ = 0) 0.9923 0.9915 0.9906 0.9899 0.9895 0.9892 0.9889 0.9884 0.9882 0.9879 0.9873 0.9858 0.9844 0.9834 0.9826 0.9817 0.9806 0.9794 0.9778 0.9749 0.9697 0.9630 0.9521 0.9318 0.8852 0.8678 0.8794 0.8972 0.9069 0.9116 0.9148

Energy (eV) 2.200 2.400 2.600 2.800 3.000 3.200 3.400 3.600 3.800 4.000 4.200 4.400 4.600 4.800 5.000 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.500 8.000 8.500 9.000 9.500 10.000 10.500 11.000 11.500 12.000 12.500 13.000 13.500 14.000 14.200

n 1.018 0.826 0.695 0.598 0.523 0.460 0.407 0.363 0.326 0.294 0.267 0.244 0.223 0.205 0.190 0.130 0.110 0.095 0.082 0.072 0.063 0.056 0.049 0.044 0.040 0.036 0.033 0.033 0.034 0.038 0.041 0.048 0.053

k 6.846 6.283 5.800 5.385 5.024 4.708 4.426 4.174 3.946 3.740 3.552 3.380 3.222 3.076 2.942 2.391 2.173 1.983 1.814 1.663 1.527 1.402 1.286 1.178 1.076 0.979 0.883 0.791 0.700 0.609 0.517 0.417 0.373

R(φ = 0) 0.9200 0.9228 0.9238 0.9242 0.9241 0.9243 0.9245 0.9246 0.9247 0.9248 0.9248 0.9249 0.9249 0.9249 0.9244 0.9257 0.9260 0.9262 0.9265 0.9269 0.9272 0.9277 0.9282 0.9286 0.9293 0.9298 0.9283 0.9224 0.9118 0.8960 0.8789 0.8486 0.8312

E/eV 0.00124 0.00248 0.01240 0.02480 0.12398 0.24797 1.240

Energy (eV) 14.400 14.600 14.800 15.000 15.200 15.400 15.600 15.800 16.000 16.200 16.400 16.750 17.000 17.250 17.500 17.750 18.000 18.500 19.000 19.500 20.000 20.500 21.000 21.500 22.000 22.500 23.000 23.500 24.000 24.500 25.000 25.500 26.000

λ 6000 Å 5000 Å 4000 Å 3000 Å 2000 Å 1000 Å 400 Å

n 0.058 0.067 0.086 0.125 0.178 0.234 0.280 0.318 0.351 0.380 0.407 0.448 0.474 0.498 0.520 0.540 0.558 0.591 0.620 0.646 0.668 0.689 0.707 0.724 0.739 0.753 0.766 0.778 0.789 0.799 0.809 0.817 0.826

E/eV 2.066 2.480 3.100 4.133 6.199 12.398 30.996

k 0.327 0.273 0.211 0.153 0.108 0.184 0.073 0.065 0.060 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.042 0.040 0.038 0.036 0.035 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016

R(φ = 0) 0.8102 0.7802 0.7202 0.6119 0.4903 0.3881 0.3182 0.2694 0.2326 0.2031 0.1789 0.1460 0.1278 0.1129 0.1005 0.0899 0.0809 0.0664 0.0554 0.0467 0.0398 0.0342 0.0296 0.0258 0.0226 0.0199 0.0177 0.0157 0.0140 0.0126 0.0113 0.0102 0.0092

12-123

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-124 Energy (eV) 27.000 28.000 29.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 72.500 75.000 77.500 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.000 110.000 120.000 130.000 140.000 150.000 160.000 170.000 180.000 190.000 200.000 220.000 240.000 260.000 280.000 300.000

n 0.840 0.854 0.865 0.876 0.915 0.940 0.957 0.969 0.979 0.987 0.995 1.006 1.025 1.011 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.005 0.999 0.991 0.994 0.991 0.987 0.989 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.991 0.992 0.993 0.993 0.994 0.995

Carbon (diamond) 2 0.06199 2.3741 0.06888 2.3741 0.07749 2.3745 0.08856 2.3750 0.1033 2.3757 0.1240 2.3765 0.1550 2.3772 0.1907 0.2066 2.3779 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 2.3787 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35

k 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.024 0.025 0.024 0.028 0.031 0.036 0.030 0.025 0.024 0.021 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002

3.1 E-05 5.7 E-05 1.21E-04 2.36E-04 3.82E-04 5.21E-04 2.96E-04 4.39E-04 2.75E-04 7.82E-05 1.32E-04 1.30E-04 1.11E-04 2.99E-05 1.89E-05 2.11E-05

R(φ = 0) 0.0076 0.0063 0.0053 0.0044 0.0020 0.0010 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166

0.167

Energy (eV) 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.4133 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.4959 0.6199 0.8266 1.240 1.378 1.459 1.550 1.653 1.771 1.889 1.926 2.066 2.105 2.271 2.480 2.650 2.845 3.100 3.434 3.576 3.961 4.160 4.511 4.8187 5.00 5.30 5.35 5.40 5.50 5.55 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.15 7.20

n

2.3795

2.3801 2.3813 2.3837 2.3905 2.3934 2.3953 2.3975 2.4003 2.4036 2.4073 2.4084 2.4133 2.4147 2.4210 2.4299 2.4380 2.4627 2.4849 2.4955 2.5465 2.6205 2.6383

2.740 2.780 2.826 2.852 2.879 2.910 2.944 2.985 3.031 3.085 3.146 3.220 3.322 3.444 3.464 3.437

k 2.47E-05 2.80E-05 3.11E-05 3.67E-05 3.58E-05 3.25E-05 2.94E-05 2.87E-05 3.14E-05 3.62E-05 3.22E-05 1.57E-05 6.17E-06

3.82E-07

8.97E-07 1.29E-06 1.47E-06 2.98E-06 6.45E-06 1.04E-05 3.41E-05 5.48E-04 1.48E-03 5.02E-03 7.99E-03 8.62E-03 9.30E-03 9.74E-03 9.87E-03 1.10E-02 1.47E-02 2.20E-02 3.44E-02 5.24E-02 9.35E-02 0.210 0.307 0.388

R(φ = 0)

0.167

0.167 0.167 0.167 0.168 0.169 0.169 0.169 0.170 0.170 0.171 0.171 0.171 0.172 0.173 0.174 0.175 0.178 0.182 0.183 0.190 0.200 0.203

0.216 0.222 0.228 0.231 0.235 0.239 0.243 0.248 0.254 0.261 0.268 0.277 0.289 0.304 0.308 0.307

Energy (eV) 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.25 8.50 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.20 12.40 12.60 12.80 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00

n 3.376 3.335 3.321 3.306 3.276 3.251 3.232 3.228 3.247 3.272 3.308 3.348 3.398 3.453 3.514 3.565 3.600 3.582 3.507 3.346 3.090 2.736 2.383 1.983 1.532 1.312 1.223 1.129 1.070 1.018 0.972 0.917 0.861 0.805 0.753 0.707 0.665 0.626 0.589 0.557 0.527 0.487 0.518 0.597 0.586 0.562 0.538 0.516 0.501 0.494 0.493

Cesium (evaporated) 3 2.145 0.264 2.271 0.278 2.845 0.425 3.064 0.540 3.397 0.671 3.966 0.827 4.889 0.916

k 0.473 0.515 0.533 0.592 0.659 0.712 0.765 0.806 0.855 0.910 0.978 1.055 1.147 1.258 1.403 1.581 1.813 2.078 2.380 2.693 2.986 3.228 3.354 3.382 3.265 2.953 2.722 2.379 2.178 2.034 1.929 1.845 1.767 1.692 1.619 1.546 1.476 1.408 1.341 1.273 1.203 1.052 0.888 0.850 0.829 0.787 0.736 0.679 0.616 0.552 0.490

R(φ = 0) 0.303 0.300 0.299 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.301 0.303 0.308 0.314 0.322 0.331 0.342 0.355 0.371 0.389 0.411 0.434 0.460 0.488 0.518 0.551 0.580 0.610 0.641 0.627 0.604 0.557 0.526 0.504 0.489 0.482 0.477 0.474 0.471 0.467 0.463 0.459 0.455 0.449 0.442 0.413 0.330 0.270 0.268 0.265 0.260 0.252 0.239 0.221 0.201

1.123 0.950 0.438 0.320 0.233 0.174 0.143

0.631 0.561 0.235 0.127 0.057 0.018 0.007

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV)

n

k

Chromium4 0.06 21.19 0.10 11.81 0.14 15.31 0.18 8.73 0.22 5.30 0.26 3.91 0.30 3.15 0.42 3.47 0.54 3.92 0.66 3.96 0.78 4.13 0.90 4.43 1.00 4.47 1.12 4.53 1.24 4.50 1.36 4.42 1.46 4.31 1.77 3.84 2.00 3.48 2.20 3.18 2.40 2.75 2.60 2.22 2.80 1.80 3.00 1.54 3.20 1.44 3.40 1.39 3.60 1.26 3.80 1.12 4.00 1.02 4.20 0.94 4.40 0.90 4.50 0.89 4.60 0.88 4.70 0.86 4.80 0.86 4.90 0.86 5.00 0.85 5.10 0.86 5.20 0.87 5.40 0.93 5.60 0.95 5.80 0.97 6.00 0.94 6.20 0.89 6.40 0.85 6.60 0.80 6.80 0.75 7.00 0.74 7.20 0.71 7.40 0.69 7.60 0.66 7.80 0.67 8.00 0.68 8.20 0.71 8.50 0.74 9.0 0.83 9.50 0.92 10.00 0.98 10.50 1.01

42.00 29.76 26.36 25.37 20.62 17.12 14.28 8.97 7.06 5.95 5.03 4.60 4.43 4.31 4.28 4.30 4.32 4.37 4.36 4.41 4.46 4.36 4.06 3.71 3.40 3.24 3.12 2.95 2.76 2.58 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.21 2.13 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.87 1.80 1.74 1.74 1.73 1.69 1.66 1.59 1.51 1.45 1.39 1.33 1.23 1.15 1.07 1.00 0.92 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72

R(φ = 0) 0.962 0.955 0.936 0.53 0.954 0.951 0.943 0.862 0.788 0.736 0.680 0.650 0.639 0.631 0.629 0.631 0.632 0.639 0.644 0.656 0.677 0.698 0.703 0.695 0.670 0.657 0.661 0.660 0.651 0.639 0.620 0.607 0.598 0.586 0.572 0.557 0.542 0.523 0.503 0.466 0.443 0.437 0.444 0.446 0.447 0.444 0.439 0.425 0.414 0.404 0.378 0.347 0.315 0.278 0.235 0.170 0.132 0.120 0.112

Energy (eV) 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 20.00 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 29.0 30.0

12-125 n 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.12 1.09 1.03 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.31 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.78

Cobalt, single crystal, 0.10 6.71 0.15 4.66 0.20 3.55 0.25 3.98 0.30 4.04 0.40 4.24 0.50 4.41 0.60 4.91 0.70 5.24 0.80 5.17 0.90 4.94 1.00 4.46 1.10 4.07 1.20 3.81 1.30 3.60 1.40 3.37 1.50 3.10 1.60 2.84 1.70 2.66 1.80 2.45 1.90 2.31 2.00 2.21 2.10 2.13

0.69 0.69 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.64 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.21

k

R(φ = 0) 0.103 0.100 0.101 0.108 0.119 0.128 0.135 0.142 0.143 0.141 0.139 0.134 0.132 0.130 0.129 0.130 0.131 0.130 0.129 0.121 0.116 0.112 0.109 0.105 0.101 0.096 0.089 0.080 0.072 0.063 0.055 0.048 0.043 0.037 0.032 0.030

→

∥ ĉ5 37.87 25.47 18.78 14.59 12.16 9.13 7.19 6.13 5.85 5.89 5.95 5.86 5.61 5.36 5.20 5.09 4.96 4.77 4.57 4.41 4.18 4.00 3.85

E

0.982 0.973 0.962 0.933 0.907 0.847 0.782 0.729 0.713 0.716 0.720 0.722 0.715 0.706 0.701 0.701 0.701 0.697 0.690 0.687 0.675 0.664 0.654

Energy (eV) 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.00 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00

n 2.07 2.01 1.95 1.88 1.81 1.73 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.46 1.38 1.31 1.28 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.16 1.10 1.03 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95

Cobalt, single crystal, 0.10 5.83 0.15 4.24 0.20 3.87 0.30 4.34 0.40 4.66 0.50 5.17 0.60 5.77 0.70 6.15 0.80 6.08 0.90 5.57 1.00 4.83 1.10 4.31 1.20 4.02 1.30 3.78 1.40 3.55 1.50 3.26 1.60 3.03 1.70 2.83 1.80 2.61 1.90 2.41 2.00 2.25 2.10 2.13 2.20 2.04 2.30 1.99 2.40 1.95

3.70 3.59 3.49 3.40 3.32 3.24 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.80 2.64 2.48 2.33 2.20 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.68 1.62 1.53 1.46 1.38 1.32 1.26 1.21 1.17 1.13 1.09

k

R(φ = 0) 0.642 0.634 0.627 0.622 0.618 0.615 0.607 0.600 0.594 0.579 0.563 0.544 0.519 0.495 0.471 0.452 0.435 0.423 0.411 0.403 0.399 0.400 0.406 0.407 0.401 0.386 0.368 0.345 0.326 0.305 0.286 0.269 0.253 0.239

→

⊥ ĉ5 32.36 21.37 15.53 10.01 7.39 5.75 5.17 5.20 5.61 5.93 5.94 5.60 5.34 5.16 5.05 4.93 4.74 4.60 4.45 4.27 4.09 3.89 3.72 3.56 3.44

E

0.979 0.965 0.042 0.865 0.785 0.709 0.682 0.685 0.702 0.715 0.721 0.711 0.701 0.694 0.692 0.692 0.687 0.684 0.683 0.677 0.670 0.659 0.646 0.632 0.620

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-126 Energy (eV) 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80

n 1.90 1.86 1.79 1.72 1.66 1.60 1.50 1.42 1.36 1.33 1.31 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.11 1.04 0.98 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94

3.34 3.26 3.19 3.11 3.03 2.94 2.78 2.62 2.47 2.33 2.21 2.12 2.03 1.95 1.90 1.84 1.80 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.69 1.62 1.54 1.46 1.38 1.32 1.26 1.21 1.17 1.13

Copper 6 0.10 0.50 1.00 1.50 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40

29.69 1.71 0.44 0.26 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.27 0.47 0.83 1.04 1.12 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.34 1.34 1.42 1.49 1.52 1.53 1.47 1.38 1.28

71.57 17.63 8.48 5.26 4.43 4.25 4.04 3.85 3.67 3.24 2.81 2.60 2.59 2.60 2.50 2.36 2.21 2.07 1.95 1.87 1.81 1.72 1.64 1.64 1.67 1.71 1.78 1.80 1.78

k

R(φ = 0) 0.611 0.605 0.602 0.596 0.591 0.586 0.571 0.553 0.533 0.511 0.488 0.471 0.452 0.435 0.423 0.411 0.403 0.399 0.400 0.406 0.407 0.401 0.386 0.368 0.345 0.326 0.305 0.285 0.269 0.253 0.980 0.979 0.976 0.965 0.958 0.956 0.952 0.947 0.943 0.910 0.814 0.673 0.618 0.602 0.577 0.545 0.509 0.468 0.434 0.407 0.387 0.364 0.336 0.329 0.334 0.345 0.366 0.380 0.389

Energy (eV) 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 41.00 42.00 43.00 44.00 45.00 46.00 47.00 48.00 49.00 50.00 51.00 52.00 53.00 54.00 55.00 56.00 57.00

n 1.18 1.10 1.04 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.08 1.06 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96

1.74 1.67 1.59 1.37 1.20 1.09 1.03 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.62 0.56 0.51 0.45 0.41 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.35 0.30 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11

k

R(φ = 0) 0.391 0.389 0.380 0.329 0.271 0.230 0.206 0.189 0.171 0.154 0.139 0.118 0.111 0.109 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.109 0.106 0.097 0.084 0.071 0.059 0.048 0.040 0.035 0.035 0.040 0.044 0.043 0.039 0.032 0.025 0.020 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004

Energy (eV) 58.00 59.00 60.00 61.00 62.00 63.00 64.00 65.00 66.00 67.00 68.00 69.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00

n 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96

0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08

Gallium (liquid) 7 1.425 2.40 1.550 2.09 1.771 1.65 2.066 1.25 2.480 0.89 3.100 0.59

9.20 8.50 7.60 6.60 5.60 4.50

k

Germanium, single crystal8 0.01240 (4.0065) 3.00E-03 0.01364 4.0063 2.40E-03 0.01488 (4.0060) 1.70E-03 0.01612 (4.0060) 1.55E-03 0.01736 (4.0060) 1.50E-03 0.01860 1.50E-03 0.01984 1.60E-03 0.02108 1.60E-03 0.02232 1.55E-03 0.02356 1.53E-03 0.02480 1.50E-03 0.02604 1.25E-03 0.02728 8.50E-04 0.02852 6.50E-04 0.02976 7.00E-04 0.03100 3.9827 8.50E-04 0.03224 1.55E-03 0.03348 2.75E-03 0.03472 3.55E-03 0.03596 (3.9900) 3.05E-03 0.03720 2.75E-03 0.03844 2.70E-03 0.03968 (3.9930) 2.90E-03 0.04092 2.95E-03 0.04215 3.20E-03 0.04339 6.30E-03 0.04463 3.40E-03 0.04587 (3.9955) 2.50E-03 0.04711 2.10E-03 0.04835 2.00E-03 0.04959 8.00E-04 0.05083 1.40E-03 0.05207 1.35E-03 0.05331 1.10E-03 0.05455 8.00E-04

R(φ = 0) 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.900 0.898 0.898 0.897 0.898 0.896 0.361 0.361 0.361 0.361 0.361

0.358

0.359

0.359

0.360

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 0.05579 0.05703 0.05827 0.05951 0.06075 0.06199 0.06323 0.06447 0.06571 0.06695 0.06819 0.06943 0.07067 0.07191 0.07315 0.07439 0.07514 0.07749 0.07999 0.08266 0.08551 0.08920 0.09460 0.09840 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

n

3.9992

(4.0000)

4.0009 4.0011 4.0013 4.0015

4.0063 4.0108 4.0246 4.0429 (4.074) (4.104) 4.180 4.275 4.285 4.325 4.385 4.420 4.495 4.560 4.635 4.763 4.897 5.067 5.380 5.588 5.748 5.283 5.062 4.610 4.340 4.180 4.082 4.035 4.037 4.082 4.141 4.157 4.128 4.070 4.020 3.985

k 6.00E-04 9.0 E-04 6.5 E-04 4.6 E-04 4.0 E-04 3.98E-04 4.0 E-04 4.3 E-04 4.4 E-04 4.3 E-04 3.1 E-04 3.3 E-04 3.8 E-04 3.3 E-04 2.5 E-04 1.9 E-04 1.58E-04 9.55E-05 1.71E-04 9.78E-05 5.77E-05 3.98E-05 4.59E-05 3.51E-05 3.70E-05

6.58E-07 1.27E-04 5.67E-03 7.45E-02 8.09E-02 0.103 0.123 0.167 0.190 0.298 0.345 0.401 0.500 0.540 0.933 1.634 2.049 2.318 2.455 2.384 2.309 2.240 2.181 2.140 2.145 2.215 2.340 2.469 2.579 2.667 2.759

R(φ = 0)

0.360

0.360

0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360

0.361 0.361 0.362 0.364 0.367 0.370 0.377 0.385 0.386 0.390 0.395 0.398 0.405 0.411 0.418 0.428 0.439 0.453 0.475 0.495 0.523 0.516 0.519 0.508 0.492 0.480 0.471 0.464 0.461 0.463 0.471 0.482 0.490 0.497 0.502 0.509

Energy (eV) 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

12-127 n 3.958 3.936 3.920 3.905 3.869 3.745 3.338 2.516 1.953 1.720 1.586 1.498 1.435 1.394 1.370 1.364 1.371 1.383 1.380 1.360 1.293 1.209 1.108 1.30 1.10 1.00 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93

k 2.863 2.986 3.137 3.336 3.614 4.009 4.507 4.669 4.297 3.960 3.709 3.509 3.342 3.197 3.073 2.973 2.897 2.854 2.842 2.846 2.163 2.873 2.813 2.34 2.05 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.14 1.00 0.86 0.237 0.179 0.144 0.110 0.0747 0.1020 0.0999 0.0856 0.0740 0.0651 0.0604

Gold, electropolished, Au (110) 9 0.10 8.17 82.83 0.20 2.13 41.73 0.30 0.99 27.82 0.40 0.59 20.83 0.50 0.39 16.61 0.60 0.28 13.78 0.70 0.22 11.75 0.80 0.18 10.21 0.90 0.15 9.01 1.00 0.13 8.03 6.54 1.20 0.10 1.40 0.08 5.44 1.60 0.08 4.56 1.80 0.09 3.82 2.00 0.13 3.16 2.10 0.18 2.84

R(φ = 0) 0.517 0.527 0.539 0.556 0.579 0.612 0.659 0.705 0.713 0.702 0.690 0.677 0.664 0.650 0.636 0.622 0.609 0.600 0.598 0.602 0.479 0.632 0.641 0.517 0.489 0.448 0.348 0.282 0.262 0.167

0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.993 0.993 0.992 0.991 0.989 0.986 0.979 0.953 0.925

Energy (eV) 2.20 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40

n 0.24 0.50 0.82 1.24 1.43 1.46 1.50 1.54 1.54 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.58 1.62 1.64 1.63 1.59 1.55 1.51 1.48 1.45 1.41 1.35 1.30 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.30 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.38 1.35 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.31 1.33 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.35

2.54 1.86 1.59 1.54 1.72 1.77 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.80 1.78 1.76 1.73 1.73 1.75 1.79 1.81 1.81 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.59 1.54 1.49 1.40 1.33 1.27 1.20 1.14 1.09 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.99 0.96 0.92 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73

k

R(φ = 0) 0.880 0.647 0.438 0.331 0.356 0.368 0.368 0.369 0.371 0.368 0.362 0.356 0.349 0.346 0.351 0.360 0.366 0.369 0.368 0.367 0.368 0.370 0.370 0.364 0.354 0.344 0.332 0.319 0.295 0.275 0.256 0.236 0.218 0.203 0.190 0.177 0.167 0.162 0.161 0.164 0.169 0.171 0.165 0.155 0.147 0.144 0.140 0.133 0.126 0.122 0.121 0.124 0.126 0.127 0.125 0.123 0.120 0.116 0.113 0.111

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-128 Energy (eV) 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 28.40 28.80 29.20 29.60 30.00

n 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.44 1.45 1.42 1.37 1.33 1.29 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86

0.72 0.71 0.71 0.73 0.79 0.84 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.79 0.75 0.70 0.66 0.62 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48

k

R(φ = 0) 0.109 0.108 0.109 0.115 0.127 0.137 0.140 0.140 0.139 0.135 0.132 0.127 0.123 0.119 0.116 0.114 0.111 0.109 0.109 0.110 0.116 0.125 0.133 0.141 0.149 0.156 0.162 0.164 0.163 0.157 0.149 0.138 0.125 0.113 0.101 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.071 0.068 0.065 0.063 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.064 0.064

→

Hafnium, single crystal, E ∥ ĉ10 0.52 1.48 4.11 0.56 1.84 3.29 0.60 2.34 2.62 0.66 3.21 2.13 0.70 3.70 2.03 0.76 4.31 2.10 0.80 4.61 2.31 0.86 4.71 2.70 0.90 4.64 2.85 0.95 4.54 2.96 1.00 4.45 3.00

0.747 0.615 0.486 0.428 0.441 0.476 0.504 0.533 0.541 0.545 0.545

Energy (eV) 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00

n 4.28 4.08 3.87 3.72 3.60 3.52 3.52 3.57 3.63 3.65 3.64 3.53 3.34 3.15 2.99 2.83 2.68 2.54 2.40 2.27 2.14 2.00 1.87 1.78 1.71 1.66 1.63 1.60 1.56 1.52 1.48 1.45 1.43 1.41 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.37 1.40 1.43 1.45 1.47 1.48 1.49

3.08 3.10 3.04 2.95 2.85 2.73 2.61 2.56 2.59 2.67 2.81 2.99 3.09 3.11 3.13 3.12 3.10 3.08 3.04 3.00 2.95 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.58 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.95 1.89 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.61 1.55 1.51 1.48 1.41 1.35 1.28 1.22 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.05 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.07

k

R(φ = 0) 0.547 0.544 0.536 0.525 0.514 0.500 0.488 0.485 0.489 0.498 0.511 0.526 0.534 0.537 0.540 0.542 0.542 0.543 0.544 0.544 0.544 0.544 0.538 0.528 0.517 0.503 0.491 0.481 0.473 0.466 0.455 0.442 0.431 0.420 0.407 0.394 0.382 0.373 0.364 0.356 0.341 0.324 0.314 0.308 0.295 0.278 0.258 0.240 0.224 0.212 0.204 0.197 0.191 0.183 0.179 0.178 0.180 0.183 0.186 0.193

Energy (eV) 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60

n 1.50 1.48 1.46 1.41 1.36 1.32 1.28 1.24 1.20 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.02 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.10

1.10 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.06 1.01 0.96 0.90 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.70 0.64 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31

k

R(φ = 0) 0.201 0.211 0.222 0.230 0.235 0.238 0.240 0.241 0.242 0.242 0.241 0.241 0.239 0.238 0.236 0.232 0.225 0.218 0.205 0.186 0.172 0.167 0.153 0.132 0.111 0.114 0.105 0.089 0.077 0.064 0.051 0.040 0.036 0.030 0.027 0.023 0.022 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024

→

Hafnium, single crystal, E ⊥ ĉ10 0.52 2.25 4.65 0.56 2.34 3.66 0.60 2.84 2.89 0.66 3.71 2.35 0.70 4.26 2.21 0.76 4.97 2.33 0.80 5.41 2.62 0.86 5.46 3.36 0.90 5.22 3.62 0.95 4.95 3.72 1.00 4.76 3.76 1.10 4.43 3.80 1.20 4.07 3.74 1.30 3.79 3.55 1.40 3.61 3.36

0.723 0.623 0.512 0.469 0.482 0.521 0.554 0.593 0.601 0.602 0.602 0.601 0.594 0.578 0.561

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80

n 3.55 3.58 3.63 3.66 3.63 3.51 3.35 3.18 2.99 2.78 2.65 2.54 2.42 2.31 2.20 2.08 1.94 1.83 1.74 1.68 1.62 1.57 1.53 1.49 1.45 1.41 1.38 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.33 1.35 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.43 1.45 1.43 1.40 1.37

3.13 3.01 2.98 3.02 3.14 3.26 3.33 3.36 3.39 3.35 3.26 3.22 3.17 3.13 3.08 3.05 2.98 2.88 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.93 1.88 1.82 1.77 1.73 1.69 1.62 1.57 1.52 1.48 1.42 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.19

k

R(φ = 0) 0.540 0.529 0.526 0.530 0.541 0.551 0.558 0.563 0.568 0.569 0.562 0.560 0.559 0.558 0.558 0.561 0.560 0.555 0.547 0.538 0.529 0.519 0.510 0.501 0.493 0.484 0.474 0.462 0.451 0.438 0.427 0.415 0.402 0.389 0.379 0.367 0.349 0.335 0.322 0.313 0.302 0.285 0.265 0.244 0.230 0.217 0.206 0.194 0.187 0.180 0.174 0.173 0.173 0.174 0.178 0.184 0.193 0.204 0.214 0.223

12-129

Energy (eV) 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60

n 1.32 1.27 1.23 1.19 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.03 1.00 0.97 0.92 0.88 0.83 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.81 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09

1.21 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.04 0.99 0.94 0.88 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.68 0.61 0.58 0.57 0.53 0.48 0.44 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30

Iridium11 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50

28.49 15.32 9.69 6.86 5.16 4.11 3.42 3.05 2.98 2.79 2.93 3.14 3.19 3.15 3.04 2.96 2.85 2.72 2.65

60.62 45.15 35.34 28.84 24.25 20.79 18.06 15.82 14.06 11.58 9.78 8.61 7.88 7.31 6.84 6.41 6.07 5.74 5.39

k

R(φ = 0) 0.230 0.234 0.235 0.237 0.237 0.237 0.237 0.236 0.235 0.233 0.231 0.226 0.219 0.211 0.196 0.177 0.160 0.154 0.140 0.119 0.099 0.102 0.092 0.077 0.065 0.053 0.041 0.032 0.030 0.025 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.975 0.973 0.972 0.969 0.967 0.964 0.960 0.954 0.944 0.925 0.895 0.862 0.840 0.822 0.808 0.791 0.779 0.767 0.750

Energy (eV) 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00

n 2.68 2.69 2.64 2.57 2.50 2.40 2.29 2.18 2.07 1.98 1.91 1.85 1.81 1.77 1.73 1.62 1.53 1.52 1.61 1.64 1.58 1.45 1.31 1.18 1.10 1.04 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.08 1.13 1.18 1.22 1.26 1.29 1.33 1.36 1.39 1.42 1.44 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.41 1.38 1.34 1.31 1.28 1.25 1.24

5.08 4.92 4.81 4.68 4.57 4.48 4.38 4.26 4.14 4.00 3.86 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.43 3.26 3.05 2.81 2.69 2.68 2.71 2.68 2.60 2.49 2.35 2.22 2.09 1.98 1.86 1.78 1.68 1.59 1.50 1.42 1.34 1.27 1.20 1.14 1.06 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.08

k

R(φ = 0) 0.728 0.716 0.710 0.704 0.699 0.697 0.695 0.692 0.689 0.682 0.673 0.665 0.655 0.646 0.640 0.629 0.610 0.573 0.541 0.535 0.549 0.561 0.567 0.570 0.559 0.543 0.522 0.499 0.474 0.454 0.427 0.401 0.375 0.345 0.318 0.290 0.262 0.241 0.208 0.191 0.179 0.171 0.164 0.160 0.157 0.159 0.161 0.163 0.169 0.175 0.182 0.187 0.193 0.200 0.206 0.208 0.208 0.206 0.203 0.199

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-130 Energy (eV) 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00

n 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.30 1.30 1.27 1.24 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.04 0.99 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.76

1.05 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.87 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.44 0.35 0.27 0.24 0.22

Iron 5 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10

6.41 6.26 3.68 4.98 4.87 4.68 4.42 4.14 3.93 3.78 3.65 3.52 3.43 3.33

33.07 22.82 18.23 13.68 12.05 10.44 9.75 8.02 6.95 6.17 5.60 5.16 4.79 4.52

k

R(φ = 0) 0.191 0.181 0.173 0.165 0.155 0.147 0.142 0.136 0.133 0.131 0.129 0.127 0.131 0.140 0.154 0.166 0.176 0.187 0.197 0.205 0.210 0.215 0.220 0.222 0.228 0.232 0.228 0.223 0.218 0.209 0.200 0.192 0.181 0.174 0.166 0.158 0.151 0.148 0.145 0.140 0.119 0.091 0.059 0.044 0.034 0.978 0.956 0.958 0.911 0.892 0.867 0.858 0.817 0.783 0.752 0.725 0.700 0.678 0.660

Energy (eV) 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.83 4.00 4.17 4.33 4.50 4.67 4.83 5.00 5.17 5.33 5.50 5.67 5.83 6.00 6.17 6.33 6.50 6.67 6.83 7.00 7.17 7.33 7.50 7.67 7.83 8.00 8.17 8.33 8.50 8.67 8.83 9.00 9.17 9.33

n 3.24 3.16 3.12 3.05 3.00 2.98 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.80 2.74 2.65 2.56 2.46 2.34 2.23 2.12 2.01 1.88 1.78 1.70 1.62 1.55 1.50 1.47 1.43 1.38 1.30 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.91

4.26 4.07 3.87 3.77 3.60 3.52 3.46 3.37 3.36 3.34 3.33 3.34 3.31 3.31 3.30 3.25 3.23 3.17 3.12 3.04 2.96 2.87 2.79 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.49 2.39 2.27 2.18 2.10 2.02 1.93 1.87 1.81 1.75 1.17 1.65 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.51 1.47 1.43 1.39 1.35 1.30 1.26 1.23 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.04

k

R(φ = 0) 0.641 0.626 0.609 0.601 0.585 0.577 0.573 0.563 0.563 0.562 0.563 0.567 0.567 0.570 0.576 0.575 0.580 0.580 0.583 0.580 0.576 0.572 0.565 0.556 0.548 0.542 0.534 0.527 0.510 0.494 0.482 0.470 0.451 0.435 0.425 0.408 0.401 0.383 0.373 0.366 0.365 0.365 0.358 0.351 0.346 0.333 0.327 0.311 0.298 0.288 0.279 0.272 0.265 0.258 0.251 0.246 0.240 0.236 0.233 0.231

Energy (eV) 9.50 9.67 9.83 10.00 10.17 10.33 10.50 10.67 10.83 11.00 11.17 11.33 11.50 11.67 11.83 12.00 12.17 12.33 12.50 12.67 12.83 13.00 13.17 13.33 13.50 13.67 13.83 14.00 14.17 14.33 14.50 14.67 14.83 15.00 15.17 15.33 15.50 15.67 15.83 16.00 16.17 16.33 16.50 16.67 16.83 17.00 17.17 17.33 17.50 17.67 17.83 18.00 18.17 18.33 18.50 18.67 18.83 19.00 19.17 19.33

n 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.98 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.76

1.02 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.79 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48

k

R(φ = 0) 0.226 0.221 0.218 0.213 0.203 0.196 0.189 0.179 0.170 0.162 0.159 0.159 0.160 0.162 0.163 0.163 0.165 0.164 0.165 0.166 0.166 0.162 0.161 0.160 0.159 0.157 0.154 0.151 0.149 0.146 0.144 0.141 0.138 0.135 0.131 0.238 0.126 0.123 0.119 0.116 0.112 0.110 0.107 0.106 0.103 0.102 0.100 0.098 0.097 0.095 0.092 0.091 0.090 0.089 0.089 0.088 0.087 0.087 0.088 0.087

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 19.50 19.67 19.83 20.00 20.17 20.33 20.50 20.67 20.83 21.00 21.17 21.33 21.50 21.67 21.83 22.00 22.17 22.33 22.50 22.67 22.83 23.00 23.17 23.33 23.50 23.67 23.83 24.00 24.17 24.33 24.50 24.67 24.83 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00

n 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.82

0.47 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13

Lithium 12 0.14 0.54 0.75 1.05 1.35 1.65 1.95 2.25 2.55 2.85 3.15 3.45 3.75 4.05 4.35 4.65 4.95 5.25 5.55 5.85

0.659 0.661 0.561 0.448 0.338 0.265 0.221 0.206 0.217 0.247 0.304 0.334 0.345 0.346 0.333 0.317 0.302 0.299 0.310 0.342

38.0 12.6 7.68 5.58 4.36 3.55 2.94 2.48 2.11 1.82 1.60 1.45 1.32 1.21 1.11 1.01 0.906 0.795 0.688 0.594

k

R(φ = 0) 0.086 0.085 0.084 0.083 0.081 0.081 0.080 0.079 0.078 0.077 0.076 0.074 0.073 0.071 0.070 0.068 0.067 0.064 0.063 0.062 0.059 0.058 0.056 0.054 0.050 0.049 0.047 0.045 0.044 0.043 0.042 0.040 0.039 0.038 0.031 0.026 0.021 0.017 0.014 0.998 0.984 0.963 0.946 0.935 0.925 0.913 0.892 0.854 0.797 0.715 0.656 0.611 0.578 0.557 0.540 0.520 0.484 0.434 0.365

Energy (eV) 6.15 6.45 6.75 7.05 7.35 7.65 7.95 8.25 8.55 8.85 9.15 9.45 9.75 10.1 10.4 10.6

12-131 n 0.376 0.408 0.440 0.466 0.492 0.517 0.545 0.572 0.601 0.624 0.657 0.680 0.708 0.726 0.743 0.753

k 0.522 0.460 0.407 0.364 0.320 0.282 0.246 0.214 0.189 0.163 0.144 0.130 0.119 0.108 0.102 0.080

R(φ = 0) 0.306 0.256 0.214 0.183 0.155 0.131 0.109 0.091 0.075 0.063 0.050 0.042 0.034 0.029 0.025 0.022

Magnesium (evaporated) 13 2.145 0.48 3.71 2.270 0.57 3.47 2.522 0.53 2.92 2.845 0.52 2.65 3.064 0.52 2.05 5.167 0.10 1.60 5.636 0.15 1.50 6.200 0.20 1.40 6.889 0.25 1.30 7.750 0.20 1.20 8.857 0.15 0.95 10.335 0.25 0.40

0.880 0.843 0.805 0.777 0.681 0.894 0.832 0.765 0.693 0.722 0.730 0.419

Manganese14 0.64 3.89 0.77 3.78 0.89 3.65 1.02 3.48 1.14 3.30 1.26 3.10 1.39 2.97 1.51 2.83 1.64 2.70 1.76 2.62 1.88 2.56 2.01 2.51 2.13 2.47 2.26 2.39 2.38 2.32 2.50 2.25 2.63 2.19 2.75 2.11 2.88 2.06 3.00 2.00 3.12 1.96 3.25 1.92 3.37 1.89 3.50 1.89 3.62 1.87 3.74 1.86 3.87 1.86 3.99 1.86 4.12 1.86

0.738 0.710 0.688 0.673 0.662 0.653 0.643 0.634 0.627 0.617 0.606 0.596 0.585 0.577 0.567 0.559 0.552 0.545 0.536 0.528 0.518 0.509 0.498 0.484 0.475 0.463 0.451 0.438 0.427

5.95 5.41 5.02 4.74 4.53 4.35 4.18 4.03 3.91 3.78 3.65 3.54 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.14 3.06 2.98 2.90 2.82 2.74 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.25 2.19

Energy (eV) 4.24 4.36 4.49 4.61 4.74 4.86 4.98 5.11 5.23 5.36 5.48 5.60 5.73 5.85 5.98 6.10 6.22 6.35 6.47 6.60

n 1.85 1.85 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.82 1.81 1.78 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.70 1.67 1.63 1.62 1.59 1.55 1.48

Mercury (liquid) 15 0.2 13.99 0.3 11.37 0.4 9.741 0.5 8.528 0.6 7.574 0.8 6.086 1.0 4.962 1.2 4.050 1.4 3.324 1.6 2.746 1.8 2.284 2.0 1.910 2.2 1.620 2.4 1.384 2.6 1.186 2.8 1.027 3.0 0.898 3.2 0.798 3.4 0.713 3.6 0.644 3.8 0.589 4.0 0.542 4.2 0.507 4.4 0.477 4.6 0.452 4.8 0.431 5.0 0.414 5.2 0.401 5.4 0.394 5.6 0.386 5.7 0.386 5.8 0.386 5.9 0.385 6.0 0.386 6.1 0.388 6.2 0.390 6.3 0.399 6.4 0.412 6.5 0.428

2.14 2.08 2.03 1.99 1.94 1.91 1.86 1.82 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.58 1.55 1.52 1.50 1.47

k

14.27 11.95 10.65 9.805 9.195 8.312 7.643 7.082 6.558 6.054 5.582 5.150 4.751 4.407 4.090 3.802 3.538 3.294 3.074 2.860 2.665 2.502 2.341 2.195 2.058 1.929 1.806 1.687 1.569 1.454 1.396 1.341 1.287 1.232 1.176 1.118 1.058 1.002 0.949

R(φ = 0) 0.417 0.406 0.395 0.388 0.378 0.372 0.362 0.354 0.348 0.342 0.337 0.331 0.325 0.319 0.313 0.307 0.301 0.295 0.292 0.288 0.869 0.846 0.830 0.818 0.808 0.796 0.789 0.786 0.785 0.783 0.782 0.782 0.780 0.779 0.779 0.779 0.777 0.773 0.770 0.763 0.755 0.749 0.738 0.727 0.715 0.701 0.685 0.666 0.642 0.617 0.601 0.585 0.569 0.551 0.531 0.510 0.481 0.450 0.418

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-132 Energy (eV) 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5

n 0.436 0.438 0.459 0.510 0.585 0.663 0.717 0.769 0.817 0.860 0.893 0.929 0.946 0.952 0.953 0.956 0.965 0.975 0.988 1.009 1.044 1.061 1.062 1.054 1.045 1.041 1.039 1.039 1.050 1.064 1.078 1.092 1.104 1.115 1.125 1.135 1.146 1.159 1.170 1.177 1.184 1.191 1.195 1.200 1.208

k 0.898 0.836 0.756 0.676 0.617 0.589 0.584 0.575 0.574 0.580 0.597 0.623 0.639 0.645 0.638 0.624 0.607 0.588 0.568 0.548 0.541 0.557 0.567 0.569 0.561 0.550 0.537 0.523 0.491 0.467 0.445 0.430 0.416 0.404 0.394 0.383 0.374 0.368 0.367 0.367 0.366 0.367 0.367 0.366 0.364

R(φ = 0) 0.392 0.367 0.320 0.255 0.191 0.148 0.128 0.111 0.100 0.094 0.093 0.096 0.098 0.099 0.097 0.093 0.087 0.082 0.076 0.069 0.066 0.069 0.071 0.072 0.070 0.068 0.065 0.062 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.042 0.040 0.038 0.037 0.035 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Molybdenum 16 0.10 18.53 0.15 8.78 0.20 5.10 0.25 3.36 0.30 2.44 0.34 2.00 0.38 1.70 0.42 1.57 0.46 1.46 0.50 1.37 0.54 1.35 0.58 1.34 0.62 1.38 0.66 1.43

68.51 47.54 35.99 28.75 23.80 20.84 18.44 16.50 14.91 13.55 12.36 11.34 10.44 9.67

0.985 0.985 0.985 0.984 0.983 0.982 0.980 0.978 0.975 0.971 0.966 0.960 0.952 0.942

Energy (eV) 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.82 0.86 9.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60

n 1.48 1.51 1.60 1.64 1.70 1.74 1.94 2.15 2.44 2.77 3.15 3.53 3.77 3.84 3.81 3.74 3.68 3.68 3.76 3.79 3.59 3.36 3.22 3.13 3.08 3.05 3.04 3.03 3.05 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.05 3.04 3.04 3.04 3.01 2.77 2.39 2.06 1.75 1.46 1.22 1.07 0.96 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.75 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65

8.99 8.38 7.83 7.35 6.89 6.48 5.58 4.85 4.22 3.74 3.40 3.30 3.41 3.51 3.58 3.58 3.52 3.45 3.41 3.61 3.78 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.42 3.33 3.27 3.21 3.18 3.18 3.19 3.21 3.23 3.27 3.31 3.40 3.51 3.77 3.88 3.84 3.76 3.62 3.42 3.20 2.99 2.80 2.64 2.50 2.36 2.24 2.13 2.04 1.98 1.95 1.90 1.81 1.73 1.65 1.57 1.49

k

R(φ = 0) 0.932 0.921 0.906 0.892 0.876 0.859 0.805 0.743 0.671 0.608 0.562 0.550 0.562 0.570 0.576 0.576 0.571 0.565 0.562 0.578 0.594 0.591 0.582 0.573 0.565 0.566 0.550 0.544 0.540 0.540 0.541 0.543 0.546 0.550 0.554 0.564 0.576 0.610 0.640 0.658 0.678 0.695 0.706 0.706 0.700 0.688 0.674 0.660 0.641 0.619 0.592 0.568 0.548 0.542 0.552 0.542 0.530 0.512 0.495 0.475

Energy (eV) 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.60 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00

n 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.81 0.86 0.91 0.98 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.25 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.10 1.04 0.94 0.87 0.77 0.71 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.91 0.87

1.41 1.33 1.25 1.19 1.12 1.05 0.99 0.93 0.88 0.83 0.79 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.85 0.89 0.92 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.12 1.08 1.02 0.94 0.89 0.81 0.77 0.71 0.69 0.63 0.60 0.53 0.49 0.43 0.39 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.37

k

R(φ = 0) 0.450 0.420 0.385 0.355 0.320 0.285 0.250 0.217 0.188 0.162 0.138 0.125 0.123 0.125 0.135 0.145 0.154 0.168 0.178 0.185 0.187 0.185 0.182 0.179 0.179 0.184 0.194 0.216 0.233 0.257 0.270 0.283 0.284 0.275 0.264 0.245 0.234 0.215 0.207 0.195 0.185 0.166 0.151 0.124 0.106 0.085 0.072 0.060 0.050 0.041 0.036 0.031 0.028 0.025 0.023 0.024 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.043

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.83

0.34 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.23

Nickel17 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.20 6.40

9.54 5.45 4.12 4.25 4.19 4.03 3.84 4.03 3.84 3.59 3.38 3.18 3.06 2.97 2.85 2.74 2.65 2.53 2.43 2.28 2.14 2.02 1.92 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.71 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.66 1.69 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.71 1.63 1.53 1.40 1.27 1.16 1.09 1.04 1.00 1.01

45.82 30.56 22.48 17.68 15.05 13.05 11.43 9.64 8.35 7.48 6.82 6.23 5.74 5.38 5.10 4.85 4.63 4.47 4.31 4.18 4.01 3.82 3.65 3.48 3.33 3.19 3.06 2.93 2.81 2.71 2.61 2.52 2.44 2.36 2.30 2.23 2.17 2.11 2.07 2.02 1.99 1.98 1.98 2.01 2.06 2.09 2.11 2.10 2.04 1.94 1.83 1.73 1.54 1.46

k

R(φ = 0) 0.043 0.038 0.033 0.029 0.025 0.983 0.978 0.969 0.950 0.934 0.918 0.900 0.864 0.835 0.813 0.794 0.774 0.753 0.734 0.721 0.708 0.695 0.688 0.679 0.677 0.670 0.659 0.649 0.634 0.620 0.605 0.590 0.575 0.557 0.542 0.525 0.509 0.495 0.480 0.467 0.454 0.441 0.428 0.416 0.405 0.397 0.393 0.392 0.396 0.409 0.421 0.435 0.449 0.454 0.449 0.435 0.417 0.371 0.345

Energy (eV) 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50

12-133 n 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90

1.40 1.35 1.30 1.27 1.24 1.22 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.43

k

R(φ = 0) 0.325 0.308 0.291 0.282 0.273 0.265 0.256 0.248 0.242 0.235 0.228 0.220 0.211 0.203 0.194 0.185 0.175 0.166 0.155 0.145 0.129 0.123 0.115 0.111 0.109 0.108 0.108 0.107 0.106 0.106 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.107 0.107 0.106 0.105 0.104 0.103 0.101 0.098 0.096 0.092 0.087 0.082 0.077 0.071 0.066 0.061 0.057 0.055 0.053 0.051 0.052 0.051 0.051

Energy (eV) 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 60.00 65.00 68.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 90.00

n 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94

0.42 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.24 0.18 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.06

Niobium 18 0.12 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.65 1.75 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.55 2.65 2.75 2.85 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20

15.99 7.25 5.47 4.26 3.11 2.28 1.83 1.57 1.41 1.35 1.35 1.44 1.55 1.65 1.76 1.95 2.15 2.36 2.54 2.69 2.82 2.89 2.92 2.93 2.92 2.89 2.83 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.44 2.46 2.48 2.52 2.56 2.59 2.62 2.64 2.64

53.20 34.14 28.88 24.95 20.03 15.58 12.67 10.59 9.00 7.74 6.70 5.86 5.18 4.63 4.13 3.68 3.37 3.13 2.99 2.89 2.86 2.87 2.87 2.87 2.88 2.90 2.92 2.90 2.86 2.80 2.68 2.60 2.53 2.45 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.33 2.42

k

R(φ = 0) 0.050 0.046 0.042 0.040 0.037 0.034 0.022 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.979 0.976 0.975 0.974 0.970 0.964 0.956 0.947 0.935 0.918 0.893 0.857 0.814 0.768 0.715 0.650 0.595 0.552 0.527 0.510 0.505 0.505 0.505 0.505 0.506 0.509 0.512 0.511 0.507 0.500 0.485 0.475 0.465 0.453 0.442 0.435 0.428 0.426 0.427 0.429 0.434 0.447

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-134 Energy (eV) 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.70 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.20 17.40 17.80 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00

n 2.53 2.39 2.32 2.26 2.16 2.00 1.81 1.63 1.49 1.38 1.31 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.14 1.07 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.11 1.08 0.99 0.92 0.85 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72

2.56 2.56 2.52 2.57 2.62 2.68 2.67 2.60 2.49 2.38 2.25 2.14 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.78 1.69 1.60 1.51 1.43 1.39 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.18 1.13 1.09 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.04 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.87 0.85 0.77 0.72 0.66 0.62

k

R(φ = 0) 0.467 0.470 0.465 0.475 0.487 0.505 0.518 0.522 0.520 0.512 0.496 0.480 0.460 0.441 0.430 0.427 0.430 0.428 0.412 0.390 0.365 0.340 0.328 0.315 0.290 0.265 0.245 0.227 0.209 0.194 0.187 0.185 0.190 0.195 0.200 0.204 0.207 0.209 0.210 0.209 0.204 0.200 0.201 0.208 0.216 0.225 0.234 0.238 0.247 0.250 0.245 0.240 0.236 0.230 0.217 0.209 0.185 0.170 0.150 0.137

Energy (eV) 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.20 36.00 37.50 39.50 40.50

n 0.71 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.00 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.17 1.15 1.07 0.95 0.92

0.55 0.50 0.43 0.40 0.35 0.33 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.50 0.47

k

Osmium (Polycrystalline) 9 0.10 4.08 50.23 0.15 2.90 33.60 0.20 2.44 25.11 0.25 2.35 19.99 0.30 2.23 16.54 0.35 2.33 14.06 0.40 2.45 12.32 0.45 2.43 11.02 0.50 2.41 9.97 0.55 2.33 9.12 0.60 2.21 8.37 0.65 2.11 7.68 0.70 2.02 7.04 0.75 2.00 6.46 0.80 2.00 5.95 0.85 2.01 5.51 0.90 2.03 5.10 0.95 2.05 4.74 1.00 2.09 4.41 1.10 2.15 3.84 1.20 2.16 3.35 1.30 2.25 2.77 1.40 2.49 2.23 1.50 2.84 1.80 1.60 3.36 1.62 1.70 3.70 1.75 1.80 3.78 1.83 1.90 3.81 1.75 2.00 3.98 1.60 2.10 4.26 1.54

R(φ = 0) 0.119 0.100 0.075 0.063 0.045 0.038 0.029 0.025 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.020 0.023 0.026 0.031 0.038 0.044 0.051 0.056 0.064 0.063 0.059 0.994 0.990 0.985 0.977 0.969 0.955 0.940 0.927 0.913 0.901 0.890 0.877 0.862 0.842 0.820 0.796 0.769 0.742 0.712 0.651 0.592 0.506 0.419 0.369 0.379 0.411 0.423 0.418 0.418 0.432

Energy (eV) 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60

n 4.58 4.84 5.10 5.28 5.36 5.30 5.07 4.65 4.05 3.29 2.93 2.75 2.73 2.71 2.53 2.24 2.01 1.88 1.74 1.58 1.46 1.36 1.27 1.20 1.13 1.06 1.01 0.97 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.16 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17

1.62 1.76 2.01 2.38 2.82 3.29 3.78 4.18 4.40 3.96 3.79 3.45 3.32 3.34 3.44 3.44 3.31 3.19 3.12 3.00 2.88 2.77 2.65 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.21 2.11 2.00 1.91 1.81 1.72 1.63 1.55 1.48 1.40 1.34 1.29 1.24 1.19 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.97

k

R(φ = 0) 0.457 0.479 0.506 0.532 0.557 0.580 0.603 0.624 0.639 0.614 0.607 0.577 0.562 0.565 0.584 0.599 0.598 0.592 0.596 0.597 0.593 0.589 0.582 0.575 0.571 0.562 0.548 0.532 0.514 0.497 0.476 0.451 0.426 0.400 0.375 0.344 0.319 0.296 0.274 0.255 0.238 0.229 0.217 0.209 0.203 0.201 0.200 0.201 0.203 0.206 0.213 0.217 0.223 0.216 0.211 0.205 0.191 0.183 0.174 0.170

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 28.00 28.40 28.80 29.20 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.20 1.25 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.23 1.19 1.14 1.10 1.05 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.84

Palladium 19 0.10 4.13 0.15 3.13 0.20 3.07 0.26 3.11 0.30 3.56 0.36 3.98 0.40 4.27 0.46 4.27 0.50 4.10

0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.94 0.97 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.05 1.02 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26

k

54.15 35.82 26.59 20.15 17.27 14.41 13.27 12.11 11.44

R(φ = 0) 0.169 0.165 0.156 0.148 0.140 0.140 0.147 0.157 0.167 0.178 0.189 0.200 0.210 0.219 0.227 0.239 0.240 0.240 0.237 0.235 0.230 0.226 0.220 0.217 0.211 0.209 0.207 0.205 0.202 0.199 0.195 0.189 0.183 0.165 0.156 0.148 0.140 0.134 0.128 0.121 0.111 0.095 0.079 0.068 0.057 0.048 0.040 0.035 0.031 0.026 0.994 0.990 0.983 0.971 0.955 0.932 0.916 0.902 0.896

Energy (eV) 0.56 0.60 0.72 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00

12-135 n 3.92 3.80 3.51 3.35 2.99 2.81 2.65 2.50 2.34 2.17 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.82 1.75 1.67 1.60 1.53 1.47 1.41 1.37 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.01 0.96 0.90 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.83 0.88 0.94 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.07

k 10.49 9.96 8.70 8.06 6.89 6.46 6.10 5.78 5.50 5.22 4.95 4.72 4.54 4.35 4.18 4.03 3.88 3.75 3.61 3.48 3.36 3.25 3.13 3.03 2.94 2.85 2.77 2.68 2.60 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.25 2.19 2.09 2.01 1.94 1.90 1.86 1.79 1.70 1.62 1.54 1.45 1.37 1.29 1.21 1.13 1.05 0.98 0.91 0.85 0.78 0.73 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.64

R(φ = 0) 0.883 0.876 0.854 0.840 0.811 0.800 0.790 0.781 0.774 0.767 0.755 0.745 0.737 0.729 0.721 0.714 0.707 0.700 0.693 0.685 0.676 0.668 0.658 0.648 0.639 0.630 0.622 0.613 0.602 0.591 0.581 0.570 0.558 0.547 0.537 0.510 0.493 0.476 0.470 0.472 0.474 0.463 0.449 0.437 0.418 0.397 0.375 0.350 0.316 0.287 0.255 0.223 0.195 0.163 0.133 0.117 0.114 0.097 0.094 0.090

Energy (eV) 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 25.00 26.40 27.80 29.20

n 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.03 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.81 0.80 0.81 0.82

0.65 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.61 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.43 0.38 0.35

Platinum 20 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60

13.21 8.18 5.90 4.70 3.92 3.28 2.81 3.03 3.91 4.58 5.13 5.52 5.71 5.57 5.31 5.05 4.77 4.50 4.25 3.86 3.55 3.29 3.10 2.92 2.76

44.72 31.16 23.95 19.40 16.16 13.66 11.38 9.31 7.71 7.14 6.75 6.66 6.83 7.02 7.04 6.98 6.91 6.77 6.62 6.24 5.92 5.61 5.32 5.07 4.84

k

R(φ = 0) 0.089 0.088 0.087 0.086 0.087 0.089 0.091 0.091 0.092 0.093 0.095 0.098 0.096 0.092 0.086 0.081 0.080 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.080 0.090 0.098 0.103 0.103 0.103 0.101 0.097 0.091 0.086 0.084 0.066 0.052 0.046 0.976 0.969 0.962 0.954 0.945 0.936 0.922 0.882 0.813 0.777 0.753 0.746 0.751 0.759 0.762 0.763 0.765 0.763 0.762 0.753 0.746 0.736 0.725 0.716 0.706

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-136 Energy (eV) 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40

n 2.63 2.51 2.38 2.30 2.23 2.17 2.10 2.03 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.68 1.63 1.58 1.53 1.49 1.45 1.43 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.42 1.45 1.48 1.50 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.43 1.40 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29

4.64 4.43 4.26 4.07 3.92 3.77 3.67 3.54 3.42 3.30 3.20 3.10 3.01 2.92 2.76 2.62 2.48 2.37 2.25 2.14 2.04 1.95 1.85 1.76 1.67 1.61 1.54 1.47 1.40 1.35 1.29 1.26 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.01 1.00 0.97

k

R(φ = 0) 0.697 0.686 0.678 0.664 0.654 0.642 0.636 0.626 0.616 0.605 0.595 0.585 0.575 0.565 0.546 0.527 0.507 0.491 0.472 0.452 0.432 0.415 0.392 0.372 0.350 0.332 0.315 0.295 0.276 0.261 0.246 0.236 0.231 0.230 0.231 0.228 0.225 0.221 0.216 0.212 0.209 0.205 0.202 0.200 0.198 0.200 0.203 0.207 0.209 0.211 0.210 0.207 0.203 0.199 0.194 0.188 0.183 0.177 0.173 0.165

Energy (eV) 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00

n 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.27 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.23 1.18 1.11 1.03 0.94 0.87 0.81 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.73

Potassium21 0.55 0.139 0.58 0.119 0.63 0.106 0.67 0.091 0.73 0.079 0.81 0.066 0.92 0.056 1.05 0.044 1.23 0.040 1.44 0.040 1.65 0.044 1.87 0.050 2.07 0.053 2.27 0.049 2.45 0.046 2.64 0.043 2.82 0.043 2.95 0.041 3.06 0.041 3.40 0.052 3.71 0.089 3.97 0.287

0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.88 0.94 0.99 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.10 1.08 1.04 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58

k

7.10 6.72 6.32 5.79 5.30 4.75 4.19 3.58 3.04 2.56 2.19 1.84 1.62 1.43 1.28 1.14 1.02 0.898 0.799 0.549 0.288 0.091

R(φ = 0) 0.158 0.155 0.155 0.155 0.156 0.157 0.155 0.151 0.146 0.142 0.138 0.135 0.142 0.157 0.171 0.184 0.197 0.212 0.226 0.238 0.240 0.235 0.226 0.213 0.201 0.187 0.174 0.162 0.150 0.142 0.136 0.130 0.125 0.121 0.118 0.120 0.124 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.988 0.987 0.985 0.979 0.970 0.955 0.943 0.938 0.933 0.928 0.919 0.913 0.905 0.852 0.719 0.310

Energy (eV) 4.00 4.065 4.133 4.203 4.275 4.350 4.428 4.509 4.592 4.679 4.769 4.862 4.959 5.061 5.166 5.276 5.391 5.510 5.637 5.767 6.048 6.199 6.358 6.526 6.702 6.888 7.085 7.293 7.514 7.749 7.999 8.260 8.551 8.856 9.184 9.537 9.919 10.33 11.0 12.0

n 0.34 0.38 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94

k 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.028

R(φ = 0) 0.245 0.204 0.177 0.145 0.125 0.101 0.085 0.072 0.060 0.049 0.043 0.037 0.032 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.016 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001

→

Rhenium, single crystal, E ∥ ĉ9 0.10 6.06 51.03 0.15 4.66 33.96 0.20 4.16 25.36 0.25 4.03 20.10 0.30 4.37 16.69 0.35 4.50 14.53 0.40 4.53 12.96 0.45 4.53 11.78 0.50 4.53 10.88 0.55 4.50 10.26 0.60 4.29 9.75 0.65 4.07 9.35 0.70 3.80 8.94 0.75 3.48 8.55 0.80 3.21 8.10 0.85 2.96 7.68 0.90 2.73 7.24 0.95 2.56 6.79 1.00 2.45 6.36

0.991 0.984 0.975 0.962 0.943 0.925 0.909 0.893 0.878 0.867 0.861 0.856 0.853 0.850 0.846 0.841 0.835 0.826 0.813

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20

n 2.38 2.35 2.39 2.44 2.50 2.59 2.70 2.82 2.90 2.97 3.03 3.06 3.07 3.06 3.02 2.96 2.89 2.89 2.99 3.11 2.90 2.83 2.93 2.86 2.81 2.86 2.81 2.56 2.41 2.39 2.34 2.20 2.02 1.83 1.65 1.54 1.45 1.32 1.26 1.20 1.16 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.29

5.61 5.02 4.54 4.13 3.79 3.49 3.27 3.10 3.00 2.91 2.86 2.84 2.82 2.81 2.80 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.47 2.57 2.68 2.50 2.48 2.56 2.51 2.55 2.74 2.83 2.71 2.68 2.75 2.81 2.84 2.80 2.71 2.59 2.50 2.31 2.23 2.15 2.06 1.99 1.89 1.80 1.71 1.62 1.55 1.48 1.43 1.39 1.34 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28

k

R(φ = 0) 0.778 0.742 0.702 0.662 0.624 0.587 0.557 0.535 0.520 0.510 0.504 0.501 0.499 0.498 0.497 0.493 0.482 0.468 0.457 0.470 0.482 0.459 0.457 0.467 0.460 0.466 0.489 0.504 0.493 0.488 0.500 0.515 0.530 0.538 0.541 0.532 0.526 0.508 0.500 0.493 0.480 0.470 0.454 0.435 0.411 0.386 0.360 0.336 0.317 0.301 0.281 0.274 0.264 0.252 0.246 0.242 0.242 0.244 0.247 0.249

Energy (eV) 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.00 17.40 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00

12-137 n 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.19 1.14 1.12 1.07 0.99 0.93 0.87 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.85 0.82

1.28 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.22 1.25 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.25 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.85 0.80 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.39 0.33 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.30

k

R(φ = 0) 0.252 0.252 0.249 0.244 0.237 0.230 0.222 0.215 0.209 0.204 0.213 0.225 0.236 0.248 0.259 0.269 0.275 0.286 0.300 0.311 0.321 0.330 0.332 0.333 0.332 0.332 0.334 0.335 0.340 0.341 0.338 0.334 0.329 0.319 0.207 0.296 0.282 0.270 0.255 0.240 0.225 0.208 0.193 0.176 0.145 0.114 0.086 0.065 0.054 0.041 0.031 0.025 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.022 0.022 0.026 0.035 0.036

Energy (eV) 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00

n 0.80 0.78 0.72 0.66 0.65

0.30 0.30 0.30 0.24 0.16

k

R(φ = 0) 0.038 0.044 0.055 0.061 0.055

→

Rhenium, single crystal, E ⊥ ĉ9 0.10 4.25 42.83 0.15 3.28 28.08 0.20 3.28 20.66 0.25 3.47 16.27 0.30 3.73 13.44 0.35 3.93 11.54 0.40 3.99 10.15 0.45 4.17 9.03 0.50 4.34 8.26 0.55 4.45 7.73 0.60 4.53 7.40 0.65 4.44 7.26 0.70 4.13 7.09 0.75 3.77 6.75 0.80 3.55 6.32 0.85 3.39 5.95 0.90 3.26 5.61 0.95 3.17 5.27 1.00 3.09 4.96 1.10 3.05 4.39 1.20 3.08 3.89 1.30 3.20 3.56 1.40 3.23 3.38 1.50 3.23 3.12 1.60 3.29 2.88 1.70 3.38 2.72 1.80 3.47 2.59 1.90 3.54 2.50 2.00 3.63 2.43 2.10 3.74 2.40 2.20 3.83 2.38 2.30 3.93 2.44 2.40 4.00 2.55 2.50 4.01 2.70 2.60 3.90 2.84 2.70 3.74 2.92 2.80 3.57 2.88 2.90 3.49 2.75 3.00 3.53 2.71 3.20 3.55 2.84 3.40 3.34 2.88 3.60 3.25 2.83 3.80 3.24 2.84 4.00 3.19 2.94 4.20 3.05 3.06 4.40 2.88 3.15 4.60 2.67 3.18 4.80 2.44 3.17 5.00 2.25 3.12 5.20 2.10 3.04 5.40 1.96 2.96 5.60 1.84 2.88 5.80 1.73 2.81 6.00 1.61 2.74

0.991 0.984 0.971 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.875 0.846 0.821 0.801 0.788 0.784 0.784 0.779 0.766 0.752 0.737 0.719 0.701 0.658 0.613 0.578 0.559 0.532 0.507 0.491 0.480 0.473 0.469 0.470 0.472 0.481 0.492 0.505 0.514 0.517 0.511 0.497 0.493 0.506 0.508 0.501 0.502 0.513 0.526 0.539 0.548 0.554 0.556 0.555 0.553 0.551 0.549 0.549

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-138 Energy (eV) 6.20 6.40 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.00 17.40 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40

n 1.51 1.42 1.28 1.22 1.16 1.12 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.24 1.29 1.33 1.36 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.33 1.31 1.28 1.26 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.27 1.31 1.31 1.28 1.24 1.17 1.14 1.06 0.95 0.88 0.82 0.76 0.72 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.49

2.64 2.56 2.37 2.28 2.19 2.08 1.98 1.93 1.83 1.74 1.66 1.58 1.52 1.46 1.41 1.36 1.31 1.27 1.24 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.28 1.33 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.33 1.29 1.25 1.21 1.15 1.10 1.06 1.02 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.79

k

R(φ = 0) 0.545 0.541 0.526 0.517 0.508 0.493 0.468 0.463 0.443 0.418 0.397 0.372 0.351 0.327 0.309 0.290 0.273 0.258 0.244 0.234 0.233 0.238 0.245 0.253 0.259 0.264 0.266 0.266 0.264 0.257 0.251 0.245 0.236 0.225 0.214 0.207 0.218 0.234 0.251 0.270 0.288 0.297 0.314 0.334 0.346 0.355 0.360 0.363 0.369 0.364 0.357 0.349 0.342 0.336 0.328 0.325 0.322 0.317 0.314 0.309

Energy (eV) 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00

n 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.71 0.66 0.64

0.75 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.41 0.34 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.23 0.16

Rhodium 11 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.90 3.00

18.48 8.66 5.85 4.74 4.20 3.87 3.67 3.63 3.62 3.71 3.67 3.51 3.26 3.01 2.78 2.60 2.42 2.30 2.20 2.12 2.05 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.88 1.85 1.80 1.63 1.53

69.43 37.46 25.94 19.80 16.07 13.51 11.72 10.34 9.36 8.67 8.26 7.94 7.63 7.31 6.97 6.64 6.33 6.02 5.76 5.51 5.30 5.11 4.94 4.78 4.65 4.55 4.49 4.36 4.29

k

R(φ = 0) 0.303 0.295 0.286 0.276 0.263 0.249 0.231 0.216 0.198 0.164 0.129 0.097 0.072 0.060 0.047 0.036 0.029 0.023 0.018 0.016 0.023 0.023 0.026 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.044 0.055 0.061 0.055 0.986 0.977 0.967 0.955 0.941 0.925 0.908 0.887 0.867 0.848 0.837 0.832 0.829 0.827 0.823 0.818 0.813 0.805 0.798 0.789 0.780 0.772 0.765 0.756 0.748 0.743 0.742 0.748 0.753

Energy (eV) 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.60 11.00 11.60 12.00 12.60 13.00 13.60 14.00 14.60 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00

n 1.41 1.30 1.20 1.11 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.95 1.01 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.30 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.24 1.18 1.10

4.20 4.09 3.97 3.84 3.71 3.58 3.45 3.34 3.23 3.12 2.94 2.76 2.60 2.46 2.34 2.23 2.14 2.06 2.00 1.93 1.85 1.77 1.69 1.60 1.52 1.43 1.35 1.27 1.20 1.12 1.04 0.97 0.89 0.83 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.98 1.05 1.09

k

R(φ = 0) 0.760 0.764 0.767 0.769 0.768 0.764 0.759 0.753 0.747 0.739 0.722 0.706 0.684 0.659 0.635 0.613 0.591 0.573 0.561 0.556 0.544 0.534 0.518 0.498 0.476 0.452 0.423 0.394 0.363 0.329 0.288 0.252 0.212 0.179 0.148 0.125 0.110 0.102 0.098 0.098 0.106 0.113 0.124 0.127 0.129 0.131 0.134 0.138 0.144 0.147 0.147 0.147 0.145 0.144 0.143 0.145 0.155 0.172 0.193 0.213

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00

n 1.00 0.91 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75

1.09 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.44 0.37 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.25

k

R(φ = 0) 0.230 0.234 0.228 0.219 0.214 0.213 0.214 0.210 0.208 0.202 0.195 0.188 0.176 0.168 0.159 0.152 0.137 0.127 0.127 0.126 0.110 0.074 0.058 0.049 0.047 0.045 0.041

→

Ruthenium, single crystal, E ∥ ĉ9 0.10 11.50 51.38 0.20 5.93 27.14 0.30 4.33 18.50 0.40 3.60 13.97 0.50 3.18 11.04 0.60 3.28 8.89 0.70 3.62 7.73 0.80 3.42 7.02 0.90 3.25 6.12 1.00 3.39 5.33 1.10 3.66 4.83 1.20 3.84 4.57 1.30 3.94 4.38 1.40 4.02 4.19 1.50 4.16 4.07 1.60 4.33 4.08 1.70 4.42 4.21 1.80 4.40 4.38 1.90 4.29 4.61 2.00 4.04 4.81 2.10 3.69 4.90 2.20 3.35 4.82 2.30 3.09 4.70 2.40 2.89 4.55 2.50 2.74 4.40 2.60 2.64 4.25 2.70 2.58 4.14 2.80 2.54 4.05 2.90 2.48 4.03 3.00 2.38 4.03 3.10 2.26 4.00 3.20 2.13 3.96

0.984 0.970 0.953 0.933 0.909 0.865 0.822 0.801 0.766 0.715 0.675 0.654 0.638 0.624 0.614 0.615 0.624 0.636 0.651 0.667 0.679 0.683 0.681 0.677 0.671 0.663 0.656 0.650 0.650 0.656 0.661 0.666

Energy (eV) 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00

12-139 n 2.00 1.87 1.76 1.66 1.57 1.49 1.42 1.37 1.29 1.22 1.16 1.11 1.06 1.01 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34

3.91 3.83 3.74 3.65 3.55 3.45 3.35 3.24 3.08 2.93 2.79 2.67 2.56 2.46 2.35 2.23 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.91 1.84 1.77 1.69 1.61 1.54 1.46 1.39 1.33 1.26 1.20 1.14 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.91 0.86 0.81 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.85

k

R(φ = 0) 0.671 0.673 0.674 0.675 0.673 0.672 0.668 0.661 0.649 0.639 0.628 0.617 0.607 0.600 0.593 0.576 0.559 0.545 0.531 0.521 0.510 0.500 0.489 0.472 0.455 0.433 0.411 0.391 0.366 0.342 0.318 0.295 0.267 0.243 0.217 0.190 0.167 0.144 0.125 0.110 0.100 0.094 0.090 0.088 0.087 0.088 0.090 0.092 0.098 0.104 0.108 0.111 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.115 0.118 0.123 0.136

Energy (eV) 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 1.32 1.26 1.18 1.11 1.05 0.99 0.92 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.83

0.93 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 0.99 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.79 0.74 0.69 0.63 0.57 0.51 0.46 0.43 0.37 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22

k

R(φ = 0) 0.155 0.173 0.185 0.192 0.199 0.208 0.212 0.209 0.203 0.193 0.182 0.171 0.163 0.154 0.140 0.124 0.107 0.097 0.084 0.070 0.058 0.048 0.039 0.035 0.039 0.027 0.024 0.022

→

Ruthenium, single crystal, E ⊥ ĉ5 0.10 11.85 50.81 0.20 6.68 27.18 0.30 4.94 18.92 0.40 3.90 14.51 0.50 3.27 11.63 0.60 2.98 9.54 0.70 2.82 7.99 0.80 2.73 6.71 0.90 2.82 5.54 1.00 3.17 4.59 1.10 3.69 3.91 1.20 4.28 3.66 1.30 4.66 3.72 1.40 4.86 3.79 1.50 4.99 3.89 1.60 5.08 4.03 1.70 5.12 4.22 1.80 5.10 4.45 1.90 4.96 4.78 2.00 4.61 5.06 2.10 4.21 5.09 2.20 3.94 5.00 2.30 3.69 4.97 2.40 3.44 4.88 2.50 3.27 4.77 2.60 3.14 4.66 2.70 3.06 4.59 2.80 2.99 4.59 2.90 2.87 4.64 3.00 2.64 4.69 3.10 2.40 4.64

0.983 0.966 0.950 0.933 0.915 0.888 0.856 0.815 0.751 0.670 0.604 0.585 0.593 0.601 0.609 0.618 0.629 0.642 0.660 0.677 0.682 0.681 0.684 0.684 0.681 0.677 0.674 0.676 0.686 0.701 0.710

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-140 Energy (eV) 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50

n 2.18 2.00 1.84 1.71 1.60 1.50 1.41 1.35 1.29 1.21 1.16 1.13 1.09 1.03 0.97 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.82 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.99 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.27 1.28

4.55 4.43 4.30 4.16 4.03 3.90 3.77 3.64 3.53 3.31 3.13 2.97 2.86 2.75 2.64 2.52 2.40 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.04 1.97 1.89 1.82 1.75 1.67 1.59 1.51 1.44 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.15 1.09 1.02 0.95 0.89 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.76 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.89

k

R(φ = 0) 0.717 0.721 0.723 0.723 0.722 0.721 0.718 0.713 0.707 0.694 0.679 0.662 0.652 0.648 0.643 0.635 0.622 0.605 0.591 0.576 0.564 0.556 0.545 0.538 0.527 0.513 0.496 0.476 0.454 0.430 0.403 0.378 0.346 0.317 0.286 0.251 0.216 0.185 0.163 0.143 0.127 0.115 0.108 0.104 0.102 0.101 0.102 0.104 0.107 0.113 0.118 0.124 0.129 0.132 0.132 0.133 0.133 0.134 0.134 0.145

Energy (eV) 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 1.28 1.25 1.19 1.12 1.07 1.02 0.97 0.91 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79

0.94 1.00 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.01 0.97 0.94 0.87 0.79 0.73 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.48 0.45 0.40 0.34 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22

k

R(φ = 0) 0.158 0.175 0.190 0.200 0.205 0.212 0.219 0.228 0.234 0.234 0.233 0.229 0.218 0.205 0.194 0.177 0.155 0.134 0.123 0.114 0.093 0.077 0.065 0.054 0.047 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.028

→

Selenium, single crystal, E || ĉ22 0.01364 2.914 0.248 0.01488 3.175 9.95E-02 0.01612 3.263 2.13E-03 0.01736 3.306 3.81E-02 0.01860 3.330 7.04E-03 0.01984 3.346 4.23E-02 0.02108 3.358 3.40E-03 0.02232 3.366 5.31E-02 0.02356 3.372 1.96E-03 0.02480 3.377 2.39E-02 0.02604 3.380 0.02728 1.16E-02 0.02976 7.96E-03 0.03224 8.57E-03 0.03472 2.70E-02 0.03720 3.397 1.72E-02 0.04463 1.13E-02 0.04959 3.403 2.79E-03 0.05703 1.56E-03 0.06199 3.405 1.35E-03 0.06819 5.79E-04 0.07439 3.407 4.44E-04 0.08059 4.41E-04 0.08679 3.408 4.32E-04 0.09299 2.44E-04 0.09919 3.409 3.23E-04 0.1116 3.409 2.87E-04 0.1240 3.410 2.71E-04 0.2480 3.417 2.67E-04 0.3720 3.427 1.90E-04

0.242 0.272 0.282 0.287 0.290 0.291 0.293 0.294 0.294 0.295 0.295

0.297 0.298 0.298 0.298 0.298 0.299 0.299 0.299 0.299 0.301

Energy (eV) 0.4959 0.6199 0.7439 0.8679 0.9919 1.116 1.240 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

n 3.442 3.462 3.486 3.516 3.551 3.592 3.640

4.46 4.79 4.49 4.28 4.40 4.59 4.44 3.92 3.69 3.39 (3.00) (2.65) (2.30) 1.92 1.50 1.57 1.84 1.35 1.35 0.92 1.00 0.81 0.65 0.65 0.69 0.81 0.91 0.86 0.85 0.87

k 1.41E-04 1.12E-04 9.42E-05 8.07E-05 7.11E-05 6.37E-05 5.81E-05 1.33E-04 1.59E-04 6.27E-04 2.20E-02 0.76 1.19 1.21 1.32 1.70 2.29 2.59 2.76 3.01

0.402 0.438 0.431 0.417 0.430 0.462 0.490 0.493 0.502 0.521

2.78 2.31 1.49 1.45 1.68 1.64 1.07 1.10 0.91 0.61 0.48 0.36 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11

0.528 0.482 0.288 0.276 0.353 0.342 0.238 0.232 0.211 0.160 0.120 0.076 0.030 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.008

Selenium, single crystal, E ⊥ ĉ22 0.01364 2.854 0.0239 0.01488 2.932 0.0325 0.01612 3.140 0.1750 0.01736 2.959 1.3300 0.01860 2.111 0.2550 0.01984 2.356 0.0746 0.02108 2.462 0.0276 0.02232 2.502 0.0442 0.02356 2.543 0.0097 0.02480 2.550 0.0239 0.02604 2.582 0.02728 2.600 0.0101 0.02976 2.576 9.95E-03 0.03224 2.598 1.16E-02 0.03472 2.607 1.68E-02 0.03720 2.613 1.54E-02 0.04463 1.17E-02 0.04959 2.627 3.58E-03 0.05703 8.65E-04

R(φ = 0) 0.302 0.304 0.307 0.310 0.314 0.319 0.324

→

0.231 0.241 0.269 0.321 0.133 0.164 0.178 0.184 0.190 0.191 0.195 0.198 0.194 0.197 0.199 0.199 0.201

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 0.06199 0.06819 0.07439 0.08059 0.08679 0.09299 0.09919 0.1116 0.1240 0.2480 0.3720 0.4959 0.6199 0.7439 0.8679 0.9919 1.116 1.240 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.50 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00

n 2.632 2.635 2.636 2.637 2.638 2.639 2.645 2.652 2.654 2.675 2.692 2.713 2.739 2.772 2.816

3.32 3.38 3.07 2.93 3.00 3.12 3.30 3.35 3.22 3.06 2.84 2.51 2.18 1.75 1.25 1.32 1.62 1.81 1.66 1.72 1.25 0.98 0.68 0.61 0.73 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.79

k 2.07E-03 2.89E-04 1.59E-04 1.35E-04 1.42E-04 1.04E-04 8.95E-05 8.84E-05 8.51E-05 5.97E-05 5.44E-05 4.58E-05 3.82E-05 3.32E-05 2.96E-05 2.69E-05 2.48E-05 2.31E-05 7.37E-05 8.63E-05 3.60E-04 0.11 0.65 0.73 0.61 0.53 0.58 0.70 1.01 1.24 1.47 1.66 1.81 1.83 1.94 1.50 0.73 0.61 0.69 1.02 0.95 1.02 0.92 0.96 0.65 0.48 0.39 0.32 0.26 0.19 0.14

Silicon, single crystal 23 0.01240 3.4185 2.90E-04 0.01488 3.4190 2.30E-04 0.01736 3.4192 1.90E-04 0.01984 3.4195 1.70E-04 0.02480 3.4197 0.03100 3.4199 0.04092 3.4200 0.04463 1.08E-04

R(φ = 0) 0.202 0.202 0.202 0.203 0.203 0.203 0.204 0.205 0.205 0.208 0.210 0.213 0.216 0.221 0.226

0.289 0.310 0.282 0.259 0.263 0.279 0.305 0.328 0.334 0.344 0.351 0.356 0.352 0.382 0.316 0.107 0.105 0.135 0.182 0.171 0.181 0.178 0.274 0.191 0.094 0.060 0.046 0.036 0.023 0.020 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300

Energy (eV) 0.04959 0.05703 0.06199 0.06943 0.07439 0.08059 0.08679 0.09299 0.09919 0.1054 0.1116 0.1178 0.1240 0.1364 0.1488 0.1612 0.1736 0.1798 0.1860 0.1922 0.1984 0.2046 0.2108 0.2170 0.2232 0.2294 0.2356 0.2418 0.2480 0.3100 0.3626 0.4568 0.6199 0.8093 1.033 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

12-141 n 3.4201 3.4204

(3.4207)

3.4215

(3.4230)

(3.4244)

3.4261 3.4294 3.4327 3.4393 3.4490 3.4784 3.5193 (3.5341)

3.673 3.714 3.752 3.796 3.847 3.906 3.969 4.042 4.123 4.215 4.320 4.442 4.583 4.753 4.961 5.222 5.570 6.062 6.709 6.522 5.610

k 9.15E-05 1.56E-04 2.86E-04 3.84E-04 7.16E-04 1.52E-04 1.02E-04 2.59E-04 1.77E-04 1.53E-04 2.02E-04 1.22E-04 6.76E-05 5.49E-05 2.41E-05 2.49E-05 1.68E-05 2.45E-05 2.66E-06 1.74E-06 8.46E-07 5.64E-07 4.17E-07 4.05E-07 3.94E-07 3.26E-07 2.97E-07 2.82E-07 1.99E-07

2.50E-09

1.30E-05 1.80E-04 2.26E-03 7.75E-03 5.00E-03 8.00E-03 1.00E-02 0.013 0.016 0.022 0.030 0.032 0.048 0.060 0.073 0.090 0.130 0.163 0.203 0.269 0.387 0.630 1.321 2.705 3.014

R(φ = 0) 0.300 0.300

0.300

0.300

0.300

0.300

0.300 0.301 0.301 0.302 0.303 0.306 0.311 0.312

0.327 0.331 0.335 0.340 0.345 0.351 0.357 0.364 0.372 0.380 0.390 0.400 0.412 0.426 0.442 0.461 0.486 0.518 0.561 0.592 0.575

Energy (eV) 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.14 24.31 26.38 28.18 30.24 31.79 34.44 36.47 38.75 40.00

n 5.296 5.156 5.065 5.016 5.010 5.020 4.888 4.086 3.120 2.451 1.988 1.764 1.658 1.597 1.570 1.571 1.589 1.579 1.471 1.340 1.247 1.180 1.133 1.083 1.010 0.847 0.682 0.563 0.478 0.414 0.367 0.332 0.306 0.257 0.275 0.345 0.455 0.567 0.675 0.752 0.803 0.834 0.860 0.877 0.899 0.913 0.925 0.930

k 2.987 3.058 3.182 3.346 3.587 3.979 4.639 5.395 5.344 5.082 4.678 4.278 3.979 3.749 3.565 3.429 3.354 3.353 3.366 3.302 3.206 3.112 3.045 2.982 2.909 2.73 2.45 2.21 2.00 1.82 1.66 1.51 1.38 0.963 0.641 0.394 0.219 0.0835 0.0405 0.0243 0.0178 0.0152 0.0138 0.0132 0.0121 0.0113 0.0104 0.0100

R(φ = 0) 0.564 0.563 0.568 0.577 0.591 0.614 0.652 0.703 0.726 0.740 0.742 0.728 0.710 0.693 0.675 0.658 0.646 0.647 0.663 0.673 0.675 0.673 0.672 0.673 0.677 0.688 0.691 0.693 0.691 0.688 0.683 0.672 0.661 0.590 0.460 0.297 0.159 0.079 0.038 0.020 0.012 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001

Silver 6 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.25

9.91 2.84 1.41 0.91 0.67 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.24 0.23 0.23

90.27 45.70 30.51 22.89 18.32 9.03 5.79 4.18 3.09 2.27 1.86

0.995 0.995 0.994 0.993 0.992 0.987 0.969 0.944 0.914 0.864 0.816

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-142 Energy (eV) 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.77 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 14.50 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 38.00 40.00 42.00 44.00

n 0.21 0.23 0.30 0.53 0.73 1.30 1.61 1.73 1.75 1.73 1.69 1.61 1.55 1.45 1.34 1.25 1.18 1.14 1.16 1.33 1.46 1.52 1.61 1.66 1.72 1.64 1.56 1.42 1.33 1.28 1.27 1.29 1.35 1.37 1.34 1.26 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.90

1.42 1.13 0.77 0.40 0.30 0.36 0.60 0.85 1.06 1.13 1.28 1.34 1.36 1.34 1.28 1.18 1.06 0.91 0.75 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.59 0.64 0.78 0.88 0.92 0.91 0.86 0.80 0.75 0.71 0.75 0.80 0.87 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.78 0.74 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.45 0.44 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33

k

R(φ = 0) 0.756 0.671 0.475 0.154 0.053 0.040 0.103 0.153 0.194 0.208 0.238 0.252 0.257 0.257 0.246 0.225 0.196 0.157 0.114 0.074 0.082 0.088 0.100 0.112 0.141 0.152 0.156 0.151 0.139 0.124 0.111 0.103 0.112 0.124 0.141 0.157 0.163 0.165 0.165 0.160 0.154 0.144 0.133 0.121 0.109 0.099 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.072 0.072 0.071 0.067 0.061 0.055 0.043 0.039 0.036 0.033

Energy (eV) 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00 60.00 62.00 64.00 66.00 68.00 70.00 72.00 74.00 76.00 78.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00

n 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.87

Sodium 24 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.73 0.81 0.92 1.05 1.23 1.44 1.65 1.87 2.07 2.27 2.45 2.64 2.82 2.95 3.06 3.20 3.40 3.71 3.97 6.199 6.358 6.526 6.702 6.888 7.130 7.328 7.583 7.847 8.015 8.634 9.143 9.709 10.20

0.262 0.241 0.207 0.175 0.147 0.123 0.099 0.078 0.064 0.053 0.050 0.049 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.066 0.068 0.068 0.069 0.065 0.061 0.055 0.049 0.390 0.454 0.485 0.533 0.574 0.616 0.641 0.674 0.700 0.710 0.762 0.800 0.819 0.843

0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.17 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.04 9.97 9.45 8.80 8.09 7.42 6.67 5.82 5.11 4.35 3.72 3.22 2.76 2.48 2.23 2.07 1.88 1.76 1.63 1.54 1.47 1.33 1.13 1.01

k

R(φ = 0) 0.031 0.030 0.027 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.021 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.990 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.989 0.987 0.986 0.983 0.978 0.971 0.961 0.953 0.943 0.936 0.928 0.921 0.921 0.916 0.908 0.908 0.193 0.141 0.120 0.093 0.073 0.056 0.048 0.038 0.031 0.029 0.018 0.012 0.010 0.007

Energy (eV) 11.08 11.83 12.73 13.05 13.42 13.73 14.07 14.83 15.05 15.46 16.21 18.10 21.12 25.51 26.95 27.68 28.37 29.52

n 0.870 0.887 0.907 0.913 0.914 0.917 0.922 0.934 0.936 0.942 0.948 0.964 0.979 0.993 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02

Tantalum 16 0.10 10.14 0.15 9.45 0.20 5.77 0.26 3.67 0.30 2.87 0.38 2.03 0.50 1.37 0.58 1.15 0.70 0.96 0.78 0.89 0.90 0.84 1.00 0.89 1.10 0.93 1.20 0.98 1.30 1.00 1.40 1.04 1.50 1.09 1.60 1.15 1.70 1.24 1.80 1.35 1.90 1.57 2.00 1.83 2.10 2.10 2.20 2.36 2.30 2.56 2.40 2.68 2.50 2.75 2.60 2.80 2.70 2.84 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.84 3.00 2.81 3.20 2.73 3.40 2.61 3.60 2.49 3.80 2.40 4.00 2.36 4.20 2.35 4.40 2.39 4.60 2.45 4.80 2.53

k

66.39 46.41 35.46 27.53 23.90 18.87 14.26 12.19 9.92 8.77 7.38 6.47 5.75 5.14 4.62 4.15 3.73 3.33 2.95 2.60 2.24 1.99 1.84 1.81 1.86 1.92 1.98 2.02 2.08 2.14 2.20 2.24 2.31 2.33 2.30 2.22 2.14 2.06 2.01 2.00 2.06

R(φ = 0) 0.005 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.984 0.9834 0.982 0.981 0.980 0.978 0.974 0.970 0.962 0.956 0.942 0.992 0.899 0.872 0.842 0.805 0.762 0.707 0.640 0.560 0.460 0.388 0.354 0.351 0.365 0.378 0.388 0.395 0.405 0.412 0.420 0.425 0.432 0.435 0.430 0.418 0.406 0.392 0.384 0.384 0.394

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.20 12.40 12.60 12.80 13.00 13.60 14.00 14.60 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.60 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60

n 2.58 2.52 2.31 2.06 1.83 1.63 1.48 1.37 1.29 1.23 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.07 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.72 0.68 0.63 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.57 0.64 0.64 0.69

2.20 2.44 2.61 2.67 2.63 2.56 2.45 2.33 2.22 2.11 2.01 1.91 1.82 1.75 1.68 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.45 1.41 1.40 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.08 1.04 0.97 0.92 0.92 0.79 0.71 0.65 0.57 0.52 0.44 0.39 0.34 0.32 0.27

k

R(φ = 0) 0.416 0.450 0.480 0.501 0.510 0.515 0.512 0.504 0.492 0.478 0.462 0.445 0.425 0.406 0.390 0.370 0.350 0.332 0.317 0.301 0.294 0.289 0.287 0.285 0.285 0.286 0.286 0.287 0.288 0.289 0.290 0.292 0.293 0.294 0.295 0.296 0.295 0.294 0.292 0.289 0.286 0.272 0.272 0.285 0.293 0.301 0.304 0.301 0.296 0.296 0.274 0.254 0.236 0.207 0.185 0.153 0.127 0.089 0.081 0.058

Energy (eV) 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 Tellurium, 0.01364 0.01488 0.01612 0.01736 0.01860 0.01984 0.02108 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02976 0.03224 0.03472 0.03720 0.03968 0.04339 0.04711 0.05083 0.05579 0.06199 0.07439 0.08679 0.09919 0.12400 0.15500 0.20660 0.24800 0.31 0.35 0.41 0.5 0.6

12-143 n 0.73 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.95

0.24 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29

k

R(φ = 0) 0.043 0.033 0.034 0.029 0.026 0.022 0.022 0.023 0.022 0.019 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.022 0.023

→

∥ ĉ25 4.82 5.26 5.47 5.59

E

5.94 5.96

5.98

6.246 6.253 6.286 6.316 6.372

6.53 6.71

0.118 0.0505 0.0278 0.0174 0.0796 0.0696 0.0749 0.1900 0.2220 0.0716 0.0682 0.0832 0.0149 2.14E-03 1.71E-02 3.71E-03 2.44E-03 1.59E-03 7.85E-04 7.38E-04 3.89E-04 3.09E-04 2.52E-04 2.96E-04 3.68E-04 3.34E-04

7.48E-05 1.18E-05 4.93E-04 6.74E-03 2.30E-02 7.50E-02

0.431 0.463 0.477 0.485

0.507 0.508

0.509

0.524 0.525 0.526 0.528 0.531

0.539 0.549

Energy (eV) 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 Tellurium, 0.01364 0.01488 0.01612 0.01736 0.01860 0.01984 0.02108 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02976 0.03224 0.03472 0.03720 0.03968 0.04339 0.04711 0.05083

n 7.00 7.23 7.48 7.70 6.99 7.11 6.75 6.89 4.67 4.94 3.94 3.25 2.73 2.30 1.69 1.33 1.32 1.63 1.72 1.73 1.78 1.83 1.72 1.54 1.55 0.99 1.47 0.86 0.80 0.79 0.67 0.59 0.48 0.74 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.90

k 0.24 0.48 0.94 1.56 2.22 2.46 2.91 3.70 4.67 5.16 5.08 4.77 4.42 4.16 3.44 2.64 1.96 1.60 1.57 1.45 1.36 1.36 1.51 1.37 1.23 0.93 1.25 0.86 0.77 0.76 0.59 0.49 0.31 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.090 0.045

R(φ = 0) 0.563 0.574 0.589 0.606 0.593 0.604 0.606 0.637 0.654 0.681 0.686 0.681 0.674 0.674 0.646 0.571 0.428 0.312 0.302 0.276 0.257 0.257 0.289 0.260 0.226 0.179 0.233 0.181 0.165 0.164 0.146 0.147 0.160 0.035 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.006 0.003

0.2980 0.0894 0.0535 0.4990 0.1170 0.0343 0.0421 0.1060 0.0880 0.0458 0.0928 0.0886 0.0232 3.06E-03 1.25E-02 2.65E-03 1.89E-03 1.41E-03 8.38E-04 6.79E-04

0.204 0.325 0.370 0.420

→

⊥ ĉ25 2.61 3.65 4.10 4.63

E

(4.42)

4.71 4.74

0.398

0.422 0.425

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-144 Energy (eV) 0.05579 0.06199 0.07439 0.08679 0.09919 0.1240 0.1550 0.2066 0.2480 0.31 0.35 0.41 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

n 4.77

4.796 4.809 4.838 4.864 4.929

4.90 4.93 4.95 5.10 5.22 5.35 5.17 5.56 5.88 6.10 5.94 5.10 4.24 3.57 3.03 2.51 1.72 1.32 1.28 1.47 1.74 1.94 2.19 2.48 2.60 2.59 2.39 1.11 2.08 0.99 0.84 0.87 0.59 0.64 0.52 0.50 0.56 0.54 0.50 0.48 0.46

k 1.59E-04 1.16E-04 7.23E-05 5.34E-05 4.28E-05 3.18E-05

2.19E-05 3.18E-05 7.89E-02 0.149

R(φ = 0) 0.427

0.429 0.430 0.432 0.434 0.439

0.11 0.13 0.22 0.45 0.63 0.63 1.15 1.80 2.69 3.61 3.77 3.75 3.63 3.39 2.70 2.01 1.28 0.82 0.51 0.39 0.32 0.40 0.69 0.91 1.00 1.24 1.11 1.04 1.01 0.87 0.87 0.55 0.41 0.38 0.29 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.088

0.437 0.439 0.441 0.452 0.461 0.472 0.462 0.488 0.517 0.545 0.571 0.594 0.593 0.591 0.588 0.578 0.532 0.440 0.251 0.132 0.104 0.118 0.148 0.192 0.226 0.245 0.235 0.259 0.224 0.215 0.237 0.182 0.282 0.144 0.161 0.165 0.110 0.113 0.127 0.135 0.140

Titanium (Polycrystalline) 14 0.10 5.03 23.38 0.15 3.00 15.72 0.20 2.12 11.34 0.25 2.05 8.10 0.30 6.39 9.94 0.35 2.74 6.21

0.965 0.954 0.939 0.890 0.833 0.792

Energy (eV) 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.85 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20

n 2.49 3.35 4.43 4.71 4.38 4.04 3.80 3.62 3.47 3.35 3.28 3.17 2.98 2.74 2.54 2.36 2.22 2.11 2.01 1.92 1.86 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.63 1.59 1.55 1.50 1.44 1.37 1.30 1.24 1.17 1.11 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.05 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.17 1.24 1.21 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.11 1.09 1.11 1.10 1.10

4.68 3.25 3.22 3.77 3.89 3.82 3.65 3.52 3.40 3.30 3.25 3.28 3.32 3.30 3.23 3.11 2.99 2.88 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.47 2.39 2.34 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.01 1.96 1.90 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.62 1.45 1.33 1.29 1.23 1.21 1.20 1.16 1.21 1.22 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.06 1.02 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95

k

R(φ = 0) 0.708 0.545 0.555 0.597 0.603 0.596 0.582 0.570 0.560 0.550 0.546 0.549 0.557 0.559 0.557 0.550 0.540 0.530 0.520 0.509 0.495 0.483 0.471 0.462 0.456 0.451 0.447 0.444 0.442 0.442 0.442 0.443 0.443 0.441 0.436 0.430 0.423 0.413 0.389 0.333 0.284 0.265 0.244 0.236 0.228 0.228 0.234 0.241 0.244 0.240 0.232 0.212 0.198 0.182 0.175 0.167 0.165 0.165 0.169 0.171

Energy (eV) 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.60 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 30.0

n 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.85 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.98 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.82 0.83 0.84

0.95 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.55 0.52 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.32 0.31 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.25 0.22

k

R(φ = 0) 0.175 0.181 0.181 0.182 0.182 0.181 0.179 0.179 0.180 0.178 0.175 0.167 0.162 0.152 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.137 0.132 0.106 0.097 0.087 0.077 0.069 0.058 0.052 0.045 0.037 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.017 0.165 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.027 0.028 0.030 0.031 0.033 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.033 0.033 0.029 0.027 0.022

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) Tungsten27 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.82 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20

n

k

14.06 3.87 2.56 1.83 1.71 1.86 1.92 1.69 1.40 1.23 1.17 1.28 1.45 1.59 1.83 2.12 2.36 2.92 3.11 3.15 3.15 3.14 3.05 3.00 3.12 3.29 3.48 3.67 3.84 3.82 3.70 3.60 3.54 3.49 3.49 3.45 3.38 3.34 3.31 3.31 3.32 3.35 3.39 3.43 3.45 3.39 3.24 3.13 3.05 2.99 2.96 2.95 3.02 3.13 3.24 3.33 3.40 3.27

54.71 28.30 22.44 18.32 15.71 13.88 12.63 11.59 10.52 9.45 8.44 7.52 6.78 6.13 5.52 5.00 4.61 4.37 4.44 4.43 4.36 4.32 4.04 3.64 3.24 2.96 2.79 2.68 2.79 2.91 2.94 2.89 2.84 2.76 2.72 2.72 2.68 2.62 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.41 2.45 2.55 2.66 2.70 2.67 2.62 2.56 2.50 2.43 2.33 2.32 2.41 2.57 2.85 3.27

R(φ = 0)

0.983 0.981 0.980 0.979 0.973 0.963 0.954 0.952 0.952 0.948 0.938 0.917 0.888 0.856 0.810 0.759 0.710 0.661 0.660 0.658 0.653 0.649 0.627 0.590 0.545 0.515 0.500 0.494 0.507 0.518 0.518 0.512 0.506 0.497 0.494 0.493 0.487 0.480 0.472 0.466 0.461 0.459 0.460 0.465 0.476 0.485 0.488 0.482 0.476 0.468 0.460 0.451 0.440 0.442 0.455 0.475 0.505 0.548

Energy (eV) 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40

12-145 n 2.92 2.43 2.00 1.70 1.47 1.32 1.21 1.12 1.06 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.19 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.22 1.20 1.16 1.10 1.04 0.98 0.94 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.93 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.74 0.69 0.64 0.60 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49

3.58 3.70 3.61 3.42 3.24 3.04 2.87 2.70 2.56 2.43 2.30 2.18 2.06 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.50 1.44 1.38 1.34 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.39 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.44 1.40 1.35 1.28 1.23 1.17 1.13 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.02 0.97 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.73

k

R(φ = 0) 0.586 0.618 0.637 0.643 0.646 0.640 0.631 0.619 0.607 0.593 0.573 0.556 0.533 0.505 0.481 0.449 0.422 0.401 0.388 0.369 0.352 0.329 0.307 0.287 0.274 0.270 0.274 0.282 0.290 0.297 0.305 0.313 0.318 0.323 0.329 0.333 0.332 0.325 0.312 0.296 0.276 0.255 0.246 0.249 0.260 0.273 0.289 0.304 0.317 0.330 0.340 0.347 0.353 0.354 0.350 0.342 0.331 0.318 0.303 0.287

Energy (eV) 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.80

Vanadium 9 0.10 12.83 0.20 3.90 0.28 2.13 0.36 1.54 0.44 1.28 0.52 1.16 0.60 1.10 0.68 1.07 0.76 1.08 0.80 1.10 0.90 1.18 1.00 1.34 1.10 1.60 1.20 1.93 1.30 2.25 1.40 2.48 1.50 2.57 1.60 2.57 1.70 2.52 1.80 2.45 1.90 2.36 2.00 2.34 2.10 2.31 2.20 2.28 2.30 2.23 2.40 2.15 2.50 2.02 2.60 1.89 2.70 1.74 2.80 1.61 2.90 1.48

0.69 0.66 0.62 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33

k

45.89 24.30 17.35 13.32 10.74 8.93 7.59 6.54 5.67 5.30 4.50 3.80 3.26 2.88 2.71 2.72 2.79 2.84 2.88 2.88 2.85 2.81 2.78 2.80 2.83 2.88 2.91 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.80

R(φ = 0) 0.272 0.263 0.252 0.234 0.213 0.191 0.171 0.150 0.132 0.117 0.105 0.099 0.085 0.073 0.065 0.057 0.052 0.047 0.042 0.040 0.033 0.032 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.040 0.042 0.045 0.978 0.975 0.973 0.966 0.957 0.945 0.929 0.909 0.882 0.864 0.811 0.730 0.632 0.543 0.498 0.491 0.499 0.507 0.512 0.515 0.514 0.509 0.506 0.510 0.516 0.528 0.540 0.552 0.561 0.569 0.577

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-146 Energy (eV) 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.33 7.66 8.00 8.33 8.66 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50

n 1.36 1.16 0.99 0.87 0.80 0.78 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.84

2.73 2.55 2.37 2.17 1.96 1.76 1.60 1.47 1.38 1.31 1.26 1.18 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.02 0.98 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.65 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17

k

R(φ = 0) 0.582 0.585 0.586 0.575 0.547 0.503 0.449 0.400 0.355 0.326 0.304 0.271 0.258 0.235 0.223 0.212 0.199 0.185 0.175 0.170 0.162 0.155 0.146 0.145 0.142 0.136 0.133 0.126 0.112 0.091 0.089 0.086 0.082 0.079 0.075 0.070 0.065 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.056 0.054 0.051 0.048 0.045 0.043 0.041 0.038 0.036 0.033 0.032 0.029 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.016

Energy (eV) 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95

0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13

k

R(φ = 0) 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005

→

Zinc, E ∥ ĉ28 0.7514 1.9241 0.827 1.7921 0.866 1.5571 0.952 1.4824 0.992 1.5762 1.033 1.5407 1.078 1.5853 1.127 1.7768 1.181 1.9808 1.240 2.8821 1.305 3.2039 1.377 2.9459 1.459 3.2523 1.550 3.8086 1.653 3.7577 1.722 3.5908 1.823 3.4234 1.937 3.0132 1.984 1.8562 2.066 1.4856 2.094 1.2525 2.119 1.0017 2.275 0.7737 2.445 0.6395 2.666 0.4430 2.917 0.3589 3.220 0.3069 3.594 0.2737 4.065 0.2510 4.678 0.2354

7.5619 6.9973 6.7753 6.2296 5.8843 5.3192 4.9013 4.5307 4.2004 3.4766 3.0042 3.5761 4.2447 4.6212 4.6239 4.4614 4.3232 3.9974 3.9706 4.0555 3.9961 3.8683 3.9129 3.4013 3.1379 2.8140 2.5088 2.1737 1.8528 1.6357

0.883 0.874 0.881 0.868 0.847 0.823 0.793 0.748 0.701 0.575 0.520 0.584 0.640 0.657 0.659 0.650 0.642 0.624 0.690 0.737 0.762 0.789 0.832 0.821 0.851 0.853 0.847 0.828 0.799 0.776

7.4158 6.9688 6.6886 6.2212 5.8910 5.4001 4.9025 4.4062 4.0176 3.2873

0.905 0.892 0.892 0.881 0.863 0.850 0.822 0.746 0.684 0.555

→

Zinc, E ⊥ ĉ28 0.751 1.4469 0.827 1.4744 0.866 1.3628 0.952 1.3165 0.992 1.3835 1.033 1.2889 1.078 1.3095 1.127 1.6897 1.181 1.9701 1.240 2.8717

Energy (eV) 1.305 1.377 1.459 1.550 1.653 1.722 1.823 1.937 1.984 2.066 2.094 2.119 2.275 2.455 2.666 2.917 3.220 3.594 4.065 4.678

n 3.3991 3.1807 3.5064 4.1241 4.0269 3.9369 3.7549 3.4512 3.2515 2.0802 1.7084 1.3329 0.9725 0.7568 0.5470 0.4774 0.3911 0.3147 0.3013 0.2806

k 2.7684 3.4709 4.1994 4.7768 4.8027 4.6356 4.3042 4.1942 4.2980 4.7231 4.7923 4.4751 4.2879 3.7627 3.4277 3.0476 2.7463 2.3041 2.0077 1.7997

Zirconium (Polycrystalline)28 0.10 6.18 1.76 0.15 3.37 1.30 0.20 2.34 1.08 0.26 2.24 1.06 0.30 2.59 1.14 0.36 3.17 1.26 0.40 3.09 1.24 0.46 3.36 1.30 0.50 4.13 1.44 0.56 5.01 1.58 0.60 5.18 1.61 0.70 4.54 1.51 0.80 4.03 1.42 0.90 3.74 1.37 0.96 3.69 1.36 1.00 3.66 1.35 1.10 3.65 1.35 1.20 3.53 1.33 1.30 3.25 1.27 1.40 3.10 1.25 1.50 3.02 1.23 1.60 2.88 1.20 1.70 2.68 1.16 1.80 2.49 1.12 2.00 2.14 1.03 2.10 1.99 1.00 2.20 1.87 0.97 2.30 1.78 0.94 2.40 1.71 0.92 2.50 1.62 0.90 2.60 1.54 0.88 2.70 1.46 0.86 2.80 1.40 0.84 2.90 1.34 0.82 3.00 1.30 0.81 3.10 1.26 0.80 3.30 1.19 0.77 3.40 1.16 0.76 3.50 1.13 0.75

R(φ = 0) 0.497 0.569 0.630 0.664 0.667 0.657 0.635 0.631 0.644 0.738 0.774 0.791 0.825 0.824 0.845 0.834 0.835 0.821 0.789 0.770 0.300 0.123 0.058 0.052 0.073 0.110 0.105 0.123 0.175 0.231 0.242 0.202 0.168 0.149 0.145 0.143 0.142 0.134 0.116 0.106 0.100 0.091 0.078 0.067 0.047 0.040 0.034 0.030 0.027 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80

n 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.80 0.87 1.00 1.11 1.23 1.33 1.42 1.49 1.54 1.58 1.61 1.63 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.68 1.66

0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.66 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.91

k

R(φ = 0) 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026

Energy (eV) 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80

12-147 n 1.65 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.52 1.47 1.42 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.23 1.19 1.16 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.01 1.04

References 1. Shiles, E., Sasaki, T., Inokuti, M., and Smith, D. Y., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 22, 1612, 1980. 2. Edwards, D. F., and Philipp, H. R., in HOC-I, p. 665. 3. Ives, H. E., and Briggs, N. B., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 27, 395, 1937. 4. Bos, L. W., and Lynch, D. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 2, 4567, 1970. 5. Weaver, J. H., Colavita, E., Lynch, D. W., and Rosei, R., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 19, 3850, 1979. 6. Hagemann, H. J., Gudat, W., and Kunz, C., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 742, 1975. 7. Schulz, L. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 47, 64, 1957. 8. Potter, R. F., in HOC-I, p. 465. 9. Olson, C. G., Lynch, D. W., and Weaver, J. H., unpublished. 10. Lynch, D. W., Olson, C. G., and Weaver, J. H., unpublished. 11. Weaver, J. H., Olson, C. G., and Lynch, D. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 15, 4115, 1977. 12. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p. 345. 13. Priol, M. A., Daudé, A., and Robin, S., Compt. Rend., 264, 935, 1967. 14. Johnson, P. B., and Christy, R. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 9, 5056, 1974.

0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72

k

R(φ = 0) 0.025 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012

Energy (eV) 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00

n 1.09 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.23 1.20 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.82 0.82

0.74 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.71 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64

k

R(φ = 0) 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014

15. Arakawn, E. T., and Inagaki, T., in HOC-II, p. 461. 16. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, D. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 10, 501, 1973. 17. Lynch, D. W., Rosei, R., and Weaver, J. H., Solid State Commun., 9, 2195, 1971. 18. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, C. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 7, 4311, 1973. 19. Weaver, J. H., and Benbow, R. L., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 12, 3509, 1975. 20. Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev., Sect. B, 11, 1416, 1975. 21. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p. 364. 22. Palik, E. D., in HOC-II, p. 691. 23. Edwards, D. F., in HOC-I, p. 547. 24. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p. 354. 25. Palik, E. D., in HOC-II, p. 709. 26. Lynch, D. W., Olson, C. G., and Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 11, 3671, 1975. 27. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, C. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 12, 1293, 1975. 28. Lanham, A. P., and Terherne, D. M., Proc. Phys. Soc., 83, 1059, 1964.

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS L. I. Berger Optical properties of materials are closely related to their dielectric properties. The complex dielectric function (relative permittivity) of a material is equal to ε ( ω ) = ε′ ( ω ) – jε″ ( ω ),

where ε′(ω) and ε″(ω) are its real and imaginary parts, respectively, and ω is the angular frequency of the applied electric field. For a non-absorbing medium, the index of refraction is n = (εµ)1/2, where µ is the relative magnetic permeability of the medium (material); in the majority of dielectrics, µ ≅ 1. For many applications, the most important optical properties of materials are the index of refraction, the extinction coefficient, k , and the reflectivity, R. The common index of refraction of a material is equal to the ratio of the phase velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency in vacuum to that in the material. Hence, n
1. The optical properties of highly conductive materials like metals and semiconductors (at photon energy range above the energy gap) differ from those of optically transparent media. Free electrons absorb the incident electromagnetic wave in a thin surface layer (a few hundred nanometers thick) and then release the absorbed energy in the form of secondary waves reflected from the surface. Thus, the light reflection becomes very strong; for example, highly conductive sodium reflects 99.8% of the incident wave (at 589 nm). Introduction of the effective index of refraction, neff = (ε′)1/2 = n – jk , where ε′ = ε – jδ/ω εo, δ is the electrical conductivity of the material in S/m, and εo = 8.8542·10-12 F/m is the permittivity of vacuum, allows one to apply the expressions of the optics of transparent media to the conductive materials. It is clear that the effective index of refraction may be smaller than 1. For example, n = 0.05 for pure sodium and n = 0.18 for pure silver (at 589.3 nm). At very high photon energies, the quantum effects, such as the internal photoeffect, start playing a greater role, and the optical properties of these materials become similar to those of insulators (low reflectance, existence of Brewster’s angle, etc.). The extinction coefficient characterizes absorption of the electromagnetic wave energy in the process of propagation of a wave through a material. The wave intensity, I, after it passes a distance x in an isotropic medium is equal to I = I 0 exp ( – αx ),

where I0 is the intensity at x = 0 and α is called the absorption coefficient. For many applications, the extinction coefficient, k , which is equal to

12-141

λ k = α ------, 4π

where λ is the wavelength of the wave in the medium, is more commonly used for characterization of the electromagnetic losses in materials. Reflection of an electromagnetic wave from the interface between two media depends on the media indices of refraction and on the angle of incidence. It is characterized by the reflectivity, which is equal to the ratio of the intensity of the wave reflected back into the first medium to the intensity of the wave approaching the interface. For polarized light and two non-absorbing media, ( N1 – N2 ) -2 , R = ------------------------( N1 + N2 ) 2

where N1 = n1/cosθ1 and N2 = n2/cosθ2 for the wave polarized in the plane of incidence, and N1 = n1cosθ1 and N2 = n2cosθ2 for the wave polarized normal to the plane of incidence; θ1 and θ2 are the angles between the normal to the interface in the point of incidence and the directions of the beams in the first and second medium, respectively. The reflectivity at normal incidence in this case is R = [ ( n1 – n2 ) ⁄ ( n1 + n2 ) ]

2

For any two opaque (absorbing) media, the normal incidence reflectivity is ( n1 – n2 ) + k2 -. R = --------------------------------2 2 ( n1 + n2 ) + k2 2

2

In the majority of experiments, the first medium is air (n ≈ 1) , and hence, ( 1 – n ) + k. R = ----------------------------2 2 (1 + n) + k 2

2

The data on n and k in the following table are abridged from the sources listed in the references. The reflectivity at normal incidence, R, has been calculated from the last equation. For convenience, the energy E, wavenumber ν , and wavelength λ are given for the incidence radiation.

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-142 E/eV 2.194 2.168 2.141 2.123 2.098 2.094 2.091 2.073 2.060 2.049 2.036 2.023 2.013 2.009 2.000 1.987 1.977 1.974 1.962 1.953 1.949 1.937 1.925 1.922 1.905 1.893 1.881 1.859 1.848 1.845 1.842 1.831 1.826 1.821 1.818 1.815 1.807 1.802 0.06199 0.05904 0.05636 0.05391 0.04592 0.04428 0.04275 0.04133 0.03542 0.03100 0.03061 0.03024 0.02883 0.02850 0.02818 0.02755 0.02480 0.02254 0.02066 0.01907 0.01771

ν /cm–1

λ/µm

17700 17480 17270 17120 16920 16890 16860 16720 16610 16530 16420 16310 16230 16210 16130 16030 15940 15920 15820 15750 15720 15630 15530 15500 15360 15270 15170 14990 14900 14880 14860 14770 14730 14680 14660 14640 14580 14530 500.0 476.2 454.5 434.8 370.4 357.1 344.8 333.3 285.7 250.0 247.0 244.0 232.6 229.9 227.3 222.2 200.0 181.8 166.7 153.8 142.9

0.565 0.572 0.579 0.584 0.591 0.592 0.593 0.598 0.602 0.605 0.609 0.613 0.616 0.617 0.620 0.624 0.627 0.628 0.632 0.635 0.636 0.640 0.644 0.645 0.651 0.655 0.659 0.667 0.671 0.672 0.673 0.677 0.679 0.681 0.682 0.683 0.686 0.688 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 40.5 41.0 43.0 43.5 44.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0

n

na

nc

k

ka

kc

Crystalline Arsenic Selenide (As2Se3) [Ref. 1]* 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.13

0.10 0.079

0.050

0.031

0.020

0.012 8.6·10–3 6.4 5.2 3.1 2.0 1.3·10

–3

8.6·10–4

3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.6 2.3 4.2 6.5 4.5 4.0 3.8 3.6

2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 1.7 2.6 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 2.0 4.0 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.0

5.5 4.1 1.7·10–3 2.1·10–3 2.5·10–3 3.0·10–3 6.3·10–3 7.6·10–3 0.0092 0.011

3.3 2.5 3.6 0.17 0.089 0.097 0.19

R

Ra

Rc

0.27 0.26 0.26

0.24 0.24 0.24

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.12 0.088 0.50 0.56 0.58 0.50 0.62 0.40 0.36 0.34 0.32

0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.25 0.18 0.16 0.29 0.48 0.60 0.36 0.31 0.27 0.26 0.25

0.26 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.12 0.097 0.082 0.063 0.051 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.017

1.7·10–3 1.2·10–3 9.0·10–4 6.4 4.7 3.4

1.8·10–3 2.2·10–3 2.6·10–3 3.1·10–3 6.4·10–3 7.7·10–3 0.0093 0.011 0.037 0.38 0.33 0.41 2.2 2.8 2.0 3.3 0.26 0.10 0.10 0.16 0.30

0.034 1.0 0.95 0.46 0.94 1.4

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids µm E/eV ν /cm–1 λ/µ n na nc k ka kc 0.01653 133.3 75.0 3.7 3.0 0.41 0.44 0.01550 125.0 80.0 3.8 3.1 0.29 0.40 0.01459 117.6 85.0 3.6 2.9 0.20 0.34 0.01378 111.1 90.0 3.2 2.6 0.43 0.49 0.01305 105.3 95.0 4.7 3.0 1.5 1.5 0.01240 100.0 100.0 4.4 2.7 0.22 0.81 0.01181 95.24 105.0 4.2 3.0 0.094 3.9 0.01127 90.91 110.0 4.1 5.3 0.059 0.70 0.01033 83.33 120.0 3.9 4.2 0.034 0.13 0.009537 76.92 130.0 3.9 4.0 0.024 0.069 0.008856 71.43 140.0 3.9 3.8 0.019 0.048 0.007749 63.50 160.0 3.8 3.7 0.014 0.032 0.006888 55.55 180.0 3.8 3.7 0.011 0.024 0.006199 50.0 200.0 3.8 3.6 0.0091 0.019 *Indices a and c relate to the radiation electric field parallel to the a and c axes of the crystal, respectively. 2.056 2.026 2.006 1.990 1.925 1.826 1.810 1.794 1.771 1.715 1.701 1.647 1.629 1.596 1.579 1.562 1.544 1.529 1.512 1.494 1.476 1.378 1.240 1.127 1.051 1.033 0.2555 0.2380 0.2344 0.1345 0.1339 0.1333 0.1308 0.1215 0.1203 0.1196 0.1178 0.1116 0.1004 0.09919 0.09795 0.09671 0.09299 0.08555

16580 16340 16180 16050 15530 14730 14600 14470 14290 13830 13720 13280 13140 12870 12740 12590 12450 12330 12200 12050 11910 11110 10000 9091 8475 8333 1980 1919 1890 1085 1080 1075 1055 980 970 965 950 900 810 800 790 780 750 690

0.603 0.612 0.618 0.623 0.644 0.679 0.685 0.691 0.700 0.723 0.729 0.753 0.761 0.777 0.785 0.794 0.803 0.811 0.820 0.830 0.840 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.18 1.20 5.05 5.21 5.29 9.22 9.26 9.30 9.48 10.20 10.31 10.36 10.53 11.11 12.35 12.50 12.66 12.82 13.33 14.49

Vitreous Arsenic Selenide (As2Se3) [Ref. 1] 0.12 0.11 0.099 9.0 5.6 1.4 0.012 0.0089 6.2 2.6 0.0022 0.00046 3.07 4.0 3.06 2.7 3.05 1.9 3.05 0.00013 3.04 0.000094 3.03 6.3 3.03 4.2 3.02 2.8 3.01 1.8 2.98 2.93 2.90 2.89 2.88 1.6·10–7 9.9·10–8 1.1·10–7 4.4 3.7 4.4 4.5 8.9 9.9·10–7 1.0·10–6 1.1 1.8 4.9 7.0·10–6 1.0·10–5 1.5 3.7 6.9

12-143 R

0.62 0.49 0.39 0.26 0.25 0.78 0.64 0.50 0.38

Ra 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.28 0.46 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34

Rc 0.26 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.34 0.25 0.62 0.47 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-144 E/eV 0.08431 0.08059 0.07811 0.07687 0.07563 0.07439 0.07315 0.07191 0.07067 0.06943 0.06633 0.06571 0.06509 0.06447 0.06075 0.06024 0.05331 0.05269 0.05207 0.05145 0.05083 0.05021 0.04959 0.04862 0.04679 0.04592 0.04509 0.04428 0.03875 0.03815 0.03757 0.02988 0.02952 0.02725 0.02362 0.01937 0.01922 0.01907 0.01734 0.01653 0.01642 0.01494 0.01246 0.007606 0.006199 0.004592 0.002799 0.001826 0.001273 0.0006491 0.0004376 0.0002903 0.0001716 0.00009047 0.00005621 0.00002774 0.00001439

ν /cm–1 680 650 630 620 610 600 590 580 570 560 535 530 525 520 490 485.9 430 425 420 415 410 405 400 392.2 377.4 370.4 363.6 357.1 312.5 307.7 303.0 241.0 238.1 219.8 190.5 156.2 155.0 153.8 139.9 133.3 132.5 120.5 100.5 61.35 50.00 37.04 22.57 14.73 10.27 5.236 3.530 2.341 1.384 0.7297 0.4534 0.2237 0.1161

λ/µ µm 14.71 15.38 15.87 16.13 16.39 16.67 16.95 17.24 17.54 17.86 18.69 18.87 19.05 19.23 20.41 20.58 23.26 23.53 23.81 24.10 24.39 24.69 25.0 25.5 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 32.0 32.5 33.0 41.5 42.0 45.5 52.5 64.0 64.5 65.0 71.5 75.0 75.5 83.0 99.5 163.0 200.0 270.0 443.0 679.0 974.0 1910.0 2833.0 4271.0 7224.0 13704 22056 44699 86153

2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2 3.2 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

4.959 3.100

40000 25000

0.2500 0.40

Vitreous Arsenic Sulfide (As2S3) - [Ref. 2] 2.48 1.21 3.09 0.34

n

na

nc

k 5.9 6.1 6.3 7.7 7.8 9.3·10–5 1.2·10–4 1.4 1.8 2.8 5.2 7.2·10–4 1.2·10–3 1.7 4.9 5.2 1.4 1.1·10–3 8.5·10–4 7.3 8.3 9.4·10–4 1.2·10–3 1.6 5.0 8.0·10–3 1.2·10–2 1.7 8.2 9.3·10–3 0.11 0.89 1.0 1.8 0.30 0.10 9.6·10–2 9.4 8.7 9.4 0.096 0.15 0.60 0.12

ka

0.072 4.5 2.8 2.1 1.1·10–2 7.5·10–3 5.0 3.1 1.6·10–3 9.9·10–4 5.2 2.6

kc

R

0.22 0.32 0.37 0.50 0.73 0.22 0.22 0.35 0.71 0.73 0.31 0.21 0.21 0.84 0.87 0.21 0.21 0.33 0.73 0.20 0.20 0.34 0.87 0.18 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.39 0.32 0.27 0.27 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.29 0.26 0.67 0.50 0.41 0.25 0.25 0.71 0.53 0.25 0.25 0.72 0.47 0.27 0.27

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 2.48 1.879 1.240 0.6199 0.3100 0.2480 0.1736 0.1240 0.09299 0.07439 0.04959 0.03757 0.03100 0.02480 0.02066 0.01771 0.01550 0.01378 0.01240 0.008183 0.004029 0.002418 0.001984 0.001048 0.0001033 4.129·10–12 4.9 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.0 2.755 2.75 2.610 2.5 2.25 1.771 1.512 1.50 1.475 1.47 1.465 1.46 1.459 1.455 1.45 1.445 1.442 1.44 1.43 1.30 1.24 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70

ν /cm–1 20000 15150 10000 5000 2500 2000 1400 1000 750 600 400.0 303.0 250.0 200.0 166.7 142.9 125.0 111.1 100 66 32.5 19.5 16 8.45 0.833 3.33·10–8

λ/µ µm 0.4999 0.66 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 7.143 10.00 13.33 16.67 25.0 33.0 40.0 50 60 70 80 90 100 152 308 513 625 1180 12000 3·1011

39520 33070 31460 28230 25000 24200 22220 22180 21050 20160 18150 14290 12200 12100 11900 11860 11820 11780 11760 11740 11690 11650 11630 11610 11530 10490 10000 9679 8872 8065 7259 6452 5646

0.2530 0.3024 0.3179 0.3542 0.4000 0.4133 0.45 0.4509 0.475 0.4959 0.5510 0.70 0.82 0.8266 0.840 0.8434 0.8463 0.8492 0.850 0.8521 0.8551 0.8580 0.860 0.8610 0.8670 0.9537 1.0 1.033 1.127 1.240 1.378 1.550 1.771

n 2.83 2.59 2.48 2.43 2.41 2.41 2.40 2.38 2.35 2.31 1.79 3.59 2.98 2.66 2.64 2.99 2.89 2.84 2.81 2.76 2.74 2.74 2.74 2.73 2.73 2.73

na

nc

12-145 k 0.013 1.7·10–6 2.4·10–7

7.4·10–7 1.3·10–4 3.0·10–3 4.6·10–4 0.2 1.4 0.15 0.11 0.57 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.072 0.044 0.031 0.025 8.8·10–3 1.3·10–3

Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) - [Ref. 3] 2.48 2.04 2.33 1.59 2.57 1.90 2.89 1.52 3.43 1.02 3.37 0.861 3.080 0.485 3.23 0.636 3.045 3.14 0.525 3.05 0.411 2.861 0.210 2.880 0.040 2.98 0.319 2.905 0.00134 0.000671 3.37 1.89 2.948 1.08·10–4 2.9565 5.10·10–5 2.73 2.952 2.9479 1.37 2.9402 2.8720 2.840 2.8353 2.8050 2.7793 2.7537 2.7384 2.7223

ka

kc

R 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.085 0.38 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.39 0.32 0.37 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.24

0.24 0.24 0.24 0.32 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-146

E/eV 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.09 0.06819 0.0573 0.05 0.0469 0.04592 0.04133 0.04092 0.03720 0.03647 0.03596 0.03493 0.03472 0.03100 0.02917 0.02852 0.02728 0.02604 0.02480 0.02384 0.01798 0.01736 0.01550 0.01364 0.01240 0.009919 0.008679 0.007439 0.006199 0.004959 0.003720 0.023015 0.001550 155 145 130 110 90 70 40 23 7.0 6.0 5.00 4.00 3.00

ν /cm–1 4839 4033 3226 2420 1613 806.5 725.9 550 462 403.3 378 370.3 333.3 330 300 294.1 290 281.7 280 250 235.3 230 220 210 200 192.3 145 140 125 110 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 18.563 12.50

48390 40330 32260 24200

λ/µ µm 2.066 2.480 3.100 4.133 6.199 12.40 13.78 18.18 21.6 24.80 26.5 27 30 30.30 33.33 34.00 34.48 35.5 35.71 40 42.5 43.48 45.45 47.62 50.00 52.0 68.97 71.43 80.0 90.91 100 125 142.9 166.7 200 250 333.3 800 0.007999 0.008551 0.009537 0.01127 0.01378 0.01771 0.03100 0.05391 0.1771 0.2066 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133

n 2.7086 2.6972 2.6878 2.6800 2.6722 2.6535 2.6482 2.623 2.5801

2.55916 2.531 2.494 2.478 2.459 2.378 2.289 2.224 2.137 2.013 1.8 6.778 4.598 3.868 3.649 3.415 3.348 3.299 3.263 3.236 3.217 538.71

na

nc

k

3.8·10–6 8.0·10–5 9.88·10–5 2.86·10–4 3.34 4.97 8.93 5.77·10–3 7.91 6.76 1.18·10–2 6.93 1.87 2.47·10–2 3.4·10–2 4.97·10–2 6.21 5.2 4.50 0.294 9.47·10–2 5.68·10–2 0.0262 0.0189 1.39 1.03 7.52·10–3 3.2096 6.18

Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) - [Ref. 4] 0.0181 0.0203 0.0224 0.0278 0.0323 0.0376 0.0426 1.037 0.228 1.063 1.838 1.264 2.472 2.273 4.084 3.601 1.920 4.509 1.948

ka

kc

R 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19

0.19 0.57 0.73 0.18 0.83 0.17 0.36 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.79 0.66 0.41 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.28

0.61 0.67 0.42 0.47

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

E/eV 2.50 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.50 0.25 0.15 0.100 0.090 0.070 0.060 0.0495 0.03968 0.03496 0.02976 0.02066 0.01550 0.008266 0.002480 0.001240 154.0 110.0 100.0 80.0 50.0 27.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 5.5 4.68 3.50 3.00 2.78 2.621 2.480 2.18 2.000 1.6 1.240 0.6888 0.4769 0.1907 0.1550 0.1240 0.06199 0.03100

ν /cm–1 20160 16130 14520 12900 12100 11290 9679 8065 6452 4033 2016 1210 806.5 725.9 564.6 483.9 399.2 320 282 240 166.7 125 66.67 20 10

λ/µ µm 0.4959 0.6199 0.8888 0.7749 0.8266 0.8856 1.033 1.240 1.550 2.480 4.959 8.266 12.40 13.78 17.71 20.66 25.05 31.25 35.46 41.67 60 80 150 500 1000

n 4.333 3.878 3.785 3.700 3.666 3.6140 3.4920 3.4232 3.3737 3.3240 3.2978 3.2831 3.2597 3.2493 3.2081 3.1609 3.058 2.495 0.307 4.57 3.77 3.681 3.62 3.607 3.606

44360 37750 28230 24200 22420 21140 20000 17580 16130 12900 10000 5556 3846 1538 1250 1000 500 250

0.00805 0.0113 0.0124 0.0155 0.0248 0.0459 0.0496 0.0620 0.0826 0.2254 0.2649 0.3542 0.4133 0.4460 0.473 0.500 0.5687 0.62 0.7749 1.0 1.8 2.6 6.5 8.0 10 20 40

Gallium Phosphide (GaP) - [Ref. 5] 1.7·10–2 2.15·10–2 215·10–2 3.0·10–2 4.7·10–2 9.3·10–2 0.122 0.180 0.748 0.628 1.543 3.556 4.181 2.634 5.050 0.819 4.081 0.224 3.904 0.103 3.73 6.37·10–3 3.590 2.47·10–3 3.411 2.8·10–7 3.3254 3.209 3.1192 3.0439 3.0271 2.995 4.29·10–4 2.984 2.964 2.615 7.16·10–3 3.594 1.81·10–2

na

nc

k 0.441 0.211 0.151 0.091 0.080 1.69·10–3

4.93·10–6 1.64·10–5 2.32·10–4 3.45·10–3 2.07·10–3 2.43·10–2 294·10–2 4.26·10–2 3.89·10–3 1.84·10–3 2.14·10–3 1.3·10–3

12-147

ka

kc

R 0.39 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.18 0.41 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32

0.68 0.50 0.46 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.32

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-148 E/eV 0.02480 0.01727 0.01168 0.006199 0.004133 0.001240 155 60 25 24 15 10 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.34 2.84 1.80 1.50 0.6 0.2480 0.1907 0.1653 0.06199 0.03100 0.02480 0.02244 0.02207 0.02033 0.01054 0.005579 0.001860 0.001240 25 20 15 10 6 5.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.44 1.86 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.35 0.32 0.20 0.1240 0.06199 0.04959

ν /cm–1 200 139.27 94.21 50.00 33.33 10.00

λ/µ µm 50 71.80 106.1 200 300 1000

40330 36290 32260 26940 22910 14520 12100 4839 2000 1538 1333 500 250 200 181 178 164 85 45 15 10

0.007999 0.02066 0.04959 0.05166 0.08266 0.1240 0.2480 0.2755 0.3100 0.3712 0.4366 0.6888 0.8266 2.066 5.0 6.5 7.5 20.00 40.00 50.00 55.25 56.18 60.98 117.6 222.2 666.7 1000

Indium Antimonide (InSb) - [Ref. 6] 4.77·10–3 7.30·10–2 1.15 .015 1.15 0.18 0.97 0.230 0.74 0.88 1.307 2.441 1.443 2.894 2.632 3.694 3.528 2.280 3.340 2.021 4.909 1.396 4.418 0.643 4.03 4.14 9.1·10–2 4.30 6.3·10–2 4.18 2.7·10–2 3.869 2.0·10–3 2.98 2.6·10–3 2.22 0.165 3.05 7.59 9.61 4.20 4.94 0.140 2.12 0.423 1.02 5.59 6.03 17.9 10.7 24.0

48390 40330 32260 28230 24200 20160 19680 15000 14520 13710 12900 12100 9679 8065 4839 2823 2581 1613 1000 500 400

0.04959 0.06199 0.08266 0.1240 0.2066 0.2480 0.3100 0.3542 0.4133 0.4959 0.5081 0.6666 0.6888 0.7293 0.7749 0.8266 1.033 1.240 2.066 3.542 3.875 6.199 10.00 20.00 25.00

Indium Arsenide (InAs) - [Ref. 7] 1.139 1.125 0.894 0.835 1.434 2.112 1.524 2.871 3.313 1.799 3.008 1.754 3.197 2.034 4.364 1.786 4.489 1.446 3.889 0.554 3.851 0.530 3.798 0.493 3.755 0.463 3.714 0.432 3.613 3.548 0.161 3.608 9.58·10–3 3.512 1.23·10–4 3.427 3.402 3.334 3.264

n 3.461 3.3922 3.3621 3.3447 3.3413 3.3319

na

nc

k 5.77·10–3 4.34·10–3 4.26·10–3 1.3·10–4

ka

kc

R 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29

0.53 0.60 0.61 0.45 0.45 0.47 0.41 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.38 0.35 0.25 0.14 0.84 0.70 0.44 0.14 0.88 0.93 0.94 0.168 0.225 0.336 1.071 0.45 0.58 0.39 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.44 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.28

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 0.04339 0.03720 0.03100 0.02765 0.02480 0.01984 0.01860 0.01736 0.01488 0.01240 0.009919 0.007439 0.004959 0.002480 0.001240 20 15 10 5.5 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.25 1.00 0.50 0.30 0.10 0.075 0.060 0.050 0.03992 0.03496 0.03100 0.02728 0.02480 0.02418 0.02232 0.01860 0.01240 0.009919 0.007439 0.004959 0.002480 0.001240 14.5 10 5 2.0 1.65 1.5 1.0 0.75 0.62 0.48 0.40 0.32

ν /cm–1 350 300 250 222 200 160 150 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 10

λ/µ µm 28.57 33.33 40.00 44.84 50.00 62.50 66.67 71.43 83.33 100.0 125.0 166.7 250.0 500 1000

n 3.182 2.988 1.970 5.90 6.91 5.27 5.27 3.99 3.91 3.85 3.817 3.793 3.778 3.769 3.766

44360 40330 32260 24200 16130 12100 10085 8068 4034 2420 806.8 605.1 484.1 403.4 322 282 250 220 200 195 180 150 100 80 60 40 20 10

0.06199 0.08266 0.1240 0.2254 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.6199 0.8266 0.9915 1.239 2.479 4.131 12.39 16.53 20.66 24.79 31.06 35.46 40.00 45.45 50.0 51.28 55.56 66.67 100 125.0 166.7 250.0 500 1000.0

0.793 0.695 0.806 1.426 2.131 3.141 4.395 3.549 3.456 3.324 3.220 3.114 3.089 3.012 2.932 2.780 2.429 0.307 3.89 4.27 3.93 3.81 3.19 3.19 3.65 3.57 3.551 3.538 3.529 3.523 3.522

40330 16130 13310 12100 8065 6049 5001 3871 3226 2581

0.08551 0.1240 0.2480 0.6199 0.7514 0.8266 1.240 1.653 2.000 2.583 3.100 3.875

0.72 0.68 0.54 3.65 4.51 4.64 4.65 4.59 4.90 4.91 4.98

na

nc

12-149

k 5.46·10–3 6.37·10–2 6.53 0.30 0.41 0.51 1.1·10–2 6.6·10–3 4.3·10–3

Indium Phosphide (InP) - [Ref. 8] 0.494 0.574 1.154 2.562 3.495 1.730 1.247 0.317 0.203

1.46·10–2 3.35·10–2 3.57 0.282 3.0·10–2 1.3·10–2 8.7·10–3

Lead Selenide (PbSe) - [Ref. 9] 0.20 0.50 1.2 2.9 1.73 2.64 1.1 0.269 0.770

0.173

ka

kc

R 0.27 0.25 0.11 0.74 0.56 0.47 0.47 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.34

0.79 0.61 0.38 0.43 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.17 0.35 0.39 0.35 0.34 0.27 0.27 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31

0.51 0.46 0.52 0.44 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.44

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-150 E/eV 0.20 0.1190 0.09919 0.07935 0.05951 0.04959 0.03968 0.02976 0.01984 0.009919 0.007935 0.004959 0.002480 0.001736 0.001240 150 125 100 80 60 25 18.0 14.0 10.0 4.95 4.0 3.00 2.90 2.75 2.55 2.00 1.60 1.24 1.03 0.650 0.496 0.400 0.3100 0.2480 0.1240 0.1033 0.08059 0.06819 0.04959 0.03720 0.02480 0.01378 0.01240 0.008856 0.006199 0.003100 0.001653 0.001240 0.0006199 150 125 100 75

ν /cm–1 1613 960 800 640 480 400 320 240 160 80 64 40 20 14 10

λ/µ µm 6.199 10.42 12.50 15.63 20.83 25.00 31.25 41.67 62.50 125.0 156.3 250.0 500.0 714.3 1000

39920 32260 24200 23390 22180 20570 16130 12910 10000 8333 5263 4000 3226 2500 2000 1000 833.3 650 550 400 300 200.0 111.1 100.0 71.43 50.0 25.00 13.33 10.00 5.000

0.008266 0.009919 0.01240 0.01550 0.02066 0.04959 0.06888 0.08856 0.1240 0.2505 0.3100 0.4133 0.4275 0.4509 0.4862 0.6199 0.7749 1.00 1.2 1.9 2.5 3.1 4.0 5 10 12 15.38 18.18 25.00 33.33 50 90 100 140 200 400 750 1000 2000 0.008266 0.009919 0.01240 0.01653

n 4.82 4.74 4.72 4.68 4.59 4.49 4.31 3.89 2.34 1.73 2.91 11.2 12.6 14.1 17.4

0.845 0.846 0.651 0.879 1.52 1.73 3.88 4.12 4.25 4.35 4.29 4.62 4.43 4.30 4.24 4.30 4.30 4.16 4.115 4.01 3.90 3.90 3.81 3.53 2.99 0.514 1.175 1.79 17.41 16.27 12.96 12.44 12.35 12.27

na

nc

k 1.20·10–3 2.09·10–3 4.12·10–3 1.00·10–2 1.77·10–2 3.62·10–2 9.61·10–2 0.56 7.38 10.1 14.6 12.2 16.6 21.1

Lead Sulfide (PbS) - [Ref. 10] 3.86·10–3 5.59·10–3 1.54·10–2 2.88·10–2 6.17·10–2 0.171 0.294 0.665 1.050 2.10 2.83 3.00 2.70 2.33 2.00 1.48 0.94 0.597 0.458 0.318 0.235 2.27·10–2 6.38·10–4 9.25·10–4 6.32·10–3 1.14·10–2

1.59 8.48 10.51 17.94 2.20 0.495 0.228 0.167 0.0815 Lead Telluride (PbTe) - [Ref. 11] 2.37·10–3 9.71·10–3 4.39·10–2 6.43·10–2

ka

kc

R 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.24 0.18 0.88 0.90 0.88

0.43 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.25 0.94 0.94 0.89 0.79 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 50 30 15 10 7.5 5.0 3.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.1017 0.08927 0.06943 0.04959 0.03968 0.02976 0.009919 0.007439 0.006199 0.004959 0.003720 0.002480 0.001240 2000 1496 1016 725 504 303 250 200 150 100 75 50 25 20 15.1 13 12.0 11.0 10.00 9 7 4.959 4.000 2.952 2.000 0.9919 0.7999 0.4959 0.4000 0.3100

ν /cm–1

40330 24200 20160 12100 8065 6452 4839 3226 2420 1613 1210 820 720 560 400 320 240 80 60 50 40 30 20 10

λ/µ µm 0.02480 0.04133 0.08266 0.1240 0.1653 0.2480 0.4133 0.4959 0.8266 1.240 1.550 2.066 3.100 4.133 6.199 8.266 12.20 13.89 17.86 25.00 31.25 41.67 125.0 166.7 200.0 250.0 333.3 500.0 1000

40000 32260 23810 16130 8000 6452 4000 3226 2500

6.199·10–4 8.287·10–4 1.220·10–3 1.710·10–3 2.460·10–3 4.092·10–3 4.959·10–3 6.199·10–3 8.265·10–3 1.240·10–2 1.653·10–2 2.480·10–2 4.959·10–2 6.199·10–2 8.211·10–2 9.537·10–2 0.1033 0.1127 0.12398 0.1375 0.1771 0.250 0.31 0.42 0.62 1.25 1.55 2.5 3.1 4.0

n

0.72 0.66 0.8 0.72 1.0 1.35 3.8 4.55 6.25 6.10 6.075 5.95 5.77 5.76 5.47 5.38 5.13 4.50 3.58 1.01 2.95 4.9 6.9 11.6 27.7 27.6 45.1

na

nc

k 6.87·10–2 7.77·10–2 0.17 0.60 0.92 1.0 2.2 2.86 3.1 2.2 0.71 0.521 0.331 3.55·10–2

9.16·10–3 1.37·10–2 3.06·10–2 9.6·10–2 0.23 1.9 16.6 22.5 27.2 34.8 35.7 39.1 57.8

Lithium Fluoride (LiF) - [Ref. 12] 0.9999347 4.33·10–6 0.999883 1.28·10–5 0.999757 5.18·10–5 0.999643 1.62·10–4 0.999162 4.96·10–5 0.99752 3.12·10–4 0.99632 6.17·10–5 2.12·10–3 0.9899 3.54·10–3 0.9801 1.32·10–2 2.63·10–2 7.89·10–2 0.558 0.521 1.20 0.58 1.08 0.68 1.04 1.64 2.28 0.11 1.77 8.07·10–7 1.606 7.70·10–7 1.53 1.46 1.4189 1.4073 1.3978 1.3915 1.3851 1.3858 1.3731 1.3650 1.3493

12-151 ka

kc

R

0.61 0.53 0.49 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.40 0.32 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.97

0.10 0.10 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-152 E/eV 0.2480 0.2000 0.1698 0.1494 0.1240 0.1127 0.1033 0.09537 0.08679 0.07439 0.06199 0.05579 0.04959 0.03720 0.03100 0.02480 0.01240 0.06199 0.04959 0.02480 0.01378 4.798·10–4 1.464·10–4 4.053·10–5 1.861·10–7 3.718·10–8 2860.3 2855.3 2849.3 2835.8 2832.3 2829.8 2828.3 219 215 212.5 211 185.1 109.7 43 40 29.9 20.1 15.1 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.199 4.959 3.999 2.952 2.695 2.616 2.384 2.066 1.550 1.033 0.5166

ν /cm–1 2000 1613 1370 1205 1000 909.1 833.3 769.2 700 600 500 450 400 300 250 200 100.0 50.0 40.00 20.00 11.11 3.870 1.181 0.3269 1.501·10–3 2.999·10–4

λ/µ µm 5.0 6.2 7.3 8.3 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.29 16.67 20.00 22.22 25.00 33.33 40.00 50.00 100 200 250 500 900 2584 8469 30590 6.662·106 3.335·107

50000 40000 32260 23810 21740 21100 19230 16670 12500 8333 4167

4.3347·10–4 4.3423·10–4 4.3514·10–4 4.3721·10–4 4.3775·10–4 4.3814·10–4 4.3837·10–4 5.661·10–3 5.767·10–3 5.834·10–3 5.876·10–3 6.7·10–3 1.13·10–2 0.02883 0.03179 0.04147 0.06168 0.08211 0.1240 0.1378 0.1550 0.1771 0.20 0.25 0.31 0.42 0.46 0.474 0.52 0.60 0.80 1.2 2.4

n 1.3266 1.2912 1.2499 1.2036 1.1005 1.0208

0.508 0.124 0.306 0.191 0.208 8.76 4.64 3.69 3.067 3.067 3.067 3.067 3.023 3.023 3.023 3.018 3.018

na

nc

k 1.8·10–6

2.6·10–3 8.0·10–3 1.9·10–2 3.7·10–2 7.74·10–2 0.804 1.47 1.88 2.71 3.91 0.287 0.102 0.106 4.0·10–2 2.2·10–2 6.3·10–3 3.1·10–3 1.19·10–3 6.20·10–4 2.63·10–4 1.6·10–5 1.6·10–5

Potassium Chloride (KCl) - [Ref. 13] 3.93·10–6 3.39·10–6 4.61·10–6 5.85·10–6 5.85·10–6 1.57·10–6 4.19·10–7 1.82·10–3 1.84·10–3 2.19·10–3 1.82·10–3 0.99874 0.99578 0.96 3.0·10–2 0.925 1.8·10–2 0.756 0.145 0.910 0.495 0.965 0.344 1.16 0.38 1.99 0.50 1.15 0.46 2.0 8.46·10–7 1.71739 1.58972 1.54005 1.50701 1.50115 7.6·10–11 1.49501 1.48969 1.48291 1.47813 1.47464

ka

kc

R 0.02

0.68 0.85 0.91 0.68 0.42 0.33 0.26 0.26 0.26

0.25 0.25 0.25

1.01·10–3 4.22·10–3

0.035 0.13 0.048 0.11 0.070

0.040

0.039 0.038 0.037 0.037

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 0.2480 0.2000 0.1512 0.09999 0.07560 0.04959 0.03999 0.02976 0.02728 0.02232 0.01860 0.01612 0.01240 0.008679 0.006199 0.001240 0.0006199 0.0004133 2000 1860 1609 1496 1204 1093 1016 798 597 396 303 201 151.2 99.99 49.59 40.00 31.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 13.00 11.00 10.00 9.00 7.00 6.00 4.9939 4.1034 3.0640 2.5504 2.4379 2.2705 2.1489 2.1411 2.1102 2.1041 1.9257 1.8892 1.8566 1.7549 1.4550

ν /cm–1 2000 1.613 1220 806.5 609.8 400.0 322.6 240 220 180 150 130 100 70 50 10.00 5.000 3.333

λ/µ µm 5.0 6.2 8.2 12.4 16.4 25.0 31.0 41.67 45.45 55.56 66.67 76.92 100.0 142.9 200.0 1000 2000 3000

48390 40278.4 33096.1 24712.3 20570.5 19662.5 18312.5 17332.3 17269.2 17019.5 16970.4 15531.6 15237.6 14974.2 14153.9 11735.6

6.199·10–4 6.665·10–4 7.705·10–4 8.287·10–4 1.030·10–3 1.134·10–3 1.220·10–3 1.554·10–3 2.077·10–3 3.131·10–3 4.092·10–3 6.168·10–3 8.2·10–3 1.24·10–2 2.50·10–2 3.10·10–2 4.00·10–2 0.04959 0.06199 0.08266 0.09537 0.1127 0.1240 0.1378 0.1771 0.2066 0.248272 0.302150 0.404656 0.486133 0.508582 0.546074 0.576959 0.579065 0.587561 0.589262 0.643847 0.656272 0.667815 0.706519 0.852111

n 1.47048 1.46796 1.46260 1.44611 1.42295 1.34059 1.2431 0.85 0.53 0.31 0.44 4.1 2.7 2.4 2.2

na

nc

12-153 k

6.57·10–4 0.16 0.35 1.05 4.0 0.32 0.11 9.2·10–2 9.0·10–3 3.7·10–3 2.0·10–3

Silicon Dioxide (Glass) - [Ref. 14] 0.99993 1.503·10–5 0.99991 1.936·10–5 0.99989 9.941·10–6 0.99987 1.308·10–5 0.99980 2.916·10–5 0.99975 4.155·10–5 0.99971 5.423·10–5 0.99954 1.289·10–4 0.99917 3.560·10–4 0.99812 4.04·10–4 0.99678 9.91·10–4 0.99269 3.63·10–3 0.9871 7.3·10–3 0.9813 7.0·10–3 0.9164 6.5·10–2 0.907 9.2·10–2 0.851 0.156 0.733 0.325 0.859 0.585 1.168 0.711 1.368 0.747 1.739 0.569 2.330 0.323 1.904 1.89·10–2 1.600 1.543 1.50841 1.48719 1.46961 1.46313 1.46187 1.46008 1.45885 1.45877 1.45847 1.45841 1.45671 1.45637 1.45608 1.45515 1.45248

ka

kc

R 0.036 0.036 0.035 0.033 0.030 0.021 0.012

0.37 0.21 0.17 0.14

0.10 0.11 0.11 0.17 0.097 0.053 0.046 0.041 0.038 0.036 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.034 0.034 0.034

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-154 E/eV 1.0985 0.60243 0.35354 0.2976 0.2728 0.2480 0.2232 0.1984 0.1736 0.1674 0.1612 0.1500 0.1401 0.1302 0.1209 0.1091 0.09919 0.08989 0.06943 0.06199 0.04959 0.03720 0.01240 0.007439 0.002480 25 20 17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5 5 4 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.240 0.6199 0.3100 0.2480 0.2066 0.1771 0.1653 0.1459 0.1305 0.1240 0.1181 0.1153 0.1127 0.1078 0.1033 0.09537 0.08856

ν /cm–1 8860.06 4858.9 2851.4 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1350 1300 1210 1130 1050 975 880 800 725 560 500 400 300 100 60 20

λ/µ µm 1.12866 2.0581 3.5070 4.176 4.545 5.000 5.556 6.250 7.143 7.407 7.692 8.265 8.850 9.524 10.26 11.36 12.50 13.79 17.86 20.00 25.0 33.33 100.0 166.7 500.0

n 1.44888 1.43722 1.40568 1.383 1.365 1.342 1.306 1.239 1.053 0.9488 0.7719 0.4530 0.3563 2.760 2.448 1.784 1.753 1.698 1.337 0.6616 2.739 2.210 1.967 1.959 1.955

40330 32260 24200 22580 20970 19360 17740 16130 14520 12900 10000 5000 2500 2000 1667 1492 1333 1176 1053 1000 952.4 930.2 909.1 869.6 833.3 769.2 714.3

0.04959 0.06199 0.07085 0.08266 0.09919 0.1240 0.1653 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.4428 0.4769 0.5166 0.5636 0.6199 0.6888 0.7749 1.000 2.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 7.500 8.500 9.500 10.00 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.50 12.00 13.00 14.00

Silicon Monoxide (Noncrystalline) - [Ref. 15] 0.8690 0.2717 0.8853 0.4919 0.9825 0.5961 1.132 0.6651 1.283 0.6523 1.378 0.6843 1.593 0.7473 2.001 0.6052 2.141 0.4006 2.116 0.1211 2.085 0.08374 2.053 0.05544 2.021 0.03533 1.994 0.02153 1.969 0.01175 1.948 0.00523 1.929 0.00151 1.87 1.84 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.60 1.42 0.90 0.18 1.20 1.20 2.00 1.38 2.85 0.90 2.86 0.58 2.82 0.40 2.50 0.20 2.13 0.14 2.04 0.20 2.01 0.30

na

nc

k

ka

1.07·10–4 2.56·10–4 3.98·10–3 5.63·10–3 6.52·10–3 1.06·10–2 1.48·10–2 3.72·10–2 0.704 1.53 1.65 0.231 7.75·10–2 0.343 0.175 0.298 0.397 6.7·10–2 1.59·10–2 8.62·10–3 7.96·10–3

kc

R 0.034 0.032 0.028 0.026 0.024 0.021

0.30 0.66 0.35 0.18 0.079 0.089 0.071 0.036 0.882 0.23 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.10

0.092 0.090 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.092 0.087 0.082 0.074 0.067 0.053

0.024 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.19 0.13 0.12 0.12

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10.5 10 9.5 9 8 7 6 5 4.75 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 209.5 206 203 200 26.0 25.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.1 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.00 6.00 5.00 2.952 2.480 2.214 2.000 1.771 1.675 1.550 1.240 1.033 0.6888 0.4959

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

96790 88720 84690 80650 76620 72590 64520 56460 48390 40330 38310 36290 32260 28230 24200 20160 16130 12100 8065

0.05166 0.05391 0.05636 0.05904 0.06199 0.06526 0.06888 0.07293 0.07749 0.08266 0.08856 0.09537 0.1033 0.1127 0.1181 0.1240 0.1305 0.1378 0.1550 0.1771 0.2066 0.2480 0.2610 0.2755 0.3100 0.3542 0.4133 0.4959 0.6199 0.8266 1.240

48390 40330 23810 20000 17860 16130 14290 13510 12500 10000 8333 5556 4000

5.918·10–3 6.019·10–3 6.107·10–3 6.199·10–3 0.04769 0.04959 0.05636 0.06199 0.06888 0.07700 0.08856 0.1033 0.1240 0.1550 0.2066 0.2480 0.42 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.70 0.74 0.80 1.00 1.2 1.8 2.5

n na nc k ka Noncrystalline Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) - [Ref. 16] 0.655 0.420 0.625 0.481 0.611 0.560 0.617 0.647 0.635 0.743 0.676 0.841 0.735 0.936 0.810 1.03 0.902 1.11 1.001 1.18 1.111 1.26 1.247 1.35 1.417 1.43 1.657 1.52 1.827 1.53 2.000 1.49 2.162 1.44 2.326 1.32 2.651 0.962 2.752 0.493 2.541 0.102 2.278 4.9·10–3 2.234 1.2·10–3 2.198 2.2·10–4 2.141 2.099 2.066 2.041 2.022 2.008 1.998 Sodium Chloride (NaCl) - [Ref. 17] 2.54·10–3 2.62·10–3 2.08·10–3 1.92·10–3 0.83 0.15 0.83 0.18 0.83 0.31 0.88 0.34 0.89 0.33 0.74 0.45 0.98 0.89 1.22 0.79 1.55 0.71 1.38 1.10 1.75 1.65 1.56324 1.55157 1.54613 1.54228 1.53865 1.53728 1.53560 1.53200 1.53000 1.52712 1.52531

12-155 kc

R 0.28 0.22 0.16 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11

0.015 0.018 0.057 0.036 0.033 0.084 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.20 0.074 0.060 0.048 0.047 0.046 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.044 0.044 0.043 0.043

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-156 E/eV 0.4000 0.3263

ν /cm–1 3226 2632

λ/µ µm 3.1 3.8

n 1.52395 1.52226

0.2952 0.2755 0.2480 0.1240 0.1033 0.08856 0.07749 0.06888 0.06199 0.04959 0.04215 0.03720 0.03410 0.03286 0.03224 0.02480 0.02108 0.01984 0.01922 0.01860 0.01736 0.01612 0.01488 0.01240 0.009919 0.07439 0.04959 0.002480 0.001240 0.001033 0.0006888 0.0006199 0.0004959 0.0004797 0.0003875 0.0001464 0.00004053

2381 2222 2000 1000 833.3 714.3 625.0 555.5 500.0 400 340 300 275 265 260 200 170 160 155 150 140 130 120 100 80 60 40 20 10 8.333 5.556 5.000 4.000 3.869 3.125 1.181 0.3269

4.2 4.5 5.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 25.0 29.41 33.33 36.36 37.74 38.46 50.00 58.82 62.50 64.52 66.67 71.43 76.92 83.33 100.0 125.0 166.7 250.00 500.0 1000 1200 1800 2000 2500 2584 3200 8469 30590

1.52121 1.52036 1.51883 1.49473 1.48000 1.46188 1.4399 1.41364 1.3822 1.27 1.12 0.85 0.59 0.42 0.45 0.14 1.35 6.92 5.50 4.52 3.72 3.31 3.02 2.74 2.57 2.48 2.44 2.43 2.43

2000 1204 1016 901 798 707 597 377 201 100 61.99 41.33 31.00 24.80 17.71 13.78 12.40 9.919 8.266

6.199·10–4 1.030·10–3 1.220·10–3 1.376·10–3 1.554·10–3 1.754·10–3 2.077·10–3 9.50·10–3 6.168·10–3 1.240·10–2 2.000·10–2 3.000·10–2 4.000·10–2 5.000·10–2 7.000·10–2 9.000·10–2 0.1000 0.125 0.150

2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43

na

nc

k (1.8±0.2) ·10–9

3.5·10–3 1.7·10–2 0.85 0.22 0.50 0.45 1.99 6.03 2.14 0.87 0.380 0.219 0.135 0.110 0.087 0.077 0.055 0.041 0.024 0.006 8.8·10–3 5.4·10–3 4.4·10–3 2.1·10–3 3.3·10–3 5.8·10–4 2.5·10–4

Cubic Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) - [Ref. 18] 0.999904 1.76·10–5 0.999777 1.00·10–4 0.999838 3.61·10–5 0.999647 5.42·10–5 0.999520 8.28·10–5 0.999372 1.25·10–4 0.999160 2.19·10–4 0.99789 9.50·10–4 0.99553 4.82·10–3 0.99061 1.17·10–2 0.964 3.32·10–2 0.941 5.10·10–2 0.847 9.95·10–2 0.796 0.171 0.747 0.431 0.758 0.824 0.862 0.876 1.02 1.36 1.41 1.47

ka

kc

R 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.042 0.039 0.037 0.035 0.033 0.029 0.026 0.014 0.0032 0.18 0.084 0.26 0.22 0.89 0.87 0.59 0.49 0.41 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17

0.17 0.17 0.17

6.2·10–4

2.2·10–2 7.7·10–2 0.20 0.19 0.31 0.29

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 6.199 6.00 4.00 3.00 2.50 2.30 2.00 1.75 1.55 1.40 1.240 1.00 0.80 0.6199 0.45 0.30 0.20 0.1550 0.1240 0.100 0.09 0.07999 0.07 0.06075 0.05 0.03546 0.03472 0.02480 0.01240 0.004955 0.004339 0.003720 0.003100 0.002480 0.001860

ν /cm–1 48390 32260 24200 20160 18550 16130 14110 12500 11290 10000 8065 6452 5000 3629 2420 1613 1250 1000 806.5 725.9 645.2 564.6 490 403.3 286 280 200 100 40 35 30 25 20 15

λ/µ µm 0.200 0.2066 0.3100 0.4133 0.4959 0.5391 0.6199 0.7085 0.7999 0.8856 1.000 1.240 1.550 2.000 2.755 4.133 6.199 8.0 10.00 12.4 13.78 15.5 17.71 20.41 24.80 34.97 35.71 50.00 100.0 250.0 285.7 333.3 400.0 500.0 666.7

4.960 4.769 4.593 4.426 4.276 4.133 4.000 3.875 3.758 3.647 3.543 3.444 3.351 2.255 2.067 1.378 1.305 1.078 1.033 0.9920 0.9538 0.9185 0.8857 0.8552

40000 38462 37037 35714 34483 33333 32258 31250 30303 29412 28571 27778 27027 18182 16667 11111 10526 8696 8333 8000 7692 7407 7143 6897

0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280 0.290 0.300 0.310 0.320 0.330 0.340 0.350 0.360 0.370 0.550 0.600 0.900 0.950 1.150 1.200 1.250 1.300 1.350 1.400 1.450

n 2.32 2.24 2.70 2.54 2.42 2.3950 2.3576 2.3319 2.3146 2.3033 2.2907 2.2795 2.2706 2.2631 2.2587 2.2529 2.2443 2.2213 2.1986 2.1969 2.1793 2.1518 2.1040 2.03 1.6866 3.29 9.54 3.48 3.06 2.903 2.899 2.896 2.894 2.892 2.890

na

nc

12-157 k 1.62 1.65 0.44 4·10–2 3·10–2

ka

3.50·10–6 3.02·10–6

6.2·10–6

4.5·10–6 8.8·10–6

3.82·10–3 8.0·10–3 8.3·10–2 5.2·10–2 3.1·10–2 5.8·10–3 6.2·10–3 7.0·10–3

kc

R 0.32 0.59 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.065 0.28 0.66 0.31 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24

Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) - [Ref. 19] 0.970 0.972 0.975 0.978 0.980 0.983 0.986 0.988 0.990 0.991 0.992 0.992 0.993 0.993 0.992 0.992 0.991 0.991 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.988 0.988 0.989

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-158 E/eV 0.8267 0.8000 0.7750 0.7515 0.7294 0.7086 0.6889 0.6703 0.6526 0.6359 0.6200 0.6049 0.5905 0.5767 0.5636 0.5511 0.5487 0.5439 0.5415 0.5368 0.5345 0.5322 0.5299 0.5277 0.5232 0.5188 0.5167 0.5061 0.4960

ν /cm–1 6667 6452 6250 6061 5882 5714 5556 5405 5263 51282 5000 4878 4762 4651 4545 44444 44247 4386 4367 4329 4310 4292 4274 4255 4219 4184 4167 4082 4000

λ/µ µm 1.500 1.550 1.600 1.650 1.700 1.750 1.800 1.850 1.900 1.950 2.000 2.050 2.100 2.150 2.200 2.250 2.260 2.280 2.290 2.310 2.320 2.330 2.340 2.350 2.370 2.390 2.400 2.450 2.500

n

na

nc

References 1. Arsenic Selenide D. J. Treacy in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, E. D. Palik, Editor, Academic Press, 1985, p. 623. (Hereafter abbreviated as HOCS.) R. Zallen, R. E. Drews, R. L. Emerald, and M. L. Slade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1564 (1971) R. Zallen, M. L. Slade, and A. T. Ward, Phys. Rev. B 3, 4257 (1971). U. Strom and P. C. Taylor, Phys. Rev. B 16, 5512 (1977). G. Lucovsky, Phys. Rev. B 6, 1480 (1972). C. T. Moynihan, P. B. Macedo, M. S. Maklad, R. K. Mohr, and R. E. Howard, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 17, 369 (1975). Y. Ohmachi, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 630 (1973). 2. Arsenic Sulfide D. J. Treacy in HOCS, 1985, p. 641. P. A. Young, J. Phys. C 4, 93 (1971). W. S. Rodny, I. H. Malitson, and T. A. King, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 48, 633 (1958). R. Zallen, R.E. Drew, R. L. Emerald, and M.L. Slade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1564 (1971). M. S. Maklad, R. K. Mohr, R. E. Howard, P. B. Macedo, and C. T. Moynihan, Solid State Commun. 15, 855 (1974). P. B. Klein, P. C. Taylor, and D. J. Treacy, Phys. Rev. B16, 4511 (1977). G. Lucovsky, Phys. Rev. B 6, 1480 (1972). 3. Cadmium Telluride E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 409. D. T. F. Marple and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Lett. 8, 87 (1962). T. H. Myers, S. W. Edwards, and J. F. Schetzina, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 4231 (1981). D. T. F. Marple, Phys. Rev. 150, 728 (1966). A. N. Pikhtin and A. D. Yas’kov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 12, 622 (1978). L. S. Ladd, Infrared Phys. 6, 145 (1966). J. E. Harvey and W. L. Wolfe, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 1267 (1975).

k

ka

kc

R 0.989 0.988 0.988 0.987 0.986 0.986 0.985 0.980 0.978 0.978 0.970 0.959 0.951 0.946 0.966 0.965 0.964 0.963 0.961 0.959 0.957 0.956 0.954 0.951 0.950 0.949 0.947 0.946 0.945

Ra

Rc

A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, and H. Yoshinaga, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 593 (1967). A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, H. Oshinaga, Y. Ueda, and H. Sei, Technol. Rep. Osaka Univ. Jpn. 17, 263 (1967). J. R. Birch and D. K. Murrey, Infrared Phys. 18, 283 (1978). 4. Gallium Arsenide E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 429. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, in Proc. Intl. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 10th. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). J. B. Theeten, D. E. Aspnes, and R. P. H. Chang, J. Appl. Phys. 49, 6097 (1978). H. C. Casey, D. D. Sell, and K. W. Wecht, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 250 (1975). A. H. Kachare, W. G. Spitzer, F. K. Euler, and A. Kahan, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 2938 (1974). R. T. Holm, J. W. Gibson, and E. D. Palik, J. Appl. Phys. 48, 212 (1977). W. Cochran, S. J. Fray, F. A. Johnson, J. E. Quarrington, and N. Williams, J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 32, 2102 (1961). C. P. Christensen, R. Joiner, S. K. T. Nieh, and W. H. Steier, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 4957 (1974). R. H. Stolen, Phys. Rev. B 11, 767 (1975); Appl. Phys. Lett. 15, 74 (1969). 5. Gallium Phosphide A. Borghesi and G. Guizzetti in HOCS, 1985, p. 445. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, Proc. Intl. Conf. Phys. Semicond. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, E. E. Koch, M. Skibowski, B. Sonntag, and P. Yu. Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 659 (1970). S. E. Stokowski and D. D. Sell, Phys. Rev. B 5, 1636 (1972). S. A. Abagyan, G. A. Ivanov, Y. E. Shanurin, and V. I. Amosov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 5, 889 (1971). P. G. Dean, G. Kaminsky, and R. B. Zetterstorm, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 3551 (1967).

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). 6. Indium Antimonide R. T. Holm in HOCS, 1985, p. 491. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 10th. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Comm., Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). T. S. Moss, S. D. Smith, and T. D. F. Hawkins, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 70B, 776 (1957). H. Yoshinaga and R. A. Oetjen, Phys. Rev. 101, 526 (1956). R. B. Sanderson, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26, 803 (1965). 7. Indium Arsenide E. D. Palick and R. T. Holm in HOCS, 1985, p. 479. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). B. O. Seraphin and H. E. Bennett in Semiconductors and Semimetals (R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Eds.), vol. 3, Academic, 1967, p. 499. D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). J. R. Dixon and J. M. Ellis, Phys. Rev. 123, 1560 (1961). A. Memon, T. J. Parker, and J. R. Birch, Proc. SPIE, 289, 20 (1981). 8. Indium Phosphide O. J. Glembocki and H. Piller in HOCS, 1985, p. 503. M. Cardona, J. Appl. Phys. 32, 958 (1961); 36, 2181 (1965). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). G. D. Pettit and W. J. Turner, J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2081 (1965). R. Newman, Phys. Rev. 111, 1518 (1958). W. N. Reynolds, M. T. Lilburne, and R. M. Dell, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 71, 416 (1958). H. Jamshidi and T. J. Parker, Int. Meet. Infrared Mm. Waves, 7th., Marseilles, 1983. 9. Lead Selenide G. Bauer and H. Krenn in HOCS, 1985, p. 517. M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. A 133, 1685 (1964). T. S. Moss, Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Butterworth, 1959, p. 189. J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. A 140, 330 (1965). W. W. Scanlon, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 8, 423 (1959). K. V. Vyatkin and A. P. Shotov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 14, 785 (1980); Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 14, 1331 (1980). 10. Lead Sulfide G. Guizzetti and A. Borghesi in HOCS, 1985, p. 525. M. Cardona and R. Haensel, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2605 (1970). M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. A 133, 1685 (1964). M. Cardona, C. M. Penchina, E. E. Koch, and P. Y. Yu, Phys. Status Solidi B 53, 327 (1972). P. R. Wessel, Phys. Rev. 153, 836 (1967). C. E. Rossi and W. Paul, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 1803 (1967). J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. A 140, 330 (1965). 11. Lead Telluride G. Bauer and H. Krenn in HOCS, 1985, p. 535. M. Cardona and R. Haensel, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2605 (1970). M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. 133, A1685 (1964). D. M. Korn and R. Braunstein, Phys. Rev. B 5, 4837 (1972). W. W. Scanlon, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 8, 423 (1959). J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. 140, A330 (1965). 12. Lithium Fluoride E. D. Palik and W. R. Hunter in HOCS, 1985, p. 675. B. L. Henke, P. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. K. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. A. P. Lukirskii, E. P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Opt. Spektrosk. 16, 168 (1964); 16, 310 (1964). F. C. Brown, C. Gahwiller, A. B. Kunz, and N. O. Lipari, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 927 (1970). A. Milgram and M. P. Givens, Phys. Rev. 125, 1506 (1962). T. Tomiki and T. Miyata, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 27, 658 (1969).

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

12-159 A. Kachare, G. Andermann, and L. R. Brantley, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 33, 467 (1972). Potassium Chloride E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 703. O. Aita, I. Nagakura, and T. Sagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1414 (1971). A. P. Lukirskii, E. P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Opt. Spectrosc. 16, 168 (1964); Opt. Spektrosk. 16, 310 (1964). T. Tomika, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 22, 463 (1967). M. Antinori, A. Balzarotti, and M. Piacentini, Phys. Rev. B 7, 1541 (1973). H. H. Li, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 5, 329 (1976). S. D. Allen and J. A. Harrington, Appl. Opt. 17, 1679 (1978). K. W. Johnson and E. E. Bell, Phys. Rev. 139A, 1295 (1965). Silicon Dioxide H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 749. J. Rife and J. Osantowski, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 1513 (1980). B. L. Henke, P. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. K. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. H. R. Philipp, Solid State Commun. 4, 73 (1966); J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1935 (1971). P. L. Lamy, Appl. Opt. 16, 2212 (1977). H. R. Philipp, J. Appl. Phys. 50 1053 (1979). D. G. Drummond, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 153, 328 (1935). Silicon Monoxide H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 765. H. R. Philipp, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1935 (1971). G. Hass and C. D. Salzberg, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44, 181 (1954). E. Cremer, T. Kraus, and E. Ritter, Zs. Electrochem. 62, 939 (1958). A. P. Bradford, G. Hass, M. McFarland, and E. Ritter, Appl. Opt. 4, 971 (1965). Silicon Nitride H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 771. H. R. Philipp, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120, 295 (1973). J. B. Theeten, D. E. Aspnes, F. Simondet, M. Errman, and P. C. Mürau, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 6788 (1981). J. Bauer, Phys. Status Solidi, A 39, 411 (1977). Sodium Chloride J. E. Eldridge and E. D. Palik in HOCS, p. 775. J. A. Harrington, C. J. Duthler, F. W. Patten, and M. Hass, Solid State Commun. 18, 1043 (1976). T. Miyata and T. Tomiki, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 24, 1286 (1968); ibid., 22, 209 (1967). D. M. Roessler and W. C. Walker, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 279 (1968). D. M. Roessler and W. C. Walker, Phys. Rev. 166, 599 (1968). S. Allen and J. A. Harrington, Appl. Opt. 17, 1679 (1978). O. Aita, I. Nagakura, and T. Sagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1414 (1971). Zinc Sulfide E. D. Palik and A. Addamiano in HOCS, 1985, p. 597. B. L. Henke, P. L. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. F. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. M. Cardona and G. Harbeke, Phys. Rev. 137, A1467 (1965). Eastman Kodak, Publ. No. U-72, Rochester, New York (1981). C. A. Klein and R. N. Donadio, J. Appl. Phys. 51, 797 (1980). T. Deutsch, Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 6th Exeter 1962, p. 505. The Inst. of Physics and the Physical Soc., London, 1962. A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, and H. Yoshinaga, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 593 (1967). W. W. Piper, D. T. F. Marple, and P. D. Johnson, Phys. Rev. 110, 323 (1958). Polytetrafluoroethylene J. W. L. Thomas (NIST), Private communication. NIST Certificate, STM 2044. P. Y. Barnes, E. A. Early, and A. C. Parr, NIST Special Publ. 250-48, NIST Measurement Services: Spectral Reflectance. Diffuse Reflectance Coatings and Materials Sections, Labsphere Catalog, 1996. A. Arecchi and C. Ryder (Labsphere, North Sutten, NJ), private communication.

Elasto-optic, Electro-optic, and Magneto-optic Constants When a crystal is subjected to a stress field, an electric field, or a magnetic field, the resulting optical effects are in general dependent on the orientation of these fields with respect to the crystal axes. It is useful, therefore, to express the optical properties in terms of the refractive index ellipsoid (or indicatrix): x2 y2 z 2 + + =1 nx2 n 2y nz2

or

∑B x y



ij

ij

i

j

= 1 (i, j = 1, 2, 3)

where

1 1 Bij =   =  2   ε  ij  n  ij

ε is the dielectric constant or permeability; the quantity Bij is called impermeability. A crystal exposed to a stress S will show a change of its impermeability. The photo-elastic (or elasto-optic) constants, Pijkl, are defined by

1 1 ∆   = ∆  2  = ∑ Pijkl Skl  n  ij  ε  ij kl

where n is the refractive index and Skl are the strain tensor elements; the Pijkl are the elements of a 4th rank tensor. When a crystal is subjected to an electric field E, two possible changes of the refractive index may occur depending on the symmetry of the crystal. 1. All materials, including isotropic solids and polar liquids, show an electro-optic birefringence (Kerr effect) which is proportional to the square of the electric field, E:

1 ∆  2  = ∑ K ijkl Ek El = ∑ g ijkl pk pl  n  ij k k ,l =1, 2 ,3

where Ek and El are the components of the electric field and Pk and Pl the electric polarizations. The coefficients, Kijkl, are the quadratic electro-optic coefficients, while the constants gijkl are known as the Kerr constants. 2. The other electro-optic effect only occurs in the 20 piezoelectric crystal classes (no center of symmetry). This effect is known as the Pockels effect. The optical impermeability changes linearly with the static field



The coefficients rij,k have the name (linear) electro-optic coefficients. The values of the electro-optic coefficients depend on the boundary conditions. If the superscripts T and S denote, respectively, the conditions of zero stress (free) and zero strain (clamped) one finds: rijT = rijS + qikE e jk = rijS + PikE d jk



where ejk = (∂Tk/∂Ej)S and djk = (∂Sk/∂Ej)T are the appropriate piezoelectric coefficients. The interaction between a magnetic field and a light wave propagating in a solid or in a liquid gives rise to a rotation of the plane of polarization. This effect is known as Faraday rotation. It results from a difference in propagation velocity for left and right circular polarized light. The Faraday rotation, θF , is linearly proportional to the magnetic field H: θ F =VlH



where l is the light path length and V is the Verdet constant (minutes/oersted·cm). For ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials the magnetic field in the above expression is replaced by the magnetization M and the magneto-optic coefficient in this case is known as the Kund constant K: Specific Faraday rotation F =KM



In the tables below the Faraday rotation is listed at the saturation magnetization per unit length, together with the absorption coefficient α, the temperature T, the critical temperature TC (or TN), and the wavelength of the measurement. In the tables that follow, the properties are presented in groups:

• Elasto-optic coefficients (photoelastic constants) • Linear electro-optic coefficients (Pockels constants) • Quadratic electro-optic coefficients (Kerr constants) • Magneto-optic coefficients: • Verdet constants • Faraday rotation parameters

Within each group, materials are classified by crystal system or physical state. References are given at the end of each group of tables.

1 ∆  2  = ∑ rij ,k Ek  n  ij k

12-167

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-168

ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) Name Cubic (43m, 432, m3m) Sodium fluoride Sodium chloride Sodium bromide Sodium iodide Potassium fluoride Potassium chloride Potassium bromide Potassium iodide Rubidium chloride Rubidium bromide Rubidium iodide Lithium fluoride Lithium chloride Ammonium chloride Cadmium telluride Calcium fluoride Copper chloride Copper bromide Copper iodide Diamond Germanium Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Strontium fluoride Strontium titanate KRS-5 KRS-6 Zinc sulfide

Formula NaF NaCl NaBr NaI KF KCl KBr KI RbCl RbBr RbI LiF LiCl NH4Cl CdTe CaF2 CuCl CuBr CuI C Ge GaAs GaP SrF2 SrTiO3 Tl(Br,I) Tl(Br,Cl) ZnS

Rare Gases

λ/µm 0.633 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.546 0.633 0.589 0.590 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589 1.06 0.55–0.65 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.540–0.589 3.39 1.15 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633

Formula

Neon (T = 24.3 K) Argon (T = 82.3 K) Krypton (T = 115.6 K) Xenon (T = 160.5 K)

p12 0.20 0.159 0.184 – 0.20 0.16 0.165 0.171 0.172 0.185 0.167 0.13 – 0.245 –0.017 0.226 0.250 0.195 0.151 0.123 –0.128 –0.140 –0.082 0.269 0.095 0.149 –0.337 –0.01

p44 –0.03 –0.011 –0.0036 0.0048 –0.029 –0.025 –0.022 – –0.041 –0.034 –0.023 –0.045 –0.0177 0.042 –0.057 0.0254 –0.082 –0.083 –0.068 –0.161 –0.072 –0.072 –0.074 0.0185 0.072 –0.0725 –0.164 0.075

p11

p12

p44

p11-p12 –0.12 –0.042 –0.035 –0.0141 0.06 0.06 0.047 0.041 0.116 0.108 0.095 –0.11 –0.0407 –0.103 –0.135 –0.183 –0.130 –0.123 –0.119 –0.385 –0.023 –0.025 –0.069 –0.189 – –0.289 –0.114 0.101

Ref. 1 2 1 3 1 4 5 6 7,8 7,8 7,8 5 3 9 10 11 12 12 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18,20 19,20 15

p11-p12

Ref.

0.488 0.488 0.488 0.488

0.157 0.256 0.34 0.284

0.168 0.302 0.34 0.370

0.004 0.015 0.037 0.029

Formula Gd3Ga5O12 Y3Fe5O12 Y3Ga5O12 Y3Al5O12

λ/µm 0.514 1.15 0.633 0.633

p11 –0.086 0.025 0.091 –0.029

p12 –0.027 0.073 0.019 0.0091

p44 –0.078 0.041 0.079 –0.0615

p11-p12 –0.059 – – –0.038

Ref. 23 15 17 15

Cubic (23, m3) Barium nitrate

Formula Ba(NO3)2

λ/µm 0.589

p11

p44 –0.0205

Pb(NO3)2 NaBrO3 NaClO3 Sr(NO3)2

p13 p11–p13 = 0.713 0.20 0.213 0.20 0.316

Ref. 13

Lead nitrate Sodium bromate Sodium chlorate Strontium nitrate

p12 p11–p22 = 0.992 0.24 0.218 0.24 0.362

GGG YIG YGG YAG

Ne Ar Kr Xe

λ/µm

p11 0.08 0.115 0.148 – 0.26 0.22 0.212 0.212 0.288 0.293 0.262 0.02 – 0.142 –0.152 0.038 0.120 0.072 0.032 –0.278 –0.151 –0.165 –0.151 0.080 0.15 –0.140 –0.451 0.091

Garnets

Hexagonal (mmc, 6mm) Beryl Cadmium sulfide Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide

Formula Be3Al2Si6O18 CdS ZnO ZnS

λ/µm 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.633

0.589 0.589 0.589 0.41

–

0.162 0.185 0.162 0.178

–0.0198 –0.0139 –0.0198 –0.014

p11

p12

p13

p31

p33

0.0099 –0.142 ±0.222 –0.115

0.175 –0.066 ±0.099 0.017

0.191 –0.057 –0.111 0.025

0.313 –0.041 ±0.088 0.0271

0.023 –0.20 –0.235 –0.13

–0.011 –0.046 0 –0.086

p44 –0.152 –0.099 0.0585 –0.0627

21 22 21 22

24,25 26 26 27 Ref. 28 15,2 30 31

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants Trigonal (3m, 32, 3m) Sapphire Calcite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Cinnabar Quartz Proustite Sodium nitrite Tellurium

Formula Al2O3 CaCO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 HgS SiO2 Ag3AsS3 NaNO2 Te

Tetragonal (4/mmm, 42m, 422) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Barium titanate Cesium dihydrogen arsenate Magnesium fluoride Calomel Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate Strontium barium niobate Strontium barium niobate Tellurium oxide Rutile Tetragonal (4, ¯4, 4/m) Cadmium molybdate Lead molybdate Sodium bismuth molybdate

Orthorhombic (222, m22, mmm) Ammonium chlorate Ammonium sulfate Rochelle salt Iodic acid (α) Sulfur (α) Barite Topaz

λ/µm 0.644 0.514 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 10.6

p11 –0.23 0.062 ±0.034 –0.081

p12 –0.03 0.147 ±0.072 0.081

0.16 ±0.10

0.27 ±0.19 ±0.21 0.130

0.155

Formula ADP BaTiO3 CDA MgF2 Hg2Cl2 KDP RDA RDP Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 TeO2 TiO2

Formula λ/µm p11 0.633 0.12 CdMoO4 0.633 0.24 PbMoO4 NaBi(MoO4)2 0.633 0.243

p13 0.02 0.186 ±0.139 0.093 ±0.445 0.27 ±0.22 ±0.215 –

p12 0.10 0.24 0.205

p13 0.13 0.255 0.25

p12 0.24

p13 0.18

p21 0.23

(NH4)2SO4

0.633

0.26

0.19

±0.260

±0.230 ±0.27

NaKC4H4O6 HIO3 S BaSO4 Al2SiO4(OH,F)2

0.589 0.633 0.633 0.589 –

0.35 0.302 0.324 0.21 –0.085

0.41 0.496 0.307 0.25 0.069

0.42 0.339 0.268 0.16 0.052

0.37 0.263 0.272 0.34 0.095

λ/µm 0.589

p11 = 0.313 p12 = 0.251 p13 = 0.270 p15 = –0.10 p21 = 0.281 p22 = 0.252 p23 = 0.272

–0.030

0.29 ±0.24 ±0.25 –

–

p13 0.169 – 0.200 – ±0.256 0.174 0.200 0.218 0.08 0.17 0.340 –0.139

p16 – 0.017 –

λ/µm p11 0.633 –

Formula C2H7NO3S

p31 –0.04 0.241 ±0.178 0.089

±0.027 –

Formula NH4ClO3

Monoclinic (2, m, 2/m) Taurine

p14 0.00 –0.011 ±0.066 –0.026

p12 0.277 – 0.225 – ±0.440 0.282 0.239 0.240 0.10 0.08 0.187 0.143

p11 0.319 0.425 0.267 – ±0.551 0.287 0.227 0.273 0.16 0.06 0.0074 0.017

λ/µm 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.546 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633

12-169

p22

0.28 0.412 0.301 0.24 –0.120

p23 0.20

p31 0.11 0.175 0.21

p31 0.197 – 0.195 – ±0.137 0.241 0.205 0.210 0.11 0.09 0.090 –0.080

p33 0.18 0.300 0.29

p41 0.01 –0.036 ±0.154 –0.085 – –0.047 – 0.055 –

p33 0.167 – 0.227 – ±0.010 0.122 0.182 0.208 0.47 0.23 0.240 –0.057

p44 – 0.067 –

p44 –0.10 –0.058 ±0.300 0.028 – –0.079 – –0.06 –

p44 –0.058 – – ±0.0776 – –0.019 – – – – –0.17 –0.009

p45 – –0.01 –

p61 – 0.013 –

p66 –0.091 – – ±0.0488 ±0.047 –0.064 – – – – –0.046 –0.060

p66 – 0.05 –

Ref. 15,32 33 15,34 15,35 36 37 38 39 15

Ref. 40 41 42 43 44 45 41 41 46 46 47 48

Ref. 49 52 –

p32 0.18

p33 ±0.02

p44 p55 <±0.02 –

±0.254 0.20

±0.26

0.26

0.015

±0.0015 0.012

52

0.34 0.304 0.310 0.19 0.065

0.35 0.345 0.232 0.22 0.085

0.36 0.336 0.270 0.31 –0.083

–0.030 0.084 0.143 0.002 –0.095

0.0046 –0.030 0.019 –0.012 –0.031

53 54 54 55 28

p25 = –0.0025 p31 = 0.362 p32 = 0.275 p33 = 0.308 p35 = –0.003 p44 = 0.0025 p46 = –0.0056

p31 0.19

p33 –0.20 0.139 ±0.060 –0.044 ±0.115 0.10 ±0.20

0.36 0.251 0.203 0.28 0.095

p51 = –0.014 p52 = 0.006 p53 = 0.0048 p55 = 0.047 p64 = 0.0024 p66 = 0.0028

p66 ±0.04

–0.025 0.098 0.118 0.037 0.098

Ref. 51

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-170 Isotropic Fused silica Water Polystyrene Lucite Orpiment Tellurium oxide Laser glasses

Dense flint glasses (examples)

Formula SiO2 H2O As2S3-glass TeO2-glass LGS-247-2 LGS-250-3 LGS-1 KGSS-1621 LaSF SF4 U10502 TaFd7

λ/µm 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 1.15 0.633 0.488

0.633

p11 0.121 ±0.31 ±0.30 ±0.30 0.308 0.257 ±0.168 ±0.135 ±0.214 ±0.205 0.088 0.215 0.172 0.099

p12 0.270 ±0.31 ±0.31 0.28 0.299 0.241 ±0.230 ±0.198 ±0.250 ±0.239 0.147 0.243 0.179 0.138

References A. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 290–293. B. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Volume IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986, pp. 324–331. 1. Petterson, H. E., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 63, 1243, 1973. 2. Burstein, E. and Smith, P. L., Phys. Rev., 74, 229, 1948. 3. Pakhnev, A. V., et al., Sov. Phys. J. (transl.), 18, 1662, 1975. 4. Feldman, A., Horovitz, D., and Waxler, R. M., Appl. Opt., 16, 2925, 1977. 5. Iyengar, K. S., Nature (London), 176, 1119, 1955. 6. Bansigir, K. G. and Iyengar, K. S., Acta Crystallogr., 14, 727, 1961. 7. Pakhev, A. V., et al., Sov. Phys. J. (transl.), 20, 648, 1975. 8. Bansigir, K. G., Acta Crystallogr., 23, 505, 1967. 9. Krishna Rao, K. V. and Krishna Murty, V. G., Ind. J. Phys., 41, 150, 1967. 10. Weil, R. and Sun, M. J., Proc. Int. Symp. CdTe (Detectors), Strasbourg Centre de Rech. Nucl., 1971, XIX-1 to 6, 1972. 11. Schmidt, E. D. D. and Vedam, K., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 1563, 1966. 12. Biegelsen, D. K., et al., Phys. Rev. B, 14, 3578, 1976. 13. Helwege, K. H., Landolt-Börnstein, New Series Group III, Vol. II, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979. 14. Feldman, A., Waxler, R. M., and Horovitz, D., J. Appl. Phys., 49, 2589, 1978. 15. Dixon, R. W., J. Appl. Phys., 38, 5149, 1967. 16. Shabin, O. V., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 13, 3141, 1972. 17. Reintjes, J. and Schultz, M. B., J. Appl. Phys., 39, 5254, 1968. 18. Rivoallan, L. and Favre, F., Opt. Commun., 8, 404, 1973. 19. Rivoallan, L. and Favre, F., Opt. Commun., 11, 296, 1974. 20. Afanasev, I. I., et al., Sov. J. Opt. Technol., 46, 663, 1979. 21. Rand, S. C., et al., Phys. Rev. B, 19, 4205, 1979. 22. Sipe, J. E., Can J. Phys., 56, 199, 1978. 23. Christyi, I. L., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 17, 922, 1975. 24. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Curr. Sci. (India), 23, 149, 1954. 25. Smith, T. M. and Korpel, A., IEEE J. Quant. Electron., QE-1, 283, 1965.

p44 –0.075

0.0045 0.0079

–0.030 –0.014 –0.004 –0.020

Ref. 15 15 25 25 15 56 57

58

26. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., A40, 164, 1954. 27. Rabman, A., Bhagarantam Commem. Vol., Bangalore Print. and Publ., 173, 1969. 28. Eppendahl, R., Ann. Phys. (IV), 61, 591, 1920. 29. Laurenti, J. P. and Rouzeyre, M., J. Appl. Phys., 52, 6484, 1981. 30. Sasaki, H., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 47, 2046, 1976. 31. Uchida, N. and Saito, S., J. Appl. Phys., 43, 971, 1972. 32. Waxler, R. M. and Farabaugh, E. M., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., A74, 215, 1970. 33. Nelson, D. F., Lazay, P. D., and Lax, M., Phys. Rev., B6, 3109, 1972. 34. O’Brien, R. J., Rosasco, G. J., and Weber, A., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60, 716, 1970. 35. Avakyants, L. P., et al., Sov. Phys., 18, 1242, 1976. 36. Sapriel, J., Appl. Phys. Lett., 19, 533, 1971. 37. Narasimhamurty, T. S., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 59, 682, 1969. 38. Zubrinov, I. I., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 15, 1921, 1974. 39. Kachalov, O. V. and Shpilko, I. O., Sov. Phys. JETP (transl.), 35, 957, 1972. 40. Narasimhamurty, T. S., et al., J. Mater. Sci., 8, 577, 1973. 41. Tada, K. and Kikuchi, K., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 19, 1311, 1980. 42. Aleksandrov, K. S., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 19, 1090, 1977. 43. Afanasev, I. I., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 17, 2006, 1975. 44. Silvestrova, I. M., et al., Sov. Phys. Cryst. (transl.), 20, 649, 1975. 45. Veerabhadra Rao, K. and Narasimhamurty, T. S., J. Mater. Sci., 10, 1019, 1975. 46. Venturini, E. L., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 1622, 1969. 47. Vehida, N. and Ohmachi, Y., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 4692, 1969. 48. Grimsditch, M. H. and Ramdus, A. K., Phys. Rev. B, 22, 4094, 1980. 49. Schinke, D. P. and Viehman,W., unpublished data. 50. Coquin, G. A., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 42, 2162, 1971. 51. Vasquez, F., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 37, 451, 1976. 52. Luspin, Y. and Hauret, G., C.R.Ac. Sci. Paris, B274, 995, 1972. 53. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Phys. Rev., 186, 945, 1969. 54. Haussühl, S. and Weber, H. J., Z. Kristall., 132, 266, 1970. 55. Vedam, K., Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., A34, 161, 1951. 56. Yano, T., Fukumoto, A., and Watanabe, A., J. Appl. Phys., 42, 3674, 1971. 57. Manenkov, A. A. and Ritus, A. I., Sov. J. Quant. Electr., 8, 78, 1978. 58. Eschler, H. and Weidinger, F., J. Appl. Phys., 46, 65, 1975.

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-171

LINEAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS Name Cubic (¯43m) Cuprous bromide Cuprous chloride Cuprous iodide Eulytite (BSO) Germanium eulytite (BGO) Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Hexamethylenetetramine Sphalerite Zinc selenide Zinc telluride Cadmium telluride

Cubic (23) Ammonium chloride (77 K) Ammonium cadmium langbeinite Ammonium manganese langbeinite Thallium cadmium langbeinite Potassium magnesium langbeinite Bismuth monogermanate Bismuth monosilicate Sodium chlorate Sodium uranyl acetate Trenhydrobromide Trenhydrochloride

Formula CuBr CuCl CuI Bi4Si3O12 Bi4Ge3O12 GaAs GaP C6H12N4 ZnS ZnSe ZnTe CdTe

Formula

Tetragonal (4mm) Barium titanate Potassium lithium niobate Lead titanate Strontium barium niobate (SBN75) Strontium barium niobate (SBN46)

Formula NH4H2PO4 NH4D2PO4 NH4H2AsO4 CsH2AsO4 CsD2AsO4 KH2PO4 KD2PO4 KH2AsO4 KD2AsO4 RbH2PO4 RbH2AsO4 RbD2AsO4

– 0.546 0.546 0.546 0.546 – – 0.589 0.546 – – Ttran K 148 242 – 143 212 123 222 97 162 147 110 178

r41 pm/V 24.5 – – – – 8.6 8.8 12.5 – – – –

r63 pm/V –8.5 11.9 9.2 18.6 36.6 –10.5 23.8 10.9 18.2 15.5 13.0 21.4

Ttran

r13

r33

r51

K

pm/V

pm/V

pm/V

Formula BaTiO3 K3Li2Nb5O15 PbTiO3 Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 Sr0.46Ba0.54Nb2O6

r41 pm/V 1.5 0.70 0.53 0.37 0.40 3.3 3.3 0.4 0.87 1.5 1.7

λ/µm

NH4Cl (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 (NH4)2Mn2(SO4)3 Tl2Cd2(SO4)3 K2Mg2(SO4)3 Bi12GeO20 Bi12SiO20 NaClO3 NaUO2(CH3COO)3 N(CH2CH2NH2)3 3HBr N(CH2CH2NH2)3 3HCl

Tetragonal (¯42m) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) Ammonium dideuterium phosphate (AD*P) Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA) Cesium dihydrogen arsenate (CsDA) Cesium dideuterium arsenate (CsD*A) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) Potassium dideuterium phosphate (KD*P) Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA) Potassium dideuterium arsenate (KD*A) Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate (RDA) Rubidium dideuterium arsenate (RD*A)

r41 pm/V 0.85 3.6 –5.0 0.54 1.0 1.6 –1.07 0.78 2.1 2.0 4.2 6.8

λ/µm 0.525 0.633 0.55 0.63 0.63 10.6 0.56 0.633 0.65 0.546 3.41 3.39

406 693 765 330 602

8 8.9 13.8 6.7 ~180

28 5.9 5.9 1340 35

– – – 42 –

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-172

Hexagonal (6mm) Greenockite Greenockite (const. strain) Wurzite Zincite

Formula CdS CdS ZnS ZnO

Hexagonal (6) Lithium iodate Lithium potassium sulfate

Trigonal (3m) Cesium nitrate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Lithium sodium sulfate Tourmaline

Formula LiIO3 LiKSO4

Formula CsNO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 LiNaSO4 –

Trigonal (32) Cesium tartrate Cinnabar Potassium dithionate Strontium dithionate Quartz Selenium

Orthorhombic (222) Ammonium oxalate Rochelle salt

Orthorhombic (mm2) Barium sodium niobate (BSN) Potassium niobate

r13 pm/V

3.1 1.1 0.9 –1.4

r13 pm/V

4.1 r13–r33 = 1.6

Ttran K 425 1483 890 – –

Formula (NH4)2C2O4·4H2O KNaC4H4O6·4H2O

Monoclinic (2) Calcium pyroniobate Triglycine sulfate (TGS)

2.9 2.4 1.8 +2.6

r33 pm/V 6.4 –

r42 pm/V 1.4 –

r33 pm/V – 30.8 30.5 – –

Ttran K – 659 – – 1140 398

r11 pm/V 1.0 3.1 0.26 0.1 –0.47 2.5

r41 pm/V – 1.5 – – 0.2

r41 pm/V 230 –2.0

r52 pm/V 330 –1.7

– 8.6 8.4 – –

Ttran K

r23 pm/V 13 1.3

r13 pm/V 15 28

Formula

Ca2Nb2O7 (NH2CH2COOH)3·H2SO4

Ttrans K

– 322

r42 pm/V – 28 – – –

r63 pm/V 250 +0.32

r33 pm/V 48 64

r22 pm/V 0.33 7.2

r51 pm/V 3.7 – – –

r51 pm/V 3.3 –

r22 pm/V 0.43 7.0 – <0.02 0.3

– Tu = 297 Tl = 255

Ttrans K 833 476

2.0 – – –

r42 pm/V

r13 pm/V

Formula Cs2C4H4O6 HgS K2S2O6 SrS2O6·4H2O SiO2 Se

Formula Ba2NaNbO15 KNbO3

r33 pm/V

r42 pm/V 92 380

r32 pm/V 13.7 13.6

References 1. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 405–407. 2. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986, pp. 258–278.

r51 pm/V 90 105

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-173

QUADRATIC ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS Kerr Constants of Ferroelectric Crystals1,2 Name Barium titanate Strontium titanate Potassium tantalate niobate Potassium tantalate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Barium sodium niobate (BSN)

Formula BaTiO3 SrTiO3 KTa0.65Nb0.35O3 KTaO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 Ba0.8Na0.4Nb2O6

Ttran K 406 – 330 13 1483 938 833

λ µm 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 – – –

g11 1010 esu 1.33 – 1.50 – 0.94 1.0 1.55

g12 1010 esu –0.11 – –0.42 – 0.25 0.17 0.44

g11–g12 1010 esu 1.44 1.56 1.92 1.77 0.7 0.8 1.11

g44 1010 esu – 1.63 1.33 0.6 0.7

Kerr Constants of Selected Liquids2 K is the Kerr constant at a wavelength of 589 nm and at room temperature; ε is the static dielectric constant; tm is the melting point; and tb is the normal boiling point Name Carbon disulfide Acetone Methyl ethyl ketone Pyridine Ethyl cyanoacetate o-Dichlorobenzene Benzenesulfonyl chloride Nitrobenzene Ethyl 3-aminocrotonate Paraldehyde

Molecular formula CS2 C3H6O C4H8O C5H5N C5H7NO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H5ClO2S C6H5NO2 C6H11NO2 C6H12O3

K 10–7 esu +3.23 +16.3 +13.6 +20.4 +38.8 +42.6 +89.9 +326 +31.0 –23.0

Benzaldehyde

C7H6O

+80.8

p-Chlorotoluene o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Benzyl alcohol

C7H7Cl C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8O

+23.0 +174 +177 +222 –15.4

m-Cresol

C7H8O

+21.2

m-Chloroacetophenone Acetophenone

C8H7ClO C8H8O

+69.1 +66.6

Quinoline Ethyl salicylate Carvone Ethyl benzoylacetate Water

C9H7N C9H10O3 C10H14O C11H12O3 H2O

+15.0 +19.6 +23.6 +16.0 +4.0

a

Dielectric constant at radio frequencies (108–109 Hz).

ε

2.63 21.0 18.56 13.26 31.6 10.12 28.90 35.6 – 14.7 12.0a 17.85 14.1a 6.25 26.26 24.95 22.2 11.92 10.8a 12.44 5.0a 17.44 15.8a 9.16 8.48 11.2 13.50 80.10

tm °C –111.5 –94.8 –86.67 –42 –22.5 –16.7 +14.5 +5.7 +33.9 +12.6

tb °C +46.3 +56.1 +79.6 +115.23 205 180 247 210.8 210 124

–26

179.05

+7.5 –10 +15.5 +51.6 –15.3

162.4 222.3 232 238.3 205.8

+11.8

202.27

+19.7

202.3

–14.78 +1.3 <0 <0 0.00

237.16 231.5 230 270 100.0

References 1. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981, p. 408. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., AIP Handbook of Physics, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 6–241.

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-174

MAGNETO–OPTIC CONSTANTS Verdet Constants of Non-Magnetic Crystals1 V is the Verdet constant; n is the refractive index; and λ is the wavelength. “min” is minutes of angle. Material Al2O3 BaTaO3

Bi4Ge3O12 C (diamond) CaCO3 CaF2 Cd0.55Mn0.45Te CuCl GaSe KAl(SO4)2·12H2O KBr KCl KI KTaO3

LaF3 (H∥c)

MgAl2O4 NH4AlSO4·12H2O NH4Br NH4Cl NaBr NaCl NaClO3 NiSO4·6H2O SiO2 SrTiO3

ZnS ZnSe

T K 300 300 403 403 403 403 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 298 300 300 300 300 300 300 296 296 296 296 296 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 297 297 300 300 298 298 298 298 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

λ nm 546.1 589.3 427 496 620 826 442 632.8 1064 589.3 589.3 589.3 632.8 546.1 632.8 589.3 546.1 589.3 589.3 546.1 589.3 352 413 496 620 826 325 442 632.8 1064 589.3 589.3 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 413 496 620 826 546.1 589.3 476 496 514 587 632.8

n 1.771 1.768

2.077 2.048 2.031 2.417 1.658 1.434 1.93 1.456 1.564 1.560 1.490 1.673 1.666

1.639 1.615 1.601 1.592 1.718 1.459 1.711 1.643

1.544 1.515 1.511 1.546 1.544 2.627

2.368 2.826 2.759 2.721 2.627 2.592

V min/Oe cm 0.0240 0.0210 0.95 0.38 0.18 0.072 0.289 0.099 0.026 0.0233 0.019 0.0088 6.87 0.20 0.80 0.0124 0.0500 0.0425 0.0275 0.083 0.070 0.44 0.19 0.096 0.051 0.022 0.054 0.028 0.012 0.006 0.021 0.0128 0.0504 0.0410 0.0362 0.0621 0.0410 0.0345 0.0105 0.0081 0.0256 0.0221 0.0195 0.0166 0.78 0.31 0.14 0.066 0.287 0.226 1.50 1.04 0.839 0.529 0.406

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-175

Verdet Constants of Rare-Earth Aluminum Garnets at Various Wavelengths1 The absorption coefficient α for these materials ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 cm–1 at 300 K. Material Tb2Al5O12

Dy3Al5O12 Ho3Al5O12 Er3Al5O12 Tm3Al5O12 Yb3Al5O12

T/K 300 77 4.2 1.45 300 300 300 300 298 77

λ = 405 nm –2.266

–1.241 –0.709 –0.189 +0.151 0.287 0.718

450 nm –1.565 –102.16

480 nm –1.290 –83.45

–200.95 –0.942 –0.320 –0.240 +0.103 0.215 0.540

–172.52 –0.803 –0.260 –0.154 +0.093 0.186 0.481

Verdet Constants for KDP-Type Crystals1

Measurements refer to T = 298 K and λ = 632.8 nm, with k ∥ [001]. V Material min/Oe cm KH2PO4 (KDP) KH0.3D1.7PO4 (KD*P) NH4H2PO4 (ADP) KH2AsO4 (KDA) KH0.1D1.9AsO4 (KD*A) NH4H2AsO4 (ADH)

0.0124 0.145 0.138 0.238 0.245 0.244

V in min/Oe cm 520 nm 546 nm –1.039 –0.912 –3.425 –3.051 –64.80 –58.35 –139.28 –125.07 –0.667 –0.592 –0.335 –0.304 –0.162 –0.157 0.076 0.069 0.140 0.133 0.393 0.342

578 nm –0.787 –2.603 –53.77 –111.27 –0.518 –0.299 –0.145 +0.059 0.116 0.302

635 nm –0.620 –2.008 48.39 97.47 –0.411 –0.105 +0.048 0.094 0.239

Verdet Constants of Gases2

670 nm –0.542 –1.815 –45.15 –93.42 –0.359 –0.206 –0.089

Values refer to T = 0 °C and P = 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg); nD is the refractive index at a wavelength of 589 nm. 106 × V 3 min/Oe cm Gas (nD – 1) × 10 He 0.036 +0.40 Ar 2.81 +9.36 +6.29 H2 0.297 +6.46 N2 0.272 +5.69 O2 Air 0.293 +6.27 0.773 +31.9 Cl2 HCl 0.447 +21.5 0.63 +41.5 H2S 0.376 +19.0 NH3 CO 0.34 +11.0 0.45 +9.39 CO2 NO 0.297 –58 CH4 0.444 +17.4 +44.0 n-C4H10

Verdet Constants of Liquids2

nD is the refractive index at a wavelength of 589 nm and a temperature of 20 °C, unless otherwise indicated. V is the Verdet constant. 102 × V Liquid λ/nm t/°C min/Oe cm nD P 589 33 +13.3 S 589 114 +8.1 1.929 (110 °C) 589 20 +1.309 1.3328 H2O 589 19.7 +1.257 1.3384 D2O 578 97.4 +1.35 H3PO4 589 20 +4.255 1.6255 CS2 578–589 25.1 +1.60 1.463 (15 °C) CCl4 578 18 +7.45 1.601 (14 °C) SbCl5 578 17 –1.65 1.61 TiCl4 578 46 –5.3 TiBr4 Methanol 589 18.7 +0.958 1.3289 Acetone 578–589 20.0 +1.116 1.3585 Toluene 578–589 15.0 +2.71 1.4950 Benzene 578–589 15.0 +3.00 1.5005 Chlorobenzene 589 15 +2.92 1.5246 Nitrobenzene 589 15 +2.17 1.5523 Bromoform 589 17.9 +3.13 1.5960

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-176

Verdet Constants of Rare-Earth Paramagnetic Crystals1 n is the refractive index, and V is the Verdet constant at the wavelength and temperature indicated. Rare Earth Ce3+(30%)

CaF2

Ce3+

CeF3

Pr3+(5%)

CaF2

Nd3+(2.9%) Nd3+

CaF2 NdF3

Eu3+(3%)

CaF2

Eu2+

EuF2

Tb3+

KTb3F10

Tb3+

LiTbF4

Tb3+

Tb3Ga5O12

Host

T/K 300 300 300 300 300 300 77 300 300 300 300 300 300 4.2 300 290 77 300 4.2 4.2 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 77 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

λ/nm 325 442 633 1064 442 633 633 1064 266 325 442 633 1064 426 442 633 633 1064 430 440 450 500 550 600 650 1064 325 442 633 633 1064 325 442 633 1064 500 570 633 830 1060

n 1.516 1.502 1.494 1.489 1.613 1.598 1.589 1.471 1.461 1.451 1.445 1.441 1.60 1.59 1.58

1.531 1.518 1.510 1.505 1.493 1.481 1.473 1.469 1.989 1.981 1.976 1.967 1.954

V min/Oe cm –0.956 –0.297 –0.111 –0.035 –1.05 –0.406 –1.418 –0.113 –0.172 –0.0818 –0.0089 –0.0168 –0.0045 –0.19 –0.553 –0.209 –0.755 –0.097 29 22 –4.5 –2.6 –1.6 –1.1 –0.8 –0.19 –2.174 –0.933 –0.386 –1.94 –0.114 –1.9 –0.98 –0.44 –0.13 –0.749 –0.581 –0.461 –0.21 –0.12

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-177

Verdet Constants of Paramagnetic Glasses1

The Verdet constant V is given at room temperature for the wavelengths indicated. Rare-earth phosphate glasses of composition R2O3·xP2O5, where x is given in the second column Verdet constant V in min/Oe cm λ = 405 λ = 436 λ = 480 λ = 500 λ = 520 λ= 546 λ= 578 R x nm nm nm nm nm nm nm La 0.037 0.030 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.015 Ce 2.67 –0.672 0.510 –0.366 –0.326 –0.287 –0.253 –0.217 Pr 3.09 –0.447 –0.332 –0.283 –0.261 –0.236 –0.208 –0.182 Nd 2.92 –0.250 –0.209 –0.167 –0.155 –0.136 –0.134 –0.094 Sm 2.87 0.026 0.024 0.020 0.020 0.017 0.015 0.014 Eu 2.93 –0.025 –0.017 –0.010 –0.006 –0.006 –0.005 –0.004 Gd 3.01 0.018 0.015 0.014 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.011 Tb 2.94 –0.560 –0.458 –0.357 –0.323 –0.295 –0.261 –0.226 Dy 2.51 –0.540 –0.453 –0.359 –0.331 –0.301 0.268 –0.237 Ho 2.94 –0.299 –0.313 –0.156 –0.153 –0.138 –0.138 –0.119 Er 3.01 –0.139 –0.121 –0.100 –0.111 –0.095 –0.062 –0.060 Tm 2.79 0.019 0.013 0.012 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.005 Yb 3.01 0.087 0.072 0.056 0.050 0.045 0.041 0.036

λ= 600 nm –0.014 –0.197 –0.170 –0.080 0.012 –0.003 0.010 –0.206 –0.217 –0.110 –0.057 0.004 0.032

λ= 635 nm 0.013 –0.173 –0.150 –0.080 0.011 –0.002 0.009 –0.190 –0.197 –0.098 –0.051 0.004 0.029

λ= 670 nm – –0.150 –0.132 –0.071 0.010 –0.002 0.009 –0.164 –0.173 –0.084 –0.044 0.007 0.024

0.018 –0.146 –0.059 0.016 –0.016 0.017 –0.186 –0.177 –0.096 –0.040 0.021 0.043 –0.348 –0.332 –0.317

0.016 –0.128 –0.056 0.014 0.014 0.015 –0.167 –0.159 – –0.035 0.018 0.037 –0.306 –0.290 –0.271

0.014 –0.110 –0.046 0.012 –0.012 0.013 –0.142 –0.138 –0.074 –0.034 0.016 0.033 –0.265 –0.252 –0.243

The following are rare-earth borate glasses with composition:   for La and Pr: R2O3·xP2O5; for Tb–Pr and Dy–Pr: R2O3·xB2O3; and for other elements: R2O3·0.85La3O3·xB2O3. La Pr-La Nd-La Sm-La Eu-La Gd-La Tb-La Dy-La Ho-La Er-La Tm-La Yb-La Tb-Pr Dy-Pr Pr

3.04 5.44 5.41 4.97 4.69 4.71 4.73 4.88 4.36 4.50 4.75 8.58 4.99 4.63 2.56

0.043 –0.380 –0.180 0.032 –0.081 0.032 –0.512 –0.436 –0.269 –0.093 0.060 0.115 –0.940 –0.850 –0.843

0.036 –0.307 –0.147 0.030 –0.060 0.026 –0.419 –0.361 –0.252 –0.078 0.046 0.094 –0.786 – –0.646

0.029 –0.230 –0.120 0.025 –0.038 0.024 –0.319 –0.299 –0.123 –0.068 0.039 0.073 –0.560 – –0.471

0.026 –0.220 –0.111 0.024 –0.033 0.022 –0.288 –0.273 –0.131 –0.082 0.034 0.066 –0.536 –0.497 –0.480

0.023 –0.201 –0.096 0.022 –0.029 0.021 –0.262 –0.246 –0.112 – 0.031 0.060 –0.489 –0.465 –0.432

0.022 –0.178 –0.094 0.019 –0.024 0.020 –0.234 –0.220 –0.128 –0.045 0.026 0.054 –0.436 –0.413 –0.390

0.019 –0.153 –0.100 0.017 0.019 0.018 –0.205 –0.193 –0.104 –0.042 0.023 0.046 –0.380 –0.358 –0.334

Verdet Constants of Diamagnetic Glasses1

The Verdet constant V is given at room temperature for the wavelengths indicated. Verdet constant V in min/Oe cm Glass type Composition (wt. %) λ = 325 nm λ = 442 nm λ = 633 nm 100% SiO2 0.013 SiO2 100% B2O3 0.010 B2O3 0.079 0.033 0.022 CdO 47.5% CdO, 52.5% P2O5 0.072 0.044 0.020 ZnO 36.4% ZnO, 63.6% P2O5 88.9% TeO2, 11.1% P2O5 0.196 0.076 TeO2 63.1% ZrF4, 14.9% BaF2, 0.011 ZrF4 7.2% LaF3, 1.9% AlF3, 9.1% PbF2, 3.8% LiF

λ = 1064 nm

0.022

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-178

Bi2O3 PbO

Tl2O SnO TeO3

Sb2O3

95% Bi2O3, 5% B2O3 95% PbO, 5% B2O3 82% PbO, 18% SiO2 50% PbO, 15% K2O, 35% SiO2 95% Tl2O, 5% B2O3 82% Tl2O, 18% SiO2 50% Tl2O, 15% K2O, 35% SiO2 76% SnO, 13% B2O3, 11% SiO2 75% TeO2, 25% Sb2O3 80% TeO2, 20% ZnCl2 84% TeO2, 16% BaO 70% TeO2, 30% WO3 20% TeO2, 80% PbO 25% Sb2O3, 75% TeO2 75% Sb2O3, 75% Cs2O, 5% Al2O3 75% Sb2O3, 10% Cs2O, 10% Rb2O, 5% Al2O3

λ = 700 nm 0.086 0.093 0.077 0.032 0.092 0.100 0.036 0.071 0.076 0.073 0.056 0.052 0.128 0.076 0.074 0.078

λ = 853 nm 0.051 0.061 0.045 0.020 0.061 0.067 0.022 0.046 0.052 0.046 0.041 0.035 0.075 0.050 0.044 0.052

λ = 1060 nm 0.033 0.031 0.027 0.011 0.032 0.043 0.012 0.026 0.032 0.025 0.029 0.022 0.048 0.032 0.025 0.030

Verdet Constants of Commercial Glasses1

This table gives the density, ρ, refractive index at 589 nm, nD, and Verdet constant, V, for the wavelengths indicated; the data refer to room temperature. V in min/Oe cm Glass ρ nD λ = 365.0 nm λ = 404.7 nm λ = 435.8 nm λ = 546.1 nm λ = 578.0 nm type g/cm3 BSC 2.49 1.5096 0.0499 0.0392 0.0333 0.02034 0.01798 HC 2.53 1.5189 0.0561 0.0440 0.0372 0.0225 0.01995 LBC 2.87 1.5406 0.0609 0.0477 0.0403 0.0245 0.0216 LF 3.23 1.5785 0.1143 0.0850 0.0693 0.0394 0.0344 BLF 3.48 1.6047 0.1112 0.0832 0.0685 0.0393 0.0344 DBC 3.56 1.6122 0.0662 0.0517 0.0435 0.0261 0.0231 DF 3.63 1.6203 0.1473 0.1076 0.0872 0.0485 0.0423 EDF 3.9 1.6533 0.1725 0.1248 0.1007 0.0556 0.0483 The composition of the glasses in weight percent is: Glass type BSC HC LBC LF BLF DBC DF EDF

SiO2 69.6 72.0 57.1 52.5 45.2 36.2 46.3 40.6

B2O3 6.7 – 1.8 – – 7.7 – –

K2O 20.5 10.1 13.7 9.5 7.8 0.2 1.1 7.5

CaO 2.9 11.4 0.3 0.3 – 0.2 0.3 0.2

Al2O3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 – 3.5 0.2 0.2

As2O3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.2

Na2O – 6.1 – – – – 5.0 0.1

BaO – – 26.9 – 16.0 44.6 – –

References 1. Weber, M. J., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1988, pp. 299–310. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 6–230.

ZnO – – – – 8.3 6.7 – –

PbO – – – 37.6 22.2 – 47.0 51.5

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-179

Faraday Rotation

Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Solids Tc

4 π Ms

F

α

2 F/α

T

λ

Material

K

gauss

deg/cm

cm

deg

K

nm

Fe

1043

21,800

Co

1390

18,200

Ni

633

6,400

Permalloy (Ni/Fe = 82/18) Ni/Fe = 100/0 Ni/Fe = 80/20 Ni/Fe = 60/40 Ni/Fe = 40/60 Ni/Fe = 20/80 Ni/Fe = 0/100 MnBi

803

10,700

4.4 × 105 6.5 × 105 7 × 105 7 × 105 2.9 × 105 5.5 × 105 5.5 × 105 5.5 × 105 0.8 × 105 2.6 × 105 1.5 × 105 1 × 105 1.2 × 105

6.5 × 105 5.0 × 105 4.2 × 105 3.5 × 105 – 6.1 × 105 4.5 × 105 3.6 × 105 – 5.8 × 105 4.8 × 105 4.1 × 105 6 × 105

1.4 2.6 3.3 4.0 – 1.8 2.4 2.7 – 0.9 0.6 0.25 0.4

300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

500 1000 1500 2000 500 1000 1500 2000 500 1000 1500 2000 500

MnAs

313

–

CrTe

334

1015

FeRh Y3Fe5O12 (YIG)

333 560

– 2500

1.2 × 105 2.2 × 105 2.9 × 105 2.2 × 105 3.3 × 105 3.5 × 105 4.2 × 105 7.5 × 105 0.44 × 105 0.62 × 105 0.5 × 105 0.4 × 105 0.9 × 105 2400 1250 750 175

7.05 × 105 7.10 × 105 7.54 × 105 8.17 × 105 8.10 × 105 8.13 × 105 6.1 × 105 4.2 × 105 5.0 × 105 4.4 × 105 2.0 × 105 1.2 × 105 3.3 × 105 1500 1400 450 <0.06

0.34 0.62 0.77 0.54 0.81 0.86 1.4 3.6 0.174 0.28 0.5 0.7 0.56 3.2 1.8 3.3 >3 × 103

300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 348 300 300 300 300

Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG)

Tn = 564 T = 286

7300

NiFe2O4

858

3350

CoFe2O4

793

4930

MgFe2O4

593-713e

1450e

Li0.5Fe2.5O4

863–953e

3240e to 3900

BaFe12O19

723

–

Ba2Zn2Fe12O19

–

–

–2000 –1050 –300 –80 2.0 × 104 –1.0 × 104 –120 +75 +110 2.75 × 104 3.6 × 104 –2.5 × 104 –60 0 +35 –440 +10 +110 +135 –50 +75 +150 +165 90

6000 900 100 70 5.9 × 104 10 × 104 38 15 32 12 × 104 17 × 104 6 × 104 100 12 6 150 85 44 80 –38 20 20 22 120

0.6 2.3 6.0 2.3 0.7 0.2 6 10 7 0.5 0.4 0.8 1 0 11 6 0.2 5 3 3 7.5 15 15 1.5

300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 450 900 500 900 550 900 700 555 625 770 5000 to 1500 500 600 800 1000 286 500 1500 3000 5000 286 400 660 2500 4000 6000 1500 3000 5000 7000 2000 3000 5000 7000 5000

639

6,000 10,800 14,900 14,400 19,400 21,600 7,700

–1

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-180 Tc

4 π Ms

F

α

2 F/α

T

λ

Material

K

gauss

deg/cm

cm–1

deg

K

nm

RbNiF3

220

1250

RbNi0.75Co0.25F3 RbFeF3

109 102

– –

FeF3

365

CrCl3

16.8

40 at 300 K 3880

CrBr3

32.5

3390

CrI3

68

2690

FeBO3

348

EuO

69

115 at 300 K 23700

EuS

16.3

–

EuSe

7.0

13,200

75 360 70 310 75 180 3400 1600 620 300 670 180 2000 –500 –1000 3 × 105 1.6 × 105 1.1 × 105 0.8 × 105 3200 450 –1.0 × 105 5 × 105 0.5 × 105 3 × 104 660 –1.6 × 105 –9.6 × 105 +5.5 × 105 1.45 × 105 0.95 × 105

65 35 10 70 25 9 7 3 1.5 2.5 14 4.4 200 300 70 3 × 103 1.4 × 104 6.3 × 103 3 × 103 140 38 0.5 × 104 9.7 × 104 7.8 × 104 >0.5 >1.0 0 3.3 × 104 1.2 × 105 80 60

2.0 20 14 9 6 40 900 1100 830 240 95 82 20 3 30 200 23 35 53 45 24 40 10 1.3 ~105 1300 – 58 9.2 3600 3170

300 77 77 77 77 77 82 82 82 82 300 300 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 300 300 5 5 5 20 20 6 6 6 4.2 4.2

7000 450a 600a 800a 1000a 600b 300c 400c 600c 800c 349d 522.5d 410 450 590 478 500 970 1000 500 700 1100 700 500 2500 10600 825 690 563 750 800

a b c d e

Measured along the C-axis (magnetic hard axis). Measured along the C-axis (magnetic easy axis). Measured along the C-axis ([100]-direction at room temperature). Strong natural birefringence interferes with the Faraday effect. Depends on heat treatment.

Reference 1. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1988, pp. 288–296.

NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS H. P. R. Frederikse The relation between the polarization density P of a dielectric medium and the electric field E is linear when E is small, but becomes nonlinear as E acquires values comparable with interatomic electric fields (105 to 108 V/cm). Under these conditions the relation between P and E can be expanded in a Taylor’s series P = ε 0 χ (1 ) E + 2 χ ( 2 ) E 2 + 4 χ ( 3 ) E 3 + 

(1)

where εo is the permittivity of free space, while χ(1) is the linear and χ(2), χ(3) etc. the nonlinear optical susceptibilities. If we consider two optical fields, the first Ejω (along the j-direction at frequency ω1) and the second Ekω (along the k-direction at frequency ω2) one can write the second term of the Taylor’s series as follows 1

2

ω3 = ω1 ± ω2 ω1 ω2 Pi (ω1 ω2 ) = 2 χ ijk E j Ek

When ω1 ≠ ω2 the (parametric) mixing of the two fields gives rise to two new polarizations at the frequencies ω3 = ω1 + ω2 and ω3´ = ω1 – ω2. When the two frequencies are equal, ω1 = ω2 = ω, the result is Second Harmonic Generation (SHG): χijk(2ω, ω, ω), while equal and opposite frequencies, ω1 = ω and ω2 = –ω leads to Optical Rectification (OR): χijk(0, ω, –ω). In the SHG case the following convention is adopted: the second order nonlinear coefficient d is equal to one half of the second order nonlinear susceptibility dijk = 1/2 χ( 2 )

Because of the symmetry of the indices j and k one can replace these two by a single index (subscript) m. Consequently the notation for the SHG nonlinear coefficient in reduced form is dim where m takes the values 1 to 6. Only noncentrosymmetric crystals can possess a nonvanishing dijk tensor (third rank). The unit of the SHG coefficients is m/V (in the MKSQ/SI system). In centrosymmetric media the dominant nonlinearity is of the third order. This effect is represented by the third term in the Taylor’s series (Equation 1); it is the result of the interaction of a number of optical fields (one to three) producing a new frequency ω4 = ω1 + ω2 + ω3. The third order polarization is given by Pj (ω1 ω2 ω3 ) = g 4 χ jklm Ekω1 E1ω2 Emω3

This coefficient is a fourth rank tensor. In the THG case the matrices must be invariant under permutation of the indices k, l, and m; as a result the notation for the third order nonlinear coefficient can be simplified to Cjn. The unit of Cjn is m2·V–2 (in the MKSQ/SI system). Applications of second order nonlinear optical materials include the generation of higher (up to sixth) optical harmonics, the mixing of monochromatic waves to generate sum or difference frequencies (frequency conversion), the use of two monochromatic waves to amplify a third wave (parametric amplification) and the addition of feedback to such an amplifier to create an oscillation (parametric oscillation). Third order nonlinear optical materials are used for THG, selffocusing, four wave mixing, optical amplification, and optical conjugation. Many of these effects – as well as the variation and modulation of optical propagation caused by mechanical, electric, and magnetic fields (see the preceeding table on “Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants”) are used in the areas of optical communication, optical computing, and optical imaging.

References 1. Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. 111, Part 1; Weber, M. J. Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986. 2. Dmitriev, V.G., Gurzadyan, G.G., and Nikogosyan, D., Handbook of Nonlinear Optical Crystals, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991. 3. Shen, Y.R., The Principles of Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1984. 4. Yariv, A., Quantum Electronics, 3rd edition, John Wiley, New York, 1988. 5. Bloembergen, N., Nonlinear Optics, W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1965. 6. Zernike F. and Midwinter, J.E., Applied Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1973. 7. Hopf, F.A. and Stegeman, G.I., Applied Classical Electrodynamics, Volume 2: Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1986. 8. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Chemla, D. S., and Zyss, J., Eds., Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1987. 9. Optical Phase Conjugation, Fisher, R. A., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1983. 10. Zyss, J., Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Devices and Physics, Academic Press, Boston, 1994. 11. Nonlinear Optics, 5 articles in Physics Today, (Am. Inst. of Phys.), Vol. 47, No. 5, May, 1994.

Third Harmonic Generation (THG) is achieved when ω1 = ω2 = ω3 = ω. In this case the constant g4 = 1/4. The third order nonlinear coefficient C is related to the third order susceptibility as follows: C jklm = 1/4 χ jklm

12-174

Section 12.indb 174

4/28/05 1:59:45 PM

Nonlinear Optical Constants

12-175 Selected SHG Coefficients of NLO Crystals*

Symmetry Material

dim × 1012

class

GaAs GaP InAs

43 m 43 m 43 m

ZnSe

43 m

β-ZnS

43 m

ZnTe

43 m

CdTe Bi4GeO12 N4(CH2)6 (hexamine) LiIO3

43 m 43 m 43 m

ZnO

6 mm

6

α-ZnS

6 mm

CdS

6 mm

CdSe

6 mm

BaTiO3

4 mm

PbTiO3

4 mm

K3Li2Nb5O15

4 mm

K0.8Na0.2Ba2Nb5O15 SrBaNb5O15

4 mm 4 mm

NH4H2PO4 (ADP)

42 m

KH2PO4 (KDP)

42 m

KD2PO4 (KD*P)

42 m

KH2AsO4 (KDA)

42 m

CdGeAs2 AgGaS2

42 m 42 m

m/V d14 = 134.1 ± 42 d14 = 71.8 ± 12.3 d14 = 364 ± 47 d14 = 210 d14 = 78.4 ± 29.3 d36 = 26.6 ± 1.7 d14 = 30.6 ± 8.4 d36 = 20.7 ± 1.3 d14 = 92.2 ± 33.5 d14 = 83.2 ± 8.4 d36 = 89.6 ± 5.7 d14 = 167.6 ± 63 d14 = 1.28 d14 = 4.1 d33 = –7.02 d31 = –5.53 ± 0.3 d33 = –5.86 ± 0.16 d31= 1.76 ± 0.16 d15 = 1.93 ± 0.16 d33 = 11.37 ± 0.07 d33 = 37.3 ± 12.6 d31 = –18.9 ± 6.3 d15 = 21.37 ± 8.4 d33 = 25.8 ± 1.6 d31 = –13.1 ± 0.8 d15 = 14.4 ± 0.8 d33 = 54.5 ± 12.6 d31 = –26.8 ± 2.7 d33 = 6.8 ± 1.0 d31 = 15.7 ± 1.8 d15 = 17.0 ± 1.8 d33 = 7.5 ± 1.2 d31 = 37.6 ± 5.6 d15 = 33.3 ± 5 d33 = 11.2 ± 1.6 d31 = 6.18 ± 1.28 d15 = 5.45 ± 0.54 d31 = 13.6 ± 1.6 d33 = 11.3 ± 3.3 d31 = 4.31 ± 1.32 d15 = 5.98 ± 2 d36 = 0.53 d36 = 0.85 d36 = 0.44 d36 = 0.47 ± 0.07 d36 = 0.38 ± 0.016 d36 = 0.34 ± 0.06 d14 = 0.37 d36 = 0.43 ± 0.025 d36 = 0.39 ± 0.4 d36 = 351 ± 105 d36 = 18 ± 2.7

λ µm

Symmetry Material

class

42 m 42 m

10.6 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 1.058 10.6 1.058 10.6 1.058 1.058 10.6 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.064 1.058

AgGaSe2 (NH2)2CO (urea) AlPO4 Se Te SiO2 (quartz) HgS (C6H5CO)2 [benzil] β-BaB2O4 [BBO]

32 32 32 32 32 32 3m

LiNbO3

3m

LiTaO3

3m

Ag3AsS3 [proustite]

3m

1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 0.694 1.064 0.694 1.058 0.694 1.058 1.06 0.694 10.6 10.6

Ag3SbS3 [pyrargerite]

3m

α-HIO3 NO2 · CH3NOC5H4 · (POM) Ba2NaNb5O15 [Banana]

222 222 mm 2

C6H4(NO2)2 [MDB]

mm 2

Gd2(MoO4)3

mm 2

KNbO3

mm 2

KTiOPO4 [KTP]

mm 2

NO2C6H4 · NH2 [mNA]

mm 2

C10H12N3O6 [MAP]

2

(NH2CH2COOH)3H2SO4 [TGS]

2

dim × 1012 m/V

λ µm

d36 = 37.4 ± 6.0 d36 = 1.3 d11 = 0.35 ± 0.03 d11 = 97 ± 25 d11 = 650 ± 30 d11 = 0.335 d11 = 50.3 ± 17 d11 = 3.6 ± 0.5 d22 = 2.22 ± 0.09 d31 = 0.16 ± 0.08 d33 = 34.4 d31 = –5.95 d22 = 2.76 d33 = –16.4 ± 2 d31 = –1.07 ± 0.2 d22 = +1.76 ± 0.2 d31 = 11.3 ± 2.5 d22 = 18.0 ± 2.5 d31 = 12.6 ± 4 d22 = 13.4 ± 4 d36 = 5.15 ± 0.16 d36 = 6.4 ± 1.0

10.6 1.06 1.058 10.6 10.6 1.064 10.6 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.064 1.064

d33 = –17.6 ± 1.28 d31 = –12.8 ± 1.28 d33 = 0.74 d32 = 2.7 d31 = 1.78 d33 = –0.044 ± 0.008 d32 = +2.42 ± 0.36 d31 = –2.49 ± 0.37 d33 = –19.58 ± 1.03 d32 = +11.34 ± 1.03 d31 = –12.88 ± 1.03 d33 = 13.7 d32 = ± 5.0 d31 = ± 6.5 d33 = 13.12 ± 1.28 d32 = 1.02 ± 0.22 d31 = 12.48 ± 1.28 d23 = 10.67 ± 1.3 d22 = 11.7 ± 1.3 d21 = 2.35 ± 0.5 d25 = –0.35 ± 0.3 d23 = 0.32

1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 0.694

* These data are taken from References 1 and 2.

Section 12.indb 175

4/28/05 1:59:47 PM

Nonlinear Optical Constants

12-176

Material NH4H2PO4 [ADP] C6H6 [benzene] CdGeAs2 p-type: 5 × 1016 cm–3 C40H56 [β-carotene] GaAs high-resistivity Ge LiIO3 KBr KCl KH2PO4 [KDP] Si p-type: 1014 cm–3 NaCl NaF

Selected THG Coefficients of Some NLO Materials* Cjn × 1020 NLO process m2/V–2 (–3ω,ω,ω,ω) C11 = 0.0104 C18 = 0.0098 (–3ω,ω,ω,ω) C11 = 0.0184 ± 0.0042 (–3ω,ω,ω,ω) C11 = 182 ± 84 C16 = 175 C18 = –35 (–3ω,ω,ω,ω) C11 0.263 ± 0.08 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 62 ± 31 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 23.5 ± 12 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C12 = 0.2285 C35 = 6.66 ± 1 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 0.0392 C18/C11 = 0.3667 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 0.0168 C18/C11 = 0.28 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11–3C18 = 0.04 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 82.8 ± 25 (–3,ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 0.0168 C18/C11 = 0.4133 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 0.0035

λ µm 1.06 1.06 1.89 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.89 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06

* These data are taken from Reference 1.

Section 12.indb 176

4/28/05 1:59:48 PM

Phase Diagrams H. P. R. Frederikse A phase is a structurally homogeneous portion of matter. Regardless of the number of chemical constituents of a gas, there is only one vapor phase. This is true also for the liquid form of a pure substance, although a mixture of several liquid substances may exist as one or several phases, depending on the interactions among the substances. On the other hand a pure solid may exist in several phases at different temperatures and pressures because of differences in crystal structure (Reference 1). At the phase transition temperature, Ttr, the chemical composition of the solid remains the same, but a change in the physical properties often will take place. Such changes are found in ferroelectric crystals (example BaTiO3) which develop a spontaneous polarization below Ttr, in superconductors (example Pb) which lose all electrical resistance below the transition point, and in many other classes of solids. In quite a few cases it is difficult to bring about the phase transition, and the high- (or low-) temperature phase persists in its metastable form. Many liquids remain in the liquid state for shorter or longer periods of time when cooled below the melting point (supercooling). However, often the slightest disturbance will cause solidification. Persistence of the high temperature phase in solid– solid transitions is usually of much longer duration. An example of this behavior is found in white tin; although gray tin is the thermodynamically stable form below Ttr (286.4 K), the metal remains in its undercooled, white tin state all the way to T = 0 K, and crystals of gray tin are very difficult to produce. A phase diagram is a map that indicates the areas of stability of the various phases as a function of external conditions (temperature and pressure). Pure materials, such as mercury, helium, water, and methyl alcohol are considered one-component systems and they have unary phase diagrams. The equilibrium phases in two-component systems are presented in binary phase diagrams. Because many important materials consist of three, four, and more components, many attempts have been made to deduce their multicomponent phase diagrams. However, the vast majority of systems with three or more components are very complex, and no overall maps of the phase relationships have been worked out. It has been shown during the last 20 to 25 years that very useful partial phase diagrams of complex systems can be obtained by means of thermodynamic modeling (References 2, 3). Especially for complicated, multicomponent alloy systems the CALPHAD method has proved to be a successful approach for producing valuable portions of very intricate phase diagrams (Reference 4). With this method thermodynamic descriptions of the free energy functions of various phases are obtained that are consistent with existing (binary) phase diagram information and other thermodynamic data. Extrapolation methods are then used to extend the thermodynamic functions into a ternary system. Comparison of the results of this procedure with available experimental data is then used to fine-tune the phase diagram and add ternary interaction functions if necessary. In principle this approximation strategy can be extended to four, five, and more component systems. The nearly two dozen phase diagrams shown below present the reader with examples of some important types of single and multicomponent systems, especially for ceramics and metal alloys. This makes it possible to draw attention to certain features like the kinetic aspects of phase transitions (see Figure 22, which presents a time-temperature-transformation, or TTT, diagram for the precipitation of α-phase particles from the β-phase in a Ti-Mo alloy; Reference 1, pp. 358–360). The general references listed below and the references to individual figures contain phase diagrams for many additional systems.

General References 1. Ralls, K. M., Courtney, T. H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, Chapters 16 and 17, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976. 2. Kaufman, L., and Bernstein, H., Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Kattner, U. R., Boettinger, W. J. B., and Coriell, S. R., Z. Metallkd., 87, 9, 1996. 4. Dinsdale, A. T., Ed., CALPHAD, Vol. 1–20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977–1996 and continuing. 5. Baker, H., Ed., ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1992. 6. Massalski, T. B., Ed., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Second Edition, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990. 7. Roth. R. S., Ed., Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, Vol. I (1964) to Volume XI (1995), American Ceramic Society, Waterville, OH.

References to Individual Phase Diagrams Figure 1.

Carbon: Reference 7, Vol. X (1994), Figure 8930. Reprinted with permission. Figure 2. Si-Ge : Ref. 5, p. 2.231. Reprinted with permission. Figure 3. H2O (ice): See figure. Figure 4. SiO2: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9174. Reprinted with permission. Figure 5. Fe-O: Darken, L.S., and Gurry, R.W., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 798, 1946. Reprinted with permission. Figure 6. Ti-O: Reference 5, p. 2.324. Reprinted with permission. Figure 7. BaO-TiO2: Reference 7, Vol. III (1975), Figure 4302. Reprinted with permission. Figure 8. MgO-Al2O3: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9239. Reprinted with permission. Figure 9. Y2O3-ZrO2: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9348. Reprinted with permission. Figure 10. Si-N-Al-O (Sialon): Reference 7, Vol. X (1994), Figure 8759. Reprinted with permission. Figure 11. PbO-ZrO2-TiO2 (PZT): Reference 7, Vol. III (1975), Figure 4587. Reprinted with permission. Figure 12. Al-Si-Ca-O: Reference 7 (1964), Vol. I, Figure 630. Reprinted with permission. Figure 13. Y-Ba-Cu-O: Whitler, J.D., and Roth, R.S., Phase Diagrams for High Tc Superconductors, Figure S-082, American Ceramic Society, Waterville, OH, 1990. Reprinted with permission. Figure 14. Al-Cu: Reference 5, p. 2.44. Reprinted with permission. Figure 15. Fe-C: Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, Figure 16.13, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976. Reprinted with permission. Figure 16. Fe-Cr: Reference 5, p. 2.152. Reprinted with permission. Figure 17. Cu-Sn: Reference 5, p. 2.178. Reprinted with permission. Figure 18. Cu-Ni: Reference 5, p. 2.173. Reprinted with permission. Figure 19. Pb-Sn (solder): Reference 5, p. 2.335. Reprinted with permission. Figure 20. Cu-Zn (brass): Subramanian, P.R., Chakrabarti, D.J., and Laughlin, D.E., Eds., Phase Diagrams of Binary Copper Alloys, p. 487, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1994. Reprinted with permission. Figure 21. Co-Sm: Reference 5, p. 2.148. Reprinted with permission. Figure 22. Ti-Mo: Reference 5, p. 2.296; Reference 1, p. 359. Reprinted with permission. Figure 23. Fe-Cr-Ni: Reference 5, Figure 48. Reprinted with permission.

12-181

Phase Diagrams

12-182 200

P/GPa

150

Diamond 100

50 Liquid A B 0

C

Graphite

0

2000

4000 T/K

6000

Figure 1. Phase diagram of carbon. (A) Martensitic transition: hex graphite → hex diamond. (B) Fast graphite-to-diamond transition. (C) Fast diamond-to-graphite transition.

Figure 2.

Si-Ge system.

Phase

(Ge,Si) High-pressure phases GeII SiII

Composition, mass % Si 0 to 100

Pearson symbol cF8

Space group – Fd3 m

– –

tI4 tI4

I41/amd I41/amd

Phase Diagrams

12-183 200

Liquid

150

VII

100

t/°C

50

VI

0 V

III

VIII

I -50 II -100

-150 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

P/MPa

Figure 3. Diagram of the principal phases of ice. Solid lines are measured boundaries between stable phases; dotted lines are extrapolated. Ice IV is a metastable phase that exists in the region of ice V. Ice IX exists in the region below –100°C and pressures in the range 200–400 MPa. Ice X exists at pressures above 44 GPa. See Table 1 for the coordinates of the triple points, where liquid water is in equilibrium with two adjacent solid phases.

Table 1. Crystal Structure, Density, and Transition Temperatures for the Phases of Ice Phase

Crystal system

Ih Ic II III IV V

Hexagonal Cubic Rhombohedral Tetragonal Rhombohedral Monoclinic

VI VII VIII IX X

Tetragonal Cubic Tetragonal Tetragonal Cubic

Cell parameters a = 4.513; c = 7352 a = 6.35 a = 7.78; α = 113.1° a = 6.73; c = 6.83 a = 7.60; α = 70.1° a = 9.22; b = 7.54, c = 10.35; β = 109.2° a = 6.27; c = 5.79 a = 3.41 a = 4.80; c = 6.99 a = 6.73; c = 6.83 a = 2.83

References 1. Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994. 2. Lerner, R.G. and Trigg, G.L., Eds., Encyclopedia of Physics, VCH Publishers, New York, 1990.

Triple points

Z

n

ρ/g cm-3

4 8 12 12 16 28

4 4 4 4 4 4

0.93 0.94 1.18 1.15 1.27 1.24

I-III: –21.99°C, 209.9 MPa

10 2 8 12 2

4 8 8 4 8

1.31 1.56 1.56 1.16 2.51

VI-VII: 82°C, 2216 MPa

III-V: –16.99°C, 350.1 MPa V-VI: 0.16°C, 632.4 MPa

3. Donnay, J.D.H. and Ondik, H.M, Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. 4. Hobbs, P.V., Ice Physics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1974. 5. Glasser, L., J. Chem. Edu., 81, 414, 2004.

Phase Diagrams

12-184 2000

Liq. Crist βQuartz

t/°C

M

1300° 34 kbars

1190° 1.43 kbars

Cal cula ted

1500

Trid

1000

Coesite

500

αQuartz Stishovite

0

20

40

60 80 P/kbar

100

120

SiO2 system. Crist = cristobalite; Trid = tridymite.

Atom % Oxygen

Liq. iron

54

56

A B

58

Liq. iron + Liq. oxide

Liquid oxide

C

R´ Liquid oxide + magnetite

δ-Iron + liq. oxide

I H

G γ-Iron + liq. oxide

S

60 Liquid oxide + oxygen

V

Liq. iron

1600

1400

52

50

Magnetite

Figure 4.

0

R

3000

Magnetite + oxygen

Y

Z 2600

N J .. Wustite

γ-Iron .. + wustite

Hematite + oxygen

t/°C

1200

1000

.. Wustite + magnetite

L

2200

°F 1800

Magnetite + hematite

800 α-Iron .. + wustite

1400

600

Q

1000 α-Iron + magnetite

FeO 400

Figure 5.

Fe-O system.

0 .2 .4 22

24

26 Mass % Oxygen

Fe3O4 28

Fe3O3 Z´ 30

Phase Diagrams Point

t/°C

A B C G H I J L N

a

12-185

1539 1528 1528 1400a 1424 1424 1371 911a 1371

%O

pCO /pCO

0.16 22.60 22.84 25.60 25.31 23.16 23.10 22.91

0.209 0.209 0.263 16.2 16.2 0.282 0.447 0.282

Point

2

t/°C

Q R R´ S V Y Z Z´

%O

560 1583 1583 1424 1597 1457 1457

pCO /pCO 2

23.26 28.30 28.07 27.64 27.64 28.36 30.04 30.6

1.05

16.2

Values for pure iron.

2200

Mass Percent Oxygen 10 20

0

30

40 TinO2n-1

2000 ~1885°C 1800

L

1842°C 1870°C

βTiO

(αTi)

1000

Ti3O2

800

940°C 882°C

Ti3O

600

βTi1-xO

αTiO

t/°C

~1250°C 1200

TiO (rutile)

γTiO

2 higher Magneli phases

(βTi) 1400

βTi2O3

1720°C 1670°C

1600

αTi1-xO

Ti2O 400 0

Ti

Figure 6.

10

20

30 40 Atomic Percent Oxygen

50

60

70

Ti-O system. Phase

(βTi) (αTi) Ti3O Ti2O γTiO Ti3O2 βTiO αTiO βTi1–xO αTi1–xO βTi2O3 αTi2O3 βTi3O5 αTi3O5 α´Ti3O5 γTi4O7 βTi4O7 αTi4O7 γTi5O9 βTi6O11 Ti7O13 Ti8O15 Ti9O17 Rutile TiO2 Metastable phases Anatase Brookite High-pressure phases TiO2-II TiO2-III

Composition, mass % O

Pearson symbol

Space group

0 to 3 0 to 13.5 ~8 to ~13 ~10 to 14.4 15.2 to 29.4 ~18 ~24 to ~29.4 ~25.0 ~29.5 ~29.5 33.2 to 33.6 33.2 to 33.6 35.8 35.8 35.8 36.9 36.9 36.9 37.6 38.0 38.3 38.5 38.7 40.1

cI2 hP2 hP~16 hP3 cF8 hP~5 c** mC16 oI12 tI18 hR30 hR30 m** mC32 mC32 aP44 aP44 aP44 aP28 aC68 aP40 aC92 aP52 tP6

Im¯3m P63/mmc P¯3c P¯3m1 Fm¯3m P6/mmm – A2/m or B*/* I222 I4/m R¯3c R¯3c – C2/m Cc P¯1 P¯1 P¯1 P¯1 A¯1 P¯1 A¯1 P¯1 P42/mnm

– –

tI12 oP24

I41/amd Pbca

– –

oP12 hP~48

Pbcn –

pO /atm 2 1 1 0.0575 1 1

Phase Diagrams

12-186 1600

TiO2 + Liq.

1500

Liquid

t /°C

1428° 1400 BaTiO3 + Liq.

~1357°

TiO2 + BaTi4O9

~1330°

~1320°

~1300°

1200

Figure 7.

60 BaO

70

Ba2Ti9O20

BaTi4O9

BaTiO3 + Ba6Ti17O40

Ba4Ti13O30

Ba6Ti17O40

1300

TiO2 + Ba2Ti9O20

80

90

100 TiO2

Mol %

BaO-TiO2 system.

2800

2600

2400 Spinel ss + Liquid

Periclase ss + Liquid

t/°C

2200 2105° Periclase 2000 ss

1995°

1800

Spinel ss

Periclase ss + Spinel ss

1600 ~1500° Periclase + Spinel 1400 0 MgO Figure 8.

MgO-Al2O3 system.

10

20

30

40 Mol %

50

60

70 Al2O3

Phase Diagrams

12-187

Liquid

2800 Hss

Css + Liq. 2400 Yss + Hss 2000

Css

Css + Yss Yss

1700°C

t/°C

1650°± 50°

1600

(28%)

Css + 6:1

1375°

1325°± 25°

(55%)

Tetss + Css

1200

6:1ss

Css + 4:3 (95.5%) 490°

Zr3Y4O12

800

Tetss

4:3 + 1:6ss

400

Monss Monss + Css

0

0 Y2O3

20

40

60 Mol %

80

100 ZrO2

Figure 9. Y2O3-ZrO2 system. Css = cubic ZrO2 ss (fluorite-type ss); Yss = cubic Y2O3 ss; Tetss = tetragonal ZrO2 ss; Monss = monoclinic ZrO2 ss; Hss = hexagonal Y2O3 ss; 3:4 = Zr3Y4O12; 1:6 = ZrY6O11 ss.

Phase Diagrams

12-188 3(SiO2) 100

2(Al2O3)

Al6Si4O13 ss

Liquid

ALON ss

X

80

1700°C

Mol %

60

8H

40 β´

O´

R

15

Si2ON2

H

12

20

R

21

R

27

δ

2H

0 0 Si3N4

20

40

Mol %

60

80

100 4(AIN)

Figure 10. 3(SiO2)-Si3N4-4(AlN)-2(Al2O3) system. “Behavior” diagram at 1700°C. The labels 8H, 15R, 12H, 21R, 27R, 2Hδ indicate defect AlN polytypes. β´ = 3-sialon (Si6–xAlxOxN8–x); O´ = sialon of Si2ON2 type; X = SiAlO2N (“nitrogen mullite”). ALON ss = aluminum oxynitride ss extending from approximately Al7O9N to Al3O3N.

PbO

1100°C

Liq. + (PT-PZ)ss (PT-PZ)ss(rhom) PbTiO3

(PT-PZ)ss(tet)

(PZ-PT)ss(orth) PbZrO3

ZT

Zss + (PT-PZ)ss

-PZ PT Zss + ZT + (PT-PZ)ss

Tss

+ (P

T-P Z

)ss

)ss

+( Tss + ZT + (PT-PZ)ss

TiO2 (8%) Figure 11.

40

TiZrO4 Mol %

60

80 (86%)

PbO-ZrO2-TiO2 (PZT) system, subsolidus at 1100°C. P = PbO; T = TiO2; Z = ZrO2.

ZrO2

Phase Diagrams

Figure 12.

12-189

CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system (temperatures in °C).

Crystalline Phases Notation Oxide formula SiO2 Cristobalite Tridymite Pseudowollastonite CaO·SiO2 Rankinite 3CaO·2SiO2 Lime CaO Corundum Al2O3 Mullite 3Al2O3·2SiO2 Anorthite CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2 Gehlenite 2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2

}

Temperatures up to approximately 1550°C are on the Geophysical Laboratory Scale; those above 1550°C are on the 1948 International Scale.

Phase Diagrams

12-190 BaO(BaCO3)

c1 P ss

Ba4Y2O7

Ba2CuO3

~4:1:2

~5:1:3

Ba2Y2O5

BaCuO2 b2

Ba3Y4O9

a2

2:1:3

BaY2O4 1:2:1 a1

Y2Cu2O3 0 1/2(Y2O3)

20

40

b1 Mol %

60

c2 100 CuO

80

Figure 13. BaO-Y2O3-CuO system. 2:1:3 = Ba2YCu3O7–x; 1:2:1 = BaY2CuO5; 4:1:2 = Ba4YCu2O7.5+x; and 5:1:3 = Ba5YCu3O9.5 + x. The superconducting 2:1:3 phase was prepared using barium peroxide.

1100

0

Atomic Percent Copper 20 30 40

10

50

60

70

80

90 100 1084.87°

β0

1000 γ0

L 900

β

ε1

t/°C

800

700

γ1 660.452°C ε2

600

500

ζ1

567°C

η2

400

(Al)

300 0

Al

Figure 14.

δ

η1

548.2°C

Al-Cu system.

(Cu)

θ ζ2

10

20

30

40 50 60 Mass Percent Copper

70

α2

80

90

100 Cu

Phase Diagrams

12-191 Phase (Al) θ η1 η2 ζ1 ζ2 ε1 ε2 δ γ0 γ1 β0 β α2 (Cu) Metastable phases θ´ β´ Al3Cu2

Composition, wt % Cu 0 to 5.65 52.5 to 53.7 70.0 to 72.2 70.0 to 72.1 74.4 to 77.8 74.4 to 75.2 77.5 to 79.4 72.2 to 78.7 77.4 to 78.3 77.8 to 84 79.7 to 84 83.1 to 84.7 85.0 to 91.5 88.5 to 89 90.6 to 100

Pearson symbol cF4 tI12 oP16 or oC16 mC20 hP42 (a) (b) hP4 (c) (d) cP52 (d) cI2 (e) cF4

Space group Fm¯3m I4/mcm Pban or Cmmm C2/m P6/mmm – – P63/mmc R¯3m – P¯43m – Im¯3m – Fm¯3m

– – 61 to 70

tP6 cF16 hp5

– Fm¯3m P¯3m1

(a) Monoclinic? (b) Cubic? (c) Rhombohedral. (d) Unknown. (e) D022-type long-period superlattice.

0

Atomic Percent Carbon 30 20

10 L

2000

(δFe)

L + C(graphite)

1500

t/°C

1394°C

(γFe), austenite

1153°C 2.1

4.2

1000

912°C

740°C 0.65

500 (αFe), ferrite

0

Figure 15.

0

2

4

6 8 Mass Percent Carbon

10

12

Fe-C system.

Phase (δFe) (γFe) (αFe) (C) Metastable/high-pressure phases (εFe) Martensite Fe4C Fe3C (θ) Fe5C2 (χ) Fe7C3 Fe7C3 Fe2C (η) Fe2C (ε) Fe2C (C)

Composition, mass % C 0 to 0.09 0 to 2.1 0 to 0.021 100

Pearson symbol cI2 cF4 cI2 hP4

Space group Im¯3m Fm¯3m Im¯3m P63/mmc

0 < 2.1 5.1 6.7 7.9 8.4 8.4 9.7 9.7 9.7 100

hP2 tI4 cP5 oP16 mC28 hP20 oP40 oP6 hP* hP* cF8

P63/mmc I4/mmm P¯43m Pnma C2/c P63mc Pnma Pnnm P6322 P¯3m1 Fd¯3m

Phase Diagrams

12-192 Atomic Percent Chromium 10

0

1900

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 1863°C

L

1700 1538°C 1500

1513°C 19.8

1394°C

t/°C

1300 (γFe)

1100

11.2 846°C

912°C 900

13.4 (αFe,δFe)

830°C 45

6.5 T C

770°C 700

(Cr)

σ

500 47.2 300

0

10

F Figure 16.

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

r

Mass Percent Chromium

Fe-Cr system. Composition,

Pearson

Space

Phase

mass % Cr

symbol

group

(aFe, Cr)

0 to 100

cI2

(γFe)

0 to 11.2

cF4

Fm¯3m

σ

42.7 to 48.2

tP30

P42/mnm

1200 0

10

1100

20

Im¯3m

Atomic Percent Tin 30 40 50

60

70

80 90 100

1084.87°C

1000 900

t/°C

800

13.5

β

25.6 30.6 676°C

γ

500

ζ 586°C 24.6 520°C 15.8 27.0

400

~350°C

(Cu)

600

100

11

δ

640°C

58.6

582°C

32.55

415°C

92.4

η 189°C

1.3

0 Cu

Cu-Sn system.

ε

59

300

Figure 17.

796°C 22

700

200

L

755°C

60.3

60.9

227°C 186°C

η´

10

20

30

40 50 60 Mass Percent Tin

70

80

99.3

231.9681°C

(Sn) 90 100 Sn

Phase Diagrams

12-193 Phase α β γ δ ζ ε η η´ (βSn) (αSn)

Composition, mass % Sn 0 to 15.8 22.0 to 27.0 25.5 to 41.5 32 to 33 32.2 to 35.2 27.7 to 39.5 59.0 to 60.9 44.8 to 60.9 ~100 100

Pearson symbol cF4 cI2 cF16 cF416 hP26 oC80 hP4 (a) tI4 cF8

Space group Fm¯3m Im¯3m Fm¯3m F¯43m P63 Cmcm P63/mmc – I41/amd Fd¯3m

(a) Hexagonal; superlattice based on NiAs-type structure.

Figure 18.

Cu-Ni system.

Phase (Cu, Ni) (above 354.5°C)

Composition, mass % Ni

Pearson symbol

0 to 100

cF4

Space group – Fm3 m

Phase Diagrams

12-194 Atomic Percent Tin 350

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

327.502°C

L

300

250

231.9681°C (Pb)

t/°C

200

183°C 18.3

97.8

61.9

150

100

(βSn)

50

0

0

10

20

Pb Figure 19.

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Mass Percent Tin

Pb-Sn system. Phase (Pb) (βSn) (αSn) High-pressure phases ε(a) ε´(b)

100

Sn

Composition, mass % Sn 0 to 18.3 97.8 to 100 100

Pearson symbol cF4 tI4 cF8

Space group Fm¯3m I41/amd Fd¯3m

52 to 74 52

hP1 hP2

P6/mmm P63/mmc

(a) From phase diagram calculated at 2500 MPa. (b) This phase was claimed for alloys at 350°C and 5500 MPa.

Phase Diagrams

12-195

1100

0

10

20

Mass Percent Zinc 40 50 60

30

70

80

90

100

1064.62°C A

1000 900

31.9 902 B

D 36.8

L

36.1 C

H 834°C

55.8 G

800

59.1

β 69.2 L

t/°C

700 600

γ

α or (Cu)

500

454°C X 468 57 38.27 48.2 Y 44.8 E F

400

N 700°C 79.8 M 72.45

Q δ 76 P 87.9 O 598°C S 78 70 T 78 98.25 R 73.5 560°C 88

ε U

β´

425°C 97.17 W 419.58°C V

η or (Zn)

300 200 100

0 Cu

Figure 20.

10

20

30

40 50 60 Atomic Percent Zinc

70

Cu-Zn system. Phase

Composition, mass % Zn

Pearson symbol

α or (Cu)

0 to 38.95

cF4

β

36.8 to 56.5

cI2

Space group

Fm¯3m Im¯3m

Pm¯3m

β´

45.5 to 50.7

cP2

γ

57.7 to 70.6

cI52

δ

73.02 to 76.5

hP3

P¯6

ε

78.5 to 88.3

hP2

P63/mmc

η or (Zn)

97.25 to 100

hP2

P63/mmc

I¯43m

80

90

100 Zn

Phase Diagrams

12-196 Atomic Percent Samarium 20 30 40 50

10

Co5+xSm

1495°C

1400

1325°C

60

1260°C

βCo7Sm2

L

1200°C 1074°C

1074°C (γSm) 922°C (βSm)

Co3Sm

αCo7Sm2

Co3Sm

β → α

600

Co5-xSm

800 αCo17Sm2

t/°C

1000

1100°C

Co19Sm5

(αCo)

βCo17Sm2

1240°C

1200

575°C

0 Co

Figure 21.

10

734°C 595°C

Co4Sm9

(εCo)

0

695°C 605

20

30

40

50

~93

~82

400 200

70 80 90100

60

70

CoSm3

1600

0

80

(αSm)

90

Mass Percent Samarium

Co-Sm system. Phase

Composition, mass % Sm

Pearson symbol

(αCo)

0 to ~3.7

cF4

Fm¯3m

(εCo)

~0

hP2

P63/mmc

βCo17Sm2

~23.0

hP38

P63/mmc

αCo17Sm2

~23.0

hR19

Co5 + xSm

~33 to 34

Space group

R¯3m

hP8

P6/mmm

–

–

Co5 - xSm

~34 to 35

–

Co19Sm5

~40.1

hR24

αCo7Sm2

~42.1

hR18

R¯3m

βCo7Sm2

~42.1

hP36

P63/mmc

Co3Sm

46

hR12

Co2Sm

56.0

hR4

hP48

–

R¯3m P63/mmc

R¯3m R¯3m

cF24

Fd¯3m

Co4Sm9

~85.1

o**

–

CoSm3

88

oP16

Pnma

(γSm)

~100

cI2

Im¯3m

(βSm)

~100

hP2

P63/mmc

(αSm)

~100

hR3

R¯3m

Other reported phases Co5Sm

~33.8

hP6

P6/mmm

Co2Sm5

~86.4

mC28

C2/c

100 Sm

Phase Diagrams

12-197 Atomic Percent Molybdenum 10

0

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 2623°

2600

L

2400 2200 2000

t/°C

1800 1600 1670°C 1400

(βTi,Mo)

1200 1000

882°C

~650°C

800

~695°C

600 400

0

10

Ti

Figure 22.

~21

(αTi)

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Mass Percent Molybdenum

90

100

Mo

Ti-Mo system.

Phase

Composition, mass % Mo

Pearson symbol

(βTi, Mo)

0 to 100

cI2

Space group – Im3 m

(αTi)

0 to 0.8

hP2

P63/mmc

α´

(a)

hP2

P63/mmc

α˝

(a)

oC4

Cmcm

ω

(a)

hP3

P6/mmm

(a) Metastable.

to 800 Sta

β

rt

700

sh Fini

t/°C

β + α´ (β + α)eqm

600

MS

500

400

β + α´ 0.1

1.0

10 Time in Minutes

100

1000

Experimental time–temperature–transformation (TTT) diagram for Ti-Mo. The start and finish times of the isothermal precipitation reaction vary with temperature as a result of the temperature dependence of the nucleation and growth processes. Precipitation is complete, at any temperature, when the equilibrium fraction of α is established in accordance with the lever rule. The solid horizontal line represents the athermal (or nonthermally activated) martensitic transformation that occurs when the β phase is quenched.

Phase Diagrams

12-198 Cr

10

90

20

80

(Cr) + σ (Cr) + (γFe,Ni)

σ

60

Fe

40

σ + (γFe,Ni)

70

10

30

) Ni

e,

r)

(C

γF +(

20

18-8 Stainless steel

90

50

20

um mi

Ma ss P

50

80

60

hro tC

erc en

(Cr)

en erc

t Ir

40

70 P ss Ma

on

30

30

(γFe,Ni)

40 50 60 Mass Percent Nickel

10

70

80

90

Ni

Figure 23. The isothermal section at 900°C (1652°F) of the iron-chromium-nickel ternary phase diagram, showing the nominal composition of 18-8 stainless steel.

HEAT CAPACITY OF SELECTED SOLIDS This table gives the molar heat capacity at constant pressure of representative metals, semiconductors, and other crystalline solids as a function of temperature in the range 200 to 600 K.

References

2. Garvin, D., Parker, V. B., and White, H. J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables, Hemisphere Press, New York, 1987. 3. DIPPR Database of Pure Compound Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties Data, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1987.

1. Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. Cp in J/mol K Name Aluminum Aluminum oxide Anthracene Benzoic acid Beryllium Biphenyl Boron Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide Cesium chloride Chromium Cobalt Copper Copper oxide Copper sulfate Germanium Gold Graphite Hexachlorobenzene Iodine Iron Lead Lithium Lithium chloride Magnesium Magnesium oxide Manganese Naphthalene Potassium Potassium chloride Silicon Silicon dioxide Silver Sodium Sodium chloride Tantalum Titanium Tungsten Vanadium Zinc Zirconium

200 K

250 K

300 K

21.33 51.12 138.6 102.7 9.98 131.0 5.99 24.54 66.50 33.64 50.13 19.86 22.23 22.63 34.80 77.01

23.08 67.05 173.9 123.5 13.58 162.5 8.82 25.41 75.66 38.59 51.34 22.30 23.98 23.77

5.01 162.7 51.57 21.59 25.87 21.57 43.35 22.72

6.82 183.6 53.24 23.74 26.36 23.42 46.08 24.02

23.05 105.8 27.00 48.44 15.64 32.64

24.95 134.1 28.01 50.10 18.22 39.21

22.45 46.89 24.08 22.37 22.49 21.88 24.05 23.87

27.01 48.85 24.86 24.07 23.69 23.70 25.02 24.69

24.25 79.45 210.7 147.4 16.46 197.2 11.40 25.94 83.82 42.18 52.48 23.47 24.83 24.48 42.41 99.25 23.25 25.41 8.58 202.4 54.51 25.15 26.85 24.64 48.10 24.90 37.38 26.35 167.8 29.60 51.37 20.04 44.77 25.36 28.20 50.21 25.31 25.28 24.30 24.93 25.45 25.22

89.25

350 K

400 K

500 K

600 K

25.11 88.91 248.8 172.0 18.53

25.78 96.14 288.4

26.84 106.17

27.89 112.55

19.95

21.94

23.34

13.65 26.32 91.51 45.07 53.58 24.39 25.68 24.95 44.95 107.65 23.85 25.37 10.24

15.69 26.87 96.97 46.98 54.68 25.23 26.53 25.33 46.78 114.93 24.31 25.51 11.81

18.72 28.49 104.52 49.33 56.90 26.63 28.20 25.91 49.19 127.19 24.96 26.06 14.62

20.78 30.38 109.86 50.72 59.10 27.72 29.66 26.48 50.83 136.31 25.45 26.65 16.84

58.60 26.28 27.30 25.96 49.66 25.57 40.59 27.52 204.1

27.39 27.72 27.60 50.97 26.14 42.77 28.53

29.70 28.55 29.28 53.34 27.17 45.56 30.29

32.05 29.40 55.59 28.18 47.30 31.90

53.08 22.14 53.43 25.79

54.71 23.33 59.64 26.36

56.35 24.15 64.42 26.99

52.14 25.84 26.86 24.92 26.23 26.35 25.93

53.96 26.35 27.88 25.36 26.94 27.39 26.56

55.81 26.84 28.60 25.79 27.49 28.59 27.28

52.31 21.28 49.47 25.55 30.14 51.25 25.60 26.17 24.65 25.68 25.88 25.61

12-195

Section 12.indb 195

4/28/05 2:00:31 PM

Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals This table gives the following properties for the metallic elements: tm: tb:

Melting point in °C Normal boiling point in °C, at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (760 Torr) ∆fusH: Enthalpy of fusion at the melting point in J/g ρ25: Density at 25 °C in g/cm3 α: Coefficient of linear expansion at 25 °C in K-1 (the quantity listed is 106 × α) cp: Specific heat capacity at constant pressure at 25 °C in J/g K λ: Thermal conductivity at 27 °C in W/cm K

References 1. Dinsdale, A. T., CALPHAD, 15, 317, 1991 (melting points, enthalpy of fusion). 2. Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, IFI/Plenum, New York, 1975 (coefficient of expansion, density). Metal (symbol) Actinium (Ac) Aluminum (Al) Antimony (Sb) Barium (Ba) Beryllium (Be) Bismuth (Bi) Cadmium (Cd) Calcium (Ca) Cerium (Ce) Cesium (Cs) Chromium (Cr) Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Dysprosium (Dy) Erbium (Er) Europium (Eu) Gadolinium (Gd) Gallium (Ga) Gold (Au) Hafnium (Hf ) Holmium (Ho) Indium (In) Iridium (Ir) Iron (Fe) Lanthanum (La) Lead (Pb) Lithium (Li) Lutetium (Lu) Magnesium (Mg) Manganese (Mn) Mercury (Hg) Molybdenum (Mo) Neodymium (Nd) Neptunium (Np) Nickel (Ni)



Atomic weight 26.98 121.76 137.33 9.01 208.98 112.41 40.08 140.11 132.91 52.00 58.93 63.55 162.50 167.26 151.96 157.25 69.72 196.97 178.49 164.93 114.82 192.22 55.85 138.91 207.20 6.94 174.97 24.30 54.94 200.59 95.94 144.24 58.69

tb °C

tm °C 1050 660.32 630.628 727 1287 271.406 321.069 842 799 28.44 1907 1495 1084.62 1412 1529 822 1313 29.7666 1064.18 2233 1472 156.60 2446 1538 920 327.462 180.5 1663 650 1246 –38.8290 2623 1016 644 1455

3198 2519 1587 1897 2471 1564 767 1484 3443 671 2671 2927 2562 2567 2868 1529 3273 2204 2856 4603 2700 2072 4428 2861 3464 1749 1342 3402 1090 2061 356.62 4639 3074 2913

3. Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, Suppl. 1, 1974 (thermal conductivity). 4. Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989 (heat capacity). 5. Glushko, V. P., Ed., Thermal Constants of Substances, VINITI, Moscow, (enthalpy of fusion, heat capacity). 6. Wagman, D. D., et al., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 2, 1982 (heat capacity). 7. Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985 (heat capacity, enthalpy of fusion). 8. Gschneidner, K. A., Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 11, 216–224, 1990 (various properties of the rare earth metals). 9. Hellwege, K. H., Ed., Landolt Börnstein, Numerical Values and Functions in Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geophysics, and Technology, Vol. 2, Part 1, Mechanical-Thermal Properties of State, 1971 (density). 10. Physical Encyclopedic Dictionary, Vol. 1–5, Encyclopedy Publishing House, Moscow, 1960–66.

∆fus H J/g 399.9 162.5 51.8 876.0 53.3 55.2 213.1 39.0 15.7 404 272.5 203.5 68.1 119 60.6 63.6 80.0 64.6 152.4 103a 28.6 213.9 247.3 44.6 23.1 432 126a 348.9 235.0 11.4 390.7 49.5 13.5 290.3

ρ25 g/cm3 10 2.70 6.68 3.62 1.85 9.79 8.69 1.54 6.77 1.93 7.15 8.86 8.96 8.55 9.07 5.24 7.90 5.91 19.3 13.3 8.80 7.31 22.5 7.87 6.15 11.3 0.534 9.84 1.74 7.3 13.5336 10.2 7.01 20.2 8.90

α × 106 K-1

cp J/g K

23.1 11.0 20.6 11.3 13.4 30.8 22.3 6.3 97 4.9 13.0 16.5 9.9 12.2 35.0 9.4b 18 14.2 5.9 11.2 32.1 6.4 11.8 12.1 28.9 46 9.9 24.8 21.7 60.4 4.8 9.6

0.12 0.897 0.207 0.205 1.82 0.122 0.231 0.646 0.192 0.242 0.450 0.421 0.384 0.170 0.168 0.182 0.235 0.374 0.129 0.144 0.165 0.233 0.131 0.449 0.195 0.127 3.57 0.154 1.024 0.479 0.139 0.251 0.191

13.4

0.445

λ W/cm K 2.37 0.243 0.184 2.00 0.0787 0.968 2.00 0.113 0.359 0.937 1.00 4.01 0.107 0.145 0.139a 0.105 0.406 3.17 0.230 0.162 0.816 1.47 0.802 0.134 0.353 0.847 0.164 1.56 0.0782 0.0834 1.38 0.165 0.063 0.907

12-203

Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals

12-204 Metal (symbol) Niobium (Nb) Osmium (Os) Palladium (Pd) Platinum (Pt) Plutonium (Pu) Polonium (Po) Potassium (K) Praseodymium (Pr) Promethium (Pm) Protactinium (Pa) Radium (Ra) Rhenium (Re) Rhodium (Rh) Rubidium (Rb) Ruthenium (Ru) Samarium (Sm) Scandium (Sc) Silver (Ag) Sodium (Na) Strontium (Sr) Tantalum (Ta) Technetium (Tc) Terbium (Tb) Thallium (Tl) Thorium (Th) Thulium (Tm) Tin (Sn) Titanium (Ti) Tungsten (W ) Uranium (U) Vanadium (V) Ytterbium (Yb) Yttrium (Y) Zinc (Zn) Zirconium (Zr) a

Estimated.

b

At 100 °C.

Atomic weight 92.91 190.23 106.42 195.08

39.10 140.91 231.04 186.21 102.91 85.47 101.07 150.36 44.96 107.87 22.99 87.62 180.95 158.93 204.38 232.04 168.93 118.71 47.88 183.84 238.03 50.94 173.04 88.91 65.39 91.22

tm °C 2477 3033 1554.8 1768.2 640 254 63.38 931 1042 1572 696 3185 1964 39.30 2333 1072 1541 961.78 97.794 777 3017 2157 1359 304 1750 1545 231.93 1668 3422 1135 1910 824 1522 419.53 1854.7

tb °C

∆fus H J/g

4744 5012 2963 3825 3228 962 759 3520 3000a

323 304.1 157.3 113.6 11.6

5596 3695 688 4150 1794 2836 2162 882.94 1382 5458 4265 3230 1473 4788 1950 2602 3287 5555 4131 3407 1196 3345 907 4409

324.5 258.4 25.6 381.8 57.3 314 104.6 113.1 84.8 202.1 339.7 67.9 20.3 59.5 99.7 60.4 295.6 284.5 38.4 422 44.3 128 108.1 230.2

59.6 48.9 53.4

ρ25 g/cm3 8.57 22.59 12.0 21.5 19.7 9.20 0.89 6.77 7.26 15.4 5 20.8 12.4 1.53 12.1 7.52 2.99 10.5 0.97 2.64 16.4 11 8.23 11.8 11.7 9.32 7.26 4.51 19.3 19.1 6.0 6.90 4.47 7.14 6.52

α × 106 K-1 7.3 5.1 11.8 8.8 46.7 23.5 83.3 6.7 11a

6.2 8.2

cp J/g K 0.265 0.130 0.244 0.133

0.757 0.193 0.19a

6.4 12.7 10.2 18.9 71 22.5 6.3

0.137 0.243 0.364 0.238 0.196 0.567 0.235 1.225 0.306 0.140

10.3 29.9 11.0 13.3 22.0 8.6 4.5 13.9 8.4 26.3 10.6 30.2 5.7

0.182 0.129 0.118 0.160 0.227 0.522 0.132 0.116 0.489 0.154 0.298 0.388 0.278

λ W/cm K 0.537 0.876 0.718 0.716 0.0674 0.20 1.024 0.125 0.15a

0.479 1.50 0.582 1.17 0.133 0.158 4.29 1.41 0.353 0.575 0.506 0.111 0.461 0.540 0.169 0.666 0.219 1.74 0.276 0.307 0.385 0.172 1.16 0.227

Thermophysical Properties of Stainless Steel 310 Stainless steel is used in a wide variety of applications, especially at high temperatures. This table gives properties of a reference standard Stainless Steel 310 certified by the U. K. National Physical Laboratory. The properties are: a: thermal diffusivity in mm2 s–1 cp: specific heat capacity at constant pressure in J g–1 K–1 ρ: density in g cm–3 k: thermal conductivity in W m–1 K–1



With kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media: International Journal of Thermophysics, 28, 674, 2007, Table II.

Reference Blumm, J., Lindemann, A. Niedrig, B., and Campbell, R., Int. J. Thermophys. 28, 674, 2007.

t/°C

a/mm2 s–1

cp/J g–1 K–1

ρ/g cm–3

k/W m–1 K–1

–125

3.170

0.376

7.878

9.39

–100

3.130

0.411

7.871

10.12

–75

3.145

0.435

7.863

10.76

–50

3.170

0.451

7.855

11.23

–25

3.210

0.464

7.846

11.69

0

3.256

0.475

7.838

12.12

25

3.352

0.483

7.829

12.67

50

3.439

0.490

7.820

13.18

101

3.611

0.501

7.801

14.11

150

3.763

0.512

7.782

14.99

200

3.917

0.518

7.762

15.75

250

4.075

0.525

7.742

16.56

300

4.205

0.533

7.722

17.31

350

4.331

0.541

7.701

18.04

400

4.455

0.548

7.681

18.75

450

4.571

0.555

7.660

19.43

500

4.686

0.562

7.639

20.12

550

4.806

0.570

7.618

20.86

600

4.920

0.595

7.596

22.24

651

5.058

0.601

7.574

23.02

701

5.179

0.607

7.551

23.74

750

5.207

0.611

7.529

23.95

800

5.288

0.617

7.506

24.49

850

5.404

0.624

7.483

25.23

901

5.506

0.633

7.460

26.00

950

5.618

0.645

7.436

26.94

1000

5.707

0.655

7.411

27.70

12-205

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE This table gives the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of several metals and of carbon, germanium, and silicon. For graphite, separate entries are given for the thermal conductivity parallel (||) and perpendicular (⊥) to the layer planes. The thermal conductivity of all these materials is very sensitive to impurities at low temperatures, especially below 100 K. Therefore, the values given here should be regarded as typical values for a highly purified specimen; the thermal conductivity of different specimens can vary by more than an order of magnitude in the low-temperature range. See Reference 2 for details.

T/K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Ag 39.4 78.3 115 147 172 187 193 190 181 168 96.0 51.0 19.3 10.5 7.0 5.5 4.97 4.71 4.60 4.50 4.32 4.30 4.29 4.29 4.27 4.25 4.19 4.12 3.96 3.79 3.61*

Al 41.1 81.8 121 157 188 213 229 237 239 235 176 117 49.5 24.0 13.5 8.5 5.85 4.32 3.42 3.02 2.48 2.37 2.35 2.37 2.40 2.40 2.36 2.31 2.18

Au 5.46 10.9 16.1 20.9 25.2 28.5 30.9 32.3 32.7 32.4 24.6 15.8 7.55 5.15 4.21 3.74 3.48 3.32 3.28 3.27 3.25 3.23 3.21 3.17 3.14 3.11 3.04 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55

I 0.0138* 0.0461 0.108 0.206 0.344 0.523 0.762 1.05 1.40 3.96 7.87 18.8 29.4 35.3 37.4 36.9 35.1 32.7 30.0 19.5 14.1 11.0 8.95 7.55* 6.5*

References 1. Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 279, 1972. 2. White, G. K., and Minges, M. L., Thermophysical Properties of Some Key Solids, CODATA Bulletin No. 59, 1985.

Thermal Conductivity in W/cm K Carbon (C) Pyrolytic Diamond (type) graphite IIa IIb || ⊥ 0.033* 0.111 0.261 0.494 0.820 1.24 1.77 2.41 3.17 8.65 16.8 38.9 65.9 92.1 112 119 117 109 100 60.2 40.3 29.7 23.0 18.5* 15.4*

0.0200* 0.0676 0.160 0.307 0.510 0.778 1.12 1.53 2.03 5.66 11.2 26.5 44.0 59.1 67.5 69.1 65.7 60.0 54.2 32.5 22.6 17.0 13.5 11.1* 9.32*

0.811

0.0116

4.20 9.86 16.4 23.1 29.8 36.6 42.8 47.5 49.7 45.1 32.3 24.4 19.5 16.2 13.9 10.8 8.92 6.67 5.34 4.48 3.84 3.33 2.93 2.62

0.0397 0.0786 0.120 0.152 0.173 0.181 0.181 0.176 0.168 0.125 0.0923 0.0711 0.0570 0.0477 0.0409 0.0322 0.0268 0.0201 0.0160 0.0134 0.0116 0.0100 0.00895 0.00807

Cr 0.402* 0.803 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.39 2.27 3.14 3.50 3.85 5.24 5.93 5.49 4.25 3.17 2.48 2.07 1.84 1.69 1.59 1.29 1.11 1.00 0.937 0.929 0.909 0.860 0.807 0.713 0.654 0.619 0.588 0.556 0.526* 0.494*

Cu 42.2 84.0 125 162 195 222 239 248 249 243 171 108 44.5 21.7 12.5 8.29 6.47 5.57 5.08 4.82 4.29 4.13 4.06 4.01 3.96 3.93 3.86 3.79 3.66 3.52 3.39

12-198

Section 12.indb 198

4/28/05 2:00:40 PM

Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature T/K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 a

Fe 1.71 3.42 5.11 6.77 8.39 9.93 11.4 12.7 13.9 14.8 17.0 15.4 10.0 6.23 4.05 2.85 2.16 1.75 1.50 1.34 1.04 0.94 0.865 0.802 0.744 0.695 0.613 0.547 0.433 0.323 0.283 0.312 0.330 0.345*

Gea 0.274 2.06 5.35 8.77 11.6 13.9 15.5 16.6 17.3 17.7 17.3 14.9 10.8 7.98 6.15 4.87 3.93 3.25 2.70 2.32 1.32 0.968 0.749 0.599 0.495 0.432 0.338 0.273 0.198 0.174 0.174

Mg 9.86 19.6 29.0 37.6 45.0 50.8 54.7 56.7 57.0 55.8 41.1 27.2 12.9 7.19 4.65 3.27 2.49 2.02 1.78 1.69 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.53 1.51 1.49 1.46*

Ni 2.17 4.34 6.49 8.59 10.6 12.5 14.2 15.8 17.1 18.1 19.5 16.5 9.56 5.82 4.00 3.08 2.50 2.10 1.83 1.64 1.22 1.07 0.975 0.907 0.850 0.802 0.722 0.656 0.676 0.718 0.762 0.804

Pb 27.9 44.6 35.8 22.2 13.8 8.10 4.86 3.20 2.30 1.78 0.845 0.591 0.477 0.451 0.436 0.425 0.416 0.409 0.403 0.397 0.379 0.367 0.360 0.353 0.347 0.340 0.328 0.314

Pt

Sia

2.31 4.60 6.79 8.8 10.5 11.8 12.6 12.9 12.8 12.3 8.41 4.95 2.15 1.39 1.09 0.947 0.862 0.815 0.789 0.775 0.740 0.726 0.718 0.716 0.717 0.718 0.723 0.732 0.756 0.787 0.826 0.871 0.919 0.961 0.994*

0.0693* 0.454 1.38 2.97 5.27 8.23 11.7 15.5 19.5 23.3 41.6 49.8 48.1 35.3 26.8 21.1 16.8 13.4 10.8 8.84 4.09 2.64 1.91 1.48 1.19 0.989 0.762 0.619 0.422 0.312 0.257 0.235 0.221

12-199 Sn

183 323 297 181 117 76 52 36 26 19.3 6.3 3.2 1.79 1.33 1.15 1.04 0.96 0.915 0.880 0.853 0.779 0.733 0.696 0.666 0.642 0.622 0.596

Ti 0.0144* 0.0288* 0.0432 0.0575 0.0719 0.0863 0.101 0.115 0.129 0.143 0.212 0.275 0.365 0.390 0.374 0.355 0.340 0.326 0.315 0.305 0.270 0.245 0.229 0.219 0.210 0.204 0.197 0.194 0.197 0.207 0.220 0.236 0.253 0.270*

W 14.4 28.7 42.8 56.3 68.7 79.5 88.0 93.8 96.8 97.1 72.0 40.5 14.4 6.92 4.27 3.14 2.58 2.29 2.17 2.08 1.92 1.85 1.80 1.74 1.67 1.59 1.46 1.37 1.25 1.18 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.98

Values below 300 K are typical values.

* Extrapolated.

Section 12.indb 199

4/28/05 2:00:43 PM

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ALLOYS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE This table lists the thermal conductivity of selected alloys at various temperatures. The indicated compositions refer to weight percent. Since the thermal conductivity is sensitive to exact composition and processing history, especially at low temperatures, these values should be considered approximate.

References 1. Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Ho, C. Y., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 959, 1978.

Thermal conductivity in W/m K Alloy Aluminum:

Bismuth: Copper:

Ferrous:

Gold: Indium: Lead: Nickel:

Platinum: Silver: Tin: Titanium:

1100 2024 3003 5052 5083, 5086 Duralumin Rose metal Wood’s metal electrolytic tough pitch free cutting, leaded phosphorus, deoxidized brass, leaded bronze, 68% Cu; 32% Zn beryllium german silver silicon bronze A manganin constantan commercial pure iron plain carbon steel(AISI 1020) plain carbon steel(AISI 1095) 3% Ni; 0.7% Cr; 0.6% Mo 4% Si stainless steel 27% Ni; 15% Cr colbalt thermocouple 65% Au; 35% Ag 85.5% In; 14.5% Pb 60% Pb; 40% Sn (soft solder) 64.35% Pb; 35.65% In 80% Ni; 20% Cr contracid inconel monel 90% Pt; 10% Ir 90% Pt; 10% Rh silver solder normal Ag thermocouple 60% Sn; 40% Pb 5.5% Al; 2.5% Sn;0.2% Fe 4.7% Mn; 3.99% Al; 0.14% C

4K

20 K

77 K

50 3.2 11 4.8 3 5.5

240 17 58 25 17 30 5.5 17 1300 800 42 12 16 17 7.5 3.4 3.2 8.6 72 20 8.5 6

270 56 140 77 55 91 8.3 23 550 460 120 39 48 36 17 11 14 17 106 58 31 22

220 95 150 120 95 140 14

220 130 160 140 120 160 16

400 380 190 70 92 70 20 23 17 19 82 65 41

8 55 20 24 24 44 9.1

13

0.8

2 1.7 8.6 12 7.8 28 3.26

390 380 220 120 110 90 23 30 22 22 76 65 45 33 20 14 11

0.2 0.5 0.9

2 4.2 7.1

7.3 12.5 15

9.5 13 20

12 230 55 1.8 1.7

34 310 51 4.3 4.5

4 330 200 7.5 2.3 2.3 2 0.75 0.48 0.9 15 13

0.3 1.2 1.9

48 16

194 K

41

58

6.4 6.5

273 K

61

20.2 12 13 15 21 31 30.1

7.8 8.5

373 K

573 K

973 K

180

380

370

350

113 25

172 30

40

66

54

34

35 24 16 12

36 28 19 16

30 26 25 21

14

17

23

16 24 31.4 30.5

19 30

26 43

89

8.4

10.8

12-200

Section 12.indb 200

4/28/05 2:00:48 PM

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CRYSTALLINE DIELECTRICS This table lists the thermal conductivity of a number of crystalline dielectrics, including some which find use as optical materials. Values are given at temperatures for which data are available.

Ther. cond. W/m K

Material

T/K

AgCl

223 273 323 373 398 540 723 315 315 358 417 315 358 377

1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.9 3.2 3.5 6.4 17.7 15.6 13.3 35.8 35.4 35.6

4.2 20 35 77 373 523 773 4.2 20 77 194 273 373 973 8 10 20 77 283 323 373 1047 1475 1928 2111 225 260 305 370 5 30 40 100 250 300 4.2

110 3500 6000 1100 2.6 3.9 5.8 0.5 23 150 48 35 26 8 6.0 3.7 1.4 0.31 0.16 0.21 0.27 36.2 22.7 21.9 18.5 20 13.4 10.9 10.5 4.2 24.0 25.0 12.0 4.8 6.2 0.3

Al,B silicate (tourmaline) || to c axis Al,Be silicate (beryl) Al,F silicate (topaz) || to c axis Al,Fe silicate (garnet)

Al2O3 (sapphire): 36° to c axis

⊥ to c axis

Al2O3 (sintered)

Ar

As2S3 (glass) BN

BaF2

BaTiO3

BeO

Reference Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

Material

Bi2Te3

C (diamond) type I

CaCO3 || to c axis ⊥ to c axis

CaF2

CaWO4 (scheelite) CdTe

CsBr

CsI

Cu2O (cuprite)

Fe3O4 (magnetite)

Glass: phoenix

plastic perspex

T/K 20 77 373 573 1273 80 204 303 370 4.2 20 77 194 273 83 273 83 194 273 373 83 223 273 323 373 422 160 297 422 223 273 323 373 223 273 323 373 102 163 299 360 4.5 20.5 126.5 304 4.2 20 77 4.2

Ther. cond. W/m K 16 270 210 120 29 6.4 2.8 3.6 4.6 13 800 3550 1450 1000 25 5.5 17 6.5 4.6 3.6 39 18 10 9.2 9 11.3 7.0 3.6 2.9 1.2 0.94 0.81 0.77 1.4 1.2 1 0.95 3.74 7.76 5.58 4.86 27.4 293.0 7.4 7.0 0.095 0.13 0.37 0.058

12-201

Section 12.indb 201

4/28/05 2:00:52 PM

Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics

12-202 Material pyrex

H2 (para + 0.5% ortho)

H2O (ice) He3 (high pressure)

He4 (high pressure)

I2 KBr

KCl

KI

Kr

LaF3 LiF

MgO·Al2O3 (spinel) MnO

Section 12.indb 202

T/K

Ther. cond. W/m K

20 77 194 273 2.5 3 4 6 10 173 223 273 0.6 1 1.5 2 0.5 0.8 1 2 300 325 350 2 4.2 100 273 323 373 4.2 25 80 194 273 323 373 4.2 80 194 273 4.2 10 20 77 78 197 274 4.2 20 77 373 773 4.2 40 120 573

0.074 0.44 0.88 1 100 150 200 30 3 3.5 2.8 2.2 25 2 0.57 0.21 42 120 24 0.18 0.45 0.42 0.4 150 360 12 5 4.8 4.8 500 140 35 10 7.0 6.5 6.3 700 13 4.6 3.1 0.48 1.7 1.2 0.36 7.8 5.0 5.4 620 1800 150 13 8.5 0.25 55 8 3.5

Material

T/K

Ther. cond. W/m K

NaCl

4.2 20 77 273 323 373 5 50 100 2 3 4.2 10 20 77 194 230 273

440 300 30 6.4 5.6 5.4 1100 250 90 3.0 4.6 4.2 0.8 0.3 17 23 38 27

NaF

Ne

NH4Cl

NH4H2PO4 || to optic axis ⊥ to optic axis NiO

SiO2 (quartz) || to c axis

⊥ to c axis

SiO2 (fused silica)

SrTiO3

TlBr TlCl TiO2 (rutile) || to optic axis

⊥ to optic axis

315 339 313 342 4.2 40 194

0.71 0.71 1.26 1.34 5.9 400 82

20 194 273 20 194 273 4.2 20 77 194 273 373 673 5 30 40 100 250 300 316 311

720 20 12 370 10 6.8 0.25 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.4 21.0 19.2 18.5 12.5 11.2 0.59 0.75

4.2 20 273 4.2 20 273

200 1000 13 160 690 9

4/28/05 2:00:55 PM

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS AND OTHER INSULATING MATERIALS Thermal conductivity values for ceramics, refractory oxides, and miscellaneous insulating materials are given here. The thermal conductivity refers to samples with density indicated in the second column. Since most of these materials are highly variable, the values should only be considered as a rough guide.

Material Alumina (Al2O3)

Dens. g/cm3

t °C

3.8

100 400 1300 1800 100 800 100 400 1000 –100 0 100 30 20 100 400 1000 1800 50 200 600 0

3.5 Al2O3 + MgO Asbestos

0.4

Asbestos + 85% MgO Asphalt Beryllia (BeO)

0.3 2.1 2.8

1.85

Brick, dry Brick, refractory: alosite aluminous diatomaceous

1.54

1.99 0.77 0.4

fireclay

2

silicon carbide

2

vermiculite

0.77

Calcium oxide

Cement mortar Charcoal Coal Concrete Cork

2 0.2 1.35 1.6 0.05 0.35

Cotton wool Diatomite

0.08 0.2

1000 400 1000 100 500 100 500 400 1000 200 600 200 600 100 400 1000 90 20 20 0 0 100 0 100 30 0

References 1. Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Perry, R. H., and Green, D., Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.

Ther. cond. W/m K 30 13 6 7.4 17 7.6 15 10 5.6 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.06 210 90 20 15 64 40 23 0.04 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.2 0.24 0.08 0.1 1 1.2 2 2.4 0.26 0.31 16 9 7.5 0.55 0.055 0.26 0.8 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.05

Material

Dens. g/cm3 0.5

Ebonite Felt, flax Fuller’s earth Glass wool

Graphite 100 mesh 20-40 mesh Linoleum cork Magnesia (MgO)

1.2 0.2 0.3 0.53 0.2

0.48 0.7 0.54

MgO + SiO2 Mica: muscovite

phlogopite Canadian Micanite Mineral wool Perlite, expanded Plastics: bakelite celluloid polystyrene foam mylar foil nylon

0.15 0.1 1.3 1.4 0.05 0.05

polytetrafluoroethylene

urethane foam Porcelain Rock: basalt chalk

0.07

t °C 400 0 400 0 30 30 30 –200 to 20 50 100 300

Ther. cond. W/m K 0.09 0.09 0.16 0.16 0.05 0.04 0.1 0.005 0.04 0.05 0.08

40 40 20 100 400 1200 1700 100 400 1500

0.18 1.29 0.08 36 18 5.8 9.2 5.3 3.5 2.3

100 300 600 100 300

0.72 0.65 0.69 0.66 0.19

600 30 30 –200 to 20

0.2 0.3 0.04 0.002

20 30 –200 to 20 –200 to 20 –253 –193 25 –253 –193 25 230 20 90

1.4 0.02 0.033 0.0001 0.10 0.23 0.30 0.13 0.16 0.26 2.5 0.06 1

20 20

2 0.92

12-203

Section 12.indb 203

4/28/05 2:00:57 PM

Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials

12-204 Material granite limestone sandstone slate, ⊥ slate, || Rubber: sponge 92 percent Sand, dry Sawdust Shellac Silica aerogel Snow Steel wool Thoria (ThO2) Titanium dioxide

Section 12.indb 204

Dens. g/cm3

t °C

Ther. cond. W/m K

2.8 2 2.2

20 20 20 95 95

2.2 1 1.3 1.4 2.5

20 25 20 30 20 –200 to 20 0 55 100 400 1500 100 400 1200

0.05 0.16 0.33 0.06 0.23 0.003 0.16 0.09 10 5.8 2.4 6.5 3.8 3.3

0.2 1.5 0.2 0.1 0.25 0.1

Material

Dens. g/cm3

Uranium dioxide

Wood: balsa, ⊥ fir, ⊥ fir, || oak plywood pine, ⊥ pine, || walnut, ⊥ Wool Zinc oxide Zirconia (ZrO2) Zirconia + silica

0.11 0.54 0.54

0.45 0.45 0.65 0.09

t °C

Ther. cond. W/m K

100 400 1000

9.8 5.5 3.4

30 20 20 20 20 60 60 20 30 200 800 100 400 1500 200 600 1500

0.04 0.14 0.35 0.16 0.11 0.11 0.26 0.14 0.04 17 5.3 2 2 2.5 5.6 4.6 3.7

4/28/05 2:00:59 PM

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES This table gives the composition of various types of glasses and the thermal conductivity k as a function of temperature. Because

Vitreous silica

Type of glass

SiO2 (wt%) 100

of the variability of glasses, the data should be regarded as only approximate. Composition Other oxides (wt%)

t °C –150 –100 –50 0 50 100

k W/m K 0.85 1.05 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50

96

B2O3

3

–100 0 100

1.00 1.25 1.40

Pyrex type chemicallyresistant borosilicate glasses

80–81

B2O3 Na2O Al

12–13 4 2

–100 0 100

0.90 1.10 1.25

Borosilicate crown glasses

60–65

B2O3

15–20

–100 0 100

0.65–0.75 0.90–0.95 1.00–1.05

65–70

B2O3

10–15

–100 0 100

0.75–0.80 0.95–1.00 1.05–1.15

70–75

B3O3

5–10

–100 0 100

0.80–0.85 1.05–1.10 1.15–1.20

55–65

ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3

5–15

–100 0 100

0.88–0.92 1.10–1.15 1.15–1.25

ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O

5–15

–100 0 100

0.60–0.70 0.70–0.90 0.85–0.95

ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3

15–25

–100 0 100

0.88–0.92 1.10–1.15 1.15–1.20

ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O

15–25

–100 0 100

0.65–0.80 0.85–0.95 0.90–1.05

ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3

5–15

–100 0 100

0.88–0.92 1.15–1.15 1.20–1.30

ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O

5–15

–100 0 100

0.70–0.85 0.90–1.05 1.00–1.15

ZnO

15–25

–100

0.90–0.95

Vycor glass

Zinc crown glasses (i)

Zinc crown glasses (ii)

65–75

12-205

Section 12.indb 205

4/28/05 2:01:01 PM

Thermal Conductivity of Glasses

12-206

Type of glass

SiO2 (wt%)

Composition Other oxides (wt%) Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3 ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O

k W/m K 1.15–1.15 1.20–1.25

15–25

–100 0 100

0.65–0.85 0.85–1.00 1.05–1.20

31

B2O3 Al2O3 BaO

12 8 48

–100 0 100

0.55 0.70 0.80

41

B2O3 Al2O3 ZnO BaO

6 2 8 43

–100 0 100

0.60 0.75 0.85

47

B2O3 Na2O K2O ZnO BaO

4 1 7 8 32

–100 0 100

0.65 0.75 0.90

65

B2O3 Na2O K2O ZnO BaO

2 5 15 2 10

–100 0 100

0.70 0.90 1.00

Borate glasses Borate flint glass

9

B2O3 Na2O K2O PbO Al2O3 ZnO

36 1 2 36 10 6

–100 0 100

0.55 0.65 0.80

Borate flint glass

0

B2O3 Al2O3 PbO

56 12 32

–100 0 100

0.50 0.65 0.85

Borate flint glass

0

B2O3 Al2O3 PbO

43 5 52

–100 0 100

0.40 0.55 0.70

Borate glass

4

B2O3 Al2O3 PbO K2O ZnO

55 14 11 4 12

–100 0 100

0.65 0.80 0.90

Borate crown glass

0

B2O3 Na2O K2O BaO PbO Al2O3

64 8 3 4 3 18

–100 0 100

0.50 0.65 0.85

Light borate crown glass

0

B2O3 Na2O

69 8

–100 0

0.55 0.70

Barium crown glasses

Section 12.indb 206

t °C 0 100

4/28/05 2:01:03 PM

Thermal Conductivity of Glasses

Type of glass

SiO2 (wt%)

Composition Other oxides (wt%) BaO 5 18 Al2O3

t °C 100

k W/m K 0.90

0

B2O3 ZnO

40 60

–100 0 100

0.65 0.75 0.85

Phosphate crown glasses Potash phosphate glass

0

P2O5 B2O3 K2O Al2O3 MgO

70 3 12 10 4

0 100

0.75 0.85

Baryta phosphate glass

0

P2O5 B2O3 Al2O3 BaO

60 3 8 28

45

0.75

Soda-lime glasses

75

Na2O CaO

17 8

–100 0 100

0.75 0.95 1.10

75

Na2O CaO

12 13

–100 0 100

0.90 1.10 1.15

72

Na2O CaO Al2O3

15 11 2

–100 0 100

0.80 1.00 1.15

65

Na2O CaO

25 10

–100 0 100

0.65 0.85 0.95

65

Na2O CaO

15 20

–100 0 100

0.85 1.00 1.10

60

Na2O CaO

20 20

–100 0 100

0.75 0.90 1.00

75

Na2O K2O CaO

9 11 5

–100 0 100

0.80 1.00 1.10

68

Na2O ZnO PbO

16 3 13

–100 0 100

0.65 0.85 1.00

65

PbO Others

25 10

–100 0 100

0.65–0.70 0.88–0.92 1.00–1.05

55

PbO

35

–100

0.60–0.65

Zinc borate glass

Other crown glasses Crown glass

High dispersion crown glass

Miscellaneous flint glasses (i) Silicate flint glasses Light flint glasses

Section 12.indb 207

12-207

4/28/05 2:01:04 PM

Thermal Conductivity of Glasses

12-208

Type of glass

SiO2 (wt%)

Composition Other oxides (wt%) Others 10

t °C 0 100

k W/m K 0.75–0.85 0.88–0.92

Ordinary flint glass

45

PbO Others

45 10

–100 0 100

0.50–0.60 0.65–0.75 0.80–0.85

Heavy flint glass

35

PbO Others

60 5

–100 0 100

0.45–0.50 0.60–0.65 0.70–0.75

Very heavy flint glasses

25

PbO Others

73 2

–100 0 100

0.40–0.45 0.55–0.60 0.63–0.67

20

PbO

80

–100 0 100

0.40 0.50 0.60

(ii) Borosilicate flint glass

33

B2O3 PbO Al2O3 K2O Na2O

31 25 7 3 1

–100 0 100

0.65 0.85 0.95

(iii) Barium flint glass

50

BaO PbO K2O Na2O ZnO Sb2O3

24 6 8 3 8 1

–100 0 100

0.60 0.70 0.85

59

K2O CaO

33 8

50

63

Fe2O3 Na2O MgO CaO Al2O3

10 17 4 3 2

–100 0 100

67

Fe2O3 Na2O3

15 18

0 100

0.88–0.92 1.00–1.05

62

Fe2O3 Na2O

20 18

0 100

0.85–0.90 0.95–1.00

Other glasses Potassium glass

Iron glasses

0.88–0.92

0.80 0.95 1.05

Rock glasses Obsidian Artificial diabase

Section 12.indb 208

0

1.35

100

1.25

4/28/05 2:01:06 PM

Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors L. I. Berger There are three thermoelectric phenomena that result from correlation between propagation of heat through a conductor and displacement of the current carriers in the conductor. The Seebeck effect (Ref. 1) consists of formation of an electric current in an electrical circuit formed by two dissimilar conductors if the contacts between the conductors are held at different temperatures. A reverse phenomenon, the Peltier effect (Ref. 2), consists of formation of a temperature difference between the contacts in a circuit of this type if an electric current is created in the circuit by an external current source to which the circuit is connected. W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin), who explained both effects (Refs. 3,4), predicted and experimentally confirmed the existence of another thermoelectric phenomenon, named the Thomson effect, which consists of absorption or release of heat in a uniform conductor with a current passing through it when a temperature gradient (positive or negative) is present along the current direction. The electromotive force, ΔU, which creates the Seebeck current in the circuit, is the algebraic sum of the emf’s created in each of the conductors, and is proportional to the temperature difference, ΔT, between the electrical contact points: ΔU = ΔU1 + ΔU2 = α1ΔT + α2ΔT. The coefficient of proportionality, α, called the Seebeck coefficient or thermoelectric power or thermal electromotive force (thermal emf ), of each of the two materials depends on the electrical properties and temperature of the material. The Peltier effect is measured by the amount of heat, ΔQ, released or absorbed in a unit of time (in addition to the Joule heat) at a contact of two dissimilar conductors with electric current ΔI passing through the contact: ΔQ = Π∙ΔI. Thomson showed that Π = αT. The Thomson effect’s heat, dQ, released or absorbed in a unit of time along a part of a conductor of length dx is proportional to the current magnitude I, the temperature gradient along the conductor ∂T/∂x, and the increment dx: dQ = τI(∂T/∂x)dx. Thomson showed that the magnitude of the coefficient of proportionality, τ, later named the Thomson coefficient, depends on only the properties of the conductor and the ambient temperature and correlates with the other thermoelectric parameters of a material through the equation τ = T(∂α/∂T). Another thermoelectric phenomenon, called the Bridgman effect or the internal Peltier effect (Ref. 5), occurs when an electric current passes through an anisotropic crystal, resulting in absorption or liberation of heat because of non-uniformity in current distribution. In view of the correlations between α, Π, and τ, we need only to present data for one of these parameters, namely, thermal emf α

and its dependence on temperature. These values are presented below, first for metals and then for semiconductors. In accordance with modern theory of solids, thermal emf in semiconductors is up to three or even four orders of magnitude higher than that in metals (Ref. 9).

References

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Seebeck, T. J., Abhand. Deut. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 265–373, 1822. Peltier, J. C. A, Ann. Chem., LVI, 371–387, 1834. Thomson, W., Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 91–98, 1851. Thomson, W., Math. and Phys. Papers, Cambridge, 1, 558, 1882; 2, 306, 1882. Bridgman, P. W., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 13(2), 46–50, 1927; Phys. Rev.30, 911–921 (1927). Blatt, F. J., Thermoelectric Power of Metals. Plenum Press, NY 1976. Foiles, C. L., Thermopower of Pure Metals and Dilute Alloys, in Landolt–Bornstein. Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology. New Series. Group III, v. 15, Metals. SpringerVerlag, NY, 1985. Burkov, A. T., and Vedernikov, M. V., in CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics, D. M. Rowe, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995, pp. 387–399. Ioffe, A. F., Semiconductor Thermoelements and Thermoelectric Cooling, Infosearch Ltd., 1957. Berger, L. I., and Prochuchan, V. D., Ternary Diamond-Like Semiconductors, Cons. Bureau, Plenum Press, New York, 1969. Rowe, D. M., Ed., Thermoelectrics Handbook Macro to Nano, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, 2006. Berger, L. I., Semiconductor Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. Glazov, V. M., Tshizhevskaya, S. N., and Glagoleva, N. N., Liquid Semiconductors, Nauka Publ. House, Moscow, 1967. Shay, J. L., and Wernick, J. H., Ternary Chalcopyrite Semiconductors: Growth, Electronic Properties and Applications, Pergamon Press, New York, 1975. Heikes, R. R., and Ure, R. W., Thermoelectricity: Science and Engineering, Interscience Publ., New York, 1961. Goland, A. N., and Ewald, A. W., Phys. Rev. 104, 948 (1956). Tauc J., Photo and Thermoelectric Effects in Semiconductors, Pergamon, New York, 1962. Dugdale, J. S., The Electrical Properties of Metals and Alloys, Edward Arnold, London, 1977. Rowe, D. M., Ed., CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.

Thermoelectric Properties of Elemental Metals Ag Al Au Ba Be Ca Cd Ce Co Cr



Thermal emf α(T) in μV/K at Temperature T 100 K 300 K 500 K 1000 K 1500 K 0.73 1.51 2.82 7.95 –2.2 –1.66 1.96 0.82 1.94 2.86 3.85 –4 12.1 28.5 –2.5 1.7 2.7 7.9 1.05 10.3 17.1 –0.05 2.55 13.6 6.2 5.2 –4.8 –8.43 –30.8 –44.8 –35.9 –7.8 5 21.8 16.6 17.9 5.7

Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Fe Ga Gd Hf Ho

Thermal emf α(T) in μV/K at Temperature T 100 K 300 K 500 K 1000 K 1500 K –0.9 1.19 1.83 2.83 5.36 –4.1 –1.8 0.9 2.3 –3.8 –0.1 1.9 4.2 5.3 24.5 46 11.6 15 3 0.4 0.5 –4.6 –1.6 –0.5 –0.8 0 5.5 5.7 –0.5 –6.7 –1.6 1.4 2.8

12-217

Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors

12-218

In Ir K La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Nd Ni Np Os Pb Pd Pt Pu Rb

Thermal emf α(T) in μV/K at Temperature T 100 K 300 K 500 K 1000 K 1500 K 0.56 1.68 1.42 0.86 –0.1 –2.7 –5.7 –5.2 –13.7 0.1 1.7 2 –1.7 4.3 –6.9 –4.3 –2.6 0 –2.1 –1.46 –2.5 –9.8 –8.4 –1.5 0.1 5.6 11.4 17.4 13.7 –2.6 –6.3 1.05 –0.44 –1.1 0.45 3.2 –4 –2.3 0 –1.2 –8.5 –19.5 –25.8 –29.9 8.9 –3.1 –3.2 –4.4 –4.7 –6.3 –8.5 –0.58 –1.05 –1.5 1.1 –10.7 –16.3 –32.3 –46.4 4.1 –5.3 –7.9 –8.2 12 –3.6 –10

Re Rh Ru Sc Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn Zr

Thermal emf α(T) in μV/K at Temperature T 100 K 300 K 500 K 1000 K 1500 K –1.4 –5.9 –5.9 –1.9 1.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 –1.5 0.3 –1.4 –1.8 –4.2 –7.5 –14.3 –19 –17.5 –5.4 10.2 0.7 1.2 0.6 –3 –0.04 –1 –3 1.1 4.2 0.7 –1.9 –2.3 1.6 7.2 –1.6 –1 0.3 0.6 0.6 –3.2 –9.2 –14.3 –10.4 –2 9.1 5.3 –3.1 –0.5 0.6 0.3 –1.5 –1.3 1.9 2.7 2.2 3 7.1 11 16.7 2.9 0.23 1.1 4.6 –4.4 0.9 9 19.8 21.3 –5.1 –0.7 0.3 2.9 6.6 5.1 30 20.3 12.3 0.7 2.4 4.4 8.9 4.6 –3 1.1

Thermoelectric Properties of Selected Semiconductors; Values Near Room Temperature unless Otherwise Indicated Material B n-Ge

α/μV K–1 600 (500 K) 600

Material

α/μV K–1

Material

Elemental Semiconductors n-Si 300 p-Si p-Ge –830 α-Sn

α/μV K–1 –500 –40 (250 K)

I-VI Compounds Cu2Se 135

Cu2Te

40

II-VI Compounds CdS 700

ZnSe

55

70 70 200 –55

III-V Compounds GaP 1200 n-GaAs 380 AlSb 500 n-InSb 240

InP p-GaAs n-GaSb p-InSb

–400 –310 250 200

110

V-VI Compounds n-Bi2Te3 224

p-Bi2Te3

–227

CuAlS2 CuGaSe CuInSe2 CuTlSe2 AgGaSe2

50 40 340 –5 90

I-III-VI Compounds AgInSe2 –370 AgTlSe2 800 CuGaTe2 340 CuInTe2 260 CuTlTe2 80

CuTlTe2 AgAlTe2 AgGaTe2 AgInTe2

80 321 950 298

Cu2GeS3 Cu2SnS3

300 600

I-IV-VI Compounds Cu2GeSe3 100 Cu2SnSe3 250

Cu2GeTe3 Cu2SnTe3

10 30

Cu3AsS4

130

I-V-VI Compounds Cu3AsSe4 120

Cu3SbSe4

200

II-IV-V Compounds ZnSiAs2 1100

CdGeAs2

190

Cu2S Ag2Te

327 120

ZnO CdSe

300 200

GaN AlAs InAs p-GaSb Sb2Te3

ZnGeP2 CdSnAs2

1200 600

FERMI ENERGY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF METALS Lev. I. Berger In the classical Drude theory of metals, the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution of electrons is used. It states that the number of electrons per unit volume with velocities in the r r range of d v about any magnitude v at temperature T is

EF =

h 2 k F2 Ê e 2 ˆ 2 =Á ˜ (k F rB ) 2m Ë 2kB ¯

where kF is the Fermi momentum or the Fermi wave vector

Ê m ˆ Ê mv 2 ˆ r r r f B (v )dv = nÁ ˜ expÁ ˜ dv Ë 2 pk B T ¯ Ë 2kB T ¯

kF = (3p2n)1/3

e is the electron charge, and rB is the Bohr radius where n is the total number of conduction electrons in a unit volume of a metal, m is the free electron mass, and kB is the Boltzmann constant. In an attempt to explain a substantial discrepancy between the experimental data on the specific heat of metals and the values calculated on the basis of the Drude model, Sommerfeld suggested a model of the metal in which the Pauli exclusion principle is applied to free electrons. In this case, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is replaced by the Fermi-Dirac distribution: 3 r r ˘ ¸Ô ˆ Ê m ˆ r ÔÏ ÈÊ mv 2 f (v )dv = 2 dv Ìexp ÍÁ - k B T0 ˜ k B T ˙ + 1˝ Ë h¯ ¯ ÔÓ ÎË 2 ˚ Ô˛

-1

rB =
2/me2 = 0.529 ◊ 10–10 m

Another, more common expression for the Fermi energy is EF = 1 2 mv F2

where vF =
kF/m is the Fermi velocity which can be expressed using the concept of the electron radius, rs. It is equal to radius of a sphere occupied by one free electron. If the total volume of a metal sample is V and the number of conduction electrons in this volume is N, then the volume per electron is equal to V 1 4 3 = = prS N n 3

Here h is the Planck constant and T0 is a characteristic temperature which is determined by the normalization condition n=

r

and

r

Ú dv ◊ f ( v )

The magnitude of T0 is quite high; usually, T0 > 104 K. So, at common temperatures (T < 103 K), the free electron density of a metal is much smaller than in the case of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. This allows us to explain why the experimental data on specific heat for metals are close to those for insulators. The maximum kinetic energy the electrons of a metal may possess at T = 0 K is called the Fermi energy, e.g.,

rS =

Ê 3 ˆ Ë 4 pn ¯

1/ 3

The following table contains information pertinent to the Sommerfeld model for some metals. The magnitudes of T0 are calculated using the expression T0 =

EF 58.2 ◊ 10 4 = K kB (rS / rB ) 2

Ground State Properties of the Electron Gas in Some Metals Metal Lia Nab Kb Rbb Csb Cu Ag Au Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Nb Fe Mnc Zn Cd

12-209

Valency 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2

n/1028 m–3 4.70 2.65 1.40 1.15 0.91 8.47 5.86 5.90 24.7 8.61 4.61 3.55 3.15 5.56 17.0 16.5 13.2 9.27

rS/pm 172 208 257 275 298 141 160 159 99 141 173 189 196 163 112 113 122 137

rS/rB 3.25 3.93 4.86 5.20 5.62 2.67 3.02 3.01 1.87 2.66 3.27 3.57 3.71 3.07 2.12 2.14 2.30 2.59

EF/eV 4.74 3.24 2.12 1.85 1.59 7.00 5.49 5.53 14.3 7.08 4.69 3.93 3.64 5.32 11.1 10.9 9.47 7.47

T0/104 K 5.51 3.77 2.46 2.15 1.84 8.16 6.38 6.42 16.6 8.23 5.44 4.57 4.23 6.18 13.0 12.7 11.0 8.68

kF/1010 m–1 1.12 0.92 0.75 0.70 0.65 1.36 1.20 1.21 1.94 1.36 1.11 1.02 0.98 1.18 1.71 1.70 1.58 1.40

vF/106 m s-1 1.29 1.07 0.86 0.81 0.75 1.57 1.39 1.40 2.25 1.58 1.28 1.18 1.13 1.37 1.98 1.96 1.83 1.62

Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals

12-210

Ground State Properties of the Electron Gas in Some Metals Metal Hga Al Ga In Tl Sn Pb Bi Sb

Valency 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5

n/1028 m–3 8.65 18.1 15.4 11.5 10.5 14.8 13.2 14.1 16.5

rS/pm 140 110 116 127 131 117 122 119 113

rS/rB 2.65 2.07 2.19 2.41 2.48 2.22 2.30 2.25 2.14

EF/eV 7.13 11.7 10.4 8.63 8.15 10.2 9.47 9.90 10.9

T0/104 K 8.29 13.6 12.1 10.0 9.46 11.8 11.0 11.5 12.7

At 78 K. At 5 K. a-phase. The data in the table are for atmospheric pressure and room temperature unless otherwise noted.

kF/1010 m–1 1.37 1.75 1.66 1.51 1.46 1.64 1.58 1.61 1.70

vF/106 m s-1 1.58 2.03 1.92 1.74 1.69 1.90 1.83 1.87 1.96

a

b c

References 1. Drude, P., Ann. Physik, 1, 566, 1900; ibid., 3, 369, 1900. 2. Sommerfeld, A. and Bethe, H., Handbuch der Physik, Chapter 3, Springer, 1933.

3. Wyckoff, R. W. G., Crystal Structures, 2nd. ed., Interscience, 1963. 4. Ashcroft, N. W. and Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976.

Properties of Commercial Metals and Alloys This table gives typical values of mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of several common commercial metals and alloys. Values refer to ambient temperature (0 to 25 °C). All values should be regarded as typical, since these properties are dependent on the particular type of alloy, heat treatment, and other factors. Values for individual specimens can vary widely.

Common name Ingot iron Plain carbon steel   AISI-SAE 1020 Stainless steel type 304 Cast gray iron Malleable iron Hastelloy C Inconel Aluminum alloy 3003, rolled Aluminum alloy 2014, annealed Aluminum alloy 360 Copper, electrolytic (ETP) Yellow brass (high brass) Aluminum bronze Beryllium copper 25 Cupronickel 30% Red brass, 85% Chemical lead Antimonial lead (hard lead) Solder 50-50 Magnesium alloy AZ31B Monel Nickel (commercial) Cupronickel 55-45 (constantan) Titanium (commercial) Zinc (commercial) Zirconium (commercial)



Thermal conductivity W/cm K

Density g/cm3

References 1. ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1983. 2. Lynch, C. T., CRC Practical Handbook of Materials Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Shackelford, J. F., and Alexander, W., CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991.

Coeff. of linear expansion 10–6/°C

Electrical resistivity µΩ cm

Modulus of elasticity GPa

0.7 0.52

7.86 7.86

11.7 11.7

9.7 18

205 205

0.15 0.47

7.9 7.2 7.3 8.94 8.25 2.73 2.8 2.64 8.94 8.47 7.8 8.23 8.94 8.75 11.34 10.9 8.89 1.77 8.84 8.89 8.9 4.5 7.14 6.5

17.3 10.5 12 11.3 11.5 23.2 23.0 21.0 16.5 20.3 16.4 17.8 16.2 18.7 29.3 26.5 23.4 26 14.0 13.3 18.8 8.5 32.5 5.85

72 67 30 125 103 3.7 3.4 7.5 1.7 6.4 12 7

195 90 170 200 200 70 70 70 120 100 120 130 150 90 13 20 – 45 180 200 160 110 – 95

0.12 0.15 1.9 1.9 1.5 3.9 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.3 1.6 0.35 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.9 0.2 1.8 1.1 0.2

11 21 23 15 9 58 10 49 43 6 41

Tensile strength MPa

Approx. melting point °C

–

1540 1515

550 180 345 780 800 110 185 325 300 300-800 400-600 500-1400 400-600 300-700 17 47 42 260 545 460 – 330-500 130 450

1425 1175 1230 1350 1370 650 650 565 1080 930 1050 925 1200 1000 327 290 215 620 1330 1440 1260 1670 419 1855

450

12-221

HARDNESS OF MINERALS AND CERAMICS There are several hardness scales for describing the resistance of a material to indentation or scratching. This table lists a number of common materials in order of increasing hardness. Values are given, when available, on three different hardness scales: the original Mohs Scale (range 1 to 10); the modified Mohs Scale (range 1 Material Graphite Talc Alabaster Gypsum Halite (rock salt) Stibnite (antimonite) Galena Mica Calcite Barite Marble Aragonite Dolomite Fluorite Magnesia Apatite Opal Feldspar (orthoclase) Augite Hematite Magnetite Rutile Pyrite Agate Uranium dioxide Silica (fused) Quartz Flint Silicon Andalusite Zircon Zirconia Aluminum nitride Beryl Beryllia Topaz Garnet Emery Zirconium nitride Zirconium boride Titanium nitride Zirconia (fused) Tantalum carbide Tungsten carbide Corundum (alumina) Zirconium carbide Alumina (fused) Beryllium carbide Titanium carbide Carborundum (silicon carbide) Aluminum boride Tantalum boride Boron carbide Boron Titanium boride Diamond

Formula C 3MgO·4SiO2·H2O CaSO4·2H2O CaSO4·2H2O NaCl Sb2S3 PbS CaCO3 BaSO4 CaCO3 CaMg(CO3)2 CaF2 MgO CaF2·3Ca3(PO4)2 K2O·Al2O·6SiO2 Fe2O3 Fe3O4 TiO2 FeS2 SiO2 UO2 SiO2 SiO2 Si Al2OSiO4 ZrSiO4 ZrO2 AlN Be3Al2Si6O18 BeO Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 Al2O3·3FeO·3SiO2 Al2O3 (impure) ZrN ZrB2 TiN ZrO2 TaC WC Al2O3 ZrC Al2O3 Be2C TiC SiC AlB TaB2 B4C B TiB2 C

to 15), and the Knoop Hardness Scale. In the last case, a load of 100 g is assumed.

Reference

Shackelford, J. F. and Alexander, W., CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991. Mohs 0.5 1 1.7 2 2 2.0 2.5 2.8 3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.7 7 7 7 7.5 7.5

Modified mohs 1 2

32

3

135

4 5

163 370 430

6

560 750

7 8

8 8+ 9

9 10

11

9 12 9.3

9.5 10

600 820

1200 1225

7.8 8

Knoop

1300 1340 1360 1510 1560 1770 1800 1880 2025 2150

14

2400 2470 2500 2500 2600 2800

15

2850 7000

13

12-212

Section 12.indb 212

4/28/05 2:01:14 PM

TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION Experimental Techniques Used to Determine the Composition, Structure, and Energy States of Solids and Liquids H.P.R. Frederikse The many experimental methods, originally designed to study the chemical and physical behavior of solids and liquids, have grown into a new field known as Materials Characterization (or Materials Analysis). During the past 30 years a host of techniques aimed at the study of surfaces and thin films has been added to the many tools for the analysis of bulk samples. The field has benefitted particularly from the development of computers and microprocessors, which have vastly increased the speed and accuracy of the measuring devices and the recording of their output. Materials characterization was and is a very important tool in the search for new physical and chemical phenomena. It plays an essential role in new applications of solids and liquids in industry, communications, and medicine. Many of its techniques are used in quality control, in safety regulations, and in the fight against pollution. In most Materials Characterization experiments the sample is subjected to some kind of radiation: electromagnetic, acoustic, thermal, or particles (electrons, ions, neutrons, etc.). The surface Technique

Sample

In

analysis techniques usually require a high vacuum. As a result of interactions between the solid (or liquid) and the incoming radiation a beam of a similar (or a different) nature will emerge from the sample. Measurement of the physical and/or chemical attributes of this emerging radiation will yield qualitative, and often quantitative, information about the composition and the properties of the material being probed. The modern tendency of describing practically everything in this world by a combination of a few letters (acronyms) has also penetrated the field of Materials Characterization. The table below gives the meaning of the acronym for every technique listed, the form and size of the required sample (bulk, surface, film, liquid, powder, etc.), the nature of the incoming and of the emerging radiation, the depth and the lateral spatial resolution that can be probed, and the information obtained from the experiment. The last column lists one or two major references to the technique described. Out

Lateral resolution

Depth

Information obtained

Ref.

Optical and Mass Spectroscopies for Chemical Analysis 1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

10.

AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ICP-AES Induct. Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Dynamic SIMS Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy Static SIMS Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy SNMS Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectroscopy SALI Surface Analysis by Laser Ionization LIMS Laser Ionization Mass Spectroscopy

Atomize (flame, electro, thermal, etc.) Atomize (flame, electro, thermal, ICP, etc.)

Light e.g., glow discharge –

Surface

Ion beam (1–20 keV)

Surface

Ion beam (0.5–20 keV)

Surface, bulk

Plasma discharge; noble gases: 0.5–20 keV e-beam, ion-beam, or laser for sputtering

Surface, bulk

u.v. laser (ns pulses)

SSMS Spark Source Mass Spectroscopy GDMS Glow Discharge Mass Spectroscopy

Sample in the form of two electrodes Sample forms the cathode for a D.C. glow discharge Liquid-dissolved sample carried by gas stream into R.F. induction coil

High voltage R.F. spark produces ions Sputtered atoms ionized in plasma

ICPMS Induct. Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy

Surface

Ions produced in argon plasma

Absorption spectrum

–

–

Emission spectrum

–

–

Secondary ions; analysis with mass spectrometer Secondary ions, analysis with mass spectrometer Sputtered atoms ionized by atoms or electrons; then mass analyzed Sputtered atoms ionized by laser; then mass analyzed Ionized species; analyzed with mass spectrometer Ions – analyzed in mass spectrometer Ions – analyzed in mass spectrometer

2 nm–1 µm (or deeper: ion milling) 0.1–0.5 nm

0.50 nm

0.1–0.5 nm (or deeper: ion milling) 0.1–0.5 nm up to 3 µm in milling mode 50–150 nm

1 cm

60 nm

Surface analysis; depth profiling 7

5 µm–1 mm

Elemental (micro)analysis; detection limits: 1–100 ppm

8

1–5 µm

–

9

0.1–100 µm

3–4 mm

Survey of trace elements; detection limit: 0.01–0.05 ppm (Bulk) trace element analysis; detection limit: sub-ppb

Ions – analyzed in quadrupole mass spectrometer

–

–

High sensitivity analysis of trace 11 elements

Electronic transitions (mainly in semiconductors and superconductors); vibrational modes (in crystals and molecules) Spectra obtained at higher speed and resolution

10 µm

Concentration of atomic species 1,2 (quantitative, using standards) Concentration of atomic species 3 (quantitative, using standards) Elemental and isotopic analysis; depth profile (all elements); detection limits: ppb-ppm Elemental analysis of surface layers; molecular analysis; detection limits: ppb-ppm Elemental analysis Z ≥ 3; depth profile; detection limit: ppm

4

4

4,6

9,10

Photons — Absorption, Reflection and Electron Emission 11.

IRS Infrared Spectroscopy

Thin crystal, glass, liquid

I.R. light (W-filament, globar, Hg-arc)

I.R. spectrum

–

–

12.

FTIR Fourier Transform I.R. Spectroscopy

White light (all frequencies)

–

ATR Attenuated Total Reflection (µ)-RS (Micro-) Raman Spectroscopy

–

Fourier Transform of spectrum (interferometer) –

–

13.

Solid, liquid; transmission or reflection Surface or thin crystal

µm’s

–

Solid, liquid (1 µm–1 cm)

Laser beam, e.g., Arline, YAG-line

Raman spectra

0.5 µm

0.5 µm

14.

12,13,14

15

Atomic or molecular spectra of 16 surfaces and films Molecular and crystal vibrations 12,14,17

12-1

Section 12.indb 1

4/28/05 1:53:49 PM

Techniques for Materials Characterization

12-2 Technique 15.

16. 17.

18.

CARS Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy Ellipsometry UPS Ultraviolet Photo-electron Spectroscopy PSD Photon Stimulated Desorption

Sample

In

Out

Lateral resolution

Depth

Information obtained

Ref.

Solid, liquid (50 µm–3 cm)

Pump beam (ω0)+ probe beam (ωs)

Anti-Stokes spectrum

–

–

High resolution Raman spectra

14

Transparent films, crystals, adsorbed layers Surfaces, adsorbed layers

Polarized light

Change in polarization

18,19

Electrons

25 µm (or sample thickness) 0.1–10 nm

Refractive index and absorption

u.v. light, 10–100 eV; 200 eV (synchrotron)

0.05 nm–5 µm 0.2–10 nm

Energies of electronic states of surfaces and free molecules

20,21

Surfaces with adsorbed species

Far u.v. light E > 10 eV

Ions – analyzed with mass spectrometer

0.1–2 nm

–

Structure and desorption kinetics of adsorbed atoms and molecules

22

Identification of crystallographic structures; all elements (low Z difficult) Elemental analysis; all elements except H, He, Li – (EDS also used in XRD, SEM, TEM and EPMA) Local atomic structure: order/ disorder in vicinity of absorbing atom (Quantitative) identification of all elements in surface layer or film

23,24

Energy levels of impurities and point defects Identification of surface species

30

X-Rays 19.

XRD X-Ray Diffraction

Single crystals, powders films

X-rays: λ = 0.05–0.2 nm (6–17 keV)

Diffracted X-ray beam

1–1000 µm

0.1–10 mm

20.

XRF/EDS X-Ray Fluorescence/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

Thin films, single layer

Prim. X-ray beam λ = 0.02–0.1 nm 12–80 keV

Fluorescent X-rays

1–100 µm

10 mm

21.

EXAFS Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure XPS/ESCA X-Ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy/ Electron Spect. for Chemical Analysis

Films, foils

High intensity X-rays (synchrotron)

Spectrum near absorption edge

nm–µm

–

Surfaces, thin films (≈20 atomic layers)

Soft X-rays (1–20 keV)

Core electrons; valence electrons

0.5–10 nm

5 nm–50 µm

CL Cathode Luminescence APS Appearance Potential Spectroscopy

Insulators, semiconductors Surface (≈20 atomic layers)

Electrons 5–50 keV

Photons 0.1–5 eV

1 nm–2 µn

1 or 2 µm

Electrons (energy scan) 50–2000 eV

–

–

25.

AES Auger Electron Spectroscopy

Thin films, surfaces

Electrons 3–10 keV

X-rays to pinpoint electron energy threshold Auger electrons 20– 2000 eV

0.3–3 nm

≈30 nm

26.

EELS Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

Very thin samples (<200 nm)

Electrons (100–400 keV)

(Retarded) electrons; minus 1–1000 eV

<200 nm

1–100 nm

27.

EXELFS Extended Electron Energy Loss Fine Structure ESD Electron Stimulated Desorption

Thin films

Electrons (100–400 keV)

Electrons energies 0–30 eV above edge

<200 nm

1–100 nm

Adsorbed species

Electrons E > 10 eV

Ions – analyzed with mass spectrometer

–

–

ESDIAD ESD-Ion Angular Distribution EPMA Electron Probe (X-Ray) Micro Analysis LEED Low Energy Electron Diffraction

(See ESD)

(See ESD)

–

–

Solid conductors and insulators <1 cm thick

Electrons 5–30 keV

Directional dependence of emitted ions Characteristic X-ray 0.1–15 keV

100 nm–5 µm

1 µm

Surface

Mono-energetic electron beam 10– 1000 eV Electron beam at grazing angle 5–50 keV High energy electrons usually ~30 keV

Diffracted electrons

0.4–2 nm

<5 µm

Crystallographic structure of surface; resolution: 0.01 nm

35

Reflected electrons

0.2–10 nm

<5 µm

Surface symmetry

36,37

Secondary and backscattered electrons

1 nm–5 µm

1–20 nm

33,34

Transmitted and diffracted electrons

(Sample thickness)

2–20 nm

≈0.5 nm

10–100 nm

Surface image, defect structure; resolution 5–15 nm; magnification 300,000× (Defect) structure of cryst. solids; microchemistry; high resol.: 0.2 nm Surface image, crystallographic structure

1–5 nm

2–10 nm

1–100 nm

1–100 nm

0.5–5 nm

0.2–130 nm

22.

25,26

27

28,29

Electrons 23. 24.

28.

29. 30.

31.

32.

RHEED Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy

Surface

(S)TEM (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy FEM Field Emission Microscopy

Thin specimen – <200 nm

High energy electrons typically 300 keV

Metals, alloys (sharp point)

–

36.

STM Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Polished or cleaved surface (conducting)

37.

SPM Scanned Probe Microscopy

Very flat surface

38.

AFM Atomic Force Microscopy

Very flat surface

33.

34.

35.

Section 12.indb 2

Bulk, films (conducting)

Electron emission (with appl. electric field – 50 kV) Tunneling current controls distance between sample and very sharp tip Any field: e.g. mechan. vibration recorded with laser probe; same with magnetic, electric or thermal field Similar to STM; force measured with cantilever spring

Elemental composition of surface (except H, He); detection limit 0.1–1% Local elemental concentration; electronic structure, chem. bonding; interatomic distances Density of states of valence electrons (above Fermi level)

21, see also C 28,29

31

27,32

Structure and desorption 22 properties of adsorbed atoms and molecules Geometries of adsorbed species 22 (atoms or molecules) Elemental analysis, Z ≤ 4, major, 33,34 minor and trace amounts

33

34

Atomic-scale relief map of surface; resolution: vert. 0.002 nm, hor. 0.2 nm Surface-magnetic field, surfacethermal conductivity, etc.

39

Surface topography with atomic resolution; interatomic force

40

39a

4/28/05 1:53:51 PM

Techniques for Materials Characterization Technique

Sample

12-3 In

Out

Lateral resolution

Depth

Information obtained

Ref.

Ions and Neutrons 39.

ISS (or LEIS) Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (Low Energy Ion Scattering) FIM Field Ion Microscopy RBS Rutherford Back Scattering

Surface

Ion beam He+ or Ne+ <3 keV

Sputtered ions (energy analysis)

0.1–0.5 nm

1–100 µm

Surface: metals, alloys; very sharp tip Solids, thin films

He ions + high electric field produce image Backscattered ions

≈0.1 nm

0.1–2 nm

10 nm–1 µm

1 mm

Element identification (Li to U) detection limit: 0.01–1%

46

42.

NRA Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Solids, thin films

Protons, deuterons 3He, 0.1–5 µm α-particles, γ-rays

10 µm–10 mm

Element identification (all) detection limit: 10–12–10–2

47

43.

PIXE Particle Induced X-ray Emission

Thin films, surface layers

(He gas above sample) Mono-energetic ions (H+ or He++) 0.5–3 MeV Mono-energetic ions (Li, Be, B, etc.) 200 keV–6 MeV High energy ions (H+ or He++)

Characteristic X-rays

<10 µm

1 µm–2 mm

48

44.

INS Ion Neutralization Spectroscopy NAA Neutron Activation Analysis

Surface

He-ions (≈5 eV)

Electrons

–

–

Trace impurities: Z >3 detection limit: 0.1–100 ppm (depending on sample thickness) Energies of valence electrons

Bulk, >0.5 g

Thermal neutrons

Characteristic γ-rays, (≈1 MeV)

Bulk

–

43

N(P)D Neutron (Powder) Diffraction SANS Small Angle Neutron Scattering

Crystalline solids

Diffracted neutrons

Bulk

–

Scattered neutrons

1–25 mm

–

Trace concentrations (of isotopes) of elements: trans. metals, Pt-group; detection limit: 108–1014 atoms/cm3 Crystallographic structure; porosity, particle size Average size of inhomogeneities; range: 1 nm– 1 mm

Reflected acoustic wave

µm–cm

0.1–20 mm

Defect structure; thickness measurement

40. 41.

45.

46. 47.

Thermal neutrons E ≈0.0025 eV Inhomogeneous solids; Thermal neutrons 2 θ powders; porous samples = 10–2–10–4

Elemental analysis (better for low Z) detection limits: 0.01– 1% Atomic structure of surface

41

34,42

49

44 45

Acoustic 48.

SLAM Scanning Laser Acoustic Microscopy

Bulk, film

Acoustic wave produced by laser 1 MHz–1 GHz

50

Thermal 49. 50.

51.

DTA Differential Thermal Analysis DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Specimen and reference Uniform heating sample Specimen and ref. sample Controlled heating

Temperature difference

Bulk

–

Phase transitions, crystallization 51

Measure heat required for equal temperature

Bulk

–

51

TGA Thermo Gravimetric Analysis

Bulk, 1–100 g

Controlled heating

Weight as function of temperature (and time)

Bulk

–

Phase transitions, crystallization; activation energies Decomposition, nonstoichiometry, kinetics of reaction

Local environment of paramagnetic ion; concentration of paramagnetic, species; detection limit: 1011 spins/cm3 Electronic energy bands, effective masses

53,54

52

Resonance 52.

EPR (ESR) Electron Paramagnetic (Spin) Resonance

Paramagnetic solids or liquids

Microwave radiation in magnetic field 3– 300 GHz; 1–100 kG

Microwave absorption (at resonance)

Bulk

–

53.

ECR Electron Cyclotron Resonance

Bulk

–

Mössbauer Effect

Microwave radiation in magnetic field 10– 30 GHz; 5–10 kG Mono-energetic γrays: 5–100 keV

Microwave absorption (at resonance)

54.

Semiconductors, metals; free electrons (low temperature) Source and absorber

Mössbauer spectrum (Doppler shifted (lines)

50 m

1 cm

55.

NMR (MRI) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Solids, liquids

<1 cm

1 cm

56.

ENDOR Electron Nuclear Double Resonance

Solids, liquids

–

–

Hyperfine interaction → local atomic structure

54

57.

NQR Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance

Solids

R.F. absorption R.F. radiation + magnetic field; e.g. for protons: 60 MHz, 14 kG Microwave absorption R.F. + microwave radiation in magn. field. R.F. absorption R.F. radiation 0.5– 1000 MHz

–

–

Asymmetry of the charge distribution at the nucleus

55,59

–

–

Surface area measurement

60

55

Interaction between nucleus and 56 its environment (local electric, magnetic fields; bonds; valency; diffusion, etc.) Quant. analysis; local magnetic 58 environment; diffusion; imaging

Other 58.

Section 12.indb 3

BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

(Large) surface area 1–20 Adsorbed gas (e.g., N2 at low temp.) as function m2/g of pressure (monolayer coverage)

4/28/05 1:53:52 PM

Techniques for Materials Characterization

12-4

References General References A. Wachtman, J. B., Characterization of Materials, ButterworthHeinemann, Boston, 1993. B. Brundle, C. R., Evans, C. A., and Wilson, S., Eds., Encyclopedia of Materials, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1992. C. Woodruff, D. P. and Delchar, T. A., Modern Techniques of Surface Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. D. Metals Handbook, 9th Edition, Vol. 10, Materials Characterization, Whan, R. E., Coordinator, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1986. Specific References 1. Slavin, M., Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978. 2. Schrenk, W. G., Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy, Plenum Press, New York, 1975. 3. Dean, J. A. and Rains, T. E., Flame Emission and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Vols. 1–3, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1969. 4. Benninghoven, A., Rudenauer, F. G., and Werner, H. W., Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. 5. Bird, J. R. and Williams, J. S., Eds., in Ion Beams for Materials Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1989, pp. 515–537. 6. Smith, G. C., Quantitative Surface Analysis for Materials Science, The Institute of Metals, London, 1991. 7. Becker, E. H., in Ion Spectroscopies for Surface Analysis, Czanderna, A. W. and Hercules, D. M., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1991, p. 273. 8. Simons, D. S., Int. J. Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 55, 15, 1983. 9. White, F. A. and Wood, G. M., Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 10. Harrison, W. W. and Bentz, B. L., Prog. Anal. Spectrometry, 11, 53, 1988. 11. Bowmans, P. W. J. M., Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy, Parts I and II, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. 12. Brame, Jr., E. G. and Grasselli, J., Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, Practical Spectroscopy Series, Vol. I, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976. 13. Hollas, J. M., Modern Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. 14. Turrell, G., Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Crystals, Academic Press, New York and London, 1972. 15. Griffith, P. R. and Haseth, J. A., Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 16. Barnowski, M. K., Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Communications, Academic Press, New York, 1976. 17. Long, D. A., Raman Spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977. 18. Azzam, R. M. A., Ellipsometry and Polarized Light, Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam, 1977. 19. Hecht, E., Optics, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, 1987. 20. Brundle, C. R., in Molecular Spectroscopy, West, A. R., Ed., Heyden, London, 1976. 21. Park, R. L., in Experimental Methods in Catalytic Research, Vol. III, Anderson, R. B. and Dawson, P. T., Academic Press, New York, 1976, pp. 1–39. 22. Madey, T. E. and Stockbauer, R., in Solid State Physics: Surfaces, Vol. 22 of Methods of Experimental Physics, Park, R.L. and Lagally, M. G., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1985. 23. Cullity, B. D., Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, 2nd Edition, AddisonWesley, Reading, MA, 1978. 24. Schwartz, L. H. and Cohen, J. B., Diffraction from Materials, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1987. 25. deBoer, D. K. G., in Advances in X-Ray Analysis, Vol. 34, Barrett, C. S. et. al., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1991. 26. Birks, L. S., X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1969. 27. Bonnelle, C. and Mande, C., Advances in X-Ray Spectroscopy, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982.

Section 12.indb 4

28. Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-Ray Photo-Electric Spectroscopy, Briggs, D. and Seah, M. P., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983. 29. Powell, C. J. and Seah, M. P., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, Vol. 8, 735, 1990. 30. Yacobi, G. G. and Holt, D. B., Cathodeluminescence Microscopy of Inorganic Solids, Plenum Press, New York, 1990. 31. Egerton, R. F., Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope, Plenum Press, New York, 1986. 32. Disko, M. M., Krivanek, O. L., and Rez, P., Phys. Rev., B25, 4252, 1982. 33. Goldstein, J. I., et. al., Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 2nd Edition, Plenum Press, New York, 1986. 34. Murr, L. E., Electron and Ion Microscopy and Microanalysis, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982. 35. Armstrong, R. A., in Experimental Methods in Catalytic Research, Vol. III, Anderson, R. B., and Dawson, P. T., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1976. 36. Dobson, P. J. et. al., Vacuum, 33, 593, 1983. 37. Rymer, T. B., Electron Diffraction, Methuen, London, 1970. 38. Reimer, L., Transmission Election Microscopy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984. 39. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods, Behm, R. J., Garcia, N., and Rohrer, H., Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1990. 39a. Wikramasinghe, H.K., Scientific American, Vol. 261, No. 4, pp. 98– 105, Oct. 1989. 40. Rugar, D. and Hansma, P., Physics Today, 43(10), pp. 23–30, 1990. 41. Feldman, C. C. and Mayer, J. W., Fundamentals of Surface and Thin Film Analysis, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1986. 42. Muller, E. W. and Tsong, T. T., Field Ion Microscopy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1969. 43. Amiel, S., Nondestructive Activation Analysis, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1981. 44. Bacon, G. E., Neutron Diffraction, 3rd Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975. 45. Neutron Scattering, Part A., in Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. 23, Skold, K. and Price, D. L., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1986. 46. Chu, W. K., Mayer, J. W., and Nicolet, M. A., Backscattering Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, 1987. 47. Rickey, F. A., in High Energy and Heavy Ion Beams in Materials Analysis, Tesmer, J. R., et. al., Eds., MRS, 1990, pp. 3–26. 48. Johansson, S. A. E. and Campbell, J. L., PIXE: A Novel Technique for Elemental Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988. 49. Hagstrum, H. D., in Inelastic Ion-Surface Collisions, Tolk, N. H. et. al., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1977, pp. 1–46. 50. Nikoonahad, M., in Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing, Vol. VI, Sharpe, R.S., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1984, pp. 217– 257. 51. Gallagher, P. K., Characterization of Materials by Thermoanalytical Techniques, MRS - Bulletin, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 23–27, 1988. 52. Earnest, C. M., Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry, ASTM Special Technical Publication 997, 1988. 53. Poole, C. P., Electron Spin Resonance – A Comprehensive Treatise on Experimental Techniques, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983. 54. Atherton, N. M., Principles of Electron Spin Resonance, Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, U.K., 1993. 55. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, p. 196. 56. Gibb, T. C., Principles of Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Chapman & Hall, London, 1976. 57. Slichter, C. P., Principles of Magnetic Resonance, 3rd Edition, SpringerVerlag, Berlin, 1990. 58. NMR Spectroscopy Techniques, Dybrowski, C. and Lichter, R. L., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987. 59. Das, T. P. and Hahn, E. L., Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, 1958. 60. Somorjai, G. A., Principles of Surface Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1972, p. 216

4/28/05 1:53:54 PM

SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS L. I. Berger The ability of a body to coincide with itself in its different positions regarding a coordinate system is called its symmetry. This property reveals itself in iteration of the parts of the body in space. The iteration may be done by reflection in mirror planes, rotation about certain axes, inversions and translations. These actions are called the symmetry operations. The planes, axes, points, etc., are known as symmetry elements. Essentially, mirror reflection is the only truly primitive symmetry operation. All other operations may be done by a sequence of reflections in certain mirror planes. Hence, the mirror plane is the only true basic symmetry element. But for clarity, it is convenient to use the other symmetry operations, and accordingly, the other aforementioned symmetry elements. The symmetry elements and operations are presented in Table 1. The entire set of symmetry elements of a body is called its symmetry class. There are thirty-two symmetry classes that describe all crystals that have ever been noted in mineralogy or been synthesized (more than 150,000). The denominations and symbols of the symmetry classes are presented in Table 2. There are several known approaches to classification of individual crystals in accordance with their symmetry and crystallochemistry. The particles that form a crystal are distributed in certain points in space. These points are separated by certain distances (translations) equal to each other in any chosen direction in the crystal. Crystal lattice is a diagram that describes the location of particles (individual or groups) in a crystal. The lattice parameters

are three non-coplanar translations that form the crystal lattice. Three basic translations form the unit cell of a crystal. August Bravais (1848) has shown that all possible crystal lattice structures belong to one or another of fourteen lattice types (Bravais lattices). The Bravais lattices, both primitive and non-primitive, are the contents of Table 3. Among the three-dimensional figures, there is a group of polyhedrons that are called regular, which have all faces of the same shape and all edges of the same size (regular polygons). It has been shown that there are only five regular polyhedrons. Because of their importance in crystallography and solid state physics, a brief description of these polyhedrons is included in Table 4. The systematic description of crystal structures is presented primarily in the well-known Structurbericht. The classification of crystals by the Structurbericht does not reflect their crystal class, the Bravais lattice, but is based on the crystallochemical type. This makes it inconvenient to use the Structurbericht categories for comparison of some individual crystals. Thus, there have been several attempts to provide a more convenient classification of crystals. Table 5 presents a compilation of different classifications which allows the reader to correlate the Structurbericht type with the international and Schoenflies point and space groups and with Pearson’s symbols, based on the Bravais lattice and chemical composition of the class prototype. The information included in Table 5 has been chosen as an introduction to a more detailed crystallophysical and crystallochemical description of solids.

TABLE 1. Symmetry Operations and Elements Symmetry element Symbol Presentation on the stereographic projection International (Hermann-Mauguin) Schoenflies Parallel Perpendicular

Symmetry operation

Name

Reflection in a plane

Plane

m

Cs

Rotation by angle α = 360°/n about an axis

Axis

n = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6

Cn

n=2

C2

n=3

C3

n=4

C4

n=6

C6

¯n = ¯3, ¯4, ¯6

Cni

¯n = ¯3

C3i

¯n = ¯4

C4i

Rotation about an axis and inversion in a symmetry center lying on the axis

Inversion (improper) axis

12-5

Symmetry of Crystals

12-6

Symmetry operation

Name

Inversion in a point Parallel translation Reflection in a plane and translation parallel to the plane Rotation about an axis and translation parallel to the axis Rotation about an axis and reflection in a plane perpendicular to the axis

Crystal symbol Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Trigonal Tetragonal Hexagonal Cubic a

Primitive Int Sch 1 C1

3 4 6 23

C3 C4 C6 T

TABLE 1. Symmetry Operations and Elements Symmetry element Symbol Presentation on the stereographic projection International (Hermann-Mauguin) Schoenflies Parallel Perpendicular

¯n = ¯6

C6i

Center

¯1

Ci

Translation œ


b, œ


c
œ vector a, Glide–plane

a, b, c, n, d

Screw axis Rotatoryreflection axis

C3i C4h C6h Th

Sn

TABLE 2. The Thirty-Two Symmetry Classes Class namea and its symbol – International (Int) and Schoenflies (Sch) Planal Axial Plane-axial Inversion primitive Int Sch Int Sch Int Sch Int Sch

Central Int Sch 1 Ci

3 4/m 6/m m3

nm (m = 1, 2, .., n – 1) ñ ñ = ˜1, ˜2, ˜3, ˜4, ˜6

m mm2

Cs C2v

2 222

C2 D2

2/m mmm

C2h D2h

3m 4mm 6mm ¯43m

C3v C4v C6v Td

32 422 622 432

D3 D4 D6 O

¯3m

C3d D4h D6h Oh

4/mmm 6/mmm m3m

¯4 ¯6

S4 C3h

Inversion-planal Int Sch

¯42m ¯6m2

D2d D3h

Per Fedorov Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, nomenclature.

TABLE 3. The Fourteen Possible Space Lattices (Bravais Lattices)

Crystal system

Metric category of the system

No. of different lattices in the system

C

+ +

Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Trigonal

Trimetric Trimetric Trimetric Dimetric

1 2 4 1

+ + +

(rhombohedral) Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric (cubic)

Dimetric Dimetric Monometric

2 1 3

+ + +

a

R

a

b

c

α

β

γ

α≡(b,c), β≡(a,c), γ≡(a,b)

+ + + +

+ + +

+ + +

+

+ +

+

+

1 1 or 2 1, 2 or 4 1

a ≠ b ≠ c, α ≠ β ≠ γ a ≠ b ≠ c, α = γ = 90° ≠ β a ≠ b ≠ c, α = β = γ = 90° a = b = c, 120° > α = β = γ ≠ 90°

1 2/m mmm 3m

C C2h D2h D3d

1 or 2 1 1, 2 or 4

+ + +

a = b ≠ c, α = β = γ = 90° a = b ≠ c, α = β = 90°, γ = 120° a = b = c, α = β = γ = 90°

4/mmm 6/mmm m3m

D4h D6h Oh

Lattice typea (marked by +) P

I

+

F

+

+ +

+

Description of characteristic parameters a⊂X, b⊂Y, c⊂Z

No. of identipoints per unit cell

Characteristic parameters (marked by +)

+ + +

Symmetry of the lattice Int

Designations of the space-lattice types: P – primitive, C – side-centered (base-centered), I – body-centered, F – face-centered, R – rhombohedral.

TABLE 4. The Five Possible Regular Polyhedrons Polyhedron Tetrahedron

Symmetry (Schoenflies) Class Elements T 4C33C2

Form of faces Equilateral triangle

Faces (F) 4

Number ofa Edges (E) 6

Vertices (V) 4

Sch

Symmetry of Crystals

12-7

Cube (hexahedron) Octahedron

O O

3C44C36C2 3C44C36C2

Pentagonal dodecahedron Icosahedron

J J

6C510C315C2 6C510C315C2

a

Square Equilateral triangle Regular pentagon Equilateral triangle

6 8

12 12

8 6

12 20

30 30

20 12

Per formula by Leonhard Euler: F + V – E = 2

TABLE 5. Classification of Crystals Strukturbericht symbol 1 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A10 A11 A12 A13 A15 A20 B1 B2 B3 B4 B81 B82 B9 B10 B11 B13 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20 B27 B31 B32 B34 B35 B37 Be Bf (B33) Bg Bh Bi C1 C1b C2 C3 C4 C6 C7 C11a C11b

Structure name 2 Cu W Mg C Sn In As Se Hg Ga α-Mn β-Mn OW3 α-U ClNa ClCs SZn SZn AsNi InNi2 HgS OPb γ-CuTi NiS GeS PtS CuS AuCd FeSi BFe MnP NaTl Pds CoSn SeTl CdSb ξ-BCr BMo CW γ´CMo (AsTi) CaF2 AgAsMg FeS2 Cu2O O2Ti CdI2 MoS2 C2Ca MoSi2

Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 Fm3m O4h Im3m O9h P63/mmc D46h Fd3m O7h If1/amd D194h I4/mmm D174h R¯3m D53d D43 (D63) P3121 or P3221 R¯3m D53d Cmca D182h I4¯3m T3d P4132 O7 Pm3n O3h Cmcm D172h Fm3m O5h Pm3m O1h F¯43m T2d C46v P63mc P63/mmc D46h P63/mmc D46h P3121 or P3221 D43 or D63 P4/nmm D74h P4/nmm D74h D53d R¯3m Pnma D162h P42/mmc D94h P63/mmc D46h Pmma D52h P213 T4 Pnma D162h Pnma D162h Fd3m O7h P42/m C24h P6/mmm D16h I4/mcm D184h Pbca D152h Cmcm D172h I41/amd D194h P6m2 D13h P63/mmc D46h Fm¯3m F¯43m Pa3 Pn3m P42/mnm P3m1 P63/mmc I4/mmm I4/mmm

O5h T2d T6h O4h D144h D33d D46h D174h D174h

Pearson symbola 5 cF4 cI2 hP2 cF8 tI4 tI2 hR2 hP3 hR1 oC8 cI58 cP20 cP8 oC4 cF8 cP2 cF8 hP4 hP4 hP6 hP6 tP4 tP4 hR6 oP8 tP4 hP12 oP4 cP8 oP8 oP8 cF16 tP16 hP6 tI16 oP16 oC8 tI4 hP2 hP8

Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 F B H F U U R H R Q B C C Q F C F H H H H T T R O T H O C O O F T H U O Q U H H

cF12 cF12 cP12 cP6 tP6 hP3 hP6 tI6 tI6

F F C C T H H U U

Symmetry of Crystals

12-8 TABLE 5. Classification of Crystals Strukturbericht symbol 1 C12 C14 C15 C15b C16 C18 C19 C22 C23 C32 C33 C34 C36 C38 C40 C42 C44 C46 C49 C54 Cc Ce DO2 DO3 DO9 DO11 DO18 DO19 DO20 DO21 DO22 DO23 DO24 DOc DOe D13 D1a D1b D1c D1e D1f D21 D23 D2b D2c D2d D2f D2h D51 D52 D53 D58 D59 D510 D513 D5a D5c

Structure name 2 CaSi2 MgZn2 Cu2Mg AuBe5 Al2Cu FeS2 CdCl2 Fe2P Cl2Pb AlB2 Bi2STe2 AuTe2 MgNi2 Cu2Sb CrSi2 SiS2 GeS2 AuTe2 Si2Zr Si2Ti Si2Th CoGe2 As3Co BiF3 O3Re CFe3 AsNa3 Ni3Sn Al3Ni Cu3P Cu3P Al3Zr Ni3Ti SiU3 Ni3P Al4Ba MoNi4 Al4U PtSn4 B4Th BMn4 B6Ca NaZn13 Mn12Th MnU6 CaCu5 B12U Al6Mn α-Al2O3 La2O3 Mn2O3 S3Sb2 P2Zn3 C2C3 Al3Ni2 Si2U3 C3Pu2

Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 R¯3m D53d P63/mmc D46h Fd3m O7h F¯43m or F23 T2d or T2 I4/mcm D184h Pnnm D122h R¯3m D53d P2¯6m D13h Pnma D162h P6/mmm D16h R¯3m D53d C2/m (P2/m) C32h (C12h) P63/mmc D46h P4/nmm D74h P6222 D46 Ibam D262h Fdd2 C192v Pma2 C42v Cmcm D172h Fddd D242h I41/amd D194h Aba2 C172v Im3 T5h Fm3m O5h Pm3m O1h Pnma D162h P63/mmc D46h P63/mmc D46h Pnma D162h P¯3c1 D43d I4/mmm D174h I4/mmm D174h P63/mmc D46h I4/mcm D184h I¯4 S24 I4/mmm D174h I4/m C54h Imma D282h Aba2 C172v P4/mbm D54h Fddd D242h Pm3m O1h Fm3m O5h I4/mmm D174h I4/mcm D184h P6/mmm D16h Fm3m O5h Cmcm D172h R3c D63d P¯3m1 D33d Ia3 T7h Pnma D162h P42/mmc D94h Pnma D162h P¯3m1 D33d P4/mbm D54h I¯43d T6d

Pearson symbola 5 hR6 hP12 cF24 cF24 tI12 oP6 hR3 hP9 oP12 hP3 hR5 mC6 hP24 tP6 hP9 oI12 oF72 oP24 oC12 oF24 tI12 oC23 cI32 cF16 cP4 oP16 hP8 hP8 oP16 hP24 tI8 tI16 hP16 tI16 tI32 tI10 tI10 oI20 oC20 tP20 oF40 cP7 cF112 tI26 tI28 hP6 cF52 oC28 hR10 hP5 cI80 oP20 tP40 oP20 hP5 tP10 cI40

Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 R H F F U O R H O H R N H T H P S O Q S U Q B F C O H H O H U U H U U U U P Q T S C F U U H F Q R H B O T O H T B

Symmetry of Crystals

12-9 TABLE 5. Classification of Crystals

Strukturbericht symbol 1 D71 D73 D7b D81 D82 D83 D84 D85 D86 D88 D89 D810 D811 D8a D8b D8e D8f D8h D8i D8l D8m D101 D102 E01 E11 E21 E24 E3 E93 E9a E9b F01 F51 F56 H11 H24 H25 L10 L12 L21 L22 L`2b L`3 L60

Structure name 2 Al4C3 P4Th3 B4Ta3 Fe3Zn10 Cu5Zn8 Al4Cu9 C6Cr23 Fe7W6 Cu15Si4 Mn5Si3 Co9S8 Al8Cr5 Al5Co2 Mn23Th6 σ-phase of Cr-Fe (Al,Zn)49Mg32 Ge7Ir3 B5W2 B5Mo2 B3Cr5 Si3W5 C3Cr7 Fe3Th7 ClFPb CuFeS2 CaO3Ti S3Sn2 Al2CdS4 SiFe3W3 Al7Cu2Fe AlLi3N2 NiSSb CrNaS2 CuS2Sb Al2MgO4 Cu3S4V AsCu3S4 AuCu AlCu3 AlCu2Mn Sb2Tl7 H2Th Fe2N CuTi3

Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 R¯3m D53d I¯43d T6d Immm D252h Im3m O9h I¯43m T3d P43m T1d Fm3m O5h R¯3m D53d I¯43m T3d P63/mcm D36h Fm3m O5h R3m C53v P63/mcm D36h Fm3m O5h p¯42/mnm D144h T5h O9h D46h D53d D184h D184h C43v C46v D74h D122d O1h D162h S24 O7h D64h T7h T4 D53d or D73 D162h O7h T1d C72v D14h O1h O5h O9h D174h D46h D14h

Im3 Im3m P63/mmc R¯3m I4/mcm I4/mcm P31c P63mc P4/nmm I¯42d Pm3m Pnma I¯4 Fd3m P4/mnc Ia3 P213 R3m or R32 Pnma Fd3m P43m Pmn21 P4/mmm Pm3m Fm3m Im3m I4/mmm P63/mmc P4/mmm

Pearson symbola 5 hR7 cI28 oI14 cI52 cI52 cP52 cF116 hR13 cI76 hP16 cF68 hR26 hP28 cF116 tP30

Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 R B P B B C F R B H F R H F T

cI162 cI40 hP14 hR7 tI32 tI32 hP80 hP20 tP6 tI16 cP5 oP20 tI14 cF112 tP40 cI96 cP12 hR4 oP16 cF56 cP8 oP16 tP4 cP4 cF16 cI54 tI6 hP3 tP4

B B H R U U H H T U C O U F T B C R O F C O T C F B U H T

a

The first letter denotes the crystal system: triclinic (a), monoclinic (m), orthorhombic (o), tetragonal (t), hexagonal (h) and cubic (c). Trigonal (rhombohedral) system is denoted by combination hR. The second letter of Pearson’s symbol denotes lattice type: primitive (P), edge-(base-) centered (C), body-centered (I) or face-centered (F). The following number denotes number of atoms in the crystal unit cell.

b

Standard ASTM E157-82a has the Bravais lattices designations as following: C – primitive cubic; B – body-centered cubic; F – face-centered cubic; T – primitive tetragonal; U – body-centered tetragonal; R – rhombohedral; H – hexagonal; O – primitive orthorhombic; P – body-centered orthorhombic; Q – base-centered orthorhombic; S – face-centered orthorhombic; M – primitive monoclinic; N – centered monoclinic; A – triclinic.

References 1. A. Schoenflies, Kristallsysteme und Kristallstructur, Leipzig, 1891. 2. E. S. Fedorow, Zusammenstellung der kristallographischen Resultate, Zs. Krist., 20, 1892.

12-10 3. P. Groth, Elemente der physikalischen und chemischen Krystallographie, R. Oldenbourg, München/Berlin, 1921. 4. N. V. Belov, Class Method of Deriving Space Groups of Symmetry, Trudy Instituta Kristallodraffi imeni Fedorova (Transactions of the Fedorov Inst. of Crystallography), 5, 25, 1951, in Russian. 5. W. B. Pearson, Handbook of Lattice Spacings and Structures of Metals and Alloys, Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, 1958; Vol. 2, 1967. 6. Ch. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 1956. 7. G. S. Zhdanov, Fizika Tverdogo Tela (Solid State Physics), Moscow University Press, 1962, in Russian. 8. M. J. Buerger, Elementary Crystallography, John Wiley & Sons, 1963. 9. F. D. Bloss, Crystallography & Crystal Chemistry, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971. 10. T. Janssen, Crystallographic Groups, North-Holland/American Elsevier, 1973. 11. M. P. Shaskolskaya, Kristallografiya (Crystallography), Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, 1976, in Russian. 12. T. Hahn, Ed., Internat. Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A, D. Reidel Publishing, Boston, 1983. 13. Crystal Data. Determinative Tables, Volumes 1–6, 1966–1983, JCPDSIntern Centre for Diffraction Data and U.S. Dept. of Commerce. 14. R. W. G. Wyckoff, Crystal Structures, 2nd ed., Volumes 1–6, Interscience, New York, 1963. 15. C. J. Bradley and A. P. Cracknell, The Mathematical Theory of Symmetry in Solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972.

Symmetry of Crystals 16. International Tables for Crystallography. Volume A, Space–Group Symmetry, T. Hahn, Ed., 1989; Volume B, Reciprocal Space, U. Schmueli, Ed.; Volume C, Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Tables, A. J. C. Wilson, Ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989. 17. G. R. Desiraju, Crystal Engineering: The Design of Organic Solids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989. 18. M. Senechal, Crystalline Symmetries: An Informal Mathematical Introduction, Adam Hilger Publ., Bristol, 1990. 19. C. Hammond, Introduction to Crystallography, Oxford University Press, 1990. 20. N.W. Alcock, Bonding and Structure: Structural Principles in Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Ellis Norwood Publ., 1990. 21. T. C. W. Mak and G. D. Zhou. Crystallography in Modern Chemistry: A Resource Book of Crystal Structures, Wiley–Interscience, New York, 1992. 22. S. C. Abrahams, K. Mirsky, and R. M. Nielson, Acta Cryst, B52, 806 (1996); B52, 1057 (1996). 23. C. Marcos, A. Panalague, D. B. Morciras, S. Garcia-Granda and M. R. Dias. Acta Cryst, B52, 899 (1996). 24. A. C. Larson, Crystallographic Computing, Manksgaard, Copenhagen, 1970. 25. G. M. Sheldrick, SHELXS86. Crystallographic Computing 3, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986; SHELXL93. Program for the Refinement of Crystal Structures, University of Göttingen Press, 1993. 26. Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, CD–ROM. Sci. Inf. Service. E-mail: [email protected].

IONIC RADII IN CRYSTALS Ionic radii are a useful tool for predicting and visualizing crystal structures. This table lists a set of ionic radii Ri in Å units for the most common coordination numbers CN of positive and negative ions. The values are based on experimental crystal structure determinations, supplemented by empirical relationships, and theoretical calculations. The notation sq after the coordination number indicates a square configuration, while py indicates pyramidal. Ion

Anions F-1 Cl-1 Br-l I-l OH-1 O

-2

S Se-2 Te-2 Cations Ac+3 Ag+1 -2

Ag+2 Al+3

Am+3 Am+4 As+3 As+5 Au+1 Au+3 Ba+2

Be+2 Bi+3

Bi+5 Bk+3 Bk+4 Br+5 Br+7 C+4 Ca+2

CN

Ri/Å

6 6 6 6 4 6 2 6 8 6 6 6

1.33 1.81 1.96 2.20 1.35 1.37 1.21 1.40 1.42 1.84 1.98 2.21

6 4 6 8 4sq 6 4 5 6 6 8 6 8 6 4 6 6 4sq 6 6 8 12 4 6 5 6 8 6 6 6 8 3py 4 6 4 6 6

1.12 1.00 1.15 1.28 0.79 0.94 0.39 0.48 0.54 0.98 1.09 0.85 0.95 0.58 0.34 0.46 1.37 0.64 0.85 1.35 1.42 1.61 0.27 0.45 0.96 1.03 1.17 0.76 0.96 0.83 0.93 0.31 0.25 0.39 0.15 0.16 1.00

Ion

Cd+2

Ce

+3

Ce+4

Cf+3 Cf+4 Cl+5 Cl+7 Cm+3 Cm+4 Co+2

Co+3 Cr+2 Cr+3 Cr+4 Cr+6 Cs+1

Cu+1

Cu+2 Dy+2 Dy+3 Er

+3

Eu+2

The advice of Howard T. Evans and Marvin J. Weber in preparing this table is appreciated.

References

1. Shannon, R. D., Acta Crystallogr. A32, 751, 1976. 2. Jia, Y. Q., J. Solid State Chem. 95, 184, 1991.

CN 8 10 12 4 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12 6 6 8 3py 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 4sq 6 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 10

Ri/Å 1.12 1.23 1.34 0.78 0.95 1.10 1.31 1.01 1.14 1.25 1.34 0.87 0.97 1.07 1.14 0.95 0.82 0.92 0.12 0.08 0.97 0.85 0.95 0.56 0.65 0.90 0.55 0.73 0.62 0.41 0.55 0.26 0.44 1.67 1.74 1.81 1.88 0.46 0.60 0.77 0.57 0.73 1.07 1.19 0.91 1.03 0.89 1.00 1.17 1.25 1.35

Ion Eu+3 F+7 Fe+2

Fe+3

Fr+1 Ga+3 Gd+3 Ge+2 Ge+4 Hf+4

Hg+1 Hg+2

I+5 I+7 In+3 Ir+3 Ir+4 Ir+5 K+1

La+3

Li+1

Lu+3 Mg+2

Mn+2

CN 6 8 6 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 2 4 6 8 3py 6 4 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 4 6 8 6 8 4 6 8 4

Ri/Å 0.95 1.07 0.08 0.63 0.61 0.92 0.49 0.55 0.78 1.80 0.47 0.62 0.94 1.05 0.73 0.39 0.53 0.58 0.71 0.83 1.19 0.69 0.96 1.02 1.14 0.44 0.95 0.42 0.53 0.62 0.80 0.68 0.63 0.57 1.37 1.38 1.51 1.64 1.03 1.16 1.27 1.36 0.59 0.76 0.92 0.86 0.97 0.57 0.72 0.89 0.66

12-11

Section 12.indb 11

4/28/05 1:54:30 PM

Ionic Radii in Crystals

12-12 Ion

Mn+3 Mn+4 Mn+5 Mn+6 Mn+7 Mo+3 Mo+4 Mo+5 Mo+6

N+3 N+5 Na+1

Nb+3 Nb+4 Nb+5

Nd+3

Ni+2 Ni+3 Np+3 Np+4 Np+5 Np+6 Os+4 Os+5 Os+6 Os+8 P+5 Pa+3 Pa+4 Pa+5 Pb+2

Pb+4

Pd+2 Pd Pd+4 Pm+3 +3

Po+4

Section 12.indb 12

CN 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 7 6 6 4 6 8 9 12 6 8 6 4 6 8 6 8 9 12 4sq 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 8 10 12 4 6 8 4sq 6 6 6 6 8 6

Ri/Å 0.83 0.96 0.58 0.39 0.53 0.33 0.26 0.25 0.69 0.65 0.46 0.61 0.41 0.59 0.73 0.16 0.13 0.99 1.02 1.18 1.24 1.39 0.72 0.79 0.68 0.48 0.64 0.74 0.98 1.12 1.16 1.27 0.49 0.69 0.56 1.01 0.87 0.75 0.72 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.39 0.17 0.38 1.04 0.90 0.78 1.19 1.29 1.40 1.49 0.65 0.78 0.94 0.64 0.86 0.76 0.62 0.97 1.09 0.97

Ion Pr+3 Pr+4 Pt+2 Pt+4 Pu+3 Pu+4 Pu+5 Pu+6 Ra+2 Rb+1

Re+4 Re+5 Re+6 Re+7 Rh+3 Rh+4 Rh+5 Ru+3 Ru+4 Ru+5 Ru+7 Ru+8 S+4 S+6 Sb+3 Sb+5 Sc+3 Se+4 Se+6 Si+4 Sm+2 Sm+3

Sn+4

Sr+2

Ta+3 Ta+4 Ta+5 Tb+3 Tb+4

CN 6 8 6 8 4sq 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4py 6 6 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 6 8 12 4 6 8 6 8 10 12 6 6 6 6 8 6 8

Ri/Å 0.99 1.13 0.85 0.96 0.60 0.80 0.63 1.00 0.86 0.74 0.71 1.48 1.70 1.52 1.61 1.66 1.72 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.38 0.53 0.67 0.60 0.55 0.68 0.62 0.57 0.38 0.36 0.37 0.12 0.29 0.76 0.76 0.60 0.75 0.87 0.50 0.28 0.42 0.26 0.40 1.19 1.27 0.96 1.08 1.24 0.55 0.69 0.81 1.18 1.26 1.36 1.44 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.92 1.04 0.76 0.88

Ion Tc+4 Te+4 Te+6 Th+4

Ti+2 Ti+3 Ti+4

Tl+1

Tl+3

Tm+2 Tm+3 U+3 U+4

U+5 U+6

V+2 V+3 V+4

V+5

W+4 W+5 W+6

Y+3

Yb+2 Yb+3 Zn+2

Zr+4

CN 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 10 12 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 12 4 6 8 6 7 6 8 6 6 8 12 6 2 4 6 8 6 6 5 6 8 4 5 6 6 6 4 5 6 6 8 9 6 8 8 9 4 6 8 4 6 8 9

Ri/Å 0.65 0.66 0.97 0.43 0.56 0.94 1.05 1.13 1.21 0.86 0.67 0.42 0.61 0.74 1.50 1.59 1.70 0.75 0.89 0.98 1.01 1.09 0.88 0.99 1.03 0.89 1.00 1.17 0.76 0.45 0.52 0.73 0.86 0.79 0.64 0.53 0.58 0.72 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.66 0.62 0.42 0.51 0.60 0.90 1.02 1.08 1.02 1.14 0.99 1.04 0.60 0.74 0.90 0.59 0.72 0.84 0.89

4/28/05 1:54:33 PM

POLARIZABILITIES OF ATOMS AND IONS IN SOLIDS H. P. R. Frederikse The polarization of a solid dielectric medium, P, is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume averaged over the volume of a crystal cell. A component of P can be expanded as a function of the electric field E: Pi = ∑ a j E j + ∑ bjk E j Ek j

jk

For relatively small electric fields in isotropic substances P = χeE, where χe is the electric susceptibility. If the medium is made up of N atoms (or ions) per unit volume, the polarization is P = N pm where pm is the average dipole moment per atom. The polarizability α can be defined as pm = αE0 , where E0 is the local field at the position of the atom. Using the Lorentz method to calculate the local field one finds: P = N α ( E + 4 πP ) = χ e E

Together with the definition of the dielectric constant (relative permittivity), ε = 1+ 4πχe, this leads to: α=

3  ε − 1    4 πN  ε + 2 

2. Ionic polarization occurs in ionic materials because the electric field displaces cations and anions in opposite directions: Pi = NαiE0, where αi is the ionic polarizability. 3. Orientational polarization can occur in substances composed of molecules that have permanent electric dipoles. The alignment of these dipoles depends on temperature and leads to an orientational polarizability per molecule: αor = p2/3kT, where p is the permanent dipole moment per molecule, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Because of the different nature of these three polarization processes the response of a dielectric solid to an applied electric field will strongly depend on the frequency of the field. The resonance of the electronic excitation in insulators (dielectrics) takes place in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum; the characteristic frequency of the lattice vibrations is located in the infrared, while the orientation of dipoles requires fields of much lower frequencies (below 1010 Hz). This response to electric fields of different frequencies is shown in Figure 1. Values of the electronic polarizabilities for selected atoms and ions are given in Table 1.

References

This expression is known as the Clausius-Mossotti equation. The total polarization associated with atoms, ions, or molecules is due to three different sources: 1. Electronic polarization arises because the center of the local electronic charge cloud around the nucleus is displaced under the action of the field: Pe = NαeE0 where αe is the electronic polarizability.

1. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1971. 2. Lerner, R.G., and Trigg, G.L., Eds., Encyclopedia of Physics, Second Edition, VCH Publishers, New York, 1990. 3. Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., An Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976.

Real part of polarizability

Orientation

Ionic

Electronic

Frequency 1MHz

1GHz

1THz

1PHz

FIGURE 1. Schematic graph of the frequency dependence of the different contributions to polarizability.

12-13

Section 12.indb 13

4/28/05 1:54:38 PM

Polarizabilities of Atoms and Ions in Solids

12-14

TABLE 1. Electronic Polarizabilities in Units of 10–24 cm3 He 0.201 Li+ 0.029

Be2+ 0.008

B3+ 0.003

C4+ 0.0013

O2– 3.88

F– 1.04

Ne 0.39

Na+ 0.179

Mg2+ 0.094

Al3+ 0.052

Si4+ 0.0165

S2– 10.2

Cl– 3.66

Ar 1.62

K+ 0.83

Ca2+ 0.47

Sc3+ 0.286

Ti4+ 0.185

Se2– 10.5

Br– 4.77

Kr 2.46

Rb+ 1.40

Sr2+ 0.86

Y3+ 0.55

Zr4+ 0.37

Te2– 14.0

I– 7.1

Xe 3.99

Cs+ 2.42

Ba2+ 1.55

La3+ 1.04

Ce4+ 0.73

Data from Pauling, L., Proc. R. Soc. London, A114, 181, 1927. See also Jaswal, S.S. and Sharma, T.P., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 34, 509, 1973. Values are appropriate for cgs units. To convert to SI, use the relation α(SI)/C m2V–1 = 1.11265.10–16 α(cgs)/cm3

Section 12.indb 14

4/28/05 1:54:39 PM

CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND LATTICE PARAMETERS OF ALLOTROPES OF THE ELEMENTS H. W. King The crystal structures of the allotropic forms of the elements are presented in terms of the Pearson symbol, the Strukturbericht designation, and the prototype of the structure. The temperatures of the phase transformations are listed in degrees Celsius and the pressures are in the Gpa. A consistent nomenclature is used, whereby all allotropes are labeled by Greek letters. The lattice parameters of the units cells are given in nanometers (nm) and are considered to be accurate to ±2 in the last reported digit. This compilation is restricted to changes in crystal structures that occur as a result of a change in temperature or pressure. Low-

Element Ac Ag αAl βAl α´Am αAm βAm γAm αAr (βAr) αAs єAs Au βΒ αΒa βΒa γΒa αΒe βΒe γΒe αΒi βΒi γΒi σΒi єΒi ζΒi αΒk βΒk Βr C (graphite) C (diamond) C (hd) αCa βCa γCa Cd αCe βCe γCe δ-Ce α´Ce

temperature structures are included for the diatomic and rare gases, which show many similarities with respect to the metallic elements. The elements identified with an asterisk (*) have polymorphic structures based on different molecular configurations. The crystal data given for these elements refer to the most stable structure at room temperature. Reprinted with the permission of ASM International from T.Β. Massalski, Ed., Βinary Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1986; certain data on rare earth elements were provided by K.A. Gschneidner.

Temperature, °C 25 25 25 25 25 >769 >1074 25 <-189.35 <-189.40 25 >448 25 25 25 25 25 25 >1270 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 >977 <7.25 25

Pressure, GPa atm atm atm >20.5 atm atm atm >15 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >5.33 >23 atm atm >9.3 atm >2.6 >3.0 >4.3 >6.5 >9.0 atm atm atm atm

Pearson symbol cF4 cF4 cF4 hP2 hP4 cF4 cI2 oC4 cF4 hP2 hR2 oC8 cF4 hR105 cI2 hP2 ? hP2 cI2 ? hR2 mC4 mP3 ? ? cI2 hP4 cF4 oC8 hP4

Space group Fm3m Fm3m Fm3m P63 /mmc P63/mmc Fm3m Im3m Cmcm Fm3m P63 /mmc R3m Cmca Fm3m R3m Im3m P63 /mmc ? P63 /mmc Im3m … r3m C2/m ? ? ? Im3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Cmca P63 /mmc

Strukturbericht designation Al A1 A1 A3 A3´ A1 A2 A20 A1 A3 A7 … A1 … A2 A3 … A3 A2 … A7 … … … … A2 A3´ A1 … A9

Prototype Cu Cu Cu Mg αLa Cu W αU Cu Mg αAs P(black) Cu βΒ W Mg … Mg W … αAs βBi … … … W αLa Cu Cl C (graphite)

0.5311 0.40857 0.40496 0.2693 0.34681 0.4894 ? 0.3063 0.5316 0.3760 0.41319 0.362 0.40782 1.017 0.50227 0.3901 … 0.22859 0.25515 … 0.47460 0.6674 0.605 … … 0.3800 0.3416 0.4997 0.668 0.24612

25

>60

cF8

Fd3m

A4

C (diamond)

0.35669

25 25 >443 25 25 <-177 25 25 >726 25

HP atm atm >1.5 atm atm atm atm atm >5.4

hP4 cF4 cI2 ? hP2 cF4 hP4 cF4 cI2 oC4

P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m … P63 /mmc Fm3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m Cmcm

… A1 A2 … A3 A1 A3´ A1 A2 A20

C (hd) Cu W … Mg Cu αLa Cu W αU

0.2522 0.55884 0.4480 … 0.29793 0.485 0.36810 0.51610 0.412 0.3049

Lattice parameters, nm a

b … … … … … … … 0.5968 … … … 1.085 … … … … … … … … … 0.6117 0.42 … … … … … 0.449 … … … … … … … … … … … 0.5998

c … … … 0.4398 1.1241 … … 0.5169 … 0.6141 …… 0.448 … … … 0.6154 … 0.35845 … … … 0.3304 0.465 … … … 1.1069 … 0.874 0.6709 … 0.4119 … … … 0.56196 … 1.1857 … … 0.5215

Comment, c/a or α or β … … … 1.6331 2*1.621 … … … … 1.633 α = 54.12o … … α = 65.12o … 1.5775 … 1.5681 … … α = 57.23o β = 110.33o β = 85.33o … … … 2*1.620 … … 2.7258 … 1.633 … … … 1.8862 … 2*1.611 … … …

12-15

Section 12.indb 15

4/28/05 1:54:41 PM

Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements

12-16

Element αCf βCf Cl αCm βCm єCo αCo αCr α´Cr aCs βCs β´Cs γCs Cu α´Dy αDy βDy γDy Er αEs βEs Eu αF βF αFe γFe σFe єFe αGa βGa γGa αGd βGd γGd αGe βGe γGe σGe αH βH αHe βHe γHe αHf βHf αHg βHg γHg αHo βHo I In Ir K Kr αLa βLa γLa β´La αLi

Section 12.indb 16

Temperature, °C 25 >590 <-102 25 >1277 25 >422 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 <-187 25 >1381 25 25 25 ? 25 <-227.6 <-219.67 25 >912 >1394 25 25 25 -53 25 >1235 25 25 25 25 LT <-271.9 <-259.34 <-268.94 >-258 <-271.47 25 >1995 <-38.84 <-194 <-194 25 25 25 25 25 25 <-157.39 25 >310 >865 25 <-193

Pressure, GPa atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm HP atm >2.37 >4.22 >4.27 atm atm atm atm >7.5 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >13 atm >1.2 >3.0 atm atm >3.0 atm >12 >12→atm >12 atm atm atm 0.125 0.03 atm atm atm HP c.w. atm >7.5 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >2.0 atm

Pearson symbol hP4 cF4 oC8 hP4 cF4 hP2 cF4 cI2 tI2 cI2 cF4 cF4 ? cF4 oC4 hP2 cI2 hR3 hP2 hP4 cF4 cI2 mC8 cP16 cI2 cF4 cI2 hP2 oC8 tI2 oC40 hP2 cI2 hR3 cF8 tI4 tP12 cI16 cF4 hP2 hP2 cF4 cI2 hP2 cl2 hR1 tI2 hR1 hP2 hR3 oC8 tI2 cF4 cI2 cF4 hP4 cF4 cI2 cF4 hP2

Space group P63 /mmc Fm3m Cmca P63 /mmc Fm3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m I4/mmm Im3m Fm3m Fm3m … Fm3m Cmcm P63 /mmc Im3m R3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m C2/c Pm3n Im3m Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc Cmca I4/mmm Cmcm P63 /mmc Im3m R3m Fd3m I41/amd P41212 Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc Im3m R3m I4/mmm ? P63 /mmc R3m Cmca I4/mmm Fm3m Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc

Strukturbericht designation A3´ A1 … A3´ A1 A3 A1 A2 … A2 A1 A1 … A1 … A3 A2 … A3 A3´ A1 A2 … … A2 A1 A2 A3 A11 A6 … A3 A2 … A4 A5 … … A1 A3 A3 A1 A2 A3 A2 A10 … … A3 … … A6 A1 A2 A1 A3´ A1 A2 A1 A3

Lattice parameters, nm Prototype αLa Cu Cl αLa Cu Mg Cu W α´Cr W Cu Cu … Cu α´Dy Mg W αSm Mg αLa Cu W αF γO W Cu W Mg αGa In γGa Mg W αSm C (diamond) βSn σGe γSi Cu Mg Mg Cu W Mg W αHg βHg … Mg αSm Cl In Cu W Cu αLa Cu W Cu Mg

a 0.339 ? 0.624 0.3496 0.4382 0.25071 0.35447 0.28848 0.2882 0.6141 0.6465 0.5800 … 0.36146 0.3595 0.35915 0.403 0.3436 0.35592 ? ? 0.45827 0.550 0.667 0.28665 0.36467 0.29315 0.2468 0.45186 0.2808 1.0593 0.36336 0.406 0.361 0.56574 0.4884 0.593 0.692 0.5338 0.3776 0.3555 0.4240 0.4110 0.31946 0.3610 0.3005 0.3995 … 0.35778 0.334 0.72697 0.3253 0.38392 0.5321 0.5810 0.37740 0.5303 0.426 0.517 0.3111

b … … 0.448 … … … … … … … … … … … 0.6184 … … … … … … … 0.338 … … … … … 0.76570 … 1.3523 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.47903 … … … … … … … … …

c 1.1015 … 0.826 1.1331 … 0.40686 … … 0.2887 … … … … … 0.5678 0.56501 … 2.483 0.55850 … … … 0.728 … … … … 0.396 0.45258 0.4458 0.5203 0.57810 … 2.603 … 0.2692 0.698 … … 0.6162 0.5798 … … 0.50510 … … 0.2825 … 0.56178 2.45 0.97942 0.49470 … … … 1.2171 … … … 0.5093

Comment, c/a or α or β 2*1.625 … … 2*1.621 … 1.6228 … … 1.002 … … … … … … 1.5732 … 4.5*1.606 1.5692 … … … β = 102.17o … … … … 1.603 … 1.588 … 0.5910 … 4*1.60 … 0.551 1.18 … … 1.632 1.631 … … 1.5811 … α = 70.53o 0.707 … 1.5702 4.5*1.63 … 1.5210 … … … 2*1.6125 … … … 1.637

4/28/05 1:54:45 PM

Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements

Element βLi γLi Lu Mg αMn βMn γMn σMn Mo αN βN γN αNa βNa Nb αNd βNd γNd Ne Ni αNp βNp γNp αO βO γO Os P (black) αPa βPa αPb βPb Pd αPm βPm αPo βPo αPr βPr γPr Pt αPu βPu γPu σPu σ´Pu єPu Ra αRb βRb γRb Re Rh Ru αS αSb βSb γSb σSb αSc

Section 12.indb 17

Temperature, °C 25 <-201 25 25 25 >710 >1079 >1143 25 <-237.6 <-210.00 <-253 <-233 25 25 25 >863 25 <-243.59 25 25 >280 >576 <-243.3 <-229.6 <-218.79 25 25 25 >1170 25 25 25 25 >890 25 >54 25 >795 25 25 25 >125 >215 >320 >463 >483 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

Pressure, GPa atm c.w. atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >3.3 atm atm atm atm atm >5.0 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >10.3 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >4.0 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >1.08 >2.05 atm atm atm atm atm >5.0 >7.5 >14.0 atm

Pearson symbol cI2 cF4 hP2 hP2 cl58 cP20 cF4 cI2 cI2 cP8 hP4 tP4 hP2 cI2 cI2 hP4 cI2 cF4 cF4 cF4 oP8 tP4 cI2 mC4 hR2 cP16 hP2 oC8 tI2 cI2 cF4 hP2 cF4 hP4 cI2 cP1 hR1 hP4 cI2 cF4 cF4 mP16 mI34 oF8 cF4 tI2 cI2 cI2 cI2 ? ? hP2 cF4 hP2 oF128 hR2 cP1 hP2 mP3 hP2

Space group Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc I43m P4132 Fm3m Im3m Im3m Pa3 P63 /mmc P42 /mnm P63 /mmc Im3m Im3m P63 /mmc Im3m Fm3m Fm3m Fm3m Pnma P4212 Im3m C2m R3m Pm3n P63 /mmc Cmca I4/mmm Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc Fm3m P63 /mmc Im3m Pm3m R3m P63 /mmc Im3m Fm3m Fm3m P21/m I2/m Fddd Fm3m I4/mmm Im3m Im3m lm3m … … P63 /mmc Fm3m P63/mmc Fddd R3m Pm3m P63 /mmc ? P63 /mm

Strukturbericht designation A2 A1 A3 A3 A12 A13 A1 A2 A2 … … … A3 A2 A2 A3´ A2 A1 A1 A1 Ac Ad A2 … … … A3 … Aa A2 A1 A3 A1 A3´ A2 Ah … A3´ A2 A1 A1 … … … A1 A6 A2 A2 A2 … … A3 A1 A3 A16 A7 Ah A3 … A3

12-17 Lattice parameters, nm

Prototype W Cu Mg Mg αMn βMn Cu W W αN βN γN Mg W W αLa W Cu Cu Cu αNp βNp W αO βO γO Mg P (black) αPa W Cu Mg Cu αLa W αPo βPo αLa W Cu Cu αPu βPu γPu Cu In W W W … … Mg Cu Mg αS αAs αPo Mg … Mg

a 0.35093 0.4388 0.35052 0.32094 0.89126 0.63152 0.3860 0.3080 0.31470 0.5661 0.4050 0.3957 0.3767 0.42906 0.33004 0.36582 0.413 0.480 0.4462 0.35240 0.6663 0.4883 0.352 0.5403 0.4210 0.683 0.27341 0.33136 0.3921 0.381 0.49502 0.3265 0.38903 0.365 (0.410) 0.3366 0.3373 0.36721 0.413 0.488 0.39236 0.6183 0.9284 0.31587 0.46371 0.33261 0.36343 0.5148 0.5705 … … 0.27609 0.38032 0.27058 1.0464 0.45067 0.2992 0.3376 0.556 0.33088

b … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.4723 … … 0.3429 … … … 1.0478 … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.4822 1.0463 0.57682 … … … … … … … … … … 1.28660 … … … 0.404 …

c … … 0.55494 0.52107 … … … … … … 0.6604 0.5109 0.6154 … … 1.17966 … … … … 0.4887 0.3389 … 0.5086 … … 0.43918 0.43763 0.3235 … … 0.5387 … 1.165 … … … 1.18326 … … … 1.0963 0.7859 1.0162 … 0.44630 … … … … … 0.4458 … 0.42816 2.44860 … … 0.5341 0.422 0.52680

Comment, c/a or α or β … … 1.5832 1.6236 … … … … … … 1.631 1.291 1.634 … … 2*1.6124 … … … … … 0.694 … β = 132.53o α = 46.27o … 1.6063 … 0.825 … … 1.650 … 2*1.60 … … α = 98.08o 2*1.6111 … … … β = 101.97o β = 92.13o … … 1.3418 … … … … … 1.6145 … 1.5824 … α = 57.11o … 1.582 β = 86.0o 1.5921

4/28/05 1:54:47 PM

Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements

12-18

Element βSc γSe αSi βSi γSi σSi αSm βSm γ´Sm σSm αSn βSn γSn αSr βSr β´Sr Ta α´Tb aTb βTb γTb Tc αTe βTe γTe αTh βTh αTi βTi ωTi αTl βTl γTl Tm αU βU γU V W Xe αY βY αYb βYb γYb Zn αZr βZr ωZr

Section 12.indb 18

Temperature, °C >1337 25 25 25 25 25 25 >734 >922 25 <13 25 25 25 >547 25 25 <-53 25 >1289 25 25 25 25 25 25 >1360 25 >882 25 25 >230 25 25 25 >668 >776 25 25 <-111.76 25 >1478 <-3 25 >795 25 25 >863 25

Pressure, GPa atm atm atm >9.5 >16.0 >16→atm atm atm atm >4.0 atm atm >9.0 atm atm >3.5 atm atm atm atm >6.0 atm atm >2.0 >7.0 atm atm atm atm HP→atm atm atm HP atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm HP→atm

Pearson symbol cI2 hP3 cF8 tI4 cI16 hP4 hR3 hP2 cI2 hP4 cF8 tI4 tI2 cF4 cI2 cI2 cI2 oC4 hP2 cI2 hR3 hP2 hP3 hR2 hR1 cF4 cl2 hP2 cl2 hP3 hP2 cI2 cF4 hP2 oC4 tP30 cI2 cI2 cI2 cF4 hP2 cI2 hP2 cF4 cI2 hP2 hP2 cI2 hP2

Space group Im3m P3121 Fd3m I41/amd Im3m P63 /mmc R3m P63 /mmc Im3m P63 /mmc Fd3m I41/amd ? Fm3m Im3m Im3m Im3m Cmcm P63 /mmc Im3m R3m P63 /mmc P3121 R3m R3m Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc Im3m P6/mmm P63 /mmc Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc Cmcm P42 /mnm Im3m Im3m Im3m Fm3m P63/mmc Im3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc Im3m P6/mmm

Strukturbericht designation A2 A8 A4 A5 … A3´ … A3 A2 A3´ A4 A5 … A1 A2 A2 A2 … A3 A2 … A3 A8 A7 … A1 A2 A3 A2 … A3 A2 A1 A3 A20 Ab A2 A2 A2 A1 A3 A2 A3 A1 A2 A3 A3 A2 …

Lattice parameters, nm Prototype W γSe C (diamond) βSn γSi αLa αSm Mg W αLa C (diamond) βSn γSn Cu W W W α´Dy Mg W αSm Mg γSe αAs βPo Cu W Mg W ωTi Mg W Cu Mg αU βU W W W Cu Mg W Mg Cu W Mg Mg W ωTi

a (0.373) 0.43659 0.54306 0.4686 0.6636 0.380 0.36290 0.36630 (0.410) 0.3618 0.64892 0.58318 0.370 0.6084 0.487 0.4437 0.33030 0.3605 0.36055 (0.407) 0.341 0.2738 0.44566 0.469 0.3002 0.50842 0.411 0.29506 0.33065 0.4625 0.34566 0.3879 ? 0.35375 0.28537 1.0759 0.3524 0.30240 0.31652 0.6350 0.36482 (0.410) 0.38799 0.54848 0.444 0.26650 0.32316 0.36090 0.5036

b … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.6244 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.58695 … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

c … 0.49537 … 0.2585 … 0.628 2.6207 0.58448 … 1.166 … 0.31818 0.337 … … … … 0.5706 0.56966 … 2.45 0.4393 0.59264 … … … … 0.46835 … 0.2813 0.55248 … … 0.55540 0.49548 0.5656 … … … … 0.57318 … 0.63859 … … 0.49470 0.51475 … 0.3109

Comment, c/a or α or β … 1.1346 … 0.552 … 1.653 4*1.6048 1.5956 … 2*1.611 … 0.5456 0.91 … … … … … 1.5800 … 4*1.60 1.604 1.3298 α = 53.30o α = 103.3o … … 1.59873 … 0.6082 1.5983 … … 1.5700 … 0.526 … … … … 1.5711 … 1.6459 … … 1.8563 1.5929 … 0.617

4/28/05 1:54:49 PM

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF GRAPHITE MATERIALS L. I. Berger At normal conditions, the only stable crystallographic modification of carbon is graphite. The quasi-stable diamond turns into graphite starting from about 1000ºC in the air. In industry, a graphitic material is commonly called either carbon, if it consists of small and low-oriented crystallites, or graphite, the material with highly ordered structure. In the 1970s, the first carbon filaments of about 7 nm in diameter were grown by Morinobu Endo at the University of Orleans, France, by the vapor-growth technique. In 1985, Sir Harold Walter Kroto of Sussex University, UK, and Richard E. Smalley and co-workers at Rice University discovered spherical carbon molecules, C60 (or C60), consisting of combinations of carbon atoms organized into hexagons and pentagons, named buckminsterfullerenes or fullerenes and possessing very promising mechanical and electrical properties. In 1991, Sumio Iijima, NEC Labs, Japan, and David S. Bethune, IBM Almaden Labs, observed the carbon atomic groups in the form of tubes capped by halves of the fullerene molecules and formed on the cathodes of carbon arc devices. The length of the tubes could be up to tens of micrometers and the diameter, naturally, is equal to that of the fullerene molecule. These tubes, called nanotubes, may be single wall (SWNT) or consist of several concentric tubes with a common axis (multi-walled nanotubes, MWNT). Two-dimensional graphene is another crystallographic modification of

Material

Electrical resistivity ρ at R. T. mΩ cm [μΩ inch]

graphite (Saroj Nayak, Rensselaer U., 2004) that is a flat hexagonal network of carbon atoms with a thickness equal to the carbon atom size. The nanotube may be considered as formed by strips of graphenes turned into a cylinder. The character of the electrical conductivity (metallic or semiconductive) of a SWNT depends on orientation of the carbon hexagons of the nanotube surface regarding its axis (the chiral angle [Ref. 1]). The following table contains some typical data on electrical and electronic properties of graphite materials.

References 1. M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and Ph. Avouris (Eds.), Carbon Nanotubes. Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications, Springer-Verlag, 2001. 2. ESPI Metals Catalog, 2007. 3. SPI Supplies Catalog, 2007. 4. F. L. Vogel, J. Mater. Sci., 12, 982–986, 1977. 5. K. S. Novoselov et al., Nature, 438, 197–200, 2005. 6. Y. Zhang et al., Nature, 438, 201–204, 2005. 7. N. Tombros et al., Nature, 448, 571–574, 2007. 8. H. Dai, in Ref. 1, pp. 29–53. 9. CTI Carbon Nanotube Cat., 2007. 10. L. Matija et al., Sci. Forum, 413, 49–52, 2003.

Energy gap at R. T. Electron mobility (1/ρ)dρ/dt near R. T. 10–4 °C–1 Ref. eV cm2/V s

Bulk graphite Electromet graphite

1.90 [750]

–5

2

Electro graphite

1.60 [630]

–5

2

Aeromet graphite

1.47 [580]

–5

2 2

ESPI Superconductive

1.75 [690]

–5

Radioelectronics data

30 [11,800]

–5.6

Highly ordered pyrolytic graphite

Parallel 0.04 [15.7]

Single crystal graphite, normal to c-axis

1•10-6

3 3

Across 150 [59000] 4

Graphenes n-Graphene

≈5 (М); ≈10 (Г)c

p-Graphene

106

5,6

104

7

Carbon nanotubes Metallic SWNT

12 kΩa

MWNT

1 0.7 – 0.9b

Semiconducting SWNT 10

2

128d

1 9

Carbon fullerenes Fullerene (C60) a b c d

Minimum resistance of individual nanotubes [Ref. 8] Est. from Ref. 1, p. 47 Est. from Ref. 1, p. 116 Est. from Ref. 1, p. 179.

12-44

1012

1.95

10

LATTICE ENERGIES H. D. B. Jenkins and H. K. Roobottom THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE AND CALCULATED VALUES

METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF VALUES NOT TABULATED

Table 1 contains calculated values of the lattice energies (total lattice potential energies), UPOT , of crystalline salts, MaXb. UPOT is expressed in units of kilojoules per mole, kJ mol–1. M and X can be either simple or complex ions. Substances are arranged by chemical class. Also listed in the table is the lattice energy, UPOTBFHC, obtained from the application of the Born - Fajans - Haber cycle (BHFC) described below, using the “Standard Thermochemical Properties of Chemical Substances” table in Section 5 of this Handbook, References 1 through 4, and certain other data which are given in Table 3 below. The lattice enthalpy, ∆HL, is given by the cycle:

In cases where the lattice energy is not tabulated and we want to furnish an estimate, then the Kapustinskii equation5 can be used to obtain a value (in kJ mol–1): U POT =

121.4 z a z b v  0.0345  1 −  (ra + rb )  (ra + rb )

where za and zb are the moduli of the charges on the v ions in the lattice and ra and rb (in nm) are the thermochemical radii given in Table 2. The ra for metal ions is taken to be the Goldschmidt6 radius. To cite an example, if we wish to estimate the lattice energy of the salt [NH+4][HF–2] using the above procedure, we see that Table 2 gives the thermochemical radius (ra ) for NH+4 to be 0.136 nm and that for HF–2 (rb ) to be 0.172 nm. The lattice potential energy is then estimated to be 700 kJ mol–1 compared with the calculated value of 705 kJ mol–1 and the Born - Fajans - Haber cycle value of 658 kJ mol–1.

References

where (ss) is the standard state of the element concerned. The lattice enthalpy, ∆HL, is obtained using the equation: ∆H L = a∆f H o (M b+ , g ) + b∆f H o (X a− , g ) − ∆f H o (M a X b , c)

and is futher related to the total lattice potential energy, UPOT, by the relationship:  n n   ∆H L = U POT +  a  M − 2 + b  X − 2 RT   2 2  

where nM and nX equal 3 for monatomic ions, 5 for linear polyatomic ions and 6 for polyatomic non-linear ions.

1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 3. Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas-Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 17, Suppl. 1, 1988. 4. Jenkins, H. D. B., and Pratt, K. F., Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 22, 1, 1978. 5. Kapustinskii, A. F., Quart. Rev., 10, 283-294, 1956. 6. Goldschmidt, V. M., Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, I, Mat.Naturn. Kl, 1926. See also Dasent, W. E., Inorganic Energetics, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1982. 7. Jenkins, H. D. B., Roobottom, H. K., Passmore, J., and Glasser, L., J. Chem. Education, in press.

12-19

Section 12.indb 19

4/28/05 1:54:53 PM

Lattice Energies

12-20 Table 1. Lattice Energies (kJ mol –1) Substance Acetates Li(CH3COO) Na(CH3COO) K(CH3COO) Rb(CH3COO) Cs(CH3COO)

Calc. UPOT

UPOTBHFC

– 828 749 715 682

843 807 726 – –

Acetylides CaC2 SrC2 BaC2

2911 2788 2647

2902 2782 2652

Azides LiN3 NaN3 KN3 RbN3 CsN3 AgN3 TlN3 Ca(N3)2 Sr(N3)2 Ba(N3)2 Mn(N3)2 Cu(N3)2 Zn(N3)2 Cd(N3)2 Pb(N3)2

861 770 697 674 665 854 689 2186 2056 2021 2408 2730 2840 2446 –

875 784 – 691 674 910 742 2316 2187 – 2348 2738 2970 2576 2300

Bihalide Salts LiHF2 NaHF2 KHF2 RbHF2 CsHF2 NH4HF2 CsHCl2 Me4NHCl2 Et4NHCl2 Bu4NHCl2

821 755 657 627 607 705 601 427 346 290

847 748 660 631 – 658 – – – –

Bicarbonates NaHCO3 KHCO3 RbHCO3 CsHCO3 NH4HCO3

820 741 707 678 –

656 573 522 520 577

5146 5104 5021 7447 7406 10083 7447 7447 7406 7447 5104 7489 7489 7489

– – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Borides CaB6 SrB6 BaB6 YB6 LaB6 CeB6 PrB6 NdB6 PmB6 SmB6 EuB6 GdB6 TbB6 DyB6

Section 12.indb 20

Substance HoB6 ErB6 TmB6 YbB6 LuB6 ThB6

Calc. UPOT 7489 7489 7489 5146 7489 10167

UPOTBHFC – – – – – –

Borohydrides LiBH4 NaBH4 KBH4 RbBH4 CsBH4

778 703 655 648 628

– 694 638 – –

Borohalides LiBF4 NaBF4 KBF4 RbBF4 CsBF4 NH4BF4 KBCl4 RbBCl4 CsBCl4

699 657 611 577 556 582 506 489 473

749 674 616 590 565 – 497 486 –

Carbonates Li2CO3 Na2CO3 K2CO3 Rb2CO3 Cs2CO3 MgCO3 CaCO3 SrCO3 BaCO3 MnCO3 FeCO3 CoCO3 CuCO3 ZnCO3 CdCO3 SnCO3 PbCO3

2523 2301 2084 2000 1920 3138 2804 2720 2615 3046 3121 3443 3494 3121 2929 2904 2728

2254 2016 1846 1783 1722 3122 2811 2688 2554 3092 3169 3235 – 3273 3052 – 2750

Cyanates LiNCO NaNCO KNCO RbNCO CsNCO NH4NCO

849 807 726 692 661 724

– 816 734 – – –

Cyanides LiCN NaCN KCN RbCN CsCN Ca(CN)2 Sr(CN)2 Ba(CN)2 NH4CN AgCN

874 766 692 638 601 2268 2138 2001 617 (741)

759 686 – – 2240 – 2009 691 935

4/28/05 1:54:56 PM

Lattice Energies Substance Zn(CN)2 Cd(CN)2 Formates Li(HCO2) Na(HCO2) K(HCO2) Rb(HCO2) Cs(HCO2) NH4(HCO2)

12-21 Calc. UPOT 2809 2583

UPOTBHFC 2817 2591

865 791 713 685 651 715

– 804 722 – – –

7991 7301 6987 6653

– 7306 – 6643

Halates LiBrO3 NaBrO3 KBrO3 RbBrO3 CsBrO3 NaClO3 KClO3 RbClO3 CsClO3 LiIO3 NaIO3 KIO3 RbIO3 CsIO3

883 803 740 720 694 770 711 690 – 975 883 820 791 761

880 791 722 705 681 785 721 703 679 974 876 780 – –

Halides LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI KF KCl KBr KI RbF RbCl RbBr RbI CsF CsCl CsBr CsI FrF FrCl FrBr FrI CuCl CuBr CuI AgF AgCl AgBr

1030 834 788 730 910 769 732 682 808 701 671 632 774 680 651 617 744 657 632 600 715 632 611 582 992 969 948 953 910 897

1049 864 820 764 930 790 754 705 829 720 691 650 795 695 668 632 759 670 647 613 – – – – 996 978 966 974 918 905

Germanates Mg2GeO4 Ca2GeO4 Sr2GeO4 Ba2GeO4

Section 12.indb 21

Substance AgI AuCl AuBr AuI InCl InBr InI TlF TlCl TlBr TlI Me4NCl Me4NBr Me4NI PH4Br PH4I BeF2 BeCl2 BeBr2 BeI2 MgF2 MgCl2 MgBr2 MgI2 CaF2 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 SrF2 SrCl2 SrI2 BaF2 BaCl2 BaBr2 BaI2 RaF2 RaCl2 RaBr2 RaI2 ScCl2 ScBr2 ScI2 TiF2 TiCl2 TiBr2 TiI2 VCl2 VBr2 VI2 CrF2 CrCl2 CrBr2 CrI2 MoCl2 MoBr2 MoI2 MnF2 MnCl2 MnBr2 MnI2 FeF2

Calc. UPOT 881 1013 1029 1027 – – – – 738 720 692 566 553 544 616 590 3464 3004 2950 2780 2926 2477 2406 2293 2640 2268 2132 1971 2476 2142 1984 2347 2046 1971 1862 2284 2004 1929 1803 2380 2291 2201 2724 2439 2360 2259 2607 – – 2778 2540 2377 2269 2737 2742 2630 2644 2510 2448 2212 2849

UPOTBHFC 892 1066 1059 1070 764 767 733 850 751 734 710 – – – – – 3526 3033 2914 2813 2978 2540 2451 2340 2651 2271 – 2087 2513 2170 1976 2373 2069 1995 1890 – – – – – – – – 2514 2430 2342 2593 2534 2470 2939 2601 2536 2440 2746 2753 – – 2551 2482 – 2967

4/28/05 1:54:58 PM

Lattice Energies

12-22 Substance FeCl2 FeBr2 FeI2 CoF2 CoCl2 CoBr2 CoI2 NiF2 NiCl2 NiBr2 NiI2 PdCl2 PdBr2 PdI2 CuF2 CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 AgF2 ZnF2 ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 CdF2 CdCl2 CdBr2 CdI2 HgF2 HgCl2 HgBr2 HgI2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 SnI2 PbF2 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 ScF3 ScCl3 ScBr3 ScI3 YF3 YCl3 YI3 TiF3 TiCl3 TiBr3 TiI3 ZrCl3 ZrBr3 ZrI3 VF3 VCl3 VBr3 VI3 NbCl3 NbBr3 NbI3 CrF3

Section 12.indb 22

Calc. UPOT 2569 2515 2439 3004 2707 2640 2569 3098 2753 2729 2607 2778 2741 2748 3046 2774 2715 2640 2942 3021 2703 2648 2581 2809 2552 2507 2441 2757 2657 2628 2628 2551 2297 2251 2193 2535 2270 2219 2163 5492 4874 4729 4640 4983 4506 4240 5644 5134 5012 4845 – – – 5895 5322 5214 5121 5062 4980 4860 6033

UPOTBHFC 2641 2577 2491 3042 2706 2643 2561 3089 2786 2721 2637 2818 2751 2760 3102 2824 2774 – 2967 3053 2748 2689 2619 2830 2565 2517 2455 – 2664 2639 2624 – 2310 2256 2206 2543 2282 2230 2177 5540 4901 4761 – – 4524 4258 – 5153 5023 – 4791 4758 4591 – 5329 5224 5136 – – – 6065

Substance CrCl3 CrBr3 CrI3 MoF3 MoCl3 MoBr3 MoI3 MnF3 MnCl3 MnBr3 MnI3 TcCl3 TcBr3 TcI3 FeF3 FeCl3 FeBr3 FeI3 RuCl3 RuBr3 RuI3 CoF3 RhCl3 IrF3 IrBr3 NiF3 AuF3 AuCl3 ZnCl3 ZnBr3 ZnI3 AlF3 AlCl3 AlBr3 AlI3 GaF3 GaCl3 GaBr3 GaI3 InCl3 InBr3 InI3 TlF3 TlCl3 TlBr3 TlI3 AsBr3 AsI3 SbF3 SbCl3 SbBr3 SbI3 BiCl3 BiI3 LaF3 LaCl3 LaBr3 LaI3 CeCl3 CeI3 PrCl3

Calc. UPOT 5518 5355 5275 6459 5246 5156 5073 6017 5544 5448 5330 5270 5215 5188 5870 5364 5333 5117 5245 5223 5222 5991 5641 (6112) (4794) (6111) (5777) (4605) 5832 5732 5636 5924 5376 5247 5070 5829 5217 4966 4611 4736 4535 4234 5493 5258 5171 5088 5497 4824 5295 5032 4954 4867 4689 3774 4682 4263 4209 3916 4394 – 4322

UPOTBHFC 5529 – 5294 – 5253 – – – – – – – – – – 5436 5347 – 5257 5232 5235 – 5665 – – – – – – – – 6252 5513 5360 5227 6238 5665 5569 5496 5183 5117 5001 – 5278 – – 5365 5295 5324 4857 4776 4692 4707 – – 4242 – 3986 4348 4061 4387

4/28/05 1:55:01 PM

Lattice Energies Substance PrI3 NdCl3 SmCl3 EuCl3 GdCl3 DyCl3 HoCl3 ErCl3 TmCl3 TmI3 YbCl3 AcCl3 UCl3 NpCl3 PuCl3 PuBr3 AmCl3 TiF4 TiCl4 TiBr4 TiI4 ZrF4 ZrCl4 ZrBr4 ZrI4 MoF4 MoCl4 MoBr4 MoI4 SnCl4 SnBr4 PbF4 CrF2Cl CrF2Br CrF2I CrCl2Br CrCl2I CrBr2I CuFCl CuFBr CuFI CuClBr CuClI CuBrI FeF2Cl FeF2Br FeF2I FeCl2Br FeCl2I FeBr2I LiIO2F2 NaIO2F2 KIO2F2 RbIO2F2 CsIO2F2 NH4IO2F2 AgIO2F2 Hydrides LiH NaH KH

Section 12.indb 23

12-23 Calc. UPOT – 4343 4376 4393 4406 4481 4501 4527 4548 – – 4096 4243 4268 4289 (3959) 4293 10012 9431 9288 9108 8853 8021 7661 7155 8795 8556 8510 8427 8355 7970 9519 5795 5753 5669 5448 5381 5330 2891 2853 2803 2753 2694 2669 5711 5653 5569 5339 5272 5209 845 766 699 674 636 678 736 916 807 711

UPOTBHFC 4101 4415 4450 4490 4495 4529 4572 4591 4608 4340 4651 – – – – – – 9908 – 9059 8918 8971 8144 7984 7801 – 9603 9500 – 8930 8852 – – – – – 5429 5370 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 756 689 – – – 685 918 807 713

Substance RbH CsH VH NbH PdH CuH TiH ZrH HfH LaH TaH CrH NiH PtH AgH AuH TlH GeH PbH BeH2 MgH2 CaH2 SrH2 BaH2 ScH2 YH2 LaH2 CeH2 PrH2 NdH2 PmH2 SmH2 GdH2 AcH2 ThH2 PuH2 AmH2 TiH2 ZrH2 CuH2 ZnH2 HgH2 AlH3 FeH3 ScH3 YH3 LaH3 FeH3 GaH3 InH3 TlH3

Calc. UPOT 686 648 1184 1163 979 828 996 916 904 828 1021 1050 929 937 941 1033 745 950 778 3205 2791 2410 2250 2121 2711 (2598) 2380 2414 2448 2464 2519 2510 2494 2372 2711 2519 2544 2866 2711 2941 2870 2707 5924 5724 5439 5063 4895 5724 5690 5092 5092

UPOTBHFC 684 653 (1344) (1633) 1368 1254 1407 1590 – – – – – – – 1108 – – – 3306 2718 2406 2265 2133 2744 2733 2522 2509 2405 2394 – 2389 2651 – 2738 – – 2864 2999 – – – 5969 – – 4910 4493 – – – –

Hydroselenides NaHSe KHSe RbHSe CsHse

703 644 623 598

732 712 689 669

Hydrosulphides LiHS NaHS RbHS

768 723 655

862 771 682

4/28/05 1:55:03 PM

Lattice Energies

12-24 Substance CsHS NH4HS Ca(HS)2 Sr(HS)2 Ba(HS)2

Calc. UPOT 628 661 2184 2063 1979

Hydroxides LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH Be(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 Ti(OH)2 Mn(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 Co(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 Pd(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 CuOH AgOH AuOH TlOH Zn(OH)2 Cd(OH)2 Hg(OH)2 Sn(OH)2 Pb(OH)2 Sc(OH)3 Y(OH)3 La(OH)3 Cr(OH)3 Mn(OH)3 Al(OH)3 Ga(OH)3 In(OH)3 Tl(OH)3 Ti(OH)4 Zr(OH)4 Mn(OH)4 Sn(OH)4

1021 887 789 766 721 3477 2870 2506 2330 2142 – 2909 2653 2786 2832 – 2870 1006 918 1033 705 2795 2607 2669 2489 2376 5063 4707 4443 5556 6213 5627 5732 5280 5314 9456 8619 10933 9188

1028 892 796 765 732 3620 2998 2637 2474 2330 2953 3008 3044 3109 3186 3189 3229 – 845 – 874 3151 2909 – 2721 – 5602 – – 6299 – – 6368 – – – – – 9879

Imides CaNH SrNH BaNH

3293 3146 2975

– – –

Metavanadates Li3VO4 Na3VO4 K3VO4 Rb3VO4 Cs3VO4

3945 3766 3376 3243 3137

– – – – –

848 755 685 662

854 763 694 671

Nitrates LiNO3 NaNO3 KNO3 RbNO3

Section 12.indb 24

UPOTBHFC 657 718 (2171) – (1956)

Substance CsNO3 AgNO3 TlNO3 Mg(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2 Ba(NO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 Co(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 Sn(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2

Calc. UPOT 648 820 690 2481 2268 2176 2062 2318 – 2560 – – 2376 2238 2155 2067

UPOTBHFC 650 832 707 2521 2247 2151 2035 2478 (2580) 2647 2729 2739 2649 2462 2254 2208

Nitrides ScN LaN TiN ZrN VN NbN CrN

7547 6876 8130 7633 8283 7939 8269

7506 6793 8033 7723 8233 8022 8358

Nitrites NaNO2 KNO2 RbNO2 CsNO2

774 699 724 690

772 687 765 –

Oxides Li2O Na2O K2O Rb2O Cs2O Cu2O Ag2O Tl2O LiO2 NaO2 KO2 RbO2 CsO2 Li2O2 Na2O2 K2O2 Rb2O2 Cs2O2 MgO2 CaO2 SrO2 KO3 BeO MgO CaO SrO BaO TiO VO MnO

2799 2481 2238 2163 2131 3273 3002 2659 (878) 799 741 706 679 2592 2309 2114 2025 1948 3356 3144 3037 697 4514 3795 3414 3217 3029 3832 3932 3724

2814 2478 2232 2161 2063 3189 2910 2575 (872) 821 751 721 696 2557 22717 2064 1994 1512 3526 3132 2977 707 4443 3791 3401 3223 3054 3811 3863 3745

4/28/05 1:55:06 PM

Lattice Energies Substance FeO CoO NiO PdO CuO ZnO CdO HgO GeO SnO PbO Sc2O3 Y2O3 La2O3 Ce2O3 Pr2O3 Nd2O3 Pm2O3 Sm2O3 Eu2O3 Gd2O3 Tb2O3 Dy2O3 Ho2O3 Er2O3 Tm2O3 Yb2O3 Lu2O3 Ac2O3 Ti2O3 V2O3 Cr2O3 Mn2O3 Fe2O3 Al2O3 Ga2O3 In2O3 Pb2O3 CeO2 ThO2 PaO2 VO2(g) NpO2 PuO2 AmO2 CmO2 TiO2 ZrO2 MoO2 MnO2 SiO2 GeO2 SnO2 PbO2 Perchlorates LiClO4 NaClO4 KClO4 RbClO4 CsClO4 NH4ClO4

Section 12.indb 25

12-25 Calc. UPOT 3795 3837 3908 3736 4135 4142 3806 3907 3919 3652 3520 13557 12705 12452 12661 12703 12736 12811 12878 12945 12996 13071 13138 13180 13263 13322 13380 13665 12573 – 15096 15276 15146 14309 15916 15590 13928 (14841) 9627 10397 10573 10644 10707 10786 10799 10832 12150 11188 11648 12970 13125 12828 11807 11217

UPOTBHFC 3865 3910 4010 – 4050 3971 – – – – – 13708 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14149 14520 14957 15035 14774 – 15220 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

709 643 599 564 636 583

715 641 595 576 550 580

Substance Ca(ClO4)2 Sr(ClO4)2 Ba(ClO4)2 Permanganates NaMnO4 KMnO4 RbMnO4 CsMnO4 Ca(MnO4)2 Sr(MnO4)2 Ba(MnO4)2

Calc. UPOT 1958 1862 1795

UPOTBHFC 1971 1862 1769

661 607 586 565 1937 1845 1778

– – – – – – –

11632 10602 10125 9652 7397 7251 8201 7427 7381

11407 10479 10075 9654 – 7300 – 7507 –

Selenides Li2Se Na2Se K2Se Rb2Se Cs2Se Ag2Se Tl2Se BeSe MgSe CaSe SrSe BaSe MnSe

2364 2130 1933 1837 1745 2686 2209 3431 3071 2858 2736 2611 3176

– – – – – – – – – 2862 – – –

Selenites Li2SeO3 Na2SeO3 K2SeO3 Rb2SeO3 Cs2SeO3 Tl2SeO3 Ag2SeO3 BeSeO3 MgSeO3 CaSeO3 SrSeO3 BaSeO3

2171 1950 1774 1715 1640 1879 2113 3322 3012 2732 2586 2460

– 1916 1749 1675 – – 2148 – 2998 – 2588 2451

Selenates Li2SeO4 Na2SeO4 K2SeO4 Rb2SeO4 Cs2SeO4 Cu2SeO4 Ag2SeO4 Tl2SeO4 Hg2SeO4 BeSeO4

2054 1879 1732 1686 1615 2201 2033 1766 2163 3448

– – – – – – – – – –

Phosphates Mg3(PO4)2 Ca3(PO4)2 Sr3(PO4)2 Ba3(PO4)2 MnPO4 FePO4 BPO4 AlPO4 GaPO4

4/28/05 1:55:08 PM

Lattice Energies

12-26 Substance MgSeO4 CaSeO4 SrSeO4

Calc. UPOT 2895 2632 2489

UPOTBHFC – – –

Sulphides Li2S Na2S K2S Rb2S Cs2S (NH4)2S Cu2S Ag2S Au2S Tl2S

2464 2192 1979 1929 1892 2008 2786 2606 2908 2298

2472 2203 (2052) 1949 1850 (2026) 2865 2677 – 2258

Sulphates Li2SO4 Na2SO4 K2SO4 Rb2SO4 Cs2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 Cu2SO4 Ag2SO4 Tl2SO4 Hg2SO4 CaSO4 SrSO4 BaSO4 MnSO4

2229 1827 1700 1636 1596 1766 2276 2104 1828 – 2489 2577 2469 2920

2142 1938 1796 1748 1658 1777 2166 1989 1722 2127 2480 2484 2374 2825

Ternary Salts Cs2CuCl4 Rb2ZnCl4 Cs2ZnCl4 Rb2ZnBr4 Cs2ZnBr4 Cs2ZnI4 CsGaCl4 NaAlCl4 CsAlCl4 NaFeCl4 Rb2CoCl4 Cs2CoCl4 K2PtCl4 Cs2GeF6 (NH4)2GeF6 Cs2GeCl6 K2HfCl6 K2IrCl6 Na2MoCl6 K2MoCl6 Rb2MoCl6 Cs2MoCl6 K2NbCl6 Rb2NbCl6 Cs2NbCl6 K2OsCl6 Cs2OsCl6 K2OsBr6 K2PdCl6 Rb2PdCl6

1393 1529 1492 1498 1454 1386 494 556 486 492 1447 1391 1574 1573 1657 1404 1345 1442 1526 1418 1399 1347 1375 1371 1381 1447 1409 1396 1481 1449

– – – – – – – – – – – – 1550 – – 1419 1461 1440 1504 1412 1399 1347 1398 1385 1344 1447 – – 1493 –

Section 12.indb 26

Substance Cs2PdCl6 Rb2PbCl6 Cs2PbCl6 (NH4)2PbCl6 K2PtCl6 Rb2PtCl6 Cs2PtCl6 (NH4)2PtCl6 Tl2PtCl6 Ag2PtCl6 BaPtCl6 K2PtBr6 Ag2PtBr6 K2PtI6 K2ReCl6 Rb2ReCl6 Cs2ReCl6 K2ReBr6 K2SiF6 Rb2SiF6 Cs2SiF6 Tl2SiF6 K2SnCl6 Rb2SnCl6 Cs2SnCl6 Tl2SnCl6 (NH4)2SnCl6 Rb2SnBr6 Cs2SnBr6 Rb2SnI6 Cs2SnBr6 K2TeCl6 Rb2TeCl6 Cs2TeCl6 Tl2TeCl6 (NH4)2TeCl6 K2RuCl6 Rb2CoF6 Cs2CoF6 K2NiF6 Rb2NiF6 Rb2SbCl6 Rb2SeCl6 Cs2SeCl6 (NH4)2SeCl6 (NH4)2PoCl6 Cs2PoBr6 Cs2CrF6 Rb2MnF6 Cs2MnF6 K2MnCl6 Rb2MnCl6 (NH4)2MnCl6 Cs2TeBr6 Cs2TeI6 K2TiCl6 Rb2TiCl6 Cs2TiCl6 Tl2TiCl6 K2TiBr6 Rb2TiBr6

Calc. UPOT 1426 1343 1344 1355 1468 1464 1444 1468 1546 1773 2047 1423 1791 1421 1416 1414 1398 1375 1670 1639 1604 1675 1363 1361 1358 1437 1370 1309 1306 1226 1243 1318 1321 1323 1392 1318 1451 1688 1632 1721 1688 1357 1409 1397 1420 1338 1286 1603 1688 1620 1462 1451 1464 1306 1246 1412 1415 1402 1560 1379 1341

UPOTBHFC – 1343 – – 1471 – – – – 1881 2070 1392 2276 – 1442 – – 1375 1765 1673 1498 – 1390 1363 – – 1344 – – – – 1320 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1447 1416 1384 1553 1379 1331

4/28/05 1:55:11 PM

Lattice Energies Substance Cs2TiBr6 Na2UBr6 K2UBr6 Rb2UBr6 Cs2UBr6 K2WCl6 Rb2WCl6 Cs2WCl6 K2WBr6 Rb2WBr6 Cs2WBr6 K2ZrCl6 Rb2ZrCl6 Cs2ZrCl6

12-27 Calc. UPOT 1339 1504 1484 1473 1459 1398 1397 1392 1408 1361 1362 1339 1341 1339

Tellurides Li2Te Na2Te K2Te Rb2Te Cs2Te Cu2Te Ag2Te Tl2Te BeTe MgTe CaTe

UPOTBHFC 1306 – – – – 1423 1434 1366 1408 1391 1332 1371 – 1307

2212 1997 1830 1837 1745 2706 2607 2084 3319 2878 2721

– 2095 – – – 2683 2600 2172 – 3081 –

Calc. UPOT

Substance Thiocyanates LiCNS NaCNS KCNS RbCNS CsCNS NH4CNS Ca(CNS)2 Sr(CNS)2 Ba(CNS)2 Mn(CNS)2 Zn(CNS)2 Cd(CNS)2 Hg(CNS)2 Sn(CNS)2 Pb(CNS)2 Vanadates LiVO3 NaVO3 KVO3 RbVO3 CsVO3

UPOTBHFC

764 682 623 623 623 605 2184 2063 1979 2280 2335 2201 2146 2117 2058

(765) 682 616 619 568 611 2118 1957 1852 2351 2560 2374 2492 2142 –

810 761 686 657 628

– – – – –

TABLE 2. Thermochemical Radii (nm) Ion Singly Charged Anions AgF4AlBr4AlCl4AlF4AlH4AlI4AsF6AsO2Au(CN)2AuCl4AuF4AuF6B(OH)4BF4BH4BrBrF4BrO3CF3SO3CH3CO2ClClO2ClO3ClO4ClS2O6CNCr3O8CuBr4FFeCl4-

Section 12.indb 27

Radius 0.231 0.321 0.317 0.214 0.226 0.374 0.243 0.211 0.266 0.288 0.240 0.235 0.229 0.205 0.205 0.190 0.231 0.214 0.230 0.194 0.168 0.195 0.208 0.225 0.260 0.187 0.276 0.315 0.126 0.317

± 0.019 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

GaCl4HH2AsO4H2PO4HCO2HCO3HF2HSO4II2BrI3I4IBr2ICl2ICl4IO2F2IO3IO4IrF6MnO4MoF6MoOF5N3NCONbCl6NbF6Nb2F11NbO3NH2NH2CH2COONO2-

Ion

0.328 0.148 0.227 0.213 0.200 0.207 0.172 0.221 0.211 0.261 0.272 0.300 0.251 0.235 0.307 0.233 0.218 0.231 0.242 0.220 0.241 0.241 0.180 0.193 0.338 0.254 0.311 0.194 0.168 0.252 0.187

Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

4/28/05 1:55:13 PM

Lattice Energies

12-28 NO3O2O3OHOsF6PaF6PdF6PF6PO3PtF6PuF5ReF6ReO4RuF6S6SCNSbCl6SbF6Sb2F11Sb3F14SeCl5SeCNSeHSHSO3FS3N3S3N3O4TaCl6TaF6TaO3UF6VF6VO3WCl6WF6WOF5-

Ion

Doubly Charged Anions AmF62Bi2Br82Bi6Cl202CdCl42CeCl62CeF62CO32CoCl42CoF42CoF62Cr2O72CrF62CrO42CuCl42CuF42GeCl62GeF62HfF62HgI42IrCl62MnCl62MnF42MnF62MoBr62-

Section 12.indb 28

0.200 0.165 0.199 0.152 0.252 0.249 0.252 0.242 0.204 0.247 0.239 0.240 0.227 0.242 0.305 0.209 0.320 0.252 0.312 0.374 0.258 0.230 0.195 0.191 0.214 0.231 0.252 0.352 0.250 0.192 0.301 0.235 0.201 0.337 0.246 0.241

Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.034 ± 0.019 ± 0.020 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

0.255 0.392 0.501 0.307 0.352 0.249 0.189 0.306 0.209 0.256 0.292 0.253 0.229 0.304 0.213 0.335 0.244 0.248 0.377 0.332 0.314 0.219 0.241 0.364

± 0.019 ± 0.055 ± 0.073 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.031 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

MoCl62MoF62MoO42NbCl62NH2Ni(CN)42NiF42NiF62O2O22OsBr62OsCl62OsF62PbCl42PbCl62PbF62PdBr62PdCl42PdCl62PdF62PoBr62PoI62Pt(NO2)3Cl32Pt(NO2)4Cl22Pt(OH)22Pt(SCN)62PtBr42PtBr62PtCl42PtCl62PtF62PuCl62ReBr62ReCl62ReF62ReF82ReH92ReI62RhF62RuCl62RuF62S2S2O32S2O42S2O52S2O62S2O72S2O82S3O62S4O62S6O62ScF62Se2SeBr62SeCl62SeO42SiF62SiO32SmF42Sn(OH)62SnBr62-

Ion

0.338 0.274 0.231 0.343 0.128 0.322 0.211 0.249 0.141 0.167 0.365 0.336 0.276 0.279 0.347 0.268 0.354 0.313 0.333 0.252 0.380 0.428 0.364 0.383 0.333 0.451 0.324 0.363 0.307 0.333 0.245 0.349 0.371 0.337 0.256 0.276 0.257 0.421 0.240 0.336 0.248 0.189 0.251 0.262 0.270 0.283 0.275 0.291 0.302 0.325 0.382 0.276 0.181 0.363 0.336 0.229 0.248 0.195 0.218 0.279 0.374

Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.026 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.020 ± 0.019

4/28/05 1:55:16 PM

Lattice Energies SnCl62SnF62SnI62SO32SO42TcBr62TcCl62TcF62TcH92TcI62Te2TeBr62TeCl62TeI62TeO42Th(NO3)62ThCl62ThF62TiBr62TiCl62TiF62UCl62UF62VO32WBr62WCl62WO42WOCl52ZnBr42ZnCl42ZnF42ZnI42ZrBr42ZrCl42ZrCl62ZrF62-

Ion

Multi-Charged Anions AlH63AsO43CdBr64CdCl64CeF63CeF73Co(CN)63Co(NO2)63CoCl53CoF63Cr(CN)63CrF63Cu(CN)43Fe(CN)63FeF63HfF73InF63Ir(CN)63Ir(NO2)63Mn(CN)63Mn(CN)65MnCl64N3Ni(NO2)63-

Section 12.indb 29

12-29 0.345 0.265 0.427 0.204 0.218 0.363 0.337 0.244 0.260 0.419 0.220 0.383 0.353 0.430 0.238 0.424 0.360 0.263 0.356 0.335 0.252 0.354 0.256 0.204 0.363 0.339 0.237 0.334 0.335 0.306 0.219 0.384 0.334 0.306 0.348 0.258

Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

0.256 0.237 0.374 0.352 0.278 0.282 0.349 0.343 0.320 0.258 0.351 0.254 0.312 0.347 0.298 0.277 0.268 0.347 0.338 0.350 0.401 0.349 0.180 0.342

± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038

Ni(NO2)64NiF63O3P3PaF83PO43PrF63Rh(NO2)63Rh(SCN)63TaF83TbF73Tc(CN)65ThF73TiBr63TlF63UF73YF63ZrF73-

Ion

Singly Charged Cations N(CH3)4+ N2H5+ N2H62+ NH(C2H5)3+ NH3C2H5+ NH3C3H7+ NH3CH3+ NH3OH+ NH4+ NH3C2H4OH+ As3S4+ As3Se4+ AsCl4+ Br2+ Br3+ Br3Br5+ BrClCNH2+ BrF2+ BrF4+ C10F8+ C6F6+ Cl(SNSCN)2+ Cl2C=NH2+ Cl2F+ Cl3+ ClF2+ ClO2+ GaBr4I2+ I3+ I5+ IBr2+ ICl2+ IF6+ N(S3N2)2+ N(SCl)2+ N(SeCl)2+ N(SF2)2+ N2F+ NO+ NO2+

0.383 0.250 0.288 0.224 0.299 0.230 0.281 0.345 0.428 0.284 0.290 0.410 0.282 0.315 0.271 0.285 0.275 0.273

Radius ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038

0.234 0.158 0.158 0.274 0.193 0.225 0.177 0.147 0.136 0.203 0.244 0.253 0.221 0.155 0.204 0.238 0.229 0.175 0.183 0.172 0.265 0.228 0.347 0.173 0.165 0.182 0.147 0.118 0.317 0.185 0.225 0.263 0.196 0.175 0.209 0.258 0.186 0.246 0.214 0.156 0.145 0.153

± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.029 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.036 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027

4/28/05 1:55:18 PM

Lattice Energies

12-30 Ion O2+ O2(SCCF3Cl)2+ ONCH3CF3+ OsOF5P(CH3)3Cl+ P(CH3)3D+ PCl4+ ReOF5S(CH3)2Cl+ S(N(C2H5)3)3+ S2(CH3)2Cl+ S2(CH3)2CN+ S2(CH3)3+ S2Br5+ S2N+ S2N2C2H3+ S2NC2(PhCH3)2+ S2NC3H4+ S2NC4H8+ S3(CH3)3+ S3Br3+ S3C3H7+ S3C4F6+ S3CF3CN+ S3Cl3+ S3N2+ S3N2Cl+ S4N3+ S4N3(Ph)2+ S4N4H+ S5N5+ S7I+ Sb(NPPh3)4+ SBr3+ SCH3O2+ SCH3P(CH3)3+ SCH3PCH3Cl2+ SCl(C2H5)2+ SCl2CF3+ SCl2CH3+ SCl3+ Se3Br3+ Se3Cl3+ Se3N2+ Se3NCl2+ Se6I+ SeBr3+ SeCl3+ SeF3+ SeI3+ SeN2Cl+ SeNCl2+ (SeNMe3)3+ SeS2N2+ SF(C6F5)2+ SF2CF3+ SF2N(CH3)2+ SF3+ SFS(C(CF3)2)2+ SH2C3H7+ SN+ SNCl5(CH3CN)-

0.140 0.275 0.200 0.246 0.197 0.196 0.235 0.245 0.207 0.439 0.265 0.223 0.233 0.267 0.159 0.211 0.310 0.218 0.225 0.239 0.245 0.199 0.261 0.263 0.233 0.201 0.232 0.231 0.316 0.178 0.257 0.262 0.518 0.220 0.183 0.248 0.205 0.207 0.207 0.204 0.185 0.253 0.245 0.288 0.163 0.260 0.182 0.192 0.179 0.238 0.196 0.157 0.406 0.282 0.294 0.198 0.210 0.172 0.275 0.210 0.158 0.290

Radius ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.034 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.042 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.042 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038

Ion (SNPMe3)3+ SNSC(CH3)N+ SNSC(CN)CH+ SNSC(Ph)N+ SNSC(Ph)NS3N2+ SNSC(PhCH3)N+ (Te(N(SiMe3)2)2+ Te(N3)3+ Te4Nb3OTe2I6+ TeBr3+ TeCl3+ TeCl3(15-crown-5)+ TeI3+ Xe2F11+ Xe2F3+ XeF+ XeF3+ XeF5+ XeOF3+

0.308 0.225 0.209 0.251 0.327 0.264 0.371 0.226 0.407 0.235 0.216 0.282 0.243 0.266 0.221 0.174 0.183 0.186 0.186

Radius ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027

Doubly Charged Cations Co2S2(CO)62+ FeW(Se)2(CO)2+ I42+ Mo(Te3)(CO)42+ S192+ S2(S(CH3)2)22+ S2I42+ S3N22+ S3NCCNS32+ S3Se2+ S4N42+ S6N42+ S82+ Se102+ Se172+ Se192+ Se2I42+ Se3N22+ Se42+ Se4S2N42+ Se82+ SeN2S22+ (SNP(C2H5)3)22+ TaBr6Te(trtu)42+ Te(tu)42+ Te2(esu)4Br22+ Te2(esu)4Cl22+ Te2(esu)4I22+ Te2Se22+ Te2Se42+ Te2Se82+ Te3S32+ Te3Se2+ Te42+ Te82+ W(CO)4(h3-Te)2+ W2(CO)10Se42+

0.263 0.260 0.207 0.234 0.292 0.230 0.231 0.184 0.220 0.326 0.186 0.232 0.182 0.253 0.236 0.296 0.218 0.182 0.152 0.224 0.186 0.182 0.312 0.351 0.328 0.296 0.356 0.361 0.342 0.192 0.222 0.252 0.217 0.193 0.169 0.187 0.234 0.290

± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.049 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035

Multi-Charged Cations I153+ Te2(su)64+

0.442 0.453

± 0.051 ± 0.034

Ligand abbreviations: su = selenourea; esu = ethyleneselenourea; tu = thiourea; ph = phenyl.

Section 12.indb 30

4/28/05 1:55:20 PM

Lattice Energies

12-31 TABLE 3. Ancillary Thermochemical Data (kJ mol–1) Species AsO43– BrO3– ClO4– CNCO32– Fe(NO3)2 HF2– HfCl62– IO2F2– IO3– IrCl62– LiCH3O2 NbCl62– NH2CH2CO2– O22– PdCl62– PO43– PtCl62– ReBr62– ReCl62– Ti(OH)2

Section 12.indb 31

State g g g g g c g g g g g c g g g g g g g g c

∆fHo (289) –145 –344 66 –321 (–448) –774 –1640 –693 –208 –785 (–745) –1224 –564 553 –749 291 –774 –689 –919 –778

4/28/05 1:55:20 PM

THE MADELUNG CONSTANT AND CRYSTAL LATTICE ENERGY If U is the crystal lattice energy and M is the Madelung constant, thena U=

Substance

NMzi z j e2 r

(1 − 1/n)

Ion type

Crystal formb

Sodium chloride, NaCl

–

M ,X

FCC

1.74756

Cesium chloride, CsCl

M+, X–

BCC

1.76267

Calcium chloride, CaCl2

M++, 2X–

Cubic

2.365

Calcium fluoride (fluorite), CaF2

M++, 2X–

Cubic

2.51939

Cadmium chloride, CdCl2

–

M , 2X

Hexagonal

2.244c

Cadmium iodide (α), CdI2

M++, 2X–

Hexagonal

2.355c

Magnesium fluoride, MgF2

M , 2X

Tetragonal

2.381c

Cuprous oxide (cuprite), Cu2O

2M+, X– –

Cubic

2.22124

Zinc oxide, ZnO

M ,X

Hexagonal

1.4985c

Sphalerite (zinc blende), ZnS

M++, X– –

FCC

1.63806

Wurtzite, ZnS

M ,X

Hexagonal

1.64132c

Titanium dioxide (anatase), TiO2

M4+, 2X– –

Tetragonal

2.400c

Titanium dioxide (rutile), TiO2

M , 2X

Tetragonal

2.408c

β-Quartz, SiO2

M , 2X

Hexagonal

2.2197c

Corundum, Al2O3

2M3+, 3X– –

Rhombohedral

4.1719

a b c

+

++

++

++

++

4+ 4+

–

––

––

–– ––

M

N is Avogadro’s number, zi and zj are the integral charges on the ions (in units of e), and e is the charge on the electron in electrostatic units (e = 4.803 × 10–10 esu). r is the shortest distance between cation-anion pairs in centimeters. Then U is in ergs (1 erg = 10–7 J). FCC = face centered cubic; BCC = body centered cubic. For tetragonal and hexagonal crystals the value of M depends on the details of the lattice parameters.

The Born Exponent, n is: Ion type

n 5

He, Li

+

Ne, Na+, F–

7

Ar, K , Cu , Cl +

+

–

9

Kr, Rb+, Ag+, Br–

10

Xe, Cs+, Au+, I–

12

For a crystal with a mixed-ion type, an average of the values of n in this table is to be used (6 for LiF, for example).

12-32

S12_07.indd 32

5/2/05 12:54:08 PM

ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse This table gives selected values of elastic constants for single crystals. The values believed most reliable were selected from the original literature. The substances are arranged by crystal system and, within each system, alphabetically by name. A reference to the original literature is given for each value; a useful compilation of published values from many sources may be found in Reference 1 below. Data are given for the single-crystal density and for the elastic constants cij, in units of 1011 N/m2, which is equivalent to 1012 dyn/cm2.

General References 1. Simmons, G., and Wang, H., Single Crystal Elastic Constants and Calculated Aggregate Properties: A Handbook, Second Edition, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

CUBIC CRYSTALS Name

Formula

ρ/g cm–3

T/K

Ref.

Aluminum Aluminum antimonide Ammonium bromide Ammonium chloride Argon Barium fluoride Barium nitrate Calcium fluoride Calcium telluride Cesium Cesium bromide Cesium chloride Cesium iodide Chromite Chromium Cobalt oxide Cobalt zinc ferrite Copper Gallium antimonide Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Garnet (yttrium-iron) Germanium Gold Indium antimonide Indium arsenide Indium phosphide Iridium Iron Lead Lead fluoride Lead nitrate Lead telluride Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium iodide Magnesium oxide Magnetite Manganese oxide Mercury telluride Molybdenum Nickel

Al AlSb NH4Br NH4Cl Ar BaF2 Ba(NO3)2 CaF2 CaTe Cs CsBr CsCl CsI FeCr2O4 Cr CoO CoZnFeO2 Cu GaSb GaAs GaP Y3Fe2(FeO4)3 Ge Au InSb InAs InP Ir Fe Pb PbF2 Pb(NO3)2 PbTe Li LiBr LiCl LiF LiI MgO Fe3O4 MnO HgTe Mo Ni

2.6970 4.3600 2.4314 1.5279 1.7710 4.8860 3.2560 3.810 5.8544 1.9800 4.4560 3.9880 4.5250 4.4500 7.20 6.44 5.43 8.932 5.6137 5.3169 4.1297 5.17 5.313 19.283 5.7890 5.6720 4.78 22.52 7.8672 11.34 7.79 4.547 8.2379 0.5326 3.47 2.068 2.638 4.061 3.579 5.18 5.39 8.079 10.2284 8.91

298 300 300 290 4.2 298 293 298 298 78 298 298 298 RT 298 298 303 298 298 298 300 298 298 296.5 298 293 RT 300 298 296 300 293 303.2 298 RT 295 RT RT 298 RT 298 290 273 298

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 11 12 13 14 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 32 20 32 35 36 37 15

C11

1.0675 0.8939 0.3414 0.3814 0.0529 0.9199 0.2925 1.6420 0.5351 0.0247 0.3063 0.3644 0.2446 3.2250 3.398 2.6123 2.660 1.683 0.8839 1.1877 1.4120 2.680 1.2835 1.9244 0.6720 0.8329 1.0220 5.80 2.26 0.4966 0.8880 0.3729 1.0795 0.1350 0.3940 0.4927 1.1397 0.2850 2.9708 2.730 2.23 0.548 4.637 2.481

C12

0.6041 0.4427 0.0782 0.0866 0.0135 0.4157 0.2065 0.4398 0.3681 0.0206 0.0807 0.0882 0.0661 1.4370 0.586 1.4699 1.530 1.221 0.4033 0.5372 0.6253 1.106 0.4823 1.6298 0.3670 0.4526 0.5760 2.42 1.40 0.4231 0.4720 0.2765 0.0764 0.1144 0.1880 0.2310 0.4767 0.1400 0.9536 1.060 1.20 0.381 1.578 1.549

C44

0.2834 0.4155 0.0722 0.0903 0.0159 0.2568 0.1277 0.8406 0.1994 0.0148 0.0750 0.0804 0.0629 1.1670 0.990 0.8300 0.780 0.757 0.4316 0.5944 0.7047 0.766 0.6666 0.4200 0.3020 0.3959 0.4600 2.56 1.16 0.1498 0.2454 0.1347 0.1343 0.0878 0.1910 0.2495 0.6364 0.1350 1.5613 0.971 0.79 0.204 1.092 1.242

12-33

Section 12.indb 33

4/28/05 1:55:28 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-34 CUBIC CRYSTALS Name

Formula

ρ/g cm

T/K

Ref.

Niobium Palladium Platinum Potassium Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium cyanide Potassium fluoride Potassium iodide Pyrite Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride Rubidium iodide Silicon Silver Silver bromide Sodium Sodium bromate Sodium bromide Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide Spinel Strontium fluoride Strontium nitrate Strontium oxide Strontium titanate Tantalum Tantalum carbide Thallium bromide Thorium Thorium oxide Tin telluride Titanium carbide Tungsten Uranium carbide Uranium dioxide Vanadium Zinc selenide Zinc sulfide Zinc telluride Zirconium carbide

Nb Pd Pt K KBr KCl KCN KF KI FeS2 Rb RbBr RbCl RbI Si Ag AgBr Na NaBrO3 NaBr NaClO3 NaCl NaF NaI MgAl2O4 SrF2 Sr(NO3)2 SrO SrTiO3 Ta TaC TlBr Th ThO2 SnTe TiC W UC UO2 V ZnSe ZnS ZnTe ZrC

8.578 12.038 21.50 0.851 2.740 1.984 1.553 2.480 3.128 5.016 1.58 3.350 2.797 3.551 2.331 10.50 5.585 0.971 3.339 3.202 2.485 2.163 2.804 3.6689 3.6193 4.277 2.989 4.99 5.123 16.626 14.65 7.4529 11.694 9.991 6.445 4.940 19.257 13.63 10.97 6.022 5.262 4.088 5.636 6.606

300 300 300 295 298 298 RT 295 300 RT 170 300 300 300 298 300 300 299 RT 300 RT 298 300 300 298 300 293 300 RT 298 RT 298 300 298 300 RT 297 300 298 300 298 298 298 298

38 39 40 41 11 11 32 33 42 43 44 45 45 45 46 47 48 49 32 33 50 11 51 52 53 54 29 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 107 64 65 66 67 68 68 68 63

Section 12.indb 34

–3

C11

2.4650 2.2710 3.4670 0.0370 0.3468 0.4069 0.1940 0.6490 0.2710 3.818 0.0296 0.3152 0.3624 0.2556 1.6578 1.2399 0.5920 0.0739 0.5450 0.3970 0.4920 0.4947 0.9700 0.3007 2.9857 1.2350 0.4255 1.601 3.4817 2.6023 5.05 0.3760 0.7530 3.670 1.1250 5.00 5.2239 3.200 3.960 2.287 0.8096 1.0462 0.7134 4.720

C12

1.3450 1.7604 2.5070 0.0314 0.0580 0.0711 0.1180 0.1520 0.0450 0.310 0.0250 0.0500 0.0612 0.0382 0.6394 0.9367 0.3640 0.0622 0.1910 0.1001 0.1420 0.1288 0.2380 0.0912 1.5372 0.4305 0.2921 0.435 1.0064 1.5446 0.73 0.1458 0.4890 1.060 0.0750 1.13 2.0437 0.850 1.210 1.190 0.4881 0.6534 0.4078 0.987

C44

0.2873 0.7173 0.7650 0.0188 0.0507 0.0631 0.0150 0.1232 0.0364 1.094 0.0171 0.0380 0.0468 0.0278 0.7962 0.4612 0.0616 0.0419 0.1500 0.0998 0.1160 0.1287 0.2822 0.0733 1.5758 0.3128 0.1590 0.590 4.5455 0.8255 0.79 0.0757 0.4780 0.797 0.1172 1.75 1.6083 0.647 0.641 0.432 0.4405 0.4613 0.3115 1.593

4/28/05 1:55:30 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-35 TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS

Name

Formula

ρ/g cm

T/K

Ref.

Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) Barium titanate Calcium molybdate Indium Magnesium fluoride Nickel sulfate hexahydrate Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) Rutile Tellurium oxide Tin (white) Zircon

NH4H2AsO4

2.3110

298

69

0.6747

–0.106

0.1652

NH4H2PO4

1.8030

293

69

0.6200

–0.050

0.1400

BaTiO3 CaMoO4 In MgF2 NiSO4·6H2O KH2AsO4

5.9988 4.255 7.300 3.177 2.070 2.867

298 298 RT RT RT RT

70 79 71 72 73 12

2.7512 1.447 0.4450 1.237 0.3209 0.530

1.7897 0.664 0.3950 0.732 0.2315 –0.060

1.5156 0.466 0.4050 0.536 0.0209 –0.020

KH2PO4

2.388

RT

71

0.7140

–0.049

RbH2PO4

2.800

298

74

0.5562

TiO2 TeO2 Sn ZrSiO4

4.260 5.99 7.29 4.70

298 RT 288 RT

75 76 77 78

2.7143 0.5320 0.7529 2.585

–3

C11

C12

C13

C16

C33

C44

C66

0.3022

0.0685

0.0639

0.3000

0.0910

0.0610

1.6486 1.265 0.4440 1.770 0.2931 0.370

0.5435 0.369 0.0655 0.552 0.1156 0.120

1.1312 0.451 0.1220 0.978 0.1779 0.070

0.1290

0.5620

0.1270

0.0628

–0.064

0.0279

0.4398

0.1142

0.0350

1.7796 0.4860 0.6156 1.791

1.4957 0.2120 0.4400 1.542

4.8395 1.0850 0.9552 3.805

1.2443 0.2440 0.2193 0.733

1.9477 0.5520 0.2336 1.113

0.134

ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS Name

Formula

ρ/g cm

T/K

Ref.

Acenaphthene Ammonium sulfate Aragonite Barite Benzene Benzophenone Bronzite Calcium sulfate Celestite Cesium sulfate Fosterite Iodic acid Lithium ammonium tartrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Natrolite Nickel sulfate heptahydrate Olivine Potassium pentaborate Potassium sulfate Rochelle salt Rubidium sulfate Sodium ammonium tartrate Sodium tartrate Strontium formate dihydrate Sulfur Thallium sulfate Topaz Uranium (alpha) Zinc sulfate heptahydrate

C12H10 (NH4)2SO4 CaCO3 BaSO4 C6H6 (C6H5)2CO (MgFe)SiO3 CaSO4 SrSO3 Cs2SO4 Mg2SiO4 HIO3 LiNH4C4H4O6·4H2O MgSO4·7H2O

1.220 1.774 2.93 4.40 1.061 1.219 3.38 2.962 3.96 4.243 3.224 4.630 1.71 1.68

293 293 RT RT 250 RT RT RT RT 293 298 RT RT RT

80 81 82 82 83 32 78 84 12 81 85 73 12 86

0.1380 0.3607 1.5958 0.8941 0.0614 0.1070 1.876 0.9382 1.044 0.4490 3.2848 0.3030 0.3864 0.325

0.0210 0.1651 0.3663 0.4614 0.0352 0.0550 0.686 0.1650 0.773 0.1958 0.6390 0.1194 0.1655 0.174

0.0410 0.1580 0.0197 0.2691 0.0401 0.0169 0.605 0.1520 0.605 0.1815 0.6880 0.1169 0.0875 0.182

0.1262 0.2981 0.8697 0.7842 0.0656 0.1000 1.578 1.845 1.061 0.4283 1.9980 0.5448 0.5393 0.288

0.0460 0.1456 0.1597 0.2676 0.0390 0.0321 0.561 0.3173 0.619 0.1800 0.7380 0.0548 0.2007 0.182

0.1117 0.3534 0.8503 1.0548 0.0583 0.0710 2.085 1.1180 1.286 0.3785 2.3530 0.4359 0.3624 0.315

0.0265 0.1025 0.4132 0.1190 0.0197 0.0203 0.700 0.3247 0.135 0.1326 0.6515 0.1835 0.1190 0.078

0.0290 0.0717 0.2564 0.2874 0.0378 0.0155 0.592 0.2653 0.279 0.1319 0.8120 0.2193 0.0667 0.156

0.0185 0.0974 0.4274 0.2778 0.0153 0.0353 0.544 0.0926 0.266 0.1323 0.8088 0.1736 0.2326 0.090

(Na,Al)SiO3 NiSO4·7H2O (MgFe)SiO4 KB5O8·4H2O K2SO4 NaK(C4H4O6)·4H2O Rb2SO4 NaNH4C4H4O6·4H2O Na2C4H4O6·2H2O Sr(CHO2)2·2H2O S TlSO4 Al2SiO3(OH,F)2 U ZnSO4·7H2O

2.25 1.948 3.324 1.74 2.665 1.79 3.621 1.587 1.794 2.25 2.07 6.776 3.52 19.0453 1.970

RT RT RT RT 293 RT 293 RT RT RT RT 293 RT 293 RT

78 86 87 71 81 71 81 12 12 12 12 81 82 88 86

0.716 0.353 3.240 0.582 0.5357 0.255 0.5029 0.3685 0.461 0.4391 0.240 0.4106 2.8136 2.1486 0.3320

0.261 0.198 0.590 0.229 0.1999 0.141 0.1965 0.2725 0.286 0.1037 0.133 0.2573 1.2582 0.4622 0.1720

0.297 0.201 0.790 0.174 0.2095 0.116 0.1999 0.3083 0.320 –0.149 0.171 0.2288 0.8464 0.2176 0.2000

0.632 0.311 1.980 0.359 0.5653 0.381 0.5098 0.5092 0.547 0.3484 0.205 0.3885 3.8495 1.9983 0.2930

0.297 0.201 0.780 0.231 0.1990 0.146 0.1925 0.3472 0.352 –0.014 0.159 0.2174 0.8815 1.0764 0.1980

1.378 0.335 2.490 0.255 0.5523 0.371 0.4761 0.5541 0.665 0.3746 0.483 0.4268 2.9452 2.6763 0.3200

0.196 0.091 0.667 0.164 0.195 0.134 0.1626 0.1058 0.124 0.1538 0.043 0.1125 1.0811 1.2479 0.0780

0.248 0.172 0.810 0.046 0.1879 0.032 0.1589 0.0303 0.031 0.1075 0.087 0.1068 1.3298 0.7379 0.1530

0.423 0.099 0.793 0.057 0.1424 0.098 0.1407 0.0870 0.098 0.1724 0.076 0.0751 1.3089 0.7454 0.0830

Section 12.indb 35

–3

C11

C12

C13

C22

C23

C33

C44

C55

C66

4/28/05 1:55:31 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-36 MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS Name

Formula

ρ/g cm

T/K

Ref.

Aegirine Anthracene Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diopside Dipotassium tartrate Feldspar (microceine) Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Naphthalene Potassium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate Stilbene Triglycine sulfate (TGS)

(NaFe)Si2O6 C14H10

3.50 1.258

RT RT

89 90

1.858 0.0852

0.685 0.0672

0.707 0.0590

0.098 –0.0192

1.813 0.1170

CoSO4·7H2O (CaMg)Si2O6 KHC4H4O6 KAlSi3O8

1.948 3.31 1.97 2.56

RT RT RT RT

86 91 12 92

0.335 2.040 0.4294 0.664

0.205 0.884 0.1399 0.438

0.158 0.0883 0.3129 0.259

0.016 –0.193 –0.0105 –0.033

0.378 1.750 0.3460 1.710

FeSO4·7H2O

1.898

RT

86

0.349

0.208

0.174

–0.020

0.376

Li2SO4·H2O C10H8 K2C4H4O6 Na2S2O3 (C6H5CH)2 (NH2CH2COOH)3· H2SO4

2.221 1.127 1.987 1.7499 1.60 1.68

RT RT RT RT RT RT

32 93 32 12 94 32

0.5250 0.0780 0.3110 0.3323 0.0930 0.4550

0.1715 0.0445 0.1720 0.1814 0.0570 0.1720

0.1730 0.0340 0.1690 0.1875 0.0670 0.1980

–0.0196 –0.006 0.0287 0.0225 –0.003 –0.030

0.5060 0.0990 0.3900 0.2953 0.0920 0.3210

Name Aegirine Anthracene Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diopside Dipotassium tartrate Feldspar (microceine) Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Naphthalene Potassium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate Stilbene Triglycine sulfate (TGS)

Section 12.indb 36

–3

C11

C12

C13

C15

C22

C23 0.626 0.0375 0.158

C25 0.094 –0.0170 –0.018

C33 2.344 0.1522 0.371

C35 0.214 –0.0187 –0.047

C44 0.692 0.0272 0.060

C46 0.077 0.0138 0.016

C55 0.510 0.0242 0.058

C66 0.474 0.0399 0.101

0.482 0.1173

–0.196 0.0176

2.380 0.6816

–0.336 0.0294

0.675 0.0961

–0.113 –0.0044

0.588 0.1270

0.705 0.0841

0.192 0.172

–0.148 –0.019

1.215 0.360

–0.131 –0.014

0.143 0.064

–0.015 0.001

0.238 0.056

0.361 0.096

0.0368

0.0571

0.5400

–0.0254

0.1400

–0.0054

0.1565

0.2770

0.0230 0.1330 0.1713 0.0485 0.2080

–0.0270 0.0182 0.0983 –0.005 –0.0036

0.1190 0.5540 0.4590 0.0790 0.2630

0.0290 0.0710 –0.0678 –0.005 –0.0500

0.0330 0.0870 0.0569 0.0325 0.0950

–0.0050 0.0072 –0.0268 0.0050 –0.0026

0.0210 0.1040 0.1070 0.0640 0.1110

0.0415 0.0826 0.0598 0.0245 0.0620

4/28/05 1:55:33 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-37 HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS T/K

Ref.

C11

C12

C13

C33

C55

Name

Formula

ρ/g cm

Apatite Beryl Beryllium Beryllium oxide Cadmium Cadmium selenide Cadmium sulfide Cobalt Dysprosium Erbium Gadolinium Hafnium Ice Indium Magnesium Rhenium Ruthenium Thallium Titanium Titanium diboride Yttrium Zinc Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide Zirconium

Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) Be3Al2Si6O18 Be BeO Cd CdSe

3.218 2.68 1.8477 3.01 8.652 5.655

RT RT 300 RT 300 298

12 12 95 96 97 68

1.667 2.800 2.923 4.70 1.1450 0.7046

0.131 0.990 0.267 1.68 0.3950 0.4516

0.655 0.670 0.140 1.19 0.3990 0.3930

1.396 2.480 3.364 4.94 0.5085 0.8355

0.663 0.658 1.625 1.53 0.1985 0.1317

CdS Co Dy Er Gd Hf H2O(solid) In Mg Re Ru Tl Ti TiB2

4.824 8.836 8.560 9.064 7.888 12.727 0.920 7.2788 1.7364 21.024 12.3615 11.560 4.5063 4.95

298 298 298 298 298 298 250 300 298 298 298 300 298 RT

98 99 100 100 101 102 103 104 105 100 100 106 102 107

0.8431 3.071 0.7466 0.8634 0.6667 1.881 0.1410 0.4535 0.5950 6.1820 5.6260 0.4080 1.6240 6.90

0.5208 1.650 0.2616 0.3050 0.2499 0.772 0.0660 0.4006 0.2612 2.7530 1.8780 0.3540 0.9200 4.10

0.4567 1.027 0.2233 0.2270 0.2132 0.661 0.0624 0.4151 0.2180 2.0780 1.6820 0.2900 0.6900 3.20

0.9183 3.581 0.7871 0.8554 0.7191 1.969 0.1515 0.4515 0.6155 6.8350 6.2420 0.5280 1.8070 4.40

0.1458 0.755 0.2427 0.2809 0.2089 0.557 0.0288 0.0651 0.1635 1.6060 1.8060 0.0726 0.4670 2.50

Y Zn ZnO ZnS Zr

4.472 7.134 5.6760 4.089 6.505

300 295 298 298 298

108 109 110 96 102

0.7790 1.6368 2.0970 1.2420 1.434

0.2850 0.3640 1.2110 0.6015 0.728

0.2100 0.5300 1.0510 0.4554 0.653

0.7690 0.6347 2.1090 1.4000 1.648

0.2431 0.3879 0.4247 0.2864 0.320

Name

Formula

ρ/g cm

T/K

Ref.

Aluminum oxide Aluminum phosphate Antimony Bismuth Calcite Hematite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Quartz Selenium Sodium nitrate Tourmaline

Al2O3 AlPO4

3.986 2.556

300 RT

111 73

4.9735 1.0503

1.6397 0.2934

1.1220 0.6927

–0.2358 –0.1271

4.9911 1.3353

1.4739 0.2314

Sb Bi CaCO3 Fe2O3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 SiO2 Se NaNO3

6.70 9.80 2.712 5.240 4.70 7.45 2.6485 4.838 2.27 3.05

295 295 300 RT RT RT 298 300 RT RT

112 112 113 82 114 114 115 116 12 82

1.0130 0.6370 1.4806 2.4243 2.030 2.330 0.8680 0.1870 0.8670 2.7066

0.3450 0.2490 0.5578 0.5464 0.530 0.470 0.0704 0.0710 0.1630 0.6927

0.2920 0.2470 0.5464 0.1542 0.750 0.800 0.1191 0.2620 0.1600 0.0872

0.2090 0.0717 –0.2058 –0.1247 0.090 –0.110 –0.1804 0.0620 0.0820 –0.0774

0.4500 0.3820 0.8557 2.2734 2.450 2.750 1.0575 0.7410 0.3740 1.6070

0.3930 0.1123 0.3269 0.8569 0.600 0.940 0.5820 0.1490 0.2130 0.6682

–3

TRIGONAL CRYSTALS

Section 12.indb 37

–3

C11

C12

C13

C14

C33

C44

4/28/05 1:55:34 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-38

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

Section 12.indb 38

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4/28/05 1:55:35 PM

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF PURE METALS The first part of this table gives the electrical resistivity, in units of 10–8 Ω m, for 28 common metallic elements as a function of temperature. The data refer to polycrystalline samples. The number of significant figures indicates the accuracy of the values. However, at low temperatures (especially below 50 K) the electrical resistivity is extremely sensitive to sample purity. Thus the low-temperature values refer to samples of specified purity and treatment. The references should be consulted for further information on this point, as well as for values at additional temperatures. The second part of the table gives resistivity values in the neighborhood of room temperature for other metallic elements that have not been studied over an extended temperature range.

T/K

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

T/K

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Aluminum 0.000100 0.000193 0.000755 0.0181 0.0959 0.245 0.442 1.006 1.587 2.417 2.650 2.709 2.733 3.87 4.99 6.13 7.35 8.70 10.18 Gold 0.0220 0.0226 0.035 0.141 0.308 0.481 0.650 1.061 1.462 2.051 2.214 2.255 2.271 3.107 3.97 4.87 5.82 6.81 7.86

References 1. C. Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183–322, 1983; 13, 1069– 1096, 1984; 13, 1097–1130, 1984, 13, 1131–1172, 1984. 2. R. A. Matula, J. Phys Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 1147–1298, 1979. 3. T. C. Chi, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 339–438, 1979; 8, 439–498, 1979. 4. K. H. Hellwege, Ed., Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Group III, Vol. 15, Subvolume a, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982. 5. L. A. Hall, Survey of Electrical Resistivity Measurements on 16 Pure Metals in the Temperature Range 0 to 273 K, NBS Technical Note 365, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, 1968.

Electrical Resistivity in 10–8 Ω m

Barium 0.081 0.189 0.94 2.91 4.86 6.83 8.85 14.3 20.2 30.2 33.2 34.0 34.3 51.4 72.4 98.2 130 168 216

Hafnium 1.00 1.00 1.11 2.52 4.53 6.75 9.12 15.0 21.0 30.4 33.1 33.7 34.0 48.1 63.1 78.5

Beryllium 0.0332 0.0332 0.0336 0.0367 0.067 0.075 0.133 0.510 1.29 3.02 3.56 3.70 3.76 6.76 9.9 13.2 16.5 20.0 23.7

Iron 0.0225 0.0238 0.0287 0.0758 0.271 0.693 1.28 3.15 5.20 8.57 9.61 9.87 9.98 16.1 23.7 32.9 44.0 57.1

Calcium 0.045 0.047 0.060 0.175 0.40 0.65 0.91 1.56 2.19 3.11 3.36 3.42 3.45 4.7 6.0 7.3 8.7 10.0 11.4 Lead

4.9 6.4 9.9 13.6 19.2 20.8 21.1 21.3 29.6 38.3

Cesium 0.0026 0.243 0.86 1.99 3.07 4.16 5.28 8.43 12.2 18.7 20.5 20.8 21.0

Lithium 0.007 0.008 0.012 0.074 0.345 1.00 1.73 3.72 5.71 8.53 9.28 9.47 9.55 13.4

Chromium

1.6 4.5 7.7 11.8 12.5 12.6 12.7 15.8 20.1 24.7 29.5 34.6 39.9 Magnesium 0.0062 0.0069 0.0123 0.074 0.261 0.557 0.91 1.84 2.75 4.05 4.39 4.48 4.51 6.19 7.86 9.52 11.2 12.8 14.4

Copper 0.00200 0.00202 0.00280 0.0239 0.0971 0.215 0.348 0.699 1.046 1.543 1.678 1.712 1.725 2.402 3.090 3.792 4.514 5.262 6.041 Manganese 7.02 18.9 54 116 131 132 132 136 139 143 144 144 144 147 149 151 152

12-39

Section 12.indb 39

4/28/05 1:55:38 PM

Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals

12-40 T/K

Molybdenum 0.00070 0.00089 0.00261 0.0457 0.206 0.482 0.858 1.99 3.13 4.85 5.34 5.47 5.52 8.02 10.6 13.1 15.8 18.4 21.2

T/K

Sodium 0.0009 0.0015 0.016 0.172 0.447 0.80 1.16 2.03 2.89 4.33 4.77 4.88 4.93

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Element Antimony Bismuth Cadmium Cerium (β, hex) Cerium (γ, cub) Cobalt Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Gallium Holmium Indium Iridium Lanthanum Lutetium Mercury Neodymium Niobium

Section 12.indb 40

T/K

273 273 273 290–300 298 273 290–300 290–300 290–300 290–300 273 290–300 273 273 290–300 290–300 298 290–300 273

Nickel 0.0032 0.0057 0.0140 0.068 0.242 0.545 0.96 2.21 3.67 6.16 6.93 7.12 7.20 11.8 17.7 25.5 32.1 35.5 38.6

Palladium 0.0200 0.0242 0.0563 0.334 0.938 1.75 2.62 4.80 6.88 9.78 10.54 10.73 10.80 14.48 17.94 21.2 24.2 27.1 29.4

Platinum 0.002 0.0154 0.0484 0.409 1.107 1.922 2.755 4.76 6.77 9.6 10.5 10.7 10.8 14.6 18.3 21.9 25.4 28.7 32.0

Potassium 0.0008 0.0160 0.117 0.480 0.90 1.34 1.79 2.99 4.26 6.49 7.20 7.39 7.47

Rubidium 0.0131 0.109 0.444 1.21 1.94 2.65 3.36 5.27 7.49 11.5 12.8 13.1 13.3

Strontium 0.80 0.80 0.92 1.70 2.68 3.64 4.58 6.84 9.04 12.3 13.2 13.4 13.5 17.8 22.2 26.7 31.2 35.6

Tantalum 0.10 0.102 0.146 0.751 1.65 2.62 3.64 6.19 8.66 12.2 13.1 13.4 13.5 18.2 22.9 27.4 31.8 35.9 40.1

Tungsten 0.000016 0.000137 0.00196 0.0544 0.266 0.606 1.02 2.09 3.18 4.82 5.28 5.39 5.44 7.83 10.3 13.0 15.7 18.6 21.5

Vanadium

Zinc 0.0100 0.0112 0.0387 0.306 0.715 1.15 1.60 2.71 3.83 5.46 5.90 6.01 6.06 8.37 10.82 13.49

Electrical resistivity 10–8 Ω m 39 107 6.8 82.8 74.4 5.6 92.6 86.0 90.0 131 13.6 81.4 8.0 4.7 61.5 58.2 96.1 64.3 15.2

0.0145 0.039 0.304 1.11 2.41 4.01 8.2 12.4 18.1 19.7 20.1 20.2 28.0 34.8 41.1 47.2 53.1 58.7

Element Osmium Polonium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Uranium Ytterbium Yttrium

T/K

273 273 290–300 290–300 273 273 273 273 290–300 290–300 290–300 273 273 290–300 273 273 273 290–300 290–300

Silver 0.00100 0.00115 0.0042 0.0539 0.162 0.289 0.418 0.726 1.029 1.467 1.587 1.617 1.629 2.241 2.87 3.53 4.21 4.91 5.64 Zirconium 0.250 0.253 0.357 1.44 3.75 6.64 9.79 17.8 26.3 38.8 42.1 42.9 43.3 60.3 76.5 91.5 104.2 114.9 123.1

Electrical resistivity 10–8 Ω m 8.1 40 70.0 75 est. 17.7 17.2 4.3 7.1 94.0 56.2 115 15 14.7 67.6 11.5 39 28 25.0 59.6

4/28/05 1:55:40 PM

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS These values were obtained by fitting all available measurements to a theoretical formulation describing the temperature and composition dependence of the electrical resistivity of metals. Some of the values listed here fall in regions of temperature and composition where no actual measurements exist. Details of the procedure may be found in the reference.

Wt % Al 99a 95a 90b 85b 80b 70b 60b 50b 40c 30c 25f 15h 10g 5c 1b

Wt % Al 99c 95c 90c 10b 5b 1a

Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70c 60c 50c 40c 30c 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c

Values of the resistivity are given in units of 10–8 Ω m. General comments in the preceding table for pure metals also apply here

Reference C. Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183–322, 1983.

Aluminum-Copper 293 K 300 K

100 K

273 K

0.531 0.895 1.38 1.88 2.34 3.02 3.49 4.00

2.51 2.88 3.36 3.87 4.33 5.03 5.56 6.22 7.57 11.2 16.3

8.71 7.92 3.22

10.8 9.43 4.46

100 K

273 K

0.958 3.01 5.42 14.0 9.93 2.78

2.96 5.05 7.52 17.1 13.1 5.92

3.18 5.28 7.76 17.4 13.4 6.25

100 K

273 K

Copper-Gold 293 K

0.520 1.21 2.11 3.01 3.95 5.91 8.04 9.88 11.44 12.43 12.59 11.38 9.33 5.91 2.00

1.73 2.41 3.29 4.20 5.15 7.12 9.18 11.07 12.70 13.77 13.93 12.75 10.70 7.25 3.40

1.86 2.54 4.42 4.33 5.28 7.25 9.13 11.20 12.85 13.93 14.09 12.91 10.86 7.41 3.57

2.74 3.10 3.59 4.10 4.58 5.31 5.88 6.55 7.96 11.8 17.2 12.3 11.0 9.61 4.60

350 K

400 K

2.82 3.18 3.67 4.19 4.67 5.41 5.99 6.67 8.10 12.0 17.6

3.38 3.75 4.25 4.79 5.31 6.16 6.77 7.55 9.12 13.5 19.8

3.95 4.33 4.86 5.42 5.99 6.94 7.63 8.52 10.2 15.2 22.2

11.1 9.68 4.65

11.7 10.2 5.00

12.3 10.7 5.37

Aluminum-Magnesium 293 K 300 K 3.26 5.36 7.85 17.6 13.5 6.37 300 K 1.91 2.59 3.46 4.38 5.32 7.30 9.36 11.25 12.90 13.99 14.14 12.96 10.91 7.46 3.62

350 K 3.82 5.93 8.43 18.4 14.3 7.20 350 K 2.24 2.92 3.79 4.71 5.65 7.64 9.70 11.60 13.27 14.38 14.54 13.36 11.31 7.87 4.03

400 K 4.39 6.51 9.02 19.2 15.2 8.03 400 K 2.58 3.26 4.12 5.05 5.99 7.99 10.05 11.94 13.65 14.78 14.94 13.77 11.72 8.28 4.45

12-41

Section 12.indb 41

4/28/05 1:55:42 PM

Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys

12-42

Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70i 60i 50i 40c 30i 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c

Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70c 60c 50c 40c 30c 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c

Wt % Cu 99b 95b 90b 85b 80b 70b

Wt % Au 99c 95c 90i 85b 80b 70c 60b 50a 40a 30b 25b 15a 10a 5a 1a

Section 12.indb 42

100 K 1.45 6.19 12.08 18.01 23.89 35.73 45.76 50.22 36.77 26.73 22.22 13.49 9.28 5.20 1.81 100 K 0.91 2.99 5.69 8.30 10.74 15.67 20.45 26.07 33.53 45.03 44.12 31.79 23.00 13.09 8.97

273 K 2.71 7.60 13.69 19.63 25.46 36.67 45.43 50.19 47.42 40.19 33.46 22.00 16.65 11.49 7.23 273 K

Copper-Nickel 293 K 2.85 7.71 13.89 19.83 25.66 36.72 45.38 50.05 47.73 41.79 35.11 23.35 17.82 12.50 8.08

2.23 4.35 7.03 9.61 12.12 17.01 21.87 27.79 35.51 46.66 46.45 36.99 29.51 20.75 12.67

100 K

273 K

Copper-Zinc 293 K

0.671 1.54 2.33 2.93 3.44 4.08

1.84 2.78 3.66 4.37 5.01 5.87

100 K

273 K 2.69 5.21 8.01 10.50 12.75 18.23 26.70 27.23 24.65 20.82 18.86 15.08 13.25 11.49 10.07

2.91 7.82 13.96 19.90 25.72 36.76 43.35 50.01 47.82 42.34 35.69 23.85 18.26 12.90 8.37

Copper-Palladium 293 K 300 K

2.10 4.21 6.89 9.48 11.99 16.87 21.73 27.62 35.31 46.50 46.25 36.52 28.90 20.00 11.90

1.31 3.88 6.70 9.14 11.23 16.44 24.64 23.09 19.40 14.94 12.72 8.54 6.54 4.58 3.01

300 K

1.97 2.92 3.81 4.54 5.19 6.08 Gold-Palladium 293 K 2.86 5.35 8.17 10.66 12.93 18.46 26.94 27.63 25.23 21.49 19.53 15.77 13.95 12.21 10.85

2.27 4.40 7.08 9.66 12.16 17.06 21.92 27.86 35.57 46.71 46.52 37.16 29.73 21.02 12.93 300 K 2.02 2.97 3.86 4.60 5.26 6.15 300 K 2.91 5.41 8.22 10.72 12.99 18.54 27.02 27.76 25.42 21.72 19.77 16.01 14.20 12.46 11.12

350 K 3.27 8.22 14.40 20.32 26.12 36.85 45.20 49.73 48.28 44.51 39.67 27.60 21.51 15.69 10.63 350 K 2.59 4.74 7.41 10.01 12.51 17.41 22.30 28.25 36.03 47.11 46.99 38.28 31.19 22.84 14.82 350 K 2.36 3.33 4.25 5.02 5.71 6.67 350 K 3.32 5.79 8.56 11.10 13.45 19.10 27.63 28.64 26.74 23.35 21.51 17.80 16.00 14.26 12.99

400 K 3.62 8.62 14.81 20.70 26.44 36.89 45.01 49.50 48.49 45.40 42.81 31.38 25.19 18.78 13.18 400 K 2.92 5.08 7.74 10.36 12.87 17.78 22.69 28.64 36.47 47.47 47.43 39.35 32.56 24.54 16.68 400 K 2.71 3.69 4.63 5.44 6.17 7.19 400 K 3.73 6.17 8.93 11.48 13.93 19.67 28.23 29.42 27.95 24.92 23.19 19.61 17.81 16.07 14.80

4/28/05 1:55:44 PM

Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys

Wt % Au 99b 95a 90j 85j 80j 70j 60j 50j 40j 30a 25a 15a 10a 5i 1b

Wt % Fe 99a 95c 90c 85c 80c 70b 60c 50d 40d 30c 25b 15c 10c 5c 1b

Wt % Ag 99b 95b 90b 85k 80k 70k 60i 50k 40m 30b 25k 15i 10i 5b 1a

a

b c d e f g h i j k m

Section 12.indb 43

12-43

100 K

273 K

Gold-Silver 293 K

1.20 3.16 5.16 6.75 7.96 9.36 9.61 8.96 7.69 6.15 5.29 3.42 2.44 1.44 0.627

2.58 4.58 6.57 8.14 9.34 10.70 10.92 10.23 8.92 7.34 6.46 4.55 3.54 2.52 1.69

2.75 4.74 6.73 8.30 9.50 10.86 11.07 10.37 9.06 7.47 6.59 4.67 3.66 2.64 1.80

100 K

273 K

Iron-Nickel 293 K

10.9 18.7 24.2 27.8 30.1 32.3 53.8 28.4 19.6 15.3 14.3 12.6 11.4 9.66 7.17

12.0 19.9 25.5 29.2 31.6 33.9 57.1 30.6 21.6 17.1 15.9 13.8 12.5 10.6 7.94

3.32 10.0 14.5 17.5 19.3 20.9 28.6 12.3 7.73 5.97 5.62 4.97 4.20 3.34 1.66 100 K 0.839 2.528 4.72 6.82 8.91 13.43 19.4 29.3 40.8 37.1 32.4 21.0 14.95 8.91 3.97

273 K 1.891 3.58 5.82 7.92 10.01 14.53 20.9 31.2 42.2 40.4 36.67 27.08 21.69 15.98 11.06

300 K 2.80 4.79 6.78 8.36 9.55 10.91 11.12 10.42 9.11 7.52 6.63 4.72 3.71 2.68 1.84 300 K 12.4 20.2 25.9 29.7 32.2 34.4 58.2 31.4 22.5 17.7 16.4 14.2 12.9 10.9 8.12

Silver-Palladium 293 K 300 K 2.007 3.70 5.94 8.04 10.13 14.65 21.1 31.4 42.2 40.6 37.06 26.68 22.39 16.72 11.82

Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 2%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 3%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 5%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 7% below 300 K and ± 5% at 300 and 400 K. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 7%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 8%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 10%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 12%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 4%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 1%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 3% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 2% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K.

2.049 3.74 5.98 8.08 10.17 14.69 21.2 31.5 42.2 40.7 37.19 27.89 22.63 16.98 12.08

350 K 3.22 5.19 7.19 8.75 9.94 11.29 11.50 10.78 9.46 7.85 6.96 5.03 4.00 2.96 2.12

400 K 3.63 5.59 7.58 9.15 10.33 11.68 11.87 11.14 9.81 8.19 7.30 5.34 4.31 3.25 2.42

400 K 18.7 26.8 33.2 37.3 40.0 42.4 73.9 43.7 34.0 27.4 25.1 21.1 18.9 16.1 12.8 350 K 2.35 4.04 6.28 8.38 10.47 14.99 21.6 32.0 42.3 41.3 38.1 29.3 24.3 18.8 13.92

400 K 2.66 4.34 6.59 8.68 10.78 15.30 22.0 32.4 42.3 41.7 38.8 30.6 25.9 20.5 15.70

4/28/05 1:55:46 PM

PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF INORGANIC SOLIDS H. P. R. Frederikse frequency of the measurement is given in the last column (i.r. indicates a measurement in the infrared). Substances are listed in alphabetical order by chemical formula.

This table lists the permittivity ε, frequently called the dielectric constant, of a number of inorganic solids. When the material is not isotropic, the individual components of the permittivity are given. A superscript S indicates a measurement made under constant strain (“clamped” dielectric constant). If the constraint is removed, the measurement yields εT, the “unclamped” or free dielectric constant. The temperature of the measurement is given when available; the symbol r.t. indicates a value at nominal room temperature. The Formula Ag3AsS3

Name Silver thioarsenate (Proustite)

Reference

Young, K. F. and Frederikse, H. P. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 313, 1973.

T/K

εijk T 11

S 11

T 33

S 11

ε = 16.5, ε = 14.5 ε = 20.0 , ε = 18.0

AgBr AgCN AgCl AgNO3 AgNa(NO2)2 Ag2O (AlF)2SiO4

Silver bromide Silver cyanide Silver chloride Silver nitrate Silver sodium nitrite Silver oxide Aluminum fluosilicate (topaz)

Al2O3

Aluminum oxide (alumina)

AlPO4 AlSb AsF3 BN BaCO3 Ba(COOH)2

Aluminum phosphate Aluminum antimonide Arsenic trifluoride Boron nitride Barium carbonate Barium formate

BaCl2 BaCl2 ⋅ 2H2O BaF2 Ba(NO3)2

Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium fluoride Barium nitrate

Ba2NaNb5O15

Barium sodium niobate (“Bananas”)

12.50 5.6 11.15 9.0 4.5 ± 0.5 8.8 ε 11 = 6.62 ε 22 = 6.58 ε 33 = 6.95 ε 11 = ε 22 = 9.34 ε33 = 11.54 T ε11 = 6.05

11.21 5.7 7.1 8.53 ε 11 = 7.9 ε22 = 5.9 ε33 = 7.5 9.81 9.00 7.32 4.95 S T ε11 = 222, ε11 = 235 S 22

T 22

ε = 227, ε = 247 S 33

T 33

ε = 32, ε = 51 BaO BaO2 BaS BaSO4 BaSnO3 BaTiO3

Barium oxide (baria) Barium peroxide Barium sulfide Barium sulfate Barium stannate Barium titanate

34 ± 1 10.7 19.23 11.4 18 T ε11 = 3600

Barium tungstate

r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 293 r.t. r.t. 297 297 297 298 298

2 × 107

r.t. 300 r.t. r.t. 291 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 292 292

103 i.r.

296

104

106 5 × 105 9.4 ×109 7 × 103 7 × 103 7 × 103 102 – 8 × 109 102 – 8 × 109

i.r. 2 × 105 103 103 103 103 5 × 102 – 1011 2 × 105

296 296 248, 333 r.t. r.t. 288 298

60 × 107 2 × 106 7.25 × 106 108 25 × 105 105

298

2.5 × 108

T 33

298

105

S 33

298

2.5 × 108

298 298 297.5 297.5

1.6 × 103 1.6 × 103

ε = 80

BaWO4

2 × 107

298

ε = 150

Barium titanium niobate

r.t.

S 11

ε = 2300

Ba6Ti2Nb8O30

ν/Hz

ε11 = ε22 ≈ 190 ε33 ≈ 220 ε 11 = ε22 = 35.5 ± 0.2 ε33 = 37.2 ± 0.2

12-44

Section 12.indb 44

4/28/05 1:55:53 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids Formula BaZrO3 Be3Al2Si6O18

Name Barium zirconate Beryllium aluminum silicate (Beryl)

BeCO3 BeO BiFeO3

Beryllium carbonate Beryllium oxide (beryllia) Bismuth iron oxide

Bi12GeO20 Bi(GeO4)3 Bi2O3 Bi4Ti3O12 C

C4H4O6

Bismuth germanite Bismuth germanate Bismuth sesquioxide Bismuth titanate Diamond Type I Type IIa Tartaric acid

C6H14N2O6

Ethylene diamine tartrate (EDT)

12-45 εijk 43 ε33 = 5.95 ε11 = ε22 = 6.86 9.7 7.35 ± 0.2 40 ± 3 S ε11 = 38

r.t. 293 r.t. r.t.

16 18.2 112 5.87 ± 0.19 5.66 ± 0.04 ε11 = ε22 = 4.3 ε33 = 4.5 ε13 = 0.55 T ε11 = 5.0

300 300 298 298 298

ε T22 = 8.3

293 293

T 13

ε = 0.7

293

T ε11 = 4.0

r.t.

C6H12O6NaBr

Dextrose sodium bromide

(CH3NH3)Al(SO4)2 ⋅ 2H2O Ca2B6O11 ⋅ 5H2O

Methyl ammonium alum (MASD)

19

Colemanite

CaCO3

Calcium carbonate

CaCeO3 CaF2 CaMoO4

Calcium cerate Calcium fluoride Calcium molybdate

Ca(NO3)2 CaNb2O6 Ca2Nb2O7 CaO CaS CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O

Calcium nitrate Calcium niobate Calcium pyroniobate Calcium oxide Calcium sulfide Calcium sulfate dihydrate

CaTiO3 CaWO4

Calcium titanate Calcium tungstate

Cd3As2 CdBr2 CdF2 CdS

Cadmium arsenide Cadmium bromide Cadmium fluoride Cadmium sulfide

ε11 = 20 ε33 = 25 ε11 = 8.67 ε22 = 8.69 ε33 = 8.31 21 6.81 ε11 = ε22 = 24.0 ± 0.2 ε33 = 20.0 ± 0.2 6.54 ε11 = 22.8 ± 1.9 ~45 11.8 ± 0.3 6.699 ε11 = 5.10 ε22 = 5.24 ε33 = 10.30 165 ε11 = ε22 = 11.7 ± 0.1 ε33 = 9.5 ± 0.2 ε33 = 18.5 8.6 8.33 ± 0.08 ε11 = ε22 = 8.7 ε33 = 9.25 ε11 = ε22 = 8.37 ε33 = 9.00 εT11 = 8.48

2 × 106 103 103 103

103

293 293 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 300 297.5 297.5 292 r.t. r.t. 283 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 297.5 297.5 4 293 300 300 300 8 8

103 103 9.4 × 1010 9.4 × 1010 9.4 × 1010 5 × 102–1011 <10 <10 2 × 105 (5–500) × 103 5 × 107 2 × 106 7.25 × 106

1.59 × 103 1.59 × 103 5 × 105 105–107 i.r. i.r. i.r. i.r.

77

104

77

104

S 11

T 11

298

104

S 33

T 33

298

104

S 11

T 11

298

104

ε = 9.02, ε = 9.35 ε = 9.53, ε = 10.33

Section 12.indb 45

7 × 103 7 × 103 2 × 105 2 × 106 9.4 × 109

197

ε T33 = 9.48

Cadmium selenide

ν/Hz

293

T 33

ε = 6.0

CdSe

T/K r.t. 297 297 291 293 300

ε = 9.53, ε = 9.70

4/28/05 1:56:00 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids

12-46 Formula

Name

CdTe

Cadmium telluride

Cd2Nb2O7 CeO2 CoNb2O6

Cadmium pyroniobate Cerium oxide Cobalt niobate

CoO Cr2O3

Cobalt oxide Chromic sesquioxide

CsAl(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O CsBr Cs2CO3 CsCl CsH2AsO4 CsH2PO4 CsH3(SeO3)2

Cesium alum Cesium bromide Cesium carbonate Cesium chloride Cesium dihydrogen arsenate (CDA) Cesium dihydrogen phosphate (CDP) Cesium trihydrogen selenite

CsI CsNO3

Cesium iodide Cesium nitrate

CsPbCl3 CuBr CuCl CuO Cu2O CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O EuF2 Eu2(MoO4)3 EuS FeO Fe2O3 Fe2O3-α Fe3O4 GaAs

Cesium lead chloride Cuprous bromide Cuprous chloride Cupric oxide Cuprous oxide (Cuprite) Cupric sulfate pentahydrate Europium fluoride Europium molybdate Europium sulfide Ferrous oxide Ferric sesquioxide Ferric sesquioxide (hematite) Ferrosoferric oxide (magnetite) Gallium arsenide

GaP

Gallium phosphide

GaSb

Gallium antimonide

Gd2(MoO4)3

Gadolinium molybdate

Ge

Germanium

GeO2 HIO3

Germanium dioxide Iodic acid

HNH4(ClCH2COO)2 H2O

Hydrogen ammonium dichloroacetate Ice I (P = 0 kbar) Ice III (P = 3 kbar) Ice V (P = 5 kbar) Ice VI (P = 8 kbar) Mercurous chloride (Calumel) Mercuric chloride Mercurous sulfide (Cinnabar)

HgCl HgCl2 HgS

Section 12.indb 46

εijk ε S33 = 10.2, ε T33 = 10.65

T/K

ν/Hz

298

104

ε11 = ε22 = 10.60 ± 0.15 ε33 = 7.05 ± 0.05 500–580 7.0 ε11 = 18.4 ± 1.1 ε22 = 21.4 ± 1.1 ε33 = 33.0 ± 0.7 12.9 ε11 = ε22 = 13.3 ε33 = 11.9 8 5.0 6.38 6.53 7.2 4.8 6.15 ε11 = 80 ε22 = 63 ε33 = 12 6.31 ε11 = ε22 = 9.4 ε33 = 8.3 14.37 8.0 9.8 ± 0.5 18.1 7.60 ± 0.06 6.60 7.7 ± 0.2 9.5 13.10 ± 0.04 14.2 4.5 12 20 13.13 12.90 11.1 10.75 ± 0.1 15.69 15.7 εT = 10 ε S = 9.5 16.0 ± 0.3 15.8 ± 0.2 ε11 = ε22 = 7.44 ε11 = 7.5 ε22 = 12.4 ε33 = 8.1 ε[102] = 5.9 99 117 114 193 ε11 = ε22 = 14.0 6.5 ε11 = ε22 = 18.0 ε33 = 32.5

297 297 293 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 298.5 298.5 315 (TN) r.t. 298 291 298 273 285 273 273 273 298 r.t. r.t. 300 293 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 298 80 r.t. r.t. r.t. 300 4 r.t. 1.6 r.t. 4 298 298 4 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 243 243 243 243 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t.

i.r. i.r. 103 2 × 106 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 102– 1010 103 103 6 × 1010 20–20 × 103 1.6 × 103 2 × 105 9.5 ×109 9.5 × 109 105 105 105 1.6 × 103 5 × 105 5 × 105 105–106 5 × 105 103 2 × 106 105 (1–300) × 103 5 × 102–105 2 × 106 105–107 6 × 1010 105–107 i.r. i.r. i.r. 103 9.2 × 109 500–3 × 1010 i.r. 103 103 103 105

1012 1012 i.r. i.r.

4/28/05 1:56:04 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids Formula HgSe I2

Name Mercurous selenide Iodine

InAs

Indium arsenide

InP InSb KAl(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O KBr

Indium phosphide Indium antimonide Potassium alum Potassium bromide

KBrO3 KCN K2CO3 K2C4H4O6 ⋅ 1/2 H2O

Potassium bromate Potassium cyanide Potassium carbonate Dipotassium tartrate (DKT)

KCl

Potassium chloride

KClO3 KClO4 K2CrO4 KCr(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O KD2AsO4

Potassium chlorate Potassium perchlorate Potassium chromate Potassium chrome alum Potassium dideuterium arsenate (KDDA)

KD2PO4 KF KH2AsO4

Potassium dideuterium phosphate (KDDP) Potassium fluoride Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA)

KH2PO4

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP)

K2HPO4 KI KIO3

Dipotassium monohydrogen orthophosphate Potassium iodide Potassium iodate

(K,H)Al3(SiO4)3 (K,H)Mg3Al(SiO4)3

Mica (muscovite) Mica (Canadian)

KNO2 KNO3 KNbO3 K3PO4 KSCN K2SO4 K2S3O6 K2S4O6 K2S5O6 ⋅ H2O K2S6O6 K2SeO4

Potassium nitrite Potassium nitrate Potassium niobate Potassium orthophosphate Potassium thiocyanate Potassium sulfate Potassium trithionate Potassium tetrathionate Potassium pentathionate Potassium hexathionate Potassium selenate

KSr2Nb5O15

Potassium strontium niobate

KTaNbO3

Potassium tantalate niobate (KTN)

KTaO3 LaScO3

Potassium tantalate Lanthanum scandate

Section 12.indb 47

12-47 εijk 25.6 ε11 = 6 ε22 = 3 ε33 = 40 14.55 ± 0.3 15.15 12.61 17.88 6.5 4.88 4.53 7.3 6.15 4.96 ε11 = 6.44 ε22 = 5.80 ε33 = 6.49 ε13 = 0.005 4.86 ± 0.02 4.50 5.1 5.9 7.3 6.5 ε11 = 70 ε33 = 31 50 ± 2 6.05 ε11 = 60 ε33 = 24 46 ε11 = 42 ε33 = 21 9.05 5.00 170 10 ε[101] ≈ 40,70 16.85 5.4 ε11 = ε22 = 6.9 ε33 = 7.3 25 4.37 700 7.75 7.9 6.4 5.7 5.5 7.8 7.8 ε11 = 5.9 ε22 = 7.7 ε11 = ε11 ≈ 1200 ε33 ≈ 800 34,000 6,000 242 30

T/K r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 4 r.t. 4 r.t. 300 4.2 r.t. r.t. 291 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 4.2 r.t. r.t. r.t. 100–240 298 298 297 298 298 298 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 255 293 r.t. r.t. 299 298 298 305 293 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 293 293 293 293 r.t. r.t. 298 298 273 293 298 r.t.

ν/Hz 104–106 5 × 104–107 5 × 104–107 5 × 104–107 i.r. i.r. i.r. i.r. 20–20 × 103

2 × 106 2 × 106 2 × 105

5 × 103 2 × 106 2 × 106 6 × 107 175 × 103

103 2 × 106

103

2 × 106 9.4 × 1010 105 105 105 2 × 106 102–3 × 109 102–104 104 2 × 105 2 × 106 2 × 106 2 × 106 1.8 × 106 1.8 × 106 1.8 × 106 1.8 × 106 103 103

104 104 2 × 105

4/28/05 1:56:06 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids

12-48 Formula LiBr Li2CO3 LiCl LiD LiF

Name Lithium bromide Lithium carbonate Lithium chloride Lithium deuteride Lithium fluoride

LiGaO2

Lithium metagallate

εijk 12.1 4.9 11.05 14.0 ± 0.5 9.00 9.11 T T ε11 = 7.0, ε 22 = 6.0 ε T33 = 9.5 S 11

Lithium-6 hydride Lithium-7 hydride Lithium trihydrogen selenite

LiI LiIO3

Lithium iodide Lithium iodate

LiNH4C4O6 ⋅ H2O

Lithium ammonium tartrate (LAT)

LiNa3CrO4 ⋅ 6H2O LiNa3MoO4 ⋅ 6H2O

Lithium trisodium chromate Lithium trisodium molybdate

LiNbO3

Lithium niobate

Li2SO4 ⋅ H2O

Lithium sulfate monohydrate

LiTaO3

Lithium tantalate

13.2 ± 0.5 12.9 ± 0.5 29 ε11 = 13.0 ε22 = 12.9 ε33 = 46 11.03 ε11 = ε22 = 65 ε33 = 554 T ε11 = 7.2

MgCO3 MgNb2O6

Lithium thallium tartrate (LTT) Magnesium borate monochloride (boracite) Magnesium carbonate Magnesium niobate

MgO (MgO)xAl2O3 MgSO4 MgSO4 ⋅ 7H2O MgTiO3 MgWO4

Magnesium oxide (Periclase) Spinel Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate septahydrate Magnesium titanate Magnesium tungstate

MnNb2O6

Manganese niobate

MnO MnO2 Mn2O3 MnWO4

Manganese oxide (Pyrolusite) Manganese dioxide Manganese sesquioxide Manganese tungstate

Section 12.indb 48

r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 294.5 298

104

2 × 106 103

298

ε T22 = 8.0

298

ε T33 = 6.9

298

8.0 ε11 = 6.7 ε33 = 5.3 ε11 = ε22 = 82 ε33= 30 ε11 = 5.6 ε22 = 10.3 ε33 = 6.5 ε13 = 0.07 ε11 = ε22 = 53 ε33 = 46 S S ε11 = ε 22 = 41

r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 298 298 298 298 298 r.t. r.t.

S 33

LiTIC4O6 ⋅ H2O Mg3B7O13Cl

ν/Hz 2 × 106 2 × 105 2 × 106 i.r. 102–107 102–107

r.t. S 22

ε = 6.8, ε = 5.8 Li6H Li7H LiH3(SeO3)2

T/K r.t. 291 r.t. r.t. 298 353

103 103 103 105 105

105 105

r.t.

ε = 43

r.t.

T T ε11 = ε 22 = 51

r.t.

ε T33 = 45

r.t.

ε11 ≈ 20 ε11 = 14.1

80 r.t.

8.1 ε11 = 16.4 ± 0.5 ε22 = 20.9 ± 0.5 ε33 = 32.4 ± 0.5 9.65 8.6 8.2 5.46 13.5 ε11 = 18.0 ± 1 ε22 = 18.0 ± 1 ε11 = 17.4 ± 2 ε22 = 16.1 ± 0.5 ε33 = 30.7 ± 1 12.8 ~104 8 ε11 = 19.3 ± 1.3

291 r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 r.t. r.t.

5 × 105 2 × 105 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 102–108

(5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 6 × 1010 104 6 × 1010 (5–500) × 103

4/28/05 1:56:13 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids Formula

Name

N(CH3)4HgBr3

N4(CH2)6 (ND4)2BeF4

Tetramethylammonium tribromomercurate (TTM) Tetramethylammonium triiodo mercurate (TTM) Hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA) Deuteroammonium fluoberyllate

(ND4)2SO4

Deuteroammonium sulfate

(NH2 ⋅ CH2COOH)3 ⋅ H2SO4

N(CH3)4HgI3

12-49 εijk ε22 = 14.3 ± 0.5 ε33 = 16.5 ± 1.1 ~10

T/K r.t. r.t. 233–373

~10

233–373

2.6 ± 0.2 ε11 = 10 ε22 = 9 ε33 = 9 ε11 = 9 ε22 = 10 ε33 = 9

r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t.

109–1010

Triglycine sulfate (TGS)

ε11 = 9 ε22 = 30 ε33 = 6.5

273 273 273

104 104 104

293

1.6 × 103

(NH2 ⋅ CH2COOH)3 ⋅ H2SeO4 (NH2 ⋅ CH2COOH)3 ⋅ H2BeF4 NH4Al(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O (NH4)2BeF4

Triglycine selenate (TGSe)

200

Triglycine fluorberyllate (TGFB) Ammonium alum Ammonium fluorberyllate

NH4Br NH4I (NH4)2C2H6O6

Ammonium bromide Ammonium iodide Ammonium tartrate

(NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 NH4Cl NH4(ClCH2COO) NH4Cr(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O NH4HSO4 NH4H2AsO4

Ammonium cadmium sulfate Ammonium chloride Ammonium monochloroacetate Ammonium chrome alum Ammonium bisulfate Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA)

NH4H2PO4

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)

ND4D2PO4

Ammonium dideuterium phosphate (ADDP) Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate

ε22 = 12 6 ε11 = ε22 = 7.8 ε33 = 7.1 ε11 = ε22 = 8.8 ε33 = 9.2 7.1 9.8 ε11 = 6.45 ε22 = 6.8 ε33 = 6.0 10.0 6.9 5 6.5 165 5.1 ε11 = ε22 = 85 ε33 = 22 ε11 = ε22 = 57.1 ± 0.6 ε33 = 14.0 ± 0.3 ε11 = ε22 = 74, ε33 = 24

NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4

(NH4)2UO2(C2O4)2 (NH4)2UO2(C2O4)2 ⋅ 3H2O NaBr

Ammonium uranyl oxalate Ammonium uranyl oxalate trihydrate

NaBrO3

Sodium bromate

NaCN NaCO3 NaCO3 ⋅ 10H2O NaCl

Sodium cyanide Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate decahydrate Sodium chloride

NaClO3

Sodium chlorate

Section 12.indb 49

ν/Hz (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103

Sodium bromide

273 r.t. 123 123 293 293 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 273 265 298 298 294.5 294 300

104 1012 105 105 105 105 7 × 105 103 103 103 104 7 × 105 2 × 106 175 × 103 5 × 104 9.5 × 109 103 105–35 × 109 105–36 × 109 (5–50) × 103 105 105 105 105 104–3.3 × 109 104–3.3 × 109

10.7 ε11 = ε22 = 8.0 ε33 = 6.3 ε11 = ε22 = 10.0 ε33 = 9.3 8.03 6.06

322 123 123 293 293 r.t. r.t.

6.44 T ε11 = 5.70

298

1.6 × 103

298

103

7.55 8.75 5.3 5.9 5.45 T ε11 = 5.76

293 291 r.t. 298 4.2 301

105 2 × 105 6 × 107 102–107

5.28

r.t.

103

103

4/28/05 1:56:16 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids

12-50 Formula NaClO4 NaF NaH3(SeO3)2 NaD3(SeO3)2 NaI NaK(C4H2D2O6) ⋅ 4D2O NaK(C4H4O6) ⋅ 4H2O NaNH4(C4H4O6) ⋅ 4H2O

Name Sodium perchlorate Sodium fluoride Sodium trihydrogen selenite Sodium trideuterium selenite Sodium iodide Sodium potassium tartrate tetradeutrate (double deuterated Rochelle salt) Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate (Rochelle salt) Sodium ammonium tartrate (Ammonium Rochelle salt)

NaNbO3

Sodium niobate

NaNO2

Sodium nitrite

NaNO3 NaSO4 NaSO4 ⋅ 10H2O Na2SO4 ⋅ 5H2O Na2UO2(C2O4)2 NdAlO3 NdScO3 Ni3B7O13I NiNb2O6

Sodium nitrate Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfate decahydrate Sodium sulfate pentahydrate Sodium uranyl oxalate Neodymium aluminate Neodymium scandate Nickel iodine boracite Nickel niobate

NiO NiSO4 ⋅ 6H2O

Nickel oxide Nickel sulfate hexahydrate

NiWO4

Nickel tungstate

P

PbBr2 PbCO3 Pb(C2H3O2)2 PbCl2 Pb2CoWO6 PbF2 PbHfO3

Phosphorous (red) Phosphorous (yellow) Tetramethylphosphonium tribromomercurate (TTM) Lead bromide Lead carbonate Lead acetate Lead chloride Lead cobalt tungstate Lead fluoride Lead hafnate

PbI2 Pb3MgNb2O9 PbMoO4

Lead iodide Lead magnesium niobate Lead molybdate

Pb(NO3)2

Lead nitrate

PbNb2O6

Lead niobate

PbO PbS

Lead oxide Lead sulfide (Galena)

PbSO4 PbSe PbTa2O6

Lead sulfate Lead selenide Lead metatantalate

PbTe

Lead telluride

[P(CH3)4]HgBr3

Section 12.indb 50

εijk 5.76 5.08 ± 0.02 ε11 ≈ 75 ε11 ≈ 220 7.28 ± 0.03 ε11 = 70 ε22 = 8.9 ε11 = 170 ε22 = 9.1 ε11 = 8.4 ε22 = 9.2 ε33 = 9.5 ε33 = 670 ±13 ε11 = ε22 = 76 ± 2 ε11 = 7.4 ε22 = 5.5 ε33 = 5.0 6.85 7.90 5.0 7 5.18 17.5 27 ε11 = 14 ε11 = 16.0 ± 0.5 ε22 = 23.8 ± 1.8 ε33 = 31.3 ± 2.5 11.9 ε11 = 6.2 ε33 = 6.8 ε11 = 17.4 ± 2.4 ε22 = 13.6 ± 1.0 ε33 = 19.7 ± 0.6 4.1 3.6 ~10

T/K r.t. r.t. 273 273 r.t. 273 273 273 273 298 298 298 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 292 r.t. r.t. 250–290 r.t. r.t. r.t. 260 r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 233–373

>30 18.6 2.6 33.5 ~250 26.3 390 185 20.8 10,000 ε11 = 34.0 ± 0.4 ε33 = 40.6 ± 0.2 16.8 ε T33 = 180

293 288 290–295 273 r.t. r.t. 300 400 293 297 297.5 297.5 r.t.

25.9 190 200 ± 35 14.3 280 ε11 = ε22 ≈ 300 ε33 = 150 450

r.t. 77 r.t. 290— 295 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t.

ν/Hz 103 5 × 103 2 × 105 2 × 105 103 103 103 103

5 × 105 5 × 105 5 × 105 2 × 105

300–104

(5–500) ×103 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 105

(5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 (5–500) × 103 108 108 (0.5–3) × 106 10.8 106 (0.5–3) × 106

105 (0.5–3) × 106 1.6 ± 103 1.6 ± 103 (0.5–3) × 106

298 2 × 106 i.r. i.r. 106 i.r. 104 104 i.r.

4/28/05 1:56:19 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids Formula

Name

PbTiO3 PbWO4

Lead titanate Lead tungstate

Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 PbZrO3 RbAl(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O RbBr Rb2CO3 RbCl RbCr(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O RbF RbHSO4

Lead zinc niobate Lead zirconate Rubidium alum Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate Rubidium chloride Rubidium chrome alum Rubidium fluoride Rubidium bisulfate

RbH2AsO4 RbH2PO4 RbI RbInSO4 RbNO3

Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate (RDA) Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) Rubidium iodide Rubidium indium sulfate Rubidium nitrate

S

Sulfur

SC(NH2)2

sublimed Thiourea

Sb2O3 Sb2S3

Antimonous sesquioxide Antimonous sulfide (stibnite)

Sb2Se3 SbSI

Antimonous selenide Antimonous sulfide iodide

Se

Selenium (monocrystal)

Si SiC

(amorphous) Silicon Silicon carbide cubic 6H

Si3N4 SiO SiO2

Silicon nitride Silicon monoxide Silicon dioxide

Sm2(MoO4)3 SnO2

Samarium molybdate Stannic dioxide

SnSb SnTe Sr(COOH)2 ⋅ 2H2O SrCO3 SrCl2 SrCl2 ⋅ 6H2O SrF2 SrMoO4

Tin antimonide Tin telluride Strontium formate dihydrate Strontium carbonate Strontium chloride Strontium chloride hexahydrate Strontium fluoride Strontium molybdate

Section 12.indb 51

12-51 εijk 40 430 ~200 ε11 = ε22 = 23.6 ± 0.3 ε33 = 31.0 ± 0.4 7 200 5.1 4.83 4.87 ± 0.02 4.91 ± 0.02 5.0 5.91 ε11 = 7 ε22 = 8 ε33 = 10 3.90 6.15 4.94 ± 0.02 6.85 20—380 30 ε11 = 3.75 ε22 = 3.95 ε33 = 4.44 3.69 ε11 = ε22 ≈ 3 ε22 = 35 12.8 ε11 = ε33 = 15 ε33 = 180 ~110 2000 ε11 = ε22 ≈ 25 ε33 ≈ 5 × 104 ε11 = ε22 = 11 ε33 = 21 6.0 12.1

T/K 77 4.2 r.t. 297.5 297.5 300 400 r.t. 300 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 273 285 r.t. r.t. 433–488 488–538 298 298 298 298 77–300 300 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 273 r.t. 295 300 300 298 4.2

9.72 ε11 = ε22 = 9.66 ε33 = 10.03 9.7 ± 0.1 4.2 (film) 5.8 ε11 = 4.42 ε22 = 4.41 ε33 = 4.60 12 ε11 = ε22 = 14 ± 2 ε33 = 9.0 ± 0.5 147 1770 ± 300 6.1 8.85 9.19 8.52 6.50 ε11 = ε22 = 31.7 ± 0.2

r.t. r.t. r.t. 1.8 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 298 r.t. r.t. 300 297.5

ν/Hz 104–15 × 104 104–15 × 104 103 1.59 × 103 1.59 × 103 103, 300 × 103 1012 5 × 103 5 × 103 1012 2 × 106 105 105 105 9.5 × 109 9.5 × 109 5 × 103 106 106 102–103 102–103 102–103 102–103 103 103 (1.5–2) × 103 103 103 (10–16.5) × 109 105 103–105 103–105 24 × 109 24 × 109 102—1010 107—109 i.r. i.r. i.r. i.r. 103 103 9.4 × 1010 9.4 × 1010 9.4 × 1010 104–1010 104–1010 104–106 i.r. 103 2 × 105

5 × 102–1011 1.59 × 103

4/28/05 1:56:21 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids

12-52 Formula

Name

Sr(NO3)2 Sr2Nb2O7

Strontium nitrate Strontium niobate

SrO SrS SrSO4 SrTiO3

Strontium oxide Strontium sulfide Strontium sulfate Strontium titanate

SrWO4

Strontium tungstate

Ta2O5

Tantalum pentoxide (tantala) α phase

Tb(MoO4)3

β phase Terbium molybdate

Te

Tellurium

ThO2 TiO2

polycrystalline monocrystalline Thorium dioxide Titanium dioxide (rutile)

Ti2O3 TlBr TlCl TlI

Titanium sesquioxide Thallium bromide Thallous chloride Thallous iodide (orthorhombic)

TlNO3 TlSO4 UO2 WO3 YMnO3 Y2O3 YbMnO3 Yb2O3

Thallous nitrate Thallous sulfate Uranium dioxide Tungsten trioxide Yttrium manganate Yttrium sesquioxide Ytterbium manganate Ytterbium sesquioxide

ZnO

Zinc monoxide

εijk ε33 = 41.7 ± 0.2 5.33 ε11 = 75 ε22 = 46 ε33 = 43 13.3 ± 0.3 11.3 11.5 332 2080 ε11 = ε22 = 25.7 ± 0.2 ε33 = 34.1 ± 0.2 ε11 = ε22 = 30 ε33 = 65 24 11 ε11 = ε22 = 33 ε33 = 53 ε11 = ε22 = 33 ε33 = 54 27.5 28.0 18.9 ± 0.4 ε11 = ε22 = 86 ε33 = 170 30 30 32.2 ± 0.2 20.7 ± 0.2 37.3 16.5 25.5 24 300 20 10 20 5.0 (film) S ε11 = 8.33 S 33

ZnS

Zinc sulfide

Zinc selenide

77 77 292 298 100–200 100–200 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 300 300 77 293 293 293 193 293 293 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t.

103 103 1.6 × 103 1.6 × 103 103 103 103 9.4 × 109 9.4 × 109

i.r. i.r. 3 × 105 104–106 104–106 6 × 1010 103–107 103–105 104 107 5 × 105 5 × 105 3 × 105 2 × 107 106 2 × 107 103

r.t. r.t.

T ε11 = 9.26

r.t.

ε T33 = 11.0

r.t.

ε11 = 9.26 ε33 = 8.2 8.15 S ε11 = 8.08 ± 2%

r.t. r.t. r.t.

i.r.

77

104

S 11

298

104

T 11

ε = 8.14 ± 2%

77

104

T ε11 = 8.37 ± 2%

298

104

298

104

T 11

s

T 11

s

ε = ε11 = 9.12 ± 2%

ZnTe

Zinc telluride

ε = ε11 = 10.10 ± 2%

r.t.

ZnWO4 ZrO2

Zinc tungstate Zirconium dioxide (zirconia)

ε22 = 16.1 ± 0.5 12.5

r.t. r.t.

Section 12.indb 52

ν/Hz 1.59 × 103 2 × 105 103 103 103 2 × 106 7.25 × 106

ε = 8.84

ε = 8.32 ± 2%

ZnSe

T/K 297.5 292 r.t. r.t. r.t. 273 r.t. r.t. 298 78 297.5 297.5

(5–500) × 103 2 × 106

4/28/05 1:56:28 PM

CURIE TEMPERATURE OF SELECTED FERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse The following table lists the major ferroelectric crystals and their Curie temperatures, TC.

Reference Young, K. F. and Frederikse, H. P. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 313, 1973.

Formula

TC/K

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate group KDP KDA KDDP KDDA RDP RDA RDDP RDDA CDP CDA CDDA

KH2PO4 KH2AsO4 KD2 PO4 KD2AsO4 RbH2PO4 RbH2AsO4 RbD2PO4 RbD2AsO4 CsH2PO4 CsH2AsO4 CsD2AsO4

123 97 213 162 146 111 218 178 159 143 212

Rochelle salt group Rochelle salt Deuterated Rochelle salt Ammonium Rochelle salt LAT

NaKC4H4O6·4H2O NaKC4H2D2O6·4H2O NaNH4C4H4O6·4H2O LiNH4C4H4O6·H2O

255–297 251–308 109 106

Triglycine sulfate group TGS TGSe TGFB AFB HADA

(NH2CH2COOH)3·H2SO4 (NH2CH2COOH)3·H2SeO4 (NH2CH2COOH)3·H2BeF4 (NH4)2BeF4 HNH4(ClCH2COO)2

322 295 346 176 128

Perovskites and related compounds Barium titanate Lead titanate Potassium niobate Potassium tantalate niobate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Barium titanium niobate Ba-Na niobate (“Bananas”) Potassium iodate Lithium iodate Potassium nitrate Sodium nitrate Rubidium nitrate

BaTiO3 PbTiO3 KNbO3 KTa2/3Nb1/3O3 LiNBO3 LiTaO3 Ba6Ti2Nb8O30 Ba2NaNb5O15 KIO3 LiIO3 KNO3 NaNO3 RbNO3

406, 278, 193 765 712 241, 220, 170 1483 891 521 833 485, 343, 257–263, 83 529 397 548 437–487

Miscellaneous compounds Cesium trihydrogen selenite Lithium trihydrogen selenite Potassium selenate Methyl ammonium alum (MASD) Ammonium cadmium sulfate Ammonium bisulfate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate Colemanite Cadmium pyroniobite Gadolinium molybdate

CsH3(SeO3)2 LiH3(SeO3)2 K2SeO4 CH3NH3Al(SO4)2∙12H2O (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 (NH4)HSO4 (NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3 CaB3O4(OH)3∙H2O Cd2Nb2O7 Gd2(MoO4)3

143 TC > Tmp 93 177 95 271 224 398, 357, 305, 255 266 185 432

Name or acronym

12-53

Section 12.indb 53

4/28/05 1:56:30 PM

PROPERTIES OF ANTIFERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse Some important antiferroelectric crystals are listed here with their Curie Temperatures TC. The last column gives the constant T0 which appears in the Curie-Weiss law describing the dielectric constant of these materials above the Curie Temperature: ε=const./(T–T0) Name or acronym ADP ADA ADDP ADDA AdDDP AdDDA Sodium niobate Lead hafnate Lead zirconate Lead metaniobate Lead metatantalate Tungsten trioxide Potassium strontium niobate Sodium nitrite Sodium trihydrogen selenite Sodium trideuterium selenite Ammonium trihydrogen periodate

Formula NH4H2PO4 NH4H2AsO4 NH4D2PO4 NH4D2AsO4 ND4D2PO4 ND4D2AsO4 NaNbO3 PbHfO3 PbZrO3 PbNb2O6 PbTa2O6 WO3 KSr2Nb5O15 NaNO2 NaH3(SeO3)2 NaD3(SeO3)2 (NH4)2H3IO6

TC/K 148 216 242, 245 299 243 304 911, 793 476 503 843 543 1010 427 437 193 271 245

T0/K

378 475 530 533 413 437 192 245

12-54

S12_13.indd 54

5/4/05 11:07:23 AM

Dielectric Constants of Glasses

Type Corning 0010 Corning 0080 Corning 0120 Pyrex 1710 Pyrex 3320 Pyrex 7040 Pyrex 7050 Pyrex 7052 Pyrex 7060 Pyrex 7070 Vycor 7230 Pyrex 7720 Pyrex 7740 Pyrex 7750 Pyrex 7760 Vycor 7900 Vycor 7910 Vycor 7911 Corning 8870 G. E. Clear (silica glass) Quartz (fused) a



487_S12.indb 55

Dielectric constant at 100 MHz (20°C) 6.32 6.75 6.65 6.00 4.71 4.65 4.77 5.07 4.70 4.00 3.83 4.50 5.00 4.28 4.50 3.9 3.8 3.8 9.5 3.81 3.75 (4.1 at 1 MHz)

Volume resistivity (In MΩ cm at 350°C ) 10 0.13 100 2,500 – 80 16 25 13 1,300 – 16 4 50 50 130 1,600 4,000 5,000 4,000–30,000 –

Loss factora 0.015 0.058 0.012 0.025 0.019 0.013 0.017 0.019 0.018 0.0048 0.0061 0.014 0.040 0.011 0.0081 0.0023 0.00091 0.00072 0.0085 0.00038 0.0002 (1 MHz)

Power factor × dielectric constant equals loss factor.

12-55

3/24/06 10:11:48 AM

PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS L. I. Berger and B. W. Roberts The following tables include superconductive properties of selected elements, compounds, and alloys. Individual tables are given for thin films, elements at high pressures, superconductors with high critical magnetic fields, and high critical temperature superconductors. The historically first observed and most distinctive property of a superconductive body is the near total loss of resistance at a critical temperature (Tc) that is characteristic of each material. Figure 1(a) below illustrates schematically two types of possible transitions The sharp vertical discontinuity in resistance is indicaHo ρ

tive of that found for a single crystal of a very pure element or one of a few well annealed alloy compositions. The broad transition, illustrated by broken lines, suggests the transition shape seen for materials that are not homogeneous and contain unusual strain distributions. Careful testing of the resistivity limit for superconductors shows that it is less than 4 × 10–23 ohm cm, while the lowest resistivity observed in metals is of the order of 10–13 ohm cm. If one compares the resistivity of a superconductive body to that of copper at room temperature, the superconductive body is at least 1017 times less resistive. –4πM

Normal

Hc Superconducting

0 (a)

Tc

0

(b)

Tc

0

Hcl Hc Mixed state (c)

Hc2

Hc3

FIGURE 1. Physical properties of superconductors. (a) Resistivity vs. temperature for a pure and perfect lattice (solid line); impure and/or imperfect lattice (broken line). (b) Magnetic-field temperature dependence for Type-I or “soft” superconductors. (c) Schematic magnetization curve for “hard” or Type-II superconductors.

The temperature interval ∆Tc, over which the transition between the normal and superconductive states takes place, may be of the order of as little as 2 × 10–5 K or several K in width, depending on the material state. The narrow transition width was attained in 99.9999% pure gallium single crystals. A Type-I superconductor below Tc, as exemplified by a pure metal, exhibits perfect diamagnetism and excludes a magnetic field up to some critical field Hc, whereupon it reverts to the normal state as shown in the H-T diagram of Figure 1(b). The magnetization of a typical high-field superconductor is shown in Figure 1(c). The discovery of the large current-carrying capability of Nb3Sn and other similar alloys has led to an extensive study of the physical properties of these alloys. In brief, a highfield superconductor, or Type-II superconductor, passes from the perfect diamagnetic state at low magnetic fields to a mixed state and finally to a sheathed state before attaining the normal resistive state of the metal. The magnetic field values separating the four stages are given as Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. The superconductive state below Hc1 is perfectly diamagnetic, identical to the state of most pure metals of the “soft” or Type-I superconductor. Between Hc1 and Hc2 a “mixed superconductive state” is found in which fluxons (a minimal unit of magnetic flux) create lines of normal flux in a superconductive matrix. The volume of the normal state is proportional to –4πM in the “mixed state” region. Thus at Hc2 the fluxon density has become so great as to drive the interior volume of the superconductive body completely normal. Between Hc2 and Hc3 the superconductor has a sheath of current-carrying superconductive material at the body surface, and above Hc3 the normal state exists. With several types of careful measurement, it is possible to determine Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. Table 6 contains some of the available data on high-field superconductive materials.

High-field superconductive phenomena are also related to specimen dimension and configuration. For example, the Type-I superconductor, Hg, has entirely different magnetization behavior in high magnetic fields when contained in the very fine sets of filamentary tunnels found in an unprocessed Vycor glass. The great majority of superconductive materials are Type-II. The elements in very pure form and a very few precisely stoichiometric and well annealed compounds are Type I with the possible exceptions of vanadium and niobium. Metallurgical Aspects. The sensitivity of superconductive properties to the material state is most pronounced and has been used in a reverse sense to study and specify the detailed state of alloys. The mechanical state, the homogeneity, and the presence of impurity atoms and other electron-scattering centers are all capable of controlling the critical temperature and the current-carrying capabilities in high-magnetic fields. Well annealed specimens tend to show sharper transitions than those that are strained or inhomogeneous. This sensitivity to mechanical state underlines a general problem in the tabulation of properties for superconductive materials. The occasional divergent values of the critical temperature and of the critical fields quoted for a Type-II superconductor may lie in the variation in sample preparation. Critical temperatures of materials studied early in the history of superconductivity must be evaluated in light of the probable metallurgical state of the material, as well as the availability of less pure starting elements. It has been noted that recent work has given extended consideration to the metallurgical aspects of sample preparation. Symbols in tables: Tc: Critical temperature; Ho: Critical magnetic field in the T = 0 limit; θD: Debye temperature; and γ: Electronic specific heat.

12-56

Section 12.indb 56

4/28/05 1:56:35 PM

Properties of Superconductors

Element Al Am* (α,?) Am* (β,?) Be Cd Ga Ga (β) Ga (γ) Ga (∆) Hf Hg (α) Hg (β) In Ir La (α) La (β) Lu Mo Nb Os Pa Pb Re Ru Sn Ta Tc Th Ti Tl U V W Zn Zr Zr (ω)

12-57

TABLE 1. Selective Properties of Superconductive Elements Tc(K) Ho(oersted) θD(K) 1.175 ± 0.002 104.9 ± 0.3 420 0.6 1.0 0.026 0.517 ± 0.002 28 ± 1 209 1.083 ± 0.001 58.3 ± 0.2 325 5.9, 6.2 560 7 950, HFa 7.85 815, HF 0.128 12.7 4.154 ± 0.001 411 ± 2 87, 71.9 3.949 339 93 3.408 ± 0.001 281.5 ± 2 109 0.1125 ± 0.001 16 ± 0.05 425 4.88 ± 0.02 800 ± 10 151 6.00 ± 0.1 1096, 1600 139 0.1 ± 0.03 350 ± 50 0.915 ± 0.005 96 ± 3 460 276 9.25 ± 0.02 2060 ± 50, HF 0.66 ± 0.03 70 500 1.4 7.196 ± 0.006 803 ± 1 96 1.697 ± 0.006 200 ± 5 4.5 0.49 ± 0.015 69 ± 2 580 3.722 ± 0.001 305 ± 2 195 4.47 ± 0.04 829 ± 6 258 411 7.8 ± 0.1 1410, HF 1.38 ± 0.02 1.60 ± 3 165 0.40 ± 0.04 56 415 2.38 ± 0.02 178 ± 2 78.5 0.2 5.40 ± 0.05 1408 383 0.0154 ± 0.0005 1.15 ± 0.03 383 0.85 ± 0.01 54 ± 0.3 310 0.61 ± 0.15 47 290 0.65, 0.95

γ(mJ mol–1K–1) 1.35

0.21 0.69 0.60

2.21 1.81 1.37 1.672 3.19 9.8 11.3 1.83 7.80 2.35 3.1 2.35 2.8 1.78 6.15 6.28 4.32 3.3 1.47 9.82 0.90 0.66 2.77

TABLE 2. Range of Critical Temperatures Observed for Superconductive Elements in Thin Films Condensed Element Al Be Bi Cd (Disordered) (Ordered) Ga Hg In La Mo a

Section 12.indb 57

Tc Range (K) 1.15–5.7 5–9.75 6.17–6.6 0.79–0.91 0.53–0.59 2.5–8.5 3.87–4.5 2.2–5.6 3.55–6.74 3.3–8.0

Usually at Low Temperatures

Comments HFa HF

HF HF

HF denotes high magnetic field superconductive properties.

Element Nb Pb Re Sn Ta Tc Ti Tl V W Zn

Tc Range (K) 2.0–10.1 1.8–7.5 1.7–7 3.5–6 <1.7–4.51 4.6–7.7 1.3 Max 2.33–2.96 1.8–6.02 <1.0–4.1 0.77–1.9

Comments

HFa

4/28/05 1:56:36 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-58

Element Al As Ba II III IV Bi II III IV V VI VII(?) Ce (α) Ce (α′) Cs V Ga II II′ Ge Lu P

TABLE 3. Elements Exhibiting Superconductivity Under or After Application of High Pressure Tc Range (K) Pressure (kbar) Element Tc Range (K) Pressure (kbar) 3.55 160 1.98–0.075 0–62 Pb II 2.3 Max. “Plastic” 0.31–0.5 220–140 Re II 0.2–0.25 140–100 compression 2.6–2.7 1–1.8 55–85 Sb (prepared 120 1.8–5 85–144 kbar, held below 4.5–5.4 144–190 77K) 3.55–3.40 85–150 3.9 25–27 Sb II 6.75, 6.95 130 6.55–7.25 28–38 Se II 7.0, 8.7–6.0 43, 43–62 Si 6.7–7.1 120–130 5.2–4.85 125–160 6.7, 8.3 48–80 Sn II 5.30 113 8.55 90, 92–101 III 2.4–5.1 38–55 8.2 30 Te II 0.020–0.045 20–35 4.1–4.2 53–62 4.72–4 63–80 1.9–1.3 45–125 IV 1.5 >125 () 3.3–2.8 100–260 1.45 35 6.38 ≥35 Tl (cubic form) (hexagonal form) 1.95 35 7.5 ≥35 then P removed U 2.4–0.4 10–85 5.35 115 Y 1.7–2.5 110–160 60–130 0.022–1.0 45–190 Zr (omega form, metastable) 1–1.7 5.8 170

TABLE 4. Superconductive Compounds and Alloys

All compositions are denoted on an atomic basis, i.e., AB, AB2, or AB3 for compounds, unless noted. Solid solutions or odd compositions may be denoted as AzB1–z or AzB. A series of three or more alloys is indicated as AxB1–x or by actual indication of the atomic fraction range, such as A0–0.6B1–0.4. The critical temperature of such a series of alloys is denoted by a range of values or possibly the maximum value. The selection of the critical temperature from a transition in the effective permeability, or the change in resistance, or possibly the incremental changes in frequency observed by certain techniques is not often obvious from the literature. Most authors choose the

mid-point of such curves as the probable critical temperature of the idealized material, while others will choose the highest temperature at which a deviation from the normal state property is observed. In view of the previous discussion concerning the variability of the superconductive properties as a function of purity and other metallurgical aspects, it is recommended that appropriate literature be checked to determine the most probable critical temperature or critical field of a given alloy. A very limited amount of data on critical fields, Ho, is available for these compounds and alloys; these values are given at the end of the table.

A. Superconductors with Tc< 10 K Substance Ag3.3Al AgxAlyZn1-x-y AgBi2 Ag7F0.25N0.75O10.25 Ag2F Ag7FO8 Ag0.8–0.3Ga0.2–0.7 Ag4Ge Ag0.438Hg0.562 AgIn2 Ag0.1In0.9Te (n = 1.4 × 1022)* Ag0.2In0.8Te (n = 1.07 × 1022) AgLa AgLa (9.5 kbar) AgLu AgMo4S5 Ag1.2Mo6Se8

Section 12.indb 58

Tc, K

0.34 0.15 2.87–3.0 0.85–0.90 0.0.066 0.3 6.5–8 0.85 0.64 ~2.4 1.2–1.89 0.77–1.00 0.94 1.2 0.33 9.1 5.9

Crystal structure type

Substance

A12-cI58 (Mn) Cubic

Ag7NO11 AgxPb1-x Ag4Sn AgxSn1-x AgxSn1–x (film) AgTe3 AgTh AgTh2 Ag0.03Tl0.97 Ag0.94Tl0.06 AgY AgxZn1-x AlAu4 Al2Au Al2CMo3 Al2CaSi Al0.131Cr0.088V0.781 AlGe2

Cubic Hex., c.p. D82 C16 B1 B1 B2-cP2 (CsCl) B2 B2-cP2 hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same

Tc, K

1.04 7.2 max. 0.1 1.5–3.7 2.0–3.8 2.6 2.2 2.26 2.67 2.32 0.33 0.5–0.845 0.4–0.7 0.1 9.8–10.2 5.8 1.46 1.75

Crystal structure type Cubic h**

Cubic C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) C16

B2-cP2 (CsCl) Like A13 C1-cF12 (CaF2) A13+trace 2nd. phase Cubic

4/28/05 1:56:38 PM

Properties of Superconductors Substance Al2Ge2U AlLa3 Al2La Al2Lu Al3Mg2 AlMo3 AlMo6Pd AlN Al2NNb3 Al3Nb AlOs Al3Os AlPb (film) Al2Pt Al5Re24 AlSb Al2Sc Al2Si2U AlTh2 Al3Th AlxTiyV1-x-y Al0.108V0.892 Al2Y Al3Yb AlxZn1-x AlZr3 AsBiPb AsBiPbSb AsHfOs AsHfRu As0.33InTe0.67 (n = 1.24 ×1022) As0.5InTe0.5 (n = 0.97 × 1022) As4La3 AsNb3 As0.50Ni0.06Pd0.44 AsNi0.25Pd0.75 AsOsZr AsPb AsPd2 (low-temp. phase) AsPd2 (high-temp. phase) AsPd5 As3Pd5 AsRh AsRh1.4–1.6 AsSn AsSn (n = 2.14 × 1022) As~2Sn~3 As3Sn4 (n = 0.56 × 1022) AsV3 Au5Ba AuBe Au2Bi Au5Ca AuGa2 AuGa Au0.40–0.92Ge0.60–0.08 AuIn2 AuIn AuLu AuNb3

Section 12.indb 59

Tc, K

1.6 5.57 3.23 1.02 0.84 0.58 2.1 1.55 1.3 0.64 0.39 5.90 1.2–7 0.48–0.55 3.35 2.8 1.02 1.34 0.1 0.75 2.05–3.62 1.82 0.35 0.94 0.5–0.845 0.73 9.0 9.0 3.2 4.9 0.85–1.15 0.44–0.62 0.6 0.3 1.39 1.6 8.0 8.4 0.60 1.70 0.46 1.9 0.58 < 0.03–0.56 4.10 3.41–3.65 3.5–3.6; 1.21–1.17 1.16–1.19 0.20 0.4–0.7 2.64 1.80 0.34–0.38 1.6 1.2 <0.32–1.63 0.2 0.4–0.6 <0.35 1.2

12-59 Crystal structure type

Substance

LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) DO19 C15 C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) F.C.C. A15

AuPb2 AuPb2 (film) AuPb3 AuPb3 (film) Au2Pb AuSb2 AuSn AuxSn1-x (film) Au5Sn AuTa4.3 Au3Te5 AuTh2 AuTl AuV3 AuxZn1-x AuZn3 AuxZr y AuZr3 B2Ba0.67Pt3 BCMo2 BCMo2 B2Ca0.67Pt3 B4ErIr4 B4ErRh4 B4ErRh4 BHf B4HoIr4 B4HoRh4 B2Ir3La B2Ir3Th B4Ir4Tm B6La B2LaRh3 B12Lu B2LuOs B2LuOs3 B4LuRh4 B2LuRu B4LuRu4 BMo

B4 A13 tI8 (Al3Ti) B2

C1 A12 B4-tI4 (Sn) C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) DO19 Cubic Cubic C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) LI2 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) same B1 B1 cI28 (Th3P4) L12-tP32 C2 B81-hP4 (NiAs) C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Hexagonal C22 Complex B31 Hexagonal B1

Rhombohedral A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) D2d B20 C15 C15b C1-cF12 (CaF2) B31 Complex C1-cF12 Complex B2 A2

BMo2 BNb B4NdRh4 B2OsSc B2OsY B2Pt3Sr0.67 BRe2 B4Rh3.4Ru0.6 B4Rh4Sm B4Rh4Th B4Rh4Tm B4Rh4Tm B0.3Ru0.7 B4Ru4Sc B2Ru3Th B2Ru3Y B2Ru Y B4Ru4Y B12Sc BTa

Tc, K

3.15 4.3 4.40 4.25 1.18; 6–7 0.58 1.25 2.0–3.8 0.7–1.1 0.55 1.62 3.08 1.92 0.74 0.50–0.845 1.21 1.7–2.8 0.92 5.60 5.4 5.3–7.0 1.57 2.1 4.3 8.7 3.1 2.0 1.4 1.65 2.09 1.6 5.7 2.82 0.48 2.66 4.62 6.2 9.86 2.0 0.5 (extrapol.) 4.74 8.25 5.3 1.34 2.22 2.78 2.80; 4.6 8.38 2.7 4.3 9.8 5.4 2.58 7.2 1.79 2.85 7.80 1.4 0.39 4.0

Crystal structure type

C15 C2 B81 A3 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Cubic C16 A15 Cubic A3 A15 hP12 (B2BaPt3) Orthorhombic Same hP12 tP18 (B4CeCo4) oC108 (B4LuRh4) tP18 (B4CeCo4) Cubic tP18 oC108 hP6 (CaCu5) Same tP18 hP6 oP16 (B2LuRu) hP6 oC108 oP16 tI72 (B4LuRu4) C16 Bf tP18 oP16 oP16 hP12 (B2BaPt3) tI72 tP18 Same Same oC108 D102 tI72 hP6 Same oP16 tI72 Bf

4/28/05 1:56:40 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-60 Substance BTa2 B6Th BW2 B6Y B12Y BZr B12Zr BaBi3 Ba2Mo15Se19 BaxO3Sr1-xTi (n = 4.2 ×1019) Ba0.13O3W Ba0.14O3W BaRh2 Be22Mo Be8Nb5Zr2 Be0.98–0.92Re0.02–0.08 (quenched) Be0.957Re0.043 BeTc Be22W Be13W Bi3Ca Bi0.5Cd0.13Pb0.25Sn0.12 (weight fractions) BiCo Bi2Cs BixCu1-x (electrodeposited) BiCu Bi3Fe Bi0.019In0.981 Bi0.05In0.95 Bi0.10In0.90 Bi0.15–0.30In0.85–0.70 Bi0.34–0.48In0.66–0.52 Bi3In5 BiIn2 Bi2Ir Bi2Ir (quenched) BiK Bi2K BiLi Bi4–9Mg Bi3Mo BiNa BiNb3 BiNb3 (high pressure and temperature) BiNi Bi3Ni BiNi0.5Rh0.5 Bi0.5NiSb0.5 Bi1-0Pb0-1 Bi1-0Pb0-1 (film) Bi0.05–0.40Pb0.95–0.60 Bi2Pb BiPbSb Bi0.5Pb0.31Sn0.19 (weight fractions) Bi0.5Pb0.25Sn0.25 BiPd2 Bi0.4Pd0.6 BiPd

Section 12.indb 60

Tc, K

3.12 0.74 3.1 6.5–7.1 4.7 3.4 5.82 5.69 2.75 <0.1–0.55 1.9 <1.25–2.2 6.0 2.51 5.2 9.5–9.75 9.62 5.21 4.12 4.1 2.0 8.2 0.42–0.49 4.75 2.2 1.33–1.40 1.0 3.86 4.65 5.05 5.3–5.4 4.0–4.1 4.1 5.65 1.7–2.3 3.0–3.96 3.6 3.58 2.47 0.7–~1.0 3–3.7 2.25 4.5 3.05 4.25 4.06 3.0 2.0 7.26–9.14 7.25–8.67 7.35–8.4 4.25 8.9 8.5 8.5 4.0 3.7–4 3.7

Crystal structure type

Substance

C16-tI12 (Al2Cu)

Bi2Pd Bi2Pd BiPd0.45Pt0.55 BiPdSe BiPdTe BiPt Bi0.1PtSb0.9 BiPtSe BiPtTe Bi2Pt Bi2Rb BiRe2 BiRh Bi3Rh Bi4Rh BiRu Bi3Sn BiSn BixSny Bi3Sr Bi3Te Bi5Tl3 Bi0.26Tl0.74 Bi0.26Tl0.74 Bi2Y3 Bi3Zn Bi0.3Zr0.7 BiZr3 BrMo6Se7 Br3Mo6Se5 CCsx CFe3 CGaMo2 CHf0.5Mo0.5 CHf0.3Mo0.7 CHf0.25Mo0.75 CHf0.7Nb0.3 CHf0.6Nb0.4 CHf0.5Nb0.5 CHf0.4Nb0.6 CHf0.25Nb0.75 CHf0.2Nb0.8 CHf0.9–0.1Ta0.1–0.9 CK (excess K) C8K C2La C2Lu C0.40–0.44Mo0.60–0.56 C3MoRe C0.6Mo4.8Si3 CMo0.2Ta0.8 CMo0.5Ta0.5 CMo0.75Ta0.25 CMo0.8Ta0.2 CMo0.85Ta0.15 CMoxV1-x CMoxZr1-x C0.984Nb CNb2 CNbxTi1-x CNb0.1–0.9Zr0.9–0.1

C16

Cubic Tetragonal hP15 (Mo6PbS8) Tetragonal Hexagonal C15 Cubic (Be22Re) Cubic Cubic (Be22Re) Cubic Cubic (Be22Re) Tetragonal

C15

m** α-phase Same α- and β-phases

β-phase

C15 L1o, α-phase L1o A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) A15 B81 Orthorhombic B81-hP4 (AsNi) Same

H.C.P. to ε-phase t**

Hexagonal, ordered Orthorhombic

Tc, K

1.70 4.25 3.7 1.0 1.2 1.21 2.05; 1.5 1.45 1.15 0.155 4.25 1.9–2.2 2.06 3.2 2.7 5.7 3.6–3.8 3.8 3.85–4.18 5.62 0.75–1.0 6.4 4.4 4.15 2.25 0.8–0.9 1.51 2.4–2.8 7.1 7.1 0.020–0.135 1.30 3.7–4.1 3.4 5.5 6.6 6.1 4.5 4.8 5.6 7.0 7.8 5.0–9.0 0.55 0.39 1.66 3.33 9–13 3.8 7.6 7.5 7.7 8.5 8.7 8.9 2.9–9.3 9.8 9.8 9.1 <4.2–8.8 4.2–8.4

Crystal structure type Monoclinic, α-phase Tetragonal, β-phase B81-hP4 (NiAs) C2 C2 B81 B81-hP4 (NiAs) C2 C2 Hexagonal C15 B81 Orthorhombic (NiB3) Hexagonal m**

L12 Cubic, disordered L12, ordered (?)

hP15 (Mo6PbS8) Same Hexagonal DO11-oP16 (Fe3C) Hexagonal B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Hexagonal Hexagonal tI6 (CaC2) Same B1-cF8 D88 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1

4/28/05 1:56:42 PM

Properties of Superconductors Substance CRbx (Au) CRe0.06W CRu C0.987Ta C0.848–0.987 CTa (film) CTa2 CTa0.4Ti0.6 Cta1–0.4W0–0.6 CTa0.2–0.9Zr0.8–0.1 CTc (excess C) CTi0.5–0.7W0.5–0.3 CW CW2 CW2 C2Y Ca3Co4Sn13 Ca3Ge13Rh4 CaHg CaHg3 CaIr2 Ca3Ir4Sn13 CaxO3Sr1-xTi (n = 3.7–11 × 1019) Ca0.1O3W CaPb CaRh2 CaRh1.2Sn4.5 CaTl3 Cd0.3–0.5Hg0.7–0.5 CdHg Cd0.0075–0.05In0.9925–0.95 Cd0.97Pb0.03 CdSn Cd0.17Tl0.83 Cd0.18Tl0.82 CeCo2 CeCo1.67Ni0.33 CeCo1.67Rh0.33 CexGd1-xRu2 CeIr3 CeIr5 Ce0.005La0.995 CexLa1-x CexPr1-xRu2 CexPt1-x CeRu2 Ce3Mo6Se5 Ce2Mo6Te6 CoxFe1-xSi2 CoHf2 CoLa3 Co4La3Sn13 CoLu3 CoxLuSny Co0–0.01Mo0.8Re0.2 Co0.02–0.10Nb3Rh0.98–0.90 CoxNi1-xSi2 Co0.5Rh0.5Si2 CoxRh1-xSi2 Co~0.3So~0.7

Section 12.indb 61

Tc, K

0.023–0.151 5.0 2.00 9.7 2.04–9.7 5.09 3.26 4.8 8.5–10.5 4.6–8.3 3.85 6.7–2.1 1.0 2.74 5.2 3.88 5.9 2.1 1.6 1.6 6.15 7.1 < 0.1–0.55 1.4–3.4 7.0 6.40 8.7 2.0 1.70–1.92 1.77; 2.15 3.24–3.36 4.2 3.65 2.3 2.54 0.84 0.46 0.47 3.2–5.2 3.34 1.82 4.6 1.3–6.3 1.4–5.3 0.7–1.55 6.0 5.7 1.7 1.4 (max.) 0.56 4.28 2.8 ~0.35 1.5 2–10 2.28–1.90 1.4 (max.) 2.5 3.65 (max.) ~0.35

12-61 Crystal structure type

Substance

Hexagonal

Co4Sc5Si10 CoSi2 CoxSnyYb Co3Th7 CoxTi1-x CoxTi1-x CoTi2 CoTi CoU CoU6 Co0.28Y0.72 CoY3 CoZr2 Co0.1Zr0.9 Cr0.6Ir0.4 Cr0.65Ir0.35 Cr0.7Ir0.3 Cr0.72Ir0.28 Cr3Ir Cr0–0.1Nb1–0.9 Cr0.80Os0.20 Cr3Os CrxRe1-x Cr0.4Re0.6 Cr0.8–0.6Rh0.2–0.4 Cr3Rh Cr3Ru (annealed) Cr2Ru Cr3Ru2 Cr0.1–0.5Ru0.9–0.5 CrxTi1-x CrxTi1-x Cr0.1Ti0.3V0.6 Cr0.0175U0.9825 Cs0.32O3W Cu0.15In0.85 (film) Cu0.04–0.08In0.94–0.92 CuLa Cu2Mo6O2S6 Cu2Mo6Se8 CuxPb1-x CuS CuS2 CuSSe CuSe2 CuSeTe CuxSn1-x CuxSn1-x (film, made at 10K) CuxSn1-x (film, made at 300K) CuTe2 CuTh2 Cu0–0.027V CuY CuxZn1-x DyMo6S8 ErxLa1-x ErMo6S8 ErMo6Se8 Fe3Lu2Si5 Fe0–0.04Mo0.8Re0.2 Fe0.05Ni0.05Zr0.90

hP2 (CW)

B1 L΄3 B1 B1 B1 Cubic B1 L΄3 F.C.C. tI6 (CaC2) cP40 (Pr3Rh2Sn13) Same B2-cP2 (CsCl) hP8 (Ni3Sn) C15 cP40

Hexagonal C15 cP40 B2-cP2 Tetragonal Tetragonal

C15 C15 C15 C15

C15 C15 hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same C1 E93 cP40 cP40 A15 C1

Tc, K

5.0 1.40; 1.22 2.5 1.83 2.8 (max.) 3.8 (max.) 3.44 0.71 1.7 2.29 0.34 <0.34 6.3 3.9 0.4 0.59 0.76 0.83 0.45 4.6–9.2 2.5 4.68 1.2–5.2 2.15 0.5–1.10 0.3 3.3 2.02 2.10 0.34–1.65 3.6 (max.) 4.2 (max.) 5.6 0.75 1.12 3.75 4.4 5.85 9 5.9 5.7–7.7 1.62 1.48–1.53 1.5–2.0 2.3–2.43 1.6–2.0 3.2–3.7 3.6–7 2.8–3.7 <1.25–1.3 3.49 3.9–5.3 0.33 0.5–0.845 2.1 1.4–6.3 2.2 6.2 6.1 1–10 ~3.9

Crystal structure type tP38 (Co4Sc5Si10) C1 cP40 D102 Co in α-Ti Co in β-Ti E93 A2 B2, distorted D2c C16 A3 H.C.P. H.C.P. H.C.P. A15 A2 Cubic A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) D8b A3 A15-cP8 A15 D8b D8b-tP30 (CrFe) A3 Cr in α-Ti Cr in β-Ti β-phase Hexagonal

hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same B18 C18 C18 C18 C18

C18 C16 A2 B2-cP2 (CsCl) hR15 hR15 hR15 tP40 (Fe3Sc2Si5)

4/28/05 1:56:44 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-62 Substance

Tc, K

Fe3Re2 Fe3Sc2Si5 Fe3Si5Tm Fe3Si5Y2 Fe3Th7 FexTi1-x FexTi1-x FexTi0.6V1-x FeU6 Fe0.1Zr0.9 Ga0.5Ge0.5Nb3 Ga2Ge2U GaHf2 GaLa3 Ga3Lu Ga2Mo GaMo3 GaN (black) Ga0.7Pt0.3 GaPt GaSb (120kbar, 77K, annealed) GaSb (unannealed) Ga0–1Sn1–0 (quenched) Ga0–1Sn1–0 (annealed) GaTe Ga5V2 GaV4.5 Ga3Zr Ga3Zr5 GdxLa1-x GdMo6S8 GdMo6Se8 GdxOs2Y1-x GdxRu2Th1-x Ge10As4Y5 GeIr GeIrLa Ge10Ir4Lu5 Ge10Ir4Y5 Ge2La

~5.9 3.47–4.18 2.6–3.85 0.17 3.55 9.15 1.38 3.8 < 1.0–5.5 3.5 5.6 1.4–4.7 3.6 (max.) 9.06 4.7 1.64 2.60 2.62 1.49; 2.2

GeLaPt Ge13Lu3Os4 Ge10Lu5Rh4 Ge13Lu3Ru4 GeMo3 GeNb2 Ge0.29Nb0.71 GePt Ge3Rh5

3.53 3.6 2.79 2.3 1.43 1.9 6 0.40 2.12

GeRh Ge13Rh4Sc3 Ge10Rh4Y5 Ge13Ru4Y3 Ge2So GeTa3 Ge3Te4 (n = 1.06 × 1022) GexTe1-x (n = 8.5–64 × 1020)

0.96 1.9 1.35 1.7 1.3 8.0 1.55–1.80 0.07–0.41

Section 12.indb 62

6.55 4.52 1.3 2.4 1.86 3.2 (max.) 3.7 (max.) 6.8 (max.) 3.86 1.0 7.3 0.87 0.21 5.84 2.3 9.5 0.76 5.85 2.9 1.74 4.24

Crystal structure type

Substance

D8b-tP30 (FeCr) tP40 Same Same D10 Fe in α-Ti Fe in β-Ti

GeV3 Ge2Y Ge1.62Y Ge2Zr GeZr3 H0.33Nb0.67 H0.1Nb0.9 H0.05Nb0.95 H0.12Ta0.88 H0.08Ta0.92 H0.04Ta0.96 HfIrSi HfMo2 HfN0.989 Hf0–0.5Nb1–0.5 Hf0.75Nb0.25 HfOs2 HfOsP HfPRu HfRe2 Hf0.14Re0.86 Hf0.99–0.96Rh0.01–0.04 Hf0–0.55Ta1–0.45 HfV2 HgxIn1-x HgIn Hg2K Hg3K Hg4K Hg8K Hg3Li HgMg3 Hg2Mg Hg3Mg5 Hg2Na Hg4Na HgxPb1-x HgSn HgxTl1-x Hg5Tl2 HoxLa1-x Ho1.2Mo6Se8 In1–0.86Mg0–0.14 In2Mo6Te6 InNb3 (high pressure and temp.) In0.5Nb3Zr0.5 In0.11O3W In0.95–0.85Pb0.05–0.15 In0.98–0.91Pb0.02–0.09 InPb InPd InSb (quenched from 170 kbar into liquid N2) InSb (InSb)0.95–0.10Sn0.05–0.90 (various heat treatments) (InSb)0–0.07Sn1–0.93 In3Sn InxSn1-x

D2c A3 A15 B2-cP2 C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) B2-cP2 A15 B4 C1 B20 A5

mC24 (GaTe) Tetragonal (Mn2Hg5) D8b-hP16 (Mn5Si3) hR15 hR15 C15 tP38 (C04Sc5Si10) B31 tI12 (LaPtSi) tP38 tP38 Orthorhombic, distorted (Mn2Hg5) tI12 cP40 (Pr3Rh2Sn13) tP38 cP40 A15 A15 B31 Orthorhombic, related to InNi2 B31-oP8 (MnP) c P40 tP38 cP40 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Rhombohedral R1

Tc, K

6.01 3.80 2.4 0.30 0.4 7.28 7.38 7.83 2.81 3.26 3.62 3.50 0.05 6.6 8.3–9.5 > 4.2 2.69 6.1 9.9 4.80 5.86 0.85–1.51 4.4–6.5 8.9–9.6 3.14–4.55 3.81 1.20 3.18 3.27 3.42 1.7 0.17 4.0 0.48 1.62 3.05 4.14–7.26 4.2 2.30–4.19 3.86 1.3–6.3 6.1 3.395–3.363 2.6 4–8; 9.2 6.4 < 1.25–2.8 3.6–5.05 3.45–4.2 6.65 0.7 4.8 2.1 3.8–5.1

Crystal structure type A15 Cc oC12 (ZrSi2) L12-tP32 (Ti3P) B.C.C. Same Same B.C.C. Same Same C37-cP12 (Co2Si) hP24 (Ni2Mn) B1 A2 C14 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Same C14 A12 A2 C15

Orthorhombic

Hexagonal hP8 (Na3As) tI6 (MoSi2) D8b-hP16 (Mn5Si3) Hexagonal

D102-hR12 (Be3Nb) hR15 (Mo6PbS8) A15 Hexagonal

B2 Like A5 B4

3.67–3.74 ~5.5 3.4–7.3

4/28/05 1:56:46 PM

Properties of Superconductors Substance In0.82–1Te (n = 0.83–1.71 × 1022) In1.000Te1.002 In3Te4 (n = 4.7 × 1021) InxTl1-x In0.8Tl0.2 In0.62Tl0.38 In0.78–0.69Tl0.22–0.31 In0.69–0.62Tl0.31–0.38 Ir2La Ir3La Ir3La7 Ir5La IrLaSi2 IrLaSi3 Ir2Lu Ir3Lu Ir4Lu5Si10 IrMo IrMo3 IrMo3 IrNb3 Ir0.4Nb0.6 Ir0.37Nb0.63 IrNb Ir1.15Nb0.85 Ir0.02Nb3Rh0.98 Ir0.05Nb3Rh0.95 Ir0.287O0.14Ti0.573 Ir0.265O0.035Ti0.65 IrxOs1-x Ir1.5Os0.5 IrOsY IrSiY IrSiZr Ir2Sc Ir2.5Sc Ir4Sc5Si10 Ir2Si2Th IrSi3Th IrSiTh Ir2Si2Y Ir4Si10Y5 Ir3Si5Y2 IrSn2 Ir2Sr Ir7Ta13 Ir0.5Te0.5 IrTe3 IrTh Ir2Th Ir3Th Ir3Th7 Ir5Th IrTi3 IrV2 IrW3 Ir0.28W0.72 Ir2Y Ir0.69Y0.31 Ir0.70Y0.30

Section 12.indb 63

12-63 Crystal structure type

Substance

1.02–3.45

B1

3.5–3.7 1.15–1.25 2.7–3.374 3.223 2.760 3.18–3.32 2.98–3.3 0.48 2.32 2.24 2.13 2.03 2.7 2.47 2.89 3.9 < 1.0 9.6 6.8 1.9 9.8 2.32 7.9 4.6 2.43 2.38 5.5 2.30 0.3–0.98 2.4 2.6 2.70 2.04 2.07 2.46 8.46 2.14 1.75 6.50 2.60 3.10 2.83 0.65–0.78 5.70 1.2 ~3 1.18 < 0.37 6.50 4.71 1.52 3.93 5.40 1.39 3.82 4.49 2.18; 1.38 1.98; 1.44 2.16

B1 Rhombohedral

Ir2Y3 Ir3Y IrxY1-x Ir2Zr Ir0.1Zr0.9 K2Mo15S19 K0.27–0.31O3W K0.40–0.57O3W La0.55Lu0.45 La0.8Lu0.2 LaMg2 LaMo6S8 LaN LaOs2 LaPt2 La0.28Pt0.72 LaPtSi LaRh3 LaRh5 La7Rh3 LaRhSi2 La2Rh3Si5 LaRhSi3 LaRh2Si2 LaRu2 La3S4 La3Se4 LaSi2 LaxY1-x LaZn Li2Mo6S8 LiPb LuOs2 Lu0.275Rh0.725 LuRh5 Lu5Rh4Si10 LuRu2 Mg1.14Mo6.6S8 Mg2Nb Mg~0.47Tl~0.53 MgZn MnxTi1-x MnxTi1-x MnU6 Mo2N Mo6Na2S8 MoxNb1-x Mo5.25Nb0.75Se8 Mo6NdSa8 Mo3Os Mo0.62Cs0.38 Mo3P Mo6Pb1.2Se8 Mo0.5Pd0.5 Mo6PrSe8 MoRe MoRe3 MoxRe1-x Mo0.42Re0.58 MoRh MoxRh1-x

Tc, K

Tetragonal F.C.C. C15 D102 D102 oC16 (CeNiSi2) tI10 (BaNiSn3) C15 C15 tP38 (Co4Sc5Si10) A3 A15 D8b A15 D8b D8b D8b oP12 (IrTa) A15 A15 E93 E93 C14 C15 C37-oP12 (Co2Si) Same C15 C15 tP38 tI10 tI10 tI12 (LaPtSi) tI10 (Al4Ba) tP38 oI40 C1 C15 D8b-tP30 (FeCr) C2 Bf C15 D102 D2d A15 A15

C15 C15 C15

Tc, K

1.61 3.50 0.3–3.7 4.10 5.5 3.32 0.50 1.5 2.2 3.4 1.05 7.1 1.35 6.5 0.46 0.54 3.48 2.60 1.62 2.58 3.42 4.45 2.7 3.90 1.63 6.5 8.6 2.3 1.7–5.4 1.04 4.2 7.2 3.49 1.27 0.49 3.95 0.86 3.5 5.6 2.75 0.9 2.3 (max.) 1.1–3.0 2.32 5.0 8.6 0.016–9.2 6.2 8.2 7.2 5.65 5.31 6.75 3.52 9.2 7.8 9.25; 9.89 1.2–12.2 6.35 1.97 1.5–8.2

Crystal structure type D102-hR13 (Be3Nb) C15 A3 hR15 Hexagonal Tetragonal Hexagonal, La type Same C15 hR15 C15 C15 C15 tI12

D102 oC16 (CeNiSi2) oI40 (Co3Si5U2) tl10 (BaNiSn3) tl10 (Al4Ba) C15 D73 D73 Cc B2 hR15 C14 C15 tP38 (Co4So5Si10) C14 hR15 B2 A3-oP4 (AuCd) Mn in -Ti Mn in -Ti D2c F.C.C. hR15 hR15 hR15 A15 D8b DOe hR15 A3 hR15 D8b-tP30 A12 D8b A3 B.C.C.

4/28/05 1:56:48 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-64 Substance MoRu Mo0.61Ru0.39 Mo0.2Ru0.8 Mo3Ru2 Mo4Ru2Te8 Mo6S8 Mo6S8Sc Mo6S8Sm1.2 Mo6S8Tb Mo6S8Tl Mo6S8Tm1.2 Mo6S8Y1.2 Mo6S8Yb Mo6.6S8Zn11 Mo3Sb4 Mo6Se8 Mo6Se8Sm1.2 Mo6Se8Sn1.2 Mo6Se8Tb Mo3Se3Tl Mo6Se8Tm1.2 Mo6Se8Yb Mo3Si MoSi0.7 MoxSiV3-x Mo5.25Ta0.75Te8 Mo6Te8 Mo0.16Ti0.84 Mo0.913Ti0.087 Mo0.04Ti0.96 Mo0.025Ti0.975 MoxU1-x MoxV1-x Mo2Zr NNb (film) NxOyTiz NxOyVz N0.34Re NTa (film) N0.6–0.987Ti N0.82–0.99V NZr N0.906–0.984Zr Na0.28–0.35O3W Na0.28Pb0.72 NbO NbOs2 Nb3Os Nb0.6Os0.4 Nb3Os0.02–0.10Rh0.98–0.90 Nb3P NbPRh Nb0.6Pd0.4 Nb3Pd0.02–0.10Rh0.92–0.90 Nb0.62Pt0.38 Nb5Pt3 Nb3Pt0.02–0.98Rh0.98–0.02 NbRe3 Nb0.38–0.18Re0.62–0.82 NbRe NbReSi

Section 12.indb 64

Tc, K

9.5–10.5 7.18 1.66 7.0 1.7 1.85 3.6 2.9 2.0 8.7 2.1 3.0 9.2 3.6 2.1 6.3 6.8 6.8 5.7 4.0 6.3 6.2 1.30 1.34 4.54–16.0 1.7 1.7 4.18; 4.25 2.95 2.0 1.8 0.7–2.1 0–~5.3 4.25–4.75 6–9 2.9–5.6 5.8–8.2 4–5 4.84 < 1.17–5.8 2.9–7.9 9.8 3.0–9.5 0.56 7.2 1.25 2.52 1.05 1.89; 1.78 2.42–2.30 1.8 4.08 1.60 2.49–2.55 4.21 3.73 2.52–9.6 5.27 2.43–9.70 3.8 5.1

Crystal structure type

Substance

A3 D8b A3 D8b-tP30 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15

Nb3Rh Nb0.6Rh0.40 Nb0.9Rh1.1 Nb3Rh0.98–0.90Ru0.02–0.10 NbxRu1-x NbRuSi NbS2 NbS2

2.64 4.21 3.07 2.42–2.44 1.2–4.8 2.65 6.1–6.3 5.0–5.5

Nb3Sb Nb3Sb0–0.7Sn1–0.3 NbSe2 Nb1–1.05Se2 Nb3Se4 Nb3Si Nb3SiSnV3 NbSn2 Nb6Sn5 NbSnTaV NbSnV2 Nb2SnV NbxTa1-x Nb3Te4 NbxTi1-x Nb0.6Ti0.4 NbxU1-x Nb0.88V0.12 Nb0.5V1.5Zr Ni0.3Th0.7 NiZr2 Ni0.1Zr0.9 O3Rb0.27–0.29W OSn O3SrTi (n = 1.7–12.0 × 1019) O3SrTi (n = 1018–1021) O3SrTi (n = 1020) O3Sr0.08W OTi O3Tl0.30W OV3Zr3 OW3 (film) OsPti OsPZr OsReY Os2Sc OsTa Os3Th7 OsxW1-x OsW3 Os2Y Os2Zr OsxZr1-x PPb OsW2 PPd3.0–3.2 P3Pd7 (high temperature) P3Pd7 (low temperature) PRh PRh2 P4Rh5 PRhTa

0.2 6.8–18 5.15–5.62 2.2–7.0 2.0 1.5 4.0 2.60 2.8 6.2 5.5 9.8 4.4–9.2 1.8 0.6–9.8 9.8 1.95 (max.) 5.7 4.3 1.98 1.52 1.5 1.98 3.81 0.12–0.37 0.05–0.47 0.47 2–4 0.58 2.0–2.14 7.5 3.35; 1.1 1.2 7.4 2.0 4.6 1.95 1.51 0.9–4.1 ~3 4.7 3.0 1.5–5.6 7.8 3.81 <0.35–0.7 1.0 0.70 1.22 1.3 1.22 4.41

hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hP14 hR15 hR15 A15 A15 hR15 hR15

Cubic

C15 B1 Cubic Cubic F.C.C. B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Tetragonal

A12 A15 D8b A15 L12tP32 (Ti3P) C37-oP12 (Co2Si) D8f plus cubic A15 D8b D8b A15 D8b-tP30 (FeCr) A15 D8b-tP30 oI36 (FeTiSi)

Tc, K

Crystal structure type A15 D8b plus other A3-oP4 (AuCd) A15 oI36 Hexagonal, NbSe2 type Hexagonal, three-layer type L12-tP32 (Ti3P) A15 Hexagonal Same hP14 L12 Orthorhombic oI44 (Sn5Ti6) A15 A15 A15 A2 hP14

A2 C15-hP12 (MgZn2) D102 A3 Hexagonal tP4 (PbO)

Hexagonal Hexagonal E93 A15 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Same C14 C14 A12 D102 C14 C14

D8b-tP30 (FeCr) DO11 Rhombohedral Complex C1 oP28 (CaFe2O4) C37-oP12 (Co2Si)

4/28/05 1:56:49 PM

Properties of Superconductors Substance PRhZr PRuTi PRuZr PW3 Pb2Pd Pb4Pt Pb2Rh PbSb PbTe (plus 0.1 w/o Pb) PbTe (plus 0.1 w/o Te) PbTl0.27 PbTl0.17 PbTl0.12 PbTl0.075 PbTl0.04 Pb1–0.26Tl0–0.74 PbTl2 Pb3Zr5 PbZr3 Pd0.9Pt0.1Te2 Pd0.05Ru0.05Zr0.9 Pd2.2S (quenched) PdSb2 PdSb PdSbSe PdSbTe Pd4Se Pd6–7Se Pd2.8Se PdxSe1-x PdSi PdSn PdSn2 Pd2Sn Pd3Sn Pd2SnTm Pd2SnY Pd2SnYb PdTe PdTe1.02–1.08 PdTe2 PdTe2.1 PdTe2.3 Pd1.1Te Pd3Te PdTh2 Pd0.1Zr0.9 PtSb PtSi PtSn PtSn4 Pt3Ta7 PtTa3 PtTe PtTh Pt3Th7 Pt5Th PtTi3 Pt0.02U0.98 PtV2.5 PtV3

Section 12.indb 65

Tc, K

1.55 1.3 3.46 2.26 2.95 2.80 2.66 6.6 5.19 5.24–5.27 6.43 6.73 6.88 6.98 7.06 7.20–3.68 3.75–4.1 4.60 0.76 1.65 ~9 1.63 1.25 1.5 1.0 1.2 0.42 0.66 2.3 2.5 (max.) 0.93 0.41 3.34 0.41 0.47–0.64 1.77 4.92 1.79 2.3; 3.85 2.56–1.88 1.69 1.89 1.85 4.07 0.76 0.85 7.5 2.1 0.88 0.37 2.38 1.5 0.4 0.59 0.44 0.98 3.13 0.58 0.87 1.36 2.87–3.20

12-65 Crystal structure type

Substance

Same C22-hP9 (Fe2P) C37-oP12 DOe C16 Related to C16 C16

PtV3.5 Pt0.5W0.5 PtxW1-x Pt2Y3 Pt2Y Pt3Y7 PtZr Re2Sc Re24Sc5 ReSiTa Re3Si5Y2 Re3Ta2 Re0.64Ta0.36 Re3Ta Re24Ti5 RexTi1-x Re0.76V0.24 Re3V Re0.92V0.08 Re0.6W0.4 Re0.5W0.5 Re13W12 Re3W Re2Y Re2Zr Re3Zr Re6Zr Rh17S15 Rh~0.24Sc~0.76 Rh4Sc5Si10 Rh4Sc3Sn13 RhxSe1-x RhSi3Th Rh0.86Sc1.04Th Rh2Si2Y Rh3Si5Y2 Rh4Sn13Sr3 RhxSnyTh RhxSnyTm Rh4Sn13Y3 Rh2Sr Rh0.4Ta0.6 RhTe2 Rh0.67Te0.33 RhxTe1-x RhTh Rh3Th7 Rh5Th RhxTi1-x Rh0.02U0.98 RhV3 RhW RhY3 Rh2Y3 Rh3Y Rh5Y Rh3Y7 Rh0.005Zr (annealed) Rh0–0.45Zr1–0.55 Rh0.1Zr0.9 Ru2Sc RuSiTa

D88 A15 C6 Cubic C2 B81 C2 C2 Tetragonal Like Pd4Te B31 B31 C37 B82 DO3-cF16 (BiF3) Same Same B81 B81 C6 C6 C6 B81 cI2 (W) C16 A3 B81 B31 B81 C16-oC20 (PdSn4) D8b-tP30 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Orthorhombic Bf D102 A15 β-phase A15 A15

Tc, K

1.26 1.45 0.4–2.7 0.90 1.57; 1.70 0.82 3.0 4.2 2.2 4.4 1.76 1.4 1.46 6.78 6.60 6.6 (max.) 4.52 6.26 6.8 6.0 5.12 5.2 9.0 1.83 5.9 7.40 7.40 5.8 0.88; 0.92 8.54 4.5 6.0 (max.) 1.76 6.45 3.11 2.70 4.3 1.9 2.3 3.2 6.2 2.35 1.51 0.49 1.51 (max.) 0.36 2.15 1.07 2.25–3.95 0.96 0.38 ~3.4 0.65 1.48 1.07 0.56 0.32 5.8 2.1–10.8 9.0 1.67 3.15

Crystal structure type A15 A1

C15 D102 A3 C15-hP12 (MgZn2) A12-cI58 (Mg) oI36 (FeTiSi) tP40 (Fe3Sc2Si5) D8b-tP30 (FeCr) A12 A12-cI58 (Mn) A12 D8b D8b-tP30 A3 D8b D8b-tP30 A12-cI58 C14 C14 A12-cI58 Same Cubic tP38 cP40 tI10 tI12 tI10 oI40 cP40 cI2 (W) cP40 cP40 C15 D8b C2

Bf D102

A15 A3

C15 hP20 (Fe3Th7) H.C.P. C14 oI36

4/28/05 1:56:51 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-66 Substance Ru3Si2Th Ru3Si2Y Ru1.1Sn3.1Y Ru2Th RuTi Ru0.05Ti0.95 Ru0.1Ti0.9 RuxTi0.6Vy Ru3U Ru0.45V0.55 RuW Ru2Y Ru2Zr Ru0.1Zr0.9 STh SbSn SbTa3 SbTi3 Sb2Ti7 Sb0.01–0.03V0.99–0.97 SbV3 SeTh SiMo3 Si2Th Si2Th SiV2.7Ru0.3 Si2W3 SiZr3 Sn0.174–0.104Ta0.826–0.896 SnTa3 SnTa3 SnTaV2 SnTa2V SnxTe1-x (n = 10.5–20 × 1020) Sn3Th SnTi3 SnxTl1-x SnV3 Sn0.02–0.057V0.98–0.943 SnZr3 Ta0.025Ti0.975 Ta0.05Ti0.95 Ta0.05–0.75V0.95–0.25 Ta0.8–1W0.2–0 Tc0.1–0.4W0.9–0.6 Tc0.50W0.50 Tc0.60W0.40 Tc6Zr TeY ThTl3 Th0–0.55Y1–0.45 Ti0.70V0.30 TixV1-x Ti0.5Zr0.5 (annealed) Ti0.5Zr0.5 (quenched) Tl3Y V2Zr V0.26Zr0.74 W2Zr YZn

Tc, K

3.98 3.51 1.3 3.56 1.07 2.5 3.5 6.6 (max.) 0.15 4.0 7.5 1.52 1.84 5.7 0.5 1.30–1.42 0.72 5.8 5.2 3.76–2.63 0.80 1.7 1.4 3.2 2.4 2.9 2.8; 2.84 0.5 6.5–< 4.2 8.35 6.2 2.8 3.7 0.07–0.22 3.33 5.80 2.37–5.2 3.8 2.87–~1.6 0.92 1.3 2.9 4.30–2.65 1.2–4.4 1.25–7.18 7.52 7.88 9.7 1.02 0.87 1.2–1.8 6.14 0.2–7.5 1.23 2.0 1.52 8.80 5.9 2.16 0.33

* n denotes current carriers concentration in cm–3.

Section 12.indb 66

Crystal structure type hP12 hP12 cP40 C15 B2

L12-cP4 B2 A3 C14 C14 A3 B1-cF8 (NaCl) B1 or distorted A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Same A2 A15 B1-cF8 A15-cP8 Cc, α-phase C32, β-phase A15 L12-tP32 (Ti3P) A15 A15, highly ordered A15, partially ordered A15 A15 B1 L12-cP4 A15-cP8 A15 A2 A15-cP8 Hexagonal Hexagonal A2 A2 Cubic α plus plus α A12 B1-cF8 L12-cP4 Cubic

L12-cP4 C15 C15 B2-cP2 (CsCl)

B. Superconductors with Tc > 10Κ Substance Al2CMo3 Al0.5Ge0.5Nb Al~0.8Ge~0.2Nb3 AlNb3 AlNb3 A1xNb1–x A1xNb1–x A10.27Nb0.73–0.48V0–0.25 A1 NbxV1–x A10.1Si0.9V3 A1V3 AuNb3 Au0–0.3Nb1–0.7 Au0.02–0.98Nb3Rh0.98–0.02 AuNb3(1–x)V3x B0.03C0.51Mo0.47 B4LuRh4 B2LuRu B4Rh4Y B0.1Si0.9V3 BaBi0.2O3Pb0.8 Ba2CaCu2O8T12 Ba2Cu3LaO6 Ba2Cu3O7Tm Ba2Cu3O7Y (Ba,La)2CuO4 Bi2CaCu2O8Sr2 Br2Mo6S6 C3La CMo CMo2 C0.5MoxNb1–x CMoxTi1–x CMo0.83Ti0.17 C0–0.38N1–0.62Ta CNb (whiskers) CNb C0.7–1.0Nb0.3–0 CNbxTa1–x CNb0.6–0.9W0.4–0.1 C0.1Si0.9V3 CTa CTa1–0.4W0–0.6 C0.66Th0.13Y0.21 C3Y2 CW (Ca,La)2CuO4 Cu(La,Sr)2O4 Cu1.8Mo6S8 Cr0.3SiV2.7 GaNb3 GaxNb3Sn1–x GaV3 GaV2.1–3.5 GeNb3 GeNb3 (quenched) GexNb3Sn1–x Ge0.5Nb3Sn0.5 Ge0.1Si0.9V3 GeV3 InLa3

Tc,K

10.0 12.6 20.7 18.0 12.0 <4.2–13.5 12–17.5 14.5–17.5 4.4–13.5 14.05 11.8 11.5 1.1–11.0 2.53–10.9 1.5–11.0 12.5 11.7 10 11.3 15.8 13.2 120 80 101 90 36 110 13.8 11.0 14.3 12.2 10.8–12.5 10.2(max) 10.2 10.0–11.3 7.5–10.5 11.5 6–11 8.2–13.9 12.5–11.6 16.4 10.3 8.5–10.5 17 11.5 10 18 39 10.8 11.3 14.5 14–18.37 16.8 6.3–14.45 23.2 6–17 17.6–18.0 11.3 14.0 11 9.83; 10.4

Crystal structure type A13 A15 A15 A15 D8b A15 A15

A15 A15

(Cr3Si) (FeCr)

(Cr3Si)

A15 A15 (B4CeCo4) A15

A15

B1 B1 B1 B1

(B4CeCo4)

(K2NiF4) (Mo6PbS8) (C3Pu2) (NaC1) o**

B1 B1 B1 A15 B1 B1

B1

A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 LI2

(C3Pu2) (C3Pu2) (K2NiF4) (Mo6PbS8) (Cr3Si)

(AuCu3)

4/28/05 1:56:53 PM

Properties of Superconductors Substance In0–0.3Nb3Sn1–0.7 InV3 Ir0.4Nb0.6 LaMo6Se8 LiO4Ti2 MgB2 MoN Mo3Os Mo6Pb0.9S7.5 Mo3Re MoxRe1–x Mo0.52Re0.48 Mo0.57Re0.43 Mo~0.60Re0.395 MoRu Mo3Ru Mo6Se8T1 Mo0.3SiV2.7 Mn3Si Mo3Tc Mo0.3Tc0.7 MoxTc1–x MoTc3 NNb (whiskers) NNb (diffusion wires) N0.988Nb N0.824–0.988Nb N0.7–0.795Nb NNbxOy NNbxOy

Substance Ag2F Ag7NO11 Al2CMo3 BaBi3 Bi2Pt Bi3Sr Bi5Tl3 CdSn CoSi2 Cr0.1Ti0.3V0.6 In1-0.86Mg0-0.14

Section 12.indb 67

Tc,K

18.0–18.19 13.9 10 11.4 13.7 39.0±0.5 12; 14.8 12.7 15.2 10.0; 15 1.2–12.2 11.1 14.0 10.6 9.5–10.5 10.6 12.2 11.7 12.5 15 12.0 10.8–15.8 15.8 10–14.5 16.10 14.9; 17.3 14.4–15.3 11.3–12.9 13.5–17.0 6.0–11

12-67 Substance

Crystal structure type A15 A15

C32 A15 A15

A3 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15

B1 B1 B1

(FeCr) (Mo6PbS8) (A12MgO4) h* (Mo6PbS8)

(Mo6PbS8)

N100–42w/oNb0–58w/oTi N100–75w/oNb0–25w/oZr NNbxZr1–x N0.93Nb0.85Zr0.15 NTa NZr Nb3Pt Nb0.18Re0.82 Nb3Si Nb0.3SiV2.7 Nb3Sn Nb0.8Sn0.2 NbxSn1–x (film) Nb3Sn2 NbSnTa2 Nb2SnTa Nb2.5SnTa0.5 Nb2.75SnTa0.25 Nb3xSnTa3(1–x) Nb2SnTa0.5V0.5 NbTc3 Nb0.75Zr0.25 Nb0.66Zr0.33 PbTa3 RhTa3 RhZr2 Rh0–0.45Zr1–0.55 SiTi0.3V2.7 SiV3 SiV2.7Zr0.3

TABLE 5. Critical Field Data Ho (oersteds) 2.5 57 1700 740 10 530 >400 >266 105 1360 272.4–259.2

Substance InSb InxTl1-x In0.8Tl0.2 Mg0.47Tl0.53 Mo0.16Ti0.84 NbSn2 PbTl0.27 PbTl0.17 PbTl0.12 PbTl0.075 PbTl0.04

Tc,K

15–16.8 12.5–16.35 9.8–13.8 13.8 12–14 10.7 10.9 10 19 12.8 18.05 18.18; 18.5 2.6–18.5 16.6 10.8 16.4 17.6 17.8 6.0–18.0 12.2 10.5 10.8 10.8 17 10 10.8; 11.3 2.1–10.8 10.9 17.1 13.2

Crystal structure type

B1 B1 B1 B1 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15

A15 A15 A15 A15

(Mn)

o* t*

A15 A12

A15 A15 C16

(A12Cu)

A15 A15 A15

Ho (oersteds) 1100 252–284 252 220 <985 620 756 796 849 880 864

4/28/05 1:56:55 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-68

TABLE 6. High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys Substance

Hc1, kOe

9.8–10.2

C8K

0.39

C0.44Mo0.56 CNb CNb0.4Ta0.6 CTa CaxO3Sr1-xTi Cd0.1Hg0.9 (by weight) Cd0.05Hg0.95 Cr0.10Ti0.30V0.60 GaN GaxNb1-x GaSb (annealed) GaV1.95 GaV2.1-3.5 GaV3

12.5–13.5 8–10 10–13.6 9–11.4 <0.1–0.55

GaV4.5 HfxNby HfxTay Hg0.05Pb0.95 Hg0.101Pb0.899 Hg0.15Pb0.85 In0.98Pb0.02 In0.96Pb0.04 In0.94Pb0.06 In0.913Pb0.087 In0.316Pb0.684 In0.17Pb0.83 In1.000Te1.002 In0.95Tl0.05 In0.90Tl0.10 In0.83Tl0.17 In0.75Tl0.25 LaN La3S4 La3Se4 Mo0.52Re0.48

9.15

1.35 6.5 8.6 11.1

Mo0.6Re0.395

10.6

Mo0.5Ti0.5 Mo0.16Ti0.84

4.18

0.028

2.95 1.85–2.06

0.060

Mo0.913Ti0.087 Mo0.1-0.3U0.9-0.7 Mo0.17Zr0.83

Section 12.indb 68

Tc , K

Al2CMo3 AlNb3 BaxO3Sr1-xTi Bi0.5Cd0.1Pb0.27Sn0.13 BixPb1-x Bi0.56Pb0.44 Bi7.5w/oPb92.5w/ob Bi0.099Pb0.901 Bi0.02Pb0.98 Bi0.53Pb0.32Sn0.16 Bi1-0.93Sn0-0.07 Bi5Tl3 C8K (excess K)

<0.1–0.55 7.35–8.4 8.8

0.091 0.375 0.0039 max. 0.122 max. 0.29 0.46

6.4 0.55

5.6 5.85 4.24 5.3 6.3–14.45

6.75 3.45 3.68 3.90 4.2 3.5–3.7

0.087 0.12 0.19 0.22 0.002–0.004 0.23 0.28 0.071 0.725

0.4

0.235 0.23 0.1 0.1 0.095 ~10.17 0.155 0.263 0.257 0.242 0.216 0.45 ≈0.15 ≈0.2

156

Hc2, kOe

Hc3, kOe

1.2

>24 30 max. 15 2.32 2.8 0.73 >25 0–0.032 >5.6 0.160 (H⊥c) 0.730 (H|c) 0.025 (H⊥c) 0.250 (H|c) 98.5 16.9 14.1 4.6

3.06 4.2 4.2

0.34

2.04

0.31 84.4

2.16 0 4.2 4.2 3.5

>28 2.64 73e 230–300d 350e 500d 121c >52–>102 >28–>86 2.3 4.3 >13 0.12 0.18 0.55 3.7 2.8 1.2c 0.263 0.257 0.39 0.50 >25 >25 14–21 18–28 14–20 19–26 75c 98.7c 36–38 15 >25 30

Tobs, Ka

3.06 3.7 3.35 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 1.2 4.2 1.2 1.2

0 0 0 1.2 1.2

0.12 0.25 0.35 2.65 5.5

22–33 37–43 20–37 26–37

4.2 2.93 2.76 2.94 3.12 4.2 4.2 0 3.3 3.25 3.21 3.16 0.76 1.3 1.25 4.2 1.3 4.2 1.3 0 0 3.0 4.2

4/28/05 1:56:56 PM

Properties of Superconductors Substance

Tc , K

N(12.8 w/o)Nb NNb (wires)

15.2 16.1

NNbxO1-x NNbxZr1-x N0.93Nb0.85Zr0.15 Na0.086Pb0.914 Na0.016Pb0.984 Nb

13.5–17.0 9.8–13.8 13.8 9.15

Hc1, kOe

0.19 0.28

Nb Nb (unstrained) Nb (strained) Nb (cold-drawn wire) Nb (film) NbSc Nb3Sn

0.4–1.1 1.1–1.8 1.25–1.92 2.48

Nb0.1Ta0.9 Nb0.2Ta0.8 Nb0.65-0.73Ta0.02-0.10Zr0.25 NbxTi1-x

0.084

Nb0.222U0.778 NbxZr1-x

1.98

O3SrTi O3SrTi PbSb1 w/o(quenched) PbSb1 w/o(annealed) PbSb2.8 w/o(quenched) PbSb2.8 w/o(annealed) Pb0.871Sn0.129 Pb0.965Sn0.035 Pb1-0.26Tl0-0.74 PbTl0.17 Re0.26W0.74 Sb0.93Sn0.07 SiV3 SnxTe1–x Ta (99.95%)

Ta0.5Nb0.5 Ta0.65-0Ti0.35-1 Ta0.5Ti0.5 Te TcxW1-x Ti Ti0.75V0.25 Ti0.775V0.225 Ti0.615V0.385 Ti0.516V0.484 Ti0.415V0.585 Ti0.12V0.88 Ti0.09V0.91 Ti0.06V0.94

Section 12.indb 69

12-69

0.170

0.43 0.33

7.20–3.68 6.73 17.0

0.0049c 0.00195c

0.45 0.53

0.55 0.00043–0.00236 0.425 0.325 0.275 0.090

4.4–7.8 3.3 5.75–7.88

0.25c

5.3 4.7 7.07 7.20 7.49

0.029c 0.024c 0.050 0.062 0.078

Hc2, kOe

>9.5 153c 132 95 53 38 4- >130 >130 6.0 2.05 2.020 1.710 3–5.5 3.40 3.44 4.10 >25 >30 221 70 54 34 17 0.154 10 >70–>90 148 max. 120 max. 23 127 max. 94 max. 0.504c 0.420c >1.5 >0.7 >2.3 >0.7 1.1 0.56 2–6.9c 4.5c >30 0.12 156e 0.005–0.0775 1.850 1.425 1.175 0.375 3.55 >14–138 138 8–44 199c 172c 34 28 25 17.3 14.3 8.2

Hc3, kOe

13.2 0 4.2 8 12

Tobs, Ka

4.2 4.2

6–9.1 6.0–8.7 ≈10

1.4 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 14.15 15 16 17 4.195 4.2 4.2 1.2 4.2 1.2 1.2 4.2 0 0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 0 0 3.7

2.7

28.1 16.4 12.7

0.012–0.079 1.3 2.27 2.66 3.72 4.2 1.2 1.2 0 4.2 4.2 0 0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2

4/28/05 1:56:58 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-70 Substance

Tc , K

Ti0.03V0.97 TixV1-x V

5.31

V0.26Zr0.74

≈5.9

W (film)

1.7–4.1

a b c d e

Hc1, kOe

0.8 0.75 0.45 0.30 0.238 0.227 0.185 0.165

>34

6.8

Hc3, kOe

4.2 1.2 1.79 2 3 4 1.05 1.78 3.04 3.5 1

Tobs, Ka

Temperature of critical field measurement. w/o denotes weight percent. Extrapolated. Linear extrapolation. Parabolic extrapolation

References 1. B. W. Roberts, in Superconductive Materials and Some of Their Properties. Progress in Cryogenics, Vol. IV, 1964, pp. 160–231. 2. B. W. Roberts, Superconductive Materials and Some of Their Properties, NBS Technical Notes 408 and 482, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966 and 1969; B. W. Roberts, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 581, 1976. 3. B. W. Roberts, Properties of Selected Superconductive Materials, 1978 Supplement, NBS Technical Note 983, 1978. 4. T. Claeson, Phys. Rev., 147, 340, 1966. 5. C. J. Raub, W. H. Zachariasen, T. H. Geballe, and B. T. Matthias, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 24, 1093, 1963. 6. T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, V. B. Compton, E. Corenzwit, G. W. Hull, Jr., and L. D. Longinotti, Phys. Rev., 1A, 119, 1965. 7. C. J. Raub, V. B. Compton, T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, J. P. Maita, and G. W. Hull, Jr., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 2051, 1965. 8. R. D. Blaugher, J. K. Hulm, and P. N. Yocom, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 2037, 1965. 9. T. Claeson and H. L. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 1081, 1966. 10. S. C. Ng and B. N. Brockhouse, Solid State Comm., 5, 79, 1967. 11. O. I. Shulishova and I. A. Shcherbak, Izv. AN SSSR, Neorg. Materials, 3, 1495, 1967. 12. T. F. Smith and H. L. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 569, 1967. 13. A. C. Lawson, J. Less-Common Metals, 23, 103, 1971. 14. R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, and J. Prigent, J. Solid State Chem., 3, 515, 1971. 15. M. Marezio, P. D. Dernier, J. P. Remeika, and B. T. Matthias, Mat. Res. Bull., 8, 657, 1973. 16. J. K. Hulm and R. D. Blaugher in Superconductivity in d- and f-Band Metals, D. H. Douglass, Ed., American Institute of Physics, 4, 1, 1972. 17. R. N. Shelton, A. C. Lawson, and D. C. Johnston, Mat. Res. Bull., 10, 297, 1975. 18. H. D. Wiesinger, Phys. Status Sol., 41A, 465, 1977. 19. O. Fisher, Applied Phys., 16, 1, 1978. 20. D. C. Johnston, Solid State Comm., 24, 699, 1977. 21. H. C. Ku and R. H. Shelton, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1441, 1980. 22. H. Barz, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1489, 1980. 23. G. P. Espinosa, A. S. Cooper, H. Barz, and J. P. Remeika, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1635, 1980. 24. E. M. Savitskii, V. V. Baron, Yu. V. Efimov, M. I. Bychkova, and L. F. Myzenkova, in Superconducting Materials, Plenum Press, 1981, p. 107. 25. R. Fluckiger and R. Baillif, in Topics in Current Physics, O. Fischer and M. B. Maple, Eds., Springer Verlag, 34, 113, 1982. 26. R. N. Shelton, in Superconductivity in d- and f-Band Metals, W. Buckel and W. Weber, Eds., Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe, 1982, p. 123. 27. D. C. Johnston and H. F. Braun, Topics in Current Phys., 32, 11, 1982.

Section 12.indb 70

Hc2, kOe

3.8 108 max. 3.4 3.15 2.2 1.2

28. R. Chevrel and M. Sergent, Topics in Current Phys., 32, 25, 1982. 29. G. P. Espinosa, A. S. Cooper, and H. Barz, Mat. Res. Bull., 17, 963, 1982. 30. R. Muller, R. N. Shelton, J. W. Richardson, Jr., and R. A. Jacobson, J. Less-Comm. Met., 92, 177, 1983. 31. You-Xian Zhao and Shou-An He, in High Pressure in Science and Technology, North Holland, 22, 51, 1983. 32. You-Xian Zhao and Shou-An He, Solid State Comm., 24, 699, 1983. 33. G. P. Meisner and H. C. Ku, Appl. Phys., A31, 201, 1983. 34. R. J. Cava, D. W. Murphy, and S. M. Zahurak, J. Electrochem. Soc., 130, 2345, 1983. 35. R. N. Shelton, J. Less-Comm. Met., 94, 69, 1983. 36. B. Chevalier, P. Lejay, B. Lloret, Wang Xian–Zhong, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller, Annales de Chemie, 9, 191, 1984. 37. G. Venturini, M. Meot-Meyer, E. McRae, J. F. Mareche, and B. Rogues, Mat. Res. Bull., 19, 1647, 1984. 38. J. M. Tarascon, F. G. DiSalvo, D. W. Murphy, G. Hull, and J. V. Waszczak, Phys. Rev., 29B, 172, 1984. 39. G. V. Subba and G. Balakrishnan, Bull. Mat. Sci., 6, 283, 1984. 40. B. Batlog, Physica, 126B, 275, 1984. 41. M. J. Johnson, Ames Lab (USA) Report IS-T-1140, 1984. 42. I. M. Chapnik, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 4, 370, 1985. 43. W. Rong-Yao, L. Q-Guang, and Z. Xiao, Phys. Status Sol., 90A, 763, 1985. 44. W. Xian-Zhong, B. Chevalier, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller, Mat. Res. Bull., 20, 517, 1985. 45. H. R. Ott, F. Hulliger, H. Rudigier, and Z. Fisk, Phys. Rev., 31B, 1329, 1985. 46. P. Villars and L. D. Calver, Pearson’s Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic Phases, Vol. 1–3, ASM, 1985. 47. G. V. Subba Rao, K. Wagner, G. Balakhrishnan, J. Jakani, W. Paulus, and R. Scollhorn, Bull. Mat. Sci., 7, 215, 1985. 48. J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Muller, Zs. Physik, B64, 189, 1986. 49. W. Rong-Yao, Phys. Status Sol., 94A, 445, 1986. 50. H. D. Yang, R. N. Shelton, and H. F. Braun, Phys. Rev., 33B, 5062, 1986. 51. G. Venturini, M. Kanta, E. McRae, J. F. Mareche, B. Malaman, and B. Roques, Mat. Res. Bull., 21, 1203, 1986. 52. W. Rong-Yao, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 5, 87, 1986. 53. M. K. Wu, J. R. Ashburn, C. J. Torng, P. H. Hor, R. L. Meng, L. Gao, Z. J. Huang, Y. Q. Wang, and C. W. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 908, 1987. 54. R. J. Cava, R. B. Van Dover, B. Batlog, and E. A. Rietman, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 408, 1987. 55. L. C. Porter, T. J. Thorn, U. Geiser, A. Umezawa, H. H. Wang, W. K. Kwok, H-C. I. Kao, M. R. Monaghan, G. W. Crabtree, K. D. Carlson, and J. M. Williams, Inorg. Chem., 26, 1645, 1987. 56. A. M. Kini, U. Geiser, H-C. I. Kao, K. D. Carlson, H. H. Wang, M. R. Monaghan, and K. M. Williams, Inorg. Chem., 26, 1834, 1987.

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Properties of Superconductors 57. T. Penney, S. von Molnar, D. Kaiser, F. Holtzberg, and A. W. Kleinsasser, Phys. Rev., B38, 2918, 1988. 58. Y. K. Tao, J. S. Swinnea, A. Manthiram, J. S. Kim, J. B. Goodenoug, and H. Steinfink, J. Mat. Res., 3, 248, 1988. 59. G. G. Peterson, B. R. Weinberger, L. Lynds, and H. A. Krasinski, J. Mat. Res., 3, 605, 1988. 60. J. B. Torrance, Y. Tokura, A. Nazzai, and S. S. P. Parkin, Phys. Rev. Lett., 60, 542, 1988. 61. K. Kourtakis, M. Robbins, P. K. Gallagher, and T. Teifel, J. Mat. Res., 4, 1289, 1989. 62. J. C. Phillips, Physics of High-Tc Superconductors, Academic Press, 1989, p. 336. 63. Shui Wai Lin and L. I. Berger, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 60, 507, 1989. 64. M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity, McGraw–Hill, New York, 1975. 65. O. Fischer and M.B. Maple, Eds., Topics in Current Physics, Volume 32: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds I; Volume 34: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds II, Springer–Verlag, Berlin, 1982. 66. K. J. Dunn and F. P. Bundy, Phys. Rev., B25, 194, 1982. 67. A. Barone and G. Paterno, Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect, Wiley, New York, 1982.

Section 12.indb 71

12-71 68. D. H. Douglass, Ed., Superconductivity in d- and f-Band Metals, Plenum Press, New York, 1976. 69. D. M. Ginsberg, Ed., Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, (Volume II, 1990; Volume III, 1992; Volume V, 1996), World Scientific, Singapore. 70. T. Ishiguro and K. Yamji, Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. 71. Sh. Okada, K. Shimizu, T. C. Kobayashi, K. Amaya, and Sh. Endo., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 65, 1924, 1996. 72. A. Bourdillon and N. X. Tan Bourdillon, High Temperature Superconductors: Processing and Science, Academic Press, 1994. 73. J. M. Williams, J. R. Ferraro, R. J. Thorn, K. Carlson, U. Geiser, H. H. Wang, A. M. Kini, and M.-H. Whangbo, Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes): Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Theory, Prentice–Hall, 1992. 74. J. Nagamatsu, N. Nakagawa, T. Muranaka, Y. Zenitani, and J. Akimitsu, Nature (London), 410, 63, 2001. 75. Y. Boguslavsky, G. K. Perkins, X. Qi, L. F. Cohen, and A. D. Caplin, Nature (London), 410, 563, 2001. 76. B. Q. Fu, Y. Feng, G. Yan, Y. Zhao, A. K. Pradhan, C. H. Cheng, P. Ji, X. H. Liu, C. F. Liu, L. Zhou, and K. F. Yau, J. Appl. Phys., 92, 7341, 2002.

4/28/05 1:57:00 PM

HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS C. N. R. Rao and A. K. Raychaudhuri The following tables give properties of a number of high temperature superconductors. Table 1 lists the crystal structure (space group and lattice constants) and the critical transition temperature Tc for the more important high temperature superconductors so far studied. Table 2 gives energy gap, critical current density, and penetration depth in the superconducting state. Table 3 gives electrical and thermal properties of some of these materials in the normal state. The tables were prepared in November 1992 and updated in November 1994.

References

2. Rao, C. N .R., Ed., Chemistry of High-Temperature Superconductors, World Scientific, Singapore, 1991. 3. Shackelford, J. F., The CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992, 98–99 and 122–123. 4. Kaldis, E., Ed., Materials and Crystallographic Aspects of HTcSuperconductivity, Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1992. 5. Malik, S. K. and Shah, S. S., Ed., Physical and Material Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, Nova Science Publ., Commack, N.Y., 1994. 6. Chmaissem, O. et. al., Physica, C230, 231–238, 1994. 7. Antipov, E. V. et. al., Physica, C215, 1–10, 1993.

1. Ginsburg, D. M., Ed., Physical Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors, Vols. I–III, World Scientific, Singapore, 1989–1992.

TABLE 1. Structural Parameters and Approximate Tc Values of High-Temperature Superconductors Material

La2CuO4+δ La2-xSrx(Bax)CuO4 La2Ca1-xSrxCu2O6 YBa2Cu3O7 YBa2Cu4O8 Y2Ba4Cu7O15 Bi2Sr2CuO6 Bi2CaSr2Cu2O8 Bi2Ca2Sr2Cu3O10 Bi2Sr2(Ln1-xCex)2Cu2O10 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Tl2CaBa2Cu2O8 Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10 Tl(BaLa)CuO5 Tl(SrLa)CuO5 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2CuO5 TlCaBa2Cu2O7 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)CaSr2Cu2O7 TlSr2Y0.5Ca0.5Cu2O7 TlCa2Ba2Cu3O8 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2Ca2Cu3O9 TlBa2(La1-xCex)2Cu2O9 Pb2Sr2La0.5Ca0.5Cu3O8 Pb2(Sr,La)2Cu2O6 (Pb,Cu)Sr2(La,Ca)Cu2O7 (Pb,Cu)(Sr,Eu)(Eu,Ce)Cu2Ox Nd2-xCexCuO4 Ca1-xSrxCuO2 Sr1-xNdxCuO2 Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 Rb2CsC60 NdBa2Cu3O7 SmBaSrCu3O7 EuBaSrCu3O7 GdBaSrCu3O7 DyBaSrCu3O7 HoBaSrCu3O7 ErBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) TmBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) YBaSrCu3O7 HgBa2CuO4 HgBa2CaCu2O6 (annealed in O2) HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8 HgBa2Ca3Cu4O10

Structure

Bmab; a = 5.355, b = 5.401, c = 13.15 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.779, c = 13.23 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.825, c = 19.42 Å Pmmm; a = 3.821, b = 3.885, c = 11.676 Å Ammm; a = 3.84, b = 3.87, c = 27.24 Å Ammm; a = 3.851, b = 3.869, c = 50.29 Å Amaa; a = 5.362, b = 5.374, c = 24.622 Å A2aa; a = 5.409, b = 5.420, c = 30.93 Å A2aa; a = 5.39, b = 5.40, c = 37 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.888, c = 17.28 Å A2aa; a = 5.468, b = 5.472, c = 23.238 Å; I4/mmm; a = 3.866, c = 23.239 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.855, c = 29.318 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.85, c = 35.9 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.83, c = 9.55 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.7, c = 9 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.738, c = 9.01 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.856, c = 12.754 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.05 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.10 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.853, c = 15.913 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.81, c = 15.23 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.8, c = 29.5 Å Cmmm; a = 5.435, b = 5.463, c = 15.817 Å P2212; a = 5.333, b = 5.421, c = 12.609 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.820, c = 11.826 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.837, c = 29.01 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.95, c = 12.07 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.902, c = 3.35 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.942, c = 3.393 Å Pm3m; a = 4.287 Å a = 14.493 Å Pmmm; a = 3.878, b = 3.913, c = 11.753 I4/mmm; a = 3.854, c = 11.62 I4/mmm; a = 3.845, c = 11.59 I4/mmm; a = 3.849, c = 11.53 Pmmm; a = 3.802, b = 3.850, c = 11.56 Pmmm; a = 3.794, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 Pmmm; a = 3.787, b = 3.846, c = 11.54 Pmmm; a = 3.784, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 Pmmm; a = 3.803, b = 3.842, c = 11.54 I4/mmm; a = 3.878, c = 9.507 I4/mmm; a = 3.862, c = 12.705 Pmmm; a = 3.85, c = 15.85 Pmmm; a = 3.854, c = 19.008

Tc/K (maximum value) 39 35 60 93 80 93 10 92 110 25 92 119 128 40 40 40 103 90 90 110 120 40 70 32 50 25 30 110 40 31 31 58 84 88 86 90 87 82 88 84 94 127 133 126

12-72

Section 12.indb 72

4/28/05 1:57:02 PM

High Temperature Superconductors

12-73 TABLE 2. Superconducting Properties

Jc (0): Critical current density extrapolated to 0 K λab: Penetration depth in a-b plane kB: Boltzmann constant Material Y Ba2Cu3O7 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Tl2Ba3CaCu2O8 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.15 Nd2-xCexCuO4

Form Single Crystal Single Crystal Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic

Energy gap (∆) 2∆ƒit/kBTc† 2∆pp/kBTc* 5–6 4–5 8–9 5.5–6.5 6–7 4–6 7–9 4–6 8 4–5

10–6 × Jc (0)/A cm–2 30 (film) 2 10 (film, 80 K)

λab/Å 1400 2700 2000

0.2 (film)

* Obtained from peak to peak value. † Obtained from fit to BCS-type relation.

ρab: ρc: +ve: –ve: nH: k: in plane: out of plane: Material YBa2Cu3O7 YBa2Cu4O8 Bi2Sr2CuO6 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.12 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.20 Nd2–xCexCuO4, x = 0.17 x = 0.15

TABLE 3. Normal State Properties

Resistivity in the a-b plane Resistivity along the c axis ρc has positive temperature coefficient of resistivity ρc has negative temperature coefficient of resistivity Hall density Thermal conductivity Along a-b plane Perpendicular to a-b plane ρab/µΩ cm ρc/mΩ cm Form 300 K 100 K 300 K Single crystal 110 35 5 Film 200–300 60–100 Single crystal 75 20 10 Film 100–200 20–50 Single crystal 300 150 5000 Single crystal 150 50 >1000 Single crystal 300–400 50–75 200–300 Ceramic ∗∗∗ ∗∗ Single crystal 900 350 200 Single crystal 400 200 80 Film 400 160 Single crystal 500 275 140–180 35 Film

dρc/dT

10–21 × nH/cm–3 300 K 100 K

+ve

11–16 5–9

4–6 2–3

–ve

14 22

17

–ve

6

5

–ve

4

3

+ve

3.1

2.5 ≈ 2*

+ve for T >225 K +ve for T >150 K

k/(mW/cm K) at 300 K in plane out of plane 120

3

60

8

50 (for x = 0.04)

20

2.5 10 8.4

6.3

53 32

17 11

250 (for x = 0.15)

* At 200 K ** ρ ~0.4 mΩ cm at 120 K *** ρ ~1.5 mΩ cm at 300 K

Section 12.indb 73

4/28/05 1:57:04 PM

ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTORS H.P.R. Frederikse Although the vast majority of organic compounds are insulators, a small number of organic solids show considerable electrical conductivity. Some of these materials appear to be superconductors. The superconducting organics fall primarily into two groups: those containing fulvalenes (pentagonal rings containing sulfur or selenium) and those based on fullerenes, involving the nearly spherical cluster C60. The transition temperatures Tc of the fulvalene derivatives are shown in Table 1. The abbreviations of the various molecular groups are listed in Table 2 and their chemical structures are depicted in Figure 1. Most of the Tc’s are between 1 and 12 K. Several of the compounds only show superconductivity under pressure. The fullerenes are A3C60 compounds, where A represents a single or a combination of alkali atoms. The C60 cluster is shown in

Figure 2a, while Figure 2b illustrates how the alkali atoms fit into the A3C60 molecule to form the A15 crystallographic structure. Their superconducting transition temperatures range from 8 to 31.3 K (see Table 3).

References 1. Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. 2. Williams, Jack M. et al., Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1992. 3. The Fullerenes, Ed.: Krato, H. W., Fisher, J. E., and Cox, D. E., Pergammon Press, Oxford, 1993. 4. Schluter, M. et al., in The Fullerenes (Ref. 3), p. 303.

TABLE 1. Critical Pressure and Maximum Critical Temperature of Organic Superconductors Material (TMTSF)2PF6 (TMTSF)2AsF6 (TMTSF)2SbF6 (TMTSF)2TaF6 (TMTSF)2ClO4 (TMTSF)2ReO4 (TMTSF)2FSO3 (ET)4(ReO4)2 βL-(ET)2I3 βH-(ET)2I3 γ-(ET)3I2.5 ε-(ET)2I3(I8)0.5 α-(ET)2I3I2-doped αt-(ET)2I3 ε→β-(ET)2I3a θ-(ET)2I3 κ-(ET)2I3

Pc/kbar

6.5 9 11 12 0 9.5 5 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tc/K

1.2 1.3 0.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 3 2 1.4 8.1 2.5 2.5 3.3 8 6 3.6 3.6

Material β-(ET)2IBr2 β-(ET)2AuI2 (ET)4Hg2.89Cl8 (ET)4Hg2.89Br8 (ET)3Cl2(H2O)2 κ-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2 κ-(d-ET)2Cu(NCS)2 (DMET)2Au(CN)2 (DMET)2AuI2 (DMET)2AuBr2 (DMET)2AuCl2 (DMET)2I3 (DMET)2lBr2 (MDT-TTF)2AuI2 TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2 TTF[Pd(dmit)2]2 (CH3)4N[Ni(dmit)2]2

Pc/kbar

0 0 0 12 16 0 0 1.5 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 20 7

Tc/K

2.8 4.8 4.2 1.8 2 10.4 11.4 0.9 0.6 1.9 0.9 0.6 0.7 3.5 1.6b 6.5 5

Converted form ε-type to β-type by thermal treatment. For 7 kbar. From Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. With permission. a

b

TABLE 2. List of Symbols and Abbreviations

TTF TMTSF BEDT-TTF or “ET” MDT-TTF DMET dmit Tc Pc

tetrathiafulvalene tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene [dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene] 4,5-dimercapto-1,3-dithiole-2-thione transition temperature to superconducting state minimum pressure required for superconducting transition

12-74

Section 12.indb 74

4/28/05 1:57:06 PM

Organic Superconductors

12-75

H3C

Se

Se

CH3

S

S

H3C

Se

Se

CH3

S

S

TMTSF

TTF

Tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene H H H H

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

Tetrathiafulvalene

H H H H

Me

Se

S

S

Me

Se

S

S

BEDT − TTF or ET

DMET

Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene Dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene

S

S

S

S S

S

S

S

C

C

S

S C S

S M

C

n–

S

S C S

C S

MDT − TTF

M=Ni, Pd, Pt M(dmit)22–

Methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene

Ligand is 4,5-dimercapto-1.3-dithiole-2-thione

FIGURE 1. Structures of various donor molecules and acceptor species.

(001)

(010)

(100)

a b FIGURE 2. (a) C60 cluster placed in a fcc lattice. Each crystal axis crosses a double bond shared by two hexagons. (b) A hypothetical A3C60 with the A15 structure. The structure can be seen to be an ordered defect structure of A6C60.

Section 12.indb 75

4/28/05 1:57:10 PM

Organic Superconductors

12-76 TABLE 3. Unit Cell and Tc for FCC-A3 C60 Na2Rb0.5Cs0.5C60 Na2CsC60 No. 1a Na2CsC60 No. 2a K3C60 K2RbC60 Rb2KC60 No. 1a Rb2KC60 No. 2a Rb3C60 Rb2CsC60

Lattice parameter(s) (Å) 14.148(3) 14.132(2) 14.176(9) 14.253(3) 14.299(2) 14.336(1) 14.364(5) 14.436(2) 14.493(2)

Tc/K 8.0 10.5 14.0 19.3 21.8 24.4 26.4 29.4 31.3

Samples labeled No. 1 and No. 2 have the same nominal composition. From Schluter, M et. al., The Fullerenes, Ed.: Krato, H.W., Fisher, J.E., and Cox, D.E., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993. With permission.

a

Section 12.indb 76

4/28/05 1:57:12 PM

PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS L.I. Berger The term semiconductor is applied to a material in which electric current is carried by electrons or holes and whose electrical conductivity, when extremely pure, rises exponentially with temperature and may be increased from its low “intrinsic” value by many orders of magnitude by “doping” with electrically active impurities. Semiconductors are characterized by an energy gap in the allowed energies of electrons in the material which separates the normally filled energy levels of the valence band (where “missing” electrons behave like positively charged current carriers “holes”) and the conduction band (where electrons behave rather like a gas of free negatively charged carriers with an effective mass dependent on the material and the direction of the electrons’ motion). This energy gap depends on the nature of the material and varies with direction in anisotropic crystals. It is slightly dependent on temperature and pressure, and this depen-

dence is usually almost linear at normal temperatures and pressures. Data are presented in five tables. Table 1 lists the main crystallographic and semiconducting properties of a large number of semiconducting materials in three main categories: “Tetrahedral Semiconductors” in which every atom is tetrahedrally coordinated to four nearest neighbor atoms (or atomic sites) as for example in the diamond structure; “Octahedral Semiconductors” in which every atom is octahedrally coordinated to six nearest neighbor atoms—as for example the halite structure; and “Other Semiconductors.” Table 2 gives electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, while Tables 3 and 4 give more details on the semiconducting properties and band structures of the most common semiconductors. Table 5 lists semiconducting minerals with typical resistivity ranges.

TABLE 1. Physico-Chemical Properties of Semiconductors (Listed by Crystal Structure)

Substance

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3)

Melting point (K)

Microhardness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Coefficient of Thermal Debye thermal linear conductivity temp. expansion [mW/cm·K (K) [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

1.1. Tetrahedral (Adamantine) Semiconductors 1.1.1. Diamond Structure Elements (Strukturbericht symbol A4, Space Group Fd3m-O 7h ) C (Diamond)

12.01

3.56683

3.513

≈4713 (12.4 GPa) Transition to graphite > 980

10 (M)

471.5

Si

28.09

5.43072

2.329

1687

11270 7644

Ge α-Sn

72.64

5.65754

5.323

1211.35

118.71

6.4912

5.769

505.1 (Tr. 286.4)

9900(I) 23200(IIA) 13600(IIB)

2340

1.18

702

645

2.6

1240

321.9

374

5.8

640

213

230

5.4 (220 K)

–

1.1.2. Sphalerite (Zinc Blende) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B3 Space Group F 4 3m-Td2 ) I-VII Compounds CuF

82.54

41.27

4.255

CuCl

98.99

49.49

5.4057

3.53

695

2.3 (M)

490

240

12.1

8.4

CuBr

143.45

71.73

5.6905

4.98

770

2.5 (M)

381

207

15.4

12.5

6.60427

5.63

878

181

19.2

16.8

4.2

Cul

190.45

95.23

AgBr

187.77

93.89

AgI

234.77

117.39

6.502

1181

192

276

6.473 >1570 (Tr. 410)

2.5 (M)

270

5.67

2.5 (M)

232

134

–2.5

831 II-VI Compounds

BeS

41.08

20.54

4.865

2.36

BeSe

87.97

43.99

5.139

4.315

BeTe

136.61

68.31

5.626

5.090

BePo

(2318)

5.838

7.3

ZnO

81.39

40.69

4.63

5.675 2248

5.0 (M)

494

416

2.9

234

ZnS

97.46

48.72

5.4093

4.079 2100 (Tr. 1295)

1780

472

530

6.36

251

(109)

dec.

12-77

12-78

Substance

Properties of Semiconductors

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3)

Melting point (K)

Microhardness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Coefficient of Thermal Debye thermal linear conductivity temp. expansion [mW/cm·K (K) [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

ZnSe

144.34

72.17

5.6676

5.42

1790

1350

339

400

7.2

140

ZnTe

192.99

96.5

6.101

6.34

1568

900

264

223

8.19

108

ZnPo

(274)

(137)

6.309

CdS

144.48

72.24

5.832

4.826

1750

1250

330

219

4.7

200

CdSe

191.37

95.68

6.05

5.674

1512

1300

255

181

3.8

90

CdTe

240.01

120.00

6.477

5.86

1365

600

205

200

4.9

58.5

CdPo

(321)

(161)

6.665

HgS

232.66

116.33

5.8517

7.73

1820

3 (M)

210

HgSe

279.55

139.78

6.084

8.25

1070

2.5 (M)

178

151

5.46

10

HgTe

328.19

164.10

6.4623

8.17

943

300

164

242

4.6

20

793

≈1900

III-V Compounds BN

24.82

12.41

3.615

3.49

3239

10 (M)

BP(L.T.)

41.78

20.87

4.538

2.9

1398 (dec)

37000

200

BAs

85.73

42.87

4.777

≈2300

19000

≈625

AlP

57.95

28.98

5.451

2.42

≈2100

5.5 (M)

588

AlAs

101.90

50.95

5.6622

3.81

2013

5000

417

3.5

840

AlSb

148.74

74.37

6.1355

4.218

1330

4000

292

4.2

600

GaP

100.70

50.35

5.4905

4.13

1750

9450

446

5.3

752

GaAs

144.64

72.32

5.65315

5.316

1510

7500

344

5.4

560

GaSb

191.48

95.74

6.0954

5.619

980

4480

265

6.1

270

InP

145.79

72.90

5.86875

4.787

1330

4100

321

4.6

800

InAs

189.74

94.87

6.05838

5.66

1215

3300

268

249

4.7

290

InSb

236.58

118.29

6.47877

5.775

798

2200

144

202

4.7

160

≈980

320

920

Other sphalerite structure compounds MnS

87.00

MnSe

133.90

66.95

5.82

40.10

20.1

4.348

3.21

3070

Ga2Se3

376.32

75.26

5.429

4.92

1020

3160

Ga2Te3

522.24

104.45

5.899

5.75

1063

2370

47

In2Te3(H.T.)

608.44

121.7

6.173

5.8

940

1660

69

MgGeP2

158.84

β-SiC (3-C SiC)

43.5

39.71

5.011 2.9

4.9

8.9

50

5.652

ZnSnP2

246.00

61.5

5.65

ZnSnAs2(H.T.)

333.90

82.38

5.851

5.53

1050

1200

ZnSnSb2

427.56

106.89

6.281

5.67

870

76 2500

76

1.1.3. Wurtzite (Zincite) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B4, Space Group P 63mc-C46v) I-VII Compounds CuCl

99.0

49.5

3.91

6.42

703

CuBr

143.45

71.73

4.06

6.66

770

Cul

190.45

95.23

4.31

7.09

Agl

234.77

117.40

4.580

7.494

BeO

25.01

12.51

2.698

4.380 7.39

II-VI Compounds MgTe

151.9

2800

76.0

4.54

3.85

≈2800

ZnO

81.37

40.69

3.24950 5.2069

5.66

2250

600

ZnS

97.43

48.72

3.8140 6.2576

4.1

2100

460

Properties of Semiconductors

Substance

12-79

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3) 6.99

Melting point (K)

Microhardness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Coefficient of Thermal Debye thermal linear conductivity temp. expansion [mW/cm·K (K) [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

ZnTe

192.99

46.50

4.27

CdS

144.48

72.23

4.1348 6.7490

4.82

1748

1568 401

CdSe

191.37

95.68

4.299

7.010

5.66

1512

316

CdTe

240.01

120.00

4.57

7.47

BP(H.T.)

41.79

20.90

3.562

5.900

AlN

40.99

20.50

3.111

4.978

3.26

≈2500

823

GaN

83.73

41.87

3.190

5.189

6.10

1500

656

InN

128.83

64.42

3.533

5.693

6.88

1200

556

III-V Compounds

Other wurtzite structure compounds MnS

87.00

43.5

3.985

6.45

MnSe

133.90

66.95

4.12

6.72

40.10

20.1

3.076

5.048

MnTe

182.54

91.27

4.078

6.701

Al2S3

150.14

30.03

3.579

5.829

2.55

1400

Al2Se3

290.84

58.17

3.890

6.30

3.91

1250

SiC

3.248

–

1.1.4. Chalcopyrite Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E11 , Space Group I 4 2d-D12 24 ) I-III-VI2 Compounds CuAlS2

154.65

38.66

5.323

10.44

3.47

2500

CuAlSe2

248.45

62.11

5.617

10.92

4.70

2260

CuAlTe2

345.73

86.43

5.976

11.80

5.50

2550

CuGaS2

197.39

49.53

5.360

10.49

4.35

2300

CuGaSe2

291.19

72.80

5.618

11.01

5.56

1970

4200

CuGaTe2

388.47

97.12

6.013

11.93

5.99

2400

3500

CuInS2

242.49

60.62

5.528

11.08

4.75

1400

2550

CuInSe2

336.29

84.07

5.785

11.56

5.77

1600

2050

CuInTe2

433.57

108.39

6.179

12.365

6.10

1660

400

CuTlS2

322.05

83.01

5.580

11.17

6.32

CuTlSe2(L.T.)

425.85

106.46

5.844

11.65

7.11

900

CuFeS2

183.51

45.88

5.29

10.32

4.088

1135

CuFeSe2

277.31

69.33

CuLaS2

266.58

66.65

5.65

10.86

AgAlS2

198.97

49.74

5.707

10.28

3.94

AgAlSe2

292.77

73.19

5.968

10.77

5.07

1220

AgAlTe2

390.05

97.51

6.309

11.85

6.18

1000

AgGaS2

241.71

60.43

5.755

10.28

4.72

AgGaSe2

335.51

83.88

5.985

10.90

5.84

1120

AgGaTe2

432.79

6.301

11.96

6.05

990

AgInS2(L.T.)

286.87

71.70

5.828

11.19

5.00

AgInSe2

380.61

95.15

6.102

11.69

5.81

1053

AgInTe2

477.89

119.47

6.42

12.59

6.12

965

AgFeS2

227.83

56.96

5.66

10.30

4.53

ZnSiP2

155.40

38.85

5.400

10.441

3.39

1640

1100

ZnGeP2

199.90

49.98

5.465

10.771

4.17

1295

8100

ZnSnP2

246.00

61.5

CdSiP2

202.43

50.61

108.2

275

195

5.4

42

6.9

27

6.6

37

7.1

49

850

4400 1800

212

10

2250 1850

30 9.49, 0.69

II-IV-V2 Compounds 180

6500 5.678

10.431

4.00

≈1470

10500

282

12-80

Substance

Properties of Semiconductors

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3)

CdGeP2

246.94

61.74

5.741

10.775

CdSnP2

243.03

73.26

5.900

11.518

ZnSiAs2

242.20

60.55

5.61

10.88

ZnGeAs2

287.80

71.95

5.672

ZnSnAs2

333.90

83.48

CdSiAs2

290.34

72.58

5.884

CdGeAs2

334.83

83.71

5.9427 11.217 2

5.60

CdSnAs2

380.93

95.23

6.0944 11.918 2

5.72

Melting point (K)

4.48

Microhardness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Coefficient of Thermal Debye thermal linear conductivity temp. expansion [mW/cm·K (K) [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

1049

5650

840

5000

4.70

1311

9200

11.153

5.32

1150

6800

263

110

5.8515 11.704

5.53

1048

4550

271

150

>1120

6850

938

4700

48

880

3450

40

10.882

110 195

140

1.1.5. Other Ternary Semiconductors with Tetrahedral Coordination I2-IV-VI3 Compounds Cu2SiS3(H.T.)

251.36

41.89

Cu2SiS3(L.T.)

3.684

6.004

3.81

5.290

10.156

3.63

1200

23

Cu2SiTe3

537.98

89.66

5.93

5.47

Cu2GeS3(H.T.)

295.88

49.31

5.317

4.45

5.327

5.215

4.46

Cu2GeSe3

436.56

72.76

5.589

5.485

5.57

Cu2GeTe3

582.51

97.09

5.958

5.935

5.92

Cu2SnS3

341.98

57.00

5.436

5.02

1110

2770

440

214

7.8

310

148

8.9

Cu2GeS3(L.T.)

1210

4550

510

254

7.2

1030

3840

340

168

8.4

2890

CuSnSe3

482.66

80.44

5.687

5.94

960

2510

Cu2SnTe3

628.61

104.77

6.048

6.51

680

1970

Ag2GeSe3

525.21

87.54

Ag2SnSe3

571.31

95.22

12 24 130 28 35 144

810

Ag2GeTe3

671.13

111.86

Ag2SnTe3

717.23

119.54

600

Cu3PS4

349.85

40.73

7.44

I3-V -VI4-Compounds 6.19

Cu3AsS4

393.79

49.22

6.43

6.14

4.37

931

Cu3AsSe4

581.37

72.67

5.570

10.957

5.61

733

Cu3SbS4

440.64

55.08

5.38

16.76

4.90

830

Cu3SbSe4

628.22

78.53

5.654

11.256

6.0

700

CuSi2P3

212.64

35.44

5.25

CuGe2P3

301.65

50.28

5.375

AgGe2P3

345.97

57.66

3.2

30.2

169

9.5

19

131

12.4

I-IV2-V3 Compounds 4.318

1113

8500

1015

6150

429

–

1.1.6. “Defect Chalcopyrite” Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E3, Space Group I 4 -S24 ) ZnAl2Se4

435.18

62.17

5.503

10.90

4.37

ZnAl2Te4(?)

629.74

84.96

5.904

12.05

4.95

ZnGa2S4(?)

333.06

47.58

5.274

10.44

3.80

ZnGa2Se4(?)

520.66

74.38

5.496

10.99

5.21

ZnGa2Te4(?)

715.22

102.17

5.937

11.87

5.67

ZnIn2Se4

610.86

87.27

5.711

11.42

5.44

1250

ZnIn2Te4

805.42

115.06

6.122

12.24

5.83

1075

CdAl2S4

294.61

42.09

5.564

10.32

3.06

CdAl2Se4

482.21

68.89

5.747

10.68

4.54

CdAl2Te4(?)

676.77

97.68

6.011

12.21

5.10

8.21

37.6

14.6

Properties of Semiconductors

Substance

12-81

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3)

CdGa2S4

380.09

54.30

5.577

10.08

4.03

CdGa2Se4

567.69

81.10

5.743

10.73

5.32

CdGa2Te4

762.25

108.89

6.093

11.81

5.77

CdIn2Te4

852.45

121.78

6.205

12.41

5.9

HgAl2S4

382.79

54.68

5.488

10.26

4.11

Melting point (K)

Microhardness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Coefficient of Thermal Debye thermal linear conductivity temp. expansion [mW/cm·K (K) [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

1060

HgAl2Se4

570.39

82.48

5.708

10.74

5.05

HgAl2Te4(?)

764.48

109.28

6.004

12.11

5.81

HgGa2S4

468.27

66.90

5.507

10.23

5.00

HgGa2Se4

655.87

93.70

5.715

10.78

6.18

HgIn2Se4

746.07

106.58

5.764

11.80

6.3

1100

HgIn2Te4(?)

940.63

134.38

6.186

12.37

6.3

980

3.21

3070

1.1.7. Other Adamantine Compounds α−SiC

40.10

20.10

Hg5Ga2Te8

2163.19

144.21

Hg5In2Te8

2253.39

150.23

Cdln2Se4

657.89

93.98

3.0817 15.12 6.235 6.328 a = c = 5.823

1.2. Octahedral Semiconductors 1.2.1. Halite Structure Semiconductors (Strukturbericht symbol B1, Space Group Fm3m-O5h) GeTe

200.21

100.10

5.98

SnSe

197.67

98.83

6.020

6.14 1133

SnTe

246.31

123.15

6.313

6.45

1080 (max)

PbS

239.3

119.63

5.9362

7.61

1390

23

PbSe

286.2

143.08

6.1243

8.15

1340

17

PbTe

334.8

167.4

6.454

8.16

1180

23

7.98

880

91

1.2.2. Selected Other Binary Halites BiSe

287.94

143.97

5.99

BiTe

336.58

168.29

6.47

EuSe

230.92

115.46

6.191

2300

GdSe

236.21

118.11

5.771

2400

NiO

74.69

37.35

4.1684

CdO

128.41

64.21

4.6953

SrS

119.69

59.84

6.0199

2.4

2260

6.6

1700

7

3000

3.643

1.3. Other Semiconductors 1.3.1. Antifluorite Structure Compounds (Fm3m–O5h ) Mg2Si

76.70

25.57

6.338

1.88

1375

11.5

Mg2Ge

121.22

40.4

6.380

3.08

1388

15.0

Mg2Sn

167.32

55.77

6.765

3.53

1051

9.9

Mg2Pb

225.81

85.27

6.836

5.1

823

10.0

92

1.3.2. Tetradymite Structure Compounds (R3m–D53d) Sb2Te3

626.3

125.26

4.25

30.3

6.44

Bi2Se3

654.84

130.97

4.14

28.7

7.51

895 979

167

Bi2Te3

800.76

160.15

4.38

30.45

7.73

858

155

24 16

30

12-82

Properties of Semiconductors

Substance

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3)

Melting point (K)

Microhardness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Coefficient of Thermal Debye thermal linear conductivity temp. expansion [mW/cm·K (K) [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

1.3.3. Skutterudite Structure Compounds (Im3–T5h) >1270

CoP3

151.85

37.96

7.7073

CoAs3

286.70

71.65

8.2060

CoSb3

424.18

106.05

9.0385

NiAs3

283.45

70.86

8.330

RhP3

195.83

48.96

7.9951

>1470

RhAs3

327.67

81.92

8.4427

>1270

RhSb3

468.16

117.04

9.2322

1170

IrP3

285.14

71.29

8.0151

7.36

>1470

IrAs3

416.98

104.25

8.4673

9.12

>1470

IrSb3

557.47

139.37

9.2533

9.35

1170

5.786

6.60

910

10.5

6.078

7.12

830

86

6.73

1230 1123

307

50

6.43 100

90 303

1.3.4. Selected Multinary Compounds AgSbSe2

387.54

96.88

AgSbTe2 (or Ag19Sb29Te52)

484.82

AgBiS2(H.T.)

380.97

95.24

5.648 5.82

121.2

AgBiSe2(H.T.)

474.77

118.69

AgBiTe2(H.T.)

572.05

143.01

6.155

Cu2CdSnS4

486.43

60.80

5.586

10.83

1.3.5. Some Elemental Semiconductors B

10.81

4.91

Se(gray)

78.96

4.36

12.6 4.95

2.34

2348

4.81

493

9.5 (M) 350

1277

1370

292.6

8.3

600

(||C) 17.89

(||C) 45.2

(⊥C) 74.09 Te

127.60

4.45

5.91

6.23

723

196.5

(⊥C) 13.1

16.8

(||C) 33.8 (⊥C) 19.7

TABLE 2. Basic Thermodynamic, Electrical, and Magnetic Properties of Semiconductors (Listed by Crystal Structure)

Substance

Miniumum Heat of Atomic room formation Volume Static magnetic temperature [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV)

Mobility (room temp.) (cm2/V·s)

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Electrons

Holes

Optical transition

5.4

1800

1400

i*

500

1.12

1900

500

i

30

0.67

3800

1820

i

0.0; 0.8

2500

2400

Remarks

2.1. Adamantine Semiconductors 2.1.1. Diamond Structure Elements (Strukturbericht symbol A4, Space Group Fd 3m–O7h) C

714.4

Si

324

Ge

291

α-Sn

267.5

5.7

–5.88

0.306

11.9

–3.9

0.768

16

–0.12

18

24

2.419 (589 nm) 3.49 (589 nm) 3.99 (589 nm) 2.75 (589 nm)

2.1.2. Sphalerite (Zinc Blende) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B3 Space Group F 4 3m–T 2d) I-VII Compounds CuF CuCl 481 0.26 7.9 1.93 3.17

d

Nantokite

Properties of Semiconductors

Substance

12-83

Miniumum Heat of Atomic room formation Volume Static magnetic temperature [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV)

CuBr Cul AgBr AgI BeS BeSe BeTe BePo ZnO ZnS ZnSe ZnTe ZnP CdS CdSe CdTe CdPo HgS HgSe HgTe

481 439 486 389

0.26 0.27 0.41

7.9 6.5 12.4 10

477

8.9

422 376

9.2 10.4

2.12 2.91 2.346 2.95 2.253 2.50 2.22 2.22 II-VI Compounds 4.17 3.61 1.45

–9.9

Mobility (room temp.) (cm2/V·s) Electrons

Holes

Optical transition

4000 30

d d i d

20

i i d

5(400˚C) d

2.356

3.54

180

2.89 3.56

2.58 2.26

540 340

28 100

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Remarks

Marshite Bromirite Miersite

See 2.1.3. See also 2.1.3.

d d See 2.1.3. See 2.1.3.

339

7.2

2.50

1.44

1200 250

2.85 247 242

BN 815 BP(L.T.) BAs AlP AlAs 627 AlSb 585 0.571 GaP 635 0.110 GaAs 535 0.771 GaSb 493 0.457 InP 560 0.735 InAs 477 0.549 InSb 447 0.442 * i = indirect, d = direct, s = semimetal.

10.9 11 11.1 13.2 15.7 12.4 14.6 17.7

–13.8 –16.2 –14.2 –22.8 –27.7 –32.9

50

2.10 (α) –0.06 III-V Compounds 4.6 ≈2.1 ≈1.5 2.45 2.16 3.2 1.60 3.2 2.24 3.30 1.35 3.8 0.67 3.1 1.27 3.5 0.36 3.96 0.163

20000 25000

d ≈1.5 350

500 80 1200 200–400 300 8800 4000 4600 33000 78000

d

s s

Borazone Ignites 470K

70

420 550 150 400 1400 150 460 750

Metacinnabarite Tiemannite Coloradoite

i i i i d d d d d

Other sphalerite structure compounds MnS

See also 2.1.3. See also 2.1.3.

MnSe β-SiC Ga2Te3 271 In2Te3(H.T.) 198 MgGeP2 ZnSnP2 ZnSnAs2(H. T.) ZnSnSb2

2.697 –13.5 –13.6

2.3 1.35 1.04

4000 50 50

2.1 ≈0.7 0.4

2.1.3. Wurtzite (Zincite) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B4, Space Group P 63 mc-C 46v) I-VII Compounds CuCl CuBr CuI AgI 2.63 II-VI Compounds BeO MgTe ZnO –350 3.2 180 ZnS –206 3.67 ZnTe –163

El–Td12 Same Same Same

Iodargirite

12-84

Substance

Properties of Semiconductors

Miniumum Heat of Atomic room formation Volume Static magnetic temperature [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6cgs) refraction (eV)

8.45; 9.12

CdS CdSe CdTe BP(H.T.) AlN GaN InN MnS MnSe SiC MnTe Al2S3 Al2Se3

Mobility (room temp.) (cm2/V·s) Electrons

Holes

350 900 650

40 50

2.32

2.42 1.74 1.50 III-V Compounds

Optical transition

d d

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Remarks

Greenockide Cadmoselite

6.02 3.34 2.0 Other wurtzite structure compounds

2.654 ≈1.0 4.1 3.1

426 367

2.1.4 Chalcopyrite Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E11, Space Group I 4 2d-D 12 2d ) I-III-VI2 Compounds CuAlS2 0.106 2.5 CuAlSe2 2.67 CuAlTe2 0.88 CuCaS2 0.106 2.38 CuGaSe2 0.141 0.96, 1.63 CuGaTe2 0.227 0.82, 1.0 CuInS2 0.141 1.2 CuInSe2 0.187 0.86, 0.92 CuInTe2 0.278 0.95 CuTlS2 CuTlSe2 1.07 (L.T.) CuFeS2 0.53 CuFeSe2 0.16 CuLaS2 AgAlS2 AgAlSe2 0.7 AgAlTe2 0.56 AgGaS2 0.150 1.66 AgGaSe2 0.182 1.1 0.280 1.9 AgGaTe2 AglnS2 0.185 1.18 (L.T.) AgInSe2 0.238 0.96, 0.52 AgInTe2 0.338 AgFeS2 II-IV-V2 Compounds ZnSiP2 312 2.3 1000 ZnGeP2 293 2.2 ZnSnP2 275 1.45 CdSiP2 0.103 2.2 1000 CdGeP2 289 1.8 CdSnP2 270 1.5 ZnSiAs2 290 1.7 ZnGeAs2 271 –14.4 0.85 ZnSnAs2 252 –18.4 0.65 CdSiAs2 CdGeAs2

266

0.143

CdSnAs2

247

13.7

Chalcopyrite

50 300

Disorders at 910 K Disorders at 903 K

–23.4

1.6 0.53

70

25

–21.5

0.26

22000

250

Properties of Semiconductors

Substance

12-85

Miniumum Heat of Atomic room formation Volume Static magnetic temperature [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV)

2.1.5. Other Ternary Semiconductors with Tetrahedral Coordination II2-IV-VI3 Compounds Cu2SiS3 (H.T.) Cu2SiS3 (L.T.) Cu2SiTe3 Cu2GeS3 –18.7 (H.T.) Cu2GeS3 (L.T.) Cu2GeSe3 211.5 –21.3 0.94 Cu2GeTe3 190.2 –23.4 Cu2SnS3 –18.2 0.91 CuSnSe3 –21.0 0.66 Cu2SnTe3 –28.4 –29.6 0.91 (77K) Ag2GeSe3 Ag2SnSe3 –29.5 0.81 Ag2GeTe3 –31.4 0.25 Ag2SnTe3 –31.0 0.08 II3-V-VI4 Compounds Cu3PS4 Cu3AsS4 269.6 –15.8 1.24 Cu3AsSe4 161.3 –13.1 0.88 Cu3SbS4 –8.3 0.74 Cu3SbSe4 127.1 –20.5 0.31 II-IV2-V3 Compounds CuSi2P3 CuGe2P3 0.12 0.90 AgGe2P3

Mobility (room temp.) (cm2/V·s) Electrons

Holes

Optical transition

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Remarks

Wurtzite Tetragonal Cubic Cubic 360

Tetragonal

238

Same Same Cubic Cubic Cubic

405 870

Enargite Famatinite Famatinite

El El

2.1.6. “Defect Chalcopyrite” Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E3, Space Group I 4-S24) ZnAl2Se4 ZnAl2Te4(?) ZnGa2S4 ≈3.4 (?) ZnGa2Se4(?) ≈2.2 ZnGa2Te4(?) 1.35 ZnIn2Se4 206 1.82 35 ZnIn2Te4 198 1.2 CdAl2S4 CdAl2Se4 CdAl2Te4(?) CdGa2S4 256 3.44 60 CdGa2Se4 216 2.43 33 CdGa2Te4 Cdln2Te4 195 (1.26 or 0.9) 4000 HgAl2S4 HgAl2Se4 HgAl2Te4(?) HgGa2S4 249 2.84 HgGa2Se4 204 1.95 400 HgIn2Se4 196 0.6 290 HgIn2Te4(?) 188 0.86 200 2.1.7. Other Adamantine Compounds α−SiC Hg5Ga2Te8

10.2

–6.4

2.67

2.86

400

Hg5ln2Te8

0.7

2000

Cdln2Se4

1.55

6H structure B3 with superlattice B3 with superlattice

12-86

Substance

Properties of Semiconductors Miniumum Heat of Atomic room formation Volume Static magnetic temperature [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV)

Mobility (room temp.) (cm2/V·s) Electrons

Holes

Optical transition

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Remarks

2.2. Octahedral Semiconductors 2.2.1. Halite Structure Semiconductors (Strukturbericht symbol B1, Space Group Fm3m-O 5h) GeTe SnSe SnTe PbS 435 0.5 600 PbSe 393 161 0.37 1000 PbTe 393 280 0.26 1600 360 0.25 2.2.2. Selected Other Binary Halites BiSe BiTe EuSe GdSe NiO CdO 531 SrS

600 900 600

Altaite

0.4 1.8 2.0 or 3.7 2.5 4.1

4 100

2.3.1. Antifluorite Structure Compounds (Fm3m-O 5h ) Mg2Si 79.08 Mg2Ge Mg2Sn 76.57 Mg2Pb 52.72

0.77 0.74 0.36 0.1

405 520 320

2.3.2. Tetradymite Structure Compounds (R3m-D53d ) Sb2Te3 Bi2Se3 Bi2Te3

0.3 0.35 0.21

600 1140

0.43 0.69 0.63

70

2.3. Other Semiconductors 70 110 260

360 680

R3m (166)

5 h

2.3.3. Skutterudite Structure Compounds (Im3-T ) CoP3 CoAs3 CoSb3 RhP3 RhAs3 RhSb3 IrSb3

0.85 0.80 1.18

2.3.4. Selected Multinary Compounds AgSbSe2 AgSbTe2 (orAg19Sb29 Te52) AgBiS2 (H.T.) AgBiSe2 (H.T.) AgBiTe2 (H.T.) Cu2CdSnS4 2.3.5. Some Elemental Semiconductors B 397.1 Se(gray) Te

~4000 ~3000 700 ~3000 ~7000 1500

0.58 0.7, 0.27

–6.7 6.6 –22.1 (0.1 GHz) –39.5

1.16

<2

3.4 2.5

1.55 1.5

10

3.3

0.33

1700

5 1200

P3121(152) Same

Properties of Semiconductors

12-87 TABLE 3. Semiconducting Properties of Selected Materials

Minimum energy gap (eV) Substance

R.T.

0K

dEg/dT × 104 eV/˚C

dEg/dP × 106 eV·cm2/ kg

Si Ge α−Sn Te

1.107 0.67 0.08 0.33

1.153 0.744 0.094

–2.3 –3.7 –0.5

–2.0 +7.3

AlAs AlSb GaP GaAs GaSb InP InAs InSb

2.2 1.6 2.24 1.35 0.67 1.27 0.36 0.165

2.3 1.7 2.40 1.53 0.78 1.41 0.43 0.23

–3.5 –5.4 –5.0 –3.5 –4.6 –2.8 –2.8

–1.6 –1.7 +9.4 +12 +4.6 +8 +15

ZnO ZnS ZnSe ZnTe CdO CdS CdSe GdTe HgSe HgTe

3.2 3.54 2.58 2.26 2.5 ± .1 2.4 1.74 1.44 0.30 0.15

2.80

–9.5 –5.3 –7.2

+0.6 +5.7 +6 +6

1.85 1.56

–6 –5 –4.6 –4.1

PbS PbSe PbTe

0.37 0.26 0.25

0.28 0.16 0.19

+4 +4 +4

ZnSb CdSb Bi2S3 Bi2Se3 Bi2Te3 Mg2Si Mg2Ge Mg2Sn Mg3Sb2 Zn3As2 Cd3As2 GaSe GaTe InSe TlSe CdSnAs2 Ga2Te2 α-In2Te2 β-In2Te2 Hg5In2Te8 SnO2

0.50 0.45 1.3 0.27 0.13

0.56 0.57

–5.4

0.21 0.93 0.55 2.05 1.66 1.8 0.57 0.23 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.5

+3.3 +8

–1

0.77 0.74 0.33 0.32

1.80

–0.95 –6.4 –9 –3.5

–3.8 –3.6 –3.9

1.55 1.2

–7

Density of states Electron mobility and temperature electron dependence effective mass μn (cm2/V·s) mda (mo) –x Elements 1.1 1900 2.6 0.55 3800 1.66 0.02 2500 1.65 0.08 1100 III-V Compounds 1200 0.09 200 1.5 0.35 300 1.5 0.068 9000 1.0 0.050 5000 2.0 0.067 5000 2.0 0.022 33,000 1.2 0.014 78,000 1.6 II-VI Compounds 0.38 180 1.5 180 540 340 0.1 120 0.165 400 0.13 650 1.0 0.14 1200 0.030 20,000 2.0 0.017 25,000 Halite Structure Compounds 0.16 800 0.3 1500 0.21 1600 Others 0.15 10 0.15 300 200 600 0.58 1200 1.68 0.46 400 2.5 280 2 0.37 320 20 10 1.1 0.046 100,000 0.88

0.3 0.05

14 900 30 25,000

Density of states hole effective Mass mdp (mn) 0.56 0.3 0.3 0.19

0.4 0.5 0.5 0.23 0.41 0.4

Hole mobility and temperature dependence μp (cm2/V·s) 500 1820 2400 560 420 500 150 500 1400 200 460 750

–x 2.3 2.33 2.0

1.8 1.5 2.1 0.9 2.4 2.3 2.1

5(400˚C) 28 100 0.8 0.6 0.35

50

0.5

350

0.1 0.34 0.14

1000 1500 750

1.07

2000 1100 675 510 70 110 260 82 10

2.2 2.2 2.2 1.5 1.5

1.95

20

0.6

20

1.5

50 5 11,000 78

1.1

1.7

–4.8 0.7

12-88

Properties of Semiconductors TABLE 4. Band Properties of Semiconductors

4.1. Data on Valence Bands of Semiconductors (Room Temperature) Band curvature effective mass (Expressed as fraction of free electron mass) Substance

Heavy holes

Light holes

“Split-off” band holes

Energy separation of “split-off” band (eV)

4.1.1. Semiconductors with Valence Band Maximum at the Center of the Brillouin Zone (“F”) Si 0.52 0.16 0.25 0.044 Ge 0.34 0.043 0.08 0.3 Sn 0.3 AlAs AlSb 0.4 0.7 GaP 0.13 GaAs 0.8 0.12 0.20 0.34 GaSb 0.23 0.06 0.7 InP 0.21 InAs 0.41 0.025 0.083 0.43 InSb 0.4 0.015 0.85 CdTe 0.35 HgTe 0.5 4.1.2. Semiconductors with Multiple Band Maxima Band curvature effective masses Number of equivalent Substance valleys and direction PbSe 4 “L” [111] PbTe 4 “L” [111] Bi2Te3 6

Longitudinal mL 0.095 0.27 0.207

Transverse mT 0.047 0.02 ~0.045

Measured (light) hole mobility (cm2/V·s) 500 1820 2400 550 100 400 1400 150 460 750 50 350

Anistrophy K = mL/mT 2.0 10 4.5

Measured (light) hole mobility (cm2/V·s) 1500 750 515

4.2. Data on Conduction Bands of Semiconductors (Room Temperature Data) 4.2.1. Single Valley Semiconductors Substance Energy gap (eV) Effective mass (mo) Mobility (cm2/V·s) Comments GaAs

1.35

0.067

8500

InP InAs InSb CdTe

1.27 0.36 0.165 1.44

0.067 0.022 0.014 0.11

5000 33,000 78,000 1000

3(or 6?) equivalent [100] valleys 0.36 eV above this maximum with a mobility of ~50. 3(or 6?) equivalent [100] valleys 0.4 eV above this minimum. Equivalent valleys ~1.0 eV above this minimum. 4(or 8?) equivalent [111] valleys 0.51 eV above this minimum.

4.2.2. Multivalley Semiconductors

Substance Si Ge GaSb PbSe PbTe Bi2Te3

Energy gap 1.107 0.67 0.67 0.26 0.25 0.13

Number of equivalent valleys and direction 6 in [100] “Δ” 4 in [111] at “L” as Ge (?) 4 in [111] at “L” 4 in [111] at “L” 6

Band curvature effective mass Longitudinal mL 0.00 1.588 ~1.0 0.085 0.21

Transverse mT 0.192 0.0815 ~0.2 0.05 0.029

Anisotropy K = mL/mT 4.7 19.5 ~5 1.7 5.5 ~0.05

TABLE 5. Resistivity of Semiconducting Minerals Mineral Diamond (C) Sulfides Argentite, Ag2S Bismuthinite, Bi2S3 Bornite, Fe2S3 · nCu2S Chalcocite, Cu2S Chalcopyrite, Fe2S3 · Cu2S Covellite, CuS Galena, PbS Haverite, MnS2 Marcasite, FeS2 Metacinnabarite, HgS Millerite, NiS Molybdenite, MoS2

ρ (ohm · m) 2.7 1.5 to 2.0 × 10–3 3 to 570 1.6 to 6000 × 10–6 80 to 100 × 10–6 150 to 9000 × 10–6 0.30 to 83 × 10–6 6.8 × 10–6 to 9.0 × 10–2 10 to 20 1 to 150 × 10–3 2 × 10–6 to 1 × 10–3 2 to 4 × 10–7 0.12 to 7.5

Mineral Pentlandite, (Fe, Ni)4S4 Pyrrhotite, Fe7S4 Pyrite, FeS2 Sphalerite, ZnS Antimony-sulfur compounds Berthierite, FeSb2S4 Boulangerite, Pb5Sb3S11 Cylindrite, Pb3Sn4Sb2S14 Franckeite, Pb5Sn3Sb2S14 Hauchecornite, Ni4(Bi, Sb)2S14 Jamesonite, Pb4FeSb6S14 Tetrahedrite, Cu3SbS3 Arsenic-sulfur compounds Arsenopyrite, FeAsS

ρ (ohm · m) 1 to 11 × 10–6 2 to 160 × 10–6 1.2 to 600 × 10–3 2.7 × 10–3 to 1.2 × 104 0.0083 to 2.0 2 × 103 to 4 × 104 2.5 to 60 1.2 to 4 1 to 83 × 10–6 0.020 to 0.15 0.30 to 30,000 20 to 300 × 10–6

Properties of Semiconductors Cobaltite, CoAsS Enargite, Cu3AsS4 Gersdorfite, NiAsS Glaucodote, (Co, Fe)AsS Antimonide Dyscrasite, Ag3Sb Arsenides Allemonite, SbAs3 Lollingite, FeAs2 Nicollite, NiAs Skutterudite, CoAs3 Smaltite, CoAs2 Tellurides Altaite, PbTe Calavarite, AuTe2 Coloradoite, HgTe

12-89 6.5 to 130 × 10–3 0.2 to 40 × 10–3 1 to 160 × 10–6 5 to 100 × 10–6 0.12 to 1.2 × 10–6 70 to 60,000 2 to 270 × 10–6 0.1 to 2 × 10–6 1 to 400 × 10–6 1 to 12 × 10–6 20 to 200 × 10−6 6 to 12 × 10−6 4 to 100 × 10–6

References 1. Beer, A. C., Galvanomagnetic Effects in Semiconductors, Academic Press, New York, 1963. 2. Goryunova, N. A., The Chemistry of Diamond-Like Semiconductors, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1965. 3. Abrikosov, N. Kh., Bankina, V. F., Poretskaya, L. E., Shelimova, L. E., and Skudnova, E.V., Semiconducting II-VI, IV-VI, and V-VI Compounds, Plenum Press, New York, 1969. 4. Berger, L. I. and Prochukhan, V. D., Ternary Diamond-Like Semiconductors, Cons. Bureau/Plenum Press, New York, 1969. 5. Shay, J. L. and Wernick, J. H., Ternary Chalcopyrite Semiconductors: Growth, Electronic Properties, and Applications, Pergammon Press, 1975. 6. Bergman, R., Thermal Conductivity in Solids, Clarendon, Oxford, 1976. 7. Handbook of Semiconductors, Vol. 1, Moss, T.S. and Paul, W., Eds., Band Theory and Transport Properties; Vol. 2, Moss, T.S. and Balkanski, M., Eds., Optical Properties of Solids; Vol. 3, Moss, T.S. and Keller, S.P., Eds., Materials Properties and Preparation, North Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 1980. 8. Böer, K. W., Survey of Semiconductor Physics, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990. 9. Rowe, D. M., Ed., CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 10. Berger, L. I., Semiconductor Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997. 11. Glazov, V. M., Chizhevskaya, S.N., and Glagoleva, N.N., Liquid Semiconductors, Plenum Press, New York, 1969. 12. Phillips, J. C., Bonds and Bands in Semiconductors, Academic Press, New York, 1973. 13. Harrison, W. A., Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids, Freeman Publ. House, San Francisco, 1980. 14. Balkanski, M., Ed., Optical Properties of Solids, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1980.

Hessite, Ag2Te Nagyagite, Pb6Au(S,Te)14 Sylvanite, AgAuTe4 Oxides Braunite, Mn2O3 Cassiterite, SnO2 Cuprite, Cu2O Hollandite, (Ba, Na, K) Mn8O16 Ilmenite, FeTiO3 Magnetite, Fe3O4 Manganite, MnO · OH Melaconite, CuO Psilomelane, BaMn9O18 · 2H2O Pyrolusite, MnO2 Rutile, TiO2 Uraninite, UO2

4 to 100 × 10–6 20 to 80 × 10–6 4 to 20 × 10–6 0.16 to 1.0 4.5 × 10–4 to 10,000 10 to 50 2 to 100 × 10–3 0.001 to 4 52 × 10–6 0.018 to 0.5 6000 0.04 to 6000 0.007 to 30 29 to 910 1.5 to 200

15. Landolt-Börnstein. Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Group III: Crystal and Solid State Physics, Hellwege, K.-H. and Madelung, O., Eds., Volumes 17 and 22, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984 (and further). 16. Shklovskii, B. L. and Efros, A.L., Electronic Processes in Doped Semiconductors, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984. 17. Cohen, M. L. and Chelikowsky, J. R., Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Springer Verlag, New York, 1988. 18. Glass, J.T., Messier, R.F., and Fujimori, N., Eds., Diamond, Silicon Carbide, and Related Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, MRS Symposia Proc. 1652, Mater. Res. Soc., Pittsburgh, 1990. 19. Palik, E., Ed., Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids II, Academic Press, New York, 1991. 20. Reed, M., Ed., Semiconductors and Semimetals, Volume 35, Academic Press, Boston, 1992. 21. Haug, H. and Koch, S. W., Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors, 2nd Edition, World Scientific, Singapore, 1993. 22. Lockwood, D. J., Ed., Proc. 22nd Intl. Conf. on the Physics of Semiconductors, Vancouver, 1994, World Scientific, Singapore, 1994. 23. Morelli, D. T., Caillat, T., Fleurial, J.-P., Borschchevsky, A., Vandersande, J., Chen, B., and Uher, C., Phys. Rev., B51, 9622, 1995. 24. Caillat, T., Borshchevsky, A., and Fleurial, J.-P., J. Appl. Phys., 80, 4442, 1996. 25. Fleurial, J.-P.,Caillat, T., and Borshchevsky, A., Proc. XVI Intl. Conf. Thermoelectrics, Dresden, Germany, August 26–29, 1997 (in print). 26. Borshchevsky, A. et al., U.S. Patents 5,610,366 (March 1977) and 5,831,286 (March 1998) 27. Jarrendahl, K. and Davis, R. F., Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 52, Y.S. Park, Ed., 1998, pp. 1–20. 28. Bettini, M., Solid State Comm.,13, 599, 1973. 29. Chen, A. and Sher, A., Semiconductor Alloys, Physics and Material Engineering, Plenum Press, New York, 1995. 30. Holloway, P. H. and McGuire, G. E., Eds., Handbook of Compound Semiconductors, Noyes Publ., Park Ridge, NJ, 1995.

SELECTED PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR SOLID SOLUTIONS L.I. Berger Alloy system

SixGe1-x

Limits of solubility

Energy gap in eV (300 K)

Adamantine Semiconductors IV-IV 0.8941+0.0421x+0.1691x2 0≤x≤1 0.7596+1.0860x+0.3306x2

Remarks, references Transition Γ - X [Ref.1] Trans. Γ - L [Ref. 1]

Adamantine Semiconductors III-V/III-V Common Anion AlxGa1-xN AlxGa1-xP AlxIn1-xP AlxGa1-xAs AlxIn1-xAs AlxGa1-xSb AlxIn1-xSb GaxIn1-xN GaxIn1-xP GaxIn1-xAs GaxIn1-xSb Common Cation GaNxAs1-x GaPxAs1-x GaPxAs1-x GaAsxSb1-x InPxAs1-x

0≤x≤1 0≤x≤0.5 0≤x≤0.44 0≤x≤0.5 0≤x≤1 0≤x<≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0<x<1 0≤x≤0.05 0<x<1 0≤x≤0.05 0≤x≤0.45, 0.6≤x≤1 0<x<1

2.28+0.16x at Γ: 134+2.23x; at X: 2.24+0.18x 1.42=0.75x [Ref.3]; 1.424+1.429x-0.14x2 [Ref.4] at Γ: 0.37+1.91x+0.74x2; at X: 1.8+0.4x 0.73+1.10x+0.47x2

Wurtzite Structure [Ref. 2 & 3] [Ref. 2] [Ref. 2]

0.360+0.629x+0.436x2 0.235+0.1653x+0.413x2

[Ref. 2 and 6] Trans. Γ8v- Γ6c [Ref. 2] [Ref. 6] Wurtzite [Ref. 8 and 10] [Ref. 2] [Ref. 5] [Ref. 2, see also Ref. 9]

1.42-9.9x 2.270-0.846x 1.515+1.172x+0.186x2 1.9715+0.144x+0.211x2 1.43-1.9x+1.2x2 0.356+0.675x+0.32x2

[Ref. 2] [Ref. 2] (at 2K, Γ−Γ) [Ref. 7] [Ref. 2] [Ref. 5] [Ref. 2]

1.950+1.487x-1.000x(1-x)

Adamantine Binary Semiconductors II-VI/II-VI [Ref. 3 and 6] Common Anion ZnxCd1-xS ZnxHg1-xS CdxHg1-xS ZnxCd1-xSe ZnxHg1-xSe CdxHg1-xSe ZnxCd1-xTe ZnxHg1-xTe CdxHg1-xTe

0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0.7≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤0.7 and 0.75≤x*≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1

Common Cation ZnSxSe1-x ZnSxTe1-x ZnSexTe1-x CdSxSe1-x CdSxTe1-x CdSexTe1-x HgSxSe1-x HgSxTe1-x HgSexTe1-x

0≤x≤1 0≤x≤0.1 and 0.9≤x*≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤0.25 and 0.8≤x*≤1 0≤x≤0.4 and 0.6≤x*≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1

(ZnS)x(AlP)1-x (ZnSe)x(GaAs)1-x (CdTe)x(InAs)1-x (CdTe)x(AlSb)1-x (HgTe)x(InAs)1-x

Wurtzite Structure Wurtzite Structure at x<0.6

x*- Wurtzite Structure

x*- Wurtzite Structure Wurtzite Structure x*- Wurtzite Structure x*- Wurtzite Structure

Quaternary Adamantine Semiconductors II-VI/III-V [Ref. 6] 0.99≤x≤1 0≤x<1 0<x≤0.2 and 0.7≤x≤1 0≤x≤1 0≤x≤1

12-90

Section 12.indb 90

4/28/05 1:57:14 PM

Selected Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions Alloy system

Limits of solubility

12-91 Energy gap in eV (300 K)

Remarks, references

GaxIn1-xAsyP1-y

Quaternary Adamantine Semiconductors IIIx-III1-x-Vy - V1-y 0≤x≤1, 0≤x≤1 1.35+0.668x-1.068y+0.758x2+0.078y20.069xy-0.322x2y+0.03xy2

[Ref. 2 and 6]

AlxGayIn1-x-ySb

Quaternary Adamantine Semiconductors III1-x-y-IIIx-IIIy-V 0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1 0.095+1.76x+0.28y+0.345(x2+y2)+0.085( 1-x-y)2 +xy (1-x-y)(23-28y)

[Ref. 2 and 6]

References 1. Krishnamurti, S., Sher, A., and Chen, A. Appl. Phys. Lett. 47, 160, 1985. 2. Madelung, O., Ed., Semiconductors Group IV Elements and III-V Compounds, Springer, 1991; Semiconductors Other than Group IV Elements and III-V Compounds, Springer, 1992. 3. Goryunova, N. A., Kesamanly, F.P., and Nasledov, D.N., Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 4, 1968, p. 413. 4. El Allali, M., Sorensen, C. B., Veje, E., and Tideman-Peterson, P., Phys. Rev. B, 48, 4398, 1993.

Section 12.indb 91

5. Nahorny, R. E., Pollack, M. A., Johnson, W. D., and Barns, R. L. Appl. Phys. Lett. 33, 695, 1978. 6. Goryunova, N. A. Multicomponent Diamond-Like Semiconductors, Sov. Radio, Moscow, 1968 (in Russian). 7. Capizzi, M., Modesti, S., Martelli, F., and Frova, A., Solid State Comm. 39, 333, 1981. 8. Nakamura, S., Pearton, S., and Fasol, G., The Blue Laser Diode, 2nd ed., Springer, 2000. 9. Roth, A. P., Keeler, W. J., and Fortin, E. Canad. J. Phys. 58, 560, 1980. 10. Wu, J., Walukiewicz, Yu, K. M., Ager, J. W., Haller, E. E., Lu, H., and Schaff, W.J., Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 4741, 2002.

4/28/05 1:57:14 PM

PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS L. I. Berger

Substance Metal-Free Molecular Crystals 3-Acetylamino-N-methylphthalimide 3-Acetylamino-N-phenylphthalimide 4-Amino-N-cyclomethylphthalimide 4-Aminophthalimide Acridine Anthanthrene Anthanthrene Anthanthrone Anthracene Anthracene Anthracene 1,2-Benzanthracene Benzanthrone Benzene (liquid) Benzene (amorphous) Benzene (cryst.) Benzimidazole Benzophenone Benzo[f]quinoline Benzo[h]quinoline 3-Benzoylamino-N-methylphthalimide Benzpentacene Biphenyl Biphenyl o-Chloranil p-Chloranil Chlorpromazine Chrysene Chrysene Circumanthracene Coronene Coronene Cyananthrone 1,6-Diaminopyrene Dibenzpentacene Dinaphthopyrene 1,8-Diphenyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene Diphenylpentacene 4,4′-Diphenylstilbene 4,4′-Diphenylstilbene Ferrocene Flavanthrone Fluorene Fluorene Fluoridine Hexacene Hexacene Hexamethylbenzene 3-Hydroxy-N-methylphthalimide Imidazole

12-92

Energy Gap, E, (in E/2 kT) eV 3.46 3.50 2.90 2.78 3.90 1.67 0.84 1.70 0.83 2.50 3.88 to 4.1 1.04 3.12 0.41 0.84 7 3.0 to 4.0 3.34 2.77 2.72 3.28 1.72 1.46 1.45 3.0 0.61 2.1 1.1 2.20 1.8 1.7 0.85 0.20 0.6 1.50 1.60 1.7 1.60 1.56 0.80 1.22 0.70 2.7 1.4 1.6 0.57 1.3 1.86 3.80 2.6

Room Temperature Electrical Resistivity, ohm · cm

Mobility, μ, cm2/V · s

Sign of Majority Carriers

Temperature Range, ºC 67 to 100 54 to 124 73 to 100 123 to 151

1.5 · 1019 1.5 · 1019 (15ºC) 7.7 · 1018 1.3 ∙ 1014 (15ºC) 1.5 ∙ 1011 >1015 1016 (30ºC) 1.6 · 1016 1015 5 · 1013

40 to 105 20 to 150 2.3 1.74(n), 2.07(p)

2

+ +&–

–

–14 to 5 –23 84 to 144 –23 to 14 30 to 50 84 to 112 0 to 150

1.7 · 1015 (50ºC)

20 to 70

1015 1012 (32ºC) 4 · 1019 (15ºC) 4 · 1019 6 · 1012 1.7 · 1017 1.7 · 1017 (15ºC) 1.2 · 107 108

20 to 130

+&–

32 to 80 25 to 90 60 to 80 30 to 125 0 to 150 25 to 90 72 to 191 0 to 150 160 to 280

1014 1.4 · 1011

+

6 · 1013 3.8 · 1010 (50ºC)

+

20 to 140

+

20 to 140 60 to 91 28 to 68

1011

Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 2 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1

Properties of Organic Semiconductors

Substance Indanthrazine Indanthrone Indanthrone (black) Mesitylene (liquid) Mesonaphthodianthracene Mesonaphthodianthrene Mesonaphthodianthrone 3-Methoxy-N-methyl-phthalimide Naphthacene Naphthalene Naphthalene Naphthalene m-Naphthodianthrene m-Naphthodianthrone β-Naphthol β-Naphthoquinoline 1-Naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine picrate 2-Naphthylphenyl sulphone 1-Nitronaphthalene Ovalene Pentacene Pentacene Perylene Perylene Phenanthrene Phenanthrene 1,10-Phenanthroline Phenazine Phenazine Phenothiazine Phenothiazine Phenylanthranilic acid 4-Phenylstilbene 4-Phenylstilbene Phosphonitrilic chloride trimer Phthalocyanine, PcH2 Phthalocyanine, PcH2 Pyranthrene Pyranthrene Pyranthrone Pyrene Pyrene 5,6-N-Pyridine-1,9-benzanthrone p-Quaterphenyl Quaterrylene p-Quinquiphenyl α-Resorcin β-Resorcin Salanil p-Sexiphenyl cis-Stilbene trans-Stilbene trans-Stilbene trans-Stilbene o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl

12-93 Energy Gap, E, (in E/2 kT) eV 0.66 0.64 0.56 0.19 0.6 1.48 0.86 3.18 1.7 3.5 1.15 4.9 to 5.1 1.20 1.30 2.36 2.77 2.2 2.7 3.5 2.5 1.13 0.58 1.5 2.1 3.10 1.15 0.65 2.73 2.1 1.1 1.6 3.30 1.74 0.86 1.68 1.66 2 1.11 0.51 1.06 2.02 1.60 0.89 0.6 0.91 2.10 3.27 4.1 0.91 2.4 1.80 0.91 1.4

0.6 1.2

Room Temperature Electrical Resistivity, ohm · cm 1.4 · 1015 7.5 · 1014 2.5 · 108

Mobility, μ, cm2/V · s

Sign of Majority Carriers

4.0 · 1018 (15ºC)

1 · 1015 1014 2.8 · 1014 (50ºC) 4 · 1018 1.5 · 1018 2 · 105

2.3 · 1015 2.4 · 109 (50ºC) 6 · 1013 4.1 · 1013 1.3 · 1014

45 to 250 5 to 110 54 to 78 27 to 47 0.64(n), 1.50(p)

1015 1013 107 1 · 1015 4.5 · 1016 (15ºC) 3.9 · 1015 5 · 1017

5.53(n), 87.4(p)

1014 (25ºC)

+&–

– 2.45(n), 0.02(p)

+&–

0.1 to 0.4 1.2(n), 1.1(p)

+ +&–

0.50

1.0 · 1015 (50ºC) 105 2.0 · 1015 (50ºC) 2 · 1016 2 · 1018 104 7.0 · 1014 (50ºC)

3 · 10–5

+&–

40 to 150 40 to 150 60 to 110 25 to 42 28 to 98 67 to 102 25 to 44

7 · 1014 (100ºC) 1011

Temperature Range, ºC 30 to 125 30 to 125 30 to 125

– +

20 to 140 40 to 100 –213 12 to 72 50 to 90 98 to 143 50 to 150 87 to 119 140 to 220

26 to 350 100

40 to 150

– 30 to 94 30 to 94 20 to 40

2.4

+ +

10-5

+ + +

0.025

+

at 20 70 to 120

Ref. 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 4 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 2 1

Properties of Organic Semiconductors

12-94

Substance p-Terphenyl Tetracene Tetracene Tetracene 1,1,10,10-Tetracyanodecapentaene 1,1,6,6-Tetracyanohexatriene Tetracyanoethylene 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane 1,1,8,8-Tetracyanooctatetraene Tetraphenylpentacene Tetrathiotetracene Triphenodioxazine Triphenyldiamine Violanthrene Isoviolanthrene Violanthrone Isoviolanthrone o-Xylene (liquid) m-Xylene (liquid) p-Xylene (liquid)

Energy Gap, E, (in E/2 kT) eV 0.66 1.7 3.4 2.24 1.54

3.2 · 1012 (50ºC)

1.42 1.62 0.46 1.65

1012

0.85 0.82 0.78 0.76 0.45 0.41 0.41

Long-Chain Compounds and Polymers Acrylic acid-amylproparylaniline copolymers Acrylic acid-methylproparylaniline copolymers Acrylic acid-octylproparylaniline copolymers Anthrone polymers [CH(AsF5)0.1]x [CH ∙ I0.22]x 1,6-Diacetylenes (cyclopolymerized) Ionene elastomers 1,3,4-Oxydiazole polymers Oxypyrrole polymer films Phenylformaldehyde polymeric pyrolysates   a) Pyrolysis Temperature 600ºC   b) 1200ºC Phenylthiocyanate polymers Polyacetylene (undoped) Polyacetylene (I2 doped) Polyacetylene (cis-rich, undoped) trans-Polyacetylene (I2 doped, 0.22 mole %) Polyacrylonitrile (heat treated 700ºC) Poly-5,5′-biisatyl thiophene-indophene Poly bis(amino)-phosphazenes Poly-5,5′-diisatylmetane-thiophene-indophenine Polyethylene Polyethylene (low density) Polyimide Polymalonitrile Poly(metalphthalocyanines) :Cu :Fe :Ni :Sb :Zn Poly-N-methylpyrrole Polyoxypyrrole (black) Polyphthalocyanines Polypyrrole

Room Temperature Electrical Resistivity, ohm · cm

1.9

0.81

0.5 to 0.8

air 0.84 vacuum 1.0 1.75 0.45 2.74 0.17 2.84 1.72 0.12 0.15 0.46 0.12 0.044 0.01 0.01

1013 1014

104 5 · 1014 2.1 · 1014 8.4 · 1013 2.3 · 1010 5.7 · 109

Mobility, μ, cm2/V · s 1.2(n), 0.80(p)

0.85

+

0.26(max) 0.65

– + – –

2 · 10–2

109–1010 109–1010 109–1010 0.28 ≥100 at 1.8 kbar ≥2 at 33 kbar 0.0005 trans 105, cis 109 1010–1014 2.7 ∙ 107 to 2.2 ∙ 108 3 ∙ 1012 0.125 27 0.0044 105–108 1010 0.04 107

air 2.6 ∙ 109 vacuum 3.1 ∙ 109 1.8 ∙ 1011 7.3 ∙ 104

Sign of Majority Carriers +&–

–

>68

0 to 150 20 to 140 at 20 40 to 105 40 to 150 40 to 150 40 to 150

Ref. 4 2 1 4 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3

+

–80 to 60 20 to 140

0.0014 7.84

– +

0.01

+ – +

+

4 ∙ 109

7 ∙ 106 1.1 ∙ 106 100 3.1 ∙ 106 5.3 ∙ 103 2 ∙ 106 1790 7 to 58

Temperature Range, ºC

–100 to 100 20 to 140 20 to 180 20 to 140 20 to 70 above Tg

–

–173 to 27 –193 to 250

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Properties of Organic Semiconductors

Substance Polypyrroline II Polyselenomethylene Poly(2-vinylpyridine):I2 (1:2) PVC (commercial) PVC (commercial) PVC (pure) Salicylal-N-alkyliminate-Cu TTF-acetylacetonate polymers TTF-metal polymers

12-95 Energy Gap, E, Room Temperature (in E/2 kT) Electrical Resistivity, eV ohm · cm 1.74 0.7 to 2.62 >1013 0.12 1000 2.84–3.04 1.24–1.96 1.0±0.1 1.62 1.7 ∙ 1014 1.6 ∙ 104 1.6 ∙ 104

Mobility, μ, cm2/V · s

Sign of Majority Carriers

Temperature Range, ºC 20 to 120 –73 to 27 TTg 0 to 30

References

1. F. Gutman and L. E. Lyons, Organic Semiconductors, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1967. 2. Y. Okamoto and W. Brenner, Organic Semiconductors, Reinhold Publ. Corp., New York, 1964. 3. F. Gutman, H. Keyzer, L. E. Lyons, and R. B. Somoano, Organic Semiconductors, Part B, R. E. Krieger Publ. Co., Melbourne, FL, 1983. 4.. L. I. Berger, Semiconductor Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997.

Ref. 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3

DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS B. L. Sharma The diffusion coefficient D in many semiconductors may be expressed by an Arrhenius-type relation

Abbreviations used in the table are

D = Do exp(–Q/kT) where Do is a frequency factor, Q is the activation energy for diffusion, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. This table lists Do and Q for various diffusants in common semiconductors.

AES – Auger Electron Spectroscopy DLTS – Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy SEM – Scanning Electron Microscopy SIMS – Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry D(c) – Concentration Dependent Diffusion Coefficient Dmax – Maximum Diffusion Coefficient (f ) – Fast Diffusion Component (i) – Interstitial Diffusion Component (s) – Slow Diffusion Component () – Parallel to c Direction (⊥) – Perpendicular to c Direction

Semiconductor Si

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

Activation energy, Q(eV)

Temperature range (°C)

Method of measurement

H

6 × 10–1

1.03

120–1207

Electrical and SIMS

1

Li Na

2.5 × 10–3 1.65 × 10–3

0.65 0.72

25–1350 530–800

2 3

K

1.1 × 10–3

0.76

740–800

Cu

4 × 10–2 4.7 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 2.4 × 10–4 2.75 × 10–3 (D ~ 10–7) (D ~ 6 × 10–14) 1 × 10–1 2.46 2.4 × 101 1.38 1.8 3.74 × 10–1 6 × 101 7.85 × 10–1 1.94 × 101 1.37 1.65 × 101 8 × 10–2 (D ~ 3.9 × 10–13) 2.5 × 10–7 7.5 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–12 2 × 10–3 8 × 10–3 2.8 × 10–5 1.45 × 10–2 3.3 × 10–1 1.54 × 102 1.6 × 103 3.5 × 10–1 2.5 × 103 7.55 × 103 3.2 × 101 2.7 × 10–3

1.0 0.43 (i) 1.6 0.39 (i) 2.05 (s) – – 1.4 3.59 3.87 3.41 3.2 3.39 3.89 3.63 3.86 3.7 3.9 3.2 – 1.74 1.2 (s) 0.13 (f ) 2.9 3.0 0.95 1.79 2.92 4.65 4.77 3.92 4.97 5.08 4.25 2.8

800–1100 300–700 1100–1350 700–1300

Electrical Electrical and flame photometry Electrical and flame photometry Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

1050 1100 980–1270 1100–1250 840–1250 1119–1390 1025–1175 1143–1393 900–1050 1180–1389 1150–1242 1244–1338 1105–1360 1100–1250 1050 1100–1280 730–1270

Electrical Electrical and SIMS Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive SIMS Electrical Radioactive

8 1 9 10 11 12 13 12 14 12 15 12 16 1 1 1 1

1100–1250 1100–1280 947–1097 950–1200 1070–1400 855–1175 1200–1400 855–1000 1030–1302 1100–1300 1050–1294 800–1200

Radioactive Radioactive Neutron activation DLTS Radioactive SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive SIMS Neutron activation Out Diffusion; SIMS

1 1 1 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 1

Diffusant

Ag Au Be Ca Zn B Al Ga In Tl Sc Ce Pr Pm Er Tm Yb Ti C Si (self ) Ge

Sn N

Ref.

3 4 5 6 7

12-92

Section 12.indb 92

4/28/05 1:57:17 PM

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors Semiconductor

Diffusant P

As

Sb Bi Cr Mo W O S Se Te Mn Fe Co Ni Ru

Ge

Rh Pd Pt Os Ir Li Na Cu

Ag Au Be Mg Zn Cd B Al Ga In Tl Si Ge (self ) Sn P As Sb

Section 12.indb 93

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

12-93 Activation energy, Q(eV)

Temperature range (°C)

2.02 × 101 1.1 7.4 × 10–2 6.0 × 101 6.55 × 10–2 2.29 × 101 1.29 × 101 2.14 × 10–1 1.03 × 103 1.08 1 × 10–2 (D ~ 2 × 10–10) (D ~ 10–12) 7 × 10–2 1.4 × 10–1 5.95 × 10–3 9.5 × 10–1 5 × 10–1 6.9 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 (D ~ 5 × 10–7 – 5 × 10–6) (D ~ 10–6–10–4) 2.95 × 10–4 1.5 × 102 (D ~ 2 × 10–6) 4.2 × 10–2 1.3 × 10–3 9.1 × 10–3 3.95 × 10–1 1.9 × 10–4 4 × 10–2 4 × 10–3 4.4 × 10–2 4 × 10–2 2.25 × 102 5 × 10–1 (D ~ 8 × 10–9) 5

3.87 3.4 3.3 4.2 3.44 4.1 3.98 3.65 4.64 3.85 1 – – 2.44 2.53 1.83 2.6 3.34 0.63 0.68 0.69 0.47 –

1100–1250 900–1200 1130–1405 950–1350 1167–1394 900–1250 1190–1398 1190–1405 1220–1380 1190–1394 1100–1250 1000 1100 700–1250 700–1160 975–1200 1050–1250 900–1250 900–1200 30–1250 700–1300 800–1300 1000–1280

Electrical Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive DLTS DLTS SIMS SIMS Radioactive Electrical SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical

10 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 16 27 30 1 1 31 32 33 34 1 35 36 37 38 1

– 0.22 (i) 2.22 – 1.3 0.46 0.57 2.03 0.18 (i) 0.99 (s) 0.33 (i) 1.0 (i) 2.23 (s) 2.5 2.5 – 2.7

1000–1200 702–1320 800–1000 1280 950–1250 350–800 800–500 700–850 750–900 600–700 350–750 700–900 800–900 600–900 720–900 900 600–900

Electrical Nuclear Activation Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive

39 1 1 40 41 42 43 44 45 5 46, 47 48 49 50 1

1.75 × 109 1.8 × 109 1.0 × 103 ~1.6 × 102 1.4 × 102 3.4 × 101 1.8 × 104 3.3 × 101 1.7 × 103 2.4 × 10–1 2.48 × 101 7.8 1.7 × 10–2 3.3 2.1 3.2 1.0 × 101

4.4 4.55 3.45 ~3.24 3.35 3.1 3.67 3.02 3.4 2.9 3.14 2.95 1.9 2.5 2.39 2.41 2.5

760–915 600–900 554–905 750–850 554–916 600–900 554–919 700–855 800–930 650–900 549–891 766–928 – 600–900 700–900 700–855 600–900

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive and electrical Radioactive Electrical SIMS Electrical SIMS Electrical SIMS Radioactive Radioactive (γ) resonance Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive and electrical

Method of measurement

Ref.

51 52 51 53 54 55 51 56 57 58 59 60 61 45 51 62 57 51

4/28/05 1:57:18 PM

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors

12-94 Semiconductor

GaAs

Diffusant

Temperature range (°C)

3.3 4 × 10–1 (D ~ 10–9) (D ~ 10–10) 5.6 1.3 × 10–1 1.6 × 10–1 8 × 10–1 5.3 × 10–1

2.57 2.08 – – 2.43 1.08 1.12 0.9 1.0

650–850 – 920 920 750–900 750–900 750–850 670–900 250–500

Cu

3 × 10–2 6 × 10–2 1.5 × 10–3 4 × 10–4 1 × 10–3 7.3 × 10–6 4 × 10–5 1.5 × 101 2.5 × 10–1 1.3 × 10–3 5 × 10–2 (D ~ 5 × 10–14) (D ~ 4 × 10–18–10–14) 4 × 10–5 1 × 107 (D ~ 7 × 10–11) (D ~ 1.04 × 10–16) 1.1 × 10–1 1.6 × 10–5 6 × 10–4 1 × 10–5 (D ~ 10–12–10–10)

0.53 0.98 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.22 2.49 3.0 2.2 2.43 – 4.3 2.6 5.6 – – 2.5 2.06 2.5 2 2.9

100–500 450–750 800–1000 500–1150 740–1025 800–990 800–1200 600–980 750–1000 800–1100 868–1149 1100 850–1100 1025–1100 1125–1230 1000 825 850–1050 650–850 1060–1200 800–1000 800–1150

7 × 10–1 2.04 × 10–6 7.9 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 1.85 × 10–2 1.1 × 101 3 × 103 1.5 × 10–1 6.5 × 10–1 4.2 × 10–2 2.2 × 10–3 5 × 102 1.2 × 10–1 2.3 × 10–16 2.3 × 10–4

3.2 0.83 (f ) 1.7 (s) 2.2 1.1 2.6 2.95 4.16 3.5 2.49 1.8 2.32 2.5 2.64 1.0 1.9 (s)

– 750–1000 700–900 800–1100 700–900 1000–1300 750–900 1025–1200 1000–1150 850–1100 850–1150 750–1050 800–1000 750–1050 800–1000 527–657

1.2 × 10–1 4.7 × 10–3 (D ~ 2 × 10–13 – 1 × 10–11) 1.5 × 10–6 3.2 × 103 1.2 × 10–7 2.4 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 3.4 × 104 (D ~ 2.4 × 10–13 – 1.37 × 10–11)

0.7 (f ) 0.9 2 0.72 3.15 0.53 0.8 1.1 3.45 –

277–657 470–650 510–600 640–800 658–700 320–650 320–650 500–650 658–700 400–500

Cd Hg Al Ga (self ) In C Si Ge Sn P As (self ) Cr

O S Se Te Mn Fe Co Tm Li

Cu Zn Cd Ga (self ) In Sn Sb (self ) Se

Section 12.indb 94

Activation energy, Q(eV)

Bi O S Se Te Fe Co Ni Li

Ag Au Be Mg Zn

GaSb

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

Method of measurement

Ref.

– Optical – – Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical and chemical Radioactive Ultrasonic Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive AES Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive SIMS SIMS SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Reflectance measurements Radioactive SIMS

63 64 65 65 66 67 47 68

Chemical analysis Mass spectroscopy Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical and flame photometry

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 70 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

69

4/28/05 1:57:21 PM

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors Semiconductor

Activation energy, Q(eV)

Temperature range (°C)

3.8 × 10–4 5 × 10–2 5 × 102 – 8 20

1.20 1.9 (I) 2.3 (II) – 2.5 (I) 2.4 (II)

320–650 500–650 500–650 1000–1300 1050–1250 1100–1250

Be

(Dmax ~ 2.4 × 10–9– 8.5 × 10–8)

–

900–1000

Mg Zn Ge Cr S Mn

5 × 10–5 1.0 – 6.2 × 10–4 3.2 × 103 2.1 × 109 1.1 × 10–6 1.6 × 10–1 2.8 × 10–3 3.8 × 10–3 3.6 × 10–4 1.32 × 10–5 1.37 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–8 (D ~ 2 × 10–9– 4 × 10–8) 1.8 1.1 × 10–7 (D ~ 7 × 10–13– 2 × 10–10) 1 × 105 (D ~ 3 × 10–8)

1.4 2.1 – 1.2 4.7 4.7 0.9 2.3 2.9 0.69 0.59 0.48 0.73 0.3 – 1.9 0.72 – 3.85 –

700–1050 700–1300 900–1000 900–1130 1120–1305 T < 950 950–1130 980–1180 850–1100 600–900 500–900 600–820 600–900 750–900 700–900 700–900 700–900 450-650 830–990 550

7 × 1010 – 3.6 × 10-4 (D ~ 2 × 10–8) – 3 6.8 × 105 9 × 10–1 3.6 × 10–3 2.2 × 10–2 7.3 × 10–4 5.8 × 10–3 1.98 × 10–6 4.2 × 10–3 3.11 × 10–3 7.4 × 10–4 1.45 × 10–5 6 × 105 3.74 × 10–6 1.49 × 10–6 3 × 107 6.78 12.6 3.43 × 10–5 7 × 10–4 9 × 10–4 3 × 10–5 1 × 10–7 7 × 10–4 5 × 10–1

5.65 – 1.94 – 2.9 2 3.4 1.8 0.52 0.54 0.26 0.65 1.17 0.96 1.17 1.15 1.32 4.0 1.17 1.17 4.45 2.2 2.2 1.28 0.28 1.08 0.37 0.25 0.32 1.35

900–1000 600–900 585–708 550 650–750 600–950 600–700 600–950 342–875 525–890 450–900 600–900 600–900 600–900 600–900 650–900 650–850 740–900 600–900 600–900 740–900 600–900 600–900 600–900 0–210 200–500 230–490 440–510 140–510 362–508

Diffusant Te Fe

GaP

InP

Ag Au

Fe Co Cu Ag Au Zn Cd

In (self ) Sn P (self ) Cr S Se Mn Fe

InAs

Co Cu Ag Au Mg Zn

InSb

Cd Hg In (self ) Ge Sn As (self ) S Se Te Li Cu Ag Au Zn

Section 12.indb 95

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

12-95 Method of measurement

Ref.

Radioactive Radioactive

69 69

Radioactive Radioactive Diffusion (I) A face and (II) B face Atomic absorption analysis Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive; ESR Radioactive Radioactive; ESR

69 69

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Etching and cathodoluminescence Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Cathodoluminescence SIMS Radioactive SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

69 69 69 69 69 69 69

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

4/28/05 1:57:22 PM

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors

12-96 Semiconductor

Diffusant Cd Hg In (self ) Sn Pb Sb (self )

AlAs AlSb

ZnS

S Se Te Fe Co Ga Zn Cu Zn Cd Al (self ) Sb (self ) Cu

Au Zn (self )

Cd Al In S (self )

ZnSe

Se Mn Li Cu Ag Zn (self ) Cd Al Ga In S Se (self )

ZnTe

Ni Li

Zn (self )

CdS

Section 12.indb 96

Al In Te (self ) Li Na

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

Activation energy, Q(eV)

Temperature range (°C)

– 1 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–4 4 × 10–6 6 × 10–7 1.8 × 1013 5.5 × 10–8 (D ~ 2.7 × 10–15) 5.35 × 10–4 3.1 × 1013 9 × 10–2 1.6 1.7 × 10–7 1 × 10–7 2.7 × 10–11 (D ~ 2 × 10–18– 10–15) (D ~ 9 × 10–11) 3.5 × 10–3 3.3 × 10–1 D(c) ~ 4 × 10–12– 3 × 10–10 2 1 2.6 × 10–3 4.3 × 10–4 9.75 × 10–3 1.75 × 10–4 3 × 10–4 1.5 × 104 1 × 1016 (D ~ 10–10) 5.69 × 10–4 3 × 101 2.16 × 104 8 × 10–5 (D ~ 5 × 10–13) 2.3 × 103 2.66 × 10–6 1 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–5 2.2 × 10–2 9.8 6.39 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–2 1.81 × 102 – (D ~ 2 × 10–12) (D ~ 8 × 10–12) 1.3 × 101 2.3 × 10–1 (D ~ 1.5 × 10–8– 1.7 × 10–7) 2.9 × 10–2

1.5 1.1 1.2 1.17 1.45 4.3 0.75 – 1.91 4.3 1.4 1.87 0.57 0.25 0.39 3.6 – 0.36 1.93 – 1.88 1.7 0.79 0.64 1.04 1.16 1.5 3.26 6.5 – 1.28 2.2 3.15 2.2 – 2.46 0.49 0.66 0.56 1.18 3.0 1.87 1.8 3.0 1.3 – – 2.5 2.7 – 1.22 (s)

355–455 250–500 360–500 425–500 400–500 475–517 390–512 500 400–500 475–517 360–500 380–500 300–500 440–510 420–500 850–1100 557 150–500 660–860 900 570–620 570–620 470–750 250–1200 400–800 500–800 925
SIMS Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive AES SEM Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive X-ray X-ray Radioactive Electroluminescence Luminescence Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 71 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 70 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

72 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

1.7 × 10–4 2.34 1.4 × 101 – 4 2 × 104 3 × 10–6 (D ~ 3 × 10–7)

0.78 (f ) 2.56 2.69 2.0 1.96 3.8 0.68 –

Luminescence Luminescence Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive X-ray microprobe Radioactive Electrical Luminescence Radioactive Luminescence Radioactive Photoluminescence Luminescence Luminescence Electron probe – X-ray microprobe Radioactive Radioactive Luminescence Nuclear and chemical analysis

760–860 667–1077 700–1000 1100–1300 727–977 610–960 800

Radioactive Radioactive Electrical and optical Radioactive Radioactive Microhardness Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69

Method of measurement

Ref.

69

4/28/05 1:57:24 PM

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors Semiconductor

Diffusant

Radioactive Radioactive

69 69

700–1100 667–967 650–930

69 69

2.03 (⊥) 1.6 2.05 2.4 – 10.4 – – 10.9 – 0.53 1.5 1.25 (I) 2.18 (II)

Radioactive Optical and microprobe Radioactive, optical and microprobe

800–1100 800–900 750–1050 900 700–1000 800 1000 570–900 960 22–400 700–1000 600–900 600–900

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

(D ~ 5.3 × 10–12– 6 × 10–11) 2.6 × 103

– 1.55

900–1000 700–1000

(D ~ 1.5 × 10–10) 3.7 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–8 –

– 0.67 0.64 –

300 97–300 290–350 700–800

Au Cd (self )

6.7 × 101 1.26 3.26 × 102 1.58 × 101

2.0 2.07 2.67 (I) 2.44 (II)

600–1000 700–1000 650–900

In

8 × 10–2 1.17 × 102 6.48 × 10–4

1.61 2.21 (I) 1.15 (II)

650–1000 500–850

Sn P As O

8.3 × 10–2 (D ~ 1.2 × 10–10) – 5.6 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–4 8.54 × 10–7

2.2 – – 1.22 0.29 1.35 1.42 (I)

700–925 900 850 200–650 650–900 700–1000 600–900

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Luminescence Photoluminescence Ultrasonic Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Se pressure Radioactive Radioactive; saturated Se pressure Ion microprobe Radioactive Ion backscattering Electrical and photoluminescence Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure Radioactive Radioactive – Mass spectrometry

69

1.66 × 10–4 7.1 × 10–2 (D ~ 4 × 10–8)

1.38 (II) 1.6 0.77

500–800 520–800 900

Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure Radioactive Radioactive

69 69

P S (self ) Se Te Cl I Ni Yb Ag Cd (self )

P Se (self ) Li Cu Ag

Se Te (self )

Cl Fe

Section 12.indb 97

1 × 101 6.5 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–2 – (D ~ 1.2 × 10–9) 1.3 × 10–7 (D ~ 3 × 10–10) (D ~ 5 × 10–12) 6.75 × 10–3 (D ~ 1.3 × 10–9) 2 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–3 6.3 × 10–2 4.12 × 10–2

Ref.

500–800 720–1000

Cd (self ) Ga In

0.76 1.05 0.72 1.2 (s) 0.8 (f ) 1.8 0.86 (s) 0.66 (f ) 2.0 – 2.3 ()

Method of measurement 69 69 69 69

Au Zn

1.5 × 10–3 1.2 × 10–2 8 × 10–5 2.5 × 101 2.4 × 10–1 2 × 102 1.27 × 10–9 1.22 × 10–8 3.4 – 6 × 101

Temperature range (°C)

Radioactive Ultrasonic Electrical Radioactive

Ag

CdTe

Activation energy, Q(eV)

400–700 300–700 20–200 300–500

Cu

CdSe

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

12-97

69

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

69

69 69 69 69 69

69

4/28/05 1:57:25 PM

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors

12-98 Semiconductor HgSe HgTe

Diffusant Sb Se (self ) Ag Zn Cd Hg (self ) In Sn

PbS

Te (self ) Mn Cu

PbSe

Pb (self ) S (self ) Ni Na

PbTe

Cu Ag Pb (self ) Sb Se (self ) Cl Ni Na Sn Pb (self ) Sb Te Cl Ni

Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)

6.3 × 10–5 – 6 × 10–4 5 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–4 2 × 10–8 6 × 10–6 1.72 × 10–6 1.8 × 10–3 10–6 1.5 × 10–4 4.6 × 10–4 5 × 10–3 8.6 × 10–5 6.8 × 10–5 1.78 × 101 1.5 × 101 5.6 × 10–6 2 × 10–5 7.4 × 10–4 4.98 × 10–6 3.4 × 10–1 2.1 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–8 (D ~ 1 × 10–10) 1.7 × 10–1 3.1 × 10–2 2.9 × 10–5 4.9 × 10–2 2.7 × 10–6 (D > 2.3 × 10–10) (D > 1 × 10–6)

Activation energy, Q(eV)

Method of measurement

Ref.

540–630 200–400 250–350 250–350 250–350 200–350 200–300 200–300

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

200–400 250–350 150–450 100–400 500–800 500–750 200–500 400–850

Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

93–520 400–850 400–800 650–850 650–850 400–850 700 600–850 500–800 250–500 500–800 500–800

Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

– –

700 700

Radioactive Radioactive

69 69

References 1. N. A. Stolwijk and H. Bracht, in Diffusion in Semiconductors and NonMetallic Solids, D. L. Beke, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, 2-1. 2. E. M. Pell, Phys. Rev., 119, 1960; 119, 1014, 1960. 3. L. Svob, Solid State Electron, 10, 991, 1967. 4. B. I. Boltaks and I. I. Sosinov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 28, 3, 1958. 5. R. N. Hall and J. N. Racette, J. Appl. Phys., 35, 379, 1964. 6. B. I. Boltaks and Hsueh Shih-Yin, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 2, 2383, 1961. 7. W. R. Wilcox and T. J. LaChapelle, J. Appl. Phys., 35, 240, 1964. 8. E. A. Taft and R. O. Carlson, J. Electrochem. Soc., 117, 711, 1970. 9. R. Sh. Malkovich and N. A. Alimbarashvili, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 1725, 1963. 10. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Solid State Electron, 15, 1113, 1972. 11. C. Hill, Semiconductor Silicon 1981, H. R. Huff, R. J. Kreiger, and Y. Takeishi, Eds., p. 988, Electrochem. Soc., 1981. 12. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Phys. Rev. B, 3, 2507, 1971. 13. W. Rosnowski, J. Electrochem. Soc., 125, 957, 1978. 14. J. S. Makris and B. J. Masters, J. Appl. Phys., 42, 3750, 1971. 15. M. F. Millea, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 315, 1965 (refer Reference 2). 16. C. S. Fuller and J. A. Ditzenberger, J. Appl. Phys., 27, 544, 1956. 17. S. Hocine and D. Mathiot, Appl. Phys. Lett., 53, 1269, 1988. 18. R. C. Newman and J. Wakefield, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 19, 230, 1961. 19. L. Kalinowski and R. Seguin, Appl. Phys. Lett., 35, 211, 1979; Appl. Phys. Lett., 36, 171, 1980. 20. R. F. Peart, Phys. Stat. Sol., 15, K 119, 1966. 21. G. Hettich, H. Mehrer and K. Maler, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., 46, 500, 1979.

Section 12.indb 98

Temperature range (°C)

0.85 – 0.8 0.6 0.66 0.6 0.9 0.66 (s) 0.80 (f ) 1.4 1.3 0.36 0.31 1.52 1.38 0.95 1.74 (s) 0.4 (f ) 0.31 0.35 0.83 2.0 1.2 0.45 – 1.91 1.56 0.6 1.54 0.75

22. M. Ogina, Y. Oana and M. Watanabe, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a), 72, 535, 1982. 23. T. H. Yeh, S. M. Hu, and R. H. Kastl, Appl. Phys., 39, 4266, 1968. 24. I. Franz and W. Langheinrich, Solid State Electron, 14, 835, 1971. 25. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Hys. Rev. B, 3, 389, 1971. 26. B. J. Masters and J. M. Fairfield, J. Appl. Phys., 40, 2390, 1969. 27. R. N. Goshtagore, Phys. Rev. B, 3, 397, 1971. 28. R. S. Fair and J. C. C. Tsai, J. Electrochem. Soc., 122, 1689, 1975. 29. J. J. Rohan, N. E. Pickering, and J. Kennedy, J. Electrochem. Soc., 106, 705, 1969. 30. W. Wuerker, K. Roy, and J. Hesse, Matsr. Res. Bull., 9, 971, 1974. 31. J. C. Mikkelsen, Jr., Appl. Phys. Lett., 40, 336, 1982. 32. S. Tang Lee and D. Nicols, Appl. Phys. Lett., 47, 1001, 1985. 33. P. L. Gruzin, S. V. Zemskii, A. D. Bullkin, and N. M. Makarov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 7, 1241, 1974. 34. N. S. Zhdanovich and Yu. I. Kozlov, Svoistva Legir, Poluprovodn., V. S. Zemskov, Ed., Nauka, Moscow, 1977, 115–120; Fiz Tekh. Poluprovod., 9, 1594, 1975. 35. D. Gilles, W. Bergholze, and W. Schroeter, J. Appl. Phys., 59, 3590, 1986. 36. E. R. Weber, Appl. Phys. A, 30, 1, 1983. 37. E. R. Weber, Properties of Silicon, EMIS Datareviews Ser. No. 4, INSPEC Publications, 1988, 409–451. 38. M. K. Bakhadyrkhanov, S. Zainabidinov, and A. Khamidov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 14, 243, 1980. 39. S. A. Azimov, M. S. Yunosov, F. K. Khatamkulov, and G. Nasyrov, Poluprovod., N. Kh. Abrikosov and V. S. Zemskov, Eds., Nauka, Moscow, 1975, 21–23.

4/28/05 1:57:26 PM

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors 40. S. A. Azimov, M. S. Yunosov, G. Nurkuziev, and F. R. Karimov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 12, 981, 1978. 41. S. A. Azimov, B. V. Umarov, and M. S. Yunusov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 10, 842, 1976. 42. C. S. Fuller and J. A. Ditzenberger, Phys. Rev., 91, 193, 1953. 43. B. Pratt and F. Friedman, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 1893, 1966. 44. M. Stojic, V. Spiric, and D. Kostoski, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., 31, 304, 1976. 45. B. I. Boltaks, Diffusion in Semiconductors, Inforsearch, London, 1963, 162. 46. A. A. Bugai, V. E. Kosenko, and E. G. Miselyuk, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 27, 67, 1957. 47. L. Y. Wei, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 18, 162, 1961. 48. V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 42, 1962. 49. W. C. Dunlap, Jr., Phys. Rev., 97, 614, 1955 50. Yu. I. Belyaev and V. A. Zhidkov, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 3, 133, 1961. 51. W. C. Dunlap, Jr. Phys. Rev., 94, 1531, 1954. 52. V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 1, 1481, 1960. 53. P. Dorner, W. Gust, A. Lodding, H. Odelius, B. Predel, and U. Roll, Acta Metall., 30, 941, 1982. 54. W. Meer and D. Pommerrening, Z. Agnew. Phys., 23, 369, 1967. 55. U. Sodervall, H. Odelius, A. Lodding, U. Roll, B. Predel, W. Gust, and P. Dorner, Phil. Mag. A, 54, 539, 1986. 56. P. Dorner, W. Gust, A. Lodding, H. Odelius, B. Predel, and U. Roll, Z. Metalkd., 73, 325, 1982.

Section 12.indb 99

12-99 57. P. V. Pavlov, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 8, 2377, 1967. 58. V. I. Tagirov and A. A. Kuliev, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 196, 1962. 59. J. Raisanen, J. Hirvonen, and A. Anttila, Solid State Electron., 24, 333, 1981. 60. C. Vogel, G. Hettich, and H. Mehrer, J. Phys. C., 16, 6197, 1983. 61. H. Letaw, Jr., W. M. Portnoy, and L. Slifkin, Phys. Rev., 102, 363, 1956. 62. W. Bosenberg, Z. Naturforsch., 10a, 285, 1955. 63. V. M. Glazov and V. S. Zemskov, Physicochemical Principles of Semiconductor Doping, Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 1968. 64. J. W. Corbett, R. S. McDonald, and G. D. Watkins, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 25, 873, 1964. 65. W. W. Tyler, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 8, 59, 1959. 66. V. D. Ignatkov and V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 1193, 1962. 67. A. A. Bugal, V. E. Kosenko, and E. G. Miseluk, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 27, 210, 1957. 68. F. van der Maesen and J. A. Brenkman, Phillips Res. Rep., 9, 255, 1954. 69. M. B. Dutt and B. L. Sharma, in Diffusion in Semiconductors and NonMetallic Solids, D. L. Beke, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, 3-1. 70. L. L. Chang and A. Koma, Appl. Physics Lett., 29, 138, 1976. 71. D. L. Kendall, Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 4, R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Eds., Academic, 1968, 255. 72. H. J. Biter and F. Williams, J. Luminescence, 3, 395, 1971.

4/28/05 1:57:27 PM

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS H. P. R. Frederikse

Glossary of Symbols Quantity

Symbol

Magnetic field Magnetic induction Magnetization Spontaneous magnetization Saturation magnetization Magnetic flux Magnetic moment Coercive field Remanence Saturation magnetic polarization Magnetic susceptibility Magnetic permeability Magnetic permeability of free space Saturation magnetostriction Curie temperature Néel temperature

H B M Ms M0 Φ m, µ Hc Br Js χ µ µ0 λ (∆l/l) TC TN

SI

Units

A m-1 T (tesla) A m-1 A m-1 A m-1 Wb (weber) A m2 A m-1 T T

emu Oe (oersted) G (gauss) emu cm-3 emu cm-3 emu cm-3 maxwell erg/G Oe G G

H m–1 (henry/meter) H m–1 K K

K K

Magnetic moment µ = γħJ = g µB J where γ = gyromagnetic ratio; J = angular momentum; g = spectroscopic splitting factor (~2) µΒ = bohr magneton = 9.2741⋅10–24 J/T = 9.2741⋅10–21 erg/G Earth’s magnetic field H = 56 A m–1 = 0.7 Oe For iron: M0 = 1.7⋅106 A m–1; Br = 0.8⋅106 A m–1 1 Oe = (1000/4π) A m–1; 1 G = 10–4 T; 1 emu cm–3 = 103 A m–1 1 maxwell = 10–8 Wb µ0 = 4π 10–7 H m–1

Relation Between Magnetic Induction and Magnetic Field B (b) +Br (a) (c) +Hc

-Hc

(c)

H

-Br

FIGURE 1. Typical curve representing the dependence of magnetic induction B on magnetic field H for a ferromagnetic material. When H is first applied, B follows curve a as the favorably oriented magnetic domains grow. This curve flattens as saturation is approached. When H is then reduced, B follows curve b, but retains a finite value (the remanence Br) at H = 0. In order to demagnetize the material, a negative field –Hc (where Hc is called the coercive field or coercivity) must be applied. As H is further decreased and then increased to complete the cycle (curve c), a hysteresis loop is obtained. The area within this loop is a measure of the energy loss per cycle for a unit volume of the material.

(a) = Domain growth (b) = Field removal (c) = Hysteric curve on field

12-100

Section 12.indb 100

4/28/05 1:57:29 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

12-101 FIGURE 2. Schematic curve illustrating the B vs. H dependence for hard and soft magnetic materials. Hard materials have a larger remanence and coercive field, and a correspondingly large hysteresis loss.

B

Hard Soft H

Reference Ralls, K. M., Courtney, T. H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976, p. 577, 582. With permission.

Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements

FIGURE 3. Molar susceptibility of the elements at room temperature (cgs units of 10–6 cm3/mol). Values are not available for Z = 9, 61, and 84–89; Fe, Co, and Ni (Z = 26–28) are ferromagnetic. Data taken from the table “Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds” in Section 4.

Reference Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5–224. With permission.

Section 12.indb 101

4/28/05 1:57:31 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

12-102 Ground State of Ions with Partly Filled d or f Shells Z

Element

n

S

L

J

Gr. state

22

Ti

1

1/2

2

3/2

2

23

V4+

1

1/2

2

3/2

2

23

V

3+

2

1

3

2

3

23

V2+

3

3/2

3

3/2

4

24

Cr

3

3/2

3

3/2

4

25

Mn4+

3

3/2

3

3/2

4

24

Cr

4

2

2

0

5

25

Mn3+

4

2

2

0

5

3+

3+

2+

1.73

1.55

1.8

1.73

1.55

1.8

F2

2.83

1.63

2.8

F3/2

3.87

0.77

3.8

F3/2

3.87

0.77

3.7

F3/2

3.87

0.77

4.0

D0

4.90

0

4.9

D0

4.90

0

5.0

S5/2

5.92

5.92

5.9

S5/2

5.92

5.92

5.9

D4

4.90

6.70

5.4

F9/2

3.87

6.54

4.8

F4

2.83

5.59

3.2

D5/2

1.73

3.55

1.9

25

Mn

5

5/2

0

5/2

Fe3+

5

5/2

0

5/2

6

26

Fe

6

2

2

4

5

27

Co2+

7

3/2

3

9/2

4

28

Ni2+

8

1

3

4

3

29

Cu

9

1/2

2

5/2

2

2+

pmeas

D3/2

26

2+

pcalcb

D3/2

6

2+

pcalca

pcalcc

a b c

58

Ce3+

1

1/2

3

5/2

2

59

Pr

2

1

5

4

3

60

Nd3+

3

3/2

6

9/2

4

61

3+

Pm

4

2

6

4

5

62

Sm3+

5

5/2

5

5/2

6

63

Eu

6

3

3

0

7

64

Gd3+

7

7/2

0

7/2

8

65

3+

Tb

8

3

3

6

7

66

Dy3+

9

5/2

5

15/2

6

67

Ho

10

2

6

8

5

68

Er3+

11

3/2

6

15/2

4

69

Tm

12

1

5

6

3

70

Yb3+

13

1/2

3

7/2

2

3+

3+

3+

3+

2.54

2.4

H4

3.58

3.5

I9/2

3.62

3.5

I4

2.68

H5/2

0.84

1.5

F0

0.0

3.4

S7/2

7.94

8.0

F6

9.72

9.5

H15/2

10.63

10.6

I8

10.60

10.4

I15/2

9.59

9.5

H6

7.57

7.3

F7/2

4.54

4.5

pcalc = 2[S(S + 1)]

1/2

pcalc = 2[J(J + 1)]1/2 pcalc = g[J(J + 1)]1/2

References 1. Jiles, D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Chapman & Hall, London, 1991, p. 243.

Section 12.indb 102

F5/2

2. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, pp. 405–406. 3. Ashcroft, N. W. and Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p. 652.

4/28/05 1:57:33 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

12-103 Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Elements

M0 is the saturation magnetization at T = 0 K nB is the number of Bohr magnetons per atom M0/gauss 22020 18170 6410

Fe Co Ni Cr Mn Ce Nd

nB 2.22 1.72 0.62

TC/K 1043 1388 627

Sm Eu Gd Tb

24880

7 9

293 220

Dy

10

87

Ho

10

20

Er

9

32

Tm

7

32

TN/K

311 100 12.5 19.2 7.8 106 13.8 90.5

230.2 176 133 80 56

References 1. Ashcroft, N. W., and Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p.652.

TC is the Curie temperature TN is the Néel temperature Comments

c-Axis antiferromagnetic Basal plane modulation on hexagonal sites Cubic sites order (periodicity different from high-T phase) Ordering on hexagonal sites Cubic site order Spiral along cube axis Basal plane ferromagnet Basal plane spiral Basal plane ferromagnet Basal plane spiral Bunched cone structure Basal plane spiral c-Axis ferrimagnetic cone structure c-Axis modulated structure c-Axis ferrimagnetic cone structure c-Axis modulated structure 2. Gschneidner, K. A., and Eyring, L., Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1978.

Selected Ferromagnetic Compounds M0 is the saturation magnetization at T = 293 K Compound MnB MnAs MnBi MnSb Mn4N MnSi CrTe CrBr3 CrI3 CrO2 EuO EuS GdCl3 FeB Fe2B FeBe5 Fe3C FeP *

M0/gauss 152 670 620 710 183 247 270 515 1910* 1184* 550*

TC is the Curie temperature TC/K 578 318 630 587 743 34 339 37 68 386 77 16.5 2.2 598 1043 75 483 215

cub(FeSi) hex(NiAs) hex(BiI3) hex(BiI3) tetr(TiO2) cub cub orthorh orthorh tetr (CuAl2) cub(MgCu2) orthorh orthorh (MnP)

At T = 0 K

References 1. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986.

Section 12.indb 103

Crystal system orthorh(FeB) hex(FeB) hex(FeB) hex(FeB)

2. Ashcroft, N. W., and Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976.

4/28/05 1:57:34 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

12-104

Magnetic Properties of High-Permeability Metals and Alloys (Soft) Js is the saturation polarization WH is the hysteresis loss per cycle TC is the Curie temperature

µi is the initial permeability µm is the maximum permeability Hc is the coercive force Material

Composition (mass %)

Iron Iron Silicon-iron Silicon-iron (110) [001] Silicon-iron {100} <100> Mild steel Hypernik Deltamax {100} <100> Isoperm {100} <100> 78 Permalloy Supermalloy Mumetal Hyperco Permendur 2V-Permendur Supermendur 25Perminvar 7Perminvar Perminvar (magnet. annealed) Alfenol (or Alperm) Alfer Aluminum-Iron Sendust

Commercial 99Fe Pure 99.9Fe 96Fe-4Si 97Fe-3Si 97Fe-3Si Fe-0.1C-0.1Si-0.4Mn 50Fe-50Ni 50Fe-50Ni 50Fe-50Ni 78Ni-22Fe 79Ni-16Fe-5Mo 77Ni-16Fe-5Cu-2Cr 64Fe-35Co-0.5Cr 50Fe-50Co 49Fe-49Co-2V 49Fe-49Co-2V 45Ni-30Fe-25Co 70Ni-23Fe-7Co 43Ni-34Fe-23Co 84Fe-16Al 87Fe-13Al 96.5Fe-3.5Al 85Fe-10Si-5Al

µi/µ0

200 25000 500 9000 800 4000 500 90 4000 100000 20000 650 500 800 400 850 3000 700 500 36000

References 1. McCurrie, R. A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 42.

Applications

µm/µ0

6000 350000 7000 40000 100000 1100 70000 200000 100 100000 1000000 100000 10000 6000 4000 60000 2000 4000 400000 55000 3700 19000 120000

Hc/A m–1 70 0.8 40 12 6 200 4 16 480 4 0.15 4 80 160 160 16 100 50 2.4 3.2 53 24 1.6

Js/T

2.16 2.16 1.95 2.01 2.01

1.60 1.55 1.60 1.05 0.79 0.75 2.42 2.46 2.45 2.40 1.55 1.25 1.50 0.8 1.20 1.90 0.89

WH/J m–3

TC/K

500 60 50–150 35–140

1043 1043 1008 1015 1015

22

753 773

50 2 20 300 1200 600 1150

651 673 673 1243 1253 1253 1253

723 673 753

2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5–224.

Applications of High-Permeability Materials

Requirements

Power applications Distribution and power transformers

Low core losses, high permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization

High-quality motors and generators, stators and armatures, switchedmode power supplies Instrument transformers Audiofrequency transformers

Low core losses, high permeability, high magnetic polarization

Pulse transformers

High permeability Cores for inductor coils

Audiofrequency

Low hysteresis, high permeability

Carrier frequency

Very low hysteresis and eddy current loss

Radiofrequency

High permeability at low fields

Relays, switches Earth leakage circuit Magnetic shielding

Section 12.indb 104

}

Miscellaneous High permeability, low remanence, low coercivity Low core loss for AC applications

4/28/05 1:57:35 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

Applications

12-105 Applications of High-Permeability Materials

Requirements

Magnetic recording heads

High initial permeability, low or zero remanence

Magnetic amplifiers Saturable reactors Saturable transformers Transformer cores

Rectangular hysteresis loops, low hysteresis loss

}

Magnetic shunts for temperature compensation in magnetic circuits

Low Curie temperature, appropriate decrease in permeability with increase in temperature

Electromagnets in indicating instruments, fire detection, quartz watches, electromechanical devices

High permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization

Magnetic yokes in permanent magnet devices, such as lifting and holding magnets, loudspeakers

High permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization

Reference McCurrie, R. A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994. With permission.

Saturation Magnetostriction of Selected Materials

The tabulated parameter λs is related to the fractional change in length ∆l/l by ∆l/l = (3/2)λs(cos2θ – 1/3), where θ is the angle of rotation. Material

λs × 106 –7 +9 –33 –62 +27 0 +70 +30 +40 –110 –1560 +1753 +2000 +35 0

Iron Fe - 3.2% Si Nickel Cobalt 45 Permalloy, 45% Ni - 55% Fe Permalloy, 82% Ni - 18% Fe Permendur, 49% Co - 49% Fe - 2% V Alfer, 87% Fe - 13% Al Magnetite, Fe3O4 Cobalt ferrite, CoFe2O4 SmFe2 TbFe2 Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.93 (Terfenol D) Fe66Co18B15Si (amorphous) Co72Fe3B6Al3 (amorphous)

Reference McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 91; additional data provided by A.E. Clark, Adelphi, MD.

Properties of Various Permanent Magnetic Materials (Hard) Br is the remanence H is the flux coercivity B c H is the intrinsic coercivity i c

Composition Alnico1 20Ni;12Al;5Co Alnico2 17Ni;10Al;12.5Co;6Cu Alnico3 24-30Ni;12-14Al;0-3Cu Alnico4 21-28Ni;11-13Al;3-5Co;2-4Cu Alnico5 14Ni;8Al;24Co;3Cu Alnico6 16Ni;8Al;24Co;3Cu;2Ti Alnico8 15Ni;7Al;35Co;4Cu;5Ti Alnico9 15Ni;7Al;35Co;4Cu;5Ti Alnico12 13.5Ni;8Al;24.5Co;2Nb

S12_20.indd 105

(BH)max is the maximum energy product TC is the Curie temperature Tmax is the maximum operating temperature

Br/T

0.72 0.72 0.5–0.6 0.55–0.75 1.25 1.05 0.83 1.10 1.20

Hc/103 A m–1

B

53 1.6 1.45

Hc/103 A m–1

i

35 40–50 40–54 36–56 54 75 160 1.45 64

(BH)max/kJ m–3

25 13–14 10 11–12 40 52 45 75 76.8

TC/°C

Tmax/°C

850

520

850

520

5/2/05 1:05:18 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

12-106 Composition

Br/T

BaFe12O19 (Ferroxdur) SrFe12O19 LaCo5 CeCo5 PrCo5 NdCo5 SmCo5 Sm(Co0.76Fe0.10Cu0.14)6.8 Sm(Co0.65Fe0.28Cu0.05Zr0.02)7.7 Nd2Fe14B sintered Fe;52Co;14V (Vicalloy II) Fe;24Cr;15Co;3Mo (anisotropic) Fe;28Cr;10.5Co (Chromindur II) Fe;23Cr;15Co;3V;2Ti Cu;20Ni;20Fe (Cunife) Cu;21Ni;29Fe (Cunico) Pt;23Co Mn;29.5Al;0.5C (anisotropic)

References

Hc/103 A m–1

B

0.4 0.4 0.91 0.77 1.20 1.22 1.00 1.04 1.2 1.22 1.0 1.54 0.98 1.35 0.55 0.34 0.64 0.61

192 3.3

7.9 4.8 10 8.4 42 67 32 4 4 0.5 4 2.16

696 5 16 1120

1. McCurrie, R. A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 204.

Js is the saturation magnetic polarization TC is the Curie temperature ∆H is the line width Material

Js/T

Hc/103 A m–1

i

1.6 2.95

2.4

(BH)max/kJ m–3

29 30 164 117 286 295 196 212 264 280 28 76 16 44 12 8 76 56

TC/°C

400 400

480 300

350 120

Selected Ferrites

TC/°C

∆H/kA m–1

Applications

0.52 0.60 0.34 0.14 0.50 0.50 0.31 0.15 0.12 0.05 0.25 0.14 0.17 0.53 0.39

575 585 575 440 375 300 590 450 430 1860 290

Garnets Y3Fe5O12 Y3Fe5O12 (single crys.) (Y,Al)3Fe5O12 (Y,Gd)3Fe5O12 Sm3Fe5O12 Eu3Fe5O12 GdFe5O12

0.178 0.178 0.12 0.06 0.170 0.116 0.017

280 292 250 250 305 293 291

55 0.5 80 150

Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices

0.45 0.34 0.28

430 470 130 390 500 450

1.5 12 25 16 8

Permanent magnets Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Permanent magnets

0.16 0.4

250 300 300 100 500 500 500 500 350

2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5–165. 3. Jiles, D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Chapman & Hall, London, 1991.

Spinels γ-Fe2O3 Fe3O4 NiFe2O4 MgFe2O4 NiZnFe2O4 MnFe2O4 NiCoFe2O4 NiCoAlFe2O4 NiAl0.35Fe1.65O4 NiAlFe2O4 Mg0.9Mn0.1Fe2O4 Ni0.5Zn0.5Al0.8Fe1.2O4 CuFe2O4 CoFe2O4 LiFe5O8

Hexagonal crystals BaFe12O19 Ba3Co2Fe24O41 Ba2Zn2Fe12O22 Ba3Co1.35Zn0.65Fe24O41 Ba2Ni2Fe12O22 SrFe12O19

Tmax/°C

450 450 567 380 620 637 700 800 800 300 700 630 630 630 410

455 520 670

Reference

350 70 120 50 140 330 67 32 56 17

Microwave devices Transformer cores Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Electromechanical transducers Microwave devices

McCurrie, R. A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994.

Section 12.indb 106

4/28/05 1:57:37 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

12-107 Spinel Structure (AB2O4)

A

B

FIGURE 4. Arrangement of metal ions in the two octants A and B, showing tetrahedrally (A) and octahedrally (B) coordinated sites. (Reprinted from McCurrie, R.A., Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994. With permission.)

A B O2-

Selected Antiferromagnetic Solids TN is the Néel temperature

Material

Structure

Binary oxides MnO FeO CoO NiO α-Mn2O3 CuO UO2 Er2O3 Gd2O3

cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub monocl cub cub cub

122 198 291 525 90 230 30.8 3.4 1.6

orth orth orth orth orth orth cub cub orth cub* cub cub* cub cub cub* orth cub

282 100 750 224 760 118 110 5.3 141 673 125 88.3 115 275 60 149 82

Perovskites LaCrO3 LaMnO3 LaFeO3 NdCrO3 NdFeO3 YbCrO3 CaMnO3 EuTiO3 YCrO3 BiFeO3 KCoF3 KMnF3 KFeF3 KNiF3 NaMnF3 NaNiF3 RbMnF3 Spinels Co3O4 NiCr2O4

Section 12.indb 107

cub tetr

TN/K

40 65

Material

Structure

TN/K

ZnCr2O4 ZnFe2O4 GeFe2O4 MgV2O4 MnGa2O4

cub cub cub cub cub

NiAs and related structures CrAs CrSb CrSe MnTe NiS CrS

orth hex hex hex hex monocl

300 705–723 300 320–323 263 460

Rutile and related structures CoF2 CrF2 FeF2 MnF2 NiF2 CrCl2 MnO2 FeOF

tetr monocl tetr tetr tetr orth tetr tetr

38 53 79 67 83 20 84 315

Corundum and related structures Cr2O3 α-Fe2O3 FeTiO3 MnTiO3 CoTiO3

rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb

318 948 68 41 38

VF3 and related structures CoF3 CrF3

rhomb rhomb

460 80

15 9 10 45 33

4/28/05 1:57:39 PM

Properties of Magnetic Materials

12-108 Material

Structure

FeF3 MnF3 MoF3

rhomb monocl rhomb

Miscellaneous K2NiF4 MnI2 CoUO4 CaMn2O4 CrN CeC2 FeSn Mn2P

tetr hex orth orth cub* tetr hex hex

TN/K

394 43 185 97 3.4 12 225 273 33 373 103

References 1. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5–168 to 5–183. 2. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 3. Ashcroft, N. W., and Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p. 697.

* Distorted.

Section 12.indb 108

4/28/05 1:57:39 PM

ORGANIC MAGNETS J.S. Miller Magnetic ordering, e.g., ferromagnetism, like superconductivity, is a property of a solid, not of an individual molecule or ion, and very rarely occurs for organic compounds. In contrast to superconductivity, where all electron spins pair to form a perfect diamagnetic material, magnetic ordering requires unpaired electron spins; hence, superconductivity and ferromagnetism are mutually exclusive. The vast majority of organic compounds are diamagnetic (i.e., all electron spins are paired), and a relative few possess unpaired electrons (designated by an arrow, ↑) and are paramagnetic (PM), i.e., they are oriented in random directions. A few organic solids, however, exhibit strong magnetic behavior and magnetically order as ferromagnets (FO) with all spins aligned in the same direc-

tion. In some cases the spins align in the opposite direction and compensate to form an antiferromagnet (AF). In some cases these spins are not opposed to each other and do not compensate and lead to a canted antiferromagnet or weak ferromagnet (WF). If the number of spins that align in one direction differs from the number of spins that align in the opposite direction, the spins cannot compensate and a ferrimagnet (FI) results. Metamagnets (MM) are antiferromagnets in which all the spins become aligned like a ferromagnet in an applied magnetic field. Above the ordering or critical temperature, Tc, all magnets are paramagnets (PM). Organic magnets all possess electron spins in p-orbitals, but these may be in conjunction with metal ion-based spins.

Paramagnet (PM) (random) arrangement of spins

Ferromagnetic (FO) ordering of spins

Antiferromagnetic (AF) ordering of spins

Ferrimagnetic (FI) ordering of spins

Canted antiferromagnet or weak ferromagnet (WF) ordering of spins

FIGURE 1.

Schematic illustration of the different types of magnetic behavior.

12-109

Section 12.indb 109

4/28/05 1:57:41 PM

Organic Magnets

12-110

Summary of the Critical Temperature, Tc, Saturation Magnetization, Ms, Coercive Field, Hcr, and Remanent Magnetization, Mr, for Selected Organic-Based Magnets Magnet α-1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-2,6-diazaadamantane-N,N’-doxyl β-2-(4'-Nitrophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-oxyl-3-N-oxide {FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] {MnIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] {CrIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] α-{FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNQ] β-{FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNQ] Tanol subarate NCC6F4CN2S2 MnII(hfac)2NITC2H5 MnII(hfac)2NIT(i-C3H8) [Mn(hfac)2]3[{ON[C6H3(t-C(CH3)3]2NO]2} [MnTPP][TCNE].2C6H5CH3 V[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Mn[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Fe[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Co[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5)

Type FO

Tc/K 1.48

FO FO FO FO MM FO MM WF FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI

0.6 4.8 8.8 3.65 2.55 3.0 0.38 35.5 7.8 7.6 46 13 ~400 75 97 44

Ms/A m-1 48,300

Hcr/T <0.00001

Mr/A m-1 —

22,300 37,600 58,200 46,300 34,200 21,600 20,700 45 39,400 42,400 24,400 18,400 28,200 52,000 46,300 22,000

0.00008 0.10 0.12 — — — — 0.00009 0.03 <0.0005 — 2.4 0.0015 - 0.006 0.002 0.23 0.65

<200 2,300 3,700 — — — — — 27,600 <420 — 10,300 1,650 270 3 —

List of Symbols and Abbreviations Ms Hcr Tc Mr TCNE TCNQ

Saturation magnetization at 2 K Coercive Field Critical Temperature Remanent magnetization at 2 K Tetracyanoethylene 7,7,8,8-Tetracyano-p-quinodimethane

hfac NIT FO FI MM WF

2-(4’-Nitrophyenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1Himidazol-1-oxyl-3-N-oxide

1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-2,6-diazaadamantane-N,N’-doxyl

M[C5(CH3)5]2(M = Cr, Mn, Fe)

Section 12.indb 110

Hexafluoroacetonate Nitronyl nitroxide Ferromagnet Ferrimagnet Metamagnet Weak ferromagnet

TCNE

TCNQ

4/28/05 1:57:47 PM

Organic Magnets

12-111

Mn(hfac)2

Tanol subarate

NITR (R = C2H5, i-C3H8, n-C3H8)

MnTPP

References 1. Miller, J. S. and Epstein, A. J., Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed., 33, 385, 1994. 2. Chiarelli, R., Rassat, A., Dromzee, Y., Jeannin, Y., Novak, M. A., and Tholence, J. L., Phys. Scrip., T49, 706, 1993. 3. Kinoshita, M., Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 33, 5718, 1994. 4. Gatteschi, D., Adv. Mat., 6, 635, 1994.

Section 12.indb 111

{ON[C6H3(t-C(CH3)3]2NO]2}

NCC6F4CN2S2 5. Miller, J. S. and Epstein, A. J., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1319, 1998. 6. Broderick, W. E., Eichorn, D. M., Lu, X., Toscano, P. J., Owens, S. M. and Hoffman, B. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117, 3641, 1995. 7. Banister, A. J., Bricklebank, N., Lavander, I., Rawson, J., Gregory, C. I., Tanner, B. K., Clegg, W. J., Elsegood, M. R., and Palacio, F., Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed., 35, 2533, 1996.

4/28/05 1:57:52 PM

ELECTRON INELASTIC MEAN FREE PATHS Cedric J. Powell The inelastic mean free path (IMFP) of electrons is defined as the average of distances, measured along the trajectories, that electrons with a given energy travel between inelastic collisions in the substance. It is an important parameter in analyzing results from surface-characterization techniques such as Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and others. IMFPs can be measured by the elastic-peak electron spectroscopy technique and other methods, and they can be calculated from optical data. A detailed analysis of the experimental and theoretical considerations in obtaining reliable IMPF values can be found in reference 4. The table below gives recommended IMFP values for several elements, simple inorganic compounds, and organic materials. Values are given in Ångström units (1 Å = 10-10 m) for a range of

electron energies. Substances are given in alphabetical order by name, with elements and inorganic compounds listed before the organic materials.

References 1. Tanuma, S., Powell, C. J., and Penn, D. R., Surf. Interface Anal. 17, 911, 1991. 2. Tanuma, S., Powell, C. J., and Penn, D. R., Surf. Interface Anal. 17, 927, 1991. 3. Tanuma, S., Powell, C. J., and Penn, D. R., Surf. Interface Anal. 21, 165, 1994. 4. Powell, C. J., and Jablonski, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 19, 1999. 5. Tanuma, S., Powell, C. J., and Penn, D. R., Surf. Interface Anal., 37, 1, 2005.

Electron Inelastic Mean Free Path in Å Electron Energy in eV Substance Aluminum Bismuth Carbon Chromium Copper Gallium phosphide Gold Hafnium Indium phosphide Iridium Iron Lead(II) sulfide Lead(II) telluride Magnesium Molybdenum Nickel Niobium Osmium Palladium Platinum Potassium chloride Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Silicon Silicon carbide Silicon dioxide (vitreous) Silver Tantalum Titanium Tungsten Vanadium Yttrium Zinc sulfide Zirconium Adenine Bovine plasma albumin β-Carotene

Formula Al Bi C Cr Cu GaP Au Hf InP Ir Fe PbS PbTe Mg Mo Ni Nb Os Pd Pt KCl Re Rh Ru Si SiC SiO2 Ag Ta Ti W V Y ZnS Zr C5H5N5 C40H56

50 3.5 4.9 5.9 4.4 5.2 5.6 6.3 5.8 4.8 5.3 4.3 4.8 4.3 4.0 5.1 4.9 6.0 5.5 4.8 5.0 7.5 5.2 4.8 4.9 4.1 4.7 8.0 6.4 4.8 4.5 5.0 4.2 5.0 5.8 4.4 6.4 7.3 6.4

100 4.6 5.5 6.4 4.3 5.0 6.5 4.7 6.2 4.9 4.3 4.4 5.6 5.5 5.4 4.5 4.5 6.0 4.3 4.8 4.2 7.8 3.8 4.1 4.2 5.3 4.9 7.7 4.7 4.5 5.1 4.1 4.9 5.5 6.5 4.8 6.6 7.2 7.0

150 5.7 6.3 7.5 5.0 5.4 7.8 4.7 7.1 5.6 4.7 5.1 6.7 6.6 6.8 5.0 4.9 6.7 4.5 5.4 4.5 9.3 3.9 4.5 4.6 6.5 5.8 8.8 4.8 5.0 6.2 4.5 5.9 6.4 7.7 5.7 7.8 8.5 8.5

200 6.8 7.2 8.8 5.7 6.0 9.0 5.1 8.0 6.4 5.2 5.8 7.8 7.7 8.2 5.6 5.4 7.7 5.0 6.2 4.9 10.9 4.3 5.0 5.2 7.8 6.8 10.0 5.2 5.5 7.3 5.0 6.8 7.5 8.9 6.6 9.2 9.9 10.0

300 8.9 8.8 11.2 7.2 7.3 11.4 6.1 10.2 8.1 6.4 7.2 10.0 9.8 10.7 7.1 6.5 9.7 6.0 7.8 6.0 14.2 5.1 6.1 6.5 10.3 8.7 12.6 6.4 6.8 9.5 6.1 8.8 9.8 11.3 8.6 11.8 12.7 13.0

400 10.9 10.6 13.7 8.6 8.6 13.7 7.2 12.0 9.7 7.5 8.5 12.1 11.9 13.0 8.5 7.7 11.7 7.1 9.4 7.1 17.3 6.0 7.3 7.8 12.5 10.5 15.2 7.7 8.0 11.6 7.3 10.7 11.9 13.6 10.5 14.4 15.4 15.9

600 14.5 14.0 18.4 11.4 11.3 18.1 9.5 15.6 12.8 9.7 11.2 16.1 15.8 17.5 11.3 10.1 15.6 9.1 12.5 9.2 23.2 7.7 9.7 10.4 16.6 13.9 20.0 10.2 10.4 15.6 9.4 14.3 16.0 17.9 14.1 19.2 20.7 21.4

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 18.0 21.3 24.6 27.8 31.0 34.1 37.2 17.2 20.2 23.2 26.1 28.9 31.6 34.4 22.8 27.0 31.1 35.2 39.1 43.0 46.8 14.0 16.6 19.1 21.6 24.0 26.3 28.6 13.9 16.5 18.9 21.3 23.7 26.0 28.3 22.3 26.3 30.2 34.1 37.8 41.5 45.2 11.7 13.8 15.8 17.8 19.7 21.6 23.4 19.0 22.2 25.3 28.4 31.4 34.4 37.3 15.7 18.7 21.4 24.2 26.8 29.4 32.0 11.8 13.8 15.7 17.6 19.4 21.2 22.9 13.7 16.2 18.6 20.9 23.2 25.5 27.7 19.8 23.6 27.1 30.6 33.9 37.2 40.5 19.6 23.4 26.9 30.3 33.7 37.0 40.2 21.7 25.9 29.9 33.9 37.7 41.6 45.3 14.0 16.5 18.9 21.2 23.5 25.8 28.0 12.4 14.6 16.7 18.8 20.8 22.8 24.7 19.2 22.6 25.9 29.1 32.3 35.3 38.4 11.1 12.9 14.7 16.4 18.1 19.8 21.5 15.4 18.2 20.9 23.5 26.0 28.4 30.9 11.2 13.1 14.9 16.7 18.5 20.2 21.9 28.7 34.0 39.2 44.2 49.1 54.0 58.8 9.4 10.9 12.5 14.0 15.4 16.9 18.3 12.0 14.1 16.2 18.2 20.1 22.0 23.9 12.8 15.1 17.4 19.5 21.6 23.7 25.7 20.6 24.4 28.2 31.8 35.4 39.0 42.5 17.1 20.3 23.3 26.3 29.2 32.1 35.0 24.7 29.3 33.7 38.0 42.2 46.4 50.5 12.6 14.9 17.2 19.3 21.4 23.5 25.5 12.7 14.8 16.9 19.0 21.0 22.9 24.9 19.5 23.2 26.8 30.2 33.6 36.9 40.2 11.4 13.4 15.2 17.1 18.9 20.6 22.4 17.7 21.0 24.3 27.4 30.5 33.5 36.4 19.8 23.4 27.0 30.4 33.8 37.1 40.4 22.0 26.0 29.8 33.6 37.3 40.9 44.5 17.5 20.7 23.8 26.9 29.9 32.8 35.7 24.1 28.6 33.1 37.4 41.6 45.8 49.9 25.8 30.8 35.6 40.2 44.8 49.4 53.8 26.9 32.0 37.0 41.9 46.6 51.3 56.0

Ref. 5 1 1 1 4 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 3

12-112

Section 12.indb 112

4/28/05 1:57:55 PM

Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths Substance Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5hexatriene Guanine Hexacosane Kapton Polyacetylene Poly(butene-1-sulfone) Polyethylene Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polystyrene Poly(2-vinylpyridine)

Section 12.indb 113

Formula

C18H16 C5H5N5O C26H54

50

12-113 100

150

200

300

400

600

800

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Ref.

7.3

7.3

8.5

9.8

12.6

15.4

20.7

25.9

30.8

35.6

40.3

44.9

49.4

53.8

3

6.4 6.2 7.0 7.0 5.3 7.1 6.9 7.8 6.9 6.9

7.0 6.2 7.6 6.8 5.7 7.2 7.2 7.9 7.3 7.3

8.4 7.2 9.2 7.9 6.8 8.5 8.6 9.3 8.7 8.7

9.9 8.4 10.9 9.2 7.9 9.9 10.1 10.8 10.2 10.3

12.9 10.8 14.1 11.7 10.2 12.7 13.0 13.9 13.2 13.3

15.8 13.1 17.2 14.2 12.5 15.4 15.9 16.9 16.1 16.2

21.3 17.5 23.2 19.0 16.9 20.7 21.4 22.7 21.6 21.8

26.7 21.8 29.2 23.7 21.1 25.8 26.8 28.3 27.1 27.3

31.8 25.9 34.7 28.2 25.1 30.6 31.8 33.7 32.2 32.5

36.8 29.9 40.1 32.5 29.0 35.3 36.8 38.8 37.2 37.5

41.7 33.8 45.4 36.7 32.8 39.9 41.6 43.9 42.1 42.4

46.4 37.6 50.6 40.9 36.5 44.4 46.3 48.9 46.9 47.3

51.1 41.4 55.7 44.9 40.2 48.8 51.0 53.8 51.6 52.0

55.7 45.1 60.7 49.0 43.8 53.2 55.6 58.6 56.2 56.7

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4/28/05 1:57:57 PM

ELECTRON WORK FUNCTION OF THE ELEMENTS The electron work function Φ is a measure of the minimum energy required to extract an electron from the surface of a solid. It is defined more precisely as the energy difference between the state in which an electron has been removed to a distance from the surface of a single crystal face that is large enough that the image force is negligible but small compared to the distance to any other face (typically about 10-4 cm) and the state in which the electron is in the bulk solid. In general, Φ differs for each face of a monocrystalline sample. Since Φ is dependent on the cleanliness of the surface, measurements reported in the literature often cover a considerable range. This table contains selected values for the electron work function of the elements which may be regarded as typical values for a reasonably clean surface. The method of measurement is indicated for each value. The following abbreviations appear: Element

Plane

Φ/eV

Ag

100 110 111 100 110 111 polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 112 polycr 100 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr liquid polycr 100 110 111

4.64 4.52 4.74 4.20 4.06 4.26 (3.75) 5.47 5.37 5.31 (4.45) 2.52 4.98 4.34 (5.0) 2.87 4.08 2.9 5.0 4.5 1.95 5.10 4.48 4.94 4.53 2.5 4.67 4.81 4.32 2.90 5.0 3.9 4.475 4.09 5.67 5.42 5.76

Al

As Au

B Ba Be Bi C Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu

Eu Fe Ga Gd Ge Hf Hg In Ir

Method PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE TH TH PE PE CPD PE CPD PE PE PE PE FE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE CPD CPD PE PE PE PE PE PE

Element K La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo

Na Nb

Nd Ni

Os Pb Pd Pt

Rb Re Rh

TE – Thermionic emission PE – Photoelectric effect FE – Field emission CPD – Contact potential difference polycr – Polycrystalline sample amorp – Amorphous sample Values in parentheses are only approximate.

References 1. Hölzl, J., and Schulte, F. K., Work Functions of Metals, in Solid Surface Physics, Höhler, G., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979. 2. Riviere, J. C., Work Function: Measurements and Results, in Solid State Surface Science, Vol.1, Green, M., Ed., Decker, New York, 1969. 3. Michaelson, H. B., J. Appl. Phys., 48, 4729, 1977.

Plane

Φ/eV

210 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 112 114 332 polycr 001 110 111 112 113 116 310 polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr 111 polycr 110 111 320 331 polycr polycr polycr

5.00 2.29 3.5 2.93 (3.3) 3.66 4.1 4.53 4.95 4.55 4.36 4.50 4.55 2.36 4.02 4.87 4.36 4.63 4.29 3.95 4.18 3.2 5.22 5.04 5.35 5.93 4.25 5.22 5.6 5.64 5.84 5.93 5.22 5.12 2.261 4.72 4.98

Method PE PE PE FE CPD PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE TH TH TH TH TH TH TH PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE FE FE FE FE PE TE PE

Element

Plane

Φ/eV

Method

Ru Sb

4.71 4.55 4.7 3.5 5.9 4.85 (4.91) 4.60 2.7 4.42 (2.59) 4.25 4.15 4.80 4.00 3.0 4.95 3.4 4.33 (3.84) 3.63 3.73 3.90 3.67 4.3 4.55 4.63 5.22 4.45 4.46 4.32 3.1 3.63

PE

Y Zn

polycr amorp 100 polycr polycr n p 100 p 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 113 polycr polycr 100 110 111 113 116 polycr polycr

PE PE CPD CPD PE PE CPD TH TH TH TH TH PE PE TH PE CPD PE PE PE PE PE CPD FE FE FE FE TH PE PE

Zr

polycr polycr

(4.9) 4.05

CPD PE

Sc Se Si

Sm Sn Sr Ta

Tb Te Th Ti Tl U

V W

12-114

S12_21.indd 114

5/2/05 1:20:49 PM

SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION The secondary emission yield, or secondary emission ratio, δ, is the average number of secondary electrons emitted from a bombarded material for every incident primary electron. It is a function of the primary electron energy Ep. The maximum yield δmax corresponds to a primary electron energy Epmax (see figure). The two primary electron energies corresponding to a yield of unity are denoted the first and second crossovers (EI and EII). An insulat-

ing target, or a conducting target that is electrically floating, will charge positively or negatively depending on the primary electron energy. For EI < Ep < EII, δ > 1 and the surface charges positively provided there is a collector present that is positive with respect to the target. For Ep < EI or Ep > EII, δ < 1, and the surface charges negatively with respect to the potential of the source of primary electrons.

1.5 δmax δ 1.0 0.5

Ep EII EI max Primary Electron Energy (Ep) Element Ag Al Au B Ba Bi Be C (diamond) C (graphite) C (soot) Cd Co Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hg K Compound Alkali halides CsCl KBr (crystal) KCl (crystal) KCl (layer) KI (crystal) KI (layer) LiF (crystal) LiF (layer) NaBr (crystal) NaBr (layer) NaCl (crystal) NaCl (layer) NaF (crystal) NaF (layer) NaI (crystal) NaI (layer) RbCl (layer) Oxides Ag2O Al2O3 (layer) BaO (layer)

δmax 1.5 1.0 1.4 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.5 2.8 1.0 0.45 1.1 1.2 0.7 1.3 1.3 1.55 1.15 1.3 0.7

Epmax (eV) 800 300 800 150 400 550 200 750 300 500 450 600 400 600 400 500 500 600 200 δmax 6.5 14 12 7.5 10 5.6 8.5 5.6 24 6.3 14 6.8 14 5.7 19 5.5 5.8 1.0 2–9 2.3–4.8

EI (eV) 200 300 150 50 None None None None 300 None 300 200 None 200 120 75 150 350 None Epmax(eV) 1800 1600 1200 1600 700 1800 1200 600 1200 1300

400

EII (eV) >2000 300 >2000 600 None None None >5000 300 None 700 None None 1500 1400 None 900 >1200 None

Element Li Mg Mo Na Nb Ni Pb Pd Pt Rb Sb Si Sn Ta Th Ti Tl W Zr Compound BeO CaO Cu2O MgO (crystal) MgO (layer) MoO2 SiO2 (quartz) SnO2 Sulfides MoS2 PbS WS2 ZnS Others BaF2 (layer) CaF2 (layer) BiCs3 BiCs GeCs Rb3Sb SbCs3 Mica Glasses

δmax 0.5 0.95 1.25 0.82 1.2 1.3 1.1 >1.3 1.8 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.35 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.7 1.4 1.1

Epmax (eV) 85 300 375 300 375 550 500 >250 700 350 600 250 500 600 800 280 650 650 350 δmax 3.4 2.2 1.2 20–25 3–15 1.2 2.1–4 3.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.8 4.5 3.2 6 1.9 7 7.1 6 2.4 2–3

EI (eV) None None 150 None 150 150 250 120 350 None 250 125 None 250 None None 70 250 None

EII (eV) None None 1200 None 1050 >1500 1000 None 3000 None 2000 500 None >2000 None None >1500 >1500 None

Epmax(eV) 2000 500 400 1500 400–1500 400 640 500 350

1000 1000 700 450 700 350 300–450

12-115

Section 12.indb 115

4/28/05 1:58:02 PM

Optical Properties of Selected Elements J. H. Weaver and H. P. R. Frederikse These tables list the index of refraction n, the extinction coefficient k, and the normal incidence reflection R (φ = 0) as a function of photon energy E, which is expressed in electron volts (eV). To convert the energy in eV to the wavelength in µm, use λ = 1.2398/ E. To compute the dielectric function ˜ε = ε1 + iε2 from the complex ˜ = n + ik, use ε1 = n2 – k2 and ε2 = 2nk. index of refraction N The optical constants in these tables are abridged from three more extensive tabulations: •

• •

Optical Properties of Metals (OPM), Volumes I and II, Physics Data, Nr. 18-1 and 18-2, J. H. Weaver, C. Krafka, D. W. Lynch, and E. E. Koch, Fachinformationzentrum, Karlsruhe, Germany. Handbook of Optical Constants (HOC), Vol. I, 1985, and Vol. II, 1991. E. D. Palik, Ed., Academic Press, Inc., London. American Institute of Physics Handbook (AIPH), 3rd Edition, D. E. Gray, Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

tors are listed at the end of the tables. Generally, tabulated values for the optical properties are accurate to better than 10%. Data in parentheses are extrapolated or interpolated values. For most elements the spectral range covered is from the far infrared (0.010 or 0.10 eV) to the far ultraviolet (10, 30 or 300 eV). The intervals between successive energies in the tables are chosen in such a way that the major spectral features are preserved. Very small values of k are expressed in exponential notation, e.g., 1.23E-5 means 1.23 × 10-5. The following table is convenient for identifying the energy entries in these tables with the corresponding wavelengths: λ 1 mm 500 µm 100 µm 50 µm 10 µm 5 µm 1 µm

The first two of these major sources provide detailed comparisons of all optical data available in the literature at the time of the compilation. For critical applications the reader should refer to the original work. References for individual metals and semiconducEnergy (eV)

n

Aluminium1 0.040 98.595 0.050 74.997 0.060 62.852 0.070 53.790 0.080 45.784 0.090 39.651 0.100 34.464 0.125 24.965 0.150 18.572 0.175 14.274 0.200 11.733 0.250 8.586 0.300 6.759 0.350 5.438 0.400 4.454 0.500 3.072 0.600 2.273 0.700 1.770 0.800 1.444 0.900 1.264 1.000 1.212 1.100 1.201 1.200 1.260 1.300 1.468 1.400 2.237 1.500 2.745 1.600 2.625 1.700 2.143 1.800 1.741 1.900 1.488 2.000 1.304

12-120

k 203.701 172.199 150.799 135.500 123.734 114.102 105.600 89.250 76.960 66.930 59.370 48.235 40.960 35.599 31.485 25.581 21.403 18.328 15.955 14.021 12.464 11.181 10.010 8.949 8.212 8.309 8.597 8.573 8.205 7.821 7.479

R(φ = 0) 0.9923 0.9915 0.9906 0.9899 0.9895 0.9892 0.9889 0.9884 0.9882 0.9879 0.9873 0.9858 0.9844 0.9834 0.9826 0.9817 0.9806 0.9794 0.9778 0.9749 0.9697 0.9630 0.9521 0.9318 0.8852 0.8678 0.8794 0.8972 0.9069 0.9116 0.9148

Energy (eV) 2.200 2.400 2.600 2.800 3.000 3.200 3.400 3.600 3.800 4.000 4.200 4.400 4.600 4.800 5.000 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.500 8.000 8.500 9.000 9.500 10.000 10.500 11.000 11.500 12.000 12.500 13.000 13.500 14.000 14.200

n 1.018 0.826 0.695 0.598 0.523 0.460 0.407 0.363 0.326 0.294 0.267 0.244 0.223 0.205 0.190 0.130 0.110 0.095 0.082 0.072 0.063 0.056 0.049 0.044 0.040 0.036 0.033 0.033 0.034 0.038 0.041 0.048 0.053

k 6.846 6.283 5.800 5.385 5.024 4.708 4.426 4.174 3.946 3.740 3.552 3.380 3.222 3.076 2.942 2.391 2.173 1.983 1.814 1.663 1.527 1.402 1.286 1.178 1.076 0.979 0.883 0.791 0.700 0.609 0.517 0.417 0.373

R(φ = 0) 0.9200 0.9228 0.9238 0.9242 0.9241 0.9243 0.9245 0.9246 0.9247 0.9248 0.9248 0.9249 0.9249 0.9249 0.9244 0.9257 0.9260 0.9262 0.9265 0.9269 0.9272 0.9277 0.9282 0.9286 0.9293 0.9298 0.9283 0.9224 0.9118 0.8960 0.8789 0.8486 0.8312

E/eV 0.00124 0.00248 0.01240 0.02480 0.12398 0.24797 1.240

Energy (eV) 14.400 14.600 14.800 15.000 15.200 15.400 15.600 15.800 16.000 16.200 16.400 16.750 17.000 17.250 17.500 17.750 18.000 18.500 19.000 19.500 20.000 20.500 21.000 21.500 22.000 22.500 23.000 23.500 24.000 24.500 25.000 25.500 26.000

λ 6000 Å 5000 Å 4000 Å 3000 Å 2000 Å 1000 Å 400 Å

n 0.058 0.067 0.086 0.125 0.178 0.234 0.280 0.318 0.351 0.380 0.407 0.448 0.474 0.498 0.520 0.540 0.558 0.591 0.620 0.646 0.668 0.689 0.707 0.724 0.739 0.753 0.766 0.778 0.789 0.799 0.809 0.817 0.826

E/eV 2.066 2.480 3.100 4.133 6.199 12.398 30.996

k 0.327 0.273 0.211 0.153 0.108 0.184 0.073 0.065 0.060 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.042 0.040 0.038 0.036 0.035 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016

R(φ = 0) 0.8102 0.7802 0.7202 0.6119 0.4903 0.3881 0.3182 0.2694 0.2326 0.2031 0.1789 0.1460 0.1278 0.1129 0.1005 0.0899 0.0809 0.0664 0.0554 0.0467 0.0398 0.0342 0.0296 0.0258 0.0226 0.0199 0.0177 0.0157 0.0140 0.0126 0.0113 0.0102 0.0092

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 27.000 28.000 29.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 72.500 75.000 77.500 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.000 110.000 120.000 130.000 140.000 150.000 160.000 170.000 180.000 190.000 200.000 220.000 240.000 260.000 280.000 300.000

n 0.840 0.854 0.865 0.876 0.915 0.940 0.957 0.969 0.979 0.987 0.995 1.006 1.025 1.011 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.005 0.999 0.991 0.994 0.991 0.987 0.989 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.991 0.992 0.993 0.993 0.994 0.995

Carbon (diamond)2 0.06199 2.3741 0.06888 2.3741 0.07749 2.3745 0.08856 2.3750 0.1033 2.3757 0.1240 2.3765 0.1550 2.3772 0.1907 0.2066 2.3779 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 2.3787 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35

k 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.024 0.025 0.024 0.028 0.031 0.036 0.030 0.025 0.024 0.021 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002

3.1 E-05 5.7 E-05 1.21E-04 2.36E-04 3.82E-04 5.21E-04 2.96E-04 4.39E-04 2.75E-04 7.82E-05 1.32E-04 1.30E-04 1.11E-04 2.99E-05 1.89E-05 2.11E-05

R(φ = 0) 0.0076 0.0063 0.0053 0.0044 0.0020 0.0010 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166

0.167

Energy (eV) 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.4133 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.4959 0.6199 0.8266 1.240 1.378 1.459 1.550 1.653 1.771 1.889 1.926 2.066 2.105 2.271 2.480 2.650 2.845 3.100 3.434 3.576 3.961 4.160 4.511 4.8187 5.00 5.30 5.35 5.40 5.50 5.55 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.15 7.20

12-121 n

2.3795

2.3801 2.3813 2.3837 2.3905 2.3934 2.3953 2.3975 2.4003 2.4036 2.4073 2.4084 2.4133 2.4147 2.4210 2.4299 2.4380 2.4627 2.4849 2.4955 2.5465 2.6205 2.6383

2.740 2.780 2.826 2.852 2.879 2.910 2.944 2.985 3.031 3.085 3.146 3.220 3.322 3.444 3.464 3.437

k 2.47E-05 2.80E-05 3.11E-05 3.67E-05 3.58E-05 3.25E-05 2.94E-05 2.87E-05 3.14E-05 3.62E-05 3.22E-05 1.57E-05 6.17E-06

3.82E-07

8.97E-07 1.29E-06 1.47E-06 2.98E-06 6.45E-06 1.04E-05 3.41E-05 5.48E-04 1.48E-03 5.02E-03 7.99E-03 8.62E-03 9.30E-03 9.74E-03 9.87E-03 1.10E-02 1.47E-02 2.20E-02 3.44E-02 5.24E-02 9.35E-02 0.210 0.307 0.388

R(φ = 0)

0.167

0.167 0.167 0.167 0.168 0.169 0.169 0.169 0.170 0.170 0.171 0.171 0.171 0.172 0.173 0.174 0.175 0.178 0.182 0.183 0.190 0.200 0.203

0.216 0.222 0.228 0.231 0.235 0.239 0.243 0.248 0.254 0.261 0.268 0.277 0.289 0.304 0.308 0.307

Energy (eV) 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.25 8.50 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.20 12.40 12.60 12.80 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00

n 3.376 3.335 3.321 3.306 3.276 3.251 3.232 3.228 3.247 3.272 3.308 3.348 3.398 3.453 3.514 3.565 3.600 3.582 3.507 3.346 3.090 2.736 2.383 1.983 1.532 1.312 1.223 1.129 1.070 1.018 0.972 0.917 0.861 0.805 0.753 0.707 0.665 0.626 0.589 0.557 0.527 0.487 0.518 0.597 0.586 0.562 0.538 0.516 0.501 0.494 0.493

Cesium (evaporated)3 2.145 0.264 2.271 0.278 2.845 0.425 3.064 0.540 3.397 0.671 3.966 0.827 4.889 0.916

k 0.473 0.515 0.533 0.592 0.659 0.712 0.765 0.806 0.855 0.910 0.978 1.055 1.147 1.258 1.403 1.581 1.813 2.078 2.380 2.693 2.986 3.228 3.354 3.382 3.265 2.953 2.722 2.379 2.178 2.034 1.929 1.845 1.767 1.692 1.619 1.546 1.476 1.408 1.341 1.273 1.203 1.052 0.888 0.850 0.829 0.787 0.736 0.679 0.616 0.552 0.490

R(φ = 0) 0.303 0.300 0.299 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.301 0.303 0.308 0.314 0.322 0.331 0.342 0.355 0.371 0.389 0.411 0.434 0.460 0.488 0.518 0.551 0.580 0.610 0.641 0.627 0.604 0.557 0.526 0.504 0.489 0.482 0.477 0.474 0.471 0.467 0.463 0.459 0.455 0.449 0.442 0.413 0.330 0.270 0.268 0.265 0.260 0.252 0.239 0.221 0.201

1.123 0.950 0.438 0.320 0.233 0.174 0.143

0.631 0.561 0.235 0.127 0.057 0.018 0.007

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-122 Energy (eV)

n

k

Chromium4 0.06 21.19 0.10 11.81 0.14 15.31 0.18 8.73 0.22 5.30 0.26 3.91 0.30 3.15 0.42 3.47 0.54 3.92 0.66 3.96 0.78 4.13 0.90 4.43 1.00 4.47 1.12 4.53 1.24 4.50 1.36 4.42 1.46 4.31 1.77 3.84 2.00 3.48 2.20 3.18 2.40 2.75 2.60 2.22 2.80 1.80 3.00 1.54 3.20 1.44 3.40 1.39 3.60 1.26 3.80 1.12 4.00 1.02 4.20 0.94 4.40 0.90 4.50 0.89 4.60 0.88 4.70 0.86 4.80 0.86 4.90 0.86 5.00 0.85 5.10 0.86 5.20 0.87 5.40 0.93 5.60 0.95 5.80 0.97 6.00 0.94 6.20 0.89 6.40 0.85 6.60 0.80 6.80 0.75 7.00 0.74 7.20 0.71 7.40 0.69 7.60 0.66 7.80 0.67 8.00 0.68 8.20 0.71 8.50 0.74 9.0 0.83 9.50 0.92 10.00 0.98 10.50 1.01

42.00 29.76 26.36 25.37 20.62 17.12 14.28 8.97 7.06 5.95 5.03 4.60 4.43 4.31 4.28 4.30 4.32 4.37 4.36 4.41 4.46 4.36 4.06 3.71 3.40 3.24 3.12 2.95 2.76 2.58 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.21 2.13 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.87 1.80 1.74 1.74 1.73 1.69 1.66 1.59 1.51 1.45 1.39 1.33 1.23 1.15 1.07 1.00 0.92 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72

R(φ = 0) 0.962 0.955 0.936 0.53 0.954 0.951 0.943 0.862 0.788 0.736 0.680 0.650 0.639 0.631 0.629 0.631 0.632 0.639 0.644 0.656 0.677 0.698 0.703 0.695 0.670 0.657 0.661 0.660 0.651 0.639 0.620 0.607 0.598 0.586 0.572 0.557 0.542 0.523 0.503 0.466 0.443 0.437 0.444 0.446 0.447 0.444 0.439 0.425 0.414 0.404 0.378 0.347 0.315 0.278 0.235 0.170 0.132 0.120 0.112

Energy (eV) 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 20.00 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 29.0 30.0

n 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.12 1.09 1.03 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.31 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.78

Cobalt, single crystal, 0.10 6.71 0.15 4.66 0.20 3.55 0.25 3.98 0.30 4.04 0.40 4.24 0.50 4.41 0.60 4.91 0.70 5.24 0.80 5.17 0.90 4.94 1.00 4.46 1.10 4.07 1.20 3.81 1.30 3.60 1.40 3.37 1.50 3.10 1.60 2.84 1.70 2.66 1.80 2.45 1.90 2.31 2.00 2.21 2.10 2.13

0.69 0.69 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.64 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.21

k

R(φ = 0) 0.103 0.100 0.101 0.108 0.119 0.128 0.135 0.142 0.143 0.141 0.139 0.134 0.132 0.130 0.129 0.130 0.131 0.130 0.129 0.121 0.116 0.112 0.109 0.105 0.101 0.096 0.089 0.080 0.072 0.063 0.055 0.048 0.043 0.037 0.032 0.030

→

∥ ĉ5 37.87 25.47 18.78 14.59 12.16 9.13 7.19 6.13 5.85 5.89 5.95 5.86 5.61 5.36 5.20 5.09 4.96 4.77 4.57 4.41 4.18 4.00 3.85

E

0.982 0.973 0.962 0.933 0.907 0.847 0.782 0.729 0.713 0.716 0.720 0.722 0.715 0.706 0.701 0.701 0.701 0.697 0.690 0.687 0.675 0.664 0.654

Energy (eV) 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.00 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00

n 2.07 2.01 1.95 1.88 1.81 1.73 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.46 1.38 1.31 1.28 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.16 1.10 1.03 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95

Cobalt, single crystal, 0.10 5.83 0.15 4.24 0.20 3.87 0.30 4.34 0.40 4.66 0.50 5.17 0.60 5.77 0.70 6.15 0.80 6.08 0.90 5.57 1.00 4.83 1.10 4.31 1.20 4.02 1.30 3.78 1.40 3.55 1.50 3.26 1.60 3.03 1.70 2.83 1.80 2.61 1.90 2.41 2.00 2.25 2.10 2.13 2.20 2.04 2.30 1.99 2.40 1.95

3.70 3.59 3.49 3.40 3.32 3.24 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.80 2.64 2.48 2.33 2.20 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.68 1.62 1.53 1.46 1.38 1.32 1.26 1.21 1.17 1.13 1.09

k

R(φ = 0) 0.642 0.634 0.627 0.622 0.618 0.615 0.607 0.600 0.594 0.579 0.563 0.544 0.519 0.495 0.471 0.452 0.435 0.423 0.411 0.403 0.399 0.400 0.406 0.407 0.401 0.386 0.368 0.345 0.326 0.305 0.286 0.269 0.253 0.239

→

⊥ ĉ5 32.36 21.37 15.53 10.01 7.39 5.75 5.17 5.20 5.61 5.93 5.94 5.60 5.34 5.16 5.05 4.93 4.74 4.60 4.45 4.27 4.09 3.89 3.72 3.56 3.44

E

0.979 0.965 0.042 0.865 0.785 0.709 0.682 0.685 0.702 0.715 0.721 0.711 0.701 0.694 0.692 0.692 0.687 0.684 0.683 0.677 0.670 0.659 0.646 0.632 0.620

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80

n 1.90 1.86 1.79 1.72 1.66 1.60 1.50 1.42 1.36 1.33 1.31 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.11 1.04 0.98 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94

3.34 3.26 3.19 3.11 3.03 2.94 2.78 2.62 2.47 2.33 2.21 2.12 2.03 1.95 1.90 1.84 1.80 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.69 1.62 1.54 1.46 1.38 1.32 1.26 1.21 1.17 1.13

Copper6 0.10 0.50 1.00 1.50 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40

29.69 1.71 0.44 0.26 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.27 0.47 0.83 1.04 1.12 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.34 1.34 1.42 1.49 1.52 1.53 1.47 1.38 1.28

71.57 17.63 8.48 5.26 4.43 4.25 4.04 3.85 3.67 3.24 2.81 2.60 2.59 2.60 2.50 2.36 2.21 2.07 1.95 1.87 1.81 1.72 1.64 1.64 1.67 1.71 1.78 1.80 1.78

k

R(φ = 0) 0.611 0.605 0.602 0.596 0.591 0.586 0.571 0.553 0.533 0.511 0.488 0.471 0.452 0.435 0.423 0.411 0.403 0.399 0.400 0.406 0.407 0.401 0.386 0.368 0.345 0.326 0.305 0.285 0.269 0.253 0.980 0.979 0.976 0.965 0.958 0.956 0.952 0.947 0.943 0.910 0.814 0.673 0.618 0.602 0.577 0.545 0.509 0.468 0.434 0.407 0.387 0.364 0.336 0.329 0.334 0.345 0.366 0.380 0.389

Energy (eV) 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 41.00 42.00 43.00 44.00 45.00 46.00 47.00 48.00 49.00 50.00 51.00 52.00 53.00 54.00 55.00 56.00 57.00

12-123 n 1.18 1.10 1.04 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.08 1.06 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96

1.74 1.67 1.59 1.37 1.20 1.09 1.03 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.62 0.56 0.51 0.45 0.41 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.35 0.30 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11

k

R(φ = 0) 0.391 0.389 0.380 0.329 0.271 0.230 0.206 0.189 0.171 0.154 0.139 0.118 0.111 0.109 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.109 0.106 0.097 0.084 0.071 0.059 0.048 0.040 0.035 0.035 0.040 0.044 0.043 0.039 0.032 0.025 0.020 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004

Energy (eV) 58.00 59.00 60.00 61.00 62.00 63.00 64.00 65.00 66.00 67.00 68.00 69.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00

n 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96

0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08

Gallium (liquid)7 1.425 2.40 1.550 2.09 1.771 1.65 2.066 1.25 2.480 0.89 3.100 0.59

9.20 8.50 7.60 6.60 5.60 4.50

k

Germanium, single crystal8 0.01240 (4.0065) 3.00E-03 0.01364 4.0063 2.40E-03 0.01488 (4.0060) 1.70E-03 0.01612 (4.0060) 1.55E-03 0.01736 (4.0060) 1.50E-03 0.01860 1.50E-03 0.01984 1.60E-03 0.02108 1.60E-03 0.02232 1.55E-03 0.02356 1.53E-03 0.02480 1.50E-03 0.02604 1.25E-03 0.02728 8.50E-04 0.02852 6.50E-04 0.02976 7.00E-04 0.03100 3.9827 8.50E-04 0.03224 1.55E-03 0.03348 2.75E-03 0.03472 3.55E-03 0.03596 (3.9900) 3.05E-03 0.03720 2.75E-03 0.03844 2.70E-03 0.03968 (3.9930) 2.90E-03 0.04092 2.95E-03 0.04215 3.20E-03 0.04339 6.30E-03 0.04463 3.40E-03 0.04587 (3.9955) 2.50E-03 0.04711 2.10E-03 0.04835 2.00E-03 0.04959 8.00E-04 0.05083 1.40E-03 0.05207 1.35E-03 0.05331 1.10E-03 0.05455 8.00E-04

R(φ = 0) 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.900 0.898 0.898 0.897 0.898 0.896 0.361 0.361 0.361 0.361 0.361

0.358

0.359

0.359

0.360

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-124 Energy (eV) 0.05579 0.05703 0.05827 0.05951 0.06075 0.06199 0.06323 0.06447 0.06571 0.06695 0.06819 0.06943 0.07067 0.07191 0.07315 0.07439 0.07514 0.07749 0.07999 0.08266 0.08551 0.08920 0.09460 0.09840 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

n

3.9992

(4.0000)

4.0009 4.0011 4.0013 4.0015

4.0063 4.0108 4.0246 4.0429 (4.074) (4.104) 4.180 4.275 4.285 4.325 4.385 4.420 4.495 4.560 4.635 4.763 4.897 5.067 5.380 5.588 5.748 5.283 5.062 4.610 4.340 4.180 4.082 4.035 4.037 4.082 4.141 4.157 4.128 4.070 4.020 3.985

k 6.00E-04 9.0 E-04 6.5 E-04 4.6 E-04 4.0 E-04 3.98E-04 4.0 E-04 4.3 E-04 4.4 E-04 4.3 E-04 3.1 E-04 3.3 E-04 3.8 E-04 3.3 E-04 2.5 E-04 1.9 E-04 1.58E-04 9.55E-05 1.71E-04 9.78E-05 5.77E-05 3.98E-05 4.59E-05 3.51E-05 3.70E-05

6.58E-07 1.27E-04 5.67E-03 7.45E-02 8.09E-02 0.103 0.123 0.167 0.190 0.298 0.345 0.401 0.500 0.540 0.933 1.634 2.049 2.318 2.455 2.384 2.309 2.240 2.181 2.140 2.145 2.215 2.340 2.469 2.579 2.667 2.759

R(φ = 0)

0.360

0.360

0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360

0.361 0.361 0.362 0.364 0.367 0.370 0.377 0.385 0.386 0.390 0.395 0.398 0.405 0.411 0.418 0.428 0.439 0.453 0.475 0.495 0.523 0.516 0.519 0.508 0.492 0.480 0.471 0.464 0.461 0.463 0.471 0.482 0.490 0.497 0.502 0.509

Energy (eV) 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

n 3.958 3.936 3.920 3.905 3.869 3.745 3.338 2.516 1.953 1.720 1.586 1.498 1.435 1.394 1.370 1.364 1.371 1.383 1.380 1.360 1.293 1.209 1.108 1.30 1.10 1.00 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93

k 2.863 2.986 3.137 3.336 3.614 4.009 4.507 4.669 4.297 3.960 3.709 3.509 3.342 3.197 3.073 2.973 2.897 2.854 2.842 2.846 2.163 2.873 2.813 2.34 2.05 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.14 1.00 0.86 0.237 0.179 0.144 0.110 0.0747 0.1020 0.0999 0.0856 0.0740 0.0651 0.0604

Gold, electropolished, Au (110)9 0.10 8.17 82.83 0.20 2.13 41.73 0.30 0.99 27.82 0.40 0.59 20.83 0.50 0.39 16.61 0.60 0.28 13.78 0.70 0.22 11.75 0.80 0.18 10.21 0.90 0.15 9.01 1.00 0.13 8.03 1.20 0.10 6.54 1.40 0.08 5.44 1.60 0.08 4.56 1.80 0.09 3.82 2.00 0.13 3.16 2.10 0.18 2.84

R(φ = 0) 0.517 0.527 0.539 0.556 0.579 0.612 0.659 0.705 0.713 0.702 0.690 0.677 0.664 0.650 0.636 0.622 0.609 0.600 0.598 0.602 0.479 0.632 0.641 0.517 0.489 0.448 0.348 0.282 0.262 0.167

0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.993 0.993 0.992 0.991 0.989 0.986 0.979 0.953 0.925

Energy (eV) 2.20 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40

n 0.24 0.50 0.82 1.24 1.43 1.46 1.50 1.54 1.54 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.58 1.62 1.64 1.63 1.59 1.55 1.51 1.48 1.45 1.41 1.35 1.30 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.30 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.38 1.35 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.31 1.33 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.35

2.54 1.86 1.59 1.54 1.72 1.77 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.80 1.78 1.76 1.73 1.73 1.75 1.79 1.81 1.81 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.59 1.54 1.49 1.40 1.33 1.27 1.20 1.14 1.09 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.99 0.96 0.92 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73

k

R(φ = 0) 0.880 0.647 0.438 0.331 0.356 0.368 0.368 0.369 0.371 0.368 0.362 0.356 0.349 0.346 0.351 0.360 0.366 0.369 0.368 0.367 0.368 0.370 0.370 0.364 0.354 0.344 0.332 0.319 0.295 0.275 0.256 0.236 0.218 0.203 0.190 0.177 0.167 0.162 0.161 0.164 0.169 0.171 0.165 0.155 0.147 0.144 0.140 0.133 0.126 0.122 0.121 0.124 0.126 0.127 0.125 0.123 0.120 0.116 0.113 0.111

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 28.40 28.80 29.20 29.60 30.00

n 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.44 1.45 1.42 1.37 1.33 1.29 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86

0.72 0.71 0.71 0.73 0.79 0.84 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.79 0.75 0.70 0.66 0.62 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48

k

R(φ = 0) 0.109 0.108 0.109 0.115 0.127 0.137 0.140 0.140 0.139 0.135 0.132 0.127 0.123 0.119 0.116 0.114 0.111 0.109 0.109 0.110 0.116 0.125 0.133 0.141 0.149 0.156 0.162 0.164 0.163 0.157 0.149 0.138 0.125 0.113 0.101 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.071 0.068 0.065 0.063 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.064 0.064

→

Hafnium, single crystal, E ∥ ĉ10 0.52 1.48 4.11 0.56 1.84 3.29 0.60 2.34 2.62 0.66 3.21 2.13 0.70 3.70 2.03 0.76 4.31 2.10 0.80 4.61 2.31 0.86 4.71 2.70 0.90 4.64 2.85 0.95 4.54 2.96 1.00 4.45 3.00

0.747 0.615 0.486 0.428 0.441 0.476 0.504 0.533 0.541 0.545 0.545

Energy (eV) 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00

12-125 n 4.28 4.08 3.87 3.72 3.60 3.52 3.52 3.57 3.63 3.65 3.64 3.53 3.34 3.15 2.99 2.83 2.68 2.54 2.40 2.27 2.14 2.00 1.87 1.78 1.71 1.66 1.63 1.60 1.56 1.52 1.48 1.45 1.43 1.41 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.37 1.40 1.43 1.45 1.47 1.48 1.49

3.08 3.10 3.04 2.95 2.85 2.73 2.61 2.56 2.59 2.67 2.81 2.99 3.09 3.11 3.13 3.12 3.10 3.08 3.04 3.00 2.95 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.58 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.95 1.89 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.61 1.55 1.51 1.48 1.41 1.35 1.28 1.22 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.05 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.07

k

R(φ = 0) 0.547 0.544 0.536 0.525 0.514 0.500 0.488 0.485 0.489 0.498 0.511 0.526 0.534 0.537 0.540 0.542 0.542 0.543 0.544 0.544 0.544 0.544 0.538 0.528 0.517 0.503 0.491 0.481 0.473 0.466 0.455 0.442 0.431 0.420 0.407 0.394 0.382 0.373 0.364 0.356 0.341 0.324 0.314 0.308 0.295 0.278 0.258 0.240 0.224 0.212 0.204 0.197 0.191 0.183 0.179 0.178 0.180 0.183 0.186 0.193

Energy (eV) 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60

n 1.50 1.48 1.46 1.41 1.36 1.32 1.28 1.24 1.20 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.02 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.10

1.10 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.06 1.01 0.96 0.90 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.70 0.64 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31

k

R(φ = 0) 0.201 0.211 0.222 0.230 0.235 0.238 0.240 0.241 0.242 0.242 0.241 0.241 0.239 0.238 0.236 0.232 0.225 0.218 0.205 0.186 0.172 0.167 0.153 0.132 0.111 0.114 0.105 0.089 0.077 0.064 0.051 0.040 0.036 0.030 0.027 0.023 0.022 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024

→

Hafnium, single crystal, E ⊥ ĉ10 0.52 2.25 4.65 0.56 2.34 3.66 0.60 2.84 2.89 0.66 3.71 2.35 0.70 4.26 2.21 0.76 4.97 2.33 0.80 5.41 2.62 0.86 5.46 3.36 0.90 5.22 3.62 0.95 4.95 3.72 1.00 4.76 3.76 1.10 4.43 3.80 1.20 4.07 3.74 1.30 3.79 3.55 1.40 3.61 3.36

0.723 0.623 0.512 0.469 0.482 0.521 0.554 0.593 0.601 0.602 0.602 0.601 0.594 0.578 0.561

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-126 Energy (eV) 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80

n 3.55 3.58 3.63 3.66 3.63 3.51 3.35 3.18 2.99 2.78 2.65 2.54 2.42 2.31 2.20 2.08 1.94 1.83 1.74 1.68 1.62 1.57 1.53 1.49 1.45 1.41 1.38 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.33 1.35 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.43 1.45 1.43 1.40 1.37

3.13 3.01 2.98 3.02 3.14 3.26 3.33 3.36 3.39 3.35 3.26 3.22 3.17 3.13 3.08 3.05 2.98 2.88 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.93 1.88 1.82 1.77 1.73 1.69 1.62 1.57 1.52 1.48 1.42 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.19

k

R(φ = 0) 0.540 0.529 0.526 0.530 0.541 0.551 0.558 0.563 0.568 0.569 0.562 0.560 0.559 0.558 0.558 0.561 0.560 0.555 0.547 0.538 0.529 0.519 0.510 0.501 0.493 0.484 0.474 0.462 0.451 0.438 0.427 0.415 0.402 0.389 0.379 0.367 0.349 0.335 0.322 0.313 0.302 0.285 0.265 0.244 0.230 0.217 0.206 0.194 0.187 0.180 0.174 0.173 0.173 0.174 0.178 0.184 0.193 0.204 0.214 0.223

Energy (eV) 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60

n 1.32 1.27 1.23 1.19 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.03 1.00 0.97 0.92 0.88 0.83 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.81 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09

1.21 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.04 0.99 0.94 0.88 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.68 0.61 0.58 0.57 0.53 0.48 0.44 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30

Iridium11 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50

28.49 15.32 9.69 6.86 5.16 4.11 3.42 3.05 2.98 2.79 2.93 3.14 3.19 3.15 3.04 2.96 2.85 2.72 2.65

60.62 45.15 35.34 28.84 24.25 20.79 18.06 15.82 14.06 11.58 9.78 8.61 7.88 7.31 6.84 6.41 6.07 5.74 5.39

k

R(φ = 0) 0.230 0.234 0.235 0.237 0.237 0.237 0.237 0.236 0.235 0.233 0.231 0.226 0.219 0.211 0.196 0.177 0.160 0.154 0.140 0.119 0.099 0.102 0.092 0.077 0.065 0.053 0.041 0.032 0.030 0.025 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.975 0.973 0.972 0.969 0.967 0.964 0.960 0.954 0.944 0.925 0.895 0.862 0.840 0.822 0.808 0.791 0.779 0.767 0.750

Energy (eV) 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00

n 2.68 2.69 2.64 2.57 2.50 2.40 2.29 2.18 2.07 1.98 1.91 1.85 1.81 1.77 1.73 1.62 1.53 1.52 1.61 1.64 1.58 1.45 1.31 1.18 1.10 1.04 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.08 1.13 1.18 1.22 1.26 1.29 1.33 1.36 1.39 1.42 1.44 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.41 1.38 1.34 1.31 1.28 1.25 1.24

5.08 4.92 4.81 4.68 4.57 4.48 4.38 4.26 4.14 4.00 3.86 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.43 3.26 3.05 2.81 2.69 2.68 2.71 2.68 2.60 2.49 2.35 2.22 2.09 1.98 1.86 1.78 1.68 1.59 1.50 1.42 1.34 1.27 1.20 1.14 1.06 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.08

k

R(φ = 0) 0.728 0.716 0.710 0.704 0.699 0.697 0.695 0.692 0.689 0.682 0.673 0.665 0.655 0.646 0.640 0.629 0.610 0.573 0.541 0.535 0.549 0.561 0.567 0.570 0.559 0.543 0.522 0.499 0.474 0.454 0.427 0.401 0.375 0.345 0.318 0.290 0.262 0.241 0.208 0.191 0.179 0.171 0.164 0.160 0.157 0.159 0.161 0.163 0.169 0.175 0.182 0.187 0.193 0.200 0.206 0.208 0.208 0.206 0.203 0.199

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00

n 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.30 1.30 1.27 1.24 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.04 0.99 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.76

1.05 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.87 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.44 0.35 0.27 0.24 0.22

Iron5 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10

6.41 6.26 3.68 4.98 4.87 4.68 4.42 4.14 3.93 3.78 3.65 3.52 3.43 3.33

33.07 22.82 18.23 13.68 12.05 10.44 9.75 8.02 6.95 6.17 5.60 5.16 4.79 4.52

k

R(φ = 0) 0.191 0.181 0.173 0.165 0.155 0.147 0.142 0.136 0.133 0.131 0.129 0.127 0.131 0.140 0.154 0.166 0.176 0.187 0.197 0.205 0.210 0.215 0.220 0.222 0.228 0.232 0.228 0.223 0.218 0.209 0.200 0.192 0.181 0.174 0.166 0.158 0.151 0.148 0.145 0.140 0.119 0.091 0.059 0.044 0.034 0.978 0.956 0.958 0.911 0.892 0.867 0.858 0.817 0.783 0.752 0.725 0.700 0.678 0.660

Energy (eV) 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.83 4.00 4.17 4.33 4.50 4.67 4.83 5.00 5.17 5.33 5.50 5.67 5.83 6.00 6.17 6.33 6.50 6.67 6.83 7.00 7.17 7.33 7.50 7.67 7.83 8.00 8.17 8.33 8.50 8.67 8.83 9.00 9.17 9.33

12-127 n 3.24 3.16 3.12 3.05 3.00 2.98 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.80 2.74 2.65 2.56 2.46 2.34 2.23 2.12 2.01 1.88 1.78 1.70 1.62 1.55 1.50 1.47 1.43 1.38 1.30 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.91

4.26 4.07 3.87 3.77 3.60 3.52 3.46 3.37 3.36 3.34 3.33 3.34 3.31 3.31 3.30 3.25 3.23 3.17 3.12 3.04 2.96 2.87 2.79 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.49 2.39 2.27 2.18 2.10 2.02 1.93 1.87 1.81 1.75 1.17 1.65 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.51 1.47 1.43 1.39 1.35 1.30 1.26 1.23 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.04

k

R(φ = 0) 0.641 0.626 0.609 0.601 0.585 0.577 0.573 0.563 0.563 0.562 0.563 0.567 0.567 0.570 0.576 0.575 0.580 0.580 0.583 0.580 0.576 0.572 0.565 0.556 0.548 0.542 0.534 0.527 0.510 0.494 0.482 0.470 0.451 0.435 0.425 0.408 0.401 0.383 0.373 0.366 0.365 0.365 0.358 0.351 0.346 0.333 0.327 0.311 0.298 0.288 0.279 0.272 0.265 0.258 0.251 0.246 0.240 0.236 0.233 0.231

Energy (eV) 9.50 9.67 9.83 10.00 10.17 10.33 10.50 10.67 10.83 11.00 11.17 11.33 11.50 11.67 11.83 12.00 12.17 12.33 12.50 12.67 12.83 13.00 13.17 13.33 13.50 13.67 13.83 14.00 14.17 14.33 14.50 14.67 14.83 15.00 15.17 15.33 15.50 15.67 15.83 16.00 16.17 16.33 16.50 16.67 16.83 17.00 17.17 17.33 17.50 17.67 17.83 18.00 18.17 18.33 18.50 18.67 18.83 19.00 19.17 19.33

n 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.98 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.76

1.02 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.79 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48

k

R(φ = 0) 0.226 0.221 0.218 0.213 0.203 0.196 0.189 0.179 0.170 0.162 0.159 0.159 0.160 0.162 0.163 0.163 0.165 0.164 0.165 0.166 0.166 0.162 0.161 0.160 0.159 0.157 0.154 0.151 0.149 0.146 0.144 0.141 0.138 0.135 0.131 0.238 0.126 0.123 0.119 0.116 0.112 0.110 0.107 0.106 0.103 0.102 0.100 0.098 0.097 0.095 0.092 0.091 0.090 0.089 0.089 0.088 0.087 0.087 0.088 0.087

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-128 Energy (eV) 19.50 19.67 19.83 20.00 20.17 20.33 20.50 20.67 20.83 21.00 21.17 21.33 21.50 21.67 21.83 22.00 22.17 22.33 22.50 22.67 22.83 23.00 23.17 23.33 23.50 23.67 23.83 24.00 24.17 24.33 24.50 24.67 24.83 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00

n 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.82

0.47 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13

Lithium12 0.14 0.54 0.75 1.05 1.35 1.65 1.95 2.25 2.55 2.85 3.15 3.45 3.75 4.05 4.35 4.65 4.95 5.25 5.55 5.85

0.659 0.661 0.561 0.448 0.338 0.265 0.221 0.206 0.217 0.247 0.304 0.334 0.345 0.346 0.333 0.317 0.302 0.299 0.310 0.342

38.0 12.6 7.68 5.58 4.36 3.55 2.94 2.48 2.11 1.82 1.60 1.45 1.32 1.21 1.11 1.01 0.906 0.795 0.688 0.594

k

R(φ = 0) 0.086 0.085 0.084 0.083 0.081 0.081 0.080 0.079 0.078 0.077 0.076 0.074 0.073 0.071 0.070 0.068 0.067 0.064 0.063 0.062 0.059 0.058 0.056 0.054 0.050 0.049 0.047 0.045 0.044 0.043 0.042 0.040 0.039 0.038 0.031 0.026 0.021 0.017 0.014 0.998 0.984 0.963 0.946 0.935 0.925 0.913 0.892 0.854 0.797 0.715 0.656 0.611 0.578 0.557 0.540 0.520 0.484 0.434 0.365

Energy (eV) 6.15 6.45 6.75 7.05 7.35 7.65 7.95 8.25 8.55 8.85 9.15 9.45 9.75 10.1 10.4 10.6

n 0.376 0.408 0.440 0.466 0.492 0.517 0.545 0.572 0.601 0.624 0.657 0.680 0.708 0.726 0.743 0.753

k 0.522 0.460 0.407 0.364 0.320 0.282 0.246 0.214 0.189 0.163 0.144 0.130 0.119 0.108 0.102 0.080

R(φ = 0) 0.306 0.256 0.214 0.183 0.155 0.131 0.109 0.091 0.075 0.063 0.050 0.042 0.034 0.029 0.025 0.022

Magnesium (evaporated)13 2.145 0.48 3.71 2.270 0.57 3.47 2.522 0.53 2.92 2.845 0.52 2.65 3.064 0.52 2.05 5.167 0.10 1.60 5.636 0.15 1.50 6.200 0.20 1.40 6.889 0.25 1.30 7.750 0.20 1.20 8.857 0.15 0.95 10.335 0.25 0.40

0.880 0.843 0.805 0.777 0.681 0.894 0.832 0.765 0.693 0.722 0.730 0.419

Manganese14 0.64 3.89 0.77 3.78 0.89 3.65 1.02 3.48 1.14 3.30 1.26 3.10 1.39 2.97 1.51 2.83 1.64 2.70 1.76 2.62 1.88 2.56 2.01 2.51 2.13 2.47 2.26 2.39 2.38 2.32 2.50 2.25 2.63 2.19 2.75 2.11 2.88 2.06 3.00 2.00 3.12 1.96 3.25 1.92 3.37 1.89 3.50 1.89 3.62 1.87 3.74 1.86 3.87 1.86 3.99 1.86 4.12 1.86

0.738 0.710 0.688 0.673 0.662 0.653 0.643 0.634 0.627 0.617 0.606 0.596 0.585 0.577 0.567 0.559 0.552 0.545 0.536 0.528 0.518 0.509 0.498 0.484 0.475 0.463 0.451 0.438 0.427

5.95 5.41 5.02 4.74 4.53 4.35 4.18 4.03 3.91 3.78 3.65 3.54 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.14 3.06 2.98 2.90 2.82 2.74 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.25 2.19

Energy (eV) 4.24 4.36 4.49 4.61 4.74 4.86 4.98 5.11 5.23 5.36 5.48 5.60 5.73 5.85 5.98 6.10 6.22 6.35 6.47 6.60

n 1.85 1.85 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.82 1.81 1.78 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.70 1.67 1.63 1.62 1.59 1.55 1.48

Mercury (liquid)15 0.2 13.99 0.3 11.37 0.4 9.741 0.5 8.528 0.6 7.574 0.8 6.086 1.0 4.962 1.2 4.050 1.4 3.324 1.6 2.746 1.8 2.284 2.0 1.910 2.2 1.620 2.4 1.384 2.6 1.186 2.8 1.027 3.0 0.898 3.2 0.798 3.4 0.713 3.6 0.644 3.8 0.589 4.0 0.542 4.2 0.507 4.4 0.477 4.6 0.452 4.8 0.431 5.0 0.414 5.2 0.401 5.4 0.394 5.6 0.386 5.7 0.386 5.8 0.386 5.9 0.385 6.0 0.386 6.1 0.388 6.2 0.390 6.3 0.399 6.4 0.412 6.5 0.428

2.14 2.08 2.03 1.99 1.94 1.91 1.86 1.82 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.58 1.55 1.52 1.50 1.47

k

14.27 11.95 10.65 9.805 9.195 8.312 7.643 7.082 6.558 6.054 5.582 5.150 4.751 4.407 4.090 3.802 3.538 3.294 3.074 2.860 2.665 2.502 2.341 2.195 2.058 1.929 1.806 1.687 1.569 1.454 1.396 1.341 1.287 1.232 1.176 1.118 1.058 1.002 0.949

R(φ = 0) 0.417 0.406 0.395 0.388 0.378 0.372 0.362 0.354 0.348 0.342 0.337 0.331 0.325 0.319 0.313 0.307 0.301 0.295 0.292 0.288 0.869 0.846 0.830 0.818 0.808 0.796 0.789 0.786 0.785 0.783 0.782 0.782 0.780 0.779 0.779 0.779 0.777 0.773 0.770 0.763 0.755 0.749 0.738 0.727 0.715 0.701 0.685 0.666 0.642 0.617 0.601 0.585 0.569 0.551 0.531 0.510 0.481 0.450 0.418

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5

n 0.436 0.438 0.459 0.510 0.585 0.663 0.717 0.769 0.817 0.860 0.893 0.929 0.946 0.952 0.953 0.956 0.965 0.975 0.988 1.009 1.044 1.061 1.062 1.054 1.045 1.041 1.039 1.039 1.050 1.064 1.078 1.092 1.104 1.115 1.125 1.135 1.146 1.159 1.170 1.177 1.184 1.191 1.195 1.200 1.208

k 0.898 0.836 0.756 0.676 0.617 0.589 0.584 0.575 0.574 0.580 0.597 0.623 0.639 0.645 0.638 0.624 0.607 0.588 0.568 0.548 0.541 0.557 0.567 0.569 0.561 0.550 0.537 0.523 0.491 0.467 0.445 0.430 0.416 0.404 0.394 0.383 0.374 0.368 0.367 0.367 0.366 0.367 0.367 0.366 0.364

R(φ = 0) 0.392 0.367 0.320 0.255 0.191 0.148 0.128 0.111 0.100 0.094 0.093 0.096 0.098 0.099 0.097 0.093 0.087 0.082 0.076 0.069 0.066 0.069 0.071 0.072 0.070 0.068 0.065 0.062 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.042 0.040 0.038 0.037 0.035 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Molybdenum16 0.10 18.53 0.15 8.78 0.20 5.10 0.25 3.36 0.30 2.44 0.34 2.00 0.38 1.70 0.42 1.57 0.46 1.46 0.50 1.37 0.54 1.35 0.58 1.34 0.62 1.38 0.66 1.43

68.51 47.54 35.99 28.75 23.80 20.84 18.44 16.50 14.91 13.55 12.36 11.34 10.44 9.67

0.985 0.985 0.985 0.984 0.983 0.982 0.980 0.978 0.975 0.971 0.966 0.960 0.952 0.942

Energy (eV) 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.82 0.86 9.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60

12-129 n 1.48 1.51 1.60 1.64 1.70 1.74 1.94 2.15 2.44 2.77 3.15 3.53 3.77 3.84 3.81 3.74 3.68 3.68 3.76 3.79 3.59 3.36 3.22 3.13 3.08 3.05 3.04 3.03 3.05 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.05 3.04 3.04 3.04 3.01 2.77 2.39 2.06 1.75 1.46 1.22 1.07 0.96 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.75 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65

8.99 8.38 7.83 7.35 6.89 6.48 5.58 4.85 4.22 3.74 3.40 3.30 3.41 3.51 3.58 3.58 3.52 3.45 3.41 3.61 3.78 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.42 3.33 3.27 3.21 3.18 3.18 3.19 3.21 3.23 3.27 3.31 3.40 3.51 3.77 3.88 3.84 3.76 3.62 3.42 3.20 2.99 2.80 2.64 2.50 2.36 2.24 2.13 2.04 1.98 1.95 1.90 1.81 1.73 1.65 1.57 1.49

k

R(φ = 0) 0.932 0.921 0.906 0.892 0.876 0.859 0.805 0.743 0.671 0.608 0.562 0.550 0.562 0.570 0.576 0.576 0.571 0.565 0.562 0.578 0.594 0.591 0.582 0.573 0.565 0.566 0.550 0.544 0.540 0.540 0.541 0.543 0.546 0.550 0.554 0.564 0.576 0.610 0.640 0.658 0.678 0.695 0.706 0.706 0.700 0.688 0.674 0.660 0.641 0.619 0.592 0.568 0.548 0.542 0.552 0.542 0.530 0.512 0.495 0.475

Energy (eV) 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.60 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00

n 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.81 0.86 0.91 0.98 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.25 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.10 1.04 0.94 0.87 0.77 0.71 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.91 0.87

1.41 1.33 1.25 1.19 1.12 1.05 0.99 0.93 0.88 0.83 0.79 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.85 0.89 0.92 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.12 1.08 1.02 0.94 0.89 0.81 0.77 0.71 0.69 0.63 0.60 0.53 0.49 0.43 0.39 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.37

k

R(φ = 0) 0.450 0.420 0.385 0.355 0.320 0.285 0.250 0.217 0.188 0.162 0.138 0.125 0.123 0.125 0.135 0.145 0.154 0.168 0.178 0.185 0.187 0.185 0.182 0.179 0.179 0.184 0.194 0.216 0.233 0.257 0.270 0.283 0.284 0.275 0.264 0.245 0.234 0.215 0.207 0.195 0.185 0.166 0.151 0.124 0.106 0.085 0.072 0.060 0.050 0.041 0.036 0.031 0.028 0.025 0.023 0.024 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.043

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-130 Energy (eV) 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.83

0.34 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.23

Nickel17 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.20 6.40

9.54 5.45 4.12 4.25 4.19 4.03 3.84 4.03 3.84 3.59 3.38 3.18 3.06 2.97 2.85 2.74 2.65 2.53 2.43 2.28 2.14 2.02 1.92 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.71 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.66 1.69 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.71 1.63 1.53 1.40 1.27 1.16 1.09 1.04 1.00 1.01

45.82 30.56 22.48 17.68 15.05 13.05 11.43 9.64 8.35 7.48 6.82 6.23 5.74 5.38 5.10 4.85 4.63 4.47 4.31 4.18 4.01 3.82 3.65 3.48 3.33 3.19 3.06 2.93 2.81 2.71 2.61 2.52 2.44 2.36 2.30 2.23 2.17 2.11 2.07 2.02 1.99 1.98 1.98 2.01 2.06 2.09 2.11 2.10 2.04 1.94 1.83 1.73 1.54 1.46

k

R(φ = 0) 0.043 0.038 0.033 0.029 0.025 0.983 0.978 0.969 0.950 0.934 0.918 0.900 0.864 0.835 0.813 0.794 0.774 0.753 0.734 0.721 0.708 0.695 0.688 0.679 0.677 0.670 0.659 0.649 0.634 0.620 0.605 0.590 0.575 0.557 0.542 0.525 0.509 0.495 0.480 0.467 0.454 0.441 0.428 0.416 0.405 0.397 0.393 0.392 0.396 0.409 0.421 0.435 0.449 0.454 0.449 0.435 0.417 0.371 0.345

Energy (eV) 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50

n 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90

1.40 1.35 1.30 1.27 1.24 1.22 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.43

k

R(φ = 0) 0.325 0.308 0.291 0.282 0.273 0.265 0.256 0.248 0.242 0.235 0.228 0.220 0.211 0.203 0.194 0.185 0.175 0.166 0.155 0.145 0.129 0.123 0.115 0.111 0.109 0.108 0.108 0.107 0.106 0.106 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.107 0.107 0.106 0.105 0.104 0.103 0.101 0.098 0.096 0.092 0.087 0.082 0.077 0.071 0.066 0.061 0.057 0.055 0.053 0.051 0.052 0.051 0.051

Energy (eV) 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 60.00 65.00 68.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 90.00

n 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94

0.42 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.24 0.18 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.06

Niobium18 0.12 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.65 1.75 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.55 2.65 2.75 2.85 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20

15.99 7.25 5.47 4.26 3.11 2.28 1.83 1.57 1.41 1.35 1.35 1.44 1.55 1.65 1.76 1.95 2.15 2.36 2.54 2.69 2.82 2.89 2.92 2.93 2.92 2.89 2.83 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.44 2.46 2.48 2.52 2.56 2.59 2.62 2.64 2.64

53.20 34.14 28.88 24.95 20.03 15.58 12.67 10.59 9.00 7.74 6.70 5.86 5.18 4.63 4.13 3.68 3.37 3.13 2.99 2.89 2.86 2.87 2.87 2.87 2.88 2.90 2.92 2.90 2.86 2.80 2.68 2.60 2.53 2.45 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.33 2.42

k

R(φ = 0) 0.050 0.046 0.042 0.040 0.037 0.034 0.022 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.979 0.976 0.975 0.974 0.970 0.964 0.956 0.947 0.935 0.918 0.893 0.857 0.814 0.768 0.715 0.650 0.595 0.552 0.527 0.510 0.505 0.505 0.505 0.505 0.506 0.509 0.512 0.511 0.507 0.500 0.485 0.475 0.465 0.453 0.442 0.435 0.428 0.426 0.427 0.429 0.434 0.447

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.70 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.20 17.40 17.80 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00

n 2.53 2.39 2.32 2.26 2.16 2.00 1.81 1.63 1.49 1.38 1.31 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.14 1.07 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.11 1.08 0.99 0.92 0.85 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72

2.56 2.56 2.52 2.57 2.62 2.68 2.67 2.60 2.49 2.38 2.25 2.14 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.78 1.69 1.60 1.51 1.43 1.39 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.18 1.13 1.09 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.04 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.87 0.85 0.77 0.72 0.66 0.62

k

R(φ = 0) 0.467 0.470 0.465 0.475 0.487 0.505 0.518 0.522 0.520 0.512 0.496 0.480 0.460 0.441 0.430 0.427 0.430 0.428 0.412 0.390 0.365 0.340 0.328 0.315 0.290 0.265 0.245 0.227 0.209 0.194 0.187 0.185 0.190 0.195 0.200 0.204 0.207 0.209 0.210 0.209 0.204 0.200 0.201 0.208 0.216 0.225 0.234 0.238 0.247 0.250 0.245 0.240 0.236 0.230 0.217 0.209 0.185 0.170 0.150 0.137

Energy (eV) 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.20 36.00 37.50 39.50 40.50

12-131 n 0.71 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.00 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.17 1.15 1.07 0.95 0.92

0.55 0.50 0.43 0.40 0.35 0.33 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.50 0.47

k

Osmium (Polycrystalline)9 0.10 4.08 50.23 0.15 2.90 33.60 0.20 2.44 25.11 0.25 2.35 19.99 0.30 2.23 16.54 0.35 2.33 14.06 0.40 2.45 12.32 0.45 2.43 11.02 0.50 2.41 9.97 0.55 2.33 9.12 0.60 2.21 8.37 0.65 2.11 7.68 0.70 2.02 7.04 0.75 2.00 6.46 0.80 2.00 5.95 0.85 2.01 5.51 0.90 2.03 5.10 0.95 2.05 4.74 1.00 2.09 4.41 1.10 2.15 3.84 1.20 2.16 3.35 1.30 2.25 2.77 1.40 2.49 2.23 1.50 2.84 1.80 1.60 3.36 1.62 1.70 3.70 1.75 1.80 3.78 1.83 1.90 3.81 1.75 2.00 3.98 1.60 2.10 4.26 1.54

R(φ = 0) 0.119 0.100 0.075 0.063 0.045 0.038 0.029 0.025 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.020 0.023 0.026 0.031 0.038 0.044 0.051 0.056 0.064 0.063 0.059 0.994 0.990 0.985 0.977 0.969 0.955 0.940 0.927 0.913 0.901 0.890 0.877 0.862 0.842 0.820 0.796 0.769 0.742 0.712 0.651 0.592 0.506 0.419 0.369 0.379 0.411 0.423 0.418 0.418 0.432

Energy (eV) 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60

n 4.58 4.84 5.10 5.28 5.36 5.30 5.07 4.65 4.05 3.29 2.93 2.75 2.73 2.71 2.53 2.24 2.01 1.88 1.74 1.58 1.46 1.36 1.27 1.20 1.13 1.06 1.01 0.97 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.16 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17

1.62 1.76 2.01 2.38 2.82 3.29 3.78 4.18 4.40 3.96 3.79 3.45 3.32 3.34 3.44 3.44 3.31 3.19 3.12 3.00 2.88 2.77 2.65 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.21 2.11 2.00 1.91 1.81 1.72 1.63 1.55 1.48 1.40 1.34 1.29 1.24 1.19 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.97

k

R(φ = 0) 0.457 0.479 0.506 0.532 0.557 0.580 0.603 0.624 0.639 0.614 0.607 0.577 0.562 0.565 0.584 0.599 0.598 0.592 0.596 0.597 0.593 0.589 0.582 0.575 0.571 0.562 0.548 0.532 0.514 0.497 0.476 0.451 0.426 0.400 0.375 0.344 0.319 0.296 0.274 0.255 0.238 0.229 0.217 0.209 0.203 0.201 0.200 0.201 0.203 0.206 0.213 0.217 0.223 0.216 0.211 0.205 0.191 0.183 0.174 0.170

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-132 Energy (eV) 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 28.00 28.40 28.80 29.20 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.20 1.25 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.23 1.19 1.14 1.10 1.05 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.84

Palladium19 0.10 4.13 0.15 3.13 0.20 3.07 0.26 3.11 0.30 3.56 0.36 3.98 0.40 4.27 0.46 4.27 0.50 4.10

0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.94 0.97 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.05 1.02 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26

k

54.15 35.82 26.59 20.15 17.27 14.41 13.27 12.11 11.44

R(φ = 0) 0.169 0.165 0.156 0.148 0.140 0.140 0.147 0.157 0.167 0.178 0.189 0.200 0.210 0.219 0.227 0.239 0.240 0.240 0.237 0.235 0.230 0.226 0.220 0.217 0.211 0.209 0.207 0.205 0.202 0.199 0.195 0.189 0.183 0.165 0.156 0.148 0.140 0.134 0.128 0.121 0.111 0.095 0.079 0.068 0.057 0.048 0.040 0.035 0.031 0.026 0.994 0.990 0.983 0.971 0.955 0.932 0.916 0.902 0.896

Energy (eV) 0.56 0.60 0.72 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00

n 3.92 3.80 3.51 3.35 2.99 2.81 2.65 2.50 2.34 2.17 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.82 1.75 1.67 1.60 1.53 1.47 1.41 1.37 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.01 0.96 0.90 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.83 0.88 0.94 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.07

k 10.49 9.96 8.70 8.06 6.89 6.46 6.10 5.78 5.50 5.22 4.95 4.72 4.54 4.35 4.18 4.03 3.88 3.75 3.61 3.48 3.36 3.25 3.13 3.03 2.94 2.85 2.77 2.68 2.60 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.25 2.19 2.09 2.01 1.94 1.90 1.86 1.79 1.70 1.62 1.54 1.45 1.37 1.29 1.21 1.13 1.05 0.98 0.91 0.85 0.78 0.73 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.64

R(φ = 0) 0.883 0.876 0.854 0.840 0.811 0.800 0.790 0.781 0.774 0.767 0.755 0.745 0.737 0.729 0.721 0.714 0.707 0.700 0.693 0.685 0.676 0.668 0.658 0.648 0.639 0.630 0.622 0.613 0.602 0.591 0.581 0.570 0.558 0.547 0.537 0.510 0.493 0.476 0.470 0.472 0.474 0.463 0.449 0.437 0.418 0.397 0.375 0.350 0.316 0.287 0.255 0.223 0.195 0.163 0.133 0.117 0.114 0.097 0.094 0.090

Energy (eV) 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 25.00 26.40 27.80 29.20

n 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.03 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.81 0.80 0.81 0.82

0.65 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.61 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.43 0.38 0.35

Platinum20 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60

13.21 8.18 5.90 4.70 3.92 3.28 2.81 3.03 3.91 4.58 5.13 5.52 5.71 5.57 5.31 5.05 4.77 4.50 4.25 3.86 3.55 3.29 3.10 2.92 2.76

44.72 31.16 23.95 19.40 16.16 13.66 11.38 9.31 7.71 7.14 6.75 6.66 6.83 7.02 7.04 6.98 6.91 6.77 6.62 6.24 5.92 5.61 5.32 5.07 4.84

k

R(φ = 0) 0.089 0.088 0.087 0.086 0.087 0.089 0.091 0.091 0.092 0.093 0.095 0.098 0.096 0.092 0.086 0.081 0.080 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.080 0.090 0.098 0.103 0.103 0.103 0.101 0.097 0.091 0.086 0.084 0.066 0.052 0.046 0.976 0.969 0.962 0.954 0.945 0.936 0.922 0.882 0.813 0.777 0.753 0.746 0.751 0.759 0.762 0.763 0.765 0.763 0.762 0.753 0.746 0.736 0.725 0.716 0.706

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40

n 2.63 2.51 2.38 2.30 2.23 2.17 2.10 2.03 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.68 1.63 1.58 1.53 1.49 1.45 1.43 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.42 1.45 1.48 1.50 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.43 1.40 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29

4.64 4.43 4.26 4.07 3.92 3.77 3.67 3.54 3.42 3.30 3.20 3.10 3.01 2.92 2.76 2.62 2.48 2.37 2.25 2.14 2.04 1.95 1.85 1.76 1.67 1.61 1.54 1.47 1.40 1.35 1.29 1.26 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.01 1.00 0.97

k

R(φ = 0) 0.697 0.686 0.678 0.664 0.654 0.642 0.636 0.626 0.616 0.605 0.595 0.585 0.575 0.565 0.546 0.527 0.507 0.491 0.472 0.452 0.432 0.415 0.392 0.372 0.350 0.332 0.315 0.295 0.276 0.261 0.246 0.236 0.231 0.230 0.231 0.228 0.225 0.221 0.216 0.212 0.209 0.205 0.202 0.200 0.198 0.200 0.203 0.207 0.209 0.211 0.210 0.207 0.203 0.199 0.194 0.188 0.183 0.177 0.173 0.165

Energy (eV) 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00

12-133 n 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.27 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.23 1.18 1.11 1.03 0.94 0.87 0.81 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.73

Potassium21 0.55 0.139 0.58 0.119 0.63 0.106 0.67 0.091 0.73 0.079 0.81 0.066 0.92 0.056 1.05 0.044 1.23 0.040 1.44 0.040 1.65 0.044 1.87 0.050 2.07 0.053 2.27 0.049 2.45 0.046 2.64 0.043 2.82 0.043 2.95 0.041 3.06 0.041 3.40 0.052 3.71 0.089 3.97 0.287

0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.88 0.94 0.99 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.10 1.08 1.04 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58

k

7.10 6.72 6.32 5.79 5.30 4.75 4.19 3.58 3.04 2.56 2.19 1.84 1.62 1.43 1.28 1.14 1.02 0.898 0.799 0.549 0.288 0.091

R(φ = 0) 0.158 0.155 0.155 0.155 0.156 0.157 0.155 0.151 0.146 0.142 0.138 0.135 0.142 0.157 0.171 0.184 0.197 0.212 0.226 0.238 0.240 0.235 0.226 0.213 0.201 0.187 0.174 0.162 0.150 0.142 0.136 0.130 0.125 0.121 0.118 0.120 0.124 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.988 0.987 0.985 0.979 0.970 0.955 0.943 0.938 0.933 0.928 0.919 0.913 0.905 0.852 0.719 0.310

Energy (eV) 4.00 4.065 4.133 4.203 4.275 4.350 4.428 4.509 4.592 4.679 4.769 4.862 4.959 5.061 5.166 5.276 5.391 5.510 5.637 5.767 6.048 6.199 6.358 6.526 6.702 6.888 7.085 7.293 7.514 7.749 7.999 8.260 8.551 8.856 9.184 9.537 9.919 10.33 11.0 12.0

n 0.34 0.38 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94

k 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.028

R(φ = 0) 0.245 0.204 0.177 0.145 0.125 0.101 0.085 0.072 0.060 0.049 0.043 0.037 0.032 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.016 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001

→

Rhenium, single crystal, E ∥ ĉ9 0.10 6.06 51.03 0.15 4.66 33.96 0.20 4.16 25.36 0.25 4.03 20.10 0.30 4.37 16.69 0.35 4.50 14.53 0.40 4.53 12.96 0.45 4.53 11.78 0.50 4.53 10.88 0.55 4.50 10.26 0.60 4.29 9.75 0.65 4.07 9.35 0.70 3.80 8.94 0.75 3.48 8.55 0.80 3.21 8.10 0.85 2.96 7.68 0.90 2.73 7.24 0.95 2.56 6.79 1.00 2.45 6.36

0.991 0.984 0.975 0.962 0.943 0.925 0.909 0.893 0.878 0.867 0.861 0.856 0.853 0.850 0.846 0.841 0.835 0.826 0.813

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-134 Energy (eV) 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20

n 2.38 2.35 2.39 2.44 2.50 2.59 2.70 2.82 2.90 2.97 3.03 3.06 3.07 3.06 3.02 2.96 2.89 2.89 2.99 3.11 2.90 2.83 2.93 2.86 2.81 2.86 2.81 2.56 2.41 2.39 2.34 2.20 2.02 1.83 1.65 1.54 1.45 1.32 1.26 1.20 1.16 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.29

5.61 5.02 4.54 4.13 3.79 3.49 3.27 3.10 3.00 2.91 2.86 2.84 2.82 2.81 2.80 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.47 2.57 2.68 2.50 2.48 2.56 2.51 2.55 2.74 2.83 2.71 2.68 2.75 2.81 2.84 2.80 2.71 2.59 2.50 2.31 2.23 2.15 2.06 1.99 1.89 1.80 1.71 1.62 1.55 1.48 1.43 1.39 1.34 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28

k

R(φ = 0) 0.778 0.742 0.702 0.662 0.624 0.587 0.557 0.535 0.520 0.510 0.504 0.501 0.499 0.498 0.497 0.493 0.482 0.468 0.457 0.470 0.482 0.459 0.457 0.467 0.460 0.466 0.489 0.504 0.493 0.488 0.500 0.515 0.530 0.538 0.541 0.532 0.526 0.508 0.500 0.493 0.480 0.470 0.454 0.435 0.411 0.386 0.360 0.336 0.317 0.301 0.281 0.274 0.264 0.252 0.246 0.242 0.242 0.244 0.247 0.249

Energy (eV) 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.00 17.40 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00

n 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.19 1.14 1.12 1.07 0.99 0.93 0.87 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.85 0.82

1.28 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.22 1.25 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.25 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.85 0.80 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.39 0.33 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.30

k

R(φ = 0) 0.252 0.252 0.249 0.244 0.237 0.230 0.222 0.215 0.209 0.204 0.213 0.225 0.236 0.248 0.259 0.269 0.275 0.286 0.300 0.311 0.321 0.330 0.332 0.333 0.332 0.332 0.334 0.335 0.340 0.341 0.338 0.334 0.329 0.319 0.207 0.296 0.282 0.270 0.255 0.240 0.225 0.208 0.193 0.176 0.145 0.114 0.086 0.065 0.054 0.041 0.031 0.025 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.022 0.022 0.026 0.035 0.036

Energy (eV) 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00

n 0.80 0.78 0.72 0.66 0.65

0.30 0.30 0.30 0.24 0.16

k

R(φ = 0) 0.038 0.044 0.055 0.061 0.055

→

Rhenium, single crystal, E ⊥ ĉ9 0.10 4.25 42.83 0.15 3.28 28.08 0.20 3.28 20.66 0.25 3.47 16.27 0.30 3.73 13.44 0.35 3.93 11.54 0.40 3.99 10.15 0.45 4.17 9.03 0.50 4.34 8.26 0.55 4.45 7.73 0.60 4.53 7.40 0.65 4.44 7.26 0.70 4.13 7.09 0.75 3.77 6.75 0.80 3.55 6.32 0.85 3.39 5.95 0.90 3.26 5.61 0.95 3.17 5.27 1.00 3.09 4.96 1.10 3.05 4.39 1.20 3.08 3.89 1.30 3.20 3.56 1.40 3.23 3.38 1.50 3.23 3.12 1.60 3.29 2.88 1.70 3.38 2.72 1.80 3.47 2.59 1.90 3.54 2.50 2.00 3.63 2.43 2.10 3.74 2.40 2.20 3.83 2.38 2.30 3.93 2.44 2.40 4.00 2.55 2.50 4.01 2.70 2.60 3.90 2.84 2.70 3.74 2.92 2.80 3.57 2.88 2.90 3.49 2.75 3.00 3.53 2.71 3.20 3.55 2.84 3.40 3.34 2.88 3.60 3.25 2.83 3.80 3.24 2.84 4.00 3.19 2.94 4.20 3.05 3.06 4.40 2.88 3.15 4.60 2.67 3.18 4.80 2.44 3.17 5.00 2.25 3.12 5.20 2.10 3.04 5.40 1.96 2.96 5.60 1.84 2.88 5.80 1.73 2.81 6.00 1.61 2.74

0.991 0.984 0.971 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.875 0.846 0.821 0.801 0.788 0.784 0.784 0.779 0.766 0.752 0.737 0.719 0.701 0.658 0.613 0.578 0.559 0.532 0.507 0.491 0.480 0.473 0.469 0.470 0.472 0.481 0.492 0.505 0.514 0.517 0.511 0.497 0.493 0.506 0.508 0.501 0.502 0.513 0.526 0.539 0.548 0.554 0.556 0.555 0.553 0.551 0.549 0.549

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 6.20 6.40 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.00 17.40 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40

n 1.51 1.42 1.28 1.22 1.16 1.12 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.24 1.29 1.33 1.36 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.33 1.31 1.28 1.26 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.27 1.31 1.31 1.28 1.24 1.17 1.14 1.06 0.95 0.88 0.82 0.76 0.72 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.49

2.64 2.56 2.37 2.28 2.19 2.08 1.98 1.93 1.83 1.74 1.66 1.58 1.52 1.46 1.41 1.36 1.31 1.27 1.24 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.28 1.33 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.33 1.29 1.25 1.21 1.15 1.10 1.06 1.02 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.79

k

R(φ = 0) 0.545 0.541 0.526 0.517 0.508 0.493 0.468 0.463 0.443 0.418 0.397 0.372 0.351 0.327 0.309 0.290 0.273 0.258 0.244 0.234 0.233 0.238 0.245 0.253 0.259 0.264 0.266 0.266 0.264 0.257 0.251 0.245 0.236 0.225 0.214 0.207 0.218 0.234 0.251 0.270 0.288 0.297 0.314 0.334 0.346 0.355 0.360 0.363 0.369 0.364 0.357 0.349 0.342 0.336 0.328 0.325 0.322 0.317 0.314 0.309

12-135

Energy (eV) 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00

n 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.71 0.66 0.64

0.75 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.41 0.34 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.23 0.16

Rhodium11 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.90 3.00

18.48 8.66 5.85 4.74 4.20 3.87 3.67 3.63 3.62 3.71 3.67 3.51 3.26 3.01 2.78 2.60 2.42 2.30 2.20 2.12 2.05 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.88 1.85 1.80 1.63 1.53

69.43 37.46 25.94 19.80 16.07 13.51 11.72 10.34 9.36 8.67 8.26 7.94 7.63 7.31 6.97 6.64 6.33 6.02 5.76 5.51 5.30 5.11 4.94 4.78 4.65 4.55 4.49 4.36 4.29

k

R(φ = 0) 0.303 0.295 0.286 0.276 0.263 0.249 0.231 0.216 0.198 0.164 0.129 0.097 0.072 0.060 0.047 0.036 0.029 0.023 0.018 0.016 0.023 0.023 0.026 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.044 0.055 0.061 0.055 0.986 0.977 0.967 0.955 0.941 0.925 0.908 0.887 0.867 0.848 0.837 0.832 0.829 0.827 0.823 0.818 0.813 0.805 0.798 0.789 0.780 0.772 0.765 0.756 0.748 0.743 0.742 0.748 0.753

Energy (eV) 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.60 11.00 11.60 12.00 12.60 13.00 13.60 14.00 14.60 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00

n 1.41 1.30 1.20 1.11 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.95 1.01 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.30 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.24 1.18 1.10

4.20 4.09 3.97 3.84 3.71 3.58 3.45 3.34 3.23 3.12 2.94 2.76 2.60 2.46 2.34 2.23 2.14 2.06 2.00 1.93 1.85 1.77 1.69 1.60 1.52 1.43 1.35 1.27 1.20 1.12 1.04 0.97 0.89 0.83 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.98 1.05 1.09

k

R(φ = 0) 0.760 0.764 0.767 0.769 0.768 0.764 0.759 0.753 0.747 0.739 0.722 0.706 0.684 0.659 0.635 0.613 0.591 0.573 0.561 0.556 0.544 0.534 0.518 0.498 0.476 0.452 0.423 0.394 0.363 0.329 0.288 0.252 0.212 0.179 0.148 0.125 0.110 0.102 0.098 0.098 0.106 0.113 0.124 0.127 0.129 0.131 0.134 0.138 0.144 0.147 0.147 0.147 0.145 0.144 0.143 0.145 0.155 0.172 0.193 0.213

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-136 Energy (eV) 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00

n 1.00 0.91 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75

1.09 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.44 0.37 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.25

k

R(φ = 0) 0.230 0.234 0.228 0.219 0.214 0.213 0.214 0.210 0.208 0.202 0.195 0.188 0.176 0.168 0.159 0.152 0.137 0.127 0.127 0.126 0.110 0.074 0.058 0.049 0.047 0.045 0.041

→

Ruthenium, single crystal, E ∥ ĉ9 0.10 11.50 51.38 0.20 5.93 27.14 0.30 4.33 18.50 0.40 3.60 13.97 0.50 3.18 11.04 0.60 3.28 8.89 0.70 3.62 7.73 0.80 3.42 7.02 0.90 3.25 6.12 1.00 3.39 5.33 1.10 3.66 4.83 1.20 3.84 4.57 1.30 3.94 4.38 1.40 4.02 4.19 1.50 4.16 4.07 1.60 4.33 4.08 1.70 4.42 4.21 1.80 4.40 4.38 1.90 4.29 4.61 2.00 4.04 4.81 2.10 3.69 4.90 2.20 3.35 4.82 2.30 3.09 4.70 2.40 2.89 4.55 2.50 2.74 4.40 2.60 2.64 4.25 2.70 2.58 4.14 2.80 2.54 4.05 2.90 2.48 4.03 3.00 2.38 4.03 3.10 2.26 4.00 3.20 2.13 3.96

0.984 0.970 0.953 0.933 0.909 0.865 0.822 0.801 0.766 0.715 0.675 0.654 0.638 0.624 0.614 0.615 0.624 0.636 0.651 0.667 0.679 0.683 0.681 0.677 0.671 0.663 0.656 0.650 0.650 0.656 0.661 0.666

Energy (eV) 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00

n 2.00 1.87 1.76 1.66 1.57 1.49 1.42 1.37 1.29 1.22 1.16 1.11 1.06 1.01 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34

3.91 3.83 3.74 3.65 3.55 3.45 3.35 3.24 3.08 2.93 2.79 2.67 2.56 2.46 2.35 2.23 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.91 1.84 1.77 1.69 1.61 1.54 1.46 1.39 1.33 1.26 1.20 1.14 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.91 0.86 0.81 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.85

k

R(φ = 0) 0.671 0.673 0.674 0.675 0.673 0.672 0.668 0.661 0.649 0.639 0.628 0.617 0.607 0.600 0.593 0.576 0.559 0.545 0.531 0.521 0.510 0.500 0.489 0.472 0.455 0.433 0.411 0.391 0.366 0.342 0.318 0.295 0.267 0.243 0.217 0.190 0.167 0.144 0.125 0.110 0.100 0.094 0.090 0.088 0.087 0.088 0.090 0.092 0.098 0.104 0.108 0.111 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.115 0.118 0.123 0.136

Energy (eV) 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 1.32 1.26 1.18 1.11 1.05 0.99 0.92 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.83

0.93 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 0.99 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.79 0.74 0.69 0.63 0.57 0.51 0.46 0.43 0.37 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22

k

R(φ = 0) 0.155 0.173 0.185 0.192 0.199 0.208 0.212 0.209 0.203 0.193 0.182 0.171 0.163 0.154 0.140 0.124 0.107 0.097 0.084 0.070 0.058 0.048 0.039 0.035 0.039 0.027 0.024 0.022

→

Ruthenium, single crystal, E ⊥ ĉ5 0.10 11.85 50.81 0.20 6.68 27.18 0.30 4.94 18.92 0.40 3.90 14.51 0.50 3.27 11.63 0.60 2.98 9.54 0.70 2.82 7.99 0.80 2.73 6.71 0.90 2.82 5.54 1.00 3.17 4.59 1.10 3.69 3.91 1.20 4.28 3.66 1.30 4.66 3.72 1.40 4.86 3.79 1.50 4.99 3.89 1.60 5.08 4.03 1.70 5.12 4.22 1.80 5.10 4.45 1.90 4.96 4.78 2.00 4.61 5.06 2.10 4.21 5.09 2.20 3.94 5.00 2.30 3.69 4.97 2.40 3.44 4.88 2.50 3.27 4.77 2.60 3.14 4.66 2.70 3.06 4.59 2.80 2.99 4.59 2.90 2.87 4.64 3.00 2.64 4.69 3.10 2.40 4.64

0.983 0.966 0.950 0.933 0.915 0.888 0.856 0.815 0.751 0.670 0.604 0.585 0.593 0.601 0.609 0.618 0.629 0.642 0.660 0.677 0.682 0.681 0.684 0.684 0.681 0.677 0.674 0.676 0.686 0.701 0.710

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50

n 2.18 2.00 1.84 1.71 1.60 1.50 1.41 1.35 1.29 1.21 1.16 1.13 1.09 1.03 0.97 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.82 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.99 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.27 1.28

4.55 4.43 4.30 4.16 4.03 3.90 3.77 3.64 3.53 3.31 3.13 2.97 2.86 2.75 2.64 2.52 2.40 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.04 1.97 1.89 1.82 1.75 1.67 1.59 1.51 1.44 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.15 1.09 1.02 0.95 0.89 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.76 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.89

k

R(φ = 0) 0.717 0.721 0.723 0.723 0.722 0.721 0.718 0.713 0.707 0.694 0.679 0.662 0.652 0.648 0.643 0.635 0.622 0.605 0.591 0.576 0.564 0.556 0.545 0.538 0.527 0.513 0.496 0.476 0.454 0.430 0.403 0.378 0.346 0.317 0.286 0.251 0.216 0.185 0.163 0.143 0.127 0.115 0.108 0.104 0.102 0.101 0.102 0.104 0.107 0.113 0.118 0.124 0.129 0.132 0.132 0.133 0.133 0.134 0.134 0.145

Energy (eV) 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

12-137 n 1.28 1.25 1.19 1.12 1.07 1.02 0.97 0.91 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79

0.94 1.00 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.01 0.97 0.94 0.87 0.79 0.73 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.48 0.45 0.40 0.34 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22

k

R(φ = 0) 0.158 0.175 0.190 0.200 0.205 0.212 0.219 0.228 0.234 0.234 0.233 0.229 0.218 0.205 0.194 0.177 0.155 0.134 0.123 0.114 0.093 0.077 0.065 0.054 0.047 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.028

→

Selenium, single crystal, E || ĉ22 0.01364 2.914 0.248 0.01488 3.175 9.95E-02 0.01612 3.263 2.13E-03 0.01736 3.306 3.81E-02 0.01860 3.330 7.04E-03 0.01984 3.346 4.23E-02 0.02108 3.358 3.40E-03 0.02232 3.366 5.31E-02 0.02356 3.372 1.96E-03 0.02480 3.377 2.39E-02 0.02604 3.380 0.02728 1.16E-02 0.02976 7.96E-03 0.03224 8.57E-03 0.03472 2.70E-02 0.03720 3.397 1.72E-02 0.04463 1.13E-02 0.04959 3.403 2.79E-03 0.05703 1.56E-03 0.06199 3.405 1.35E-03 0.06819 5.79E-04 0.07439 3.407 4.44E-04 0.08059 4.41E-04 0.08679 3.408 4.32E-04 0.09299 2.44E-04 0.09919 3.409 3.23E-04 0.1116 3.409 2.87E-04 0.1240 3.410 2.71E-04 0.2480 3.417 2.67E-04 0.3720 3.427 1.90E-04

0.242 0.272 0.282 0.287 0.290 0.291 0.293 0.294 0.294 0.295 0.295

0.297 0.298 0.298 0.298 0.298 0.299 0.299 0.299 0.299 0.301

Energy (eV) 0.4959 0.6199 0.7439 0.8679 0.9919 1.116 1.240 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

n 3.442 3.462 3.486 3.516 3.551 3.592 3.640

4.46 4.79 4.49 4.28 4.40 4.59 4.44 3.92 3.69 3.39 (3.00) (2.65) (2.30) 1.92 1.50 1.57 1.84 1.35 1.35 0.92 1.00 0.81 0.65 0.65 0.69 0.81 0.91 0.86 0.85 0.87

k 1.41E-04 1.12E-04 9.42E-05 8.07E-05 7.11E-05 6.37E-05 5.81E-05 1.33E-04 1.59E-04 6.27E-04 2.20E-02 0.76 1.19 1.21 1.32 1.70 2.29 2.59 2.76 3.01

R(φ = 0) 0.302 0.304 0.307 0.310 0.314 0.319 0.324

2.78 2.31 1.49 1.45 1.68 1.64 1.07 1.10 0.91 0.61 0.48 0.36 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11

0.528 0.482 0.288 0.276 0.353 0.342 0.238 0.232 0.211 0.160 0.120 0.076 0.030 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.008

Selenium, single crystal, E ⊥ ĉ22 0.01364 2.854 0.0239 0.01488 2.932 0.0325 0.01612 3.140 0.1750 0.01736 2.959 1.3300 0.01860 2.111 0.2550 0.01984 2.356 0.0746 0.02108 2.462 0.0276 0.02232 2.502 0.0442 0.02356 2.543 0.0097 0.02480 2.550 0.0239 0.02604 2.582 0.02728 2.600 0.0101 0.02976 2.576 9.95E-03 0.03224 2.598 1.16E-02 0.03472 2.607 1.68E-02 0.03720 2.613 1.54E-02 0.04463 1.17E-02 0.04959 2.627 3.58E-03 0.05703 8.65E-04

0.402 0.438 0.431 0.417 0.430 0.462 0.490 0.493 0.502 0.521

→

0.231 0.241 0.269 0.321 0.133 0.164 0.178 0.184 0.190 0.191 0.195 0.198 0.194 0.197 0.199 0.199 0.201

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-138 Energy (eV) 0.06199 0.06819 0.07439 0.08059 0.08679 0.09299 0.09919 0.1116 0.1240 0.2480 0.3720 0.4959 0.6199 0.7439 0.8679 0.9919 1.116 1.240 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.50 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00

n 2.632 2.635 2.636 2.637 2.638 2.639 2.645 2.652 2.654 2.675 2.692 2.713 2.739 2.772 2.816

3.32 3.38 3.07 2.93 3.00 3.12 3.30 3.35 3.22 3.06 2.84 2.51 2.18 1.75 1.25 1.32 1.62 1.81 1.66 1.72 1.25 0.98 0.68 0.61 0.73 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.79

k 2.07E-03 2.89E-04 1.59E-04 1.35E-04 1.42E-04 1.04E-04 8.95E-05 8.84E-05 8.51E-05 5.97E-05 5.44E-05 4.58E-05 3.82E-05 3.32E-05 2.96E-05 2.69E-05 2.48E-05 2.31E-05 7.37E-05 8.63E-05 3.60E-04 0.11 0.65 0.73 0.61 0.53 0.58 0.70 1.01 1.24 1.47 1.66 1.81 1.83 1.94 1.50 0.73 0.61 0.69 1.02 0.95 1.02 0.92 0.96 0.65 0.48 0.39 0.32 0.26 0.19 0.14

Silicon, single crystal23 0.01240 3.4185 2.90E-04 0.01488 3.4190 2.30E-04 0.01736 3.4192 1.90E-04 0.01984 3.4195 1.70E-04 0.02480 3.4197 0.03100 3.4199 0.04092 3.4200 0.04463 1.08E-04

R(φ = 0) 0.202 0.202 0.202 0.203 0.203 0.203 0.204 0.205 0.205 0.208 0.210 0.213 0.216 0.221 0.226

0.289 0.310 0.282 0.259 0.263 0.279 0.305 0.328 0.334 0.344 0.351 0.356 0.352 0.382 0.316 0.107 0.105 0.135 0.182 0.171 0.181 0.178 0.274 0.191 0.094 0.060 0.046 0.036 0.023 0.020 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300

Energy (eV) 0.04959 0.05703 0.06199 0.06943 0.07439 0.08059 0.08679 0.09299 0.09919 0.1054 0.1116 0.1178 0.1240 0.1364 0.1488 0.1612 0.1736 0.1798 0.1860 0.1922 0.1984 0.2046 0.2108 0.2170 0.2232 0.2294 0.2356 0.2418 0.2480 0.3100 0.3626 0.4568 0.6199 0.8093 1.033 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

n 3.4201 3.4204

(3.4207)

3.4215

(3.4230)

(3.4244)

3.4261 3.4294 3.4327 3.4393 3.4490 3.4784 3.5193 (3.5341)

3.673 3.714 3.752 3.796 3.847 3.906 3.969 4.042 4.123 4.215 4.320 4.442 4.583 4.753 4.961 5.222 5.570 6.062 6.709 6.522 5.610

k 9.15E-05 1.56E-04 2.86E-04 3.84E-04 7.16E-04 1.52E-04 1.02E-04 2.59E-04 1.77E-04 1.53E-04 2.02E-04 1.22E-04 6.76E-05 5.49E-05 2.41E-05 2.49E-05 1.68E-05 2.45E-05 2.66E-06 1.74E-06 8.46E-07 5.64E-07 4.17E-07 4.05E-07 3.94E-07 3.26E-07 2.97E-07 2.82E-07 1.99E-07

2.50E-09

1.30E-05 1.80E-04 2.26E-03 7.75E-03 5.00E-03 8.00E-03 1.00E-02 0.013 0.016 0.022 0.030 0.032 0.048 0.060 0.073 0.090 0.130 0.163 0.203 0.269 0.387 0.630 1.321 2.705 3.014

R(φ = 0) 0.300 0.300

0.300

0.300

0.300

0.300

0.300 0.301 0.301 0.302 0.303 0.306 0.311 0.312

0.327 0.331 0.335 0.340 0.345 0.351 0.357 0.364 0.372 0.380 0.390 0.400 0.412 0.426 0.442 0.461 0.486 0.518 0.561 0.592 0.575

Energy (eV) 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.14 24.31 26.38 28.18 30.24 31.79 34.44 36.47 38.75 40.00

n 5.296 5.156 5.065 5.016 5.010 5.020 4.888 4.086 3.120 2.451 1.988 1.764 1.658 1.597 1.570 1.571 1.589 1.579 1.471 1.340 1.247 1.180 1.133 1.083 1.010 0.847 0.682 0.563 0.478 0.414 0.367 0.332 0.306 0.257 0.275 0.345 0.455 0.567 0.675 0.752 0.803 0.834 0.860 0.877 0.899 0.913 0.925 0.930

k 2.987 3.058 3.182 3.346 3.587 3.979 4.639 5.395 5.344 5.082 4.678 4.278 3.979 3.749 3.565 3.429 3.354 3.353 3.366 3.302 3.206 3.112 3.045 2.982 2.909 2.73 2.45 2.21 2.00 1.82 1.66 1.51 1.38 0.963 0.641 0.394 0.219 0.0835 0.0405 0.0243 0.0178 0.0152 0.0138 0.0132 0.0121 0.0113 0.0104 0.0100

R(φ = 0) 0.564 0.563 0.568 0.577 0.591 0.614 0.652 0.703 0.726 0.740 0.742 0.728 0.710 0.693 0.675 0.658 0.646 0.647 0.663 0.673 0.675 0.673 0.672 0.673 0.677 0.688 0.691 0.693 0.691 0.688 0.683 0.672 0.661 0.590 0.460 0.297 0.159 0.079 0.038 0.020 0.012 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001

Silver6 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.25

9.91 2.84 1.41 0.91 0.67 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.24 0.23 0.23

90.27 45.70 30.51 22.89 18.32 9.03 5.79 4.18 3.09 2.27 1.86

0.995 0.995 0.994 0.993 0.992 0.987 0.969 0.944 0.914 0.864 0.816

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.77 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 14.50 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 38.00 40.00 42.00 44.00

n 0.21 0.23 0.30 0.53 0.73 1.30 1.61 1.73 1.75 1.73 1.69 1.61 1.55 1.45 1.34 1.25 1.18 1.14 1.16 1.33 1.46 1.52 1.61 1.66 1.72 1.64 1.56 1.42 1.33 1.28 1.27 1.29 1.35 1.37 1.34 1.26 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.90

1.42 1.13 0.77 0.40 0.30 0.36 0.60 0.85 1.06 1.13 1.28 1.34 1.36 1.34 1.28 1.18 1.06 0.91 0.75 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.59 0.64 0.78 0.88 0.92 0.91 0.86 0.80 0.75 0.71 0.75 0.80 0.87 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.78 0.74 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.45 0.44 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33

k

R(φ = 0) 0.756 0.671 0.475 0.154 0.053 0.040 0.103 0.153 0.194 0.208 0.238 0.252 0.257 0.257 0.246 0.225 0.196 0.157 0.114 0.074 0.082 0.088 0.100 0.112 0.141 0.152 0.156 0.151 0.139 0.124 0.111 0.103 0.112 0.124 0.141 0.157 0.163 0.165 0.165 0.160 0.154 0.144 0.133 0.121 0.109 0.099 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.072 0.072 0.071 0.067 0.061 0.055 0.043 0.039 0.036 0.033

12-139

Energy (eV) 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00 60.00 62.00 64.00 66.00 68.00 70.00 72.00 74.00 76.00 78.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00

n 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.87

Sodium24 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.73 0.81 0.92 1.05 1.23 1.44 1.65 1.87 2.07 2.27 2.45 2.64 2.82 2.95 3.06 3.20 3.40 3.71 3.97 6.199 6.358 6.526 6.702 6.888 7.130 7.328 7.583 7.847 8.015 8.634 9.143 9.709 10.20

0.262 0.241 0.207 0.175 0.147 0.123 0.099 0.078 0.064 0.053 0.050 0.049 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.066 0.068 0.068 0.069 0.065 0.061 0.055 0.049 0.390 0.454 0.485 0.533 0.574 0.616 0.641 0.674 0.700 0.710 0.762 0.800 0.819 0.843

0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.17 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.04 9.97 9.45 8.80 8.09 7.42 6.67 5.82 5.11 4.35 3.72 3.22 2.76 2.48 2.23 2.07 1.88 1.76 1.63 1.54 1.47 1.33 1.13 1.01

k

R(φ = 0) 0.031 0.030 0.027 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.021 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.990 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.989 0.987 0.986 0.983 0.978 0.971 0.961 0.953 0.943 0.936 0.928 0.921 0.921 0.916 0.908 0.908 0.193 0.141 0.120 0.093 0.073 0.056 0.048 0.038 0.031 0.029 0.018 0.012 0.010 0.007

Energy (eV) 11.08 11.83 12.73 13.05 13.42 13.73 14.07 14.83 15.05 15.46 16.21 18.10 21.12 25.51 26.95 27.68 28.37 29.52

n 0.870 0.887 0.907 0.913 0.914 0.917 0.922 0.934 0.936 0.942 0.948 0.964 0.979 0.993 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02

Tantalum16 0.10 10.14 0.15 9.45 0.20 5.77 0.26 3.67 0.30 2.87 0.38 2.03 0.50 1.37 0.58 1.15 0.70 0.96 0.78 0.89 0.90 0.84 1.00 0.89 1.10 0.93 1.20 0.98 1.30 1.00 1.40 1.04 1.50 1.09 1.60 1.15 1.70 1.24 1.80 1.35 1.90 1.57 2.00 1.83 2.10 2.10 2.20 2.36 2.30 2.56 2.40 2.68 2.50 2.75 2.60 2.80 2.70 2.84 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.84 3.00 2.81 3.20 2.73 3.40 2.61 3.60 2.49 3.80 2.40 4.00 2.36 4.20 2.35 4.40 2.39 4.60 2.45 4.80 2.53

k

66.39 46.41 35.46 27.53 23.90 18.87 14.26 12.19 9.92 8.77 7.38 6.47 5.75 5.14 4.62 4.15 3.73 3.33 2.95 2.60 2.24 1.99 1.84 1.81 1.86 1.92 1.98 2.02 2.08 2.14 2.20 2.24 2.31 2.33 2.30 2.22 2.14 2.06 2.01 2.00 2.06

R(φ = 0) 0.005 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.984 0.9834 0.982 0.981 0.980 0.978 0.974 0.970 0.962 0.956 0.942 0.992 0.899 0.872 0.842 0.805 0.762 0.707 0.640 0.560 0.460 0.388 0.354 0.351 0.365 0.378 0.388 0.395 0.405 0.412 0.420 0.425 0.432 0.435 0.430 0.418 0.406 0.392 0.384 0.384 0.394

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-140 Energy (eV) 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.20 12.40 12.60 12.80 13.00 13.60 14.00 14.60 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.60 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60

n 2.58 2.52 2.31 2.06 1.83 1.63 1.48 1.37 1.29 1.23 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.07 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.72 0.68 0.63 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.57 0.64 0.64 0.69

2.20 2.44 2.61 2.67 2.63 2.56 2.45 2.33 2.22 2.11 2.01 1.91 1.82 1.75 1.68 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.45 1.41 1.40 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.08 1.04 0.97 0.92 0.92 0.79 0.71 0.65 0.57 0.52 0.44 0.39 0.34 0.32 0.27

k

R(φ = 0) 0.416 0.450 0.480 0.501 0.510 0.515 0.512 0.504 0.492 0.478 0.462 0.445 0.425 0.406 0.390 0.370 0.350 0.332 0.317 0.301 0.294 0.289 0.287 0.285 0.285 0.286 0.286 0.287 0.288 0.289 0.290 0.292 0.293 0.294 0.295 0.296 0.295 0.294 0.292 0.289 0.286 0.272 0.272 0.285 0.293 0.301 0.304 0.301 0.296 0.296 0.274 0.254 0.236 0.207 0.185 0.153 0.127 0.089 0.081 0.058

Energy (eV) 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 Tellurium, 0.01364 0.01488 0.01612 0.01736 0.01860 0.01984 0.02108 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02976 0.03224 0.03472 0.03720 0.03968 0.04339 0.04711 0.05083 0.05579 0.06199 0.07439 0.08679 0.09919 0.12400 0.15500 0.20660 0.24800 0.31 0.35 0.41 0.5 0.6

n 0.73 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.95

0.24 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29

k

R(φ = 0) 0.043 0.033 0.034 0.029 0.026 0.022 0.022 0.023 0.022 0.019 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.022 0.023

→

∥ ĉ25 4.82 5.26 5.47 5.59

E

5.94 5.96

5.98

6.246 6.253 6.286 6.316 6.372

6.53 6.71

0.118 0.0505 0.0278 0.0174 0.0796 0.0696 0.0749 0.1900 0.2220 0.0716 0.0682 0.0832 0.0149 2.14E-03 1.71E-02 3.71E-03 2.44E-03 1.59E-03 7.85E-04 7.38E-04 3.89E-04 3.09E-04 2.52E-04 2.96E-04 3.68E-04 3.34E-04

7.48E-05 1.18E-05 4.93E-04 6.74E-03 2.30E-02 7.50E-02

0.431 0.463 0.477 0.485

0.507 0.508

0.509

0.524 0.525 0.526 0.528 0.531

0.539 0.549

Energy (eV) 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 Tellurium, 0.01364 0.01488 0.01612 0.01736 0.01860 0.01984 0.02108 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02976 0.03224 0.03472 0.03720 0.03968 0.04339 0.04711 0.05083

n 7.00 7.23 7.48 7.70 6.99 7.11 6.75 6.89 4.67 4.94 3.94 3.25 2.73 2.30 1.69 1.33 1.32 1.63 1.72 1.73 1.78 1.83 1.72 1.54 1.55 0.99 1.47 0.86 0.80 0.79 0.67 0.59 0.48 0.74 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.90

k 0.24 0.48 0.94 1.56 2.22 2.46 2.91 3.70 4.67 5.16 5.08 4.77 4.42 4.16 3.44 2.64 1.96 1.60 1.57 1.45 1.36 1.36 1.51 1.37 1.23 0.93 1.25 0.86 0.77 0.76 0.59 0.49 0.31 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.090 0.045

R(φ = 0) 0.563 0.574 0.589 0.606 0.593 0.604 0.606 0.637 0.654 0.681 0.686 0.681 0.674 0.674 0.646 0.571 0.428 0.312 0.302 0.276 0.257 0.257 0.289 0.260 0.226 0.179 0.233 0.181 0.165 0.164 0.146 0.147 0.160 0.035 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.006 0.003

0.2980 0.0894 0.0535 0.4990 0.1170 0.0343 0.0421 0.1060 0.0880 0.0458 0.0928 0.0886 0.0232 3.06E-03 1.25E-02 2.65E-03 1.89E-03 1.41E-03 8.38E-04 6.79E-04

0.204 0.325 0.370 0.420

→

⊥ ĉ25 2.61 3.65 4.10 4.63

E

(4.42)

4.71 4.74

0.398

0.422 0.425

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 0.05579 0.06199 0.07439 0.08679 0.09919 0.1240 0.1550 0.2066 0.2480 0.31 0.35 0.41 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

n 4.77

4.796 4.809 4.838 4.864 4.929

4.90 4.93 4.95 5.10 5.22 5.35 5.17 5.56 5.88 6.10 5.94 5.10 4.24 3.57 3.03 2.51 1.72 1.32 1.28 1.47 1.74 1.94 2.19 2.48 2.60 2.59 2.39 1.11 2.08 0.99 0.84 0.87 0.59 0.64 0.52 0.50 0.56 0.54 0.50 0.48 0.46

k 1.59E-04 1.16E-04 7.23E-05 5.34E-05 4.28E-05 3.18E-05

2.19E-05 3.18E-05 7.89E-02 0.149

R(φ = 0) 0.427

0.429 0.430 0.432 0.434 0.439

0.11 0.13 0.22 0.45 0.63 0.63 1.15 1.80 2.69 3.61 3.77 3.75 3.63 3.39 2.70 2.01 1.28 0.82 0.51 0.39 0.32 0.40 0.69 0.91 1.00 1.24 1.11 1.04 1.01 0.87 0.87 0.55 0.41 0.38 0.29 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.088

0.437 0.439 0.441 0.452 0.461 0.472 0.462 0.488 0.517 0.545 0.571 0.594 0.593 0.591 0.588 0.578 0.532 0.440 0.251 0.132 0.104 0.118 0.148 0.192 0.226 0.245 0.235 0.259 0.224 0.215 0.237 0.182 0.282 0.144 0.161 0.165 0.110 0.113 0.127 0.135 0.140

Titanium (Polycrystalline)14 0.10 5.03 23.38 0.15 3.00 15.72 0.20 2.12 11.34 0.25 2.05 8.10 0.30 6.39 9.94 0.35 2.74 6.21

0.965 0.954 0.939 0.890 0.833 0.792

Energy (eV) 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.85 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20

12-141 n 2.49 3.35 4.43 4.71 4.38 4.04 3.80 3.62 3.47 3.35 3.28 3.17 2.98 2.74 2.54 2.36 2.22 2.11 2.01 1.92 1.86 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.63 1.59 1.55 1.50 1.44 1.37 1.30 1.24 1.17 1.11 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.05 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.17 1.24 1.21 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.11 1.09 1.11 1.10 1.10

4.68 3.25 3.22 3.77 3.89 3.82 3.65 3.52 3.40 3.30 3.25 3.28 3.32 3.30 3.23 3.11 2.99 2.88 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.47 2.39 2.34 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.01 1.96 1.90 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.62 1.45 1.33 1.29 1.23 1.21 1.20 1.16 1.21 1.22 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.06 1.02 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95

k

R(φ = 0) 0.708 0.545 0.555 0.597 0.603 0.596 0.582 0.570 0.560 0.550 0.546 0.549 0.557 0.559 0.557 0.550 0.540 0.530 0.520 0.509 0.495 0.483 0.471 0.462 0.456 0.451 0.447 0.444 0.442 0.442 0.442 0.443 0.443 0.441 0.436 0.430 0.423 0.413 0.389 0.333 0.284 0.265 0.244 0.236 0.228 0.228 0.234 0.241 0.244 0.240 0.232 0.212 0.198 0.182 0.175 0.167 0.165 0.165 0.169 0.171

Energy (eV) 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.60 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 30.0

n 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.85 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.98 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.82 0.83 0.84

0.95 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.55 0.52 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.32 0.31 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.25 0.22

k

R(φ = 0) 0.175 0.181 0.181 0.182 0.182 0.181 0.179 0.179 0.180 0.178 0.175 0.167 0.162 0.152 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.137 0.132 0.106 0.097 0.087 0.077 0.069 0.058 0.052 0.045 0.037 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.017 0.165 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.027 0.028 0.030 0.031 0.033 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.033 0.033 0.029 0.027 0.022

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-142 Energy (eV) Tungsten27 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.82 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20

n

k

14.06 3.87 2.56 1.83 1.71 1.86 1.92 1.69 1.40 1.23 1.17 1.28 1.45 1.59 1.83 2.12 2.36 2.92 3.11 3.15 3.15 3.14 3.05 3.00 3.12 3.29 3.48 3.67 3.84 3.82 3.70 3.60 3.54 3.49 3.49 3.45 3.38 3.34 3.31 3.31 3.32 3.35 3.39 3.43 3.45 3.39 3.24 3.13 3.05 2.99 2.96 2.95 3.02 3.13 3.24 3.33 3.40 3.27

54.71 28.30 22.44 18.32 15.71 13.88 12.63 11.59 10.52 9.45 8.44 7.52 6.78 6.13 5.52 5.00 4.61 4.37 4.44 4.43 4.36 4.32 4.04 3.64 3.24 2.96 2.79 2.68 2.79 2.91 2.94 2.89 2.84 2.76 2.72 2.72 2.68 2.62 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.41 2.45 2.55 2.66 2.70 2.67 2.62 2.56 2.50 2.43 2.33 2.32 2.41 2.57 2.85 3.27

R(φ = 0)

0.983 0.981 0.980 0.979 0.973 0.963 0.954 0.952 0.952 0.948 0.938 0.917 0.888 0.856 0.810 0.759 0.710 0.661 0.660 0.658 0.653 0.649 0.627 0.590 0.545 0.515 0.500 0.494 0.507 0.518 0.518 0.512 0.506 0.497 0.494 0.493 0.487 0.480 0.472 0.466 0.461 0.459 0.460 0.465 0.476 0.485 0.488 0.482 0.476 0.468 0.460 0.451 0.440 0.442 0.455 0.475 0.505 0.548

Energy (eV) 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40

n 2.92 2.43 2.00 1.70 1.47 1.32 1.21 1.12 1.06 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.19 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.22 1.20 1.16 1.10 1.04 0.98 0.94 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.93 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.74 0.69 0.64 0.60 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49

3.58 3.70 3.61 3.42 3.24 3.04 2.87 2.70 2.56 2.43 2.30 2.18 2.06 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.50 1.44 1.38 1.34 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.39 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.44 1.40 1.35 1.28 1.23 1.17 1.13 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.02 0.97 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.73

k

R(φ = 0) 0.586 0.618 0.637 0.643 0.646 0.640 0.631 0.619 0.607 0.593 0.573 0.556 0.533 0.505 0.481 0.449 0.422 0.401 0.388 0.369 0.352 0.329 0.307 0.287 0.274 0.270 0.274 0.282 0.290 0.297 0.305 0.313 0.318 0.323 0.329 0.333 0.332 0.325 0.312 0.296 0.276 0.255 0.246 0.249 0.260 0.273 0.289 0.304 0.317 0.330 0.340 0.347 0.353 0.354 0.350 0.342 0.331 0.318 0.303 0.287

Energy (eV) 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.80

Vanadium9 0.10 12.83 0.20 3.90 0.28 2.13 0.36 1.54 0.44 1.28 0.52 1.16 0.60 1.10 0.68 1.07 0.76 1.08 0.80 1.10 0.90 1.18 1.00 1.34 1.10 1.60 1.20 1.93 1.30 2.25 1.40 2.48 1.50 2.57 1.60 2.57 1.70 2.52 1.80 2.45 1.90 2.36 2.00 2.34 2.10 2.31 2.20 2.28 2.30 2.23 2.40 2.15 2.50 2.02 2.60 1.89 2.70 1.74 2.80 1.61 2.90 1.48

0.69 0.66 0.62 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33

k

45.89 24.30 17.35 13.32 10.74 8.93 7.59 6.54 5.67 5.30 4.50 3.80 3.26 2.88 2.71 2.72 2.79 2.84 2.88 2.88 2.85 2.81 2.78 2.80 2.83 2.88 2.91 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.80

R(φ = 0) 0.272 0.263 0.252 0.234 0.213 0.191 0.171 0.150 0.132 0.117 0.105 0.099 0.085 0.073 0.065 0.057 0.052 0.047 0.042 0.040 0.033 0.032 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.040 0.042 0.045 0.978 0.975 0.973 0.966 0.957 0.945 0.929 0.909 0.882 0.864 0.811 0.730 0.632 0.543 0.498 0.491 0.499 0.507 0.512 0.515 0.514 0.509 0.506 0.510 0.516 0.528 0.540 0.552 0.561 0.569 0.577

Optical Properties of Selected Elements Energy (eV) 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.33 7.66 8.00 8.33 8.66 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50

n 1.36 1.16 0.99 0.87 0.80 0.78 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.84

2.73 2.55 2.37 2.17 1.96 1.76 1.60 1.47 1.38 1.31 1.26 1.18 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.02 0.98 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.65 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17

k

R(φ = 0) 0.582 0.585 0.586 0.575 0.547 0.503 0.449 0.400 0.355 0.326 0.304 0.271 0.258 0.235 0.223 0.212 0.199 0.185 0.175 0.170 0.162 0.155 0.146 0.145 0.142 0.136 0.133 0.126 0.112 0.091 0.089 0.086 0.082 0.079 0.075 0.070 0.065 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.056 0.054 0.051 0.048 0.045 0.043 0.041 0.038 0.036 0.033 0.032 0.029 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.016

12-143

Energy (eV) 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00

n 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95

0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13

k

R(φ = 0) 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005

→

Zinc, E ∥ ĉ28 0.7514 1.9241 0.827 1.7921 0.866 1.5571 0.952 1.4824 0.992 1.5762 1.033 1.5407 1.078 1.5853 1.127 1.7768 1.181 1.9808 1.240 2.8821 1.305 3.2039 1.377 2.9459 1.459 3.2523 1.550 3.8086 1.653 3.7577 1.722 3.5908 1.823 3.4234 1.937 3.0132 1.984 1.8562 2.066 1.4856 2.094 1.2525 2.119 1.0017 2.275 0.7737 2.445 0.6395 2.666 0.4430 2.917 0.3589 3.220 0.3069 3.594 0.2737 4.065 0.2510 4.678 0.2354

7.5619 6.9973 6.7753 6.2296 5.8843 5.3192 4.9013 4.5307 4.2004 3.4766 3.0042 3.5761 4.2447 4.6212 4.6239 4.4614 4.3232 3.9974 3.9706 4.0555 3.9961 3.8683 3.9129 3.4013 3.1379 2.8140 2.5088 2.1737 1.8528 1.6357

0.883 0.874 0.881 0.868 0.847 0.823 0.793 0.748 0.701 0.575 0.520 0.584 0.640 0.657 0.659 0.650 0.642 0.624 0.690 0.737 0.762 0.789 0.832 0.821 0.851 0.853 0.847 0.828 0.799 0.776

7.4158 6.9688 6.6886 6.2212 5.8910 5.4001 4.9025 4.4062 4.0176 3.2873

0.905 0.892 0.892 0.881 0.863 0.850 0.822 0.746 0.684 0.555

→

Zinc, E ⊥ ĉ28 0.751 1.4469 0.827 1.4744 0.866 1.3628 0.952 1.3165 0.992 1.3835 1.033 1.2889 1.078 1.3095 1.127 1.6897 1.181 1.9701 1.240 2.8717

Energy (eV) 1.305 1.377 1.459 1.550 1.653 1.722 1.823 1.937 1.984 2.066 2.094 2.119 2.275 2.455 2.666 2.917 3.220 3.594 4.065 4.678

n 3.3991 3.1807 3.5064 4.1241 4.0269 3.9369 3.7549 3.4512 3.2515 2.0802 1.7084 1.3329 0.9725 0.7568 0.5470 0.4774 0.3911 0.3147 0.3013 0.2806

k 2.7684 3.4709 4.1994 4.7768 4.8027 4.6356 4.3042 4.1942 4.2980 4.7231 4.7923 4.4751 4.2879 3.7627 3.4277 3.0476 2.7463 2.3041 2.0077 1.7997

Zirconium (Polycrystalline)28 0.10 6.18 1.76 0.15 3.37 1.30 0.20 2.34 1.08 0.26 2.24 1.06 0.30 2.59 1.14 0.36 3.17 1.26 0.40 3.09 1.24 0.46 3.36 1.30 0.50 4.13 1.44 0.56 5.01 1.58 0.60 5.18 1.61 0.70 4.54 1.51 0.80 4.03 1.42 0.90 3.74 1.37 0.96 3.69 1.36 1.00 3.66 1.35 1.10 3.65 1.35 1.20 3.53 1.33 1.30 3.25 1.27 1.40 3.10 1.25 1.50 3.02 1.23 1.60 2.88 1.20 1.70 2.68 1.16 1.80 2.49 1.12 2.00 2.14 1.03 2.10 1.99 1.00 2.20 1.87 0.97 2.30 1.78 0.94 2.40 1.71 0.92 2.50 1.62 0.90 2.60 1.54 0.88 2.70 1.46 0.86 2.80 1.40 0.84 2.90 1.34 0.82 3.00 1.30 0.81 3.10 1.26 0.80 3.30 1.19 0.77 3.40 1.16 0.76 3.50 1.13 0.75

R(φ = 0) 0.497 0.569 0.630 0.664 0.667 0.657 0.635 0.631 0.644 0.738 0.774 0.791 0.825 0.824 0.845 0.834 0.835 0.821 0.789 0.770 0.300 0.123 0.058 0.052 0.073 0.110 0.105 0.123 0.175 0.231 0.242 0.202 0.168 0.149 0.145 0.143 0.142 0.134 0.116 0.106 0.100 0.091 0.078 0.067 0.047 0.040 0.034 0.030 0.027 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

12-144 Energy (eV) 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80

n 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.80 0.87 1.00 1.11 1.23 1.33 1.42 1.49 1.54 1.58 1.61 1.63 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.68 1.66

0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.66 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.91

k

R(φ = 0) 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026

Energy (eV) 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80

n 1.65 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.52 1.47 1.42 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.23 1.19 1.16 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.01 1.04

References 1. Shiles, E., Sasaki, T., Inokuti, M., and Smith, D. Y., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 22, 1612, 1980. 2. Edwards, D. F., and Philipp, H. R., in HOC-I, p. 665. 3. Ives, H. E., and Briggs, N. B., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 27, 395, 1937. 4. Bos, L. W., and Lynch, D. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 2, 4567, 1970. 5. Weaver, J. H., Colavita, E., Lynch, D. W., and Rosei, R., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 19, 3850, 1979. 6. Hagemann, H. J., Gudat, W., and Kunz, C., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 742, 1975. 7. Schulz, L. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 47, 64, 1957. 8. Potter, R. F., in HOC-I, p. 465. 9. Olson, C. G., Lynch, D. W., and Weaver, J. H., unpublished. 10. Lynch, D. W., Olson, C. G., and Weaver, J. H., unpublished. 11. Weaver, J. H., Olson, C. G., and Lynch, D. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 15, 4115, 1977. 12. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p. 345. 13. Priol, M. A., Daudé, A., and Robin, S., Compt. Rend., 264, 935, 1967. 14. Johnson, P. B., and Christy, R. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 9, 5056, 1974.

0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72

k

R(φ = 0) 0.025 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012

Energy (eV) 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00

n 1.09 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.23 1.20 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.82 0.82

0.74 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.71 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64

k

R(φ = 0) 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014

15. Arakawn, E. T., and Inagaki, T., in HOC-II, p. 461. 16. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, D. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 10, 501, 1973. 17. Lynch, D. W., Rosei, R., and Weaver, J. H., Solid State Commun., 9, 2195, 1971. 18. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, C. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 7, 4311, 1973. 19. Weaver, J. H., and Benbow, R. L., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 12, 3509, 1975. 20. Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev., Sect. B, 11, 1416, 1975. 21. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p. 364. 22. Palik, E. D., in HOC-II, p. 691. 23. Edwards, D. F., in HOC-I, p. 547. 24. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p. 354. 25. Palik, E. D., in HOC-II, p. 709. 26. Lynch, D. W., Olson, C. G., and Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 11, 3671, 1975. 27. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, C. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 12, 1293, 1975. 28. Lanham, A. P., and Terherne, D. M., Proc. Phys. Soc., 83, 1059, 1964.

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS L. I. Berger Optical properties of materials are closely related to their dielectric properties. The complex dielectric function (relative permittivity) of a material is equal to ε ( ω ) = ε′ ( ω ) – jε″ ( ω ),

where ε′(ω) and ε″(ω) are its real and imaginary parts, respectively, and ω is the angular frequency of the applied electric field. For a non-absorbing medium, the index of refraction is n = (εµ)1/2, where µ is the relative magnetic permeability of the medium (material); in the majority of dielectrics, µ ≅ 1. For many applications, the most important optical properties of materials are the index of refraction, the extinction coefficient, k , and the reflectivity, R. The common index of refraction of a material is equal to the ratio of the phase velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency in vacuum to that in the material. Hence, n
1. The optical properties of highly conductive materials like metals and semiconductors (at photon energy range above the energy gap) differ from those of optically transparent media. Free electrons absorb the incident electromagnetic wave in a thin surface layer (a few hundred nanometers thick) and then release the absorbed energy in the form of secondary waves reflected from the surface. Thus, the light reflection becomes very strong; for example, highly conductive sodium reflects 99.8% of the incident wave (at 589 nm). Introduction of the effective index of refraction, neff = (ε′)1/2 = n – jk , where ε′ = ε – jδ/ω εo, δ is the electrical conductivity of the material in S/m, and εo = 8.8542·10-12 F/m is the permittivity of vacuum, allows one to apply the expressions of the optics of transparent media to the conductive materials. It is clear that the effective index of refraction may be smaller than 1. For example, n = 0.05 for pure sodium and n = 0.18 for pure silver (at 589.3 nm). At very high photon energies, the quantum effects, such as the internal photoeffect, start playing a greater role, and the optical properties of these materials become similar to those of insulators (low reflectance, existence of Brewster’s angle, etc.). The extinction coefficient characterizes absorption of the electromagnetic wave energy in the process of propagation of a wave through a material. The wave intensity, I, after it passes a distance x in an isotropic medium is equal to I = I 0 exp ( – αx ),

where I0 is the intensity at x = 0 and α is called the absorption coefficient. For many applications, the extinction coefficient, k , which is equal to

12-141

λ k = α ------, 4π

where λ is the wavelength of the wave in the medium, is more commonly used for characterization of the electromagnetic losses in materials. Reflection of an electromagnetic wave from the interface between two media depends on the media indices of refraction and on the angle of incidence. It is characterized by the reflectivity, which is equal to the ratio of the intensity of the wave reflected back into the first medium to the intensity of the wave approaching the interface. For polarized light and two non-absorbing media, ( N1 – N2 ) -2 , R = ------------------------( N1 + N2 ) 2

where N1 = n1/cosθ1 and N2 = n2/cosθ2 for the wave polarized in the plane of incidence, and N1 = n1cosθ1 and N2 = n2cosθ2 for the wave polarized normal to the plane of incidence; θ1 and θ2 are the angles between the normal to the interface in the point of incidence and the directions of the beams in the first and second medium, respectively. The reflectivity at normal incidence in this case is R = [ ( n1 – n2 ) ⁄ ( n1 + n2 ) ]

2

For any two opaque (absorbing) media, the normal incidence reflectivity is ( n1 – n2 ) + k2 -. R = --------------------------------2 2 ( n1 + n2 ) + k2 2

2

In the majority of experiments, the first medium is air (n ≈ 1) , and hence, ( 1 – n ) + k. R = ----------------------------2 2 (1 + n) + k 2

2

The data on n and k in the following table are abridged from the sources listed in the references. The reflectivity at normal incidence, R, has been calculated from the last equation. For convenience, the energy E, wavenumber ν , and wavelength λ are given for the incidence radiation.

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-142 E/eV 2.194 2.168 2.141 2.123 2.098 2.094 2.091 2.073 2.060 2.049 2.036 2.023 2.013 2.009 2.000 1.987 1.977 1.974 1.962 1.953 1.949 1.937 1.925 1.922 1.905 1.893 1.881 1.859 1.848 1.845 1.842 1.831 1.826 1.821 1.818 1.815 1.807 1.802 0.06199 0.05904 0.05636 0.05391 0.04592 0.04428 0.04275 0.04133 0.03542 0.03100 0.03061 0.03024 0.02883 0.02850 0.02818 0.02755 0.02480 0.02254 0.02066 0.01907 0.01771

ν /cm–1

λ/µm

17700 17480 17270 17120 16920 16890 16860 16720 16610 16530 16420 16310 16230 16210 16130 16030 15940 15920 15820 15750 15720 15630 15530 15500 15360 15270 15170 14990 14900 14880 14860 14770 14730 14680 14660 14640 14580 14530 500.0 476.2 454.5 434.8 370.4 357.1 344.8 333.3 285.7 250.0 247.0 244.0 232.6 229.9 227.3 222.2 200.0 181.8 166.7 153.8 142.9

0.565 0.572 0.579 0.584 0.591 0.592 0.593 0.598 0.602 0.605 0.609 0.613 0.616 0.617 0.620 0.624 0.627 0.628 0.632 0.635 0.636 0.640 0.644 0.645 0.651 0.655 0.659 0.667 0.671 0.672 0.673 0.677 0.679 0.681 0.682 0.683 0.686 0.688 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 40.5 41.0 43.0 43.5 44.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0

n

na

nc

k

ka

kc

Crystalline Arsenic Selenide (As2Se3) [Ref. 1]* 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.13

0.10 0.079

0.050

0.031

0.020

0.012 8.6·10–3 6.4 5.2 3.1 2.0 1.3·10

–3

8.6·10–4

3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.6 2.3 4.2 6.5 4.5 4.0 3.8 3.6

2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 1.7 2.6 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 2.0 4.0 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.0

5.5 4.1 1.7·10–3 2.1·10–3 2.5·10–3 3.0·10–3 6.3·10–3 7.6·10–3 0.0092 0.011

3.3 2.5 3.6 0.17 0.089 0.097 0.19

R

Ra

Rc

0.27 0.26 0.26

0.24 0.24 0.24

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.12 0.088 0.50 0.56 0.58 0.50 0.62 0.40 0.36 0.34 0.32

0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.25 0.18 0.16 0.29 0.48 0.60 0.36 0.31 0.27 0.26 0.25

0.26 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.12 0.097 0.082 0.063 0.051 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.017

1.7·10–3 1.2·10–3 9.0·10–4 6.4 4.7 3.4

1.8·10–3 2.2·10–3 2.6·10–3 3.1·10–3 6.4·10–3 7.7·10–3 0.0093 0.011 0.037 0.38 0.33 0.41 2.2 2.8 2.0 3.3 0.26 0.10 0.10 0.16 0.30

0.034 1.0 0.95 0.46 0.94 1.4

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids µm E/eV ν /cm–1 λ/µ n na nc k ka kc 0.01653 133.3 75.0 3.7 3.0 0.41 0.44 0.01550 125.0 80.0 3.8 3.1 0.29 0.40 0.01459 117.6 85.0 3.6 2.9 0.20 0.34 0.01378 111.1 90.0 3.2 2.6 0.43 0.49 0.01305 105.3 95.0 4.7 3.0 1.5 1.5 0.01240 100.0 100.0 4.4 2.7 0.22 0.81 0.01181 95.24 105.0 4.2 3.0 0.094 3.9 0.01127 90.91 110.0 4.1 5.3 0.059 0.70 0.01033 83.33 120.0 3.9 4.2 0.034 0.13 0.009537 76.92 130.0 3.9 4.0 0.024 0.069 0.008856 71.43 140.0 3.9 3.8 0.019 0.048 0.007749 63.50 160.0 3.8 3.7 0.014 0.032 0.006888 55.55 180.0 3.8 3.7 0.011 0.024 0.006199 50.0 200.0 3.8 3.6 0.0091 0.019 *Indices a and c relate to the radiation electric field parallel to the a and c axes of the crystal, respectively. 2.056 2.026 2.006 1.990 1.925 1.826 1.810 1.794 1.771 1.715 1.701 1.647 1.629 1.596 1.579 1.562 1.544 1.529 1.512 1.494 1.476 1.378 1.240 1.127 1.051 1.033 0.2555 0.2380 0.2344 0.1345 0.1339 0.1333 0.1308 0.1215 0.1203 0.1196 0.1178 0.1116 0.1004 0.09919 0.09795 0.09671 0.09299 0.08555

16580 16340 16180 16050 15530 14730 14600 14470 14290 13830 13720 13280 13140 12870 12740 12590 12450 12330 12200 12050 11910 11110 10000 9091 8475 8333 1980 1919 1890 1085 1080 1075 1055 980 970 965 950 900 810 800 790 780 750 690

0.603 0.612 0.618 0.623 0.644 0.679 0.685 0.691 0.700 0.723 0.729 0.753 0.761 0.777 0.785 0.794 0.803 0.811 0.820 0.830 0.840 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.18 1.20 5.05 5.21 5.29 9.22 9.26 9.30 9.48 10.20 10.31 10.36 10.53 11.11 12.35 12.50 12.66 12.82 13.33 14.49

Vitreous Arsenic Selenide (As2Se3) [Ref. 1] 0.12 0.11 0.099 9.0 5.6 1.4 0.012 0.0089 6.2 2.6 0.0022 0.00046 3.07 4.0 3.06 2.7 3.05 1.9 3.05 0.00013 3.04 0.000094 3.03 6.3 3.03 4.2 3.02 2.8 3.01 1.8 2.98 2.93 2.90 2.89 2.88 1.6·10–7 9.9·10–8 1.1·10–7 4.4 3.7 4.4 4.5 8.9 9.9·10–7 1.0·10–6 1.1 1.8 4.9 7.0·10–6 1.0·10–5 1.5 3.7 6.9

12-143 R

0.62 0.49 0.39 0.26 0.25 0.78 0.64 0.50 0.38

Ra 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.28 0.46 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34

Rc 0.26 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.34 0.25 0.62 0.47 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-144 E/eV 0.08431 0.08059 0.07811 0.07687 0.07563 0.07439 0.07315 0.07191 0.07067 0.06943 0.06633 0.06571 0.06509 0.06447 0.06075 0.06024 0.05331 0.05269 0.05207 0.05145 0.05083 0.05021 0.04959 0.04862 0.04679 0.04592 0.04509 0.04428 0.03875 0.03815 0.03757 0.02988 0.02952 0.02725 0.02362 0.01937 0.01922 0.01907 0.01734 0.01653 0.01642 0.01494 0.01246 0.007606 0.006199 0.004592 0.002799 0.001826 0.001273 0.0006491 0.0004376 0.0002903 0.0001716 0.00009047 0.00005621 0.00002774 0.00001439

ν /cm–1 680 650 630 620 610 600 590 580 570 560 535 530 525 520 490 485.9 430 425 420 415 410 405 400 392.2 377.4 370.4 363.6 357.1 312.5 307.7 303.0 241.0 238.1 219.8 190.5 156.2 155.0 153.8 139.9 133.3 132.5 120.5 100.5 61.35 50.00 37.04 22.57 14.73 10.27 5.236 3.530 2.341 1.384 0.7297 0.4534 0.2237 0.1161

λ/µ µm 14.71 15.38 15.87 16.13 16.39 16.67 16.95 17.24 17.54 17.86 18.69 18.87 19.05 19.23 20.41 20.58 23.26 23.53 23.81 24.10 24.39 24.69 25.0 25.5 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 32.0 32.5 33.0 41.5 42.0 45.5 52.5 64.0 64.5 65.0 71.5 75.0 75.5 83.0 99.5 163.0 200.0 270.0 443.0 679.0 974.0 1910.0 2833.0 4271.0 7224.0 13704 22056 44699 86153

2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2 3.2 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

4.959 3.100

40000 25000

0.2500 0.40

Vitreous Arsenic Sulfide (As2S3) - [Ref. 2] 2.48 1.21 3.09 0.34

n

na

nc

k 5.9 6.1 6.3 7.7 7.8 9.3·10–5 1.2·10–4 1.4 1.8 2.8 5.2 7.2·10–4 1.2·10–3 1.7 4.9 5.2 1.4 1.1·10–3 8.5·10–4 7.3 8.3 9.4·10–4 1.2·10–3 1.6 5.0 8.0·10–3 1.2·10–2 1.7 8.2 9.3·10–3 0.11 0.89 1.0 1.8 0.30 0.10 9.6·10–2 9.4 8.7 9.4 0.096 0.15 0.60 0.12

ka

0.072 4.5 2.8 2.1 1.1·10–2 7.5·10–3 5.0 3.1 1.6·10–3 9.9·10–4 5.2 2.6

kc

R

0.22 0.32 0.37 0.50 0.73 0.22 0.22 0.35 0.71 0.73 0.31 0.21 0.21 0.84 0.87 0.21 0.21 0.33 0.73 0.20 0.20 0.34 0.87 0.18 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.39 0.32 0.27 0.27 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.29 0.26 0.67 0.50 0.41 0.25 0.25 0.71 0.53 0.25 0.25 0.72 0.47 0.27 0.27

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 2.48 1.879 1.240 0.6199 0.3100 0.2480 0.1736 0.1240 0.09299 0.07439 0.04959 0.03757 0.03100 0.02480 0.02066 0.01771 0.01550 0.01378 0.01240 0.008183 0.004029 0.002418 0.001984 0.001048 0.0001033 4.129·10–12 4.9 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.0 2.755 2.75 2.610 2.5 2.25 1.771 1.512 1.50 1.475 1.47 1.465 1.46 1.459 1.455 1.45 1.445 1.442 1.44 1.43 1.30 1.24 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70

ν /cm–1 20000 15150 10000 5000 2500 2000 1400 1000 750 600 400.0 303.0 250.0 200.0 166.7 142.9 125.0 111.1 100 66 32.5 19.5 16 8.45 0.833 3.33·10–8

λ/µ µm 0.4999 0.66 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 7.143 10.00 13.33 16.67 25.0 33.0 40.0 50 60 70 80 90 100 152 308 513 625 1180 12000 3·1011

39520 33070 31460 28230 25000 24200 22220 22180 21050 20160 18150 14290 12200 12100 11900 11860 11820 11780 11760 11740 11690 11650 11630 11610 11530 10490 10000 9679 8872 8065 7259 6452 5646

0.2530 0.3024 0.3179 0.3542 0.4000 0.4133 0.45 0.4509 0.475 0.4959 0.5510 0.70 0.82 0.8266 0.840 0.8434 0.8463 0.8492 0.850 0.8521 0.8551 0.8580 0.860 0.8610 0.8670 0.9537 1.0 1.033 1.127 1.240 1.378 1.550 1.771

n 2.83 2.59 2.48 2.43 2.41 2.41 2.40 2.38 2.35 2.31 1.79 3.59 2.98 2.66 2.64 2.99 2.89 2.84 2.81 2.76 2.74 2.74 2.74 2.73 2.73 2.73

na

nc

12-145 k 0.013 1.7·10–6 2.4·10–7

7.4·10–7 1.3·10–4 3.0·10–3 4.6·10–4 0.2 1.4 0.15 0.11 0.57 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.072 0.044 0.031 0.025 8.8·10–3 1.3·10–3

Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) - [Ref. 3] 2.48 2.04 2.33 1.59 2.57 1.90 2.89 1.52 3.43 1.02 3.37 0.861 3.080 0.485 3.23 0.636 3.045 3.14 0.525 3.05 0.411 2.861 0.210 2.880 0.040 2.98 0.319 2.905 0.00134 0.000671 3.37 1.89 2.948 1.08·10–4 2.9565 5.10·10–5 2.73 2.952 2.9479 1.37 2.9402 2.8720 2.840 2.8353 2.8050 2.7793 2.7537 2.7384 2.7223

ka

kc

R 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.085 0.38 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.39 0.32 0.37 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.24

0.24 0.24 0.24 0.32 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-146

E/eV 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.09 0.06819 0.0573 0.05 0.0469 0.04592 0.04133 0.04092 0.03720 0.03647 0.03596 0.03493 0.03472 0.03100 0.02917 0.02852 0.02728 0.02604 0.02480 0.02384 0.01798 0.01736 0.01550 0.01364 0.01240 0.009919 0.008679 0.007439 0.006199 0.004959 0.003720 0.023015 0.001550 155 145 130 110 90 70 40 23 7.0 6.0 5.00 4.00 3.00

ν /cm–1 4839 4033 3226 2420 1613 806.5 725.9 550 462 403.3 378 370.3 333.3 330 300 294.1 290 281.7 280 250 235.3 230 220 210 200 192.3 145 140 125 110 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 18.563 12.50

48390 40330 32260 24200

λ/µ µm 2.066 2.480 3.100 4.133 6.199 12.40 13.78 18.18 21.6 24.80 26.5 27 30 30.30 33.33 34.00 34.48 35.5 35.71 40 42.5 43.48 45.45 47.62 50.00 52.0 68.97 71.43 80.0 90.91 100 125 142.9 166.7 200 250 333.3 800 0.007999 0.008551 0.009537 0.01127 0.01378 0.01771 0.03100 0.05391 0.1771 0.2066 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133

n 2.7086 2.6972 2.6878 2.6800 2.6722 2.6535 2.6482 2.623 2.5801

2.55916 2.531 2.494 2.478 2.459 2.378 2.289 2.224 2.137 2.013 1.8 6.778 4.598 3.868 3.649 3.415 3.348 3.299 3.263 3.236 3.217 538.71

na

nc

k

3.8·10–6 8.0·10–5 9.88·10–5 2.86·10–4 3.34 4.97 8.93 5.77·10–3 7.91 6.76 1.18·10–2 6.93 1.87 2.47·10–2 3.4·10–2 4.97·10–2 6.21 5.2 4.50 0.294 9.47·10–2 5.68·10–2 0.0262 0.0189 1.39 1.03 7.52·10–3 3.2096 6.18

Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) - [Ref. 4] 0.0181 0.0203 0.0224 0.0278 0.0323 0.0376 0.0426 1.037 0.228 1.063 1.838 1.264 2.472 2.273 4.084 3.601 1.920 4.509 1.948

ka

kc

R 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19

0.19 0.57 0.73 0.18 0.83 0.17 0.36 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.79 0.66 0.41 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.28

0.61 0.67 0.42 0.47

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

E/eV 2.50 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.50 0.25 0.15 0.100 0.090 0.070 0.060 0.0495 0.03968 0.03496 0.02976 0.02066 0.01550 0.008266 0.002480 0.001240 154.0 110.0 100.0 80.0 50.0 27.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 5.5 4.68 3.50 3.00 2.78 2.621 2.480 2.18 2.000 1.6 1.240 0.6888 0.4769 0.1907 0.1550 0.1240 0.06199 0.03100

ν /cm–1 20160 16130 14520 12900 12100 11290 9679 8065 6452 4033 2016 1210 806.5 725.9 564.6 483.9 399.2 320 282 240 166.7 125 66.67 20 10

λ/µ µm 0.4959 0.6199 0.8888 0.7749 0.8266 0.8856 1.033 1.240 1.550 2.480 4.959 8.266 12.40 13.78 17.71 20.66 25.05 31.25 35.46 41.67 60 80 150 500 1000

n 4.333 3.878 3.785 3.700 3.666 3.6140 3.4920 3.4232 3.3737 3.3240 3.2978 3.2831 3.2597 3.2493 3.2081 3.1609 3.058 2.495 0.307 4.57 3.77 3.681 3.62 3.607 3.606

44360 37750 28230 24200 22420 21140 20000 17580 16130 12900 10000 5556 3846 1538 1250 1000 500 250

0.00805 0.0113 0.0124 0.0155 0.0248 0.0459 0.0496 0.0620 0.0826 0.2254 0.2649 0.3542 0.4133 0.4460 0.473 0.500 0.5687 0.62 0.7749 1.0 1.8 2.6 6.5 8.0 10 20 40

Gallium Phosphide (GaP) - [Ref. 5] 1.7·10–2 2.15·10–2 215·10–2 3.0·10–2 4.7·10–2 9.3·10–2 0.122 0.180 0.748 0.628 1.543 3.556 4.181 2.634 5.050 0.819 4.081 0.224 3.904 0.103 3.73 6.37·10–3 3.590 2.47·10–3 3.411 2.8·10–7 3.3254 3.209 3.1192 3.0439 3.0271 2.995 4.29·10–4 2.984 2.964 2.615 7.16·10–3 3.594 1.81·10–2

na

nc

k 0.441 0.211 0.151 0.091 0.080 1.69·10–3

4.93·10–6 1.64·10–5 2.32·10–4 3.45·10–3 2.07·10–3 2.43·10–2 294·10–2 4.26·10–2 3.89·10–3 1.84·10–3 2.14·10–3 1.3·10–3

12-147

ka

kc

R 0.39 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.18 0.41 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32

0.68 0.50 0.46 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.32

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-148 E/eV 0.02480 0.01727 0.01168 0.006199 0.004133 0.001240 155 60 25 24 15 10 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.34 2.84 1.80 1.50 0.6 0.2480 0.1907 0.1653 0.06199 0.03100 0.02480 0.02244 0.02207 0.02033 0.01054 0.005579 0.001860 0.001240 25 20 15 10 6 5.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.44 1.86 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.35 0.32 0.20 0.1240 0.06199 0.04959

ν /cm–1 200 139.27 94.21 50.00 33.33 10.00

λ/µ µm 50 71.80 106.1 200 300 1000

40330 36290 32260 26940 22910 14520 12100 4839 2000 1538 1333 500 250 200 181 178 164 85 45 15 10

0.007999 0.02066 0.04959 0.05166 0.08266 0.1240 0.2480 0.2755 0.3100 0.3712 0.4366 0.6888 0.8266 2.066 5.0 6.5 7.5 20.00 40.00 50.00 55.25 56.18 60.98 117.6 222.2 666.7 1000

Indium Antimonide (InSb) - [Ref. 6] 4.77·10–3 7.30·10–2 1.15 .015 1.15 0.18 0.97 0.230 0.74 0.88 1.307 2.441 1.443 2.894 2.632 3.694 3.528 2.280 3.340 2.021 4.909 1.396 4.418 0.643 4.03 4.14 9.1·10–2 4.30 6.3·10–2 4.18 2.7·10–2 3.869 2.0·10–3 2.98 2.6·10–3 2.22 0.165 3.05 7.59 9.61 4.20 4.94 0.140 2.12 0.423 1.02 5.59 6.03 17.9 10.7 24.0

48390 40330 32260 28230 24200 20160 19680 15000 14520 13710 12900 12100 9679 8065 4839 2823 2581 1613 1000 500 400

0.04959 0.06199 0.08266 0.1240 0.2066 0.2480 0.3100 0.3542 0.4133 0.4959 0.5081 0.6666 0.6888 0.7293 0.7749 0.8266 1.033 1.240 2.066 3.542 3.875 6.199 10.00 20.00 25.00

Indium Arsenide (InAs) - [Ref. 7] 1.139 1.125 0.894 0.835 1.434 2.112 1.524 2.871 3.313 1.799 3.008 1.754 3.197 2.034 4.364 1.786 4.489 1.446 3.889 0.554 3.851 0.530 3.798 0.493 3.755 0.463 3.714 0.432 3.613 3.548 0.161 3.608 9.58·10–3 3.512 1.23·10–4 3.427 3.402 3.334 3.264

n 3.461 3.3922 3.3621 3.3447 3.3413 3.3319

na

nc

k 5.77·10–3 4.34·10–3 4.26·10–3 1.3·10–4

ka

kc

R 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29

0.53 0.60 0.61 0.45 0.45 0.47 0.41 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.38 0.35 0.25 0.14 0.84 0.70 0.44 0.14 0.88 0.93 0.94 0.168 0.225 0.336 1.071 0.45 0.58 0.39 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.44 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.28

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 0.04339 0.03720 0.03100 0.02765 0.02480 0.01984 0.01860 0.01736 0.01488 0.01240 0.009919 0.007439 0.004959 0.002480 0.001240 20 15 10 5.5 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.25 1.00 0.50 0.30 0.10 0.075 0.060 0.050 0.03992 0.03496 0.03100 0.02728 0.02480 0.02418 0.02232 0.01860 0.01240 0.009919 0.007439 0.004959 0.002480 0.001240 14.5 10 5 2.0 1.65 1.5 1.0 0.75 0.62 0.48 0.40 0.32

ν /cm–1 350 300 250 222 200 160 150 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 10

λ/µ µm 28.57 33.33 40.00 44.84 50.00 62.50 66.67 71.43 83.33 100.0 125.0 166.7 250.0 500 1000

n 3.182 2.988 1.970 5.90 6.91 5.27 5.27 3.99 3.91 3.85 3.817 3.793 3.778 3.769 3.766

44360 40330 32260 24200 16130 12100 10085 8068 4034 2420 806.8 605.1 484.1 403.4 322 282 250 220 200 195 180 150 100 80 60 40 20 10

0.06199 0.08266 0.1240 0.2254 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.6199 0.8266 0.9915 1.239 2.479 4.131 12.39 16.53 20.66 24.79 31.06 35.46 40.00 45.45 50.0 51.28 55.56 66.67 100 125.0 166.7 250.0 500 1000.0

0.793 0.695 0.806 1.426 2.131 3.141 4.395 3.549 3.456 3.324 3.220 3.114 3.089 3.012 2.932 2.780 2.429 0.307 3.89 4.27 3.93 3.81 3.19 3.19 3.65 3.57 3.551 3.538 3.529 3.523 3.522

40330 16130 13310 12100 8065 6049 5001 3871 3226 2581

0.08551 0.1240 0.2480 0.6199 0.7514 0.8266 1.240 1.653 2.000 2.583 3.100 3.875

0.72 0.68 0.54 3.65 4.51 4.64 4.65 4.59 4.90 4.91 4.98

na

nc

12-149

k 5.46·10–3 6.37·10–2 6.53 0.30 0.41 0.51 1.1·10–2 6.6·10–3 4.3·10–3

Indium Phosphide (InP) - [Ref. 8] 0.494 0.574 1.154 2.562 3.495 1.730 1.247 0.317 0.203

1.46·10–2 3.35·10–2 3.57 0.282 3.0·10–2 1.3·10–2 8.7·10–3

Lead Selenide (PbSe) - [Ref. 9] 0.20 0.50 1.2 2.9 1.73 2.64 1.1 0.269 0.770

0.173

ka

kc

R 0.27 0.25 0.11 0.74 0.56 0.47 0.47 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.34

0.79 0.61 0.38 0.43 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.17 0.35 0.39 0.35 0.34 0.27 0.27 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31

0.51 0.46 0.52 0.44 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.44

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-150 E/eV 0.20 0.1190 0.09919 0.07935 0.05951 0.04959 0.03968 0.02976 0.01984 0.009919 0.007935 0.004959 0.002480 0.001736 0.001240 150 125 100 80 60 25 18.0 14.0 10.0 4.95 4.0 3.00 2.90 2.75 2.55 2.00 1.60 1.24 1.03 0.650 0.496 0.400 0.3100 0.2480 0.1240 0.1033 0.08059 0.06819 0.04959 0.03720 0.02480 0.01378 0.01240 0.008856 0.006199 0.003100 0.001653 0.001240 0.0006199 150 125 100 75

ν /cm–1 1613 960 800 640 480 400 320 240 160 80 64 40 20 14 10

λ/µ µm 6.199 10.42 12.50 15.63 20.83 25.00 31.25 41.67 62.50 125.0 156.3 250.0 500.0 714.3 1000

39920 32260 24200 23390 22180 20570 16130 12910 10000 8333 5263 4000 3226 2500 2000 1000 833.3 650 550 400 300 200.0 111.1 100.0 71.43 50.0 25.00 13.33 10.00 5.000

0.008266 0.009919 0.01240 0.01550 0.02066 0.04959 0.06888 0.08856 0.1240 0.2505 0.3100 0.4133 0.4275 0.4509 0.4862 0.6199 0.7749 1.00 1.2 1.9 2.5 3.1 4.0 5 10 12 15.38 18.18 25.00 33.33 50 90 100 140 200 400 750 1000 2000 0.008266 0.009919 0.01240 0.01653

n 4.82 4.74 4.72 4.68 4.59 4.49 4.31 3.89 2.34 1.73 2.91 11.2 12.6 14.1 17.4

0.845 0.846 0.651 0.879 1.52 1.73 3.88 4.12 4.25 4.35 4.29 4.62 4.43 4.30 4.24 4.30 4.30 4.16 4.115 4.01 3.90 3.90 3.81 3.53 2.99 0.514 1.175 1.79 17.41 16.27 12.96 12.44 12.35 12.27

na

nc

k 1.20·10–3 2.09·10–3 4.12·10–3 1.00·10–2 1.77·10–2 3.62·10–2 9.61·10–2 0.56 7.38 10.1 14.6 12.2 16.6 21.1

Lead Sulfide (PbS) - [Ref. 10] 3.86·10–3 5.59·10–3 1.54·10–2 2.88·10–2 6.17·10–2 0.171 0.294 0.665 1.050 2.10 2.83 3.00 2.70 2.33 2.00 1.48 0.94 0.597 0.458 0.318 0.235 2.27·10–2 6.38·10–4 9.25·10–4 6.32·10–3 1.14·10–2

1.59 8.48 10.51 17.94 2.20 0.495 0.228 0.167 0.0815 Lead Telluride (PbTe) - [Ref. 11] 2.37·10–3 9.71·10–3 4.39·10–2 6.43·10–2

ka

kc

R 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.24 0.18 0.88 0.90 0.88

0.43 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.25 0.94 0.94 0.89 0.79 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 50 30 15 10 7.5 5.0 3.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.1017 0.08927 0.06943 0.04959 0.03968 0.02976 0.009919 0.007439 0.006199 0.004959 0.003720 0.002480 0.001240 2000 1496 1016 725 504 303 250 200 150 100 75 50 25 20 15.1 13 12.0 11.0 10.00 9 7 4.959 4.000 2.952 2.000 0.9919 0.7999 0.4959 0.4000 0.3100

ν /cm–1

40330 24200 20160 12100 8065 6452 4839 3226 2420 1613 1210 820 720 560 400 320 240 80 60 50 40 30 20 10

λ/µ µm 0.02480 0.04133 0.08266 0.1240 0.1653 0.2480 0.4133 0.4959 0.8266 1.240 1.550 2.066 3.100 4.133 6.199 8.266 12.20 13.89 17.86 25.00 31.25 41.67 125.0 166.7 200.0 250.0 333.3 500.0 1000

40000 32260 23810 16130 8000 6452 4000 3226 2500

6.199·10–4 8.287·10–4 1.220·10–3 1.710·10–3 2.460·10–3 4.092·10–3 4.959·10–3 6.199·10–3 8.265·10–3 1.240·10–2 1.653·10–2 2.480·10–2 4.959·10–2 6.199·10–2 8.211·10–2 9.537·10–2 0.1033 0.1127 0.12398 0.1375 0.1771 0.250 0.31 0.42 0.62 1.25 1.55 2.5 3.1 4.0

n

0.72 0.66 0.8 0.72 1.0 1.35 3.8 4.55 6.25 6.10 6.075 5.95 5.77 5.76 5.47 5.38 5.13 4.50 3.58 1.01 2.95 4.9 6.9 11.6 27.7 27.6 45.1

na

nc

k 6.87·10–2 7.77·10–2 0.17 0.60 0.92 1.0 2.2 2.86 3.1 2.2 0.71 0.521 0.331 3.55·10–2

9.16·10–3 1.37·10–2 3.06·10–2 9.6·10–2 0.23 1.9 16.6 22.5 27.2 34.8 35.7 39.1 57.8

Lithium Fluoride (LiF) - [Ref. 12] 0.9999347 4.33·10–6 0.999883 1.28·10–5 0.999757 5.18·10–5 0.999643 1.62·10–4 0.999162 4.96·10–5 0.99752 3.12·10–4 0.99632 6.17·10–5 2.12·10–3 0.9899 3.54·10–3 0.9801 1.32·10–2 2.63·10–2 7.89·10–2 0.558 0.521 1.20 0.58 1.08 0.68 1.04 1.64 2.28 0.11 1.77 8.07·10–7 1.606 7.70·10–7 1.53 1.46 1.4189 1.4073 1.3978 1.3915 1.3851 1.3858 1.3731 1.3650 1.3493

12-151 ka

kc

R

0.61 0.53 0.49 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.40 0.32 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.97

0.10 0.10 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-152 E/eV 0.2480 0.2000 0.1698 0.1494 0.1240 0.1127 0.1033 0.09537 0.08679 0.07439 0.06199 0.05579 0.04959 0.03720 0.03100 0.02480 0.01240 0.06199 0.04959 0.02480 0.01378 4.798·10–4 1.464·10–4 4.053·10–5 1.861·10–7 3.718·10–8 2860.3 2855.3 2849.3 2835.8 2832.3 2829.8 2828.3 219 215 212.5 211 185.1 109.7 43 40 29.9 20.1 15.1 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.199 4.959 3.999 2.952 2.695 2.616 2.384 2.066 1.550 1.033 0.5166

ν /cm–1 2000 1613 1370 1205 1000 909.1 833.3 769.2 700 600 500 450 400 300 250 200 100.0 50.0 40.00 20.00 11.11 3.870 1.181 0.3269 1.501·10–3 2.999·10–4

λ/µ µm 5.0 6.2 7.3 8.3 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.29 16.67 20.00 22.22 25.00 33.33 40.00 50.00 100 200 250 500 900 2584 8469 30590 6.662·106 3.335·107

50000 40000 32260 23810 21740 21100 19230 16670 12500 8333 4167

4.3347·10–4 4.3423·10–4 4.3514·10–4 4.3721·10–4 4.3775·10–4 4.3814·10–4 4.3837·10–4 5.661·10–3 5.767·10–3 5.834·10–3 5.876·10–3 6.7·10–3 1.13·10–2 0.02883 0.03179 0.04147 0.06168 0.08211 0.1240 0.1378 0.1550 0.1771 0.20 0.25 0.31 0.42 0.46 0.474 0.52 0.60 0.80 1.2 2.4

n 1.3266 1.2912 1.2499 1.2036 1.1005 1.0208

0.508 0.124 0.306 0.191 0.208 8.76 4.64 3.69 3.067 3.067 3.067 3.067 3.023 3.023 3.023 3.018 3.018

na

nc

k 1.8·10–6

2.6·10–3 8.0·10–3 1.9·10–2 3.7·10–2 7.74·10–2 0.804 1.47 1.88 2.71 3.91 0.287 0.102 0.106 4.0·10–2 2.2·10–2 6.3·10–3 3.1·10–3 1.19·10–3 6.20·10–4 2.63·10–4 1.6·10–5 1.6·10–5

Potassium Chloride (KCl) - [Ref. 13] 3.93·10–6 3.39·10–6 4.61·10–6 5.85·10–6 5.85·10–6 1.57·10–6 4.19·10–7 1.82·10–3 1.84·10–3 2.19·10–3 1.82·10–3 0.99874 0.99578 0.96 3.0·10–2 0.925 1.8·10–2 0.756 0.145 0.910 0.495 0.965 0.344 1.16 0.38 1.99 0.50 1.15 0.46 2.0 8.46·10–7 1.71739 1.58972 1.54005 1.50701 1.50115 7.6·10–11 1.49501 1.48969 1.48291 1.47813 1.47464

ka

kc

R 0.02

0.68 0.85 0.91 0.68 0.42 0.33 0.26 0.26 0.26

0.25 0.25 0.25

1.01·10–3 4.22·10–3

0.035 0.13 0.048 0.11 0.070

0.040

0.039 0.038 0.037 0.037

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 0.2480 0.2000 0.1512 0.09999 0.07560 0.04959 0.03999 0.02976 0.02728 0.02232 0.01860 0.01612 0.01240 0.008679 0.006199 0.001240 0.0006199 0.0004133 2000 1860 1609 1496 1204 1093 1016 798 597 396 303 201 151.2 99.99 49.59 40.00 31.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 13.00 11.00 10.00 9.00 7.00 6.00 4.9939 4.1034 3.0640 2.5504 2.4379 2.2705 2.1489 2.1411 2.1102 2.1041 1.9257 1.8892 1.8566 1.7549 1.4550

ν /cm–1 2000 1.613 1220 806.5 609.8 400.0 322.6 240 220 180 150 130 100 70 50 10.00 5.000 3.333

λ/µ µm 5.0 6.2 8.2 12.4 16.4 25.0 31.0 41.67 45.45 55.56 66.67 76.92 100.0 142.9 200.0 1000 2000 3000

48390 40278.4 33096.1 24712.3 20570.5 19662.5 18312.5 17332.3 17269.2 17019.5 16970.4 15531.6 15237.6 14974.2 14153.9 11735.6

6.199·10–4 6.665·10–4 7.705·10–4 8.287·10–4 1.030·10–3 1.134·10–3 1.220·10–3 1.554·10–3 2.077·10–3 3.131·10–3 4.092·10–3 6.168·10–3 8.2·10–3 1.24·10–2 2.50·10–2 3.10·10–2 4.00·10–2 0.04959 0.06199 0.08266 0.09537 0.1127 0.1240 0.1378 0.1771 0.2066 0.248272 0.302150 0.404656 0.486133 0.508582 0.546074 0.576959 0.579065 0.587561 0.589262 0.643847 0.656272 0.667815 0.706519 0.852111

n 1.47048 1.46796 1.46260 1.44611 1.42295 1.34059 1.2431 0.85 0.53 0.31 0.44 4.1 2.7 2.4 2.2

na

nc

12-153 k

6.57·10–4 0.16 0.35 1.05 4.0 0.32 0.11 9.2·10–2 9.0·10–3 3.7·10–3 2.0·10–3

Silicon Dioxide (Glass) - [Ref. 14] 0.99993 1.503·10–5 0.99991 1.936·10–5 0.99989 9.941·10–6 0.99987 1.308·10–5 0.99980 2.916·10–5 0.99975 4.155·10–5 0.99971 5.423·10–5 0.99954 1.289·10–4 0.99917 3.560·10–4 0.99812 4.04·10–4 0.99678 9.91·10–4 0.99269 3.63·10–3 0.9871 7.3·10–3 0.9813 7.0·10–3 0.9164 6.5·10–2 0.907 9.2·10–2 0.851 0.156 0.733 0.325 0.859 0.585 1.168 0.711 1.368 0.747 1.739 0.569 2.330 0.323 1.904 1.89·10–2 1.600 1.543 1.50841 1.48719 1.46961 1.46313 1.46187 1.46008 1.45885 1.45877 1.45847 1.45841 1.45671 1.45637 1.45608 1.45515 1.45248

ka

kc

R 0.036 0.036 0.035 0.033 0.030 0.021 0.012

0.37 0.21 0.17 0.14

0.10 0.11 0.11 0.17 0.097 0.053 0.046 0.041 0.038 0.036 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.034 0.034 0.034

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-154 E/eV 1.0985 0.60243 0.35354 0.2976 0.2728 0.2480 0.2232 0.1984 0.1736 0.1674 0.1612 0.1500 0.1401 0.1302 0.1209 0.1091 0.09919 0.08989 0.06943 0.06199 0.04959 0.03720 0.01240 0.007439 0.002480 25 20 17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5 5 4 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.240 0.6199 0.3100 0.2480 0.2066 0.1771 0.1653 0.1459 0.1305 0.1240 0.1181 0.1153 0.1127 0.1078 0.1033 0.09537 0.08856

ν /cm–1 8860.06 4858.9 2851.4 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1350 1300 1210 1130 1050 975 880 800 725 560 500 400 300 100 60 20

λ/µ µm 1.12866 2.0581 3.5070 4.176 4.545 5.000 5.556 6.250 7.143 7.407 7.692 8.265 8.850 9.524 10.26 11.36 12.50 13.79 17.86 20.00 25.0 33.33 100.0 166.7 500.0

n 1.44888 1.43722 1.40568 1.383 1.365 1.342 1.306 1.239 1.053 0.9488 0.7719 0.4530 0.3563 2.760 2.448 1.784 1.753 1.698 1.337 0.6616 2.739 2.210 1.967 1.959 1.955

40330 32260 24200 22580 20970 19360 17740 16130 14520 12900 10000 5000 2500 2000 1667 1492 1333 1176 1053 1000 952.4 930.2 909.1 869.6 833.3 769.2 714.3

0.04959 0.06199 0.07085 0.08266 0.09919 0.1240 0.1653 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.4428 0.4769 0.5166 0.5636 0.6199 0.6888 0.7749 1.000 2.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 7.500 8.500 9.500 10.00 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.50 12.00 13.00 14.00

Silicon Monoxide (Noncrystalline) - [Ref. 15] 0.8690 0.2717 0.8853 0.4919 0.9825 0.5961 1.132 0.6651 1.283 0.6523 1.378 0.6843 1.593 0.7473 2.001 0.6052 2.141 0.4006 2.116 0.1211 2.085 0.08374 2.053 0.05544 2.021 0.03533 1.994 0.02153 1.969 0.01175 1.948 0.00523 1.929 0.00151 1.87 1.84 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.60 1.42 0.90 0.18 1.20 1.20 2.00 1.38 2.85 0.90 2.86 0.58 2.82 0.40 2.50 0.20 2.13 0.14 2.04 0.20 2.01 0.30

na

nc

k

ka

1.07·10–4 2.56·10–4 3.98·10–3 5.63·10–3 6.52·10–3 1.06·10–2 1.48·10–2 3.72·10–2 0.704 1.53 1.65 0.231 7.75·10–2 0.343 0.175 0.298 0.397 6.7·10–2 1.59·10–2 8.62·10–3 7.96·10–3

kc

R 0.034 0.032 0.028 0.026 0.024 0.021

0.30 0.66 0.35 0.18 0.079 0.089 0.071 0.036 0.882 0.23 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.10

0.092 0.090 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.092 0.087 0.082 0.074 0.067 0.053

0.024 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.19 0.13 0.12 0.12

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10.5 10 9.5 9 8 7 6 5 4.75 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 209.5 206 203 200 26.0 25.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.1 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.00 6.00 5.00 2.952 2.480 2.214 2.000 1.771 1.675 1.550 1.240 1.033 0.6888 0.4959

ν /cm–1

λ/µ µm

96790 88720 84690 80650 76620 72590 64520 56460 48390 40330 38310 36290 32260 28230 24200 20160 16130 12100 8065

0.05166 0.05391 0.05636 0.05904 0.06199 0.06526 0.06888 0.07293 0.07749 0.08266 0.08856 0.09537 0.1033 0.1127 0.1181 0.1240 0.1305 0.1378 0.1550 0.1771 0.2066 0.2480 0.2610 0.2755 0.3100 0.3542 0.4133 0.4959 0.6199 0.8266 1.240

48390 40330 23810 20000 17860 16130 14290 13510 12500 10000 8333 5556 4000

5.918·10–3 6.019·10–3 6.107·10–3 6.199·10–3 0.04769 0.04959 0.05636 0.06199 0.06888 0.07700 0.08856 0.1033 0.1240 0.1550 0.2066 0.2480 0.42 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.70 0.74 0.80 1.00 1.2 1.8 2.5

n na nc k ka Noncrystalline Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) - [Ref. 16] 0.655 0.420 0.625 0.481 0.611 0.560 0.617 0.647 0.635 0.743 0.676 0.841 0.735 0.936 0.810 1.03 0.902 1.11 1.001 1.18 1.111 1.26 1.247 1.35 1.417 1.43 1.657 1.52 1.827 1.53 2.000 1.49 2.162 1.44 2.326 1.32 2.651 0.962 2.752 0.493 2.541 0.102 2.278 4.9·10–3 2.234 1.2·10–3 2.198 2.2·10–4 2.141 2.099 2.066 2.041 2.022 2.008 1.998 Sodium Chloride (NaCl) - [Ref. 17] 2.54·10–3 2.62·10–3 2.08·10–3 1.92·10–3 0.83 0.15 0.83 0.18 0.83 0.31 0.88 0.34 0.89 0.33 0.74 0.45 0.98 0.89 1.22 0.79 1.55 0.71 1.38 1.10 1.75 1.65 1.56324 1.55157 1.54613 1.54228 1.53865 1.53728 1.53560 1.53200 1.53000 1.52712 1.52531

12-155 kc

R 0.28 0.22 0.16 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11

0.015 0.018 0.057 0.036 0.033 0.084 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.20 0.074 0.060 0.048 0.047 0.046 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.044 0.044 0.043 0.043

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-156 E/eV 0.4000 0.3263

ν /cm–1 3226 2632

λ/µ µm 3.1 3.8

n 1.52395 1.52226

0.2952 0.2755 0.2480 0.1240 0.1033 0.08856 0.07749 0.06888 0.06199 0.04959 0.04215 0.03720 0.03410 0.03286 0.03224 0.02480 0.02108 0.01984 0.01922 0.01860 0.01736 0.01612 0.01488 0.01240 0.009919 0.07439 0.04959 0.002480 0.001240 0.001033 0.0006888 0.0006199 0.0004959 0.0004797 0.0003875 0.0001464 0.00004053

2381 2222 2000 1000 833.3 714.3 625.0 555.5 500.0 400 340 300 275 265 260 200 170 160 155 150 140 130 120 100 80 60 40 20 10 8.333 5.556 5.000 4.000 3.869 3.125 1.181 0.3269

4.2 4.5 5.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 25.0 29.41 33.33 36.36 37.74 38.46 50.00 58.82 62.50 64.52 66.67 71.43 76.92 83.33 100.0 125.0 166.7 250.00 500.0 1000 1200 1800 2000 2500 2584 3200 8469 30590

1.52121 1.52036 1.51883 1.49473 1.48000 1.46188 1.4399 1.41364 1.3822 1.27 1.12 0.85 0.59 0.42 0.45 0.14 1.35 6.92 5.50 4.52 3.72 3.31 3.02 2.74 2.57 2.48 2.44 2.43 2.43

2000 1204 1016 901 798 707 597 377 201 100 61.99 41.33 31.00 24.80 17.71 13.78 12.40 9.919 8.266

6.199·10–4 1.030·10–3 1.220·10–3 1.376·10–3 1.554·10–3 1.754·10–3 2.077·10–3 9.50·10–3 6.168·10–3 1.240·10–2 2.000·10–2 3.000·10–2 4.000·10–2 5.000·10–2 7.000·10–2 9.000·10–2 0.1000 0.125 0.150

2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43

na

nc

k (1.8±0.2) ·10–9

3.5·10–3 1.7·10–2 0.85 0.22 0.50 0.45 1.99 6.03 2.14 0.87 0.380 0.219 0.135 0.110 0.087 0.077 0.055 0.041 0.024 0.006 8.8·10–3 5.4·10–3 4.4·10–3 2.1·10–3 3.3·10–3 5.8·10–4 2.5·10–4

Cubic Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) - [Ref. 18] 0.999904 1.76·10–5 0.999777 1.00·10–4 0.999838 3.61·10–5 0.999647 5.42·10–5 0.999520 8.28·10–5 0.999372 1.25·10–4 0.999160 2.19·10–4 0.99789 9.50·10–4 0.99553 4.82·10–3 0.99061 1.17·10–2 0.964 3.32·10–2 0.941 5.10·10–2 0.847 9.95·10–2 0.796 0.171 0.747 0.431 0.758 0.824 0.862 0.876 1.02 1.36 1.41 1.47

ka

kc

R 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.042 0.039 0.037 0.035 0.033 0.029 0.026 0.014 0.0032 0.18 0.084 0.26 0.22 0.89 0.87 0.59 0.49 0.41 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17

0.17 0.17 0.17

6.2·10–4

2.2·10–2 7.7·10–2 0.20 0.19 0.31 0.29

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids E/eV 6.199 6.00 4.00 3.00 2.50 2.30 2.00 1.75 1.55 1.40 1.240 1.00 0.80 0.6199 0.45 0.30 0.20 0.1550 0.1240 0.100 0.09 0.07999 0.07 0.06075 0.05 0.03546 0.03472 0.02480 0.01240 0.004955 0.004339 0.003720 0.003100 0.002480 0.001860

ν /cm–1 48390 32260 24200 20160 18550 16130 14110 12500 11290 10000 8065 6452 5000 3629 2420 1613 1250 1000 806.5 725.9 645.2 564.6 490 403.3 286 280 200 100 40 35 30 25 20 15

λ/µ µm 0.200 0.2066 0.3100 0.4133 0.4959 0.5391 0.6199 0.7085 0.7999 0.8856 1.000 1.240 1.550 2.000 2.755 4.133 6.199 8.0 10.00 12.4 13.78 15.5 17.71 20.41 24.80 34.97 35.71 50.00 100.0 250.0 285.7 333.3 400.0 500.0 666.7

4.960 4.769 4.593 4.426 4.276 4.133 4.000 3.875 3.758 3.647 3.543 3.444 3.351 2.255 2.067 1.378 1.305 1.078 1.033 0.9920 0.9538 0.9185 0.8857 0.8552

40000 38462 37037 35714 34483 33333 32258 31250 30303 29412 28571 27778 27027 18182 16667 11111 10526 8696 8333 8000 7692 7407 7143 6897

0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280 0.290 0.300 0.310 0.320 0.330 0.340 0.350 0.360 0.370 0.550 0.600 0.900 0.950 1.150 1.200 1.250 1.300 1.350 1.400 1.450

n 2.32 2.24 2.70 2.54 2.42 2.3950 2.3576 2.3319 2.3146 2.3033 2.2907 2.2795 2.2706 2.2631 2.2587 2.2529 2.2443 2.2213 2.1986 2.1969 2.1793 2.1518 2.1040 2.03 1.6866 3.29 9.54 3.48 3.06 2.903 2.899 2.896 2.894 2.892 2.890

na

nc

12-157 k 1.62 1.65 0.44 4·10–2 3·10–2

ka

3.50·10–6 3.02·10–6

6.2·10–6

4.5·10–6 8.8·10–6

3.82·10–3 8.0·10–3 8.3·10–2 5.2·10–2 3.1·10–2 5.8·10–3 6.2·10–3 7.0·10–3

kc

R 0.32 0.59 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.065 0.28 0.66 0.31 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24

Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) - [Ref. 19] 0.970 0.972 0.975 0.978 0.980 0.983 0.986 0.988 0.990 0.991 0.992 0.992 0.993 0.993 0.992 0.992 0.991 0.991 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.988 0.988 0.989

Ra

Rc

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

12-158 E/eV 0.8267 0.8000 0.7750 0.7515 0.7294 0.7086 0.6889 0.6703 0.6526 0.6359 0.6200 0.6049 0.5905 0.5767 0.5636 0.5511 0.5487 0.5439 0.5415 0.5368 0.5345 0.5322 0.5299 0.5277 0.5232 0.5188 0.5167 0.5061 0.4960

ν /cm–1 6667 6452 6250 6061 5882 5714 5556 5405 5263 51282 5000 4878 4762 4651 4545 44444 44247 4386 4367 4329 4310 4292 4274 4255 4219 4184 4167 4082 4000

λ/µ µm 1.500 1.550 1.600 1.650 1.700 1.750 1.800 1.850 1.900 1.950 2.000 2.050 2.100 2.150 2.200 2.250 2.260 2.280 2.290 2.310 2.320 2.330 2.340 2.350 2.370 2.390 2.400 2.450 2.500

n

na

nc

References 1. Arsenic Selenide D. J. Treacy in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, E. D. Palik, Editor, Academic Press, 1985, p. 623. (Hereafter abbreviated as HOCS.) R. Zallen, R. E. Drews, R. L. Emerald, and M. L. Slade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1564 (1971) R. Zallen, M. L. Slade, and A. T. Ward, Phys. Rev. B 3, 4257 (1971). U. Strom and P. C. Taylor, Phys. Rev. B 16, 5512 (1977). G. Lucovsky, Phys. Rev. B 6, 1480 (1972). C. T. Moynihan, P. B. Macedo, M. S. Maklad, R. K. Mohr, and R. E. Howard, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 17, 369 (1975). Y. Ohmachi, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 630 (1973). 2. Arsenic Sulfide D. J. Treacy in HOCS, 1985, p. 641. P. A. Young, J. Phys. C 4, 93 (1971). W. S. Rodny, I. H. Malitson, and T. A. King, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 48, 633 (1958). R. Zallen, R.E. Drew, R. L. Emerald, and M.L. Slade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1564 (1971). M. S. Maklad, R. K. Mohr, R. E. Howard, P. B. Macedo, and C. T. Moynihan, Solid State Commun. 15, 855 (1974). P. B. Klein, P. C. Taylor, and D. J. Treacy, Phys. Rev. B16, 4511 (1977). G. Lucovsky, Phys. Rev. B 6, 1480 (1972). 3. Cadmium Telluride E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 409. D. T. F. Marple and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Lett. 8, 87 (1962). T. H. Myers, S. W. Edwards, and J. F. Schetzina, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 4231 (1981). D. T. F. Marple, Phys. Rev. 150, 728 (1966). A. N. Pikhtin and A. D. Yas’kov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 12, 622 (1978). L. S. Ladd, Infrared Phys. 6, 145 (1966). J. E. Harvey and W. L. Wolfe, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 1267 (1975).

k

ka

kc

R 0.989 0.988 0.988 0.987 0.986 0.986 0.985 0.980 0.978 0.978 0.970 0.959 0.951 0.946 0.966 0.965 0.964 0.963 0.961 0.959 0.957 0.956 0.954 0.951 0.950 0.949 0.947 0.946 0.945

Ra

Rc

A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, and H. Yoshinaga, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 593 (1967). A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, H. Oshinaga, Y. Ueda, and H. Sei, Technol. Rep. Osaka Univ. Jpn. 17, 263 (1967). J. R. Birch and D. K. Murrey, Infrared Phys. 18, 283 (1978). 4. Gallium Arsenide E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 429. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, in Proc. Intl. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 10th. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). J. B. Theeten, D. E. Aspnes, and R. P. H. Chang, J. Appl. Phys. 49, 6097 (1978). H. C. Casey, D. D. Sell, and K. W. Wecht, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 250 (1975). A. H. Kachare, W. G. Spitzer, F. K. Euler, and A. Kahan, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 2938 (1974). R. T. Holm, J. W. Gibson, and E. D. Palik, J. Appl. Phys. 48, 212 (1977). W. Cochran, S. J. Fray, F. A. Johnson, J. E. Quarrington, and N. Williams, J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 32, 2102 (1961). C. P. Christensen, R. Joiner, S. K. T. Nieh, and W. H. Steier, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 4957 (1974). R. H. Stolen, Phys. Rev. B 11, 767 (1975); Appl. Phys. Lett. 15, 74 (1969). 5. Gallium Phosphide A. Borghesi and G. Guizzetti in HOCS, 1985, p. 445. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, Proc. Intl. Conf. Phys. Semicond. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, E. E. Koch, M. Skibowski, B. Sonntag, and P. Yu. Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 659 (1970). S. E. Stokowski and D. D. Sell, Phys. Rev. B 5, 1636 (1972). S. A. Abagyan, G. A. Ivanov, Y. E. Shanurin, and V. I. Amosov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 5, 889 (1971). P. G. Dean, G. Kaminsky, and R. B. Zetterstorm, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 3551 (1967).

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). 6. Indium Antimonide R. T. Holm in HOCS, 1985, p. 491. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 10th. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Comm., Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). T. S. Moss, S. D. Smith, and T. D. F. Hawkins, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 70B, 776 (1957). H. Yoshinaga and R. A. Oetjen, Phys. Rev. 101, 526 (1956). R. B. Sanderson, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26, 803 (1965). 7. Indium Arsenide E. D. Palick and R. T. Holm in HOCS, 1985, p. 479. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). B. O. Seraphin and H. E. Bennett in Semiconductors and Semimetals (R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Eds.), vol. 3, Academic, 1967, p. 499. D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). J. R. Dixon and J. M. Ellis, Phys. Rev. 123, 1560 (1961). A. Memon, T. J. Parker, and J. R. Birch, Proc. SPIE, 289, 20 (1981). 8. Indium Phosphide O. J. Glembocki and H. Piller in HOCS, 1985, p. 503. M. Cardona, J. Appl. Phys. 32, 958 (1961); 36, 2181 (1965). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). G. D. Pettit and W. J. Turner, J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2081 (1965). R. Newman, Phys. Rev. 111, 1518 (1958). W. N. Reynolds, M. T. Lilburne, and R. M. Dell, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 71, 416 (1958). H. Jamshidi and T. J. Parker, Int. Meet. Infrared Mm. Waves, 7th., Marseilles, 1983. 9. Lead Selenide G. Bauer and H. Krenn in HOCS, 1985, p. 517. M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. A 133, 1685 (1964). T. S. Moss, Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Butterworth, 1959, p. 189. J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. A 140, 330 (1965). W. W. Scanlon, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 8, 423 (1959). K. V. Vyatkin and A. P. Shotov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 14, 785 (1980); Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 14, 1331 (1980). 10. Lead Sulfide G. Guizzetti and A. Borghesi in HOCS, 1985, p. 525. M. Cardona and R. Haensel, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2605 (1970). M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. A 133, 1685 (1964). M. Cardona, C. M. Penchina, E. E. Koch, and P. Y. Yu, Phys. Status Solidi B 53, 327 (1972). P. R. Wessel, Phys. Rev. 153, 836 (1967). C. E. Rossi and W. Paul, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 1803 (1967). J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. A 140, 330 (1965). 11. Lead Telluride G. Bauer and H. Krenn in HOCS, 1985, p. 535. M. Cardona and R. Haensel, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2605 (1970). M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. 133, A1685 (1964). D. M. Korn and R. Braunstein, Phys. Rev. B 5, 4837 (1972). W. W. Scanlon, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 8, 423 (1959). J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. 140, A330 (1965). 12. Lithium Fluoride E. D. Palik and W. R. Hunter in HOCS, 1985, p. 675. B. L. Henke, P. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. K. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. A. P. Lukirskii, E. P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Opt. Spektrosk. 16, 168 (1964); 16, 310 (1964). F. C. Brown, C. Gahwiller, A. B. Kunz, and N. O. Lipari, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 927 (1970). A. Milgram and M. P. Givens, Phys. Rev. 125, 1506 (1962). T. Tomiki and T. Miyata, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 27, 658 (1969).

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

12-159 A. Kachare, G. Andermann, and L. R. Brantley, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 33, 467 (1972). Potassium Chloride E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 703. O. Aita, I. Nagakura, and T. Sagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1414 (1971). A. P. Lukirskii, E. P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Opt. Spectrosc. 16, 168 (1964); Opt. Spektrosk. 16, 310 (1964). T. Tomika, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 22, 463 (1967). M. Antinori, A. Balzarotti, and M. Piacentini, Phys. Rev. B 7, 1541 (1973). H. H. Li, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 5, 329 (1976). S. D. Allen and J. A. Harrington, Appl. Opt. 17, 1679 (1978). K. W. Johnson and E. E. Bell, Phys. Rev. 139A, 1295 (1965). Silicon Dioxide H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 749. J. Rife and J. Osantowski, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 1513 (1980). B. L. Henke, P. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. K. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. H. R. Philipp, Solid State Commun. 4, 73 (1966); J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1935 (1971). P. L. Lamy, Appl. Opt. 16, 2212 (1977). H. R. Philipp, J. Appl. Phys. 50 1053 (1979). D. G. Drummond, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 153, 328 (1935). Silicon Monoxide H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 765. H. R. Philipp, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1935 (1971). G. Hass and C. D. Salzberg, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44, 181 (1954). E. Cremer, T. Kraus, and E. Ritter, Zs. Electrochem. 62, 939 (1958). A. P. Bradford, G. Hass, M. McFarland, and E. Ritter, Appl. Opt. 4, 971 (1965). Silicon Nitride H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 771. H. R. Philipp, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120, 295 (1973). J. B. Theeten, D. E. Aspnes, F. Simondet, M. Errman, and P. C. Mürau, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 6788 (1981). J. Bauer, Phys. Status Solidi, A 39, 411 (1977). Sodium Chloride J. E. Eldridge and E. D. Palik in HOCS, p. 775. J. A. Harrington, C. J. Duthler, F. W. Patten, and M. Hass, Solid State Commun. 18, 1043 (1976). T. Miyata and T. Tomiki, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 24, 1286 (1968); ibid., 22, 209 (1967). D. M. Roessler and W. C. Walker, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 279 (1968). D. M. Roessler and W. C. Walker, Phys. Rev. 166, 599 (1968). S. Allen and J. A. Harrington, Appl. Opt. 17, 1679 (1978). O. Aita, I. Nagakura, and T. Sagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1414 (1971). Zinc Sulfide E. D. Palik and A. Addamiano in HOCS, 1985, p. 597. B. L. Henke, P. L. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. F. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. M. Cardona and G. Harbeke, Phys. Rev. 137, A1467 (1965). Eastman Kodak, Publ. No. U-72, Rochester, New York (1981). C. A. Klein and R. N. Donadio, J. Appl. Phys. 51, 797 (1980). T. Deutsch, Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 6th Exeter 1962, p. 505. The Inst. of Physics and the Physical Soc., London, 1962. A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, and H. Yoshinaga, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 593 (1967). W. W. Piper, D. T. F. Marple, and P. D. Johnson, Phys. Rev. 110, 323 (1958). Polytetrafluoroethylene J. W. L. Thomas (NIST), Private communication. NIST Certificate, STM 2044. P. Y. Barnes, E. A. Early, and A. C. Parr, NIST Special Publ. 250-48, NIST Measurement Services: Spectral Reflectance. Diffuse Reflectance Coatings and Materials Sections, Labsphere Catalog, 1996. A. Arecchi and C. Ryder (Labsphere, North Sutten, NJ), private communication.

Elasto-optic, Electro-optic, and Magneto-optic Constants When a crystal is subjected to a stress field, an electric field, or a magnetic field, the resulting optical effects are in general dependent on the orientation of these fields with respect to the crystal axes. It is useful, therefore, to express the optical properties in terms of the refractive index ellipsoid (or indicatrix): x2 y2 z 2 + + =1 nx2 n 2y nz2

or

∑B x y ij



ij

i

j

= 1 (i, j = 1, 2, 3)

where 1 1 Bij =   =  2   ε  ij  n  ij



ε is the dielectric constant or permeability; the quantity Bij is called impermeability. A crystal exposed to a stress S will show a change of its impermeability. The photo-elastic (or elasto-optic) constants, Pijkl, are defined by 1 1 ∆   = ∆  2  = ∑ Pijkl Skl  n  ij  ε  ij kl



where n is the refractive index and Skl are the strain tensor elements; the Pijkl are the elements of a 4th rank tensor. When a crystal is subjected to an electric field E, two possible changes of the refractive index may occur depending on the symmetry of the crystal. 1. All materials, including isotropic solids and polar liquids, show an electro-optic birefringence (Kerr effect) which is proportional to the square of the electric field, E: 1 ∆  2  = ∑ K ijkl Ek El = ∑ g ijkl pk pl  n  ij k k ,l =1, 2 ,3



where Ek and El are the components of the electric field and Pk and Pl the electric polarizations. The coefficients, Kijkl, are the quadratic electro-optic coefficients, while the constants gijkl are known as the Kerr constants. 2. The other electro-optic effect only occurs in the 20 piezoelectric crystal classes (no center of symmetry). This effect is known as the Pockels effect. The optical impermeability changes linearly with the static field



12-164

1 ∆  2  = ∑ rij ,k Ek  n  ij k

The coefficients rij,k have the name (linear) electro-optic coefficients. The values of the electro-optic coefficients depend on the boundary conditions. If the superscripts T and S denote, respectively, the conditions of zero stress (free) and zero strain (clamped) one finds: rijT = rijS + qikE e jk = rijS + PikE d jk



where ejk = (∂Tk/∂Ej)S and djk = (∂Sk/∂Ej)T are the appropriate piezoelectric coefficients. The interaction between a magnetic field and a light wave propagating in a solid or in a liquid gives rise to a rotation of the plane of polarization. This effect is known as Faraday rotation. It results from a difference in propagation velocity for left and right circular polarized light. The Faraday rotation, θF , is linearly proportional to the magnetic field H: θ F =VlH



where l is the light path length and V is the Verdet constant (minutes/oersted·cm). For ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials the magnetic field in the above expression is replaced by the magnetization M and the magneto-optic coefficient in this case is known as the Kund constant K: Specific Faraday rotation F =KM



In the tables below the Faraday rotation is listed at the saturation magnetization per unit length, together with the absorption coefficient α, the temperature T, the critical temperature TC (or TN), and the wavelength of the measurement. In the tables that follow, the properties are presented in groups:

• Elasto-optic coefficients (photoelastic constants) • Linear electro-optic coefficients (Pockels constants) • Quadratic electro-optic coefficients (Kerr constants) • Magneto-optic coefficients: • Verdet constants • Faraday rotation parameters

Within each group, materials are classified by crystal system or physical state. References are given at the end of each group of tables.

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-165

ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) Name Cubic (43m, 432, m3m) Sodium fluoride Sodium chloride Sodium bromide Sodium iodide Potassium fluoride Potassium chloride Potassium bromide Potassium iodide Rubidium chloride Rubidium bromide Rubidium iodide Lithium fluoride Lithium chloride Ammonium chloride Cadmium telluride Calcium fluoride Copper chloride Copper bromide Copper iodide Diamond Germanium Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Strontium fluoride Strontium titanate KRS-5 KRS-6 Zinc sulfide

Formula NaF NaCl NaBr NaI KF KCl KBr KI RbCl RbBr RbI LiF LiCl NH4Cl CdTe CaF2 CuCl CuBr CuI C Ge GaAs GaP SrF2 SrTiO3 Tl(Br,I) Tl(Br,Cl) ZnS

Rare Gases

λ/µm 0.633 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.546 0.633 0.589 0.590 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589 1.06 0.55–0.65 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.540–0.589 3.39 1.15 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633

Formula

Neon (T = 24.3 K) Argon (T = 82.3 K) Krypton (T = 115.6 K) Xenon (T = 160.5 K)

p12 0.20 0.159 0.184 – 0.20 0.16 0.165 0.171 0.172 0.185 0.167 0.13 – 0.245 –0.017 0.226 0.250 0.195 0.151 0.123 –0.128 –0.140 –0.082 0.269 0.095 0.149 –0.337 –0.01

p44 –0.03 –0.011 –0.0036 0.0048 –0.029 –0.025 –0.022 – –0.041 –0.034 –0.023 –0.045 –0.0177 0.042 –0.057 0.0254 –0.082 –0.083 –0.068 –0.161 –0.072 –0.072 –0.074 0.0185 0.072 –0.0725 –0.164 0.075

p11

p12

p44

p11-p12 –0.12 –0.042 –0.035 –0.0141 0.06 0.06 0.047 0.041 0.116 0.108 0.095 –0.11 –0.0407 –0.103 –0.135 –0.183 –0.130 –0.123 –0.119 –0.385 –0.023 –0.025 –0.069 –0.189 – –0.289 –0.114 0.101

Ref. 1 2 1 3 1 4 5 6 7,8 7,8 7,8 5 3 9 10 11 12 12 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18,20 19,20 15

p11-p12

Ref.

0.488 0.488 0.488 0.488

0.157 0.256 0.34 0.284

0.168 0.302 0.34 0.370

0.004 0.015 0.037 0.029

Formula Gd3Ga5O12 Y3Fe5O12 Y3Ga5O12 Y3Al5O12

λ/µm 0.514 1.15 0.633 0.633

p11 –0.086 0.025 0.091 –0.029

p12 –0.027 0.073 0.019 0.0091

p44 –0.078 0.041 0.079 –0.0615

p11-p12 –0.059 – – –0.038

Ref. 23 15 17 15

Cubic (23, m3) Barium nitrate

Formula Ba(NO3)2

λ/µm 0.589

p11

p44 –0.0205

Pb(NO3)2 NaBrO3 NaClO3 Sr(NO3)2

p13 p11–p13 = 0.713 0.20 0.213 0.20 0.316

Ref. 13

Lead nitrate Sodium bromate Sodium chlorate Strontium nitrate

p12 p11–p22 = 0.992 0.24 0.218 0.24 0.362

GGG YIG YGG YAG

Ne Ar Kr Xe

λ/µm

p11 0.08 0.115 0.148 – 0.26 0.22 0.212 0.212 0.288 0.293 0.262 0.02 – 0.142 –0.152 0.038 0.120 0.072 0.032 –0.278 –0.151 –0.165 –0.151 0.080 0.15 –0.140 –0.451 0.091

Garnets

Hexagonal (mmc, 6mm) Beryl Cadmium sulfide Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide

Formula Be3Al2Si6O18 CdS ZnO ZnS

λ/µm 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.633

0.589 0.589 0.589 0.41

–

0.162 0.185 0.162 0.178

–0.0198 –0.0139 –0.0198 –0.014

p11

p12

p13

p31

p33

0.0099 –0.142 ±0.222 –0.115

0.175 –0.066 ±0.099 0.017

0.191 –0.057 –0.111 0.025

0.313 –0.041 ±0.088 0.0271

0.023 –0.20 –0.235 –0.13

–0.011 –0.046 0 –0.086

p44 –0.152 –0.099 0.0585 –0.0627

21 22 21 22

24,25 26 26 27 Ref. 28 15,2 30 31

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-166 Trigonal (3m, 32, 3m) Sapphire Calcite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Cinnabar Quartz Proustite Sodium nitrite Tellurium

Formula Al2O3 CaCO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 HgS SiO2 Ag3AsS3 NaNO2 Te

Tetragonal (4/mmm, 42m, 422) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Barium titanate Cesium dihydrogen arsenate Magnesium fluoride Calomel Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate Strontium barium niobate Strontium barium niobate Tellurium oxide Rutile Tetragonal (4, ¯4, 4/m) Cadmium molybdate Lead molybdate Sodium bismuth molybdate

Orthorhombic (222, m22, mmm) Ammonium chlorate Ammonium sulfate Rochelle salt Iodic acid (α) Sulfur (α) Barite Topaz

λ/µm 0.644 0.514 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 10.6

p11 –0.23 0.062 ±0.034 –0.081

p12 –0.03 0.147 ±0.072 0.081

0.16 ±0.10

0.27 ±0.19 ±0.21 0.130

0.155

Formula ADP BaTiO3 CDA MgF2 Hg2Cl2 KDP RDA RDP Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 TeO2 TiO2

p12 0.10 0.24 0.205

p13 0.13 0.255 0.25

p12 0.24

p13 0.18

p21 0.23

(NH4)2SO4

0.633

0.26

0.19

±0.260

±0.230 ±0.27

NaKC4H4O6 HIO3 S BaSO4 Al2SiO4(OH,F)2

0.589 0.633 0.633 0.589 –

0.35 0.302 0.324 0.21 –0.085

0.41 0.496 0.307 0.25 0.069

0.42 0.339 0.268 0.16 0.052

0.37 0.263 0.272 0.34 0.095

λ/µm 0.589

p11 = 0.313 p12 = 0.251 p13 = 0.270 p15 = –0.10 p21 = 0.281 p22 = 0.252 p23 = 0.272

–0.030

0.29 ±0.24 ±0.25 –

–

p13 0.169 – 0.200 – ±0.256 0.174 0.200 0.218 0.08 0.17 0.340 –0.139

p16 – 0.017 –

λ/µm p11 0.633 –

Formula C2H7NO3S

p31 –0.04 0.241 ±0.178 0.089

±0.027 –

Formula NH4ClO3

Monoclinic (2, m, 2/m) Taurine

p14 0.00 –0.011 ±0.066 –0.026

p12 0.277 – 0.225 – ±0.440 0.282 0.239 0.240 0.10 0.08 0.187 0.143

p11 0.319 0.425 0.267 – ±0.551 0.287 0.227 0.273 0.16 0.06 0.0074 0.017

λ/µm 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.546 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633

Formula λ/µm p11 0.633 0.12 CdMoO4 0.633 0.24 PbMoO4 NaBi(MoO4)2 0.633 0.243

p13 0.02 0.186 ±0.139 0.093 ±0.445 0.27 ±0.22 ±0.215 –

p22

0.28 0.412 0.301 0.24 –0.120

p23 0.20

p31 0.11 0.175 0.21

p31 0.197 – 0.195 – ±0.137 0.241 0.205 0.210 0.11 0.09 0.090 –0.080

p33 0.18 0.300 0.29

p41 0.01 –0.036 ±0.154 –0.085 – –0.047 – 0.055 –

p33 0.167 – 0.227 – ±0.010 0.122 0.182 0.208 0.47 0.23 0.240 –0.057

p44 – 0.067 –

p44 –0.10 –0.058 ±0.300 0.028 – –0.079 – –0.06 –

p44 –0.058 – – ±0.0776 – –0.019 – – – – –0.17 –0.009

p45 – –0.01 –

p61 – 0.013 –

p66 –0.091 – – ±0.0488 ±0.047 –0.064 – – – – –0.046 –0.060

p66 – 0.05 –

Ref. 15,32 33 15,34 15,35 36 37 38 39 15

Ref. 40 41 42 43 44 45 41 41 46 46 47 48

Ref. 49 52 –

p32 0.18

p33 ±0.02

p44 p55 <±0.02 –

±0.254 0.20

±0.26

0.26

0.015

±0.0015 0.012

52

0.34 0.304 0.310 0.19 0.065

0.35 0.345 0.232 0.22 0.085

0.36 0.336 0.270 0.31 –0.083

–0.030 0.084 0.143 0.002 –0.095

0.0046 –0.030 0.019 –0.012 –0.031

53 54 54 55 28

p25 = –0.0025 p31 = 0.362 p32 = 0.275 p33 = 0.308 p35 = –0.003 p44 = 0.0025 p46 = –0.0056

p31 0.19

p33 –0.20 0.139 ±0.060 –0.044 ±0.115 0.10 ±0.20

0.36 0.251 0.203 0.28 0.095

p51 = –0.014 p52 = 0.006 p53 = 0.0048 p55 = 0.047 p64 = 0.0024 p66 = 0.0028

p66 ±0.04

–0.025 0.098 0.118 0.037 0.098

Ref. 51

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants Isotropic Fused silica Water Polystyrene Lucite Orpiment Tellurium oxide Laser glasses

Dense flint glasses (examples)

Formula SiO2 H2O As2S3-glass TeO2-glass LGS-247-2 LGS-250-3 LGS-1 KGSS-1621 LaSF SF4 U10502 TaFd7

λ/µm 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 1.15 0.633 0.488

0.633

p11 0.121 ±0.31 ±0.30 ±0.30 0.308 0.257 ±0.168 ±0.135 ±0.214 ±0.205 0.088 0.215 0.172 0.099

p12 0.270 ±0.31 ±0.31 0.28 0.299 0.241 ±0.230 ±0.198 ±0.250 ±0.239 0.147 0.243 0.179 0.138

References A. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 290–293. B. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Volume IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986, pp. 324–331. 1. Petterson, H. E., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 63, 1243, 1973. 2. Burstein, E. and Smith, P. L., Phys. Rev., 74, 229, 1948. 3. Pakhnev, A. V., et al., Sov. Phys. J. (transl.), 18, 1662, 1975. 4. Feldman, A., Horovitz, D., and Waxler, R. M., Appl. Opt., 16, 2925, 1977. 5. Iyengar, K. S., Nature (London), 176, 1119, 1955. 6. Bansigir, K. G. and Iyengar, K. S., Acta Crystallogr., 14, 727, 1961. 7. Pakhev, A. V., et al., Sov. Phys. J. (transl.), 20, 648, 1975. 8. Bansigir, K. G., Acta Crystallogr., 23, 505, 1967. 9. Krishna Rao, K. V. and Krishna Murty, V. G., Ind. J. Phys., 41, 150, 1967. 10. Weil, R. and Sun, M. J., Proc. Int. Symp. CdTe (Detectors), Strasbourg Centre de Rech. Nucl., 1971, XIX-1 to 6, 1972. 11. Schmidt, E. D. D. and Vedam, K., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 1563, 1966. 12. Biegelsen, D. K., et al., Phys. Rev. B, 14, 3578, 1976. 13. Helwege, K. H., Landolt-Börnstein, New Series Group III, Vol. II, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979. 14. Feldman, A., Waxler, R. M., and Horovitz, D., J. Appl. Phys., 49, 2589, 1978. 15. Dixon, R. W., J. Appl. Phys., 38, 5149, 1967. 16. Shabin, O. V., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 13, 3141, 1972. 17. Reintjes, J. and Schultz, M. B., J. Appl. Phys., 39, 5254, 1968. 18. Rivoallan, L. and Favre, F., Opt. Commun., 8, 404, 1973. 19. Rivoallan, L. and Favre, F., Opt. Commun., 11, 296, 1974. 20. Afanasev, I. I., et al., Sov. J. Opt. Technol., 46, 663, 1979. 21. Rand, S. C., et al., Phys. Rev. B, 19, 4205, 1979. 22. Sipe, J. E., Can J. Phys., 56, 199, 1978. 23. Christyi, I. L., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 17, 922, 1975. 24. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Curr. Sci. (India), 23, 149, 1954. 25. Smith, T. M. and Korpel, A., IEEE J. Quant. Electron., QE-1, 283, 1965.

12-167 p44 –0.075

0.0045 0.0079

–0.030 –0.014 –0.004 –0.020

Ref. 15 15 25 25 15 56 57

58

26. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., A40, 164, 1954. 27. Rabman, A., Bhagarantam Commem. Vol., Bangalore Print. and Publ., 173, 1969. 28. Eppendahl, R., Ann. Phys. (IV), 61, 591, 1920. 29. Laurenti, J. P. and Rouzeyre, M., J. Appl. Phys., 52, 6484, 1981. 30. Sasaki, H., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 47, 2046, 1976. 31. Uchida, N. and Saito, S., J. Appl. Phys., 43, 971, 1972. 32. Waxler, R. M. and Farabaugh, E. M., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., A74, 215, 1970. 33. Nelson, D. F., Lazay, P. D., and Lax, M., Phys. Rev., B6, 3109, 1972. 34. O’Brien, R. J., Rosasco, G. J., and Weber, A., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60, 716, 1970. 35. Avakyants, L. P., et al., Sov. Phys., 18, 1242, 1976. 36. Sapriel, J., Appl. Phys. Lett., 19, 533, 1971. 37. Narasimhamurty, T. S., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 59, 682, 1969. 38. Zubrinov, I. I., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 15, 1921, 1974. 39. Kachalov, O. V. and Shpilko, I. O., Sov. Phys. JETP (transl.), 35, 957, 1972. 40. Narasimhamurty, T. S., et al., J. Mater. Sci., 8, 577, 1973. 41. Tada, K. and Kikuchi, K., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 19, 1311, 1980. 42. Aleksandrov, K. S., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 19, 1090, 1977. 43. Afanasev, I. I., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 17, 2006, 1975. 44. Silvestrova, I. M., et al., Sov. Phys. Cryst. (transl.), 20, 649, 1975. 45. Veerabhadra Rao, K. and Narasimhamurty, T. S., J. Mater. Sci., 10, 1019, 1975. 46. Venturini, E. L., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 1622, 1969. 47. Vehida, N. and Ohmachi, Y., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 4692, 1969. 48. Grimsditch, M. H. and Ramdus, A. K., Phys. Rev. B, 22, 4094, 1980. 49. Schinke, D. P. and Viehman,W., unpublished data. 50. Coquin, G. A., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 42, 2162, 1971. 51. Vasquez, F., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 37, 451, 1976. 52. Luspin, Y. and Hauret, G., C.R.Ac. Sci. Paris, B274, 995, 1972. 53. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Phys. Rev., 186, 945, 1969. 54. Haussühl, S. and Weber, H. J., Z. Kristall., 132, 266, 1970. 55. Vedam, K., Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., A34, 161, 1951. 56. Yano, T., Fukumoto, A., and Watanabe, A., J. Appl. Phys., 42, 3674, 1971. 57. Manenkov, A. A. and Ritus, A. I., Sov. J. Quant. Electr., 8, 78, 1978. 58. Eschler, H. and Weidinger, F., J. Appl. Phys., 46, 65, 1975.

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-168

LINEAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS Name Cubic (¯43m) Cuprous bromide Cuprous chloride Cuprous iodide Eulytite (BSO) Germanium eulytite (BGO) Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Hexamethylenetetramine Sphalerite Zinc selenide Zinc telluride Cadmium telluride

Cubic (23) Ammonium chloride (77 K) Ammonium cadmium langbeinite Ammonium manganese langbeinite Thallium cadmium langbeinite Potassium magnesium langbeinite Bismuth monogermanate Bismuth monosilicate Sodium chlorate Sodium uranyl acetate Trenhydrobromide Trenhydrochloride

Formula CuBr CuCl CuI Bi4Si3O12 Bi4Ge3O12 GaAs GaP C6H12N4 ZnS ZnSe ZnTe CdTe

Formula

Tetragonal (4mm) Barium titanate Potassium lithium niobate Lead titanate Strontium barium niobate (SBN75) Strontium barium niobate (SBN46)

Formula NH4H2PO4 NH4D2PO4 NH4H2AsO4 CsH2AsO4 CsD2AsO4 KH2PO4 KD2PO4 KH2AsO4 KD2AsO4 RbH2PO4 RbH2AsO4 RbD2AsO4

– 0.546 0.546 0.546 0.546 – – 0.589 0.546 – – Ttran K 148 242 – 143 212 123 222 97 162 147 110 178

r41 pm/V 24.5 – – – – 8.6 8.8 12.5 – – – –

r63 pm/V –8.5 11.9 9.2 18.6 36.6 –10.5 23.8 10.9 18.2 15.5 13.0 21.4

Ttran

r13

r33

r51

K

pm/V

pm/V

pm/V

Formula BaTiO3 K3Li2Nb5O15 PbTiO3 Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 Sr0.46Ba0.54Nb2O6

r41 pm/V 1.5 0.70 0.53 0.37 0.40 3.3 3.3 0.4 0.87 1.5 1.7

λ/µm

NH4Cl (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 (NH4)2Mn2(SO4)3 Tl2Cd2(SO4)3 K2Mg2(SO4)3 Bi12GeO20 Bi12SiO20 NaClO3 NaUO2(CH3COO)3 N(CH2CH2NH2)3 3HBr N(CH2CH2NH2)3 3HCl

Tetragonal (¯42m) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) Ammonium dideuterium phosphate (AD*P) Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA) Cesium dihydrogen arsenate (CsDA) Cesium dideuterium arsenate (CsD*A) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) Potassium dideuterium phosphate (KD*P) Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA) Potassium dideuterium arsenate (KD*A) Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate (RDA) Rubidium dideuterium arsenate (RD*A)

r41 pm/V 0.85 3.6 –5.0 0.54 1.0 1.6 –1.07 0.78 2.1 2.0 4.2 6.8

λ/µm 0.525 0.633 0.55 0.63 0.63 10.6 0.56 0.633 0.65 0.546 3.41 3.39

406 693 765 330 602

8 8.9 13.8 6.7 ~180

28 5.9 5.9 1340 35

– – – 42 –

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

Hexagonal (6mm) Greenockite Greenockite (const. strain) Wurzite Zincite

Formula CdS CdS ZnS ZnO

Hexagonal (6) Lithium iodate Lithium potassium sulfate

Trigonal (3m) Cesium nitrate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Lithium sodium sulfate Tourmaline

Formula LiIO3 LiKSO4

Formula CsNO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 LiNaSO4 –

Trigonal (32) Cesium tartrate Cinnabar Potassium dithionate Strontium dithionate Quartz Selenium

Orthorhombic (222) Ammonium oxalate Rochelle salt

Orthorhombic (mm2) Barium sodium niobate (BSN) Potassium niobate

r13 pm/V

r13 pm/V

4.1 r13–r33 = 1.6

Ttran K 425 1483 890 – –

2.9 2.4 1.8 +2.6

r33 pm/V 6.4 –

r42 pm/V 1.4 –

r33 pm/V – 30.8 30.5 – –

Ttran K – 659 – – 1140 398

r11 pm/V 1.0 3.1 0.26 0.1 –0.47 2.5

r41 pm/V – 1.5 – – 0.2

r41 pm/V 230 –2.0

r52 pm/V 330 –1.7

– 8.6 8.4 – –

Ttran K

r23 pm/V 13 1.3

r13 pm/V 15 28

Formula

Ca2Nb2O7 (NH2CH2COOH)3·H2SO4

Ttrans K

– 322

r42 pm/V – 28 – – –

r63 pm/V 250 +0.32

r33 pm/V 48 64

r22 pm/V 0.33 7.2

r51 pm/V 3.7 – – –

r51 pm/V 3.3 –

r22 pm/V 0.43 7.0 – <0.02 0.3

– Tu = 297 Tl = 255

Ttrans K 833 476

2.0 – – –

r42 pm/V

r13 pm/V

Formula Cs2C4H4O6 HgS K2S2O6 SrS2O6·4H2O SiO2 Se

Formula Ba2NaNbO15 KNbO3

r33 pm/V

3.1 1.1 0.9 –1.4

Formula (NH4)2C2O4·4H2O KNaC4H4O6·4H2O

Monoclinic (2) Calcium pyroniobate Triglycine sulfate (TGS)

12-169

r42 pm/V 92 380

r32 pm/V 13.7 13.6

References 1. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 405–407. 2. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986, pp. 258–278.

r51 pm/V 90 105

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-170

QUADRATIC ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS Kerr Constants of Ferroelectric Crystals1,2 Name Barium titanate Strontium titanate Potassium tantalate niobate Potassium tantalate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Barium sodium niobate (BSN)

Formula BaTiO3 SrTiO3 KTa0.65Nb0.35O3 KTaO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 Ba0.8Na0.4Nb2O6

Ttran K 406 – 330 13 1483 938 833

λ µm 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 – – –

g11 1010 esu 1.33 – 1.50 – 0.94 1.0 1.55

g12 1010 esu –0.11 – –0.42 – 0.25 0.17 0.44

g11–g12 1010 esu 1.44 1.56 1.92 1.77 0.7 0.8 1.11

g44 1010 esu – 1.63 1.33 0.6 0.7

Kerr Constants of Selected Liquids2 K is the Kerr constant at a wavelength of 589 nm and at room temperature; ε is the static dielectric constant; tm is the melting point; and tb is the normal boiling point Name Carbon disulfide Acetone Methyl ethyl ketone Pyridine Ethyl cyanoacetate o-Dichlorobenzene Benzenesulfonyl chloride Nitrobenzene Ethyl 3-aminocrotonate Paraldehyde

Molecular formula CS2 C3H6O C4H8O C5H5N C5H7NO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H5ClO2S C6H5NO2 C6H11NO2 C6H12O3

K 10–7 esu +3.23 +16.3 +13.6 +20.4 +38.8 +42.6 +89.9 +326 +31.0 –23.0

Benzaldehyde

C7H6O

+80.8

p-Chlorotoluene o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Benzyl alcohol

C7H7Cl C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8O

+23.0 +174 +177 +222 –15.4

m-Cresol

C7H8O

+21.2

m-Chloroacetophenone Acetophenone

C8H7ClO C8H8O

+69.1 +66.6

Quinoline Ethyl salicylate Carvone Ethyl benzoylacetate Water

C9H7N C9H10O3 C10H14O C11H12O3 H2O

+15.0 +19.6 +23.6 +16.0 +4.0

a

Dielectric constant at radio frequencies (108–109 Hz).

ε

2.63 21.0 18.56 13.26 31.6 10.12 28.90 35.6 – 14.7 12.0a 17.85 14.1a 6.25 26.26 24.95 22.2 11.92 10.8a 12.44 5.0a 17.44 15.8a 9.16 8.48 11.2 13.50 80.10

tm °C –111.5 –94.8 –86.67 –42 –22.5 –16.7 +14.5 +5.7 +33.9 +12.6

tb °C +46.3 +56.1 +79.6 +115.23 205 180 247 210.8 210 124

–26

179.05

+7.5 –10 +15.5 +51.6 –15.3

162.4 222.3 232 238.3 205.8

+11.8

202.27

+19.7

202.3

–14.78 +1.3 <0 <0 0.00

237.16 231.5 230 270 100.0

References 1. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981, p. 408. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., AIP Handbook of Physics, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 6–241.

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-171

MAGNETO–OPTIC CONSTANTS Verdet Constants of Non-Magnetic Crystals1 V is the Verdet constant; n is the refractive index; and λ is the wavelength. Material Al2O3 BaTaO3

Bi4Ge3O12 C (diamond) CaCO3 CaF2 Cd0.55Mn0.45Te CuCl GaSe KAl(SO4)2·12H2O KBr KCl KI KTaO3

LaF3 (H∥c)

MgAl2O4 NH4AlSO4·12H2O NH4Br NH4Cl NaBr NaCl NaClO3 NiSO4·6H2O SiO2 SrTiO3

ZnS ZnSe

T K 300 300 403 403 403 403 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 298 300 300 300 300 300 300 296 296 296 296 296 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 297 297 300 300 298 298 298 298 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

λ nm 546.1 589.3 427 496 620 826 442 632.8 1064 589.3 589.3 589.3 632.8 546.1 632.8 589.3 546.1 589.3 589.3 546.1 589.3 352 413 496 620 826 325 442 632.8 1064 589.3 589.3 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 413 496 620 826 546.1 589.3 476 496 514 587 632.8

n

1.771 1.768

2.077 2.048 2.031 2.417 1.658 1.434 1.93 1.456 1.564 1.560 1.490 1.673 1.666

1.639 1.615 1.601 1.592 1.718 1.459 1.711 1.643

1.544 1.515 1.511 1.546 1.544 2.627

2.368 2.826 2.759 2.721 2.627 2.592

V min/Oe cm 0.0240 0.0210 0.95 0.38 0.18 0.072 0.289 0.099 0.026 0.0233 0.019 0.0088 6.87 0.20 0.80 0.0124 0.0500 0.0425 0.0275 0.083 0.070 0.44 0.19 0.096 0.051 0.022 0.054 0.028 0.012 0.006 0.021 0.0128 0.0504 0.0410 0.0362 0.0621 0.0410 0.0345 0.0105 0.0081 0.0256 0.0221 0.0195 0.0166 0.78 0.31 0.14 0.066 0.287 0.226 1.50 1.04 0.839 0.529 0.406

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

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Verdet Constants of Rare-Earth Aluminum Garnets at Various Wavelengths1 The absorption coefficient α for these materials ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 cm–1 at 300 K. Material Tb2Al5O12

Dy3Al5O12 Ho3Al5O12 Er3Al5O12 Tm3Al5O12 Yb3Al5O12

T/K 300 77 4.2 1.45 300 300 300 300 298 77

λ = 405 nm –2.266

–1.241 –0.709 –0.189 +0.151 0.287 0.718

450 nm –1.565 –102.16

480 nm –1.290 –83.45

–200.95 –0.942 –0.320 –0.240 +0.103 0.215 0.540

–172.52 –0.803 –0.260 –0.154 +0.093 0.186 0.481

Verdet Constants for KDP-Type Crystals1

Measurements refer to T = 298 K and λ = 632.8 nm, with k ∥ [001]. V Material min/Oe cm KH2PO4 (KDP) KH0.3D1.7PO4 (KD*P) NH4H2PO4 (ADP) KH2AsO4 (KDA) KH0.1D1.9AsO4 (KD*A) NH4H2AsO4 (ADH)

0.0124 0.145 0.138 0.238 0.245 0.244

V in min/Oe cm 520 nm 546 nm –1.039 –0.912 –3.425 –3.051 –64.80 –58.35 –139.28 –125.07 –0.667 –0.592 –0.335 –0.304 –0.162 –0.157 0.076 0.069 0.140 0.133 0.393 0.342

578 nm –0.787 –2.603 –53.77 –111.27 –0.518 –0.299 –0.145 +0.059 0.116 0.302

635 nm –0.620 –2.008 48.39 97.47 –0.411 –0.105 +0.048 0.094 0.239

Verdet Constants of Gases2

670 nm –0.542 –1.815 –45.15 –93.42 –0.359 –0.206 –0.089

Values refer to T = 0°C and P = 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg); nD is the refractive index at a wavelength of 589 nm. 106 × V 3 min/Oe cm Gas (nD – 1) × 10 He 0.036 +0.40 Ar 2.81 +9.36 +6.29 H2 0.297 +6.46 N2 0.272 +5.69 O2 Air 0.293 +6.27 0.773 +31.9 Cl2 HCl 0.447 +21.5 0.63 +41.5 H2S 0.376 +19.0 NH3 CO 0.34 +11.0 0.45 +9.39 CO2 NO 0.297 –58 CH4 0.444 +17.4 +44.0 n-C4H10

Verdet Constants of Liquids2

nD is the refractive index at a wavelength of 589 nm and a temperature of 20°C, unless otherwise indicated. V is the Verdet constant. 102 × V Liquid λ/nm t/°C min/Oe cm nD P 589 33 +13.3 S 589 114 +8.1 1.929 (110°C) 589 20 +1.309 1.3328 H2O 589 19.7 +1.257 1.3384 D2O 578 97.4 +1.35 H3PO4 589 20 +4.255 1.6255 CS2 578–589 25.1 +1.60 1.463 (15°C) CCl4 578 18 +7.45 1.601 (14°C) SbCl5 578 17 –1.65 1.61 TiCl4 578 46 –5.3 TiBr4 Methanol 589 18.7 +0.958 1.3289 Acetone 578–589 20.0 +1.116 1.3585 Toluene 578–589 15.0 +2.71 1.4950 Benzene 578–589 15.0 +3.00 1.5005 Chlorobenzene 589 15 +2.92 1.5246 Nitrobenzene 589 15 +2.17 1.5523 Bromoform 589 17.9 +3.13 1.5960

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-173

Verdet Constants of Rare Earth Paramagnetic Crystals1 n is the refractive index, and V is the Verdet constant at the wavelength and temperature indicated. Rare Earth Ce3+(30%)

CaF2

Ce3+

CeF3

Pr3+(5%)

CaF2

Nd3+(2.9%) Nd3+

CaF2 NdF3

Eu3+(3%)

CaF2

Eu2+

EuF2

Tb3+

KTb3F10

Tb3+

LiTbF4

Tb3+

Tb3Ga5O12

Host

T/K 300 300 300 300 300 300 77 300 300 300 300 300 300 4.2 300 290 77 300 4.2 4.2 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 77 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

λ/nm 325 442 633 1064 442 633 633 1064 266 325 442 633 1064 426 442 633 633 1064 430 440 450 500 550 600 650 1064 325 442 633 633 1064 325 442 633 1064 500 570 633 830 1060

n 1.516 1.502 1.494 1.489 1.613 1.598 1.589 1.471 1.461 1.451 1.445 1.441 1.60 1.59 1.58

1.531 1.518 1.510 1.505 1.493 1.481 1.473 1.469 1.989 1.981 1.976 1.967 1.954

V min/Oe cm –0.956 –0.297 –0.111 –0.035 –1.05 –0.406 –1.418 –0.113 –0.172 –0.0818 –0.0089 –0.0168 –0.0045 –0.19 –0.553 –0.209 –0.755 –0.097 29 22 –4.5 –2.6 –1.6 –1.1 –0.8 –0.19 –2.174 –0.933 –0.386 –1.94 –0.114 –1.9 –0.98 –0.44 –0.13 –0.749 –0.581 –0.461 –0.21 –0.12

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-174

Verdet Constants of Paramagnetic Glasses1

The Verdet constant V is given at room temperature for the wavelengths indicated. Rare earth phosphate glasses of composition R2O3·xP2O5, where x is given in the second column Verdet constant V in min/Oe cm λ = 405 λ = 436 λ = 480 λ = 500 λ = 520 λ= 546 λ= 578 R x nm nm nm nm nm nm nm La 0.037 0.030 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.015 Ce 2.67 –0.672 0.510 –0.366 –0.326 –0.287 –0.253 –0.217 Pr 3.09 –0.447 –0.332 –0.283 –0.261 –0.236 –0.208 –0.182 Nd 2.92 –0.250 –0.209 –0.167 –0.155 –0.136 –0.134 –0.094 Sm 2.87 0.026 0.024 0.020 0.020 0.017 0.015 0.014 Eu 2.93 –0.025 –0.017 –0.010 –0.006 –0.006 –0.005 –0.004 Gd 3.01 0.018 0.015 0.014 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.011 Tb 2.94 –0.560 –0.458 –0.357 –0.323 –0.295 –0.261 –0.226 Dy 2.51 –0.540 –0.453 –0.359 –0.331 –0.301 0.268 –0.237 Ho 2.94 –0.299 –0.313 –0.156 –0.153 –0.138 –0.138 –0.119 Er 3.01 –0.139 –0.121 –0.100 –0.111 –0.095 –0.062 –0.060 Tm 2.79 0.019 0.013 0.012 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.005 Yb 3.01 0.087 0.072 0.056 0.050 0.045 0.041 0.036

λ= 600 nm –0.014 –0.197 –0.170 –0.080 0.012 –0.003 0.010 –0.206 –0.217 –0.110 –0.057 0.004 0.032

λ= 635 nm 0.013 –0.173 –0.150 –0.080 0.011 –0.002 0.009 –0.190 –0.197 –0.098 –0.051 0.004 0.029

λ= 670 nm – –0.150 –0.132 –0.071 0.010 –0.002 0.009 –0.164 –0.173 –0.084 –0.044 0.007 0.024

0.018 –0.146 –0.059 0.016 –0.016 0.017 –0.186 –0.177 –0.096 –0.040 0.021 0.043 –0.348 –0.332 –0.317

0.016 –0.128 –0.056 0.014 0.014 0.015 –0.167 –0.159 – –0.035 0.018 0.037 –0.306 –0.290 –0.271

0.014 –0.110 –0.046 0.012 –0.012 0.013 –0.142 –0.138 –0.074 –0.034 0.016 0.033 –0.265 –0.252 –0.243

The following are rare earth borate glasses with composition:   for La and Pr: R2O3·xP2O5; for Tb–Pr and Dy–Pr: R2O3·xB2O3; and for other elements: R2O3·0.85La3O3·xB2O3. La Pr-La Nd-La Sm-La Eu-La Gd-La Tb-La Dy-La Ho-La Er-La Tm-La Yb-La Tb-Pr Dy-Pr Pr

3.04 5.44 5.41 4.97 4.69 4.71 4.73 4.88 4.36 4.50 4.75 8.58 4.99 4.63 2.56

0.043 –0.380 –0.180 0.032 –0.081 0.032 –0.512 –0.436 –0.269 –0.093 0.060 0.115 –0.940 –0.850 –0.843

0.036 –0.307 –0.147 0.030 –0.060 0.026 –0.419 –0.361 –0.252 –0.078 0.046 0.094 –0.786 – –0.646

0.029 –0.230 –0.120 0.025 –0.038 0.024 –0.319 –0.299 –0.123 –0.068 0.039 0.073 –0.560 – –0.471

0.026 –0.220 –0.111 0.024 –0.033 0.022 –0.288 –0.273 –0.131 –0.082 0.034 0.066 –0.536 –0.497 –0.480

0.023 –0.201 –0.096 0.022 –0.029 0.021 –0.262 –0.246 –0.112 – 0.031 0.060 –0.489 –0.465 –0.432

0.022 –0.178 –0.094 0.019 –0.024 0.020 –0.234 –0.220 –0.128 –0.045 0.026 0.054 –0.436 –0.413 –0.390

0.019 –0.153 –0.100 0.017 0.019 0.018 –0.205 –0.193 –0.104 –0.042 0.023 0.046 –0.380 –0.358 –0.334

Verdet Constants of Diamagnetic Glasses1

The Verdet constant V is given at room temperature for the wavelengths indicated. Verdet constant V in min/Oe cm Glass type Composition (wt. %) λ = 325 nm λ = 442 nm λ = 633 nm 100% SiO2 0.013 SiO2 100% B2O3 0.010 B2O3 0.079 0.033 0.022 CdO 47.5% CdO, 52.5% P2O5 0.072 0.044 0.020 ZnO 36.4% ZnO, 63.6% P2O5 88.9% TeO2, 11.1% P2O5 0.196 0.076 TeO2 63.1% ZrF4, 14.9% BaF2, 0.011 ZrF4 7.2% LaF3, 1.9% AlF3, 9.1% PbF2, 3.8% LiF

λ = 1064 nm

0.022

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

Bi2O3 PbO

Tl2O SnO TeO3

Sb2O3

95% Bi2O3, 5% B2O3 95% PbO, 5% B2O3 82% PbO, 18% SiO2 50% PbO, 15% K2O, 35% SiO2 95% Tl2O, 5% B2O3 82% Tl2O, 18% SiO2 50% Tl2O, 15% K2O, 35% SiO2 76% SnO, 13% B2O3, 11% SiO2 75% TeO2, 25% Sb2O3 80% TeO2, 20% ZnCl2 84% TeO2, 16% BaO 70% TeO2, 30% WO3 20% TeO2, 80% PbO 25% Sb2O3, 75% TeO2 75% Sb2O3, 75% Cs2O, 5% Al2O3 75% Sb2O3, 10% Cs2O, 10% Rb2O, 5% Al2O3

12-175

λ = 700 nm 0.086 0.093 0.077 0.032 0.092 0.100 0.036 0.071 0.076 0.073 0.056 0.052 0.128 0.076 0.074 0.078

λ = 853 nm 0.051 0.061 0.045 0.020 0.061 0.067 0.022 0.046 0.052 0.046 0.041 0.035 0.075 0.050 0.044 0.052

λ = 1060 nm 0.033 0.031 0.027 0.011 0.032 0.043 0.012 0.026 0.032 0.025 0.029 0.022 0.048 0.032 0.025 0.030

Verdet Constants of Commercial Glasses1

This table gives the density, ρ, refractive index at 589 nm, nD, and Verdet constant, V, for the wavelengths indicated; the data refer to room temperature. V in min/Oe cm Glass ρ nD λ = 365.0 nm λ = 404.7 nm λ = 435.8 nm λ = 546.1 nm λ = 578.0 nm type g/cm3 BSC 2.49 1.5096 0.0499 0.0392 0.0333 0.02034 0.01798 HC 2.53 1.5189 0.0561 0.0440 0.0372 0.0225 0.01995 LBC 2.87 1.5406 0.0609 0.0477 0.0403 0.0245 0.0216 LF 3.23 1.5785 0.1143 0.0850 0.0693 0.0394 0.0344 BLF 3.48 1.6047 0.1112 0.0832 0.0685 0.0393 0.0344 DBC 3.56 1.6122 0.0662 0.0517 0.0435 0.0261 0.0231 DF 3.63 1.6203 0.1473 0.1076 0.0872 0.0485 0.0423 EDF 3.9 1.6533 0.1725 0.1248 0.1007 0.0556 0.0483 The composition of the glasses in weight percent is: Glass type BSC HC LBC LF BLF DBC DF EDF

SiO2 69.6 72.0 57.1 52.5 45.2 36.2 46.3 40.6

B2O3 6.7 – 1.8 – – 7.7 – –

K2O 20.5 10.1 13.7 9.5 7.8 0.2 1.1 7.5

CaO 2.9 11.4 0.3 0.3 – 0.2 0.3 0.2

Al2O3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 – 3.5 0.2 0.2

As2O3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.2

Na2O – 6.1 – – – – 5.0 0.1

BaO – – 26.9 – 16.0 44.6 – –

References 1. Weber, M. J., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1988, pp. 299–310. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 6–230.

ZnO – – – – 8.3 6.7 – –

PbO – – – 37.6 22.2 – 47.0 51.5

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-176

Faraday Rotation

Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Solids Tc

4 π Ms

F

α

2 F/α

T

λ

Material

K

gauss

deg/cm

cm

deg

K

nm

Fe

1043

21,800

Co

1390

18,200

Ni

633

6,400

Permalloy (Ni/Fe = 82/18) Ni/Fe = 100/0 Ni/Fe = 80/20 Ni/Fe = 60/40 Ni/Fe = 40/60 Ni/Fe = 20/80 Ni/Fe = 0/100 MnBi

803

10,700

4.4 × 105 6.5 × 105 7 × 105 7 × 105 2.9 × 105 5.5 × 105 5.5 × 105 5.5 × 105 0.8 × 105 2.6 × 105 1.5 × 105 1 × 105 1.2 × 105

6.5 × 105 5.0 × 105 4.2 × 105 3.5 × 105 – 6.1 × 105 4.5 × 105 3.6 × 105 – 5.8 × 105 4.8 × 105 4.1 × 105 6 × 105

1.4 2.6 3.3 4.0 – 1.8 2.4 2.7 – 0.9 0.6 0.25 0.4

300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

500 1000 1500 2000 500 1000 1500 2000 500 1000 1500 2000 500

MnAs

313

–

CrTe

334

1015

FeRh Y3Fe5O12 (YIG)

333 560

– 2500

1.2 × 105 2.2 × 105 2.9 × 105 2.2 × 105 3.3 × 105 3.5 × 105 4.2 × 105 7.5 × 105 0.44 × 105 0.62 × 105 0.5 × 105 0.4 × 105 0.9 × 105 2400 1250 750 175

7.05 × 105 7.10 × 105 7.54 × 105 8.17 × 105 8.10 × 105 8.13 × 105 6.1 × 105 4.2 × 105 5.0 × 105 4.4 × 105 2.0 × 105 1.2 × 105 3.3 × 105 1500 1400 450 <0.06

0.34 0.62 0.77 0.54 0.81 0.86 1.4 3.6 0.174 0.28 0.5 0.7 0.56 3.2 1.8 3.3 >3 × 103

300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 348 300 300 300 300

Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG)

Tn = 564 T = 286

7300

NiFe2O4

858

3350

CoFe2O4

793

4930

MgFe2O4

593-713e

1450e

Li0.5Fe2.5O4

863–953e

3240e to 3900

BaFe12O19

723

–

Ba2Zn2Fe12O19

–

–

–2000 –1050 –300 –80 2.0 × 104 –1.0 × 104 –120 +75 +110 2.75 × 104 3.6 × 104 –2.5 × 104 –60 0 +35 –440 +10 +110 +135 –50 +75 +150 +165 90

6000 900 100 70 5.9 × 104 10 × 104 38 15 32 12 × 104 17 × 104 6 × 104 100 12 6 150 85 44 80 –38 20 20 22 120

0.6 2.3 6.0 2.3 0.7 0.2 6 10 7 0.5 0.4 0.8 1 0 11 6 0.2 5 3 3 7.5 15 15 1.5

300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 450 900 500 900 550 900 700 555 625 770 5000 to 1500 500 600 800 1000 286 500 1500 3000 5000 286 400 660 2500 4000 6000 1500 3000 5000 7000 2000 3000 5000 7000 5000

639

6,000 10,800 14,900 14,400 19,400 21,600 7,700

–1

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

12-177

Tc

4 π Ms

F

α

2 F/α

T

λ

Material

K

gauss

deg/cm

cm–1

deg

K

nm

RbNiF3

220

1250

RbNi0.75Co0.25F3 RbFeF3

109 102

– –

FeF3

365

CrCl3

16.8

40 at 300 K 3880

CrBr3

32.5

3390

CrI3

68

2690

FeBO3

348

EuO

69

115 at 300 K 23700

EuS

16.3

–

EuSe

7.0

13,200

75 360 70 310 75 180 3400 1600 620 300 670 180 2000 –500 –1000 3 × 105 1.6 × 105 1.1 × 105 0.8 × 105 3200 450 –1.0 × 105 5 × 105 0.5 × 105 3 × 104 660 –1.6 × 105 –9.6 × 105 +5.5 × 105 1.45 × 105 0.95 × 105

65 35 10 70 25 9 7 3 1.5 2.5 14 4.4 200 300 70 3 × 103 1.4 × 104 6.3 × 103 3 × 103 140 38 0.5 × 104 9.7 × 104 7.8 × 104 >0.5 >1.0 0 3.3 × 104 1.2 × 105 80 60

2.0 20 14 9 6 40 900 1100 830 240 95 82 20 3 30 200 23 35 53 45 24 40 10 1.3 ~105 1300 – 58 9.2 3600 3170

300 77 77 77 77 77 82 82 82 82 300 300 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 300 300 5 5 5 20 20 6 6 6 4.2 4.2

7000 450a 600a 800a 1000a 600b 300c 400c 600c 800c 349d 522.5d 410 450 590 478 500 970 1000 500 700 1100 700 500 2500 10600 825 690 563 750 800

a b c d e

Measured along the C-axis (magnetic hard axis). Measured along the C-axis (magnetic easy axis). Measured along the C-axis ([100]-direction at room temperature). Strong natural birefringence interferes with the Faraday effect. Depends on heat treatment.

Reference 1. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1988, pp. 288–296.

NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS H. P. R. Frederikse The relation between the polarization density P of a dielectric medium and the electric field E is linear when E is small, but becomes nonlinear as E acquires values comparable with interatomic electric fields (105 to 108 V/cm). Under these conditions the relation between P and E can be expanded in a Taylor’s series P = ε 0 χ (1 ) E + 2 χ ( 2 ) E 2 + 4 χ ( 3 ) E 3 + 

(1)

where εo is the permittivity of free space, while χ(1) is the linear and χ(2), χ(3) etc. the nonlinear optical susceptibilities. If we consider two optical fields, the first Ejω (along the j-direction at frequency ω1) and the second Ekω (along the k-direction at frequency ω2) one can write the second term of the Taylor’s series as follows 1

2

ω3 = ω1 ± ω2 ω1 ω2 Pi (ω1 ω2 ) = 2 χ ijk E j Ek

When ω1 ≠ ω2 the (parametric) mixing of the two fields gives rise to two new polarizations at the frequencies ω3 = ω1 + ω2 and ω3´ = ω1 – ω2. When the two frequencies are equal, ω1 = ω2 = ω, the result is Second Harmonic Generation (SHG): χijk(2ω, ω, ω), while equal and opposite frequencies, ω1 = ω and ω2 = –ω leads to Optical Rectification (OR): χijk(0, ω, –ω). In the SHG case the following convention is adopted: the second order nonlinear coefficient d is equal to one half of the second order nonlinear susceptibility dijk = 1/2 χ( 2 )

Because of the symmetry of the indices j and k one can replace these two by a single index (subscript) m. Consequently the notation for the SHG nonlinear coefficient in reduced form is dim where m takes the values 1 to 6. Only noncentrosymmetric crystals can possess a nonvanishing dijk tensor (third rank). The unit of the SHG coefficients is m/V (in the MKSQ/SI system). In centrosymmetric media the dominant nonlinearity is of the third order. This effect is represented by the third term in the Taylor’s series (Equation 1); it is the result of the interaction of a number of optical fields (one to three) producing a new frequency ω4 = ω1 + ω2 + ω3. The third order polarization is given by Pj (ω1 ω2 ω3 ) = g 4 χ jklm Ekω1 E1ω2 Emω3

This coefficient is a fourth rank tensor. In the THG case the matrices must be invariant under permutation of the indices k, l, and m; as a result the notation for the third order nonlinear coefficient can be simplified to Cjn. The unit of Cjn is m2·V–2 (in the MKSQ/SI system). Applications of second order nonlinear optical materials include the generation of higher (up to sixth) optical harmonics, the mixing of monochromatic waves to generate sum or difference frequencies (frequency conversion), the use of two monochromatic waves to amplify a third wave (parametric amplification) and the addition of feedback to such an amplifier to create an oscillation (parametric oscillation). Third order nonlinear optical materials are used for THG, selffocusing, four wave mixing, optical amplification, and optical conjugation. Many of these effects – as well as the variation and modulation of optical propagation caused by mechanical, electric, and magnetic fields (see the preceeding table on “Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants”) are used in the areas of optical communication, optical computing, and optical imaging.

References 1. Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. 111, Part 1; Weber, M. J. Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986. 2. Dmitriev, V.G., Gurzadyan, G.G., and Nikogosyan, D., Handbook of Nonlinear Optical Crystals, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991. 3. Shen, Y.R., The Principles of Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1984. 4. Yariv, A., Quantum Electronics, 3rd edition, John Wiley, New York, 1988. 5. Bloembergen, N., Nonlinear Optics, W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1965. 6. Zernike F. and Midwinter, J.E., Applied Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1973. 7. Hopf, F.A. and Stegeman, G.I., Applied Classical Electrodynamics, Volume 2: Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1986. 8. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Chemla, D. S., and Zyss, J., Eds., Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1987. 9. Optical Phase Conjugation, Fisher, R. A., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1983. 10. Zyss, J., Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Devices and Physics, Academic Press, Boston, 1994. 11. Nonlinear Optics, 5 articles in Physics Today, (Am. Inst. of Phys.), Vol. 47, No. 5, May, 1994.

Third Harmonic Generation (THG) is achieved when ω1 = ω2 = ω3 = ω. In this case the constant g4 = 1/4. The third order nonlinear coefficient C is related to the third order susceptibility as follows: C jklm = 1/4 χ jklm

12-174

Section 12.indb 174

4/28/05 1:59:45 PM

Nonlinear Optical Constants

12-175 Selected SHG Coefficients of NLO Crystals*

Symmetry Material

dim × 1012

class

GaAs GaP InAs

43 m 43 m 43 m

ZnSe

43 m

β-ZnS

43 m

ZnTe

43 m

CdTe Bi4GeO12 N4(CH2)6 (hexamine) LiIO3

43 m 43 m 43 m

ZnO

6 mm

6

α-ZnS

6 mm

CdS

6 mm

CdSe

6 mm

BaTiO3

4 mm

PbTiO3

4 mm

K3Li2Nb5O15

4 mm

K0.8Na0.2Ba2Nb5O15 SrBaNb5O15

4 mm 4 mm

NH4H2PO4 (ADP)

42 m

KH2PO4 (KDP)

42 m

KD2PO4 (KD*P)

42 m

KH2AsO4 (KDA)

42 m

CdGeAs2 AgGaS2

42 m 42 m

m/V d14 = 134.1 ± 42 d14 = 71.8 ± 12.3 d14 = 364 ± 47 d14 = 210 d14 = 78.4 ± 29.3 d36 = 26.6 ± 1.7 d14 = 30.6 ± 8.4 d36 = 20.7 ± 1.3 d14 = 92.2 ± 33.5 d14 = 83.2 ± 8.4 d36 = 89.6 ± 5.7 d14 = 167.6 ± 63 d14 = 1.28 d14 = 4.1 d33 = –7.02 d31 = –5.53 ± 0.3 d33 = –5.86 ± 0.16 d31= 1.76 ± 0.16 d15 = 1.93 ± 0.16 d33 = 11.37 ± 0.07 d33 = 37.3 ± 12.6 d31 = –18.9 ± 6.3 d15 = 21.37 ± 8.4 d33 = 25.8 ± 1.6 d31 = –13.1 ± 0.8 d15 = 14.4 ± 0.8 d33 = 54.5 ± 12.6 d31 = –26.8 ± 2.7 d33 = 6.8 ± 1.0 d31 = 15.7 ± 1.8 d15 = 17.0 ± 1.8 d33 = 7.5 ± 1.2 d31 = 37.6 ± 5.6 d15 = 33.3 ± 5 d33 = 11.2 ± 1.6 d31 = 6.18 ± 1.28 d15 = 5.45 ± 0.54 d31 = 13.6 ± 1.6 d33 = 11.3 ± 3.3 d31 = 4.31 ± 1.32 d15 = 5.98 ± 2 d36 = 0.53 d36 = 0.85 d36 = 0.44 d36 = 0.47 ± 0.07 d36 = 0.38 ± 0.016 d36 = 0.34 ± 0.06 d14 = 0.37 d36 = 0.43 ± 0.025 d36 = 0.39 ± 0.4 d36 = 351 ± 105 d36 = 18 ± 2.7

λ µm

Symmetry Material

class

42 m 42 m

10.6 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 1.058 10.6 1.058 10.6 1.058 1.058 10.6 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.064 1.058

AgGaSe2 (NH2)2CO (urea) AlPO4 Se Te SiO2 (quartz) HgS (C6H5CO)2 [benzil] β-BaB2O4 [BBO]

32 32 32 32 32 32 3m

LiNbO3

3m

LiTaO3

3m

Ag3AsS3 [proustite]

3m

1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 0.694 1.064 0.694 1.058 0.694 1.058 1.06 0.694 10.6 10.6

Ag3SbS3 [pyrargerite]

3m

α-HIO3 NO2 · CH3NOC5H4 · (POM) Ba2NaNb5O15 [Banana]

222 222 mm 2

C6H4(NO2)2 [MDB]

mm 2

Gd2(MoO4)3

mm 2

KNbO3

mm 2

KTiOPO4 [KTP]

mm 2

NO2C6H4 · NH2 [mNA]

mm 2

C10H12N3O6 [MAP]

2

(NH2CH2COOH)3H2SO4 [TGS]

2

dim × 1012 m/V

λ µm

d36 = 37.4 ± 6.0 d36 = 1.3 d11 = 0.35 ± 0.03 d11 = 97 ± 25 d11 = 650 ± 30 d11 = 0.335 d11 = 50.3 ± 17 d11 = 3.6 ± 0.5 d22 = 2.22 ± 0.09 d31 = 0.16 ± 0.08 d33 = 34.4 d31 = –5.95 d22 = 2.76 d33 = –16.4 ± 2 d31 = –1.07 ± 0.2 d22 = +1.76 ± 0.2 d31 = 11.3 ± 2.5 d22 = 18.0 ± 2.5 d31 = 12.6 ± 4 d22 = 13.4 ± 4 d36 = 5.15 ± 0.16 d36 = 6.4 ± 1.0

10.6 1.06 1.058 10.6 10.6 1.064 10.6 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.064 1.064

d33 = –17.6 ± 1.28 d31 = –12.8 ± 1.28 d33 = 0.74 d32 = 2.7 d31 = 1.78 d33 = –0.044 ± 0.008 d32 = +2.42 ± 0.36 d31 = –2.49 ± 0.37 d33 = –19.58 ± 1.03 d32 = +11.34 ± 1.03 d31 = –12.88 ± 1.03 d33 = 13.7 d32 = ± 5.0 d31 = ± 6.5 d33 = 13.12 ± 1.28 d32 = 1.02 ± 0.22 d31 = 12.48 ± 1.28 d23 = 10.67 ± 1.3 d22 = 11.7 ± 1.3 d21 = 2.35 ± 0.5 d25 = –0.35 ± 0.3 d23 = 0.32

1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 0.694

* These data are taken from References 1 and 2.

Section 12.indb 175

4/28/05 1:59:47 PM

Nonlinear Optical Constants

12-176

Material NH4H2PO4 [ADP] C6H6 [benzene] CdGeAs2 p-type: 5 × 1016 cm–3 C40H56 [β-carotene] GaAs high-resistivity Ge LiIO3 KBr KCl KH2PO4 [KDP] Si p-type: 1014 cm–3 NaCl NaF

Selected THG Coefficients of Some NLO Materials* Cjn × 1020 NLO process m2/V–2 (–3ω,ω,ω,ω) C11 = 0.0104 C18 = 0.0098 (–3ω,ω,ω,ω) C11 = 0.0184 ± 0.0042 (–3ω,ω,ω,ω) C11 = 182 ± 84 C16 = 175 C18 = –35 (–3ω,ω,ω,ω) C11 0.263 ± 0.08 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 62 ± 31 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 23.5 ± 12 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C12 = 0.2285 C35 = 6.66 ± 1 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 0.0392 C18/C11 = 0.3667 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 0.0168 C18/C11 = 0.28 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11–3C18 = 0.04 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 82.8 ± 25 (–3,ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 0.0168 C18/C11 = 0.4133 (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) C11 = 0.0035

λ µm 1.06 1.06 1.89 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.89 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06

* These data are taken from Reference 1.

Section 12.indb 176

4/28/05 1:59:48 PM

Phase Diagrams H. P. R. Frederikse A phase is a structurally homogeneous portion of matter. Regardless of the number of chemical constituents of a gas, there is only one vapor phase. This is true also for the liquid form of a pure substance, although a mixture of several liquid substances may exist as one or several phases, depending on the interactions among the substances. On the other hand a pure solid may exist in several phases at different temperatures and pressures because of differences in crystal structure (Reference 1). At the phase transition temperature, Ttr, the chemical composition of the solid remains the same, but a change in the physical properties often will take place. Such changes are found in ferroelectric crystals (example BaTiO3) which develop a spontaneous polarization below Ttr, in superconductors (example Pb) which lose all electrical resistance below the transition point, and in many other classes of solids. In quite a few cases it is difficult to bring about the phase transition, and the high- (or low-) temperature phase persists in its metastable form. Many liquids remain in the liquid state for shorter or longer periods of time when cooled below the melting point (supercooling). However, often the slightest disturbance will cause solidification. Persistence of the high temperature phase in solid– solid transitions is usually of much longer duration. An example of this behavior is found in white tin; although gray tin is the thermodynamically stable form below Ttr (286.4 K), the metal remains in its undercooled, white tin state all the way to T = 0 K, and crystals of gray tin are very difficult to produce. A phase diagram is a map that indicates the areas of stability of the various phases as a function of external conditions (temperature and pressure). Pure materials, such as mercury, helium, water, and methyl alcohol are considered one-component systems and they have unary phase diagrams. The equilibrium phases in two-component systems are presented in binary phase diagrams. Because many important materials consist of three, four, and more components, many attempts have been made to deduce their multicomponent phase diagrams. However, the vast majority of systems with three or more components are very complex, and no overall maps of the phase relationships have been worked out. It has been shown during the last 20 to 25 years that very useful partial phase diagrams of complex systems can be obtained by means of thermodynamic modeling (References 2, 3). Especially for complicated, multicomponent alloy systems the CALPHAD method has proved to be a successful approach for producing valuable portions of very intricate phase diagrams (Reference 4). With this method thermodynamic descriptions of the free energy functions of various phases are obtained that are consistent with existing (binary) phase diagram information and other thermodynamic data. Extrapolation methods are then used to extend the thermodynamic functions into a ternary system. Comparison of the results of this procedure with available experimental data is then used to fine-tune the phase diagram and add ternary interaction functions if necessary. In principle this approximation strategy can be extended to four, five, and more component systems. The nearly two dozen phase diagrams shown below present the reader with examples of some important types of single and multicomponent systems, especially for ceramics and metal alloys. This makes it possible to draw attention to certain features like the kinetic aspects of phase transitions (see Figure 22, which presents a time-temperature-transformation, or TTT, diagram for the precipitation of α-phase particles from the β-phase in a Ti-Mo alloy; Reference 1, pp. 358–360). The general references listed below and the references to individual figures contain phase diagrams for many additional systems.

General References 1. Ralls, K. M., Courtney, T. H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, Chapters 16 and 17, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976. 2. Kaufman, L., and Bernstein, H., Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Kattner, U. R., Boettinger, W. J. B., and Coriell, S. R., Z. Metallkd., 87, 9, 1996. 4. Dinsdale, A. T., Ed., CALPHAD, Vol. 1–20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977–1996 and continuing. 5. Baker, H., Ed., ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1992. 6. Massalski, T. B., Ed., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Second Edition, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990. 7. Roth. R. S., Ed., Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, Vol. I (1964) to Volume XI (1995), American Ceramic Society, Waterville, OH.

References to Individual Phase Diagrams Figure 1.

Carbon: Reference 7, Vol. X (1994), Figure 8930. Reprinted with permission. Figure 2. Si-Ge : Ref. 5, p. 2.231. Reprinted with permission. Figure 3. H2O (ice): See figure. Figure 4. SiO2: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9174. Reprinted with permission. Figure 5. Fe-O: Darken, L.S., and Gurry, R.W., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 798, 1946. Reprinted with permission. Figure 6. Ti-O: Reference 5, p. 2.324. Reprinted with permission. Figure 7. BaO-TiO2: Reference 7, Vol. III (1975), Figure 4302. Reprinted with permission. Figure 8. MgO-Al2O3: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9239. Reprinted with permission. Figure 9. Y2O3-ZrO2: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9348. Reprinted with permission. Figure 10. Si-N-Al-O (Sialon): Reference 7, Vol. X (1994), Figure 8759. Reprinted with permission. Figure 11. PbO-ZrO2-TiO2 (PZT): Reference 7, Vol. III (1975), Figure 4587. Reprinted with permission. Figure 12. Al-Si-Ca-O: Reference 7 (1964), Vol. I, Figure 630. Reprinted with permission. Figure 13. Y-Ba-Cu-O: Whitler, J.D., and Roth, R.S., Phase Diagrams for High Tc Superconductors, Figure S-082, American Ceramic Society, Waterville, OH, 1990. Reprinted with permission. Figure 14. Al-Cu: Reference 5, p. 2.44. Reprinted with permission. Figure 15. Fe-C: Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, Figure 16.13, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976. Reprinted with permission. Figure 16. Fe-Cr: Reference 5, p. 2.152. Reprinted with permission. Figure 17. Cu-Sn: Reference 5, p. 2.178. Reprinted with permission. Figure 18. Cu-Ni: Reference 5, p. 2.173. Reprinted with permission. Figure 19. Pb-Sn (solder): Reference 5, p. 2.335. Reprinted with permission. Figure 20. Cu-Zn (brass): Subramanian, P.R., Chakrabarti, D.J., and Laughlin, D.E., Eds., Phase Diagrams of Binary Copper Alloys, p. 487, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1994. Reprinted with permission. Figure 21. Co-Sm: Reference 5, p. 2.148. Reprinted with permission. Figure 22. Ti-Mo: Reference 5, p. 2.296; Reference 1, p. 359. Reprinted with permission. Figure 23. Fe-Cr-Ni: Reference 5, Figure 48. Reprinted with permission.

12-181

Phase Diagrams

12-182 200

P/GPa

150

Diamond 100

50

Liquid A

0

B

C

Graphite

0

2000

4000 T/K

6000

Figure 1. Phase diagram of carbon. (A) Martensitic transition: hex graphite → hex diamond. (B) Fast graphite-to-diamond transition. (C) Fast diamond-to-graphite transition.

Figure 2.

Si-Ge system.

Phase

(Ge,Si) High-pressure phases GeII SiII

Composition, mass % Si 0 to 100

Pearson symbol cF8

Space group – Fd3 m

– –

tI4 tI4

I41/amd I41/amd

Phase Diagrams

12-183 200

Liquid

150

VII

100

t/°C

50

VI

0 V

III

VIII

I -50 II -100

-150 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

P/MPa

Figure 3. Diagram of the principal phases of ice. Solid lines are measured boundaries between stable phases; dotted lines are extrapolated. Ice IV is a metastable phase that exists in the region of ice V. Ice IX exists in the region below –100°C and pressures in the range 200–400 MPa. Ice X exists at pressures above 44 GPa. See Table 1 for the coordinates of the triple points, where liquid water is in equilibrium with two adjacent solid phases.

Table 1. Crystal Structure, Density, and Transition Temperatures for the Phases of Ice Phase

Crystal system

Ih Ic II III IV V

Hexagonal Cubic Rhombohedral Tetragonal Rhombohedral Monoclinic

VI VII VIII IX X

Tetragonal Cubic Tetragonal Tetragonal Cubic

Cell parameters a = 4.513; c = 7352 a = 6.35 a = 7.78; α = 113.1° a = 6.73; c = 6.83 a = 7.60; α = 70.1° a = 9.22; b = 7.54, c = 10.35; β = 109.2° a = 6.27; c = 5.79 a = 3.41 a = 4.80; c = 6.99 a = 6.73; c = 6.83 a = 2.83

References 1. Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994. 2. Lerner, R.G. and Trigg, G.L., Eds., Encyclopedia of Physics, VCH Publishers, New York, 1990.

Triple points

Z

n

ρ/g cm-3

4 8 12 12 16 28

4 4 4 4 4 4

0.93 0.94 1.18 1.15 1.27 1.24

I-III: –21.99°C, 209.9 MPa

10 2 8 12 2

4 8 8 4 8

1.31 1.56 1.56 1.16 2.51

VI-VII: 82°C, 2216 MPa

III-V: –16.99°C, 350.1 MPa V-VI: 0.16°C, 632.4 MPa

3. Donnay, J.D.H. and Ondik, H.M, Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. 4. Hobbs, P.V., Ice Physics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1974. 5. Glasser, L., J. Chem. Edu., 81, 414, 2004.

Phase Diagrams

12-184 2000

Liq. Crist βQuartz

t/°C

M

1300° 34 kbars

1190° 1.43 kbars

Cal cula ted

1500

Trid

1000

Coesite

500

αQuartz Stishovite

0

20

40

60 80 P/kbar

100

120

SiO2 system. Crist = cristobalite; Trid = tridymite.

Atom % Oxygen

Liq. iron

54

56

A B

58

Liq. iron + Liq. oxide

Liquid oxide

C

R´ Liquid oxide + magnetite

δ-Iron + liq. oxide

I H

G γ-Iron + liq. oxide

S

60 Liquid oxide + oxygen

V

Liq. iron

1600

1400

52

50

Magnetite

Figure 4.

0

R

3000

Magnetite + oxygen

Y

Z 2600

N J .. Wustite

γ-Iron .. + wustite

Hematite + oxygen

t/°C

1200

1000

.. Wustite + magnetite

L

2200

°F 1800

Magnetite + hematite

800 α-Iron .. + wustite

1400

600

Q

1000 α-Iron + magnetite

FeO 400

Figure 5.

Fe-O system.

0 .2 .4 22

24

26 Mass % Oxygen

Fe3O4 28

Fe3O3 Z´ 30

Phase Diagrams Point

t/°C

A B C G H I J L N

a

12-185

1539 1528 1528 1400a 1424 1424 1371 911a 1371

%O

pCO /pCO

0.16 22.60 22.84 25.60 25.31 23.16 23.10 22.91

0.209 0.209 0.263 16.2 16.2 0.282 0.447 0.282

Point

2

t/°C

Q R R´ S V Y Z Z´

%O

560 1583 1583 1424 1597 1457 1457

pCO /pCO 2

23.26 28.30 28.07 27.64 27.64 28.36 30.04 30.6

1.05

16.2

Values for pure iron.

2200

Mass Percent Oxygen 10 20

0

30

40 TinO2n-1

2000 ~1885°C 1800

L

1842°C 1870°C

βTiO

(αTi)

1000

Ti3O2

800

940°C 882°C

Ti3O

600

βTi1-xO

αTiO

t/°C

~1250°C 1200

TiO (rutile)

γTiO

2 higher Magneli phases

(βTi) 1400

βTi2O3

1720°C 1670°C

1600

αTi1-xO

Ti2O 400 0

Ti

Figure 6.

10

20

30 40 Atomic Percent Oxygen

50

60

70

Ti-O system. Phase

(βTi) (αTi) Ti3O Ti2O γTiO Ti3O2 βTiO αTiO βTi1–xO αTi1–xO βTi2O3 αTi2O3 βTi3O5 αTi3O5 α´Ti3O5 γTi4O7 βTi4O7 αTi4O7 γTi5O9 βTi6O11 Ti7O13 Ti8O15 Ti9O17 Rutile TiO2 Metastable phases Anatase Brookite High-pressure phases TiO2-II TiO2-III

Composition, mass % O

Pearson symbol

Space group

0 to 3 0 to 13.5 ~8 to ~13 ~10 to 14.4 15.2 to 29.4 ~18 ~24 to ~29.4 ~25.0 ~29.5 ~29.5 33.2 to 33.6 33.2 to 33.6 35.8 35.8 35.8 36.9 36.9 36.9 37.6 38.0 38.3 38.5 38.7 40.1

cI2 hP2 hP~16 hP3 cF8 hP~5 c** mC16 oI12 tI18 hR30 hR30 m** mC32 mC32 aP44 aP44 aP44 aP28 aC68 aP40 aC92 aP52 tP6

Im¯3m P63/mmc P¯3c P¯3m1 Fm¯3m P6/mmm – A2/m or B*/* I222 I4/m R¯3c R¯3c – C2/m Cc P¯1 P¯1 P¯1 P¯1 A¯1 P¯1 A¯1 P¯1 P42/mnm

– –

tI12 oP24

I41/amd Pbca

– –

oP12 hP~48

Pbcn –

pO /atm 2 1 1 0.0575 1 1

Phase Diagrams

12-186 1600

TiO2 + Liq.

1500

Liquid

t /°C

1428° 1400 BaTiO3 + Liq.

~1357°

TiO2 + BaTi4O9

~1330°

~1320°

~1300°

1200

Figure 7.

60 BaO

70

Ba2Ti9O20

BaTi4O9

BaTiO3 + Ba6Ti17O40

Ba4Ti13O30

Ba6Ti17O40

1300

TiO2 + Ba2Ti9O20

80

90

100 TiO2

Mol %

BaO-TiO2 system.

2800

2600

2400 Spinel ss + Liquid

Periclase ss + Liquid

t/°C

2200 2105° Periclase 2000 ss

1995°

1800

Spinel ss

Periclase ss + Spinel ss

1600 ~1500° Periclase + Spinel 1400 0 MgO Figure 8.

MgO-Al2O3 system.

10

20

30

40 Mol %

50

60

70 Al2O3

Phase Diagrams

12-187

Liquid

2800 Hss

Css + Liq. 2400 Yss + Hss 2000

Css

Css + Yss Yss

1700°C

t/°C

1650°± 50°

1600

(28%)

Css + 6:1

1375°

1325°± 25°

(55%)

Tetss + Css

1200

6:1ss

Css + 4:3 (95.5%) 490°

Zr3Y4O12

800

Tetss

4:3 + 1:6ss

400

Monss Monss + Css

0

0 Y2O3

20

40

60 Mol %

80

100 ZrO2

Figure 9. Y2O3-ZrO2 system. Css = cubic ZrO2 ss (fluorite-type ss); Yss = cubic Y2O3 ss; Tetss = tetragonal ZrO2 ss; Monss = monoclinic ZrO2 ss; Hss = hexagonal Y2O3 ss; 3:4 = Zr3Y4O12; 1:6 = ZrY6O11 ss.

Phase Diagrams

12-188 3(SiO2) 100

2(Al2O3)

Al6Si4O13 ss

Liquid

ALON ss

X

80

1700°C

Mol %

60

8H

40 β´

O´

R

15

Si2ON2

H

12

20

R

21

R

27

δ

2H

0 0 Si3N4

20

40

Mol %

60

80

100 4(AIN)

Figure 10. 3(SiO2)-Si3N4-4(AlN)-2(Al2O3) system. “Behavior” diagram at 1700°C. The labels 8H, 15R, 12H, 21R, 27R, 2Hδ indicate defect AlN polytypes. β´ = 3-sialon (Si6–xAlxOxN8–x); O´ = sialon of Si2ON2 type; X = SiAlO2N (“nitrogen mullite”). ALON ss = aluminum oxynitride ss extending from approximately Al7O9N to Al3O3N.

PbO

1100°C

Liq. + (PT-PZ)ss (PT-PZ)ss(rhom) PbTiO3

(PT-PZ)ss(tet)

(PZ-PT)ss(orth) PbZrO3

ZT

Zss + (PT-PZ)ss

-PZ PT Zss + ZT + (PT-PZ)ss

Tss

+ (P

T-P Z

)ss

)ss

+( Tss + ZT + (PT-PZ)ss

TiO2 (8%) Figure 11.

40

TiZrO4 Mol %

60

80 (86%)

PbO-ZrO2-TiO2 (PZT) system, subsolidus at 1100°C. P = PbO; T = TiO2; Z = ZrO2.

ZrO2

Phase Diagrams

Figure 12.

12-189

CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system (temperatures in °C).

Crystalline Phases Notation Oxide formula SiO2 Cristobalite Tridymite Pseudowollastonite CaO·SiO2 Rankinite 3CaO·2SiO2 Lime CaO Corundum Al2O3 Mullite 3Al2O3·2SiO2 Anorthite CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2 Gehlenite 2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2

}

Temperatures up to approximately 1550°C are on the Geophysical Laboratory Scale; those above 1550°C are on the 1948 International Scale.

Phase Diagrams

12-190 BaO(BaCO3)

c1 P ss

Ba4Y2O7

Ba2CuO3

~4:1:2

~5:1:3

Ba2Y2O5

BaCuO2 b2

Ba3Y4O9

a2

2:1:3

BaY2O4 1:2:1 a1

Y2Cu2O3 0 1/2(Y2O3)

20

40

b1 Mol %

60

c2 100 CuO

80

Figure 13. BaO-Y2O3-CuO system. 2:1:3 = Ba2YCu3O7–x; 1:2:1 = BaY2CuO5; 4:1:2 = Ba4YCu2O7.5+x; and 5:1:3 = Ba5YCu3O9.5 + x. The superconducting 2:1:3 phase was prepared using barium peroxide.

1100

0

Atomic Percent Copper 20 30 40

10

50

60

70

80

90 100 1084.87°

β0

1000 γ0

L 900

β

ε1

t/°C

800

700

γ1 660.452°C ε2

600

500

ζ1

567°C

η2

400

(Al)

300 0

Al

Figure 14.

δ

η1

548.2°C

Al-Cu system.

(Cu)

θ ζ2

10

20

30

40 50 60 Mass Percent Copper

70

α2

80

90

100 Cu

Phase Diagrams

12-191 Phase (Al) θ η1 η2 ζ1 ζ2 ε1 ε2 δ γ0 γ1 β0 β α2 (Cu) Metastable phases θ´ β´ Al3Cu2

Composition, wt % Cu 0 to 5.65 52.5 to 53.7 70.0 to 72.2 70.0 to 72.1 74.4 to 77.8 74.4 to 75.2 77.5 to 79.4 72.2 to 78.7 77.4 to 78.3 77.8 to 84 79.7 to 84 83.1 to 84.7 85.0 to 91.5 88.5 to 89 90.6 to 100

Pearson symbol cF4 tI12 oP16 or oC16 mC20 hP42 (a) (b) hP4 (c) (d) cP52 (d) cI2 (e) cF4

Space group Fm¯3m I4/mcm Pban or Cmmm C2/m P6/mmm – – P63/mmc R¯3m – P¯43m – Im¯3m – Fm¯3m

– – 61 to 70

tP6 cF16 hp5

– Fm¯3m P¯3m1

(a) Monoclinic? (b) Cubic? (c) Rhombohedral. (d) Unknown. (e) D022-type long-period superlattice.

0

Atomic Percent Carbon 30 20

10 L

2000

(δFe)

L + C(graphite)

1500

t/°C

1394°C

(γFe), austenite

1153°C 2.1

4.2

1000

912°C

740°C 0.65

500 (αFe), ferrite

0

Figure 15.

0

2

4

6 8 Mass Percent Carbon

10

12

Fe-C system.

Phase (δFe) (γFe) (αFe) (C) Metastable/high-pressure phases (εFe) Martensite Fe4C Fe3C (θ) Fe5C2 (χ) Fe7C3 Fe7C3 Fe2C (η) Fe2C (ε) Fe2C (C)

Composition, mass % C 0 to 0.09 0 to 2.1 0 to 0.021 100

Pearson symbol cI2 cF4 cI2 hP4

Space group Im¯3m Fm¯3m Im¯3m P63/mmc

0 < 2.1 5.1 6.7 7.9 8.4 8.4 9.7 9.7 9.7 100

hP2 tI4 cP5 oP16 mC28 hP20 oP40 oP6 hP* hP* cF8

P63/mmc I4/mmm P¯43m Pnma C2/c P63mc Pnma Pnnm P6322 P¯3m1 Fd¯3m

Phase Diagrams

12-192 Atomic Percent Chromium 10

0

1900

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 1863°C

L

1700 1538°C 1500

1513°C 19.8

1394°C

t/°C

1300 (γFe)

1100

11.2 846°C

912°C 900

13.4 (αFe,δFe)

830°C 45

6.5 T C

770°C 700

(Cr)

σ

500 47.2 300

0

10

F Figure 16.

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

r

Mass Percent Chromium

Fe-Cr system. Composition,

Pearson

Space

Phase

mass % Cr

symbol

group

(aFe, Cr)

0 to 100

cI2

(γFe)

0 to 11.2

cF4

Fm¯3m

σ

42.7 to 48.2

tP30

P42/mnm

1200 0

10

1100

20

Im¯3m

Atomic Percent Tin 30 40 50

60

70

80 90 100

1084.87°C

1000 900

t/°C

800

13.5

β

25.6 30.6 676°C

γ

500

ζ 586°C 24.6 520°C 15.8 27.0

400

~350°C

(Cu)

600

100

11

δ

640°C

58.6

582°C

32.55

415°C

92.4

η 189°C

1.3

0 Cu

Cu-Sn system.

ε

59

300

Figure 17.

796°C 22

700

200

L

755°C

60.3

60.9

227°C 186°C

η´

10

20

30

40 50 60 Mass Percent Tin

70

80

99.3

231.9681°C

(Sn) 90 100 Sn

Phase Diagrams

12-193 Phase α β γ δ ζ ε η η´ (βSn) (αSn)

Composition, mass % Sn 0 to 15.8 22.0 to 27.0 25.5 to 41.5 32 to 33 32.2 to 35.2 27.7 to 39.5 59.0 to 60.9 44.8 to 60.9 ~100 100

Pearson symbol cF4 cI2 cF16 cF416 hP26 oC80 hP4 (a) tI4 cF8

Space group Fm¯3m Im¯3m Fm¯3m F¯43m P63 Cmcm P63/mmc – I41/amd Fd¯3m

(a) Hexagonal; superlattice based on NiAs-type structure.

Figure 18.

Cu-Ni system.

Phase (Cu, Ni) (above 354.5°C)

Composition, mass % Ni

Pearson symbol

0 to 100

cF4

Space group – Fm3 m

Phase Diagrams

12-194 Atomic Percent Tin 350

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

327.502°C

L

300

250

231.9681°C (Pb)

t/°C

200

183°C 18.3

97.8

61.9

150

100

(βSn)

50

0

0

10

20

Pb Figure 19.

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Mass Percent Tin

Pb-Sn system. Phase (Pb) (βSn) (αSn) High-pressure phases ε(a) ε´(b)

100

Sn

Composition, mass % Sn 0 to 18.3 97.8 to 100 100

Pearson symbol cF4 tI4 cF8

Space group Fm¯3m I41/amd Fd¯3m

52 to 74 52

hP1 hP2

P6/mmm P63/mmc

(a) From phase diagram calculated at 2500 MPa. (b) This phase was claimed for alloys at 350°C and 5500 MPa.

Phase Diagrams

12-195

1100

0

10

20

Mass Percent Zinc 40 50 60

30

70

80

90

100

1064.62°C A

1000 900

31.9 902 B

D 36.8

L

36.1 C

H 834°C

55.8 G

800

59.1

β 69.2 L

t/°C

700 600

γ

α or (Cu)

500

454°C X 468 57 38.27 48.2 Y 44.8 E F

400

N 700°C 79.8 M 72.45

Q δ 76 P 87.9 O 598°C S 78 70 T 78 98.25 R 73.5 560°C 88

ε U

β´

425°C 97.17 W 419.58°C V

η or (Zn)

300 200 100

0 Cu

Figure 20.

10

20

30

40 50 60 Atomic Percent Zinc

70

Cu-Zn system. Phase

Composition, mass % Zn

Pearson symbol

α or (Cu)

0 to 38.95

cF4

β

36.8 to 56.5

cI2

Space group

Fm¯3m Im¯3m

Pm¯3m

β´

45.5 to 50.7

cP2

γ

57.7 to 70.6

cI52

δ

73.02 to 76.5

hP3

P¯6

ε

78.5 to 88.3

hP2

P63/mmc

η or (Zn)

97.25 to 100

hP2

P63/mmc

I¯43m

80

90

100 Zn

Phase Diagrams

12-196 Atomic Percent Samarium 20 30 40 50

10

Co5+xSm

1495°C

1400

1325°C

60

1260°C

βCo7Sm2

L

1200°C 1074°C

1074°C (γSm) 922°C (βSm)

Co3Sm

αCo7Sm2

Co3Sm

β → α

600

Co5-xSm

800 αCo17Sm2

t/°C

1000

1100°C

Co19Sm5

(αCo)

βCo17Sm2

1240°C

1200

575°C

0 Co

Figure 21.

10

734°C 595°C

Co4Sm9

(εCo)

0

695°C 605

20

30

40

50

~93

~82

400 200

70 80 90100

60

70

CoSm3

1600

0

80

(αSm)

90

Mass Percent Samarium

Co-Sm system. Phase

Composition, mass % Sm

Pearson symbol

(αCo)

0 to ~3.7

cF4

Fm¯3m

(εCo)

~0

hP2

P63/mmc

βCo17Sm2

~23.0

hP38

P63/mmc

αCo17Sm2

~23.0

hR19

Co5 + xSm

~33 to 34

Space group

R¯3m

hP8

P6/mmm

–

–

Co5 - xSm

~34 to 35

–

Co19Sm5

~40.1

hR24

αCo7Sm2

~42.1

hR18

R¯3m

βCo7Sm2

~42.1

hP36

P63/mmc

Co3Sm

46

hR12

Co2Sm

56.0

hR4

hP48

–

R¯3m P63/mmc

R¯3m R¯3m

cF24

Fd¯3m

Co4Sm9

~85.1

o**

–

CoSm3

88

oP16

Pnma

(γSm)

~100

cI2

Im¯3m

(βSm)

~100

hP2

P63/mmc

(αSm)

~100

hR3

R¯3m

Other reported phases Co5Sm

~33.8

hP6

P6/mmm

Co2Sm5

~86.4

mC28

C2/c

100 Sm

Phase Diagrams

12-197 Atomic Percent Molybdenum 10

0

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 2623°

2600

L

2400 2200 2000

t/°C

1800 1600 1670°C 1400

(βTi,Mo)

1200 1000

882°C

~650°C

800

~695°C

600 400

0

10

Ti

Figure 22.

~21

(αTi)

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Mass Percent Molybdenum

90

100

Mo

Ti-Mo system.

Phase

Composition, mass % Mo

Pearson symbol

(βTi, Mo)

0 to 100

cI2

Space group – Im3 m

(αTi)

0 to 0.8

hP2

P63/mmc

α´

(a)

hP2

P63/mmc

α˝

(a)

oC4

Cmcm

ω

(a)

hP3

P6/mmm

(a) Metastable.

to 800 Sta

β

rt

700

sh Fini

t/°C

β + α´ (β + α)eqm

600

MS

500

400

β + α´ 0.1

1.0

10 Time in Minutes

100

1000

Experimental time–temperature–transformation (TTT) diagram for Ti-Mo. The start and finish times of the isothermal precipitation reaction vary with temperature as a result of the temperature dependence of the nucleation and growth processes. Precipitation is complete, at any temperature, when the equilibrium fraction of α is established in accordance with the lever rule. The solid horizontal line represents the athermal (or nonthermally activated) martensitic transformation that occurs when the β phase is quenched.

Phase Diagrams

12-198 Cr

10

90

20

80

(Cr) + σ (Cr) + (γFe,Ni)

σ

60

Fe

40

σ + (γFe,Ni)

70

10

30

) Ni

e,

r)

(C

γF +(

20

18-8 Stainless steel

90

50

20

um mi

Ma ss P

50

80

60

hro tC

erc en

(Cr)

en erc

t Ir

40

70 P ss Ma

on

30

30

(γFe,Ni)

40 50 60 Mass Percent Nickel

10

70

80

90

Ni

Figure 23. The isothermal section at 900°C (1652°F) of the iron-chromium-nickel ternary phase diagram, showing the nominal composition of 18-8 stainless steel.

HEAT CAPACITY OF SELECTED SOLIDS This table gives the molar heat capacity at constant pressure of representative metals, semiconductors, and other crystalline solids as a function of temperature in the range 200 to 600 K.

References

2. Garvin, D., Parker, V. B., and White, H. J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables, Hemisphere Press, New York, 1987. 3. DIPPR Database of Pure Compound Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties Data, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1987.

1. Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. Cp in J/mol K Name Aluminum Aluminum oxide Anthracene Benzoic acid Beryllium Biphenyl Boron Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide Cesium chloride Chromium Cobalt Copper Copper oxide Copper sulfate Germanium Gold Graphite Hexachlorobenzene Iodine Iron Lead Lithium Lithium chloride Magnesium Magnesium oxide Manganese Naphthalene Potassium Potassium chloride Silicon Silicon dioxide Silver Sodium Sodium chloride Tantalum Titanium Tungsten Vanadium Zinc Zirconium

200 K

250 K

300 K

21.33 51.12 138.6 102.7 9.98 131.0 5.99 24.54 66.50 33.64 50.13 19.86 22.23 22.63 34.80 77.01

23.08 67.05 173.9 123.5 13.58 162.5 8.82 25.41 75.66 38.59 51.34 22.30 23.98 23.77

5.01 162.7 51.57 21.59 25.87 21.57 43.35 22.72

6.82 183.6 53.24 23.74 26.36 23.42 46.08 24.02

23.05 105.8 27.00 48.44 15.64 32.64

24.95 134.1 28.01 50.10 18.22 39.21

22.45 46.89 24.08 22.37 22.49 21.88 24.05 23.87

27.01 48.85 24.86 24.07 23.69 23.70 25.02 24.69

24.25 79.45 210.7 147.4 16.46 197.2 11.40 25.94 83.82 42.18 52.48 23.47 24.83 24.48 42.41 99.25 23.25 25.41 8.58 202.4 54.51 25.15 26.85 24.64 48.10 24.90 37.38 26.35 167.8 29.60 51.37 20.04 44.77 25.36 28.20 50.21 25.31 25.28 24.30 24.93 25.45 25.22

89.25

350 K

400 K

500 K

600 K

25.11 88.91 248.8 172.0 18.53

25.78 96.14 288.4

26.84 106.17

27.89 112.55

19.95

21.94

23.34

13.65 26.32 91.51 45.07 53.58 24.39 25.68 24.95 44.95 107.65 23.85 25.37 10.24

15.69 26.87 96.97 46.98 54.68 25.23 26.53 25.33 46.78 114.93 24.31 25.51 11.81

18.72 28.49 104.52 49.33 56.90 26.63 28.20 25.91 49.19 127.19 24.96 26.06 14.62

20.78 30.38 109.86 50.72 59.10 27.72 29.66 26.48 50.83 136.31 25.45 26.65 16.84

58.60 26.28 27.30 25.96 49.66 25.57 40.59 27.52 204.1

27.39 27.72 27.60 50.97 26.14 42.77 28.53

29.70 28.55 29.28 53.34 27.17 45.56 30.29

32.05 29.40 55.59 28.18 47.30 31.90

53.08 22.14 53.43 25.79

54.71 23.33 59.64 26.36

56.35 24.15 64.42 26.99

52.14 25.84 26.86 24.92 26.23 26.35 25.93

53.96 26.35 27.88 25.36 26.94 27.39 26.56

55.81 26.84 28.60 25.79 27.49 28.59 27.28

52.31 21.28 49.47 25.55 30.14 51.25 25.60 26.17 24.65 25.68 25.88 25.61

12-195

Section 12.indb 195

4/28/05 2:00:31 PM

Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals This table gives the following properties for the metallic elements: tm: tb:

Melting point in °C Normal boiling point in °C, at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (760 Torr) ∆fusH: Enthalpy of fusion at the melting point in J/g ρ25: Density at 25°C in g/cm3 α: Coefficient of linear expansion at 25°C in K-1 (the quantity listed is 106 × α) cp: Specific heat capacity at constant pressure at 25°C in J/g K λ: Thermal conductivity at 27°C in W/cm K

References 1. Dinsdale, A. T., CALPHAD, 15, 317, 1991 (melting points, enthalpy of fusion). 2. Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, IFI/Plenum, New York, 1975 (coefficient of expansion, density). Metal (symbol) Actinium (Ac) Aluminum (Al) Antimony (Sb) Barium (Ba) Beryllium (Be) Bismuth (Bi) Cadmium (Cd) Calcium (Ca) Cerium (Ce) Cesium (Cs) Chromium (Cr) Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Dysprosium (Dy) Erbium (Er) Europium (Eu) Gadolinium (Gd) Gallium (Ga) Gold (Au) Hafnium (Hf ) Holmium (Ho) Indium (In) Iridium (Ir) Iron (Fe) Lanthanum (La) Lead (Pb) Lithium (Li) Lutetium (Lu) Magnesium (Mg) Manganese (Mn) Mercury (Hg) Molybdenum (Mo) Neodymium (Nd) Neptunium (Np) Nickel (Ni)

Atomic weight 26.98 121.76 137.33 9.01 208.98 112.41 40.08 140.11 132.91 52.00 58.93 63.55 162.50 167.26 151.96 157.25 69.72 196.97 178.49 164.93 114.82 192.22 55.85 138.91 207.20 6.94 174.97 24.30 54.94 200.59 95.94 144.24 58.69

tb °C

tm °C 1050 660.32 630.628 727 1287 271.406 321.069 842 799 28.44 1907 1495 1084.62 1412 1529 822 1313 29.7666 1064.18 2233 1472 156.60 2446 1538 920 327.462 180.5 1663 650 1246 –38.8290 2623 1016 644 1455

3198 2519 1587 1897 2471 1564 767 1484 3443 671 2671 2927 2562 2567 2868 1529 3273 2204 2856 4603 2700 2072 4428 2861 3464 1749 1342 3402 1090 2061 356.62 4639 3074 2913

3. Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, Suppl. 1, 1974 (thermal conductivity). 4. Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989 (heat capacity). 5. Glushko, V. P., Ed., Thermal Constants of Substances, VINITI, Moscow, (enthalpy of fusion, heat capacity). 6. Wagman, D. D., et. al., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 2, 1982 (heat capacity). 7. Chase, M. W., et. al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985 (heat capacity, enthalpy of fusion). 8. Gschneidner, K. A., Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 11, 216–224, 1990 (various properties of the rare earth metals). 9. Hellwege, K. H., Ed., Landolt Börnstein, Numerical Values and Functions in Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geophysics, and Technology, Vol. 2, Part 1, Mechanical-Thermal Properties of State, 1971 (density). 10. Physical Encyclopedic Dictionary, Vol. 1–5, Encyclopedy Publishing House, Moscow, 1960–66.

∆fus H J/g 399.9 162.5 51.8 876.0 53.3 55.2 213.1 39.0 15.7 404 272.5 203.5 68.1 119 60.6 63.6 80.0 64.6 152.4 103a 28.6 213.9 247.3 44.6 23.1 432 126a 348.9 235.0 11.4 390.7 49.5 13.5 290.3

ρ25 g/cm3 10 2.70 6.68 3.62 1.85 9.79 8.69 1.54 6.77 1.93 7.15 8.86 8.96 8.55 9.07 5.24 7.90 5.91 19.3 13.3 8.80 7.31 22.5 7.87 6.15 11.3 0.534 9.84 1.74 7.3 13.5336 10.2 7.01 20.2 8.90

α × 106 K-1

cp J/g K

23.1 11.0 20.6 11.3 13.4 30.8 22.3 6.3 97 4.9 13.0 16.5 9.9 12.2 35.0 9.4b 18 14.2 5.9 11.2 32.1 6.4 11.8 12.1 28.9 46 9.9 24.8 21.7 60.4 4.8 9.6

0.12 0.897 0.207 0.205 1.82 0.122 0.231 0.646 0.192 0.242 0.450 0.421 0.384 0.170 0.168 0.182 0.235 0.374 0.129 0.144 0.165 0.233 0.131 0.449 0.195 0.127 3.57 0.154 1.024 0.479 0.139 0.251 0.191

13.4

0.445

λ W/cm K 2.37 0.243 0.184 2.00 0.0787 0.968 2.00 0.113 0.359 0.937 1.00 4.01 0.107 0.145 0.139a 0.105 0.406 3.17 0.230 0.162 0.816 1.47 0.802 0.134 0.353 0.847 0.164 1.56 0.0782 0.0834 1.38 0.165 0.063 0.907

12-196

487_S12.indb 196

3/24/06 10:15:43 AM

Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals Metal (symbol) Niobium (Nb) Osmium (Os) Palladium (Pd) Platinum (Pt) Plutonium (Pu) Polonium (Po) Potassium (K) Praseodymium (Pr) Promethium (Pm) Protactinium (Pa) Radium (Ra) Rhenium (Re) Rhodium (Rh) Rubidium (Rb) Ruthenium (Ru) Samarium (Sm) Scandium (Sc) Silver (Ag) Sodium (Na) Strontium (Sr) Tantalum (Ta) Technetium (Tc) Terbium (Tb) Thallium (Tl) Thorium (Th) Thulium (Tm) Tin (Sn) Titanium (Ti) Tungsten (W ) Uranium (U) Vanadium (V) Ytterbium (Yb) Yttrium (Y) Zinc (Zn) Zirconium (Zr) a

Estimated.

b

At 100°C.

487_S12.indb 197

Atomic weight 92.91 190.23 106.42 195.08

39.10 140.91 231.04 186.21 102.91 85.47 101.07 150.36 44.96 107.87 22.99 87.62 180.95 158.93 204.38 232.04 168.93 118.71 47.88 183.84 238.03 50.94 173.04 88.91 65.39 91.22

tm °C 2477 3033 1554.8 1768.2 640 254 63.38 931 1042 1572 696 3185 1964 39.30 2334 1072 1541 961.78 97.794 777 3017 2157 1359 304 1750 1545 231.93 1668 3422 1135 1910 824 1522 419.53 1854.7

tb °C

12-197 ∆fus H J/g

4744 5012 2963 3825 3228 962 759 3520 3000a

323 304.1 157.3 113.6 11.6

5596 3695 688 4150 1794 2836 2162 882.94 1382 5458 4265 3230 1473 4788 1950 2602 3287 5555 4131 3407 1196 3345 907 4409

324.5 258.4 25.6 381.8 57.3 314 104.6 113.1 84.8 202.1 339.7 67.9 20.3 59.5 99.7 60.4 295.6 284.5 38.4 422 44.3 128 108.1 230.2

59.6 48.9 53.4

ρ25 g/cm3 8.57 22.59 12.0 21.5 19.7 9.20 0.89 6.77 7.26 15.4 5 20.8 12.4 1.53 12.1 7.52 2.99 10.5 0.97 2.64 16.4 11 8.23 11.8 11.7 9.32 7.26 4.51 19.3 19.1 6.0 6.90 4.47 7.14 6.52

α × 106 K-1 7.3 5.1 11.8 8.8 46.7 23.5 83.3 6.7 11a

6.2 8.2

cp J/g K 0.265 0.130 0.244 0.133

0.757 0.193 0.19a

6.4 12.7 10.2 18.9 71 22.5 6.3

0.137 0.243 0.364 0.238 0.196 0.567 0.235 1.225 0.306 0.140

10.3 29.9 11.0 13.3 22.0 8.6 4.5 13.9 8.4 26.3 10.6 30.2 5.7

0.182 0.129 0.118 0.160 0.227 0.522 0.132 0.116 0.489 0.154 0.298 0.388 0.278

λ W/cm K 0.537 0.876 0.718 0.716 0.0674 0.20 1.024 0.125 0.15a

0.479 1.50 0.582 1.17 0.133 0.158 4.29 1.41 0.353 0.575 0.506 0.111 0.461 0.540 0.169 0.666 0.219 1.74 0.276 0.307 0.385 0.172 1.16 0.227

3/24/06 10:15:44 AM

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE This table gives the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of several metals and of carbon, germanium, and silicon. For graphite, separate entries are given for the thermal conductivity parallel (||) and perpendicular (⊥) to the layer planes. The thermal conductivity of all these materials is very sensitive to impurities at low temperatures, especially below 100 K. Therefore, the values given here should be regarded as typical values for a highly purified specimen; the thermal conductivity of different specimens can vary by more than an order of magnitude in the low-temperature range. See Reference 2 for details.

T/K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Ag 39.4 78.3 115 147 172 187 193 190 181 168 96.0 51.0 19.3 10.5 7.0 5.5 4.97 4.71 4.60 4.50 4.32 4.30 4.29 4.29 4.27 4.25 4.19 4.12 3.96 3.79 3.61*

Al 41.1 81.8 121 157 188 213 229 237 239 235 176 117 49.5 24.0 13.5 8.5 5.85 4.32 3.42 3.02 2.48 2.37 2.35 2.37 2.40 2.40 2.36 2.31 2.18

Au 5.46 10.9 16.1 20.9 25.2 28.5 30.9 32.3 32.7 32.4 24.6 15.8 7.55 5.15 4.21 3.74 3.48 3.32 3.28 3.27 3.25 3.23 3.21 3.17 3.14 3.11 3.04 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55

I 0.0138* 0.0461 0.108 0.206 0.344 0.523 0.762 1.05 1.40 3.96 7.87 18.8 29.4 35.3 37.4 36.9 35.1 32.7 30.0 19.5 14.1 11.0 8.95 7.55* 6.5*

References 1. Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 279, 1972. 2. White, G. K., and Minges, M. L., Thermophysical Properties of Some Key Solids, CODATA Bulletin No. 59, 1985.

Thermal Conductivity in W/cm K Carbon (C) Pyrolytic Diamond (type) graphite IIa IIb || ⊥ 0.033* 0.111 0.261 0.494 0.820 1.24 1.77 2.41 3.17 8.65 16.8 38.9 65.9 92.1 112 119 117 109 100 60.2 40.3 29.7 23.0 18.5* 15.4*

0.0200* 0.0676 0.160 0.307 0.510 0.778 1.12 1.53 2.03 5.66 11.2 26.5 44.0 59.1 67.5 69.1 65.7 60.0 54.2 32.5 22.6 17.0 13.5 11.1* 9.32*

0.811

0.0116

4.20 9.86 16.4 23.1 29.8 36.6 42.8 47.5 49.7 45.1 32.3 24.4 19.5 16.2 13.9 10.8 8.92 6.67 5.34 4.48 3.84 3.33 2.93 2.62

0.0397 0.0786 0.120 0.152 0.173 0.181 0.181 0.176 0.168 0.125 0.0923 0.0711 0.0570 0.0477 0.0409 0.0322 0.0268 0.0201 0.0160 0.0134 0.0116 0.0100 0.00895 0.00807

Cr 0.402* 0.803 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.39 2.27 3.14 3.50 3.85 5.24 5.93 5.49 4.25 3.17 2.48 2.07 1.84 1.69 1.59 1.29 1.11 1.00 0.937 0.929 0.909 0.860 0.807 0.713 0.654 0.619 0.588 0.556 0.526* 0.494*

Cu 42.2 84.0 125 162 195 222 239 248 249 243 171 108 44.5 21.7 12.5 8.29 6.47 5.57 5.08 4.82 4.29 4.13 4.06 4.01 3.96 3.93 3.86 3.79 3.66 3.52 3.39

12-198

Section 12.indb 198

4/28/05 2:00:40 PM

Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature T/K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 a

Fe 1.71 3.42 5.11 6.77 8.39 9.93 11.4 12.7 13.9 14.8 17.0 15.4 10.0 6.23 4.05 2.85 2.16 1.75 1.50 1.34 1.04 0.94 0.865 0.802 0.744 0.695 0.613 0.547 0.433 0.323 0.283 0.312 0.330 0.345*

Gea 0.274 2.06 5.35 8.77 11.6 13.9 15.5 16.6 17.3 17.7 17.3 14.9 10.8 7.98 6.15 4.87 3.93 3.25 2.70 2.32 1.32 0.968 0.749 0.599 0.495 0.432 0.338 0.273 0.198 0.174 0.174

Mg 9.86 19.6 29.0 37.6 45.0 50.8 54.7 56.7 57.0 55.8 41.1 27.2 12.9 7.19 4.65 3.27 2.49 2.02 1.78 1.69 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.53 1.51 1.49 1.46*

Ni 2.17 4.34 6.49 8.59 10.6 12.5 14.2 15.8 17.1 18.1 19.5 16.5 9.56 5.82 4.00 3.08 2.50 2.10 1.83 1.64 1.22 1.07 0.975 0.907 0.850 0.802 0.722 0.656 0.676 0.718 0.762 0.804

Pb 27.9 44.6 35.8 22.2 13.8 8.10 4.86 3.20 2.30 1.78 0.845 0.591 0.477 0.451 0.436 0.425 0.416 0.409 0.403 0.397 0.379 0.367 0.360 0.353 0.347 0.340 0.328 0.314

Pt

Sia

2.31 4.60 6.79 8.8 10.5 11.8 12.6 12.9 12.8 12.3 8.41 4.95 2.15 1.39 1.09 0.947 0.862 0.815 0.789 0.775 0.740 0.726 0.718 0.716 0.717 0.718 0.723 0.732 0.756 0.787 0.826 0.871 0.919 0.961 0.994*

0.0693* 0.454 1.38 2.97 5.27 8.23 11.7 15.5 19.5 23.3 41.6 49.8 48.1 35.3 26.8 21.1 16.8 13.4 10.8 8.84 4.09 2.64 1.91 1.48 1.19 0.989 0.762 0.619 0.422 0.312 0.257 0.235 0.221

12-199 Sn

183 323 297 181 117 76 52 36 26 19.3 6.3 3.2 1.79 1.33 1.15 1.04 0.96 0.915 0.880 0.853 0.779 0.733 0.696 0.666 0.642 0.622 0.596

Ti 0.0144* 0.0288* 0.0432 0.0575 0.0719 0.0863 0.101 0.115 0.129 0.143 0.212 0.275 0.365 0.390 0.374 0.355 0.340 0.326 0.315 0.305 0.270 0.245 0.229 0.219 0.210 0.204 0.197 0.194 0.197 0.207 0.220 0.236 0.253 0.270*

W 14.4 28.7 42.8 56.3 68.7 79.5 88.0 93.8 96.8 97.1 72.0 40.5 14.4 6.92 4.27 3.14 2.58 2.29 2.17 2.08 1.92 1.85 1.80 1.74 1.67 1.59 1.46 1.37 1.25 1.18 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.98

Values below 300 K are typical values.

* Extrapolated.

Section 12.indb 199

4/28/05 2:00:43 PM

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ALLOYS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE This table lists the thermal conductivity of selected alloys at various temperatures. The indicated compositions refer to weight percent. Since the thermal conductivity is sensitive to exact composition and processing history, especially at low temperatures, these values should be considered approximate.

References 1. Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Ho, C. Y., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 959, 1978.

Thermal conductivity in W/m K Alloy Aluminum:

Bismuth: Copper:

Ferrous:

Gold: Indium: Lead: Nickel:

Platinum: Silver: Tin: Titanium:

1100 2024 3003 5052 5083, 5086 Duralumin Rose metal Wood’s metal electrolytic tough pitch free cutting, leaded phosphorus, deoxidized brass, leaded bronze, 68% Cu; 32% Zn beryllium german silver silicon bronze A manganin constantan commercial pure iron plain carbon steel(AISI 1020) plain carbon steel(AISI 1095) 3% Ni; 0.7% Cr; 0.6% Mo 4% Si stainless steel 27% Ni; 15% Cr colbalt thermocouple 65% Au; 35% Ag 85.5% In; 14.5% Pb 60% Pb; 40% Sn (soft solder) 64.35% Pb; 35.65% In 80% Ni; 20% Cr contracid inconel monel 90% Pt; 10% Ir 90% Pt; 10% Rh silver solder normal Ag thermocouple 60% Sn; 40% Pb 5.5% Al; 2.5% Sn;0.2% Fe 4.7% Mn; 3.99% Al; 0.14% C

4K

20 K

77 K

50 3.2 11 4.8 3 5.5

240 17 58 25 17 30 5.5 17 1300 800 42 12 16 17 7.5 3.4 3.2 8.6 72 20 8.5 6

270 56 140 77 55 91 8.3 23 550 460 120 39 48 36 17 11 14 17 106 58 31 22

220 95 150 120 95 140 14

220 130 160 140 120 160 16

400 380 190 70 92 70 20 23 17 19 82 65 41

8 55 20 24 24 44 9.1

13

0.8

2 1.7 8.6 12 7.8 28 3.26

390 380 220 120 110 90 23 30 22 22 76 65 45 33 20 14 11

0.2 0.5 0.9

2 4.2 7.1

7.3 12.5 15

9.5 13 20

12 230 55 1.8 1.7

34 310 51 4.3 4.5

4 330 200 7.5 2.3 2.3 2 0.75 0.48 0.9 15 13

0.3 1.2 1.9

48 16

194 K

41

58

6.4 6.5

273 K

61

20.2 12 13 15 21 31 30.1

7.8 8.5

373 K

573 K

973 K

180

380

370

350

113 25

172 30

40

66

54

34

35 24 16 12

36 28 19 16

30 26 25 21

14

17

23

16 24 31.4 30.5

19 30

26 43

89

8.4

10.8

12-200

Section 12.indb 200

4/28/05 2:00:48 PM

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CRYSTALLINE DIELECTRICS This table lists the thermal conductivity of a number of crystalline dielectrics, including some which find use as optical materials. Values are given at temperatures for which data are available.

Ther. cond. W/m K

Material

T/K

AgCl

223 273 323 373 398 540 723 315 315 358 417 315 358 377

1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.9 3.2 3.5 6.4 17.7 15.6 13.3 35.8 35.4 35.6

4.2 20 35 77 373 523 773 4.2 20 77 194 273 373 973 8 10 20 77 283 323 373 1047 1475 1928 2111 225 260 305 370 5 30 40 100 250 300 4.2

110 3500 6000 1100 2.6 3.9 5.8 0.5 23 150 48 35 26 8 6.0 3.7 1.4 0.31 0.16 0.21 0.27 36.2 22.7 21.9 18.5 20 13.4 10.9 10.5 4.2 24.0 25.0 12.0 4.8 6.2 0.3

Al,B silicate (tourmaline) || to c axis Al,Be silicate (beryl) Al,F silicate (topaz) || to c axis Al,Fe silicate (garnet)

Al2O3 (sapphire): 36° to c axis

⊥ to c axis

Al2O3 (sintered)

Ar

As2S3 (glass) BN

BaF2

BaTiO3

BeO

Reference Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

Material

Bi2Te3

C (diamond) type I

CaCO3 || to c axis ⊥ to c axis

CaF2

CaWO4 (scheelite) CdTe

CsBr

CsI

Cu2O (cuprite)

Fe3O4 (magnetite)

Glass: phoenix

plastic perspex

T/K 20 77 373 573 1273 80 204 303 370 4.2 20 77 194 273 83 273 83 194 273 373 83 223 273 323 373 422 160 297 422 223 273 323 373 223 273 323 373 102 163 299 360 4.5 20.5 126.5 304 4.2 20 77 4.2

Ther. cond. W/m K 16 270 210 120 29 6.4 2.8 3.6 4.6 13 800 3550 1450 1000 25 5.5 17 6.5 4.6 3.6 39 18 10 9.2 9 11.3 7.0 3.6 2.9 1.2 0.94 0.81 0.77 1.4 1.2 1 0.95 3.74 7.76 5.58 4.86 27.4 293.0 7.4 7.0 0.095 0.13 0.37 0.058

12-201

Section 12.indb 201

4/28/05 2:00:52 PM

Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics

12-202 Material pyrex

H2 (para + 0.5% ortho)

H2O (ice) He3 (high pressure)

He4 (high pressure)

I2 KBr

KCl

KI

Kr

LaF3 LiF

MgO·Al2O3 (spinel) MnO

Section 12.indb 202

T/K

Ther. cond. W/m K

20 77 194 273 2.5 3 4 6 10 173 223 273 0.6 1 1.5 2 0.5 0.8 1 2 300 325 350 2 4.2 100 273 323 373 4.2 25 80 194 273 323 373 4.2 80 194 273 4.2 10 20 77 78 197 274 4.2 20 77 373 773 4.2 40 120 573

0.074 0.44 0.88 1 100 150 200 30 3 3.5 2.8 2.2 25 2 0.57 0.21 42 120 24 0.18 0.45 0.42 0.4 150 360 12 5 4.8 4.8 500 140 35 10 7.0 6.5 6.3 700 13 4.6 3.1 0.48 1.7 1.2 0.36 7.8 5.0 5.4 620 1800 150 13 8.5 0.25 55 8 3.5

Material

T/K

Ther. cond. W/m K

NaCl

4.2 20 77 273 323 373 5 50 100 2 3 4.2 10 20 77 194 230 273

440 300 30 6.4 5.6 5.4 1100 250 90 3.0 4.6 4.2 0.8 0.3 17 23 38 27

NaF

Ne

NH4Cl

NH4H2PO4 || to optic axis ⊥ to optic axis NiO

SiO2 (quartz) || to c axis

⊥ to c axis

SiO2 (fused silica)

SrTiO3

TlBr TlCl TiO2 (rutile) || to optic axis

⊥ to optic axis

315 339 313 342 4.2 40 194

0.71 0.71 1.26 1.34 5.9 400 82

20 194 273 20 194 273 4.2 20 77 194 273 373 673 5 30 40 100 250 300 316 311

720 20 12 370 10 6.8 0.25 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.4 21.0 19.2 18.5 12.5 11.2 0.59 0.75

4.2 20 273 4.2 20 273

200 1000 13 160 690 9

4/28/05 2:00:55 PM

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS AND OTHER INSULATING MATERIALS Thermal conductivity values for ceramics, refractory oxides, and miscellaneous insulating materials are given here. The thermal conductivity refers to samples with density indicated in the second column. Since most of these materials are highly variable, the values should only be considered as a rough guide.

Material Alumina (Al2O3)

Dens. g/cm3

t °C

3.8

100 400 1300 1800 100 800 100 400 1000 –100 0 100 30 20 100 400 1000 1800 50 200 600 0

3.5 Al2O3 + MgO Asbestos

0.4

Asbestos + 85% MgO Asphalt Beryllia (BeO)

0.3 2.1 2.8

1.85

Brick, dry Brick, refractory: alosite aluminous diatomaceous

1.54

1.99 0.77 0.4

fireclay

2

silicon carbide

2

vermiculite

0.77

Calcium oxide

Cement mortar Charcoal Coal Concrete Cork

2 0.2 1.35 1.6 0.05 0.35

Cotton wool Diatomite

0.08 0.2

1000 400 1000 100 500 100 500 400 1000 200 600 200 600 100 400 1000 90 20 20 0 0 100 0 100 30 0

References 1. Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Perry, R. H., and Green, D., Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.

Ther. cond. W/m K 30 13 6 7.4 17 7.6 15 10 5.6 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.06 210 90 20 15 64 40 23 0.04 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.2 0.24 0.08 0.1 1 1.2 2 2.4 0.26 0.31 16 9 7.5 0.55 0.055 0.26 0.8 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.05

Material

Dens. g/cm3 0.5

Ebonite Felt, flax Fuller’s earth Glass wool

Graphite 100 mesh 20-40 mesh Linoleum cork Magnesia (MgO)

1.2 0.2 0.3 0.53 0.2

0.48 0.7 0.54

MgO + SiO2 Mica: muscovite

phlogopite Canadian Micanite Mineral wool Perlite, expanded Plastics: bakelite celluloid polystyrene foam mylar foil nylon

0.15 0.1 1.3 1.4 0.05 0.05

polytetrafluoroethylene

urethane foam Porcelain Rock: basalt chalk

0.07

t °C 400 0 400 0 30 30 30 –200 to 20 50 100 300

Ther. cond. W/m K 0.09 0.09 0.16 0.16 0.05 0.04 0.1 0.005 0.04 0.05 0.08

40 40 20 100 400 1200 1700 100 400 1500

0.18 1.29 0.08 36 18 5.8 9.2 5.3 3.5 2.3

100 300 600 100 300

0.72 0.65 0.69 0.66 0.19

600 30 30 –200 to 20

0.2 0.3 0.04 0.002

20 30 –200 to 20 –200 to 20 –253 –193 25 –253 –193 25 230 20 90

1.4 0.02 0.033 0.0001 0.10 0.23 0.30 0.13 0.16 0.26 2.5 0.06 1

20 20

2 0.92

12-203

Section 12.indb 203

4/28/05 2:00:57 PM

Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials

12-204 Material granite limestone sandstone slate, ⊥ slate, || Rubber: sponge 92 percent Sand, dry Sawdust Shellac Silica aerogel Snow Steel wool Thoria (ThO2) Titanium dioxide

Section 12.indb 204

Dens. g/cm3

t °C

Ther. cond. W/m K

2.8 2 2.2

20 20 20 95 95

2.2 1 1.3 1.4 2.5

20 25 20 30 20 –200 to 20 0 55 100 400 1500 100 400 1200

0.05 0.16 0.33 0.06 0.23 0.003 0.16 0.09 10 5.8 2.4 6.5 3.8 3.3

0.2 1.5 0.2 0.1 0.25 0.1

Material

Dens. g/cm3

Uranium dioxide

Wood: balsa, ⊥ fir, ⊥ fir, || oak plywood pine, ⊥ pine, || walnut, ⊥ Wool Zinc oxide Zirconia (ZrO2) Zirconia + silica

0.11 0.54 0.54

0.45 0.45 0.65 0.09

t °C

Ther. cond. W/m K

100 400 1000

9.8 5.5 3.4

30 20 20 20 20 60 60 20 30 200 800 100 400 1500 200 600 1500

0.04 0.14 0.35 0.16 0.11 0.11 0.26 0.14 0.04 17 5.3 2 2 2.5 5.6 4.6 3.7

4/28/05 2:00:59 PM

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES This table gives the composition of various types of glasses and the thermal conductivity k as a function of temperature. Because

Vitreous silica

Type of glass

SiO2 (wt%) 100

of the variability of glasses, the data should be regarded as only approximate. Composition Other oxides (wt%)

t °C –150 –100 –50 0 50 100

k W/m K 0.85 1.05 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50

96

B2O3

3

–100 0 100

1.00 1.25 1.40

Pyrex type chemicallyresistant borosilicate glasses

80–81

B2O3 Na2O Al

12–13 4 2

–100 0 100

0.90 1.10 1.25

Borosilicate crown glasses

60–65

B2O3

15–20

–100 0 100

0.65–0.75 0.90–0.95 1.00–1.05

65–70

B2O3

10–15

–100 0 100

0.75–0.80 0.95–1.00 1.05–1.15

70–75

B3O3

5–10

–100 0 100

0.80–0.85 1.05–1.10 1.15–1.20

55–65

ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3

5–15

–100 0 100

0.88–0.92 1.10–1.15 1.15–1.25

ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O

5–15

–100 0 100

0.60–0.70 0.70–0.90 0.85–0.95

ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3

15–25

–100 0 100

0.88–0.92 1.10–1.15 1.15–1.20

ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O

15–25

–100 0 100

0.65–0.80 0.85–0.95 0.90–1.05

ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3

5–15

–100 0 100

0.88–0.92 1.15–1.15 1.20–1.30

ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O

5–15

–100 0 100

0.70–0.85 0.90–1.05 1.00–1.15

ZnO

15–25

–100

0.90–0.95

Vycor glass

Zinc crown glasses (i)

Zinc crown glasses (ii)

65–75

12-205

Section 12.indb 205

4/28/05 2:01:01 PM

Thermal Conductivity of Glasses

12-206

Type of glass

SiO2 (wt%)

Composition Other oxides (wt%) Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3 ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O

k W/m K 1.15–1.15 1.20–1.25

15–25

–100 0 100

0.65–0.85 0.85–1.00 1.05–1.20

31

B2O3 Al2O3 BaO

12 8 48

–100 0 100

0.55 0.70 0.80

41

B2O3 Al2O3 ZnO BaO

6 2 8 43

–100 0 100

0.60 0.75 0.85

47

B2O3 Na2O K2O ZnO BaO

4 1 7 8 32

–100 0 100

0.65 0.75 0.90

65

B2O3 Na2O K2O ZnO BaO

2 5 15 2 10

–100 0 100

0.70 0.90 1.00

Borate glasses Borate flint glass

9

B2O3 Na2O K2O PbO Al2O3 ZnO

36 1 2 36 10 6

–100 0 100

0.55 0.65 0.80

Borate flint glass

0

B2O3 Al2O3 PbO

56 12 32

–100 0 100

0.50 0.65 0.85

Borate flint glass

0

B2O3 Al2O3 PbO

43 5 52

–100 0 100

0.40 0.55 0.70

Borate glass

4

B2O3 Al2O3 PbO K2O ZnO

55 14 11 4 12

–100 0 100

0.65 0.80 0.90

Borate crown glass

0

B2O3 Na2O K2O BaO PbO Al2O3

64 8 3 4 3 18

–100 0 100

0.50 0.65 0.85

Light borate crown glass

0

B2O3 Na2O

69 8

–100 0

0.55 0.70

Barium crown glasses

Section 12.indb 206

t °C 0 100

4/28/05 2:01:03 PM

Thermal Conductivity of Glasses

Type of glass

SiO2 (wt%)

Composition Other oxides (wt%) BaO 5 18 Al2O3

t °C 100

k W/m K 0.90

0

B2O3 ZnO

40 60

–100 0 100

0.65 0.75 0.85

Phosphate crown glasses Potash phosphate glass

0

P2O5 B2O3 K2O Al2O3 MgO

70 3 12 10 4

0 100

0.75 0.85

Baryta phosphate glass

0

P2O5 B2O3 Al2O3 BaO

60 3 8 28

45

0.75

Soda-lime glasses

75

Na2O CaO

17 8

–100 0 100

0.75 0.95 1.10

75

Na2O CaO

12 13

–100 0 100

0.90 1.10 1.15

72

Na2O CaO Al2O3

15 11 2

–100 0 100

0.80 1.00 1.15

65

Na2O CaO

25 10

–100 0 100

0.65 0.85 0.95

65

Na2O CaO

15 20

–100 0 100

0.85 1.00 1.10

60

Na2O CaO

20 20

–100 0 100

0.75 0.90 1.00

75

Na2O K2O CaO

9 11 5

–100 0 100

0.80 1.00 1.10

68

Na2O ZnO PbO

16 3 13

–100 0 100

0.65 0.85 1.00

65

PbO Others

25 10

–100 0 100

0.65–0.70 0.88–0.92 1.00–1.05

55

PbO

35

–100

0.60–0.65

Zinc borate glass

Other crown glasses Crown glass

High dispersion crown glass

Miscellaneous flint glasses (i) Silicate flint glasses Light flint glasses

Section 12.indb 207

12-207

4/28/05 2:01:04 PM

Thermal Conductivity of Glasses

12-208

Type of glass

SiO2 (wt%)

Composition Other oxides (wt%) Others 10

t °C 0 100

k W/m K 0.75–0.85 0.88–0.92

Ordinary flint glass

45

PbO Others

45 10

–100 0 100

0.50–0.60 0.65–0.75 0.80–0.85

Heavy flint glass

35

PbO Others

60 5

–100 0 100

0.45–0.50 0.60–0.65 0.70–0.75

Very heavy flint glasses

25

PbO Others

73 2

–100 0 100

0.40–0.45 0.55–0.60 0.63–0.67

20

PbO

80

–100 0 100

0.40 0.50 0.60

(ii) Borosilicate flint glass

33

B2O3 PbO Al2O3 K2O Na2O

31 25 7 3 1

–100 0 100

0.65 0.85 0.95

(iii) Barium flint glass

50

BaO PbO K2O Na2O ZnO Sb2O3

24 6 8 3 8 1

–100 0 100

0.60 0.70 0.85

59

K2O CaO

33 8

50

63

Fe2O3 Na2O MgO CaO Al2O3

10 17 4 3 2

–100 0 100

67

Fe2O3 Na2O3

15 18

0 100

0.88–0.92 1.00–1.05

62

Fe2O3 Na2O

20 18

0 100

0.85–0.90 0.95–1.00

Other glasses Potassium glass

Iron glasses

0.88–0.92

0.80 0.95 1.05

Rock glasses Obsidian Artificial diabase

Section 12.indb 208

0

1.35

100

1.25

4/28/05 2:01:06 PM

FERMI ENERGY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF METALS Lev. I. Berger In the classical Drude theory of metals, the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution of electrons is used. It states that the number of electrons per unit volume with velocities in the r r range of d v about any magnitude v at temperature T is

EF =

h 2 k F2 Ê e 2 ˆ 2 =Á ˜ (k F rB ) 2m Ë 2kB ¯

where kF is the Fermi momentum or the Fermi wave vector

Ê m ˆ Ê mv 2 ˆ r r r f B (v )dv = nÁ ˜ expÁ ˜ dv Ë 2 pk B T ¯ Ë 2kB T ¯

kF = (3p2n)1/3

e is the electron charge, and rB is the Bohr radius where n is the total number of conduction electrons in a unit volume of a metal, m is the free electron mass, and kB is the Boltzmann constant. In an attempt to explain a substantial discrepancy between the experimental data on the specific heat of metals and the values calculated on the basis of the Drude model, Sommerfeld suggested a model of the metal in which the Pauli exclusion principle is applied to free electrons. In this case, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is replaced by the Fermi-Dirac distribution: 3 r r ˘ ¸Ô ˆ Ê m ˆ r ÔÏ ÈÊ mv 2 f (v )dv = 2 dv Ìexp ÍÁ - k B T0 ˜ k B T ˙ + 1˝ Ë h¯ ¯ ÔÓ ÎË 2 ˚ Ô˛

-1

rB =
2/me2 = 0.529 ◊ 10–10 m

Another, more common expression for the Fermi energy is EF = 1 2 mv F2

where vF =
kF/m is the Fermi velocity which can be expressed using the concept of the electron radius, rs. It is equal to radius of a sphere occupied by one free electron. If the total volume of a metal sample is V and the number of conduction electrons in this volume is N, then the volume per electron is equal to V 1 4 3 = = prS N n 3

Here h is the Planck constant and T0 is a characteristic temperature which is determined by the normalization condition n=

r

and

r

Ú dv ◊ f ( v )

The magnitude of T0 is quite high; usually, T0 > 104 K. So, at common temperatures (T < 103 K), the free electron density of a metal is much smaller than in the case of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. This allows us to explain why the experimental data on specific heat for metals are close to those for insulators. The maximum kinetic energy the electrons of a metal may possess at T = 0 K is called the Fermi energy, e.g.,

rS =

Ê 3 ˆ Ë 4 pn ¯

1/ 3

The following table contains information pertinent to the Sommerfeld model for some metals. The magnitudes of T0 are calculated using the expression T0 =

EF 58.2 ◊ 10 4 = K kB (rS / rB ) 2

Ground State Properties of the Electron Gas in Some Metals Metal Lia Nab Kb Rbb Csb Cu Ag Au Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Nb Fe Mnc Zn Cd

12-209

Valency 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2

n/1028 m–3 4.70 2.65 1.40 1.15 0.91 8.47 5.86 5.90 24.7 8.61 4.61 3.55 3.15 5.56 17.0 16.5 13.2 9.27

rS/pm 172 208 257 275 298 141 160 159 99 141 173 189 196 163 112 113 122 137

rS/rB 3.25 3.93 4.86 5.20 5.62 2.67 3.02 3.01 1.87 2.66 3.27 3.57 3.71 3.07 2.12 2.14 2.30 2.59

EF/eV 4.74 3.24 2.12 1.85 1.59 7.00 5.49 5.53 14.3 7.08 4.69 3.93 3.64 5.32 11.1 10.9 9.47 7.47

T0/104 K 5.51 3.77 2.46 2.15 1.84 8.16 6.38 6.42 16.6 8.23 5.44 4.57 4.23 6.18 13.0 12.7 11.0 8.68

kF/1010 m–1 1.12 0.92 0.75 0.70 0.65 1.36 1.20 1.21 1.94 1.36 1.11 1.02 0.98 1.18 1.71 1.70 1.58 1.40

vF/106 m s-1 1.29 1.07 0.86 0.81 0.75 1.57 1.39 1.40 2.25 1.58 1.28 1.18 1.13 1.37 1.98 1.96 1.83 1.62

12-210

Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals

Ground State Properties of the Electron Gas in Some Metals Metal Hga Al Ga In Tl Sn Pb Bi Sb

Valency 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5

n/1028 m–3 8.65 18.1 15.4 11.5 10.5 14.8 13.2 14.1 16.5

rS/pm 140 110 116 127 131 117 122 119 113

rS/rB 2.65 2.07 2.19 2.41 2.48 2.22 2.30 2.25 2.14

EF/eV 7.13 11.7 10.4 8.63 8.15 10.2 9.47 9.90 10.9

T0/104 K 8.29 13.6 12.1 10.0 9.46 11.8 11.0 11.5 12.7

At 78 K. At 5 K. a-phase. The data in the table are for atmospheric pressure and room temperature unless otherwise noted.

kF/1010 m–1 1.37 1.75 1.66 1.51 1.46 1.64 1.58 1.61 1.70

vF/106 m s-1 1.58 2.03 1.92 1.74 1.69 1.90 1.83 1.87 1.96

a

b c

References 1. Drude, P., Ann. Physik, 1, 566, 1900; ibid., 3, 369, 1900. 2. Sommerfeld, A. and Bethe, H., Handbuch der Physik, Chapter 3, Springer, 1933.

3. Wyckoff, R. W. G., Crystal Structures, 2nd. ed., Interscience, 1963. 4. Ashcroft, N. W. and Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976.

COMMERCIAL METALS AND ALLOYS This table gives typical values of mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of several common commercial metals and alloys. Values refer to ambient temperature (0 to 25°C). All values should be regarded as typical, since these properties are dependent on the particular type of alloy, heat treatment, and other factors. Values for individual specimens can vary widely.

Common name Ingot iron Plain carbon steel AISI-SAE 1020 Stainless steel type 304 Cast gray iron Malleable iron Hastelloy C Inconel Aluminum alloy 3003, rolled Aluminum alloy 2014, annealed Aluminum alloy 360 Copper, electrolytic (ETP) Yellow brass (high brass) Aluminum bronze Beryllium copper 25 Cupronickel 30% Red brass, 85% Chemical lead Antimonial lead (hard lead) Solder 50-50 Magnesium alloy AZ31B Monel Nickel (commercial) Cupronickel 55-45 (constantan) Titanium (commercial) Zinc (commercial) Zirconium (commercial)

Thermal conductivity W/cm K

Density g/cm3

References 1. ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1983. 2. Lynch, C. T., CRC Practical Handbook of Materials Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Shackelford, J. F., and Alexander, W., CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991.

Coeff. of linear expansion 10–6/°C

Electrical resistivity µΩ cm

0.7 0.52

7.86 7.86

11.7 11.7

9.7 18

0.15 0.47

7.9 7.2 7.3 8.94 8.25 2.73 2.8 2.64 8.94 8.47 7.8 8.23 8.94 8.75 11.34 10.9 8.89 1.77 8.84 8.89 8.9 4.5 7.14 6.5

17.3 10.5 12 11.3 11.5 23.2 23.0 21.0 16.5 20.3 16.4 17.8 16.2 18.7 29.3 26.5 23.4 26 14.0 13.3 18.8 8.5 32.5 5.85

72 67 30 125 103 3.7 3.4 7.5 1.7 6.4 12 7

0.12 0.15 1.9 1.9 1.5 3.9 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.3 1.6 0.35 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.9 0.2 1.8 1.1 0.2

11 21 23 15 9 58 10 49 43 6 41

Modulus of elasticity GPa 205 205 195 90 170 200 200 70 70 70 120 100 120 130 150 90 13 20 – 45 180 200 160 110 – 95

Tensile strength MPa

Approx. melting point °C

–

1540 1515

550 180 345 780 800 110 185 325 300 300-800 400-600 500-1400 400-600 300-700 17 47 42 260 545 460 – 330-500 130 450

1425 1175 1230 1350 1370 650 650 565 1080 930 1050 925 1200 1000 327 290 215 620 1330 1440 1260 1670 419 1855

450

12-211

Section 12.indb 211

4/28/05 2:01:12 PM

HARDNESS OF MINERALS AND CERAMICS There are several hardness scales for describing the resistance of a material to indentation or scratching. This table lists a number of common materials in order of increasing hardness. Values are given, when available, on three different hardness scales: the original Mohs Scale (range 1 to 10); the modified Mohs Scale (range 1 Material Graphite Talc Alabaster Gypsum Halite (rock salt) Stibnite (antimonite) Galena Mica Calcite Barite Marble Aragonite Dolomite Fluorite Magnesia Apatite Opal Feldspar (orthoclase) Augite Hematite Magnetite Rutile Pyrite Agate Uranium dioxide Silica (fused) Quartz Flint Silicon Andalusite Zircon Zirconia Aluminum nitride Beryl Beryllia Topaz Garnet Emery Zirconium nitride Zirconium boride Titanium nitride Zirconia (fused) Tantalum carbide Tungsten carbide Corundum (alumina) Zirconium carbide Alumina (fused) Beryllium carbide Titanium carbide Carborundum (silicon carbide) Aluminum boride Tantalum boride Boron carbide Boron Titanium boride Diamond

Formula C 3MgO·4SiO2·H2O CaSO4·2H2O CaSO4·2H2O NaCl Sb2S3 PbS CaCO3 BaSO4 CaCO3 CaMg(CO3)2 CaF2 MgO CaF2·3Ca3(PO4)2 K2O·Al2O·6SiO2 Fe2O3 Fe3O4 TiO2 FeS2 SiO2 UO2 SiO2 SiO2 Si Al2OSiO4 ZrSiO4 ZrO2 AlN Be3Al2Si6O18 BeO Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 Al2O3·3FeO·3SiO2 Al2O3 (impure) ZrN ZrB2 TiN ZrO2 TaC WC Al2O3 ZrC Al2O3 Be2C TiC SiC AlB TaB2 B4C B TiB2 C

to 15), and the Knoop Hardness Scale. In the last case, a load of 100 g is assumed.

Reference

Shackelford, J. F. and Alexander, W., CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991. Mohs 0.5 1 1.7 2 2 2.0 2.5 2.8 3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.7 7 7 7 7.5 7.5

Modified mohs 1 2

32

3

135

4 5

163 370 430

6

560 750

7 8

8 8+ 9

9 10

11

9 12 9.3

9.5 10

600 820

1200 1225

7.8 8

Knoop

1300 1340 1360 1510 1560 1770 1800 1880 2025 2150

14

2400 2470 2500 2500 2600 2800

15

2850 7000

13

12-212

Section 12.indb 212

4/28/05 2:01:14 PM

NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS Robert B. Fox and Edward S. Wilks Organic polymers have traditionally been named on the basis of the monomer used, a hypothetical monomer, or a semi-systematic structure. Alternatively, they may be named in the same way as organic compounds, i.e., on the basis of a structure as drawn. The former method, often called “source-based nomenclature” or “monomer-based nomenclature”, sometimes results in ambiguity and multiple names for a single material. The latter method, termed “structure-based nomenclature”, generates a sometimes cumbersome unique name for a given polymer, independent of its source. Within their limitations, both types of names are acceptable and well-documented.1 The use of stereochemical descriptors with both types of polymer nomenclature has been published.2

Traditional Polymer Names Monomer-Based Names “Polystyrene” is the name of a homopolymer made from the single monomer styrene. When the name of a monomer comprises two or more words, the name should be enclosed in parentheses, as in “poly(methyl methacrylate)” or “poly(4bromostyrene)” to identify the monomer more clearly. This method can result in several names for a given polymer: thus, “poly(ethylene glycol)”, “poly(ethylene oxide)”, and “poly(oxirane)” describe the same polymer. Sometimes, the name of a hypothetical monomer is used, as in “poly(vinyl alcohol)”. Even though a name like “polyethylene” covers a multitude of materials, the system does provide understandable names when a single monomer is involved in the synthesis of a single polymer. When one monomer can yield more than one polymer, e.g. 1,3-butadiene or acrolein, some sort of structural notation must be used to identify the product, and one is not far from a formal structure-based name. Copolymers, Block Polymers, and Graft Polymers. When more than one monomer is involved, monomer-based names are more complex. Some common polymers have been given names based on an apparent structure, as with “poly(ethylene terephthalate)”. A better system has been approved by the IUPAC.1 With this method, the arrangement of the monomeric units is introduced through use of an italicized connective placed between the names of the monomers. For monomer names represented by A, B, and C, the various types of arrangements are shown in Table 1. Table 2 contains examples of common or semi-systematic names of copolymers. The systematic names of comonomers may also be used; thus, the polyacrylonitrile-block-polybutadieneblock-polystyrene polymer in Table 2 may also be named poly(prop-2-enenitrile)-block-polybuta-1,3-diene-blockpoly(ethenylbenzene). IUPAC does not require alphabetized names of comonomers within a polymer name; many names are thus possible for some copolymers. These connectives may be used in combination and with small, non-repeating (i.e. non-polymeric) junction units; see, for example, Table 2, line 8. A long dash may be used in place of the con-

13-1

nective -block-; thus, in Table 2, the polymers of lines 7 and 8 may also be written as shown on lines 9 and 10. IUPAC also recommends an alternative scheme for naming copolymers that comprises use of “copoly” as a prefix followed by the names of the comonomers, a solidus (an oblique stroke) to separate comonomer names, and addition before “copoly” of any applicable connectives listed in Table 2 except -co-. Table 3 gives the same examples shown in Table 2 but with the alternative format. Comonomer names need not be parenthesized. TABLE 1. IUPAC Source-Based Copolymer Classification No.

Copolymer type

Connective

Example

1

Unspecified or unknown

-co-

poly(A-co-B)

2

Random (obeys Bernoullian distribution)

-ran-

poly(A-ran-B)

3

Statistical (obeys known statistical laws)

-stat-

poly(A-stat-B)

4

Alternating (for two monomeric units)

-alt-

poly(A-alt-B)

5

Periodic (ordered sequence for 2 or more monomeric units)

-per-

poly(A-per-B-perC)

6

Block (linear block arrangement)

-block-

polyA-block-polyB

7

Graft (side chains connected to main chains)

-graft-

polyA-graft-polyB

TABLE 2. Examples of Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature No. 1 2 3 4 5

Copolymer name poly(propene-co-methacrylonitrile) poly[(acrylic acid)-ran-(ethyl acrylate)] poly(butene-stat-ethylene-stat-styrene) poly[(sebacic acid)-alt-butanediol] poly[(ethylene oxide)-per-(ethylene oxide)-pertetrahydrofuran] polyisoprene-graft-poly(methacrylic acid) polyacrylonitrile-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene polystyrene-block-dimethylsilylene-block-polybutadiene polyacrylonitrile—polybutadiene—polystyrene polystyrene—dimethylsilylene—polybutadiene

6 7 8 9 10

TABLE 3. Examples of Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature (Alternative Format) No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Polymer name copoly(propene/methacrylonitrile) ran-copoly(acrylic acid/ethyl acrylate) stat-copoly(butene/ethylene/styrene) alt-copoly(sebacic acid/butanediol) block-copoly(acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene) per-copoly(ethylene oxide/ethylene oxide/tetrahydrofuran) graft-copoly(isoprene/methacrylic acid)

Nomenclature for Organic Polymers

13-2

Source-based nomenclature for non-linear macromolecules and macromolecular assemblies is covered by a 1997 IUPAC document.11 The types of polymers in these classes, together with their connectives, are given in Table 4; the terms shown may be used as connectives, prefixes, or both to designate the features present.

poly(methacrylic acid)-blend-poly(ethyl acrylate) net-poly(4-methylstyrene-i-divinylbenzene)

TABLE 4. Connectives for Non-Linear Macromolecules and Macromolecular Assemblies

4

net-poly[styrene-alt-(maleic anhydride)]-i-(polyethylene glycol; polypropylene glycol)

No.

5

net-poly(ethyl methacrylate)-sipn-polyethylene

6

[net-poly(butadiene-stat-styrene)]-ipn-[net-poly(4methylstyrene-i-divinylbenzene)]

Type

Connective

1

Branched (type unspecified)

branch

2

Branched with branch point of functionality f

f-branch

3

Comb

comb

4

Cross-link

i (Greek iota)

5

Cyclic

cyclo

6

Interpenetrating polymer network

ipn

7

Long-chain branched

l-branch

8

Network

net

9

Polymer blend

blend

10

Polymer-polymer complex

compl

11

Semi-interpenetrating polymer network

sipn

12

Short-chain branched

sh-branch

13

Star

star

14

Star with f arms

f-star

TABLE 5. Non-Linear Macromolecules

4

5

6 7 8

Polymer name polyethylene-blend-polypropene

2

No. Polymer name 1 poly(methacrylic acid)comb-polyacrylonitrile

3

No. 1 3

Non-linear polymers are named by using the italicized connective as a prefix to the source-based name of the polymer component or components to which the prefix applies; some examples are listed in Table 5.

2

TABLE 6. Examples of Polymer Blends and Nets

Polymer structural features Comb polymer with a poly(methacrylic acid) backbone and polyacrylonitrile side chains comb-poly[ethylene-statComb polymer with unspecified (vinyl chloride)] backbone composition and statistical ethylene/vinyl chloride copolymer side chains polybutadiene-combComb polymer with butadiene (polyethylene; polypropene) backbone and side chains of polyethylene and polypropene star-(polyA; polyB; polyC; Star polymer with arms derived from polyD; polyE) monomers A, B, C, D, and E, respectively star-(polyA-block-polyBStar polymer with every arm block-polyC) comprising a tri-block segment derived from comonomers A, B, and C star-poly(propylene oxide) A star polymer prepared from propylene oxide 5-star-poly(propylene oxide) A 5-arm star polymer prepared from propylene oxide star-(polyacrylonitrile; A star polymer containing polypropylene) polyacrylonitrile arms of MW 10000 (Mr 10000: 25000) and polypropylene arms of MW 25000

Macromolecular assemblies held together by forces other than covalent bonds are named by inserting the appropriate italicized connective between names of individual components; Table 6 gives examples.

Structure-Based Polymer Nomenclature Regular Single-Strand Polymers Structure-based nomenclature has been approved by the IUPAC4 and is currently being updated; it is used by Chemical Abstracts.5 Monomer names are not used. To the extent that a polymer chain can be described by a repeating unit in the chain, it can be named “poly(repeating unit)”. For regular single-strand polymers, “repeating unit” is a bivalent group; for regular doublestrand (ladder and spiro) polymers, “repeating unit” is usually a tetravalent group.9 Since there are usually many possible repeating units in a given chain, it is necessary to select one, called the “constitutional repeating unit” (CRU) to provide a unique and unambiguous name, “poly(CRU)”, where “CRU” is a recitation of the names of successive units as one proceeds through the CRU from left to right. For this purpose, a portion of the main chain structure that includes at least two repeating sequences is written out. These sequences will typically be composed of bivalent subunits such as -CH2-, -O-, and groups from ring systems, each of which can be named by the usual nomenclature rules.6,7 Where a chain is simply one long sequence comprising repetition of a single subunit, that subunit is itself the CRU, as in “poly(methylene)” or “poly(1,4-phenylene)”. In chains having more than one kind of subunit, a seniority system is used to determine the beginning of the CRU and the direction in which to move along the main chain atoms (following the shortest path in rings) to complete the CRU. Determination of the first, most senior, subunit, is based on a descending order of seniority: (1) heterocyclic rings, (2) hetero atoms, (3) carbocyclic rings, and, lowest, (4) acyclic carbon chains. Within each of these classes, there is a further order of seniority that follows the usual rules of nomenclature. Heterocycles: A nitrogen-containing ring system is senior to a ring system not containing nitrogen.4,9 Further descending order of seniority is determined by: (i) the highest number of rings in the ring system (ii) the largest individual ring in the ring system (iii) the largest number of hetero atoms (iv) the greatest variety of hetero atoms Hetero atoms: The senior bivalent subunit is the one nearest the top, right-hand corner of the Periodic Table; the order of seniority is: O, S, Se, Te, N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, B, Hg. Carbocycles: Seniority4 is determined by: (i) the highest number of rings in the ring system (ii) the largest individual ring in the ring system (iii) degree of ring saturation; an unsaturated ring is senior to a saturated ring of the same size

Nomenclature for Organic Polymers

13-3

Carbon chains: Descending order of seniority is determined by: (i) chain length (longer is senior to shorter) (ii) highest degree of unsaturation (iii) number of substituents (higher number is senior to lower number) (iv) ascending order of locants (v) alphabetical order of names of substituent groups Among equivalent ring systems, preference is given to the one having lowest locants for the free valences in the subunit, and among otherwise identical ring systems, the one having least hydrogenation is senior. Lowest locants in unsaturated chains are also given preference. Lowest locants for substituents are the final determinant of seniority. Direction within the repeating unit depends upon the shortest path, which is determined by counting main chain atoms, both cyclic and acyclic, from the most senior subunit to another subunit of the same kind or to a subunit next lower in seniority. When identification and orientation of the CRU have been accomplished, the CRU is named by writing, in sequence, the names of the largest possible subunits within the CRU from left to right. For example, the main chain of the polymer traditionally named “poly(ethylene terephthalate)” has the structure shown in Figure 1. O ...

CH2 CH2

number of which are minimized. The constitutional units may include regular or irregular blocks as well as atoms or atomic groupings, and each is named by the method described above or by the rules of organic nomenclature. The solidus denotes an unspecified arrangement of the units within the main chain.10 For example, a statistical copolymer derived from styrene and vinyl chloride with the monomeric units joined head-to-tail is named “poly(l-chloroethylene/l-phenylethylene)”. A polymer obtained by 1,4-polymerization and both headto-head and head-to-tail 1,2- polymerization of 1,3-butadiene would be named “poly(but-1-ene-l,4-diyl/l-vinylethylene/2-vinylethylene)”.12 In graphic representations of these polymers, shown in Figure 2, the hyphens or dashes at each end of each CRU depiction are shown completely within the enclosing parentheses; this indicates that they are not necessarily the terminal bonds of the macromolecule.

Figure 2. Graphic representations of copolymers.

O C

*

C O

O

O CH2 CH2

O

C C

O

CH 2

O CH2

O

O

C O ... C O

Figure 1. Structure-based name: poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl); traditional name: poly(ethylene terephthalate).

The CRU in Figure 1 is enclosed in brackets and read from left to right. It is selected because (1) either backbone oxygen atom qualifies as the “most senior subunit”, (2) the shortest path length from either -O- to the other -O- is via the ethylene subunit. Orientation of the CRU is thus defined by (1) beginning at the -Omarked with an asterisk, and (2) reading in the direction of the arrow. The structure-based name of this polymer is therefore “poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl)”, not much longer than the traditional name and much more adaptable to the complexities of substitution. As organic nomenclature evolves, more systematic names may be used for subunits, e.g. “ethane-1,2-diyl” instead of “ethylene”. IUPAC still prefers “ethylene” for the -CH2-CH2- unit, however, but also accepts “ethane-1,2-diyl”. Structure-based nomenclature can also be used when the CRU backbone has no carbon atoms. An example is the polymer traditionally named “poly(dimethylsiloxane)”, which on the basis of structure would be named “poly(oxydimethylsilylene)” or “poly(oxydimethylsilanediyl)”. This nomenclature method has also been applied to inorganic and coordination polymers8 and to double-strand (ladder and spiro) organic polymers.9

Irregular Single-Strand Polymers Polymers that cannot be described by the repetition of a single CRU or comprise units not all connected identically in a directional sense can also be named on a structure basis.10 These include copolymers, block and graft polymers, and star polymers. They are given names of the type “poly(A/B/C...)”, where A, B, C, etc. are the names of the component constitutional units, the

A long hyphen is used to separate components in names of block polymers, as in “poly(A)—poly(B)—poly(C)”, or “poly(A) —X—poly(B)” in which X is a non-polymeric junction unit, e.g. dimethylsilylene. In graphic representations of these polymers, the blocks are shown connected when the bonding is known (Figure 3, for example); when the bonding between the blocks is unknown, the blocks are separated by solidi and are shown completely within the outer set of enclosing parentheses (Figure 4, for example).10,13

Figure 3. polystyrene—polyethylene—polystyrene.

Figure 4. poly[poly(methyl methacrylate)—polystyrene—poly(methyl acrylate)].

Graft polymers are named in the same way as a substituted polymer but without the ending “yl” for the grafted chain; the name of a regular polymer, comprising Z units in which some have grafts of “poly(A)”, is “poly[Z/poly(A)Z]”. Star polymers are treated as a central unit with substituent blocks, as in “tetrakis(polymethylene)silane”.10,13

Other Nomenclature Articles and Publications In addition to the Chemical Abstracts and IUPAC documents cited above and listed below, other articles on polymer nomenclature are available. A 1999 article lists significant documents on polymer nomenclature published during the last 50 years in books, encyclopedias, and journals by Chemical Abstracts,

Nomenclature for Organic Polymers

13-4 IUPAC, and individual authors.14 A comprehensive review of source-based and structure-based nomenclature for all of the major classes of polymers,15 and a short tutorial on the correct identification, orientation, and naming of most commonly encountered constitutional repeating units were both published in 2000.16

References and Notes 1. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. 2. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Stereochemical Definitions and Notations Relating to Polymers (Recommendations 1980), Pure Appl. Chem., 53, 733-752 (1981). 3. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Source-Based Nomenclature for Copolymers (Recommendations 1985), Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 1427-1440 (1985). 4. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Regular Single-Strand Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1975, Pure Appl. Chem., 48, 373-385 (1976). 5. Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing of Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1999 Index Guide. 6. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (1993), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 7. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and H, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979. 8. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Regular Double-Strand and Quasi-Single-Strand Inorganic and

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Coordination Polymers (Recommendations 1984), Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 149-168 (1985). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Regular Double-Strand (Ladder and Spiro) Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1993), Pure Appl. Chem., 65, 1561-1580 (1993). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Structure-Based Nomenclature for Irregular Single-Strand Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1994), Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 873-889 (1994). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, “Source-Based Nomenclature for Non-Linear Macromolecules and Macromolecular Assemblies (Recommendations 1997).” Pure Appl. Chem., 69, 25112521 (1997). Poly(1,3-butadiene) obtained by polymerization of 1,3-butadiene in the so-called 1,4- mode is frequently drawn incorrectly in publications as -(CH2-CH=CH-CH2)n-; the double bond should be assigned the lowest locant possible, i.e. the structure should be drawn as –(CH=CH-CH2-CH2)n-. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, “Graphic Representations (Chemical Formulae) of Macromolecules (Recommendations 1994).” Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 2469-2482 (1994). Wilks, E. S. Macromolecular Nomenclature Note No. 17: “Whither Nomenclature?” Polym. Prepr. 40(2), 6-11 (1999); also available at www.chem.umr.edu/~poly/nomenclature.html. Wilks, E. S. “Polymer Nomenclature: The Controversy Between Source-Based and Structure-Based Representations (A Personal Perspective).” Prog. Polym. Sci. 25, 9-100 (2000). Wilks, E. S. Macromolecular Nomenclature Note No. 18: “SRUs: Using the Rules.” Polym. Prepr. 41(1), 6a-11a (2000); also available at www.chem.umr.edu/~poly/nomenclature.html; a .pdf format version is also available.

SOLVENTS FOR COMMON POLYMERS Abbreviations: HC: hydrocarbons MEK: methyl ethyl ketone

Polyethylene (HDPE) Polypropylene (atactic) Polybutadiene Polystyrene Polyacrylates Polymethacrylates Polyacrylamide Poly(vinyl ethers) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(vinyl fluoride) Polyacrylonitrile Poly(oxyethylene) Poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Polyurethanes (linear) Polyureas Polysiloxanes Poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-phosphazene]

THF: tetrahydrofuran DMF: dimethylformamide DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide

HC and halogenated HC HC and halogenated HC HC, THF, ketones ethylbenzene, CHCl3, CCl4, THF, MEK aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, ketones aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, MEK water halogenated HC, MEK, butanol glycols (hot), DMF aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, DMF THF, DMF, DMSO THF (hot), dioxane, DMF DMF, DMSO (hot) DMF, DMSO aromatic HC, CHCl3, alcohols, esters, DMF aromatic HC, halogenated HC phenol, DMSO (hot) aromatic HC, THF, DMF phenol, formic acid HC, THF, DMF THF, ketones, ethyl acetate

13-5

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GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS Robert B. Fox Polymer names are based on the IUPAC structure-based nomenclature system described in the table “Naming Organic Polymers”. Within each category, names are listed in alphabetical order. Source-based and trivial names are also given (in italics) for the most common polymers. The table does not include polymers for which Tg is not clearly defined because of variability of structure or because of reactions taking place near the glass transition.

All values of Tg cited in this table have been determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) except those values indicated by:

Polymer name ACYCLIC CARBON CHAINS Polyalkadienes Poly(alkenylene) Polyalkadiene –[CH=CHCH2CH2]– Poly(cis-1-butenylene) cis-1,3-polybutadiene [PBD] Poly(trans-1-butenylene) trans-1,3-polybutadiene [PBD] Poly(1-chloro-cis-1-butenylene) cis-1,3-polychloroprene Poly(1-chloro-trans-1-butenylene) trans-1,3-polychloroprene Poly(1-methyl-cis-1-butenylene) cis-1,3-polyisoprene Poly(1-methyl-trans-1-butenylene) trans-1,3-polyisoprene Poly(1,4,4-trifluoro-1-butenylene)

(D) (Dil) (M)

dynamic method dilatometry mechanical method Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)

171 215 253 233 200 207 238

Polyalkenes Poly(alkylethylene) Poly(alkylethylene) -[RCHCH2]Poly(1-benzylethylene) Poly(1-butylethylene) Poly(1-cyclohexylethylene) (atactic) Poly(1-cyclohexylethylene) (isotactic) Poly(1,1-dimethylethylene) Polyisobutylene [PIB] Poly(ethylene) Poly(methylene) Poly(1-phenethylethylene) Poly(propylene) (isotactic) Poly(propylene) (syndiotactic) Poly[1-(2-pyridyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-pyridyl)ethylene] Poly(1-vinylethylene)

333 223 393 406 (D) 200 148 155 283 272 ca. 265 377 415 273

Polyacrylics Poly[1-(alkoxycarbonyl)ethylene) Poly(alkyl acrylate) –[(ROCO)CHCH2]– Poly[1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(butoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly(butyl acrylate) [PBA] Poly[1-(sec-butoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(butoxycarbonyl)-1-cyanoethylene] Poly[1-(butylcarbamoyl)ethylene] Poly(1-carbamoylethylene) Polyacrylamide [PAM] Poly(1-carboxyethylene)

279 219 (M) 251 358 319 (M) 438 379

13-6

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Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers Polymer name Poly(acrylic acid) [PAA] Poly[1-(2-chlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-chlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-cyanobenzyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(cyanomethoxycarbonyl)ethylene)] Poly[1-(4-cyanophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,4-dichlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(dimethylcarbamoyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly(ethyl acrylate) [PEA] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-fluoroethylene] Poly[1-(2-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-ethoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-ethoxypropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly(methyl acrylate) [PMA] Poly[1-(2-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxyphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-methoxypropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-naphthyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(pentachlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(phenethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(phenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(m-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(o-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(p-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,2,2-trifluorethoxycarbonyl)ethylene]

13-7 Glass transition temperature (Tg/K) 326 331 317 277 433 Dil 363 292 333 362 249 316 303 297 310 223 218 267-270 283 319 311 340 223 324 198 358 420 270 330 298 325 316 263

Polymethacrylics Poly[1-(alkoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly(alkyl methacrylate) –[(ROCO)(Me)CCH2]– Poly[1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(2-bromoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[(1-(butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly(butyl methacrylate) [PBMA] Poly[1-(sec-butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] Poly[1-(2-chloroethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(4-cyanophenoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (isotactic) Poly[1-(dimethylaminoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-ethylethylene] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) Poly(ethyl methacrylate) [PEMA] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (isotactic) Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (syndiotactic) Poly[1-(hexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(isobutoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) Poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (isotactic) Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (syndiotactic) Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenoxy)-1-methylethylene]

Section 13.indb 7

327 325 293 333 391 ca 315 364 428 356 324 292 300 338 285 339 268 326 354 378 311 378 379

4/30/05 9:55:17 AM

13-8 Polymer name Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-phenylethylene)] (atactic) Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-phenylethylene)] (isotactic) Poly[1-methyl-1-(phenethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-methyl-1-(phenoxycarbonyl)ethylene]

Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers Glass transition temperature (Tg/K) 391 397 299 383

Polyvinyl ethers, alcohols, and ketones Poly(1-alkoxyethylene) Poly(alkyl vinyl ether) –[ROCHCH2]– Poly(1-hydroxyethylene) Poly(vinyl alcohol) –[HOCHCH2]– Poly(1-alkanoylethylene) Poly(alkyl vinyl ketone) –[RCOCHCH2]– Poly(1-butoxyethylene) Poly(1-sec-butoxyethylene) Poly(1-tert-butoxyethylene) Poly[1-(butylthio)ethylene] Poly(1-ethoxyethylene) Poly[1-(4-ethylbenzoyl)ethylene] Poly(1-hydroxyethylene) Poly(vinyl alcohol) [PVA] Poly(hydroxymethylene) Poly(1-isopropoxyethylene) Poly[1-(4-methoxybenzoyl)ethylene] Poly(1-methoxyethylene) Poly(methyl vinyl ether) [PMVE] Poly[1-(methylthio)ethylene] Poly(1-propoxyethylene) Poly[1-(trifluoromethoxy)trifluoroethylene]

218 253 361 253 230 325 358 (D) 407 270 319 (M) 242 272 224 268

Polyvinyl halides and nitriles Poly(1-haloethylene) Poly(vinyl halide) –[XCHCH2]– Poly(1-cyanoethylene) Poly(acrylonitrile) –[NCCHCH2]– Poly(1-chloroethylene) Poly(vinyl chloride) [PVC] Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) Poly(1-cyanoethylene) Polyacrylonitrile [PAN] Poly(1-cyano-1-methylethylene) Polymethacrylonitrile Poly(1,1-dichloroethylene) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(1,1-difluoroethylene) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Poly(1-fluoroethylene) Poly(vinyl fluoride) Poly(1-hexafluoropropylene) Poly[1-(2-iodoethyl)ethylene] Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly[1-(trifluoromethyl)ethylene]

354 373 370 393 255 ca 233 314 (M) 425 343 (160) 300

Polyvinyl esters Poly[1-(alkanoyloxy)ethylene] Poly(vinyl alkanoate) –[RCOOCHCH2]– Poly(1-acetoxyethylene) Poly(vinyl acetate) [PVAc] Poly[1-(benzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-bromobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(cyclohexanoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethylbenzoyloxy)ethylene]

Section 13.indb 8

305 344 365 335 338 357 349 (M) 343 326

4/30/05 9:55:18 AM

Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers Polymer name Poly[1-(4-isopropylbenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methylbenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-nitrobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(propionoyloxy)ethylene] Polystyrenes Poly(1-phenylethylene) Polystyrene –[C6H5CHCH2]– Poly[1-(4-acetylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-benzoylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-butoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-butoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Pol[(1-(4-butylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-carboxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-chlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-iodophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Poly(1-methyl-1-phenylethylene) Poly(α-methylstyrene) Poly[1-(2-(methylamino)phenyl)ethylene] Poly(1-phenylethylene) Polystyrene [PS] Poly[1-(4-propoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-propoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Poly(1-o-tolylethylene)

13-9 Glass transition temperature (Tg/K) 342 338 ca 317 360 343 395 283 (M)

389 (M) 371 (M) 391 ca 320 (M) 349 (M) 279 386 (M) 392 363 383 406 379 440 401 385 398 (M) ca 359 (M) 367 (M) 368 429 386 386 (M) 373 462 (M) 373 343 (M) 365 (M) 409

CHAINS WITH CARBOCYCLIC UNITS Poly(arylenealkylene) –[–Ar–(CH2)n]– Poly[1-(2-bromo-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-cyano-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-ethyl-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(1,4-naphthylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(1,4-phenylene)ethylene]

353 (M) 343 (M) 363 (M) 373 (M) 298 (M) 433 (M) ca 353 (M)

CHAINS WITH HETEROATOM UNITS Main chain oxide units Poly(oxyalkylene) Poly(alkylene oxide) –[O(CH2)n]– Poly[oxy(1,1-bis(chloromethyl)trimethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-(bromomethyl)ethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-(butoxymethyl)ethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-butylethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-tert-butylethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-(chloromethyl)ethylene)]

Section 13.indb 9

265 259 194 203 308 251

4/30/05 9:55:18 AM

13-10

Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers

Polymer name Poly(epichlorohydrin) Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(1,1-dimethylethylene)] Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(2,6-diphenyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(1-ethylethylene)] Poly(oxyethylidene) Polyacetaldehyde Poly[oxy(1-(methoxymethyl)ethylene)] Poly[oxy(2-methyl-6-phenyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(1-methyltrimethylene)] Poly[oxy(2-methyltrimethylene)] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylene) Poly(phenylene oxide) [PPO] Poly[oxy(1-phenylethylene)] Poly(oxytetramethylene) Poly(tetrahydrofuran) [PTMO] Poly(oxytrimethylene)

Glass transition temperature (Tg/K) 440 264 482 493 203 243 211 428 223 (D) 218 358 313 189 195

Main-chain ester or anhydride units Poly(oxyalkyleneoxyalkanedioyl) Poly(alkylene alkanedioate)-–[O(CH2)mOCO(CH2)nCO]– Poly(oxyadipoyloxydecamethylene) Poly(oxyadipoyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenylene-isopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Bisphenol A polycarbonate Poly(oxycarbonylpentamethylene) Poly(oxycarbonyl-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxycarbonyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-3,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)oxysebacoyl] Poly(oxyethylenecarbonyl-1,4-cyclohexylenecarbonyl) (trans) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-1,4-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-1,5-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-2,6-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-2,7-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] Poly(oxyisophthaloyl) Poly(oxy(1-oxo-2,2-dimethyltrimethylene)) Poly(pivalolactone) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenyleneoxysebacoyl) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneoxy-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene) [PEEK] Poly(oxypropyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly[oxyterephthaloyloxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-3,5-dimethyl-1,4-(D)phenylene)] Poly(oxyterephthaloyloxyoctamethylene) Poly(oxyterephthaloyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(bisphenol A terephthalate) Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly(butylene terephthalate) [PBT]

217 341 422 213 395 333 318 291 337 344 386 392 342 403 (D) 263 280 416 341 498 318 (D) 478 323

Main-chain amide units Poly(iminoalkyleneiminoalkanedioyl) Poly(alkylene alkanediamide)–[NH(CH2)mNHCO(CH2)nCO]– Poly(iminoadipoyliminodecamethylene) Nylon 10,6 Poly(iminoadipoyliminohexamethylene) Nylon 6,6 Poly(iminoadipoyliminooctamethylene) Nylon 8,6 Poly[iminoadipoyliminotrimethylene(methylimino)trimethylene] Poly(iminocarbonyl-1,4-cyclohexylenemethylene) Poly[iminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)iminohexamethylene] Poly(iminoethylene-1,4-phenyleneethyleneiminosebacoyl)

Section 13.indb 10

313 ca 323 318 278 466 377 378 (D)

4/30/05 9:55:19 AM

Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers Polymer name Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminoazelaoyl) Nylon 6,9 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminododecanedioyl) Nylon 6, 12 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminopimeloyl) Nylon 6,7 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminosebacoyl) Nylon 6,10 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminosuberoyl) Nylon 6,8 Poly(iminoisophthaloylimino-4,4′-biphenylylene) Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminohexamethylene) Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminomethylene-1,4-cyclohexylenemethylene) Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminomethylene-1,3-phenylenemethylene) Poly[iminomethylene(2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)methyleneiminosuberoyl] Poly(imino-1,5-naphthyleneiminoisophthaloyl) Poly(imino-1,5-naphthyleneiminoterephthaloyl) Poly(iminooctamethyleneiminodecanedioyl) Nylon 8,10 Poly(iminooxalyliminohexamethylene) Nylon 6,2 Poly[imino(1-oxohexamethylene)] Nylon 6 Poly[imino(1-oxodecamethylene)] Nylon 10 Poly[imino(1-oxoheptamethylene)] Nylon 7 Poly[imino(1-oxo-3-methyltrimethylene] Poly[imino(1-oxononamethylene)] Nylon 9 Poly[imino(1-oxooctamethylene)] Nylon 8 Poly[imino(1-oxotrimethylene)] Nylon 3 Poly(iminopentamethyleneiminoadipoyl) Nylon 5,6 Poly[iminopentamethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] Poly(imino-1,3-phenyleneiminoisophthaloyl) Poly(imino-1,4-phenyleneiminoterephthaloyl) Poly(iminopimeloyliminoheptamethylene) Nylon 7,7 Poly(iminoterephthaloylimino-4,4′-biphenylylene) Poly(iminotetramethyleneiminoadipoyl) Nylon 4,6 Poly[iminotetramethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] Poly(iminotrimethyleneiminoadipoyliminotrimethylene) Poly[iminotrimethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneiminoterephthaloyl-imino-1,4-phenylene) Poly(sulfonylimino-1,4-phenyleneiminoadipoylimino-1,4-phenylene)

13-11 Glass transition temperature (Tg/K) 331 319 331 323 330 558 390 481 438 (M) 351 598 578 333 430 326 315 325 369 319 323 384 318 376 553 (M) 618 328 613 316 357 307 382 613 467

Main-chain urethane units Poly(oxyalkyleneoxycarbonyliminoalkyleneiminocarbonyl)–[O(CH2)mOCONH(CH2)nNHCO]– Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxyethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly(oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly(oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl)

Section 13.indb 11

329 325 412 332 305 364 331 337 352

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13-12

Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers

Polymer name Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl)

Glass transition temperature (Tg/K) 332 315 382

Main-chain siloxanes Poly[oxy(dialkylsilylene)] Poly(dialkylsiloxane) –[O(R2Si)]– Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)] Poly(dimethylsiloxane) [PDMS] Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)oxy-1,4-phenylene] Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene] Poly[oxy(diphenylsilylene)] Poly(diphenylsiloxane) Poly[oxy(diphenylsilylene)-1,3-phenylene] Poly[oxy((methyl)phenylsilylene)] Poly[oxy((methyl)-3,3,3-trifluoropropylsilylene] Main-chain sulfur-containing units Poly(dithioethylene) Poly(dithiomethylene-1,4-phenylenemethylene) Poly(oxy-4,4′-biphenylylene-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenylenethio-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxyethylenedithioethylene) Poly[oxy(2-hydroxytrimethylene)oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene] Poly(oxymethyleneoxyethylenedithioethylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfinyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfinyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-4,4′-biphenylylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly[oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)isopropylidene (3,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly[oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylene(hexafluoroisopropylidene)1,4-phenylene] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1.4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1.4-phenylenethio-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly(oxytetramethylenedithiotetramethylene) Poly(sulfonyl-1,2-cyclohexylene) Poly(sulfonyl-1,3-cyclohexylene) Poly(sulfonyl-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(thio-1,3-cyclohexylene) Poly[thio(difluoromethylene)] Poly(thioethylene) Poly[thio(1-ethylethylene] Poly[thio(1-methyl-3-oxotrimethylene)] Poly[thio(1-methyltrimethylene)] Pol[(thio(1-oxohexamethylene)] Poly(thio-1,4-phenylene) Poly(thiopropylene) Main-chain heterocyclic units Poly(1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylenemethylene) Poly(vinyl formal) Poly[(2,6-dioxopiperidine-1,4-diyl)trimethylene] Poly[(2-methyl-1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylene)methylene] Poly(vinyl acetal) Poly(1,4-piperazinediylcarbonyloxyethyleneoxycarbonyl) Poly(1,4-piperazinediylisophthaloyl) Poly[(2-propyl-1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylene)methylene] Poly(vinyl butyral) Poly(3,6-pyridazinediyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenyleneoxy) Poly(2,5-pyridinediylcarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl)

Section 13.indb 12

148 363 (M) 318 (M) 238 ca 331 187 <193 223 296 503 (M) ca 383 220 (M) 428 214 478 (M) 438 (M) 487 533 508 (M) 478 (M) 478 (M) 449 453 (M) 448 (M) 522 197 401 381 497 221 155 223 218 285 214 292 370 226 378 363 355 333 465 (M) 322 453 (M) 322

4/30/05 9:55:20 AM

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF SELECTED POLYMERS This table lists typical values of the dielectric constant (more properly called relative permittivity) of some important polymers. Values are given for frequencies of 1 kHz, 1 MHz, and 1 GHz; in most cases the dielectric constant at frequencies below 1 kHz does not differ significantly from the value at 1 kHz. Since the dielectric constant of a polymeric material can vary with density, degree of crystallinity, and other details of a particular sample, the values given here should be regarded only as typical or average values.

Name Polyacrylonitrile Polyamides (nylons) Polybutadiene Polycarbonate Polychloroprene (neoprene) Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polyethylene Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Mylar) Polyisoprene (natural rubber) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polyoxymethylene (polyformaldehyde) Poly(phenylene oxide) Polypropylene Polystyrene Polysulfones Polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon) Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

References 1. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, p. 5-132, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Anderson, H. L., Ed., A Physicist’s Desk Reference, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989. 3. Brandrup, J., and Immergut, E. H., Polymer Handbook, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989.

t/°C 25 25 84 25 23 25 23 23 23 27 27 80 25 23 25 25 25 25 50 150 25 100 23 23

1 kHz 5.5 3.50 11 2.5 2.92 6.6 2.65 2.3 3.25 2.6 3.12 3.80 3.8 2.59 2.3 2.6 3.13 2.1

3.39 5.3 4.6 12.2

1 MHz 4.2 3.14 4.4

1 GHz 2.8 2.8

2.8 6.3 2.46

4.2 2.39

3.0 2.5 2.76 2.7

2.8 2.4 2.6 2.6

2.59 2.3 2.6 2.10 2.1 3.5 8.3 2.9 3.3 3.2 8.9

2.3 2.6 2.1

2.8 2.7 2.7 4.7

13-13

Section 13.indb 13

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PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS Christian Wohlfarth Numerous theoretical equations of state for polymer liquids have been developed. These, at the minimum, have to provide accurate fitting functions to experimental data. However, for the purpose of this table, the empirical Tait equation along with a polynomial expression for the zero pressure isobar is used. This equation is able to represent the experimental data for the melt state within the limits of experimental errors, i.e., the maximum deviations between measured and calculated specific volumes are about 0.001-0.002 cm3/g. The general form of the Tait equation is: V(P,T) = V(0,T){1 – C ln[1 + P/B(T)]}

(1)

where the coefficient C is usually taken to be a universal constant equal to 0.0894. T is the absolute temperature in K and P the pressure in MPa. The volume V is the specific volume in cm3/g. The Tait parameter B(T) has the very simple meaning that it is inversely proportional to the compressibility κ at constant temperature and zero pressure: κ(0,T) = –[1/V(0,T)](dV/dP) = C/B(T)

(2)

The B(T) function is usually given by: B(T) = B0 exp[–B1(T-273.15)]

(3)

but, sometimes a polynomial expression is used: B(T) = b0 + b1(T-273.15) + b2(T-273.15)2

(4)

The zero-pressure isobar V(0,T) is usually given by: V(0,T) = A0 + A1(T-273.15) + A2(T-273.15)2

(5)

where A0, A1, A2 are specific constants for a given polymer (the expression T-273.15 is used because fitting to the zero-pressure isobar is usually done in terms of Celsius temperature). Other forms for V(0,T) are also found in the literature, such as V(0,T) = A3 exp[A4(T-273.15)]

(6)

V(0,T) = A5 exp(A6T1.5)

(7)

or

The Tait equation is particularly useful to calculate derivative quantities, such as the isothermal compressibility and the thermal expansivity coefficients. The isothermal compressibility κ(P,T) is derived from equation (1) as: κ(P,T) = –(1/V)(dV/dP) = 1/{[P + B(T)][1/C - ln(1 + P/B(T))]} (8) and the thermal expansivity α(P,T) as: α(P,T) = (1/V)(dV/dT) = α(0,T) – PB1κ(P,T)

(9)

where α(0,T) represents the thermal expansivity at zero (atmospheric) pressure and is calculated from any suitable fit for the zero-pressure volume, such as equations (5) through (7) above. Because polymer melt PVT-behavior depends only slightly on polymer molar mass above the oligomeric region, usually no information is given in the original literature for the average molar mass of the polymers. Table 1 summarizes the polymers or copolymers considered here and the experimental ranges of pressure and temperature over which data are available. In Table 2 the Tait-equation functions, with parameters obtained from the fit, are given for 90 polymer or copolymer melts.

References 1. Zoller, P., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 23, 1051-1056, 1979. 2. Starkweather, H. W., Jones, G. A., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys., 26, 257-266,1988. 3. Fakhreddine, Y. A., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys., 29, 1141-1146, 1991. 4. Rodgers, P. A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 48, 1061-1080, 1993. 5. Rodgers, P. A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 48, 2075-2083, 1993. 6. Yi, Y. X., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys., 31, 779-788, 1993. 7. Callaghan, T. A., and Paul, D. R., Macromolecules, 26, 2439–2450, 1993. 8. Wang, Y. Z., Hsieh, K. H., Chen, L. W.,and Tseng, H. C., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 53, 1191-1201, 1994. 9. Privalko, V. P., Arbuzova, A. P., Korskanov, V. V., and Zagdanskaya, N. E., Polym. Intern., 35, 161-169, 1994. 10. Sachdev, V. K., Yashi, U., and Jain, R. K., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys., 36, 841-850, 1998.

where A3 and A4 or A5 and A6 are again specific constants for a given polymer.

13-14

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Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationship for Polymer Melts

13-15

TABLE 1. Names of the Polymers, Abbreviation Used, and Range of Experimental Data Applied in the Determination

of the Equation Constants

Polymer Ethylene/propylene copolymer (50 wt%) Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer 18 wt% vinyl acetate 25 wt% vinyl acetate 28 wt% vinyl acetate 40 wt% vinyl acetate Polyamide-6 Polyamide-11 Polyamide-66 cis-1,4-Polybutadiene Polybutadiene, 8% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 24% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 40% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 50% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 87% 1,2-content Poly(1-butene), isotactic Poly(butyl methacrylate) Poly(butylene terephthalate) Poly(ε-caprolactone) Polycarbonate-bisphenol-A Polycarbonate-bisphenol-chloral Polycarbonate-hexafluorobisphenol-A Polycarbonate-tetramethylbisphenol-A Poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) Poly(2,5-dimethylphenylene oxide) Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Mn = 1000 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Mn = 4000 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Mn = 6000 Poly(epichlorohydrin) Poly(ether ether ketone) Poly(ethyl acrylate) Poly(ethyl methacrylate) Polyethylene, high density Polyethylene, linear Polyethylene, linear, high MW Polyethylene, branched Polyethylene, low density Polyethylene, low density, type A Polyethylene, low density, type B Polyethylene, low density, type C Poly(ethylene oxide) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Poly(4-hexylstyrene) Polyisobutylene Polyisoprene, 8% 3,4-content Polyisoprene, 14% 3,4-content Polyisoprene, 41% 3,4-content Polyisoprene, 56% 3,4-content Poly(methyl acrylate) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) Poly(α-methylstyrene) Poly(o-methylstyrene) Polyoxymethylene Phenoxya Polysulfoneb Polyarylatec Polypropylene, atactic

S13_05.indd 15

EP50

Symbol

EVA18 EVA25 EVA28 EVA40 PA6 PA11 PA66 cPBD PBD-8 PBD-24 PBD-40 PBD-50 PBD-87 iPB PnBMA PBT PCL PC BCPC HFPC TMPC PcHMA PPO PDMS PDMS-10 PDMS-40 PDMS-60 PECH PEEK PEA PEMA HDPE LPE HMLPE BPE LDPE LDPE-A LDPE-B LDPE-C PEO PET P4HS PIB PI-8 PI-14 PI-41 PI-56 PMA PMMA P4MP PαMS PoMS POM PH PSF PAr aPP

T/K 413-523

P/MPa 0.1-63

Ref. 4

385-491 367-506 367-508 348-508 509-569 478-542 519-571 277-328 298-473 298-473 298-473 298-473 298-473 406-519 307-473 508-576 373-421 424-613 428-557 432-553 491-563 396-471 473-593 298-343 304-420 298-418 291-423 333-413 619-671 310-490 386-434 413-476 415-473 410-473 398-471 394-448 385-498 385-498 385-498 361-497 547-615 303-403 326-383 298-473 298-473 298-473 298-473 310-493 387-432 514-592 473-533 412-471 463-493 341-573 475-644 450-583 353-393

0.1-177 0.1-177 0.1-177 0.1-177 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-284 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-177 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-160 0.1-200 0.1-177 0.1-100 0.1-250 0.1-250 0.1-250 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1- 68 0.1-196 30-100 0.1-100 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-170 0.1-180 0.1-196 0.1-177 0.1-196 0.1-177 0.1-100

4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 10 10 10 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 7 4 2 4 4 4 4

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13-16 Polymer Polypropylene, isotactic Polystyrene Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly(tetrahydrofuran) Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer 2.7 wt% acrylonitrile 5.7 wt% acrylonitrile 15.3 wt% acrylonitrile 18.0 wt% acrylonitrile 40 wt% acrylonitrile 70 wt% acrylonitrile Styrene/butadiene copolymer 10 wt% styrene 23.5 wt% styrene 60 wt% styrene 85 wt% styrene Styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymer 20 wt% methyl methacrylate 60 wt% methyl methacrylate N-Vinylcarbazole/4-ethylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% ethylstyrene N-Vinylcarbazole/4-hexylstyrene copolymer 80 mol% hexylstyrene 67 mol% hexylstyrene 60 mol% hexylstyrene 50 mol% hexylstyrene 40 mol% hexylstyrene 33 mol% hexylstyrene 20 mol% hexylstyrene N-Vinylcarbazole/4-octylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% octylstyrene N-Vinylcarbazole/4-pentylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% pentylstyrene a b c

S13_05.indd 16

Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationship for Polymer Melts Symbol iPP PS PTFE PTHF PVAc PVC PVME PVdF

T/K 443-570 388-469 603-645 335-439 308-373 373-423 303-471 451-521

P/MPa 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1- 39 0.1- 78 0.1- 80 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200

Ref. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

SAN3 SAN6 SAN15 SAN18 SAN40 SAN70

378-539 370-540 405-531 377-528 373-543 373-544

0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200

4 4 4 4 4 4

SBR10 SBR23 SBR60 SBR85

393-533 393-533 393-533 393-533

0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196

8 8 8 8

SMMA20 SMMA60

383-543 383-543

0.1-200 0.1-200

4 4

VCES50

393-443

30-100

9

VCHS80 VCHS67 VCHS60 VCHS50 VCHS40 VCHS33 VCHS20

313-423 333-423 383-453 373-443 423-493 463-523 473-523

30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100

9 9 9 9 9 9 9

VCOS50

403-453

30-100

9

VCPS50

383-443

30-100

9

Phenoxy = Poly(oxy-2-hydroxytrimethyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Polysulfone = Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Polyarylate = Poly(oxyterephthaloyl/isophthaloyl T/I=50/50)oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene

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Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationship for Polymer Melts

13-17

TABLE 2. Tait Equation Parameter Functions for Polymer Melts

S13_05.indd 17

Polymer EP50 EVA18 EVA25 EVA28 EVA40 PA6 PA11 PA66 cPBD PBD-8 PBD-24 PBD-40 PBD-50 PBD-87 iPB PnBMA PBT PCL PC BCPC HFPC TMPC PcHMA PPO PDMS PDMS-10 PDMS-40 PDMS-60 PECH PEEK PEA PEMA HDPE LPE HMLPE BPE LDPE LDPE-A LDPE-B LDPE-C PEO PET P4HS PIB PI-8 PI-14 PI-41 PI-56 PMA PMMA P4MP

V(0,T)/cm3g–1 1.2291 + 5.799·10–5(T–273.15) + 1.964·10–6(T–273.15)2 1.02391 exp(2.173·10–5T1.5) 1.00416 exp(2.244·10–5T1.5) 1.00832 exp(2.241·10–5T1.5) 1.06332 exp(2.288·10–5T1.5) 0.7597 exp[4.701·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.9581 exp[6.664·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.7657 exp[6.600·10–4(T–273.15)] 1.0970 exp[6.600·10–4(T–273.15)] 1.1004 + 6.718·10–4(T–273.15) + 6.584·10–7(T–273.15)2 1.1049 + 6.489·10–4(T–273.15) + 7.099·10–7(T–273.15)2 1.1013 + 6.593·10–4(T–273.15) + 5.776·10–7(T–273.15)2 1.1037 + 5.955·10–4(T–273.15) + 7.789·10–7(T–273.15)2 1.1094 + 6.729·10–4(T–273.15) + 4.470·10–7(T–273.15)2 1.1417 exp[6.751·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.9341 + 5.5254·10–4(T–273.15) + 6.5803·10–6(T–273.15)2 + 1.5691·10–10(T–273.15)3 0.9640 – 1.017·10–3(T–273.15) + 3.065·10–6(T–273.15)2 0.9049 exp[6.392·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.73565 exp(1.859·10–5T1.5) 0.6737 + 3.634·10–4(T–273.15) + 2.370·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.6111 + 4.898·10–4(T–273.15) + 1.730·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.8497 + 5.073·10–4(T–273.15) + 3.832·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.8793 + 4.0504·10–4(T–273.15) + 7.774·10–7(T–273.15)2 – 7.7534·10–10(T–273.15)3 0.78075 exp(2.151·10–5T1.5) 1.0079 exp[9.121·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.8343 + 5.991·10–4(T–273.15) + 5.734·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.8018 + 7.072·10–4(T–273.15) + 3.635·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.8146 + 5.578·10–4(T–273.15) + 5.774·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.7216 exp[5.825·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.7158 exp[6.690·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.8756 exp[7.241·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.8614 exp[7.468·10–4(T–273.15)] 1.1595 + 8.0394·10–4(T–273.15) 0.9172 exp[7.806·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.8992 exp[8.502·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.9399 exp[7.341·10–4(T–273.15)] 1.1944 + 2.841·10–4(T–273.15) + 1.872·10–6(T–273.15)2 1.1484 exp[6.950·10–4(T–273.15)] 1.1524 exp[6.700·10–4(T–273.15)] 1.1516 exp[6.730·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.8766 exp[7.087·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.6883 + 5.90·10–4(T–273.15) 0.8251 + 6.77·10–4T 1.0750 exp[5.651·10–4(T–273.15)] 1.1030 + 6.488·10–4(T–273.15) + 5.125·10–7(T–273.15)2 1.0943 + 6.293·10–4(T–273.15) + 6.231·10–7(T–273.15)2 1.0951 + 6.188·10–4(T–273.15) + 6.629·10–7(T–273.15)2 1.0957 + 6.655·10–4(T–273.15) + 5.661·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.8365 exp[6.795·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.8254 + 2.8383·10–4(T–273.15) + 7.792·10–7(T–273.15)2 1.4075 – 9.095·10–4(T–273.15) + 3.497·10–6(T–273.15)2

PαMS PoMS POM PH PSF PAr aPP iPP

0.89365 + 3.4864·10–4(T–273.15) + 5.0184·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.9396 exp[5.306·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.7484 exp[6.770·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.76644 exp(1.921·10–5T1.5) 0.7644 + 3.419·10–4(T–273.15) + 3.126·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.73381 exp(1.626·10–5T1.5) 1.1841 – 1.091·10–4(T–273.15) + 5.286·10–6(T–273.15)2 1.1606 exp[6.700·10–4(T–273.15)]

B(T)/MPa 487.0 exp[–8.103·10–3(T–273.15)] 188.2 exp[–4.537·10–3(T–273.15)] 184.4 exp[–4.734·10–3(T–273.15)] 183.5 exp[–4.457·10–3(T–273.15)] 205.1 exp[–4.989·10–3(T–273.15)] 376.7 exp[–4.660·10–3(T–273.15)] 254.7 exp[–4.178·10–3(T–273.15)] 316.4 exp[–5.040·10–3(T–273.15)] 177.7 exp[–3.593·10–3(T–273.15)] 200.0 exp[–4.606·10–3(T–273.15)] 193.0 exp[–4.519·10–3(T–273.15)] 188.0 exp[–4.437·10–3(T–273.15)] 183.0 exp[–4.425·10–3(T–273.15)] 175.0 exp[–4.538·10–3(T–273.15)] 167.5 exp[–4.533·10–3(T–273.15)] 226.7 exp[–5.344·10–3(T–273.15)] 263.0 exp[–3.444·10–3(T–273.15)] 189.0 exp[–3.931·10–3(T–273.15)] 310.0 exp[–4.078·10–3(T–273.15)] 363.4 exp[–4.921·10–3(T–273.15)] 236.6 exp[–5.156·10–3(T–273.15)] 231.4 exp[–4.242·10–3(T–273.15)] 295.2 exp[–5.220·10–3(T–273.15)] 227.8 exp[–4.290·10–3(T–273.15)] 89.4 exp[–5.701·10–3(T–273.15)] 542.63 exp[–6.69·10–3(T–273.15)] 482.73 exp[–6.09·10–3(T–273.15)] 482.73 exp[–6.09·10–3(T–273.15)] 238.3 exp[–4.171·10–3(T–273.15)] 388.0 exp[–4.124·10–3(T–273.15)] 193.2 exp[–4.839·10–3(T–273.15)] 260.9 exp[–5.356·10–3(T–273.15)] 179.9 exp[–4.739·10–3(T–273.15)] 176.7 exp[–4.661·10–3(T–273.15)] 168.3 exp[–4.292·10–3(T–273.15)] 177.1 exp[–4.699·10–3(T–273.15)] 202.2 exp[–5.243·10–3(T–273.15)] 192.9 exp[–4.701·10–3(T–273.15)] 196.6 exp[–4.601·10–3(T–273.15)] 186.7 exp[–4.391·10–3(T–273.15)] 207.7 exp[–3.947·10–3(T–273.15)] 369.7 exp[–4.150·10–3(T–273.15)] 103.1 exp[–2.417·10–3(T–273.15)] 200.3 exp[–4.329·10–3(T–273.15)] 188.0 exp[–4.541·10–3(T–273.15)] 202.0 exp[–4.653·10–3(T–273.15)] 199.0 exp[–4.622·10–3(T–273.15)] 200.0 exp[–4.644·10–3(T–273.15)] 235.8 exp[–4.493·10–3(T–273.15)] 287.5 exp[–4.146·10–3(T–273.15)] 37.67 + 0.2134(T–273.15)] – 7.0445·10–4(T–273.15)2 297.7 exp[–4.074·10–3(T–273.15)] 261.9 exp[–4.114·10–3(T–273.15)] 305.6 exp[–4.326·10–3(T–273.15)] 359.9 exp[–4.378·10–3(T–273.15)] 365.9 exp[–3.757·10–3(T–273.15)] 296.9 exp[–3.375·10–3(T–273.15)] 162.1 exp[–6.604·10–3(T–273.15)] 149.1 exp[–4.177·10–3(T–273.15)]

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Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationship for Polymer Melts

13-18 Polymer

PS PTFE PTHF PVAc PVC PVME PVdF SAN3 SAN6 SAN15 SAN18 SAN40 SAN70 SBR10 SBR23 SBR60 SBR85 SMMA20 SMMA60 VCES50 VCHS80 VCHS67 VCHS60 VCHS50 VCHS40 VCHS33 VCHS20 VCOS50 VCPS50

S13_05.indd 18

V(0,T)/cm3g–1

0.9287 exp[5.131·10 (T–273.15)] 0.3200 + 9.5862·10–4(T–273.15) 1.0043 exp[6.691·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.82496 + 5.820·10–4(T–273.15) + 2.940·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.7196 + 5.581·10–5(T–273.15) + 1.468·10–6(T–273.15)2 0.9585 exp[6.653·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.5790 exp[8.051·10–4(T–273.15)] 0.9233 + 3.936·10–4(T–273.15) + 5.685·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.9211 + 4.370·10–4(T–273.15) + 5.846·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.9044 + 4.207·10–4(T–273.15) + 4.077·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.9016 + 4.036·10–4(T–273.15) + 4.206·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.8871 + 3.406·10–4(T–273.15) + 4.938·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.8528 + 3.616·10–4(T–273.15) + 2.634·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.9053 exp(2.437·10–5T1.5) 0.8986 exp(2.317·10–5T1.5) 0.8812 exp(2.031·10–5T1.5) 0.8704 exp(1.846·10–5T1.5) 0.9063 + 3.570·10–4(T–273.15) + 6.532·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.8610 + 3.350·10–4(T–273.15) + 6.980·10–7(T–273.15)2 0.6676 + 6.63·10–4T 0.7753 + 6.17·10–4T 0.8028 + 6.50·10–4T 0.8213 + 6.23·10–4T 0.7827 + 5.05·10–4T 0.7805 + 4.92·10–4T 0.7710 + 4.86·10–4T 0.6416 + 5.42·10–4T 0.7081 + 7.40·10–4T 0.7814 + 4.36·10–4T –4

B(T)/MPa 216.9 exp[–3.319·10–3(T–273.15)] 425.2 exp[–9.380·10–3(T–273.15)] 178.6 exp[–4.223·10–3(T–273.15)] 204.9 exp[–4.346·10–3(T–273.15)] 294.2 exp[–5.321·10–3(T–273.15)] 215.8 exp[–4.588·10–3(T–273.15)] 244.0 exp[–5.210·10–3(T–273.15)] 239.8 exp[–4.376·10–3(T–273.15)] 226.9 exp[–4.286·10–3(T–273.15)] 238.4 exp[–3.943·10–3(T–273.15)] 240.4 exp[–3.858·10–3(T –273.15)] 289.3 exp[–4.431·10–3(T–273.15)] 335.4 exp[–3.923·10–3(T–273.15)] 530.3 exp[–3.99·10–3(T–273.15)] 551.6 exp[–4.17·10–3(T–273.15)] 486.0 exp[–4.34·10–3(T–273.15)] 356.7 exp[–4.24·10–3(T–273.15)] 232.0 exp[–4.143·10–3(T–273.15)] 261.0 exp[–4.611·10–3(T–273.15)] 5281.7 exp[–9.264·10–3(T–273.15)] 247.6 exp[–2.604·10–3(T–273.15)] 581.7 exp[–4.553·10–3(T–273.15)] 229.1 exp[–2.133·10–3(T–273.15)] 136.0 exp[–1.083·10–3(T–273.15)] 155.0 exp[–1.605·10–3(T–273.15)] 460.4 exp[–3.453·10–3(T–273.15)] 489.8 exp[–3.193·10–3(T–273.15)] 666.5 exp[–4.503·10–3(T–273.15)] 880.1 exp[–4.393·10–3(T–273.15)]

5/2/05 1:36:58 PM

UPPER CRITICAL (UCST) AND LOWER CRITICAL (LCST) SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF BINAR Y POLYMER SOLUTIONS Christian Wohlfarth Liquid-liquid demixing in solutions of polymers in low molar mass solvents is not a rare phenomenon. Demixing depends on concentration, temperature, pressure, molar mass and molar mass distribution function of the polymer, chain branching and end groups of the polymer, the chemical nature of the solvent, isotope substitution in solvents or polymers, chemical composition of copolymers and its distributions, and other variables. Phase diagrams of polymer solutions can therefore show a quite complicated behavior when they have to be considered in detail (see Ref. 1a). Polymer solutions can undergo demixing when cooling a homogeneous solution as well as when heating such a solution. The corresponding cloud-point curves show a maximum (UCST behavior) or a minimum (LCST behavior). For common polymer solutions, the LCST region is at higher temperatures (in many cases near the critical temperature of the solvent) than the UCST region. The temperature range between both extrema provides the essential information where the one-phase region of a polymer solution can be found. In the case of monodisperse polymers the extrema are equal to the critical points. However, in the case of polydisperse polymers with distribution functions, these extrema are threshold temperatures whereas the critical point shifts to higher concentrations on the shoulder of the cloud-point curve. Usually, the critical concentration is much more strongly influenced than the critical temperature. Thus, the table below does not distinguish between threshold and critical temperatures. UCST and LCST values depend somewhat on pressure. LCST values in the table are usually given at the vapor pressure of the solvent at this temperature. UCST values are measured in most cases at normal pressure; data at higher pressures are neglected here. The interested reader can find such information, for example, in Refs. 76, 84, 104, 157, 165, 177, 185-187, or 192.

1 1È 1 ˆ˘ Ê 1 = Í1 + const.Á - ˜˙ Ë Tcrit q Î r 2r ¯ ˚

(1)

where r denotes the number of segments of a polymer (being proportional to the degree of polymerization or to the molar mass or molar volume of the polymer). Extrapolation to r Æ •, i.e., to infinite molar mass, leads to the value of the q-temperature. This qtemperature is the highest temperature for UCST behavior or the lowest temperature for LCST behavior and a given polymer/solvent pair. In the case of polydisperse polymers, the segment number in equation (1) is to be replaced by its weight average, rw (related to Mw). The constant in equation (1) reflects further thermodynamic properties of the given polymer/solvent pair, but should not depend on molar mass. A detailed discussion can be found in Ref. 1b. The printed table in the Handbook provides only one data line for a given polymer/solvent pair and does not show the molar mass dependence of UCST or LCST data. The entire table with all data at different molar masses for many of the systems is given in the electronic version, however. Nevertheless, the necessary molar mass information for a system is always provided in the table by the corresponding number average, Mn, mass average, Mw, or viscosity average, Mh, values of the polymer as given in the original sources. Mh/g mol-1

Solvent

(18% Acrylonitrile)

840000

Ethyl acetate

427

220

(26% Acrylonitrile)

1000000

Ethyl acetate

412

220

100000

Ethyl acetate

393

220

453

159

Polymer

Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1

However, UCST and LCST values of a given polymer/solvent pair depend strongly on the molar mass of the polymer. In the case of monodisperse polymers, this dependency can be described in good approximation by the so-called Shultz-Flory plot (see Refs. 6 and 8):

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

Acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymer

Butadiene/a-methylstyrene copolymer (10% a-Methylstyrene)

387

Carbon monoxide/ethylene copolymer (1:1, alternating) 1000000 Cellulose diacetate

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2propanol 120000

59900

Benzyl alcohol

372

2-Butanone

279.7

471.5

111

2-Propanone

216.2

438.2

42

750000

N,N-Dimethylformamide

262

399

106

750000

Tetrahydrofuran

363

106

182

148

75500

59300

86

Cellulose diacetate/styrene graft copolymer (77.4 wt% grafted polystyrene)

Cellulose nitrate (13.3 wt% N) unknown

13-19

2-Propanone

328

13-20

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binar y Polymer Solutions

Polymer

Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1

Mh/g mol-1

Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

20000

Benzyl alcohol

322

2-Propanone

290.0

infinite

N,N-Dimethylformamide

413

5

infinite

3-Phenyl-1-propanol

321

5

310.69

Tetradecafluorohexane

332.59

195

Cellulose triacetate 100500

86 472.0

42

Cellulose tricaprylate

Decamethyltetrasiloxane N,N-Dimethylacrylamide/2-butoxyethyl acrylate copolymer (50 wt% 2-butoxyethyl acrylate) Water

<273.2

164

(15 wt% Butyl acrylate)

Water

346.2

164

(20 wt% Butyl acrylate)

Water

323.2

164

(30 wt% Butyl acrylate)

Water

294.2

164

(35 wt% Butyl acrylate)

Water

281.2

164

(50 wt% 2-Ethoxyethyl acrylate)

Water

319.2

164

(75 wt% 2-Ethoxyethyl acrylate)

Water

285.2

164

N,N-Dimethylacrylamide/butyl acrylate copolymer

N,N-Dimethylacrylamide/2-ethoxyethyl acrylate copolymer

N,N-Dimethylacrylamide/ethyl acrylate copolymer (25 wt% Ethyl acrylate)

Water

347.2

164

(30 wt% Ethyl acrylate)

Water

334.2

164

(50 wt% Ethyl acrylate)

Water

287.2

164

(55 wt% Ethyl acrylate)

Water

<273.2

164

(38 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate)

Water

353

184

(45 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate)

Water

333

184

(55 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate)

Water

315

184

(68 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate)

Water

305

184

(82 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate)

Water

288

184

(92 mol% 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate)

Water

283

184

(30 wt% Methyl acrylate)

Water

371.2

164

(40 wt% Methyl acrylate)

Water

338.2

164

(50 wt% Methyl acrylate)

Water

314.2

164

(55 wt% Methyl acrylate)

Water

294.2

164

(60 wt% Methyl acrylate)

Water

279.2

164

(70 wt% Methyl acrylate)

Water

<273.2

164

(20 wt% Propyl acrylate)

Water

353.2

164

(30 wt% Propyl acrylate)

Water

337.2

164

(40 wt% Propyl acrylate)

Water

294.2

164

(50 wt% Propyl acrylate)

Water

281.2

164

N,N-Dimethylacrylamide/2-methoxyethyl acrylate copolymer

N,N-Dimethylacrylamide/methyl acrylate copolymer

N,N-Dimethylacrylamide/propyl acrylate copolymer

Dimethylsiloxane/methylphenylsiloxane copolymer (15 wt% methylphenylsiloxane) 9100

41200

Anisole

291.45

198

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binar y Polymer Solutions Polymer

Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1 9100

Mh/g mol-1

41200

13-21

Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

2-Propanone

282.45

198

Ethylene/propylene copolymer (33 mol% ethylene) 145000

Cyclohexane

534

101

145000

Cyclopentane

490

101

145000

2,2-Dimethylbutane

428

101

145000

2,3-Dimethylbutane

452

101

145000

3,4-Dimethylhexane

541

101

145000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

472

101

145000

2,3-Dimethylpentane

500

101

145000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

464

101

145000

3-Ethylpentane

511

101

145000

Heptane

502

101

145000

Hexane

455

101

145000

2-Methylbutane

396

101

145000

Methylcyclohexane

558

101

145000

Methylcyclopentane

512

101

145000

2-Methylhexane

486

101

145000

Nonane

558

101

145000

Octane

528

101

145000

Pentane

409

101

145000

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

539

101

145000

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane

500

101

145000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

503

101

Ethylene/propylene copolymer (43 mol% ethylene) 70000

140000

Hexane

436

127

70000

140000

2-Methylpentane

474

127

70000

140000

Pentane

441

127

154000

2,2-Dimethylbutane

407

101

154000

2,3-Dimethylbutane

437

101

154000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

453

101

154000

2,3-Dimethylpentane

488

101

154000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

445

101

154000

3-Ethylpentane

500

101

154000

Heptane

493

101

154000

Hexane

443

101

154000

Pentane

395

101

154000

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane

488

101

154000

2,3,4-Trimethylhexane

565

101

154000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

484

101

236000

Cyclohexane

526

101

236000

Cyclopentane

481

101

236000

2,3-Dimethylbutane

429

101

236000

3,4-Dimethylhexane

530

101

236000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

444

101

236000

2,3-Dimethylpentane

482

101

236000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

434

101

Ethylene/propylene copolymer (53 mol% ethylene)

Ethylene/propylene copolymer (63 mol% ethylene)

13-22

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binar y Polymer Solutions

Polymer

Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1

Mh/g mol-1

Solvent

236000

3-Ethylpentane

492

101

236000

Heptane

485

101

236000

Hexane

436

101

236000

2-Methylbutane

348

101

236000

Methylcyclopentane

498

101

236000

Nonane

547

101

236000

Octane

512

101

236000

Pentane

387

101

236000

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

528

101

236000

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane

479

101

236000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

479

101

109000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

431

101

109000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

425

101

109000

Heptane

475

101

109000

Hexane

427

101

109000

Nonane

542

101

109000

Octane

509

101

109000

Pentane

378

101

109000

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

523

101

109000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

469

101

195000

Cyclohexane

522

101

195000

Cyclopentane

474

101

195000

2,2-Dimethylbutane

381

101

195000

2,3-Dimethylbutane

413

101

195000

2,4-Dimethylhexane

478

101

195000

2,5-Dimethylhexane

466

101

195000

3,4-Dimethylhexane

522

101

195000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

425

101

195000

2,3-Dimethylpentane

471

101

195000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

420

101

195000

3-Ethylpentane

478

101

195000

Heptane

468

101

195000

Hexane

425

101

195000

2-Methylbutane

327

101

195000

Methylcyclohexane

541

101

195000

Methylcyclopentane

493

101

195000

2-Methylhexane

453

101

195000

3-Methylhexane

459

101

195000

Nonane

540

101

195000

Octane

506

101

195000

Pentane

370

101

195000

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

519

101

195000

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane

461

101

195000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

460

101

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

Ethylene/propylene copolymer (75 mol% ethylene)

Ethylene/propylene copolymer (81 mol% ethylene)

Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer ( 2.3 wt% Vinyl acetate)

52000

465000

Diphenyl ether

404.2

143

( 4.0 wt% Vinyl acetate)

47000

280000

Diphenyl ether

392.5

143

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions Mh/g mol-1

13-23

Polymer

Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1

Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

( 7.1 wt% Vinyl acetate)

34000

460000

Diphenyl ether

378.2

143

( 9.5 wt% Vinyl acetate)

53000

350000

Diphenyl ether

367.3

143

( 9.7 wt% Vinyl acetate)

55000

490000

Diphenyl ether

370.8

143

(12.1 wt% Vinyl acetate)

66000

300000

Diphenyl ether

360.4

143

(42.6 mol% Vinyl acetate)

14800

41500

Methyl acetate

307.0

130

Ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer (87.2 mol% Vinyl alcohol)

infinite

Water

463.55

285.65

44

(88.9 mol% Vinyl alcohol)

infinite

Water

449.15

290.75

44

(91.0 mol% Vinyl alcohol)

infinite

Water

428.45

302.95

44

(94.1 mol% Vinyl alcohol)

infinite

Water

389.25

324.45

44

Ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer (20.0 mol% Ethylene oxide)

3400

Water

303

211

(27.0 mol% Ethylene oxide)

3000

Water

309

210

(30.0 mol% Ethylene oxide)

5400

Water

313

211

(38.5 mol% Ethylene oxide)

5000

Water

309

210

(50.0 mol% Ethylene oxide)

3900

Water

323

211

(58.8 mol% Ethylene oxide)

3000

Water

326.65

210 153

(72.4 mol% Ethylene oxide)

36000

Water

333

(79.5 mol% Ethylene oxide)

30800

Water

345

153

(86.6 mol% Ethylene oxide)

30100

Water

355.5

153

Gutta Percha 194000

Propyl acetate

318.95

7

Hydroxypropylcellulose 75000

Water

318.45

43

300000

Water

331.25

43

3100000

Water

315.15

172

N-Isopropylacrylamide/acrylamide copolymer (15 mol% Acrylamide) (30 mol% Acrylamide)

4500000

Water

326.15

172

(45 mol% Acrylamide)

3900000

Water

347.15

172

218

N-Isopropylacrylamide/1-deoxy-1methacrylamido-D-glucitol (12.9 mol% Glucitol)

78000

170000

Water

311.3

(13.7 mol% Glucitol)

51600

110000

Water

314.9

218

(14.0 mol% Glucitol)

145000

432000

Water

307.5

218

(10.56 mol% N-Isopropylmethacrylamide)

55300

177000

Water

307.15

212

N-Isopropylacrylamide/Nisopropylmethacrylamide copolymer (30.00 mol% N-Isopropylmethacrylamide)

28800

92000

Water

309.75

212

(39.99 mol% N-Isopropylmethacrylamide)

23100

74000

Water

311.05

212

(59.89 mol% N-Isopropylmethacrylamide)

23100

74000

Water

314.65

212

(79.81 mol% N-Isopropylmethacrylamide)

16600

53000

Water

317.35

212

(89.99 mol% N-Isopropylmethacrylamide)

14700

47000

Water

318.75

212

70000

Water

324.75

47

80000

Water

340.15

63

Pentane

403

10

Methylcellulose (about 30 mol% methyl subsitution) Methylcellulose/hydroxypropylcellulose copolymer (25 mol% methyl, 8 mol% hydroxypropyl subsitution) Natural rubber 300000 74500

2-Pentanone

274.45

7

13-24

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions

Polymer

Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1

Mh/g mol-1

Phenol-formaldehyde resin (acetylated) Poly(acrylic acid)

Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

2-Ethoxyethanol

378.2

200

120000

Tetrahydrofuran

268.3

189

1070000

1500000

Water

317.15

183

667000

1000000

Water

338.15

183

714000

1000000

Water

311.15

183

1420000

1700000

Water

322.65

183

857000

1200000

Water

334.65

183

Poly[bis(2,3-dimethoxypropanoxy) phosphazene] Poly[bis(2-(2’-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy) phosphazene] Poly[bis(2,3-bis(2-methoxyethoxy) propanoxy)phosphazene] Poly[bis(2,3-bis(2-(2’-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy)propanoxy)phosphazene] Poly[bis(2,3-bis(2-(2’-(2’’-dimethoxyethoxy) ethoxy)ethoxy)propanoxy)phosphazene] Poly(1-butene) (atactic) infinite

Anisole

359.4

11

infinite

Toluene

356.2

28

Anisole

362.3

Poly(1-butene) (isotactic) infinite

11

530000

Cyclopentane

498

102

530000

2,2-Dimethylbutane

444

102

530000

2,5-Dimethylhexane

519

102

530000

3,4-Dimethylhexane

559

102

530000

2,3-Dimethylpentane

517

102

530000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

480

102

530000

3-Ethylpentane

523

102

530000

Heptane

509

102

Hexane

464

102

2-Methylbutane

416

102

Nonane

564

102

Octane

540

102

Pentane

421

102

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane

507

102

infinite 530000 infinite 530000 infinite 530000 Poly(butyl methacrylate) 278000

470000

1-Butanol

287.15

132

278000

470000

Decane

357.25

132

278000

470000

Ethanol

315.25

132

278000

470000

Heptane

342.55

132

278000

470000

Octane

345.80

132

278000

470000

1-Pentanol

286.30

132

278000

470000

2-Propanol

294.90

132

278000

470000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

347.50

132

Poly(2-chlorostyrene) infinite

Benzene

298

40

infinite

Benzene

infinite

2-(Butoxyethoxy)ethanol

323.25

46

infinite

Butyl acetate

502.4

22

infinite

tert-Butyl acetate

338.55

46

Poly(4-chlorostyrene) 274.0

22

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions Polymer

Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1

Mh/g mol-1

13-25

Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

infinite

Chlorobenzene

128.8

infinite

2-(Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol

300.95

46

infinite

Ethyl acetate

613.2

22

infinite

Ethylbenzene

283.2

22

infinite

Ethylbenzene

258.45

46

271.35

22

infinite

Ethyl chloroacetate

infinite

Isopropyl acetate

46

infinite

Isopropylbenzene

332.15

46

infinite

Isopropyl chloroacetate

264.95

46

337.75

348.65

46

infinite

Methyl chloroacetate

infinite

Propyl acetate

46

infinite

Tetrachloroethene

317.55

46

infinite

Tetrachloromethane

323.85

46

infinite

Toluene

236.8

22

908.7

22

Poly(decyl methacrylate) 390000

468000

1-Butanol

304.85

113

390000

468000

1-Pentanol

278.40

113

220000

252000

2-Propanol

346.85

132

Polydimethylsiloxane (cyclic) 9810

10300

2,2-Dimethylpropane

433

133

9810

10300

Tetramethylsilane

448

133, 171

Butane

392.95

53

Decane

603

30

2,2-Dimethylpropane

428

133 30

Polydimethylsiloxane 626000 infinite 14750

16370

infinite

Dodecane

643

626000

Ethane

259.65

100000

Ethoxybenzene

341.99

53 108

infinite

Heptane

528

30

infinite

Hexadecane

708

30

infinite

Hexane

493

30

infinite

Octane

553

30

infinite

Pentane

453

30

203000 14750

16370

Propane

340.15

53

Tetramethylsilane

443

133, 171

Poly(ethyl acrylate) 48000

1-Butanol

310.05

27

48000

Ethanol

301.15

27

380000

Methanol

287.25

27

48000

1-Propanol

305.15

27

Polyethylene (branched) 8400

32000

Diphenyl ether

384.7

95, 98

24000

123000

Diphenyl ether

396.7

95, 98

65000

425000

Diphenyl ether

415.3

95, 98

Polyethylene (linear) 20000

Anisole

368.15

24

20000

Benzyl acetate

459.65

24

20000

Benzyl phenyl ether

437.15

24

20000

Benzyl propionate

436.15

24

50900

Biphenyl

383.55

61100

Butyl acetate

448

25 497

70

13-26

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions

Polymer

Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1

Mh/g mol-1

Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

20000

4-tert-Butylphenol

466.15

134000

Cyclohexane

20000

Cyclohexanone

134000 36700

12000

49300

472

101

563.75

91

1-Decanol

400.15

Dibenzyl ether

448.65

134000

3,4-Dimethylhexane

515

101

134000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

399

101

134000

2,3-Dimethylpentane

463

101

134000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

395

101 95, 98

Diphenylmethane

400.25

25

1-Dodecanol

49300

7900

92000

20000

610.85 405.15

141 471

101

Heptane

464.70

91

414.65

91

1-Heptanol

440.15

24

1-Hexanol

458.15

154

20000

2-Methoxynaphthalene

427.65

24

20000

3-Methylbutyl acetate

407.15

134000

Methylcyclohexane

537

101

Methylcyclopentane

488

101

Nonane

531.90

91

82600

24

20000

1-Nonanol

431.15

24

20000

4-Nonylphenol

410.15

24

36700

49300

Octane

7900

92000

1-Octanol

426.65

20000

4-Octylphenol

424.65

134000

Pentane

20000

1-Pentanol

445.15

175000

Pentyl acetate

421

502.40

91 154 24

353

101 24

528

70

20000

4-tert-Pentylphenol

443.65

24

20000

Phenetole

366.65

24

134000

97700

91

3-Ethylpentane

Hexane

134000

60400

24

416.2

Dodecane

36700

24

Diphenyl ether

218000 134000

60400

Cyclopentane Decane

82600

49300

101 24

20000

150000

36700

518 389.65

20000

97200 60400

24

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

513

101

Tridecane

639.30

91

134000

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane

444

101

134000

2,3,4-Trimethylhexane

545

101

134000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

495

101

Undecane

583.95

91

82600

135900

Poly(ethylene glycol) 8000

tert-Butyl acetate

321.2

464.2

83

21200

tert-Butyl acetate

353.2

431.2

83

6100

6200

Water

404.79

185

10457

11615

Water

394.33

205

40800

151000

Water

378.25

205

22000

31500

Water

338

222

Poly(ethylene oxide)-bpoly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene] block copolymer (about 67 mol% Ethylene oxide)

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions Polymer

Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1

Mh/g mol-1

Solvent

13-27

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer (about 30 mol% Ethylene oxide) 4400

Water

286.65

209

52000

Diphenyl ether

411.2

95, 98

2-Butanone

302.6

135

77400

1-Butanol

337.25

35

233600

2-Butanol

287

35

233600

2-Metyl-1-propanol

342

35

77400

1,2,3-Propanetriol

345

35

77400

1-Propanol

311

35

Anisole

377

Polyethylethylene 48000 Poly(p-hexylstyrene) infinite Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

Polyisobutylene infinite

3

72000

Benzene

703000

Butane

264.75

53

Cycloheptane

572

34

Cyclohexane

412

10

Cyclooctane

637

34

Cyclopentane

344

10

Decane

535

34

1500000

2,2-Dimethylbutane

376

10

1500000

2,3-Dimethylbutane

404

10

infinite

2,2-Dimethylhexane

454

34

infinite

2,4-Dimethylhexane

458

34

infinite

2,5-Dimethylhexane

446

34

infinite

3,4-Dimethylhexane

497

34

infinite

2,2-Dimethylpentane

404

34

infinite

2,3-Dimethylpentane

451

34

infinite

2,4-Dimethylpentane

403

34

infinite

3,3-Dimethylpentane

451

34

infinite

Diphenyl ether

infinite

Decane

infinite

Dodecane

infinite

Ethylbenzene

infinite

Ethylcyclopentane

infinite

Ethyl heptanoate

306

infinite

Ethyl hexanoate

330

infinite

3-Ethylpentane

458

infinite

Heptane

442

34

72000

Hexane

428.5

39

6030

infinite 1500000 infinite 1500000 infinite

540.5

306

39

3 585 582

249

30 34 3

524

34 3 3 34

2-Methylbutane

357.85

53

infinite

Methylcyclohexane

526

34

infinite

Methylcyclopentane

478

34

infinite

2-Methylheptane

466

34

infinite

3-Methylheptane

478

34

infinite

2-Methylhexane

426

34

infinite

3-Methylhexane

446

34

infinite

2-Methylpentane

376

34

13-28

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions

Polymer

Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1

Mh/g mol-1

infinite

Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

3-Methylpentane

405

34

470

2-Methylpropane

387

10

72000

Octane

506.0

39

6030

Pentane

403.55

53

72000

Pentane

373.5

39

470

Propane

358

10

infinite

Propylcyclopentane

547

34

infinite

Toluene

infinite

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane

445

34

infinite

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

435

34

780000

2,5-Dimethylhexane

474.15

140

780000

3,4-Dimethylhexane

520.15

140

780000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

445.15

140

780000

2,3-Dimethylpentane

484.15

140

780000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

442.15

140

780000

3-Methylpentane

483.15

140

780000

Heptane

488.15

140

780000

Hexane

434.15

140

780000

Nonane

541.15

140

780000

Octane

509.15

140

780000

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

518.15

140

780000

2,3,4-Trimethylhexane

548.15

140

780000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

471.15

140

180000

2,5-Dimethylhexane

451.15

140

180000

3,4-Dimethylhexane

521.15

140

180000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

405.15

140

180000

2,3-Dimethylpentane

460.15

140

180000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

404.15

140

180000

3-Methylpentane

473.15

140

180000

Heptane

467.15

140

180000

Hexane

407.15

140

180000

Nonane

540.15

140

180000

Octane

503.15

140

180000

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

519.15

140

180000

2,3,4-Trimethylhexane

548.15

140

infinite

Phenetole

357

3

260

3

1,4-cis-Polyisoprene

1,4-trans-Polyisoprene

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) 5400

14000

Water

307.45

146

146000

530000

Water

305.85

146

5500

Water

306.2

223

6030

Water

306.2

223

Water

319.95

212

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-poly[(Nacetylimino)ethylene] block copolymer (80 wt% N-Isopropylacrylamide) Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-poly[(Nacetylimino)ethylene] graft copolymer (75 wt% N-Isopropylacrylamide) Poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) 6250 Poly(methyl methacrylate)

20000

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions Polymer

Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1

13-29

Mh/g mol-1

Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

127000

Acetonitrile

267.15

16

970000

Acetonitrile

303.15

16

50000

1-Butanol

353.25

2

infinite

2-Butanone

infinite

1-Chlorobutane

320

970000

2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

301.55

16

127000

2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

280.15

16

264000

2-Ethoxyethanol

312.15

77000

Ethyl acetate

290

2-Ethylbutanal

264.65

16

3-Heptanone

307.7

126

4-Heptanone

299.95

200000

127000 infinite 970000 infinite

3-Hexanone

infinite

Methyl acetate 50000 1400000

572400

595300

infinite infinite

80

196 533

190

16 522

80

451

80 2

2-Octanone

321.15

16

3-Octanone

329.88

166

1-Propanol

506 349.95

2-Propanone Tetra(ethylene glycol)

264000

80

463

400.15

3-Pentanone 50000

200000

1-Methyl-4isopropylbenzene

482

80 2

439 390.15

80 196

400000

Toluene

225.35

2

50000

Trichloromethane

231.15

2

Tri(ethylene glycol)

407.15

196

infinite

Acetonitrile

301

infinite

2-Butanone

infinite

1-Chlorobutane

infinite

4-Heptanone

infinite

3-Hexanone

infinite

Methyl acetate

200000

264000

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (isotactic) 461

80

464

80

309

454

80

319

522

80

279

511

80

441

80

infinite

3-Pentanone

497

80

infinite

2-Propanone

428

80

Butane

388

102

Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (isotactic) 152000 152000

Cyclopentane

505

102

152000

2,2-Dimethylbutane

462

102

152000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

499

102

152000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

499

102

infinite

Diphenyl

467.8

62

infinite

Diphenyl ether

483.2

62

Diphenylmethane

449.8

infinite

62

152000

3-Ethylpentane

532

102

152000

Heptane

522

102

152000

Hexane

487

102

152000

2-Methylbutane

431

102

152000

Nonane

579

102

152000

Octane

553

102

152000

Pentane

441

102

152000

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane

521

102

13-30

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions

Polymer

Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1

Mh/g mol-1

Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

Poly(a-methylstyrene) 58500

61400

Butyl acetate

262.05

99100

113000

Cyclohexane

293.55

26000

31200

Cyclopentane

276.7

289000

transDecahydronaphthalene

273

69500

76500

Hexyl acetate

285.05

72000

75600

Methylcyclohexane

328.9

58500

61400

Pentyl acetate

287.1

457.15

181

435.95

181

152 181 508.15

181 203

484.6

181

Poly(2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine) 600000

Butyl acetate

287.95

20

263000

Ethyl butyrate

319.05

20

335000

Ethyl propionate

293.55

20

275000

3-Methylbutyl acetate

314.75

20

335000

4-Methyl-2-pentanone

299.95

20

170000

2-Methylpropyl acetate

312.35

20

165000

Pentyl acetate

316.95

20

284000

Propionitrile

262.35

20

152000

Propyl acetate

282.65

20

181000

Propyl propionate

312.15

20

233000

Tetrahydronaphthalene

316.95

20

Poly(1-pentene) (isotactic) 4500000

Cyclopentane

502

102

4500000

2,2-Dimethylbutane

457

102

4500000

3,4-Dimethylhexane

>569

102

4500000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

502

102

4500000

2,3-Dimethylpentane

529

102

4500000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

493

102

4500000

3-Ethylpentane

537

102

4500000

Heptane

522

102

4500000

Hexane

482

102

4500000

2-Methylbutane

422

102

4500000

Octane

556

102

4500000

Pentane

433

102

4500000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

527

102

Polypropylene (atactic) infinite

Diphenyl ether

infinite

Diethyl ether

383

68

Heptane

511

101

Hexane

441

68

242000 infinite

426.5

9

242000

2-Methylbutane

413

101

242000

Methylcyclohexane

564

101

Pentane

397

68

infinite Polypropylene (isotactic) 28000

Benzyl phenyl ether

429.2

31

28000

Benzyl propionate

405.2

31

28000

1-Butanol

395.2

31

28000

4-tert-Butylphenol

413.2

31

242000

Cyclohexane

540

101

242000

Cyclopentane

495

101

28000

Dibenzyl ether

433.2

31

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions Polymer

Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1

13-31

Mh/g mol-1

Solvent

242000

2,2-Dimethylbutane

441

101

242000

2,3-Dimethylbutane

465

101

242000

3,4-Dimethylhexane

553

101

242000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

489

101

242000

2,3-Dimethylpentane

513

101

242000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

481

101

28000

Diphenyl

388.2

31

28000

Diphenyl ether

395.2

31

28000

Diphenylmethane

389.7

31

242000

3-Ethylpentane

28000

4-Ethylphenol

242000

Heptane

511

101

242000

Hexane

470

101

242000

2-Methylbutane

413

28000

3-Methylbutyl benzyl ether 384.2

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

520 457.2

101 31

101 31

242000

Methylcyclohexane

564

101

242000

Methylcyclopentane

518

101

28000

4-Methylphenol

479.2

31

28000

2-Methyl-1-propanol

395.2

31

242000

Nonane

571

101

242000

Octane

542

101

28000

4-Octylphenol

379.2

28000

4-Isooctylphenol

383.2

242000

Pentane

422

101

242000

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

548

101

242000

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane

511

101

242000

2,3,4-Trimethylhexane

585

101

242000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

510

101

31 31

Poly(propylene glycol) 1000

Hexane

575

Water

288.15 318.2

88 65

Benzene

538.7

61

Polystyrene 34900

37000 62600

3700

4000

Butanedioic acid dimethyl ester

335.15

2

1-Butanol

383.45

154

91700

97200

2-Butanone

448.8

61

545500

600000

Butyl acetate

489

181

104000

110000

tert-Butyl acetate

250.0

Butyl stearate

387.15

62600

417.9

74 2

18400

19200

1-Chlorododecane

274.65

154

18400

19200

1-Chlorohexadecane

337.05

154

18400

19200

1-Chlorooctadecane

365.55

154

18400

19200

1-Chlorotetradecane

309.35

154

46400

51000

Cyclodecane

278.9

128

46400

51000

Cycloheptane

276.2

128

34900

37000

Cyclohexane

285.6

Cyclohexanol

353.5

236000 46400

51000

Cyclooctane

275.2

91700

97200

Cyclopentane

275.2

510.9

60 8 128

445.5

61

13-32 Polymer

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1

Mh/g mol-1

Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

transDecahydronaphthalene

281.95

91500

97000 4800

Decane

360.95

154

3700

4000

1-Decanol

375.15

154 650

64

18700

19800

Diethyl ether

235.6

314.5

51

187000

200000

Diethyl malonate

285.8

589.6

74

47200

50000

Diethyl oxalate

280.05

151000

160000

Dimethoxymethane

240000

1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane

387

62600

Dimethyl malonate

409.15

2

62600

Dimethyl oxalate

453.15

2

570000

116000

Decyl acetate

81

131 401.2

51

482

116

123000

Dodecadeuterocyclohexane 298.10

224

25000

Dodecadeuteromethylcyclopentane

180

310.07

4800

Dodecane

368.65

154

4000

1-Dodecanol

379.75

154

Dodecyl acetate

285.2

104000

110000

Ethyl acetate

213.9

104000

110000

Ethyl butanoate

221000

239000

Ethylcyclohexane

330.52

9440

10000

Ethyl formate

272

900000

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

283.05

4530

4800

Heptane

359

3700

4000

1-Dexadecanol

386.25

5500

5770

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexadeutero-2propanone

270

436

157

1920

2030

Hexane

318

470

112

Hexanoic acid

448.15

2

1-Hexanol

372.15

154

62600

3-Hexanol

396.65

90000

Hexyl acetate

3700 infinite

62600 3700

4000

206 435.4

72

490.8

74 18

451

74 136

477

112 154

2 578

64

104000

110000

Methyl acetate

284.2

415.7

72

104000

110000

3-Methyl-1-butyl acetate

210.1

510.1

72

91700

97200

Methylcyclohexane

321.8

505.9

60

10750

11500

Methylcyclopentane

295

480

157

104000

110000

2-Methyl-1-propyl acetate

210.4

468.5

72

48000

Nitroethane

303.1

151

4800

Octadecane

403.55

154

3700

4000

1-Octadecanol

390.55

154

4530

4800

Octane

353

3700

4000

1-Octanol

372.35

62600 4800

527

112 154

1-Octene

355.15

2

Pentadecane

385.25

154

1100

Pentane

292

137

3700

4000

1-Pentanol

375.05

154

219800

233000

Pentyl acetate

100000

1-Phenyldecane

283.60

5500

5770

2-Propanone

251

12750

13500

Propionitrile

312

519

181 105

452

157 187

104000

110000

Propyl acetate

183.7

469.0

72

104000

110000

2-Propyl acetate

220.9

414.2

72

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions Polymer

Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1 3700

4000

34900

37000

Mh/g mol-1

Solvent

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

1-Tetradecanol

383.25

Toluene 62600

13-33

154 567.2

60

Vinyl acetate

384.15

2

230000

Cyclohexane

297.1

155000

Cyclohexane

294.13

199

infinite

Cyclohexane

300

79

40000

Water

514

45

150000

Water

306.45

217

Polystyrene (three-arm star) 496.8

93

Polystyrene (four-arm star) Poly(trimethylene oxide) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) Poly(vinyl chloride) 55000

Dibutyl phthalate

353

114

55000

Tricresyl phosphate

383

114

Dimethyl phthalate

355

219

85000 Poly(N-vinylisobutyramide) 66000

105600

Water

313.25

208

46500

98600

Deuterium oxide

307.2

173

83000

155000

Water

306.95

146

Water

313.5

176

Poly(vinyl methyl ether)

Poly(N-vinyl-N-propylacetamide) 30000 Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer (21.1 wt% acrylonitrile)

infinite

Toluene

325.4

(23.2 wt% Acrylonitrile)

infinite

Toluene

355.1

52

(25.0 wt% Acrylonitrile)

90000

147000

Toluene

313.15

198

347000

Ethyl acetate

infinite

Cyclohexanol

334.65

114000

Butyl acetate

288.85

453.05

181

(51.0 wt% Acrylonitrile)

52

344.15

107

Styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymer (52.0 mol% Styrene) 38

Styrene/a-methylstyrene copolymer (20.0 mol% Styrene) 100000 100000

114000

Cyclohexane

285.85

484.85

181

100000

114000

Cyclopentane

290.95

421.05

181

100000

114000

transDecahydronaphthalene

264.15

181

100000

114000

Hexyl acetate

288.55

514.15

181

100000

114000

Pentyl acetate

303.15

480.65

181

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane

301.6

Trifluoronitrosomethane/ tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (1:1) alternating infinite

12

N-Vinylacetamide/vinyl acetate copolymer (58 mol% Vinyl acetate)

30000

57000

Water

340.15

(63 mol% Vinyl acetate)

27000

48600

Water

323.15

225 225

(78 mol% Vinyl acetate)

26000

46800

Water

282.15

225

298.25

121

Vinyl alcohol/vinyl butyrate copolymer (7.5 mol% Butyralized PVA)

infinite

Water

408.0

13-34

Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions Mn/g mol-1 Mw/g mol-1

Polymer

Mh/g mol-1

Solvent

160000

Water

UCST/K LCST/K Ref

N-Vinylcaprolactam/N-vinylamine copolymer (3.8 mol% Vinyl amine) 308.8

176 225

N-Vinylformamide/vinyl acetate copolymer (60 mol% Vinyl acetate)

24000

45600

Water

310.15

(66 mol% Vinyl acetate)

25000

47500

Water

291.15

225

(73 mol% Vinyl acetate)

23000

50600

Water

277.15

225

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13-36

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Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions Christian Wohlfarth

stated, even though the temperature dependence of aA is relatively small for the temperature ranges where most of the experimental data exist.

The vapor pressure of a binary polymer solution is given by the activity of the solvent A, aA. Solvent activities in polymer solutions are measured either by the isopiestic method applying a reference system whose solvent activity is precisely known or by determining the solvent partial pressure, PA, and calculating the activity of the solvent by equation (1):



(

)

 B –V L P – P s   AA A ( A )  aA =( PA /P ) exp    RT   s A

References 1. Wohlfarth, C., Methods for the measurement of solvent activity of polymer solutions, in Handbook of Solvents, Wypych, G., Ed., ChemTec Publishing, Toronto, 2000, 146. 2. Wen, H., Elbro, H. S., and Alessi, P., Polymer Solution Data Collection. I. Vapor-liquid equilibrium; II. Solvent activity coefficients at infinite dilution; III. Liquid-liquid equilibrium, Chemistry Data Series, Vol. 15, DECHEMA, Frankfurt am Main, 1992. 3. Danner, R. P. and High, M. S., Handbook of Polymer Solution Thermodynamics, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1993. 4. Wohlfarth, C., Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium Data of Binary Polymer Solutions: Physical Science Data, 44, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994. 5. Wohlfarth, C., CRC Handbook of Thermodynamic Data of Copolymer Solutions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001. 6. Wohlfarth, C., CRC Handbook of Thermodynamic Data of Aqueous Polymer Solutions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003. 7. Wang, K., Hu, Y., and Wu, D. T., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 39, 916, 1994. 8. Choi, J. S., Tochigi, K., and Kojima, K., Fluid Phase Equil., 111, 143, 1995. 9. Tochigi, K., Kurita, S., Ohashi, M., and Kojima, K., Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu, 23, 720, 1997. 10. Wong, H. C., Campbell, S. W., and Bhethanabotla, V. R., Fluid Phase Equil., 139, 371, 1997. 11. Kim, J., Joung, K. C., Hwang, S., Huh, W., Lee, C. S., and Yoo, K.-P., Korean J. Chem. Eng., 15, 199, 1998. 12. Kim, N. H., Kim, S.J., Won, Y. S., and Choi, J. S., Korean J. Chem. Eng., 15, 141, 1998. 13. Feng, W., Wang, W., and Feng, Z., J. Chem. Ind. Eng. (China), 49, 271, 1998. 14. French, R. N. and Koplos, G. J., Fluid Phase Equil., 160, 879, 1999. 15. Striolo, A. and Praunsitz, J. M., Polymer, 41, 1109, 2000. 16. Fornasiero, F., Halim, M., and Prausnitz, J. M., Macromolecules, 33, 8435, 2000. 17. Wong, H. C., Campbell, S. W., and Bhethanabotla, V. R., Fluid Phase Equil., 179, 181, 2001. 18. Wibawa, G., Takahashi, M., Sato, Y., Takishima, S., and Masuoka, H., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 47, 518, 2002. 19. Wibawa, G., Hatano, R., Sato, Y., Takishima, S., and Masuoka, H., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 47, 1022, 2002. 20. Pfohl, O., Riebesell, C., and Dohrn, R., Fluid Phase Equil., 202, 289, 2002. 21. Jung, J. K., Joung, S. N., Shin, H.Y., Kim, S. Y., Yoo, K.-P., Huh, W., Lee, C. S., Korean J. Chem. Eng., 19, 296, 2002. 22. Kang, S., Huang, Y., Fu, J., Liu, H., and Hu, Y., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 47, 788, 2002.

(1)

where BAA is the second virial coefficient, P is the saturation vapor pressure, and VAL is the molar volume of the pure solvent A at the measuring temperature T. The exponential term is neglected in quite a lot of original papers, however, and only the reduced vapor pressures are given (such data are indicated by an asterisk in the table below). Vapor pressures of polymer solutions have been measured since the 1940s, but the amount of experimental data for polymer solutions is still relatively small in comparison to lowmolecular mixtures and solutions. The data scatter with respect to temperature, concentration, molar mass, and other polymer characterization variables. Furthermore, the concentration range for measuring vapor pressures in good thermodynamic quality is often limited to the polymer mass fraction range between 0.4 and 0.85. A recent review on methods for the measurement of vapor pressures/solvent activities of polymer solutions and on related problems is given in Ref. [1]. Experimental data have been collected in several books [2-6]. The table in this Handbook provides data for a number of polymer solutions as smoothed values over the complete range of solvent activities between 0 (polymer mass fraction = 1) and 1 (polymer mass fraction = 0). For this purpose, the data were selected from data books [4–6] as well as from a number of original sources [7–22] which are not included in these books. The appropriate data were smoothed. The final table provides then the polymer mass fractions at given fixed solvent activities between 0.1 and 0.9. Of course, the user must keep in mind that the activity vs. concentration range of the experimental data is sometimes smaller than the below given complete range, thus the smoothed data should be used with sufficient care. Generally, vapor pressures or solvent activities of binary polymer solutions depend on molar mass. However, for high molecular weight polymers (well above the oligomer region), this molar-mass dependence can be neglected in many cases. Therefore, the table below presents only data for polymer solutions where the number average molar mass, Mn, is in the order of 105 g/mol or even higher, therefore, the molar mass is not specified. The temperature is s A

Solvent Activity aA as Function of Temperature and Mass Fraction Polymer/ solvents

aA: T/K

0.1

Acrylonitrile/Styrene Copolymer (28 wt% Acrylonitrile) Benzene*) 1,2-Dimethylbenzene*) 1,3-Dimethylbenzene*) 1,4-Dimethylbenzene*) Propylbenzene*) Toluene*)



S13_07.indd 37

343.15 398.15 398.15 398.15 398.15 343.15

0.982 0.983 0.983 0.983 0.987 0.982

0.2

0.3

0.962 0.964 0.965 0.964 0.972 0.962

0.940 0.942 0.944 0.942 0.955 0.940

0.4 0.5 0.6 Mass Fraction of the Polymer 0.915 0.918 0.921 0.918 0.935 0.915

0.886 0.890 0.893 0.890 0.913 0.886

0.851 0.857 0.861 0.857 0.885 0.851

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.809 0.817 0.821 0.817 0.851 0.809

0.753 0.764 0.769 0.763 0.804 0.753

0.670 0.685 0.690 0.684 0.732 0.669

13-37

4/13/06 8:10:34 AM

Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions

13-38

S13_07.indd 38

Polymer/ aA: 0.1 solvents T/K Butadiene/Styrene Copolymer (41 wt% Styrene) 343.15 0.968 Benzene*) 343.15 0.978 Cyclohexane*) 398.15 0.974 Ethylbenzene*) 398.15 0.977 Mesitylene*) 343.15 0.970 Toluene*)

0.2

0.3

0.4 0.5 0.6 Mass Fraction of the Polymer

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.934 0.953 0.945 0.950 0.936

0.896 0.925 0.912 0.921 0.899

0.853 0.893 0.875 0.887 0.857

0.805 0.856 0.831 0.847 0.808

0.748 0.811 0.779 0.799 0.751

0.680 0.754 0.713 0.738 0.682

0.591 0.678 0.625 0.656 0.591

0.461 0.556 0.491 0.526 0.456

Cellulose Triacetate Dichloromethane Trichloromethane

298.15 298.15

0.979 0.978

0.956 0.953

0.930 0.924

0.899 0.892

0.863 0.853

0.819 0.806

0.762 0.747

0.683 0.665

0.554 0.533

Dextran Water

313.15

0.988

0.975

0.960

0.942

0.921

0.894

0.860

0.810

0.725

Hydroxyethylcellulose Water

368.15

0.988

0.974

0.958

0.939

0.915

0.884

0.841

0.775

0.650

Hydroxypropylstarch Water

293.15

0.989

0.977

0.963

0.947

0.927

0.903

0.872

0.827

0.749

Nitrocellulose Ethyl acetate Ethyl formate Ethyl propionate Methyl acetate 2-Propanone Propyl acetate

293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15

0.938 0.958 0.941 0.890 0.922 0.937

0.885 0.916 0.889 0.820 0.861 0.881

0.835 0.873 0.839 0.763 0.807 0.827

0.786 0.828 0.789 0.711 0.756 0.775

0.737 0.780 0.739 0.660 0.706 0.722

0.685 0.728 0.685 0.609 0.653 0.665

0.627 0.668 0.625 0.554 0.596 0.602

0.560 0.595 0.555 0.490 0.530 0.528

0.471 0.494 0.460 0.406 0.443 0.426

Polybutadiene (random cis-trans-vinyl) Benzene 298.15 Cyclohexane 298.15 Dichloromethane 298.15 Hexane 298.15 Tetrachloromethane 298.15 Toluene 298.15 Trichloromethane 298.15

0.964 0.974 0.951 0.984 0.932 0.969 0.925

0.925 0.945 0.902 0.965 0.865 0.935 0.855

0.884 0.913 0.852 0.943 0.799 0.898 0.788

0.839 0.876 0.800 0.916 0.731 0.856 0.720

0.788 0.833 0.745 0.881 0.660 0.809 0.650

0.731 0.782 0.684 0.837 0.585 0.754 0.578

0.663 0.719 0.616 0.775 0.503 0.688 0.498

0.578 0.635 0.532 0.683 0.409 0.603 0.406

0.455 0.507 0.415 0.534 0.288 0.476 0.289

1,4-cis-Polybutadiene Benzene Cyclohexane Dichloromethane Hexane Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloromethane

298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15

0.966 0.977 0.948 0.983 0.936 0.969 0.915

0.930 0.951 0.898 0.963 0.871 0.936 0.840

0.890 0.922 0.848 0.941 0.805 0.900 0.770

0.846 0.888 0.796 0.916 0.736 0.860 0.702

0.796 0.849 0.742 0.886 0.665 0.815 0.634

0.738 0.803 0.683 0.850 0.588 0.763 0.562

0.668 0.747 0.616 0.804 0.505 0.701 0.485

0.580 0.677 0.536 0.741 0.409 0.622 0.396

0.450 0.581 0.424 0.639 0.287 0.506 0.283

Poly(butyl acrylate) Benzene Dichloromethane Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloromethane

298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15

0.964 0.868 0.932 0.967 0.901

0.926 0.801 0.868 0.932 0.811

0.887 0.744 0.805 0.893 0.733

0.845 0.690 0.742 0.849 0.662

0.799 0.636 0.677 0.801 0.595

0.749 0.577 0.607 0.744 0.529

0.691 0.511 0.529 0.676 0.459

0.619 0.430 0.438 0.590 0.381

0.519 0.318 0.317 0.463 0.282

Poly(butyl methacrylate) Benzene 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Butanone Butyl acetate*) Cyclohexane Cyclopentane Diethyl ether*) 1,4-Dimethylbenzene Ethylbenzene Methyl acetate

313.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 308.15 313.15 313.15 298.15 333.15 333.15 313.15

0.971 0.991 0.992 0.982 0.982 0.985 0.984 0.987 0.971 0.969 0.984

0.939 0.980 0.982 0.963 0.961 0.968 0.965 0.973 0.940 0.935 0.965

0.902 0.968 0.969 0.940 0.936 0.948 0.944 0.956 0.905 0.899 0.944

0.861 0.953 0.953 0.914 0.908 0.925 0.918 0.937 0.866 0.859 0.920

0.813 0.936 0.933 0.884 0.875 0.899 0.886 0.914 0.822 0.815 0.891

0.756 0.914 0.906 0.846 0.836 0.866 0.846 0.885 0.770 0.764 0.856

0.685 0.885 0.869 0.799 0.789 0.823 0.792 0.848 0.706 0.704 0.811

0.592 0.842 0.815 0.732 0.730 0.764 0.714 0.795 0.622 0.627 0.748

0.453 0.762 0.719 0.623 0.652 0.666 0.579 0.703 0.497 0.517 0.645

4/13/06 8:10:35 AM

Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions

S13_07.indd 39

Polymer/ solvents 2-Methyl-1-propanol Octane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 2-Propanone Propyl acetate Toluene

aA: T/K 333.15 313.15 333.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 313.15

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.988 0.988 0.990 0.991 0.989 0.980 0.971

0.974 0.974 0.980 0.981 0.976 0.957 0.939

Poly(ε-caprolacton) Tetrachloromethane*)

338.15

0.956

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Chlorodifluoromethane Cyclohexane Hexane Pentane Pentane

298.15 303.15 303.15 308.15 423.15

Poly(ethyl acrylate) Benzene Dichloromethane Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloromethane

13-39 0.7

0.8

0.9

0.958 0.959 0.967 0.970 0.961 0.932 0.903

0.4 0.5 0.6 Mass Fraction of the Polymer 0.940 0.919 0.893 0.942 0.921 0.896 0.952 0.934 0.911 0.956 0.939 0.918 0.944 0.921 0.892 0.903 0.870 0.830 0.863 0.818 0.764

0.860 0.865 0.881 0.889 0.850 0.780 0.698

0.815 0.823 0.834 0.845 0.783 0.714 0.613

0.744 0.758 0.746 0.755 0.647 0.612 0.485

0.910

0.864

0.815

0.762

0.704

0.637

0.554

0.438

0.976 0.979 0.982 0.982 0.984

0.950 0.955 0.962 0.962 0.966

0.921 0.928 0.939 0.940 0.946

0.888 0.898 0.912 0.913 0.922

0.850 0.863 0.880 0.881 0.893

0.805 0.822 0.842 0.842 0.858

0.750 0.770 0.793 0.791 0.813

0.677 0.702 0.724 0.720 0.749

0.565 0.596 0.611 0.600 0.641

298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15

0.970 0.900 0.950 0.972 0.866

0.939 0.830 0.900 0.942 0.776

0.904 0.768 0.848 0.910 0.701

0.866 0.709 0.794 0.874 0.632

0.823 0.648 0.736 0.833 0.566

0.774 0.584 0.672 0.786 0.499

0.716 0.512 0.598 0.730 0.428

0.641 0.427 0.509 0.659 0.349

0.533 0.313 0.385 0.555 0.248

Poly(ethylene oxide) Benzene 2-Butanone Cyclohexane Methanol 2-Propanone Water

323.15 353.15 353.15 303.15 353.15 293.15

0.972 0.981 0.989 0.964 0.979 0.977

0.942 0.959 0.976 0.927 0.947 0.951

0.908 0.934 0.960 0.887 0.896 0.923

0.869 0.902 0.943 0.844 0.815 0.890

0.824 0.863 0.921 0.797 0.719 0.852

0.771 0.813 0.893 0.744 0.625 0.806

0.706 0.746 0.855 0.682 0.532 0.748

0.620 0.651 0.798 0.604 0.434 0.671

0.490 0.503 0.688 0.494 0.315 0.550

Poly(ethylenimine) Water

353.15

0.975

0.947

0.917

0.883

0.845

0.801

0.748

0.680

0.581

Poly(ethyl methacrylate) Benzene Dichloromethane Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloromethane

298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15

0.970 0.912 0.935 0.974 0.859

0.938 0.838 0.873 0.945 0.760

0.903 0.769 0.812 0.913 0.678

0.864 0.703 0.750 0.877 0.604

0.821 0.636 0.686 0.836 0.533

0.771 0.567 0.616 0.787 0.464

0.712 0.491 0.540 0.727 0.392

0.637 0.404 0.449 0.647 0.313

0.529 0.292 0.328 0.527 0.217

Polyisobutylene Benzene Cyclohexane Cyclopentane 1,4-Dimethylbenzene 2,2-Dimethylbutane Ethylbenzene Heptane Hexane Octane Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloromethane 2,4,4-Trimethylpentane

313.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 298.15 313.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 313.15 298.15 298.15

0.984 0.976 0.977 0.979 0.983 0.979 0.983 0.980 0.983 0.962 0.984 0.969 0.981

0.965 0.950 0.952 0.955 0.964 0.955 0.964 0.959 0.963 0.921 0.966 0.935 0.961

0.945 0.921 0.924 0.929 0.942 0.927 0.942 0.934 0.940 0.877 0.944 0.899 0.937

0.921 0.888 0.892 0.899 0.917 0.895 0.917 0.906 0.914 0.829 0.918 0.858 0.911

0.892 0.850 0.855 0.863 0.887 0.857 0.887 0.873 0.883 0.776 0.884 0.813 0.879

0.858 0.805 0.812 0.821 0.852 0.810 0.851 0.834 0.845 0.715 0.840 0.761 0.842

0.813 0.749 0.758 0.767 0.806 0.750 0.804 0.784 0.797 0.643 0.779 0.698 0.794

0.751 0.676 0.687 0.694 0.743 0.668 0.741 0.715 0.729 0.552 0.688 0.619 0.730

0.645 0.563 0.579 0.579 0.640 0.535 0.637 0.606 0.617 0.423 0.537 0.503 0.628

1,4-cis-Polyisoprene Benzene 2-Butanone Cyclohexane Dichloromethane 1,4-Dimethylbenzene

313.15 353.15 313.15 298.15 313.15

0.982 0.986 0.978 0.969 0.977

0.962 0.970 0.954 0.935 0.951

0.937 0.953 0.928 0.898 0.923

0.908 0.933 0.899 0.857 0.892

0.873 0.910 0.865 0.811 0.857

0.827 0.883 0.825 0.757 0.816

0.766 0.850 0.778 0.693 0.767

0.679 0.808 0.716 0.610 0.704

0.537 0.746 0.625 0.488 0.613

4/13/06 8:10:37 AM

Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions

13-40

S13_07.indd 40

Polymer/ solvents Ethylbenzene Methyl acetate Octane Propyl acetate Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloromethane

aA: T/K 313.15 313.15 313.15 333.15 298.15 313.15 298.15

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.928 0.900 0.948 0.942 0.800 0.927 0.807

0.4 0.5 0.6 Mass Fraction of the Polymer 0.898 0.864 0.823 0.862 0.820 0.773 0.926 0.901 0.871 0.916 0.886 0.850 0.737 0.672 0.602 0.898 0.865 0.827 0.747 0.685 0.620

0.978 0.968 0.984 0.983 0.929 0.978 0.930

0.954 0.935 0.967 0.964 0.864 0.954 0.867

0.774 0.717 0.834 0.803 0.526 0.782 0.547

0.709 0.649 0.785 0.738 0.435 0.725 0.462

0.612 0.554 0.711 0.633 0.316 0.645 0.346

Poly(methyl acrylate) Benzene Dichloromethane Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloromethane

298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15

0.979 0.917 0.963 0.981 0.912

0.956 0.851 0.924 0.960 0.830

0.930 0.791 0.882 0.936 0.753

0.901 0.732 0.838 0.909 0.678

0.867 0.671 0.788 0.878 0.603

0.826 0.605 0.733 0.840 0.527

0.776 0.532 0.668 0.792 0.446

0.710 0.444 0.586 0.727 0.357

0.608 0.326 0.470 0.626 0.248

Poly(methyl methacrylate) Benzene 2-Butanone*) Cyclohexanone*) Dichloromethane Ethyl acetate*) Toluene Trichloromethane

298.15 308.15 323.15 298.15 308.15 298.15 298.15

0.982 0.989 0.978 0.939 0.986 0.981 0.924

0.961 0.976 0.954 0.882 0.969 0.959 0.848

0.938 0.961 0.928 0.825 0.950 0.935 0.771

0.912 0.945 0.899 0.766 0.928 0.908 0.694

0.881 0.925 0.866 0.704 0.902 0.877 0.616

0.843 0.900 0.827 0.637 0.869 0.841 0.536

0.795 0.869 0.781 0.560 0.826 0.795 0.451

0.729 0.825 0.723 0.468 0.763 0.736 0.358

0.622 0.751 0.640 0.343 0.649 0.646 0.246

Poly(α-methylstyrene) Cumene α-Methylstyrene

338.15 338.15

0.984 0.978

0.965 0.954

0.944 0.927

0.918 0.896

0.887 0.859

0.848 0.816

0.796 0.761

0.721 0.687

0.593 0.570

Poly(propylene oxide) Benzene Metvhanol

333.15 298.15

0.967 0.992

0.932 0.982

0.893 0.970

0.850 0.955

0.801 0.936

0.744 0.910

0.675 0.872

0.588 0.812

0.460 0.689

Polystyrene Benzene 2-Butanone*) Cyclohexane Cyclohexanone*) Dichloromethane 1,3-Dimethylbenzene*) 1,4-Dimethylbenzene Ethyl acetate*) Hexane 2-Propanone Propyl acetate Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloromethane

333.15 298.15 313.15 313.15 298.15 323.15 423.15 313.15 423.15 323.15 343.15 298.15 313.15 298.15

0.978 0.986 0.990 0.970 0.949 0.980 0.974 0.976 0.980 0.991 0.983 0.961 0.981 0.949

0.953 0.971 0.978 0.937 0.899 0.956 0.944 0.948 0.958 0.980 0.965 0.917 0.959 0.898

0.924 0.954 0.965 0.900 0.849 0.926 0.911 0.918 0.933 0.969 0.943 0.869 0.933 0.847

0.891 0.935 0.949 0.858 0.797 0.891 0.872 0.882 0.904 0.955 0.919 0.814 0.901 0.793

0.852 0.912 0.931 0.810 0.743 0.846 0.826 0.841 0.869 0.938 0.891 0.751 0.861 0.736

0.804 0.885 0.908 0.753 0.684 0.791 0.770 0.791 0.827 0.918 0.858 0.678 0.809 0.675

0.742 0.851 0.877 0.684 0.617 0.723 0.698 0.728 0.772 0.892 0.815 0.592 0.738 0.604

0.657 0.804 0.833 0.593 0.536 0.638 0.601 0.642 0.697 0.854 0.758 0.486 0.638 0.519

0.521 0.724 0.754 0.459 0.423 0.524 0.452 0.507 0.574 0.788 0.667 0.344 0.481 0.400

Poly(tetramethylene glycol) Methanol

303.15

0.981

0.961

0.938

0.913

0.883

0.849

0.806

0.751

0.671

Poly(vinyl acetate) Benzene 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Butanone 1,2-Dichloroethane*) 1,4-Dimethylbenzene Ethylbenzene Methanol Methyl acetate 2-Methyl-1-propanol 1-Propanol 2-Propanol

313.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 300.15 313.15 313.15 333.15 313.15 353.15 353.15 353.15

0.985 0.992 0.987 0.980 0.955 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.976 0.984 0.987 0.988

0.967 0.982 0.972 0.958 0.906 0.978 0.979 0.978 0.949 0.966 0.972 0.974

0.945 0.971 0.956 0.934 0.851 0.964 0.966 0.965 0.919 0.946 0.955 0.958

0.919 0.958 0.937 0.906 0.790 0.948 0.950 0.949 0.886 0.924 0.936 0.940

0.886 0.942 0.915 0.873 0.722 0.928 0.932 0.931 0.849 0.899 0.914 0.919

0.844 0.923 0.889 0.835 0.644 0.903 0.910 0.908 0.805 0.868 0.888 0.894

0.784 0.896 0.856 0.787 0.556 0.868 0.880 0.877 0.752 0.832 0.856 0.863

0.696 0.856 0.813 0.724 0.450 0.814 0.836 0.834 0.684 0.784 0.815 0.820

0.548 0.779 0.747 0.626 0.315 0.705 0.759 0.757 0.583 0.715 0.753 0.754

4/13/06 8:10:38 AM

Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions Polymer/ solvents 2-Propanone Propyl acetate Tetrahydrofuran Toluene

aA: T/K 333.15 333.15 323.15 333.15

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.983 0.979 0.973 0.983

0.963 0.955 0.943 0.965

Poly(vinyl chloride) 2-Butanone*) Cyclohexanone*)

313.15 333.15

0.976 0.971

Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Benzene*) Chlorobenzene*) 1,2-Dimethylbenzene*) Ethylbenzene*) Propylbenzene*)

298.15 343.15 363.15 343.15 373.15

Poly(4-vinylpyridine) Methanol 2-Propanol

13-41 0.7

0.8

0.9

0.940 0.930 0.911 0.944

0.4 0.5 0.6 Mass Fraction of the Polymer 0.913 0.880 0.838 0.901 0.869 0.831 0.874 0.831 0.781 0.920 0.891 0.857

0.784 0.786 0.720 0.815

0.707 0.728 0.640 0.756

0.578 0.645 0.519 0.664

0.949 0.934

0.920 0.889

0.887 0.839

0.849 0.781

0.804 0.714

0.749 0.635

0.676 0.536

0.566 0.397

0.969 0.972 0.973 0.978 0.977

0.935 0.941 0.943 0.954 0.951

0.897 0.906 0.910 0.927 0.923

0.855 0.867 0.871 0.895 0.890

0.807 0.822 0.826 0.857 0.852

0.751 0.769 0.772 0.811 0.808

0.683 0.705 0.705 0.753 0.752

0.596 0.620 0.616 0.672 0.678

0.466 0.494 0.478 0.542 0.563

343.15 343.15

0.986 0.989

0.971 0.977

0.953 0.964

0.931 0.948

0.905 0.928

0.871 0.904

0.825 0.872

0.756 0.826

0.627 0.743

Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone) Water

368.15

0.984

0.966

0.946

0.924

0.899

0.870

0.835

0.790

0.727

Starch (amorphous) Water

383.15

0.991

0.981

0.970

0.956

0.939

0.918

0.889

0.845

0.754

Styrene/Methyl methacrylate Copolymer (41.45 wt% Styrene) 308.15 0.982 0.963 Benzene*)

0.940

0.913

0.881

0.841

0.789

0.716

0.590

Vinyl acetate/Vinyl chloride Copolymer (12 wt% Vinyl acetate) Benzene 398.15 0.976 0.949 Chlorobenzene 398.15 0.984 0.965 1,4-Dimethylbenzene 398.15 0.989 0.977 Ethylbenzene 398.15 0.989 0.976 Octane 398.15 0.992 0.982

0.918 0.944 0.963 0.961 0.971

0.883 0.920 0.946 0.944 0.958

0.841 0.891 0.926 0.924 0.942

0.791 0.856 0.899 0.899 0.922

0.728 0.810 0.863 0.866 0.893

0.643 0.746 0.807 0.818 0.847

0.509 0.638 0.692 0.735 0.739

*)­ aA = PA / PAS

S13_07.indd 41

4/13/06 8:10:38 AM

SPECIFIC ENTHALPIES OF SOLUTION OF POLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS Christian Wohlfarth

Enthalpies of solution or mixing, expressed as the enthalpy change per unit mass of polymer, are given in the table at infinite dilution, i.e., a very small amount of polymer and a large excess of solvent were mixed isothermally to form a homogeneous solution. By thermodynamics, ∆sol HB∞ or ∆M HB∞ are obtained from the following derivatives:

∆sol HB∞ = lim (∂∆ sol h / ∂mB )P ,T ,m



∆M HB∞ = lim (∂∆ M h / ∂mB ) P ,T ,m

mB →0

mB →0

j ≠B

j ≠B



(1)



(2)

with a unit of J/g. Thus, they are the partial specific enthalpies of solution or mixing of the polymer B at infinite dilution where ∆solh or ∆Mh is the extensive enthalpy of the solution or mixing process. The state of the polymer before dissolution can significantly affect the enthalpy of solution. The dissolving of a semicrystalline polymer requires an additional amount of heat associated with the disordering of crystalline regions. Consequently, its enthalpy of Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

solution is usually positive and depends on the degree of crystallinity of the given polymer sample. An amorphous polymer below its glass transition temperature, Tg (see the Tg-table of this Section), often dissolves with the release of heat. The enthalpy of solution of a glassy polymer is additionally dependent to some extent on the thermal history of the glass-forming process. An amorphous polymer above Tg can show endothermic or exothermic dissolution behavior depending on the nature of the solvent and the interaction energies involved as is the case for any enthalpy of mixing. This enthalpy of mixing is then independent of any crystalline or glassy aspects of the polymer. It can be obtained without difficulties for liquid/molten polymers mixed with a solvent. Therefore, the enthalpies given in the table are either enthalpies of solution or enthalpies of mixing, depending on the state of the polymer. The enthalpies depend on temperature and molar mass. The necessary molar mass information for a system is provided in the table (if available) by the corresponding number average, Mn, mass average, Mw, or viscosity average, Mη, values of the polymer as given in the original sources. Outside the oligomer range, specific enthalpies of solution or mixing do not remarkably depend on molar mass, however. More enthalpy data of polymer-solvent systems can be found in Ref. 106. ∆HB∞/ J/g

Solvent

T/K

Benzene Benzene Benzene

298.15 298.15 298.15

N,N-Dimethylformamide

323.15

−32

66

(13 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

293.15

−38

35

(13 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

308.15

−22

35

(13 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

323.15

−18

35

(13 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

338.15

−15

35

(13 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

353.15

−12

35

(29 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

295.15

−42

35

(29 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

308.15

−27

35

(29 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

323.15

−21

35

(29 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

338.15

−19

35

(29 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

353.15

−16

35

(40 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

295.15

−47

35

(40 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

308.15

−30

35

(40 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

323.15

−28

35

(40 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

338.15

−18

35

(40 wt% Acrylonitrile)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

353.15

−17

35

Benzene

298.15

−11

8

Cyclohexanone

298.15

−15

25

Trichloromethane

298.15

−38

25

Acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymer (18 wt% Acrylonitrile) (26 wt% Acrylonitrile) (40 wt% Acrylonitrile)

0.0 −1.9 −2.9

Ref. 18 18 18

Acrylonitrile/isoprene copolymer (15 mol% Isoprene) Acrylonitrile/vinyl chloride copolymer

Benzylcellulose

13-42

487_S13.indb 42

3/27/06 2:37:08 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

(50/50 Iso/terephtaloyl chloride)

N,N-Dimethylacetamide

298.15

−56

69

(50/50 Iso/terephtaloyl chloride)

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

298.15

+72

69

(10 wt% Styrene)

Benzene

293.65

4.9

17

(30 wt% Styrene)

Benzene

293.65

3.0

17

(30 wt% Styrene)

Benzene

298.15

3.0

25

(50 wt% Styrene)

Benzene

293.65

1.8

17

(60 wt% Styrene)

Benzene

293.65

0.0

17

(70 wt% Styrene)

Benzene

293.65

0.0

17

(75 wt% Styrene)

Benzene

298.15

1.5

7

(80 wt% Styrene)

Benzene

293.65

−0.6

17

(90 wt% Styrene)

Benzene

293.65

−4.9

17

Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

13-43

Bisphenol A-isophthaloyl chloride/terephthaloyl chloride

Butadiene/styrene copolymer

Butyl methacrylate/isobutyl methacrylate copolymer (50 wt%/50 wt%) Glass

150000

Cyclohexanone

303.15

5.9

98

Liquid

150000

Cyclohexanone

303.15

14.0

98

Butyl methacrylate/methyl methacrylate copolymer (45 wt%/55 wt%) Glass

107000

250000

Cyclohexanone

304.15

−5.4

99

Liquid

107000

250000

Cyclohexanone

304.15

+9.1

99

Cellulose acetate (52.2 wt% Acetate)

Formic acid

298.15

−30

10

(55.8 wt% Acetate)

Formic acid

298.15

−44

10

(52.5 wt% Acetate)

Methyl acetate

298.15

−80

1

(48 wt% Acetate)

2-Propanone

298.15

−35

25

(52.2 wt% Acetate)

2-Propanone

298.15

−30

10

(55.8 wt% Acetate)

2-Propanone

298.15

−26

10

(56 wt% Acetate)

2-Propanone

298.15

−45

25

(56 wt% Acetate)

2-Propanone

298.15

−30

4

Cellulose triacetate 2-Propanone

298.15

−29

4

Trichloromethane

298.15

−47

4

Dextran 8200

10400

Dimethylsulfoxide

298.15

−185

75

75900

101000

Dimethylsulfoxide

298.15

−187

70

75900

101000

1,2-Ethanediol

298.15

−98

70

75900

101000

Formamide

298.15

−228

70

8200

10400

Water

298.15

−140

75

75900

101000

Water

298.15

−150

75

Water

298.15

−123

65

(33 mol% Ethylene)

Cyclohexane

298.15

1.4

74

(63 mol% Ethylene)

Cyclohexane

298.15

8.1

74

(75 mol% Ethylene)

Cyclohexane

298.15

11.8

74

(33 mol% Ethylene)

Cyclooctane

298.15

1.2

74

(amorph) Ethylene/propylene copolymer

487_S13.indb 43

3/27/06 2:37:08 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers

13-44 Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

∆HB∞/ J/g

Solvent

T/K

(63 mol% Ethylene)

Cyclooctane

298.15

(75 mol% Ethylene)

Cyclooctane

(33 mol% Ethylene)

Cyclopentane

(63 mol% Ethylene)

Cyclopentane

298.15

1.1

74

(33 mol% Ethylene)

cis-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

−2.4

74

(63 mol% Ethylene)

cis-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

2.4

74

(75 mol% Ethylene)

cis-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

3.9

74

(33 mol% Ethylene)

trans-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

−4.8

74

(63 mol% Ethylene)

trans-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

−1.3

74

(75 mol% Ethylene)

trans-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

−0.3

74

(63 mol% Ethylene)

3,3-Diethylpentane

298.15

−1.4

74

(75 mol% Ethylene)

3,3-Diethylpentane

298.15

<0.1

74

(63 mol% Ethylene)

2,2-Dimethylpentane

298.15

5.3

74

(75 mol% Ethylene)

2,2-Dimethylpentane

298.15

2.3

74

(63 mol% Ethylene)

2,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

0.7

74

(75 mol% Ethylene)

2,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

0.4

74

(33 mol% Ethylene)

2,4-Dimethylpentane

298.15

−1.2

74

(63 mol% Ethylene)

2,4-Dimethylpentane

298.15

3.0

74

(75 mol% Ethylene)

2,4-Dimethylpentane

298.15

0.2

74

(33 mol% Ethylene)

3,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

−2.7

74

(63 mol% Ethylene)

3,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

0.3

74

(33 mol% Ethylene)

Dodecane

298.15

−0.1

73

(63 mol% Ethylene)

Dodecane

298.15

0.8

73

(75 mol% Ethylene)

Dodecane

298.15

−4.0

73

(63 mol% Ethylene)

3-Ethylpentane

298.15

2.6

74

(75 mol% Ethylene)

3-Ethylpentane

298.15

−0.6

74

(33 mol% Ethylene)

2,2,4,4,6,8,8Heptamethylnonane

298.15

−0.5

73

(63 mol% Ethylene)

2,2,4,4,6,8,8Heptamethylnonane

298.15

2.2

73

(75 mol% Ethylene)

2,2,4,4,6,8,8Heptamethylnonane

298.15

−0.9

73

(33 mol% Ethylene)

Hexadecane

298.15

0.7

73

(63 mol% Ethylene)

Hexadecane

298.15

−1.1

73

(75 mol% Ethylene)

Hexadecane

298.15

−4.6

73

(63 mol% Ethylene)

3-Methylhexane

298.15

0.7

74

(75 mol% Ethylene)

3-Methylhexane

298.15

1.7

74

(33 mol% Ethylene)

Octane

298.15

−1.6

73

(63 mol% Ethylene)

Octane

298.15

3.6

73

(75 mol% Ethylene)

Octane

298.15

0.3

73

(33 mol% Ethylene)

2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane 298.15

−0.3

73

(63 mol% Ethylene)

2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane 298.15

3.6

73

(75 mol% Ethylene)

2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane 298.15

0.0

73

(63 mol% Ethylene)

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

298.15

2.7

74

(75 mol% Ethylene)

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

298.15

3.1

74

(33 mol% Ethylene)

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

298.15

−0.2

73

(63 mol% Ethylene)

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

298.15

1.9

73

(75 mol% Ethylene)

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

298.15

3.5

73

487_S13.indb 44

Ref.

6.9

74

298.15

8.6

74

298.15

−3.5

74

3/27/06 2:37:09 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

13-45 ∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

298.15

−0.5

104

304.65

−1.3

93

Solvent

T/K

Cyclopentanone Tetrahydrofuran

Water

293.15

−92

29

Water

323.15

−63

29

Trichloromethane

303.15

47

22

Ethylene/vinylacetate copolymer (85 wt% Vinyl acetate) (70 wt% Vinyl acetate)

220000

Gelatine

Guttapercha Isobutyl methacrylate/methyl methacrylate copolymer (51 wt%/49 wt%) Glass

150000

Cyclohexanone

303.15

−11

98

Liquid

150000

Cyclohexanone

303.15

15

98

Benzene

298.15

10

25

Benzene

298.15

12

20

Natural rubber

Nitrocellulose

487_S13.indb 45

16600

2-Butanone

298.15

−80

4

23000

2-Butanone

298.15

−81

4

40000

2-Butanone

298.15

−81

4

Butyl acetate

293.15

−75

23

Butyl acetate

298.15

−75

23

Butyl acetate

298.15

−73

26

Butyl acetate

303.15

−75

23

Butyl acetate

308.15

−71

23

Butyl acetate

313.15

−65

23

Butyl acetate

313.15

−67

26

Butyl acetate

318.15

−59

23

Butyl acetate

323.15

−54

23

Butyl acetate

328.15

−50

23

Butyl acetate

333.15

−59

26

Butyl acetate

343.15

−55

26

Butyl acetate

353.15

−47

26

Diethyl ether

295.15

−62

3

Dibutyl phthalate

273.15

−45

26

Dibutyl phthalate

298.15

−46

26

Dibutyl phthalate

313.15

−46

26

Dibutyl phthalate

333.15

−42

26

Ethanol

295.15

−46

3

Ethyl acetate

293.15

−76

23

Ethyl acetate

298.15

−75

23

Ethyl acetate

303.15

−69

23

Ethyl acetate

308.15

−61

23

Ethyl acetate

313.15

−54

23

Ethyl acetate

318.15

−50

23

Ethyl acetate

323.15

−50

23

Ethyl acetate

328.15

−50

23

Methanol

293.15

−69

23

3/27/06 2:37:10 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers

13-46 Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

Methanol

298.15

−56

23

Methanol

303.15

−50

23

Methanol

308.15

−50

23

Methanol

313.15

−50

23

Methanol

318.15

−50

23

Methanol

323.15

−50

23

Methanol

328.15

−50

23

2,4-Pentanedione

298.15

−74

4

2-Pentanone

298.15

−64

4

2-Propanone

273.15

−75

26

2-Propanone

293.15

−75

23

2-Propanone

298.15

−83

2

2-Propanone

298.15

−68

4

2-Propanone

298.15

−71

8

2-Propanone

298.15

−74

23

2-Propanone

298.15

−79

25

2-Propanone

298.15

−75

26

2-Propanone

303.15

−60

23

2-Propanone

308.15

−51

23

2-Propanone

313.15

−50

23

2-Propanone

313.15

−65

26

2-Propanone

318.15

−50

23

2-Propanone

323.15

−50

23

2-Propanone

323.15

−50

26

2-Propanone

328.15

−50

23

Pyridine

298.15

−106

2

Tri(4-methylphenyl) phosphate

298.15

−16

26

Tri(4-methylphenyl) phosphate

313.15

−28

26

Tri(4-methylphenyl) phosphate

333.15

−41

26

Tri(4-methylphenyl) phosphate

343.15

−44

26

Tri(4-methylphenyl) phosphate

353.15

−47

26

Formic acid

295.15

−53

24

Tricresol

323.55

−66

22

Tricresol

345.55

−66

22

Nylon-6 (unoriented)

Poly(acrylonitrile)

487_S13.indb 46

0.0

18

Benzene

298.15

N,N-Dimethylformamide

295.15

−23

35

N,N-Dimethylformamide

298.15

−21

18

N,N-Dimethylformamide

298.15

−43

42

N,N-Dimethylformamide

308.15

−17

35

N,N-Dimethylformamide

323.15

−13

35

3/27/06 2:37:10 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

13-47 Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

N,N-Dimethylformamide

323.15

−15

66

N,N-Dimethylformamide

338.15

−10

35

Dimethylsulfoxide

298.15

−70

42

160000

Dichloroacetic acid

303.15

−35

46

160000

1,2-Dichloroethane

303.15

−1.6

46

Poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate)

Polybutadiene Benzene

298.15

6.1

7

Benzene

298.15

7.1

25

Benzene

298.15

10.5

32

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

298.15

1.1

32

1,4-cis-Polybutadiene low

Cyclohexane

298.15

5.4

74

low

Cyclooctane

298.15

5.8

74

low

Cyclopentane

298.15

<0.1

74

low

cis-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

4.2

74

low

trans-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

2.6

74

low

3,3-Diethylpentane

298.15

5.2

74

low

2,2-Dimethylpentane

298.15

4.1

74

low

2,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

4.5

74

low

2,4-Dimethylpentane

298.15

3.2

74

low

3,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

3.2

74

low

Dodecane

298.15

4.2

74

low

3-Ethylpentane

298.15

3.7

74

low

2,2,4,4,6,8,8Heptamethylnonane

298.15

4.8

74

low

Hexadecane

298.15

4.9

74

low

3-Methylhexane

298.15

3.6

74

low

Octane

298.15

4.3

74

low

2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane 298.15

5.0

74

low

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

298.15

5.8

74

low

2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane

298.15

5.1

74

20000

Cyclohexane

298.15

1.0

74

20000

Cyclooctane

298.15

1.8

74

20000

Cyclopentane

298.15

−2.9

74

Poly(1-butene)

487_S13.indb 47

20000

cis-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

<0.1

74

20000

trans-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

−2.0

74

20000

Decane

298.15

1.2

62

20000

3,3-Diethylpentane

298.15

−2.6

74

20000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

298.15

−4.0

74

20000

2,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

−2.8

74

20000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

298.15

−2.3

74

20000

3,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

−2.2

74

20000

Dodecane

298.15

2.1

74

3/27/06 2:37:11 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers

13-48 Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

20000

3-Ethylpentane

298.15

−2.8

74

20000

Heptane

298.15

0.0

73

20000

Hexadecane

298.15

3.0

62

20000

Hexane

298.15

−1.2

62

20000

3-Methylhexane

298.15

−2.1

74

20000

Nonane

298.15

0.9

73

20000

Octane

298.15

0.4

73

20000

2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane 298.15

20000

Pentane

298.15

20000

Tetradecane

20000

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

20000 20000

Ref.

0.6

73

−2.6

62

298.15

2.7

62

298.15

−1.4

74

2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane

298.15

−2.2

74

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

298.15

−0.5

73

2-Propanone

298.15

0.8

25

Poly(butyl acrylate) Poly(butyl methacrylate) Glass

91300

210000

Cyclohexanone

304.15

7.7

99

Liquid

91300

210000

Cyclohexanone

304.15

8.2

99

2-Propanone

298.15

19.5

25

Benzene

298.15

0.5

7

1,2-Dichlorobenzene

303.05

55

89

Polychloroprene Poly(2,6-dimethyl phenylene oxide) 17000

46400

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Benzene

298.15

11.2

50

20000

Benzene

298.15

13.5

61

100000

Benzene

298.15

14.2

40

170000

Bromocyclohexane

303.15

10.2

51

80000

2-Butanone

293.15

14.4

77

2-Butanone

303.15

14.2

44

170000

2-Butanone

303.15

14.7

51

80000

2-Butanone

308.15

14.3

77

80000

2-Butanone

323.15

14.3

77

80000

Butyl acetate

298.15

6.1

41

80000

Butyl propanoate

298.15

4.9

41

100000

Chlorobenzene

298.15

7.5

40

Cyclohexane

298.15

3.0

50

20000

Cyclohexane

298.15

5.2

74

100000

Cyclohexane

298.15

5.2

40

20000

Cyclooctane

298.15

6.8

74

20000

Cyclopentane

298.15

1.0

74

13000

30900

13000

487_S13.indb 48

20000

cis-Decahydronapthalene

298.15

7.1

74

20000

trans-Decahydronapthalene

298.15

4.3

74

20000

Decamethyltetrasiloxane

297.65

0.45

37

20000

Decane

298.15

3.8

37

20000

Decane

298.15

3.9

61

3/27/06 2:37:12 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

Solvent

T/K

80000

Decane

298.15

3.8

41

80000

Decyl acetate

298.15

4.5

41

80000

Dibutyl ether

298.15

0.6

41

80000

Diethoxymethane

298.15

1.8

41

80000

Diethyl ether

298.15

−1.3

41

20000

3,3-Diethylpentane

298.15

1.9

74

80000

Dihexyl ether

298.15

3.0

41

80000

1,2-Dimethoxyethane

298.15

12.2

41

80000

Dimethoxymethane

298.15

7.4

41

13000

1,2-Dimethylbenzene

298.15

4.3

50

13000

1,3-Dimethylbenzene

298.15

3.0

50

∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

298.15

3.2

50

20000

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

298.15

4.2

61

80000

2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone

293.15

6.1

77

20000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

298.15

0.8

74

20000

2,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

1.4

74

20000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

298.15

1.6

74

20000

3,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

0.5

74

80000

Dipentyl ether

298.15

2.1

41

80000

Dipropyl ether

298.15

−1.2

41

20000

Dodecamethylpentasiloxane

297.65

−0.3

37

20000

Dodecane

297.65

4.5

37

20000

Dodecane

298.15

4.4

73

80000

Dodecane

298.15

4.5

41

80000

Ethyl acetate

298.15

12.7

41

170000

Ethyl acetate

303.15

13.7

51

13000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

6.4

50

20000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

6.2

61

80000

Ethyl butanoate

298.15

6.0

41

80000

Ethyl decanoate

298.15

3.8

41

80000

Ethyl dodecanoate

298.15

3.8

41

80000

Ethyl heptanoate

298.15

4.1

41

80000

Ethyl hexanoate

298.15

4.3

41

80000

Ethyl nonanoate

298.15

3.7

41

80000

Ethyl octanoate

298.15

3.8

41

20000

3-Ethylpentane

298.15

0.6

74

80000

Ethyl propanoate

298.15

8.0

41

20000

2,2,4,4,6,8,8Heptamethylnonane

298.15

3.5

74

13000

Heptane

298.15

1.8

50

20000

Heptane

298.15

1.9

73

20000

Heptane

297.65

2.0

37

20000

Heptane

298.15

2.0

61

80000

Heptane

298.15

2.0

41

100000

Heptane

298.15

2.1

40

170000

Heptane

303.15

1.9

51

80000

3-Heptanone

308.15

8.8

77

80000

3-Heptanone

323.15

8.8

77

13000

487_S13.indb 49

13-49

3/27/06 2:37:12 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers

13-50 Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

Solvent

T/K

20000

Hexadecane

297.65

20000

Hexadecane

20000

Hexamethyldisiloxane

20000 170000

Ref.

5.5

37

298.15

5.5

73

298.15

−1.2

37

Hexamethyldisiloxane

298.15

−1.6

61

Hexamethyldisiloxane

303.15

−1.5

51

20000

Hexane

297.65

0.7

37

20000

Hexane

298.15

0.7

61

80000

Hexane

298.15

0.7

41

170000

Hexane

303.15

0.3

51

80000

Hexyl acetate

298.15

5.0

41

Isopropylbenzene

298.15

4.1

50

Methyl butanoate

298.15

8.6

41

Methylcyclohexane

298.15

2.9

50

100000

Methylcyclohexane

298.15

1.9

40

80000

Methyl decanoate

298.15

4.8

41

20000

3-Methylhexane

298.15

1.3

74

80000

Methyl hexanoate

298.15

5.3

41

80000

Methyl octanoate

298.15

5.0

41

80000

4-Methyl-2-pentanone

293.15

9.9

77

80000

4-Methyl-2-pentanone

308.15

9.0

77

80000

Methyl propanoate

298.15

12.1

41

20000

Nonane

297.65

3.4

37

20000

Nonane

298.15

3.3

73

80000

Nonane

298.15

3.4

41

80000

Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 293.15

−0.4

78

20000

Octamethyltrisiloxane

297.65

−0.6

37

20000

Octamethyltrisiloxane

298.15

−0.8

61

170000

Octamethyltrisiloxane

303.15

−1.0

51

20000

Octane

297.65

2.6

37

20000

Octane

298.15

2.4

73

20000

Octane

298.15

2.6

61

80000

Octane

298.15

2.6

41

20000

2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane 298.15

2.7

73

20000

Pentane

298.15

−0.9

37

20000

Pentane

298.15

−0.9

61

80000

Pentane

298.15

−1.0

41

80000

Pentyl acetate

298.15

5.8

41

80000

Pentyl propanoate

298.15

3.8

41

80000

Propyl acetate

298.15

8.6

41

170000

Propyl acetate

303.15

9.9

51

80000

Propyl propanoate

298.15

5.6

41

100000

Tetrachloromethane

298.15

2.4

40

20000

Tetradecane

297.65

5.1

37

20000

Tetradecane

298.15

5.1

61

80000

Tetradecane

298.15

5.1

41

20000

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

298.15

2.1

73

20000

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

298.15

2.3

74

13000 80000 13000

487_S13.indb 50

∆HB∞/ J/g

3/27/06 2:37:13 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

13-51

Mη/ g/mol

Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

20000

2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane

298.15

1.9

74

Ref.

Toluene

298.15

5.5

50

20000

Toluene

298.15

6.7

61

20000

Tridecane

297.65

4.8

37

80000

Tridecane

298.15

4.8

41

13000

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

298.15

3.7

50

20000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

298.15

1.4

73

20000

Undecane

297.65

4.2

37

80000

Undecane

298.15

4.3

41

13000

Polyethylene Semicrystalline

65000

1-Chloronaphthalene

373.15

780

47

Semicrystalline

65000

1-Chloronaphthalene

383.15

980

47

Semicrystalline

65000

1-Chloronaphthalene

393.15

800

47

Liquid

65000

1-Chloronaphthalene

403.15

49

47

Semicrystalline

144000

1-Chloronaphthalene

383.15

920

47

Semicrystalline

144000

1-Chloronaphthalene

393.15

990

47

Semicrystalline

144000

1-Chloronaphthalene

403.15

690

47

Liquid

144000

1-Chloronaphthalene

413.15

67

47

Liquid

144000

1-Chloronaphthalene

423.15

85

47

Semicrystalline

670000

1-Chloronaphthalene

363.15

380

47

Semicrystalline

670000

1-Chloronaphthalene

373.15

430

47

Semicrystalline

670000

1-Chloronaphthalene

383.15

165

47

Liquid

670000

1-Chloronaphthalene

393.15

39

47

Liquid

670000

1-Chloronaphthalene

403.15

36

47

Semicrystalline

900000

1-Chloronaphthalene

391.80

245

105

Semicrystalline

900000

Cyclohexane

379.50

205

105

Semicrystalline

900000

Cyclopentane

380.00

190

105

Alkathene

Decahydronaphthalene

349.85

142

56

Rigidex-3

Decahydronaphthalene

366.65

180

56

Rigidex-50

Decahydronaphthalene

374.05

233

56

Decahydronaphthalene

384.00

260

105

Semicrystalline

1,2-Dichloroethane

333.15

30

27

Semicrystalline

1,2-Dichloroethane

338.15

38

27

Semicrystalline

1,2-Dichloroethane

343.15

54

27

Semicrystalline

1,2-Dichloroethane

348.15

65

27

Semicrystalline

900000

Semicrystalline

10000

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

354.15

139

5

Semicrystalline

11800

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

352.15

139

5

Semicrystalline

15600

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

353.65

154

5

Semicrystalline

15600

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

363.65

113

5

15600

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

368.65

104

5

Semicrystalline

900000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

393.00

230

105

Semicrystalline

900000

2,2,4,4,6,8,8Heptamethylnonane

399.50

170

105

Semicrystalline

900000

Hexadecane

399.50

262

105

Semicrystalline

900000

2-Methylbutane

394.20

165

105

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

373.15

940

47

Semicrystalline

Semicrystalline

487_S13.indb 51

65000

3/27/06 2:37:14 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers

13-52

Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

65000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

383.15

990

47

65000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

393.15

790

47

Liquid

65000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

403.15

58

47

Semicrystalline

84000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

373.15

835

47

Semicrystalline

130000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

353.15

630

47

Semicrystalline

130000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

373.15

520

47

Liquid

130000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

393.15

69

47

144000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

373.15

610

47

144000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

383.15

1200

47

144000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

393.15

1130

47

Semicrystalline

144000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

403.15

800

47

Liquid

144000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

413.15

136

47

Liquid

144000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

423.15

88

47

Semicrystalline

310000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

343.15

485

47

Semicrystalline

670000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

353.15

560

47

670000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

363.15

560

47

670000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

373.15

460

47

670000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

383.15

155

47

Liquid

670000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

393.15

67

47

Liquid

670000

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

403.15

39

47

Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Semicrystalline Semicrystalline

Semicrystalline Semicrystalline Semicrystalline

Semicrystalline Semicrystalline Semicrystalline

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

Semicrystalline

16000

Toluene

353.15

110

22

Semicrystalline

22000

Toluene

358.35

118

22

22000

Toluene

367.35

106

22

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

386.50

255

105

180

Benzene

303.15

110

71

385

Benzene

303.15

60

71

560

Benzene

303.15

40

71

1050

Benzene

303.15

90

71

1610

Benzene

303.15

140

71

1940

Benzene

303.15

215

71

3200

Benzene

303.15

195

71

4330

Benzene

303.15

195

71

Semicrystalline Semicrystalline

900000

Poly(ethylene glycol)

487_S13.indb 52

3/27/06 2:37:14 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

5850 9950 43400

13-53 Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

Benzene

303.15

190

71

Benzene

303.15

195

71

Benzene

303.15

190

71

400

420

Trichloromethane

303.15

−79

95

590

615

Trichloromethane

303.15

−88

95

180

Water

303.15

−136

71

200

Water

321.35

−125

83

355

Water

303.15

−159

71

400

Water

321.35

−150

83

560

Water

303.15

−150

71

990

Water

321.35

−101

83

1050

Water

303.15

−106

71

1460

Water

321.35

−137

83

1610

Water

303.15

−6

71

1940

Water

303.15

57

71

3200

Water

303.15

58

71

4330

Water

303.15

28

71

5850

Water

303.15

39

71

Water

303.15

30

71

14000

Water

303.15

7

55

14000

Water

313.15

27

55

20300

Water

303.15

45

71

34500

Water

303.15

34

71

43300

Water

303.15

+40

71

250

Tetrachloromethane

303.15

250

Tetrachloromethane

318.15

9950

Poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether −12 −7.6

95 95

Tetrachloromethane

303.15

−12

520

550

Tetrachloromethane

303.15

−12

520

550

Tetrachloromethane

303.15

−7.6

95

Trichloromethane

303.15

−184

95

Trichloromethane

303.15

−135

95

230

Dodecane

302.15

42

68

274

Dodecane

302.15

23

68

318

Dodecane

302.15

34

68

362

Dodecane

302.15

37

68

406

Dodecane

302.15

42

68

400

250 520

550

95 95

Poly(ethylene glycol) monododecyl ether

Poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether 353

377

Trichloromethane

303.15

−125

95

550

580

Trichloromethane

303.15

−117

95

Poly(ethylene oxide) Semicrystalline

6000

Dichloromethane

303.15

+84

58

Liquid

6000

Dichloromethane

303.15

−160

58

487_S13.indb 53

3/27/06 2:37:15 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers

13-54 Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Semicrystalline

6000

Liquid

6000

Quenched

1520

1720

Annealed

1520

Quenched

1520

Annealed Quenched

Mη/ g/mol

∆HB∞/ J/g

Solvent

T/K

Trichloromethane

303.15

+52

58

Trichloromethane

303.15

−186

58

Water

293.15

−403

64

1720

Water

293.15

−392

64

1720

Water

298.15

−180

64

1520

1720

Water

298.15

−150

64

1520

1720

Water

303.15

+68

64

Annealed

1520

1720

Water

303.15

+109

64

Liquid

6000

Water

303.15

−50

58

Quenched

6840

7525

Water

293.15

−28

64

Annealed

6840

7525

Water

293.15

+209

64

Quenched

6840

7525

Water

298.15

+241

64

Annealed

6840

7525

Water

298.15

+540

64

Quenched

16600

19600

Water

293.15

−160

64

Annealed

16600

19600

Water

293.15

−143

64

Quenched

16600

19600

Water

298.15

+59

64

Annealed

16600

19600

Water

298.15

+155

64

Quenched

16600

19600

Water

303.15

+353

64

Annealed

16600

19600

Water

303.15

+490

64

20000

Water

298.15

+10

84

765

1023

Anisole

299.15

2.1

102

765

1023

Benzene

299.15

−0.04

102

765

1023

Benzonitrile

299.15

−4.4

102

765

1023

Bromobenzene

299.15

−3.9

102

765

1023

2-Butanone

299.15

1.9

102

765

1023

Chlorobenzene

299.15

−3.9

102

765

1023

1-Chlorobutane

299.15

−4.0

102

765

1023

1-Chloroheptane

299.15

1.5

102

765

1023

Cyclohexane

299.15

15

102

765

1023

N,N-dimethylaniline

299.15

−8.2

102

765

1023

Ethyl acetate

299.15

4.2

102

765

1023

Ethylbenzene

299.15

−1.4

102

765

1023

Ethyl benzoate

299.15

−0.7

102

765

1023

Nitrobenzene

299.15

4.6

102

765

1023

1-Nitropropane

299.15

8.4

102

765

1023

Pyridine

299.15

−6.7

102

765

1023

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

299.15

765

1023

Tetrachloromethane

299.15

765

1023

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

299.15

765

1023

Trichloromethane

299.15

−20

102

Semicrystalline

Ref.

Polyindene

−19

102

−2.5

102

−1.8

102

Polyisobutylene

487_S13.indb 54

360

700

Benzene

298.15

30

67

1000

2000

Benzene

298.15

25

67

1300

2500

Benzene

298.15

23

67

30000

Benzene

297.65

19

38

30000

Benzene

298.15

19

40

3/27/06 2:37:16 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

∆HB∞/ J/g

Solvent

T/K

Benzene

303.15

16

44

48000

Benzene

303.4

19

72

50000

Benzene

303.15

16

45

72000

Benzene

300.15

19

53

72000

Benzene

323.15

18

53

72000

Benzene

343.15

16

53

72000

Benzene

375.15

13

53

72000

Benzene

394.15

9.2

53

72000

Benzene

423.15

3.5

53

72000

Benzene

437.15

−0.5

53

72000

Benzene

453.15

−4.7

53

90000

Benzene

298.15

6.7

32

160000

Benzene

303.15

16

51

560000

Benzene

298.15

18

34

Benzene

298.15

6.8

7

Benzene

298.15

6.8

10

30000

Chlorobenzene

297.65

12

38

30000

Chlorobenzene

298.15

13

40

50000

Chlorobenzene

303.15

12

45

160000

Chlorobenzene

303.15

12

51

12

34

44700

487_S13.indb 55

13-55 Ref.

560000

Chlorobenzene

298.15

360

700

Cyclohexane

298.15

3.8

67

1000

2000

Cyclohexane

298.15

1.2

67

1300

2500

Cyclohexane

298.15

1.1

67

4500

Cyclohexane

298.15

−0.6

74

30000

Cyclohexane

297.65

−0.7

38

30000

Cyclohexane

298.15

−0.6

40

50000

Cyclohexane

303.15

−0.7

45

160000

Cyclohexane

303.15

−0.6

51

1990000

Cyclohexane

298.15

−0.7

39

4500

Cyclooctane

298.15

+0.3

74

4500

Cyclopentane

298.15

−5.9

74

4500

cis-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

0.2

74

4500

trans-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

−0.8

74

30000

Decane

297.65

−0.5

38

50000

Decane

303.15

−0.5

45

30000

Dibutyl ether

297.65

1.2

37

30000

Diethyl ether

297.65

2.8

37

30000

Diethyl ether

297.65

2.8

38

4500

3,3-Diethylpentane

298.15

−1.4

74

30000

Dihexyl ether

297.65

0.9

37

4500

2,2-Dimethylpentane

298.15

−1.1

74

4500

2,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

−1.9

74

4500

2,4-Dimethylpentane

298.15

−1.1

74

4500

3,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

−1.7

74

30000

Dipentyl ether

297.65

1.0

37

30000

Dipropyl ether

297.65

1.8

37

3/27/06 2:37:16 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers

13-56 Polymer

487_S13.indb 56

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

360

700

Dodecane

298.15

1.9

67

1000

2000

Dodecane

298.15

0.7

67

1300

2500

Dodecane

298.15

0.5

67

4500

Dodecane

298.15

0.2

73

30000

Dodecane

297.65

−0.1

38

30000

Dodecane

298.15

−0.1

40

48000

Ethylbenzene

291.15

9.5

72

48000

Ethylbenzene

343.15

3.6

72

30000

Ethyl decanoate

297.65

3.0

37

30000

Ethyl heptanoate

297.65

5.6

37

30000

Ethyl hexadecanoate

297.65

1.3

37

30000

Ethyl hexanoate

297.65

6.7

37

30000

Ethyl nonanoate

297.65

3.7

37

30000

Ethyl octanoate

297.65

4.6

37

4500

3-Ethylpentane

298.15

−2.0

74

30000

Ethyl tetradecanoate

297.65

1.8

37

4500

2,2,4,4,6,8,8Heptamethylnonane

298.15

−0.5

74

360

700

Heptane

298.15

−0.5

67

1000

2000

Heptane

298.15

−1.0

67

1300

2500

Heptane

298.15

−1.4

67

4500

Heptane

298.15

−1.7

73

30000

Heptane

297.65

−1.8

38

30000

Heptane

298.15

−2.0

40

50000

Heptane

303.15

−1.8

45

160000

Heptane

303.15

−1.6

51

Heptane

298.15

−1.4

7

Ref.

Heptane

298.15

−1.4

10

360

700

Hexadecane

298.15

4.5

67

1000

2000

Hexadecane

298.15

2.1

67

1300

2500

Hexadecane

298.15

1.0

67

4500

Hexadecane

298.15

0.9

73

30000

Hexadecane

297.65

0.04

38

30000

Hexane

297.65

−2.5

38

30000

Hexane

298.15

−2.6

40

50000

Hexane

303.15

−2.5

45

72000

Hexane

303.15

−1.8

53

72000

Hexane

324.15

−2.3

53

72000

Hexane

348.15

−2.9

53

72000

Hexane

373.15

−3.7

53

72000

Hexane

393.15

−5.3

53

72000

Hexane

408.15

−6.7

53

72000

Hexane

423.15

−9.0

53

72000

Hexane

433.15

−9.9

53

160000

Hexane

303.15

−2.5

51

30000

2-Methylbutane

297.65

−3.1

38

30000

Methylcyclohexane

297.65

−1.2

38

50000

Methylcyclohexane

303.15

−1.2

45

3/27/06 2:37:17 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

13-57

Mη/ g/mol

Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

160000

Methylcyclohexane

303.15

−1.2

51

4500

3-Methylhexane

298.15

−1.0

74

30000

3-Methylpentane

297.65

−2.8

38

30000

Nonane

297.65

−0.8

38

4500

Nonane

298.15

−0.8

73

4500

Octane

298.15

−1.1

73

30000

Octane

297.65

−1.2

38

72000

Octane

303.15

−0.3

53

72000

Octane

324.15

−0.8

53

72000

Octane

348.15

−0.9

53

72000

Octane

373.15

−1.1

53

72000

Octane

393.15

−1.3

53

72000

Octane

423.15

−3.6

53

4500

2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane 298.15

−0.1

73

360

700

Pentane

298.15

−1.9

67

1000

2000

Pentane

298.15

−2.9

67

1300

2500

Pentane

298.15

−3.2

67

30000

Pentane

297.65

−3.6

38

72000

Pentane

303.15

−2.8

53

72000

Pentane

333.15

−3.4

53

72000

Pentane

352.15

−4.5

53

72000

Pentane

365.15

−5.5

53

360

700

Tetrachloromethane

298.15

5.9

67

1000

2000

Tetrachloromethane

298.15

5.8

67

1300

2500

Tetrachloromethane

298.15

5.0

67

1990000

Tetrachloromethane

298.15

4.1

39

30000

Tetradecane

297.65

0.0

38

4500

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

298.15

−0.6

74

4500

2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane

298.15

−2.3

74

50000

Toluene

303.15

7.4

45

160000

Toluene

303.15

7.4

51

1990000

Toluene

298.15

8.8

39

Toluene

298.15

1.8

7

Ref.

Toluene

298.15

1.8

10

30000

Tridecane

297.65

−0.04

38

4500

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

298.15

−0.4

73

30000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

297.65

−0.6

38

1990000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

298.15

0.0

39

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

298.15

0.0

7

30000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

298.15

0.0

10

Undecane

297.65

−0.4

38

Poly(isobutyl methacrylate) Glass

260000

Cyclohexanone

303.15

−5.2

98

Liquid

260000

Cyclohexanone

303.15

13

98

2-Propanone

298.15

Poly(methyl acrylate)

487_S13.indb 57

0.0

25

3/27/06 2:37:18 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers

13-58 Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) Glass

73900

170000

Cyclohexanone

304.15

−14

98

Liquid

73900

170000

Cyclohexanone

304.15

17

98

1930

1,2-Dichloroethane

298.15

−20

32

240000

1,2-Dichloroethane

298.15

−27

32

53000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

−31

28

180000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

−29

28

28900

35900

4-Methyl-2-pentanone

303.15

−21

76

93940

101000

4-Methyl-2-pentanone

303.15

−24

76

137000

215000

4-Methyl-2-pentanone

303.15

−28

76

2-Propanone

298.15

−30

25

93940

101000

Toluene

303.15

−22

76

689000

782000

Toluene

303.15

−24

76

12000

Trichloromethane

298.15

−65

52

54000

Trichloromethane

298.15

−80

52

80000

Trichloromethane

298.15

−81

52

100000

Trichloromethane

298.15

−84

52

320000

Trichloromethane

298.15

−83

52

93940

101000

Trichloromethane

303.15

−71

76

689000

782000

Trichloromethane

303.15

−72

76

2320000

Trichloromethane

303.15

−73

76

Cyclohexane

303.15

30

79

−7.1

43

Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) Semicrystalline

350000

Poly(α-methylstyrene) 1030 1820

1180

Toluene

298.15

1430

Toluene

298.15

−30

43

2230

Toluene

298.15

−34

43

Toluene

298.15

−37

43

1920

Toluene

298.15

−39

43

3280

Toluene

298.15

−46

43

5260

Toluene

298.15

−46

43

8600

Toluene

298.15

−45

43

12200

Toluene

298.15

−46

43

10500

Toluene

310.15

53000

Toluene

310.15

−13

92

55000

Toluene

333.15

−16

96

87000

Toluene

298.15

−17

90

87000

Toluene

310.15

−16

92

87000

Toluene

333.15

−11

90

Acetic acid

298.15

47

100

Acetonitrile

298.15

14

100

1,2-Dichloroethane

298.15

17

100

2700

3300

−8.4

92

Poly(2-methyl-5-vinyltetrazole)

487_S13.indb 58

N,N-Diethylacetamide

298.15

17

100

N,N-Dimethylformamide

298.15

33

100

Dimethylsulfoxide

298.15

10

100

3/27/06 2:37:18 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

13-59 Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

Formamide

298.15

12

100

Formic acid

298.15

110

100

Nitromethane

298.15

10

100

Pyridine

298.15

16

100

7000

Benzene

298.15

20

64

7000

Benzene

303.15

22

64

7000

Benzene

308.15

25

64

Poly(octamethylene oxide)

Polypentenamer 50000

Cyclohexane

298.15

4.6

74

50000

Cyclooctane

298.15

5.1

74

50000

Cyclopentane

298.15

−2.3

74

50000

cis-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

2.6

74

50000

trans-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

<0.1

74

50000

3,3-Diethylpentane

298.15

2.4

74

50000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

298.15

3.3

74

50000

2,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

2.2

74

50000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

298.15

3.3

74

50000

3,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

2.7

74

50000

Dodecane

298.15

2.9

74

50000

3-Ethylpentane

298.15

2.1

74

50000

2,2,4,4,6,8,8Heptamethylnonane

298.15

3.2

74

50000

Hexadecane

298.15

2.6

74

50000

3-Methylhexane

298.15

2.4

74

50000

Octane

298.15

2.2

74

50000

2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane 298.15

3.8

74

50000

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

298.15

4.5

74

50000

2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane

298.15

2.4

74

50000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

298.15

4.3

74

Poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) Glass

N,N-Dimethylacetamide

298.15

−171

60

Semicrystalline

N,N-Dimethylacetamide

298.15

−128

60

Glass

N,N-Dimethylformamide

298.15

−149

60

Semicrystalline

N,N-Dimethylformamide

298.15

−125

60

Glass

1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone

298.15

−177

60

Semicrystalline

1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone

298.15

−118

60

18000

Benzene

298.15

31

80

6000

Cyclohexane

298.15

2.3

74

18000

Cyclohexane

298.15

3.9

80

6000

Cyclooctane

298.15

3.0

74

6000

Cyclopentane

298.15

−2.3

74

6000

cis-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

0.5

74

Polypropylene (atactic)

487_S13.indb 59

3/27/06 2:37:19 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers

13-60 Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

Solvent

T/K

6000

trans-Decahydronaphthalene

298.15

∆HB∞/ J/g −2.4

Ref. 74

18000

Decane

298.15

3.1

80

6000

3,3-Diethylpentane

298.15

−3.9

74

18000

1,2-Dimethylbenzene

298.15

13

80

18000

1,3-Dimethylbenzene

298.15

12

80

18000

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

298.15

10

80

6000

2,2-Dimethylpentane

298.15

−2.2

74

6000

2,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

−2.5

74

6000

2,4-Dimethylpentane

298.15

−1.8

74

6000

3,3-Dimethylpentane

298.15

−3.0

74

6000

Dodecane

298.15

1.7

73

18000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

14

80

6000

3-Ethylpentane

298.15

−2.5

74

6000

2,2,4,4,6,8,8Heptamethylnonane

298.15

−0.7

73

6000

Heptane

298.15

−1.6

73

18000

Heptane

298.15

0.5

80

6000

Hexadecane

298.15

2.3

73

18000

Hexane

298.15

−1.4

80

6000

3-Methylhexane

298.15

−1.8

74

6000

Nonane

298.15

0.8

73

18000

Nonane

298.15

2.4

80

6000

Octane

298.15

−1.2

73

18000

Octane

298.15

1.0

80

6000

2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane 298.15

−0.2

73

18000

Pentane

298.15

−4.7

80

18000

Tetrachloromethane

298.15

6.6

80

6000

2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane

298.15

−0.8

74

6000

2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane

298.15

−3.1

74

18000

Toluene

298.15

17

80

18000

Trichloromethane

298.15

17

80

6000

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

298.15

−1.0

73

1-Chloronaphthalene

383.15

26

47

1-Chloronaphthalene

393.15

170

47

1-Chloronaphthalene

403.15

245

47

1-Chloronaphthalene

423.15

275

47

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

373.15

140

47

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

383.15

215

47

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

393.15

330

47

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

403.15

330

47

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

413.15

335

47

1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene

423.15

290

47

Polypropylene (isotactic)

S13_08.indd 60

4/10/06 11:53:13 AM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

13-61 Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

Poly(propylene glycol) 150

Benzene

321.35

200

103

425

Benzene

321.35

80

103

2025

Benzene

321.35

45

103

150

Ethanol

321.35

40

103

425

Ethanol

321.35

60

103

2025

Ethanol

321.35

65

103

396

412

Tetrachloromethane

303.15

4.7

95

396

412

Tetrachloromethane

318.15

5.2

95

1900

Tetrachloromethane

303.15

−8.2

95

1900

Tetrachloromethane

318.15

11

95

Trichloromethane

303.15

−81

95

Water

298.15

−165

97

150

Water

321.35

−90

103

425

Water

321.35

−95

103

1900 400

Polystyrene 600

Benzene

298.15

−1.3

54

600

Benzene

313.15

−2.5

54

900

Benzene

291.15

900

Benzene

318.15

2000

Benzene

291.15

2000

Benzene

318.15

5000

Benzene

291.15

−23

54

5000

Benzene

318.15

−12

54

10300

Benzene

291.15

−26

54

10300

Benzene

318.15

−18

54

Benzene

298.15

Benzene

296.15

29000

Benzene

298.15

−5.0

19

30000

Benzene

298.15

−7.5

19

59000

Benzene

298.15

−13

19

91000

Benzene

298.15

−15

19

Benzene

318.15

−21

54

142000

Benzene

298.15

−17

19

190000

Benzene

303.15

−18

51

18000 20000

97200

−5.8 −16 −6.8

−4.1 −15

54 54 54 54

19 9

Benzene

300.15

−16

85

216000

Benzene

298.15

−18

19

272000

Benzene

298.15

−21

19

300000

Benzene

298.15

−21

12

Benzene

298.15

−27

25

Benzene

298.15

−10

7

20000

Butyl acetate

296.15

−13

9

20000

2-Butanone

296.15

−15

9

142000

2-Butanone

296.15

−17

30

190000

Butylbenzene

303.15

−14

51

Chlorobenzene

293.15

−32

49

Chlorobenzene

298.15

5.4

34

214000

150000 266000

487_S13.indb 61

−10

3/27/06 2:37:20 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers

13-62 Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

Chlorobenzene

293.15

−39

21

1260

Cyclohexane

298.15

10

16

1910

Cyclohexane

298.15

5.4

16

3160

Cyclohexane

298.15

−5.4

16

3980

Cyclohexane

298.15

−6.9

16

5630

Cyclohexane

298.15

−9.3

16

9070

Cyclohexane

298.15

Cyclohexane

296.15

2.5

9

Cyclohexane

303.15

−2.1

51

Cyclohexane

293.15

−14

21

Cyclohexanone

298.15

−29

25

Cyclohexene

296.15

−9.4

9

Decahydronaphthalene

303.15

3.8

51

1,2-Dichlorobenzene

303.05

26

89

20000

1,2-Dimethylbenzene

296.15

−13

9

20000

1,3-Dimethylbenzene

296.15

−12

9

20000 190000 22400 20000 190000 110000

115000

16

190000

1,3-Dimethylbenzene

303.15

−15

51

190000

1,4-Dioxane

303.15

−12

51

Ethyl acetate

296.15

−11

9

142000

Ethyl acetate

296.15

−13

30

785

Ethylbenzene

298.15

0.0

14

18000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

−3.8

14

18000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

−3.9

19

30000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

−5.7

19

35000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

−6.5

19

45000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

−8.4

19

91000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

−11

19

142000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

−13

19

216000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

−17

19

20000

Ethylbenzene

303.15

−22

57

113000

122000

Ethylbenzene

306.65

−24

63

113000

122000

Ethylbenzene

317.15

−19

63

113000

122000

Ethylbenzene

337.15

−11

63

113000

122000

Ethylbenzene

347.15

−6.4

63

113000

122000

Ethylbenzene

350.65

−4.9

63

113000

122000

Ethylbenzene

366.65

−2.3

63

113000

122000

Ethylbenzene

367.15

−2.1

63

113000

122000

Ethylbenzene

368.65

−2.6

63

113000

122000

Ethylbenzene

372.15

−4.2

63

113000

122000

Ethylbenzene

378.15

−4.6

63

113000

122000

Ethylbenzene

385.15

−5.7

63

60000

Ethylbenzene

293.15

−34

49

190000

Ethylbenzene

303.15

−15

51

272000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

−18

14

272000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

−18

19

413000

Ethylbenzene

298.15

−24

39

Ethylbenzene

293.15

−34

21

150000

487_S13.indb 62

−11

3/27/06 2:37:21 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

Ethylbenzene

298.15

−17

11

−30

28

Ethylbenzene

298.15

1260

2-Propanone

298.15

1910

2-Propanone

298.15

3160

2-Propanone

298.15

−16

16

3980

2-Propanone

298.15

−17

16

5630

2-Propanone

298.15

−19

16

9070

2-Propanone

298.15

−21

16

20000

2-Propanone

296.15

−11

9

Propylbenzene

303.15

−14

51

Styrene

296.15

−18

9

Styrene

296.15

−35

6

Tetrachloromethane

298.15

−22

600

Toluene

296.15

−2.1

16

600

Toluene

309.15

−1.8

16

600

Toluene

318.15

−1.5

16

1260

Toluene

296.15

1260

Toluene

303.15

−8.0

16

1260

Toluene

309.15

−5.9

16

1260

Toluene

318.15

−3.4

16

1260

Toluene

328.15

−2.3

16

1260

Toluene

338.15

−1.9

16

1260

Toluene

346.65

−1.3

16

1910

Toluene

298.15

1910

Toluene

318.15

−6.7

16

1910

Toluene

338.15

−3.4

16

1910

Toluene

348.15

−2.5

16

3160

Toluene

298.15

−23

16

3980

Toluene

298.15

−24

16

3980

Toluene

318.15

−17

16

3980

Toluene

338.15

−10

16

5630

Toluene

298.15

−26

16

9070

Toluene

298.15

−28

16

−33

190000 20000 413000

270000

20000

487_S13.indb 63

13-63

−0.6

16

−7.7

16

−11

−16

39

16

16

16

Toluene

298.15

600

Toluene

298.15

−1.4

54

600

Toluene

313.15

−3.2

54

900

Toluene

291.15

−7.3

54

900

Toluene

318.15

−6.6

54

2000

Toluene

291.15

2000

Toluene

318.15

5000

Toluene

291.15

−21

54

5000

Toluene

318.15

−11

54

10300

Toluene

291.15

−24

54

10300

Toluene

318.15

−15

54

97200

Toluene

318.15

−17

9000

Toluene

310.15

Toluene

296.15

−11 −7.2

−9.2 −17

54 54

54 92 9

3/27/06 2:37:22 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers

13-64 Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

∆HB∞/ J/g

Solvent

T/K

20400

Toluene

298.15

−8.2

90

Ref.

20400

Toluene

310.15

−8.4

92

20400

Toluene

333.15

−6.4

90

47000

Toluene

310.15

−5.0

92

50000

Toluene

333.15

−6.8

96

Toluene

303.15

−21

57

113000

122000

Toluene

304.15

−29

63

113000

122000

Toluene

306.15

−27

63

113000

122000

Toluene

306.65

−26

63

113000

122000

Toluene

316.15

−23

63

113000

122000

Toluene

333.15

−15

63

113000

122000

Toluene

337.15

−12

113000

122000

Toluene

346.15

−8.3

63

113000

122000

Toluene

347.15

−7.8

63

113000

122000

Toluene

348.15

−8.2

63

113000

122000

Toluene

350.65

−6.5

63

113000

122000

Toluene

359.15

−4.3

63

113000

122000

Toluene

362.15

−2.7

63

113000

122000

Toluene

369.15

−3.3

63

113000

122000

Toluene

372.15

−2.8

63

115000

Toluene

310.15

−5.0

92

150000

Toluene

293.15

−34

49

Toluene

303.15

−18

51

Toluene

300.15

−19

85

Toluene

303.15

−18

51

Toluene

293.15

−34

21

Toluene

298.65

−39

27

Toluene

308.15

−34

27

Toluene

318.15

−30

27

Toluene

333.15

−23

27

Toluene

343.15

−13

27

60000

190000 214000 250000

63

Toluene

353.15

−13

27

600

Trichloromethane

298.15

−13

54

600

Trichloromethane

313.15

900

Trichloromethane

291.15

−22

54

900

Trichloromethane

313.15

−15

54

2000

Trichloromethane

291.15

−28

54

2000

Trichloromethane

313.15

−16

54

5000

Trichloromethane

291.15

−30

54

5000

Trichloromethane

313.15

−18

54

10300

Trichloromethane

291.15

−33

54

10300

Trichloromethane

313.15

−23

54

Trichloromethane

298.15

−17

25

Trichloromethane

313.15

−25

54

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

296.15

−11

9

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

303.15

−13

51

22400 97200 20000 190000

−9.9

54

Poly(tetramethylene oxide)

487_S13.indb 64

3/27/06 2:37:22 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

13-65 ∆HB∞/ J/g

Solvent

T/K

650

Benzene

313.15

4.0

86

Ref.

1000

Benzene

313.15

2.0

86

2000

Benzene

313.15

1.1

86

650

1,2-Dichloroethane

313.35

3.1

88

2000

1,2-Dichloroethane

313.35

0.3

88

650

1,2-Dimethylbenzene

313.15

5.9

87

1000

1,2-Dimethylbenzene

313.15

1.8

87

2000

1,2-Dimethylbenzene

313.15

0.9

87

650

1,3-Dimethylbenzene

313.15

6.4

87

1000

1,3-Dimethylbenzene

313.15

0.6

87

2000

1,3-Dimethylbenzene

313.15

0.8

87

650

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

313.15

4.3

87

1000

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

313.15

1.8

87

2000

1,4-Dimethylbenzene

313.15

0.7

87

650

1,4-Dioxane

321.35

4.0

81

1000

1,4-Dioxane

321.35

2.3

81

2000

1,4-Dioxane

321.35

1.0

81

650

Ethylbenzene

313.15

6.9

86

1000

Ethylbenzene

313.15

3.4

86

2000

Ethylbenzene

313.15

−0.05

86

650

Propylbenzene

313.15

5.8

86

1000

Propylbenzene

313.15

1.3

86

2000

Propylbenzene

313.15

0.9

86

650

Tetrachloromethane

313.15

3.3

88

1000

Tetrachloromethane

313.15

1.4

88

2000

Tetrachloromethane

321.35

0.7

82

650

Toluene

313.15

4.3

86

1000

Toluene

313.15

2.0

86

2000

Toluene

313.15

0.9

86

650

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

313.15

6.1

87

1000

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

313.15

2.7

87

2000

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

313.15

0.6

87

Poly(vinyl acetate)

487_S13.indb 65

140000

Benzene

298.15

2.3

13

350000

2-Butanone

303.15

−1.7

51

350000

Butyl acetate

303.15

1.0

51

135000

Chlorobenzene

298.15

5.0

34

350000

Ethyl acetate

303.15

−6.7

51

Ethyl acetate

303.15

0.0

11

26000

3-Heptanone

303.15

7.0

44

350000

3-Heptanone

303.15

4.9

51

140000

Methanol

298.15

350000

Methyl acetate

303.15

350000

2-Pentanone

93000

2-Propanone

350000

−45

13

−9.7

51

303.15

0.0

51

303.15

−0.4

32

2-Propanone

303.15

−3.9

51

2-Propanone

303.15

−2.9

25

3/27/06 2:37:23 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers

13-66 Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

Solvent

T/K

350000

Propyl acetate

303.15

Tetrahydrofuran

304.65

Trichloromethane

298.15

Ethanol

298.15

150000 140000

∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

−2.7

51

4.5

93

28

13

Poly(vinyl alcohol) 3.8

11

9.6

31

Ethanol

298.15

7260

Water

303.15

−34

15

17000

Water

303.15

−18

32

61600

Water

303.15

−41

15

Water

303.15

−8.4

11

Poly(vinyl chloride) Chlorobenzene

298.15

−17

36

Glass

23200

Cyclohexanone

303.15

−27

59

Liquid

23200

Cyclohexanone

303.15

Glass

38700

Cyclohexanone

303.15

Liquid

38700

Cyclohexanone

303.15

Glass

53500

Cyclohexanone

303.15

Liquid

53500

Cyclohexanone

303.15

Glass

66700

Cyclohexanone

303.15

Liquid

66700

Cyclohexanone

303.15

Glass

136000

Cyclohexanone

303.15

Liquid

136000

Cyclohexanone

303.15

Glass

155400

Cyclohexanone

303.15

Liquid

155400

Cyclohexanone

303.15

48000

Cyclopentanone

298.15

−28

104

1,2-Dichloroethane

323.65

24

27

1,2-Dichloroethane

328.15

34

27

1,2-Dichloroethane

333.15

38

27

1,2-Dichloroethane

368.15

44

27

1,2-Dichloroethane

373.15

46

27

1,2-Dichloroethane

378.15

46

27

−7.5 −29 −6.6 −28 −6.3 −29 −6.1 −31 −5.8 −32 −5.8

59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59

N,N-Dimethylformamide

293.15

−28

35

N,N-Dimethylformamide

308.15

−19

35

N,N-Dimethylformamide

323.15

−14

N,N-Dimethylformamide

338.15

35

−7.5

35

2.4

35

N,N-Dimethylformamide

353.15

Glass

23200

Tetrahydrofuran

303.15

−34

59

Liquid

23200

Tetrahydrofuran

303.15

−14

59

Glass

38700

Tetrahydrofuran

303.15

−35

59

Liquid

38700

Tetrahydrofuran

303.15

−14

59

Glass

53500

Tetrahydrofuran

303.15

−39

59

Liquid

53500

Tetrahydrofuran

303.15

−14

59

Glass

66700

Tetrahydrofuran

303.15

−36

59

Liquid

66700

Tetrahydrofuran

303.15

−14

59

Glass

136000

Tetrahydrofuran

303.15

−39

59

Liquid

136000

Tetrahydrofuran

303.15

−14

59

Glass

155400

Tetrahydrofuran

303.15

−39

59

487_S13.indb 66

3/27/06 2:37:24 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Liquid

155400

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

13-67 Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

Tetrahydrofuran

303.15

−14

59

N,N-Dimethylformamide

298.15

−28

94

Water

298.15

−139

94

Poly(1-vinyl-3,5-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazole)

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) 20700

Acetic acid

298.15

−393

94

20700

Butanoic acid

298.15

−322

94

20700

N,N-Dimethylacetamide

298.15

−48

94

20700

N,N-Dimethylformamide

298.15

−48

94

20700

1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone

298.15

−54

91

20700

Pentanoic acid

298.15

−325

94

20700

Propanoic acid

298.15

−278

94

20700

Water

298.15

−119

91

18900

Acetic acid

298.15

−88

94

18900

Butanoic acid

298.15

−60

94

Poly(1-vinylpyrazole)

18900

N,N-Dimethylacetamide

298.15

−26

94

18900

N,N-Dimethylformamide

298.15

−28

94

18900

Pentanoic acid

298.15

−52

94

18900

Propanoic acid

298.15

−36

94

32000

Trichloromethane

298.15

−75

48

32000

Water

298.15

−150

48

Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)

Poly(1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole) 69500

Acetic acid

298.15

−85

94

69500

Butanoic acid

298.15

−74

94

69500

N,N-Dimethylacetamide

298.15

−49

94

69500

N,N-Dimethylformamide

298.15

−47

94

69500

1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone

298.15

−55

91

69500

Pentanoic acid

298.15

−75

94

69500

Propanoic acid

298.15

−72

94

69500

Water

298.15

−68

91

(9 wt% Vinyl acetate)

2-Propanone

298.15

6.3

33

(44 wt% Vinyl acetate)

2-Propanone

298.15

4.6

33

(57 wt% Vinyl acetate)

2-Propanone

298.15

0.0

33

(67 wt% Vinyl acetate)

2-Propanone

298.15

−1.3

33

(4.2 mol% Vinyl acetate) 7560

Water

303.15

−41

15

(4.3 mol% Vinyl acetate) 64300

Water

303.15

−49

15

(9.0 mol% Vinyl acetate) 66900

Water

303.15

−55

15

(10.3 mol% Vinyl acetate) 7970

Water

303.15

−41

15

(15.3 mol% Vinyl acetate) 8300

Water

303.15

−60

15

Vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol copolymer

487_S13.indb 67

3/27/06 2:37:24 PM

Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers

13-68

Solvent

T/K

∆HB∞/ J/g

Ref.

(15.4 mol% Vinyl acetate) 70700

Water

303.15

−65

15

(19.5 mol% Vinyl acetate) 73100

Water

303.15

−66

15

(22.1 mol% Vinyl acetate) 8800

Water

303.15

−60

15

(26.2 mol% Vinyl acetate) 77000

Water

303.15

−64

15

(30.6 mol% Vinyl acetate) 9370

Water

303.15

−53

15

(34.0 mol% Vinyl acetate) 81600

Water

303.15

−60

15

(34.7 mol% Vinyl acetate) 9670

Water

303.15

−44

15

Polymer

Mn/ g/mol

Mw/ g/mol

Mη/ g/mol

Vinyl acetate/vinyl chloride copolymer (90 wt% Vinyl chloride) Glass

12400

26000

Cyclohexanone

304.15

−37

101

Liquid

12400

26000

Cyclohexanone

304.15

−16

101

Trichloromethane

297.15

−17

2

Vinyl chloride/vinylidene chloride copolymer

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

487_S13.indb 68

Liepatoff, S. and Preobagenskaja, S., Kolloid Z. Z. Polym., 68, 324, 1934. Kargin, V. and Papkov, S., Acta Physicochim. URSS, 3, 839, 1935. Papkov, S. and Kargin, V., Acta Physicochim. URSS, 7, 667, 1937. Tager, A. and Kargin, V., Acta Physicochim. URSS, 14, 713, 1941. Raine, H.C., Richards, R.B., and Ryder, H., Trans Faraday Soc., 41, 56, 1945. Roberts, D.E., Walton, W.W., and Jessup, R.S., J. Polym. Sci., 2, 420, 1947. Tager, A. and Sanatina, V., Kolloidn. Zhur., 12, 474, 1950. Glikman, S.A. and Root, L.A., Zh. Obshch. Khim., 21, 58, 1951. 35. Hellfritz, H., Makromol. Chem., 7, 191, 1951. 36. Tager, A. and Vershkain, R., Kolloidn. Zhur., 13, 123, 1951. Tager, A.A., and Kargin, V.A., Kolloidn. Zhur., 14, 367, 1952. 37. Tager, A.A. and Dombek, Zh.S., Kolloidn. Zhur., 15, 69, 1953. 38. Daoust, H. and Rinfret, M., Can. J. Chem., 32, 492, 1954. Gatovskaya, T.V., Kargin, V.A., and Tager, A.A., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 29, 883, 1955. 39. Oya, S., Chem. High Polym. Japan, 12, 122, 1955. Schulz, G.V., Guenner, K. von, and Gerrens, H., Z. Phys. Chem., N. F., 40. 4, 192, 1955. Tager, A.A., Kosova, L.K., Karlinskaya, D.Yu., and Yurina, I.A., Kolloid. 41. Zhur., 17, 315, 1955. 42. Tager, A.A. and Kosova, L.K., Kolloid. Zhur., 17, 391, 1955. Tager, A.A., Krivokorytova, R.V., and Khodorov, P.M., Dokl. Akad. 43. Nauk SSSR, 100, 741, 1955. Glikman, S.A. and Root, L.A., Kolloidn. Zhur., 18, 523, 1956. 44. Jenckel, E. and Gorke, K., Z. Elektrochem., 60, 579, 1956. Lipatov, Yu.S., Kargin, V.A., and Slonimskii, G.L., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 30, 45. 1202, 1956 46. Meerson, S.I. and Lipatov, S.M., Kolloidn.,Zh., 18, 447, 1956. 47. Mikhailov, N.V. and Fainberg, E.Z., Kolloidn. Zhur., 18, 44, 1956. Struminskii, G.V. and Slonimskii, G.L., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 30, 1941, 1956. 48. Gal’perin, D.I. and Moseev, L.I., Kolloidn. Zhur., 19, 167, 1957. 49. Akhmedov, K.S., Uzb. Khim. Zh. (1), 19, 1958. 50. Kargin, V.A. and Lipatov, Yu.S., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 32, 326, 1958. Meerson, S.I. and Lipatov, S.M., Kolloidn. Zhur., 20, 353, 1958. 51. Tager, A.A. and Galkina, L.A., Nauchn. Dokl. Vyssh. Shkol., Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., (2), 357, 1958. 52. Tager, A. A. and Kargin, V. A., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 32, 1362, 1958. 53. Tager, A. A. and Kargin, V. A., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 32, 2694, 1958. 54. Tager, A.A. and Iovleva, M., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 32, 1774, 1958. 55. Horth, A., Patterson, D., and Rinfret, M., J. Polym. Sci., 39. 189, 1959.

Zelikman, S.G. and Mikhailov, N.V., Vysokomol. Soedin., 1, 1077, 1959. Mueller, F.H. and Engelter, A., Kolloid Z., 171, 152, 1960. Delmas, G., Patterson, D., and Boehme, A., Trans. Faraday Soc., 58, 2116, 1962. Delmas, G., Patterson, D., and Somcynsky, T., J. Polym. Sci., 57, 79, 1962. Tager, A.A. and Podlesnyak, A.I., Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. A, 5, 87, 1963. Delmas, G., Patterson, D., and Bhattacharyya, S.N., J. Phys. Chem., 68, 1468, 1964. Patterson, D., J. Polym. Sci.: Part A, 2, 5177, 1964. Zverev, M.P., Barash, A.N., and Zubov, P.I., Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. A, 6, 1012, 1964. Cottam, B.J., Cowie, J.M.G., and Bywater, S., Makromol. Chem., 86, 116, 1965. Bianchi, U., Pedemonte, E., and Rossi, C., Makromol. Chem., 92, 114, 1966. Cuniberti, C. and Bianchi, U., Polymer, 7, 151, 1966. Giacommeti, G. and Turolla, A., Z. Phys. Chem., N.F., 51, 108, 1966. Schreiber, H.P. and Waldman, M.H., J. Polym. Sci.: Part A-2, 5, 555, 1967. Goldfarb, J. and Rodriguez, S., Makromol. Chem., 116, 96, 1968. Maron, S.H. and Daniels, C.A., J. Macromol. Sci.-Phys. B, 2, 769, 1968. Morimoto, S., J. Polym. Sci.: Part A-1, 6, 1547, 1968. Bianchi, U., Cuniberti, C., Pedemonte, E., and Rossi, C., J. Polym. Sci.: Part A-2, 7, 855, 1969. Gerth, Ch. and Mueller, F.H., Kolloid-Z. Z. Polym., 241, 1071, 1970. Liddell, A.H. and Swinton, F.L., Discuss. Faraday Soc., 49, 115, 1970. Morimoto, S., Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 91, 31, 1970. Nakayama, H., Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 43, 1683, 1970.

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Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers 56. Blackadder, D.A. and Roberts, T.L., Angew. Makromol. Chem., 27, 165, 1972. 57. Maron, S.H. and Filisko, F.E., J. Macromol. Sci.-Phys. B, 6, 57, 1972. 58. Maron, S.H. and Filisko, F.E., J. Macromol. Sci.-Phys. B, 6, 79, 1972. 59. Maron, S.H. and Filisko, F.E., J. Macromol. Sci.-Phys. B, 6, 413, 1972. 60. Sokolova, D.F., Sokolov, L.B., and Gerasimov, V.D., Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. B, 14, 580, 1972. 61. Chahal, R.S., Kao, W.-P., and Patterson, D., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I, 69, 1834, 1973. 62. Delmas, G. and Tancrede, P., Eur. Polym. J., 9, 199, 1973. 63. Filisko, F.E., Raghava, R.S., and Yeh, G.S.Y., J. Macromol. Sci.-Phys. B, 10, 371, 1974. 64. Ikeda, M., Suga, H., and Seki, S., Polymer, 16, 634, 1975. 65. Kiselev, V.P., Shakhova, E.M., Fainberg, E.Z., Virnik, A.D, and Rogovin, Z.A., Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. B, 18, 847, 1976. 66. Petrosyan, V.A., Gabrielyan, G.A., and Rogovin, Z.A., Arm. Khim. Zhur., 29, 516, 1976. 67. Deshpande, D.D. and Prabhu, C.S., Macromolecules, 10, 433, 1977. 68. Miura, T. and Nakamura, M., Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 50, 2528, 1977. 69. Sokolova, D.F., Kudim, T.V., Sokolov, L.B., Zhegalova, N.I., and Zhuravlev, N.D., Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. B, 20, 596, 1978. 70 Basedow, A.M. and Ebert, K.H., J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Symp., 66, 101, 1979. 71 Koller, J., Dissertation, TU München, 1979. 72. Lee, J.-O., Ono, M., Hamada, F., and Nakajima, A., Polym. Bull., 1, 763, 1979. 73. Phuong-Nguyen, H. and Delmas, G., Macromolecules, 12, 740, 1979. 74. Phuong-Nguyen, H. and Delmas, G., Macromolecules, 12, 746, 1979. 75. Basedow, A.M., Ebert, K.H., and Feigenbutz, W., Makromol. Chem., 181, 1071, 1980. 76. Graun, K., Dissertation, TU München, 1980. 77. Shiomi, T., Izumi, Z., Hamada, F., and Nakajima, A., Macromolecules, 13, 1149, 1980. 78. Shiomi, T., Kohra, Y., Hamada, F., and Nakajima, A., Macromolecules, 13, 1154, 1980. 79. Aharoni, S.M., Charlet, G., and Delmas, G., Macromolecules, 14, 1390, 1981. 80. Ochiai, H., Ohashi, T., Tadokoro, Y., and Murakami, I., Polym. J., 14, 457, 1982. 81. Sharma, S.C., Mahajan, R., Sharma, V.K., and Lakhanpal, M.L., Indian J. Chem., 21A, 682, 1982. 82. Sharma, S.C., Mahajan, R., Sharma, V.K., and Lakhanpal, M.L., Indian J. Chem., 21A, 685, 1982. 83. Lakhanpal, M.L. and Parashar, R.N., Indian J. Chem., 22A, 48, 1983. 84. Daoust, H. and St-Cyr, D., Macromolecules, 17, 596, 1984. 85. Aeleni, N., Mater. Plast. (Bucharest), 22, 92, 1985. 86. Sharma, S.C. and Sharma, V.K., Indian J. Chem., 24A, 292, 1985.

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87. Sharma, S.C., Bhalla, S., and Sharma, V.K., Indian J. Chem., 25A, 131, 1986. 88. Sharma, S.C., Syngal, M., and Sharma, V.K., Indian J. Chem., 26A, 285, 1987. 89. Aukett, P.N. and Brown, C.S., J. Therm. Anal., 33, 1079, 1988. 90. Lanzavecchia, L. and Pedemonte, E., Thermochim. Acta, 137, 123, 1988. 91. Tager, A.A., Safronov, A.P., Voit, V.V., Lopyrev, V.A., Ermakova, T.G., Tatarova, L.A., and Shagelaeva, N.S., Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. A, 30, 2360, 1988. 92. Pedemonte, E. and Lanzavecchia, L., Thermochim. Acta, 162, 223, 1990. 93. Shiomi, T., Ishimatsu, H., Eguchi, T., and Imai, K., Macromolecules, 23, 4970, 1990. 94. Tager, A.A. and Safronov, A.P., Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. A, 33, 67, 1991. 95. Zellner, H., Dissertation, TU München, 1993. 96. Brunacci, A., Pedemonte, E., Cowie, J.M.G., and McEwen, I. J., Polymer, 35, 2893, 1994. 97. Carlsson, M., Hallen, D., and Linse, P., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 91, 2081, 1995. 98. Sato, T., Tohyama, M., Suzuki, M., Shiomi, T.,and Imai, K., Macromolecules, 29, 8231, 1996. 99. Shiomi, T., Tohyama, M., Endo, M., Sato, T., and Imai, K., J. Polym. Sci.: Part B: Polym. Phys., 34, 2599, 1996. 100. Kizhnyaev, V.N., Gorkovenko, O.P., Bazhenov, D.N., and Smirnov, A.I., Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. A, 39, 856, 1997. 101. Sato, T., Suzuki, M., Tohyama, M., Endo, M., Shiomi, T., and Imai, K., Polym. J., 29, 417, 1997. 102. Vanderryn, J. and Zettlemoyer, A.C., Ind. Eng. Chem., Chem. Eng. Data Ser., 2, 56, 1957. 103. Parashar, R. and Sharma, S.C., Indian J. Chem., 27A, 1092, 1988. 104. Righetti, M.C., Cardelli, C., Scalari, M., Tombari, E., and Conti, G., Polymer, 43, 5035, 2002. 105. Phuong-Nguyen, H. and Delmas, G., J. Solution Chem., 23, 249, 1994. 106. Wohlfarth, C., CRC Handbook of Enthalpy Data of Polymer-Solvent Systems, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2006.

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Astronomical Constants Victor Abalakin The constants in this table are based primarilarly on the set of constants adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1976. Updates have been made when new data were available. All values are given in SI Units; thus masses are expressed in kilograms and distances in meters. The astronomical unit of time is a time interval of one day (1 d) equal to 86400 s. An interval of 36525 d is one Julian century (1 cy). Defining constants Gaussian gravitational constant Speed of light Primary constants Light-time for unit distance (1 ua) Equatorial radius of earth Equatorial radius of earth (IUGG value) Dynamical form-factor for earth Geocentric gravitational constant Constant of gravitation Ratio of mass of moon to that of earth General precession in longitude, per Julian century, at standard epoch J2000 Obliquity of the ecliptic at standard epoch J2000

References 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1990. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. 3. The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2005, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, and Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London (2003).

k = 0.01720209895 m3 kg–1 s–2 c = 299792458 m s–1 τA = 499.004782 s ae = 6378140 m ae = 6378136 m J2 = 0.001082626 GE = 3.986005 × 1014 m3s–2 G = 6.6742 × 10–11 m3kg–1s–2 µ = 0.01230002 1/µ = 81.300587 ρ = 5029″.0966 ε = 23°26′21″.448

Derived constants Constant of nutation at standard epoch J2000 Unit distance (ua = cτA) Solar parallax (π0 = arcsin(ae/ua)) Constant of aberration for standard epoch J2000 Flattening factor for the earth Heliocentric gravitational constant (GS = A3k2/D2) Ratio of mass of sun to that of the earth (S/E) = (GS)/(GE)) Ratio of mass of sun to that of earth + moon Mass of the sun (S = (GS)/G)

N = 9″.2025 ua = 1.49597870660× 1011 m π0 = 8″.794148 κ = 20″.49552 f = 1/298.257 = 0.00335281 GS = 1.32712438 × 1020 m3 s–2 S/E = 332946.0 (S/E)/(1 + µ) = 328900.5 S = 1.98844 × 1030 kg

Ratios of mass of sun to masses of the planets Mercury Venus Earth + moon Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

6023600 408523.5 328900.5 3098710 1047.355 3498.5 22869 19314 3000000

 



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Properties of the Solar System The following tables give various properties of the planets and characteristics of their orbits in the solar system. Certain properties of the sun and of the earth’s moon are also included. Explanations of the column headings: • • • •

Den.: mean density in g/cm3 Radius: radius at the equator in km Flattening: degree of oblateness, defined as (re–rp )/re, where re and rp are the equatorial and polar radii, respectively Potential coefficients: coefficients in the spherical harmonic representation of the gravitational potential U by the equation U(r,φ) = (GM/r) [1 – Σ Jn(a/r)n Pn(sin φ)]





where G is the gravitational constant, r the distance from the center of the planet, a the radius of the planet, M the mass, φ the latitude, and Pn the Legendre polynomial of degree n.

• •

Gravity: acceleration due to gravity at the surface Escape velocity: velocity needed at the surface of the planet to escape the gravitational pull Dist. to sun: semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit (1 ua = 1.496 × 108 km) ε: eccentricity of the orbit Ecliptic angle: angle between the planetary orbit and the plane of the earth’s orbit around the sun Inclin.: angle between the equatorial plane and the plane of the planetary orbit Rot. period: period of rotation of the planet measured in earth days Albedo: ratio of the light reflected from the planet to the light incident on it Tsur: mean temperature at the surface Psur: pressure of the atmosphere at the surface

• • • • • • • •

Planet Mercury Venus Earth (Moon) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

Mass 1024 kg 0.33022 4.8690 5.9742 0.073483 0.64191 1898.8 568.50 86.625 102.78 0.015

Den. g/cm3 5.43 5.24 5.515 3.34 3.94 1.33 0.70 1.30 1.76 1.1

Radius km 2439.7 6051.9 6378.140 1738 3397 71492 60268 25559 24764 1151

Flattening 0 0 0.00335364 0 0.00647630 0.0648744 0.0979624 0.0229273 0.0171 0

The following general information on the solar system is of interest: Mass of the earth = Me = 5.9742 × 1024 kg Total mass of planetary system = 2.669 × 1027 kg = 447 Me Total angular momentum of planetary system = 3.148 × 1043 kg m2/s Total kinetic energy of the planets = 1.99 × 1035 J Total rotational energy of planets = 0.7 × 1035 J Properties of the sun: Mass = 1.9891 × 1030 kg = 332946.0 Me Radius = 6.9599 × 108 m Surface area = 6.087 × 1018 m2 Volume = 1.412 × 1027 m3 Mean density = 1.409 g/cm3 Gravity at surface = 27398 cm/s2 Escape velocity at surface = 6.177 × 105 m/s Effective temperature = 5780 K Total radiant power emitted (luminosity) = 3.86 × 1026 W Surface flux of radiant energy = 6.340 × 107 W/m2 Flux of radiant energy at the earth (Solar Constant) = 1373 W/m2

References 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Ed., Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. 3. Allen, C. W., Astrophysical Quantities, Third Edition, Athlone Press, London, 1977.

103 J2 0.027 1.08263 0.2027 1.964 14.75 16.45 12 4

Potential coeffients 106 J3 106 J4 –2.54 36 –580 –1000

–1.61

Gravity cm/s2 370 887 980 162 371 2312 896 777 1100 72

Escape vel. km/s 4.25 10.4 11.2 2.37 5.02 59.6 35.5 21.3 23.3 1.1

14-2

487_S14.indb 2

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Properties of the Solar System

Planet Mercury Venus Earth (Moon) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

487_S14.indb 3

Dist. to sun ua

14-3 Ecliptic angle

ε

0.38710 0.72333 1.00000

0.2056 0.0068 0.0167

7.00° 3.39°

1.52369 5.20283 9.53876 19.19139 30.06107 39.52940

0.0933 0.048 0.056 0.046 0.010 0.248

1.85° 1.31° 2.49° 0.77° 1.77° 17.15°

Tsur K 440 730 288 218 129 97 58 56 50

Psur bar

CO2

2 × 10–15 90 1 0.007

96.4% 0.03% 95.32%

1 × 10–5

Inclin. 0° 177.3° 23.45° 6.68° 25.19° 3.12° 26.73° 97.86° 29.56° 118°

N2

O2

3.4% 78.08% 2.7%

69 ppm 20.95% 0.13%

Rot. period d

Albedo

58.6462 –243.01 0.99726968 27.321661 1.02595675 0.41354 0.4375 –0.65 0.768 –6.3867

0.106 0.65 0.367 0.12 0.150 0.52 0.47 0.51 0.41 0.3

Atmospheric composition H2O H2 He 0.1% 0 to 3% 0.03%

2%

86.1% 92.4% 89% 89%

98%

13.8% 7.4% 11% 11%

Ar

4 ppm 0.93% 1.6%

No. of satellites 0 0 1 2 16 18 15 8 1

Ne

CO

18 ppm 3 ppm

20 ppm 1 ppm 0.07%

4/10/06 12:01:58 PM

Properties of the Solar System The following tables give various properties of the planets and characteristics of their orbits in the solar system. Certain properties of the sun and of the earth’s moon are also included. Explanations of the column headings: • • • •

Den.: mean density in g/cm3 Radius: radius at the equator in km Flattening: degree of oblateness, defined as (re–rp )/re, where re and rp are the equatorial and polar radii, respectively Potential coefficients: coefficients in the spherical harmonic representation of the gravitational potential U by the equation U(r,φ) = (GM/r) [1 – Σ Jn(a/r)n Pn(sin φ)]





where G is the gravitational constant, r the distance from the center of the planet, a the radius of the planet, M the mass, φ the latitude, and Pn the Legendre polynomial of degree n.

• •

Gravity: acceleration due to gravity at the surface Escape velocity: velocity needed at the surface of the planet to escape the gravitational pull Dist. to sun: semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit (1 ua = 1.496 × 108 km) ε: eccentricity of the orbit Ecliptic angle: angle between the planetary orbit and the plane of the earth’s orbit around the sun Inclin.: angle between the equatorial plane and the plane of the planetary orbit Rot. period: period of rotation of the planet measured in earth days Albedo: ratio of the light reflected from the planet to the light incident on it Tsur: mean temperature at the surface Psur: pressure of the atmosphere at the surface

• • • • • • • •

Planet Mercury Venus Earth (Moon) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto*

14-2

Mass 1024 kg 0.33022 4.8690 5.9723 0.073483 0.64191 1898.8 568.50 86.625 102.78 0.015

Den. g/cm3 5.43 5.24 5.515 3.34 3.94 1.33 0.70 1.30 1.76 1.1

Radius km 2439.7 6051.9 6378.140 1738 3397 71492 60268 25559 24764 1151

Flattening 0 0 0.00335364 0 0.00647630 0.0648744 0.0979624 0.0229273 0.0171 0

The following general information on the solar system is of interest: Mass of the earth = Me = 5.9723 × 1024 kg Total mass of planetary system = 2.669 × 1027 kg = 447 Me Total angular momentum of planetary system = 3.148 × 1043 kg m2/s Total kinetic energy of the planets = 1.99 × 1035 J Total rotational energy of planets = 0.7 × 1035 J Properties of the sun: Mass = 1.98844 × 1030 kg = 332946.0 Me Radius = 6.961 × 108 m Surface area = 6.087 × 1018 m2 Volume = 1.412 × 1027 m3 Mean density = 1.409 g/cm3 Gravity at surface = 27398 cm/s2 Escape velocity at surface = 6.177 × 105 m/s Effective temperature = 5780 K Total radiant power emitted (luminosity) = 3.846 × 1026 W Surface flux of radiant energy = 6.340 × 107 W/m2 Flux of radiant energy at the Earth (Solar Constant) = 1367.5 W/m2

References 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Ed., Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. 3. Allen, C. W., Astrophysical Quantities, Third Edition, Athlone Press, London, 1977. 4. Yao, W.-M., et al., J. Phys. G, 33, 1, 2006; also available at http://pdg.lbl. gov/2006/reviews/astrorpp.pdf.

103 J2 0.027 1.08263 0.2027 1.964 14.75 16.45 12 4

Potential coeffients 106 J3 106 J4 –2.54 36 –580 –1000

–1.61

Gravity cm/s2 370 887 980 162 371 2312 896 777 1100 72

Escape vel. km/s 4.25 10.4 11.2 2.37 5.02 59.6 35.5 21.3 23.3 1.1

Properties of the Solar System

Planet Mercury Venus Earth (Moon) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto*

Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto*

Dist. to sun ua 0.38710 0.72333 1.00000 1.52369 5.20283 9.53876 19.19139 30.06107 39.52940

Tsur K 440 730 288 218 129 97 58 56 50

Psur bar 2 × 10–15 90 1 0.007

1 × 10–5

14-3

ε 0.2056 0.0068 0.0167 0.0933 0.048 0.056 0.046 0.010 0.248

CO2 96.4% 0.03% 95.32%

Ecliptic angle 7.00° 3.39°

Inclin. 0° 177.3° 23.45° 6.68° 25.19° 3.12° 26.73° 97.86° 29.56° 118°

1.85° 1.31° 2.49° 0.77° 1.77° 17.15°

N2

O2

3.4% 78.08% 2.7%

69 ppm 20.95% 0.13%

Rot. period d 58.6462 –243.01 0.99726968 27.321661 1.02595675 0.41354 0.4375 –0.65 0.768 –6.3867

Atmospheric composition H2O H2 He 2% 98% 0.1% 0 to 3% 0.03% 86.1% 13.8% 92.4% 7.4% 89% 11% 89% 11%

No. of satellites 0 0 1

Albedo 0.106 0.65 0.367 0.12 0.150 0.52 0.47 0.51 0.41 0.3

Ar 4 ppm 0.93% 1.6%

2 16 18 15 8 1

Ne

CO

18 ppm 3 ppm

20 ppm 1 ppm 0.07%

* The International Astronomical Union passed resolutions in August 2006 that defined Pluto as a “dwarf planet” and recognized it as the prototype of a new category of Trans-Neptunian Objects. See .

Satellites of the Planets This table gives characteristics of the known satellites of the planets. The parameters covered are: • • • • • • • •

Orbital period in units of earth days. An R following the value indicates a retrograde motion. Distance from the planet, as measured by the semi-major axis of the orbit. Eccentricity of the orbit. Inclination of the satellite orbit with respect to the equator of the planet. Mass of the satellite relative to the planet. Radius of the satellite in km. Mean density of the satellite. Geometric albedo, which is a measure of the fraction of incident sunlight reflected by the satellite.

Orb. Period Planet Earth Mars Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

14-4

I II I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII I II III IV

Satellite Moon Phobos Deimos Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Amalthea Himalia Elara Pasiphae Sinope Lysithea Carme Ananke Leda Thebe Adrastea Metis Mimas Enceladus Tethys Dione Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Phoebe Janus Epimetheus Helene Telesto Calypso Atlas Prometheus Pandora Pan Ariel Umbriel Titania Oberon

d 27.321661 0.31891023 1.2624407 1.769137786 3.551181041 7.15455296 16.6890184 0.49817905 250.5662 259.6528 735 R 758 R 259.22 692 R 631 R 238.72 0.6745 0.29826 0.294780 0.942421813 1.370217855 1.887802160 2.736914742 4.517500436 15.94542068 21.2766088 79.3301825 550.48 R 0.6945 0.6942 2.7369 1.8878 1.8878 0.6019 0.6130 0.6285 0.5750 2.52037935 4.1441772 8.7058717 13.4632389

References 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Ed., Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. 3. Burns, J. A., and Matthews, M. S., Eds., Satellites, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1986.

Distance 103 km 384.400 9.378 23.459 422 671 1070 1883 181 11480 11737 23500 23700 11720 22600 21200 11094 222 129 128 185.52 238.02 294.66 377.40 527.04 1221.83 1481.1 3561.3 12952 151.472 151.422 377.40 294.66 294.66 137.670 139.353 141.700 133.583 191.02 266.30 435.91 583.52

Rel. Eccentricity 0.054900489 0.015 0.0005 0.004 0.009 0.002 0.007 0.003 0.15798 0.20719 0.378 0.275 0.107 0.20678 0.16870 0.14762 0.015

Inclination 18.28–28.58° 1.0° 0.9–2.7° 0.04° 0.47° 0.21° 0.51° 0.40° 27.63° 24.77° 145° 153° 29.02° 164° 147° 26.07° 0.8°

0.0202 0.00452 0.00000 0.002230 0.00100 0.029192 0.104 0.02828 0.16326 0.007 0.009 0.005

1.53° 1.86° 1.86° 0.02° 0.35° 0.33° 0.43° 14.72° 177° 0.14° 0.34° 0.0°

0.000 0.003 0.004

0.3° 0.0° 0.0°

0.0034 0.0050 0.0022 0.0008

0.3° 0.36° 0.14° 0.10°

mass 0.01230002 1.5 × 10–8 3 × 10–9 4.68 × 10–5 2.52 × 10–5 7.80 × 10–5 5.66 × 10–5 3.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9 4 × 10–10 1 × 10–10 0.4 × 10–10 0.4 × 10–10 0.5 × 10–10 0.2 × 10–10 0.03 × 10–10 4 × 10–10 0.1 × 10–10 0.5 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–6 1.85 × 10–6 4.4 × 10–6 2.38 × 10–4 3 × 10–8 3.3 × 10–6 7 × 10–10

1.56 × 10–5 1.35 × 10–5 4.06 × 10–5 3.47 × 10–5

Radius km 1738 13.5 × 10.8 × 9.4 7.5 × 6.1 × 5.5 1815 1569 2631 2400 135 × 83 × 75 93 38 25 18 18 20 15 8 55 × 45 12.5 × 10 × 7.5 20 196 250 530 560 765 2575 205 × 130 × 110 730 110 110 × 100 × 80 70 × 60 × 50 18 × 16 × 15 17 × 14 × 13 17 × 11 × 11 20 × 10 70 × 50 × 40 55 × 45 × 35 10 579 586 790 762

Den. g/cm3 3.34 <2 <2 3.55 3.04 1.93 1.83

1.44 1.13 1.20 1.41 1.33 1.88 1.15

1.55 1.58 1.69 1.64

Albedo 0.12 0.06 0.07 0.61 0.64 0.42 0.20 0.05 0.03 0.03

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.21 0.3 0.2 0.06 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.34 0.18 0.27 0.24

Satellites of the Planets

14-5 Orb. Period

Planet

Neptune

Pluto*

V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV I II III IV V VI VII VIII I

Satellite Miranda Cordelia Ophelia Bianca Cressida Desdemona Juliet Portia Rosalind Belinda Puck Triton Nereid Naiad Thalassa Despina Galatea Larissa Proteus Charon

d 1.41347925 0.335033 0.376409 0.434577 0.463570 0.473651 0.493066 0.513196 0.558459 0.623525 0.761832 5.8768541 R 360.13619 0.294396 0.311485 0.334655 0.428745 0.554654 1.122315 6.38725

Distance 103 km 129.39 49.77 53.79 59.17 61.78 62.68 64.35 66.09 69.94 75.26 86.01 354.76 5513.4 117.6 73.6 52.6 62.0 50.0 48.2 19.6

Rel. Eccentricity 0.0027 <0.001 0.010 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.000016 0.7512 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.0014 <0.001 <0.001

Inclination 4.2° 0.1° 0.1° 0.2° 0.0° 0.2° 0.1° 0.1° 0.3° 0.0° 0.31° 157.345° 27.6° 4.74° 0.21° 0.07° 0.05° 0.20° 0.55° 99°

mass 0.08 × 10–5

2.09 × 10–4 2 × 10–7

0.22

Radius km 240 13 15 21 31 27 42 54 27 33 77 1353 170 29 40 74 79 104 × 89 218 × 208 × 201 593

Den. g/cm3 1.25

2.05

Albedo 0.27 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.7 0.4 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.5

* The International Astronomical Union passed resolutions in August 2006 that defined Pluto as a “dwarf planet” and recognized it as the prototype of a new category of Trans-Neptunian Objects. See .

Interstellar Molecules Frank J. Lovas and Lewis E. Snyder A number of molecules have been detected in the interstellar medium, in circumstellar envelopes around evolved stars, and comae and tails of comets through observation of their microwave, infrared, or optical spectra. The following list gives the molecules and the particular isotopic species that have been reported thus far. Molecules are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. All species not footnoted otherwise are observed in interstellar clouds, while some are also found in comets and circumstellar clouds. The list was last updated in November 2005 and lists 147 molecules (263 isotopic forms). Molecular formula AlCl

Name Aluminum monochloride

AlF CAlN CF+ CH CH+ CHN

Aluminum monofluoride Aluminum isocyanide Fluoromethylidynium ion Methylidyne Methyliumylidene Hydrogen cyanide

CHN

Hydrogen isocyanide

CHNO

Isocyanic acid

CHNS CHO CHO+

Isothiocyanic acid Oxomethyl Oxomethylium

CHO+ CHO2+ CHS+ CH2 CH2N+ CH2N CH2N2 CH2O

14-6

Hydroxymethylidyne Hydroxyoxomethylium Thiooxomethylium Methylene Iminomethylium Methylene amidogen Cyanamide Formaldehyde

CH2O2

Formic acid

CH2S

Thioformaldehyde

Isotopic species AlCla Al37Cla AlFa AlNCa CF+ CH CH+ HCN H13CN HC15N DCN HNC H15NC HN13C DNC D15NC HNCO DNCO HNCS HCO HCO+ H13CO+ HC17O+ HC18O+ DCO+ D13CO+ HOC+ HOCO+ HCS+ CH2 HCNH+ CH2N NH2CN H2CO H213CO H2C18O HDCO D2CO HCOOH H13COOH HCOOD DCOOH H2CS H213CS

References 1. Lovas, F. J., Recommended Rest Frequencies for Observed Interstellar Molecule Microwave Transitions - 1991 Revision, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 181–272, 1992. 2. Snyder, L. E., Cometary Molecules, Internat. Astron. Union Symposium No. 150, Astrochemistry of Cosmic Phenomena, Ed. P.D. Singh, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 427–434 (1992).

Molecular formula

Name

CH3 CH3N

Methyl Methanimine

CH3NO

Formamide

CH3O+ CH4 CH4O

Hydroxy methylium ion Methane Methanol

CH4S CH5N CMgN CMgN

Methanethiol Methylamine Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide

CN

Cyanide radical

CN+ CNNa CNSi CNSi CN2 CO

Cyanide radical ion Sodium cyanide Silicon cyanide Silicon isocyanide Cyanoimidogen Carbon monoxide

CO+ COS

Carbon monoxide ion Carbon oxysulfide

CO2 CO2+ CP

Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ion Carbon phosphide

Isotopic species H2C34S HDCS D2CS CH3 a CH2NH 13 CH2NH NH2CHO NH213CHO H2COH+ CH4 CH3OH 13 CH3OH CH318OH CH2DOH CH3OD CHD2OH CD3OH CH3SH CH3NH2 MgCNa 24 MgNCa 25 MgNCa 26 MgNCa CN 13 CN C15N CN+ b NaCNa SiNCa SiNCa NCNb CO 13 CO C17O C18O 13 18 C O CO+ OCS OC34S O13CS 18 OCS CO2 CO2+ b CPa

Interstellar Molecules Molecular formula CS

Name Carbon monosulfide

CSi C2 C2H

Silicon carbide Dicarbon Ethynyl

C2HN C2H2 C2H2N C2H2O C2H3N

Cyanomethylene Acetylene Cyanomethyl Ketene Acetonitrile

C2H3N C2H4 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C2O C2S

Isocyanomethane Ethylene Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Ethenol Methyl formate Acetic acid Glycolaldehyde Ethane trans-Ethanol gauche-Ethanol Dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol Oxoethenylidene Thioxoethenylidene

C2Si

Silicon dicarbide

C3 C3H C3H C3HN

Tricarbon Cyclopropenylidyne Propenylidyne Cyanoacetylene

C3HN C3HN

Isocyanoacetylene 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3imino Cyclopropenylidene

C3H2

C3H2 C3H2N+ C3H2O C3H2O

Propadienylidene Protonated cyanoacetylene 2-Propynal Cyclopropenone

14-7 Isotopic species CS C33S C34S C36S 13 CS 13 34 C S SiCa C2 C2H 13 CCH C13CH C2D HCCN HCCH CH2CN H2CCO CH3CN 13 CH3CN CH313CN CH3C15N CH2DCN CH3NC H2CCH2 CH3CHO c-C2H4Oc CH2CHOH CH3OCHO CH3COOH CH2OHCHO CH3CH3b t-CH3CH2OH g-CH3CH2OH CH3OCH3 HOCH2CH2OH CCO CCS CC34S c-SiC2 c-29SiC2 c-30SiC2 c-Si13CC C3 c-C3H l-C3H HCCCN H13CCCN HC13CCN HCC13CN HCCC15N DCCCN HCCNC HNCCC c-C3H2 c-H13CCCH c-HC13CCH c-C3HD l-H2CCC HCCCNH+ HCCCHO c-C3H2O

Molecular formula C3H3N C3H4

C3H4O C3H5N C3H6O C3H6O C3N C3O C3S C3Si C4H

C4HN C4H2 C4H2 C4H3N C4H3N C4Si C5 C5H C5HN

C5H4 C5N C6H C6H2 C6H2 C6H3N C6H6 C7H C7HN C8H C9HN C11HN ClH ClK ClNa FH FeO HLi

Isotopic Name species Acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide) CH2CHCN Propyne CH3CCH CH3C13CH 13 CH3CCH CH2DCCH CH3CCD Propenal CH2CHCHO Propanenitrile (ethyl CH3CH2CN cyanide) Acetone (CH3)2CO Propanal CH3CH2CHO Cyanoethynyl CCCN 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-oxo CCCO 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3CCCS thioxo Silicon tricarbon SiC3 1,3-Butadiynyl radical HCCCC H13CCCC HC13CCC HCC13CC HCCC13C DCCCC 3-Cyano-1,2HCCCCN propadienylidene Butatrienylidene H2CCCC 1,3-Butadiyne HCCCCHa 2-Butynenitrile CH3CCCN Cyanoallene CH2CCHCN Silicon tetracarbide SiC4a Pentacarbon C5a 2,4-Pentadiynylidyne HCCCCC 2,4-Pentadiynenitrile HCCCCCN H13CCCCCN HC13CCCCN HCC13CCCN HCCC13CCN HCCCC13CN DCCCCCN 1,3-Pentadiyne CH3C4H 1,3-Butadiynylium, 4-cyano C5N 1,3,5-Hexatriynyl HCCCCCC 1,3,5-Hexatriyne HCCCCCCHa 1,2,3,4,5H2CCCCCC Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanodiacetylene CH3C4CN Benzene C6H6 2,4,6-Heptatriynylidyne HCCCCCCC 2,4,6-Heptatriynenitrile HC7N 1,3,5,7-Octatetraynyl HC8 2,4,6,8-Nonatetraynenitrile HC9N 2,4,6,8,10HC11N Undecapentaynenitrile Hydrogen chloride H35Cl H37Cl Potassium chloride K35Cla K37Cla Sodium chloride Na35Cla Na37Cla Hydrogen fluoride HF Iron monoxide FeO 7 LiH Lithium hydride

Interstellar Molecules

14-8 Molecular formula HN HNO HN2+

Name Imidogen Nitrosyl hydride Hydrodinitrogen(1+)

HO

Hydroxyl

HO+ HS H2 H2N H2O

Oxoniumylidene Mercapto Hydrogen Amidogen Water

H2O+ H2S

Oxoniumyl Hydrogen sulfide

H3+

Trihydrogen ion

H3N

Ammonia

H3O+

Oxonium hydride

Isotopic species HN HNO N2H+ 15 NNH+ N15NH+ N2D+ OH 17 OH 18 OH HO+ b SH H2 NH2 H2O H218O HDO H2O+b H2S H234S HDS D2S H3+ H2D+ D2H+ NH3 15 NH3 NH2D NHD2 ND3 H3O+

Molecular formula H4Si NO NP NS

Name Silane Nitric oxide Phosphorus nitride Nitrogen sulfide

NSi N2 N2+ N2O OS

Silicon nitride Nitrogen Nitrogen ion Nitrous oxide Sulfur monoxide

OS+ OSi

Sulfur monoxide ion Silicon monoxide

O2S

Sulfur dioxide

SSi

Silicon monosulfide

S2

Disulfur

l- before the isotopic species indicates a linear configuration, while c- indicates a cyclic molecule. a Reported only in circumstellar clouds. b Reported only in comets.

Isotopic species SiH4a NO NP NS N34S SiN N2 N2+ b N 2O SO 34 SO 33 SO S18O SO+ SiO Si18O 29 SiO 30 SiO SO2 33 SO2 34 SO2 OS18O SiS Si33S Si34S 29 SiS 30 SiS Si36S S2b

Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth This table is a collection of data on various properties of the Earth. Most of the values are given in SI units. Note that 1 ua (astronomical unit) = 149,597,870 km.

Mass Major orbital semi-axis

Quantity

Distance from sun at perihelion Distance from sun at aphelion Moment of perihelion passage Moment of aphelion passage Siderial rotation period around sun Mean rotational velocity Mean equatorial radius Mean polar compression (flattening factor) Difference in equatorial and polar semi-axes Compression of meridian of major equatorial axis Compression of meridian of minor equatorial axis Equatorial compression Difference in equatorial semi-axes Difference in polar semi-axes Polar asymmetry Mean acceleration of gravity at equator Mean acceleration of gravity at poles Difference in acceleration of gravity at pole and at equator Mean acceleration of gravity for entire surface of terrestrial ellipsoid Mean radius Area of surface Volume Mean density Siderial rotational period Rotational angular velocity Mean equatorial rotational velocity Rotational angular momentum Rotational energy Ratio of centrifugal force to force of gravity at equator Moment of inertia Relative braking of earth’s rotation due to tidal friction Relative secular acceleration of earth’s rotation Not secular braking of earth’s rotation Probable value of total energy of tectonic deformation of earth Secular loss of heat of earth through radiation into space Portion of earth’s kinetic energy transformed into heat as a result of lunar and solar tides in the hydrosphere Differences in duration of days in March and August Corresponding relative annual variation in earth’s rotational velocity Presumed variation in earth’s radius between August and March Annual variation in level of world ocean Area of continents



487_S14.indb 9

References 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Ed., Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. Symbol M aorb

Uorb ā α a–c αa αb ε a–b cN – cS η ge gp gp – ge

Value 5.9723·1027 1.000000 1.4959787·108 0.9833 1.0167 Jan. 2, 4 h 52 min July 4, 5 h 05 min 31.5581·106 365.25636 29.78 6378.140 1/298.257 21.385 1/295.2 1/298.0 1/30 000 213 ~70 ~1.10–5 9.78036 9.83208 5.172

g R S V ρ P ω v L E qc I ∆ωe/ω ∆ωi/ω ∆ω/ω Et ∆′Ek

9.7978 6371.0 5.10·108 1.0832·1012 5.515 86,164.09 7.292116·10–5 0.46512 5.861·1033 2.137·1029 0.0034677 = 1/288 8.070·1037 –4.2·10–8 +1.4·10–8 –2.8·10–8 ~1·1023 1·1023

m/s2 km km2 km3 g/cm3 s rad/s km/s Js J

1.3·1023 0.0025 (March-August)

J/century s

2.9·10–8 (Aug.-March) –9.2 (Aug.-March) ∼10 (Sept.-March) 1.49·108 29.2

cm cm km2 % of surface

rπ rα Tπ Tα Porb

∆″Ek ∆P ∆*ω/ω ∆*R ∆ho SC

g ua km ua ua

Unit

s d km/s km km

m m m/s2 m/s2 cm/s2

kg m2 century–1 century–1 century–1 J/century J/century

14-9

4/10/06 12:02:10 PM

Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth

14-10 Quantity

Symbol So

Mean height of continents above sea level Mean depth of world ocean Mean thickness of lithosphere within the limits of the continents Mean thickness of lithosphere within the limits of the ocean Mean rate of thickening of continental lithosphere Mean rate of horizontal extension of continental lithosphere Mass of crust Mass of mantle Amount of water released from the mantle and core in the course of geological time Total reserve of water in the mantle Present content of free and bound water in the earth’s lithosphere Mass of hydrosphere Amount of oxygen bound in the earth’s crust Amount of free oxygen Mass of atmosphere Mass of biosphere Mass of living matter in the biosphere Density of living matter on dry land Density of living matter in ocean Age of the earth Age of oldest rocks Age of most ancient fossils

hC ho hc.l. ho.l. ∆h/∆t ∆l/∆t ml

Area of world ocean

487_S14.indb 10

mh ma mb

3.61·108 70.8 875 3794 35 4.7 10 – 40 0.75 – 20 2.36·1022 4.05·1024 3.40·1021 2·1023 2.4·1021 1.664·1021 1.300·1021 1.5·1018 5.136·1018 1.148·1016 3.6·1014 0.1 15·10–8 4.55·109 4.0·109 3.4·109

Value

Unit km2 % of surface m m km km m/106 y km/106 y kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg g/cm2 g/cm3 y y y

4/10/06 12:02:11 PM

GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE Period or epoch

Beginning and end, in 106 years

Key events

0–10,000 y ± 2,000 y 10,000–1,000,000 y ± 50,000 y

Homo Erectus breakout

1.8–5.3 5–25 25–37 37–55 55–67

Ape man fossils Origin of grass Rise of cats, dogs, pigs Debut of hoofed mammals Earliest primates

Mesozoic era Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic

67–138 138–208 208–245

Demise of dinosaurs First birds Appearance of dinosaurs

Paleozoic era Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian

245–290 290–360 360–410 410–435 435–520 520–570

Flowers, insect pollination First conifers First vertebrates ashore Spore-bearing plants First animals ashore Vertebrates appear

Pre-Cambrian Pre-Cambrian III (Proterozoic) Pre-Cambrian II (Archean) Pre-Cambrian I (Hadean)

570–2500 2500–3800 3800–4450

First plants, jellyfish Photosynthetic bacteria Earth formed 4600 million years ago

Cenozoic era Quaternian Contemporary Pleistocene Tertiary Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene

Reference: Calder, N., Timescale - An Atlas of the Fourth Dimension, Viking Press, New York, 1983.

14-11

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ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY The acceleration due to gravity is tabulated here as a function of latitude and height above the earth’s surface. Values were calculated from the expression g/(m/s2) = 9.780356 (1 + 0.0052885 sin2 φ – 0.0000059 sin2 2 φ) – 0.003086 H

Reference Jursa, A. S., Ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, 4th ed., Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985, p. 14–17.

where φ is the latitude and H is the height in kilometers.

φ 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

H=0 9.78036 9.78075 9.78191 9.78381 9.78638 9.78956 9.79324 9.79732 9.80167 9.80616 9.81065 9.81501 9.81911 9.82281 9.82601 9.82860 9.83051 9.83168 9.83208

H = 1 km 9.77727 9.77766 9.77882 9.78072 9.78330 9.78647 9.79016 9.79424 9.79858 9.80307 9.80757 9.81193 9.81602 9.81972 9.82292 9.82551 9.82743 9.82860 9.82899

H = 5 km 9.76493 9.76532 9.76648 9.76838 9.77095 9.77413 9.77781 9.78189 9.78624 9.79073 9.79522 9.79958 9.80368 9.80738 9.81058 9.81317 9.81508 9.81625 9.81665

H = 10 km 9.74950 9.74989 9.75105 9.75295 9.75552 9.75870 9.76238 9.76646 9.77081 9.77530 9.77979 9.78415 9.78825 9.79195 9.79515 9.79774 9.79965 9.80082 9.80122

14-12

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DENSITY, PRESSURE, AND GRAVITY AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH WITHIN THE EARTH This table gives the density ρ, pressure p, and acceleration due to gravity g as a function of depth below the earth’s surface, as calculated from the model of the structure of the earth in Reference 1. The model assumes a radius of 6371 km for the earth. The boundary between the crust and mantle (the Mohorovicic discontinuity) is taken as 21 km, while in reality it varies considerable with location.

Crust

Depth km

ρ g/cm3

0 3

1.02 1.02

0 3

981 982

3 21

2.80 2.80

3 5

982 983

3.49 3.51 3.52 3.48 3.44 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.37 3.47 3.59 3.95 4.54 4.67 4.81

5 12 19 26 33 39 56 73 89 106 124 199 328 466 607

983 983 984 984 984 985 987 989 991 993 994 999 997 992 991

Mantle (solid) 21 41 61 81 101 121 171 221 271 321 371 571 871 1171 1471

p kbar

g cm/s2

References 1. Anderson, D. L., and Hart, R. S., J. Geophys. Res., 81, 1461, 1976. 2. Carmichael, R. S., CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, p. 467, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.

Depth km 1771 2071 2371 2671 2886

ρ g/cm3 4.96 5.12 5.31 5.45 5.53

p kbar 752 903 1061 1227 1352

g cm/s2 994 1002 1017 1042 1069

Outer core (liquid) 2886 2971 3371 3671 4071 4471 4871 5156

9.96 10.09 10.63 11.00 11.36 11.69 11.99 12.12

1352 1442 1858 2154 2520 2844 3116 3281

1069 1050 953 874 760 641 517 427

Inner core (solid) 5156 5371 5771 6071 6371

12.30 12.48 12.52 12.53 12.58

3281 3385 3529 3592 3617

427 355 218 122 0

14-13

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OCEAN PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH AND LATITUDE The following table is based upon an ocean model which takes into account the equation of state of standard seawater and the dependence on latitude of the acceleration of gravity. The tabulated pressure value is the excess pressure over the ambient atmospheric pressure at the surface.

Depth (meters) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000

References 1. International Oceanographic Tables, Volume 4, Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 40, Unesco, Paris, 1987. 2. Saunders, P. M., and Fofonoff, N. P., Deep-Sea Res. 23, 109–111, 1976.

Pressure in MPa at the Specified Latitude 0° 0.0000 5.0338 10.0796 15.1376 20.2076 25.2895 30.3831 35.4886 40.6056 45.7342 50.8742 56.0255 61.1882 66.3619 71.5467 76.7426 81.9493 87.1669 92.3950 97.6346 102.8800

15° 0.0000 5.0355 10.0832 15.1431 20.2148 25.2985 30.3940 35.5012 40.6201 45.7505 50.8924 56.0456 61.2100 66.3857 71.5724 76.7701 81.9788 87.1983 92.4284 97.6698 102.9170

30° 0.0000 5.0404 10.0930 15.1577 20.2344 25.3231 30.4236 35.5358 40.6598 45.7952 50.9421 56.1004 61.2700 66.4508 71.6427 76.8456 82.0594 87.2841 92.5194 97.7661 103.0185

45° 0.0000 5.0471 10.1064 15.1778 20.2613 25.3568 30.4641 35.5832 40.7140 45.8564 51.0102 56.1755 61.3521 66.5399 71.7388 76.9488 82.1697 87.4016 92.6440 97.8978 103.1572

60° 0.0000 5.0537 10.1198 15.1980 20.2882 25.3905 30.5047 35.6307 40.7683 45.9176 51.0785 56.2508 61.4344 66.6292 71.8352 77.0523 82.2804 87.5193 92.7689 98.0300 103.2961

75° 0.0000 5.0586 10.1296 15.2127 20.3080 25.4153 30.5345 35.6654 40.8082 45.9626 51.1285 56.3059 61.4947 66.6947 71.9059 77.1282 82.3614 87.6057 92.8606 98.1269 103.3981

90° 0.0000 5.0605 10.1333 15.2182 20.3153 25.4244 30.5453 35.6782 40.8229 45.9791 51.1469 56.3262 61.5168 66.7187 71.9318 77.1560 82.3911 87.6373 92.8941 98.1624 103.4355

14-14

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PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER In addition to the dependence on temperature and pressure, the physical properties of seawater vary with the concentration of the dissolved constituents. A convenient parameter for describing the composition is the salinity, S, which is defined in terms of the electrical conductivity of the seawater sample. The defining equation for the practical salinity is: S = a0 + a1K1/2 + a2K + a3K3/2 + a4K2 + a5K5/2, where K is the ratio of the conductivity of the seawater sample at 15°C and atmospheric pressure to the conductivity of a potassium chloride solution in which the mass fraction of KCl is 0.0324356, at the same temperature and pressure. The values of the coefficients are: a0 = 0.0080 a3 = 14.0941 a1 = –0.1692 a4 = –7.0261 a2 = 25.3851 a5 = 2.7081 Σ ai = 35.0000 Thus when K = 1, S = 35 exactly (S is normally quoted in units of ‰, i.e., parts per thousand). The value of S can be roughly equated with the mass of dissolved material in grams per kilogram of seawater. Salinity values in the open oceans at mid latitudes typically fall between 34 and 36.

It is customary in oceanography to define the pressure at a given point as the pressure due to the column of water between that point and the surface. Thus by convention P = 0 at the sea surface. To a good approximation the pressure in decibars (dbar) can be equated to the depth in meters. Thus at 45° latitude the pressure is 5000 dbar at 4902 m, 10000 dbar at 9700 m. The first table below gives several properties of seawater as a function of temperature for a salinity of 35. The second and third give density and electrical conductivity as a function of salinity at several temperatures, and the fourth lists typical concentrations of the main constituents of seawater as a function of salinity. The final table gives the freezing point as a function of salinity and pressure.

References 1. The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and the International Equation of State of Seawater 1980, Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 36, Unesco, Paris, 1981; sections No. 37, 38, 39, and 40 in this series give background papers and detailed tables. 2. Kennish, M. J., CRC Practical Handbook of Marine Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Poisson, A. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. OE-5, 50, 1981. 4. Webster, F., in AIP Physics Desk Reference, E. R. Cohen, D. R. Lide and G. L. Trigg, Eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, 2003.

Properties of Seawater as a Function of Temperature at Salinity S = 35 and Normal Atmospheric Pressure ρ = density in g/cm3 β = (1/ρ) (dρ/dS) = fractional change in density per unit change in salinity α = –(1/ρ) (dρ/dt) = fractional change in density per unit change in temperature (°C–1) t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

ρ/g cm–3 1.028106 1.027675 1.026952 1.025973 1.024763 1.023343 1.021729 1.019934

107β 7854 7717 7606 7516 7444 7385 7338 7300 7270

107 α/°C–1 526 1136 1668 2141 2572 2970 3341 3687 4004

κ = electrical conductivity in S/cm η = viscosity in mPa s (equal to cP) cp = specific heat in J/kg °C v = speed of sound in m/s

κ/S cm–1 0.029048 0.033468 0.038103 0.042933 0.047934 0.053088 0.058373

η/mPa s 1.892 1.610 1.388 1.221 1.085 0.966 0.871

cp/J kg–1 °C–1 v/m s–1 3986.5 1449.1 3986.3

1489.8

3993.9

1521.5

4000.7

1545.6

4003.5

1563.2

Density of Surface Seawater in g/cm3 as a Function of Temperature and Salinity t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

S=0 0.999843 0.999967 0.999702 0.999102 0.998206 0.997048 0.995651 0.994036 0.992220

S=5 1.003913 1.003949 1.003612 1.002952 1.002008 1.000809 0.999380 0.997740 0.995906

S = 10 1.007955 1.007907 1.007501 1.006784 1.005793 1.004556 1.003095 1.001429 0.999575

S = 15 1.011986 1.011858 1.011385 1.010613 1.009576 1.008301 1.006809 1.005118 1.003244

S = 20 1.016014 1.015807 1.015269 1.014443 1.013362 1.012050 1.010527 1.008810 1.006915

S = 25 1.020041 1.019758 1.019157 1.018279 1.017154 1.015806 1.014252 1.012509 1.010593

S = 30 1.024072 1.023714 1.023051 1.022122 1.020954 1.019569 1.017985 1.016217 1.014278

S = 35 1.028106 1.027675 1.026952 1.025973 1.024763 1.023343 1.021729 1.019934 1.017973

S = 40 1.032147 1.031645 1.030862 1.029834 1.028583 1.027128 1.025483 1.023662 1.021679

14-15

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Properties of Seawater

14-16 Electrical Conductivity of Seawater in S/cm as a Function of Temperature and Salinity t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

S=5 0.004808 0.005570 0.006370 0.007204 0.008068 0.008960 0.009877

S = 10 0.009171 0.010616 0.012131 0.013709 0.015346 0.017035 0.018771

S = 15 0.013357 0.015441 0.017627 0.019905 0.022267 0.024703 0.027204

S = 20 0.017421 0.020118 0.022947 0.025894 0.028948 0.032097 0.035330

S = 25 0.021385 0.024674 0.028123 0.031716 0.035438 0.039276 0.043213

S = 30 0.025257 0.029120 0.033171 0.037391 0.041762 0.046267 0.050888

S = 35 0.029048 0.033468 0.038103 0.042933 0.047934 0.053088 0.058373

S = 40 0.032775 0.037734 0.042935 0.048355 0.053968 0.059751 0.065683

Composition of Seawater and Ionic Strength at Various Salinities (Ref. 2) Constituent

Cl– Br– F– SO42– HCO3– NaSO4– KSO4– Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ MgHCO3+ MgSO4 CaSO4 NaHCO3 H3BO3 Ionic strength

S = 30 0.482 0.00074 0.0104 0.00131 0.0085 0.00010 0.405 0.00892 0.0413 0.00131 0.00008 0.00028 0.00498 0.00102 0.00015 0.00032 0.5736

Expressed as molality S = 35 0.562 0.00087 0.00007 0.0114 0.00143 0.0108 0.00012 0.472 0.01039 0.0483 0.00143 0.00009 0.00036 0.00561 0.00115 0.00020 0.00037 0.6675

S = 40 0.650 0.00100

S = 30 16.58 0.057

0.0122 0.00100 0.0139 0.00015 0.544 0.01200 0.0561 0.00154 0.00011 0.00045 0.00614 0.00126 0.00024 0.00042 0.7701

0.97 0.078 0.98 0.013 9.03 0.338 0.974 0.051 0.007 0.023 0.582 0.135 0.012 0.019

As grams per kilogram of seawater S = 35 S = 40 19.33 22.36 0.067 0.078 0.001 1.06 1.14 0.085 0.059 1.25 1.60 0.016 0.020 10.53 12.13 0.394 0.455 1.139 1.323 0.056 0.060 0.008 0.009 0.030 0.037 0.655 0.717 0.152 0.166 0.016 0.020 0.022 0.025

Freezing Point of Seawater in °C as a Function of Salinity and Pressure P/dbar 0 50 100 500

S14_09.indd 16

S=0 0.000 –0.038 –0.075 –0.377

5 –0.274 –0.311 –0.349 –0.650

10 –0.542 –0.580 –0.618 –0.919

15 –0.812 –0.849 –0.887 –1.188

20 –1.083 –1.121 –1.159 –1.460

25 –1.358 –1.396 –1.434 –1.735

30 –1.638 –1.676 –1.713 –2.014

35 –1.922 –1.960 –1.998 –2.299

40 –2.212 –2.250 –2.287 –2.589

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ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH’S CRUST AND IN THE SEA This table gives the estimated abundance of the elements in the continental crust (in mg/kg, equivalent to parts per million by mass) and in seawater near the surface (in mg/L). Values represent the median of reported measurements. The concentrations of the less abundant elements may vary with location by several orders of magnitude.

Element Ac Ag Al Ar As Au B Ba Be Bi Br C Ca Cd Ce Cl Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu F Fe Ga Gd Ge H He Hf Hg Ho I In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo

Abundance Crust mg/kg 5.5 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–2 8.23 × 104 3.5 1.8 4 × 10–3 1.0 × 101 4.25 × 102 2.8 8.5 × 10–3 2.4 2.00 × 102 4.15 × 104 1.5 × 10–1 6.65 × 101 1.45 × 102 2.5 × 101 1.02 × 102 3 6.0 × 101 5.2 3.5 2.0 5.85 × 102 5.63 × 104 1.9 × 101 6.2 1.5 1.40 × 103 8 × 10–3 3.0 8.5 × 10–2 1.3 4.5 × 10–1 2.5 × 10–1 1 × 10–3 2.09 × 104 1 × 10–4 3.9 × 101 2.0 × 101 8 × 10–1 2.33 × 104 9.50 × 102 1.2

Sea mg/L 4 × 10–5 2 × 10–3 4.5 × 10–1 3.7 × 10–3 4 × 10–6 4.44 1.3 × 10–2 5.6 × 10–6 2 × 10–5 6.73 × 101 2.8 × 101 4.12 × 102 1.1 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–6 1.94 × 104 2 × 10–5 3 × 10–4 3 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–4 9.1 × 10–7 8.7 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 1.3 2 × 10–3 3 × 10–5 7 × 10–7 5 × 10–5 1.08 × 105 7 × 10–6 7 × 10–6 3 × 10–5 2.2 × 10–7 6 × 10–2 2 × 10–2 3.99 × 102 2.1 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–6 1.8 × 10–1 1.5 × 10–7 1.29 × 103 2 × 10–4 1 × 10–2

References 1. Carmichael, R. S., Ed., CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 2. Bodek, I., et al., Environmental Inorganic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, New York, 1988. 3. Ronov, A. B., and Yaroshevsky, A. A., “Earth’s Crust Geochemistry” , in Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, Fairbridge, R. W., Ed., Van Nostrand, New York, 1969.

Element N Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O Os P Pa Pb Pd Po Pr Pt Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr

Abundance Crust mg/kg 1.9 × 101 2.36 × 104 2.0 × 101 4.15 × 101 5 × 10–3 8.4 × 101 4.61 × 105 1.5 × 10–3 1.05 × 103 1.4 × 10–6 1.4 × 101 1.5 × 10–2 2 × 10–10 9.2 5 × 10–3 9 × 10–7 9.0 × 101 7 × 10–4 1 × 10–3 4 × 10–13 1 × 10–3 3.50 × 102 2 × 10–1 2.2 × 101 5 × 10–2 2.82 × 105 7.05 2.3 3.70 × 102 2.0 1.2 1 × 10–3 9.6 5.65 × 103 8.5 × 10–1 5.2 × 10–1 2.7 1.20 × 102 1.25 3 × 10–5 3.3 × 101 3.2 7.0 × 101 1.65 × 102

Sea mg/L 5 × 10–1 1.08 × 104 1 × 10–5 2.8 × 10–6 1.2 × 10–4 5.6 × 10–4 8.57 × 105 6 × 10–2 5 × 10–11 3 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–14 6.4 × 10–7 8.9 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–1 4 × 10–6 6 × 10–16 7 × 10–7 9.05 × 102 2.4 × 10–4 6 × 10–7 2 × 10–4 2.2 4.5 × 10–7 4 × 10–6 7.9 2 × 10–6 1.4 × 10–7 1 × 10–6 1 × 10–3 1.9 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–7 3.2 × 10–3 2.5 × 10–3 1 × 10–4 5 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 8.2 × 10–7 4.9 × 10–3 3 × 10–5

14-17

Section 14.indb 17

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SOLAR SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE The solar luminosity (total radiant power emitted) is 3.86⋅1026 W, of which 1373 W/m2 reaches the top of the earth’s atmosphere. To a zeroth approximation the sun can be considered a black body with an effective temperature of 5780 K, which implies a peak in the radiation at around 0.520 µm (5200 Å). The actual solar spectral emission is more complex, especially at ultraviolet and shorter wavelengths. The graph below, which was taken from Reference 1, summarizes the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere in the range 0.3 to 10 µm.

References 1. Jursa, A. S., Ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985. 2. Pierce, A. K., and Allen, R. G., “The Solar Spectrum between 0.3 and 10 µm” , in The Solar Output and Its Variation, White, O. R., Ed., Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, CO, 1977. 3. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data. Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.

2000 1800

Irradiance in W m -2 µm-1

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 X10

200 0

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.7

1.0

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Wavelength in µm

14-18

Section 14.indb 18

4/27/05 5:03:38 PM

U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) A Standard Atmosphere is a hypothetical vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and density which is roughly representative of year-round, midlatitude conditions. Typical uses are to serve as a basis for pressure altimeter calibrations, aircraft performance calculations, aircraft and rocket design, ballistic tables, meteorological diagrams, and various types of atmospheric modeling. The air is assumed to be dry and to obey the perfect gas law and the hydrostatic equation which, taken together, relate temperature, pressure, and density with vertical position. The atmosphere is considered to rotate with the earth and to be an average over the diurnal cycle, the semiannual variation, and the range from active to quiet geomagnetic and sunspot conditions. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere, (1976) is an idealized, steadystate representation of mean annual conditions of the earth’s atmosphere from the surface to 1000 km at latitude 45°N, as it is assumed to exist during a period with moderate solar activity. The defining meteorological elements are sea-level temperature and pressure and a temperature-height profile to 1000 km. The 1976 Standard Atmosphere uses the following sea-level values which have been standard for many decades: Temperature — 288.15 K (15°C) Pressure — 101325 Pa (1013.25 mbar, 760 mm of Hg, or 29.92 in. of Hg)

Density — 1225 g/m3 (1.225 g/L) Mean molar mass — 28.964 g/mol The parameters included in this condensed version of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere are: Z — Height (geometric) above mean sea level in meters T — Temperature in kelvins P — Pressure in pascals (1 Pa = 0.01 millibars) ρ — Density in kilograms per cubic meter (1 kg/m3 = 1 g/L) n — Number density in molecules per cubic meter ν — Mean collision frequency in collisions per second l — Mean free path in meters η — Absolute viscosity in pascal seconds (1 Pa s = 1000 cP) k — Thermal conductivity in joules per meter second kilogram (W/m K) vs — Speed of sound in meters per second g — Acceleration of gravity in meters per second square The sea-level composition (percent by volume) is taken to be: N2 — 78.084% O2 — 20.9476 Ar — 0.934 CO2 — 0.0314 Ne — 0.001818

He — 0.000524 Kr — 0.000114 Xe — 0.0000087 CH4 — 0.0002 H2 — 0.00005

The T and P columns for the troposphere and lower stratosphere were generated from the following formulas: H ≤ 11000 m 11000 m < H ≤ 20000 m 20000 m < H ≤ 32000 m

T/K 288.15 – 0.0065 H 216.65 216.65 + 0.0010(H–20000)

where H = rZ/(r + Z) is the geopotential height in meters and r is the mean earth radius at 45° N latitude, taken as 6356766 m. For altitudes up to 32 km, ρ = 0.003483677(P/T) in the units used here. Formulas for the other quantities may be found in the references.

P/Pa 101325(288.15/T)–5.25577 22632 e–0.00015768832(H–11000) 5474.87(216.65/T)34.16319

References 1. COESA, U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976. 2. Jursa, A. S., Ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985.

14-19

Section 14.indb 19

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U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)

14-20 Z/m –5000 –4500 –4000 –3500 –3000 –2500 –2000 –1500 –1000 –500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000 10500 11000 11500 12000 12500 13000 13500 14000 14500 15000 16000 17000 18000 19000 20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000 27000 28000 29000 30000 31000 32000 33000 34000 35000

Section 14.indb 20

T/K 320.68 317.42 314.17 310.91 307.66 304.41 301.15 297.90 294.65 291.40 288.15 284.90 281.65 278.40 275.15 271.91 268.66 265.41 262.17 258.92 255.68 252.43 249.19 245.94 242.70 239.46 236.22 232.97 229.73 226.49 223.25 220.01 216.77 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 217.58 218.57 219.57 220.56 221.55 222.54 223.54 224.53 225.52 226.51 227.50 228.49 230.97 233.74 236.51

P/Pa 1.778E+05 1.685E+05 1.596E+05 1.511E+05 1.430E+05 1.352E+05 1.278E+05 1.207E+05 1.139E+05 1.075E+05 1.013E+05 9.546E+04 8.988E+04 8.456E+04 7.950E+04 7.469E+04 7.012E+04 6.579E+04 6.166E+04 5.775E+04 5.405E+04 5.054E+04 4.722E+04 4.408E+04 4.111E+04 3.830E+04 3.565E+04 3.315E+04 3.080E+04 2.858E+04 2.650E+04 2.454E+04 2.270E+04 2.098E+04 1.940E+04 1.793E+04 1.658E+04 1.533E+04 1.417E+04 1.310E+04 1.211E+04 1.035E+04 8.850E+03 7.565E+03 6.467E+03 5.529E+03 4.729E+03 4.048E+03 3.467E+03 2.972E+03 2.549E+03 2.188E+03 1.880E+03 1.610E+03 1.390E+03 1.197E+03 1.031E+03 8.891E+02 7.673E+02 6.634E+02 5.746E+02

ρ/kg m–3 1.931 1.849 1.770 1.693 1.619 1.547 1.478 1.411 1.347 1.285 1.225 1.167 1.112 1.058 1.007 0.957 0.909 0.863 0.819 0.777 0.736 0.697 0.660 0.664 0.590 0.557 0.526 0.496 0.467 0.440 0.414 0.389 0.365 0.337 0.312 0.288 0.267 0.246 0.228 0.211 0.195 0.166 0.142 0.122 0.104 8.891E–02 7.572E–02 6.451E–02 5.501E–02 4.694E–02 4.008E–02 3.426E–02 2.930E–02 2.508E–02 2.148E–02 1.841E–02 1.579E–02 1.356E–02 1.157E–02 9.887E–03 8.463E–03

n/m–3 4.015E+25 3.845E+25 3.680E+25 3.520E+25 3.366E+25 3.217E+25 3.102E+25 2.935E+25 2.801E+25 2.672E+25 2.547E+25 2.427E+25 2.311E+25 2.200E+25 2.093E+25 1.990E+25 1.891E+25 1.795E+25 1.704E+25 1.616E+25 1.531E+25 1.450E+25 1.373E+25 1.299E+25 1.227E+25 1.159E+25 1.093E+25 1.031E+25 9.711E+24 9.141E+24 8.598E+24 8.079E+24 7.585E+24 7.016E+24 6.486E+24 5.996E+24 5.543E+24 5.124E+24 4.738E+24 4.380E+24 4.049E+24 3.461E+24 2.959E+24 2.529E+24 2.162E+24 1.849E+24 1.574E+24 1.341E+24 1.144E+24 9.759E+23 8.334E+23 7.123E+23 6.092E+23 5.214E+23 4.466E+23 3.828E+23 3.283E+23 2.813E+23 2.406E+23 2.056E+23 1.760E+23

ν/s–1 1.151E+10 1.096E+10 1.044E+10 9.933E+09 9.448E+09 8.982E+09 8.623E+09 8.106E+09 7.693E+09 7.298E+09 6.919E+09 6.556E+09 6.208E+09 5.874E+09 5.555E+09 5.250E+09 4.959E+09 4.680E+09 4.414E+09 4.160E+09 3.918E+09 3.687E+09 3.467E+09 3.258E+09 3.058E+09 2.869E+09 2.689E+09 2.518E+09 2.356E+09 2.202E+09 2.056E+09 1.918E+09 1.787E+09 1.653E+09 1.528E+09 1.412E+09 1.306E+09 1.207E+09 1.116E+09 1.032E+09 9.538E+08 8.153E+08 6.969E+08 5.958E+08 5.093E+08 4.354E+08 3.716E+08 3.173E+08 2.712E+08 2.319E+08 1.985E+08 1.700E+08 1.458E+08 1.250E+08 1.073E+08 9.219E+07 7.925E+07 6.818E+07 5.852E+07 5.030E+07 4.331E+07

l/m 4.208E–08 4.395E–08 4.592E–08 4.800E–08 5.019E–08 5.252E–08 5.447E–08 5.757E–08 6.032E–08 6.324E–08 6.633E–08 6.961E–08 7.310E–08 7.680E–08 8.073E–08 8.491E–08 8.937E–08 9.411E–08 9.917E–08 1.046E–07 1.103E–07 1.165E–07 1.231E–07 1.302E–07 1.377E–07 1.458E–07 1.545E–07 1.639E–07 1.740E–07 1.848E–07 1.965E–07 2.091E–07 2.227E–07 2.408E–07 2.605E–07 2.818E–07 3.048E–07 3.297E–07 3.566E–07 3.857E–07 4.172E–07 4.881E–07 5.710E–07 6.680E–07 7.814E–07 9.139E–07 1.073E–06 1.260E–06 1.477E–06 1.731E–06 2.027E–06 2.372E–06 2.773E–06 3.240E–06 3.783E–06 4.414E–06 5.146E–06 5.995E–06 7.021E–06 8.218E–06 9.601E–06

η/Pa s 1.942E–05 1.927E–05 1.912E–05 1.897E–05 1.882E–05 1.867E–05 1.852E–05 1.836E–05 1.821E–05 1.805E–05 1.789E–05 1.774E–05 1.758E–05 1.742E–05 1.726E–05 1.710E–05 1.694E–05 1.678E–05 1.661E–05 1.645E–05 1.628E–05 1.612E–05 1.595E–05 1.578E–05 1.561E–05 1.544E–05 1.527E–05 1.510E–05 1.493E–05 1.475E–05 1.458E–05 1.440E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.422E–05 1.427E–05 1.432E–05 1.438E–05 1.443E–05 1.448E–05 1.454E–05 1.459E–05 1.465E–05 1.470E–05 1.475E–05 1.481E–05 1.486E–05 1.499E–05 1.514E–05 1.529E–05

k/J m–1s–1K–1 0.02788 0.02763 0.02738 0.02713 0.02688 0.02663 0.02638 0.02613 0.02587 0.02562 0.02533 0.02511 0.02485 0.02459 0.02433 0.02407 0.02381 0.02355 0.02329 0.02303 0.02277 0.02250 0.02224 0.02197 0.02170 0.02144 0.02117 0.02090 0.02063 0.02036 0.02009 0.01982 0.01954 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01961 0.01970 0.01978 0.01986 0.01995 0.02003 0.02011 0.02020 0.02028 0.02036 0.02044 0.02053 0.02073 0.02096 0.02119

vs/m s–1 359.0 357.2 355.3 353.5 351.6 349.8 347.9 346.0 344.1 342.2 340.3 338.4 336.4 334.5 332.5 330.6 328.6 326.6 324.6 322.6 320.6 318.5 316.5 314.4 312.3 310.2 308.1 306.0 303.9 301.7 299.5 297.4 295.2 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 296.4 297.1 297.7 298.4 299.1 299.7 300.4 301.1 301.7 302.4 303.0 304.7 306.5 308.3

g/m s–2 9.822 9.830 9.819 9.818 9.816 9.814 9.813 9.811 9.810 9.808 9.807 9.805 9.804 9.802 9.801 9.799 9.797 9.796 9.794 9.793 9.791 9.790 9.788 9.787 9.785 9.784 9.782 9.781 9.779 9.777 9.776 9.774 9.773 9.771 9.770 9.768 9.767 9.765 9.764 9.762 9.761 9.758 9.754 9.751 9.748 9.745 9.742 9.739 9.736 9.733 9.730 9.727 9.724 9.721 9.718 9.715 9.712 9.709 9.706 9.703 9.700

4/27/05 5:03:43 PM

U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976) Z/m 36000 38000 40000 42000 44000 46000 48000 50000 52000 54000 56000 58000 60000 65000 70000 75000 80000 85000 90000 95000 100000 110000 120000 130000 140000 150000 160000 170000 180000 190000 200000 220000 240000 260000 280000 300000 320000 340000 360000 380000 400000 450000 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000

Section 14.indb 21

T/K 239.28 244.82 250.35 255.88 261.40 266.93 270.65 270.65 269.03 263.52 258.02 252.52 247.02 233.29 219.59 208.40 198.64 188.89 186.87 188.42 195.08 240.00 360.00 469.27 559.63 634.39 696.29 747.57 790.07 825.16 854.56 899.01 929.73 950.99 965.75 976.01 983.16 988.15 991.65 994.10 995.83 998.22 999.24 999.67 999.85 999.93 999.97 999.98 999.99 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00

P/Pa 4.985E+02 3.771E+02 2.871E+02 2.200E+02 1.695E+02 1.313E+02 1.023E+02 7.978E+01 6.221E+01 4.834E+01 3.736E+01 2.872E+01 2.196E+01 1.093E+01 5.221 2.388 1.052 4.457E–01 1.836E–01 7.597E–02 3.201E–02 7.104E–03 2.538E–03 1.251E–03 7.203E–04 4.542E–04 3.040E–04 2.121E–04 1.527E–04 1.127E–04 8.474E–05 5.015E–05 3.106E–05 1.989E–05 1.308E–05 8.770E–06 5.980E–06 4.132E–06 2.888E–06 2.038E–06 1.452E–06 6.447E–07 3.024E–07 1.514E–07 8.213E–08 4.887E–08 3.191E–08 2.260E–08 1.704E–08 1.342E–08 1.087E–08 8.982E–09 7.514E–09

ρ/kg m–3 7.258E–03 5.367E–03 3.996E–03 2.995E–03 2.259E–03 1.714E–03 1.317E–03 1.027E–03 8.056E–04 6.390E–04 5.045E–04 3.963E–04 3.097E–04 1.632E–04 8.283E–05 3.992E–05 1.846E–05 8.220E–06 3.416E–06 1.393E–06 5.604E–07 9.708E–08 2.222E–08 8.152E–09 3.831E–09 2.076E–09 1.233E–09 7.815E–10 5.194E–10 3.581E–10 2.541E–10 1.367E–10 7.858E–11 4.742E–11 2.971E–11 1.916E–11 1.264E–11 8.503E–12 5.805E–12 4.013E–12 2.803E–12 1.184E–12 5.215E–13 2.384E–13 1.137E–13 5.712E–14 3.070E–14 1.788E–14 1.136E–14 7.824E–15 5.759E–15 4.453E–15 3.561E–15

14-21 n/m–3 1.509E+23 1.116E+23 8.308E+22 6.227E+22 4.697E+22 3.564E+22 2.738E+22 2.135E+22 1.675E+22 1.329E+22 1.049E+22 8.239E+21 6.439E+21 3.393E+21 1.722E+21 8.300E+20 3.838E+20 1.709E+20 7.116E+19 2.920E+19 1.189E+19 2.144E+18 5.107E+17 1.930E+17 9.322E+16 5.186E+16 3.162E+16 2.055E+16 1.400E+16 9.887E+15 7.182E+15 4.040E+15 2.420E+15 1.515E+15 9.807E+14 6.509E+14 4.405E+14 3.029E+14 2.109E+14 1.485E+14 1.056E+14 4.678E+13 2.192E+13 1.097E+13 5.950E+12 3.540E+12 2.311E+12 1.637E+12 1.234E+12 9.717E+11 7.876E+11 6.505E+11 5.442E+11

ν/s–1 3.736E+07 2.794E+07 2.104E+07 1.594E+07 1.215E+07 9.318E+06 7.208E+06 5.620E+06 4.397E+06 3.452E+06 2.696E+06 2.095E+06 1.620E+06 8.294E+05 4.084E+05 1.918E+05 8.656E+04 3.766E+04 1.560E+04 6.440E+03 2.680E+03 5.480E+02 1.630E+02 7.100E+01 3.800E+01 2.300E+01 1.500E+01 1.000E+01 7.200 5.200 3.900 2.300 1.400 9.300E–01 6.100E–01 4.200E–01 2.900E–01 2.000E–01 1.400E–01 1.000E–01 7.200E–02 3.300E–02 1.600E–02 8.400E–03 4.800E–03 3.100E–03 2.200E–03 1.700E–03 1.400E–03 1.200E–03 1.000E–03 8.700E–04 7.500E–04

l/m 1.120E–05 1.514E–05 2.034E–05 2.713E–05 3.597E–05 4.740E–05 6.171E–05 7.913E–05 1.009E–04 1.272E–04 1.611E–04 2.051E–04 2.624E–04 4.979E–04 9.810E–04 2.035E–03 4.402E–03 9.886E–03 2.370E–02 5.790E–02 1.420E–01 7.880E–01 3.310 8.800 1.800E+01 3.300E+01 5.300E+01 8.200E+01 1.200E+02 1.700E+02 2.400E+02 4.200E+02 7.000E+02 1.100E+03 1.700E+03 2.600E+03 3.800E+03 5.600E+03 8.000E+03 1.100E+04 1.600E+04 3.600E+04 7.700E+04 1.500E+05 2.800E+05 4.800E+05 7.300E+05 1.000E+06 1.400E+06 1.700E+06 2.100E+06 2.600E+06 3.100E+06

η/Pa s 1.543E–05 1.572E–05 1.601E–05 1.629E–05 1.657E–05 1.685E–05 1.704E–05 1.703E–05 1.696E–05 1.660E–05 1.640E–05 1.612E–05 1.584E–05 1.512E–05 1.438E–05 1.376E–05 1.321E–05 1.265E–05

k/J m–1s–1K–1 0.02142 0.02188 0.02233 0.02278 0.02323 0.02376 0.02397 0.02397 0.02384 0.02340 0.02296 0.02251 0.02206 0.02093 0.01978 0.01883 0.01800 0.01716

vs/m s–1 310.1 313.7 317.2 320.7 324.1 327.5 329.8 329.8 328.8 325.4 322.0 318.6 315.1 306.2 297.1 289.4 282.5 275.5

g/m s–2 9.697 9.690 9.684 9.678 9.672 9.666 9.660 9.654 9.648 9.642 9.636 9.632 9.624 9.609 9.594 9.579 9.564 9.550 9.535 9.520 9.505 9.476 9.447 9.418 9.389 9.360 9.331 9.302 9.274 9.246 9.218 9.162 9.106 9.051 8.997 8.943 8.889 8.836 8.784 8.732 8.680 8.553 8.429 8.307 8.188 8.072 7.958 7.846 7.737 7.630 7.525 7.422 7.322

4/27/05 5:03:45 PM

U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)

14-22

FIGURE 1. Temperature-height profile for U.S. Standard Atmosphere.

FIGURE 3. Mean molecular weight as a function of geometric altitude.

1000 900

GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE, km

800 700 600 500 400 300

O1 O2 N2 Ar H1 He TOTAL

200 100 0 8 10 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024 1026 NUMBER DENSITY, m-3

FIGURE 2. Total pressure and mass density as a function of geometric altitude.

Section 14.indb 22

FIGURE 4. Number density of individual species and total number density as a function of geometric altitude.

4/27/05 5:03:49 PM

U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)

14-23

FIGURE 5. Collision frequency as a function of geometric altitude.

FIGURE 7. Mean air-particle speed as a function of geometric altitude.

FIGURE 6. Mean free path as a function of geometric altitude.

FIGURE 8. Dynamic viscosity as a function of geometric altitude.

Section 14.indb 23

4/27/05 5:03:52 PM

14-24

U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)

90 80

GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE, km

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 .017 .018 .019 .020 .021 .022 .023 .024 .025 .026 COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, W/(m ⋅ K) FIGURE 9. Coefficient of thermal conductivity as a function of geometric altitude.

FIGURE 11. Molecular-diffusion and eddy-diffusion coefficients as a function of geometric altitude.

FIGURE 10. Speed of sound as a function of geometric altitude.

FIGURE 12. Acceleration of gravity as a function of geometric altitude.

Section 14.indb 24

4/27/05 5:03:55 PM

GEOGRAPHICAL AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN SOLAR RADIATION This table gives the amount of solar radiation reaching a unit area at the top of the earth’s atmosphere per day as a function of latitude and approximate date. It is based upon a solar constant (total energy per unit area at the earth’s average orbital distance) of 1373 W/m2. Absorption of radiation by the atmosphere is not taken into consideration.

Reference List, R. J., Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, Seventh Edition, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1962.

Daily Solar Radiation in MJ/m2 May 6 May 29 Jun. 2 32.8 42.4 45.7 32.3 41.8 45.0 31.8 39.9 43.0 34.4 39.7 41.6 36.8 40.7 42.0 38.6 41.3 42.1 39.4 41.1 41.4 39.2 39.7 39.7 37.9 37.4 37.1 35.5 34.1 33.5 32.3 30.0 29.2 28.0 25.2 24.1 23.1 19.7 18.5 17.5 14.0 12.6 11.7 8.2 7.0 5.9 2.9 2.0 1.0

Jul. 15 42.2 41.6 39.7 39.4 40.5 41.1 40.8 39.5 37.2 34.0 29.9 25.1 19.7 13.9 8.2 2.9

Aug. 8 32.5 32.0 31.5 34.0 36.5 38.3 39.1 38.9 37.6 35.2 32.0 27.8 22.8 17.4 11.6 5.9 1.0

Aug. 31 17.7 17.7 22.0 26.7 30.8 33.9 36.3 37.5 37.7 36.6 34.6 31.5 27.4 22.6 17.2 11.3 5.3 0.3

Jan. 13

Feb. 4

Feb. 26

3.1 8.7 14.9 21.0 26.7 31.9 36.3 39.7 42.2 43.5 43.8 43.2 42.1 42.4 44.4 45.1

1.0 6.2 12.3 18.4 24.1 29.3 33.8 37.3 39.7 41.1 41.3 40.5 38.6 36.0 33.3 33.8 34.4

0.3 5.6 11.7 17.8 23.5 28.4 32.7 35.9 38.0 39.1 39.0 37.7 35.2 31.9 27.7 22.9 18.4 18.4

Lat. 90° 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90

Mar. 21 6.6 13.0 19.0 24.4 29.1 32.9 35.7 37.4 38.0 37.4 35.7 32.9 29.1 24.4 19.0 13.0 6.6

Apr. 13 18.0 18.0 22.3 27.0 31.1 34.3 36.7 38.0 38.1 37.1 35.0 31.8 27.8 22.8 17.3 11.4 5.4 0.3

Lat. 90° 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90

Sep. 23

Oct. 16

Nov. 8

6.5 12.9 18.8 24.1 28.7 32.5 35.3 37.0 37.6 37.0 35.3 32.5 28.7 24.1 18.8 12.9 6.5

0.3 5.5 11.6 17.6 23.1 28.2 32.3 35.5 37.6 38.6 38.5 37.2 34.8 31.5 27.3 22.6 18.2 18.2

1.0 6.2 12.1 18.2 23.9 29.1 33.5 36.9 39.4 40.7 40.9 40.1 38.3 35.7 33.0 33.5 34.0

Nov. 30

3.1 8.7 14.8 20.9 26.6 31.8 36.1 39.5 42.0 43.3 43.6 43.1 41.9 42.2 44.2 44.8

Dec. 22

2.1 7.5 13.5 19.8 25.7 31.1 35.8 39.6 42.4 44.2 45.0 44.8 44.4 45.9 48.1 48.8

14-25

Section 14.indb 25

4/27/05 5:03:57 PM

Weather-Related Scales Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale • •

•

•

•

Tropical Storm Winds 39–73 mph Category 1 Hurricane — winds 74–95 mph (64–82 knots); pressure greater than 980 mbar; storm surge 3–5 ft (1.0–1.7 m) No real damage to buildings. Damage to unanchored mobile homes. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. Also, some coastal flooding and minor pier damage. — Examples: Irene 1999 and Allison 1995 Category 2 Hurricane — winds 96–110 mph (83–95 knots); pressure 979–965 mbar; storm surge 6–8 ft (1.8–2.6 m) Some damage to building roofs, doors and windows. Considerable damage to mobile homes. Flooding damages piers and small craft in unprotected moorings may break their moorings. Some trees blown down. — Examples: Bonnie 1998, Georges (FL & LA) 1998 and Gloria 1985 Category 3 Hurricane — winds 111–130 mph (96–113 knots); pressure 964–945 mbar; storm surge 9–12 ft (2.7– 3.8 m) Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings. Large trees blown down. Mobile homes and poorly built signs destroyed. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures with larger structures damaged by floating debris. Terrain may be flooded well inland. — Examples: Keith 2000, Fran 1996, Opal 1995, Alicia 1983 and Betsy 1965 EF 3 s Gusts Number (mph) 0

65–85

•

Category 4 Hurricane — winds 131–155 mph (114–135 knots); pressure 944–920 mbar; storm surge 13–18 ft (3.9– 5.6 m) More extensive curtainwall failures with some complete roof structure failure on small residences. Major erosion of beach areas. Terrain may be flooded well inland. — Examples: Hugo 1989 and Donna 1960 Category 5 Hurricane — winds 156 mph and up (135+ knots); pressure less than 920 mbar; storm surge 19+ ft (5.7+ m) Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Flooding causes major damage to lower floors of all structures near the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas may be required. — Examples: Andrew (FL) 1992, Camille 1969 and Labor Day 1935

Fujita Tornado Damage Scale

The original Fujita Scale was modified by NOAA in February 2007 and is now called the Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF). It is an operational scale based on the estimated speed of three-second wind gusts, as indicated by typical damage levels. The table below describes the damage levels according to the original scale. In the enhanced scale, the damage is measured by a more elaborate set of criteria (see http://www.spc.noaa.gov/efscale/ef-scale.html).

Typical damage (according to the original Fujita Scale)

Light damage. Some damage to chimneys; branches broken off trees; shallow-rooted trees pushed over; sign boards damaged.

1

  86–110 Moderate damage. Peels surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed off foundations or overturned; moving autos blown off roads.

2

111–135 Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile homes demolished; boxcars overturned; large trees snapped or uprooted; light-object missiles generated; cars lifted off ground.

3

136–165 Severe damage. Roofs and some walls torn off well-constructed houses; trains overturned; most trees in forest uprooted; heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown.

4

166–200 Devastating damage. Well-constructed houses leveled; structures with weak foundations blown away some distance; cars thrown and large missiles generated.

5

Over 200 Incredible damage. Strong frame houses leveled off foundations and swept away; automobile-sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 meters (109 yd); trees debarked; incredible phenomena will occur.

Beaufort Wind Scale

The Beaufort Wind Scale was devised by British Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort in 1805 based on observations of the effects of the wind. Wind Force (knots)

WMO classification

On the water

Appearance of wind effects

On land

 0

<1

Calm

Sea surface smooth and mirror-like

Calm, smoke rises vertically

 1

1–3

Light Air

Scaly ripples, no foam crests

Smoke drift indicates wind direction, still wind vanes

 2

4–6

Light Breeze

Small wavelets, crests glassy, no breaking

Wind felt on face, leaves rustle, vanes begin to move

Large wavelets, crests begin to break, scattered whitecaps

Leaves and small twigs constantly moving, light flags extended

 3

  7–10 Gentle Breeze

14-26

6679X_S14.indb 26

4/11/08 5:24:52 PM

Weather-Related Scales Wind Force (knots)

WMO classification

14-27

On the water

Appearance of wind effects

On land

 4

11–16 Moderate Breeze Small waves 1–4 ft. becoming longer, numerous whitecaps

Dust, leaves, and loose paper lifted, small tree branches move

 5

17–21 Fresh Breeze

Moderate waves 4–8 ft taking longer form, many whitecaps, some spray

Small trees in leaf begin to sway

 6

22–27 Strong Breeze

Larger waves 8–13 ft, whitecaps common, more spray

Larger tree branches moving, whistling in wires

 7

28–33 Near Gale

Sea heaps up, waves 13–20 ft, white foam streaks off breakers

Whole trees moving, resistance felt walking against wind

 8

34–40 Gale

Moderately high (13–20 ft) waves of greater length, edges of crests begin to break into spindrift, foam blown in streaks

Whole trees in motion, resistance felt walking against wind

 9

41–47 Strong Gale

High waves (20 ft), sea begins to roll, dense streaks of foam, spray may reduce visibility

Slight structural damage occurs, slate blows off roofs

10

48–55 Storm

Very high waves (20–30 ft) with overhanging crests, sea Seldom experienced on land, trees broken or uprooted, white with densely blown foam, heavy rolling, lowered “considerable structural damage” visibility

11

56–63 Violent Storm

Exceptionally high (30–45 ft) waves, foam patches cover sea, visibility more reduced

12

64+

Hurricane

Air filled with foam, waves over 45 ft, sea completely white with driving spray, visibility greatly reduced

Wind Chill

The following chart prepared by the U. S. National Weather Service gives the temperature perceived by an average person as a function of the real air temperature and the wind speed. The current scale was adopted in 2001.



Reference National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, http://www.noaa.gov

6679X_S14.indb 27

4/11/08 5:24:53 PM

INFRARED ABSORPTION BY THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE Several constituents of the earth’s atmosphere absorb infrared radiation. At ground level the strongest absorbers are H2O and CO2, but 30 to 40 other compounds can make significant contributions. The centers of the most important absorption bands are listed below: Molecule H2O H2O H2O CO2 CO2 O3 O3 O3 N2O N2O N2O CO CH4 CH4

Vibrational mode Bend Symmetric O-H stretch Antisymmetric O-H stretch Bend Antisymmetric C-O stretch Bend Antisymmetric O-O stretch Symmetric O-O stretch Bend N-O stretch N-N stretch C-O stretch Degenerate deformation Degenerate stretch

Band center in cm-1 1595 3657 3756 667 2349 701 1042 1103 589 1285 2224 2143 1306 3019

The HITRAN Molecular Spectroscopy Database (References 1 and 2) is a compilation of wavenumbers and intensities of more than 1.7 million spectral lines of atmospheric constituents. It is a valuable resource for calculating transmission of the atmosphere, radiative energy transfer, and other phenomena. The graph below, which was supplied by Walter J. Lafferty (Reference 3), gives the transmittance of the atmosphere for one set of conditions.

References 1. Rothman, L. S., et al., J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer 82, 5, 2003; ibid., to be published, 2005. 2. HITRAN Molecular Spectroscopy Database, . 3. Lafferty, W. J., Some Aspects of High Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy, in Lectures on Molecular Physics, Institute for the Structure of Matter, Centro de Fisica Miguel A. Catalan, Madrid, 1997.

Transmittance of U.S. Standard Atmosphere at Ground Level for a Path of 1 km at 296 K

Wavenumber in cm-1

14-26

Section 14.indb 26

4/27/05 5:04:00 PM

ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE, 1958–2004 The data in this table were taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii and represent averages adjusted to the 15th of each month. The last column gives the average over the year. The concentration of CO2 is given in parts per million by volume. Data from other measurement sites may be found in Reference 1. The first graph illustrates the seasonal variation of CO2 concentration and the steady increase over the last 45 years. The second graph summarizes the growth in the emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere as a result of burning of fossil fuels (Reference 2).



References 1. Keeling, C.D., and Whorf, T.P., Atmospheric carbon dioxide record from Mauna Loa, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, 2005; . 2. Marland, G., Boden, T. A., and Andres, R. J., Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, 2001. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN; .

CO2 Concentration in ppm at Mauna Loa Year 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001



487_S14.indb 27

Jan.

Feb. 316.47 316.97 317.70 318.56 319.08

March 315.71 316.65 317.58 318.54 319.69 319.86

April 317.45 317.72 319.03 319.48 320.58 321.39

315.58 316.43 316.89 317.94 318.74 319.57 319.44 320.62 322.33 322.57 324.00 325.06 326.17 326.77 328.54 329.35 330.40 331.74 332.92 334.97 336.23 338.01 339.23 340.75 341.37 343.70 344.97 346.29 348.02 350.43 352.76 353.66 354.72 355.98 356.70 358.36 359.96 362.05 363.18 365.32 368.15 369.14 370.28

320.44 321.59 322.50 323.15 324.42 325.98 326.68 327.63 329.56 330.71 331.41 332.56 333.41 335.39 336.76 338.36 340.47 341.61 342.52 344.50 346.00 346.96 348.47 351.72 353.07 354.70 355.75 356.72 357.16 358.91 361.00 363.25 364.00 366.15 368.87 369.46 371.50

320.89 322.39 323.04 323.89 325.64 326.93 327.18 327.75 330.30 331.48 332.04 333.50 334.70 336.64 337.96 340.08 341.38 342.70 343.10 345.29 347.43 347.86 349.42 352.22 353.68 355.39 357.16 357.81 358.38 359.97 361.64 364.03 364.57 367.31 369.59 370.52 372.12

322.13 323.70 324.42 325.03 326.66 328.14 327.78 329.72 331.50 332.65 333.31 334.58 336.07 337.76 338.89 340.77 342.51 343.57 344.94 347.08 348.35 349.55 350.99 353.59 355.42 356.20 358.60 359.15 359.46 361.27 363.45 364.72 366.35 368.61 371.14 371.66 372.87

May 317.50 318.29 320.03 320.58 321.01 322.24 322.24 322.16 324.07 325.00 325.57 327.38 328.07 328.92 330.07 332.48 333.08 333.96 334.87 336.74 338.01 339.47 341.46 342.91 344.13 345.75 347.43 348.93 350.21 351.84 354.22 355.67 357.16 359.33 359.66 360.28 361.68 363.79 365.41 366.80 369.29 371.00 371.82 374.02

June 318.16 319.59 319.77 320.61 321.47 321.89 321.87 323.75 324.09 325.36 326.70 327.66 328.57 329.09 332.07 332.25 333.59 334.34 336.27 337.89 339.29 341.17 342.25 343.35 345.32 346.79 348.25 349.54 351.25 353.79 355.13 356.22 358.24 359.25 359.59 360.94 363.26 364.97 365.62 368.87 370.35 371.70 373.30

July 315.85 316.55 318.18 318.58 319.61 319.74 320.44 321.21 322.41 322.55 324.14 325.89 326.35 327.37 328.05 330.87 331.18 331.91 333.05 334.93 336.54 337.73 339.56 340.49 342.06 343.99 345.40 346.56 347.94 349.52 352.39 353.90 354.82 356.18 357.03 357.58 359.55 361.90 363.65 364.47 367.64 369.27 370.12 371.62

Aug. 314.93 314.80 315.91 316.79 317.40 317.77 318.70 318.87 320.37 320.92 322.11 323.67 324.69 325.43 326.32 329.31 329.40 330.06 330.94 332.75 334.68 336.09 337.60 338.43 339.82 342.39 343.28 344.69 345.91 348.11 350.44 351.67 352.91 354.03 355.00 355.52 357.49 359.46 361.49 362.51 365.77 366.94 368.12 369.55

Sept. 313.19 313.84 314.16 314.99 316.26 316.21 316.70 317.81 318.64 319.26 320.33 322.38 323.10 323.36 324.84 327.51 327.44 328.56 329.30 331.58 332.76 333.91 335.88 336.69 337.97 339.86 341.07 343.09 344.86 346.44 348.72 349.80 350.96 352.16 353.01 353.70 355.84 358.06 359.46 360.19 363.90 364.63 366.62 367.96

Oct. 313.34 313.84 315.31 315.42 315.99 316.87 317.30 318.10 319.39 320.25 321.78 323.07 323.57 325.20 327.18 327.37 328.34 328.94 331.16 332.54 333.86 336.02 336.85 337.86 339.99 341.35 342.80 344.17 346.36 348.88 349.99 351.18 352.21 353.31 353.98 355.99 357.75 359.60 360.77 364.23 365.12 366.73 368.09

Nov. 313.34 314.82 315.00 316.10 316.69 317.06 317.68 318.87 319.79 320.72 321.33 322.85 324.01 324.80 326.50 328.16 328.46 329.49 330.31 332.40 333.92 335.29 337.10 338.36 339.26 341.16 342.98 344.24 345.66 347.81 350.07 351.30 352.83 353.75 354.16 355.33 357.58 359.56 360.76 362.43 365.46 366.67 368.29 369.68

Dec. 314.67 315.59 316.19 317.01 317.69 318.36 318.71 319.42 321.03 321.96 322.90 324.12 325.13 326.01 327.55 328.64 329.58 330.76 331.68 333.85 334.95 336.73 338.21 339.61 340.49 342.99 344.22 345.56 346.90 348.96 351.34 352.53 354.21 354.99 355.40 356.80 359.04 360.70 362.33 364.28 366.97 368.01 369.53 371.24

Annual 315.98 316.91 317.65 318.45 318.99 320.03 321.37 322.18 323.05 324.62 325.68 326.32 327.46 329.68 330.25 331.15 332.15 333.90 335.50 336.85 338.69 339.93 341.13 342.78 344.42 345.91 347.15 348.93 351.48 352.91 354.19 355.59 356.37 357.04 358.89 360.88 362.64 363.76 366.63 368.31 369.48 371.02

14-27

4/10/06 12:02:46 PM

Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958–2004

14-28 Year 2002 2003 2004

Jan. 372.43 374.68 376.79

Feb. 373.09 375.63 377.37

March 373.52 376.11 378.41

April 374.86 377.65 380.52

May 375.55 378.35 380.63

June 375.40 378.13 379.57

July 374.02 376.62 377.79

Aug. 371.49 374.50 375.86

Sept. 370.71 372.99 374.06

Oct. 370.24 373.00 374.24

Nov. 372.08 374.35 375.86

Dec. 373.78 375.70 377.48

Annual 373.10 375.64 377.38

CO2 Concentration at Mauna Loa

CO2 Emmissions from Burning of Fossil Fuels

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487_S14.indb 28

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6ROLGV

4/10/06 12:02:49 PM

MEAN TEMPERATURES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1992 Historical records of atmospheric temperatures have been analyzed to obtain mean temperatures in °C for 23 climatically distinct regions of the United States. The table below gives the average over these 23 regions, which cover completely the contiguous 48 states. Data for the individual regions and for other parts of the world may be found in the references. The data are presented as temperature anomalies, i.e., as deviations (in °C) from the average temperature at each individual recording station over a 1961–1990 reference period. The trend in the temperature anomaly thus gives an indication of the long-term variation in average temperatures.

Year 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941

CY Mean 0.46 –0.21 –0.14 –0.77 –0.72 –0.45 –0.04 –0.23 –0.11 –0.36 –0.14 0.02 –0.88 –0.23 –0.05 –0.11 –0.77 –1.34 –0.14 –0.16 –0.37 0.87 0.01 –0.10 –1.01 0.20 –0.01 0.20 –0.08 –0.68 –0.12 0.81 –0.14 0.35 0.86 0.12 –0.10 –0.13 0.71 0.38 0.06 0.79

Winter 0.07 –0.69 –0.84 –1.86 –1.86 0.23 1.09 0.73 0.82 –2.08 0.52 –1.50 –0.74 0.48 –0.37 –0.29 –1.93 –2.02 0.69 –0.83 1.56 –0.44 0.23 0.13 –0.44 0.97 1.11 –0.40 –1.94 0.07 1.16 1.75 –0.60 1.45 0.84 –2.23 –0.65 1.31 0.36 0.03 1.56

CY Mean: Calendar year mean (January-December) Winter: December-February Spring: March-May Summer: June-August Fall: September-November

References 1. Karl, T. R., Easterling, D. R., Knight, R. W., and Hughes, P. Y., in Trends ’93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, p. 686, Boden, T. A., Kaiser, D. P., Sepanski, R. J., and Stoss, F. W., Eds., ORNL/CDIAC-65, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1994. 2. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, WWW site .

Spring 0.21 –0.46 0.48 0.10 –0.39 0.67 –0.69 –0.61 0.36 –1.06 0.95 0.20 –0.75 –0.65 0.04 –0.18 –0.36 –1.75 0.30 0.00 –0.96 0.83 0.15 –1.02 –1.27 0.57 –0.58 0.41 –0.28 0.30 0.09 –0.71 –0.58 –0.08 0.77 0.12 0.48 –0.24 0.98 0.34 –0.10 0.44

Summer 0.27 0.48 –0.58 –0.83 –0.92 –0.32 –0.42 –0.85 –0.64 0.06 –0.55 –0.19 –0.76 –0.07 0.14 –1.16 –0.30 –0.73 0.03 0.12 –0.67 0.52 0.16 –0.07 –0.64 0.05 –0.27 –0.83 –0.43 –0.39 –0.07 0.51 0.26 0.45 0.86 0.31 1.00 0.66 0.39 0.18 0.18 0.28

Fall 0.85 –0.28 0.12 –1.02 –0.21 –0.25 –0.10 –0.39 –0.59 0.01 0.13 –0.62 –0.51 0.22 0.32 0.31 –1.23 –1.04 –0.09 –0.13 0.02 0.32 0.41 –0.09 –0.53 –0.41 0.02 0.83 –0.08 –0.78 –0.25 1.41 –0.78 0.54 0.82 –0.47 –0.32 –0.03 0.08 0.15 0.12 0.85

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Mean Temperatures in the United States, 1900-1992

14-30 Year 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

S14_16.indd 30

CY Mean 0.01 –0.17 0.04 –0.02 0.53 0.10 –0.22 0.05 –0.37 –0.45 0.03 0.61 0.57 –0.25 –0.05 0.45 0.14 0.12 –0.27 –0.01 –0.04 –0.06 –0.27 –0.03 –0.34 –0.13 –0.28 –0.06 –0.12 –0.04 –0.13 0.48 0.16 –0.09 –0.62 0.32 –0.37 –0.53 0.18 0.64 –0.08 0.40 0.21 –0.26 0.93 0.67 –0.07 –0.30 0.72 0.77

Winter 0.35 0.20 0.61 0.30 –0.26 0.47 –0.67 –0.77 0.39 0.05 0.68 1.91 1.47 –0.33 –0.16 1.02 0.93 –0.60 0.43 –0.02 –0.52 –1.35 –1.30 –0.07 –0.31 0.23 –0.31 –0.36 –0.17 –0.08 0.20 –0.23 0.52 0.63 0.88 –1.95 –1.31 –2.92 0.72 0.90 –0.86 2.33 –0.78 –0.78 0.22 1.52 –0.26 –0.28 0.41 0.32 2.48

Spring 0.22 –0.46 –0.38 0.25 1.21 –0.42 –0.01 0.39 –1.02 –0.69 –0.40 0.03 –0.22 0.12 –0.42 0.44 0.06 0.16 –0.98 –0.17 –0.09 0.61 –0.24 –0.56 –0.25 –0.05 –0.16 –0.54 –0.44 –0.99 0.26 0.47 0.74 –0.79 –0.09 1.07 0.23 0.09 –0.25 0.80 0.03 –0.36 –0.30 1.24 1.22 0.97 –0.06 0.36 0.72 1.36 0.82

Summer 0.08 0.54 –0.20 –0.47 –0.21 0.03 0.02 0.33 –0.86 –0.30 0.49 0.31 0.36 0.19 0.01 0.25 0.11 0.50 0.01 0.18 –0.41 0.12 –0.08 –0.42 –0.07 –0.37 –0.12 0.12 0.32 0.01 –0.19 0.22 –0.32 0.03 –0.54 0.60 0.09 –0.21 0.43 0.57 –0.11 0.58 0.31 –0.23 0.45 0.33 0.57 0.12 0.41 0.56 –0.70

Fall 0.06 –0.79 0.43 0.08 0.18 0.85 –0.15 0.23 0.13 –0.70 –1.22 0.31 0.70 –0.60 –0.37 –0.13 0.45 –0.52 0.56 –0.29 0.65 1.38 –0.40 0.28 –0.13 –0.32 0.01 –0.16 –0.07 0.56 0.05 0.90 –0.39 –0.20 –1.72 0.68 0.21 –0.07 –0.04 0.36 0.06 0.94 0.07 0.05 0.49 –0.17 0.04 –0.27 0.66 –0.31

5/2/05 1:51:29 PM

GLOBAL TEMPERATURE TREND, 1856–2004 This table and graph summarize the trend in annual mean global surface temperature from 1856 to 2004. The values were calculated from mean temperature anomalies by assuming an absolute global mean of 14.00°C, which is the best estimate for the 1961–1990 period. The 95% confidence interval for the annual mean temperature values since 1951 is ± 0.12°C; prior to 1900 this interval is ± 0.18°C. Year 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886

t/°C 13.621 13.538 13.584 13.775 13.628 13.596 13.473 13.727 13.526 13.733 13.777 13.709 13.775 13.695 13.704 13.649 13.734 13.673 13.624 13.576 13.548 13.789 13.943 13.713 13.704 13.754 13.738 13.682 13.651 13.650 13.746

Year 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917

t/°C 13.657 13.689 13.800 13.587 13.647 13.593 13.551 13.586 13.638 13.801 13.814 13.661 13.750 13.808 13.744 13.651 13.555 13.557 13.629 13.708 13.495 13.523 13.553 13.558 13.535 13.594 13.607 13.752 13.841 13.627 13.505

Year 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948

Reference Jones, P. D., Parker, D. E., Osborn, T. J., and Briffa, K. R., Global and hemispheric temperature anomalies--land and marine instrumental records, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN; .

t/°C 13.590 13.708 13.707 13.783 13.677 13.701 13.653 13.754 13.884 13.782 13.773 13.639 13.848 13.901 13.863 13.761 13.861 13.828 13.879 13.976 14.076 13.962 13.917 14.028 13.980 14.001 14.158 14.039 13.880 13.895 13.907

Year 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

t/°C 13.903 13.790 13.907 13.975 14.045 13.830 13.811 13.728 13.994 14.061 14.014 13.972 14.015 14.008 14.039 13.767 13.834 13.916 13.907 13.895 14.040 13.969 13.813 13.959 14.093 13.829 13.877 13.800 14.057 13.964 14.067

Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

t/°C 14.102 14.133 14.019 14.226 14.031 14.014 14.096 14.253 14.240 14.163 14.310 14.251 14.116 14.179 14.232 14.373 14.227 14.411 14.579 14.340 14.290 14.422 14.475 14.475 14.455

Annual Mean Global Temperature in °C



487_S14.indb 31

14-31

4/10/06 12:02:54 PM

Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of a gas is a measure of the degree, relative to carbon dioxide, to which the presence of that gas in the atmosphere will contribute to a long-term increase in global temperature. The calculation of the GWP for a given gas takes into account the efficiency of the gas in absorbing solar radiation (primarily determined by the infrared spectrum of the compound) and the time the compound will remain in the atmos­ phere before it is removed by natural processes. Thus if a pulse of 1 kg of the gas is emitted to the atmosphere at the same time as a pulse of 1 kg of CO2, the GWP compares the warming effect of the gas relative to CO2 over various time horizons. This table, which is taken from the 2007 report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC), gives the lifetime in years and the radiative efficiency in watts per square meter for a concentration of one part per billion for the major compounds identified in the Kyoto Protocol as contributing to global climate change. Radiative efficiency is a measure of the radiative forcing that influences the energy balance in the Earth–atmos­ phere system. The last four columns of the table give the Global Warming Potential, first as estimated in 1995 for a 100 year time horizon, and then as estimated with improved data in 2007 for 20-,

Compound

Synonym/Code

Natural atmospheric constituents Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide

100-, and 500-year horizons. The calculation of a GWP involves a number of assumptions, and other measures have been proposed (see Reference). The list of compounds includes those identified in the Montreal Protocol as contributing to ozone depletion, since these compounds also contribute to global warming. It also includes compounds used or proposed as replacements for the ozone-depleting compounds but which still have global warming potential.

Reference Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts, D. W. Fahey, J. Haywood, J. Lean, D.C. Lowe, G. Myhre, J. Nganga, R. Prinn, G. Raga, M. Schulz, and R. Van Dorland, 2007: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Sin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Available on the Internet at < http://ipcc-wg1.ucar. edu/wg1/wg1-report.html>.

Formula CO2 CH4 N2O

Lifetime Rad. eff. (years) W m–2ppb–1

12 114

1.4×10–5 3.7×10–4 3.03×10–3

GWP for given time horizon Current estimate 1995 100 yr 20 yr 100 yr 500 yr 1 21 310

1 72 289

1 25 298

1 7.6 153

Substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol Trichlorofluoromethane CFC-11 Dichlorodifluoromethane CFC-12 Chlorotrifluoromethane CFC-13 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane CFC-113 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane CFC-114 Chloropentafluoroethane CFC-115 Bromotrifluoromethane Halon-1301 Bromochlorodifluoromethane Halon-1211 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Halon-2402 Tetrachloromethane Carbon tetrachloride Bromomethane Methyl bromide 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Methyl chloroform Chlorodifluoromethane HCFC-22 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane HCFC-123 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane HCFC-124 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane HCFC-141b 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane HCFC-142b 3,3-Dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane HCFC-225ca 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane HCFC-225cb

CCl3F CCl2F2 CCl3F CCl2FCClF2 CClF2CClF2 CClF2CF3 CBrF3 CBrClF2 CBrF2CBrF2 CCl4

45 100 640 85 300 1700 65 16 20 26

0.25 0.32 0.25 0.3 0.31 0.18 0.32 0.3 0.33 0.13

CH3Br CH3CCl3 CHClF2 CHCl2CF3 CHClFCF3 CH3CCl2F CH3CClF2 CHCl2CF2CF3 CHClFCF2CClF2

0.7 5 12 1.3 5.8 9.3 17.9 1.9 5.8

0.01 0.06 0.2 0.14 0.22 0.14 0.2 0.2 0.32

Hydrofluorocarbons Trifluoromethane Difluoromethane Pentafluoroethane

CHF3 CH2F2 CHF2CF3

270 4.9 29

0.19 11700 12000 14800 12200 0.11 650 2330 675 205 0.23 2800 6350 3500 1100

HFC-23 HFC-32 HFC-125

3800 6730 4750 1620 8100 11000 10900 5200 10800 14400 16400 4800 6540 6130 2700 8040 10000 8730 5310 7370 9990 5400 8480 7140 2760 4750 1890 575 3680 1640 503 1400 2700 1400 435

1500 90 470 1800

17 506 5160 273 2070 2250 5490 429 2030

5 146 1810 77 609 725 2310 122 595

1 45 549 24 185 220 705 37 181

14-34

6679X_S14.indb 34

4/11/08 5:25:02 PM

Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases

Compound 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-Decafluoropentane Perfluorinated compounds Sulfur hexafluoride Nitrogen trifluoride Tetrafluoromethane Hexafluoroethane Perfluoropropane Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane Perfluoropentane Perfluorohexane Perfluorodecalin (Trifluoromethyl)sulfur pentafluoride Fluorinated ethers Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether Bis(difluoromethyl) ether Methyl trifluoromethyl ether 2-Chloro-2-(difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1trifluoroethane Methyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether Perfluoropropyl methyl ether 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl ether 1-Methoxy-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane Methyl nonafluorobutyl ether

Synonym/Code HFC-134a HFC-143a HFC-152a HFC-227ea HFC-236fa HFC-245fa HFC-365mfc HFC-43-10mee

PFC-14 PFC-116 PFC-218 PFC-318 PFC-3-1-10 PFC-4-1-12 PFC-5-1-14 PFC-9-1-18

Chloromethane

6679X_S14.indb 35

Formula

CH2FCF3 CH3CF3 CH3CHF2 CF3CHFCF3 CF3CH2CF3 CHF2CH2CF3 CH3CF2CH2CF3 CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 SF6 NF3 CF4 C2F6 C3F8 c-C4F8 C4F10 C5F12 C6F14 C10F18 SF5CF3

Lifetime Rad. eff. (years) W m–2ppb–1 14 0.16 52 0.13 1.4 0.09 34.2 0.26 240 0.28 7.6 0.28 8.6 0.21 15.9 0.4 3200 740 50000 10000 2600 3200 2600 4100 3200 >1,000 800

GWP for given time horizon Current estimate 1995 100 yr 20 yr 100 yr 500 yr 1300 3830 1430 435 3800 5890 4470 1590 140 437 124 38 2900 5310 3220 1040 6300 8100 9810 7660 3380 1030 314 2520 794 241 1300 4140 1640 500

0.52 23900 16300 22800 32600 0.21 12300 17200 20700 0.10 6500 5210 7390 11200 0.26 9200 8630 12200 18200 0.26 7000 6310 8830 12500 0.32 8700 7310 10300 14700 0.33 7000 6330 8860 12500 0.41 6510 9160 13300 0.49 7400 6600 9300 13300 0.56 >5500 >7500 >9500 0.57 13200 17700 21200

HFE-125 HFE-134 HFE-143a HCFE-235da2

CHF2OCF3 CHF2OCHF2 CH3OCF3 CHF2OCHClCF3

136 26 4.3 2.6

0.44 0.45 0.27 0.38

HFE-245cb2 HFE-245fa2 HFE-254cb2 HFE-347mcc3 HFE-347pcf2

CH3OCF2CHF2 CHF2OCH2CF3 CH3OCF2CHF2 CH3OCF2CF2CF3 CHF2CF2OCH2CF3

5.1 4.9 2.6 5.2 7.1

0.32 0.31 0.28 0.34 0.25

2440 2280 1260 1980 1900

708 659 359 575 580

215 200 109 175 175

CH3OCF2CF2CHF2 C4F9OCH3

0.33 3.8

0.93 0.31

386 1040

110 297

33 90

C4F9OC2H5

0.77

0.3

207

59

18

6.3

1.37

6320

1870

569

12.1

0.66

8000

2800

860

CHF2OCF2CF2OCHF2

6.2

0.87

5100

1500

460

CF3OCF(CF3)CF2OCF2OCF3

800

0.65

7620 10300 12400

0.015 0.38

0.02 0.03

1 31

1 8.7

<<1 2.7

1

0.01

45

13

4

HFE-356pcc3 HFE-449sl (HFE7100) 1-Ethoxy-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane HFE-569sf2 (HFE7200) 1-(Difluoromethoxy)-2-[(difluoromethoxy)di HFE-43-10pccc124 fluoromethoxy]-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (H-Galden 1040x) Bis(difluoromethoxy)difluoromethane HFE-236ca12 (HG-10) 1,2-Bis(difluoromethoxy)-1,1,2,2HFE-338pcc13 tetrafluoroethane (HG-01) Perfluoropolymethylisopropyl ether PFPMIE Other compounds - Direct effects Dimethyl ether Dichloromethane

14-35

Methyl ether Methylene chloride Methyl chloride

CHF2OCF2OC2F4OCHF2 CHF2OCF2OCHF2

CH3OCH3 CH2Cl2 CH3Cl

13800 14900 12200 6320 2630 756 1230 350

8490 1960 230 106

4/11/08 5:25:03 PM

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY Hans Dolezalek, Hannes Tammet, John Latham, and Martin A. Uman

I. SURVEY AND GLOBAL CIRCUIT Hans Dolezalek

The science of atmospheric electricity originated in 1752 by an experimental proof of a related earlier hypothesis (that lightning is an electrical event). In spite of a large effort, in part by such eminent physicists as Coulomb, Lord Kelvin, and many others, an overall, proven theory able to generate models with sufficient resolution is not yet available. Generally accepted and encompassing text books are now more than 20 years old. The voluminous proceedings of the, so far, nine international atmospheric electricity conferences (1954 to 1992) give much valuable detail and demonstrate impressive progress, as do a number of less comprehensive textbooks published in the last 20 years, but a general theory as indicated above is not yet created. Only now, certain related measuring techniques and mathematical possibilities are emerging. Applications to practical purposes do exist in the field of lightning research (including the electromagnetic radiation emanating from lightning) by the establishment of lightning-location networks and by the now developing possibility to detect electrified clouds which pose hazards to aircraft. Application of atmospheric electricity to other parts of meteorology seems to be promising but so far has seldom been instituted. Because some atmospheric electric signals propagate around the earth and because of the existence of a global circuit, applications for the monitoring of global change processes and conditions are now being proposed. Significant secular changes in the global circuit would indicate a change in the global climate; the availability of many old data (about a span of 100 years) could help detect a long-term trend. The concept of the “global circuit” is based on the theory of the global spherical capacitor: both, the solid (and liquid) earth as one electrode, and the high atmospheric layers (about the ionosphere) as the other, are by orders of magnitude more electrically conductive than the atmosphere between them. According to the “classical picture of atmospheric electricity”, this capacitor is continuously charged by the common action of all thunderstorms to a d.c. voltage difference of several hundred kilovolts, the earth being negative. The much smaller but still existing conductivity of the atmosphere allows a current flowing from the ionosphere to the ground, integrated for all sink areas of the whole earth, of the order of 1.5 kA. In this way, a global circuit is created with many generators and sinkareas both interspaced and distributed over the whole globe, all connected to two nodes: ionosphere and ground. Within the scope of the global circuit, for each location, the current density (order of several pA/m2) is determined by the voltage difference between ionosphere and ground (which is the same for all locations but varying in time) and the columnar resistance reaching from the ground up to the ionosphere (in the order of 1017 Ωm2). Natural processes, especially meteorological processes and some human activity, which produce or move electric charges (“space charges”) or affect the ion distribution, constitute local generators and thereby “local circuits”, horziontally and/or in parallel or antiparallel to the local part of the global circuit. In many cases, the local currents are much stronger than the global ones, making the measurement of the global current at a given location and/or during a period of time very difficult or, often, impossible. The strongest local circuits usually occur with certain weather conditions (precipitation, fog, high wind, blown-up dust or snow, heavy cloudiness) which make measurement of the global circuit impossible everywhere: but even in their absence local generators exist in varying magnitudes and of different characters. The separation

of the local and global shares in the measured values of current density is a central problem of the science of atmospheric electricity. Aerological measurements are of high value in this regard. The above description is within the “classical picture” of atmospheric electricity, a group of hypotheses to explain the electrification of the atmosphere. It is probably fundamentally correct but certainly not complete; it has not yet been confirmed by systems of measurements resulting in no inner contradictions. In particular, extraterrestrial influences must be permitted; their general significance is still under debate. Within this “classical picture” a kind of electric standard atmosphere may be constructed as shown in Table 1. Values with a star, *, are rough average values from measurement. A star in parentheses, (*), points to a typical value from one or a few measurements. All other values have been calculated from starred values, under the assumption that at 2 km 50% and at 12 km 90% of the columnar resistance is reached. Voltage drop along one of the partial columns can be calculated by subtracting the value for the lower column from that of the upper one. Columnar resistances, conductances, and capacitances are valid for that particular part of the column which is indicated at the left. Capacitances are calculated with the formula for plate capacitors, and this fact must be considered also for the time constants for columns. According to measurements, U, the potential difference between 0 m and 65 km may vary by a factor of approximately 2. The total columnar resistance, Rc, is estimated to vary up to a factor of 3, the variation being due to either reduction of conductivity in the exchange layer (about lowest 2 km of this table) or to the presence of high mountains; in both cases the variation is caused in the troposphere. Smaller variations in the stratosphere and mesosphere are being discussed because of aerosols there. The air-earth current density in fair weather varies by a factor of 3 to 6 accordingly. Conductivity near the ground varies by a factor of about 3 but only decreasing; increase of conductivity due to extraordinary radioactivity is a singular event. The field strength near the ground varies as a consequence of variations of air-earth current density and conductivity from about 1/3 to about 10 times of the value quoted in the table. Conductivity near the ground shows a diurnal and an annual variation which depends strongly on the locality: air-earth current density shows a diurnal and annual variation because the earth-ionosphere potential difference undergoes such variations, and also because the columnar resistance is supposed to have a diurnal and probably an annual variation. Conductivities and air-earth current densities on high mountains are greater than at sea level by factors of up to 10. Conductivity decreases when atmospheric humidity increases. Values for space charges are not quoted because measurements are too few to allow calculation of average values. Values of parameters over the oceans are still rather uncertain. Theoretically, in fair-weather conditions, Ohm’s law must be fulfilled for the electric field, the conduction current density, and the electrical conductivity of the atmosphere. Deviations point to shortcomings in the applied measuring techniques. Data which are representative for a large area (in the extreme, “globally representative data”, i.e. data on the global circuit), can on the ground be obtained only by stations on an open plane and only if local generators are either small or constant or are independently measured. Certain measurements with instrumented aircraft provide globally representative information valid for the period of the actual measurement.

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14-33

TABLE 1. Electrical Parameters of the Clear (Fair-Weather) Atmosphere, Pertinent to the Classical Picture of Atm. Electricity (Electric Standard Atmosphere) Part of atmosphere for Potential which the values are Currents, I, in A; differences, U, in calculated (elements are and current V; field strength E in free, cloudless densities, in V/m; U = 0 at atmosphere) i, in A/m2 sea level Volume element at about i = 3 × 10-12* E0 = 1.2 × 102* sea level, 1 m3 Lower column of 1 m2 At upper end: i = 3 × 10-12 cross section from sea U1 = 1.8 × 105 level to 2 km height Volume element at about i = 3 × 10-12 E2 = 6.6 × 101 2 km height, 1 m3 Center column of 1 m2 At upper end: i = 3 × 10-12 cross section from 2 to Um = 3.15 × 105 12 km Volume element at about i = 3 × 10-12 E12 = 3.9 × 100 12 km height, 1 m3 Upper column of 1 m2 At upper end: i = 3 × 10-12 cross section from 12 to Uu = 3.5 × 105 65 km height Whole column of 1 m2 At upper end: i = 3 × 10-12 cross section from 0 to U = 3.5 × 105 65 km height Total spherical capacitor i = 1.5 × 103 U = 3.5 × 105* 14 2 area: 5 ×10 m

Resistances, R, in Ω; columnar resistances,Rc , in Ω m2 and resistivities, ρ, in Ω m ρ0 = 4 × 1013

Conductances, G, Capacitances, C, in in Ω-1; columnar F; columnar capacitances,Cc , conductances Gc, in Ω-1m2; total in F m-2 and Time constants τ, conductivities, capacitivities, in seconds γ, in Ω-1m-1 ε, in F m-1 γ0 = 2.5 × 10-14 ε0 = 8.9 × 10-12* τ0 = 3.6 × 102

Rc1 = 6 × 1016

Gc1 = 1.7 × 10-17

Ccl = 4.4 × 10-15

τc1 = 2.6 × 102

ρ2 = 2.2 × 1013(*)

γ2 = 4.5 × 10-14

ε2 = 8.9 × 10-12*

τ2 = 2 × 102

Rcm = 4.5 × 1016

Gcm = 5 × 10-17

Ccm = 8.8 × 10-16

τcm = 1.8 × 101

ρ12 = 1.3 × 1012(*)

γ12 = 7.7 × 10-13

ε12 = 8.9 × 10-12

τ12 = 1.2 × 101

Rcu = 1.5 × 1016

Gcu = 2.5 × 10-17

Ccu = 1.67 × 10-16

τcm = 6.7 × 100

Rc = 1.2 × 1017

Gc = 8.3 × 10-18

Cc = 1.36 × 10-16

τc = 1.64 × 101

R = 2.4 × 102

G = 4.2 × 10-3

C = 6.8 × 10-2

τ = 1.64 × 101

Note: All currents and fields listed are part of the global circuit, i.e., circuits of local generators are not included. Values are subject to variations due to latitude and altitude of the point of observation above sea level, locality with respect to sources of disturbances, meteorological and climatological factors, and man-made changes. For more explanations, see text.

II. AIR IONS

Hannes Tammet

The term “air ions” signifies all airborne particles which are the carriers of the electrical current in the air and have drift velocities determined by the electric field. The probability of electrical dissociation of molecules in the atmospheric air under thermodynamic equilibrium is near to zero. The average ionization at the ground level over the ocean is 2∙106 ion pairs m-3s-1. This ionization is produced mainly by cosmic rays. Over the continents the ionizing radiation from soil and from radioactive substances in the air each add about 4∙106 m-3s-1. The total average ionization rate of 107 m3s-1 is equivalent to 17 μR/h which is a customary expression of the background level of the ionizing radiations. The ionization rate over the ground varies in space due to the radioactivity of soil, and in time depending on the exchange of air between the atmosphere and radon-containing soil. Radioactive pollution increases the ionization rate. A temporary increase of about 10 times was registered in Sweden after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. The emission of Kr85 from nuclear power plants can noticeably increase the global ionization rate in the next century. The ionization rate decreases with altitude near the ground and increases at higher altitudes up to 15 km, where it has a maximum of about 5∙107 m-3s-1. Solar X-ray and extreme UV radiation cause a new increase at altitudes over 60 km. Local sources of air ions are point discharges in strong electric fields, fluidization of charged drops from waves, etc. The enhanced chemical activity of an ion results in a chain of ion-molecule reactions with the colliding neutrals, and, in the first microsecond of the life of an air ion, a charged molecular cluster called the cluster ion is formed. According to theoretical calcula-

Section 14.indb 33

tions in the air free from exotic trace gases the following cluster ions should be dominant: NO3− ∙(HNO3)·H2O, NO2−·(H2O)2, NO3− ∙H2O, O2−·(H2O)4, O2−·(H2O)5, H3O+·(H2O)6, NH4+·(H2O)2, NH4+·(H2O), H3O+·(H2O)5, NH4+·NH3 A measurable parameter of air ions is the electrical mobility k, characterizing the drift velocity in the unit electric field. The mobility is inversely proportional to the density of air, and the results of measurements are as a rule reduced to normal conditions. According to mobility the air ions are called: fast or small or light ions with mobility k > 5·10-5 m2V-1s1 , intermediate ions, and slow or large or heavy ions with mobility k > 10-6 m2V-1s1. The boundary between intermediate and slow ions is conventional. Cluster ions are fast ions. The masses of cluster ions may be measured with mass spectrometers, but the possible ion-molecule reactions during the passage of the air through nozzles to the vacuum chamber complicate the measurement. Mass and mobility of cluster ions are highly correlated. The experimental results5 can be expressed by the empirical formula

m≈

850 u −4

-1 −1

[ 0.3 + k / (10 m V s )] 2

3

where u is the unified atomic mass unit. The value of the transport cross-section of a cluster ion is needed to calculate its mobility according to the kinetic theory of Chapman and Enskog. The theoretical estimation of transport cross-sections is rough and cannot be used to identify the chemi-

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Atmospheric Electricity

14-34 cal structures of cluster ions. Mass spectrometry is the main technique of identification of cluster ions.2 Märk and Castleman4 presented an overview of over 1000 publications on the experimental studies of cluster ions. Most of them present information about ions of millisecond age range. The low concentration makes it difficult to get detailed information about masses and mobilities of the natural atmospheric ions at ground level. The results of a 1-year continuous measurement6 are as follows: Average mobility The corresponding mass The corresponding diameter The average concentration The corresponding conductivity

+ ions 1.36 190

– ions 1.56 130

unit 10-4m2V-1s1 u

0.69 400

0.61 360

nm 106m-3

8.7

9.0

fS

The distribution of tropospheric cluster ions according to the mobility and estimated mass is depicted in Figure 1. The problems and results of direct mass spectrometry of natural cluster ions are analyzed by Eisele2 for ground level and by Meyerott, Reagan and Joiner5 for stratospheric measurements. Air ions in the high atmosphere are a subject of ionospheric physics. During its lifetime (about 1 min), a cluster ion at ground level collides with nearly 1012 molecules. Thus the cluster ions are able to concentrate trace gases of very low concentration if they have an extra high electron or proton affinity. For example, Eisele2 demond P0 p-1+p1 p-2+p2 Pq>2 k1

3 98 2 0 0 15000

10 90 10 0 0 1900

30 70 30 0 0 250

100 42 48 10 0 28

FIGURE 1. Average mobility and mass spectra of natural tropospheric cluster ions. Concentrations of the mobility fractions were measured in a rural site every 5 min over 1 year.6 Ion mass is estimated according to the above empirical formula.

Section 14.indb 34

strated that a considerable fraction of positive atmospheric cluster ions in the unpolluted atmosphere at ground level probably consist of a molecule derived from pyridine. The concentration of these constituents is estimated to be about 10-12. Therefore, air- ion mass and mobility spectrometry is considered as a promising technique for trace analysis in the air. Mass and mobility spectrometry of millisecond-age air ions has been developed as a technique of chemical analysis known as “plasma chromatography”.1 The sensitivity of the detection grows with the age of the cluster ions measured. The mechanisms of annihilation of cluster ions are ion-ion recombination (on the average 3%) and sedimentation on aerosol particles (on the average 97% of cluster ions at ground level). The result of the combination of a cluster ion and neutral particle is a charged particle called an aerosol ion. In conditions of detailed thermodynamic equilibrium the probability that a spherical particle of diameter d carries q elementary charges is calculated from the Boltzmann distribution: pq (d ) = (2πd /d0 )1/2 exp(−q 2 d0 /2d ) where d0 = 115 nm (at 18°C). The supposition about the detailed equilibrium is an approximation and the formula is not valid for particles less than d0. On the basis of numerical calculations by Hoppel and Frick3 the following charge probabilities can be derived:

300 24 41 23 12 5.1

1000 14 25 21 40 1.11

3000 8 15 14 63 0.33

nm % % % % 10-9 m2V-1s-1

FIGURE 2. Mobility and size spectra of tropospheric aerosol ions.6 The wide bars mark the fraction concentrations theoretically estimated on the basis of the standard size distribution of tropospheric aerosol. The pin bars with head + and – mark average values of positive and negative aerosol ion fraction concentrations measured in a rural site every 5 min during 4 months.

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Atmospheric Electricity The last line of the table presents the mobility of a particle carrying one elementary charge. The distribution of the atmospheric aerosol ions over mobility is demonstrated in Figure 2. Although the concentration of aerosol in continental air at ground level is an order of magnitude higher than the concentration of cluster ions, the mobilities of aerosol ions are so small that their percentage in air conductivity is less than 1%. A specific class of aerosol ions are condensed aerosol ions produced as a result of the condensation of gaseous matter on the cluster ions. In aerosol physics the process is called ion-induced nucleation; it is considered as one among the processes of gas-toparticle conversion. The condensed aerosol ions have an inherent charge. Their sizes and mobilities are between the sizes and mobilities of cluster ions and of ordinary aerosol ions. Water and standard constituents of atmospheric air are not able to condense on the cluster ions in the real atmosphere. Thus the concentration of condensed aerosol ions depends on the trace constituents in the air and is very low in unpolluted air. Knowledge about condensed aerosol ions is poor because of measurement difficulties.

References 1. Carr, T. W., Ed., Plasma Chromatography, Plenum Press, New York and London, XII + 259 pp., 1984. 2. Eisele, F. L., Identification of Tropospheric Ions, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 91, no. D7, pp. 7897–7906, 1986. 3. Hoppel, W. A., and Frick, G. M., The Nonequilibrium Character of the Aerosol Charge Distributions Produced by Neutralizers, Aerosol Sci. Technol., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 471–496, 1990. 4. Mark, T. D., and Castleman, A. W., Experimental Studies on Cluster Ions, in Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics, vol. 20, pp. 65– 172, Academic Press, 1985. 5. Meyerott, R. E., Reagan, J. B., and Joiner, R. G., The Mobility and Concentration of Ions and the Ionic Conductivity in the Lower Stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 85, no. A3, pp. 1273–1278, 1980. 6. Salm, J., Tammet, H., Iher, H., and Hörrak, U., Atmospheric Electrical Measurements in Tahkuse, Estonia (in Russian), in Voprosy Atmosfernogo Elektrichestva, pp. 168–175, Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1990.

III. THUNDERSTORM ELECTRICITY John Latham The development of improved radar techniques and instruments for in-cloud electrical and physical measurements, coupled with a much clearer recognition by the research community that establishment of the mechanism or mechanisms responsible for electric field development in thunderclouds, culminating in lightning, is inextricably linked to the concomitant dynamical and microphysical evolution of the clouds, has led to significant progress over the past decade. Field studies indicate that in most thunderclouds the electrical development is associated with the process of glaciation, which can occur in a variety of incompletely understood ways. In the absence of ice, field growth is slow, individual hydrometeor charges are low, and lightning is produced only rarely. Precipitation — in the solid form, as graupel — also appears to be a necessary ingredient for significant electrification, as does significant convective activity and mixing between the clouds and their environments, via entrainment. Increasingly, the view is being accepted that charge transfer leading to field-growth is largely a consequence of rebounding collisions between graupel pellets and smaller vapor-grown ice crystals, followed by the separation under gravity of these two types

Section 14.indb 35

14-35 of hydrometeor. These collisions occur predominantly within the temperature range –15 to –30°C, and for significant charge transfer need to occur in the presence of supercooled cloud droplets. The field evidence is inconsistent with an inductive mechanism, and extensive laboratory studies indicate that the principal charging mechanism is non-inductive and associated — in ways yet to be identified — with differences in surface characteristics of the interacting hydrometeors. Laboratory studies indicate that the two most favored sites for corona emission leading to the lightning discharge are the tips of ephemeral liquid filaments, produced during the glancing collisions of supercooled raindrops, and protuberances on large ice crystals or graupel pellets. The relative importance of these alternatives will depend on the hydrometeor characteristics and the temperature in the regions of strongest fields; these features are themselves dependent on air-mass characteristics and climatological considerations. A recently identified but unresolved question is why, in continental Northern Hemisphere thunderclouds at least, the sign of the charge brought to ground by lightning is predominantly negative in summer but more evenly balanced in winter.

IV. LIGHTNING Martin A. Uman From both ground-based weather-station data and satellite measurements, it has been estimated that there are about 100 lightning discharges, both cloud and ground flashes, over the whole earth each second; representing an average global lightning flash density of about 6 km-2yr-1. Most of this lightning occurs over the earth’s land masses. For example, in central Florida, where thunderstorms occur about 90 days/yr, the flash density for discharges to earth is about 15 km-2yr-1. Some tropical areas of the earth have thunderstorms up to 300 days/yr. Lightning can be defined as a transient, high-current electric discharge whose path length is measured in kilometers and whose most common source is the electric charge separated in the ordinary thunderstorm or cumulonimbus cloud. Well over half of all lightning discharges occur totally within individual thunderstorm clouds and are referred to as intracloud discharges. Cloudto-ground lightning, however, has been studied more extensively than any other lightning form because of its visibility and its more practical interest. Cloud-to-cloud and cloud-to-air discharges are less common than intracloud or cloud-to-ground lightning. Lightning between the cloud and earth can be categorized in terms of the direction of motion, upward or downward, and the sign of the charge, positive or negative, of the developing discharge (called a leader) which initiates the overall event. Over 90% of the worldwide cloud-to-ground discharges is initiated in the thundercloud by downward-moving negatively charged leaders and subsequently results in the lowering of negative charge to earth. Cloudto-ground lightning can also be initiated by downward-moving positive leaders, less than 10% of the worldwide cloud-to-ground lightning being of this type although the exact percentage is a function of season and latitude. Lightning between cloud and ground can also be initiated by leaders which develop upward from the earth. These upward-initiated discharges are relatively rare, may be of either polarity, and generally occur from mountaintops and tall man-made structures. We discuss next the most common type of cloud-to-ground lightning. A negative cloud-to-ground discharge or flash has an overall duration of some tenths of a second and is made up of vari-

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14-36 ous components, among which are typically three or four highcurrent pulses called strokes. Each stroke lasts about a millisecond, the separation time between strokes being typically several tens of milliseconds. Such lightning often appears to “flicker” because the human eye can just resolve the individual light pulse associated with each stroke. A drawing of the components of a negative cloud-to-ground flash is found in Figure 3. Some values for salient parameters are found in Table 1. The negatively charged stepped leader initiates the first stroke in a flash by propagating from cloud to ground through virgin air in a series of discrete steps. Photographically observed leader steps in clear air are typically 1 μs in duration and tens of meters in length, with a pause time between steps of about 50 μs. A fully developed stepped leader lowers up to 10 or more coulombs of negative cloud charge toward ground in tens of milliseconds with an average downward speed of about 2 × 105 m/s. The average leader current is in the 100 to 1000 A range. The steps have pulse currents of at least 1 kA. Associated with these currents are electric- and magnetic-field pulses with widths of about 1 μs or less and risetimes of about 0.1 μs or less. The stepped leader, during its trip toward ground, branches in a downward direction, resulting in the characteristic downwardbranched geometrical structure commonly observed. The electric potential of the bottom of the negatively charged leader channel with respect to ground has a magnitude in excess of 107 V. As the leader tip nears ground, the electric field at sharp objects on the ground or at irregularities of the ground itself exceeds the breakdown value of air, and one or more upward-moving discharges (often called upward leaders) are initiated from those points, thus beginning the attachment process. An understanding of the physics of the attachment process is central to an understanding of the operation of lightning protection of ground-based objects and the effects of lightning on humans and animals, since it is the attachment process that determines where the lightning connects to objects on the ground and the value of the early currents which flow. When one of the upward-moving discharges from the ground (or from a lightning rod or an individual) contacts the tip of the downward-moving stepped leader, typically some tens of meters above the ground, the leader tip is effectively connected to ground potential. The negatively charged leader channel is then discharged to earth when a ground potential wave, referred to as the first return stroke, propagates continuously up the leader path. The upward speed of a return stroke near the ground is typically near one third the speed of light, and the speed decreases with height. The first return stroke produces a peak current near ground of typically 30 kA, with a time from zero to peak of a few microseconds. Currents measured at the ground fall to half of the peak value in about 50 μs, and currents of the order of hundreds of amperes may flow for times of a few milliseconds up to several hundred milliseconds. The longer-lasting currents are known as continuing currents. The rapid release of return stroke energy heats the leader channel to a temperature near 30,000 K and creates a high-pressure channel which expands and generates the shock waves that eventually become thunder, as further discussed later. The return stroke effectively lowers to ground the charge originally deposited onto the stepped-leader channel and additionally initiates the lowering of other charges which may be available to the top of its channel. First return-stroke electric fields exhibit a microsecond scale rise to peak with a typical peak value of 5 V/m, normalized to a distance of 100 km by an inverse distance relationship. Roughly half of the field rise to peak, the so-called “fast transition”, takes place in tenths of a microsecond, an observation that can only be made if the field propagation is over a highly conducting surface such as salt water.

Section 14.indb 36

Atmospheric Electricity After the first return-stroke current has ceased to flow, the flash, including charge motion in the cloud, may end. The lightning is then called a single-stroke flash. On the other hand, if additional charge is made available to the top of the channel, a continuous or dart leader may propagate down the residual first-stroke channel at a typical speed of about 1 × 107 m/s. The dart leader lowers a charge of the order of 1 C by virtue of a current of about 1 kA. The dart leader then initiates the second (or any subsequent) return stroke. Subsequent return-stroke currents generally have faster zero-to-peak rise times than do first-stroke currents, but similar maximum rates of change, about 100 kA/μs. Some leaders begin as dart leaders, but toward the end of their trip toward ground become stepped leaders. These leaders are known as dartstepped leaders and may have different ground termination points (and separate upward leaders) from the first stroke. Most often the dart-stepped leaders are associated with the second stroke of the flash. Nearly half of all flashes exhibit more than one termination point on ground with the distance between separate terminations being up to several kilometers. Subsequent return-stroke radiated electric and magnetic fields are similar to, but usually a factor of two or so smaller, than first return-stroke fields. About one third of all multiple-stroke flashes has at least one subsequent stroke which is larger than the first stroke. Cloud-to-ground flashes that lower positive charge, though not common, are of considerable practical interest because their peak currents and total charge transfer can be much larger than for the more common negative ground flash. The largest recorded peak currents, those in the 200- to 300-kA range, are due to the return strokes of positive lightning. Such positive flashes to ground are initiated by downward-moving leaders which do not exhibit the distinct steps of their negative counterparts. Rather, they show a luminosity which is more or less continuous but modulated in intensity. Positive flashes are generally composed of a single stroke followed by a period of continuing current. Positive flashes are probably initiated from the upper positive charge in the thundercloud charge dipole when that cloud charge is horizontally separated from the negative charge beneath it, the source of the usual negative cloud-to-ground lightning. Positive flashes are relatively common in winter thunderstorms (snow storms), which produce few flashes overall, and are relatively uncommon in summer thunderstorms. The fraction of positive lightning in summer thunderstorms apparently increases with increasing latitude and with increasing height of the ground above sea level. Distant lightning return stroke fields are often referred to as sferics (called “atmospherics” in the older literature). The peak in the sferics frequency spectrum is near 5 kHz due to the bipolar or ringing nature of the distant return-stroke electromagnetic signal and to the effects of propagation. Thunder, the acoustic radiation associated with lightning, is sometimes divided into the categories “audible”, sounds that one can hear, and “infrasonic”, below a few tens of hertz, a frequency range that is inaudible. This division is made because it is thought that the mechanisms that produce audible and infrasonic thunder are different. Audible thunder is thought to be due to the expansion of a rapidly heated return stroke channel, as noted earlier, whereas infrasonic thunder is thought to be associated with the conversion to sound of the energy stored in the electrostatic field of the thundercloud when lightning rapidly reduces that cloud field. The technology of artificially initiating lightning by firing upward small rocket trailing grounded wire of a few hundred meters length has been well-developed during the past decade. Such “triggered” flashes are similar to natural upward-initiated discharges from tall structure. They often contain subsequent strokes which,

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Atmospheric Electricity

14-37

FIGURE 3. Sequence of steps in cloud-to-ground lightning.

when they occur, are similar to the subsequent strokes in natural lightning. These triggered subsequent strokes have been the subject of considerable recent research. Also in the past 10 years or so sophisticated lightning locating equipment has been installed throughout the world. For example, all ground flashes in the U.S. are now centrally monitored for research, for better overall weather prediction, and for hazard warning for aviation, electric utilities and other lightning-sensitive facilities. Information on lightning physics can be found in M. A. Uman, The Lightning Discharge, Academic Press, San Diego, 1987; on lightning death and injury in Medical Aspects of Lightning Injury, C. Andrews, M. A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Eds.,

Section 14.indb 37

CRC Press, 1992. Ground flash location information for the U.S., in real time or archived, is available from Geomet Data Service of Tucson, AZ, which is also a source of the names of providers of those data in other countries. Table 2 has data for cloud-to-ground lightning discharges bringing negative charge to earth. The values listed are intended to convey a rough feeling for the various physical parameters of lightning. No great accuracy is claimed since the results of different investigators are often not in good agreement. These values may, in fact, depend on the particular environment in which the lightning discharge is generated. The choice of some of the entries in the table is arbitrary.

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Atmospheric Electricity

14-38 TABLE 2. Data for Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Discharges Stepped leader Length of step, m Time interval between steps, µs Average speed of propagation of stepped leader, m/sb Charged deposited on stepped-leader channel, coulombs Dart leader Speed of propagation, m/sb Charged deposited on dart-leader channel, coulombs Return strokec Speed of propagation, m/sb Maximum current rate of increase, kA/µs Time to peak current, µs Peak current, kA Time to half of peak current, µs Charge transferred excluding continuing current, coulombs Channel length, km Lightning flash Number of strokes per flash Time interval between strokes in absence of continuing current, ms Time duration of flash, s Charge transferred including continuing current, coulombs a b

c

Minimuma

Representative values

Maximuma

3 30 1.0 × 105 3

50 50 2.0 × 105 5

200 125 3.0 × 106 20

1.0 × 106 0.2

1.0 × 107 1

2.4 × 107 6

2.0 × 107 <1 <1 2 10 0.02 2

1.0 × 108 100 2 30 50 3 5

2.0 × 108 400 30 200 250 20 15

1 3 10-2 3

4 60 0.5 30

26 100 2 200

The words maximum and minimum are used in the sense that most measured values fall between these limits. Speeds of propagation are generally determined from photographic data and are “two-dimensional”. Since many lightning flashes are not vertical, values stated are probably slight underestimates of actual values. First return strokes have longer times to current peak and generally larger charge transfer than do subsequent return strokes.

Adapted from Uman, M.A., Lightning, Dover Paperbook, New York, 1986, and Uman, M.A., The Lightning Discharge, Academic Press, San Diego, 1987.

Section 14.indb 38

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SPEED OF SOUND IN VARIOUS MEDIA The speed of sound in various solids, liquids, and gases is given in these tables. While only a single parameter v is needed for liquids and gases, sound propagation in isotropic solids is characterized by three velocity parameters. For a solid of infinite extent (or of finite extent if all dimensions are much larger than a wavelength), there are two relevant quantities, vl: velocity of longitudinal waves vs: velocity of shear waves. For a cylindrical rod with diameter much smaller than a wavelength, vext : velocity of extensional waves along the rod. (Torsional waves in the rod are propagated at the same speed as sheer waves in an infinite solid.) Table 1 lists values for a variety of solid materials. Table 2 covers gases liquids and gases; values for cryogenic liquids are given at the normal boiling point. Table 3 gives the speed of sound in pure

water and in seawater of salinity S = 3.5% as a function of temperature. All values are in meters per second and are given for normal atmospheric pressure.

References 1. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Anderson, H.L., Ed., A Physicist’s Desk Reference, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989. 3. Younglove, B. A., Thermophysical Proeprties of Fluids. Part I, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 4. Younglove, B. A., and Ely, J. F., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. 5. Haar, L., Gallagher, J. S., and Kell, G. S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. 6. Mason, W. P., Physical Acoustics and the Properties of Solids, D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, N.J., 1958. 7. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/5, Molecular Acoustics, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1967.

TABLE 1. Speed of Sound in Solids at Room Temperature Name

vl/m s–1

vs/m s–1

vext/m s–1

Metals Aluminum, rolled Beryllium Brass (70 Cu, 30 Zn) Constantan Copper, annealed Copper, rolled Duralumin 17S Gold, hard-drawn Iron, cast Iron, electrolytic Iron, Armco Lead, annealed Lead, rolled Magnesium, annealed Molybdenum Monel metal Nickel Platinum Silver Steel (1% C) Steel, 347 Stainless

6420 12890 4700 5177 4760 5010 6320 3240 4994 5950 5960 2160 1960 5770 6250 5350 6040 3260 3650 5940 5790

3040 8880 2110 2625 2325 2270 3130 1200 2809 3240 3240 700 690 3050 3350 2720 3000 1730 1610 3220 3100

5000 12870 3480 4270 3810 3750 5150 2030 4480 5120 5200 1190 1210 4940 5400 4400 4900 2800 2680 5180 5000

Name Steel, K9 Tin, rolled Titanium Tungsten, annealed Tungsten, drawn Zinc, rolled Other materials Fused silica Glass, heavy silicate flint Glass, light borate crown Glass, pyrex Lucite Nylon 6-6 Polyethylene Polystyrene Rubber, butyl Rubber, gum Rubber, neoprene Tungsten carbide

vl/m s–1 5940 3320 6070 5220 5410 4210

vs/m s–1 3250 1670 3125 2890 2640 2440

vext/m s–1 5250 2730 5090 4620 4320 3850

5968

3764

5760

3980

2380

3720

5100 5640 2680 2620 1950 2350 1830 1550 1600 6655

2840 3280 1100 1070 540 1120

4540 5170 1840 1800 920 1840

3980

6220

14-39

Section 14.indb 39

4/27/05 5:04:28 PM

Speed of Sound in Various Media

14-40 TABLE 2. Speed of Sound in Liquids and Gases Name Liquids Acetone Argon Benzene Bromobenzene Butane 1-Butanol Carbon disulphide Chlorobenzene Cyclohexane 1-Decene Diethyl ether Ethane Ethanol Ethylene Ethylene glycol Fluorobenzene Glycerol Helium Heptane 1-Heptene Hexane Hydrogen Iodobenzene Mercury Methane Methanol Nitrobenzene Nitrogen 1-Nonene Octane 1-Octene Oxygen

t/°C

v/m s–1

20 –185.9 25 20 –0.5 20 25 20 19 20 25 –88.6 20 –103.8 25 20 25 –268.9 20 20 20 –252.9 20 25 –161.5 20 25 –195.8 20 20 20 –183.0

1203 813 1310 1169 1034 1258 1140 1311 1280 1250 976 1326 1162 1309 1658 1183 1904 180 1162 1128 1083 1101 1114 1450 1337 1121 1463 939 1218 1197 1184 906

t/°C

Name 1-Pentadecene Pentane Propane 1-Propanol Tetrachloromethane Trichloromethane 1-Undecene Water Water (sea, S = 3.5%)

20 20 –42.1 20 25 25 20 25 25

Gases at 1 atm Air, dry Ammonia Argon Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Chlorine Deuterium Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen sulfide Methane Neon Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Water (steam)

25 0 27 0 0 0 0 27 27 0 27 0 0 0 0 27 0 10 27 0 27 0 100

v/m s–1 1351 1008 1158 1223 930 987 1275 1497 1535 346 415 323 338 259 206 890 312 331 965 1310 200 296 157 289 450 435 325 353 263 330 213 473

TABLE 3. Speed of Sound in Water and Seawater (S = 3.5%) at Different Temperatures t/°C 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80

Section 14.indb 40

Water 1401.0 1447.8 1483.2 1497.4 1509.5 1528.4 1541.4 1549.5 1553.2 1552.8

v/m s–1 Seawater 1449.4 1490.4 1522.2 1535.1 1546.2

4/27/05 5:04:30 PM

ATTENUATION AND SPEED OF SOUND IN AIR AS A FUNCTION OF HUMIDITY AND FREQUENCY This table gives the attenuation and speed of sound as a function of frequency at various values of relative humidity. All values refer to still air at 20°C.

Frequency (Hz)

Attenuation (dB/km)

Speed (m/s)

References 1. Tables of Absorption and Velocity of Sound in Still Air at 68°F (20°C), AD-738576, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. 2. Evans, L. B., Bass, H. E., and Sutherland, L. C., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 51, 1565, 1972. Frequency (Hz)

Attenuation (dB/km)

Speed (m/s)

Relative humidity 0% 20 0.51 40 1.07 50 1.26 63 1.43 100 1.67 200 1.84 400 1.96 630 2.11 800 2.27 1250 2.82 2000 4.14 4000 8.84 6300 14.89 10000 26.28 12500 35.81 16000 52.15 20000 75.37 40000 267.01 63000 644.66 80000 1032.14

343.477 343.514 343.525 343.536 343.550 343.559 343.561 343.562 343.562 343.562 343.562 343.564 343.565 343.566 343.566 343.567 343.567 343.567 343.567 343.567

Relative humidity 60% 20 0.02 40 0.06 50 0.09 63 0.15 100 0.34 200 0.99 400 1.94 630 2.57 800 2.94 1250 4.01 2000 6.55 4000 18.73 6300 42.51 10000 101.84 12500 155.67 16000 247.78 20000 373.78 40000 1195.37 63000 2220.64 80000 2951.71

344.182 344.183 344.183 344.184 344.185 344.190 344.197 344.200 344.201 344.202 344.203 344.204 344.204 344.206 344.208 344.211 344.215 344.238 344.262 344.274

Relative humidity 30% 20 0.03 40 0.11 50 0.17 63 0.25 100 0.50 200 1.01 400 1.59 630 2.24 800 2.85 1250 5.09 2000 10.93 4000 38.89 6300 90.61 10000 204.98 12500 294.08 16000 422.51 20000 563.66 40000 1110.97 63000 1639.47 80000 2083.08

343.807 343.808 343.810 343.810 343.814 343.821 343.826 343.827 343.828 343.828 343.829 343.831 343.836 343.846 343.854 343.865 343.877 343.911 343.924 343.929

Relative humidity 100% 20 0.01 40 0.04 50 0.06 63 0.09 100 0.22 200 0.77 400 2.02 630 3.05 800 3.57 1250 4.59 2000 6.29 4000 13.58 6300 27.72 10000 63.49 12500 96.63 16000 154.90 20000 237.93 40000 884.28 63000 1973.62 80000 2913.01

344.685 344.685 344.685 344.685 344.686 344.689 344.695 344.699 344.701 344.704 344.705 344.706 344.706 344.706 344.707 344.708 344.709 344.718 344.731 344.742

14-41

Section 14.indb 41

4/27/05 5:04:32 PM

SPEED OF SOUND IN DRY AIR The values in this table were calculated from the equation of state for dry air (average molecular weight 28.96) treated as a real gas. Values refer to standard atmospheric pressure. The speed of sound varies only slightly with pressure; at two atmospheres and –100°C the value decreases by 0.13%, while at two atmospheres and 80°C the speed increases by 0.04%. t/°C –100 –95 –90 –85 –80 –75 –70 –65 –60 –55 –50 –45 –40

vs/m s–1 263.5 267.3 271.1 274.8 278.5 282.1 285.7 289.2 292.7 296.1 299.5 302.9 306.2

t/°C –35 –30 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25

Reference Sytchev, V. V., Vasserman, A. A., Kozlov, A. D., Spiridonov, G. A., and Tsymarny, V. A., Thermodynamic Properties of Air, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1987.

vs/m s–1 309.5 312.7 315.9 319.1 322.3 325.4 328.4 331.5 334.5 337.5 340.4 343.4 346.3

t/°C 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

vs/m s–1 349.1 352.0 354.8 357.6 360.4 363.2 365.9 368.6 371.3 374.0 376.7

14-42

Section 14.indb 42

4/27/05 5:04:32 PM

MUSICAL SCALES Equal Tempered Chromatic Scale A4 = 440 Hz

Note C0 C#0 D0 D#0 E0 F0 F#0 G0 G#0 A0 A#0 B0 C1 C#1 D1 D#1 E1 F1 F#1 G1 G#1 A1 A#1 B1

Note C0 D0 E0 F0 G0 A0 B0 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A1 B1

Frequency 16.35 17.32 18.35 19.45 20.60 21.83 23.12 24.50 25.96 27.50 29.14 30.87 32.70 34.65 36.71 38.89 41.20 43.65 46.25 49.00 51.91 55.00 58.27 61.74

Frequency 16 18 20 21.33 24 26.67 30 32 36 40 42.67 48 53.33 60

Note C2 C#2 D2 D#2 E2 F2 F#2 G2 G#2 A2 A#2 B2 C3 C#3 D3 D#3 E3 F3 F#3 G3 G#3 A3 A#3 B3

International Concert Pitch Frequency Note 65.41 C4 69.30 C#4 73.42 D4 77.78 D#4 82.41 E4 87.31 F4 92.50 F#4 98.00 G4 103.83 G#4 110.00 A4 116.54 A#4 123.47 B4 130.81 C5 138.59 C#5 146.83 D5 155.56 D#5 164.81 E5 174.61 F5 185.00 F#5 196.00 G5 207.65 G#5 220.00 A5 233.08 A#5 246.94 B5

Frequency 261.63 277.18 293.66 311.13 329.63 349.23 369.99 392.00 415.30 440.00 466.16 493.88 523.25 554.37 587.33 622.25 659.26 698.46 739.99 783.99 830.61 880.00 932.33 987.77

Note C6 C#6 D6 D#6 E6 F6 F#6 G6 G#6 A6 A#6 B6 C7 C#7 D7 D#7 E7 F7 F#7 G7 G#7 A7 A#7 B7 C8

Frequency 1046.50 1108.73 1174.66 1244.51 1318.51 1396.91 1479.98 1567.98 1661.22 1760.00 1864.66 1975.53 2093.00 2217.46 2349.32 2489.02 2637.02 2793.83 2959.96 3135.96 3322.44 3520.00 3729.31 3951.07 4186.01

Note C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 A2 B2 C3 D3 E3 F3 G3 A3 B3

Scientific or Just Scale C4 = 256 Hz Frequency Note 64 C4 72 D4 80 E4 85.33 F4 96 G4 106.67 A4 120 B4 128 C5 144 D5 160 E5 170.67 F5 192 G5 213.33 A5 240 B5

Frequency 256 288 320 341.33 384 426.67 480 512 576 640 682.67 768 853.33 960

Note C6 D6 E6 F6 G6 A6 B6 C7 D7 E7 F7 G7 A7 B7 C8

Frequency 1024 1152 1280 1365.33 1536 1706.67 1920 2048 2304 2560 2730.67 3072 3413.33 3840 4096

14-43

Section 14.indb 43

4/27/05 5:04:35 PM

CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN HEARING The human ear is sensitive to sound waves with frequencies in the range from a few hertz to almost 20 kHz. Auditory response is usually expressed in terms of the loudness level of a sound, which is a measure of the sound pressure. The reference level, which is given in the unit phon, is a pure tone of frequency 1000 Hz with sound pressure of 20 µPa (in cgs units, 2·10–4 dyn/cm2 ); loudness level is usually expressed in decibels (dB) relative to this reference level. If a normal observer perceives an arbitrary sound to

be equally loud as this reference sound, the sound is said to have the loudness level of the reference. The sensitivity of the typical human ear ranges from about 0 dB, the threshold loudness level, to about 140 dB, the level at which pain sets in. The minimum detectable level thus represents a sound wave of pressure 20 µPa and intensity (power density) 10–16 W/cm2. The following figure illustrates the frequency dependence of the threshold for an average young adult.

Frequency in Hz The relation between loudness level and frequency for a typical person is expressed by the following table: Sound pressure level in dB relative to 20 µPa 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

125

500

4 17 34 52 70 86 98 108

16 27 39 52 65 76 86 96 105

Thus, a 10,000 Hz tone at a pressure level of 50 dB seems equally loud as a 1000 Hz tone at a pressure of 35 dB. The term noise refers to any unwanted sound, either a pure tone or a mixture of frequencies. Since the sensitivity of the ear is fre-

Frequency in Hz 1000 4000 10 18 20 28 30 37 40 45 50 54 60 64 70 73 80 83 90 94 100 106

8000

10000

11 21 30 38 47 56 66 77 88

17 26 35 44 54 64 74 86

quency dependent, as illustrated by the above table, noise level is expressed in a frequency-weighted scale, known as A-weighting. Decibel readings on this scale are designated as dBa. Typical noise levels from various sources are illustrated in this table:

14-44

Section 14.indb 44

4/27/05 5:04:37 PM

Characteristics of Human Hearing

14-45

Source Rocket engine Jet aircraft engine Light aircraft, cruising Tractor, 150 hp Electric motor, 100 hp at 2600 rpm Pneumatic drill Subway train Vacuum cleaner Heavy automobile traffic Conversational speech Whispered speech Background noise, recording studio

Recommended noise thresholds in the workplace have been established by the American Conference of Government Industrial Duration of exposure 24 h 8h 4h 1h 30 min 15 min 2 min 28 s 0.11 s

Noise level in dBa 200 160 140 115 105 100 90 85 75 65 40 25-30

Hygenists. Some examples of the maximum safe levels for different daily exposure times are given below. Max. level in dBa 80 85 88 94 97 100 109 115 139

No exposure greater than 140 dBa is permitted. Further details may be found in Reference 3.

References 1. Anderson, H. L., Ed., A Physicist’s Desk Reference, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989, chap. 2. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, chap. 3.

Section 14.indb 45

3. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents; Biological Exposure Indices, 1999 Edition, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.

4/27/05 5:04:38 PM

STANDARD ITS-90 THERMOCOUPLE TABLES The Instrument Society of America (ISA) has assigned standard letter designations to a number of thermocouple types having specified emf-temperature relations. These designations and the approximate metal compositions which meet the required relations, as well as the useful temperature ranges, are given below: Type B Type E Type J Type K Type N Type R Type S Type T

(Pt + 30% Rh) vs. (Pt + 6% Rh) (Ni + 10% Cr) vs. (Cu + 43% Ni) Fe vs. (Cu + 43% Ni) (Ni + 10% Cr) vs. (Ni + 2% Al + 2% Mn + 1% Si) (Ni + 14% Cr + 1.5% Si) vs. (Ni + 4.5% Si + 0.1% Mg) (Pt + 13% Rh) vs. Pt (Pt + 10% Rh) vs. Pt Cu vs. (Cu + 43% Ni)

0 to 1820°C –270 to 1000°C –210 to 1200°C –270 to 1372°C –270 to 1300°C –50 to 1768°C –50 to 1768°C –270 to 400°C

The compositions are given in weight percent, and the positive leg is listed first. It should be emphasized that the standard letter

designations do not imply a precise composition but rather that the specified emf-temperature relation is satisfied. The first set of tables below lists, for each thermocouple type, the emf as a function of temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). The coefficients in the equation used to generate the table are also given. The second set of tables gives the inverse relationships, i.e., the coefficients in the polynomial equation which expresses the temperature as a function of thermocouple emf. The accuracy of these equations is also stated. Further details and tables at closer intervals may be found in Reference 1.

References 1. Burns, G. W., Seroger, M. G., Strouse, G. F., Croarkin, M. C., and Guthrie, W. F., Temperature-Electromotive Force Reference Functions and Tables for the Letter-Designated Thermocouple Types Based on the ITS-90, Natl. Inst. Stand. Tech. (U.S.) Monogr. 175, 1993. 2. Schooley, J. F., Thermometry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986.

Type B Thermocouples: emf-Temperature (°C) Reference Table and Equations °C 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

emf in Millivolts 0 10 0.000 –0.002 0.033 0.043 0.178 0.199 0.431 0.462 0.787 0.828 1.242 1.293 1.792 1.852 2.431 2.499 3.154 3.230 3.957 4.041 4.834 4.926 5.780 5.878 6.786 6.890 7.848 7.957 8.956 9.069 10.099 11.263 12.433 13.591

10.215 11.380 12.549 13.706

Thermocouple emf as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference junctions at 0 °C 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 –0.003 –0.002 –0.000 0.002 0.006 0.011 0.017 0.025 0.033 0.053 0.065 0.078 0.092 0.107 0.123 0.141 0.159 0.178 0.220 0.243 0.267 0.291 0.317 0.344 0.372 0.401 0.431 0.494 0.527 0.561 0.596 0.632 0.669 0.707 0.746 0.787 0.870 0.913 0.957 1.002 1.048 1.095 1.143 1.192 1.242 1.344 1.397 1.451 1.505 1.561 1.617 1.675 1.733 1.792 1.913 1.975 2.037 2.101 2.165 2.230 2.296 2.363 2.431 2.569 2.639 2.710 2.782 2.854 2.928 3.002 3.078 3.154 3.308 3.386 3.466 3.546 3.626 3.708 3.790 3.873 3.957 4.127 4.213 4.299 4.387 4.475 4.564 4.653 4.743 4.834 5.018 5.111 5.205 5.299 5.394 5.489 5.585 5.682 5.780 5.976 6.075 6.175 6.276 6.377 6.478 6.580 6.683 6.786 6.995 7.100 7.205 7.311 7.417 7.524 7.632 7.740 7.848 8.066 8.176 8.286 8.397 8.508 8.620 8.731 8.844 8.956 9.182 9.296 9.410 9.524 9.639 9.753 9.868 9.984 10.099 10.331 11.497 12.666 13.820

10.447 11.614 12.782

10.563 11.731 12.898

Temperature ranges and coefficients of equations used to compute the above table: The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + … cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the tem-

10.679 11.848 13.014

10.796 11.965 13.130

10.913 12.082 13.246

11.029 12.199 13.361

11.146 12.316 13.476

11.263 12.433 13.591

perature in degrees Celsius (ITS- 90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from Reference 1.

15-1

Section 15.indb 1

5/3/05 9:11:19 AM

Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables

15-2 0 °C to 630.615 °C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8

= = = = = = = = =

630.615 °C to 1820 °C

0.000 000 000 0 − 2.465 081 834 6 × 10−4 5.904 042 117 1 × 10−6 − 1.325 793 163 6 × 10−9 1.566 829 190 1 × 10−12 − 1.694 452 924 0 × 10−15 6.299 034 709 4 × 10−19 ………… …………

−3.893 816 862 1 … 2.857 174 747 0 × 10-2 −8.488 510 478 5 × 10−5 1.578 528 016 4 × 10−7 −1.683 534 486 4 × 10−10 1.110 979 401 3 × 10−13 −4.451 543 103 3 × 10−17 9.897 564 082 1 × 10−21 −9.379 133 028 9 × 10−25

Type E Thermocouples: emf-Temperature (°C) Reference Table and Equations °C -200 -100 0 °C 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

emf in Millivolts 0 -10 -8.825 -9.063 -5.237 -5.681 0.000 -0.582 0 10 0.000 0.591 6.319 6.998 13.421 14.164 21.036 21.817 28.946 29.747 37.005 37.815 45.093 45.900 53.112 53.908 61.017 61.801 68.787 69.554 76.373

Thermocouple emf as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference junctions at 0 °C -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -9.274 -9.455 -9.604 -9.718 -9.797 -9.835 -6.107 -6.516 -6.907 -7.279 -7.632 -7.963 -8.273 -8.561 -1.152 -1.709 -2.255 -2.787 -3.306 -3.811 -4.302 -4.777 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1.192 1.801 2.420 3.048 3.685 4.330 4.985 5.648 7.685 8.379 9.081 9.789 10.503 11.224 11.951 12.684 14.912 15.664 16.420 17.181 17.945 18.713 19.484 20.259 22.600 23.386 24.174 24.964 25.757 26.552 27.348 28.146 30.550 31.354 32.159 32.965 33.772 34.579 35.387 36.196 38.624 39.434 40.243 41.053 41.862 42.671 43.479 44.286 46.705 47.509 48.313 49.116 49.917 50.718 51.517 52.315 54.703 55.497 56.289 57.080 57.870 58.659 59.446 60.232 62.583 63.364 64.144 64.922 65.698 66.473 67.246 68.017 70.319 71.082 71.844 72.603 73.360 74.115 74.869 75.621

Temperature ranges and coefficients of equations used to compute the above table: The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + … cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the tem= = = = = = = = = = = = = =

-8.825 -5.237 100 6.319 13.421 21.036 28.946 37.005 45.093 53.112 61.017 68.787 76.373

perature in degrees Celsius (ITS- 90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from Reference 1.

–270 to 0°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13

-100

0°C to 1000°C

0.000 000 000 0 ... 5.866 550 870 8 × 10−2 4.541 097 712 4 × 10−5 –7.799 804 868 6 × 10–7 –2.580 016 084 3 × 10–8 –5.945 258 305 7 × 10–10 –9.321 405 866 7 × 10–12 –1.028 760 553 4 × 10–13 –8.037 012 362 1 × 10–16 –4.397 949 739 1 × 10–18 –1.641 477 635 5 × 10–20 –3.967 361 951 6 × 10–23 –5.582 732 872 1 × 10–26 –3.465 784 201 3 × 10–29

0.000 000 000 0 … 5.866 550 871 0 × 10–2 4.503 227 558 2 × 10–5 2.890 840 721 2 × 10–8 –3.305 689 665 2 × 10–10 6.502 440 327 0 × 10–13 –1.919 749 550 4 × 10–16 –1.253 660 049 7 × 10–18 2.148 921 756 9 × 10–21 –1.438 804 178 2 × 10–24 3.596 089 948 1 × 10–28 ………… ………… …………

Type J Thermocouples: emf-Temperature (°C) Reference Table and Equations Thermocouple emf as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90)

°C -200 -100 0

Section 15.indb 2

emf in Millivolts 0 -10 -7.890 -8.095 -4.633 -5.037 0.000 -0.501

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-5.426 -0.995

-5.801 -1.482

-6.159 -1.961

-6.500 -2.431

-6.821 -2.893

-70 -7.123 -3.344

Reference junctions at 0 °C -80 -90 -7.403 -3.786

-7.659 -4.215

-100 -7.890 -4.633

5/3/05 9:11:20 AM

Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables

15-3

°C 0 100 200 300 400

emf in Millivolts 0 0.000 5.269 10.779 16.327 21.848

10 0.507 5.814 11.334 16.881 22.400

20 1.019 6.360 11.889 17.434 22.952

30 1.537 6.909 12.445 17.986 23.504

40 2.059 7.459 13.000 18.538 24.057

50 2.585 8.010 13.555 19.090 24.610

60 3.116 8.562 14.110 19.642 25.164

70 3.650 9.115 14.665 20.194 25.720

500 600 700 800 900

27.393 33.102 39.132 45.494 51.877

27.953 33.689 39.755 46.141 52.500

28.516 34.279 40.382 46.786 53.119

29.080 34.873 41.012 47.431 53.735

29.647 35.470 41.645 48.074 54.347

30.216 36.071 42.281 48.715 54.956

30.788 36.675 42.919 49.353 55.561

31.362 37.284 43.559 49.989 56.164

31.939 37.896 44.203 50.622 56.763

32.519 38.512 44.848 51.251 57.360

33.102 39.132 45.494 51.877 57.953

1000 1100 1200

57.953 63.792 69.553

58.545 64.370

59.134 64.948

59.721 65.525

60.307 66.102

60.890 66.679

61.473 67.255

62.054 67.831

62.634 68.406

63.214 68.980

63.792 69.553

Temperature ranges and coefficients of equations used to compute the above table: The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + … cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the tem-

c0

c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8

= = = = = = = = =

Reference junctions at 0 °C 80 90 4.187 4.726 9.669 10.224 15.219 15.773 20.745 21.297 26.276 26.834

100 5.269 10.779 16.327 21.848 27.393

perature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from Reference 1.

–260°C to 760°C

760°C to 1200°C

0.000 000 000 0 …

2.964 562 568 1 × 102

−1.497 612 778 6 … 3.178 710 392 4 × 10−3 −3.184 768 670 1 × 10−6 1.572 081 900 4 × 10−9 −3.069 136 905 6 × 10−13 ………… ………… …………

5.038 118 781 5 × 10−2 3.047 583 693 0 × 10−5 −8.568 106 572 0 × 10−8 1.322 819 529 5 × 10−10 −1.705 295 833 7 × 10−13 2.094 809 069 7 × 10−16 −1.253 839 533 6 × 10−19 1.563 172 569 7 × 10−23

Type K Thermocouples: emf-Temperature (°C) Reference Table and Equations °C -200 -100 0 °C 0 100 200 300 400

emf in Millivolts 0 -10 -5.891 -6.035 -3.554 -3.852 0.000 -0.392 0 10 0.000 0.397 4.096 4.509 8.138 8.539 12.209 12.624 16.397 16.820

Thermocouple emf as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference junctions at 0 °C -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -6.158 -6.262 -6.344 -6.404 -6.441 -6.458 -4.138 -4.411 -4.669 -4.913 -5.141 -5.354 -5.550 -5.730 -0.778 -1.156 -1.527 -1.889 -2.243 -2.587 -2.920 -3.243 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.798 1.203 1.612 2.023 2.436 2.851 3.267 3.682 4.920 5.328 5.735 6.138 6.540 6.941 7.340 7.739 8.940 9.343 9.747 10.153 10.561 10.971 11.382 11.795 13.040 13.457 13.874 14.293 14.713 15.133 15.554 15.975 17.243 17.667 18.091 18.516 18.941 19.366 19.792 20.218

-100 -5.891 -3.554 100 4.096 8.138 12.209 16.397 20.644

500 600 700 800 900

20.644 24.905 29.129 33.275 37.326

21.071 25.330 29.548 33.685 37.725

21.497 25.755 29.965 34.093 38.124

21.924 26.179 30.382 34.501 38.522

22.350 26.602 30.798 34.908 38.918

22.776 27.025 31.213 35.313 39.314

23.203 27.447 31.628 35.718 39.708

23.629 27.869 32.041 36.121 40.101

24.055 28.289 32.453 36.524 40.494

24.480 28.710 32.865 36.925 40.885

24.905 29.129 33.275 37.326 41.276

1000 1100 1200 1300

41.276 45.119 48.838 52.410

41.665 45.497 49.202 52.759

42.053 45.873 49.565 53.106

42.440 46.249 49.926 53.451

42.826 46.623 50.286 53.795

43.211 46.995 50.644 54.138

43.595 47.367 51.000 54.479

43.978 47.737 51.355 54.819

44.359 48.105 51.708

44.740 48.473 52.060

45.119 48.838 52.410

Temperature ranges and coefficients of equations used to compute the above table: The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + … cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. In the 0°C to 1372°C range there is also an exponen-

Section 15.indb 3

tial term that must be evaluated and added to the equation. The c1 ( t –126.9686 )2

exponential term is of the form: c0 e , where t is the temperature in °C, e is the natural logarithm base, and c0 and c1 are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from Reference 1.

5/3/05 9:11:22 AM

Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables

15-4 c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 c10

= = = = = = = = = = =

-270°C to 0°C 0.000 000 000 0 3.945 012 802 5 × 10−2 2.362 237 359 8 × 10−5 −3.285 890 678 4 × 10−7 −4.990 482 877 7 × 10−9 −6.750 905 917 3 × 10−11 −5.741 032 742 8 × 10−13 −3.108 887 289 4 × 10−15 −1.045 160 936 5 × 10−17 −1.988 926 687 8 × 10−20 −1.632 269 748 6 × 10−23

0°C to 1372°C −1.760 041 368 6 × 10−2 3.892 120 497 5 × 10−2 1.855 877 003 2 × 10−5 −9.945 759 287 4 × 10−8 3.184 094 571 9 × 10−10 −5.607 284 488 9 × 10−13 5.607 505 905 9 × 10−16 −3.202 072 000 3 × 10−19 9.715 114 715 2 × 10−23 −1.210 472 127 5 × 10−26 ……

0°C to 1372°C (Exponential term) 1.185 976 × 10−1 −1.183 432 × 10−4 .…… .…… .…… .…… .…… .…… .…… .…… .……

Type N Thermocouples: emf-Temperature (°C) Reference Table and Equations °C -200 -100 0 °C 0 100 200 300 400

emf in Millivolts 0 -10 3.990 -4.083 -2.407 -2.612 0.000 -0.260 0 10 0.000 0.261 2.774 3.072 5.913 6.245 9.341 9.696 12.974 13.346

Thermocouple emf as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference junctions at 0 °C -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -4.162 -4.226 -4.277 -4.313 -4.336 -4.345 2.808 2.994 3.171 3.336 -3.491 3.634 -3.766 -3.884 -0.518 -0.772 -1.023 -1.269 -1.509 1.744 -1.972 -2.193 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.525 0.793 1.065 1.340 1.619 1.902 2.189 2.480 3.374 3.680 3.989 4.302 4.618 4.937 5.259 5.585 6.579 6.916 7.255 7.597 7.941 8.288 8.637 8.988 10.054 10.413 10.774 11.136 11.501 11.867 12.234 12.603 13.719 14.094 14.469 14.846 15.225 15.604 15.984 16.366

-100 -3.990 -2.407 100 2.774 5.913 9.341 12.974 16.748

500 600 700 800 900

16.748 20.613 24.527 28.455 32.371

17.131 21.003 24.919 28.847 32.761

17.515 21.393 25.312 29.239 33.151

17.900 21.784 25.705 29.632 33.541

18.286 22.175 26.098 30.024 33.930

18.672 22.566 26.491 30.416 34.319

19.059 22.958 26.883 30.807 34.707

19.447 23.350 27.276 31.199 35.095

19.835 23.742 27.669 31.590 35.482

20.224 24.134 28.062 31.981 35.869

20.613 24.527 28.455 32.371 36.256

1000 1100 1200 1300

36.256 40.087 43.846 47.513

36.641 40.466 44.218

37.027 40.845 44.588

37.411 41.223 44.958

37.795 41.600 45.326

38.179 41.976 45.694

38.562 42.352 46.060

38.944 42.727 46.425

39.326 43.101 46.789

39.706 43.474 47.152

40.087 43.846 47.513

Temperature ranges and coefficients of equations used to compute the above table: The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + … cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the tem-

c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 c10

Section 15.indb 4

= = = = = = = = = = =

–270°C to 0°C 0.000 000 000 0 … 2.615 910 596 2 × 10−2 1.095 748 422 8 × 10−5 – 9.384 111 155 4 × 10−8 – 4.641 203 975 9 × 10−11 – 2.630 335 771 6 × 10−12 – 2.265 343 800 3 × 10−14 – 7.608 930 079 1 × 10−17 – 9.341 966 783 5 × 10−20 ………. ……….

perature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from Reference 1.

0°C to 1300°C 0.000 000 000 0… 2.592 939 460 1 × 10–2 1.571 014 188 0 × 10–5 4.382 562 723 7 × 10–8 –2.526 116 979 4 × 10–10 6.431 181 933 9 × 10–13 –1.006 347 151 9 × 10–15 9.974 533 899 2 × 10–19 –6.086 324 560 7 × 10–22 2.084 922 933 9 × 10–25 –3.068 219 615 1 × 10–29

5/3/05 9:11:23 AM

Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables

15-5

Type R Thermocouples: emf-Temperature (°C) Reference Table and Equations °C 0 °C 0 100 200 300 400

emf in Millivolts 0 -10 0.000 -0.051 0 10 0.000 0.054 0.647 0.723 1.469 1.558 2.401 2.498 3.408 3.512

Thermocouple emf as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference junctions at 0 °C -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -0.100 -0.145 -0.188 -0.226 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.111 0.171 0.232 0.296 0.363 0.431 0.501 0.573 0.800 0.879 0.959 1.041 1.124 1.208 1.294 1.381 1.648 1.739 1.831 1.923 2.017 2.112 2.207 2.304 2.597 2.696 2.796 2.896 2.997 3.099 3.201 3.304 3.616 3.721 3.827 3.933 4.040 4.147 4.255 4.363

-100 100 0.647 1.469 2.401 3.408 4.471

500 600 700 800 900

4.471 5.583 6.743 7.950 9.205

4.580 5.697 6.861 8.073 9.333

4.690 5.812 6.980 8.197 9.461

4.800 5.926 7.100 8.321 9.590

4.910 6.041 7.220 8.446 9.720

5.021 6.157 7.340 8.571 9.850

5.133 6.273 7.461 8.697 9.980

5.245 6.390 7.583 8.823 10.111

5.357 6.507 7.705 8.950 10.242

5.470 6.625 7.827 9.077 10.374

5.583 6.743 7.950 9.205 10.506

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

10.506 11.850 13.228 14.629 16.040

10.638 11.986 13.367 14.770 16.181

10.771 12.123 13.507 14.911 16.323

10.905 12.260 13.646 15.052 16.464

11.039 12.397 13.786 15.193 16.605

11.173 12.535 13.926 15.334 16.746

11.307 12.673 14.066 15.475 16.887

11.442 12.812 14.207 15.616 17.028

11.578 12.950 14.347 15.758 17.169

11.714 13.089 14.488 15.899 17.310

11.850 13.228 14.629 16.040 17.451

1500 1600 1700

17.451 18.849 20.222

17.591 18.988 20.356

17.732 19.126 20.488

17.872 19.264 20.620

18.012 19.402 20.749

18.152 19.540 20.877

18.292 19.677 21.003

18.431 19.814

18.571 19.951

18.710 20.087

18.849 20.222

Temperature ranges and coefficients of equations used to compute the above table: The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temc0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9

= = = = = = = = = =

–50°C to 1064.18°C 0.000 000 000 00 ... 5.289 617 297 65 × 10–3 1.391 665 897 82 × 10–5 –2.388 556 930 17 × 10–8 3.569 160 010 63 × 10–11 –4.623 476 662 98 × 10–14 5.007 774 410 34 × 10–17 –3.731 058 861 91 × 10–20 1.577 164 823 67 × 10–23 –2.810 386 252 51 × 10–27

perature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from Reference 1.

1064.18°C to 1664.5°C 2.951 579 253 16 … –2.520 612 513 32 × 10–3 1.595 645 018 65 × 10–5 –7.640 859 475 76 × 10–9 2.053 052 910 24 × 10–12 –2.933 596 681 73 × 10–16 …………. …………. …………. ………….

1664.5°C to 1768.1°C 1.522 321 182 09 × 102 –2.688 198 885 45 × 10–1 1.712 802 804 71 × 10–4 –3.458 957 064 53 × 10–8 –9.346 339 710 46 × 10–15 …………. …………. …………. …………. ………….

Type S Thermocouples: emf-Temperature (°C) Reference Table and Equations. °C 0 °C 0 100 200 300 400

emf in Millivolts 0 -10 0.000 -0.053 0 10 0.000 0.055 0.646 0.720 1.441 1.526 2.323 2.415 3.259 3.355

Thermocouple emf as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference junctions at 0 °C -20 -30 -40-50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -0.103 -0.150 -0.194 -0.236 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.113 0.173 0.235 0.299 0.365 0.433 0.502 0.573 0.795 0.872 0.950 1.029 1.110 1.191 1.273 1.357 1.612 1.698 1.786 1.874 1.962 2.052 2.141 2.232 2.507 2.599 2.692 2.786 2.880 2.974 3.069 3.164 3.451 3.548 3.645 3.742 3.840 3.938 4.036 4.134

-100 100 0.646 1.441 2.323 3.259 4.233

500 600 700 800 900

4.233 5.239 6.275 7.345 8.449

4.332 5.341 6.381 7.454 8.562

4.432 5.443 6.486 7.563 8.674

4.532 5.546 6.593 7.673 8.787

4.632 5.649 6.699 7.783 8.900

4.732 5.753 6.806 7.893 9.014

4.833 5.857 6.913 8.003 9.128

4.934 5.961 7.020 8.114 9.242

5.035 6.065 7.128 8.226 9.357

5.137 6.170 7.236 8.337 9.472

5.239 6.275 7.345 8.449 9.587

1000 1100 1200

9.587 10.757 11.951

9.703 10.875 12.071

9.819 10.994 12.191

9.935 11.113 12.312

10.051 11.232 12.433

10.168 11.351 12.554

10.285 11.471 12.675

10.403 11.590 12.796

10.520 11.710 12.917

10.638 11.830 13.038

10.757 11.951 13.159

Section 15.indb 5

5/3/05 9:11:25 AM

Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables

15-6

Type S Thermocouples: emf-Temperature (°C) Reference Table and Equations. °C 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

emf in Millivolts 0 -10 13.159 13.280 14.373 14.494 15.582 16.777 17.947

Thermocouple emf as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference junctions at 0 °C -20 -30 -40-50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 13.402 13.523 13.644 13.766 13.887 14.009 14.130 14.251 14.373 14.615 14.736 14.857 14.978 15.099 15.220 15.341 15.461 15.582

15.702 16.895 18.061

15.822 17.013 18.174

15.942 17.131 18.285

16.062 17.249 18.395

Temperature ranges and coefficients of equations used to compute the above table: The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + … cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the tem-

c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8

= = = = = = = = =

–50°C to 1064.18°C 0.000 000 000 00 ... 5.403 133 086 31 × 10–3 1.259 342 897 40 × 10–5 –2.324 779 686 89 × 10–8 3.220 288 230 36 × 10–11 –3.314 651 963 89 × 10–14 2.557 442 517 86 × 10–17 –1.250 688 713 93 × 10–20 2.714 431 761 45 × 10–24

16.182 17.366 18.503

16.301 17.483 18.609

16.420 17.600

16.539 17.717

16.658 17.832

16.777 17.947

perature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from Reference 1.

1064.18°C to 1664.5°C 1.329 004 440 85 … 3.345 093 113 44 × 10–3 6.548 051 928 18 × 10–6 –1.648 562 592 09 × 10–9 1.299 896 051 74 × 10–14 …………. …………. …………. ………….

1664.5°C to 1768.1°C 1.466 282 326 36 × 102 –2.584 305 167 52 × 10–1 1.636 935 746 41 × 10– 4 –3.304 390 469 87 × 10–8 –9.432 236 906 12 × 10–15 …………. …………. …………. ………….

Type T Thermocouples: emf-Temperature (°C) Reference Table and Equations. °C -200 -100 0 °C 0 100 200 300 400

emf in Millivolts 0 -10 -5.603 -5.753 -3.379 -3.657 0.000 -0.383 0 10 0.000 0.391 4.279 4.750 9.288 9.822 14.862 15.445 20.872

Thermocouple emf as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference junctions at 0 °C -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -5.888 -6.007 -6.105 -6.180 -6.232 -6.258 -3.923 -4.177 -4.419 -4.648 -4.865 -5.070 -5.261 -5.439 -0.757 -1.121 -1.475 -1.819 -2.153 -2.476 -2.788 -3.089 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.790 1.196 1.612 2.036 2.468 2.909 3.358 3.814 5.228 5.714 6.206 6.704 7.209 7.720 8.237 8.759 10.362 10.907 11.458 12.013 12.574 13.139 13.709 14.283 16.032 16.624 17.219 17.819 18.422 19.030 19.641 20.255

Temperature ranges and coefficients of equations used to compute the above table: The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + … cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the tem-

c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14

Section 15.indb 6

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

270 °C to 0 °C 0.000 000 000 0 ... 3.874 810 636 4 × 10−2 4.419 443 434 7 × 10−5 1.184 432 310 5 × 10−7 2.003 297 355 4 × 10−8 9.013 801 955 9 × 10−10 2.265 115 659 3 × 10−11 3.607 115 420 5 × 10−13 3.849 393 988 3 × 10−15 2.821 352 192 5 × 10−17 1.425 159 477 9 × 10−19 4.876 866 228 6 × 10−22 1.079 553 927 0 × 10−24 1.394 502 706 2 × 10−27 7.979 515 392 7 × 10−31

-100 -5.603 -3.379 100 4.279 9.288 14.862 20.872

perature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from Reference 1.

0 °C to 400 °C 0.000 000 000 0 ... 3.874 810 636 4 × 10−2 3.329 222 788 0 × 10−5 2.061 824 340 4 × 10−7 −2.188 225 684 6 × 10−9 1.099 688 092 8 × 10−11 −3.081 575 877 2 × 10−14 4.547 913 529 0 × 10−17 −2.751 290 167 3 × 10−20 ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… …………

5/3/05 9:11:26 AM

Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables

15-7

Type B Thermocouples: Coefficients (ci) of Polynomials for the Computation of Temperatures in °C as a Function of the Thermocouple emf in Various Temperature and emf Ranges Temperature range: emf range: c0 = c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = c7 = c8 =

250 °C to 700 °C 0.291 mV to 2.431 mV 9.842 332 1 × 101 6.997 150 0 × 102 −8.476 530 4 × 102 1.005 264 4 × 103 −8.334 595 2 × 102 4.550 854 2 × 102 −1.552 303 7 × 102 2.988 675 0 × 101 −2.474 286 0 …

700 °C to 1820 °C 2.431 mV to 13.820 mV 2.131 507 1 × 102 2.851 050 4 × 102 −5.274 288 7 × 101 9.916 080 4 ... −1.296 530 3 ... 1.119 587 0 × 10−1 −6.062 519 9 × 10−3 1.866 169 6 × 10−4 −2.487 858 5 × 10−6

NOTE— The above coefficients are extracted from Reference 1 and are for an expression of the form shown in Section 10.3.2. They yield approximate values of temperature that agree within ±0.03 °C with the values given in Table 10.2.

Type E Thermocouples: Coefficients (ci) of Polynomials for the Computation of Temperatures in °C as a Function of the Thermocouple emf in Various Temperature and emf Ranges Temperature range: emf range: c0 = c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = c7 = c8 =

-200 °C TO 0 °C -8.825 mV to 0.0 mV 0.000 000 0 … 1.697 728 8 × 101 −4.351 497 0 × 10−1 −1.585 969 7 × 10−1 −9.250 287 1 × 10−2 −2.608 431 4 × 10−2 −4.136 019 9 × 10−3 −3.403 403 0 × 10−4 −1.156 489 0 × 10−5

c9 =

…….

0 °C to 1000 °C 0.0 mV to 76.373 mV 0.000 000 0 … 1.705 703 5 × 101 −2.330 175 9 × 10−1 6.543 558 5 × 10−3 −7.356 274 9 × 10−5 −1.789 600 × 10−6 8.403 616 5 × 10−8 −1.373 587 9 × 10−9 1.062 982 3 × 10−11 −3.244 708 7 × 10−14

NOTE— The above coefficients are extracted from Reference 1 and are for an expression of the form shown in Section 10.3.2. They yield approximate values of temperature that agree within ±0.02 °C with the values given in Table 10.4

Type J Thermocouples: Coefficients (ci) of Polynomials for the Computation of Temperatures in °C as a Function of the Thermocouple emf in Various Temperature and emf Ranges Temperature range: emf Range: c0 = c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = c7 = c8 =

-210 °C to 0 °C -8.095 mVto 0.0 mV 0.000 000 0… 1.952 826 8 × 101 −1.228 618 5 … −1.075 217 8 … −5.908 693 3 × 10−1 −1.725 671 3 × 10−1 −2.813 151 3 × 10−2 −2.396 337 0 × 10−3 −8.382 332 1 × 10−5

0 °C to 760 °C 0.0 mV to 42.919 mV 0.000 000 … 1.978 425 × 101 −2.001 204 × 10−1 1.036 969 × 10−2 −2.549 687 × 10−4 3.585 153 × 10−6 −5.344 285 × 10−8 5.099 890 × 10−10 …….

760 °C to 1200 °C 42.919 mV to 69.553 mV −3.113 581 87 × 103 3.005 436 84 × 102 −9.947 732 30 … 1.702 766 30 × 10−1 1.430 334 68 × 10−3 4.438 860 84 × 10−6 ……. ……. …….

NOTE— The above coefficients are extracted from Reference 1 and are for an expression of the form shown in Section 10.3.2. They yield approximate values of temperature that agree within ± 0.5 °C with the values given in Table 10.6.

Section 15.indb 7

5/3/05 9:11:27 AM

Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables

15-8

Type K Thermocouples: Coefficients (ci) of Polynomials for the Computation of Temperatures in °C as a Function of the Thermocouple emf in Various Temperature and emf Ranges Temperature range: emf Range: c0 = c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = c7 = c8 = c9 =

– 200 °C to 0 °C − 5.891 mV to 0.0 mV 0.000 000 0 … 2.517 346 2 × 101 −1.166 287 8 … − 1.083 363 8 … −8.977 354 0 × 10−1 −3.734 237 7 × 10−1 −8.663 264 3 × 10−2 −1.045 059 8 × 10−2 −5.192 057 7 × 10−4 …….

0 °C to 500 °C 0.0 mV to 20.644 mV 0.000 000 … 2.508 355 × 101 7.860 106 × 10−2 −2.503 131 × 10−1 8.315 270 × 10−2 −1.228 034 × 10−2 9.804 036 × 10−4 −4.413 030 × 10−5 1.057 734 × 10−6 −1.052 755 × 10−8

500 °C to 1372 °C 20.644 mV to 54.886 mV −1.318 058 × 102 4.830 222 × 101 −1.646 031 … 5.464 731 × 10−2 −9.650 715 × 10−4 8.802 193 × 10−6 3.110 810 × 10−8 ……. ……. …….

NOTE—The above coefficients are extracted from Reference 1 and are for an expression of the form shown in Section 10.3.2. They yield approximate values of temperature that agree within ±0.05 °C with the values given in Table 10.8.

Type N Thermocouples: Coefficients (ci) of Polynomials for the Computation of Temperatures in °C as a Function of the Thermocouple emf in Various Temperature and emf Ranges

Temperature range: emf Range: c0 = c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = c7 = c8 = c9 =

–200 °C to 0 °C −3.990 mV to 0.0 mV 0.000 000 0 … 3.843 684 7 × 101 1.101 048 5 … 5.222 931 2 … 7.206 052 5 … 5.848 858 6 … 2.775 491 6 … 7.707 516 6 × 10−1 1.158 266 5 × 10−1 7.313 886 8 × 10−3

0 °C to 600 °C 0.0 mV to 20.613 mV 0.000 00 … 3.868 96 × 101 −1.082 67 … 4.702 05 × 10−2 −2.121 69 × 10−6 −1.172 72 × 10−4 5.392 80 × 10−6 −7.981 56 × 10−8 ……… ………

600 °C to 1300 °C 20.613 mV to 47.513 mV 1.972 485 × 101 3.300 943 × 101 −3.915 159 × 10−1 9.855 391× 10−3 −1.274 371 × 10−4 7.767 022 × 10−7 ……… ……… ……… ………

NOTE—The above coefficients are extracted from Reference 1 and are for an expression of the form shown in Section 10.3.2. They yield approximate values of temperature that agree within ± 0.04 °C with the values given in Table 10.10.

Type R Thermocouples: Coefficients (ci) of Polynomials for the Computation of Temperatures in °C as a Function of the Thermocouple emf in Various Temperature and emf Ranges Temperature range: emf Range: c0 = c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = c7 = c8 = c9 = c10 =

− 50 °C to 250 °C − 0.226 mV to 1.923 mV 0.000 000 0 … 1.889 138 0 × 102 −9.383 529 0 × 101 1.306 861 9 × 102 −2.270 358 0 × 102 3.514 565 9 × 102 −3.895 390 0 × 102 2.823 947 1 × 102 −1.260 728 1 × 102 3.135 361 1 × 101 −3.318 776 9 …

250 °C to 1200 °C 1.923 mV to 13.228 mV 1.334 584 505 × 101 1.472 644 573 × 102 −1.844 024 844 × 101 4.031 129 726 … −6.249 428 360 × 10− 1 6.468 412 046 × 10− 2 −4.458 750 426 × 10− 3 1.994 710 149 × 10− 4 −5.313 401 790 × 10−6 6.481 976 217 × 10− 8 ………

1064°C to 1664.5 °C 11.361 mV to 19.739 mV −8.199 599 416 × 101 1.553 962 042 × 102 −8.342 197 663 4.279 433 549 × 10-1 −1.191 577 910× 10-2 1.492 290 091× 10-4 ……… ……… ……… ……… ………

1664.5 °C to 1768.1 °C 19.739 mV to 21.103 mV 3.406 177 836 × 104 −7.023 729 171 × 103 5.582 903 813 × 102 −1.952 394 635 × 101 2.560 740 231 × 10−1 ……… ……… ……… ……… ……… ………

NOTE—The above coefficients are extracted from Reference 1 and are for an expression of the form shown in Section 10.3.2. They yield approximate values of temperature that agree within ±0.02 °C with the values given in Table 10.12.

Section 15.indb 8

5/3/05 9:11:27 AM

Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables

15-9

Type S Thermocouples: Coefficients (ci) of Polynomials for the Computation of Temperatures in °C as a Function of the Thermocouple emf in Various Temperature and emf Ranges Temperature range: emf Range: c0 = c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = c7 = c8 = c9 =

–50 °C to 250 °C –0.235 mV to 1.874 mV 0.000 000 00 . . . 1.849 494 60 × 102 -8.005 040 62 × 101 1.022 374 30 × 102 -1.522 485 92 × 102 1.888 213 43 × 102 -1.590 859 41 × 102 8.230 278 80 × 101 -2.341 819 44 × 101 2.797 862 60 . . .

250 °C to 1200 °C 1.874 mV to 11.950 mV

1.291 507 177 × 101 1.466 298 863 × 102 -1.534 713 402 ×101 3.145 945 973 . . . -4.163 257 839 × 10-1 3.187 963 771 × 10-2 -1.291 637 500 × 10-3 2.183 475 087 × 10-5 -1.447 379 511 × 10-7 8.211 272 125 × 10-9

1064 °C to 1664.5 °C 10.332 mV to 17.536 mV

-8.087 801 117 ×101 1.621 573 104 × 102 -8.536 869 453 . . . 4.719 686 976 × 10-1 -1.441 693 666 × 10-2 2.081 618 890 × 10-4 ………. ………. ………. ……….

1664.5 °C to 1768.1 °C 17.536 mV to 18.693 mV

5.333 875 126 × 104 -1.235 892 298 × 104 1.092 657 613 × 103 -4.265 693 686 × 101 6.247 205 420 × 10-1 ………. ………. ………. ………. ……….

NOTE—The above coefficients are extracted from Reference 1 and are for an expression of the form shown in Section 10.3.2. They yield approximate values of temperature that agree within ± 0.02 °C with the values given in Table 10.14.

Type T Thermocouples: Coefficients (ci) of Polynomials for the Computation of temperatures in °C as a Function of the Thermocouple emf in Various Temperature and emf Ranges

Temperature range: emf Range: c0 = c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = c7 =

–200 °C to 0 °C –5.603 mV to 0.0 mV 0.000 000 0 . . . 2.594 919 2 × 101 -2.131 696 7 × 10-1 7.901 869 2 × 10-1 4.252 777 7 × 10-1 1.330 447 3 × 10-1 2.024 144 6 × 10-2 1.266 817 1 × 10-3

0 °C to 400 °C 0.0 mV to 20.872 mV 0.000 000 . . . 2.592 800 × 101 -7.602 961 × 10-1 4.637 791 × 10-2 -2.165 394 × 10-3 6.048 144 × 10-5 -7.293 422 × 10-7 ……….

NOTE—The above coefficients are extracted from Reference 1 and are for an expression of the form shown in Section 10.3.2. They yield approximate values of temperature that agree within ± 0.04 °C with the values given in Table 10.16.

Section 15.indb 9

5/3/05 9:11:28 AM

SECONDAR Y REFERENCE POINTS ON THE ITS -90 TEMPERATURE SCALE The International Temperature Scale of 1990 is described in Section 1 of this Handbook , where the defining fixed points are listed. The Consultative Committee on Thermometry (CCT) of the International Committee on Weights and Measures (CIPM), which oversees the temperature scale, has recommended a number of secondary reference points whose values have been accurately determined with respect to the primary fixed points. The most accurate of these, referred to as “first quality points”, satisfy several criteria involving purity of the material, reproducibility, and documentation of the measurements. The CCT also lists “second quality points” that do not yet satisfy all the criteria but are still useful. Taken together,

Reference Bedford, R. E., Bonnier, G., Maas, H., and Pavese, F., Metrologia 33, 133, 1996.

Type of Transition

T90/K

t90/°C

First quality points Zinc Aluminum Helium (4He) Indium Lead Niobium Deuterium (2H2) Deuterium (2H2) Neon (20Ne) Neon Nitrogen Nitrogen Argon Oxygen Methane Xenon Carbon dioxide Mercury Water Gallium Water Indium Bismuth Cadmium Lead Antimony Copper/71.9% silver Palladium Platinum Rhodium Iridium Molybdenum Tungsten

Superconductive transition Superconductive transition Superfluid transition Superconductive transition Superconductive transition Superconductive transition Triple point (equilibrium D2) Triple point (normal D2) Triple point Boiling point Triple point Boiling point Boiling point Condensation point Triple point Triple point Triple point Freezing point Ice point Triple point Boiling point Triple point Freezing point Freezing point Freezing point Freezing point Eutectic melting point Freezing point Freezing point Freezing point Freezing point Melting point Melting point

0.8500 1.1810 2.1768 3.4145 7.1997 9.2880 18.689 18.724 24.541 27.097 63.151 77.352 87.303 90.197 90.694 161.405 216.592 234.3210 273.15 302.9166 373.124 429.7436 544.552 594.219 600.612 903.778 1052.78 1828.0 2041.3 2236 2719 2895 3687

-272.300 -271.9690 -270.9732 -269.7355 -265.9503 -263.8620 -254.461 -254.426 -248.609 -246.053 -209.999 -195.798 -185.847 -182.953 -182.456 -111.745 -56.558 -38.8290 0 29.7666 99.974 156.5936 271.402 321.069 327.462 630.628 779.63 1554.8 1768.2 1963 2446 2622 3414

0.0001 0.001 0.0002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.05 0.1 0.4 3 6 4 7

Second quality points Hydrogen Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Oxygen Krypton Carbon dioxide

Triple point (normal H2) Boiling point (normal H2)
- transition
- transition - transition Triple point Sublimation point

13.952 20.388 23.868 35.614 43.796 115.775 194.686

-259.198 -252.762 -249.282 -237.536 -229.354 -157.375 -78.464

0.002 0.002 0.005 0.006 0.001 0.001 0.003

Substance

15-10

these secondary reference points, help fill in the gaps between the primary fixed points. The table below describes these secondary reference points. The best values resulting from the CCT evaluation are listed on both the Kelvin and Celsius scales, along with an estimate of uncertainty. Full details are given in the reference. The entries within each quality group are listed in order of increasing temperature.

Uncert.

0.0030 0.0025 0.0001 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.0005

15-11

Secondar y Reference Points on the ITS -90 Temperature Scale Substance Sulfur hexafluoride Gallium/20% indium Gallium/8% tin Diphenyl ether Ethylene carbonate Succinonitrile Sodium Benzoic acid Benzoic acid Mercury Sulfur Copper/66.9% aluminum Silver/30% aluminum Sodium chloride Sodium Nickel Cobalt Iron Titanium Zirconium Aluminum oxide Ruthenium

Type of Transition Triple point Eutectic melting point Eutectic melting point Triple point Triple point Triple point Freezing point Triple point Freezing point Boiling point Boiling point Eutectic melting point Eutectic melting point Freezing point Boiling point Freezing point Freezing point Freezing point Melting point Melting point Melting point Melting point

T90/K 223.554 288.800 293.626 300.014 309.465 331.215 370.944 395.486 395.502 629.769 717.764 840.957 840.957 1075.168 1156.090 1728 1768 1811 1943 2127 2326 2606

t90/°C -49.596 15.650 20.476 26.864 36.315 58.065 97.794 122.336 122.352 356.619 444.614 567.807 567.807 802.018 882.940 1455 1495 1538 1670 1854 2053 2333

Uncert. 0.005 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.010 0.002 0.011 0.005 1 3 3 2 8 2 10

RELATIVE SENSITIVITY OF BAYARD-ALPERT IONIZATION GAUGES TO VARIOUS GASES Paul Redhead The ion current I+ in a hot-cathode ionization gauge is given by I+ = KIeP. The gauge constant is K = (I+/Ie)(1/P), where Ie is the electron current, and P the pressure. The sensitivity is given by S = KIe = I+/P. The constant K is independent of pressure below about 10-3 Pa.

Gas Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Nitrogen Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Water Sulfur hexafluoride Mercury Methane Ethane Propane Butane Ethene Propene Acetylene Allene 1-Propyne (Methyl acetylene) Benzene

References 1. Hollanda, R., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 10, 1133, 1973. 2. Nakayama, K., and Hojo, H., Jap. J. Appl. Phys., Suppl. 2, part 1, p. 113, 1974.

Relative sensitivities for different Bayard-Alpert ionization gauges may differ by as much as ± 15% as a result of differences in applied voltages, electron current, and electrode structure. The table below presents the average of the measurements of 12 experimenters on Bayard-Alpert ionization gauges in various gases. The sensitivity relative to nitrogen is tabulated.

He Ne Ar Kr Xe N2 H2 O2 CO CO2 H2O SF6 Hg CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C2H4 C3H6 C2H2 C3H4 C3H4 C6H6

Relative sensitivity S/S(N2) 0.18 0.31 1.4 1.9 2.7 1.00 0.43 0.96 1.0 1.4 0.93 2.3 3.5 1.6 2.6 3.5 4.3 1.3 1.8 0.61 1.3 1.4 3.8

3. Tilford, C. R., J. Vac. Sci. Technol.A, 1, 152, 1983. 4. Tilford, C. R., in Physical Methods of Chemistry, vol.6, Determination of Thermodynamic Properties, B. W. Rossiter and R. C. Baetzoid, Eds., pp. 101-173, John Wiley, New York, 1992.

15-12

Section 15.indb 12

5/3/05 9:11:29 AM

Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents This table summarizes the properties of 575 liquids that are commonly used in the laboratory as solvents or chemical reagents. The properties tabulated are: Mr : tm: tb : ρ:

Molecular weight Melting point in °C Normal boiling point in °C Density in g/mL at the temperature in °C indicated by the superscript η: Viscosity in mPa s (1 mPa s = 1 centipoise) ε: Dielectric constant at ambient temperature (15 to 30°C) Dipole moment in D μ: cp: Specific heat capacity of the liquid at constant pressure at 25°C in J/g K vp: Vapor pressure at 25°C in kPa (1 kPa = 7.50 mmHg) FP: Flash point in °C Fl.Lim: Flammable (explosive) limit in air in percent by volume Autoignition temperature in °C IT TLV Threshold limit for allowable airborne concentration in parts per million by volume at 25°C and atmospheric pressure

Name

Mol. form.

Mr

t m/°C

t b/°C

Acetaldehyde

C2H4O

44.052

-123.37

20.1

Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetone cyanohydrin Acetonitrile Acetophenone Acetyl bromide Acetyl chloride Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Allyl alcohol Allylamine 2-Amino-2-methyl-1propanol 3-Amino-1-propanol Aniline Anisole Antimony(V) chloride Antimony(V) fluoride Arsenic(III) chloride Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzeneacetonitrile Benzeneethanamine Benzeneethanol Benzenemethanethiol Benzenesulfonyl chloride Benzenethiol Benzonitrile Benzoyl chloride Benzyl acetate Benzyl alcohol Benzylamine 2,2’-Bioxirane

C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C4H7NO C2H3N C8H8O C2H3BrO C2H3ClO C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N C3H6O C3H7N C4H11NO

60.052 102.089 58.079 85.105 41.052 120.149 122.948 78.497 56.063 72.063 53.063 58.079 57.095 89.136

16.64 -74.1 -94.7 -19 -43.82 20.5 -96 -112.8 -87.7 12.5 -83.48 -129 -88.2 25.5

C3H9NO C6H7N C7H8O Cl5Sb F5Sb AsCl3 C7H6O C6H6 C8H7N C8H11N C8H10O C7H8S C6H5ClO2S C6H6S C7H5N C7H5ClO C9H10O2 C7H8O C7H9N C4H6O2

75.109 93.127 108.138 299.024 216.752 181.280 106.122 78.112 117.149 121.180 122.164 124.204 176.621 110.177 103.122 140.567 150.174 108.138 107.153 86.090

12.4 -6.02 -37.13 4 8.3 -16 -57.1 5.49 -23.8 <0 -27 -30 14.5 -14.93 -13.99 -0.4 -51.3 -15.4



487_S15.indb 13

2.0

Data on the temperature dependence of viscosity, dielectric constant, and vapor pressure can be found in the pertinent tables in this Handbook.

References 1. Lide, D. R., Handbook of Organic Solvents, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 3. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 4. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 11th Edition, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1994. 5. Urben, P. G., Ed., Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1995. 6. 2004 TLV’s and BEI’s, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634, 2004.

ρ/g mL-1 η/mPa s ε

μ/D

cp/J g-1K-1 vp/kPa

FP/ °C Fl. lim.

IT/°C TLV/ppm

21.0

2.750

2.020

120

-39

4-60%

175

25

117.9 139.5 56.05 95 81.65 202 76 50.7 52.6 141 77.3 97.0 53.3 165.5

1.044625 1.08220 0.784525 0.93219 0.785720 1.028120 1.662516 1.105120 0.84020 1.051120 0.800725 0.854020 0.75820 0.93420

1.056 0.843 0.306

6.20 22.45 21.01

1.70 ≈ 2.8 2.88

2.053 1.648 2.175

2.07 0.680 30.8

0.369 1.681

36.64 17.44

3.92 3.02

2.229 1.703

4-20% 2.7-10.3% 3-13% 2.2-12% 3-16%

463 316 465 688 524 570

10 5 500 4.6 20 10

0.368

15.8

2.72 3.1

1.491

11.9 0.049 16.2 38.4 36.2 0.53 14.1 3.14 33.1

39 49 -20 74 6 77

390 220 438 481 378 374

0.1 2 2 0.5

187.5 184.17 153.7 140 dec 141 130 178.8 80.09 233.5 195 218.2 194.5 251 dec 169.1 191.1 197.2 213 205.31 185 144

0.982426 1.021720 0.994020 2.34 3.10 2.150 1.040125 0.876520 1.020515 0.964025 1.020220 1.05820 1.347015 1.077520 1.009315 1.212020 1.055020 1.041924 0.981320 1.11320

0.783418

1.218

3.85 1.056

2.8-31% 2.4-8% 3-17% 3-18% 2-22%

33.0 19.7

3.87 1.60 1.2

7.06 4.30 3.222

1.13 1.38

2.061 1.840

0.090 0.472

80 70 52

1.3-11%

1.59 3.0 0 3.5

1.621 1.741

5.38 0.169 12.7 0.012

63 -11 113

1-8%

2.068

0.01

96

0.604

17.85 2.2825 17.87

1.267

12.31 4.705 28.90 4.26 25.9 23.0 5.34 11.916 5.18

5.47 1.624

2.022 2.05 2.392

4 -26 50 0 21 -29 67

1.23 4.18

1.572 1.602

1.22 1.71

0.989 2.015

0.008 0.26 0.11 0.084 0.022 0.015 0.096

615 475

192 498

2

0.5

0.1 72 90 93

460 436

0.5 10

15-13

3/20/06 11:35:43 AM

Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents

15-14 Name Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine N,N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2ethanediamine Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Bis(chloromethyl) ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Bromine Bromobenzene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane, (±)Bromochloromethane Bromodichloromethane Bromoethane Bromoethene 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Bromopentane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 3-Bromopropene 2-Bromotoluene Bromotrichloromethane Butanal 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol 2,3-Butanedione Butanenitrile 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol Butanoic acid Butanoic anhydride 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Butanone trans-2-Butenal cis-2-Butenoic acid 2-Butoxyethanol Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Butyl acrylate Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Butyl benzoate tert-Butyl ethyl ether tert-Butyl hydroperoxide 1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene Butyl vinyl ether γ-Butyrolactone Carbon disulfide Chloroacetaldehyde Chloroacetone Chloroacetyl chloride 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline Chlorobenzene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane Chlorocyclohexane Chlorodibromomethane Chloroethane

487_S15.indb 14

Mol. form.

Mr

t m/°C

t b/°C

C4H13N3 C6H18N4

103.166 146.234

-39 12

207 266.5

C4H8Cl2O C2H4Cl2O C24H38O4 C4H10O2S BBr3 BCl3 Br2 C6H5Br C4H9Br C4H9Br CH2BrCl CHBrCl2 C2H5Br C2H3Br C4H9Br C5H11Br C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H5Br C7H7Br CBrCl3 C4H8O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H6O2 C4H7N C4H10S C4H10S C4H8O2 C8H14O3 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8O C4H6O C4H6O2 C6H14O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C7H12O2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C10H14 C10H14 C11H14O2 C6H14O C4H10O2 C11H16 C6H12O C4H6O2 CS2 C2H3ClO C3H5ClO C2H2Cl2O C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H5Cl C4H5Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C6H11Cl CHBr2Cl C2H5Cl

143.012 114.958 390.557 122.186 250.523 117.169 159.808 157.008 137.018 137.018 129.384 163.829 108.965 106.949 137.018 151.045 122.992 122.992 120.976 171.035 198.274 72.106 90.121 90.121 90.121 86.090 69.106 90.187 90.187 88.106 158.195 74.121 74.121 72.106 70.090 86.090 118.174 116.158 116.158 128.169 73.137 73.137 73.137 134.218 134.218 178.228 102.174 90.121 148.245 100.158 86.090 76.141 78.497 92.524 112.942 127.572 127.572 112.557 88.536 92.567 92.567 118.604 208.280 64.514

-51.9 -41.5 -55 -10.2 -45 -107 -7.2 -30.72 -112.6 -112.65 -87.9 -57 -118.6 -139.54 -16.2 -88.0 -110.3 -89.0 -119 -27.8 -5.65 -96.86 -77 20.4 7.6 -1.2 -111.9 -115.7 -165 -5.1 -75 -88.6 -88.5 -86.64 -76 15 -74.8 -78 -98.9 -64.6 -49.1 <-72 -66.94 -87.85 -57.8 -22.4 -94 6 -52 -92 -43.61 -112.1 -16.3 -44.5 -22 -1.9 -10.28 -45.31 -130 -123.1 -131.3 -43.81 -20 -138.4

178.5 106 384 282 91 12.65 58.8 156.06 101.6 91.3 68.0 90 38.5 15.8 73.3 129.8 71.1 59.5 70.1 181.7 105 74.8 207.5 235 182.5 88 117.6 98.5 85.0 163.75 200 117.73 99.51 79.59 102.2 169 168.4 126.1 112 145 77.00 62.73 44.04 183.31 169.1 250.3 72.6 89 dec 190 94 204 46 85.5 119 106 208.8 230.5 131.72 59.4 78.4 68.2 142 120 12.3

ρ/g mL-1 η/mPa s ε

μ/D

cp/J g-1K-1 vp/kPa

FP/ °C Fl. lim.

IT/°C TLV/ppm

0.956920

12.62 10.76

1.9

2.462

0.03

98

2-7%

358

1

1.2220 1.32315 0.98125 1.179325 2.6

21.20 3.51 5.3 28.61

2.6

1.545

0.143

55

3%-

369

2.84

1.804

0.00000005 218 0.08 160

5 0.001 0.3

3.1028 1.495020 1.275820 1.258520 1.934420 1.98020 1.460420 1.493320 1.427820 1.218220 1.353720 1.314020 1.39820 1.423220 2.01225 0.801620 1.005320 1.017120 1.003320 0.980818 0.793620 0.841620 0.829520 0.952825 0.966820 0.809520 0.806320 0.799925 0.851620 1.026720 0.901520 0.882520 0.874820 0.889820 0.741420 0.724620 0.695820 0.860120 0.866520 1.00020 0.73625 0.896020 0.861220 0.788820 1.129620 1.263220 1.19 1.1520 1.420220

0.944 1.074 0.606

0.374

0.489 0.458 0.471

0.553

1.426 2.54 3.10 0.405

0.685

0.574

0.950

9.01 5.63 10.98 6.31 8.09 9.46 7.0 4.641 2.405 13.45 28.8 31.9 4.04 24.83 5.204 5.645 2.98 12.8 17.84 17.26 18.56

9.30 5.07 5.135 5.25 4.71 58.5 2.359 2.359 5.52

0.41

2.03 1.42 2.17 2.20 2.18 2.21 ≈ 1.9

0.925 1.007 1.102 0.875 0.702 1.075

2.72

2.270 2.521 2.220 2.363

2.58

2.378 1.961 1.958 2.450

0.731 12.2

2.627 1.813 1.773

48.4 0.150 0.280 0.005 16.5

2.301 1.898

1.65

2.027 1.793 2.391 2.656 2.201 1.361

2.1 1.9 1.87 1.0 1.28 1.3 ≈0 ≈ 0.83

0.352

0.753 0.422

39.0 2.6320

13.40 13.3 5.6895 4.914 7.276 8.564 7.9505 9.45

≈0 1.25 4.27 0

2.316 1.642 1.003

2.23 1.77 1.69

156 28.2 0.556 5.26 9.32 19.5 62.5 141 17.7 1.68 18.6 28.9 18.6 0.17 5.35 15.7 0.008 0.002 0.02 7.45 2.55 6.07 10.8 0.221 0.07 0.86 2.32 12.6 4.92 0.06 0.15 1.66

3.9 1.53

1.66 1.8 2.78 3.67

298 1

0.911 0.474 0.983 0.798

2.13

3.32 1.216120 1.105820 0.95620 0.885720 0.873220 1.00020 2.45120 0.92390

3.1484 5.45 7.315 8.64

0 0 0 1.70 2.08 2.23 1.7

1.558 1.334

2.05 2.04 2.1

1.891

2.05

1.617

0.1 51 18 21

2.6-6.6%

565 265 200

7-8% 9-15%

511 530

5 0.5

32 490 -1 79

4.4-7.3%

295

-22 121 121

2-12.5%

218 395 402

27 24 2 -23 72 54 37 24 -9 13 69 22 31 29 -12 -9 -9 71 60 107

>1.6%

501 0.5

2-10% 0.9-5.8% 1-11% 2-10% 1-11% 2.1-15.5%

443 279 343 405 404 232

4-13% 2-8% 1.7-9.8% 1.7-9.9% 2-10%

238 425 292 312

2-9% 0.8-5.8% 0.7-5.7%

380 410 450

20 100 200 0.3 20 150 200 2 5

5

0.09 6.65 0.43 48.2

27 68 -9 98 -30

2 3.33 0.034 0.0156 1.6 29.5 13.7 21.0 1.0

28 -20 -12 -10 32

1-10% 4-20% 2-10%

160

-50

4-15%

1 255 1-50%

90

705 593

10 1 1 0.05

10 10

240

519

100

3/20/06 11:35:47 AM

Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents Name 2-Chloroethanol 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether (Chloromethyl)benzene Chloromethyl methyl ether 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Chloronaphthalene 1-Chlorooctane 1-Chloropentane 2-Chlorophenol 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 3-Chloropropanenitrile 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Chlorosulfonic acid 2-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene Chromyl chloride trans-Cinnamaldehyde o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyanogen chloride Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclohexylamine 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Cyclopentane Cyclopentanol Cyclopentanone cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Diacetone alcohol Dibenzyl ether Dibromodifluoromethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Dibutylamine Dibutyl ether Di-tert-butyl peroxide Dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl sebacate Dibutyl sulfide Dichloroacetic acid o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene Dichlorodimethylsilane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene Dichloromethane

487_S15.indb 15

Mol. form.

Mr

t m/°C

t b/°C

C2H5ClO C4H7ClO C7H7Cl C2H5ClO C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C10H7Cl C8H17Cl C5H11Cl C6H5ClO C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7ClO2 C3H4ClN C3H5Cl C3H5Cl ClHO3S C7H7Cl C7H7Cl Cl2CrO2 C9H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O CClN C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C6H13N C5H6 C5H10 C5H10O C5H8O C10H18 C10H18 C10H30O5Si5

80.513 106.551 126.584 80.513 92.567 92.567 162.616 148.674 106.594 128.556 78.541 78.541 110.540 89.524 76.525 76.525 116.525 126.584 126.584 154.900 132.159 108.138 108.138 108.138 61.471 56.107 84.159 100.158 98.142 82.143 99.174 66.102 70.133 86.132 84.117 138.250 138.250 370.770

-67.5 -70 -45 -103.5 -130.3 -25.60 -2.5 -57.8 -99.0 9.4 -122.9 -117.18 -51 -137.4 -134.5 -80 -35.8 7.5 -96.5 -7.5 31.03 12.24 34.77 -6.5 -90.7 6.59 25.93 -27.9 -103.5 -17.8 -85 -93.4 -17.5 -51.90 -42.9 -30.4 -38

128.6 108 179 59.5 68.5 50.9 259 183.5 108.4 174.9 46.5 35.7 213 dec 175.5 22.6 45.1 152 159.0 162.4 117 246 191.04 202.27 201.98 13 12.6 80.73 160.84 155.43 82.98 134 41 49.3 140.42 130.57 195.8 187.3 210

1.201920 1.049520 1.100420 1.06310 0.877320 0.842020 1.188025 0.873420 0.882020 1.263420 0.889920 0.861720 1.32518 1.157320 0.901720 0.937620 1.75 1.082520 1.069720 1.91 1.049720 1.032735 1.033920 1.018540 1.18620 0.70380 0.773925 0.962420 0.947820 0.811020 0.819120 0.802120 0.745720 0.948820 0.948720 0.896520 0.865925 0.959320

C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C6H12O2 C14H14O CBr2F2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C2Br2F4 C8H19N C8H18O C8H18O2 C16H22O4 C18H34O4 C8H18S C2H2Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C4H6Cl2 C2H6Cl2Si C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 CH2Cl2

156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 116.158 198.260 209.816 187.861 173.835 259.823 129.244 130.228 146.228 278.344 314.461 146.294 128.942 147.002 147.002 124.997 129.061 98.959 98.959 96.943 96.943 96.943 84.933

-4.0 -29.6 31.4 6.9 -66.3 -44 1.8 -110.1 9.84 -52.5 -110.32 -62 -95.2 -40 -35 -10 -79.7 10 -17.0 -24.8 1.0 -16 -96.9 -35.7 -122.56 -80.0 -49.8 -97.2

208.5 174.15 268.7 231.1 170.5 167.9 298 22.76 131.6 97 47.35 159.6 140.28 111 340 344.5 185 194 180 173 155.4 70.3 57.3 83.5 31.6 60.1 48.7 40

0.83015 0.726625 0.885840 0.829720 0.740820 0.938720 1.042820

15-15

ρ/g mL-1 η/mPa s ε

2.168325 2.496920 2.14925 0.767020 0.768420 0.70420 1.046520 0.940515 0.838620 1.563420 1.305920 1.288420 1.18325 1.06425 1.175720 1.245425 1.21320 1.283720 1.256520 1.326620

3.59 0.334 0.303

μ/D

cp/J g-1K-1 vp/kPa

25.80

1.78

6.854

1.8

1.44

7.027 9.663 5.04 5.05 6.654 7.40 8.588

2.00 2.13 1.57 2.00 2.16

1.713 1.867 1.307 1.335

2.05 2.17

1.2

1.468 1.683

0.164 24.9 19.9 42.7 0.003 0.11 4.36 0.308 45.8 68.9

FP/ °C Fl. lim.

IT/°C TLV/ppm

60 27 67

5-16%

425

1

1%-

585

1

-6 0 121 70 13 64 <-18 -32

2-8.7%

1.6-8.6%

260

2.6-11% 2.8-11%

520 593

76 -37 -32

4.5-16% 2.9-11%

485

>558

31.0

0.314

8.92 8.2

1.647 1.94

0.964 0.837

4.721 6.25

1.56 2.21

1.635 1.318

110 48.9 0.42 0.482 0.4

1 50 0.025

12.91

17.72 6.76 12.44 13.05

0.894 57.5 2.02 0.625 1.944

2.0243 16.40 16.1 2.2176 4.547

0.413

1.9687 18.5 13.58 2.219 2.184 2.50

3.04 1.948

1.45 1.48 1.48 2.8331 0 ≈0 2.87 0.33 1.3 0.419 ≈0 3.3 ≈0 ≈0

0.838

1.9853

≈0

10.91 0.756 2.80

7.93 2.136 18.2 3.821

≈0 3.2

1.595 0.980

4.9612 7.77 2.34 2.765 3.0830

0.918 0.637 16.63

1.324 1.044

6.58 4.54 4.29 8.33 10.12 5.02

0.66 1.2 1.43

2.160 2.080 2.044

1.841 2.079 1.856 1.805

1.837 2.119 1.84 1.678 1.653

2.210 2.761 2.341 2.144 1.905

0.005 0.041 0.019 0.017 157 13.0 0.10 0.53 11.8 1.20 58.5 42.3 0.294 1.55 0.10 0.164 0.02 0.02 0.170 0.009 0.210 0.224 110 1.55 6.12 43.4 0.34 0.898 3.43

1.0 1.17

0.724 0.61 0.69 2.266 2.136

2.82 2.48 1.61

1.789 1.968 1.943

2.50 1.72

1.105 1.163

0.09 0.03 0.18 0.252

1.276 1.298 1.148 1.201 1.205 1.192

18.9 30.5 10.6 80.0 26.8 44.2 58.2

81 86 86

>1.4% >1.1% >1.1%

599 558 558

5 5 5 0.3

<10 -20 68 44 -12 31

>1.8% 1-8% 1-9% 1-9% >1.2% 1-9%

245 300 420 310 293

-25 51 26

2%-

361

100 50 20 300 10 75 600

54

1-5%

255

51

0.8-5.4%

210

2-7%

288 235 643

82 <55 58 135

50 100

47 25 18 157 178 76

1-6% 1.5-7.6%

194

>0.5% >0.4%

402 365

0.4

66 72

2-9%

648

25

<21 -17 13 -28 6 2

3.4-9.5% 5-11% 6-16% 7-16% 3-15% 6-13% 13-23%

0.005 0.464 0.779 0.445 0.317 0.413

10.10 10.42 4.60 9.20 2.14 8.93

2.06 1.8 1.34 1.90 0 1.60

458 413 570 460 460 556

100 10 5 200 200 50

3/20/06 11:35:51 AM

Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents

15-16 Name (Dichloromethyl)benzene 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)1,3-Dichloropropane 2,3-Dichloropropene 2,4-Dichlorotoluene Dicyclohexylamine Diethanolamine 1,1-Diethoxyethane 1,2-Diethoxyethane Diethylamine N,N-Diethylaniline o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethyl ether Diethyl maleate Diethyl malonate Diethyl oxalate Diethyl phthalate Diethyl succinate Diethyl sulfate Diethyl sulfide Diiodomethane Diiodosilane Diisobutylamine Diisopentyl ether Diisopropylamine Diisopropyl ether 1,2-Dimethoxyethane Dimethoxymethane Dimethylacetal N,N-Dimethylacetamide 2,3-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Dimethylcarbamic chloride Dimethyl disulfide N,N-Dimethylethanolamine N,N-Dimethylformamide 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Dimethyl phthalate 2,6-Dimethylpyridine Dimethyl sulfate Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxolane Dipentyl ether Dipropylamine

487_S15.indb 16

Mol. form.

Mr

t m/°C

t b/°C

C7H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C12H23N C4H11NO2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C4H11N C10H15N C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C5H10O3 C4H10O3 C8H18O3

161.029 112.986 112.986 112.986 110.970 161.029 181.318 105.136 118.174 118.174 73.137 149.233 134.218 134.218 134.218 118.131 106.120 162.227

-17 -100.53 -99.5 10 -13.5 -0.1 28 -100 -74.0 -49.8 -38.8 -31.2 -83.9 -42.83 -43 -10.4 -45

205 88.1 96.4 120.9 94 201 256 dec 268.8 102.25 121.2 55.5 216.3 184 181.1 183.7 126 245.8 188

1.2625 1.132120 1.156020 1.178525 1.21120 1.247620 0.912320 1.096620 0.825420 0.835125 0.705620 0.930720 0.880020 0.860220 0.862020 0.969225 1.119715 0.906320

C6H14O3

134.173

-68

162

0.943420

C8H18O3

162.227

-68

231

0.955320

C6H14O3

134.173

196

0.988520

1.6

C8H16O4

176.211

218.5

1.009620

1.8

C5H12O3

120.147

193

1.03520

1.6

C4H10O C8H12O4 C7H12O4 C6H10O4 C12H14O4 C8H14O4 C4H10O4S C4H10S CH2I2 H2I2Si C8H19N C10H22O C6H15N C6H14O C4H10O2 C3H8O2 C4H10O2 C4H9NO C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C6H14 C6H14 C6H12O C3H6ClNO C2H6S2 C4H11NO C3H7NO C9H18O C2H8N2 C10H10O4 C7H9N C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6OS C4H8O2 C3H6O2 C10H22O C6H15N

74.121 172.179 160.168 146.141 222.237 174.195 154.185 90.187 267.836 283.911 129.244 158.281 101.190 102.174 90.121 76.095 90.121 87.120 121.180 121.180 121.180 86.175 86.175 100.158 107.539 94.199 89.136 73.094 142.238 60.098 194.184 107.153 126.132 62.134 78.133 88.106 74.079 158.281 101.190

34.5 223 200 185.7 295 217.7 208 92.1 182 150 139.6 172.5 83.9 68.4 84.5 42 64.5 165 221.5 215 194.15 49.73 57.93 106.1 167 109.74 134 153 169.4 63.9 283.7 144.01 188 dec 37.33 189 101.5 78 190 109.3

0.713820 1.066220 1.055120 1.078520 1.23214 1.040220 1.17225 0.836220 3.321120

-25

-116.2 -8.8 -50 -40.6 -40.5 -21 -24 -103.91 6.1 -1 -73.5 -61 -85.4 -69.20 -105.1 -113.2 -18.59 <-15 11.2 2.42 -98.8 -128.10 -52.5 -33 -84.67 -59 -60.48 -41.5 -57.20 5.5 -6.1 -31.7 -98.24 17.89 11.85 -97.22 -69 -63

ρ/g mL-1 η/mPa s ε

0.319

30.2

0.989

0.224

0.422

μ/D

6.9

2.1

8.37 10.27

1.8 2.08

5.68

1.70

25.75 3.80 3.90 3.680 5.15 2.594 2.369 2.259 2.820 31.82 5.70

2.8 1.4

1.10 2.3

7.23

2.0

4.2666 7.560 7.550 8.266 7.86 6.098 29.2 5.723 5.32

cp/J g-1K-1 vp/kPa

1.320

2.817 0.393 0.379 0.455

3.805 7.30 2.644

75

15

2.6-7.8%

0.5

0.7-6%

662 230 205 312 630 395 450 430

2-17%

224

0.315

67

2.188

0.0032

2.243

0.017

96

0.029

110

2.256

0.024

96

1-23%

240

1.15

2.369

180 350

400

1.779 1.784 1.647

-45 121 93 76 161 90 104

2-36%

2.54 2.49

71.7 0.015 0.048 0.030 0.002 0.15 0.05 7.78 0.172

>0.7%

457

0.6

0.972 0.210 10.7 19.9 9.93 53.1 22.9 0.075

29

1.54 1.08

1.900 0.500

1.23 1.15 1.13

2.394

2.016

1.63 1.68 ≈0 ≈0

1.971 1.771 2.227 2.201

0.45 0.107 42.5 31.3 4.27

9.6

1.8

1.551

0.794

38.25 9.91

3.82 2.7

14.36

1.7

0.284 1.987 1.177

8.66 7.33 55.0 6.70 47.24 2.2189

2.060 2.090 2.731 1.561 1.728

0.517

2.798 2.923

1.554 3.96 0 1.19 1.20 1.03

1.901 1.958 1.726 1.593 1.579 2.500

3.82 0.9 0.439 0.23 20.9 0.001 0.746 0.13 64.4 0.084 4.95 14.6 0.13 3.21

4.90 1.869 1.889 12.73

557

2.043

3.7

1.300 0.351 0.361

3-15%

1.80 2.307 2.104

0.92

0.7

38.85

21

>99 172 -21 27 -23 85 57 56 55 25 124 82

2.22 2.01 2.195 2.313

2.122 2.145 2.129

1.927

IT/°C TLV/ppm

0.055 0.003 <0.01 3.68 4.33 30.1 0.025 0.13 0.14 0.13 1.63 0.001 0.10

0.723 0.777720 0.715320 0.719225 0.863725 0.859320 0.850120 0.937225 0.993120 0.984220 0.955720 0.644425 0.661620 0.722925 1.16825 1.062520 0.886620 0.944525 0.806220 0.79122 1.190520 0.922620 1.332220 0.848320 1.101025 1.033720 1.06020 0.783320 0.740020

0.06 9.09 6.62 2.44

FP/ °C Fl. lim.

2-13% 2-10% 2-10%

5

425

436

-1 -28 -2 -32

1.1-7.1% 1-8%

316 443 202 237

5 250

70 97 96 63 -48 -29

2-12% >1%

490

10

1.2-7% 1.2-7%

371 405 405

5 500 500

2-15% 1-7% 2-95% >0.9%

445 396 249 490

10 25 0.01 0.6

2.2-20% 3-42% 2-22%

188 206 215 180

0.1 10

2-14%

1000

24 58 49 -15 146 83 -37 95 12 2 57 17

20 20

170 299

3/20/06 11:35:55 AM

Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents Name Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether Dipropyl ether Dodecane 1-Dodecanol 1-Dodecene Epichlorohydrin 1,2-Epoxybutane 1,2-Epoxy-4(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,2-Ethanediol 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate 1,2-Ethanediol, dinitrate 1,2-Ethanedithiol Ethanethiol Ethanol Ethanolamine 4-Ethoxyaniline Ethoxybenzene 2-Ethoxyethanol 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate Ethyl acrylate Ethylamine N-Ethylaniline Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate Ethyl butanoate 2-Ethyl-1-butanol Ethyl chloroacetate Ethyl chloroformate Ethyl cyanoacetate Ethyleneimine Ethyl formate 2-Ethylhexanal 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Ethyl lactate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Ethyl nitrite Ethyl propanoate Ethyl silicate Eucalyptol Fluorobenzene Fluorosulfonic acid Formamide Formic acid Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Germanium(IV) chloride Glycerol Glycerol triacetate Glycerol trioleate Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 1-Heptene Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene

487_S15.indb 17

Mol. form.

Mr

t m/°C

t b/°C

C7H16O3

148.200

-80

188.3

C6H14O C12H26 C12H26O C12H24 C3H5ClO C4H8O C8H12O2

102.174 170.334 186.333 168.319 92.524 72.106 140.180

-114.8 -9.57 23.9 -35.2 -26 -150 <-55

C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C6H10O4 C2H4N2O6 C2H6S2 C2H6S C2H6O C2H7NO C8H11NO C8H10O C4H10O2 C6H12O3 C4H8O2 C6H10O3 C5H8O2 C2H7N C8H11N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H14O C4H7ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C5H7NO2 C2H5N C3H6O2 C8H16O C8H18O2 C8H18O C10H20O2 C5H10O3 C7H14O2 C6H12O2 C2H5NO2 C5H10O2 C8H20O4Si C10H18O C6H5F FHO3S CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O C5H4O2 C5H6O2 Cl4Ge C3H8O3 C9H14O6 C57H104O6 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C4Cl6

60.098 62.068 146.141 152.062 94.199 62.134 46.068 61.083 137.179 122.164 90.121 132.157 88.106 130.141 100.117 45.084 121.180 106.165 150.174 116.158 102.174 122.551 108.524 113.116 43.068 74.079 128.212 146.228 130.228 172.265 118.131 130.185 116.158 75.067 102.132 208.329 154.249 96.102 100.070 45.041 46.026 68.074 96.085 98.101 214.42 92.094 218.203 885.432 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 114.185 114.185 114.185 98.186 260.761

11.14 -12.69 -31 -22.3 -41.2 -147.88 -114.14 10.5 4.6 -29.43 -70 -61.7 -83.8 -45 -71.2 -80.5 -63.5 -94.96 -34 -98 <-15 -21 -80.6 -22.5 -77.9 -79.6 <-100 -40 -70 -80 -26 -99.3 -88.2 -73.9 -82.5 0.8 -42.18 -89 2.49 8.3 -85.61 -38.1 -14.6 -51.50 18.1 -78 -4 -43.4 -90.55 -7.17 -33.2 -35 -39 -33 -118.9 -21

15-17

ρ/g mL-1 η/mPa s ε

μ/D

cp/J g-1K-1 vp/kPa

FP/ °C Fl. lim.

90.08 216.32 260 213.8 118 63.4 227

0.746620 0.749520 0.830924 0.758420 1.181220 0.829720 1.096620

1.21 ≈0

2.169 2.206 2.351 2.143 1.422 2.039

21 74 127 79 31 -22

117 197.3 190 198.5 146.1 35.0 78.29 171 254 169.81 135 156.4 77.11 180.8 99.4 16.5 203.0 136.19 212 121.3 147 144.3 95 205 56 54.4 163 244 184.6 199 154.5 135.0 110.1 18 99.1 168.8 176.4 84.73 163 220 101 31.5 161.7 171 86.55 290 259

0.897920 1.113520 1.104320 1.491820 1.23420 0.831525 0.789320 1.018020 1.065216 0.965120 0.925325 0.974020 0.900320 1.036810 0.923420 0.68915 0.962520 0.862625 1.041525 0.873525 0.832620 1.158520 1.135220 1.065420 0.83225 0.920820 0.854020 0.932522 0.831925 0.871820 1.032820 0.865620 0.86820 0.89915 0.884325 0.932020 0.926720 1.022520 1.726 1.133420 1.22020 0.951420 1.159420 1.129620 1.88 1.261320 1.158320 0.91515 0.813225 0.679525 0.912425 0.821920 0.811120 0.818320 0.817420 0.697020 1.55625

152.8 98.4 222.2 176.45 151.05 147 144 93.64 215

IT/°C TLV/ppm

0.95

0.396 1.383 1.20 1.073

3.38 2.0120 5.82 2.152 22.6

≈0 1.8 1.891

8.35 0.016 0.000016 0.019 2.2 31.7

1.3-7% >0.6%

188 203 275

4-21% 1.7-19%

411 439

0.5 0.1

16.06

0.287 1.074 21.1 1.197

0.423

2.05 0.631 0.639

13.82 41.4 7.7 28.26 7.26 6.667 25.3 31.94 7.43 4.216 13.38 7.567 6.0814 14.0 6.05 8.7 5.87 2.4463 6.20 5.18 6.19

0.380

9.736 31.62 18.3 8.57

6.27

18.73 7.58 15.4 4.71

1.99 2.28 2.34 2.03 1.60 1.69 2.3 1.45 2.1 2.2 1.78

2.872 2.394 2.121

1.898 2.438 3.201 1.870 2.339 2.845 1.937 1.906

1.96 1.22

2.884

0.59 2.00 1.74

1.726 1.638 1.963

2.17 1.90 1.9

1.947

1.74 1.8 2.4

2.438

2.015

1.62 0.01 0.030 0.009

40 111 88

70.3 7.87 0.05 0.0007 0.204 0.71 0.24 12.6 0.095 5.14 141 0.039 1.28 0.04 2.01 0.206 0.640

-17 13 86 116 63 43 56 -4 57 10 -16 85 21 88 24 57 64 16 110 -11 -20 44 127 73 71 46

0.003 28.9 32.3

0.019 0.09

2.150

5.76 2.50 4.57 5.465

1.74

1.60

1.523

3.34 1.607 0.361 1.587

111.0 51.1 2.94 42.1 16.85

2.389 2.151 1.686 1.698 2.079

934

46.53 7.11 3.109 9.07 1.9209 3.04 11.75 11.95 12.7 12.60 2.092 2.55

3.73 1.425 0.66 3.5 1.9 0 2.6

1.07 3.25 135 4.97 1.17 0.260 10.4 0.08 0.01 5.75 80.0 0.29 0.097

2.377 1.763

<0.01 <0.01

2.015 2.242 2.039 2.342 2.037

0.46 6.09 0.001 0.0044 0.49 0.5 0.164 7.52 0.13

0.501

0.550

0.387 3.84 5.81 0.714

0.340

≈0

2.6 2.78 ≈0

1.920 1.749

2.157

3-12% 3-22% 1.6-8.4%

385 398 482

10 40 0.05

13 -35 12 52 48 -15

2.8-18% 3-19% 3-24%

300 363 410

0.5 1000 3

3-18% 2-8% 2-12% 1-10% 1.4-14% 4-14%

235 379 426 295 372 385

5 5 400

1-7%

432 490 463

5 5 100

500 3.3-55% 3-16% 0.9-7.2% 0.8-9.7% 1-8% >1.5%

320 455 190 360 231 268 400

4-50% 1.9-11%

90 440

0.5 100

10

154 50 -36 60 75

18-57% 2-14% 2-19% 2-16%

434

10 5

316 491

2 10

199 138

3-19% 1%-

370 433

2.7

-4

1-7%

204 275

400

39 46 49 -1

1-8%

393

50 50 50

260 610

0.02

3/20/06 11:35:59 AM

Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents

15-18 Name Hexachloro-1,3cyclopentadiene Hexafluorobenzene Hexamethyldisiloxane Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Hexanal Hexane Hexanedinitrile Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 1-Hexene Hexyl acetate Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen peroxide 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile Indan Indene Iodine bromide Iodine chloride Iodobenzene 1-Iodobutane Iodoethane Iodomethane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Iron pentacarbonyl Isobutanal Isobutyl acetate Isobutyl acrylate Isobutylamine Isobutylbenzene Isobutyl formate Isobutyl isobutanoate Isopentane Isopentyl acetate Isophorone Isopropenyl acetate Isopropenylbenzene Isopropyl acetate Isopropylamine Isopropylbenzene Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene Isoquinoline d-Limonene l-Limonene Mesityl oxide Methacrylic acid Methanol 2-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde 2-Methoxyethanol 2-Methoxyethyl acetate Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline Methyl benzoate

487_S15.indb 18

Mol. form.

Mr

t m/°C

t b/°C

C5Cl6

272.772

-9

239

C6F6 C6H18OSi2 C6H18N3OP

186.054 162.377 179.200

5.03 -66 7.2

C6H12O C6H14 C6H8N2 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H12O C6H12 C8H16O2 H4N2 HN3 CHN H2O2 C3H5NO C9H10 C9H8 BrI ClI C6H5I C4H9I C2H5I CH3I C3H7I C3H7I C5FeO5 C4H8O C6H12O2 C7H12O2 C4H11N C10H14 C5H10O2 C8H16O2 C5H12 C7H14O2 C9H14O C5H8O2 C9H10 C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C9H12O2

100.158 86.175 108.141 116.158 102.174 100.158 84.159 144.212 32.045 43.028 27.026 34.015 71.078 118.175 116.160 206.808 162.357 204.008 184.018 155.965 141.939 169.992 169.992 195.896 72.106 116.158 128.169 73.137 134.218 102.132 144.212 72.149 130.185 138.206 100.117 118.175 102.132 59.110 120.191 152.190

C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C9H7N C10H16 C10H16 C6H10O C4H6O2 CH4O C7H9NO C8H8O2 C3H8O2 C5H10O3 C3H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H5N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C8H8O2

134.218 134.218 134.218 129.159 136.234 136.234 98.142 86.090 32.042 123.152 136.149 76.095 118.131 74.079 86.090 67.090 107.153 107.153 107.153 136.149

ρ/g mL-1 η/mPa s ε

μ/D

80.26 99 232.5

1.618420 0.763820 1.0320

0

-56 -95.35 1 -3 -47.4 -55.5 -139.76 -80.9 1.4 -80 -13.29 -0.43 -46 -51.38 -1.5 40 27.39 -31.3 -103 -111.1 -66.4 -101.3 -90 -20 -65.9 -98.8 -61 -86.7 -51.4 -95.8 -80.7 -159.77 -78.5 -8.1 -92.9 -23.2 -73.4 -95.13 -96.02

131 68.73 295 205.2 157.6 127.6 63.48 171.5 113.55 35.7 26 150.2 221 177.97 182 116 dec 100 dec 188.4 130.5 72.3 42.43 102.5 89.5 103 64.5 116.5 132 67.75 172.79 98.2 148.6 27.88 142.5 215.2 94 165.4 88.6 31.76 152.41 153

0.833520 0.660625 0.967620 0.921225 0.813620 0.811320 0.668525 0.877915 1.0036 0.687620 1.44 1.040425 0.963920 0.996025 4.3 3.24 1.830820 1.615420 1.935720 2.278920 1.748920 1.704220 1.520 0.789120 0.871220 0.889620 0.72425 0.853220 0.877620 0.854220 0.620120 0.87615 0.925520 0.909020 0.910620 0.871820 0.689120 0.864025 1.0320

-71.5 -63.7 -67.94 26.47 -74.0

178.1 175.1 177.1 243.22 178 178 130 162.5 64.6 224 248 124.1 143 56.87 80.7 90.3 200.3 203.3 196.2 199

0.876620 0.861020 0.857320 1.091030 0.841120 0.84320 0.865320 1.015320 0.791420 1.092320 1.11915 0.964720 1.007419 0.934220 0.953520 0.800120 0.998420 0.988920 0.989120 1.083725

-59 16 -97.53 6.2 0 -85.1 -70 -98.25 <-75 -35.8 -14.41 -31.3 -57 -12.4

cp/J g-1K-1 vp/kPa

FP/ °C Fl. lim.

IT/°C TLV/ppm

1.701925

2.79

0.300

4.58 0.583 0.252 0.876 0.183

0.01

2.029 2.179 31.3

5.5

1.8865

≈0

2.600 13.03 14.56 2.077 4.42 51.7

1.13

114.9 74.6

2.7 ≈0 1.75 1.70 2.985 1.573 3.2

1.357

1.554 0.556 0.469 0.703 0.653

4.59 6.27 7.82 6.97 7.07 8.19 2.602 5.068

0.571

4.43 2.318 6.41

0.214

1.845 4.72

0.726 1.24 1.70 1.93 1.976 1.62 2.04 1.95 2.75 1.9 1.3 ≈0 1.88 1.9 0.13 1.9

2.33 2.28

1.47 0.602 0.544

0.364

3.82 3.31 2.04 1.857

11.3 5.57

2.101 2.270 1.190 1.937 2.353 2.130 2.178 1.961 3.086

1.48 20.2 <0.01 0.005 0.11 1.54 24.8 0.185 1.91 68.2 98.8 0.26 0.010 0.2 0.220

2.612 2.619 1.609 1.609

0.676

0.325 0.737

1.191 1.918 1.791

5.6268 2.381

2.2322 11.0 2.3746 2.3738 15.6 33.0 5.230 22.0 17.2 8.25 7.07 7.03 6.138 5.816 5.96 6.642

1.19 0.79

≈0 2.73

0.778 0.738 0.888 0.746 0.535 1.228 2.013 2.505 1.793

2.284 1.909 1.834 1.711 1.952 2.771 1.753

1.761 1.519 1.828

2.8 1.65 1.70

2.165 1.871 2.531

2.36 2.1 1.72 1.77 3.69 1.6 1.45

2.249 2.624 1.916 1.845 1.883 1.96 2.118 1.933 1.625

1.9

3.59 0.133 1.85 18.2 53.9 5.75 9.36 4 23.0 2.39 19.0 0.257 5.34 0.552 91.7 0.728 0.06 6.02 0.40 7.88 78.0 0.61 0.004 0.2 0.22 0.19 0.007 0.277 0.254 1.47 0.12 16.9 0.013 0.004 1.31 0.67 28.8 11.0 8.26 0.043 0.036 0.05 0.052

32 -22 93 102 63 25 -26 45 38 -18

1-8% 2-5%

1-8% 1.2-6.9%

225 550 380 290 423 253

5-100% 6-40%

538

50 2

5 50 0.01 0.11 4.7 1

129 10

2

0.1 -18 18 30 -9 55 5 38 -51 25 84 26 54 2 -37 36

1.6-10.6% 196 1-11% 421 427 2-12% 378 0.8-6% 427 2-9% 320 1-8% 432 1.4-7.6% 420 1-8% 360 1-4% 460 432 1.9-6.1% 574 2-8% 460 402 1-7% 424

47

1-6%

436

45

0.7-6.1%

237

31 77 11 118

1-7% 1.6-8.8% 6-36%

344 68 464

15 20 200 0.1

39 49 -10 -3 1 85

2-14% 2-12% 3-16% 2.8-25% 2-6.8%

285 392 454 468

5 5 200 2 1 2 2 0.5

482

150

600 50 5 50 100 5 50

83

3/20/06 11:36:03 AM

Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents Name 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Methyl butanoate 3-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±)3-Methyl-2-butanone 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl chloroacetate Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclopentane N-Methylformamide Methyl formate 5-Methyl-2-hexanone Methylhydrazine Methyl isocyanate Methyl lactate, (±)Methyl methacrylate 1-Methylnaphthalene Methyloxirane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Methyl propanoate 2-Methylpropanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Methyl salicylate 4-Methylstyrene Morpholine β-Myrcene Nickel carbonyl L-Nicotine Nitric acid 2-Nitroanisole Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine 2-Nitrotoluene 3-Nitrotoluene Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 1-Nonene 4-Nonylphenol cis,cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid cis-9-Octadecenoic acid Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol

487_S15.indb 19

Mol. form.

Mr

t m/°C

t b/°C

C5H8 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10 C5H10 C5H12O C3H5ClO2 C7H14 C6H12 C2H5NO C2H4O2 C7H14O CH6N2 C2H3NO C4H8O3 C5H8O2 C11H10 C3H6O C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C4H7N C4H10S C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C5H9NO C8H8O3 C9H10 C4H9NO C10H16 C4NiO4 C10H14N2 HNO3 C7H7NO3 C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 CH3NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C4H10N2O C2H6N2O C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H18 C15H24O C18H32O2

68.118 102.132 102.132 88.148 88.148 88.148 86.132 70.133 70.133 88.148 108.524 98.186 84.159 59.067 60.052 114.185 46.072 57.051 104.105 100.117 142.197 58.079 86.175 86.175 118.174 102.174 102.174 100.158 69.106 90.187 88.106 88.106 74.121 74.121 93.127 93.127 93.127 99.131 152.148 118.175 87.120 136.234 170.734 162.231 63.013 153.136 123.110 75.067 61.041 89.094 89.094 102.134 74.081 137.137 137.137 128.255 158.238 144.254 126.239 220.351 280.446

-145.9 -85.8 -29.3 -117.2 -9.1

-10.4 15.5 -53.46 12.4 -5 -81.3 42 -7

34.0 102.8 176.5 131.1 102.4 112.9 94.33 31.2 38.56 55.0 129.5 100.93 71.8 199.51 31.7 144 87.5 39.5 144.8 100.5 244.7 35 60.26 63.27 197.1 149 131.6 116.5 103.9 64.2 79.8 154.45 107.89 82.4 129.38 144.14 145.36 202 222.9 172.8 128 167 43 (exp 60) 247 83 272 210.8 114.0 101.19 131.1 120.2 176.9 152 222 232 150.82 254.5 213.37 146.9 ≈ 295

C18H34O2 C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O

282.462 114.229 144.212 130.228 130.228

13.4 -56.82 16.5 -14.8 -31.6

-93.1 -137.53 -133.72 -108.6 -32.1 -126.6 -142.42 -3.8 -99 -52.36 -45 -47.55 -30.43 -111.9 -153.6 -162.90 -50 -90 -84 -71.5 -0.5 -87.5 -46 -101.9 25.69 -66.68 -18.14 3.67 -23.09 -8 -34.1 -4.8 -19.3 -79 -41.6 10.5 5.7 -89.5 -28.38 -108 -91.3

360 125.67 239 195.16 179.3

15-19

ρ/g mL-1 η/mPa s ε

0.67920 0.898420 0.93120 0.810420 0.809620 0.818020 0.805120 0.650420 0.662320 0.735325 1.23620 0.769420 0.748620 1.01119 0.971320 0.88820

0.541

2.098 5.48

μ/D

cp/J g-1K-1 vp/kPa

0.25

2.240 1.941 1.930 2.382 2.803

0.63 3.69 3.55

0.203

0.679 0.479 1.678 0.325

15.63 5.78 12.1 10.37 2.180 1.979

1.82

2.089 2.241 2.179 2.127

12.0 2.024 1.9853 189.0 9.20 13.53

≈0 ≈0 3.83 1.77

21.75

≈ 2.8

6.32 2.915

1.67 ≈0 2.01 ≈0 ≈0 2.9

1.882 1.886 2.096 1.983 2.928

0.923027 1.092820 0.937725 1.020220 0.8590 0.65025 0.659825 0.92315 0.826320 0.807520 0.796525 0.770420 0.794325 0.915020 0.968120 0.801820 0.788720 0.944320 0.956620 0.954820 1.023025 1.18125 0.917325 1.000520 0.801315 1.3125 1.009720 1.55 1.254020 1.203720 1.044825 1.137120 0.996125 0.982125 0.942220 1.004820 1.161119 1.158120 0.719220 0.905220 0.828020 0.725325 0.95020 0.902220 0.893520 0.698625 0.907325 0.826225 0.819320

0.286 0.306

4.07 0.545

0.431 1.226 3.33 4.31

2.02

1.886 1.886 23.4

13.11 24.42 5.475 6.200 2.58 17.93 12.47 10.18 11.10 12.2 32.55 8.80 7.42 2.3

1.910 1.578 2.073 2.248 2.213 2.843 2.427 2.672 2.130

4.29 1.66 1.08 1.64 1.7 1.85 2.40 2.70 4.1 2.47

1.943 1.964 2.449 2.949 1.703 1.704 1.707 3.105 1.637

1.55

1.892

73.4 4.30 0.067 0.315 2.19 1.20 6.99 81.4 62.1 33.6 1.0 6.18 18.3 0.03 78.1 0.691 6.61 57.7 0.62 5.10 0.009 71.7 28.2 25.3 <0.01 0.236 0.698 2.64 24.2 11.5 0.17 1.39 5.52 1.5 0.795 0.759 0.04 0.015 0.245 1.34 0.280

FP/ °C Fl. lim.

IT/°C TLV/ppm

-54 14

1.5-8.9%

395

43 19 38

1.2-9% 1.2-9%

416 350 437

200 -20 -20 50 57 -4 -29

7.5-18.5% 1-7% 250 1-8% 258

-19 36 -8 -7 49 10

5-23% 1-8% 2.5-92% 5.3-26% >2.2% 1.7-8.2%

449 191 194 534 385

57 96 96 53 37

1-10% 0.8-11% 1-11%

346 454 538 290

1.198

1.863 0.688 0.630 0.798

0.665 7.01 9.12 0.586

26.26 24.95 1.9722 2.475 8.83 2.180

2.17 5.0 4.22 3.23 3.46 3.66 3.73

1.509 1.790 1.746 1.97 1.911

8.34 0.002 0.03 2.79 4.79 1.36 2.3

≈0

1.474 1.474 2.217 2.290 2.470 2.142

0.73 0.0014 0.03 0.570 0.00005 0.00050 0.714

1.18 ≈0 1.15 1.8 1.71

2.043 2.229 2.066 2.344 2.535

≈0 0.79

1.744

400

100 50 0.01 0.02 50

529 -37 3.1-27.5% 449 <-29 1-7% 264 -7 1.2-7% 278 102 1-9% 306 54 1.1-9.65% 310 41 1-6% 18 1-8% 448 8 482 <-29 -2 2.5-13% 469 56 2-9.2% 481 28 2-11% 415 11 2-8% 478 39 538

2 500 500 25 25 50

50 100

50 20 0.05 0.1 2

8.937 45.75 35.6 29.11 37.27 24.70 26.74

100

88 28 35 36 24

106 106 31

2-9% 3-17% 7-22% 2%3-11%

0.8-2.9%

482 414 418 421 428

1 100 20 25 10

205

2 2 200

260 26

2.754

0.508 5.02 7.29 6.49

2.336 1.948 2.85 10.30 8.13

0.000001 1.86 0.0002 0.01

189 13 81 88

1-7%

363 206

300

270 265

3/20/06 11:36:06 AM

Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents

15-20 Name 2-Octanone 1-Octene Oxetane 2-Oxetanone Oxirane Oxiranemethanol, (±)Paraldehyde Parathion Pentachloroethane cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene Pentanal Pentane Pentanedial 1,5-Pentanediol 2,4-Pentanedione 1-Pentanethiol Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene Pentyl acetate Pentylamine Perchloric acid Peroxyacetic acid Phenol 2-Phenoxyethanol Phenylhydrazine 1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, (±)Phosphinic acid Phosphoric acid Phosphorothioc trichloride Phosphorus(III) bromide Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphoryl chloride α-Pinene β-Pinene Piperidine Propanal 1,2-Propanediol 1,3-Propanediol Propanenitrile Propanoic acid Propanoic anhydride 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propargyl alcohol Propyl acetate Propylamine Propylbenzene Propyl butanoate Propylene carbonate Propyl formate Propyl propanoate Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine 2-Pyrrolidone Quinoline Safrole Salicylaldehyde

487_S15.indb 20

Mol. form.

Mr

t m/°C

t b/°C

C8H16O C8H16 C3H6O C3H4O2 C2H4O C3H6O2 C6H12O3 C10H14NO5PS C2HCl5 C5H8 C5H8 C5H10O C5H12 C5H8O2 C5H12O2 C5H8O2 C5H12S C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C7H14O2 C5H13N ClHO4 C2H4O3 C6H6O C8H10O2 C6H8N2 C9H13N

128.212 112.213 58.079 72.063 44.052 74.079 132.157 291.261 202.294 68.118 68.118 86.132 72.149 100.117 104.148 100.117 104.214 102.132 88.148 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 70.133 70.133 130.185 87.164 100.459 76.051 94.111 138.164 108.141 135.206

-16 -101.7 -97 -33.4 -112.5 -45 12.6 6.1 -28.78 -140.8 -87.4 -91.5 -129.67 -14 -18 -23 -75.65 -33.6 -77.6 -73 -69 -76.8 -39 -165.12 -151.36 -140.21 -70.8 -55 -112 -0.2 40.89 14 20.6

172.5 121.29 47.6 162 10.6 167 dec 124.3 375 162.0 44.1 42 103 36.06 188 dec 239 138 126.6 186.1 137.98 119.3 116.25 102.26 101.7 29.96 36.93 36.34 149.2 104.3 ≈ 90 dec 110 181.87 245 243.5 203

H3O2P H3O4P Cl3PS Br3P Cl3P Cl3OP C10H16 C10H16 C5H11N C3H6O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H5N C3H6O2 C6H10O3 C3H8O C3H8O C3H4O C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C7H14O2 C4H6O3 C4H8O2 C6H12O2 C5H5N C4H5N C4H9N C4H7NO C9H7N C10H10O2 C7H6O2

65.997 97.995 169.398 270.686 137.332 153.331 136.234 136.234 85.148 58.079 76.095 76.095 55.079 74.079 130.141 60.095 60.095 56.063 102.132 59.110 120.191 130.185 102.089 88.106 116.158 79.101 67.090 71.121 85.105 129.159 162.185 122.122

26.5 42.4 -36.2 -41.5 -93.6 1.18 -64 -61.5 -11.02 -80 -60 -27.7 -92.78 -20.5 -45 -124.39 -87.9 -51.8 -93 -84.75 -99.6 -95.2 -48.8 -92.9 -75.9 -41.70 -23.39 -57.79 25 -14.78 11.2 -7

130 407 125 173.2 76.1 105.5 156.2 166 106.22 48 187.6 214.4 97.14 141.15 170 97.2 82.3 113.6 101.54 47.22 159.24 143.0 242 80.9 122.5 115.23 129.79 86.56 251 237.16 234.5 197

ρ/g mL-1 η/mPa s ε 0.82020 0.714920 0.893025 1.146020 0.882110 1.114325 0.994320 1.268120 1.679620 0.691020 0.671025 0.809520 0.626220

0.991420 0.972125 0.85020 0.933925 0.814420 0.809420 0.820320 0.80920 0.809825 0.640520 0.655620 0.643125 0.875620 0.754420 1.77 1.22615 1.054545 1.10222 1.098620 0.930625

0.447

9.51 2.113

12.42 1.079

μ/D

cp/J g-1K-1 vp/kPa

FP/ °C Fl. lim.

IT/°C TLV/ppm

2.7 ≈0 1.94 4.18 1.89

2.132 2.148

0.12 2.30

52 21

230

1.694 1.998

0.3 175

74 -20

>2.9% 3-100%

429

1.6

36

>1.3%

238

1.43

0.5 1 2 0.01

2.25

3.716 2.319

0.224

10.00 1.8371

3.62 3.47 4.15 0.470 0.444 0.195

26.2 26.524 4.847 2.661 15.13 13.71 13.35 15.45 17.00 2.011

0.702

4.79 4.27

12.40 13.03

0.92 0.500 0.585

0.859

≈0

2.317

2.5 2.8

3.08 2.08

1.61 1.7 1.66 1.64 2.7 2.82 ≈ 0.5 ≈0 ≈0 1.75

2.059 2.361 2.716 2.719 2.137 2.216 2.196 2.163 2.239 2.005 2.501

1.224

2.123

7.15

2.007

0.478 50.6 54.7 4.58 68.3

12 -40

0.001 1.02 1.83 0.024 0.259 0.804 1.10 4.97 4.72 85.0 66.0 67.4 0.60 4.00

129 34 18 96 33 34 41 7 13 -18 <-20 <-20 16 -1

1.93 0.055 0.001 0.003 0.06

41 79 1.8-8.6% 121 88 <100

2-8%

222 260

50 600 0.05

335 340

1-10% 1.2-9% 1.2-9% 2-8% >1.6% 1.5-8.7%

1-8% 2.2-22%

400 300 343 435 452 450 275

200 200

360

50

715

5 0.1

1.49 1.480 1.635 2.8 1.574 1.645 0.853925 0.86025 0.860620 0.865725 1.036120 1.053820 0.781820 0.988225 1.011020 0.799725 0.780925 0.947820 0.887820 0.717320 0.859325 0.873020 1.204720 0.907320 0.880920 0.981920 0.969820 0.858620 1.12020 1.097715 1.100020 1.167420

0.25

4.94 0.529

1.573 0.321 40.4 0.294 1.030 1.945 2.04 0.544 0.376

0.485 0.879 1.225 0.704 3.34

3.498 14.1 2.1787 2.4970 4.33 18.5 27.5 35.1 29.7 3.44 18.30 20.8 20.18 20.8 5.62 5.08 2.370 4.3 66.14 6.92 5.249 13.260 8.00 8.30 28.18 9.16 18.35

0.56 2.54

1.2 2.72 2.2 2.5 4.05 1.75 1.55 1.56 1.13 1.8 1.17 ≈0

0.905

2.113 2.362 2.507 2.166 2.063 1.806 2.395 2.604 1.921 2.776 1.786

4.9 1.89

2.141 1.945

2.21 1.74 1.6 3.5 2.29

1.678 1.903 2.202 1.99 1.51

2.86

1.818

0.38 16.1 4.97 0.64 0.61 4.28 42.2 0.02 0.007 6.14 0.553 0.45 2.76 6.02 4.49 42.1 0.45 0.618 0.05 10.9 1.88 2.76 1.10 8.40 0.011 0.01 0.075

0.2 0.1 33 38 16 -30 99 2 52 63 23 12 36 13 -37 30 37 135 -3 79 20 39 3 129

255 275 1-10% 2.6-17% 3-13%

207 371 400 3-14% 512 2.9-12.1% 465 1.3-9.5% 285 2-14% 412 2-13% 399 2-8% 2-10% 1-6%

450 318 450

20

10 200 200 1 200

455 2-12%

482

1

480 100 78

3/20/06 11:36:10 AM

Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents Name Selenium chloride Selenium oxychloride Selenium oxyfluoride Styrene Sulfolane Sulfur chloride Sulfur dichloride Sulfuric acid Sulfuryl chloride α-Terpinene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane Tetrabromosilane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloromethane Tetrachlorosilane Tetradecane Tetraethylene glycol Tetrafluoroboric acid Tetrahydrofuran Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 1,2,3,4Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydropyran Tetrahydrothiophene Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylurea Tetranitromethane Thionyl bromide Thionyl chloride Thiophene Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Toluene Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Tribromomethane Tributylamine Tributyl borate Tributyrin Trichloroacetaldehyde 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichloroethylsilane Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane (Trichloromethyl)benzene Trichloromethylsilane Trichloronitromethane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Trichlorosilane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Tridecane 1-Tridecene Triethanolamine Triethylamine Triethylene glycol Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether Triethyl phosphate Trifluoroacetic acid (Trifluoromethyl)benzene

487_S15.indb 21

15-21

Mol. form.

Mr

t m/°C

t b/°C

Cl2Se2 Cl2OSe F2OSe C8H8 C4H8O2S Cl2S2 Cl2S H2O4S Cl2O2S C10H16 C2H2Br4 Br4Si C2Cl4F2

228.83 165.86 132.96 104.150 120.171 135.037 102.971 98.080 134.970 136.234 345.653 347.702 203.830

-85 8.5 15 -30.65 27.6 -77 -122 10.31 -51

130 dec 177 125 145 287.3 137 59.6 337 69.4 174 243.5 154 92.8

2.774 2.44 2.8 0.901625 1.272318 1.69 1.62 1.8 1.680 0.837519 2.965520 2.8 1.595150

C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2Cl4 CCl4 Cl4Si C14H30 C8H18O5 BF4H C4H8O C5H10O2 C10H12

167.849 167.849 165.833 153.823 169.897 198.388 194.226 87.813 72.106 102.132 132.202

-70.2 -42.4 -22.3 -22.62 -68.74 5.82 -6.2 -108.44 <-80 -35.7

130.2 145.2 121.3 76.8 57.65 253.58 328 130 dec 65 178 207.6

1.5406 1.595320 1.623020 1.594020 1.5 0.759620 1.128515 ~1.8 0.883325 1.052420 0.964525

C5H10O C4H8S C4H12Si C5H12N2O CN4O8 Br2OS Cl2OS C4H4S Cl4Sn Cl4Ti C7H8 C9H6N2O2 CHBr3 C12H27N C12H27BO3 C15H26O6 C2HCl3O C6H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 C2H5Cl3Si CCl3F CHCl3 C7H5Cl3 CH3Cl3Si CCl3NO2 C3H5Cl3 Cl3HSi C2Cl3F3

86.132 88.172 88.224 116.161 196.033 207.873 118.970 84.140 260.521 189.678 92.139 174.156 252.731 185.349 230.151 302.363 147.387 181.447 133.404 133.404 131.388 163.506 137.368 119.378 195.474 149.480 164.376 147.431 135.452 187.375

-49.1 -96.2 -99.06 -0.6 13.8 -50 -101 -38.21 -34.07 -24.12 -94.95 20.5 8.69 -70 <-70 -75 -57.5 16.92 -30.01 -36.3 -84.7 -105.6 -110.44 -63.41 -4.42 -90 -64 -14.7 -128.2 -36.22

88 121.1 26.6 176.5 126.1 140 75.6 84.0 114.15 136.45 110.63 251 149.1 216.5 234 307.5 97.8 213.5 74.09 113.8 87.21 100.5 23.7 61.17 221 65.6 112 157 33 47.7

0.881420 0.998720 0.64819 0.968720 1.638020

C21H21O4P C13H28 C13H26 C6H15NO3 C6H15N C6H14O4 C8H18O4

368.363 184.361 182.345 149.188 101.190 150.173 178.227

11 -5.4 -13 20.5 -114.7 -7 -45

410 235.47 232.8 335.4 89 285 216

1.195520 0.756420 0.765820 1.124220 0.727520 1.127415 0.98620

C6H15O4P C2HF3O2 C7H5F3

182.154 114.023 146.110

-56.4 -15.2 -28.95

215.5 73 102.1

1.069520 1.535125 1.188420

0 5.39 24.8

ρ/g mL-1 η/mPa s ε

20

1.631 1.064920 2.234 1.73 0.866820 1.224420 2.878825 0.777020 0.856720 1.035020 1.51220 1.45925 1.339020 1.439720 1.464220 1.237320 1.487920 1.478825 1.372320 1.27320 1.655820 1.388920 1.331 1.563525

μ/D

cp/J g-1K-1 vp/kPa

46.2 0.695

2.4737 43.26 4.79 2.915 9.1 2.4526 6.72

0.123 4.8 0.36 1.81 1.38 0

2.52 1.437 0.844 0.908 99.4 2.13

0.456 2.14

8.50 2.268 2.2379 2.0343 20.44

0.793 0.545 0.421 0.537

1.724 1.50 609 0.347

0.808

0.479

0.003

0.852

7.51

0.92 0.967 0.865 0.850 0.855

47 62 45

5-12% 20-54%

112 182

>0.5%

200

2.208

1.6 0.622 2.42 15.2 31.3 0.002 0.000001

2-12% 1.5-9.7% 1-5%

321 282 385

335

1.74 1.90 0 3.5 0

1.82

-20

1.45 0.55 0

1.017 1.471 0.634 0.766 1.707 1.653 0.517

9.54 2.45 94.2 0.138 1.13 0.84 16.0 10.6

3.79 0.003 0.726 0.01

4 127 83 63 93 180

7.243 7.1937 3.390 3.00 4.8069 6.9

0.99 0.8 0.77

1.837 1.025 1.76 1.4 0.8 2.04 0.46 1.04 2.03 1.91

1.245

6.66 0.057 16.5 3.1 9.91 6.29 106 26.2 0.35 22.5 3.18 0.492

0.908

44.8

1.57 2.206 2.149 2.61 2.173 2.18

0.0000002 0.005 0.0047 <0.01 7.70 0.0002

1.289

15.1 5.14

1.082 1.131 0.947 0.885 0.957 1.091

0.86 2.41 6.7 2.0213 2.139 29.36 2.418 23.69 7.62

2.87 ≈0 ≈0 3.6 0.66

13.20 8.42 9.22

3.1 2.28 2.86

1 500

5.66

2.313

20

0.05

-14 75 71

7.319 7.5 0.326 0.656

18.7

21.6 0.100 0.05

0.37

490

1.416 0.993

1.720 1.774 1.645

2.379 8.433 4.404 2.340 2.23 5.72 6.8

1-7%

IT/°C TLV/ppm

1

1.75 2.1 ≈0

1.921 23.10 2.317 9.06 8.675 2.739

1.857

1.32 0 0 0 ≈0

31 177

7.52 13.48 2.771

0.973

0.560

1.747 1.498

0.02 0.56 0.81 <0.01 1.27 17.9

FP/ °C Fl. lim.

1 25 5

200

77 0.005 1 -1

105 -1 32 32 22

127 -9 71 -50

1-7% 0.9-9.5%

480

50 0.005 0.5

1-5% >0.5%

407

2.5-6.6% 8-13% 6-28% 8-11%

571 500 460 420

7.6->20%

211 >404

5 350 10 50 1000 10 0.1 0.1 10

3.2-12.6% 104

1000 225 79 79 179 -7 177 111 115

385

1-10% 1-8% 1-9%

249 371

0.01

0.8 1

454

12

3/20/06 11:36:14 AM

Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents

15-22 Name

Mol. form.

Mr

t m/°C

t b/°C

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane Trimethyl phosphate 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine Trinitroglycerol Undecane Vanadium(IV) chloride Vanadyl trichloride Vinyl acetate 4-Vinylcyclohexene Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol

C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C8H18 C8H18 C3H9O4P C8H11N C3H5N3O9 C11H24 Cl4V Cl3OV C4H6O2 C8H12 H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O

120.191 120.191 120.191 103.912 108.642 114.229 114.229 140.074 121.180 227.087 156.309 192.753 173.299 86.090 108.181 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165 122.164

-25.4 -43.77 -44.72 -29.3 -40 -107.3 -100.9 -46 -46 13.5 -25.5 -25.7 -79 -93.2 -108.9 0.00 -25.2 -47.8 13.25 24.5

176.12 169.38 164.74 67.5 60 99.22 114.8 197.2 170.6 exp 218 195.9 148 127 72.8 128 100.0 144.5 139.12 138.37 210.98

487_S15.indb 22

ρ/g mL-1 η/mPa s ε 0.894420 0.875820 0.861525 0.91525 0.85625 0.687825 0.726220 1.214420 0.916622 1.593120 0.740220 1.816 1.829 0.925625 0.829920 0.9970 0.880210 0.859625 0.856625 0.965020

1.098

0.890 0.760 0.581 0.603

μ/D

cp/J g-1K-1 vp/kPa

2.656 2.377 2.279 2.2762

≈0 ≈0 0

1.800 1.789 1.741 1.828

1.943 1.9780 20.6 7.807 19.25 1.9972 3.05 3.4

≈0 ≈0 3.2 2.05

2.093 2.150

≈0

2.207

1.79

1.969

1.8546 0.64 ≈0 0 1.4

4.180 1.753 1.724 1.710

80.100 2.562 2.359 2.2735 5.060

FP/ °C Fl. lim. 0.8-6.6% 1-6% 1-5%

IT/°C TLV/ppm

0.20 0.30 0.33 17.2 30.7 6.50 3.60 0.11 4.1 0.00005 0.05

44 44 50 -8 -28 -12 <21 107

470 500 559

25 25 25

395 418 425

300 300

270

0.05

15.4 1.87 3.17 0.88 1.13 1.19 0.022

-8 16

2.6-13.4% 402 269

10 0.1

32 27 27

1-7% 1-7% 1-7%

100 100 100

69

463 527 528

3/20/06 11:36:16 AM

MISCIBILITY OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS fer appreciably, suggesting a partial miscibility of the components. The symbol R indicates a reaction between the components. All data refer to room temperature. The codes for the columns are:

The chart below gives qualitative information on the miscibility of pairs of organic liquids. Two liquids are considered miscible (indicated by M in the chart) if mixing equal volumes produces a single liquid phase. If two phases separate, they are considered immiscible (I). An entry of P indicates two phases whose volumes difA B C D E F G H I

Acetone Benzaldehyde Benzene Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol Carbon tetrachloride 2-Chloroethanol Chloroform o-Cresol

J Diethyl ether K N,N-Dimethylaniline L Dipentylamine M Ethyl alcohol N Ethylene glycol O Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether P Formamide Q Furfuryl alcohol R Glycerol

S Methyl isopropyl ketone T Nitromethane U 1-Octanol V 1,3-Propanediol W Pyridine X Triethylenetetramine Y Triethyl phosphate

References 1. Drury, J. S., Ind. Eng. Chem. 44, 2744, 1959. 2. Jackson, W. M., and Drury, J. S., Ind. Eng. Chem. 51, 1491, 1959.

Acetone Adiponitrile 2-Amino-2-methyl-1- propanol p-Anisaldehyde Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzonitrile Benzothiazole Benzyl alcohol Benzyl mercaptan 2-Bromoethyl acetate 1,3-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol Carbon tetrachloride 2-Chloroethanol Chloroform 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol Cinnamaldehyde o-Cresol Diacetone alcohol Dibenzyl ether Dibutylamine Dibutyl carbonate Dibutyl ether Diethanolamine Diethylacetic acid Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethylenetriamine Diethyl ether Diethylformamide Dihexyl ether

A B C D E F G - M M M M M M M M M I M M M M M M M M - M M M M M M - M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M P M I M P M M M - M M M M M M - M M M M M M M M M M M M I M M M M M M P M M P M M M R M M M M M M M M M I I I M I M M M M M M M M M M M M M

H M

I

M

M M M M M

M M M M M M

M M M M M M

M M R M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

M M M M

J K L M N M M M M M I M M I M M M M I M M M P M M M M I M M M I M M M M M M M M M M M I R M P M M M M M M M M P M M M M M M M I M M M M M P M R M M M I M M M M M M I M M M M M M I I P M M R M M M R M M M M M M M M M M M M M -

I M M R M

O P M M M M M M M I I I M I

Q R S T U V W M I M M M M M M I M M M M M M M M I I M P M M M M M I M I M I M M I I M M I M M M M M M M M M I I M M M M M M I M I M M P M M M M M M M M I M I M M I M M M M I M M M M M I M I M M M M M I M M M M M I M M P M I M I I M I M M M M I M M M M I M M M M M M M M M M M M

M M M M I M M M M M I M

I

M

X Y M M

M M M

R M M

M M M M R R M M M M M I

R

M

M M M M

M R M M I M M M I M M M M M M R M I M I I

15-23

Section 15.indb 23

5/3/05 9:11:49 AM

Miscibility of Organic Solvents

15-24 Diisobutyl ketone Diisopropylamine N,N-Dimethylaniline Dipentylamine N,N-Dipropylaniline Dipropylene glycol Ethyl alcohol Ethyl benzoate Ethyl chloroacetate Ethyl cinnamate Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Ethyl phenylacetate Ethyl thiocyanate Formamide Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol 1-Heptadecanol 3-Heptanol Heptyl acetate Hexanenitrile Isobutyl mercaptan Isopentyl acetate Isopentyl alcohol Isopentyl sulfide Methyl disulfide Methyl isobutyl ketone Methyl isopropyl ketone 4-Methylpentanoic acid Nitromethane 1-Octanol o-Phenetidine 1,2-Propanediol 1,3-Propanediol Pyridine Tetradecanol Tributyl phosphate Triethylene glycol Triethylenetetramine Triethyl phosphate 2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanone

Section 15.indb 24

A M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M I M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

B

M

M M

P

M

M M P

M

M

M M

M M

C M M M M M M M M M M I M M M M M M I M I M M M M M M M M M M M M I M M I I M M M P M M M

D

E

F

M M M

G H M M R M

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M P M I P M M M M M M M I M I M M M I M I

M M M M M M M M

M M M M

M M M M M M

M M

I M M M M M M M

I

K

M M M M M M M M M M

M I I M M M M M M M M M M I I M M M I I

M M

M M

M M M M M

M M M

M M M P M I M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

J

M M M M

M M M M M M

M

P I I M M

I M M M

L M N M M I M M M M I - M P M M I M M - M M M I M M I M M I P M M M M M M M M M M I M I M M M M P M M M M M M M M I M M I M I M M I M M M I M I M I M M I M M M M I M M M M M M M M M M M M M M I M M P P M I M M M M M M I

O M M

P

R I M M I P M I

S M M

T

M M I M M M M M M M M I M I M M M I M M I M M M M I I M M

M M

M

M M M M

M M

M

M M M M M

I

Q

I

M

I I I M I M I - M M M M - M M M M I I M I I M I M I M I I M M M I M I I I I M I P M I M I I M M M I I M I P M M M M M M I M M M M I M I M M M R M I M

U

V W X Y I M M M M M M I M M I M I M M M M M M M M M M M P M M I R M I M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M I M M I M I M M M M M I M M M M M M M I R M I M M R M I M M M M M I M R M M I M M R M M R M P I M - M M M M M M M - M M M M M P M M M M M M M M - M M M I I M

5/3/05 9:11:52 AM

DENSITY OF SOLVENTS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE The table below lists the density of several common solvents in the temperature range from 0∞C to 100∞C. The values have been calculated from the Rackett Equation using parameters in the reference. Density values refer to the liquid at its saturation vapor pressure; thus entries for temperatures above the normal boiling point are for pressures greater than atmospheric.

Reference Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.

Density in g/mL Solvent Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Aniline Benzene 1-Butanol Butylamine Carbon disulfide Chlorobenzene Cyclohexane Decane 1-Decanol Dichloromethane Diethyl ether N,N-Dimethylaniline Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethyl formate Ethyl propanoate Heptane Hexane 1-Hexanol Isopropylbenzene Methanol Methyl acetate N-Methylaniline Methylcyclohexane Methyl formate Methyl propanoate Nitromethane Nonane Octane Pentanoic acid 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propyl acetate Propylbenzene Propyl formate Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloromethane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

15-25

0°C

10°C

0.8129

0.8016

1.041

1.033 0.8884 0.8200 0.7512 1.277 1.116 0.7872 0.7374

0.8293 0.7606 1.290 1.127 0.7447 1.362 0.7368 0.8121 0.9245 0.8836 0.9472 0.9113 0.7004 0.6774 0.8359 0.8769 0.8157 0.9606 1.0010 0.7858 1.003 0.9383

1.344 0.7254 0.9638 0.8014 0.9126 0.8753 0.9346 0.9005 0.6921 0.6685 0.8278 0.8696 0.8042 0.9478 0.9933 0.7776 0.9887 0.9268

0.7327 0.7185 0.9563 0.8252 0.8092 0.9101 0.8779 0.9275 1.629 0.8846 1.524

0.7252 0.7106 0.9476 0.8151 0.7982 0.8994 0.8700 0.9166 1.611 0.8757 1.507

0.8813

0.8729

20°C 1.051 0.7902 0.7825 1.025 0.8786 0.8105 0.7417 1.263 1.106 0.7784 0.7301 0.8294 1.326 0.7137 0.9562 0.7905 0.9006 0.8668 0.9218 0.8895 0.6837 0.6594 0.8195 0.8615 0.7925 0.9346 0.9859 0.7693 0.9739 0.9150 1.139 0.7176 0.7027 0.9389 0.8048 0.7869 0.8885 0.8619 0.9053 1.593 0.8667 1.489 0.6921 0.8801 0.8644 0.8609

30°C 1.038 0.7785 0.7707 1.016 0.8686 0.8009 0.7320 1.248 1.096 0.7694 0.7226 0.8229 1.307 0.7018 0.9483 0.7793 0.8884 0.8582 0.9087 0.8784 0.6751 0.6502 0.8111 0.8533 0.7807 0.9211 0.9785 0.7608 0.9588 0.9030 1.125 0.7099 0.6945 0.9301 0.7943 0.7755 0.8775 0.8538 0.8938 1.575 0.8576 1.471 0.6836 0.8717 0.8558 0.8523

40°C 1.025 0.7666 0.7591 1.008 0.8584 0.7912 0.7221 1.234 1.085 0.7602 0.7151 0.8162 1.289 0.6896 0.9401 0.7680 0.8759 0.8495 0.8954 0.8671 0.6664 0.6407 0.8027 0.8450 0.7685 0.9074 0.9709 0.7522 0.9433 0.8907 1.111 0.7021 0.6863 0.9211 0.7837 0.7638 0.8662 0.8456 0.8821 1.557 0.8483 1.452 0.6750 0.8633 0.8470 0.8436

50°C 1.012 0.7545 0.7473 1.000 0.8481 0.7812 0.7120

60°C 0.9993 0.7421 0.7353 0.9909 0.8376 0.7712 0.7017

70°C 0.9861 0.7293 0.7231 0.9823 0.8269 0.7609 0.6911

80°C 0.9728 0.7163 0.7106 0.9735 0.8160 0.7504 0.6803

90°C 0.9592 0.7029 0.6980 0.9646 0.8049 0.7398 0.6693

100°C 0.9454 0.6890 0.6851 0.9557 0.7935 0.7289 0.6579

1.074 0.7509 0.7074 0.8093 1.269 0.6770 0.9318 0.7564 0.8632 0.8407 0.8818 0.8556 0.6575 0.6311 0.7941 0.8366 0.7562 0.8933 0.9633 0.7435 0.9275 0.8783 1.097 0.6941 0.6779 0.9121 0.7729 0.7519 0.8548 0.8373 0.8702 1.538 0.8389 1.433 0.6663 0.8547 0.8382 0.8347

1.064 0.7414 0.6997 0.8024 1.250 0.6639 0.9234 0.7446 0.8503 0.8318 0.8678 0.8439 0.6485 0.6212 0.7854 0.8280 0.7435 0.8790 0.9556 0.7346 0.9112 0.8656 1.083 0.6861 0.6694 0.9029 0.7619 0.7397 0.8432 0.8289 0.8581 1.518 0.8294 1.414 0.6574 0.8460 0.8292 0.8258

1.053 0.7317 0.6919 0.7955 1.229 0.6505 0.9150 0.7324 0.8370 0.8228 0.8535 0.8319 0.6393 0.6111 0.7766 0.8194 0.7306 0.8643 0.9478 0.7255 0.8945 0.8526 1.069 0.6779 0.6608 0.8937 0.7506 0.7272 0.8313 0.8204 0.8457 1.499 0.8197 1.394 0.6484 0.8372 0.8201 0.8167

1.042 0.7218 0.6839 0.7884 1.208 0.6366 0.9064 0.7200 0.8234 0.8136 0.8389 0.8197 0.6298 0.6006 0.7676 0.8106 0.7174 0.8491 0.9399 0.7163 0.8772 0.8393 1.055 0.6696 0.6520 0.8843 0.7391 0.7143 0.8192 0.8117 0.8330 1.479 0.8098

1.030 0.7117 0.6758 0.7813 1.187 0.6220 0.8978 0.7073 0.8095 0.8043 0.8238 0.8072 0.6202 0.5899 0.7585 0.8017 0.7038 0.8336 0.9319 0.7069 0.8594 0.8257 1.040 0.6611 0.6430 0.8748 0.7273 0.7011 0.8069 0.8030 0.8201 1.458 0.7998

1.019 0.7013 0.6676 0.7740 1.165 0.6068 0.8890 0.6942 0.7952 0.7948 0.8082 0.7944 0.6102 0.5789 0.7492 0.7927 0.6898 0.8176 0.9239 0.6973 0.8409 0.8117 1.026 0.6525 0.6338 0.8652 0.7152 0.6876 0.7942 0.7943 0.8068 1.437 0.7896

0.6391 0.8282 0.8109 0.8075

0.6296 0.8191 0.8015 0.7981

0.6199 0.8099 0.7920 0.7886

DEPENDENCE OF BOILING POINT ON PRESSURE The normal boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches standard atmospheric pressure, 101.325 kPa. The change in boiling point with pressure may be calculated from the representation of the vapor pressure by the Antoine Equation, ln p = A1 – A2/(T + A3) where p is the vapor pressure, T the absolute temperature, and A1, A2, and A3 are constants. This table, which has been calculated using the Antoine constants in Reference 1, gives values of ∆t/∆p for a number of liquids, in units of both °C/kPa and °C/mmHg. The correction to the boiling point is generally accurate to 0.1 to 0.2 °C as long as the pressure is within 10% of standard atmospheric pressure. A slightly less accurate estimate of ∆t/∆p may be obtained from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, with the assumption that the tb Compound Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Ammonia Aniline Anisole Benzaldehyde Benzene Bromine Butane 1-Butanol Carbon disulfide Chlorine Chlorobenzene 1-Chlorobutane Chloroethane Chloroethylene Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Decane Dibutyl ether Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Dipropyl ether Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol Heptane Hexafluorobenzene Hexane

change in volume upon vaporization equals the ideal-gas volume of the vapor. This leads to the equation ∆t/∆p = RTb2 /p0 ∆vapH(Tb) where R is the molar gas constant, p0 is 101.325 kPa, Tb is the normal boiling point temperature (absolute), and ∆vapH(Tb) is the molar enthalpy of vaporization at the normal boiling point. Values of the last quantity may be obtained from the table “Enthalpy of Vaporization” in Section 6.

Reference 1. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, pp. 49-59.

tb

∆t/∆p

°C

°C/kPa

20.1 117.9 56.0 81.6 -33.33 184.1 153.7 179.0 80.0 58.8 -0.5 117.7 46.2 -34.04 131.7 78.6 12.3 -13.3 80.7 160.8 155.4 174.1 140.2 39.6 34.5 189.0 101.5 90.0 78.2 77.1 197.3 98.5 80.2 68.7

0.261 0.324 0.289 0.316 0.198 0.378 0.367 0.392 0.321 0.300 0.267 0.278 0.304 0.224 0.365 0.321 0.262 0.241 0.328 0.344 0.382 0.388 0.363 0.276 0.278 0.379 0.321 0.326 0.249 0.300 0.331 0.336 0.305 0.314

°C/mmHg 0.0348 0.0432 0.0385 0.0421 0.0264 0.0504 0.0489 0.0523 0.0428 0.0400 0.0356 0.0371 0.0405 0.0299 0.0487 0.0428 0.0349 0.0321 0.0437 0.0459 0.0509 0.0517 0.0484 0.0368 0.0371 0.0505 0.0428 0.0435 0.0332 0.0400 0.0441 0.0448 0.0407 0.0419

Compound 1-Hexanol Hydrogen fluoride Iodomethane Isobutane Methanol Methyl acetate Methyl formate N-Methylaniline N-Methylformamide Nitrobenzene Nitromethane 1-Octanol Pentane 1-Pentanol Phenol Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine Styrene Sulfur dioxide Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloroethylene Trichloromethane Trimethylamine Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

∆t/∆p

°C

°C/kPa

157.6 20.1 42.5 -11.7 64.6 56.8 31.7 196.2 199.5 210.8 101.1 195.1 36.0 137.9 181.8 -42.1 97.2 82.3 115.2 129.7 86.5 145.1 -10.05 121.3 76.8 110.6 87.2 61.1 2.8 100.0 144.5 139.1 138.3

0.318 0.276 0.291 0.254 0.251 0.282 0.582 0.396 0.371 0.418 0.320 0.360 0.289 0.296 0.349 0.224 0.261 0.247 0.340 0.330 0.309 0.369 0.221 0.354 0.325 0.353 0.330 0.302 0.248 0.276 0.373 0.368 0.369

°C/mmHg 0.0424 0.0368 0.0388 0.0339 0.0335 0.0376 0.0776 0.0528 0.0495 0.0557 0.0427 0.0480 0.0385 0.0395 0.0465 0.0299 0.0348 0.0329 0.0453 0.0440 0.0412 0.0492 0.0295 0.0472 0.0433 0.0471 0.0440 0.0403 0.0331 0.0368 0.0497 0.0491 0.0492

15-26

Section 15.indb 26

5/3/05 9:11:53 AM

EBULLIOSCOPIC CONSTANTS FOR CALCULATION OF BOILING POINT ELEVATION The boiling point Tb of a dilute solution of a non-volatile, nondissociating solute is elevated relative to that of the pure solvent. If the solution is ideal (i.e., follows Raoult’s Law), the amount of elevation depends only on the number of particles of solute present. Hence the change in boiling point ∆Tb can be expressed as ∆Tb = Eb m2 where m2 is the molality (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent) and Eb is the Ebullioscopic Constant, a characteristic property of Compound Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Aniline Anisole Benzaldehyde Benzene 1-Butanol Carbon disulfide Chlorobenzene 1-Chlorobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Decane Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol Heptane

Eb/K kg mol–1 3.22 1.80 1.44 3.82 4.20 4.24 2.64 2.17 2.42 4.36 3.13 2.92 3.5 6.10 2.42 2.20 3.22 3.01 1.23 2.82 2.26 3.62

the solvent. The Ebullioscopic Constant may be calculated from the relation Eb = R Tb2 M/∆vapH where R is the molar gas constant, Tb is the normal boiling point temperature (absolute) of the solvent, M the molar mass of the solvent, and ∆vapH the molar enthalpy (heat) of vaporization of the solvent at its normal boiling point. This table lists Eb values for some common solvents, as calculated from data in the table “Enthalpy of Vaporization” in Section 6. Compound Hexane Iodomethane Methanol Methyl acetate N-Methylaniline N-Methylformamide Nitrobenzene Nitromethane 1-Octanol Phenol 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloroethylene Trichloromethane Water o-Xylene

Eb/K kg mol–1 2.90 4.31 0.86 2.21 4.3 2.2 5.2 2.09 5.06 3.54 1.66 1.58 2.83 2.33 2.32 6.18 5.26 3.40 4.52 3.80 0.513 4.25

15-27

Section 15.indb 27

5/3/05 9:11:53 AM

CRYOSCOPIC CONSTANTS FOR CALCULATION OF FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION The freezing point Tf of a dilute solution of a non-volatile, nondissociating solute is depressed relative to that of the pure solvent. If the solution is ideal (i.e., follows Raoult’s Law), this lowering is a function only of the number of particles of solute present. Thus the absolute value of the lowering of freezing point ∆Tf can be expressed as ∆Tf = Ef m2 where m2 is the molality (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent) and Ef is the Cryoscopic Constant, a characteristic property of the Compound Acetamide Acetic acid Acetophenone Aniline Benzene Benzonitrile Benzophenone (+)-Camphor 1-Chloronaphthalene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Dibenzyl ether p-Dichlorobenzene Diethanolamine Dimethyl sulfoxide

Ef/K kg mol–1 3.92 3.63 5.16 5.23 5.07 5.35 8.58 37.8 7.68 5.92 7.76 7.20 20.8 42.2 6.42 4.70 6.17 7.57 3.16 3.85

solvent. The Cryoscopic Constant may be calculated from the relation Ef = R Tf2 M/∆fusH where R is the molar gas constant, Tb is the freezing point temperature (absolute) of the solvent, M the molar mass of the solvent, and ∆fusH the molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion of the solvent. This table lists cryscopic constants for selected substances, as calculated from data in the table “Enthalpy of Fusion” in Section 6. Compound 1,4-Dioxane Diphenylamine Ethylene glycol Formamide Formic acid Glycerol Methylcyclohexane Naphthalene Nitrobenzene Phenol Pyridine Quinoline Succinonitrile 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Toluene p-Toluidine Tribromomethane Water p-Xylene

Ef/K kg mol–1 4.63 8.38 3.11 4.25 2.38 3.56 2.60 7.45 6.87 6.84 4.26 6.73 19.3 21.4 41.0 3.55 4.91 15.0 1.86 4.31

15-28

Section 15.indb 28

5/3/05 9:11:54 AM

FREEZING POINT LOWERING BY ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION Reference Forsythe, W. E., Smithsonian Physical Tables, Ninth Edition, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1956. Compound CaCl2 CuSO4 HCl HNO3 H2SO4 KBr KCl KNO3 K2SO4 LiCl MgSO4 NH4Cl NaCl NaNO3

0.05 0.25 0.13 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.23 0.18 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.18

0.10 0.49 0.23 0.36 0.35 0.39 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.43 0.35 0.24 0.34 0.35 0.36

Lowering of freezing point of water (in °C) as function of molality (mol/kg) 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 1.27 2.66 4.28 6.35 10.78 15.27 20.42 0.47 0.96 0.90 1.86 2.90 4.02 6.63 9.94 0.88 1.80 2.78 3.80 5.98 8.34 10.95 0.96 1.95 3.04 4.28 7.35 11.35 16.32 0.92 1.78 0.86 1.68 2.49 3.29 4.88 6.50 8.14 0.78 1.47 2.11 2.66 1.01 1.87 0.88 1.80 2.78 0.55 1.01 1.50 2.08 3.41 0.85 1.70 2.55 0.85 1.68 2.60 0.80 1.62 2.63 3.10

3.00 28.08

13.92

9.77

15-29

Section 15.indb 29

5/3/05 9:11:54 AM

CORRECTION OF BAROMETER READINGS TO 0°C TEMPERATURE The following corrections are used to reduce the reading of a mercury barometer with a brass scale to 0°C. The number in the table should be subtracted from the observed height of the mercury column to give the true pressure in mmHg (1mmHg = 133.322 Pa). The table is calculated from the formula

where h is the observed column height in mm and t the Celsius temperature. This relation is based on thermal expansion coefficients of 181.8·10–6 °C–1 for mercury and 18.4·10–6 °C–1 for brass.

∆h = -0.0001634 ht/(1+0.0001818 t),

t/°C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

620 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.51 0.61 0.71 0.81 0.91 1.01 1.11 1.21 1.31 1.41 1.52 1.62 1.72 1.82 1.92 2.02 2.12 2.22 2.32 2.42 2.52 2.62 2.72 2.82 2.92 3.02 3.12 3.22 3.32 3.42 3.52 3.62 3.72 3.82 3.92 4.02

630 0.00 0.10 0.21 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.62 0.72 0.82 0.92 1.03 1.13 1.23 1.34 1.44 1.54 1.64 1.74 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.26 2.36 2.46 2.56 2.66 2.77 2.87 2.97 3.07 3.17 3.28 3.38 3.48 3.58 3.68 3.78 3.88 3.99 4.09

640 0.00 0.10 0.21 0.31 0.42 0.52 0.63 0.73 0.84 0.94 1.04 1.15 1.25 1.36 1.46 1.56 1.67 1.77 1.88 1.98 2.08 2.19 2.29 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.71 2.81 2.91 3.02 3.12 3.22 3.33 3.43 3.53 3.64 3.74 3.84 3.95 4.05 4.15

650 0.00 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.42 0.53 0.64 0.74 0.85 0.95 1.06 1.17 1.27 1.38 1.48 1.59 1.69 1.80 1.91 2.01 2.12 2.22 2.33 2.43 2.54 2.64 2.75 2.85 2.96 3.06 3.17 3.27 3.38 3.48 3.59 3.69 3.80 3.90 4.01 4.11 4.22

660 0.00 0.11 0.22 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.75 0.86 0.97 1.08 1.18 1.29 1.40 1.51 1.61 1.72 1.83 1.93 2.04 2.15 2.26 2.36 2.47 2.58 2.68 2.79 2.90 3.00 3.11 3.22 3.32 3.43 3.54 3.64 3.75 3.86 3.96 4.07 4.18 4.28

670 0.00 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.87 0.98 1.09 1.20 1.31 1.42 1.53 1.64 1.75 1.86 1.96 2.07 2.18 2.29 2.40 2.51 2.62 2.72 2.83 2.94 3.05 3.16 3.27 3.37 3.48 3.59 3.70 3.81 3.92 4.02 4.13 4.24 4.35

680 0.00 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.56 0.67 0.78 0.89 1.00 1.11 1.22 1.33 1.44 1.55 1.66 1.77 1.88 1.99 2.10 2.21 2.32 2.43 2.54 2.66 2.77 2.88 2.99 3.10 3.21 3.32 3.43 3.54 3.64 3.75 3.86 3.97 4.08 4.19 4.30 4.41

690 0.00 0.11 0.23 0.34 0.45 0.56 0.68 0.79 0.90 1.01 1.13 1.24 1.35 1.46 1.57 1.69 1.80 1.91 2.02 2.13 2.25 2.36 2.47 2.58 2.69 2.81 2.92 3.03 3.14 3.25 3.36 3.48 3.59 3.70 3.81 3.92 4.03 4.14 4.25 4.37 4.48

Observed Height in mm 700 710 720 730 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.95 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.14 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.31 1.37 1.39 1.41 1.43 1.48 1.50 1.53 1.55 1.60 1.62 1.64 1.67 1.71 1.74 1.76 1.78 1.82 1.85 1.88 1.90 1.94 1.97 1.99 2.02 2.05 2.08 2.11 2.14 2.17 2.20 2.23 2.26 2.28 2.31 2.34 2.38 2.39 2.43 2.46 2.50 2.51 2.54 2.58 2.61 2.62 2.66 2.69 2.73 2.73 2.77 2.81 2.85 2.85 2.89 2.93 2.97 2.96 3.00 3.04 3.09 3.07 3.12 3.16 3.20 3.19 3.23 3.28 3.32 3.30 3.35 3.39 3.44 3.41 3.46 3.51 3.56 3.53 3.58 3.63 3.68 3.64 3.69 3.74 3.79 3.75 3.81 3.86 3.91 3.87 3.92 3.98 4.03 3.98 4.03 4.09 4.15 4.09 4.15 4.21 4.27 4.20 4.26 4.32 4.38 4.32 4.38 4.44 4.50 4.43 4.49 4.56 4.62 4.54 4.61 4.67 4.74

740 0.00 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.48 0.60 0.72 0.85 0.97 1.09 1.21 1.33 1.45 1.57 1.69 1.81 1.93 2.05 2.17 2.29 2.41 2.53 2.65 2.77 2.89 3.01 3.13 3.25 3.37 3.49 3.61 3.73 3.85 3.97 4.09 4.21 4.32 4.44 4.56 4.68 4.80

750 0.00 0.12 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.61 0.73 0.86 0.98 1.10 1.22 1.35 1.47 1.59 1.71 1.83 1.96 2.08 2.20 2.32 2.44 2.56 2.69 2.81 2.93 3.05 3.17 3.29 3.41 3.54 3.66 3.78 3.90 4.02 4.14 4.26 4.38 4.50 4.62 4.75 4.87

760 0.00 0.12 0.25 0.37 0.50 0.62 0.74 0.87 0.99 1.12 1.24 1.36 1.49 1.61 1.73 1.86 1.98 2.10 2.23 2.35 2.47 2.60 2.72 2.84 2.97 3.09 3.21 3.34 3.46 3.58 3.71 3.83 3.95 4.07 4.20 4.32 4.44 4.56 4.69 4.81 4.93

770 0.00 0.13 0.25 0.38 0.50 0.63 0.75 0.88 1.01 1.13 1.26 1.38 1.51 1.63 1.76 1.88 2.01 2.13 2.26 2.38 2.51 2.63 2.76 2.88 3.01 3.13 3.26 3.38 3.51 3.63 3.75 3.88 4.00 4.13 4.25 4.38 4.50 4.62 4.75 4.87 5.00

780 0.00 0.13 0.25 0.38 0.51 0.64 0.76 0.89 1.02 1.15 1.27 1.40 1.53 1.65 1.78 1.91 2.03 2.16 2.29 2.41 2.54 2.67 2.79 2.92 3.05 3.17 3.30 3.42 3.55 3.68 3.80 3.93 4.05 4.18 4.31 4.43 4.56 4.68 4.81 4.94 5.06

790 0.00 0.13 0.26 0.39 0.52 0.64 0.77 0.90 1.03 1.16 1.29 1.42 1.55 1.67 1.80 1.93 2.06 2.19 2.32 2.44 2.57 2.70 2.83 2.96 3.08 3.21 3.34 3.47 3.60 3.72 3.85 3.98 4.11 4.23 4.36 4.49 4.62 4.74 4.87 5.00 5.13

800 0.00 0.13 0.26 0.39 0.52 0.65 0.78 0.91 1.04 1.17 1.30 1.44 1.57 1.70 1.83 1.96 2.09 2.22 2.35 2.48 2.60 2.73 2.86 2.99 3.12 3.25 3.38 3.51 3.64 3.77 3.90 4.03 4.16 4.29 4.42 4.55 4.68 4.80 4.93 5.06 5.19

15-30

Section 15.indb 30

5/3/05 9:11:56 AM

DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY FROM DEW POINT The relative humidity of a water vapor-air mixture is defined as 100 times the partial pressure of water divided by the saturation vapor pressure of water at the same temperature. The relative humidity may be determined from the dew point tdew, which is the temperature at which liquid water first condenses when the

mixture is cooled from an initial temperature t. This table gives relative humidity as a function of the dew point depression t – tdew for several values of the dew point. Values are calculated from the vapor pressure table in Section 6.

tdew/°C t – tdew 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0

tdew/°C

–10

0

10

20

30

100 99 97 95 94 92 91 90 88 87 86 84 83 82 80 79 78 77 76 75 73 72 71 70 69 69 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 60 59 58 57 56 55 54

100 99 97 96 94 93 92 90 89 88 87 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 60 59 58 57

100 99 97 96 95 94 92 91 90 89 88 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 63 62 61 60 60

100 99 98 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 70 69 68 67 66 66 65 64 63 63 62

100 99 98 97 96 94 93 92 91 90 89 89 87 86 85 84 83 82 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 75 74 73 72 71 71 70 69 68 68 67 66 65 65 64

t – tdew 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0

–10

0

10

20

30

54 53 52 51 51 50 49 48 48 47 45 44 42 41 39 38 37 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 24 22 21 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12

56 56 55 54 53 53 52 51 51 50 48 47 45 44 42 41 40 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 23 22 21 19 18 17 16 15 14

59 58 57 57 56 55 55 54 53 53 51 49 48 47 45 44 43 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 27 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17

61 60 60 59 58 58 57 56 56 55 54 52 51 49 48 46 45 44 43 42 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 33 32 30 29 27 26 24 23 22 21 20 19

63 63 62 61 61 60 59 59 58 57 56 55 53 52 50 49 48 47 45 44

15-31

Section 15.indb 31

5/3/05 9:11:57 AM

DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY FROM WET AND DRY BULB TEMPERATURES Relative humidity may be determined by comparing temperature readings of wet and dry bulb thermometers. The following table, extracted from more extensive U.S. National Weather Service tables, gives the relative humidity as a function of air temperature

td (dry bulb) and the difference td – tw between dry and wet bulb temperatures. The data assume a pressure near normal atmospheric pressure and an instrumental configuration with forced ventilation. (td – tw)/°C

td/°C –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40

0.5 83 86 88 89 90 91 91 92 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 97 97

1.0 67 71 74 77 79 81 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 94 94

1.5 51 57 61 66 69 72 76 78 79 81 82 83 85 85 86 87 87 88 88 89 89 90 91

2.0 35 43 49 55 60 64 68 71 73 75 77 78 79 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 87 88

2.5 19 29 37 44 50 55 60 63 66 69 71 73 75 76 77 78 80 80 81 82 83 84 85

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

15 25 33 40 46 52 57 60 63 66 68 70 71 73 74 76 77 78 78 79 81 82

8 23 31 38 44 49 54 57 60 63 65 67 69 70 72 73 74 75 76 78 80

12 22 29 37 43 48 51 55 58 60 63 65 66 68 69 71 72 73 75 77

12 21 29 36 41 46 50 53 56 58 61 63 64 66 67 69 70 72 74

13 22 29 35 40 44 48 51 54 57 59 61 62 64 65 67 69 72

5 14 22 29 35 39 43 47 50 53 55 57 59 61 62 64 67 69

7 16 24 29 34 39 42 46 49 51 54 56 58 59 61 64 67

(td – tw)/°C td/°C 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

6.5 9 17 24 29 34 38 42 45 48 50 53 54 56 58 60 61 62 63 64

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

15.0

11 19 24 29 34 38 41 44 47 49 51 53 55 57 58 59 61 62

5 14 20 25 30 34 38 41 44 46 49 51 52 54 56 57 58 59

8 15 21 26 30 34 37 40 43 46 48 50 51 53 54 56 57

10 16 22 26 30 34 37 40 43 45 47 49 51 52 54 54

6 12 18 23 27 31 34 37 40 42 44 46 48 50 51 53

5 10 15 20 24 28 31 34 37 39 41 43 45 47 48

8 14 18 22 26 29 32 35 37 39 41 43 44

7 12 17 20 24 27 30 32 35 37 39 40

6 11 15 19 22 25 28 30 33 35 36

6 10 14 18 21 24 26 29 31 33

5 10 13 17 20 23 25 27 29

15-32

Section 15.indb 32

5/3/05 9:11:59 AM

CONSTANT HUMIDITY SOLUTIONS Anthony Wexler An excess of a water soluble salt in contact with its saturated solution and contained within an enclosed space produces a constant relative humidity and water vapor pressure according to

where p0 is the vapor pressure of pure water at temperature T as given in the table in Section 6 titled “Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C”.

RH = A exp(B/T)

References

where RH is the percent relative humidity (generally accurate to ±2 %), T is the temperature in kelvin, and the constants A and B and the range of valid temperatures are given in the table below. The vapor pressure, p, can be calculated from p = (RH/100) × p0

Compound NaOH · H2O LiBr · 2H2O ZnBr2 · 2H2O KOH · 2H2O LiCl · H2O CaBr2 · 6H2O LiI · 3H2O CaCl2· 6H2O MgCl2· 6H2O NaI · 2H2O Ca(NO3)2 · 4H2O Mg(NO3)2 · 6H2O NaBr · 2H2O NH4NO3 KI SrCl2 · 6H2O NaNO3 NaCl NH4Cl KBr (NH4)2SO4 KCl Sr(NO3)2 · 4H2O BaCl2 · 2H2O CsI KNO3 K2SO4

Temperature range (°C) 15—60 10—30 5—30 5—30 20—65 11—22 15—65 15—25 5—45 5—45 10—30 5—35 0—35 10—40 5—30 5—30 10—40 10—40 10—40 5—25 10—40 5—25 5—25 5—25 5—25 0—50 10—50

1. Wexler, A. S. and Seinfeld, J. H., Atmospheric Environment, 25A, 2731, 1991. 2. Greenspan, L., J. Res. National Bureau of Standards, 81A, 89, 1977. 3. Broul, et al., Solubility of Inorganic Two-Component Systems, Elsevier, New York, 1981. 4. Wagman, D. D. et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982.

RH (25°C) 6 6 8 9 11 16 18 29 33 38 51 53 58 62 69 71 74 75 79 81 81 84 85 90 91 92 97

A 5.48 0.23 1.69 0.014 14.53 0.17 0.15 0.11 29.26 3.62 1.89 25.28 20.49 3.54 29.35 31.58 26.94 69.20 35.67 40.98 62.06 49.38 28.34 69.99 70.77 43.22 86.75

B 27 996 455 1924 –75 1360 1424 1653 34 702 981 220 308 853 254 241 302 25 235 203 79 159 328 75 75 225 34

15-33

Section 15.indb 33

5/3/05 9:11:59 AM

STANDARD SALT SOLUTIONS FOR HUMIDITY CALIBRATION Saturated aqueous solutions of inorganic salts are convenient secondary standards for calibration of instruments for measurement of relative humidity. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has recommended salt solutions for calibrations in the range of 10% to 90% relative humidity, and the American Society for Testing and Materials has published similar standards. The data in this table are taken from the IUPAC recommendations, except for K2CO3 and K2SO4, which are ASTM recommendations. Details on the preparation and use of these standards may be found in References 1 and 2. Data for other salts are given in Reference 3.

t/°C

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

LiCl

11.31 ± 0.31 11.30 ± 0.27 11.28 ± 0.24 11.25 ± 0.22 11.21 ± 0.21 11.16 ± 0.21 11.10 ± 0.22 11.03 ± 0.23 10.95 ± 0.26 10.86 ± 0.29 10.75 ± 0.33 10.64 ± 0.38 10.51 ± 0.44

MgCl2 33.66 ± 0.33 33.60 ± 0.28 33.47 ± 0.24 33.30 ± 0.21 33.07 ± 0.18 32.78 ± 0.16 32.44 ± 0.14 32.05 ± 0.13 31.60 ± 0.13 31.10 ± 0.13 30.54 ± 0.14 29.93 ± 0.16 29.26 ± 0.18 28.54 ± 0.21 27.77 ± 0.25 26.94 ± 0.29 26.05 ± 0.34

References 1. Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987, pp.157-162. 2. Standard Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by Means of Aqueous Solutions, ASTM Standard E 104-85, Reapproved 1991. 3. Greenspan, L., J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand., 81A, 89, 1977.

Relative Humidity in % K2CO3 Mg(NO3)2 43.1 ± 0.7 60.35 ± 0.55 43.1 ± 0.5 58.86 ± 0.43 43.1 ± 0.4 57.36 ± 0.33 43.2 ± 0.3 55.87 ± 0.27 43.2 ± 0.3 54.38 ± 0.23 43.2 ± 0.4 52.89 ± 0.22 43.2 ± 0.5 51.40 ± 0.24 49.91 ± 0.29 48.42 ± 0.37 46.93 ± 0.47 45.44 ± 0.60

NaCl 75.51 ± 0.34 75.65 ± 0.27 75.67 ± 0.22 75.61 ± 0.18 75.47 ± 0.14 75.29 ± 0.12 75.09 ± 0.11 74.87 ± 0.12

KCl 88.61 ± 0.53 87.67 ± 0.45 86.77 ± 0.39 85.92 ± 0.33 85.11 ± 0.29 84.34 ± 0.26 83.62 ± 0.25 82.95 ± 0.25 82.32 ± 0.25 81.74 ± 0.28 81.20 ± 0.31 80.70 ± 0.35 80.25 ± 0.41 79.85 ± 0.48 79.49 ± 0.57 79.17 ± 0.66 78.90 ± 0.77

K2SO4 98.8 ± 2.1 98.5 ± 0.9 98.2 ± 0.8 97.9 ± 0.6 97.6 ± 0.5 97.3 ± 0.5 97.0 ± 0.4 96.7 ± 0.4 96.4 ± 0.4 96.1 ± 0.4 95.8 ± 0.5

15-34

Section 15.indb 34

5/3/05 9:12:00 AM

LOW TEMPERATURE BATHS FOR MAINTAINING CONSTANT TEMPERATURE A liquid-solid slurry is a convenient means of maintaining a constant temperature environment below room temperature. The following is a list of readily available organic liquids suitable for

this purpose, arranged in order of their melting (freezing) points tm. The normal boiling points tb are also given.

Compound Isopentane (2-Methylbutane) Methylcyclopentane 3-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride) Pentane Allyl alcohol Ethanol Carbon disulfide Isobutyl alcohol Toluene Acetone Ethyl acetate Dry ice + acetone p-Cymene Trichloromethane (Chloroform) N-Methylaniline Chlorobenzene Anisole Bromobenzene Tetrachloromethane (Carbon tetrachloride) Benzonitrile

tm/°C –159.9 –142.5 –134.5 –129.7 –129 –114.1 –111.5 –108 –94.9 –94.8 –83.6 –78 –68.9 –63.6 –57 –45.2 –37.5 –30.6 –23 –12.7

tb/°C 27.8 71.8 45.1 36.0 97.0 78.2 46 107.8 110.6 56.0 77.1 177.1 61.1 196.2 131.7 153.7 156.0 76.8 191.1

15-35

Section 15.indb 35

5/3/05 9:12:00 AM

METALS AND ALLOYS WITH LOW MELTING TEMPERATURE L. I. Berger

Composition, % * Metal or alloy system Weight Atomic Melting temperature (°C) Hg 100 100 –38.84 Cs–K 77.0–23.0 50.0–50.0 –37.5 Cs–Na 94.5–5.5 75.0–25.0 –30.0 K–Na 76.7–23.3 65.9–34.1 –12.65 Na–Rb 8.0–92.0 24.4–75.6 –5 Ga–In–Sn 62.5–21.5–16.0 73.6–15.3–11.1 11 Ga–Sn–Zn 82.0–12.0–6.0 86.0–7.3–6.7 17 Cs 100 100 28.44 Ga 100 100 29.77 K–Rb 32.0–68.0 50–50 33 Bi–Cd–In–Pb–Sn 44.7–5.3–19.1–22.6–8.3 35.1–8.2–27.3–17.9–11.5 46.7 Bi–In–Pb–Sn 49.5–21.3–17.6–11.6 39.2–30.7–14.0–16.2 58.2 Bi–In–Sn 32.5–51.0–16.5 21.1–60.1–18.8 60.5 K 100 100 63.38 Bi–Cd–Pb–Sn 50.0–12.5–25.0–12.5 41.5–19.3–21.0–18.2 70 Bi–In 33.0–67.0 21.3–78.7 72 Bi–Cd–Pb 51.6–8.2–40.2 48.1–14.2–37.7 91.5 Bi–Pb–Sn 52.5–32.0–15.5 46.8–28.7–24.5 95 Na 100 100 97.8 Bi–Cd–Sn 54.0–20.0–26.0 39.4–27.2–33.4 102.5 In–Sn 51.8–48.2 52.6–47.4 119 Cd–In 25.3–74.7 25.7–74.3 120 Bi–Pb 55.5–44.5 55.3–44.7 124 Bi–Sn–Zn 56.0–40.0–4.0 40.2–50.6–9.2 130 Bi–Sn 70–30 57.0–43.0 138.5 Bi–Cd 60.3–39.7 45.0–55.0 145.5 In 100 100 156.6 Li 100 100 180.5 Pb–Sn 38.1–61.9 26.1–73.9 183 Bi–Tl 48.0–52.0 47.5–52.5 185 Sn–Zn 91.0–9.0 85.0–15.0 198 Sb–Sn 8.0–92.0 7.8–92.2 199 Au–Pb 14.6–85.4 15.2–84.8 212 Ag–Sn 3.5–96.5 3.8–96.2 221 Bi–Pb–Sb–Sn 48.0–28.5–9.0–14.5 40.8–24.5–13.1–21.6 226 Cu–Sn 0.75–99.25 1.3–98.7 227 Sn 100 100 231.9 * The useful expression for correlations between the atomic and weight concentrations of an alloy components are:

f ( w , Ak )

f (a , Ak ) = Mk

N

∑ i=1

f ( w , Ai )

and

f ( w , Ak ) =

Mi

Mk ⋅ f (a , Ak )

N

∑

Mi ⋅ f (a , Ai )

Comments

Ref.

Eutectic (?) Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic

1 2 3 4 5 5

Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic

4 6 6 7

Wood’s alloy Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic

6 8 6 6

Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic

6 9 10 11 6, 7 6, 12 13, 14

Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic White Metal Eutectic Eutectic Matrix Alloy Eutectic

6,15 13 14 16 17 13,18 6 13, 19

(i = 1,…, k ,…, N )

i=1

where f(a, Ai) and f(w, Ai) are the atomic and weight concentrations of component Ai, respectively, and Mi is the atomic weight of this component.

References

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Zintle, E. and Hauke, W., Z. Electrochem., 44, 104, 1938. Rinck, E., Compt. Rend., 199, 1217, 1934. Krier, C. A., Craign, R. S., and Wallace, W. E., J. Phys. Chem., 61, 522, 1957. Goria, C., Gazz. Chim. Ital., 65, 865, 1935. Baker, H., Ed., ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM Intl., Materials Park, OH, 1992. 6. Sedlacek, V., Non–Ferrous Metals and Alloys, Elsevier, 1986. 7. Villars, P., Prince, A., Okamoto, H., Eds., Handbook of Ternary Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM Intl., 1994. 8. Palatnik, L. S., Kosevich, V. M., and Tyrina, L. V., Phys. Metals Metallog. (USSR), 11, 75, 1961.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Neumann, T. and Alpout, O., J. Less–Common Metals, 6, 108, 1964. Neumann, T. and Predel, B., Z. Metallk., 50, 309, 1959. Roy, P., Orr, R. L., and Hultgren, R., J. Phys. Chem., 64, 1034, 1960. Dobovicek, B. and Smajic, N., Rudarsko–Met. Zbornik, 4, 353, 1962. Massalski, T. B., Okamoto, H., Subramanian, P. R., and Kacprzak, L., Eds., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM Intl., 1990. Dobovicek, B. and Straus, B., Rudarsko–Met. Zbornik, 3, 273, 1960. Schurmann, E. and Gilhaus, F. J., Arch. Eisenhuettenw., 32, 867, 1961. Rosenblatt, G. M. and Birchenall, C. E., Trans. AIME, 224, 481, 1962. Evans, D. S. and Prince, A., in Alloy Phase Diagrams, MRS Simposia Proc., Vol. 19, North–Holland, 1983, p. 383. Umanskiy, M. M., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 14, 846, 1940. Homer, C. E. and Plummer, H., J. Inst. Met., 64, 169, 1939.

15-36

Section 15.indb 36

5/3/05 9:12:02 AM

Wire Tables The resistance per unit length of wires of various metals is tabulated here. Values were calculated from resistivity values in the tables “Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals” and “Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys”, which appear in Section 12. In prac-

Metal

Aluminum Brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn) Constantan (60% Cu, 40% Ni) Copper Nichrome (79% Ni, 21% Cr) Platinum Silver Tungsten

AWG Gaugea 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Diameter (mm) 8.252 6.543 5.189 4.115 3.264 2.588 2.053 1.628 1.291 1.024 0.8118 0.6439 0.5105 0.4049 0.3211 0.2548 0.2019 0.1601 0.1270 0.1007 0.07988

tice, resistance may vary because of differing heat treatments and metal composition. The values in the table refer to 20°C, but values at other temperatures may be calculated from the following resistivity data: Resistivity in 10–8 Ω m at temperature 20°C 25°C 2.709 2.650 6.13 6.08 45.35 45.38 1.712 1.678 107.6 107.5 10.7 10.5 1.617 1.587 5.39 5.28

0°C 2.417 5.87 45.43 1.543 107.3 9.6 1.467 4.82

100°C 3.56 6.91 45.11 2.22 108.3 13.6 2.07 7.18

Resistance per unit length at 20°C in Ω/m Aluminum 0.000495 0.000788 0.00125 0.00199 0.00317 0.00504 0.00800 0.0127 0.0202 0.0322 0.0512 0.0814 0.129 0.206 0.327 0.520 0.828 1.32 2.09 3.33 5.29

Brass 0.00114 0.00181 0.00287 0.00457 0.00727 0.0115 0.0184 0.0292 0.0464 0.0738 0.117 0.187 0.297 0.472 0.751 1.19 1.90 3.02 4.80 7.63 12.1

Constantan 0.00848 0.0135 0.0214 0.0341 0.0542 0.0863 0.137 0.218 0.347 0.551 0.877 1.39 2.22 3.52 5.60 8.90 14.2 22.5 35.8 57.0 90.5

Copper 0.000314 0.000499 0.000793 0.00126 0.00200 0.00319 0.00507 0.00806 0.0128 0.0204 0.0324 0.0515 0.0820 0.130 0.207 0.329 0.524 0.833 1.32 2.11 3.35

Nichrome 0.0201 0.0320 0.0508 0.0808 0.128 0.204 0.325 0.516 0.821 1.30 2.08 3.30 5.25 8.35 13.3 21.1 33.6 53.4 84.9 135 214

Platinum 0.00196 0.00312 0.00496 0.00789 0.0125 0.0200 0.0317 0.0504 0.0802 0.127 0.203 0.322 0.513 0.815 1.30 2.06 3.28 5.22 8.29 13.2 20.9

Silver 0.000297 0.000472 0.000750 0.00119 0.00190 0.00302 0.00479 0.00762 0.0121 0.0193 0.0307 0.0487 0.0775 0.123 0.196 0.311 0.496 0.788 1.25 1.99 3.17

Tungsten 0.00099 0.00157 0.00250 0.00397 0.00631 0.0100 0.0159 0.0254 0.0403 0.0641 0.102 0.162 0.258 0.410 0.652 1.03 1.65 2.62 4.17 6.63 10.5

Often called Brown & Sharpe Gauge.

a



6679X_S15.indb 37

15-37

3/28/08 4:40:41 PM

Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids Particle Diameter, microns (µm)

(1nm)

0.0001

0.01

0.001 2

3 4 5 6 8

1

2

0.1

3 4 5 6 8

10

2

1

3 4 5 6 8

100

2

10

3 4 5 6 8

2

2

5,000 1,250 10,000 2,500 625

1,000

2

100

X-Rays

Electromagnetic Waves

Technical Definitions

Gas Dispersoids

Soil:

Visible Near Infrared Solar Radiation

Ultraviolet

Solid:

CO2

C6H6

CO

N2

H2O

CH4

HCI

SO2

12

4

6

16

/8”

3

/4”

1

/2”

3

U.S. Screen Mesh 30

3

8

4

1”

3

3

/8”

/4”

Coarse Sand

Mist

Drizzle

Gravel Rain

Fertilizer, Ground Limestone Fly Ash Coal Dust

Cement Dust Sulfuric Concentrator Mist Contact Pulverized Coal Sulfuric Mist Flotation Ores Paint Pigments Insecticide Dusts Ground Talc Plant Spray Dried Milk Spores Alkali Fume Pollens Milled Flour

Ammonium Chloride Fume

CI2 Gas Molecules

Typical Particles and Gas Dispersoids

20

8

Microwaves (Radar, etc.)

Fine Sand

Clouds and Fog

Rosin Smoke Oil Smokes Tobacco Smoke Metallurgical Dusts and Fumes F2

40

14

3

1”

/2”

Spray Silt

Clay Smog

O2

28

2 1

3

Dust

Atterberg or International Std. Classification System adopted by Internat. Soc. Soil Sci. Since 1934

H2

6

Tyler Screen Mesh

50

Mist

Common Atmospheric Dispersoids

3 4 5 6 8

10

Far Infrared

Fume

Liquid:

2

20

48

100

325 230 170

35

60

400 270 200 140

10,000

3 4 5 6 8

65

400 270 200 150

Theoretical Mesh (Used very infrequently)

Ångström Units, Å

(1cm)

1,000

3 4 5 6 8

325 250 170

Equivalent Sizes

(1mm)

100

3 4 5 6 8

Carbon Black Zinc Oxide Fume Colloidal Silica

C4H10

#Molecular diameters calculated from viscosity data at 0*C

Aitken Nuclei

Beach Sand

Atmospheric Dust Sea Salt Nuclei Nebulizer Drops Hydraulic Nozzle Drops Lung Damaging Combustion Pneumatic Dust Nuclei Nozzle Drops Red Blood Cell Diameter (Adults): 7.5µ 0.3µ Viruses Bacteria Human Hair Electroformed Impingers Sieving Sieves +Furnishes average + Microscope Ultramicroscope particle diameter but Electron Microscope no size distribution ++Size distribution Centrifuge Elutriation may be obtained by Ultracentrifuge Sedimentation special calibration Turbidimetry++ + + X-Ray Diffraction Permeability Visible to Eye Adsorption+ Scanners Light Scattering++ Machine Tools (Micrometers, Calipers, etc.) Nuclei Counter Electrical Conductivity

Methods for Particle Size Analysis

Ultrasonics

Settling Chambers Centrifugal Separators Liquid Scubbers Cloth Collectors Packed Beds Common Air Filters High Efficiency Air Filters Impingement Separators

(very limited industrial application)

Types of Gas Cleaning Equipment

Thermal Precipitation

Mechanical Separators

(used only for sampling)

Electrical Precipitators

Terminal Gravitational Setting* for spheres, sp. gr. 2.0

Particle Diffusion Coefficient,* cm2/s *Stokes-Cunningham factor included in values given for air but not included for water

In Air at 25°C. 1atm.

In Water at 25°C.

In Air at 25°C. 1atm. In Water at 25°C.

Reynolds Number

10–12

Settling Velocity, cm/s

2

3

Reynolds Number

10–15 3

Settling Velocity, cm/s

10–10

1

5 3 2

4

3

2 2

0.0001

10–11

3

10–5

5

10–14 3

2 3 5

10–13 3

10–9

2 3 5

10–15 3 210–25 3 2 5 3 2 10–5

6 5 4

3 4 56 8

0.001 (1nm)

3

2 2

10–10

3

10

10–6

–3

10–9

3

2

3

10–12 3

10–4

5

10–11 3

10–8

2 3 5

6 5 4

0.01

3

10–7

10

3

10–7

3

3

5

10–9 3

2 3 5

10–7

2 2

2

10–10 3

10–45 3 2 5 3 2

3 4 5 6 8

10–8

3

6 5 4

4 5 6 8

0.1

3

2 2

2 3 5

10–7 3

10–6 3

10–5

2 3 5

10–8

3

10–2

6 5 4

3 4 5 6 8

2 3 5

10

2

3

2 2

1

Particle Diameter, microns (µm)

3

3

10–1

100

2 3 5

10–5 3

10–4

10–66 5 4 3

5 3 2

10–4 10–3 10–2 10–1

3

2 3 5

2 3 5

–5

3

10–3

10–8 3

10–6

10–6 10–5

3

10–4 3

2 3 5

10–3 3

10–3

2 3 5

101

10–2 3

10–2

2 3 5

–7

100

3

2 3

10–1 3

10–1

101

3

2 3 5

102

5

0

10

–8

6 5 4 3

10–9

6 5 4

3 4 5 6 8

10

10

2

3

2 2

6 5 4 3

10–10

6 5 4

100

2 3

10

2

3 4 5 6 8

2

10

3

100

102

3

3

2 2

103

3

3

5

1

10

3

7

2

–9 6 5 4 3

10–11 3 4 56

6 5 4

1,000 (1mm)

3

2 2

2

3

3

10

2

8

1.5

10

3

101

5

103

2

104

3

3

2.5

5

3 4

10

3

4

5

6 7

–10 6 5 4 3

3

2

8 9

10

–11

10–12

6 5 4 3

3 4 5 6 8

2 2

3

10,000 (1cm)

C.E. Lapple, Stanford Research Institute Journal, Vol. 5, p.95 (Third Quarter, 1961)

15-38

487_S15.indb 38

3/20/06 11:36:47 AM

DENSITY OF VARIOUS SOLIDS This table gives the range of density for miscellaneous solid materials whose characteristics depend on the source or method of preparation.

References

2. Kaye, G. W. C., and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 16th Edition, Longman, London, 1995. 3. Brandrup, J., and Immergut, E. H., Polymer Handbook, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989.

1. Forsythe, W. E., Smithsonian Physical Tables, Ninth Edition, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1956. Material Agate Alabaster, carbonate sulfate Albite Amber Amphiboles Anorthite Asbestos Asbestos slate Asphalt Basalt Beeswax Beryl Biotite Bone Brasses Brick Bronzes Butter Calamine Calcspar Camphor Cardboard Celluloid Cement, set Chalk Charcoal, oak pine Cinnabar Clay Coal, anthracite bituminous Coke Copal Cork Corundum Diamond Dolomite Ebonite Emery Epidote Feldspar Flint Fluorite Galena Garnet Gelatin Glass, common lead

ρ/ g cm–3 2.5-2.7 2.69-2.78 2.26-2.32 2.62-2.65 1.06-1.11 2.9-3.2 2.74-2.76 2.0-2.8 1.8 1.1-1.5 2.4-3.1 0.96-0.97 2.69-2.70 2.7-3.1 1.7-2.0 8.44-8.75 1.4-2.2 8.74-8.89 0.86-0.87 4.1-4.5 2.6-2.8 0.99 0.69 1.4 2.7-3.0 1.9-2.8 0.57 0.28-0.44 8.12 1.8-2.6 1.4-1.8 1.2-1.5 1.0-1.7 1.04-1.14 0.22-0.26 3.9-4.0 3.51 2.84 1.15 4.0 3.25-3.50 2.55-2.75 2.63 3.18 7.3-7.6 3.15-4.3 1.27 2.4-2.8 3-4

Material Pyrex Granite Graphite Gum arabic Gypsum Hematite Hornblende Ice Iron, cast Ivory Kaolin Leather, dry Lime, slaked Limestone Linoleum Magnetite Malachite Marble Meerschaum Mica Muscovite Ochre Opal Paper Paraffin Peat blocks Pitch Polyamides Polyethylene Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polypropylene Polystyrene Polytetrafluoroethylene Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Porcelain Porphyry Pyrite Quartz (α) Resin Rock salt Rubber, hard soft pure gum Neoprene Sandstone Serpentine Silica, fused, Silicon carbide Slag Slate Soapstone

ρ/ g cm–3 2.23 2.64-2.76 2.30-2.72 1.3-1.4 2.31-2.33 4.9-5.3 3.0 0.917 7.0-7.4 1.83-1.92 2.6 0.86 1.3-1.4 2.68-2.76 1.18 4.9-5.2 3.7-4.1 2.6-2.84 0.99-1.28 2.6-3.2 2.76-3.00 3.5 2.2 0.7-1.15 0.87-0.91 0.84 1.07 1.15-1.25 0.92-0.97 1.19 0.91-0.94 1.06-1.12 2.28-2.30 1.19 1.39-1.42 2.3-2.5 2.6-2.9 4.95-5.10 2.65 1.07 2.18 1.19 1.1 0.91-0.93 1.23-1.25 2.14-2.36 2.50-2.65 2.21 3.16 2.0-3.9 2.6-3.3 2.6-2.8

Material Solder Starch Steel, stainless Sugar Talc Tallow, beef Tar Topaz Tourmaline Tungsten carbide Wax, sealing Wood (seasoned) alder apple ash balsa bamboo basswood beech birch blue gum box butternut cedar cherry dogwood ebony elm hickory holly juniper larch locust logwood mahogany maple oak pear pine, pitch white yellow plum poplar satinwood spruce sycamore teak, Indian walnut water gum willow Wood’s metal

ρ/ g cm–3 8.7-9.4 1.53 7.8 1.59 2.7-2.8 0.94 1.02 3.5-3.6 3.0-3.2 14.0-15.0 1.8 0.42-0.68 0.66-0.84 0.65-0.85 0.11-0.14 0.31-0.40 0.32-0.59 0.70-0.90 0.51-0.77 1.00 0.95-1.16 0.38 0.49-0.57 0.70-0.90 0.76 1.11-1.33 0.54-0.60 0.60-0.93 0.76 0.56 0.50-0.56 0.67-0.71 0.91 0.66-0.85 0.62-0.75 0.60-0.90 0.61-0.73 0.83-0.85 0.35-0.50 0.37-0.60 0.66-0.78 0.35-0.50 0.95 0.48-0.70 0.40-0.60 0.66-0.98 0.64-0.70 1.00 0.40-0.60 9.70

15-39

Section 15.indb 39

5/3/05 9:12:06 AM

DENSITY OF SULFURIC ACID

This table gives the density of aqueous sulfuric acid solutions as a function of concentration (in mass percent of H2SO4) and temperature. Mass % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

0°C 1.0074 1.0147 1.0219 1.0291 1.0364 1.0437 1.0511 1.0585 1.0660 1.0735 1.0886 1.1039 1.1194 1.1351 1.1510 1.1670 1.1832 1.1996 1.2160 1.2326 1.2493 1.2661 1.2831 1.3004 1.3179 1.3357 1.3538 1.3724 1.3915 1.4110 1.4310 1.4515 1.4724 1.4937 1.5154 1.5375 1.5600 1.5828 1.6059 1.6293 1.6529 1.6768 1.7008 1.7247 1.7482 1.7709 1.7916 1.8095 1.8243 1.8361 1.8410 1.8453 1.8490 1.8520 1.8544 1.8560 1.8569 1.8567 1.8551 1.8517

10°C 1.0068 1.0138 1.0206 1.0275 1.0344 1.0414 1.0485 1.0556 1.0628 1.0700 1.0846 1.0994 1.1145 1.1298 1.1453 1.1609 1.1768 1.1929 1.2091 1.2255 1.2421 1.2588 1.2757 1.2929 1.3103 1.3280 1.3461 1.3646 1.3835 1.4029 1.4228 1.4431 1.4640 1.4852 1.5067 1.5287 1.5510 1.5736 1.5965 1.6198 1.6433 1.6670 1.6908 1.7144 1.7376 1.7599 1.7804 1.7983 1.8132 1.8252 1.8302 1.8346 1.8384 1.8415 1.8439 1.8457 1.8466 1.8463 1.8445 1.8409

15°C 1.0060 1.0129 1.0197 1.0264 1.0332 1.0400 1.0469 1.0539 1.0610 1.0681 1.0825 1.0971 1.1120 1.1271 1.1424 1.1579 1.1736 1.1896 1.2057 1.2220 1.2385 1.2552 1.2720 1.2891 1.3065 1.3242 1.3423 1.3608 1.3797 1.3990 1.4188 1.4391 1.4598 1.4809 1.5024 1.5243 1.5465 1.5691 1.5920 1.6151 1.6385 1.6622 1.6858 1.7093 1.7323 1.7544 1.7748 1.7927 1.8077 1.8198 1.8248 1.8293 1.8331 1.8363 1.8388 1.8406 1.8414 1.8411 1.8393 1.8357

20°C 1.0051 1.0118 1.0184 1.0250 1.0317 1.0385 1.0453 1.0522 1.0591 1.0661 1.0802 1.0947 1.1094 1.1243 1.1394 1.1548 1.1704 1.1862 1.2023 1.2185 1.2349 1.2515 1.2684 1.2855 1.3028 1.3205 1.3384 1.3569 1.3758 1.3951 1.4148 1.4350 1.4557 1.4768 1.4983 1.5200 1.5421 1.5646 1.5874 1.6105 1.6338 1.6574 1.6810 1.7043 1.7272 1.7491 1.7693 1.7872 1.8022 1.8144 1.8195 1.8240 1.8279 1.8312 1.8337 1.8355 1.8364 1.8361 1.8342 1.8305

Density in g/mL 25°C 30°C 1.0038 1.0022 1.0104 1.0087 1.0169 1.0152 1.0234 1.0216 1.0300 1.0281 1.0367 1.0347 1.0434 1.0414 1.0502 1.0481 1.0571 1.0549 1.0640 1.0617 1.0780 1.0756 1.0922 1.0897 1.1067 1.1040 1.1215 1.1187 1.1365 1.1335 1.1517 1.1486 1.1672 1.1640 1.1829 1.1796 1.1989 1.1955 1.2150 1.2115 1.2314 1.2278 1.2479 1.2443 1.2647 1.2610 1.2818 1.2780 1.2991 1.2953 1.3167 1.3129 1.3346 1.3308 1.3530 1.3492 1.3719 1.3680 1.3911 1.3872 1.4109 1.4069 1.4310 1.4270 1.4516 1.4475 1.4726 1.4685 1.4940 1.4898 1.5157 1.5115 1.5378 1.5335 1.5602 1.5558 1.5829 1.5785 1.6059 1.6014 1.6292 1.6246 1.6526 1.6480 1.6761 1.6713 1.6994 1.6944 1.7221 1.7170 1.7437 1.7385 1.7639 1.7585 1.7818 1.7763 1.7968 1.7914 1.8091 1.8038 1.8142 1.8090 1.8188 1.8136 1.8227 1.8176 1.8260 1.8210 1.8286 1.8236 1.8305 1.8255 1.8314 1.8264 1.8310 1.8261 1.8292 1.8242 1.8255 1.8205

40°C 0.9986 1.0050 1.0113 1.0176 1.0240 1.0305 1.0371 1.0437 1.0503 1.0570 1.0705 1.0844 1.0985 1.1129 1.1275 1.1424 1.1576 1.1730 1.1887 1.2046 1.2207 1.2371 1.2538 1.2707 1.2880 1.3055 1.3234 1.3417 1.3604 1.3795 1.3991 1.4191 1.4396 1.4604 1.4816 1.5031 1.5250 1.5472 1.5697 1.5925 1.6155 1.6387 1.6619 1.6847 1.7069 1.7281 1.7479 1.7657 1.7809 1.7933 1.7986 1.8033 1.8074 1.8109 1.8137 1.8157 1.8166 1.8163 1.8145 1.8107

50°C 0.9944 1.0006 1.0067 1.0129 1.0192 1.0256 1.0321 1.0386 1.0451 1.0517 1.0651 1.0788 1.0927 1.1070 1.1215 1.1362 1.1512 1.1665 1.1820 1.1977 1.2137 1.2300 1.2466 1.2635 1.2806 1.2981 1.3160 1.3343 1.3528 1.3719 1.3914 1.4113 1.4317 1.4524 1.4735 1.4950 1.5167 1.5388 1.5611 1.5838 1.6067 1.6297 1.6526 1.6751 1.6971 1.7180 1.7375 1.7552 1.7705 1.7829 1.7883 1.7932 1.7974 1.8011 1.8040 1.8060 1.8071 1.8068 1.8050 1.8013

60°C 0.9895 0.9956 1.0017 1.0078 1.0140 1.0203 1.0266 1.0330 1.0395 1.0460 1.0593 1.0729 1.0868 1.1009 1.1153 1.1299 1.1448 1.1599 1.1753 1.1909 1.2068 1.2229 1.2394 1.2561 1.2732 1.2907 1.3086 1.3269 1.3455 1.3644 1.3837 1.4036 1.4239 1.4446 1.4656 1.4869 1.5086 1.5305 1.5528 1.5753 1.5981 1.6209 1.6435 1.6657 1.6873 1.7080 1.7274 1.7449 1.7602 1.7729 1.7783 1.7832 1.7876 1.7914 1.7944 1.7965 1.7977 1.7976 1.7958 1.7922

80°C 0.9779 0.9839 0.9900 0.9961 1.0022 1.0084 1.0146 1.0209 1.0273 1.0338 1.0469 1.0603 1.0740 1.0879 1.1021 1.1166 1.1313 1.1463 1.1616 1.1771 1.1928 1.2088 1.2251 1.2418 1.2589 1.2762 1.2939 1.3120 1.3305 1.3494 1.3687 1.3884 1.4085 1.4290 1.4497 1.4708 1.4923 1.5140 1.5359 1.5582 1.5806 1.6031 1.6252 1.6469 1.6680 1.6882 1.7072 1.7245 1.7397 1.7525 1.7581 1.7633 1.7681

100°C 0.9645 0.9705 0.9766 0.9827 0.9888 0.9950 1.0013 1.0076 1.0140 1.0204 1.0335 1.0469 1.0605 1.0744 1.0885 1.1029 1.1176 1.1325 1.1476 1.1630 1.1787 1.1946 1.2109 1.2276 1.2446 1.2619 1.2796 1.2976 1.3159 1.3348 1.3540 1.3735 1.3934 1.4137 1.4344 1.4554 1.4766 1.4981 1.5198 1.5417 1.5637 1.5857 1.6074 1.6286 1.6493 1.6692 1.6878 1.7050 1.7202 1.7331 1.7388 1.7439 1.7485

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Section 15.indb 40

5/3/05 9:12:08 AM

DENSITY OF ETHANOL-WATER MIXTURES This table gives the density of mixtures of ethanol and water as a function of composition and temperature. The composition is specified in weight percent of ethanol, i.e., mass of ethanol per 100 g of solution. Values from the reference have been converted to true densities.

Reference Washburn, E. W., Ed., International Critical Tables of Numerical Data of Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Vol. 3, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1926–1932.

Density in g/cm3 Weight % Ethanol

10 °C

15 °C

20 °C

25 °C

30 °C

35 °C

40 °C

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

0.99970 0.99095 0.98390 0.97797 0.97249 0.96662 0.95974 0.95159 0.94235 0.93223 0.92159 0.91052 0.89924 0.88771 0.87599 0.86405 0.85194 0.83948 0.82652 0.81276 0.79782

0.99910 0.99029 0.98301 0.97666 0.97065 0.96421 0.95683 0.94829 0.93879 0.92849 0.91773 0.90656 0.89520 0.88361 0.87184 0.85985 0.84769 0.83522 0.82225 0.80850 0.79358

0.99820 0.98935 0.98184 0.97511 0.96861 0.96165 0.95379 0.94491 0.93515 0.92469 0.91381 0.90255 0.89110 0.87945 0.86763 0.85561 0.84341 0.83093 0.81795 0.80422 0.78932

0.99705 0.98814 0.98040 0.97331 0.96636 0.95892 0.95064 0.94143 0.93145 0.92082 0.90982 0.89847 0.88696 0.87524 0.86337 0.85131 0.83908 0.82658 0.81360 0.79989 0.78504

0.99565 0.98667 0.97872 0.97130 0.96392 0.95604 0.94738 0.93787 0.92767 0.91689 0.90577 0.89434 0.88275 0.87097 0.85905 0.84695 0.83470 0.82218 0.80920 0.79553 0.78073

0.99403 0.98498 0.97682 0.96908 0.96131 0.95303 0.94400 0.93422 0.92382 0.91288 0.90165 0.89013 0.87848 0.86664 0.85467 0.84254 0.83027 0.81772 0.80476 0.79112 0.77639

0.99222 0.98308 0.97472 0.96667 0.95853 0.94988 0.94052 0.93048 0.91989 0.90881 0.89747 0.88586 0.87414 0.86224 0.85022 0.83806 0.82576 0.81320 0.80026 0.78668 0.77201

15-41

Section 15.indb 41

5/3/05 9:12:09 AM

Dielectric Strength Of Insulating Materials L. I. Berger The loss of the dielectric properties by a sample of a gaseous, liquid, or solid insulator as a result of application to the sample of an electric field* greater than a certain critical magnitude is called dielectric breakdown. The critical magnitude of electric field at which the breakdown of a material takes place is called the dielectric strength of the material (or breakdown voltage). The dielectric strength of a material depends on the specimen thickness (as a rule, thin films have greater dielectric strength than that of thicker samples of a material), the electrode shape**, the rate of the applied voltage increase, the shape of the voltage vs. time curve, and the medium surrounding the sample, e.g., air or other gas (or a liquid — for solid materials only).

Breakdown in Gases

The current carriers in gases are free electrons and ions generated by external radiation. The equilibrium concentration of these particles at normal pressure is about 103 cm–3, and hence the electrical conductivity is very small, of the order of 10–16 – 10–15 S/cm. But in a strong electric field, these particles acquire kinetic energy along their free path, large enough to ionize the gas molecules. The new charged particles ionize more molecules; this avalanchelike process leads to formation between the electrodes of channels of conducting plasma (streamers), and the electrical resistance of the space between the electrodes decreases virtually to zero. Because the dielectric strength (breakdown voltage) of gases strongly depends on the electrode geometry and surface condition and the gas pressure, it is generally accepted to present the data for a particular gas as a fraction of the dielectric strength of either nitrogen or sulfur hexafluoride measured at the same conditions. In Table 1, the data are presented in comparison with the dielectric strength of nitrogen, which is considered equal to 1.00. For convenience to the reader, a few average magnitudes of the dielectric strength of some gases are expressed in kilovolts per millimeter. The data in the table relate to the standard conditions, unless indicated otherwise.

Breakdown in Liquids

If a liquid is pure, the breakdown mechanism in it is similar to that in gases. If a liquid contains liquid impurities in the form of small drops with greater dielectric constant than that of the main liquid, the breakdown is the result of formation of ellipsoids from these drops by the electric field. In a strong enough electric field, these ellipsoids merge and form a high-conductivity channel between the electrodes. The current increases the temperature in the channel, liquid boils, and the current along the steam canal leads to breakdown. Formation of a conductive channel (bridge) between

the electrodes is observed also in liquids with solid impurities. If a liquid contains gas impurities in the form of small bubbles, breakdown is the result of heating of the liquid in strong electric fields. In the locations with the highest current density, the liquid boils, the size of the gas bubbles increases, they merge and form gaseous channels between the electrodes, and the breakdown medium is again the gas plasma.

Breakdown in Solids

It is known that the current in solid insulators does not obey Ohm’s law in strong electric fields. The current density increases almost exponentially with the electric field, and at a certain field magnitude it jumps to very high magnitudes at which a specimen of a material is destroyed. The two known kinds of electric breakdown are thermal and electrical breakdowns. The former is the result of material heating by the electric current. Destruction of a sample of a material happens when, at a certain voltage, the amount of heat produced by the current exceeds the heat release through the sample surface; the breakdown voltage in this case is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the material. A semi-empirical expression for dependence of the breakdown voltage, VB, on the physical properties and geometry of a sample of a solid material for the one-dimensional case is 1/ 2

VB = [ Aρκ / aϕ(d )]

where A is a numerical constant related to the system of units used, ρ and κ are the volume resistivity and thermal conductivity of the sample material, a is a constant related to the chemical bond nature and crystal structure of the sample material, and φ(d) is a function of the sample geometry, first of all, thickness, d (see, e.g., Ref. R6). In the majority of materials, φ(d) increases with d, hence, the magnitude of VB is greater in the thinner samples of a particular material. The electrical breakdown results from the tunneling of the charge carriers from electrodes or from the valence band or from the impurity levels into the conduction band, or by the impact ionization. The tunnel effect breakdown happens mainly in thin layers, e.g., in thin p-n junctions. Otherwise, the impact ionization mechanism dominates. For this mechanism, the dielectric strength of an insulator can be estimated using Boltzmann’s kinetic equation for electrons in a crystal. In the following tables, the dielectric strength values are for room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, unless indicated otherwise.

*  The unit of electric field in the SI system is newton per coulomb or volt per meter. **  For example, the U.S. standard ASTM D149 is based on use of symmetrical electrodes, while per U.K. standard BS2918 one electrode is a plane and the other is a rod with the axis normal to the plane.

15-42

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Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials

15-43

Table 1. Dielectric Strength of Gases Material Nitrogen, N2 Hydrogen, H2 Helium, He Oxygen, O2 Air Air (flat electrodes), kV/mm Air, kV/mm Air, kV/mm Neon, Ne Argon, Ar Chlorine, Cl2 Carbon monoxide, CO Carbon dioxide, CO2 Nitrous oxide, N2O Sulfur dioxide, SO2 Sulfur monochloride, S2Cl2 (at 12.5 Torr) Thionyl fluoride, SOF2 Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, kV/mm Perchloryl fluoride, ClO3F Tetrachloromethane, CCl4 Tetrafluoromethane, CF4 Methane, CH4 Bromotrifluoromethane, CF3Br Bromomethane, CH3Br Chloromethane, CH3Cl Iodomethane, CH3I Iodomethane, CH3I, at 370 Torr Dichloromethane, CH2Cl2 Dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl2F2 Chlorotrifluoromethane, CClF3

Dielectric* strength

Ref.

1.00 0.50 0.15 0.92 0.97 3.0 0.4-0.7 1.40 0.25 0.16 0.18 1.55 1.02 1.05 0.88 0.82 0.84 1.24 2.63 2.68 1.02

1,2 1 2 6 3 4 5 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 6 2 2 6 1

2.50 2.50 2.63 8.50 9.8 2.73 6.33 6.21 1.01 1.00 1.13 1.35 1.97 0.71 1.29 3.02 2.20 1.92 2.42 2.63 1.43 1.53

1 1 2 7 8 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 7 2 1 2,6 1 2

Material Trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F Trichloromethane, CHCl3 Methylamine, CH3NH2 Difluoromethane, CH2F2 Trifluoromethane, CHF3 Bromochlorodifluoromethane, CF2ClBr Chlorodifluoromethane, CHClF2 Dichlorofluoromethane, CHCl2F Chlorofluoromethane, CH2ClF Hexafluoroethane, C2F6 Ethyne (Acetylene), C2H2 Chloropentafluoroethane, C2ClF5 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, C2Cl2F4 Chlorotrifluoroethylene, C2ClF3 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Chloroethane, C2H5Cl 1,1-Dichloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile, CF3CN Acetonitrile, CH3CN Dimethylamine, (CH3)2NH Ethylamine, C2H5NH2 Ethylene oxide (oxirane), CH3CHO Perfluoropropene, C3F6 Octafluoropropane, C3F8 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propene, CH2CHCF3 Pentafluoroisocyanoethane, C2F5NC 1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butyne, CF3CCCF3 Octafluorocyclobutane, C4F8 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-Octafluoro-2-butene Decafluorobutane, C4F10 Perfluorobutanenitrile, C3F7CN Perfluoro-2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, C5F8 Hexafluorobenzene, C6F6 Perfluorocyclohexane, C6F12, (saturated vapor)

Dielectric* strength

Ref.

3.50 4.53 4.2 4.39 0.81 0.79 0.71 3.84 1.40 1.11 1.33 2.61 1.03 1.82 2.55 1.10 1.11 2.3 3.0 2.52 1.82 6.55 6.05 1.00 2.66 3.5 2.11 1.04 1.01 1.01 2.55 2.19 2.47 2.11 4.5 5.84 3.34 2.8 3.08 5.5 5.5 2.11 6.18

1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 6 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2

* Relative to nitrogen, unless units of kV/mm are indicated.

487_S15.indb 43

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Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials

15-44

TABLE 2. Dielectric Strength of Liquids Material Helium, He, liquid, 4.2 K   Static   Dynamic Nitrogen, N2, liquid, 77K   Coaxial cylinder electrodes   Sphere to plane electrodes Water, H2O, distilled Carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 Hexane, C6H14   Two 2.54 cm diameter spherical   electrodes, 50.8 µm space Cyclohexane, C6H12 2-Methylpentane, C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane, C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane, C6H14 Benzene, C6H6 Chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, C8H18 Phenylxylylethane Heptane, C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane, C7H16 Toluene, C6H5CH3

Octane, C8H18

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Ref.

10 10 5 23

9 11 11 12

20 60 65-70 5.5 16.0 42.0

10 10 13 14 15 16

156 42-48 149 133 138 163 7.1 18.8 140 23.6 166 133 199 46 12.0 20.4 16.6

17,18 16 17,18 17,18 17,18 17,18 14 15 17,18 19 17,18 17,18 17,18 16 14 15 14

Material

Ethylbenzene, C8H10 Propylbenzene, C9H12 Isopropylbenzene, C9H12 Decane, C10H22 Synthetic Paraffin Mixture   Synfluid 2cSt PAO Butylbenzene, C10H14 Isobutylbenzene, C10H14 Silicone oils—polydimethylsiloxanes, (CH3)3Si-O-[Si(CH3)2]x-O-Si(CH3)3 Polydimethylsiloxane silicone fluid Dimethyl silicone Phenylmethyl silicone Silicone oil, Basilone M50 Mineral insulating oils Polybutene oil for capacitors Transformer dielectric liquid Isopropylbiphenyl capacitor oil Transformer oil Transformer oil Agip ITE 360 Perfluorinated hydrocarbons   Fluorinert FC 6001   Fluorinert FC 77 Perfluorinated polyethers   Galden XAD (Mol. wt. 800)   Galden D40 (Mol. wt. 2000) Castor oil

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Ref.

20.4 179 226 250 238 192

15 17,18 17,18 17,18 17,18 17,18

29.5 275 222

37 17,18 17,18

15.4 24.0 23.2 10-15 11.8 13.8 28-30 23.6 110.7 9-12.6

20 21,22 22 23 6 6 6 6 24 23

8.0 10.7

23 23

10.5 10.2 65

23 23 25

TABLE 3. Dielectric Strength of Solids Material

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Ref

Material

Sodium chloride, NaCl, crystalline Potassium bromide, KBr, crystalline

150 80

26 26

13.4 5.9 13.8 37.4 7.9 9.8 35-160 9.1-15.4 20-120 >30 11.4

6,27a 6 6,27b 6 6,27c 28 26 6 3 36 29

470-670 200 9.8-13.8

26 26 28

118

6

  Phlogopite, amber, natural   Fluorophlogopite, synthetic   Glass-bonded mica Thermoplastic Polymers   Polypropylene   Amide polymer nylon 6/6, dry   Polyamide-imide copolymer   Modified polyphenylene oxide   Polystyrene   Polymethyl methacrylate   Polyetherimide   Amide polymer nylon 11(dry)   Polysulfone   Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer   Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene   Polyethersulfone   Polybutylene terephthalate   Polystyrene-butadiene copolymer   Acetal homopolymer   Acetal copolymer   Polyphenylene sulfide

Ceramics   Alumina (99.9% Al2O3)   Aluminum silicate, Al2SiO5   Berillia (99% BeO)   Boron nitride, BN   Cordierite, Mg2Al4Si5O18   Forsterite, Mg2SiO4   Porcelain   Steatite, Mg3Si4O11•H2O   Titanates of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Pb   Barium titanate, glass bonded   Zirconia, ZrO2 Glasses   Fused silica, SiO2   Alkali-silicate glass   Standard window glass Micas   Muscovite, ruby, natural

487_S15.indb 44

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Ref

118 118 14.0-15.7

6 6 6

23.6 23.6 22.8 21.7 19.7 19.7 18.9 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.0 15.0 15.0

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

3/20/06 11:36:55 AM

Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials

Material   Polycarbonate   Acetal homopolymer resin (molding resin)   Acetal copolymer resin Thermosetting Molding Compounds   Glass-filled allyl    (Type GDI-30 per MIL-M-14G)   Glass-filled epoxy, electrical grade   Glass-filled phenolic    (Type GPI-100 per MIL-M-14G)   Glass-filled alkyd/polyester    (Type MAI-60 per MIL-M-14G)   Glass-filled melamine    (Type MMI-30 per MIL-M-14G) Extrusion Compounds for High-Temperature Insulation   Polytetrafluoroethylene   Perfluoroalkoxy polymer   Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer   Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer   Polyvinylidene fluoride   Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene    copolymer   Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Extrusion Compounds for Low-Temperature Insulation   Polyvinyl chloride    Flexible    Rigid   Polyethylene   Polyethylene, low-density   Polyethylene, high-density   Polypropylene/polyethylene copolymer Embedding Compounds   Basic epoxy resin:    bisphenol-A/epichlorohydrin    polycondensate   Cycloaliphatic epoxy: alicyclic    diepoxy carboxylate   Polyetherketone   Polyurethanes    Two-component, polyol-cured    Two-part solventless,     polybutylene-based   Silicones    Clear two-part heat curing eletrical     grade silicone embedding resin   Red insulating enamel (MIL-E-22118)    Dry    Wet Enamels   Red enamel, fast cure    Standard conditions    Immersion conditions   Black enamel    Standard conditions    Immersion conditions Varnishes   Vacuum-pressure impregnated baking     type solventless polyester varnish

487_S15.indb 45

15-45

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Ref

Material

15.0 15.0 15.0

6 6 6

15.7

6

15.4 15.0

6 6

14.8

6

13.4

6

   Rigid, two-part    Semiflexible high-bond thixotropic    Rigid high-bond high-flash     freon-resistant   Baking type epoxy varnish    Solventless, rigid, low viscosity,     one-part    Solventless, semiflexible, one-part    Solventless, semirigid, chemical     resistant, low dielectric constant    Solvable, for hermetic electric motors   Polyurethane coating    Clear conformal, fast cure      Standard conditions      Immersion conditions Insulating Films and Tapes   Low-density polyethylene film    (40 µm thick)   Poly-p-xylylene film   Aromatic polymer films    Kapton H (Du Pont)    Ultem (GE Plastic and Roem AG)    Hostaphan (Hoechst AG)    Amorphous Stabar K2000     (ICI film)    Stabar S100 (ICI film)   Polyetherimide film (26 µm)   Parylene N/D (poly-p-xylylene/poly   dichloro-p-xylylene) 25 µm film   Cellulose acetate film   Cellulose triacetate film   Polytetrafluoroethylene film   Perfluoroalkoxy film   Fluorinated ethylene-propylene    copolymer film   Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene film   Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene    copolymer film   Polychlorotrifluoroethylene film   High-voltage rubber insulating tape Composites   Isophthalic polyester (vinyl toluene    monomer) filled with    Calcium carbonate, CaCO3    Gypsum, CaSO4    Alumina trihydrate    Clay   BPA fumarate polyester (vinyl toluene    monomer) filled with    Calcium carbonate    Gypsum    Alumina trihydrate    Clay   Polysulfone resin—30% glass fiber   Polyamid resin (Nylon 66)—    30% carbon fiber   Polyimide thermoset resin,    glass reinforced   Polyester resin (thermoplastic)—

19.7 21.7 19.7 15.7 10.2 19.3

6 6 6 6 6 6

19.7

6

11.8-15.7 13.8-19.7 18.9 21.7 300 19.7 23.6

30 30 28 6 31 6 6

19.7

6

19.7

6

18.9

30

25.4 24.0

6 6

21.7

6

47.2 11.8

6 6

78.7 47.2

6 6

70.9 47.2

6 6

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Ref

70.9 78.7 68.9

6 6 6

90.6

6

82.7 106.3

6 6

181.1

6

78.7 47.2

6 6

300

31

410-590

32

389-430 437-565 338-447 404-422

33 33 33 33

353-452 486

33 34

275 157 157 87-173 157-197 197

6 6 6 6 6 6

197 197

6 6

118-153.5 28

6 6

15.0 14.4 15.4 14.4

38 38 38 38

6.1 5.9 11.8 12.6 16.5-18.7

38 38 38 38 38

13.0

38

12.0

39

3/20/06 11:36:56 AM

Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials

15-46

Material    40% glass fiber   Epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of    bisphenol A), glass reinforced Various Insulators   Rubber, natural   Butyl rubber   Neoprene   Silicone rubber

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Ref

Material

20.0

38

16.0

40

100-215 23.6 15.7-27.6 26-36

26 6 6 6

  Room-temperature vulcanized    silicone rubber   Ureas (from carbamide    to tetraphenylurea)   Dielectric papers    Aramid paper, calendered    Aramid paper, uncalendered   Aramid with Mica

References 1. Vijh, A. K. IEEE Trans., EI-12, 313, 1997. 2. Brand, K. P., IEEE Trans., EI-17, 451, 1982. 3. Encyclopedic Dictionary in Physics, Vedensky, B. A. and Vul, B. M., Eds., Vol. 4, Soviet Encyclopedia Publishing House, Moscow, 1965. 4. Kubuki, M., Yoshimoto, R., Yoshizumi, K., Tsuru, S., and Hara, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 92, 1997. 5. Al-Arainy, A. A. Malik, N. H., and Cureshi, M. I., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 305, 1994. 6. Shugg, W. T., Handbook of Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1986. 7. Devins, J. C., IEEE Trans., EI-15, 81, 1980. 8. Xu, X., Jayaram, S., and Boggs, S. A., IEEE Trans., DEI-3, 836, 1996. 9. Okubo, H., Wakita, M., Chigusa, S., Nayakawa, N., and Hikita, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 120, 1997. 10. Hayakawa, H., Sakakibara, H., Goshima, H., Hikita, M., and Okubo, H., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 127, 1997. 11. Okubo, H., Wakita, M., Chigusa, S., Hayakawa, N., and Hikita, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 220, 1997. 12. Von Hippel, A. R., Dielectric Materials and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1954. 13. Jones, H. M. and Kunhards, E. E., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 1016, 1994. 14. Nitta, Y. and Ayhara, Y., IEEE Trans., EI-11, 91, 1976. 15. Gallagher, T. J., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 249, 1977. 16. Wong, P. P. and Forster, E. O., in Dielectric Materials. Measurements and Applications, IEE Conf. Publ. 177, 1, 1979. 17. Kao, K. C. IEEE Trans., EI-11, 121, 1976. 18. Sharbaugh, A. H., Crowe, R. W., and Cox, E. B., J. Appl. Phys., 27, 806, 1956. 19. Miller, R. L., Mandelcorn, L., and Mercier, G. E., in Proc. Intl. Conf. on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Xian, China, June 24-28, 1985; cited in Ref. 6, p. 492. 20. Hakim, R. M., Oliver, R. G., and St-Onge, H., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 360, 1977. 21. Hosticka, C., IEEE Trans., 389, 1977. 22. Yasufuku, S., Umemura, T., and Ishioka, Y., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 402, 1977. 23. Forster, E. O., Yamashita, H., Mazzetti, C., Pompini, M., Caroli, L., and Patrissi, S., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 440, 1994. 24. Bell, W. R., IEEE Trans., 281, 1977.

487_S15.indb 46

Dielectric strength kV/mm

Ref

9.2-10.9

35

11.8-15.7

28

28.7 12.2 39.4

6 6 6

25. Ramu, T. C. and Narayana Rao, Y., in Dielectric Materials. Measurements and Applications, IEE Conf. Publ. 177, 37. 26. Skanavi, G. I., Fizika Dielektrikov; Oblast Silnykh Polei (Physics of Dielectrics; Strong Fields). Gos. Izd. Fiz. Mat. Nauk (State Publ. House for Phys. and Math. Scis.), Moscow, 1958. 27. Kleiner, R. N., in Practical Handbook of Materials Science, Lynch, C. T., Ed., CRC Press, 1989; 27a: p. 304; 27b: p.300; 27c: p. 316. 28. Materials Selector Guide. Materials and Methods, Reinhold Publ., New York, 1973. 29. Flinn, R. A. and Trojan, P. K., Engineering Materials and Their Applications, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin, 1981, p. 614. 30. Lynch, C. T., Ed., Practical Handbook of Materials Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 31. Suzuki, H., Mukai, S., Ohki, Y., Nakamichi, Y., and Ajiki, K., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 238, 1997. 32. Mori, T., Matsuoka, T., and Muzitani, T., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 71, 1994. 33. Bjellheim, P. and Helgee, B., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 89, 1994. 34. Zheng, J. P., Cygan, P. J., and Jow, T. R., IEEE Trans., DEI-3, 144, 1996. 35. Danukas, M. G., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 1196, 1994. 36. Burn, I. and Smithe, D. H., J. Mater. Sci., 7, 339, 1972. 37. Hope, K.D., Chevron Chemical, Private Communication. 38. Engineering Materials Handbook, Vol. 1, Composites, C.A. Dostal, Ed., ASM Intl., 1987. 39. 1985 Materials Selector, Mater. Eng., (12) 1984. 40. Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill, v. 62 (No. 10A) 1985– 1986. Review Literature on the Subject R1. Kuffel, E. and Zaengl, W. S., HV Engineering Fundamentals, Pergamon, 1989. R2. Kok, J. A., Electrical Breakdown of Insulating Liquids, Phillips Tech. Library, Cleaver-Hum, London, 1961. R3. Gallagher, T. J., Simple Dielectric Liquids, Clarendon, Oxford, 1975. R4. Meek, J. M. and Craggs, J. D., Eds., Electric Breakdown in Gases, John Wiley & Sons, 1976. R5. Von Hippel, A. R., Dielectric Materials and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1954. R6. O’Dwyer, J. J. The Theory of Dielectric Breakdown of Solids, Clarendon Press, 1964.

3/20/06 11:36:57 AM

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION The coefficient of friction between two surfaces is the ratio of the force required to move one over the other to the force pressing the two together. Thus if F is the minimum force needed to move one surface over the other, and W is the force pressing the surfaces together, the coefficient of friction µ is given by µ = F/W. A greater force is generally needed to initiate movement from rest that to continue the motion once sliding has started. Thus the static coefficient of friction µ(static) is usually larger that the sliding or kinetic coefficient µ(sliding). This table gives characteristic values of both the static and sliding coefficients of friction for a number of material combinations. In each case Material 1 is moving over the surface of Material 2.

15-47

The type of lubrication or any other special condition is indicated in the third column. All values refer to room temperature unless otherwise indicated. It should be emphasized that the coefficient of friction is very sensitive to the condition of the surface, so that these values represent only a rough guide.

References 1. Minshall, H., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 73rd Edition, Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 2. Fuller, D. D., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

Material 1

Material 2

Conditions

Metals Hard steel

Hard steel

Hard steel Mild steel

Graphite Mild steel

Mild steel Mild steel Mild steel

Phosphor bronze Cast iron Lead

Mild steel Cast iron Aluminum Aluminum Brass

Brass Cast iron Aluminum Mild steel Mild steel

Brass Bronze Cadmium Copper Copper

Cast iron Cast iron Mild steel Copper Mild steel

Copper Copper Lead Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Nickel Nickel Tin Zinc

Cast iron Glass Cast iron Magnesium Mild steel Cast iron Nickel Mild steel Cast iron Cast iron

Dry Castor oil Steric acid Lard Light mineral oil Graphite Dry Dry Oleic acid Dry Dry Dry Mineral oil Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Castor oil Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Oleic acid Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry

Nonmetals Diamond Diamond Garnet Glass Glass

Diamond Metals Mild steel Glass Nickel

Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry

µ(static)

µ(sliding)

0.78 0.15 0.005 0.11 0.23

0.42 0.081 0.029 0.084 0.058

0.21 0.74

0.95 0.5 0.35 1.10 1.05 0.61 0.51 0.11

0.57 0.09 0.34 0.23 0.95 0.3 0.15 1.4 0.47 0.44 0.30 0.22 0.46

1.6 0.53 1.05 0.68

0.36 0.18 0.29 0.53 0.43

0.6

1.10

0.85

0.42 0.25 0.53 0.64 0.32 0.21

0.1 0.12 0.94 0.78

0.39 0.4 0.56

15-48

Coefficient of Friction Material 1 Graphite Mica Nylon Nylon Polyethylene Polyethylene Polystyrene Polystyrene Sapphire Teflon Teflon Tungsten carbide

Material 2 Graphite Mica Nylon Steel Polyethylene Steel Polystyrene Steel Sapphire Teflon Steel Tungsten carbide

Tungsten carbide Tungsten carbide

Graphite Steel

Miscellaneous materials Cotton Cotton Leather Cast iron Leather Oak Oak Oak Silk Wood

Silk Wood

Wood Wood

Brick Leather

Various materials on ice and snow Ice Ice

Aluminum

Snow

Brass

Ice

Nylon

Snow

Teflon

Snow

Wax, ski

Snow

Conditions Dry Freshly cleaved Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry, room temp. Dry, 1000°C Dry, 1600°C Oleic acid Dry Dry Oleic acid

µ(static) 0.1 1.0 0.2 0.40 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.04 0.04 0.17 0.45 1.8 0.12 0.15 0.5 0.08

Threads Dry Parallel to grain Parallel to grain Perpendicular to grain Clean Dry Wet Dry Dry

0.3 0.6 0.61 0.62 0.54 0.25 0.35 0.2 0.6 0.35

Clean, 0°C Clean, -12°C Clean, -80°C Wet, 0°C Dry, 0°C Clean, 0°C Clean, -80°C Wet, 0°C Dry, -10°C Wet, 0°C Dry, 0°C Wet, 0°C Dry, 0°C Dry, -10°C

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.35

µ(sliding)

0.04 0.04

0.56 0.52 0.48 0.32

0.02 0.035 0.09

0.02 0.15 0.4 0.3 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.04 0.2

FLAME TEMPERATURES Reference

This table gives the adiabatic flame temperature for stoichemetric mixtures of various fuels and oxidizers. The temperatures are calculated from thermodynamic and transport properties under ideal adiabatic conditions, using methods described in the reference.

Fristrom, R. M., Flame Structures and Processes, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.

Adiabatic Flame Temperature in K for Various Fuel-Oxidizer Combinations Fuel

Air

O2

F2

Oxidizer

Cl2

N2O

NO

2493

2965

3127

Organic liquids and gases Acetaldehyde Acetone Acetylene Benzene Butane Carbon disulfide Cyanogen Cyclohexane Cyclopropane Decane Ethane Ethanol Ethylene Hexane Methane Methanol Oxirane Pentane Propane Toluene

2288 2253 2607 2363 2248 2257 2596 2250 2370 2286 2244 2238 2375 2238 2236 2222 2177 2250 2250 2344

4855

Solids Aluminum Lithium Phosphorus (white) Zirconium

4005 2711 3242 4278

Other Ammonia Carbon monoxide Diborane Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Phosphine Silane

1388

2169 2091

2845 3350 3037 3000 3414 3139 3043

4006

15-49

Section 15.indb 49

5/3/05 9:12:14 AM

ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES IN THE RADIO SPECTRUM In the United States the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) has responsibility for assigning each portion of the radio spectrum (9 kHz to 300 GHz) for different uses. These assignments must be compatible with the rules of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), to which the United States is bound by treaty. The current assignments are given in a wall chart (Reference 1) and may also be found on the NTIA web site (Reference 2). The list below summarizes the broad features of the spectrum allocation, with particular attention to those sections of scientific interest. The references should be conFrequency range 9 - 19.95 kHz 19.95 - 20.05 kHz 20.05 - 535 kHz 535 - 1605 kHz 1605 - 3500 kHz 3.5 - 4.0 MHz 4.0 - 5.95 MHz 5.95 - 13.36 MHz 13.36 - 13.41 MHz 13.41 - 25.55 MHz 25.55 - 25.67 MHz 25.67 - 37.5 MHz 37.5 -38.25 MHz 38.25 - 50.0 MHz 50.0 - 54.0 MHz 54.0 - 72.0 MHz 72.0 - 73.0 MHz 73.0 - 74.6 MHz 74.6 - 76.0 MHz 76.0 - 88.0 MHz 88.0 - 108.0 MHz 108.0 - 118.0 MHz 118.0 - 174.0 MHz 174.0 - 216.0 MHz 216.0 - 400.05 MHz 400.05 - 400.15 MHz 400.15 - 406.1 MHz 406.1 - 410.0 MHz 410.0 - 470.0 MHz 470.0 - 512.0 MHz 512.0 - 608.0 MHz 608.0 - 614.0 MHz 614.0 - 806.0 MHz 806 -1400 MHz 1400 - 1427 MHz 1427 - 1660 MHz 1660 - 1710 MHz 1710 - 2655 MHz 2655 - 2700 MHz 2.7 - 4.99 GHz 4.99 - 5.0 GHz 5.0 - 10.6 GHz 10.6 - 10.7 GHz 10.7 - 15.35 GHz 15.35 - 15.4 GHz 15.4 - 22.21 GHz

sulted for details of the allocations in the frequency bands listed here, which in some cases are quite complex.

References 1. United States Frequency Allocations, 1996 Spectrum Wall Chart, Stock No. 003-000-00652-2, U. S. Government Printing Office, P. O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. 2. http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html

Allocation Maritime communication, navigation Standard frequency and time signal (also at 60 kHz and 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 MHz) Maritime and aeronautical communication, navigation AM radio broadcasting Mobile communication and navigation, amateur radio (1800-1900 kHz) Amateur radio Mobile communication Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting Radioastronomy Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting Radioastronomy Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting Radioastronomy Mobile communication Amateur TV channels 2-4 Mobile communication Radioastronomy Mobile communication TV channels 5-6 FM radio broadcasting Aeronautical navigation Mobile communication, space research, meteorological satellites TV channels 7-13 Mobile communication Standard frequency and time satellite (also 20 and 25 GHz) Meteorological aids (radiosonde) Radioastronomy Mobile communication, amateur TV channels 14-20 TV channels 21-36 Radioastronomy TV channels 38-69 Mobile communication, navigation Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research, meteorology Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications

15-50

Section 15.indb 50

5/3/05 9:12:14 AM

Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum Frequency range 22.21 - 22.5 GHz 22.25 - 23.6 GHz 23.6 - 24.0 GHz 24.0 - 31.3 GHz 31.3 - 31.8 GHz 31.8 - 42.5 GHz 42.5 - 43.5 GHz 43.5 - 51.4 GHz 51.4 - 54.25 GHz 54.25 - 58.2 GHz 58.2 - 59.0 GHz 59.0 - 64.0 GHz 64.0 - 65.0 GHz 65.0 - 72.77 GHz 72.77 - 72.91 GHz 72.91 - 86.0 GHz 86.0 - 92.0 GHz 92.0 - 105.0 GHz 105.0 - 116.0 GHz 116.0 - 164.0 GHz 164.0 - 168.0 GHz 168.0 - 182.0 GHz 182.0 - 185.0 GHz 185.0 - 217.0 GHz 217.0 - 231.0 GHz 231.0 - 265.0 GHz 265.0 - 275.0 GHz 275.0 - 300.0 GHz

Section 15.indb 51

15-51

Allocation Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Space research Radioastronomy, space research Satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy Mobile communications

5/3/05 9:12:14 AM

HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS IN LABORATORIES Robert Joyce and Blaine C. McKusick The following material has been extracted from two books prepared under the auspices of the Committee on Hazardous Substances in the Laboratory of the National Academy of Sciences – National Research Council. Readers are referred to these books for full details: Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, National Academy Press, Washington, 1981. Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Laboratories, National Academy Press, Washington, 1983. The permission of the National Academy Press to use these extracts is gratefully acknowledged.

INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALS The term “incompatible chemicals” refers to chemicals that can react with each other • • • •

Good laboratory safety practice requires that incompatible chemicals be stored, transported, and disposed of in ways that will prevent their coming together in the event of an accident. Tables 1 and 2 give some basic guidelines for the safe handling of acids, bases, reactive metals, and other chemicals. Neither of these tables is exhaustive, and additional information on incompatible chemicals can be found in the following references. 1. Urben, P. G., Ed., Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1995. 2. Luxon, S. G., Ed., Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory, 5th ed., Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1992. 3. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 11th ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1994.

Violently With evolution of substantial heat To produce flammable products To produce toxic products TABLE 1. General Classes of Incompatible Chemicals

A Acids Oxidizing agentsa Chlorates Chromates Chromium trioxide Dichromates Halogens Halogenating agents Hydrogen peroxide Nitric acid Nitrates Perchlorates Peroxides Permanganates Persulfates a

B Bases, reactive metals Reducing agentsa Ammonia, anhydrous and aqueous Carbon Metals Metal hydrides Nitrites Organic compounds Phosphorus Silicon Sulfur

The examples of oxidizing and reducing agents are illustrative of common laboratory chemicals; they are not intended to be exhaustive.

TABLE 2. Examples of Incompatible Chemicals Acetic acid

Chemical

Acetylene Acetone Alkali and alkaline earth metals (such as powdered aluminum or magnesium, calcium, lithium, sodium, potassium) Ammonia (anhydrous) Ammonium nitrate Aniline Arsenical materials Azides

Is incompatible with Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanaganates Chlorine, bromine, copper, fluorine, silver, mercury Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures Water, carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, halogens Mercury (in manometers, for example), chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous) Acids, powdered metals, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrites, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide Any reducing agent Acids

16-1

Section 16.indb 1

5/2/05 2:54:42 PM

Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories

16-2

Bromine Calcium oxide Carbon (activated) Carbon tetrachloride Chlorates

Chemical

Chromic acid and chromium troixide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Copper Cumene hydroperoxide Cyanides Flammable liquids Fluorine Hydrocarbons (such as butane, propane, benzene) Hydrocyanic acid Hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous) Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hypochlorites Iodine Mercury Nitrates Nitric acid (concentrated) Nitrites Nitroparaffins Oxalic acid Oxygen Perchloric acid Peroxides, organic Phosphorus (white) Potassium Potassium chlorate Potassium perchlorate (see also chlorates) Potassium permanganate Selenides Silver Sodium Sodium nitrite Sodium peroxide Sulfides Sulfuric acid Tellurides

Section 16.indb 2

Is incompatible with See Chlorine Water Calcium hypochlorite, all oxidizing agents Sodium Ammonium salts, acids, powdered metals, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, alcohol, flammable liquids in general Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane (or other petroleum gases), hydrogen, sodium carbide, benzene, finely divided metals, turpentine Ammonia, methane, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide Acids (organic or inorganic) Acids Ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sodium peroxide, halogens Everything Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic acid, sodium peroxide Nitric acid, alkali Ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous) Copper, chromium, iron, most metals or their salts, alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline, nitro-methane, combustible materials Fuming nitric acid, oxidizing gases Acids, activated carbon Acetylene, ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous), hydrogen Acetylene, fulminic acid, ammonia Sulfuric acid Acetic acid, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, flammable liquids, flammable gases, copper, brass, any heavy metals Acids Inorganic bases, amines Silver, mercury Oils, grease, hydrogen, flammable liquids, solids, or gases Acetic anhydride, bismuth and its alloys, alcohol, paper, wood, grease, oils Acids (organic or mineral), avoid friction, store cold Air, oxygen, alkalis, reducing agents Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water Sulfuric and other acids Sulfuric and other acids Glycerol, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, surfuric acid Reducing agents Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartartic acid, ammonium compounds, fulminic acid Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water Ammonium nitrate and other ammonium salts Ethyl or methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerin, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural Acids Potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium permanganate (similar compounds of light metals, such as sodium, lithium) Reducing agents

5/2/05 2:54:42 PM

Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories

16-3

EXPLOSION HAZARDS Table 3 lists some common classes of laboratory chemicals that have potential for producing a violent explosion when subjected to shock or friction. These chemicals should never be disposed of as such, but should be handled by procedures given in Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Laboratories, National Academy Press, 1983, chapters 6 and 7. Additional information on these, as well as on some less common classes of explosives, can be found in L. Bretherick, Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 3rd ed., Butterworths, London–Boston, 1985.

Table 4 lists some illustrative combinations of common laboratory reagents that can produce explosions when they are brought together or that form reaction products that can explode without any apparent external initiating action. This list is not exhaustive, and additional information on potentially explosive reagent combinations can be found in Manual of Hazardous Chemical Reactions, A Compilation of Chemical Reactions Reported to be Potentially Hazardous, National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 491M, 1975, NFPA, 470 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, MA 02210.

WATER–REACTIVE CHEMICALS Table 5 lists some common laboratory chemicals that react violently with water and that should always be stored and handled so that they do not come into contact with liquid water or water vapor.

Procedures for decomposing laboratory quantities are given in Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Laboratories, chapter 6; the pertinent section of that chapter is given in parentheses.

PYROPHORIC CHEMICALS Many members of the classes of readily oxidized, common laboratory chemicals listed in Table 6 ignite spontaneously in air. A more extensive list can be found in L. Bretherick, Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 3rd ed., Butterworths, London-Boston, 1985. Pyrophoric chemicals should be stored in tightly closed containers under an inert atmosphere (or, for some, an inert liquid),

and all transfers and manipulations of them must be carried out under an inert atmosphere or liquid. Suggested procedures for decomposing them are given in Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Laboratories, chapter 6; the pertinent section of that chapter is given in parentheses.

TABLE 3. Shock–Sensitive Compounds Acetylenic compounds, especially polyacetylenes, haloacetylenes, and heavy metal salts of acetylenes (copper, silver, and mercury salts are particularly sensitive) Acyl nitrates Alkyl nitrates, particularly polyol nitrates such as nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine Alkyl and acyl nitrites Alkyl perchlorates Amminemetal oxosalts: metal compounds with coordinated ammonia, hydrazine, or similar nitrogenous donors and ionic perchlorate, nitrate, permanganate, or other oxidizing group Azides, including metal, nonmetal, and organic azides Chlorite salts of metals, such as AgClO2 and Hg(ClO2)2 Diazo compounds such as CH2N2 Diazonium slats, when dry Fulminates (silver fulminate, AgCNO, can form in the reaction mixture from the Tollens’ test for aldehydes if it is allowed to stand for some time; this can be prevented by adding dilute nitric acid to the test mixture as soon as the test has been completed) Hydrogen peroxide becomes increasingly treacherous as the concentration rises above 30%, forming explosive mixtures with organic materials and decomposing violently in the presence of traces of transition metals N–Halogen compounds such as difluoroamino compounds and halogen azides N–Nitro compounds such as N–nitromethylamine, nitrourea, nitroguanidine, and nitric amide Oxo salts of nitrogenous bases: perchlorates, dichromates, nitrates, iodates, chlorites, chlorates, and permanganates of ammonia, amines, hydroxylamine, guanidine, etc. Perchlorate salts. Most metal, nonmetal, and amine perchlorates can be detonated and may undergo violent reaction in contact with combustible materials Peroxides and hydroperoxides, organic (see Chapter 6, Section II.P) Peroxides (solid) that crystallize from or are left from evaporation of peroxidizable solvents (see Chapter 6 and Appendix I) Peroxides, transition–metal salts Picrates, especially salts of transition and heavy metals, such as Ni, Pb, Hg, Cu, and Zn; picric acid is explosive but is less sensitive to shock or friction than its metal salts and is relatively safe as a water–wet paste (see Chapter 7) Polynitroalkyl compounds such as tetranitromethane and dinitroacetonitrile Polynitroaromatic compounds, especially polynitro hydrocarbons, phenols, and amines

Section 16.indb 3

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Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories

16-4

TABLE 4. Potentially Explosive Combinations of Some Common Reagents

Acetone + chloroform in the presence of base Acetylene + copper, silver, mercury, or their salts Ammonia (including aqueous solutions) + Cl2, Br2, or I2 Carbon disulfide + sodium azide Chlorine + an alcohol Chloroform or carbon tetrachloride + powdered Al or Mg Decolorizing carbon + an oxidizing agent Diethyl ether + chlorine (including a chlorine atmosphere) Dimethyl sulfoxide + an acyl halide, SOCl2 or POCl3 Dimethyl sulfoxide + CrO3 Ethanol + calcium hypochlorite Ethanol + silver nitrate Nitric acid + acetic anhydride or acetic acid Picric acid + a heavy–metal salt, such as of Pb, Hg, or Ag Silver oxide + ammonia + ethanol Sodium + a chlorinated hydrocarbon Sodium hypochlorite + an amine

TABLE 5. Water–Reactive Chemicals

Alkali metals (III.D) Alkali metal hydrides (III.C.2) Alkali metal amides (III.C.7) Metal alkyls, such as lithium alkyls and aluminum alkyls (IV.A) Grignard reagents (IV.A) Halides of nonmetals, such as BCl3, BF3, PCl3, PCl5, SiCl4, S2Cl2 (III.F) Inorganic acid halides, such as POCl3, SOCl2, SO2Cl2 (III.F) Anhydrous metal halides, such as AlCl3, TiCl4, ZrCl4, SnCl4 (III.E) Phosphorus pentoxide (III.I) Calcium carbide (IV.E) Organic acid halides and anhydrides of low molecular weight (II.J)

TABLE 6. Classes of Pyrophoric Chemicals

Grignard reagents, RMgX (IV.A) Metal alkyls and aryls, such as RLi, RNa, R3Al, R2Zn (IV.A) Metal carbonyls, such as Ni (CO)4, Fe(CO)5, Co2(CO)8 (IV.B) Alkali metals such as Na, K (III.D.1) Metal powders, such as Al, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pd, Pt, Ti, Sn, Zn, Zr (III.D.2) Metal hydrides, such as NaH, LiAlH4 (IV.C.2) Nonmetal hydrides, such as B2H6 and other boranes, PH3, AsH3 (III.G) Nonmetal alkyls, such as R3B, R3P, R3As (IV.C) Phosphorus (white) (III.H)

Section 16.indb 4

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Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories

16-5

HAZARDS FROM PEROXIDE FORMATION Many common laboratory chemicals can form peroxides when allowed access to air over a period of time. A single opening of a container to remove some of the contents can introduce enough air for peroxide formation to occur. Some types of compounds form peroxides that are treacherously and violently explosive in concentrated solution or as solids. Accordingly, peroxide–containing liquids should never be evaporated near to or to dryness. Peroxide formation can also occur in many polymerizable unsaturated compounds, and these peroxides can initiate a runaway, sometimes explosive, polymerization reaction. Procedures for testing for peroxides and for removing small amounts from laboratory chemicals are given in Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Laboratories, chapter 6, Section II.P.

Table 7 provides a list of structural characteristics in organic compounds that can peroxidize. These structures are listed in approximate order of decreasing hazard. Reports of serious incidents involving the last five structural types are extremely rare, but these structures are listed because laboratory workers should be aware that they can form peroxides that can influence the course of experiments in which they are used. Table 8 gives examples of common laboratory chemicals that are prone to form peroxides on exposure to air. The lists are not exhaustive, and analogous organic compounds that have any of the structural features given in Table 7 should be tested for peroxides before being used as solvents or reagents, or before being distilled. The recommended retention times begin with the date of synthesis or of opening the original container.

DISPOSAL OF TOXIC CHEMICALS It is often desirable to precipitate toxic cations or hazardous anions from solution to facilitate recovery or disposal. Table 9 lists precipitants for many common cations, and Table 10 gives precipitants for some hazardous anions. Many cations can be precipitated as sulfides by adding sodium sulfide solution (preferable to the highly toxic hydrogen sulfide) to a neutral solution of the cation (Table 11). Control of pH is important because some sulfides will redissolve in excess sulfide ion. After precipitation, excess sulfide can be destroyed by addition of hypochlorite. Most metal cations are precipitated as hydroxides or oxides at high pH. Since many of these precipitates will redissolve in excess

base, it is often necessary to control pH. Table 12 shows the recommended pH range for precipitating many cations in their most common oxidation state. The notation “1 N” in the right–hand column indicates that the precipitate will not dissolve in 1 N sodium hydroxide (pH 14). The distinctions between high and low toxicity or hazard are based on toxicological and other data, and are relative. There is no implication of a sharp distinction between high and low, or that any cations or anions are totally without hazard.

TABLE 7. Types of Chemicals That Are Prone to Form Peroxides A. Organic structures (in approximate order of decreasing hazard)

Section 16.indb 5

1.

Ethers and acetals with α hydrogen atoms

2.

Olefins with allylic hydrogen atoms

3.

Chloroolefins and fluoroolefins

4.

Vinyl halides, esters, and ethers

5.

Dienes

6.

Vinylacetylenes with α hydrogen atoms

7.

Alkylacetylenes with α hydrogen atoms

8.

Alkylarenes that contain tertiary hydrogen atoms

9.

Alkanes and cycloalkanes that contain tertiary hydrogen atoms

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Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories

16-6 10.

Acrylates and methacrylates

11.

Secondary alcohols

12.

Ketones that contain α hydrogen atoms

13.

Aldehydes

14.

Ureas, amides, and lactams that have a hydrogen atom on a carbon atom attached to nitrogen

B. Inorganic substances 1. Alkali metals, especially potassium, rubidium, and cesium (see Chapter 6, Section III.D) 2. Metal amides (see Chapter 6, Section III.C.7) 3. Organometallic compounds with a metal atom bonded to carbon (see Chapter 6, Section IV) 4. Metal alkoxides

TABLE 8. Common Peroxide–Forming Chemicals

LIST A Severe Peroxide Hazard on Storage with Exposure to Air Discard within 3 months •Diisopropyl ether (isopropyl ether) •Divinylacetylene (DVA)a •Potassium metal •Potassium amide

•Sodium amide (sodamide) •Vinylidene chloride (1,1–dichloroethylene)a

LIST B Peroxide Hazard on Concentration; Do Not Distill or Evaporate Without First Testing for the Presence of Peroxides Discard or test for peroxides after 6 months •Acetaldehyde diethyl acetal (acetal) •Cumene (isopropylbenzene) •Cyclohexene •Cyclopentene •Decalin (decahydronaphthalene) •Diacetylene •Dicyclopentadiene •Diethyl ether (ether) •Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme) •Dioxane

•Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme) •Ethylene glycol ether acetates •Ethylene glycol monoethers (cellosolves) •Furan •Methylacetylene •Methylcyclopentane •Methyl isobutyl ketone •Tetrahydrofuran (THF) •Tetralin (tetrahydronaphthalene) •Vinyl ethersa LIST C Hazard of Rapid Polymerization Initiated by Internally Formed Peroxidesa

a. Normal Liquids; discard or test for peroxides after 6 monthsb •Vinyl acetate •Chloroprene (2–chloro–1,3–butadiene)c •Styrene •Vinylpyridine b. Normal Gases; discard after 12 monthsd •Butadienec •Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)c a b

c

d

Section 16.indb 6

•Vinylacetylene (MVA)c •Vinyl chloride

Polymerizable monomers should be stored with a polymerization inhibitor from which the monomer can be separated by distillation just before use. Although common acrylic monomers such as acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate can form peroxides, they have not been reported to develop hazardous levels in normal use and storage. The hazard from peroxides in these compounds is substantially greater when they are stored in the liquid phase, and if so stored without an inhibitor they should be considered as in LIST A. Although air will not enter a gas cylinder in which gases are stored under pressure, these gases are sometimes transferred from the original cylinder to another in the laboratory, and it is difficult to be sure that there is no residual air in the receiving cylinder. An inhibitor should be put into any such secondary cylinder before one of these gases is transferred into it; the supplier can suggest inhibitors to be used. The hazard posed by these gases is much greater if there is a liquid phase in such a secondary container, and even inhibited gases that have been put into a secondary container under conditions that create a liquid phase should be discarded within 12 months.

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Note: Laboratory workers should label all containers of peroxidizable solvents or reagents with one of the following: [LIST A]

Date [LISTS B AND C]

Date

High toxic hazard Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Cadmium Chromium (III)b Cobalt (II)b Gallium Germanium Hafnium Indium Iridium Lead Manganese (II)b Mercury Nickel Osmium (IV)b,e Platinum (II)b Rhenium (VII)b Rhodium (III)b Ruthenium (III)b Selenium Silver Tellurium Thallium Tungsten (VI)b,d Vanadium a

b c

d e

Section 16.indb 7

Peroxidizable compound Received Opened Discard 3 months after opening Peroxidizable compound Received Opened Discard or test for peroxides 6 months after opening

TABLE 9. Relative Toxicity of Cations

Precipitanta OH–, S2– S2– SO42–, CO32– OH– OH–, S2– OH– OH–, S2– OH– OH–, S2– OH– OH–, S2– OH–, S2– OH–, S2– OH–, S2– OH–, S2– OH–, S2– OH–, S2– OH–, S2– S2– OH–, S2– OH–, S2– S2– Cl–, OH–, S2– S2– OH–, S2–

Low toxic hazard Aluminum Bismuth Calcium Cerium Cesium Copperc Gold Ironc Lanthanides Lithium Magnesium Molybdenum (VI)b,d Niobium (V) Palladium Potassium Rubidium Scandium Sodium Strontium Tantalum Tin Titanium Yttrium Zincc Zirconium

Precipitanta OH– OH–, S2– SO42–, CO32– OH– OH–, S2– OH–, S2– OH–, S2– OH– OH– OH– OH–, S2–

OH– SO42– CO32– OH– OH–, S2– OH– OH– OH–, S2– OH–

OH–, S2–

Precipitants are listed in order of preference: OH– = base (sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate) S2– = sulfide Cl– = chloride SO42– = sulfate CO32– = carbonate The precipitant is for the indicated valence state. Maximum tolerance levels have been set for these low–toxicity ions by the U.S. Public Health Service, and large amounts should not be put into public sewer systems. The small amounts typically used in laboratories will not normally affect water supplies. These ions are best precipitated as calcium molybdate or calcium tungstate. CAUTION: OsO4, a volatile, extremely poisonous substance, is formed from almost any osmium compound under acid conditions in the presence of air.

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TABLE 10. Relative Hazard of Anions

Ion Aluminum hydride, AlH4– Amide, NH2Arsenate, AsO3–, AsO43– Arsenite, AsO2–, AsO33– Azide, N3– Borohydride, BH4– Bromate, BrO3– Chlorate, ClO3– Chromate, CrO42–, Cr2O72– Cyanide, CN– Ferricyanide, Fe(CN)63– Ferrocyanide, Fe(CN)64– Fluoride, F– Hydride, H– Hydroperoxide, O2H– Hydrosulfide, SH– Hypochlorite, OCl– Iodate, IO3– Nitrate, NO3– Nitrite, NO2– Perchlorate, ClO4– Permanganate, MnO4– Peroxide, O22– Persulfate, S2O82– Selenate, SeO42– Selenide, Se2– Sulfide, S2– a b c d e

High–hazard anions Hazard typea F F,Eb T T E, T F O, E O, E T, O T T T T F O, E T O O, E O T, O O, E T, O O, E O T T T

Precipitant — — Cu2+, Fe2+ Pb2+ — — — — c

— Fe2+ Fe3+ Ca2+ — — — — — — — —

Low–hazard anions Bisulfite, HSO3– Borate, BO33–, B4O72– Bromide, Br– Carbonate, CO32– Chloride, Cl– Cyanate, OCN– Hydroxide, OH– Iodide, I– Oxide, O2– Phosphate, PO43– Sulfate, SO42 Sulfite, SO32– Thiocyanate, SCN–

d

— — Pb2+ Cu2+ e

Toxic, T: oxidant, O; flammable, F; explosive, E. Metal amides readily form explosive peroxides on exposure to air. Reduce and precipitate as Cr(III); see Table 9. Reduce and precipitate as Mn(II); see Table 9. See Table 11.

Precipitated at pH 7 Ag As3+a Au+a Bi3+ Cd2+ Co2+ Cr3+a Cu2+ Fe2+a Ge2+ Hg2+ In3+ Ir4+ Mn2+a Mo3+ Ni2+ Os4+ Pb2+ Pd2+a Pt2+a Re4+ Rh2+a Ru4+

TABLE 11. Precipitation of Sulfides Not precipitated at low pH

Forms a soluble complex at high pH

+

Section 16.indb 8

X X

X

X

X X X

X X X X

X

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Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories TABLE 11. Precipitation of Sulfides

Precipitated at pH 7

a

Not precipitated at low pH

Sb3+a Se2+ Sn2+ Te4+ Tl+a V4+a Zn2+

Forms a soluble complex at high pH X X X X

X X

Higher oxidation states of this ion are reduced by sulfide ion and precipitated as this sulfide.

Ag1+ Al3+ As3+ As5+ Au3+ Be2+ Bi3+ Cd2+ Co2+ Cr3+ Cu1+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Ga3+ Ge4+ Hf4+ Hg1+ Hg2+ In3+ Ir4+ Mg2+ Mn2+ Mn4+ Mo6+ Nb5+ Ni2+ Os4+ Pb2+ Pd2+ Pd4+ Pt2+ Re3+ Re7+ Rh3+ Ru3+ Sb3+ Sb5+ Sc3+ Se4+ Se6+ Sn2+ Sn4+ Ta5+ Te4+ Te6+ Th4+ Ti3+ Ti4+

Section 16.indb 9

16-9

1

TABLE 12. pH Range for Precipitation of Metal Hydroxides and Oxides 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1N

Not precipitated (precipitate as sulfide) Not precipitated (precipitate as sulfide)

1N 1N 1N 1N 1N 1N 1N 1N

1N 1N pH 13

Not precipitated (precipitate as Ca salt)

1N 1N 1N

1N

Not precipitated (precipitate as sulfide)

1N

1N

Not precipitated (precipitate as sulfide) Not precipitated (precipitate as sulfide)

Not precipitated (precipitate as sulfide) Not precipitated (precipitate as sulfide)

1N

1N 1N 1N

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Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories

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Tl3+ V4+ V5+ W6+ Zn2+ Zr4+

1

TABLE 12. pH Range for Precipitation of Metal Hydroxides and Oxides 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1N

Not precipitated (precipitate as Ca salt)

References L. Erdey, Gravimetric Analysis, Part II, Pergamon Press, New York, 1965. D. T. Burns, A. Towsend, and A. H. Carter, Inorganic Reaction Chemistry, Vol. 2, Ellis Horwood, New York, 1981.

FIRE HAZARDS Flammable solvents are a common source of laboratory fires. The relative ease with which some common laboratory solvents can be ignited is indicated by the following properties. Flash Point — The lowest temperature, as determined by standard tests, at which a liquid emits vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid in a test vessel. Note that many of these common chemicals have flash points below room temperature. Ignition Temperature — The minimum temperature required to initiate self–sustained combustion, regardless of the heat source. Flammable Limits — The lower flammable limit is the minimum concentration (percent by volume) of a vapor in air below which a

flame is not propagated when an ignition source is present. Below this concentration the mixture is too lean to burn. The upper flammable limit is the maximum concentration (percent by volume) of the vapor in air above which a flame is not propagated. Above this concentration the mixture is too rich to burn. The flammable range comprises all concentrations between these two limits. This range becomes wider with increasing temperature and in oxygen–rich atmospheres. Table 13 lists these properties for a few common laboratory chemicals.

GLOVE MATERIALS It is good safety practice (and mandated in some laboratories) to wear rubber gloves while handling chemicals that can cause injury when in contact with, or absorbed through, the skin. The various

common rubbers are not equally resistant to all chemicals. Table 14 provides guidelines for selecting the best, and avoiding the poorest, glove material for handling a given chemical.

RESPIRATORS

In the event of a laboratory accident or spill, it will be necessary for someone to enter the contaminated area for cleanup. If significant quantities of a chemical are spilled, or even minor quantities of a known toxic material, it is essential to wear the correct kind of respirator equipment when entering the area. If it is not known

whether the contamination is of a chemical “immediately dangerous to life or health”, the prudent course is to assume that it is, and to use the corresponding type of respirator. Guidelines are presented in Table 15.

TABLE 13. Flash Points, Boiling Points, Ignition Temperatures, and Flammable Limits of Some Common Laboratory Chemicals Chemical Acetaldehyde Acetone Benzene Carbon disulfide Cyclohexane Diethyl ether Ethanol n–Heptane n–Hexane Isopropyl alcohol Methanol Methyl ethyl ketone

Section 16.indb 10

Flash point (°C) –37.8 –19.0 –11.1 –30.0 –18.0 –45.0 12.0 –3.9 –21.7 11.7 11.1 –6.1

Boiling point (°C) 21.1 56.0 80.1 45.8 80.7 34.4 78.3 98.4 68.7 82.2 64.5 79.6

Ignition temp. (°C) 175.0 538.0 560.0 90.0 260.0 160.0 363.0 204.0 223.0 398.9 385.0 515.6

Flammable limit (percent by volume in air) Lower Upper 4.0 60.0 2.6 12.8 1.4 8.0 1.0 44.0 1.3 8.0 1.8 48.0 3.3 19.0 1.0 6.7 1.2 7.5 2.0 12.0 6.0 36.5 1.9 11.0

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TABLE 13. Flash Points, Boiling Points, Ignition Temperatures, and Flammable Limits of Some Common Laboratory Chemicals Chemical Pentane Styrene Toluene p–Xylene

Flash point (°C) –40.0 31.0 4.4 25.0

Boiling point (°C) 36.1 145.0 110.6 132.4

Ignition temp. (°C) 260.0 490.0 530.0 529.0

Flammable limit (percent by volume in air) Lower Upper 1.4 7.8 1.1 6.1 1.3 7.0 1.1 7.0

Note: For a more extensive listing, see the table “Properties of Common Solvents” in Section 15.

TABLE 14. Resistance to Chemicals of Common Glove Materials (E = Excellent, G = Good, F = Fair, P = Poor)

Chemical Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetone Acrylonitrile Ammonium hydroxide (sat) Aniline Benzaldehyde Benzenea Benzyl chloridea Bromine Butane Butyraldehyde Calcium hypochlorite Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloridea Chlorine Chloroacetone Chloroforma Chromic acid Cyclohexane Dibenzyl ether Dibutyl phthalate Diethanolamine Diethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxideb Ethyl acetate Ethylene dichloridea Ethylene glycol Ethylene trichloridea Fluorine Formaldehyde Formic acid Glycerol Hexane Hydrobromic acid (40%) Hydrochloric acid (conc) Hydrofluoric acid (30%) Hydrogen peroxide Iodine Methylamine Methyl cellosolve Methyl chloridea Methyl ethyl ketone Methylene chloridea Monoethanolamine Morpholine Naphthalenea Nitric acid (conc) Perchloric acid

Section 16.indb 11

Natural rubber G E G P G F F P F G P P P P P G F P P F F F F F — F P G P G G G G P G G G G G G F P F F F F G P F

Neoprene G E G G E G F F P G E G G P F G E F F E G G E G — G F G P G E E G E E G G G G G E E G F E E G P G

Nitrile E E G — E E E G G — — — G G G — — G F — — — — E — G G E — — E E E — — G G G — E — — G G — — E P F

Vinyl G E F F E G G F P G P G G F F G P P E P P P E P — F E P G E E E P E E E E G E P P P F E E G G E

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16-12

TABLE 14. Resistance to Chemicals of Common Glove Materials (E = Excellent, G = Good, F = Fair, P = Poor)

Chemical Phenol Phosphoric acid Potassium hydroxide (sat) Propylene dichloridea Sodium hydroxide Sodium hypochlorite Sulfuric acid (conc) Toluenea Trichloroethylenea Tricresyl phosphate Triethanolamine Trinitrotoluene a

b

Natural rubber G G G P G G G P P P F P

Neoprene E E G F G P G F F F E E

Nitrile — — G — G F F G G — E —

Vinyl E E E P E G G F F F E P

Aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons will attack all types of natural and synthetic glove materials. Should swelling occur, the user should change to fresh gloves and allow the swollen gloves to dry and return to normal. No data on the resistance to dimethyl sulfoxide of natural rubber, neoprene, nitrile rubber, or vinyl materials are available; the manufacturer of the substance recommends the use of butyl rubber gloves.

Type of hazard Oxygen deficiency

TABLE 15. Guide for Selection of Respirators

Gas and vapor contaminants Immediately dangerous to life or health

Not immediately dangerous to life or health

Particulate Contaminants Immediately dangerous to life or health

Not immediately dangerous to life or health

Combination of gas, vapor, and particulate contaminants Immediately dangerous to life or health

Not immediately dangerous to life or health

Type of respirator Self–contained breathing apparatus Hose mask with blower Combination of air–line respirator and auxiliary self– contained air supply or air–storage receiver with alarm Self–contained breathing apparatus Hose mask with blower Air–purifying full–facepiece respirator with chemical canister (gas mask) Self–rescue mouthpiece respirator (for escape only) Combination of air–line respirator and auxiliary self–contained air supply or air–storage receiver with alarm Air–line respirator Hose mask with blower Air–purifying half–mask or mouthpiece respirator with chemical cartridge Self–contained breathing apparatus Hose mask with blower Air–purifying full–facepiece respirator with appropriate filter Self–rescue mouthpiece respirator (for escape only) Combination of air–line respirator and auxiliary self–contained air supply or air–storage receiver with alarm Air–purifying half–mask or mouthpiece respirator with filter pad or cartridge Air–line respirator Air–line abrasive–blasting respirator Hose mask with blower Self– contained breathing apparatus Hose mask with blower Air–purifying full–facepiece respirator with chemical canister and appropriate filter (gas mask with filter) Self–rescue mouthpiece respirator (for escape only) Combination of air–line respirator and auxiliary self–contained air supply or air–storage receiver with alarm Air–line respirator Hose mask without blower Air–purifying half–mask or mouthpiece respirator with chemical cartridge and appropriate filter

Source: ANSI Standard Z88.2 (1969).

Section 16.indb 12

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Flammability of Chemical Substances This table gives properties related to the flammability of about 900 chemical substances. The properties listed are: tB :

Normal boiling point in °C (at 101.325 kPa pressure). FP: Flash point, which is the minimum temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid. Flash point is not an intrinsic physical property but depends on the conditions of measurement (see Reference 1). Fl. Limits: Flammable limits (often called explosive limits), which specify the range of concentration of the vapor in air (in percent by volume) for which a flame can propagate. Below the lower flammable limit, the gas mixture is too lean to burn; above the upper flammable limit, the mixture is too rich. Values refer to ambient temperature and pressure and are dependent on the precise test conditions. A ? indicates that one of the limits is not known. IT: Ignition temperature (sometimes called autoignition temperature), which is the minimum temperature required for self-sustained combustion in the absence of an external ignition source. As in the case of flash point, the value depends on specified test conditions.



487_S16.indb 13

Mol. form.

Name

B2H6 B5H9 BrH3Si Br3HSi Cl2H2Si Cl3HSi GeH4 Ge2H6 H2 H2S H2S2 H2Te H3N H3P H4N2 H4P2 H4Si H6Si2 H8Si3 P

Diborane Pentaborane(9) Bromosilane Tribromosilane Dichlorosilane Trichlorosilane Germane Digermane Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen telluride Ammonia Phosphine Hydrazine Diphosphine Silane Disilane Trisilane Phosphorus (white)

CHN CH2Cl2 CH2N2 CH2O (CH2O)x CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl

Hydrogen cyanide Dichloromethane Cyanamide Formaldehyde Paraformaldehyde Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane

Even in cases where very careful measurements of flash point have been replicated in several laboratories, observed values can differ by 3 to 6°C (Reference 4). For more typical measurements, larger uncertainties should be assumed in both flash points and autoignition temperatures. The absence of a flash point entry in this table does not mean that the substance is nonflammable, but only that no reliable value is available. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. Substances not containing carbon are listed first, followed by those that contain carbon. To locate an organic compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula.

References 1. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 11th Edition, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1994. 2. Urben, P. G., Ed., Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1995. 3. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 4. Report of Investigation: Flash Point Reference Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Materials Program, Gaithersburg, MD, 1995.

tB/°C FP/°C Compounds not containing carbon –92.4 –90 60 30 <0 1.9 109 8.3 33 –50 –88.1 29 –252.8 –59.55 70.7 <22 –2 –33.33 –87.75 113.55 38 63.5 –111.9 –112 –14.3 –14 52.9 <0 280.5 Compounds containing carbon 26 –18 40 141 –19.1 85 70 101 50 3.5 –24.0

Fl. limits

IT/°C

1–98% 0.4–?

≈40 35 ≈20 ≈20 36 104 ≈20 ≈50

4.1–99%

4–74% 4–44%

16–25% 1.8–? 5–100% 1.4–?

260 –50

≈20 ≈20 ≈20 ≈20 38

6–40% 13–23%

538 556

7.0–73% 7.0–73% 18–57% 10–16% 8.1–17.4%

424 300 434 537 632

16-13

4/10/06 12:12:23 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances

16-14 Mol. form. CH3Cl3Si CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4 CH4Cl2Si CH4O CH4S CH5N CH6N2 CO COS CS2 C2ClF3 C2F4 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2H2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2F2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3Cl2NO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3Si C2H3F C2H3N C2H3NO C2H4 C2H4ClNO2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O3 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5Cl3Si C2H5N C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6 C2H6Cl2Si C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N

487_S16.indb 14

Name Methyltrichlorosilane Formamide Nitromethane Methane Dichloromethylsilane Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Methylhydrazine Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon disulfide Chlorotrifluoroethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Trichloroethylene Dichloroacetyl chloride Acetylene 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1-Difluoroethylene Bromoethylene Chloroethylene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichlorovinylsilane Fluoroethylene Acetonitrile Methyl isocyanate Ethylene 1-Chloro-1-nitroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Ethaneperoxoic acid Bromoethane Chloroethane Ethylene chlorohydrin Trichloroethylsilane Ethyleneimine Nitroethane Ethyl nitrite Ethyl nitrate Ethane Dichlorodimethylsilane Ethanol Dimethyl ether 2-Mercaptoethanol Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfate Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine

tB/°C 65.6 220 101.1 –161.5 41 64.6 5.9 –6.3 87.5 –191.5 –50 46 –27.8 –75.9 87.2 108 –84.7 31.6 60.1 48.7 –85.7 15.8 –13.3 –9.7 50.7 123.5 74.0 113.8 91.5 –72 81.6 39.5 –103.7 124.5 57.4 83.5 20.1 10.6 117.9 31.7 110 38.5 12.3 128.6 100.5 56 114.0 18 87.2 –88.6 70.3 78.2 –24.8 158 189 197.3 35.1 37.3 109.8 16.5

FP/°C –9 154 35 –9 11 –18 0 –8

–30

66 –28 6 2

–78 4 76 32 21 6 –7 56 –17 13 –39 –20 39 –19 41 –50 60 22 –11 28 –35 10 <21 13 –41 74 95 111 83 –17 –37 24 –16

Fl. limits 7.6–>20%

IT/°C >404

7.3–? 5.0–15.0% 6.0–55% 6.0–36% 3.9–21.8% 4.9–20.7% 2.5–92% 12.5–74% 12–29% 1.3–50.0% 8.4–16.0% 10.0–50.0% 8–10.5%

418 537 316 464 430 194 609 90 200 420

2.5–100% 6.5–15.5% 3–15% 6–13% 5.5–21.3% 9–15% 3.6–33.0% 6–18%

305 570 460 460

8–10.5% 6–28%

500 460

2.6–21.7% 3.0–16.0% 5.3–26% 2.7–36%

524 534 450

5.4–11.4% 6.2–16% 4.0–60% 3.0–100% 4.0–19.9% 4.5–23%

458 413 175 429 463 449

6.8–8.0% 3.8–15.4% 4.9–15.9%

511 519 425

3.3–54.8% 3.4–17% 4.0–50% 4–? 3.0–12.5% 3.4–9.5% 3.3–19% 3.4–27.0%

320 414 90

2.6–42% 3.2–22%

530 472 632 390

472 363 350

2.8–18.0% 2.2–19.7%

215 398 188 300 206

3.5–14%

385

4/10/06 12:12:25 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances Mol. form. C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3H3Br C3H3N C3H4 C3H4ClN C3H4Cl2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl2NO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5Cl3Si C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2O C3H6N2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C3H7Cl3Si C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO3 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O

487_S16.indb 15

Name Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen 3-Bromo-1-propyne 2-Propenenitrile Propyne 3-Chloropropanenitrile 2,3-Dichloropropene Propargyl alcohol Acrolein Propenoic acid 2-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate 3-Bromopropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Propanoyl chloride 2-Chloropropanoic acid Ethyl chloroformate Methyl chloroacetate 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitropropane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Trichloro-2-propenylsilane Propanenitrile 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile Trinitroglycerol Propene Cyclopropane 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol Dimethylcyanamide Allyl alcohol Methyl vinyl ether Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Dimethyl carbonate 1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 2-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Chloro-2-propanol Trichloropropylsilane Allylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propyl nitrate Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol

16-15 tB/°C 6.8 171 117 63.9 –21.1 89 77.3 –23.2 175.5 94 113.6 52.6 141 162 248 70.1 22.6 45.1 118 80 185 95 129.5 145 157 117.5 97.1 221 –47.6 –32.8 142 96.4 176 163.5 97.0 5.5 48 56.0 35 141.1 54.4 56.8 78 90.5 114.5 71.1 46.5 35.7 133.5 127 123.5 53.3 153 131.1 120.2 110 –42.1 97.2 82.3

FP/°C 20 86 40 –15 10 0 76 15 36 –26 50 74 143 –1 –37 –32 31 12 107 16 57 66 71 35 2 129

62 57 21 74 71 21

Fl. limits 2.8–14.4% 3.0–23.5% 2.5–12.0% 2–95% 6.6–32% 3.0–? 3.0–17.0% 2.1–12.5%

IT/°C 400 410 385 249 324 481

2.6–7.8% 2.8–31% 2.4–8.0% 2.9–?

220 438

4.4–7.3% 4.5–16% 2.9–11.1% 3.8–21.0%

295

7.5–18.5%

485 411 500 500

3.2–12.6% 3.1–14%

512

2.0–11.1% 2.4–10.4%

270 455 498

3.4–14.5%

557

2.5–18.0%

378 287 207 465 449 465 455 454

–30 –20 –37 52 –20 –10 2 19 45

2.6–17% 2.5–12.8% 3.1–27.5% 2.9–12.1% 2.8–16.0% 3.1–16%

<–18 –32 52 52 37 –29 58 36 24 20 –104 23 12

2.6–11.1% 2.8–10.7%

414 490 520 593

2.2–22% 2.2–15.2% 2.2–? 2.6–11.0% 2–100% 2.1–9.5% 2.2–13.7% 2.0–12.7%

374 445 421 428 175 450 412 399

3.6–29%

4/10/06 12:12:26 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances

16-16 Mol. form. C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H9O3P C3H9O4P C3H10N2 C4Cl6 C4H2O3 C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4S C4H5Cl C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O6 C4H7Br C4H7BrO2 C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7ClO C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H7NO C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O

487_S16.indb 16

Name Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 3-Amino-1-propanol 1-Amino-2-propanol N-Methyl-2-ethanolamine Trimethyl phosphite Trimethyl phosphate 1,3-Propanediamine Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Maleic anhydride 1-Buten-3-yne Succinonitrile Furan Diketene Thiophene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 2-Butenenitrile Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole 1,3-Butadiene 2-Butyne Divinyl ether Ethoxyacetylene trans-2-Butenal 3-Buten-2-one Vinyloxirane Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2,3-Butanedione γ-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate L-Tartaric acid 1-Bromo-2-butene Ethyl bromoacetate 2-Chloro-1-butene 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether Ethyl chloroacetate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile Acetone cyanohydrin 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

tB/°C 7.4 187.6 214.4 124.1 42 290 67.5 60 47.2 31.7 2.8 187.5 159.4 158 111.5 197.2 139.8 215 202 5.1 266 31.5 126.1 84.0 59.4 120.5 90.3 129.7 –4.4 26.9 28.3 50 102.2 81.4 68 162.5 72.5 80.7 88 204 139.5 242 104.5 168.5 58.5 71.5 108 144.3 117.6 103.9 251 –6.2 3.7 0.8 –6.9 12.6 124.1 161 178.5

FP/°C –37 99

Fl. limits 2.0–10.1% 2.6–12.5%

39 –32 199 –8 –28 –37 –37 –5 80 77 74 54 107 24

1.8–14% 2.2–13.8% 3–19%

102

1.4–7.1% 21–100%

132 –36 34 –1 –20 16 1 39 –31 <–30 <–7 13 –7 <–50 77 –8 –3 27 98 49 135 210 48 –19 –12 27 64 24 8 74 129

2.0–10.4% 2.0–11.6%

IT/°C 190 371 400 285 237 370 395 318 402 190 374

610 477

2.3–14.3%

4.0–20.0% 2–6.8% 2.0–12.0% 1.4–? 1.7–27%

420

2.1–15.5% 2.1–15.6%

232 491

1.6–8.8% 2.6–13.4% 2.8–25%

68 402 468

2.7–10.3%

316

4.6–12.0%

360

425

2.3–9.3% 3.2–8.1%

1.6–? 2.2–12.0%

501 482 688

<10

1.6–10.0% 1.7–9.0% 1.8–9.7% 1.8–9.6% 1.8–?

385 325 324 465

52 55

2.7–?

369

275

4/10/06 12:12:27 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances Mol. form. C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl3Si C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10N2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2S C4H10O3 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10Se C4H11N C4H11N

487_S16.indb 17

Name 2-Buten-1-ol 2-Methyl-2-propenol Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 1,4-Oxathiane Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Isopropyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 3-Hydroxybutanal 1,4-Dioxane Sulfolane Methyl lactate Ethylene glycol monoacetate 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Butyltrichlorosilane Pyrrolidine N-Ethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Butanal oxime 2-Butanone oxime Morpholine N-Acetylethanolamine Butyl nitrate Butane Isobutane Piperazine 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether tert-Butyl hydroperoxide 2,2′-Thiodiethanol Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl selenide Butylamine sec-Butylamine

16-17 tB/°C 121.5 114.5 35.5 63.4 74.8 64.5 79.5 65 147 163.7 154.4 80.9 68.2 77.1 79.8 101.5 287.3 144.8 188 101.6 91.2 78.6 68.2 68.5 50.9 148.5 86.5 205 165 154 152.5 128 133 –0.5 –11.7 146 117.7 99.5 107.8 82.4 34.5 39.1 190.5 207.5 235 182.5 135 85 282 245.8 208 98.5 85 88.5 64.3 108 77.0 63.5

FP/°C 27 33 <–46 –22 –22 –18 –9 –14 42 72 56 –3 –6 –4 –2 66 12 177 49 102 18 21 –12 –10 –6 0 54 3 110 70 58 ≈70 37 179 36 –60 –87 81 37 24 28 11 –45 –20 40 121 121

Fl. limits 4.2–35.3%

IT/°C 349

1.7–28% 1.7–19% 1.9–12.5% 1.6–10.6% 1.4–11.4% 2–11.8%

202 439 218 196 404 321

2.0–10.0% 2.0–9.2%

2.0–22%

443 481 455 485 426 469 250 180

2.2–?

385

2.6–6.6%

265

1.9–10.1%

240

43 –2 27 160 124 104 2 –23 2 <–29

3–18%

402 235 202

2–17%

298 224 436

–12 –9

2.0–11.5% 2.5–13%

2.0–8.7%

1.8–11.5%

490

1.4–11.2%

290 460

1.9–8.5% 1.8–8.4%

287 460

1.4–11.2% 1.7–9.8% 1.7–10.6% 2.4–8.0% 1.9–36.0% 2.0–14.8%

343 405 415 478 180

395

2.5–? 1.7–9.8%

312

4/10/06 12:12:29 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances

16-18 Mol. form. C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6N2 C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H7N C5H7NO C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Cl2 C5H10N2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H11Br

487_S16.indb 18

Name tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine 2-Amino-1-butanol 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol Diethanolamine Tetramethylstannane Diethylenetriamine Furfural Pyridine 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 2-Methylpyrazine 3-Methylfuran Furfuryl alcohol 1-Methylpyrrole 2-Furanmethanamine Ethyl cyanoacetate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne Cyclopentene 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran Allyl acetate Isopropenyl acetate Vinyl propanoate Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Methyl acetoacetate N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 1,5-Dichloropentane 3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate 3-Ethoxypropanal Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl lactate 1-Bromopentane

tB/°C 44.0 67.7 55.5 178 165.5 268.8 78 207 161.7 115.2 32 137 66 171 115 145.5 205 34.0 40.1 44.2 98 130.5 86 103.5 94 91.2 99.4 100.5 138 171.7 202 29.9 36.9 36.3 31.2 20.1 38.5 49.3 179 173 140.4 103 102.2 101.9 88 78 186.1 176.5 106.1 98.2 101.5 88.6 99.1 102.8 135.2 178 126 143 154.5 129.8

FP/°C –9 –9 –23 74 67 172 –12 98 60 20 <–7 50 –30 75 16 37 110 –54 <–20 –29 26 –18 22 26 1 10 10 34 77 96 –18 <–20 <–20 –20 –7 –20 –25 >27 65 51 12 7 13 –20 –11 96 18 5 13 2 12 14 38 75 25 49 46 32

Fl. limits 1.7–8.9% 2–12% 1.8–10.1%

IT/°C 380 378 312

2–13% 1.9–? 2–6.7% 2.1–19.3% 1.8–12.4%

662 358 316 482

1.8–16.3%

491

1.5–8.9%

395

1.8–9.0%

395

374 432 1.4–14% 1.7–8.2%

372

1–10% 1.5–8.7%

340 280 346 275

1.5–9.1%

365

1.5–?

361

1.5–8.2% 1.6–?

222 452 450

1.7–8.2% 2–9% 1.7–8% 1.8–8% 1.9–11%

400 416 322 320 450 460 440

1.5–9.7%

282

1.5–12.3%

392

1.5–?

400

4/10/06 12:12:30 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances Mol. form. C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl3Si C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C5H13N C6H2Cl4 C6H3ClN2O4 C6H3Cl3 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2O C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl2N C6H5Cl3Si C6H5F C6H5NO2 C6H5N3O4 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8ClN C6H8Cl2O2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2

487_S16.indb 19

Name 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane Trichloropentylsilane Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 4-Methylmorpholine Isopentyl nitrite Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Methylpiperazine Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Ethyl propyl ether 1,5-Pentanediol 2-Isopropoxyethanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-Pentanethiol 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol Pentylamine Butylmethylamine 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorophenol Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol 3,4-Dichloroaniline Trichlorophenylsilane Fluorobenzene Nitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitroaniline 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne Benzene p-Nitroaniline Phenol 1,2-Benzenediol Resorcinol p-Hydroquinone Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine Aniline, hydrochloride Hexanedioyl dichloride Adiponitrile o-Phenylenediamine

16-19 tB/°C 107.8 85.6 98.9 172 106.2 81 116 99.2 36.0 27.8 9.4 138 176.5 137.9 119.3 116.2 128 131.1 102.4 112.9 113.5 63.2 239 145 208 193 126.6 104.3 91 244.5 315 213.5 242 180 173 174 210 156.0 131.7 174.9 220 272 201 84.7 210.8 85 80.0 332 181.8 245 287 184.1 129.3 145.3

295 257

FP/°C 13 <21 63 16 –14 24 –40 –51 –65 42 77 33 34 41 50 43 19 38 37 <–20 129 33 129 96 18 3 –1 13 155 194 105 127 66 72 66 114 51 28 64 121 166 91 –15 88 224 <–20 –11 199 79 127 127 165 70 39 57 193 72 93 156

Fl. limits 1.6–8.6% 1.5–7.4% 1.5–7.4%

1.4–8.0% 1.4–7.6% 1.4–7.5%

1.2–10.0% 1.2–9.0% 1.2–9.0% 1.2–9.0% 1.2–9.0%

1.7–9.0%

1.38–22.7%

IT/°C 260 345

210 260 420 450

300 343 435 385 350 437

335 399 240

2.2–22%

2.0–22% 2.5–6.6%

571

2.2–9.2%

648

1.3–9.6%

565 593

1.8–?

482

1.5–? 1.2–7.8%

498

1.8–8.6%

715

1.4–?

608 516 615 538

1.3–11%

1.0–? 1.5–?

550

4/10/06 12:12:31 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances

16-20 Mol. form. C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8O C6H8O4 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Cl C6H11NO C6H11NO2 C6H11NO2 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Cl2O2 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2

487_S16.indb 20

Name Phenylhydrazine 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine 2,5-Dimethylfuran Dimethyl maleate 1,4-Hexadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2-Hexyne Cyclohexene Diallyl ether Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Vinyl butanoate Ethyl 2-butenoate Ethyl methacrylate 2,5-Hexanedione Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Adipic acid Diethyl oxalate Ethylene glycol diacetate Chlorocyclohexane Caprolactam Nitrocyclohexane 4-Acetylmorpholine 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane 2-Methyl-2-pentene 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane cis-3-Hexen-1-ol Butyl vinyl ether Isobutyl vinyl ether Hexanal 2-Ethylbutanal 2-Methylpentanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid 2-Methylpentanoic acid Diethylacetic acid Pentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Diacetone alcohol

tB/°C 243.5 155 93.5 202 65 75.8 76.5 84.5 82.9 94 155.4 130 116.7 136.5 117 194 180.8 170 337.5 185.7 190 142 270 205 63.4 68.8 62.1 53.9 56.3 58.6 64.7 55.6 73.3 80.7 71.8 70.8 67.3 232 156.5 94 83 131 117 127.6 123.5 116.5 160.8 205.2 195.6 194 130.4 126.1 112 116.5 122.5 121.5 110.1 167.9

FP/°C 88 64 7 113 –21 –12 –34 –10 –12 –7 44 31 20 2 20 79 57 63 196 76 88 32 125 88 113 –26 –21 –28 –7 –32 –29 <–20 <–20 <–20 –20 –29 –15 <–7 121 54 –9 –9 32 21 17 25 35 18 68 102 107 99 26 22 31 18 79 24 13 58

Fl. limits

IT/°C

2.0–6.1%

1.2–?

310

1.1–9.4% 1.4–7.2% 1.4–8.8%

420 344

1.4–9.5% 1.3–9.5%

499 295 285 420

1.6–8.4%

482

1.2–6.9%

253 300 300

1.3–8% 1.0–8.35% 1.2–7.7%

315 360 401 245 258 210

255

1.2–7.7% 1–8% 1–8% 1.2–8.0% 1–9%

1.7–7.6% 1.7–9.8% 1.3–10.5%

199 423 448 300 380 378 400 425 421 463

1.8–6.9%

643

4/10/06 12:12:33 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances Mol. form. C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12S C6H13Cl C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO2 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14N2O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO2 C6H15NO3 C6H15N3 C6H15O4P C6H16N2 C7H3ClF3NO2 C7H4ClF3 C7H4F3NO2 C7H5ClO C7H5ClO C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H6N2O4 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2

487_S16.indb 21

Name tB/°C Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 156.4 acetate Paraldehyde 124.3 Cyclohexanethiol 158.9 1-Chlorohexane 135 Cyclohexylamine 134 N-Butylacetamide 229 2,6-Dimethylmorpholine 146.6 N-Ethylmorpholine 138.5 4-Morpholineethanol 227 Hexane 68.7 2-Methylpentane 60.2 3-Methylpentane 63.2 2,2-Dimethylbutane 49.7 2,3-Dimethylbutane 57.9 1-Piperazineethanol 246 1-Hexanol 157.6 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 149 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 131.6 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 147 Dipropyl ether 90.0 Diisopropyl ether 68.5 Butyl ethyl ether 92.3 2,5-Hexanediol 218 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 197.1 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 168.4 1,1-Diethoxyethane 102.2 Ethylene glycol diethyl ether 119.4 1,2,6-Hexanetriol Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether 196 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether 162 Trimethylolpropane Triethylene glycol 285 Hexylamine 132.8 Butylethylamine 107.5 Dipropylamine 109.3 Diisopropylamine 83.9 Triethylamine 89 Diisopropanolamine 250 Triethanolamine 335.4 1-Piperazineethanamine 220 Triethyl phosphate 215.5 N,N-Diethylethylenediamine 144 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2232 (trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 152.2 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 202.8 Benzoyl chloride 197.2 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde 213.5 (Trichloromethyl)benzene 221 (Trifluoromethyl)benzene 102.1 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene Benzaldehyde 179.0 Benzoic acid 249.2 Salicylaldehyde 197 Salicylic acid o-Bromotoluene 181.7 p-Bromotoluene 184.3 (Chloromethyl)benzene 179 o-Nitrotoluene 222 m-Nitrotoluene 232 p-Nitrotoluene 238.3

16-21 FP/°C 56

Fl. limits 2–8%

IT/°C 379

36 43 35 31 116 44 32 99 –22 <–29 –7 –48 –29 124 63 54 41 57 21 –28 4 110 102 69 –21 27 191 96 67 149 177 29 18 17 –1 –7 127 179 93 115 46 135

1.3–?

238

1.9–9.4%

293

1.1–7.5% 1.0–7.0% 1.2–7.0% 1.2–7.0% 1.2–7.0%

225 264 278 405 405

1.1–9.65% 1.0–5.5%

310

1.3–7.0% 1.4–7.9%

188 443

1–9% 4–13% 1.6–10.4%

306 238 230 205

0.9–9.2%

371

1.1–7.1% 1.2–8.0%

299 316 249 374

59 103 72 88 127 12 207 63 121 78 157 79 85 67 106 106 106

1–10%

454

211

192 570 1.1–?

540

1.1–?

585

4/10/06 12:12:34 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances

16-22 Mol. form. C7H8 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O2 C7H8O3S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H10O C7H10O4 C7H12 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O4 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15NO2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16N2O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C7H18N2 C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H7ClO C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O

487_S16.indb 22

Name Toluene Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 4-Methoxyphenol p-Toluenesulfonic acid o-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline o-Anisidine 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene 4-Methylcyclohexene Butyl acrylate Isobutyl acrylate Cyclohexyl formate Diethyl malonate 1-Heptene trans-2-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate sec-Pentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Ethyl N-butylcarbamate Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 4-Morpholinepropanamine 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol Heptylamine N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine Phthalic anhydride Phthalic acid Terephthalic acid α-Chloroacetophenone Benzeneacetonitrile Styrene Phenyloxirane Benzeneacetaldehyde

tB/°C 110.6 89.5 191.0 202.2 201.9 205.3 153.7 243 200.3 200.4 224 105 180 102.7 145 132 162 200 93.6 98 118.4 100.9 103.5 151.0 147 144 144 165 167.5 174.5 174.5 173 174 149.2 142.5 130.5 146.8 143.0 202 98.5 90.0 92 89.7 80.4 80.8 220 159 157 138.7 131 156 168.5 295

247 233.5 145 194.1 195

FP/°C 4 –21 81 86 86 93 52 132 184 85 87 118 57 82 –1 29 30 51 93 –1 <0 <21 –4 <21 39 46 49 36 65 65 70 70 70 70 16 25 32 32 37 92 –4 –1 –4 –56 –12 <0 104 71 60 49 <0 54 59 152 168 260 118 113 31 74 71

Fl. limits 1.1–7.1%

IT/°C 480

1.4–? 1.1–? 1.1–?

599 558 558 436 475 421 482 482

1.7–9.9%

292 427

260 1.1–6.7% 1.2–6.7% 1.1–6.7% 1.1–7.9%

1.0–8.2%

1.1–7.5% 1.0–7.5%

250 260 393

191 296 296 295 295 295 295 360 360 426

1.05–6.7% 1.0–6.0% 1.1–6.7%

204 280 280 335 412

375

1.7–10.5%

570 496

0.9–6.8%

490 498

4/10/06 12:12:35 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances Mol. form. C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9Cl C8H9NO C8H9NO2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H12 C8H12 C8H12O4 C8H12O4 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O4 C8H14O5 C8H14O6 C8H15ClO C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2

487_S16.indb 23

Name Acetophenone Benzeneacetic acid Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde Methyl salicylate 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene Acetanilide Methyl 2-aminobenzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene p-Ethylphenol Benzeneethanol α-Methylbenzyl alcohol Phenetole Benzyl methyl ether 4-Methylanisole 2-Phenoxyethanol N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,3-Xylidine 2,6-Xylidine α-Methylbenzylamine 5-Ethyl-2-picoline N-Phenylethanolamine o-Phenetidine p-Phenetidine 1,5-Cyclooctadiene 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diethyl maleate Diethyl fumarate Cyclohexyl acetate Butyl methacrylate Butanoic anhydride 2-Methylpropanoic anhydride Butyl acetoacetate Ethyl succinate Diethylene glycol diacetate Diethyl tartrate Octanoyl chloride 1-Octene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Ethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane Octanal 2-Ethylhexanal 2-Octanone Hexyl acetate sec-Hexyl acetate 2-Ethylbutyl acetate Pentyl propanoate Butyl butanoate Isobutyl butanoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Ethyl hexanoate

16-23 tB/°C 202 265.5 196 199 243.5 222.9 184.4 304 256 136.1 144.5 139.1 138.3 217.9 218.2 205 169.8 170 175.5 245 203.0 194.1 221.5 215 187 178.3 279.5 232.5 254 150.8 128 223 214 173 160 200 183 217.7 200 281 195.6 121.2 101.4 104.9 131.9 129.8 123.5 124.4 131 171 163 172.5 171.5 147.5 162.5 168.6 166 156.9 148.6 167

FP/°C 77 >100 80 83 118 96 64 169 >100 21 32 27 27 104 96 93 63 135 60 121 85 63 97 96 79 68 152 115 116 35 16 121 104 58 52 54 59 85 90 135 93 82 21 –5 2 35 16 11 16 52 44 52 45 45 54 41 53 50 38 49

Fl. limits

IT/°C 570

454 530 0.8–6.7% 0.9–6.7% 1.1–7.0% 1.1–7.0%

1.0–?

432 463 527 528

371

1.1–6.6%

269 350 335 0.9–5.8% 1.0–6.2%

0.8–4.8% 0.9–6.6%

279 329

230 391 305 238 304 304 269

0.85–7.2%

190

378

0.96–7.59%

432

4/10/06 12:12:37 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances

16-24 Mol. form. C8H16O2 C8H16O3 C8H16O4 C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18O4 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H20O4Si C8H23N5 C9H6N2O2 C9H7N C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H11NO C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O2 C9H12O3S C9H13N C9H14O C9H14O C9H14O6 C9H16 C9H16O2 C9H18

487_S16.indb 24

Name 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol Pentyl lactate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Chlorooctane 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane Octane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol Di-tert-butyl peroxide Diethylene glycol diethyl ether 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane Tetraethylene glycol 1-Octanethiol Dibutyl sulfide Octylamine Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine 2-Ethylhexylamine Ethyl silicate Tetraethylenepentamine Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Quinoline o-Methylstyrene m-Methylstyrene p-Methylstyrene Isopropenylbenzene 1-Phenyl-1-propanone 4-Methylacetophenone Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate Methyl 2-phenylacetate 4-Methylacetanilide Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene α−Ethylbenzyl alcohol Ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether Ethyl p-toluenesulfonate Amphetamine Phorone Isophorone Triacetin Octahydroindene Allyl hexanoate 1-Nonene

tB/°C 283 218.5 181.5 172 125.6 115.6 109.5 115.6 110 99.2 114.8 195.1 180 184.6 140.2 244 235 111 188 216 328 199.1 185 179.6 159.6 139.6 169.2 168.8 341.5 251 237.1 169.8 164 172.8 165.4 217.5 226 212 213 216.5 307 159.2 152.4 165.2 161.3 162 176.1 169.3 164.7 219 256 203 197.5 215.2 259 167 186 146.9

FP/°C 167 79 110 70 60 13 7 10 <21 <21 –12 <21 81 88 73 25 127 113 18 82 111 182 69 76 60 47 29 60 52 163 127

Fl. limits

425

1.0–6.5%

206 438 460 346 418 425

0.88–9.7% 1.5–7.6%

231 194 360 346

1.1–6%

0.9–9.5%

53 53 53 54 99 96 88 90 91 168 30 36

0.8–11.0% 0.8–11.0% 0.8–11.0% 1.9–6.1%

44 44 50 100 129 158 <100 85 84 138

0.8–6.6% 0.9–6.4% 1–5%

66 26

IT/°C 316

321 480 538 538 538 574

490 460

0.8–6.0% 0.9–6.5%

450 424 440 480 475 470 500 559 352

0.8–3.8% 1.0–?

460 433 296

4/10/06 12:12:38 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances Mol. form. C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H21BO3 C9H21N C9H21NO3 C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8O C10H9N C10H10O2 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H11NO2 C10H12 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H14O2 C10H15N C10H15N C10H15NO2 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O4 C10H19NO2

487_S16.indb 25

Name tB/°C Propylcyclohexane 156.7 Isopropylcyclohexane 154.8 Butylcyclopentane 156.6 2-Nonanone 195.3 Diisobutyl ketone 169.4 Pentyl butanoate 186.4 Isopentyl butanoate 179 Butyl 3-methylbutanoate Nonane 150.8 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane 140 4-Ethyl-2-methylhexane 133.8 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 124.0 3,3-Diethylpentane 146.3 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 136.7 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 140.2 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 133.0 Triisopropyl borate 140 Tripropylamine 156 Triisopropanolamine 1-Chloronaphthalene 259 Naphthalene 217.9 2-Naphthol 285 1-Naphthalenamine 300.8 Safrole 234.5 Dimethyl phthalate 283.7 Dimethyl isophthalate 282 Dimethyl terephthalate 288 Acetoacetanilide 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 207.6 Isopropyl benzoate 216 Ethyl phenylacetate 227 Butylbenzene 183.3 sec-Butylbenzene 173.3 tert-Butylbenzene 169.1 Isobutylbenzene 172.7 p-Cymene 177.1 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 205 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 198 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 196.8 o-Diethylbenzene 184 m-Diethylbenzene 181.1 p-Diethylbenzene 183.7 Butyl phenyl ether 210 4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol 285 N-Butylaniline 243.5 N,N-Diethylaniline 216.3 N-Phenyl-N,N-diethanolamine Dipentene 178 d-Limonene 178 α-Pinene 156.2 β-Pinene 166 β-Phellandrene 171.5 Camphor 207.4 trans-Decahydronaphthalene 187.3 Borneol Linalol 198 α-Terpineol 220 Cineole 176.4 trans-Geraniol 230 Dibutyl oxalate 241 N-tert-Butylaminoethyl methacrylate

16-25 FP/°C

Fl. limits

60 49 57 59 53 31 24 <21 13

0.9–5.9% 0.8–7.1%

IT/°C 248 283 250 360 396

0.8–2.9%

205

0.7–?

280

0.7–5.7%

290

0.8–4.9%

430

0.9–5.9%

320 >558 526

0.9–?

490

390 <21 <21 28 41 160 121 79 153 157 100 146 138 153 185 71 99 99 71 52 60 55 47 74 71 54 57 56 55 82 130 107 85 196 45 45 33 38 49 66 54 66 71 90 48 >100 104 96

518 0.8–5.0%

385

0.8–5.8% 0.8–6.9% 0.7–5.7% 0.8–6.0% 0.7–5.6%

410 418 450 427 436 427 427

0.7–6.0%

0.7–? 0.7–6.1%

0.6–3.5% 0.7–5.4%

395 450 430

630 387 237 237 255 275 466 255

4/10/06 12:12:39 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances

16-26 Mol. form. C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H21N C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O2 C10H22O5 C10H22S C10H23N C10H23N C11H10 C11H12O3 C11H14O2 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16O C11H17N C11H20O2 C11H22 C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24O C12H9Br C12H10 C12H10Cl2Si C12H10O C12H10O C12H11N C12H11N C12H12 C12H14O4 C12H14O4 C12H16 C12H16O3 C12H17NO C12H18 C12H20O4 C12H22O4 C12H22O6 C12H23N C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H25Br C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O C12H26O3 C12H26S

487_S16.indb 26

Name 1-Decene Butylcyclohexane Isobutylcyclohexane tert-Butylcyclohexane Citronellol 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Ethyl octanoate N-Butylcyclohexanamine Decane 2-Methylnonane 3-Ethyloctane 4-Ethyloctane 1-Decanol Dipentyl ether Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipentyl sulfide Decylamine Dipentylamine 1-Methylnaphthalene Ethyl benzoylacetate Butyl benzoate p-tert-Butyltoluene Pentylbenzene 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene 4-tert-Butyl-2-methylphenol p-tert-Pentylaniline 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate Pentylcyclohexane 2-Undecanone Nonyl acetate Undecane 2-Methyldecane 2-Undecanol 4-Bromo-1,1’-biphenyl Biphenyl Dichlorodiphenylsilane o-Phenylphenol Diphenyl ether 2-Aminobiphenyl Diphenylamine 1-Ethylnaphthalene Diethyl phthalate Diethyl terephthalate Cyclohexylbenzene Pentyl salicylate N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene Dibutyl maleate Dimethyl sebacate Dibutyl tartrate Dicyclohexylamine 1-Dodecene Ethyl decanoate 1-Bromododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol 2-Butyl-1-octanol Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether 1-Dodecanethiol

tB/°C 170.5 180.9 171.3 171.5 224 199 208.5 174.1 167.1 166.5 163.7 231.1 190 203.3 275.3 220.5 202.5 244.7 250.3 190 205.4 205 232 237 260.5 203.7 231.5 210 195.9 189.3 228 310 256.1 305 286 258.0 299 302 258.6 295 302 240.1 270 281 240 280 320 213.8 241.5 276 216.3 259 246.5 256 277

FP/°C <55

96 71 79 93 51

Fl. limits

IT/°C 235 246 274 342

0.76–8.14%

268

0.8–5.4%

210 210 230 229 288 170

82 57 85 141 85 99 51

529

141 107 68 66

455 427

93 118 102 82

252 239

89 68 69 113 144 113 142 124 112

225

0.6–5.8%

0.8–1.5%

153 161 117 99 132 141 71 141 145 91 >99 79 >100 144 74 127 110 118 128

0.7–?

540 530 618 450 634 480 457

284

0.6–?

203 275 310

4/10/06 12:12:41 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances Mol. form. C12H27BO3 C12H27N C12H27O4P C13H12 C13H12 C13H14N2 C13H26 C13H26O C13H28 C13H28O C14H8O2 C14H10 C14H10 C14H12O2 C14H12O3 C14H14 C14H14O C14H16 C14H16N2O2 C14H23N C14H28 C14H30 C14H30O C15H18 C15H24 C15H24O C15H26O6 C15H33N C16H14O C16H18 C16H22O4 C16H26 C16H34 C16H34O C16H35N C17H20N2O C17H34O C17H36O C18H14 C18H14 C18H15O3P C18H15O4P C18H15P C18H30 C18H32O7 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C18H36O2 C18H37Cl3Si C18H38 C18H38O C19H16 C19H38O C19H38O2 C19H40 C20H14O4 C20H28 C20H42 C21H21O4P C21H26O3 C21H32O2

487_S16.indb 27

Name Tributyl borate Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate 2-Methylbiphenyl Diphenylmethane p,p′-Diaminodiphenylmethane 1-Tridecene 2-Tridecanone Tridecane 1-Tridecanol 9,10-Anthracenedione Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzyl benzoate Benzyl salicylate 1,1-Diphenylethane Dibenzyl ether 1-Butylnaphthalene o-Dianisidine N,N-Dibutylaniline 1-Tetradecene Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol 1-Pentylnaphthalene Nonylbenzene 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Tributyrin Tripentylamine 1,3-Diphenyl-2-buten-1-one 2-Butyl-1,1’-biphenyl Dibutyl phthalate Decylbenzene Hexadecane Dioctyl ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine N,N′-Diethylcarbanilide 2-Heptadecanone 1-Heptadecanol o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl Triphenyl phosphite Triphenyl phosphate Triphenylphosphine Dodecylbenzene Butyl citrate Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Stearic acid Trichlorooctadecylsilane Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Triphenylmethane 2-Nonadecanone Methyl stearate Nonadecane Diphenyl phthalate 1-Decylnaphthalene Eicosane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate 4-Octylphenyl salicylate Methyl abietate

16-27 tB/°C 234 216.5 289 255.5 265.0 398 232.8 263 235.4 377 339.9 340 323.5 320 272.6 298 289.3 274.8 233 253.5 289 307 280.5 265 307.5 242.5 342.5 340 298 286.8 283

320 333 332 363 360

328 360 344.5

316.3 359 443 329.9 379 343 410

FP/°C 93 63 146 137 130 220 79 107 79 121 185 121 171 148 >100 >100 135 360 206 110 110 112 141 124 99 127 180 102 177 >100 157 107 136 >100 132 150 120 154 163 191 218 220 180 140 157 189 178 196 89 >100 >100 124 153 >100 224 177 >100 225 216 180

Fl. limits

IT/°C

502 485

0.6–?

540 480 440

0.5–?

235 200

0.5–?

407

0.5–?

430 402 202 205

0.4–?

368 363 365 395 227 450

230

232 385 416

4/10/06 12:12:42 PM

Flammability of Chemical Substances

16-28 Mol. form. C22H42O2 C22H42O4 C22H44O2 C23H46O2 C24H20Sn C24H38O4 C25H48O4

487_S16.indb 28

Name Butyl oleate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate Butyl stearate Pentyl stearate Tetraphenylstannane Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) azelate

tB/°C 343 420 384

FP/°C 180 206 160 185 232 218 227

Fl. limits

IT/°C

0.4–?

377 355

0.3–?

374

4/10/06 12:12:42 PM

THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS Several organizations recommend limits of exposure to airborne contaminants in the workplace. These include the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the non-governmental organization, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). The threshold limit value (TLV) for a substance is defined as the concentration level under which the majority of workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effects. The TLV recommendations are given in two forms: • Time-weighted average (TWA) concentration for a normal 8-hr workday and 40-hr workweek. • Short-term exposure limit (STEL), which should not be exceeded for more than 15 min. Both kinds of limits are specified for some substances. The following table gives threshold limit values for a number of substances that may be encountered in the atmosphere of a chemical laboratory or industrial facility. All values refer to the concentration in air at 25°C and normal atmospheric pressure. Data for gases are given in parts per million by volume (ppm). Values for liquids refer to mists or aerosols, and those for solids to dusts or

Substance Abate Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetone cyanohydrin Acetonitrile Acetophenone 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid Acrolein Acrylamide Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Aldrin Allyl alcohol Allyl glycidyl ether Allyl propyl disulfide Aluminum Aluminum oxide 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2pyridinecarboxlic acid Ammonia Ammonium chloride Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium sulfamate Aniline Antimony Arsenic Arsine Atrazine Azinphos-methyl Barium Barium sulfate Benomyl

Notes [Temephos]

[2-Propanone] as CN [Methyl cyanide] [Methyl phenyl ketone] [Aspirin] [2-Propenal] [2-Propenamide] [2-Propenoic acid] [Propenenitrile] [2-Propen-1-ol] [AGE] metal dust [Picloram]

soluble compounds, as Ba

fumes; both are stated in mass concentration (mg/m3). A “C” preceding a value indicates a ceiling limit, which should not be exceeded even for very brief periods because of acute toxic effects of the substance. Substances are listed by systematic name; molecular formula in the Hill format and Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number are also given. The Notes column gives further information on the form of the substance and the basis on which the TLV is reported. This column also includes common synonyms and acronyms in brackets (e.g., [MTBE]).

References 1. 2004 TLV’s and BEI’s, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634, 2004. 2. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994. 3. Chemical Information Manual, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC, 1991. Timeweighted average 10 mg/m3

Molecular formula C16H20O6P2S3 C2H4O C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C4H7NO C2H3N C8H8O C9H8O4 C3H4O C3H5NO C3H4O2 C3H3N C12H8Cl6 C3H6O C6H10O2 C6H12S2 Al Al2O3 C6H3Cl3N2O2

CAS Reg. No. 3383-96-8 75-07-0 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-86-5 75-05-8 98-86-2 50-78-2 107-02-8 79-06-1 79-10-7 107-13-1 309-00-2 107-18-6 106-92-3 2179-59-1 7429-90-5 1344-28-1 1918-02-1

H3N ClH4N C8H4F15NO2

7664-41-7 12125-02-9 3825-26-1

25 ppm 10 mg/m3 0.01 mg/m3

H6N2O3S C6H7N Sb As AsH3 C8H14ClN5 C10H12N3O3PS2 Ba BaO4S C14H18N4O3

7773-06-0 62-53-3 7440-36-0 7440-38-2 7784-42-1 1912-24-9 86-50-0 7440-39-3 7727-43-7 17804-35-2

10 mg/m3 2 ppm 0.5 mg/m3 0.01 mg/m3 0.05 ppm 5 mg/m3 0.2 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3

10 ppm 5 ppm 500 ppm 20 ppm 10 ppm 5 mg/m3 0.03 mg/m3 2 ppm 2 ppm 0.25 mg/m3 0.5 ppm 1 ppm 0.5 ppm 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3

Short-term exposure limit C 25 ppm 15 ppm 750 ppm C 5 mg/m3

C 0.1 ppm

35 ppm 20 mg/m3

16-29

Section 16.indb 29

5/2/05 2:55:04 PM

Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants

16-30

Substance Benzene 1,3-Benzenedimethanamine Benzenethiol p-Benzoquinone Benzoyl chloride Benzoyl peroxide Benzyl acetate Beryllium Biphenyl Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Bis(chloromethyl) ether Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bismuth telluride Boron oxide Boron tribromide Boron trifluoride Bromacil Bromine Bromine pentafluoride Bromochloromethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane Bromoethane Bromoethene Bromomethane Bromotrifluoromethane 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1-Butanethiol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Butanone 2-Butanone peroxide trans-2-Butenal 3-Buten-2-one 2-Butoxyethanol 2-Butoxyethyl acetate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Butyl acrylate Butylamine tert-Butyl chromate tert-Butyl ethyl ether Butyl glycidyl ether Butyl lactate 1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene 2-sec-Butylphenol Cadmium Cadmium Calcium carbonate Calcium chromate Calcium cyanamide Calcium hydroxide Calcium metasilicate Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate

Section 16.indb 30

Notes [m-Xylene diamine] [Phenyl mercaptan] [Quinone]

and compounds, as Be [Diethylenetriamine] [2,2’-Dichlorethyl ether] [DMAEE] [Di-sec-octyl phthalate; DEHP]

[5-Bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil]

[Halon 1011] [Halothane] [Ethyl bromide] [Vinyl bromide] [Methyl bromide]

[Butyl mercaptan] [Butyl alcohol] [sec-Butyl alcohol] [Methyl ethyl ketone; MEK] [Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide] [Crotonaldehyde] [Methyl vinyl ketone] [EGBE] [EGBEA]

as CrO3 [ETBE] [BGE] [p-tert-Butyltoluene] metal compounds, as Cd as Cr

Molecular formula C6H6 C8H12N2 C6H6S C6H4O2 C7H5ClO C14H10O4 C9H10O2 Be C12H10 C4H13N3 C4H8Cl2O C2H4Cl2O C8H20N2O

CAS Reg. No. 71-43-2 1477-55-0 108-98-5 106-51-4 98-88-4 94-36-0 140-11-4 7440-41-7 92-52-4 111-40-0 111-44-4 542-88-1 3033-62-3

C24H38O4 Bi2Te3 B2O3 BBr3 BF3 C9H13BrN2O2 Br2 BrF5 CH2BrCl C2HBrClF3

117-81-7 1304-82-1 1303-86-2 10294-33-4 7637-07-2 314-40-9 7726-95-6 7789-30-2 74-97-5 151-67-7

C2H5Br C2H3Br CH3Br CBrF3 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10S C4H10O C4H10O C4H8O C8H16O4 C4H6O C4H6O C6H14O2 C8H16O3 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C7H12O2 C4H11N C8H18CrO4 C6H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O3 C11H16 C10H14O Cd Cd CCaO3 CaCrO4 CCaN2 CaH2O2 CaO3Si CaO CaO4S

74-96-4 593-60-2 74-83-9 75-63-8 106-99-0 106-97-8 109-79-5 71-36-3 78-92-2 78-93-3 1338-23-4 4170-30-3 78-94-4 111-76-2 112-07-2 123-86-4 105-46-4 540-88-5 141-32-2 109-73-9 1189-85-1 637-92-3 2426-08-6 138-22-7 98-51-1 89-72-5 7440-43-9 7440-43-9 1317-65-3 13765-19-0 156-62-7 1305-62-0 1344-95-2 1305-78-8 7778-18-9

Timeweighted average 0.5 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm 5 mg/m3 10 ppm 0.002 mg/m3 0.2 ppm 1 ppm 5 ppm 0.001 ppm 0.05 ppm 5 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3

10 mg/m3 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm 200 ppm 50 ppm 5 ppm 0.5 ppm 1 ppm 1000 ppm 2 ppm 1000 ppm 0.5 ppm 20 ppm 100 ppm 200 ppm

20 ppm 20 ppm 150 ppm 200 ppm 200 ppm 2 ppm

5 ppm 25 ppm 5 ppm 1 ppm 5 ppm 0.01 mg/m3 0.002 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 0.001 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 2 mg/m3 10 mg/m3

Short-term exposure limit 2.5 ppm C 0.1 mg/m3

C 0.5 ppm

0.01 mg/m3

10 ppm 0.15 ppm

C 1 ppm C 1 ppm 0.2 ppm

300 ppm C 0.2 ppm C 0.3 ppm C 0.2 ppm

200 ppm

C 5 ppm C 0.1 mg/m3

5/2/05 2:55:05 PM

Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants

Substance Camphor Caprolactam Captafol Captan Carbaryl Carbofuran Carbon black Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbonyl chloride Carbonyl fluoride Cesium hydroxide Chlordane Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Chlorine trifluoride Chloroacetaldehyde Chloroacetone α-Chloroacetophenone Chloroacetyl chloride Chlorobenzene o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Chloroethene Chloromethane (Chloromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane Chloropentafluoroethane 2-Chloropropanoic acid 2-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Chloro-2-propanol 3-Chloropropene 2-Chlorostyrene 2-Chlorotoluene Chlorpyrifos Chromium Chromium Chromium Chromium Chromyl chloride Clopidol Cobalt Cobalt carbonyl Cobalt hydrocarbonyl Copper Cresol Crufomate Cyanamide Cyanide ion [CN–] Cyanogen Cyanogen chloride Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone

Section 16.indb 31

Notes

[Phosgene]

[Chloroprene] [Ethyl chloride] [Ethylene chlorohydrin] [Vinyl chloride] [Methyl chloride] [Benzyl chloride]

[Allyl chloride]

metal Cr(III) compounds, as Cr soluble Cr(VI) compounds, as Cr insoluble Cr(VI) compounds, as Cr

metal and inorganic compounds, as Co as Co as Co fume all isomers

cyanide salts, as CN

16-31 Molecular formula C10H16O C6H11NO C10H9Cl4NO2S C9H8Cl3NO2S C12H11NO2 C12H15NO3 C CO2 CS2 CO CCl2O CF2O CsHO C10H6Cl8 Cl2 ClO2 ClF3 C2H3ClO C3H5ClO C8H7ClO C2H2Cl2O C6H5Cl C10H5ClN2

CAS Reg. No. 76-22-2 105-60-2 2425-06-1 133-06-2 63-25-2 1563-66-2 1333-86-4 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 75-44-5 353-50-4 21351-79-1 57-74-9 7782-50-5 10049-04-4 7790-91-2 107-20-0 78-95-5 532-27-4 79-04-9 108-90-7 2698-41-1

C4H5Cl CHClF2 C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H3Cl CH3Cl C7H7Cl C6H4ClNO2 C3H6ClNO2 C2ClF5 C3H5ClO2 C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C3H5Cl C8H7Cl C7H7Cl C9H11Cl3NO3PS Cr Cr Cr Cr Cl2CrO2 C7H7Cl2NO Co C8Co2O8 C4HCoO4 Cu C7H8O C12H19ClNO3P CH2N2 CN C2N2 CClN C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O

126-99-8 75-45-6 75-00-3 107-07-3 75-01-4 74-87-3 100-44-7 100-00-5 600-25-9 76-15-3 598-78-7 78-89-7 127-00-4 107-05-1 2039-87-4 95-49-8 2921-88-2 7440-47-3 7440-47-3 7440-47-3 7440-47-3 14977-61-8 2971-90-6 7440-48-4 10210-68-1 16842-03-8 7440-50-8 1319-77-3 299-86-5 420-04-2 57-12-5 460-19-5 506-77-4 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1

Timeweighted average 2 ppm 5 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 3.5 mg/m3 5000 ppm 10 ppm 25 ppm 0.1 ppm 2 ppm 2 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3 0.5 ppm 0.1 ppm

0.05 ppm 0.05 ppm 10 ppm 10 ppm 1000 ppm 100 ppm 1 ppm 50 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 2 ppm 1000 ppm 0.1 ppm 1 ppm 1 ppm 1 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm 0.1 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 0.01 mg/m3 0.025 ppm 10 mg/m3 0.02 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 0.2 mg/m3 5 ppm 5 mg/m3 2 mg/m3 10 ppm 100 ppm 50 ppm 20 ppm

Short-term exposure limit 3 ppm

30,000 ppm

5 ppm

1 ppm 0.3 ppm C 0.1 ppm C 1 ppm C 1 ppm 0.15 ppm C 0.05 ppm

C 1 ppm 100 ppm

2 ppm 75 ppm

C 5 mg/m3 C 0.3 ppm

50 ppm

5/2/05 2:55:06 PM

Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants

16-32

Substance Cyclohexene Cyclohexylamine Cyclonite 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Cyclopentane Cyhexatin Decaborane(14) Demeton-S-methyl Diacetone alcohol 4,4’Diaminodiphenylmethane Diazinon Diazomethane Diborane Dibromodifluoromethane 2-Dibutylaminoethanol 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4methylphenol Dibutylphenyl phosphate Dibutyl phosphate Dibutyl phthalate Dichloroacetylene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichloro-2-butene Dichlorodifluoromethane 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene 1,2-Dichloroethene Dichlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid 1,2-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid 1,3-Dichloropropene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane Dichlorvos Dicrotophos m-Dicyanobenzene Dicyclopentadiene Dieldrin Diethanolamine Diethylamine 2-Diethylaminoethanol Diethyl ether Diethyl phthalate 1,1-Difluoroethene Diglycidyl ether Diisopropylamine Diisopropyl ether Dimethoxymethane N,N-Dimethylacetamide

Section 16.indb 32

[4,4-Methylene dianiline]

Molecular formula C6H10 C6H13N C3H6N6O6 C5H6 C5H10 C18H34OSn B10H14 C6H15O3PS2 C6H12O2 C13H14N2

CAS Reg. No. 110-83-8 108-91-8 121-82-4 542-92-7 287-92-3 13121-70-5 17702-41-9 919-86-8 123-42-2 101-77-9

Timeweighted average 300 ppm 10 ppm 0.5 mg/m3 75 ppm 600 ppm 5 mg/m3 0.05 ppm 0.05 mg/m3 50 ppm 0.1 ppm

[Butylated hydroxytoluene; BHT]

C12H21N2O3PS CH2N2 B2H6 CBr2F2 C10H23NO C15H24O

333-41-5 334-88-3 19287-45-7 75-61-6 102-81-8 128-37-0

0.01 mg/m3 0.2 ppm 0.1 ppm 100 ppm 0.5 ppm 2 mg/m3

C14H23O4P C8H19O4P C16H22O4 C2Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C4H6Cl2 CCl2F2 C5H6Cl2N2O2

2528-36-1 107-66-4 84-74-2 7572-29-4 95-50-1 106-46-7 764-41-0 75-71-8 118-52-5

0.3 ppm 1 ppm 5 mg/m3

[DDT]

C14H9Cl5

50-29-3

1 mg/m3

[Ethylidene dichloride] [Ethylene dichloride] [Vinylidene chloride] both isomers

C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 CHCl2F CH2Cl2 C2H3Cl2NO2 C8H6Cl2O3

75-34-3 107-06-2 75-35-4 540-59-0 75-43-4 75-09-2 594-72-9 94-75-7

100 ppm 10 ppm 5 ppm 200 ppm 10 ppm 50 ppm 2 ppm 10 mg/m3

C3H6Cl2 C3H4Cl2O2 C3H4Cl2 C2Cl2F4

78-87-5 75-99-0 542-75-6 76-14-2

75 ppm 5 mg/m3 1 ppm 1000 ppm

C4H7Cl2O4P C8H16NO5P C8H4N2 C10H12 C12H8Cl6O C4H11NO2 C4H11N C6H15NO C4H10O C12H14O4 C2H2F2 C6H10O3 C6H15N C6H14O C3H8O2 C4H9NO

62-73-7 141-66-2 626-17-5 77-73-6 60-57-1 111-42-2 109-89-7 100-37-8 60-29-7 84-66-2 75-38-7 2238-07-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 109-87-5 127-19-5

0.1 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 5 ppm 0.25 mg/m3 2 mg/m3 5 ppm 2 ppm 400 ppm 5 mg/m3 500 ppm 0.1 ppm 5 ppm 250 ppm 1000 ppm 10 ppm

Notes

[Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine]

both isomers

[Methylene chloride] [2,4-D]

both isomers

[m-Phthalodinitrile]

[Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine]

[Ethyl ether]

[Methylal]

25 ppm 10 ppm 0.005 ppm 1000 ppm 0.2 mg/m3

Short-term exposure limit

0.15 ppm

2 ppm C 0.1 ppm 50 ppm

0.4 mg/m3

110 ppm

15 ppm 500 ppm

310 ppm

5/2/05 2:55:07 PM

Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants

Substance Dimethylamine N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane N,N-Dimethylformamide 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Dimethyl mercury Dimethyl phthalate 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol acetate Dimethyl sulfate Dimethyl sulfide Dinitrobenzene Dinitrotoluene 1,4-Dioxane Dioxathion 1,3-Dioxolane Diphenylamine Diphenyl ether 4,4’-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate Diquat Disulfiram Disulfoton Diuron Divinyl benzene 1-Dodecanethiol Endosulfan Endrin Enflurane Epichlorohydrin 1,2-Epoxy-4(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane Ethane 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,2-Ethanediol 1,2-Ethanediol, dinitrate Ethanethiol Ethanol Ethanolamine Ethion Ethoxydimethylsilane 2-Ethoxyethanol 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Ethylamine Ethylbenzene Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate Ethyleneimine Ethyl formate 2-Ethylhexanoic acid 5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene N-Ethylmorpholine Ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphate Ethyl silicate Fenamiphos

Section 16.indb 33

Notes

[Neohexane] [DMF] [Diisobutyl ketone]

all isomers all isomers

[Methylene diphenyl isocyanate; MDI]

all isomers

[(Chloromethyl)oxirane] [Vinylcyclohexene dioxide] [Ethylenediamine] [Ethylene glycol] [Ethylene glycol dinitrate; EGDN] [Ethyl mercaptan] [Ethyl alcohol]

[Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether; EGEE] [Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate; EGEEA] [Ethyl propenoate]

[Ethyl 2-cyano-2-propenoate] [Aziridine]

[EPN]

16-33 Molecular formula C2H7N C8H11N C6H14 C6H14 C3H7NO C9H18O C2H8N2 C2H6Hg C10H10O4 C7H14O2

CAS Reg. No. 124-40-3 121-69-7 75-83-2 79-29-8 68-12-2 108-83-8 57-14-7 593-74-8 131-11-3 926-41-0

Timeweighted average 5 ppm 5 ppm 500 ppm 500 ppm 10 ppm 25 ppm 0.01 ppm 0.01 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 50 ppm

C2H6O4S C2H6S C6H4N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C4H8O2 C12H26O6P2S4 C3H6O2 C12H11N C12H10O C15H10N2O2

77-78-1 75-18-3 25154-54-5 25321-14-6 123-91-1 78-34-2 646-06-0 122-39-4 101-84-8 101-68-8

0.1 ppm 10 ppm 0.15 ppm 0.2 mg/m3 20 ppm 0.1 mg/m3 20 ppm 10 mg/m3 1 ppm 0.005 ppm

C12H12N2 C10H20N2S4 C8H19O2PS3 C9H10Cl2N2O C10H10 C12H26S C9H6Cl6O3S C12H8Cl6O C3H2ClF5O C3H5ClO C8H12O2

231-36-7 97-77-8 298-04-4 330-54-1 1321-74-0 112-55-0 115-29-7 72-20-8 13838-16-9 106-89-8 106-87-6

0.5 mg/m3 2 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 10 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.1 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 75 ppm 0.5 ppm 0.1 ppm

C2H6 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H4N2O6 C2H6S C2H6O C2H7NO C9H22O4P2S4 C4H12OSi C4H10O2 C6H12O3

74-84-0 107-15-3 107-21-1 628-96-6 75-08-1 64-17-5 141-43-5 563-12-2 14857-34-2 110-80-5 111-15-9

1000 ppm 10 ppm

C4H8O2 C5H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C6H7NO2 C2H5N C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C9H12 C6H13NO C14H14NO4PS

141-78-6 140-88-5 75-04-7 100-41-4 7085-85-0 151-56-4 109-94-4 149-57-5 16219-75-3 100-74-3 2104-64-5

400 ppm 5 ppm 5 ppm 100 ppm 0.2 ppm 0.5 ppm 100 ppm 5 mg/m3

C8H20O4Si C13H22NO3PS

78-10-4 22224-92-6

10 ppm 0.1 mg/m3

0.05 ppm 0.5 ppm 1000 ppm 3 ppm 0.05 mg/m3 0.5 ppm 5 ppm 5 ppm

5 ppm 0.1 mg/m3

Short-term exposure limit 15 ppm 10 ppm 1000 ppm 1000 ppm

100 ppm

2 ppm

C 100 mg/m3

6 ppm 1.5 ppm

15 ppm 15 ppm 125 ppm

C 5 ppm

5/2/05 2:55:08 PM

Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants

16-34

Substance Fensulfothion Fenthion Ferbam Ferrocene Fluoride ion [F–] Fluorine Fluorine monoxide Fluoroethene Fonofos Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Germane Glycerol Glyoxal Graphite Hafnium Heptachlor Heptachlor epoxide Heptane 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone Hexachlorobenzene Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 1,2,3,4,5,6Hexachlorocyclohexane Hexachloro-1,3cyclopentadiene Hexachloroethane Hexachloronaphthalene Hexahydro-1,3isobenzofurandione Hexamethylene diisocyanate Hexane 1,6-Hexanediamine Hexanedinitrile 1,6-Hexanedioic acid 2-Hexanone 1-Hexene sec-Hexyl acetate Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen sulfide p-Hydroquinone 2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate Indene Indium Iodine Iodomethane Iron ion [Fe+2] Iron ion [Fe+3]

Section 16.indb 34

Notes

[Dicyclopentadienyl iron] fluoride salts, as F [Oxygen difluoride] [Vinyl fluoride]

[2-Furaldehyde] [2-Furanmethanol] [Germanium tetrahydride] [1,2,3-Propanetriol] except fibers metal and compounds, as Hf

[Methyl pentyl ketone] [Ethyl butyl ketone] [Dipropyl ketone]

[Lindane]

[Perchloroethane] all isomers [Hexahydrophthalic anhydride]

[Hexamethylenediamine] [Adiponitrile] [Adipic acid] [Butyl methyl ketone]

[1,4-Benzenediol]

metal and compounds, as In [Methyl iodide] soluble ferrous salts, as Fe soluble ferric salts, as Fe

Timeweighted average 0.1 mg/m3 0.2 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 2.5 mg/m3 1 ppm

Molecular formula C11H17O4PS2 C10H15O3PS2 C9H18FeN3S6 C10H10Fe F F2 F2O C2H3F C10H15OPS2 CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C5H4O2 C5H6O2 GeH4 C3H8O3 C2H2O2 C Hf C10H5Cl7 C10H5Cl7O C7H16 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6Cl6 C4Cl6 C6H6Cl6

CAS Reg. No. 115-90-2 55-38-9 14484-64-1 102-54-5 16984-48-8 7782-41-4 7783-41-7 75-02-5 944-22-9 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 98-01-1 98-00-0 7782-65-2 56-81-5 107-22-2 7440-44-0 7440-58-6 76-44-8 1024-57-3 142-82-5 110-43-0 106-35-4 123-19-3 118-74-1 87-68-3 58-89-9

10 ppm 5 ppm 2 ppm 10 ppm 0.2 ppm 10 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 2 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 400 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm 0.002 mg/m3 0.02 ppm 0.5 mg/m3

C5Cl6

77-47-4

0.01 ppm

C2Cl6 C10H2Cl6 C8H10O3

67-72-1 1335-87-1 85-42-7

1 ppm 0.2 mg/m3

C8H12N2O2 C6H14 C6H16N2 C6H8N2 C6H10O4 C6H12O C6H12 C8H16O2 H4N2 HN3 BrH ClH CHN FH H2O2 H2Se H2S C6H6O2 C6H10O3 C9H8 In I2 CH3I Fe Fe

822-06-0 110-54-3 124-09-4 111-69-3 124-04-9 591-78-6 592-41-6 108-84-9 302-01-2 7782-79-8 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7722-84-1 7783-07-5 7783-06-4 123-31-9 999-61-1 95-13-6 7440-74-6 7553-56-2 74-88-4 15438-31-0 20074-52-6

0.005 ppm 50 ppm 0.5 ppm 2 ppm 5 mg/m3 5 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm 0.01 ppm

1 ppm 0.1 mg/m3

1 ppm 0.05 ppm 10 ppm 2 mg/m3 0.5 ppm 10 ppm 0.1 mg/m3 2 ppm 1 mg/m3 1 mg/m3

Short-term exposure limit

2 ppm C 0.05 ppm

C 0.3 ppm 10 ppm 15 ppm

500 ppm 75 ppm

C 0.005 mg/m3

10 ppm

C 0.11 ppm C 2 ppm C 2 ppm C 4.7 ppm C 3 ppm

15 ppm

C 0.1 ppm

5/2/05 2:55:08 PM

Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants

Substance Iron(III) oxide Iron pentacarbonyl Isobutane Isobutyl acetate Isobutyl nitrite Isopentane Isopentyl acetate Isophorone Isophorone diisocyanate Isopropenylbenzene 2-Isopropoxyethanol Isopropyl acetate Isopropylamine N-Isopropylaniline Isopropylbenzene Isopropyl glycidyl ether Kaolin Ketene Lead Lead(II) arsenate Lead(II) chromate Lithium hydride Magnesium carbonate Magnesium oxide Malathion Maleic anhydride Manganese Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl Manganese 2methylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl Mercury Mercury Mercury Mesityl oxide Methacrylic acid Methane Methanethiol Methanol Methomyl 2-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxyaniline Methoxychlor 2-Methoxyethanol 2-Methoxyethyl acetate 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 4-Methoxyphenol 1-Methoxy-2-propanol Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile Methylamine 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline

Section 16.indb 35

Notes dust and fume, as Fe

16-35 Molecular formula Fe2O3 C5FeO5 C4H10 C6H12O2 C4H9NO2 C5H12 C7H14O2 C9H14O C12H18N2O2 C9H10 C5H12O2 C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H13N C9H12 C6H12O2

Timeweighted average 5 mg/m3 0.1 ppm 1000 ppm 150 ppm

metal and inorganic compounds, as Mn as Mn

C2H2O Pb As2O8Pb3 CrO4Pb HLi CMgO3 MgO C10H19O6PS2 C4H2O3 Mn C8H5MnO3

CAS Reg. No. 1309-37-1 13463-40-6 75-28-5 110-19-0 542-56-3 78-78-4 123-92-2 78-59-1 4098-71-9 98-83-9 109-59-1 108-21-4 75-31-0 768-52-5 98-82-8 4016-14-2 1332-58-7 463-51-4 7439-92-1 7784-40-9 7758-97-6 7580-67-8 546-93-0 1309-48-4 121-75-5 108-31-6 7439-96-5 12079-65-1

0.005 ppm 50 ppm 25 ppm 100 ppm 5 ppm 2 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm 2 mg/m3 0.5 ppm 0.05 mg/m3 0.15 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 0.025 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 1 mg/m3 0.1 ppm 0.2 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3

as Mn

C9H7MnO3

12108-13-3

0.2 mg/m3

metal and inorganic compounds, as Hg alkyl compounds, as Hg aryl compounds, as Hg [Isobutenyl methyl ketone] [2-Methylpropenoic acid]

Hg Hg Hg C6H10O C4H6O2 CH4 CH4S CH4O C5H10N2O2S C7H9NO C7H9NO C16H15Cl3O2 C3H8O2

7439-97-6 7439-97-6 7439-97-6 141-79-7 79-41-4 74-82-8 74-93-1 67-56-1 16752-77-5 90-04-0 104-94-9 72-43-5 109-86-4

0.025 mg/m3 0.01 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 15 ppm 20 ppm 1000 ppm 0.5 ppm 200 ppm 2.5 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 5 ppm

C5H10O3

110-49-6

5 ppm

C6H14O C7H8O2 C4H10O2

994-05-8 150-76-5 107-98-2

20 ppm 5 mg/m3 100 ppm

C3H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H5N CH5N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N

79-20-9 96-33-3 126-98-7 74-89-5 95-53-4 108-44-1 106-49-0 100-61-8

200 ppm 2 ppm 1 ppm 5 ppm 2 ppm 2 ppm 2 ppm 0.5 ppm

[2-Methylpropane]

[2-Methylbutane] [Isoamyl acetate]

[α-Methyl styrene]

[Cumene] [IGE]

metal and compounds, as Pb as Pb [Magnesite]

[Methyl mercaptan] [Methyl alcohol] [o-Anisidine] [p-Anisidine] [Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether; EGME] [Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate; EGMEA] [Methyl tert-pentyl ether; TAME] [1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether; PGME] [Methyl propenoate] [2-Methylpropenenitrile] [o-Toluidine] [m-Toluidine] [p-Toluidine]

600 ppm 50 ppm

Short-term exposure limit 0.2 ppm

C 1 ppm 100 ppm C 5 ppm 100 ppm 200 ppm 10 ppm

75 ppm 1.5 ppm

0.03 mg/m3 25 ppm

250 ppm

150 ppm 250 ppm

15 ppm

5/2/05 2:55:09 PM

Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants

16-36

Substance 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol acetate 3-Methyl-2-butanol acetate 3-Methyl-2-butanone Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclohexanol 2-Methylcyclohexanone Methyl demeton 2-Methyl-3,5dinitrobenzamide 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 4,4’-Methylenebis[2chloroaniline] Methylenebis(4cyclohexylisocyanate) Methyl formate 6-Methyl-1-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone Methylhydrazine Methyl isocyanate Methyl methacrylate Methyloxirane Methyl parathion 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Methylstyrene N-Methyl-N,2,4,6tetranitroaniline Metribuzin Mevinphos Mica Molybdenum Molybdenum Monocrotophos Morpholine Naled Naphthalene 1-Naphthalenylthiourea Neopentane Nickel Nickel Nickel Nickel carbonyl Nickel(III) sulfide Nicotine Nitrapyrin Nitric acid Nitric oxide 4-Nitroaniline Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitrogen dioxide

Section 16.indb 36

[Dinitolmide]

Molecular formula C5H12O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C5H10O C5H12O C5H5NO2 C7H14 C7H14O C7H12O C6H15O3PS2 C8H7N3O5

CAS Reg. No. 123-51-3 624-41-9 5343-96-4 563-80-4 1634-04-4 137-05-3 108-87-2 25639-42-3 583-60-8 8022-00-2 148-01-6

Timeweighted average 100 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm 200 ppm 50 ppm 0.2 ppm 400 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm 0.5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3

[Dinitro-o-cresol] [MBOCA]

C7H6N2O5 C13H12Cl2N2

534-52-1 101-14-4

0.2 mg/m3 0.01 ppm

C15H22N2O2

5124-30-1

0.005 ppm

C2H4O2 C8H18O C8H16O C7H14O CH6N2 C2H3NO C5H8O2 C3H6O C8H10NO5PS C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O2 C6H14O C6H12O C4H10O C4H10O C9H10 C7H5N5O8

107-31-3 26952-21-6 541-85-5 110-12-3 60-34-4 624-83-9 80-62-6 75-56-9 298-00-0 107-83-5 96-14-0 107-41-5 108-11-2 108-10-1 78-83-1 75-65-0 25013-15-4 479-45-8

100 ppm 50 ppm 25 ppm 50 ppm 0.01 ppm 0.02 ppm 50 ppm 2 ppm 0.2 mg/m3 500 ppm 500 ppm

C8H14N4OS C7H13O6P

21087-64-9 7786-34-7 12001-26-2 7439-98-7 7439-98-7 6923-22-4 110-91-8 300-76-5 91-20-3 86-88-4 463-82-1 7440-02-0 7440-02-0 7440-02-0 13463-39-3 12035-72-2 54-11-5 1929-82-4 7697-37-2 10102-43-9 100-01-6 98-95-3 79-24-3 10102-44-0

5 mg/m3 0.01 ppm 3 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 20 ppm 0.1 mg/m3 10 ppm 0.3 mg/m3 600 ppm 1.5 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 0.2 mg/m3 0.05 ppm 0.1 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 2 ppm 25 ppm 3 mg/m3 1 ppm 100 ppm 3 ppm

Notes [Isoamyl alcohol]

[Methyl isopropyl ketone] [MTBE] [Mecrylate] all isomers

[Isooctyl alcohol] [Methyl isopentyl ketone]

[Methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate] [1,2-Propylene oxide] [Isohexane] [Hexylene glycol] [Methyl isobutyl carbinol] [Isobutyl methyl ketone] [Isobutyl alcohol] [tert-Butyl alcohol] all isomers [Tetryl]

metal and insoluble compounds, as Mo soluble compounds, as Mo

[ANTU] [2,2-Dimethylpropane] metal soluble compounds, as Ni insoluble compounds, as Ni as Ni as Ni

Mo Mo C7H14NO5P C4H9NO C4H7Br2Cl2O4P C10H8 C11H10N2S C5H12 Ni Ni NI C4NiO4 Ni3S2 C10H14N2 C6H3Cl4N HNO3 NO C6H6N2O2 C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 NO2

25 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm 100 ppm 50 ppm 1.5 mg/m3

Short-term exposure limit 125 ppm 100 ppm 100 ppm

75 ppm

150 ppm

100 ppm

1000 ppm 1000 ppm C 25 ppm 40 ppm 75 ppm

100 ppm

15 ppm

4 ppm

5 ppm

5/2/05 2:55:10 PM

Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants

Substance Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Nitrotoluene Nitrous oxide Nonane Octachloronaphthalene Octane Osmium(VIII) oxide Oxalic acid 2-Oxetanone Oxirane Oxiranemethanol 4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide) Ozone Paraquat Parathion Pentaborane(9) Pentachloronaphthalene Pentachloronitrobenzene Pentachlorophenol Pentaerythritol Pentanal Pentane Pentanedial 3-Pentanol acetate 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Pentyl acetate sec-Pentyl acetate Perchloryl fluoride Perfluoroacetone Perfluoroisobutene Phenol 10H-Phenothiazine Phenylenediamine Phenyl glycidyl ether Phenylhydrazine Phenylphosphine Phorate Phosphine Phosphoric acid Phosphorus (yellow) Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Phosphorus(V) sulfide Phosphoryl chloride Phthalic anhydride Piperazine dihydrochloride 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione Platinum Platinum Potassium hydroxide Propanal Propane Propanoic acid 1-Propanol 2-Propanol

Section 16.indb 37

Notes

all isomers all isomers all isomers [Osmium tetroxide] [β-Propiolactone] [Ethylene oxide] [Glycidol] depends on workload

all isomers

[Valeraldehyde] [Glutaraldehyde] [Methyl propyl ketone] [Diethyl ketone] [Amyl acetate]

[Hexafluoroacetone]

[Thiodiphenylamine] all isomers [PGE]

[White phosphorus] [Phosphorus trichloride] [Phosphorus pentachloride] [Phosphorus(V) oxychloride]

[Pindone] soluble salts, as Pt [Propionaldehyde]

[Propyl alcohol] [Isopropyl alcohol]

16-37 Molecular formula F3N CH3NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C7H7NO2 N2O C9H20 C10Cl8 C8H18 O4Os C2H2O4 C3H4O2 C2H4O C3H6O2 C12H14N4O5S2

CAS Reg. No. 7783-54-2 75-52-5 108-03-2 79-46-9 1321-12-6 10024-97-2 111-84-2 2234-13-1 111-65-9 20816-12-0 144-62-7 57-57-8 75-21-8 556-52-5 80-51-3

O3 C12H14N2 C10H14NO5PS B5H9 C10H3Cl5 C6Cl5NO2 C6HCl5O C5H12O4 C5H10O C5H12 C5H8O2 C7H14O2 C5H10O C5H10O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 ClFO3 C3F6O C4F8 C6H6O C12H9NS C6H8N2 C9H10O2 C6H8N2 C6H7P C7H17O2PS3 H3P H3O4P P Cl3P Cl5P P2S5 Cl3OP C8H4O3 C4H12Cl2N2 C14H14O3 Pt Pt HKO C3H6O C3H8 C3H6O2 C3H8O C3H8O

10028-15-6 4685-14-7 56-38-2 19624-22-7 1321-64-8 82-68-8 87-86-5 115-77-5 110-62-3 109-66-0 111-30-8 620-11-1 107-87-9 96-22-0 628-63-7 626-38-0 7616-94-6 684-16-2 382-21-8 108-95-2 92-84-2 25265-76-3 122-60-1 100-63-0 638-21-1 298-02-2 7803-51-2 7664-38-2 7723-14-0 7719-12-2 10026-13-8 1314-80-3 10025-87-3 85-44-9 142-64-3 83-26-1 7440-06-4 7440-06-4 1310-58-3 123-38-6 74-98-6 79-09-4 71-23-8 67-63-0

Timeweighted average 10 ppm 20 ppm 25 ppm 10 ppm 2 ppm 50 ppm 200 ppm 0.1 mg/m3 300 ppm 0.0002 ppm 1 mg/m3 0.5 ppm 1 ppm 2 ppm 0.1 mg/m3 0.1 ppm 0.5 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 0.005 ppm 0.5 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 50 ppm 600 ppm 50 ppm 200 ppm 200 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm 3 ppm 0.1 ppm 5 ppm 5 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.05 mg/m3 0.3 ppm 1 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 0.2 ppm 0.1 ppm 1 mg/m3 0.1 ppm 1 ppm 5 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 1 mg/m3 0.002 mg/m3 20 ppm 1000 ppm 10 ppm 200 ppm 200 ppm

Short-term exposure limit

375 ppm 0.0006 ppm 2 mg/m3

0.015 ppm

750 ppm C 0.05 ppm 100 ppm 250 ppm 300 ppm 100 ppm 100 ppm 6 ppm C 0.01 ppm

C 0.05 ppm 0.2 mg/m3 1 ppm 3 mg/m3 0.5 ppm 3 mg/m3

C 2 mg/m3

400 ppm 400 ppm

5/2/05 2:55:11 PM

Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants

16-38

Substance Propargyl alcohol Propoxur Propyl acetate 1,2-Propylene glycol dinitrate Propyleneimine Propyl nitrate Propyne 2-Pyridinamine Pyridine Pyrocatechol Resorcinol Rhodium Rhodium Ronnel Rotenone Selenium Selenium hexafluoride Sesone Silane Silicon Silicon carbide Silicon dioxide (α-quartz) Silicon dioxide (tridymite) Silicon dioxide (cristobalite) Silicon dioxide (vitreous) Silver Silver Sodium azide Sodium fluoroacetate Sodium hydrogen sulfite Sodium hydroxide Sodium metabisulfite Sodium pyrophosphate Sodium tetraborate decahydrate Stibine Strontium chromate Strychnine Styrene Sucrose Sulfotep Sulfur chloride Sulfur decafluoride Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfuric acid Sulfur tetrafluoride Sulfuryl fluoride Sulprofos Talc Tantalum Tantalum(V) oxide Tellurium Tellurium hexafluoride Terbufos Terephthalic acid Terphenyl 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane Tetrabromomethane

Section 16.indb 38

Notes [2-Propyn-1-ol]

[Methylacetylene] [2-Aminopyridine] [Catechol] [1,3-Benzenediol] metal and insoluble compounds, as Rh soluble compounds, as Rh

element and compounds, as Se

[Fused silica] soluble compounds, as Ag

[Borax] as Cr [Vinylbenzene] [Tetraethyl thiodiphosphate; TEDP]

dust dust, as Ta and compounds, as Te (except H2Te) [1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid] all isomers [Acetylene tetrabromide] [Carbon tetrabromide]

Molecular formula C3H4O C11H15NO3 C5H10O2 C3H6N2O6 C3H7N C3H7NO3 C3H4 C5H6N2 C5H5N C6H6O2 C6H6O2 Rh Rh C8H8Cl3O3PS C23H22O6 Se F6Se C8H7Cl2NaO5S H4Si Si CSi O2Si O2Si O2Si O2Si Ag Ag N3Na C2H2FNaO2 HNaO3S HNaO Na2O5S2 Na4O7P2 B4H20Na2O17 H3Sb CrO4Sr C21H22N2O2 C8H8 C12H22O11 C8H20O5P2S2 Cl2S2 F10S2 O2S F6S H2O4S F4S F2O2S C12H19O2PS3 Ta O5Ta2 Te F6Te C9H21O2PS3 C8H6O4 C18H14 C2H2Br4 CBr4

CAS Reg. No. 107-19-7 114-26-1 109-60-4 6423-43-4 75-55-8 627-13-4 74-99-7 504-29-0 110-86-1 120-80-9 108-46-3 7440-16-6 7440-16-6 299-84-3 83-79-4 7782-49-2 7783-79-1 136-78-7 7803-62-5 7440-21-3 409-21-2 14808-60-7 15468-32-3 14464-46-1 60676-86-0 7440-22-4 7440-22-4 26628-22-8 62-74-8 7631-90-5 1310-73-2 7681-57-4 7722-88-5 1303-96-4 7803-52-3 7789-06-2 57-24-9 100-42-5 57-50-1 3689-24-5 10025-67-9 5714-22-7 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7664-93-9 7783-60-0 2699-79-8 35400-43-2 14807-96-6 7440-25-7 1314-61-0 13494-80-9 7783-80-4 13071-79-9 100-21-0 26140-60-3 79-27-6 558-13-4

Timeweighted average 1 ppm 0.5 mg/m3 200 ppm 0.05 ppm 2 ppm 25 ppm 1000 ppm 0.5 ppm 1 ppm 5 ppm 10 ppm 1 mg/m3 0.01 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 0.2 mg/m3 0.05 ppm 10 mg/m3 5 ppm 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 0.01 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m 5 mg/m3

3

5 mg/m 5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 3

0.1 ppm 0.0005 mg/m3 0.15 mg/m3 20 ppm 10 mg/m3 0.2 mg/m3

2 ppm 1000 ppm 0.2 mg/m3 5 ppm 1 mg/m3 2 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 0.02 ppm 0.01 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 1 ppm 0.1 ppm

Short-term exposure limit

250 ppm

40 ppm

20 ppm

C 0.29 mg/m3

C 2 mg/m3

40 ppm

C 1 ppm C 0.01 ppm 5 ppm

C 0.1 ppm 10 ppm

5 mg/m3 0.3 ppm

5/2/05 2:55:12 PM

Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants

Substance 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloronaphthalene Tetraethyl lead Tetraethyl pyrophosphate Tetrafluoroethene Tetrahydrofuran Tetramethyl lead Tetramethyl silicate Tetramethylsuccinonitrile Tetranitromethane Thallium 4,4’-Thiobis(6-tert-butyl-mcresol) Thioglycolic acid Thionyl chloride Thiram Tin Tin Tin Titanium(IV) oxide Toluene Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine Tribromomethane Tributyl phosphate Trichlorfon Trichloroacetic acid 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride (Trichloromethyl)benzene Trichloronaphthalene Trichloronitromethane 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Triethanolamine Triethylamine 1,3,5-Triglycidyl-striazinetrione Triiodomethane Trimellitic anhydride Trimethylamine Trimethylbenzene Trimethyl phosphite

Section 16.indb 39

16-39 Molecular formula C2Cl4F2

CAS Reg. No. 76-11-9

Timeweighted average 500 ppm

C2Cl4F2

76-12-0

500 ppm

C2H2Cl4 C2Cl4 CCl4 C10H4Cl4 C8H20Pb C8H20O7P2 C2F4 C4H8O C4H12Pb C4H12O4Si C8H12N2 CN4O8 Tl C22H30O2S

79-34-5 127-18-4 56-23-5 1335-88-2 78-00-2 107-49-3 116-14-3 109-99-9 75-74-1 681-84-5 3333-52-6 509-14-8 7440-28-0 96-69-5

1 ppm 25 ppm 5 ppm 2 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 2 ppm 200 ppm 0.15 mg/m3 1 ppm 0.5 ppm 0.005 ppm 0.1 mg/m3 10 mg/m3

68-11-1 7719-09-7 137-26-8 7440-31-5 7440-31-5 7440-31-5 13463-67-7 108-88-3 584-84-9 91-08-7 61-82-5 75-25-2 126-73-8 52-68-6 76-03-9 120-82-1 71-55-6 79-00-5 79-01-6 75-69-4 67-66-3 594-42-3

1 ppm

[Chloroform] [Perchloromethyl mercaptan]

C2H4O2S Cl2OS C6H12N2S4 Sn Sn Sn O2Ti C7H8 C9H6N2O2 C9H6N2O2 C2H4N4 CHBr3 C12H27O4P C4H8Cl3O4P C2HCl3O2 C6H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 CCl3F CHCl3 CCl4S

[Benzotrichloride] all isomers [Chloropicrin] [2,4,5-T]

C7H5Cl3 C10H5Cl3 CCl3NO2 C8H5Cl3O3

98-07-7 1321-65-9 76-06-2 93-76-5

5 mg/m3 0.1 ppm 10 mg/m3

C3H5Cl3 C2Cl3F3

96-18-4 76-13-1

10 ppm 1000 ppm

C21H21O4P C6H15NO3 C6H15N C12H15N3O6

78-30-8 102-71-6 121-44-8 2451-62-9

0.1 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 1 ppm 0.05 mg/m3

CHI3 C9H4O5 C3H9N C9H12 C3H9O3P

75-47-8 552-30-7 75-50-3 25551-13-7 121-45-9

0.6 ppm

Notes

[Perchloroethylene] [Carbon tetrachloride] all isomers as Pb [TEPP] [Oxolane] as Pb

and soluble compounds, as Tl

inorganic compounds, as Sn organic compounds, as Sn [Titanium dioxide]

[Amitrole] [Bromoform]

[Methyl chloroform]

[Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine]

[Iodoform] [1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic anhydride] all isomers

1 mg/m3 2 mg/m3 2 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 50 ppm 0.005 ppm 0.005 mg/m3 0.2 mg/m3 0.5 ppm 0.2 ppm 1 mg/m3 1 ppm 350 ppm 10 ppm 50 ppm 10 ppm 0.1 ppm

5 ppm 25 ppm 2 ppm

Short-term exposure limit

100 ppm 10 ppm

250 ppm

C 1 ppm

0.02 ppm 0.02 ppm

C 5 ppm 450 ppm 100 ppm C 1000 ppm

C 0.1 ppm

1250 ppm

3 ppm

C 0.04 mg/m3 15 ppm

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Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants

16-40

Substance Trinitroglycerol 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Triphenylamine Triphenyl phosphate Tungsten Tungsten Uranium Vanadium(V) oxide Vinyl acetate 4-Vinylcyclohexene 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone Warfarin Xylene Xylidine Yttrium Zinc chloride Zinc chromate hydroxide Zinc oxide Zirconium

Section 16.indb 40

Notes [Nitroglycerin; NG] [Picric acid] [TNT]

metal and insoluble compounds, as W soluble compounds, as W metal and compounds, as U dust or fume; [Vanadium pentoxide]

[Coumadin] all isomers all isomers metal and compounds, as Y as Cr metal and compounds, as Zr

Molecular formula

C3H5N3O9 C6H3N3O7 C7H5N3O6 C18H15N C18H15O4P W W U O5V2 C4H6O2 C8H12 C6H9NO C19H16O4 C8H10 C8H11N Y Cl2Zn CrH2O6Zn2 OZn Zr

CAS Reg. No. 55-63-0 88-89-1 118-96-7

Timeweighted average 0.05 ppm 0.1 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3

603-34-9 115-86-6 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 7440-61-1 1314-62-1 108-05-4 100-40-3 88-12-0 81-81-2 1330-20-7 1300-73-8 7440-65-5 7646-85-7 13530-65-9 1314-13-2 7440-67-7

5 mg/m3 3 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 1 mg/m3 0.2 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 10 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.05 ppm 0.1 mg/m3 100 ppm 0.5 ppm 1 mg/m3 1 mg/m3 0.01 mg/m3 2 mg/m3 5 mg/m3

Short-term exposure limit

10 mg/m3 3 mg/m3

15 ppm

150 ppm

2 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3

5/2/05 2:55:13 PM

OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS The octanol-water partition coefficient, P, is a widely used parameter for correlating biological effects of organic substances. It is a property of the two-phase system in which water and 1-octanol are in equilibrium at a fixed temperature and the substance is distributed between the water-rich and octanol-rich phases. P is defined as the ratio of the equilibrium concentration of the substance in the octanol-rich phase to that in the water-rich phase, in the limit of zero concentration. In general, P tends to be large for compounds with extended non-polar structures (such as long chain or multi-ring hydrocarbons) and small for compounds with highly polar groups. Thus P (or, in its more common form of expression, log P) provides a measure of the lipophilic vs. hydrophilic nature of a compound, which is an important consideration in assessing the potential toxicity. A discussion of methods of measurement and accuracy considerations for log P may be found in Reference 1. This table gives selected values of log P for about 450 organic compounds, including many of environmental importance. All values refer to a nominal temperature of 25°C. The source of each value is indicated in the last column. These references contain data on many more compounds than are included here. Mol. form. CCl2F2 CCl3F CCl4 CHBr3 CHCl3 CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4O CH5N C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl6 C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O

Name Dichlorodifluoromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Formaldehyde Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methanol Methylamine 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene Hexachloroethane Trichloroethylene Pentachloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Chloroethylene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide

log P 2.16 2.53 2.64 2.38 1.97 1.41 2.3 1.25 0.20 2.5 0.35 –0.54 1.19 0.91 0.51 1.5 –1.51 –0.33 –0.74 –0.57 3.16 2.88 4.00 2.53 2.89 2.13 1.86 1.93 2.39 1.38 2.49 2.38 –0.34 1.79 1.48 0.45 –0.30

Ref. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1

Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. To locate a compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula.

References 1. Sangster, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1111, 1989. 2. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 3. Shiu, W. Y., and Mackay, D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 911, 1986. 4. Pinsuwan, S., Li, L., and Yalkowsky, S. H., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 623, 1995. 5. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 6. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 7. Miller, M. M., Ghodbane, S., Wasik, S. P., Tewari, Y. B., and Martire, D. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 184, 1984. Mol. form. C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2S C2H7N C2H7N C3H3N C3H4Cl2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H5Br C3H5ClO C3H5Cl3 C3H5N C3H5NO C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2

Name Acetic acid Bromoethane Chloroethane Iodoethane Acetamide Nitroethane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl sulfone Ethylamine Dimethylamine 2-Propenenitrile cis-1,3-Dichloropropene Propargyl alcohol Acrolein 3-Bromopropene Epichlorohydrin 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Propanenitrile Acrylamide 1,2-Dichloropropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Methyl acetate 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane Allylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane

log P –0.17 1.6 1.43 2 –1.26 0.18 –0.30 0.10 –1.35 –1.41 –0.13 –0.38 0.25 2.03 –0.38 –0.01 1.79 0.30 2.63 0.16 –0.78 2.0 0.17 0.59 –0.24 0.03 0.33 0.18 2.1 1.9 2.04 1.90 2.5 0.03 –1.01 –1.05 0.87

Ref. 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

16-41

Section 16.indb 41

5/2/05 2:55:14 PM

Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients

16-42 Mol. form. C3H8O C3H8O C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C4H4O C4H4S C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9F C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C5H5N C5H6O C5H7N C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O

Section 16.indb 42

Name 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1-Propanethiol Propylamine Isopropylamine Ethylmethylamine Trimethylamine Furan Thiophene Pyrrole 1,3-Butadiene 2-Butyne 2,5-Dihydrofuran Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate Butanenitrile cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Ethyl vinyl ether Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate 1-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane 1-Fluorobutane 1-Iodobutane Pyrrolidine Butanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide 1-Nitrobutane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 1-Butanethiol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine Pyridine 2-Methylfuran 1-Methylpyrrole 1,4-Pentadiene 1-Pentyne Methyl methacrylate Ethyl acrylate Pentanenitrile 1-Pentene Cyclopentane 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran

log P 0.25 0.05 1.81 0.48 0.26 0.15 0.16 1.34 1.81 0.75 1.99 1.46 0.46 0.93 0.73 0.80 0.60 2.33 2.31 2.35 1.12 1.04 0.88 0.29 0.46 0.79 0.83 0.73 2.75 2.64 2.58 3 0.46 –0.21 –0.77 1.47 2.8 0.84 0.65 0.76 0.35 0.89 2.28 1.95 0.86 0.40 0.58 0.65 1.85 1.21 2.48 1.98 1.38 1.32 0.94 2.2 3.00 0.84 0.82 0.56 0.82

Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

Mol. form. C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H11Br C5H11F C5H11N C5H11NO2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H13N C6Cl6 C6HCl5 C6HCl5O C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2O C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6O C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8 C6H8O C6H8O C6H8O C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H11Br C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12

Name 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Diethyl carbonate 1-Bromopentane 1-Fluoropentane Piperidine 1-Nitropentane Pentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Methyl tert-butyl ether Pentylamine Hexachlorobenzene Pentachlorobenzene Pentachlorophenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorophenol Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene Phenol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 1,4-Cyclohexadiene 5-Hexyn-2-one 2-Cyclohexen-1-one 2-Ethylfuran 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene 5-Hexen-2-one Cyclohexanone Ethyl methacrylate Bromocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 1-Hexene 4-Methyl-1-pentene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane

log P 1.85 1.39 1.24 1.21 1.21 3.37 2.33 0.84 2.01 3.45 3.11 1.51 1.25 1.21 1.28 0.89 1.28 1.31 0.94 1.49 5.47 5.03 5.07 4.55 4.65 4.51 4.04 3.98 4.02 3.38 3.48 3.38 3.23 2.99 2.84 2.27 3.28 1.85 2.13 1.48 2.52 0.90 1.11 1.20 1.22 2.3 0.58 0.61 2.40 2.8 2.73 2.86 1.02 0.81 1.94 3.20 1.66 3.40 2.5 3.44 3.37

Ref. 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 1 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2

5/2/05 2:55:16 PM

Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients Mol. form. C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H13Br C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5N C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15I C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C8H6

Section 16.indb 43

Name Cyclohexanol Hexanal 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate 1-Bromohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Hexylamine Dipropylamine Triethylamine 2-Bromobenzoic acid 3-Bromobenzoic acid 4-Bromobenzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Phenyl formate Salicylic acid (Bromomethyl)benzene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene p-Nitrotoluene Toluene 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 1-Heptene Methylcyclohexane 2-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 1-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 1-Iodoheptane Heptane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Heptylamine Phenylacetylene

16-43 log P 1.23 1.78 1.38 1.31 1.92 1.82 3.80 1.49 4.00 3.60 3.82 3.85 2.03 1.76 1.65 1.48 2.03 1.52 2.06 1.67 1.45 2.20 2.87 2.86 1.56 1.48 1.88 1.26 2.20 2.92 3.42 3.28 3.33 2.30 2.42 2.73 2.63 1.98 1.98 1.97 1.05 2.11 1.09 1.32 1.40 1.39 1.66 3.99 3.88 1.98 1.88 4.36 4.15 4.70 4.50 2.62 2.31 2.24 2.22 2.57 2.40

Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Mol. form. C8H6O C8H6S C8H7N C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14O2 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C9H7N C9H7N C9H8 C9H8O2 C9H9N C9H10 C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O

Name Benzofuran Benzo[b]thiophene Benzeneacetonitrile Indole Styrene Acetophenone 2-Methylbenzaldehyde Benzeneacetaldehyde 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran Phenyloxirane o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene o-Ethylphenol m-Ethylphenol p-Ethylphenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol α-Methylbenzyl alcohol 3-Methylbenzenemethanol 4-Methylbenzenemethanol Phenetole Benzyl methyl ether 2-Methylanisole 3-Methylanisole 4-Methylanisole p-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline Benzeneethanamine Butyl methacrylate Octanenitrile 1-Octene Cyclooctane 2-Octanone Octanoic acid 1-Bromooctane Octane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 4-Octanol Dibutyl ether Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene trans-Cinnamic acid Benzenepropanenitrile Indan 1-Phenyl-1-propanone 1-Phenyl-2-propanone 4-Methylacetophenone

log P 2.67 3.12 1.56 2.14 3.05 1.63 2.26 1.78 2.14 1.61 2.32 2.37 2.34 1.41 1.49 2.20 3.15 3.12 3.20 3.15 2.47 2.50 2.50 2.35 2.34 2.36 3.23 2.35 1.36 1.42 1.60 1.58 2.51 1.35 2.74 2.66 2.81 1.96 2.31 1.41 2.88 2.75 4.57 4.45 2.37 3.05 4.89 5.15 3.07 2.90 2.68 3.21 2.03 2.08 2.92 2.13 1.72 3.33 2.19 1.44 2.19

Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients

16-44 Mol. form. C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H13N C9H13N C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H20 C9H20O C9H21N C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C11H9N C11H10 C11H10 C11H16 C11H16 C11H22O C11H22O2 C12Cl10 C12HCl9 C12H2Cl8 C12H3Cl7 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H5Cl5 C12H5Cl5

Section 16.indb 44

Name 2-Phenylpropanoic acid Benzyl acetate 4-Methylphenyl acetate Ethyl benzoate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2-Propylphenol 4-Propylphenol 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol Benzenepropanol N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine Amphetamine 1-Nonene 2-Nonanone 5-Methyl-2-octanone Nonane 1-Nonanol Tripropylamine 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol Isopropyl benzoate Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 4-Butylphenol 2-Decanone Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol 4-Phenylpyridine 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Pentylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene 2-Undecanone Methyl decanoate Decachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5,5′,6,6′Nonachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl

log P 1.80 1.96 2.11 2.64 3.69 3.66 3.53 3.63 3.60 3.63 3.42 2.93 3.20 2.67 2.46 1.88 1.98 1.76 5.15 3.16 2.92 5.65 4.02 2.79 3.90 3.98 3.34 3.22 2.84 2.70 3.18 4.26 4.11 4.01 4.10 4.10 4.00 4.10 3.65 3.77 4.09 6.25 4.57 2.59 3.87 4.00 4.90 4.56 4.09 4.41 8.26 8.16

Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3

7.10

3

6.70 7.00 7.00 6.70 6.30 6.40

3 3 3 3 3 3

Mol. form. C12H6Cl4 C12H6Cl4 C12H7Cl3 C12H7Cl3 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2 C12H8O C12H9Cl C12H9Cl C12H9Cl C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2 C12H10O C12H10S C12H11N C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H14O C12H18 C12H18 C12H22O C12H24O2 C12H26O C13H8O C13H9N C13H10 C13H10O C13H10O2 C13H11NO C13H12 C13H12 C13H12O C13H12O C14H10 C14H10 C14H12 C14H12 C14H12O C14H12O2 C14H14 C14H14 C14H22 C14H28O2 C15H12 C15H12 C15H12 C16H10 C16H10 C16H14 C16H32O2 C17H12 C17H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H15N C18H30O2

Name 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4′,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl Dibenzofuran 2-Chlorobiphenyl 3-Chlorobiphenyl 4-Chlorobiphenyl Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl Azobenzene Diphenyl ether Diphenyl sulfide Diphenylamine 1-Ethylnaphthalene 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene 4-Phenylcyclohexanone Hexylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene Cyclododecanone Dodecanoic acid 1-Dodecanol 9H-Fluoren-9-one Acridine 9H-Fluorene Benzophenone Phenyl benzoate N-Phenylbenzamide Diphenylmethane 4-Methylbiphenyl Diphenylmethanol Benzyl phenyl ether Anthracene Phenanthrene trans-Stilbene 1-Methylfluorene 2-Phenylacetophenone Benzyl benzoate 1,2-Diphenylethane 4,4′-Dimethylbiphenyl Octylbenzene Tetradecanoic acid 2-Methylanthracene 9-Methylanthracene 1-Methylphenanthrene Fluoranthene Pyrene 9,10-Dimethylanthracene Hexadecanoic acid 11H-Benzo[a]fluorene 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene Benz[a]anthracene Chrysene Naphthacene Triphenylene Triphenylamine Linolenic acid

log P 5.72 5.73 5.60 5.47 5.10 5.00 4.12 4.52 4.58 4.61 3.72 3.96 3.76 3.82 4.21 4.45 3.44 4.40 4.31 4.37 2.45 5.52 4.69 4.10 4.6 5.13 3.58 3.40 4.20 3.18 3.59 2.62 4.14 4.63 2.67 3.79 4.56 4.52 4.81 4.97 3.18 3.97 4.70 5.09 6.30 6.1 5.15 5.07 5.14 5.07 5.08 5.69 7.17 5.40 5.75 5.91 5.73 5.76 5.49 5.74 6.46

Ref. 3 7 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 6 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 1

5/2/05 2:55:18 PM

Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients Mol. form. C18H32O2 C18H34O2 C18H36O2 C19H16O C20H12 C20H12 C20H32O2

Section 16.indb 45

Name Linoleic acid Oleic acid Stearic acid Triphenylmethanol Perylene Benzo[a]pyrene Arachidonic acid

16-45 log P 7.05 7.64 8.23 3.68 6.25 6.20 6.98

Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 4 1

Mol. form. C20H40O2 C21H16 C22H12 C24H12

Name Arachidic acid 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j] aceanthrylene Benzo[ghi]perylene Coronene

log P 9.29 6.75 6.90 6.05

Ref. 1 1 1 4

5/2/05 2:55:19 PM

Protection against Ionizing Radiation The following data and rules of thumb are helpful in estimating the penetrating capability of and danger of exposure to various types of ionizing radiation. More precise data should be used for critical applications.

Alpha Particles

Alpha particles of at least 7.5 MeV are required to penetrate the epidermis, the protective layer of skin, 0.07 mm thick.

Electrons

Electrons of at least 70 keV are required to penetrate the epidermis, the protective layer of skin, 0.07 mm thick. The range of electrons in g/cm2 is approximately equal to the maximum energy (E) in MeV divided by 2. The range of electrons in air is about 3.65 m per MeV; for example, a 3 MeV electron has a range of about 11 m in air. A chamber wall thickness of 30 mg/cm2 will transmit 70% of the initial fluence of 1 MeV electrons and 20% of that of 0.4 MeV electrons. When electrons of 1 to 2 MeV pass through light materials such as water, aluminum, or glass, less than 1% of their energy is dissipated as bremsstrahlung. The bremsstrahlung from 1 Ci of 32P aqueous solution in a glass bottle is about 1 mR/h at 1 meter distance. When electrons from a 1 Ci source of 90Sr – 90Y are absorbed, the bremsstrahlung hazard is approximately equal to that presented by the gamma radiation from 12 mg of radium. The average energy of the bremsstrahlung is about 300 keV.

Gamma Rays

The air-scattered radiation (sky-shine) from a 100 Ci 60Co source placed 1 ft behind a 4 ft high shield is about 100 mrad/h at 6 ft from the outside of the shield. Within ±20% for point source gamma emitters with energies between 0.07 and 4 MeV, the exposure rate (R/h) at 1 ft is 6C⋅E⋅n where C is the activity in curies, E is the energy in MeV, and n is the number of gammas per disintegration.

Neutrons

An approximate HVL (thickness of absorber for which the neutron flux falls to half its initial value) for 1 MeV neutrons is 3.2 cm of paraffin; that for 5 MeV neutrons is 6.9 cm of paraffin.

Miscellaneous

The natural background from all sources in most parts of the world leads to an equivalent dose rate of about 0.04 to 4 mSv per year for the average person. About 84% of this comes from terrestrial sources, the remainder from cosmic rays. The U. S. average is about 3.6 mSv/yr but can range up to 50 mSv/yr in some areas. A passenger in a plane flying at 12,000 meters receives 5 µSv/hr from cosmic rays (as compared to about 0.03 µSv/hr at sea level). The ICRP recommended exposure limit to man-made sources of ionizing radiation (Reference 2) is 20 mSv/yr averaged over 5 years, with the dose in any one year not to exceed 50 mSv. A whole-body dose of about 3 Gy over a short time interval will typically lead to 50% mortality in 30 days assuming no medical treatment.

Units

The gray (Gy) is the SI unit of absorbed dose; it is a measure of the mean energy imparted to a sample of irradiated matter, divided by the mass of the sample. Gy is a special name for the SI unit J/kg. The sievert (Sv) is the SI unit of equivalent dose, which is defined as the absorbed dose multiplied by a weighting factor that expresses the long-term biological risk from low-level chronic exposure to a specified type of radiation. The Sv is another special name for J/kg. 1 curie (Ci) = 3.7⋅1010 becquerel (Bq); i.e., 3.7⋅1010 disintegrations per second. 1 roentgen (R) = 2.58⋅10-4 coulomb per kilogram (C/kg); a measure of the charge (positive or negative) liberated by x-ray or gamma radiation in air, divided by the mass of air. 1 rad = 0.01 Gy 1 rem = 0.01 Sv

References 1. Padikal, T. N., and Fivozinsky, S. P., Medical Physics Data Book, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 138, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1981. 2. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60, Annals of the ICRP, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991. 3. Radiation: Doses, Effects, Risks, United Nations Sales No. E.86.III.D.4, 1985. 4. Eidelman, S., et al., Physics Letters, B592, 1, 2004.

The activity of any radionuclide is reduced to less than 1% after 7 half-lives (i.e., 2-7 = 0.8%). For nuclides with a half-life greater than 6 days, the change in activity in 24 hours will be less than 10%. 10 HVL (half-value layers) attenuates approximately by 10-3. There is 0.64 mm3 of radon gas at STP in transient equilibrium with 1 Ci of radium.

16-46

487_S16.indb 46

4/10/06 12:13:05 PM

ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES K. F. Eckerman

The following table lists, for workers, the annual limits on oral and inhalation intakes (ALI) for selected radionuclides based on the occupational radiation protection guidance of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (References 1 and 2). An intake of one ALI corresponds to an annual whole body dose of 0.02 Sv (2 rem). The ALI is expressed in the SI unit of activity, the becquerel (Bq), and in the conventional unit, the microcurie (µCi); 1 µCi = 3.7⋅104 Bq. The chemical form of inhaled radionuclides is, in most instances, stated in terms of the rate of absorption to blood from the lungs and the fractional absorption from the small intestine. Type F, M, and S denote chemical forms which are absorbed from the lungs at rates characterized as fast, moderate, and slow, respectively. The time to absorb 90% of the deposited radionuclide, in the absence of radioactive decay, corresponds to about 10 minutes, 150 days, and 7000 days for Type F, M, and S compounds, respec-

H

Physical half-life 12.3 y

C

0.340 h

3

11

C

14

5730 y

18

F

1.83 h

Na Na 32 P

2.60 y 15.0 h 14.3 d

S

87.4 d

22 24

35

K 43 K 45 Ca 47 Ca 51 Cr 42

12.4 h 22.6 h 163 d 4.53 d 27.7 d

Mn

312 d

Fe

8.28 h

Fe

2.70 y

54

52

55

Chemical form Type/f1 HT gas HTO vapor CO CO2 Organic compounds CO CO2

Organic compounds F 1.000 M 1.000 S 1.000 F 1.000 F 1.000 F 0.800 M 0.800 Inorganic compounds F 0.800 M 0.800 Vapor Organic compounds F 1.000 F 1.000 M 0.300 M 0.300 F 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100

tively. Type F compounds can be considered to be more soluble than M or S, S being the most insoluble. Chemical form consideration for ingestion is specified by the fractional absorption from the small intestine, denoted as f1. The f1 values range from 10–5 to 1. Higher fractional absorption is associated with greater solubility of the compound.

References 1. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60, Annals of the ICRP 21, (1–3), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991. 2. Dose Coefficients for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 68, Annals of the ICRP, 24(4), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1995.

Inhalation intakes Bq 1.1E+13 1.1E+09 1.7E+10 9.1E+09

ALI

µCi 3.0E+08 3.0E+04 4.5E+05 2.5E+05

6.2E+09 2.5E+10 3.1E+09

1.7E+05 6.8E+05 8.3E+04

3.4E+07 3.7E+08 2.2E+08 2.2E+08 1.0E+07 3.8E+07 1.8E+07 6.9E+06

9.3E+02 1.0E+04 6.1E+03 5.8E+03 2.7E+02 1.0E+03 4.9E+02 1.9E+02

2.5E+08 1.8E+07 1.7E+08

6.8E+03 4.9E+02 4.5E+03

1.0E+08 7.7E+07 8.7E+06 9.5E+06 6.7E+08 5.9E+08 5.6E+08 1.8E+07 1.7E+07 2.9E+07 2.1E+07 2.2E+07 6.1E+07

2.7E+03 2.1E+03 2.4E+02 2.6E+02 1.8E+04 1.6E+04 1.5E+04 4.9E+02 4.5E+02 7.8E+02 5.7E+02 5.9E+02 1.6E+03

Chemical form f1 1.000

Oral intakes Bq 1.1E+13

ALI

µCi 3.0E+08

1.000

8.3E+08

2.3E+04

1.000

3.4E+07

9.3E+02

1.000

4.1E+08

1.1E+04

1.000 1.000 0.800

6.3E+06 4.7E+07 8.3E+06

1.7E+02 1.3E+03 2.3E+02

0.800 0.100

1.4E+08 1.1E+08

3.9E+03 2.8E+03

1.000 1.000 1.000 0.300 0.300 0.100 0.010

2.6E+07 4.7E+07 8.0E+07 2.6E+07 1.3E+07 5.3E+08 5.4E+08

7.0E+02 1.3E+03 2.2E+03 7.1E+02 3.4E+02 1.4E+04 1.5E+04

0.100

2.8E+07

7.6E+02

0.100

1.4E+07

3.9E+02

0.100

6.1E+07

1.6E+03

16-47

Section 16.indb 47

5/2/05 2:55:20 PM

Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides

16-48

Fe

Physical half-life 44.5 d

Co

271 d

Co

70.8 d

Co

5.27 y

Cu

12.7 h

Ni

75000 y

Ni

96.0 y

Zn Ga

244 d 3.26 d

Ga

1.13 h

Ge

288 d

Se

120 d

Se

65000 y

Rb Sr

18.6 d 64.8 d

Sr

2.80 h

59

57

58

60

64

59

63

65 67

68

68

75

79

86 85

87m

Sr

50.5 d

Sr

29.1 y

Mo

2.75 d

Tc

6.02 h

89

90

99

99m

Tc

213000 y

Ru

1.01 y

In

2.83 d

99

106

111

In

113m

Sn

115 d

I

13.2 h

I

60.1 d

I

1.57⋅107 y

113

123

125

129

Section 16.indb 48

1.66 h

Chemical form Type/f1 F 0.100 M 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.050 M 0.100 S 0.050 M 0.100 S 0.050 F 0.500 M 0.500 S 0.500 F 0.050 M 0.050 Vapor F 0.050 M 0.050 Vapor S 0.500 F 0.001 M 0.001 F 0.001 M 0.001 F 1.000 M 1.000 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 1.000 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.800 S 0.050 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 0.050 M 0.050 S 0.050 F 0.020 M 0.020 F 0.020 M 0.020 F 0.020 M 0.020 F 1.000 Vapor F 1.000 Vapor F 1.000 Vapor

Inhalation intakes Bq 6.7E+06 6.3E+06 5.1E+07 3.3E+07 1.4E+07 1.2E+07 2.8E+06 1.2E+06 2.9E+08 1.3E+08 1.3E+08 9.1E+07 2.1E+08 2.4E+07 3.8E+07 6.5E+07 1.0E+07 7.1E+06 1.8E+08 7.1E+07 4.1E+08 2.5E+08 2.4E+07 2.5E+06 1.4E+07 1.2E+07 1.3E+07 6.5E+06 1.5E+07 3.6E+07 3.1E+07 9.1E+08 5.7E+08 1.4E+07 3.6E+06 6.7E+05 2.6E+05 5.6E+07 1.8E+07 1.0E+09 6.9E+08 5.0E+07 6.3E+06 2.0E+06 1.2E+06 5.7E+05 9.1E+07 6.5E+07 1.1E+09 6.3E+08 2.5E+07 1.1E+07 1.8E+08 9.5E+07 2.7E+06 1.4E+06 3.9E+05 2.1E+05

ALI

µCi 1.8E+02 1.7E+02 1.4E+03 9.0E+02 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 7.6E+01 3.2E+01 7.9E+03 3.6E+03 3.6E+03 2.5E+03 5.8E+03 6.5E+02 1.0E+03 1.7E+03 2.7E+02 1.9E+02 4.9E+03 1.9E+03 1.1E+04 6.7E+03 6.5E+02 6.8E+01 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 3.4E+02 1.7E+02 4.2E+02 9.7E+02 8.4E+02 2.5E+04 1.5E+04 3.9E+02 9.7E+01 1.8E+01 7.0E+00 1.5E+03 4.9E+02 2.7E+04 1.9E+04 1.4E+03 1.7E+02 5.5E+01 3.2E+01 1.5E+01 2.5E+03 1.7E+03 2.8E+04 1.7E+04 6.8E+02 2.8E+02 4.9E+03 2.6E+03 7.4E+01 3.9E+01 1.1E+01 5.6E+00

Chemical form f1 0.100

Oral intakes Bq 1.1E+07

ALI

µCi 3.0E+02

0.100 0.050 0.100 0.050 0.100 0.050 0.500

9.5E+07 1.1E+08 2.7E+07 2.9E+07 5.9E+06 8.0E+06 1.7E+08

2.6E+03 2.8E+03 7.3E+02 7.7E+02 1.6E+02 2.2E+02 4.5E+03

0.050

3.2E+08

8.6E+03

0.050

1.3E+08

3.6E+03

0.500 0.001

5.1E+06 1.1E+08

1.4E+02 2.8E+03

0.001

2.0E+08

5.4E+03

1.000

1.5E+07

4.2E+02

0.800 0.050 0.800 0.050 1.000 0.300 0.010 0.300 0.010 0.300 0.010 0.300 0.010 0.800 0.050 0.800

7.7E+06 4.9E+07 6.9E+06 5.1E+07 7.1E+06 3.6E+07 6.1E+07 6.7E+08 6.1E+08 7.7E+06 8.7E+06 7.1E+05 7.4E+06 2.7E+07 1.7E+07 9.1E+08

2.1E+02 1.3E+03 1.9E+02 1.4E+03 1.9E+02 9.7E+02 1.6E+03 1.8E+04 1.6E+04 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 1.9E+01 2.0E+02 7.3E+02 4.5E+02 2.5E+04

0.800

2.6E+07

6.9E+02

0.050

2.9E+06

7.7E+01

0.020

6.9E+07

1.9E+03

0.020

7.1E+08

1.9E+04

0.020

2.7E+07

7.4E+02

1.000

9.5E+07

2.6E+03

1.000

1.3E+06

3.6E+01

1.000

1.8E+05

4.9E+00

5/2/05 2:55:21 PM

Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides

Physical half-life 8.04 d

I

131

Cs Cs 136 Cs 137 Cs 141 Ce

1.34 d 2.06 y 13.1 d 30.0 y 32.5 d

144

Ce

284 d

Ba Ba 169 Yb

10.7 y 12.7 d 32.0 d

Au

2.69 d

129 134

133 140

198

Au

198m

Hg

197

Hg

203

2.30 d

2.67 d

46.6 d

Tl Pb 207 Bi

3.04 d 22.3 y 38.0 y

210

Po

138 d

Ra Ra 228 Ra 228 Th

3.66 d 1600 y 5.75 y 1.91 y

201 210

224 226

Th

77000 y

Th

1.40⋅1010 y

U

2.44⋅105 y

U

7.04⋅108 y

230

232

234

235

Section 16.indb 49

Chemical form Type/f1 F 1.000 Vapor F 1.000 F 1.000 F 1.000 F 1.000 M 5.0E-04 S 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 5.0E-04 F 0.100 F 0.100 M 5.0E-04 S 5.0E-04 F 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.100 Inorganic compounds F 0.400 Vapor Organic compounds F 0.020 M 0.020 Inorganic compounds F 0.400 Vapor Organic compounds F 0.020 M 0.020 F 1.000 F 0.200 F 0.050 M 0.050 F 0.100 M 0.100 M 0.200 M 0.200 M 0.200 M 5.0E-04 S 2.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 2.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 2.0E-04 F 0.020 M 0.020 S 0.002 F 0.020 M 0.020

16-49

Inhalation intakes Bq 1.8E+06 1.0E+06 2.5E+08 2.1E+06 1.1E+07 3.0E+06 7.4E+06 6.5E+06 8.7E+05 6.9E+05 1.1E+07 1.3E+07 9.5E+06 8.3E+06 5.1E+07 2.0E+07 1.8E+07 3.4E+07 1.0E+07 1.1E+07

ALI

µCi 4.9E+01 2.7E+01 6.7E+03 5.6E+01 2.8E+02 8.1E+01 2.0E+02 1.7E+02 2.4E+01 1.9E+01 3.0E+02 3.4E+02 2.6E+02 2.3E+02 1.4E+03 5.5E+02 4.9E+02 9.2E+02 2.7E+02 2.8E+02

Chemical form f1 1.000

Oral intakes Bq 9.1E+05

ALI

µCi 2.5E+01

1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 5.0E-04

3.3E+08 1.1E+06 6.7E+06 1.5E+06 2.8E+07

9.0E+03 2.8E+01 1.8E+02 4.2E+01 7.6E+02

5.0E-04

3.8E+06

1.0E+02

0.100 0.100 5.0E-04

2.0E+07 8.0E+06 2.8E+07

5.4E+02 2.2E+02 7.6E+02

0.100

2.0E+07

5.4E+02

0.100

1.5E+07

4.2E+02

1.000 0.400

2.0E+08 1.2E+08

5.5E+03 3.2E+03

2.4E+08

6.4E+03

4.5E+06

1.2E+02

2.0E+08 7.1E+07

5.4E+03 1.9E+03

0.020

8.7E+07

2.4E+03

2.7E+07

7.2E+02

2.9E+06

7.7E+01

1.000 0.400

1.1E+07 1.8E+07

2.8E+02 4.9E+02

3.4E+07 1.1E+07 2.6E+08 1.8E+04 2.4E+07 6.3E+06 2.8E+04 9.1E+03 8.3E+03 1.7E+03 1.2E+04 8.7E+02 6.3E+02 7.1E+02 2.8E+03 6.9E+02 1.7E+03 3.1E+04 9.5E+03 2.9E+03 3.3E+04 1.1E+04

9.2E+02 2.8E+02 7.1E+03 4.9E-01 6.4E+02 1.7E+02 7.6E-01 2.5E-01 2.3E-01 4.5E-02 3.2E-01 2.4E-02 1.7E-02 1.9E-02 7.5E-02 1.9E-02 4.5E-02 8.4E-01 2.6E-01 7.9E-02 9.0E-01 3.0E-01

0.020

3.7E+07

1.0E+03

1.000 0.200 0.050

2.1E+08 2.9E+04 1.5E+07

5.7E+03 7.9E-01 4.2E+02

0.100

8.3E+04

2.3E+00

0.200 0.200 0.200 5.0E-04 2.0E-04 5.0E-04 2.0E-04 5.0E-04 2.0E-04 0.020 0.002

3.1E+05 7.1E+04 3.0E+04 2.9E+05 5.7E+05 9.5E+04 2.3E+05 9.1E+04 2.2E+05 4.1E+05 2.4E+06

8.3E+00 1.9E+00 8.1E-01 7.7E+00 1.5E+01 2.6E+00 6.2E+00 2.5E+00 5.9E+00 1.1E+01 6.5E+01

0.020 0.002

4.3E+05 2.4E+06

1.2E+01 6.5E+01

5/2/05 2:55:22 PM

Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides

16-50

Physical half-life 238

U

4.47⋅109 y

Np Np 238 Pu

2.14⋅106 y 2.36 d 87.7 y

237 239

Chemical form Type/f1 S 0.002 F 0.020 M 0.020 S 0.002 M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 1.0E-05

Inhalation intakes Bq 3.3E+03 3.4E+04 1.3E+04 3.5E+03 1.3E+03 1.8E+07 6.7E+02 1.8E+03

ALI

µCi 8.9E-02 9.3E-01 3.4E-01 9.5E-02 3.6E-02 4.9E+02 1.8E-02 4.9E-02

Pu

24100 y

M 5.0E-04 S 1.0E-05

6.3E+02 2.4E+03

1.7E-02 6.5E-02

241

Pu

14.4 y

M 5.0E-04 S 1.0E-05

3.4E+04 2.4E+05

9.3E-01 6.4E+00

Am Cm 252 Cf

432 y 18.1 y 2.64 y

M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04

7.4E+02 1.2E+03 1.5E+03

2.0E-02 3.2E-02 4.2E-02

239

241 244

Section 16.indb 50

Chemical form f1

Oral intakes Bq

ALI

µCi

0.020 0.002

4.5E+05 2.6E+06

1.2E+01 7.1E+01

5.0E-04 5.0E-04 5.0E-04 1.0E-05 1.0E-04 5.0E-04 1.0E-05 1.0E-04 5.0E-04 1.0E-05 1.0E-04 5.0E-04 5.0E-04 5.0E-04

1.8E+05 2.5E+07 8.7E+04 2.3E+06 4.1E+05 8.0E+04 2.2E+06 3.8E+05 4.3E+06 1.8E+08 2.1E+07 1.0E+05 1.7E+05 2.2E+05

4.9E+00 6.8E+02 2.4E+00 6.1E+01 1.1E+01 2.2E+00 6.0E+01 1.0E+01 1.2E+02 4.9E+03 5.6E+02 2.7E+00 4.5E+00 6.0E+00

5/2/05 2:55:22 PM

CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS The following substances are listed in the 11th Report on Carcinogens 2004, released by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) under the National Toxicology Program (NTP). Substances are grouped in two classes: - Known to be human carcinogens: There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans which indicates a causal relationship between exposure to the substance and human cancer. - Reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens: There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans which indicates that causal interpretation is credible, but that alternative explanations, such as chance, bias, or confounding factors, could not be adequately excluded; or there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

Substance

The NTP report also lists many poorly defined materials such as soots, tars, mineral oils, coke oven emissions, etc. These materials are not included here. The table lists the name normally used in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, followed by additional names and acronyms by which the substance is known. In many cases the primary name given here is different from that used in the NTP report; however, names used in the NTP report appear in the Other Names column. The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS RN), given in the last column, is taken from the NTP report. Extensive details on each substance are given in the reference.

Reference Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 11th Report on Carcinogens, available on the Internet at

Other Names

CAS RN

Known to be Human Carcinogens Aflatoxins 4-Aminobiphenyl

1402-68-2 p-Biphenylamine

92-67-1

Arsenic compounds, inorganic Asbestos Azathioprine

1332-21-4 6-[(1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)thio]-1H-purine

Benzene p-Benzidine (includes dyes metabolized to benzidene)

71-43-2 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine

92-87-5

Mustard gas

505-60-2

Beryllium and beryllium compounds Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide

7440-41-7

Bis(chloromethyl) ether

542-88-1

1,3-Butadiene 1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate

446-86-6

106-99-0 Myleran; Busulfan

55-98-1

Cadmium and cadmium compounds

7440-43-9

Chlorambucil

305-03-3

Chloroethene

Vinyl chloride; Chloroethylene

75-01-4

1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea

MeCCNU

13909-09-6

Chloromethyl methyl ether

107-30-2

Chromium hexavalent compounds Cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphane; 2H-1,3,2-Oxazaphosphorin-2-amine, N,Nbis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-, 2-oxide

50-18-0

Cyclosporin A

Cyclosporine

59865-13-3

Diethylstilbestrol

56-53-1

Erionite

66733-21-9

Estrogens, steroidal N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide

Phenacetin

62-44-2

Melphalan

L-Phenylalanine, 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-

148-82-3

Methoxsalen (with UV therapy)

PUVA; 9-Methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one

298-81-7

2-Naphthylamine

2-Aminonaphthalene; β-Naphthylamine

91-59-8

Ethylene oxide

75-21-8

Nickel compounds Oxirane



487_S16.indb 51

16-51

4/10/06 12:13:09 PM

Chemical Carcinogens

16-52 Substance

Other Names

CAS RN

Quartz; Silica

14808-60-7

Radon Silicon dioxide (respirable size)

10043-92-2

Silicon dioxide (respirable size)

Cristobalite; Silica

14464-46-1

Silicon dioxide (respirable size)

Tridymite; Silica

15468-32-3

Sulfuric acid (strong acid mists)

Oil of vitriol

7664-93-9

Tamoxifen

10540-29-1

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

TCDD; Dioxin

1746-01-6

Thorium(IV) oxide

Thorium dioxide

1314-20-1

Triethylenethiophosphoramide

Thiotepa; Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine, sulfide

52-24-4

Ethanal

75-07-0

2-Propenamide

79-06-1

Reasonably Anticipated to be Human Carcinogens Acetaldehyde 2-(Acetylamino)fluorene Acrylamide

53-96-3

Acrylonitrile

Propenenitrile

107-13-1

4-Allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene

Methyleugenol; 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene

93-15-2

2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

2-Aminoanthraquinone

117-79-3

1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10-anthracenedione

1-Amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone

81-49-2

2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoline

MeIQ

77094-11-2

2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoxaline

MeIQx

77500-04-0

1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone

82-28-0

2-Amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f ]quinoline

IQ

76180-96-6

2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

PhIP

105650-23-5

Azacitidine

5-Azacytidine; 4-Amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1,3,5-triazine2(1H)-one

320-67-2

Benz[e]acephenanthrylene

205-99-2

2,3,1’,8’-Binaphthylene

207-08-9

Diepoxybutane

1464-53-5

Benz[a]anthracene Benzo[b]fluoranthene

56-55-3

Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene

205-82-3

Benzo[a]pyrene 2,2’-Bioxirane

50-32-8

Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane

4,4-Methylene-bis(2-chloraniline); MBOCA

101-14-4

2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol

BBMP; Pentaerythritol dibromide

3296-90-0

Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine

Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride

55-86-7

N,N’-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea

BCNU; Carmustine

154-93-8

Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methane

Michler’s Base; 4,4-Methylenebis(N,N-dimethylbenzenamine)

101-61-1

1,3-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzene

Diglycidyl resorcinol ether

101-90-6

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

DEHP; Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

117-81-7

Bromoethene

Vinyl bromide

593-60-2

tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole

BHA; Butylated hydroxyanisole

25013-16-5

Bromodichloromethane

75-27-4

Chloramphenicol Chlorendic acid

56-75-7 1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid

Chlorinated paraffins (C 12, 60% Cl)

115-28-6 108171-26-2

4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediamine

4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine

95-83-0

2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene

Chloroprene

126-99-8

1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea

CCNU; Lomustine; Belustine

13010-47-4

4-Chloro-2-methylaniline

p-Chloro-o-toluidine

95-69-2

4-Chloro-2-methylaniline hydrochloride

p-Chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride

3165-93-3

487_S16.indb 52

4/10/06 12:13:09 PM

Chemical Carcinogens

16-53

Substance

Other Names

CAS RN

1-Chloro-2-methylpropene

Dimethylvinyl chloride

513-37-1

3-Chloro-2-methylpropene

563-47-3

Chlorozotocin

2-[[[(2-Chloroethyl)nitrosoamino]carbonyl]amino]-2-deoxyD-glucose

54749-90-5

Fuchsin

C.I. Basic Red 9, monohydrochloride

569-61-9

Cobalt(II) sulfate

Cobaltous sulfate

10124-43-3

Cupferron Dacarbazine

135-20-6 5-(3,3-Dimethyl-1-triazenyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide

Decabromobiphenyl

4342-03-4 13654-09-6

cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum

Cisplatin

15663-27-1

2,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate

1,3-Benzenediamine, 4-methoxy, sulfate

39156-41-7

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether

4,4-Oxydianiline

101-80-4

4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane

4,4’-Methylenedianiline

101-77-9

4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane dihydrochloride

4,4’-Methylenedianiline dihydrochloride

13552-44-8

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide

4,4’-Thiodianiline

139-65-1

Dibenz[a,j]acridine

7-Azadibenz[a,j]anthracene

224-42-0

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene

53-70-3

Dibenz[a,h]acridine

226-36-8

7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole

194-59-2

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def ]chrysene

192-65-4

Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene

Dibenzo[b,def ]chrysene

189-64-0

Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene

Benzo[rst]pentaphene

189-55-9

Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene

191-30-0

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane

96-12-8

1,2-Dibromoethane

Ethylene dibromide; EDB

106-93-4

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol

DBP

96-13-9

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate

126-72-7

p-Dichlorobenzene

1,4-Dichlorobenzene

106-46-7

3,3’-Dichloro-p-benzidine

3,3’-Dichloro[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine

91-94-1

3,3’-Dichloro-p-benzidine dihydrochloride

3,3’-Dichloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine dihydrochloride

612-83-9

1,2-Dichloroethane

Ethylene dichloride

107-06-2

Dichloromethane

Methylene chloride

75-09-2

1,3-Dichloropropene (unspecified isomer)

542-75-6

Diethyl sulfate

64-67-5

2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone

Propylthiouracil

51-52-5

1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

Danthron; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone

117-10-2

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine (and dyes metabolized to 3,3’Dimethoxybenzidine)

Dianisidine

119-90-4

p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene

60-11-7

2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene

o-Aminoazotoluene; 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine

97-56-3

Dimethylcarbamic chloride

Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride

79-44-7

1,1-Dimethylhydrazine

UDMH

57-14-7

Dimethyl sulfate

77-78-1

1,6-Dinitropyrene

42397-64-8

1,8-Dinitropyrene

42397-65-9

1,4-Dioxane

123-91-1

1,2-Diphenylhydrazine

Hydrazobenzene

122-66-7

1,3-Diphenyl-1-triazene

Diazoaminobenzene

136-35-6

487_S16.indb 53

4/10/06 12:13:10 PM

Chemical Carcinogens

16-54 Substance

Other Names

CAS RN

Disperse Blue No. 1

1,4,5,8-Tetraamino-9,10-anthracenedione

2475-45-8

Doxorubicin hydrochloride

Adriamycin

23214-92-8

Epichlorohydrin

(Chloromethyl)oxirane

106-89-8

1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane

4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide

106-87-6

Ethyl carbamate

Urethane

51-79-6

Ethyl methanesulfonate

62-50-0

N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea

ENU; N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea

759-73-9

Fluoroethene

Vinyl fluoride

75-02-5

Formaldehyde (gas)

Methanal

50-00-0

Hexabromobiphenyl isomers

Firemaster FF-1

67774-32-7

Hexachlorobenzene

Perchlorobenzene

118-74-1

Furan

110-00-9

Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers

608-73-1

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5β,6β)

α-Hexachlorocyclohexane

319-84-6

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β)

β-Hexachlorocyclohexane

319-85-7

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)

Lindane; γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane

58-89-9

Hexachloroethane

Perchloroethane

67-72-1

Hexamethylphosphoric triamide

Hexamethylphosphoramide; Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine oxide

680-31-9

Hydrazine

302-01-2

Hydrazine sulfate 2-Imidazolidinethione

10034-93-2 Ethylene thiourea

96-45-7

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene

1,10-(1,2-Phenylene)pyrene

193-39-5

Kepone

Chlordecone

143-50-0

Lead and lead compounds

Includes all lead compounds

7439-92-1

o-Methoxyaniline hydrochloride

o-Anisidine hydrochloride

134-29-2

2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline

p-Cresidine; 5-Methyl-o-anisidine

120-71-8

o-Methylaniline

o-Toluidine

95-53-4

o-Methylaniline hydrochloride

o-Toluidine hydrochloride

636-21-5

2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene

Isoprene

78-79-5

Benzenamine, 4,4’-methylenedi-, dihydrochloride

13552-44-8

5-Methylchrysene 4,4-Methylenedianiline dihydrochloride

3697-24-3

Methyl methanesulfonate

66-27-3

N-Methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

70-25-7

N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea

N-Nitroso-N-methylurea

684-93-5

Methyloxirane

1,2-Propylene oxide

75-56-9

Metronidazole

2-Methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol

443-48-1

Mirex

Hexachloropentadiene dimer

2385-85-5

Naphthalene

91-20-3

Nickel (metallic)

7440-02-0

Nitrilotriacetic acid

N,N-Bis(carboxymethyl)glycine

139-13-9

2-Nitroanisole

1-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzene

91-23-6

Nitrobenzene

98-95-3

6-Nitrochrysene Nitrofen

7496-02-8 2,4-Dichloro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene

1836-75-5

Nitromethane

75-52-5

2-Nitropropane

79-46-9

1-Nitropyrene

5522-43-0

487_S16.indb 54

4/10/06 12:13:10 PM

Chemical Carcinogens Substance

16-55 Other Names

CAS RN

Dibutylnitrosamine

924-16-3

4-Nitropyrene N-Nitrosodibutylamine

57835-92-4

N-Nitrosodiethanolamine

2,2’-(Nitrosoimino)ethanol

1116-54-7

N-Nitrosodiethylamine

DEN; Diethylnitrosamine

55-18-5

N-Nitrosodimethylamine

DMN; Dimethylnitrosamine

62-75-9

4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone

NNK; Ketone, 3-pyridyl-3-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)propyl

64091-91-4

N-Nitroso-N-methylvinylamine

N-Methyl-N-nitrosoethenamine

4549-40-0

4-Nitrosomorpholine

N-Nitrosomorpholine

59-89-2

N-Nitrosonornicotine

N’-Nitroso-3-(2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine

16543-55-8

N-Nitrosopiperidine

1-Nitrosopiperidine

100-75-4

N-Nitroso-N-propyl-1-propanamine

N-Nitrosodipropylamine

621-64-7

N-Nitrososarcosine

N-Methyl-N-nitrosoglycine

13256-22-9

Norethisterone

19-Norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one, 17-hydroxy-, (17 α)-

68-22-4

N-Nitrosopyrrolidine

930-55-2

Ochratoxin A

303-47-9

Octabromobiphenyl isomers 2-Oxetanone

61288-13-9 β-Propiolactone

57-57-8

Oxiranemethanol

Glycidol

556-52-5

Oxymetholone

Androstan-3-one, 17-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethylene)-17methyl-

434-07-1

Phenazopyridine hydrochloride

3-(Phenylazo)-2,6-pyridinediamine, monohydrochloride

136-40-3

Phenolphthalein

3,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone

77-09-8

Styrene-7,8-oxide

96-09-3 57-41-0

Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride Phenyloxirane

63-92-3

Phenytoin

5,5-Diphenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

Polybrominated biphenyls

PBBs

Polychlorinated biphenyls

PCBs

Procarbazine hydrochloride

1336-36-3 366-70-1

Progesterone

Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

57-83-0

1,3-Propane sultone

1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide

1120-71-4

Propyleneimine

2-Methylaziridine

75-55-8

Reserpine Safrole

50-55-5 5-(2-Propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole

Selenium sulfide

94-59-7 7446-34-6

Streptozotocin

D-Glucopyranose, 2-deoxy-2-[[(methylnitrosoamino)carbon yl]amino]-

18883-66-4

Sulfallate

N,N-Diethyldithiocarbamic acid, 2-chloroallyl ester

95-06-7

Tetrachloroethene

Tetrachloroethylene; Perchloroethylene

127-18-4

Tetrachloromethane

Carbon tetrachloride

56-23-5

Tetrafluoroethene

Tetrafluoroethylene

116-14-3

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-4,4’-diaminobenzophenone

Bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone; Michler’s Ketone

90-94-8

Ethanethioamide

62-55-5

Tetranitromethane Thioacetamide

509-14-8

Thiourea

Thiocarbamide

62-56-6

o-Tolidine

3,3’-Dimethylbenzidine

119-93-7

Toluene-2,4-diamine

2,4-Diaminotoluene

95-80-7

Toluene diisocyanate (unspecified isomer) Toxaphene

487_S16.indb 55

26471-62-5 Polychlorocamphene

8001-35-2

4/10/06 12:13:10 PM

Chemical Carcinogens

16-56 Substance

Other Names

CAS RN

1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine

Amitrole

61-82-5

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane

DDT; Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

50-29-3

Trichloroethene

Trichloroethylene

79-01-6

Trichloromethane

Chloroform

67-66-3

(Trichloromethyl)benzene

Benzotrichloride

98-07-7

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

88-06-2

1,2,3-Trichloropropane

96-18-4

487_S16.indb 56

4/10/06 12:13:11 PM

MISCELLANEOUS MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS π CONSTANTS π

=

3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37511

1/π

=

0.31830 98861 83790 67153 77675 26745 02872 40689 19291 48091

π2

=

9.86960 44010 89358 61883 44909 99876 15113 53136 99407 24079

loge π

=

1.14472 98858 49400 17414 34273 51353 05871 16472 94812 91531

log10 π √ log10 2π

=

0.49714 98726 94133 85435 12682 88290 89887 36516 78324 38044

=

0.39908 99341 79057 52478 25035 91507 69595 02099 34102 92128 CONSTANTS INVOLVING e

e

=

2.71828 18284 59045 23536 02874 71352 66249 77572 47093 69996

1/e

=

0.36787 94411 71442 32159 55237 70161 46086 74458 11131 03177

2

=

7.38905 60989 30650 22723 04274 60575 00781 31803 15570 55185

M

=

log10 e = 0.43429 44819 03251 82765 11289 18916 60508 22943 97005 80367

e

1/M

=

loge 10 = 2.30258 50929 94045 68401 79914 54684 36420 76011 01488 62877

log10 M

=

9.63778 43113 00536 78912 29674 98645 − 10 π e AND eπ CONSTANTS

πe

=

22.45915 77183 61045 47342 71522

π

=

23.14069 26327 79269 00572 90864

e−π

=

0.04321 39182 63772 24977 44177

eπ/2

=

4.81047 73809 65351 65547 30357

i

=

e−π/2 = 0.20787 95763 50761 90854 69556

e

i

NUMERICAL CONSTANTS √ √ 3

2

=

1.41421 35623 73095 04880 16887 24209 69807 85696 71875 37695

2

=

1.25992 10498 94873 16476 72106 07278 22835 05702 51464 70151

loge 2

=

0.69314 71805 59945 30941 72321 21458 17656 80755 00134 36026

log10 2 √ 3 √ 3 3

=

0.30102 99956 63981 19521 37388 94724 49302 67881 89881 46211

=

1.73205 08075 68877 29352 74463 41505 87236 69428 05253 81039

=

1.44224 95703 07408 38232 16383 10780 10958 83918 69253 49935

loge 3

=

1.09861 22886 68109 69139 52452 36922 52570 46474 90557 82275

log10 3

=

0.47712 12547 19662 43729 50279 03255 11530 92001 28864 19070 OTHER CONSTANTS

Euler’s Constant γ

=

loge γ

=

−0.54953 93129 81644 82234

Golden Ratio φ

=

1.61803 39887 49894 84820 45868 34365 63811 77203 09180

0.57721 56649 01532 86061

A-1

DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF COMMON FRACTIONS

1/32 1/16

2/32 3/32

1/8

4/32 5/32

3/16

6/32 7/32

1/4

8/32 9/32

5/16

10/32 11/32

3/8

12/32 13/32

7/16

14/32 15/32

1/2

16/32

1/64 2/64 3/64 4/64 5/64 6/64 7/64 8/64 9/64 10/64 11/64 12/64 13/64 14/64 15/64 16/64 17/64 18/64 19/64 20/64 21/64 22/64 23/64 24/64 25/64 26/64 27/64 28/64 29/64 30/64 31/64 32/64

0.015625 0.03125 0.046875 0.0625 0.078125 0.09375 0.109375 0.125 0.140625 0.15625 0.171875 0.1875 0.203125 0.21875 0.234375 0.25 0.265625 0.28125 0.296875 0.3125 0.328125 0.34375 0.359375 0.375 0.390625 0.40625 0.421875 0.4375 0.453125 0.46875 0.484375 0.5

17/32 9/16

18/32 19/32

5/8

20/32 21/32

11/16

22/32 23/32

3/4

24/32 25/32

13/16

26/32 27/32

7/8

28/32 29/32

15/16

30/32 31/32

1/1

32/32

QUADRATIC FORMULA The solutions of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a �= 0, are given by: √ −b ± b2 − 4ac . x= 2a

A-2

33/64 34/64 35/64 36/64 37/64 38/64 39/64 40/64 41/64 42/64 43/64 44/64 45/64 46/64 47/64 48/64 49/64 50/64 51/64 52/64 53/64 54/64 55/64 56/64 57/64 58/64 59/64 60/64 61/64 62/64 63/64 64/64

0.515625 0.53125 0.546875 0.5625 0.578125 0.59375 0.609375 0.625 0.640625 0.65625 0.671875 0.6875 0.703125 0.71875 0.734375 0.75 0.765625 0.78125 0.796875 0.8125 0.828125 0.84375 0.859375 0.875 0.890625 0.90625 0.921875 0.9375 0.953125 0.96875 0.984375 1

15/32 1/2

16/32

29/64 30/64 31/64 32/64

0.453125 0.46875 0.484375 0.5

31/32 1/1

32/32

61/64 62/64 63/64 64/64

0.953125 0.96875 0.984375 1

DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF COMMON FRACTIONS QUADRATIC FORMULA

1/64 0.015625 1/32 2/64 0.03125 17/32 The solutions of the equation ax2 + bx +3/64 c = 0, 0.046875 where a �= 0, are given by: 1/16 2/32 4/64 0.0625 18/32 √ 9/16 −b ± b2 − 4ac 5/64 0.078125 . x= 2a 3/32 6/64 0.09375 19/32 7/64 0.109375 1/8 4/32 8/64 0.125 5/8 20/32 9/64 0.140625 5/32 10/64 0.15625 21/32 11/64 0.171875 3/16 6/32 12/64 0.1875 11/16 22/32 13/64 0.203125 7/32 14/64 0.21875 23/32 15/64 0.234375 1/4 8/32 16/64 0.25 3/4 24/32 17/64 0.265625 9/32 18/64 0.28125 25/32 19/64 0.296875 5/16 10/32 20/64 0.3125 13/16 26/32 21/64 0.328125 11/32 22/64 0.34375 27/32 A-2 23/64 0.359375 3/8 12/32 24/64 0.375 7/8 28/32 25/64 0.390625 13/32 26/64 0.40625 29/32 27/64 0.421875 7/16 14/32 28/64 0.4375 15/16 30/32 29/64 0.453125 15/32 30/64 0.46875 31/32 31/64 0.484375 1/2 16/32 32/64 0.5 1/1 32/32

QUADRATIC FORMULA The solutions of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a �= 0, are given by: √ −b ± b2 − 4ac . x= 2a

A-2

33/64 34/64 35/64 36/64 37/64 38/64 39/64 40/64 41/64 42/64 43/64 44/64 45/64 46/64 47/64 48/64 49/64 50/64 51/64 52/64 53/64 54/64 55/64 56/64 57/64 58/64 59/64 60/64 61/64 62/64 63/64 64/64

0.515625 0.53125 0.546875 0.5625 0.578125 0.59375 0.609375 0.625 0.640625 0.65625 0.671875 0.6875 0.703125 0.71875 0.734375 0.75 0.765625 0.78125 0.796875 0.8125 0.828125 0.84375 0.859375 0.875 0.890625 0.90625 0.921875 0.9375 0.953125 0.96875 0.984375 1

EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS ex x

Value

log10

e−x Value

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53

1.0000 1.0101 1.0202 1.0305 1.0408 1.0513 1.0618 1.0725 1.0833 1.0942 1.1052 1.1163 1.1275 1.1388 1.1503 1.1618 1.1735 1.1853 1.1972 1.2092 1.2214 1.2337 1.2461 1.2586 1.2712 1.2840 1.2969 1.3100 1.3231 1.3364 1.3499 1.3634 1.3771 1.3910 1.4049 1.4191 1.4333 1.4477 1.4623 1.4770 1.4918 1.5063 1.5220 1.5373 1.5527 1.5683 1.5841 1.6000 1.6161 1.6323 1.6487 1.6653 1.6820 1.6989

0.00000 .00434 .00869 .01303 .01737 .02171 .02606 .03040 .03474 .03909 .04343 .04777 .05212 .05646 .06080 .06514 .06949 .07383 .07817 .08252 .08686 .09120 .09554 .09989 .10423 .10857 .11292 .11726 .12160 .12595 .13029 .13463 .13897 .14332 .14766 .15200 .15635 .16069 .16503 .16937 .17372 .17806 .18240 .18675 .19109 .19543 .19978 .20412 .20846 .21280 .21715 .22149 .22583 .23018

1.00000 0.99005 .98020 .97045 .96079 .95123 .94176 .93239 .92312 .91393 .90484 .89583 .88692 .87809 .86936 .86071 .85214 .84366 .83527 .82696 .81873 .81058 .80252 .79453 .78663 .77880 .77105 .76338 .75578 .74826 .74082 .73345 .72615 .71892 .71177 .70469 .69768 .69073 .68386 .67706 .67032 .66365 .65705 .65051 .64404 .63763 .63128 .62500 .61878 .61263 .60653 .60050 .59452 .58860

sinh x

cosh x

Value

log10

Value

log10

tanh x Value

0.0000 .0100 .0200 .0300 .0400 .0500 .0600 .0701 .0801 .0901 .1002 .1102 .1203 .1304 .1405 .1506 .1607 .1708 .1810 .1911 .2013 .2115 .2218 .2320 .2423 .2526 .2629 .2733 .2837 .2941 .3045 .3150 .3255 .3360 .3466 .3572 .3678 .3785 .3892 .4000 .4108 .4216 .4325 .4434 .4543 .4653 .4764 .4875 .4986 .5098 .5211 .5324 .5438 .5552

-∞ −2.00001 −2.30106 −2.47719 −2.60218 −2.69915 −2.77841 −2.84545 −2.90355 −2.95483 −1.00072 −1.04227 −1.08022 −1.11517 −1.14755 −1.17772 −1.20597 −1.23254 −1.25762 −1.28136 −1.30392 −1.32541 −1.34592 −1.36555 −1.38437 −1.40245 −1.41986 −1.43663 −1.45282 −1.46847 −1.48362 −1.49830 −1.51254 −1.52637 −1.53981 −1.55290 −1.56564 −1.57807 −1.59019 −1.60202 −1.61358 −1.62488 −1.63594 −1.64677 −1.65738 −1.66777 −1.67797 −1.68797 −1.69779 −1.70744 −1.71692 −1.72624 −1.73540 −1.74442

1.0000 1.0001 1.0002 1.0005 1.0008 1.0013 1.0018 1.0025 1.0032 1.0041 1.0050 1.0061 1.0072 1.0085 1.0098 1.0113 1.0128 1.0145 1.0162 1.0181 1.0201 1.0221 1.0243 1.0266 1.0289 1.0314 1.0340 1.0367 1.0395 1.0423 1.0453 1.0484 1.0516 1.0549 1.0584 1.0619 1.0655 1.0692 1.0731 1.0770 1.0811 1.0852 1.0895 1.0939 1.0984 1.1030 1.1077 1.1125 1.1174 1.1225 1.1276 1.1329 1.1383 1.1438

0.00000 .00002 .00009 .00020 .00035 .00054 .00078 .00106 .00139 .00176 .00217 .00262 .00312 .00366 .00424 .00487 .00554 .00625 .00700 .00779 .00863 .00951 .01043 .01139 .01239 .01343 .01452 .01564 .01681 .01801 .01926 .02054 .02187 .02323 .02463 .02607 .02755 .02907 .03063 .03222 .03385 .03552 .03723 .03897 .04075 .04256 .04441 .04630 .04822 .05018 .05217 .05419 .05625 .05834

0.00000 .01000 .02000 .02999 .03998 .04996 .05993 .06989 .07983 .08976 .09967 .10956 .11943 .12927 .13909 .14889 .15865 .16838 .17808 .18775 .19738 .20697 .21652 .22603 .23550 .24492 .25430 .26362 .27291 .28213 .29131 .30044 .30951 .31852 .32748 .33638 .34521 .35399 .36271 .37136 .37995 .33847 .39693 .40532 .41364 .42190 .43008 .43820 .44624 .45422 .46212 .46995 .47770 .48538 A-3

Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions and Their Common Logarithms

A-4 ex x 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00

Value 1.7160 1.7333 1.7507 1.7683 1.7860 1.8040 1.8221 1.8404 1.8589 1.8776 1.8965 1.9155 1.9348 1.9542 1.9739 1.9937 2.0138 2.0340 2.0544 2.0751 2.0959 2.1170 2.1383 2.1598 2.1815 2.2034 2.2255 2.2479 2.2705 2.2933 2.3164 2.3396 2.3632 2.3869 2.4100 2.4351 2.4596 2.4843 2.5093 2.5345 2.5600 2.5857 2.6117 2.6379 2.6645 2.6912 2.7183 3.0042 3.3201 3.6693 4.0552 4.4817 4.9530 5.4739 6.0496 6.6859 7.3891

log10 .23452 .23886 .24320 .24755 .25189 .25623 .26058 .26492 .26926 .27361 .27795 .28229 .28664 .29098 .29532 .29966 .30401 .30835 .31269 .31703 .32138 .32572 .33006 .33441 .33875 .34309 .34744 .35178 .35612 .36046 .36481 .36915 .37349 .37784 .38218 .38652 .39087 .39521 .39955 .40389 .40824 .41258 .41692 .42127 .42561 .42995 .43429 .47772 .52115 .56458 .60801 .65144 .69487 .73830 .78173 .82516 .86859

e−x Value .58275 .57695 .57121 .56553 .55990 .55433 .54881 .54335 .53794 .53259 .52729 .52205 .51685 .51171 .50662 .50158 .49659 .49164 .48675 .48191 .47711 .47237 .46767 .46301 .45841 .45384 .44933 .44486 .44043 .43605 .43171 .42741 .42316 .41895 .41478 .41066 .40657 .40242 .39852 .39455 .39063 .38674 .38289 .37908 .37531 .37158 .36788 .33287 .30119 .27253 .24660 .22313 .20190 .18268 .16530 .14957 .13534

sinh x Value .5666 .5782 .5897 .6014 .6131 .6248 .6367 .6485 .6605 .6725 .6846 .6967 .7090 .7213 .7336 .7461 .7586 .7712 .7838 .7966 .8094 .8223 .8353 .8484 .8615 .8748 .8881 .9015 .9150 .9286 .9423 .9561 .9700 .9840 .9981 1.0122 1.0265 1.0409 1.0554 1.0700 1.0847 1.0995 1.1144 1.1294 1.1446 1.1598 1.1752 1.3356 1.5095 1.6984 1.9043 2.1293 2.3756 2.6456 2.9422 3.2682 3.6269

cosh x log10 −1.75330 −1.76204 −1.77065 −1.77914 −1.78751 −1.79576 −1.80390 −1.81194 −1.81987 −1.82770 −1.83543 −1.84308 −1.85063 −1.85809 −1.86548 −1.87278 −1.88000 −1.88715 −1.89423 −1.90123 −1.90817 −1.91504 −1.92185 −1.92859 −1.93527 −1.94190 −1.94846 −1.95498 −1.96144 −1.96784 −1.97420 −1.98051 −1.98677 −1.99299 −1.99916 0.00528 .01137 .01741 .02341 .02937 .03530 .04119 .04704 .05286 .05864 .06439 .07011 .12569 .17882 .23004 .27974 .32823 .37577 .42253 .46867 .51430 .55953

Value 1.1494 1.1551 1.1609 1.1669 1.1730 1.1792 1.1855 1.1919 1.1984 1.2051 1.2119 1.2188 1.2258 1.2330 1.2402 1.2476 1.2552 1.2628 1.2706 1.2785 1.2865 1.2947 1.3030 1.3114 1.3199 1.3286 1.3374 1.3464 1.3555 1.3647 1.3740 1.3835 1.3932 1.4029 1.4128 1.4229 1.4331 1.4434 1.4539 1.4645 1.4753 1.4862 1.4973 1.5085 1.5199 1.5314 1.5431 1.6685 1.8107 1.9709 2.1509 2.3524 2.5775 2.8283 3.1075 3.4177 3.7622

log10 .06046 .06262 .06481 .06703 .06929 .07157 .07389 .07624 .07861 .08102 .08346 .08593 .08843 .09095 .09351 .09609 .09870 .10134 .10401 .10670 .10942 .11216 .11493 .11773 .12055 .12340 .12627 .12917 .13209 .13503 .13800 .14099 .14400 .14704 .15009 .15317 .15627 .15939 .16254 .16570 .16888 .17208 .17531 .17855 .18181 .18509 .18839 .22233 .25784 .29467 .33262 .37151 .41119 .45153 .49241 .53374 .57544

tanh x Value .49299 .50052 .50798 .51536 .52267 .52990 .53705 .54413 .55113 .55805 .56490 .57167 .57836 .58498 .59152 .59798 .60437 .61068 .61691 .62307 .62915 .63515 .64108 .64693 .65721 .65841 .66404 .66959 .67507 .68048 .68581 .69107 .69626 .70137 .70642 .71139 .21630 .72113 .72590 .73059 .73522 .73978 .74428 .74870 .75307 .75736 .76159 .80050 .83365 .86172 .88535 .90515 .92167 .93541 .94681 .95624 .96403

Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions and Their Common Logarithms ex x 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00

Value 8.1662 9.0250 9.9742 11.023 12.182 13.464 14.880 16.445 18.174 20.086 33.115 54.598 90.017 148.41 244.69 403.43 665.14 1096.6 1808.0 2981.0 4914.8 8103.1 13360. 22026.

log10 .91202 .95545 .99888 1.04231 1.08574 1.12917 1.17260 1.21602 1.25945 1.30288 1.52003 1.73718 1.95433 2.17147 2.38862 2.60577 2.82291 3.04006 3.25721 3.47436 3.69150 3.90865 4.12580 4.34294

e−x Value .12246 .11080 .10026 .09072 .08208 .07427 .06721 .06081 .05502 .04979 .03020 .01832 .01111 .00674 .00409 .00248 .00150 .00091 .00055 .00034 .00020 .00012 .00007 .00005

sinh x Value 4.0219 4.4571 4.9370 5.4662 6.0502 6.6947 7.4063 8.1919 9.0596 10.018 16.543 27.290 45.003 74.203 122.34 201.71 332.57 548.32 904.02 1490.5 2457.4 4051.5 6679.9 11013.

A-5 cosh x

log10 .60443 .64905 .69346 .73769 .78177 .82573 .86960 .91339 .95711 1.00078 1.21860 1.43600 1.65324 1.87042 2.08758 2.30473 2.52188 2.73904 2.95618 3.17333 3.39047 3.60762 3.82477 4.04191

Value 4.1443 4.5679 5.0372 5.5569 6.1323 6.7690 7.4735 8.2527 9.1146 10.068 16.573 27.308 45.014 74.210 122.35 201.72 332.57 548.32 904.02 1490.5 2457.4 4051.5 6679.9 11013.

log10 .61745 .65972 .70219 .74484 .78762 .83052 .87352 .91660 .95974 1.00293 1.21940 1.43629 1.65335 1.87046 2.08760 2.30474 2.52189 2.73903 2.95618 3.17333 3.39047 3.60762 3.82477 4.04191

tanh x Value .97045 .97574 .98010 .98367 .98661 .98903 .99101 .99263 .99396 0.99505 0.99818 0.99933 0.99975 0.99991 0.99997 0.99999 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000

NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TO FOUR PLACES x radians .0000 .0029 .0058 .0087 .0116 .0145 .0175 .0262 .0349 .0436 .0524 .0611 .0698 .0785 .0873 .0960 .1047 .1134 .1222 .1309 .1396 .1484 .1571 .1658 .1745 .1833 .1920 .2007 .2094 .2182 .2269 .2356 .2443 .2531 .2618 .2705 .2793 .2880 .2967 .3054 .3142 .3229 .3316 .3403 .3491 .3578 .3665 .3752 .3840 .3927 .4014 .4102 .4189

A-6

x degrees 0 00 10 20 30 40 50 1◦ 00� 30 2◦ 00� 30 3◦ 00� 30 4◦ 00� 30 5◦ 00� 30 6◦ 00� 30 7◦ 00� 30 8◦ 00� 30 9◦ 00� 30 10◦ 00� 30 11◦ 00� 30 12◦ 00� 30 13◦ 00� 30 14◦ 00� 30 15◦ 00� 30 16◦ 00� 30 17◦ 00� 30 18◦ 00� 30 19◦ 00� 30 20◦ 00� 30 21◦ 00� 30 22◦ 00� 30 23◦ 00� 30 24◦ 00� ◦

�

sin x

cos x

tan x

cot x

sec x

csc x

.000 .0029 .0058 .0087 .0116 .0145 .0175 .0262 .0349 .0436 .0523 .0610 .0698 .0785 .0872 .0958 .1045 .1132 .1219 .1305 .1392 .1478 .1564 .1650 .1736 .1822 .1908 .1994 .2079 .2164 .2250 .2334 .2419 .2404 .2588 .2672 .2756 .2840 .2924 .3007 .3090 .3173 .3256 .3338 .3420 .3502 .3584 .3665 .3746 .3827 .3907 .3987 .4067

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 .9999 .9999 .9998 .9997 .9994 .9990 .9986 .9981 .9976 .9969 .9962 .9954 .9945 .9936 .9925 .9914 .9903 .9890 .9877 .9863 .9848 .9833 .9816 .9799 .9781 .9763 .9744 .9724 .9703 .9681 .9659 .9636 .9613 .9588 .9563 .9537 .9511 .9483 .9455 .9426 .9397 .9367 .9336 .9304 .9272 .9239 .9205 .9171 .9135

.0000 .0029 .0058 .0087 .0116 .0145 .0175 .0262 .0349 .0437 .0524 .0612 .0699 .0787 .0875 .0963 .1051 .1139 .1228 .1317 .1405 .1495 .1584 .1673 .1763 .1853 .1944 .2035 .2126 .2217 .2309 .2401 .2493 .2586 .2679 .2773 .2867 .2962 .3057 .3153 .3249 .3346 .3443 .3541 .3640 .3739 .3839 .3939 .4040 .4142 .4245 .4348 .4452

– 343.8 171.9 114.6 85.94 68.75 57.29 38.19 28.64 22.90 19.08 16.35 14.30 12.71 11.43 10.39 9.514 8.777 8.144 7.596 7.115 6.691 6.314 5.976 5.671 5.396 5.145 4.915 4.705 4.511 4.331 4.165 4.011 3.867 3.732 3.606 3.487 3.376 3.271 3.172 3.078 2.989 2.904 2.824 2.747 2.675 2.605 2.539 2.475 2.414 2.356 2.300 2.246

1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.002 1.002 1.003 1.004 1.005 1.006 1.006 1.008 1.009 1.010 1.011 1.012 1.014 1.015 1.017 1.019 1.020 1.022 1.025 1.026 1.028 1.031 1.033 1.035 1.038 1.040 1.043 1.046 1.049 1.051 1.054 1.058 1.061 1.064 1.068 1.071 1.075 1.079 1.082 1.086 1.090 1.095

– 343.8 171.9 114.6 85.95 68.76 57.30 38.20 28.65 22.93 19.11 16.38 14.34 12.75 11.47 10.43 9.597 8.834 8.206 7.661 7.185 6.765 6.392 6.059 5.759 5.487 5.241 5.016 4.810 4.620 4.445 4.284 4.134 3.994 3.864 3.742 3.628 3.521 3.420 3.326 3.236 3.152 3.072 2.996 2.924 2.855 2.790 2.729 2.669 2.613 2.559 2.508 2.459

cos y

sin y

cot y

tan y

csc y

sec y

90◦ 00� 50 40 30 20 10 89◦ 00� 30 88◦ 00� 30 87◦ 00� 30 86◦ 00� 30 85◦ 00� 30 84◦ 00� 30 83◦ 00� 30 82◦ 00� 30 81◦ 00� 30 80◦ 00� 30 79◦ 00� 30 78◦ 00� 30 77◦ 00� 30 76◦ 00� 30 75◦ 00� 30 74◦ 00� 30 73◦ 00� 30 72◦ 00� 30 71◦ 00� 30 70◦ 00� 30 69◦ 00� 30 68◦ 00� 30 67◦ 00� 30 66◦ 00� y degrees

1.5708 1.5679 1.5650 1.5621 1.5592 1.5563 1.5533 1.5446 1.5359 1.5272 1.5184 1.5097 1.5010 1.4923 1.4835 1.4748 1.4661 1.4573 1.4486 1.4399 1.4312 1.4224 1.4137 1.4050 1.3963 1.3875 1.3788 1.3701 1.3614 1.3526 1.3439 1.3352 1.3265 1.3177 1.3090 1.3003 1.2915 1.2828 1.2741 1.2654 1.2566 1.2479 1.2392 1.2305 1.2217 1.2130 1.2043 1.1956 1.1868 1.1781 1.1694 1.1606 1.1519 y radians

Natural Trigonometric Functions to Four Places x radians .4276 .4363 .4451 .4538 .4625 .4712 .4800 .4887 .4974 .5061 .5149 .5236 .5323 .5411 .5498 .5585 .5672 .5760 .5847 .5934 .6021 .6109 .6196 .6283 .6370 .6458 .6545 .6632 .6720 .6807 .6894 .6981 .7069 .7156 .7243 .7330 .7418 .7505 .7592 .7679 .7767 .7854

x degrees 30 25◦ 00� 30 26◦ 00� 30 27◦ 00� 30 28◦ 00� 30 29◦ 00� 30 30◦ 00� 30 31◦ 00� 30 32◦ 00� 30 33◦ 00� 30 34◦ 00� 30 35◦ 00� 30 36◦ 00� 30 37◦ 00� 30 38◦ 00� 30 39◦ 00� 30 40◦ 00� 30 41◦ 00� 30 42◦ 00� 30 43◦ 00� 30 44◦ 00� 30 45◦ 00�

A-7

sin x

cos x

tan x

cot x

sec x

csc x

.4147 .4226 .4305 .4384 .4462 .4540 .4617 .4695 .4772 .4848 .4924 .5000 .5075 .5150 .5225 .5299 .5373 .5446 .5519 .5592 .5664 .5736 .5807 .5878 .5948 .6018 .6088 .6157 .6225 .6293 .6361 .6428 .6494 .6561 .6626 .6691 .6756 .6820 .6884 .6947 .7009 .7071

.9100 .9063 .9026 .8988 .8949 .8910 .8870 .8829 .8788 .8746 .8704 .8660 .8616 .8572 .8526 .8480 .8434 .8397 .8339 .8290 .8241 .8192 .8141 .8090 .8039 .7986 .7934 .7880 .7826 .7771 .7716 .7660 .7604 .7547 .7490 .7431 .7373 .7314 .7254 .7193 .7133 .7071

.4557 .4663 .4770 .4877 .4986 .5095 .5206 .5317 .5430 .5543 .5658 .5774 .5890 .6009 .6128 .6249 .6371 .6494 .6619 .6745 .6873 .7002 .7133 .7265 .7400 .7536 .7673 .7813 .7954 .8098 .8243 .8391 .8541 .8693 .8847 .9004 .9163 .9325 .9490 .9657 .9827 1.0000

2.194 2.145 2.097 2.050 2.006 1.963 1.921 1.881 1.842 1.804 1.767 1.732 1.698 1.664 1.632 1.600 1.570 1.540 1.511 1.483 1.455 1.428 1.402 1.376 1.351 1.327 1.303 1.280 1.257 1.235 1.213 1.192 1.171 1.150 1.130 1.111 1.091 1.072 1.054 1.036 1.018 1.0000

1.099 1.103 1.108 1.113 1.117 1.122 1.127 1.133 1.138 1.143 1.149 1.155 1.161 1.167 1.173 1.179 1.186 1.192 1.199 1.206 1.213 1.221 1.228 1.236 1.244 1.252 1.260 1.269 1.278 1.287 1.296 1.305 1.315 1.325 1.335 1.346 1.356 1.367 1.379 1.390 1.402 1.414

2.411 2.366 2.323 2.281 2.241 2.203 2.166 2.130 2.096 2.063 2.031 2.000 1.970 1.942 1.914 1.887 1.861 1.836 1.812 1.788 1.766 1.743 1.722 1.701 1.681 1.662 1.643 1.624 1.606 1.589 1.572 1.556 1.540 1.524 1.509 1.494 1.480 1.466 1.453 1.440 1.427 1.414

cos y

sin y

cot y

tan y

csc y

sec y

30 65◦ 00� 30 64◦ 00� 30 63◦ 00� 30 62◦ 00� 30 61◦ 00� 30 60◦ 00� 30 59◦ 00� 30 58◦ 00� 30 57◦ 00� 30 56◦ 00� 30 55◦ 00� 30 54◦ 00� 30 53◦ 00� 30 52◦ 00� 30 51◦ 00� 30 50◦ 00� 30 49◦ 00� 30 48◦ 00� 30 47◦ 00� 30 46◦ 00� 30 45◦ 00� y degrees

1.1432 1.1345 1.1257 1.1170 1.1083 1.0996 1.0908 1.0821 1.0734 1.0647 1.0559 1.0472 1.0385 1.0297 1.0210 1.0123 1.0036 .9948 .9861 .9774 .9687 .9599 .9512 .9425 .9338 .9250 .9163 .9076 .8988 .8901 .8814 .8727 .8639 .8552 .8465 .8378 .8290 .8203 .8116 .8029 .7941 .7854 y radians

RELATION OF ANGULAR FUNCTIONS IN TERMS OF ONE ANOTHER Trigonometric Functions Function sin α cos α tan α cot α sec α csc α

cos α √

sin α sin α √

±

√sin α ±√1−sin2 α ±

1−sin2 α sin α

√

±

1 −cos2 α

±

1 −sin2 α

±

±

1

±

±

cos α √

±

1−cos2 α cos α

√cos α

1−cos2

1−sin2 α

1 sin α

tan α

√

1 +tan2 α 1 +tan2 α

tan α 1 tan α

α

√

±

1+tan2 α

1

±

1+tan2 α tan α

1−cos2 α

1

±

1 +cot2 α

±

1 +cot2 α

√cot α

1

√

1 cos α

√

cot α

√tan α

1 cot α

√

1+cot2 α

±

√

±

sec2 α−1 1 sec2

α−1

sec α

√sec α

±

sec2 α−1

Hyperbolic Functions sinh x = cosh x = tanh x =

sinh x �

sinh x 2

1 + sinh x

√

1+sinh2 x 1 sinh x

cosech x = sech x = coth x =

sinh x

√ 1 2 √1+sinh x 1+sinh2 x sinh x

Function

cosech x

sinh x =

1 cosech x

cosh x = tanh x = cosech x = sech x = coth x =

±

√

cosech2 x+1 cosech x

√

1 cosech2 x+1

cosech x ± √ cosech2x � cosech x+1 2 cosech x + 1

� cosh x 2 ± cosh x − 1 ±

cosh x √

cosh2 x−1 cosh x

±√

1 2

cosh x−1 1 cosh x

ñ cosh x

tanh x √ tanh x

1−tanh2 x 1

√

1−tanh2 x

tanh x √ �

1−tanh2 x tanh x 2

1 − tanh x 1 tanh x

cosh2 x−1

±

sech x √

1−sech2 x sech x

1 sech x

� 2 ± 1 + sech x ± √ sech x 2

1−sech x

sech x ±√

1 1−sech2 x

coth x ±1

√

coth2 x−1

± √ coth2x

coth x−1 1 coth x

± ±

√

√

coth2 x−1 1 coth2 x−1 coth x

coth x

Whenever two signs are shown, choose + sign if x is positive, − sign if x is negative.

A-8

1 csc α

√

±

1 sec α

Note: The choice of sign depends upon the quadrant in which the angle terminates.

Function

csc α

sec2 α −1 sec α

√

1+cot2 α cot α

±

√sec α

±

cot α √

√

±

csc2 α−1 csc α

√

1

±

csc2 α−1

±

csc2 α−1

√

√csc α

±

csc2 α−1

csc α

DERIVATIVES In the following formulas u, v, w represent functions of x, while a, c, n represent fixed real numbers. All arguments in the trigonometric functions are measured in radians, and all inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions represent principal values dy f (x)] = d[ dx = f � (x) define, respectively, a function and its derivative for any value x in their common domain. *Let y = f (x) and dx The differential for the function at such a value x is accordingly defined as dy = d[ f (x)] =

dy d[ f (x)] dx = dx = f � (x) dx dx dx

Each derivative formula has an associated differential formula. For example, formula 6 below has the differential formula d(uvw) = uv dw + vw du + uw dv 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18.

d (a) = 0 dx d (x) = 1 dx du d (au) = a dx dx du dv dw d (u + v − w) = + − dx dx dx dx dv du d (uv) = u +v dx dx dx dw du dv d (uvw) = uv + vw + uw dx dx dx dx du dv − u dx d � u � v dx u dv 1 du − = = dx v v2 v dx v2 dx du d n (u ) = nun−1 dx dx d �√ � 1 du u = √ dx 2 u dx � � d 1 1 du =− 2 dx u u dx � � d n du 1 = − n+1 dx un u dx � n� � � n−1 u du u dv d = m+1 nv − mu dx vm v dx dx � � dv d n m du (u v ) = un−1 vm−1 nv + mu dx dx dx d d du [ f (u)] = [ f (u)] · dx du dx � �2 2 2 d d f (u) d u d2 f (u) du · 2 + [ f (u)] = · dx2 du dx du2 dx � � n � � � � 2 n−2 dn n d u n dv dn−1 u n d vd u [uv] = v + + 0 dxn 1 dx dxn−1 2 dx2 dxn−2 dxn � � k n−k � � n n d vd u n d v +··· + + · · · + u k n−k k dx dx n dxn �n� �� n! where r = r !(n−r is the binomial coefficient, n non-negative integer, and 0n = 1. )! du 1 dx = dx �= 0 if dx du du d 1 du (loga u) = (loga e) dx u dx A-9

Derivatives

A-10

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

d 1 du (loge u) = dx u dx du d u (a ) = a u (loge a) dx dx du d u (e ) = eu dx dx du dv d v (u ) = vuv−1 + (loge u) uv dx dx dx du d (sin u) = (cos u) dx dx du d (cos u) = −(sin u) dx dx du d (tan u) = (sec2 u) dx dx du d (cot u) = −(csc2 u) dx dx du d (sec u) = sec u · tan u dx dx du d (csc u) = − csc u · cot u dx dx du d (vers u) = sin u dx dx � π d 1 π� du (arcsin u) = √ , − ≤ arcsin u ≤ dx 2 2 1 − u2 dx 1 d du (arccos u) = − √ , (0 ≤ arccos u ≤ π) dx 1 − u2 dx � π d 1 du π� (arctan u) = , < arctan u < − dx 1 + u2 dx 2 2 1 du d (arc cot u) = − , (0 ≤ arc cot u ≤ π) dx 1 + u2 dx � d 1 π� π du (arc sec u) = √ , 0 ≤ arc sec u < , −π ≤ arc sec u < − dx 2 2 u u2 − 1 dx � 1 π� du d π (arc csc u) = − √ , 0 < arc csc u ≤ , −π < arc csc u ≤ − 2 dx 2 2 u u − 1 dx du 1 d (arc vers u) = √ , (0 ≤ arc vers u ≤ π) dx 2u − u2 dx du d (sinh u) = (cosh u) dx dx du d (cosh u) = (sinh u) dx dx du d 2 (tanh u) = (sech u) dx dx du d 2 (coth u) = −(csch u) dx dx du d (sech u) = −(sech u · tanh u) dx dx du d (csch u) = −(csch u · coth u) dx dx � d d 1 du −1 (sinh u) = [log(u + u2 + 1)] = √ dx dx u2 + 1 dx � d du d 1 −1 −1 (cosh u) = [log(u + u2 − 1)] = √ , (u > 1, cosh u > 0) 2 dx dx dx u −1

45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.

� � d d 1 1 du 1+u −1 = (tanh u) = log , (u2 < 1) dx dx 2 1−u 1 − u2 dx � � d d 1 1 du u+1 −1 = (coth u) = log , (u2 > 1) dx dx 2 u−1 1 − u2 dx � � √ d d 1 + 1 − u2 1 du −1 −1 (sech u) = , (0 < u < 1, sech u > 0) log =− √ dx dx u u 1 − u2 dx � � √ d du d 1 + 1 + u2 1 −1 (csch u) = log =− √ dx dx u |u| 1 + u2 dx � q d f (x) dx = f (q), [ p constant] dq d dp d da

�

�

p q

p q p

f (x) dx = − f ( p), f (x, a) dx =

�

q p

[q constant]

dq dp ∂ [ f (x, a)] dx + f (q, a) − f ( p, a) ∂a da da

INTEGRATION The following is a brief discussion of some integration techniques. A more complete discussion can be found in a number of good textbooks. However, the purpose of this introduction is simply to discuss a few of the important techniques which may be used, in conjunction with the integral table which follows, to integrate particular functions. No matter how extensive the integral table, it is a fairly uncommon occurrence to find in the table the exact integral desired. Usually some form of transformation will have to be made. The simplest type of transformation, and yet the most general, is substitution. Simple forms of substitution, such as y = ax, are employed almost unconsciously by experienced users of integral tables. Other substitutions may require more thought. In some sections of the tables, appropriate substitutions are suggested for integrals that are similar to, but not exactly like, integrals in the table. Finding the right substitution is largely a matter of intuition and experience. Several precautions must be observed when using substitutions: 1. Be sure to make the substitution in the dx term, as well as everywhere else in the integral. 2. Be sure that the function substituted is one-to-one and continuous. If this is not the case, the integral must be restricted in such a way as to make it true. See the example following. 3. With definite integrals, the limits should also be expressed in terms of the new dependent variable. With indefinite integrals, it is necessary to perform the reverse substitution to obtain the answer in terms of the original independent variable. This may also be done for definite integrals, but it is usually easier to change the limits.

Example: �

x4 √ dx 2 a − x2

Here we make the substitution x = |a| sin θ . Then dx = |a| cos θ dθ, and � � � a 2 − x2 = a 2 − a 2 sin2 θ = |a| 1 − sin2 θ = |a cos θ|

Notice the absolute value signs. It is very important to keep√in mind that a square root radical always denotes the positive square root, and to assure the sign is always kept positive. Thus x2 = |x|. Failure to observe this is a common cause of errors in integration. Notice also that the indicated substitution is not a one-to-one function; that is, it does not have a unique inverse. Thus we must restrict the range of θ in such a way as to make the function one-to-one. Fortunately, this is easily done by solving for θ θ = sin−1 and restricting the inverse sine to the principal values, − π2 ≤ θ ≤

π . 2

x |a|

A-11

50. 51.

d dp d da

�

p q p

f (x) dx = − f ( p), f (x, a) dx =

�

q p

[q constant]

dq dp ∂ [ f (x, a)] dx + f (q, a) − f ( p, a) ∂a da da

� � d d 1 1 du 1+u −1 45. = (tanh u) = log , (u2 < 1) dx dx 2 1−u 1 − u2 dx � � d d 1 1 duINTEGRATION u+1 −1 46. = (coth u) = log , (u2 > 1) dx dx 2 u−1 1 − u2 dx � � The following is a brief discussion of√some integration techniques. A more complete discussion can be found in a number of good d d 1 + 1 − u2 1 du −1 textbooks.(sech However, few the−1important 47. (0 < ua < 1,of sech u) =the purpose log of this introduction = − √is simply to, discuss u > 0) techniques which may be used, in 2 dx dx dx u u 1 − u conjunction with the integral table which follows, to integrate particular functions. � � √ No matter how extensive the1 integral it is a fairly occurrence to find in the table the exact integral desired. d u2 du d + 1 + table, 1 uncommon −1 48. (cschform u) of = transformation log = − be√made. The simplest type of transformation, and yet the most general, is Usuallydxsome dx u will have to|u| 1 + u2 dx substitution. � q Simple forms of substitution, such as y = ax, are employed almost unconsciously by experienced users of integral tables. dOther fsubstitutions may [require more thought. In some sections of the tables, appropriate substitutions are suggested for 49. (x) dx = f (q), p constant] dq p are similar to, but not exactly like, integrals in the table. Finding the right substitution is largely a matter of intuition integrals � that q and experience. d f (x) dx = − f ( p), [q constant] 50. dp Several pprecautions must be observed when using substitutions: � q � q dq dp ∂ d sure to make the substitution in the dxf term, else in the integral. 51.1. Be [ f (x, a)] dx + (q, a) as well − f as ( p,everywhere a) f (x, a) dx = da da da p p ∂a 2. Be sure that the function substituted is one-to-one and continuous. If this is not the case, the integral must be restricted in such a way as to make it true. See the example following.

3. With definite integrals, the limits should also beINTEGRATION expressed in terms of the new dependent variable. With indefinite integrals, it is necessary to perform the reverse substitution to obtain the answer in terms of the original independent variable. This may also be done for definite integrals, but it is usually easier to change the limits. The following is a brief discussion of some integration techniques. A more complete discussion can be found in a number of good textbooks. However, the purpose of this introduction is simply to discuss a few of the important techniques which may be used, in conjunction with the integral table which follows, to integrate particular functions. Example: No matter how extensive the integral table, it is a fairly uncommon occurrence to find in the table the exact integral desired. � Usually some form of transformation will have to be made. The x4 simplest type of transformation, and yet the most general, is √ dx almost unconsciously by experienced users of integral substitution. Simple forms of substitution, such as y = ax, are 2 a employed − x2 tables. Other substitutions may require more thought. In some sections of the tables, appropriate substitutions are suggested for Here we make thesimilar substitution = |a| sin θ .like, Thenintegrals dx = |a|incos dθ, and integrals that are to, butxnot exactly theθ table. Finding the right substitution is largely a matter of intuition � � and experience. � 2 − x2 = 2 − a 2 sin2 θ = |a| a a 1 − sin2 θ = |a cos θ| Several precautions must be observed when using substitutions:

Notice the to absolute value signs. It is important keep in mind that square root radical always denotes the positive 1. Be sure make the substitution in very the dx term, as to well as √ everywhere elsea in the integral. square root, and to assure the sign is always kept positive. Thus x2 = |x|. Failure to observe this is a common cause of errors in integration. 2. Be sure that the function substituted is one-to-one and continuous. If this is not the case, the integral must be restricted in Notice thatasthe substitution is not a one-to-one suchalso a way to indicated make it true. See the example following. function; that is, it does not have a unique inverse. Thus we must restrict the range of θ in such a way as to make the function one-to-one. Fortunately, this is easily done by solving for θ 3. With definite integrals, the limits should also be expressed in terms x of the new dependent variable. With indefinite integrals, = sin−1the answer in terms of the original independent variable. This it is necessary to perform the reverse substitution toθ obtain |a| may also be done for definite integrals, but it is usually easier to change the limits. π π and restricting the inverse sine to the principal values, − 2 ≤ θ ≤ 2 .

Example:

A-11 �

x4 √ dx 2 a − x2

Here we make the substitution x = |a| sin θ . Then dx = |a| cos θ dθ, and � � � a 2 − x2 = a 2 − a 2 sin2 θ = |a| 1 − sin2 θ = |a cos θ|

Notice the absolute value signs. It is very important to keep√in mind that a square root radical always denotes the positive square root, and to assure the sign is always kept positive. Thus x2 = |x|. Failure to observe this is a common cause of errors in integration. Notice also that the indicated substitution is not a one-to-one function; that is, it does not have a unique inverse. Thus we must restrict the range of θ in such a way as to make the function one-to-one. Fortunately, this is easily done by solving for θ θ = sin−1 and restricting the inverse sine to the principal values, − π2 ≤ θ ≤

π . 2

x |a|

A-11

Integration

A-12 Thus the integral becomes �

a 4 sin4 θ|a| cos θ dθ |a| | cos θ|

Now, however, in the range of values chosen for θ, cos θ is always positive. Thus we may remove the absolute value signs from cos θ in the denominator. (This is one of the reasons that the principal values of the inverse trigonometric functions are defined as they are.) Then the cos θ terms cancel, and the integral becomes � a 4 sin4 θ dθ

By application of integral formulas 299 and 296, we integrate this to −a 4

3a 4 3a 4 sin3 θ cos θ − cos θ sin θ + θ +C 4 8 8

We now must perform the inverse substitution to get the result in terms of x. We have θ = sin−1 sin θ = Then

x |a|

x |a|

� √ � x2 a 2 − x2 . cos θ = ± 1 − sin2 θ = ± 1 − 2 = ± a |a|

Because of the previously mentioned fact that cos θ is positive, we may omit the ± sign. The reverse substitution then produces the final answer � � 1 � 3 3 x4 x √ + C. dx = − x3 a 2 − x2 − a 2 x a 2 − x2 + a 4 sin−1 2 2 4 8 8 |a| a −x

Any rational function of x may be integrated, if the denominator is factored into linear and irreducible quadratic factors. The function may then be broken into partial fractions, and the individual partial fractions integrated by use of the appropriate formula from the integral table. See the section on partial fractions for further information. Many integrals may be reduced to rational functions by proper substitutions. For example, z = tan

x 2

will reduce any rational function of the six trigonometric functions of x to a rational function of z. (Frequently there are other substitutions that are simpler to use, √ but this one will always work. See integral formula number 484.) Any rational function of x and ax + b may be reduced to a rational function of z by making the substitution √ z = ax + b. Other likely substitutions will be suggested by looking at the form of the integrand. The other main method of transforming integrals is integration by parts. This involves applying formula number 5 or 6 in the accompanying integral table. The critical factor in this method is the choice of the functions u and v. In order for the method to be successful, v = ∫ dv and ∫ v du must be easier to integrate than the original integral. Again, this choice is largely a matter of intuition and experience. Example: �

x sin x dx

Two obvious choices are u = x, dv = sin x dx, or u = sin x, dv = x dx. Since a preliminary mental calculation indicates that ∫ v du in the second choice would be more, rather than less, complicated than the original integral (it would contain x2 ), we use the first choice. �

u=x dv = �sin x dx

x sin x dx =

u dv = uv −

�

du = dx v = − cos x

v du = −x cos x +

�

= sin x − x cos x

cos x dx

Integration

A-13

Of course, this result could have been obtained directly from the integral table, but it provides a simple example of the method. In more complicated examples the choice of u and v may not be so obvious, and several different choices may have to be tried. Of course, there is no guarantee that any of them will work. Integration by parts may be applied more than once, or combined with substitution. A fairly common case is illustrated by the following example. Example: �

e x sin x dx

Let �

u = ex dv = sin � x dx

e x sin x dx =

Then du = e x dx � v = − cos x

u dv = uv −

v du = −e x cos x +

�

e x cos x dx

In this latter integral, Let u = e x dv = cos x dx �

e x sin x dx = −e x cos x +

�

e x cos x dx

Then du = e x dx v = sin x = = =

−e x cos x +

�

u dv � −e x cos x + uv − v du � −e x cos x + e x sin x − e x sin x dx

This looks as if a circular transformation has taken place, since we are back at the same integral we started from. However, the above equation can be solved algebraically for the required integral: � 1 1 e x sin x dx = e x sin x − e x cos x 2 2 In the second integration by parts, if the parts had been chosen as u = cos x, dv = e x dx, we would indeed have made a circular transformation, and returned to the starting place. In general, when doing repeated integration by parts, one should never choose the function u at any stage to be the same as the function v at the previous stage, or a constant times the previous v. The following rule is called the extended rule for integration by parts. It is the result of n+1 successive applications of integration by parts. If � � g(x) dx, g2 (x) = g1 (x) dx, g1 (x) = � � g2 (x) dx, . . . , gm(x) = gm−1 (x) dx, . . . , g3 (x) = then �

f (x) · g(x) dx

=

f (x) · g1 (x) − f � (x) · g2 (x) + f �� (x) · g3 (x) − + · · · � f (n+1) (x)gn+1 (x) dx. +(−1) n f (n) (x)gn+1 (x) + (−1) n+1

A useful special case of the above rule is when f (x) is a polynomial of degree n. Then f (n+1) (x) = 0, and � f (x) · g(x) dx = f (x) · g1 (x) − f � (x) · g2 (x) + f �� (x) · g3 (x) − + · · · + (−1) n f (n) (x)gn+1 (x) + C.

Integration

A-14 Example:

If f (x) = x2 , g(x) = sin x

�

x2 sin x dx = −x2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C.

Another application of this formula occurs if f �� (x) = a f (x)

and

g �� (x) = bg(x),

where a and b are unequal constants. In this case, by a process similar to that used in the above example for ∫ e x sin x dx, we get the formula � f (x) · g � (x) − f � (x) · g(x) + C. f (x)g(x) dx = b−a

This formula could have been used in the example mentioned. Here is another example. Example:

If f (x) = e2x , g(x) = sin 3x, then a = 4, b = −9, and � 3 e2x cos 3x − 2 e2x sin 3x e2x e2x sin 3x dx = +C = (2 sin 3x − 3 cos 3x) + C −9 − 4 13

The following additional points should be observed when using this table.

1. A constant of integration is to be supplied with the answers for indefinite integrals. 2. Logarithmic expressions are to base e = 2.71828. . ., unless otherwise specified, and are to be evaluated for the absolute value of the arguments involved therein. 3. All angles are measured in radians, and inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions represent principal values, unless otherwise indicated. 4. If the application of a formula produces either a zero denominator or the square root of a negative number in the result, there is usually available another form of the answer which avoids this difficulty. In many of the results, the excluded values are specified, but when such are omitted it is presumed that one can tell what these should be, especially when difficulties of the type herein mentioned are obtained. 5. When inverse trigonometric functions occur in the integrals, be sure that any replacements made for them are strictly in accordance with the rules for such functions. This causes little difficulty when the argument of the inverse trigonometric function is positive, since then all angles involved are in the first quadrant. However, if the argument is negative, special care must be used. Thus if u > 0, � 1 sin−1 u = cos−1 1 − u2 = csc−1 , etc. u However, if u < 0,

sin−1 u = − cos−1

�

1 − u2 = −π − csc−1

1 , etc. u

See the section on inverse trigonometric functions for a full treatment of the allowable substitutions. 6. In integrals 340–345 and some others, the right side includes expressions of the form Atan−1 [B + C tan f (x)]. In these formulas, the tan−1 does not necessarily represent the principal value. Instead of always employing the principal branch of the inverse tangent function, one must instead use that branch of the inverse tangent function upon which f (x) lies for any particular choice of x. (This is not an issue when the antiderivative is continuous.) Example: �

4π 0

� 2 2 tan(x/2 + 1) 4π √ tan−1 √ 3 3 � � �0 � �� 2 2 tan 2π + 1 2 tan 0 + 1 −1 √ √ = √ tan − tan−1 3 3 3 √ � � 4 3π 2 13π 4π π = √ = √ = − 6 6 3 3 3

dx = 2 + sin x

Here −1 tan−1

13π 2 tan 2π + 1 −1 1 √ √ = = tan−1 , 6 3 3

since f (x) = 2π; and −1 tan−1

π 2 tan 0 + 1 −1 1 √ √ = , = tan−1 6 3 3

since f (x) = 0. 7. Bnn and Enn where used in integrals represents the Bernoulli and Euler numbers as defined in tables of Bernoulli and Euler polynomials contained in certain mathematics reference and handbooks.

INTEGRALS ELEMENTARY FORMS 1. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

18.

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

a dx = ax

� a · f (x) dx = a f (x) dx � φ( y) dy φ( y) dx = dy, where y�� = � � dx �y � (u + v) dx = u dx + v dx, where u and v are any functions of x � � � u dv = u dv − v du = uv − v du � dv du u dx = uv− v dx dx dx n+1 n+1 x xnn dx = , except n = −1 n+1 �� f (x) dx = log f (x), (d f (x) = f ��(x) dx) f (x) dx = log x x f ��(x) dx � √ f (x), (d f (x) = f ��(x) dx) = 2 f (x) e xx dx = e xx

ax ax eax dx = eax /a ax bax dx =

ax bax , a log b

(b > 0)

log x dx = x log x − x a xx log a dx = a xx,

(a > 0)

dx 1 −1 x = tan−1 a 22 + x22 a a ⎧ 11 −1 −1 xx tanh ⎪ � aa ⎨ aa dx = or 2 2 2 2 ⎪ a −x ⎩ 11 a+x log a+x , (a 22 > x22) 2a a−x 2a a−x ⎧ 11 −1 −1 xx ⎪ � ⎨ − aa coth aa dx = or x22 − a 22 ⎪ ⎩ 11 x−a log x−a , (x22 > a 22) 2a x+a 2a x+a

A-15

Here tan−1

13π 2 tan 2π + 1 1 √ = tan−1 √ = , 6 3 3

since f (x) = 2π; and tan−1

π 2 tan 0 + 1 1 √ = tan−1 √ = , 6 3 3

since f (x) = 0. 7. Bn and En where used in integrals represents the Bernoulli and Euler numbers as defined in tables of Bernoulli and Euler polynomials contained in certain mathematics reference and handbooks.

INTEGRALS ELEMENTARY FORMS  1. 2.

 

3.  4 5.

 

6.  7.  8.  9.  10.  11. 12.

 

13.  14.



15.  16.

17.

18.

a dx = ax

 a · f (x) dx = a f (x) dx  φ( y) dy φ( y) dx = dy, where y =  dx y  (u + v) dx = u dx + v dx, where u and v are any functions of x    u dv = u dv − v du = uv − v du  dv du dx = uv− v dx u dx dx n+1 x , except n = −1 xn dx = n+1  f (x) dx = log f (x), (d f (x) = f  (x) dx) f (x) dx = log x x f  (x) dx  √ f (x), (d f (x) = f  (x) dx) = 2 f (x) e x dx = e x eax dx = eax /a bax dx =

bax , a log b

(b > 0)

log x dx = x log x − x a x log a dx = a x ,

(a > 0)

dx x 1 = tan−1 a 2 + x2 a a ⎧ 1 −1 x ⎪  ⎨ a tanh a dx = or ⎪ a 2 − x2 ⎩ 1 log a+x , (a 2 > x2 ) 2a a−x ⎧ 1 −1 x ⎪  ⎨ − a coth a dx = or ⎪ x2 − a 2 ⎩ 1 log x−a , (x2 > a 2 ) 2a x+a A-15

Integrals

A-16 ⎧ −1 x sin |a| ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ dx √ = or ⎪ a 2 − x2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ x − cos−1 |a| , (a 2 > x2 )   dx √ = log(x + x2 ± a 2 ) 2 2 x ± a  1 dx x √ sec−1 = |a| a x x2 − a 2  √  1 dx a + a 2 ± x2 √ = − log a x x a 2 ± x2  19.

20. 21. 22.

FORMS CONTAINING (a + bx) For forms containing a + bx, but not listed in the table, the substitution u = a+bx may prove helpful. x  (a + bx) n+1 n (a + bx) dx = , (n = −1) 23. (n + 1)b  1 a (a + bx) n+2 − 2 (a + bx) n+1 , (n = −1, −2) x(a + bx) n dx = 2 24. b (n + 2) b (n + 1)   n+1 1 (a + bx) n+3 (a + bx) n+2 2 n 2 (a + bx) 25. x (a + bx) dx = 3 − 2a +a b n+3 n+1  n+2 ⎧ m+1 n x (a+bx) m n−1 an ⎪ + m+n+1 x (a + bx) dx ⎪ m+n+1 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪

 ⎪   ⎨ m n+1 1 m+1 n+1 −x (a + bx) + (m + n + 2) x (a + bx) dx 26. xm(a + bx) n dx = a(n+1) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪

  ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ m−1 n 1 m n+1 ⎩ x (a + bx) − ma x (a + bx) dx b(m+n+1)  1 dx = log (a + bx) 27. b  a + bx dx 1 =− 28. 2 b(a + bx)  (a + bx) 1 dx = − 29. (a + bx) 3 ⎧ 2b(a + bx) 2 1 ⎪  ⎨ b2 [a + bx − a log(a + bx)] x dx = or 30. a + bx ⎪ ⎩x − a log(a + bx) b b2   1 a x dx = log (a + bx) + 31. 2 b2

a + bx   (a + bx) 1 a x dx −1 32. = + , n = 1, 2 (a + bx) n b2 (n − 2) (a + bx) n−2 (n − 1)(a + bx) n−1

  x2 dx 1 1 33. = 3 (a + bx) 2 − 2a(a + bx) + a 2 log (a + bx) a + bx b 2

  x2 dx 1 a2 34. = a + bx − 2a log (a + bx) − (a + bx) 2 b3 a + bx

  a2 1 2a x2 dx − 35. = log (a + bx) + (a + bx) 3 b3 a + bx 2(a + bx) 2

  1 2a a2 x2 dx −1 36. = + − , n = 1, 2, 3 n b3 (n − 3) (a + bx) n−3 (n − 2) (a + bx) n−2 (n − 1) (a + bx) n−1  (a + bx) 1 a + bx dx = − log 37. x(a + bx) a x  1 1 a + bx dx − 2 log = 38. 2 x(a + bx) a(a + bx) a x

Integrals

A-17   dx 1 1 2a + bx 2 x = 3 + log x(a + bx) 3 a 2 a + bx a + bx  dx 1 b a + bx = − + 2 log x2 (a + bx) ax a x  b2 x dx 2bx − a + 3 log = 3 (a + bx) 2 x2 x 2a a a + bx  dx 2b a + 2bx a + bx + 3 log =− 2 2 2 x (a + bx) a x(a + bx) a x 

39. 40. 41. 42.

 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.

    

48.  49. 50.

 

51.

FORMS CONTAINING c2 ± x2 or x2 − c2 dx x 1 = tan−1 c2 + x2 c c 1 dx c+x = log , (c2 > x2 ) c2 − x2 2c c−x x−c 1 dx log , (x2 > c2 ) = x2 − c2 2c x+c 1 x dx = ± log (c2 ± x2 ) c2 ± x2 2 1 x dx =∓ (c2 ± x2 ) n+1 2n(c2 ± x2 ) n   1 dx x dx = + (2n − 3) 2 2 n−1 (c2 ± x2 ) n 2c2 (n − 1) (c2 ± x2 ) n−1  (c ± x ) dx dx 1 x = − − (2n − 3) (x2 − c2 ) n 2c2 (n − 1) (x2 − c2 ) n−1 (x2 − c2 ) n−1 x dx 1 = log (x2 − c2 ) x2 − c2 2 x dx 1 =− 2 2 n+1 2 (x − c ) 2n (x − c2 ) n FORMS CONTAINING a + bx AND c + dx

Define u = a + bx, v = c + dx, and k = ad − bc. If k = 0, then v = ac u.  52. 53. 54.

  

55.  56.  57.



58.

 59.

v 1 dx = · log u·v k u  1 a c x dx = log(u) − log(v) u·v k b d  dx 1 1 d v = + log u2 · v k u k u −a c v x dx = − 2 log 2 u · v bku k u  x2 dx a2 1 c2 a(k − bc) = + log(v) + log(u) u2 · v b2 ku k2 d b2   dx −1 dx 1 = − (m + n − 2)b un · vm k(m − 1) un−1 · vm−1 un · vm−1 bx k u dx = + log(v) v d⎧ d2

  um ⎪ −1 um+1 ⎪ + b(n − m − 2) dx ⎪ k(n−1) ⎪ vn−1 ⎪ vn−1 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪

 m−1  um dx ⎨ u −1 um = + mk dx d(n−m−1) vn−1 ⎪ vn vn ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪

 m−1  ⎪ ⎪ −1 u ⎪ um ⎪ dx ⎩ d(n−1) vn−1 − mb vn−1

Integrals

A-18

FORMS CONTAINING (a + bxn ) √ 1 dx x ab = √ tan−1 , (ab > 0) a + bx2 a√ ab ⎧ ⎪ √1 log a+x√−ab , (ab < 0)  ⎨ 2 −ab a−x −ab dx √ = or −1 2 ⎪ a + bx tanh x a−ab , (ab < 0) ⎩√1 −ab  dx bx 1 tan−1 = 2 + b2 x2 a ab a  x dx 1 log(a + bx2 ) = 2 a + bx 2b   x a x2 dx dx − = 2 a + bx b b a + bx2   1 x dx dx + = 2 )2 2) (a + bx 2a(a + bx 2a a + bx2  1 dx a + bx = log a 2 − b2 x2 2ab⎧ a − bx  x 1 dx + 2m−1 ⎪  2ma (a+bx2 ) m 2ma ⎨ (a+bx2 ) m dx or  =  dx  ⎪ (a + bx2 ) m+1 r !(r −1)! 1 ⎩ (2m)! x m + m 2 m−r 2 r r =1 2a (4a) (m!) (4a) (2r )!(a+bx ) a+bx2  x dx 1 =− (a + bx2 ) m+1 2bm(a + bx2 ) m   2 x dx dx −x 1 = + (a + bx2 ) m+1 2mb(a + bx2 ) m 2mb (a + bx2 ) m  dx 1 x2 = log 2 2a a + bx2  x(a + bx ) dx dx 1 b =− − x2 (a + bx2 ) ax a a + bx2 ⎧ 1 1 dx + ⎪  a x(a+bx2 ) m ⎨ 2am(a+bx2 )m dx = or   m ⎪ x(a + bx2 ) m+1 x2 ar ⎩ 1 + log m+1 2 r 2 r =1 2a r (a+bx )    a+bx dx dx dx 1 b = − x2 (a + bx2 ) m+1 a x2 (a + bx2 ) m a (a +bx2 ) m+1  

 (k + x) 3 √ k 1 dx a −1 2x − k √ log = + 3 tan , k= 3 a + bx3 3a 2 a + bx3 k 3 b 



 √ a + bx3 1 1 x dx 2x − k a log = + 3 tan−1 √ , k= 3 a + bx3 3bk 2 (k + x) 3 b k 3  1 x2 dx log(a + bx3 ) = a + bx3 3b

  

 x2 + 2kx + 2k2 k 1 dx 2kx a −1 4 log = + tan , ab > 0, k = a + bx4 2a 2 x2 − 2kx + 2k2 2k2 − x2  4b



  x+k k 1 a dx −1 x 4 log + tan = , ab < 0, k = − a + bx4 2a 2 x−k k b  

 2 1 x dx a −1 x tan , = ab > 0, k = a + bx4 2bk k b 

  x2 − k 1 a x dx log , = ab < 0, k = − a + bx4 4bk x2 + k b  



 2 1 1 x dx 2kx a x2 − 2kx + 2k2 −1 4 = + tan , ab > 0, k = log a + bx4 4bk 2 x2 + 2kx + 2k2 2k2 − x2  4b



  x2 dx 1 x−k a −1 x 4 + 2 tan = log , ab < 0, k = − a + bx4 4bk x+k k b  1 x3 dx 4 log(a + bx ) = 4 4b  a + bx 1 xn dx = log x(a + bxn ) an a + bxn 

60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.

67.

68. 69. 70. 71.

72.

73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84.

Integrals

A-19 

85. 86. 87.

88.

  1 b dx dx xn dx = − n m+1 n m a  (a + bx ) a  (a + bxn ) m+1  (a + mbx ) m−n x dx x dx xm−n dx 1 a = − n p+1 n p b (a + bx ) b (a + bxn ) p+1  (a + bx ) 1 b dx dx dx = − xm(a + bxn ) p+1 a⎧ xm(a + bxn ) p a xm−n (a + bxn ) p+1   1 xm−n+1 (a + bxn ) p+1 − a(m − n + 1) xm−n (a + bxn ) p dx ⎪ b(np+m+1) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪  m+1   m ⎪ ⎪ 1 n p n p−1 ⎪ dx ⎪  ⎨ np+m+1 x (a + bx ) + anp x (a + bx ) or xm(a + bxn ) p dx =   1 ⎪ ⎪ xm+1 (a + bxn ) p+1 − (m + 1 + np + n)b xm+n (a + bxn ) p dx ⎪ a(m+1) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪  m+1   ⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎩ −x (a + bxn ) p+1 + (m + 1 + np + n) xm(a + bxn ) p+1 dx an( p+1)

 89. 90.

 

91.  92.  93.  94.  95.  96.  97.  98. 99. 100.

  

101.

 102.  103.  104.  105.  106.

FORMS CONTAINING c3 ± x3 dx 2x ∓ c 1 (c ± x) 3 1 = ± 2 log 3 + √ tan−1 √ 3 3 2 ±x 6c c ±x c 3 c 3 dx dx 2 x + 3 = 3 3 3 (c3 ± x3 ) 2 3c (c ± 3c c3 ± x3 

x )  dx x dx 1 = + (3n − 1) (c3 ± x3 ) n+1 3nc3 (c3 ± x3 ) n (c3 ± x3 ) n 3 3 x dx 2x ∓ c c ±x 1 1 log = ± √ tan−1 √ c3 ± x3 6c (c ± x) 3 c 3 c 3 x2 x dx x dx 1 = 3 3 + 3 3 (c3 ± x3 ) 2 3c (c ± c3 ± x3

x ) 2 3c   1 x dx x x dx = + (3n − 2) (c3 ± x3 ) n+1 3nc3 (c3 ± x3 ) n (c3 ± x3 ) n 1 x2 dx = ± log(c3 ± x3 ) c3 ± x3 3 x2 dx 1 =∓ (c3 ± x3 ) n+1 3n(c3 ± x3 ) n dx 1 x3 = 3 log 3 3 3 x(c ± x ) 3c c ± x3 dx 1 1 x3 + 6 log 3 = 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 x(c ± x ) 3c (c ± x ) 3c c ± x dx dx 1 1 = + 3 x(c3 ± x3 ) n+1 3nc3 (c3 ±x3 ) n c x(c3 ± x3 ) n 1 1 dx x dx =− 3 ∓ 3 x2 (c3 ± x3 ) c x c c3 ± x3  1 1 dx dx x dx = ∓ x2 (c3 ± x3 ) n+1 c3 x2 (c3 ± x3 ) n c3 (c3 ± x3 ) n+1 c3

dx c4 + x4 dx c4 − x4 x dx c4 + x4 x dx c4 − x4 x2 dx c4 + x4

FORMS CONTAINING c4 ± x4 √ √  1 x2 + cx 2 + c2 1 −1 cx 2 √ √ log + tan c2 − x2 2c3 2 2 x2 − cx 2 + c2

 c+x 1 1 x log + tan−1 2c3 2 c−x c 2 1 x tan−1 2 2c2 c 1 c2 + x2 log 4c2 c2 − x2 √ √  x2 − cx 2 + c2 1 1 −1 cx 2 √ √ log + tan c2 − x2 2c 2 2 x2 + cx 2 + c2

= = = = =

Integrals

A-20

 x2 dx c+x 1 1 −1 x log − tan = c4 − x4 2c 2 c−x c  1 x3 dx = ± log (c4 ± x4 ) c4 ± x4 4  107. 108.

FORMS CONTAINING (a + bx + cx2 )  2 Define X = a + bx + cx2 and q = 4ac − b2 . If q = 0, then X = c x + 2cb , and formulas starting with 23 should be used in place of these.  2 dx 2cx + b = √ tan−1 √ , (q > 0) 109. X q q ⎧ √ ⎪ √−2 tanh−1 2cx+b  −q dx ⎨ −q or 110. = √ ⎪ X ⎩ √1 log 2cx+b−√−q , (q < 0) −q 2cx+b+ −q   dx dx 2cx + b 2c + = 111. X2 qX q X    2cx + b 3c 6c2 dx 1 dx 112. = + + 3 2 2 X 2X qX q X ⎧q 2cx + b 2(2n − 1)c dx ⎪ ⎪ + ⎪ ⎪ n ⎪ qn Xn  ⎨ nqX dx or = 113. 



  n ⎪ Xn+1 ⎪ dx (2n)! c n 2cx + b   q r (r − 1)!r ! ⎪ ⎪ + ⎪ ⎩ (n!) 2 q q cX (2r )! X r =1   1 b x dx dx = log X − 114. 2c 2c X  X b bx + 2a x dx dx − = 115. 2 qX q X  X  x dx dx 2a + bx b(2n − 1) = − − 116. Xn+1 nqXn nq Xn  2  x dx x b b2 − 2ac dx = − 2 log X + 117. 2 X c 2c 2c X  2  (b2 − 2ac)x + ab 2a x dx 118. + dx = X2 cqX q X  m  m−1  m−2 a xm−1 n− m+ 1 b m− 1 x dx x dx x dx 119. · · = − − + Xn+1 (2n − m + 1)cXn 2n − m + 1 c Xn+1 2n − m + 1 c Xn+1   1 x2 b dx dx = log − 120. xX 2a X 2a X   dx b2 dx b X 1 c 121. = + log − − 2 2 2 2 2a x ax a  X  x X 2a dx dx dx 1 b 1 = − + 122. n n−1 n n−1 xX 2a(n − 1) X 2a X a xX    1 n+ m− 1 b 2n + m − 1 c dx dx dx · · 123. = − − − xm Xn+1 (m − 1)axm−1 Xn m− 1 a xm−1 Xn+1 m− 1 a xm−2 Xn+1

 124. 125. 126.

127.

FORMS CONTAINING

√ a + bx

√ 2 a + bx dx = (a + bx) 3 3b   √ 2(2a − 3bx) (a + bx) 3 x a + bx dx = − 15b2   2 √ 2(8a − 12abx + 15b2 x2 ) (a + bx) 3 2 x a + bx dx = 3  105b  ⎧  m−1 √ 2 m 3 − ma ⎪  x (a + bx) x a + bx dx ⎨ b(2m+3) √ xm a + bx dx = or ⎪  ⎩ 2 √ m!(−a) m−r a + bx rm=0 r !(m−r (a + bx)r +1 m+1 )!(2r +3) b

Integrals

128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133.

134.

135. 136. 137.

138.

139. 140. 141. 142. 143.

A-21  √  √ a + bx dx √ dx = 2 a + bx + a x x a + bx √  √  a + bx a + bx b dx √ + dx = 2 x x 2 x a + bx   √  √  (a + bx) 3 1 (2m − 5)b a + bx a + bx   dx = − + dx   xm (m − 1)a  xm−1 2 xm−1 √  2 a + bx dx √ = b a + bx  2(2a − bx) √ x dx √ =− a + bx 3b2 a + bx  2 2 2(8a − 4abx − 3b2 x2 ) √ x dx √ = a + bx 15b3 a + bx

  ⎧ √ xm−1 dx ⎪ 2 m ⎪  √ ⎨ (2m+1)b x a + bx − ma xm dx a + bx √ = or a + bx ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ 2(−a)m√a+bx m (−1)r m!(a+bx)r r =0 (2r +1)r !(m−r )!a r bm+1 √ √  1 dx a + bx − a √ = √ log √ √ , (a > 0) a x a + bx a + bx + a   2 dx a + bx √ = √ , (a < 0) tan−1 −a −a x a + bx √   b dx a + bx dx √ √ − =− 2a x2 a + bx ⎧ ax x a + bx √ dx (2n−3)b a+bx ⎪ ⎪− (n−1)ax √ n−1 − (2n−2)a ⎪ n−1 a + bx ⎪ x ⎪  ⎨ dx or √ = √ 



  n−1 xn a + bx ⎪ ⎪ b n−r −1 b n−1 a + bx  r !(r − 1)! dx ⎪ (2n−2)! ⎪ ⎪ √ − + − ⎩ [(n−1)!]2 − a xr 2(r )! 4a 4a x a + bx r =1  2(a + bx) 2±n n 2 (a + bx) ±2 dx = b(2 ± n)   a(a + bx) 2±n 2 (a + bx) 4±n 2 2 ±n2 − x(a + bx) dx = 2 b 4±n 2±n    dx dx dx 1 b − m = m m−2 a a x(a + bx) 2 (a + bx) 2 x(a + bx) 2    (a + bx) n/2 dx (a + bx) (n−2) /2 = b (a + bx) (n−2) /2 dx + a dx x x    2 √ √ 2 z −a , z z dz, (z = a + bx) f (x, a + bx) dx = f b b FORMS CONTAINING

√ √ a + bx and c + dx

Define u = a + bx, v = c + dx, and k = ad − bc. If k = 0, then, v = ( ac )u, and formulas starting with 124 should be used in place of these. √ ⎧ 2 −1 bduv √ tanh , bd > 0, k < 0 ⎪ ⎪ bv bd ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪  ⎨ √ dx −1 bduv 2 , bd > 0, k > 0 √ = √bd tanh 144. du ⎪ uv ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ √ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ √1 (bυ+ bduv) 2 log , (bd > 0) υ ⎧ bd √ −1 −bduv √2 ⎪ tan ⎪ bv ⎪  ⎨ −bd dx or √ = 145. uv ⎪   ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ − √ 1 sin−1 2bdx+ad+bc , (bd < 0) |k| −bd

Integrals

A-22  146.  147.  148.  149.  150.  151.  152.  153.  154.  155.

 156.  157.  158.  159.  160.  161.  162.  163.  164.  165.  166.  167.  168.

 √ dx k + 2bv √ k2 √ uv dx = uv − 4bd 8bd uv ⎧ √ √ d u− kd 1 ⎪ √ √ ⎪ ⎪ kd log d√u+ kd ⎨ dx √ = or v u ⎪ ⎪ √ √ ⎪ ⎩ √1 log (d u− kd)2 , (kd > 0) υ kd √ 2 dx −1 d u √ = √ tan √ , (kd < 0) v u −kd √−kd  x dx uv dx ad + bc √ = √ − bd √ 2bd uv uv −2 uv dx √ = v uv √ kv  k υ dx uυ dx √ √ = − b 2b uυ uυ   v v dx v √ dx = u |v| uv  m  √ √ 1 v dx m m+1 √ v u dx = 2v u+k (2m + 3)d u

√

   1 dx u dx 3 √ √ = − + m − b m−1 (m − 1)k 2  vm u vm−1 u  √v ⎧  m−1 ⎪ 2 vm u − mk v√u dx vm dx ⎨ b(2m+1) √ = or ⎪ u ⎩ 2(m!)2 √u m  4k m−r (2r )! r v r =0 − b b(2m+1)! (r !) 2 √ FORMS CONTAINING x2 ± a 2    1  2 x2 ± a 2 dx = x x ± a 2 ± a 2 log (x + x2 ± a 2 ) 2  dx √ = log (x + x2 ± a 2 ) 2 2 x ±a 1 dx x √ = sec−1 |a| a x x2 − a 2  √ dx a + x2 + a 2 1 √ = − log a x x x2 + a 2  √ √  2 2 x +a a + x2 + a 2 2 2 dx = x + a − a log x x √  x2 − a 2 x dx = x2 − a 2 − |a| sec−1 x a  x dx 2 2 √ = x ±a x2 ± a 2  1 2 x x2 ± a 2 dx = (x ± a 2 ) 3 3

   1  2 3a 2 x  2 3a 4 (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 dx = x (x ± a 2 ) 3 ± x ± a2 + log(x + x2 ± a 2 ) 4 2 2 ±x dx  = √ a 2 x2 ± a 2 (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 −1 x dx  = √ 2 2 3 x2 ± a 2 (x ± a )  1 2 x (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 dx = (x ± a 2 ) 5 5   x 2 a2  a4 log (x + x2 ± a 2 ) x2 x2 ± a 2 dx = (x ± a 2 ) 3 ∓ x x2 ± a 2 − 4 8 8

Integrals

A-23  

170.  171.  172.  173.  174.  175.  176.  177.  178.  179.  180.  181.  182.  183.  184.  185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192.



1 2 2  2 a ) (a + x2 ) 3 x2 + a 2 dx = ( x2 − 5 15  1 2 a2  2 x3 x2 − a 2 dx = (x − a 2 ) 5 + (x − a 2 ) 3 5 3  x 2 a2 x2 dx √ = x ± a2 ∓ log (x + x2 ± a 2 ) 2 2 2 2 x ±a  1 2 x3 dx √ = (x ± a 2 ) 3 ∓ a 2 x2 ± a 2 3 x2 ± a 2 √ dx x2 ± a 2 √ =∓ 2 2 2 a2 x x x ±a √ √ 1 a + x2 + a 2 dx x2 + a 2 √ = + 3 log 2a 2 x2 2a x x3 x2 + a 2 √ 2 2 1 dx x −a x √ sec−1 = + 2a 2 x2 2|a 3 | a x3 x2 − a 2   x 2 a2 x  2 a4 x  2 a6 log (x + x2 ± a 2 ) x2 (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 dx = (x ± a 2 ) 5 ∓ (x ± a 2 ) 3 − x ± a2 ∓ 6 24 16 16  1 2 a2  2 x3 (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 dx = (x ± a 2 ) 7 ∓ (x ± a 2 ) 5 7 5 √ √  x2 ± a 2 dx x2 ± a 2 + log (x + = − x2 ± a 2 ) x2 x √ √ √ x2 + a 2 x2 + a 2 a + x2 + a 2 1 log dx = − − x3 2x2 2a x √ √ 2 2 1 x −a x2 − a 2 x dx = − + sec−1 x3 2x2 2|a| a  √ 2 2 2 2 3 x ±a (x ± a ) dx = ∓ x4 3a 2 x3 2  x dx −x  = √ + log (x + x2 ± a 2 ) x2 ± a 2 (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 3  x dx a2  = x2 ± a 2 ± √ x2 ± a 2 (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 √ 1 1 a + x2 + a 2 dx  = √ − 3 log a x a 2 x2 + a 2 x (x2 + a 2 ) 3 x3

169.

1 1 dx x  =− √ − 3 sec−1 2 2 2 2 2 3 |a | a a x −a x (x − a ) √   2 2 dx x ±a x 1  +√ =− 4 a x x2 ± a 2 x2 (x2 ± a 2 ) 3 √  dx 1 3 3 a + x2 + a 2  √ √ =− − + 5 log 2a x 2a 2 x2 x2 + a 2 2a 4 x2 + a 2 x3 (x2 + a 2 ) 3  dx x 1 3 3  √ √ sec−1 = − − 2|a 5 | a 2a 2 x2 x2 − a 2 2a 4 x2 − a 2 x3 (x2 − a 2 ) 3    xm xm−2 1 m− 1 2 √ √ a dx = xm−1 x2 ± a 2 ∓ dx 2 2 m m x ±a x2 ± a 2   m    (2m)! x2m r !(r − 1)! 2 m−r 2r −1 2 m 2 ± a2 2 ± a2) √ (∓a dx = 2m x ) (2x) +(∓a ) log (x + x 2 (m!) 2 (2r )! x2 ± a 2 r =1  m 2m+1 2   x (2r )!(m!) √ dx = x2 ± a 2 (∓4a 2 ) m−r x2r (2m + 1)!(r !) 2 x2 ± a 2 r =0 √   (m − 2) dx x2 ± a 2 dx √ √ =∓ ∓ (m − 1)a 2 xm−1 (m − 1)a 2 xm x2 ± a 2 xm−2 x2 ± a 2

Integrals

A-24  193.  194.  195.  196.  197.  198.  199.

 200.  201.  202.  203.  204.



205.  206.



207.  208.  209.  210.



211.  212.  213.  214.  215.  216.

  (m − 1)!m!(2r )!22m−2r −1 dx √ = x2 ± a 2 (r !) 2 (2m)!(∓a 2 ) m−r x2r +1 x2m x2 ± a 2 r =0

√ x2 +a 2 m r !(r −1)! dx m−r +1 √ = (2m)! r =1 (−1) (m!) 2 a2 2(2r )!(4a 2 ) m−r x2r x2m+1 x2 +a 2  √ m+1 x2 +a 2 +a + 2(−1) 2m a 2m+1 log x √  m dx x2 − a 2  r !(r − 1)! (2m)! 1 −1 x √ = + 2m 2m+1 sec (m!) 2 a2 2(2r )!(4a 2 ) m−r x2r 2 |a| a x2m+1 x2 − a 2 r =1 √ dx x2 − a 2 √ =− 2 2 a(x − a) (x − a) x − a √ dx x2 − a 2 √ = a(x + a) (x + a) x2 − a 2     x f (x, x2 + a 2 ) dx = a f (a tan u, a sec u) sec2 u du, u = tan−1 , a > 0 a     x 2 2 f (x, x − a ) dx = a f (a sec u, a tan u) sec u tan u du, u = sec−1 , a > 0 a m−1

√ FORMS CONTAINING a 2 − x2

  1  2 x a 2 − x2 dx = x a − x2 + a 2 sin−1 2 |a| ⎧ −1 x sin |a| ⎨ dx √ = or 2 ⎩ a − x2 x − cos−1 |a|  √ 1 dx a + a 2 − x2 √ = − log a x x a 2 − x2  √ √  2 2 2 − x2 a −x a + a dx = a 2 − x2 − a log x x  x dx √ = − a 2 − x2 a 2 − x2  1 2 x a 2 − x2 dx = − (a − x2 ) 3 3

  1  2 3a 2 x  2 3a 4 x sin−1 (a 2 − x2 ) 3 dx = x (a − x2 ) 3 + a − x2 + 4 2 2 |a| x dx  = √ a 2 a 2 − x2 (a 2 − x2 ) 3 1 x dx  = √ a 2 − x2 (a 2 − x2 ) 3  1 2 x (a 2 − x2 ) 3 dx = − (a − x2 ) 5 5

   x 2 a2 x x2 a 2 − x2 dx = − (a − x2 ) 3 + x a 2 − x2 + a 2 sin−1 4 8 |a|  1 2 2 2  2 3 2 2 2 3 a ) (a − x ) x a − x dx = (− x − 5 15  1  a2 x  2 a4 x  2 a6 x sin−1 x2 (a 2 − x2 ) 3 dx = − x (a 2 − x2 ) 5 + (a − x2 ) 3 + a − x2 + 6 24 16 16 |a|  1 2 a2  2 x3 (a 2 − x2 ) 3 dx = (a − x2 ) 7 − (a − x2 ) 5 7 5 x 2 a2 x2 dx x √ sin−1 =− a − x2 + 2 √ 2 |a| a 2 − x2 dx a 2 − x2 √ =− 2 x2 a 2 − x2 √ √a x 2 2 2 a −x a − x2 x − sin−1 dx = − x2 x |a|

Integrals

217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236.

A-25 √ √  √ 2 1 a − x2 a 2 − x2 a + a 2 − x2 dx = − + log 2 x3 2a x  2x  √ 2 2 2 a −x (a − x2 ) 3 dx = − x4 3a 2 x3  2 x dx x x  = √ − sin−1 2 2 2 2 3 |a| a −x (a − x )  2 2 1 2 x3 dx √ = − (a − x2 ) 3/2 − x2 (a 2 − x2 ) 1/2 = − a − x2 (x2 + 2a 2 ) 2 2 3 3 a − x   x2 a2 x3 dx  = 2(a 2 − x2 ) 1/2 + 2 = −√ + a 2 − x2 2 1/2 2 2 2 2 3 (a − x ) a −x (a − x ) √ √  1 a + a 2 − x2 dx a 2 − x2 √ =− − 3 log 2a 2 x2 2a x x3 a 2 − x2 √  dx 1 1 a + a 2 − x2  = √ − 3 log a x a 2 a 2 − x2 x (a 2 − x2 ) 3  √  dx a 2 − x2 x 1  +√ = 4 − a x a 2 − x2 x2 (a 2 − x2 ) 3 √  1 3 3 a + a 2 − x2 dx  √ √ =− + − 5 log 2a x 2a 2 x2 a 2 − x2 2a 4 a 2 − x2 x3 (a 2 − x2 ) 3 √   m m−1 2 m−2 2 2 (m − 1)a x x a −x x √ √ + dx = − dx 2 − x2 m m a 2 − x2 a   m   (2m)! x2m r !(r − 1)! 2m−2r 2r −1 a 2m −1 x 2 2 √ a dx = − a −x x + 2m sin (m!) 2 22m−2r +1 (2r )! 2 |a| a 2 − x2 r =1  m 2m+1 2   (2r )!(m!) x √ dx = − a 2 − x2 (4a 2 ) m−r x2r 2 2 (2m + 1)!(r !) 2 a −x r =0 √   m− 2 dx a 2 − x2 dx √ √ =− + (m − 1)a 2 xm−1 (m − 1)a 2 xm a 2 − x2 xm−2 a 2 − x2  m−1   ax (m − 1)!m!(2r )!22m−2r −1 √ = − a 2 − x2 2m 2 2 (r !) 2 (2m)!a 2m−2r x2r +1 x a −x r =0 √  √  m dx a 2 − x2  r !(r − 1)! (2m)! 1 a − a 2 − x2 √ = − + log (m!) 2 a2 2(2r )!(4a 2 ) m−r x2r 22ma 2m+1 x x2m+1 a 2 − x2 r =1 √ √  2 2 2 2 2 1 (b a − x + x a − b ) dx √ = √ log , (a 2 > b2 ) b2 − x2 (b2 − x2 ) a 2 − x2 2b a 2 − b2 √  2 2 dx 1 −1 x b − a √ √ = √ tan , (b2 > a 2 ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (b − x ) a − x b b −a b√a − x2  1 dx x a 2 + b2 √ = √ tan−1 √ 2 2 2 2 2 2 (b + x ) a − √ x b a +b √ b a 2 − x2  √ 2 2 2 2 2 a −x a +b x a + b2 x dx = − sin−1 sin−1 √ 2 2 2 + b2 b + x |b| |a| |a| x      x f (x, a 2 − x2 ) dx = a f (a sin u, a cos u) cos u du, u = sin−1 , a > 0 a

FORMS CONTAINING Define X = a + bx + cx2 , q = 4ac − b2 , and k =

238.

If q = 0, then

⎧ √ 1 ⎪ ⎨√c log(2 cX + 2cx + b) dx or √ = x ⎪ ⎩ √1 sinh−1 2cx+b √ , (c > 0) q c  1 dx 2cx + b √ = −√ , (c < 0) sin−1 √ −q x −c 

237.

4c . q

√

X=

√ a + bx + cx2 √  c x+



b  . 2c

Integrals

A-26  239.  240.  241.  242.  243.  244.  245.

 246.



247.  248.  249.  250.  251.  252.  253.  254.  255.  256.  257.  258.  259.  260.  261.  262.  263.

2(2cx + b) dx √ = √ X x q x

 2(2cx + b) 1 dx √ √ = + 2k X2 x ⎧ 3q x √ X  dx 2(2cx+b) x √ ⎪ + 2k(n−1) ⎨ (2n−1)qXn 2n−1 Xn−1 x dx or √ = Xn x ⎪ n kn−1 n−1 ⎩ (2cx+b)(n!)(n−1)!4 (2r )! √ r =0 (4kX)r (r !) 2 q[(2n)!] x √  √ dx 1 (2cx + b) x √ + x dx = 4c 2k x √   √ (2cx + b) x 3 3 dx √ X x dx = X+ + 2 8c 2k 8k x √   √ dx 15 (2cx + b) x 5X 5 2 2 √ + 2 + X x dx = X + 3 12c 4k 8k 16k x  ⎧ √ √ (2cx+b) Xn x ⎪ n−1 2n+1 ⎪ + 2(n+1)k X x dx ⎪ 4(n+1)c ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ or √ Xn x dx = (2n+2)! ⎪ n+1 ⎪

[(n+1)!]2 (4k)   ⎪ √ ⎪ dx ⎪ k(2cx+b) x n r !(r +1)!(4kX)r ⎪ √ + ⎩ r =0 c (2r +2)! x √  x dx x dx b √ = √ − c 2c x x 2(bx + 2a) x dx √ =− √ X x q √x  x dx x dx b √ √ = − − (2n − 1)cXn 2c Xn x Xn x

  3b2 − 4ac x2 dx x dx 3b √ √ = √ x+ − 2 2c 4c 8c2 x x  (2b2 − 4ac)x + 2ab 1 x2 dx dx √ √ = √ + c X x cq x x  (2b2 − 4ac)x + 2ab 4ac + (2n − 3)b2 x2 dx dx √ √ √ = + (2n − 1)cq Xn x (2n − 1)cq Xn−1 x Xn−1 x



  x3 dx x2 3ab dx 5bx 5b2 2a √ 5b3 √ = √ − + − x + − 2 3 2 2 3 3c 12c 8c 3c 4c 16c x x  n−1  n−2 1 n−1 √ xn dx x dx (n − 1)a x dx (2n − 1)b √ = √ √ − x x− nc √ 2nc nc x x x  √ X x b(2cx + b) √ b dx √ − x x dx = x− 3c 8c2 4ck x √  2 √ √ b X x − xX x dx = X x dx 5c √ 2c  n+1 √ √ x b X − xXn x dx = Xn x dx (2n + 3)c 2c

 √  √ √ 5b X x 5b2 − 4ac + x2 x dx = x − x dx 6c 4c 16c2 √ 1 2 a X + bx + 2a dx √ = − √ log , (a > 0) x  x x a

1 dx bx + 2a √ = √ sin−1 , (a < 0) √ |x| −q x x −a √ 2 x dx √ =− , (a = 0) bx x x √  dx x dx b √ √ = − − 2 x ax 2a x x x √   b x dx √ dx dx √ √ +a = x+ x x √ 2  x √x  x dx x b dx dx √ √ +c + =− x2 x 2 x x x

Integrals

A-27

 264.  265.

 266.  267.  268.

 269.  270. 271.

dx x−a = √ 2 2ax − x2 (2ax − x2 ) 3/2 a  x x dx = √ (2ax − x2 ) 3/2 a 2ax − x2

 272.  273.  274.  275.  276.  277.  278.  279.  280.  281.

√ FORMS INVOLVING 2ax − x2

   1 x−a 2ax − x2 dx = (x − a) 2ax − x2 + a 2 sin−1 2 |a| ⎧ −1 a−x ⎨ cos |a| dx or √ = ⎩ −1 x−a 2ax − x2 sin ⎧ |a|n−1  n−1 √ x (2ax−x2 ) 3/2 ⎪ + (2n+1)a x 2ax − x2 dx ⎪ n+2 n+2 ⎪− ⎪ ⎨  or  n+1   √ xn 2ax − x2 dx = n (2n+1)!(r !) 2 a n−r +1 r 2 x 2ax − x − x ⎪ n−r r =0 2 n+2 (2r +1)!(n+2)!n! ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ + (2n+1)!a n+2 sin−1 x−a n 2 n!(n+2)! |a| √  √ 2ax − x2 2ax − x2 (2ax − x2 ) 1/2 n−3 dx = + dx n n x (3 − 2n)ax (2n − 3)a xn−1 ⎧ √  xn−1 −xn−1 2ax−x2 ⎪ √ ⎪ + a(2n−1) dx ⎨ n n n x dx 2ax−x2 √ = or ⎪ √ 2ax − x2 ⎪ ⎩− 2ax − x2 n (2n)!r !(r −1)!a n−r xr −1 + (2n)!a n sin−1 x−a r =1 2n−r (2r )!(n!) 2 |a| 2n (n!) 2 ⎧ √ 2  2ax − x ⎪ n−1 ⎪ √dx + (2n−1)a ⎨ a(1−2n)xn dx xn−1 2ax−x2 √ = or ⎪ xn 2ax − x2 ⎪  ⎩ √ 2n−r (n−1)!n!(2r )! − 2ax − x2 rn−1 =0 (2n)!(r !) 2 a n−r xr +1

MISCELLANEOUS ALGEBRAIC FORMS 

dx √ = log(x + a + 2ax + x2 ) 2ax + x2  √    x 2 c ax2 + c dx = ax + c + √ log x a + ax2 + c , (a > 0) 2 2 a

    x c a −1 2 2 ax + c dx = ax + c + √ x − , (a < 0) sin 2 c 2 −a   1+x dx = sin−1 x − 1 − x2 1−x √ ⎧ √ n +c− c 1 √ √ ⎪ log √ax n ⎨ n c ax +c+ c dx √ = or √ √ x axn + c ⎪ n +c− c ⎩ √2 log ax√ , (c > 0) n c xn  n ax dx 2 √ , (c < 0) sec−1 − = √ c n −c x axn + c  √ dx 1 √ = √ log(x a + ax2 + c), (a > 0) a ax2 + c

  a 1 dx √ , (a < 0) = √ sin−1 x − c −a ax2 + c ⎧  x(ax2 +c) m+1/2 ⎪ + (2m+1)c (ax2 + c) m−1/2 dx ⎪ 2(m+1) 2(m+1) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ or √ m (ax2 + c) m+1/2 dx = (2m+1)!(r !) 2 cm−r 2 r 2 +c x ax ⎪ r =0 22m−2r +1 m!(m+1)!(2r +1)! (ax + c) ⎪  ⎪ m+1 ⎪ (2m+1)!c dx ⎩ + 22m+1 m!(m+1)! √ ax2 +c

1

x(ax2 + c) m+ 2 dx =

m+ 32

(ax + c) (2m + 3)a 2

Integrals

A-28

 282.

 283.  284.  285.  286.  287.  288.  289.

 290.  291.  292.  293.  294.  295.  296.  297.  298.  299.  300. 

 ⎧ (ax2 + c) m−1/2 2 +c) m+1/2 ⎪ ⎪ (ax 2m+1 dx +c ⎪ ⎨ x (ax2 + c) m+1/2 dx = or  ⎪ x ⎪ √ m cm−r (ax2 +c)r dx ⎪ m+1 ⎩ ax2 + c √ +c r =0 2r +1 2 +c x ax ⎧  dx ⎪ x 2m−2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ (2m−1)c(ax2 +c)m−1/2 + (2m−1)c (ax2 + c) m−1/2 dx = or ⎪ (ax2 + c) m+1/2 m−1 22m−2r −1 (m−1)!m!(2r )! ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ √x r =0 (2m)!(r !) 2 cm−r (ax2 +c)r ax2 +c √  dx ax2 + c dx (m − 2)a √ √ − =− m−1 m 2 m−2 (m − 1)cx (m − 1)c x ax + c x ax2 + c √ √ 2 4 x 2+ 1+x 1 1+x √ dx = √ log 1 − x2 (1 − x2 ) 1 + x4 2 √ 1 1 − x2 x 2 √ dx = √ tan−1 √ (1 + x2 ) 1 + x4 1 + x4 2 √ a + xn + a 2 2 dx √ √ log =− n 2 na xn x x +a dx a 2 √ sin−1 √ n =− na x x xn − a 2   3/2 2 x −1 x dx = sin a 3 − x3 3 a FORMS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 1 (sin ax) dx = − cos ax a 1 (cos ax) dx = sin ax a 1 1 (tan ax) dx = − log cos ax = log sec ax a a 1 1 (cot ax) dx = log sin ax = − log csc ax a a π 1 ax  1 + (sec ax) dx = log(sec ax + tan ax) = log tan a a 4 2 1 ax 1 (csc ax) dx = log(csc ax − cot ax) = log tan a a 2 1 1 1 1 2 cos ax sin ax + x = x − sin 2ax (sin ax) dx = − 2a 2 2 4a 1 (sin3 ax) dx = − (cos ax)(sin2 ax + 2) 3a 3x sin 2ax sin 4ax − + (sin4 ax) dx = 8 4a 32a  sinn−1 ax cos ax n − 1 n + (sin ax) dx = − (sinn−2 ax) dx na n m−1 cos ax  (2m)! (2m)!(r !) 2 (sin2m ax) dx = − sin2r +1 ax + 2m x 2m−2r 2 a 2 (2r + 1)!(m!) 2 (m!) 2 r =0

 302. 303. 304.

cos ax  22m−2r (m!) 2 (2r )! sin2r ax a (2m + 1)!(r !) 2 r =0 m

(sin2m+1 ax) dx = −

301.

1 1 1 1 sin ax cos ax + x = x + sin 2ax 2a 2 2 4a  1 (sin ax)(cos2 ax + 2) (cos3 ax) dx = 3a  3x sin 2ax sin 4ax (cos4 ax) dx = + + 8 4a 32a (cos2 ax) dx =

Integrals

A-29 

305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322.

323.

 1 n−1 cosn−1 ax sin ax + (cosn−2 ax) dx na n  m−1 sin ax  (2m)! (2m)!(r !) 2 (cos2m ax) dx = cos2r +1 ax + 2m x 2m−2r a r =0 2 (2r + 1)!(m!) 2 2 (m!) 2  m sin ax  22m−2r (m!) 2 (2r )! (cos2m+1 ax) dx = cos2r ax a r =0 (2m + 1)!(r !) 2   dx 1 = (csc2 ax) dx = − cot ax 2 a sin ax    cos ax 1 dx dx m− 2 m = · (csc ax) dx = − + sinm ax (m − 1)a sinm−1 ax m − 1 sinm−2 ax   m−1 2m−2r −1  1 dx 2 (m − 1)!m!(2r )! 2m cos ax (csc ax) dx = − = a sin2m ax (2m)!(r !) 2 sin2r +1 ax r =0   m−1  dx (2m)!(r !) 2 (2m)! 1 ax 1 2m+1 cos ax (csc ax) dx = − log tan = + · 2m 2m+1 2r +2 2 2m−2r 2 a 2 sin ax 2 (m!) (2r + 1)! sin ax a 2 (m!) r =0   1 dx = (sec2 ax) dx = tan ax cos2 ax a    1 dx dx sin ax n−2 n (sec ax) dx = = · + cosn ax (n − 1)a cosn−1 ax n − 1 cosn−2 ax   m−1 2m−2r −1  dx 2 (m − 1)!m!(2r )! 1 = (sec2m ax) dx = sin ax 2m cos ax a (2m)!(r !) 2 cos2r +1 ax r =0   m−1  1 (2m)! 1 dx (2m)!(r !) 2 2m+1 = sin ax + · 2m (sec ax) dx = log(sec ax + tan ax) 2m+1 2m−2r 2 (2r + 1)! cos2r +2 ax cos ax a 2 (m!) a 2 (m!) 2 r =0  sin(m − n)x sin(m + n)x − , (m2 = n2 ) (sin mx) (sin nx) dx = 2(m − n) 2(m + n)  sin(m − n)x sin(m + n)x + , (m2 = n2 ) (cos mx) (cos nx) dx = 2(m − n) 2(m + n)  1 sin2 ax (sin ax) (cos ax) dx = 2a  cos(m − n)x cos(m + n)x − , (m2 = n2 ) (sin mx) (cos nx) dx = − 2(m − n) 2(m + n)  x 1 sin 4ax + (sin2 ax) (cos2 ax) dx = − 32a 8  cosm+1 ax (sin ax) (cosm ax) dx = − (m + 1)a  sinm+1 ax (sinm ax) (cos ax) dx = (m + 1)a  ⎧ cosm−1 ax sinn+1 ax m−1 ⎪ ⎪ + (cosm−2 ax) (sinn ax) dx ⎪ (m+n)a m+n  ⎨ or (cosm ax) (sinn ax) dx =  ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ − sinn−1 ax cosm+1 ax + n−1 ⎩ (cosm ax) (sinn−2 ax) dx (cosn ax) dx =

(m+n)a

324.

325.

326.

m+n

 ⎧ cosm ax cosm+1 ax m−n+2 ⎪ − − dx ⎪ n−1 ax n−1 ⎪  (n−1)a sin ⎨ sinn−2 ax cosm ax or dx =  ⎪ sinn ax ⎪ cosm−2 ax ⎪ cosm−1 ax m−1 ⎩ dx + n−1 m−n a(m−n) sin ax sinn ax ⎧  m sin ax ⎪ sinm+1 ax ⎪ dx − m−n+2 ⎪ a(n−1) n−1 ⎪ cosn−1 ax n−2 ax  m ⎨ cos sin ax or dx =  ⎪ cosn ax ⎪ sinm−2 ax ⎪ sinm−1 ax m−1 ⎪ ⎩ − a(m−n) dx + n−1 m−n cos ax cosn ax  1 sec ax sin ax dx = = cos2 ax a cos ax a

Integrals

A-30  327.  328.  329.  330.  331.  332.  333.

 334.

 335.  336.  337.  338.  339.  340.

 341.  342.

343. 344. 345. 346.

π sin2 ax 1 1 ax  dx = − sin ax + log tan + cos ax a a 4 2 csc ax cos ax 1 =− dx = − a sin ax a sin2 ax 1 dx = log tan ax (sin ax) (cos ax) a dx 1 ax  = sec ax + log tan (sin ax) (cos2 ax) a 2  dx dx 1 = + (sin ax) (cosn ax) a(n − 1) cosn−1 ax (sin ax) (cosn−2 ax) π 1 ax  dx 1 + = − csc ax + log tan 2 a a 4 2 (sin ax) (cos ax) dx 2 = − cot 2ax a (sin2 ax) (cos2 ax) ⎧ 1 − ⎪ ⎪ a(m−1) (sinm−1  ax) (cosn−1 ax) ⎪ ⎪ dx ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ + m+n−2 m−1 dx m−2 (sin ax) (cosn ax) = sinm ax cosn ax ⎪ or ⎪  ⎪ ⎪ dx ⎪ 1 m+n−2 ⎪ ⎩ + m−1 m n−1 a(n−1) sin ax cosn−1 ax sin ax cosn−2 ax 1 sin(a + bx) dx = − cos(a + bx) b 1 cos(a + bx) dx = sin(a + bx) b π dx 1 ax  = ∓ tan ∓ 1 ± sin ax a 4 2 dx 1 ax = tan 1 + cos ax a 2 1 ax dx = − cot 1 − cos ax a 2 ⎧ a tan x +b 2 ⎪ √ tan−1 √ 2 2 2 ⎪ 2 2 ⎪ a −b a −b ⎨ dx or = √ a + b sin x ⎪ ⎪ a tan 2x +b− b2 −a 2 ⎪ √ ⎩ √1 log b2 −a 2 a tan 2x +b+ b2 −a 2 √ ⎧ a 2 −b2 tan 2x ⎪ √2 tan−1 ⎪ ⎪ a+b 2 2 ⎨ a −b dx or =

√  a + b cos x ⎪ ⎪ b2 −a 2 tan 2x +a+b ⎪ ⎩ √1 log √ x b2 −a 2

b2 −a 2 tan 2 −a−b

dx a⎧+ b sin x + c cos x

√  b− b2 +c2 −a 2 +(a−c) tan 2x ⎪ ⎪√ 1 √ log (if a 2 < b2 + c2 , a = c), ⎪ ⎪ x 2 2 2 ⎪ b+ ⎨ b2 +c2 −a 2

b +c −a +(a−c)  tan 2 b+(a−c) tan x = √ 2 tan−1 √ 2 2 22 (if a 2 > b2 + c2 ), ⎪ 2 −b2 −c2 ⎪ a a −b −c ⎪  ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ 1 a−(b+c) cos x−(b−c) sin x (if a 2 = b2 + c2 , a = c). a a−(b−c) cos x+(b+c) sin x 

   x sin2 x dx a 1 a+b −1 − , (ab > 0, or |a| > |b|) = tan tan x a + b cos2 x b a a+b b

  dx b tan x 1 −1 tan = ab a a 2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x √ √  x cos2 cx a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2 tan cx −1 tan − 2 dx = 2 2c 2 2 ab a b  a + b sin cx sin cx cos cx 1 log(a cos2 cx + b sin2 cx) dx = 2 2 2c(b − a) a cos cx + b sin cx

Integrals

A-31 

347.  348.

 349.

 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358.

        

359.  360.  361.  362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372.

         

cos cx dx a cos cx + b sin cx



dx a + b tan cx = c(a 21+b2 ) [acx + b log(a cos cx + b sin cx)]  1 sin cx dx dx = = [acx − b log (a sin cx + b cos cx)] a sin cx + b cos cx a + b cot cx c(a 2 + b2 ) √ ⎧ c tan x+b− b2 −ac ⎪ √1 √ log , (b2 > ac) ⎪ ⎪ 2 b2 −ac c tan x+b+ b2 −ac ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ or dx c tan x+b = √ 1 tan−1 √ , (b2 < ac) 2 2 ⎪ a cos x + 2b cos x sin x + c sin x ⎪ ac−b2 ac−b2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎩ − c tan1x+b , (b2 = ac) π sin ax 1 ax  dx = ±x + tan ∓ 1 ± sin ax a 4 2 π dx 1 ax  1 ax = tan ∓ + log tan (sin ax) (1 ± sin ax) a 4 2 a 2 π  dx ax  ax  1 1 3 π tan − tan − =− − 2 (1 + sin ax) 2a 4 2 6a 4 2 π  dx ax  ax  1 1 3 π cot − cot − = + (1 − sin ax) 2 2a 4 2 6a 4 2    sin ax π ax ax  1 1 3 π tan − tan − dx = − + 2 (1 + sin ax) 2a 4 2 6a 4 2 π  sin ax ax  ax  1 1 3 π cot − cot − dx = − + (1 − sin ax) 2 4 2 6a 4 2 2a sin x dx dx x a = − a + b sin x b b a + b sin x  dx dx 1 x b = log tan − (sin x) (a + b sin x) a 2 a a + b sinx a b cos x dx dx + 2 = 2 (a + b sin x) 2 (a − b2 ) (a + b sin x) a − b2  a + b sin x h a cos x sin xdx dx + = 2 (a + b sin x) 2 (b − a 2 )(a + b sin x)√ b2 − a 2 a + b sin x dx a 2 + b2 tan cx 1 tan−1 = √ 2 2 2 2 2 a a + b sin cx ⎧ ac a + b √ a 2 −b2 tan cx −1 ⎪ √1 ⎪ tan , (a 2 > b2 ) ⎪ a ⎨ ac a 2 −b2 dx or = √ ⎪ a 2 − b2 sin2 cx ⎪ 2 2 ⎪ ⎩ √1 √b −a tan cx+a , (a 2 < b2 ) log 2 2 2 2 2ac

=

b −a

b −a tan cx−a

cos ax 1 ax dx = x − tan 1 + cos ax a 2 1 ax cos ax dx = −x − cot 1 − cos ax a 2 π 1 ax  1 ax dx = log tan + − tan (cos ax)(1 + cos ax) a 4 2 a 2 π 1 ax  1 ax dx = log tan + − cot (cos ax)(1 − cos ax) a 4 2 a 2 ax 1 1 dx ax 3 tan + tan = (1 + cos ax) 2 2a 2 6a 2 ax 1 1 dx 3 ax cot − cot = − (1 − cos ax) 2 2a 2 6a 2 ax 1 1 cos ax 3 ax tan − tan dx = (1 + cos ax) 2 2a 2 6a 2 ax 1 1 cos ax 3 ax cot − cot dx = (1 − cos ax) 2 2a 2 6a 2 cos x dx dx x a = − a + b cos x b b a + b cos x x π  b  dx dx 1 − = log tan + (cos x)(a + b cos x) a 2 4 a a + b cos x dx dx a b sin x − 2 = 2 (a + b cos x) 2 (b − a 2 )(a + b cos x) b − a2 a + b cos x

Integrals

A-32  373. 374. 375.

376.

377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391.

392.

393. 394. 395.

396.

 b a sin x cos x dx − dx = 2 2 − b2 )(a + b cos x) 2 − b2 (a + b cos x) (a a a +

 b cos x  dx a+b 2 cx −1 = tan tan 2 2 c(a 2 − b2 ) a−b 2  a + b − 2ab cos cx dx 1 −1 a tan cx = √ tan √ a 2 + b2 cos2 cx ac a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2 ⎧ a tan cx 1 −1 √ √ tan , (a 2 > b2 ) ⎪ ⎪  ac a 2 −b2 a 2 −b2 ⎨ dx or = √ ⎪ a 2 − b2 cos2 cx ⎪ a tan cx− b2 −a 2 ⎩ √1 √ log , (b2 > a 2 ) 2ac b2 −a 2 a tan cx+ b2 −a 2  sin ax 1 dx = ∓ log(1 ± cos ax) a  1 ± cos ax cos ax 1 dx = ± log (1 ± sin ax) a  1 ± sin ax 1 1 ax dx =± + log tan (sin ax)(1 ± cos ax) 2a(1 ± cos ax) 2a 2  π 1 1 ax  dx =∓ + log tan + 2a(1 ± sin ax) 2a 4 2  (cos ax)(1 ± sin ax) 1 sin ax dx = log(sec ax ± 1) a  (cos ax)(1 ± cos ax) 1 cos ax dx = − log(csc ax ± 1) (sin ax)(1 ± sin ax) a  π 1 1 ax  sin ax dx = ± log tan + 2a(1 ± sin ax) 2a 4 2  (cos ax)(1 ± sin ax) cos ax 1 1 ax dx = − ± log tan 2a(1 ± cos ax) 2a 2  (sin ax)(1 ± cos ax)  ax π  dx 1 = √ log tan ± 2 8 a 2  sin ax ± cos ax  1 π dx = tan ax ∓ 2 2a 4  (sin ax ± cos ax)  ax  dx 1 = ± log 1 ± tan a 2  1 + cos ax ± sin ax b tan cx + a dx 1 log = 2 2 2 2 2abc b tan cx − a  a cos cx − b sin cx 1 x x(sin ax) dx = 2 sin ax − cos ax a a  2x a 2 x2 − 2 2 x (sin ax) dx = 2 sin ax − cos ax a a3  3a 2 x2 − 6 a 2 x3 − 6x x3 (sin ax) dx = sin ax − cos ax 4 a3 ⎧ a1  m−1 m m − x cos ax + a x cos ax dx ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ a ⎪  or ⎨ [ m2 ] m−2r xm sin ax dx = m! r +1 · xa 2r +1 cos ax ⎪ r =0 (−1) (m−2r )! ⎪ ⎪ [ m−1 ] ⎪ m−2r −1 ⎩ m! + sin ax r =02 (−1)r (m−2r · x a 2r +2 −1)!   Note: [s] means greatest integer ≤ s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [5] = 5, 12 = 0.  1 x x(cos ax) dx = 2 cos ax + sin ax a a  2x cos ax a 2 x2 − 2 2 x (cos ax) dx = + sin ax a2 a3  2 2 2 3 3a x − 6 a x − 6x x3 (cos ax) dx = cos ax + sin ax 4 3 a ⎧ xm sin ax m  m−1 a − a x sin ax dx ⎪ a ⎪ ⎪  ⎨ or m |m/2| m−2r x (cos ax) dx = m! sin ax r =0 (−1)r (m−2r · xa 2r +1 ⎪ )! ⎪ ⎪  m−2r −1 |(m−1)/2| ⎩ m! + cos ax r =0 (−1)r (m−2r · x a 2r +2 −1)!   Note: [s] means greatest integer ≤ s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [5] = 5, 12 = 0.

Integrals

A-33 

397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414.

415.

416.

417.

418.

419.

420. 421.

 sin ax (ax) 2n+1 dx = (−1) n x (2n + 1)(2n + 1)! n=0  r  cos ax (ax) 2n dx = log x + (−1) n x 2n(2n)! n=1  2 x sin 2ax cos 2ax x − − x(sin2 ax) dx = 2 4 4a

2 8a  x 1 x3 x cos 2ax 2 2 − − 3 sin 2ax − x (sin ax) dx = 6 4a 8a 4a 2  x cos 3ax 3x cos ax sin 3ax 3 sin ax x(sin3 ax) dx = − − + 2 12a 36a 4a 4a 2  2 x sin 2ax cos 2ax x + x(cos2 ax) dx = + 2 4 4a

8a  3 2 x 1 x x cos 2ax − 3 sin 2ax + x2 (cos2 ax) dx = + 6 4a 8a 4a 2  x sin 3ax 3x sin ax cos 3ax 3 cos ax x(cos3 ax) dx = + + + 2 12a 36a 4a 4a 2   sin ax a sin ax cos ax dx = − + dx m (m − 1)xm−1 m − 1  xm−1  x cos ax a cos ax sin ax dx = − − dx m m−1 x (m − 1)x m − 1 xm−1  x x cos ax 1 dx = ∓ + 2 log(1 ± sin ax) 1 ± sin ax a(1 ± sin ax) a  x ax 2 ax x dx = tan + 2 log cos a 2 a 2  1 + cos ax x ax 2 ax x dx = − cot + 2 log sin 1 − cosax a 2 a 2  x x + sin x dx = x tan 2  1 + cos x x − sin x x dx = −x cot 1 − cos x 2 √  √ 2 sin ax ax 2 2 1 − cos ax dx = − √ cos( ) =− 2 a 1 − cos ax √ a  √ ax 2 sin ax 2 2 sin( ) 1 + cos ax dx = √ = a 2 a 1 + cos ax  √   x x 1 + sin x dx = ±2 sin − cos , 2 2 π π < x ≤ (8k + 3) , otherwise − ; k an integer] [use + if (8k − 1) 2 2  √  x x 1 − sin x dx = ±2 sin + cos , 2 2 π π < x ≤ (8k + 1) , otherwise −; k an integer] [use + if (8k − 3) 2 2  √ x dx √ = ± 2 log tan , 4 1 − cos x [use + if 4kπ < x < (4k + 2)π,

otherwise  −; k an integer]  √ dx x+π √ , = ± 2 log tan 4 1 + cos x [use + if (4k − 1)π < x < (4k + 1)π, otherwise −; k an integer]  x π  √ dx √ , − = ± 2 log tan 4 8 1 − sin x r

[use + if (8k + 1) π2 < x < (8k + 5) π2 , otherwise −; k an integer]  x π  √ dx √ + , = ± 2 log tan 4 8 1 + sin x [use + if (8k − 1) π2 < x < (8k + 3) π2 , otherwise −; k an integer]  1 tan2 (ax) dx = tan ax − x a  1 1 tan2 ax + log cos ax tan3 (ax) dx = 2a a

Integrals

A-34   423.  424.  425.  426.  427.  428.  429.  430.  431.  432.  433.  434.  435.  436.  437. 438. 439. 440.

tan3 ax 1 − tan ax + x 3a a  n−1 tan ax − (tann−2 ax) dx tann (ax) dx = a(n − 1) 1 cot2 (ax) dx = − cot ax − x a 1 1 cot2 ax − log sin ax cot3 (ax) dx = − 2a a 1 1 cot3 ax + cot ax + x cot4 (ax) dx = − 3a a  n−1 cot ax − (cotn−2 ax) dx cotn (ax) dx = − a(n − 1)  1 x cot ax x + 2 log sin ax x(csc2 ax) dx = − dx = 2 a a sin ax   x x x cos ax 1 (n − 2) n dx = x(csc ax) dx = − − + dx n n−1 n−2 n−2 2 sin ax a(n − 1) sin ax a (n − 1)(n − 2) sin ax (n − 1) sin ax  x 1 1 dx = x(sec2 ax) dx = x tan ax + 2 log cos ax cos2 ax a a   x x 1 n−2 x sin ax n dx = − + dx x(sec ax) dx = cosn (ax) a(n − 1) cosn−1 ax a 2 (n − 1)(n − 2) cosn−2 ax n − 1 cosn−2 ax 1 sin ax b cos ax  dx = − sin−1 √ 2 ab 1 + b2 1 + b2 sin ax  1 sin ax  dx = − log(b cos ax + 1 − b2 sin2 ax) ab 1 − b2 sin2 ax   cos ax 1 + b2 b cos ax sin−1 √ sin(ax) 1 + b2 sin2 ax dx = − 1 + b2 sin2 ax − 2a 2ab 1 + b2    2 cos ax 1−b log(b cos ax + 1 − b2 sin2 ax) sin(ax) 1 − b2 sin2 ax dx = − 1 − b2 sin2 ax − 2a 2ab  1 cos ax  dx = log(b sin ax + 1 + b2 sin2 ax) ab 1 + b2 sin2 ax tan4 (ax) dx =

422.

1 sin−1 (b sin ax) ab 1 − b2 sin ax    sin ax cos(ax) 1 + b2 sin2 ax dx = 1 + b2 sin2 ax + 2a    sin ax cos(ax) 1 − b2 sin2 ax dx = 1 − b2 sin2 ax + 2a   ±1 dx a−b −1 √ = √ sin sin cx , a c a−b a + b tan2 cx cos ax



2

dx =

1 log(b sin ax + 2ab 1 sin−1 (b sin ax) 2ab

 1 + b2 sin2 ax)

(a > |b|)

[use + if (2k − 1) π2 < x ≤ (2k + 1) π2 , otherwise −; k an integer] FORMS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS √ 1 − a 2 x2 sin (ax) dx = x sin ax + √ a  1 − a 2 x2 cos−1 (ax) dx = x cos−1 ax − a  1 −1 −1 log (1 + a 2 x2 ) tan (ax) dx = x tan ax − 2a  1 log (1 + a 2 x2 ) cot−1 (ax) dx = x cot−1 ax + 2a  441. 442. 443. 444.

−1

−1

Integrals

A-35 

445. 446. 447. 448. 449. 450. 451. 452. 453. 454. 455. 456. 457. 458. 459. 460. 461. 462. 463. 464.

465.

466.

467. 468.

 1 log (ax + a 2 x2 − 1) a   1 −1 −1 csc (ax) dx = x csc ax + log (ax + a 2 x2 − 1) a  x x  sin−1 dx = x sin−1 + a 2 − x2 , (a > 0) a a   x x cos−1 dx = x cos−1 − a 2 − x2 , (a > 0) a a  x x a tan−1 dx = x tan−1 − log(a 2 + x2 ) a a 2  a −1 x −1 x dx = x cot + log(a 2 + x2 ) cot a a 2   1 −1 2 2 x sin (ax) dx = [(2a x − 1) sin−1 (ax) + ax 1 − a 2 x2 ] 2 4a   1 x cos−1 (ax) dx = [(2a 2 x2 − 1) cos−1 (ax) − ax 1 − a 2 x2 ] 2 4a   xn+1 a xn+1 dx −1 n √ sin−1 (ax) − x sin (ax) dx = , (n = −1) n+1 n+1 1 − a 2 x2   xn+1 a xn+1 dx √ cos−1 (ax) + xn cos−1 (ax) dx = , (n = −1) n+1 n+1 1 − a 2 x2  2 2 1+a x x x tan−1 (ax) dx = tan−1 ax − 2 2a 2a   xn+1 a xn+1 tan−1 ax − xn tan−1 (ax) dx = dx n+1 n+1 1 + a 2 x2  1 + a 2 x2 x x(cot−1 ax) dx = cot−1 ax + 2 2a 2a   xn+1 a xn+1 n −1 −1 x cot (ax) dx = dx cot ax + n +1 √ n+ 1 + a 2 x2 1  −1 −1 2 2 sin (ax) 1− 1−a x sin (ax) dx = a log − x2 x x √  −1 1 1 + 1 − a 2 x2 cos (ax) dx = − cos−1 (ax) + alog 2 x x x  tan−1 (ax) dx 1 + a 2 x2 1 a −1 = − tan (ax) − log x2 x 2 x2  −1 2 x 1 a cot (ax) dx = − cot−1 ax − log 2 2 x2 x 2 a√x + 1  2 1 − a 2 x2 sin−1 (ax) 2 dx = x(sin−1 ax) 2 − 2x + sin−1 ax √ a  2 1 − a 2 x2 cos−1 ax cos−1 (ax) 2 dx = x(cos−1 ax) 2 − 2x − a ⎧ √  ⎪ n 1 − a 2 x2 −1 −1 ⎪ n n−1 ⎪ (sin x(sin ax) + ax) − n(n − 1) (sin−1 ax) n−2 dx ⎪ ⎪ a ⎪ ⎪  ⎨ or (sin−1 ax) n dx = ⎪ √ ⎪ [n/2] [n−1/2] ⎪   ⎪ n! 1 − a 2 x2 ⎪ −1 r n−2r r n! ⎪ x(sin (sin−1 ax) n−2r −1 (−1) ax) + (−1) ⎪ ⎩ (n − 2r )! (n − 2r − 1)!a r =0 r =0   Note: [s] means greatest [3.5] means 3; [5] = 5, 12 = 0. ⎧ integer ≤ s. Thus √  ⎪ n 1 − a 2 x2 ⎪ −1 n−1 ⎪ x(cos−1 ax) n − (cos ax) − n(n − 1) (cos−1 ax) n−2 dx ⎪ ⎪ a ⎪ ⎪  ⎨ or (cos−1 ax) n dx = ⎪ √ ⎪ [n/2] [n−1/2] ⎪ 2 2   ⎪ n! ⎪ r −1 n−2r r n! 1 − a x ⎪ x(cos ax) (cos−1 ax) n−2r −1 (−1) × (−1) ⎪ ⎩ (n − 2r )! (n − 2r − 1)!a r =0 r =0  1 1 √ (sin−1 ax) 2 (sin−1 ax) dx = 2a 1 − a 2 x2   n−1 xn−1  xn xn xn−2 −1 √ √ (sin ax) dx = − 2 1 − a 2 x2 sin−1 ax + 2 + sin−1 ax dx 2 2 2 na n a na 1−a x 1 − a 2 x2 sec−1 (ax) dx = x sec−1 ax −

Integrals

A-36  469.  470.  471. 472. 473.

  

474.  475. 476.

 

477.  478.

1 (cos−1 ax) 2 2a  xn−2 n−1 xn−1  xn √ √ (cos−1 ax) dx = − 2 1 − a 2 x2 cos−1 ax − 2 + cos−1 ax dx 2 na n a na 1 − a 2 x2 1 − a 2 x2 tan−1 ax 1 dx = (tan−1 ax) 2 a 2 x2 + 1 2a 1 cot−1 ax dx = − (cot−1 ax) 2 a 2 x2 + 1 2a x2 1  sec−1 ax − 2 a 2 x2 − 1 x sec−1 ax dx = 2 2a  xn+1 1 xn dx n −1 −1 √ sec ax − x sec ax dx = n+1 n+1 a 2 x2 − 1 √ sec−1 ax a 2 x2 − 1 sec−1 ax + dx = − x2 x x 2 x 1  2 2 −1 −1 csc ax + 2 a x − 1 x csc ax dx = 2 2a  n+1 xn dx x 1 n −1 −1 √ csc ax + x csc ax dx = n+1 n+1 a 2 x2 − 1 √ csc−1 ax csc−1 ax a 2 x2 − 1 − dx = − x2 x x √

1

1 − a 2 x2 xn

(cos−1 ax) dx = −

FORMS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS  479.  480. 481. 482.

  

483.  484.

  x 2z dz , z = tan 2 2 1+z  1+z 2   1 − z2 dz x f (cos x) dx = 2 f , z = tan 1 + z2 1 + z2 2  du f (sin x) dx = f (u) √ , (u = sin x) 1 − u2  du f (cos x) dx = − f (u) √ , (u = cos x) 1 u2   −  du  f (sin x, cos x) dx = f u, 1 − u2 √ , (u = sin x) 2 1− u   2 2z dz 1−z x f (sin x, cos x) dx = 2 f , , z = tan 2 2 2 1+z 1+z 1+z 2 

f (sin x) dx = 2

f

LOGARITHMIC FORMS  485. 486. 487. 488. 489.

490.

491. 492. 493.



(log x) dx = x log x − x

x2 x2 log x − 2 4  x3 x3 2 log x − x (log x) dx = 3 9  n+1 xn+1 x log ax − xn (log ax) dx = n+1 (n + 1) 2  (log x) 2 dx = x(log x) 2 − 2x log x + 2x ⎧  ⎪ n−1 ⎪  dx, (n = −1) ⎨ x(log x) n − n (log x) n (log x) dx = or ⎪ ⎪  ⎩ x)r (−1) n n!x rn=0 (− log r!  (log x) n 1 dx = (log x) n+1 x n + 1  (log x) 2 (log x) 3 dx = log(log x) + log x + + + ··· 2 · 2! 3 · 3!  log x dx = log(log x) x log x x(log x) dx =

Integrals

A-37 

494. 495.

496.

497. 498. 499. 500. 501. 502. 503. 504.

505.

506.

507. 508. 509. 510. 511. 512. 513. 514. 515. 516.

1 dx =− x(log x) n (n − 1)(log x) n−1   xm+1 m+ 1 xm dx xm dx = − + n n−1 (log x) (n − n − 1 (log x) n−1 ⎧1)(log x) m+1 n ⎪ x (log x) − n ⎪  xm(log x) n−1 dx ⎨ m+1 m+1 m n x (log x) dx = or ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ (−1) n n! xm+1 n (− log x)r r =0 r !(m+1) n−r m+1  x p+1 x p cos(b ln x) dx = [b sin(b ln x) + ( p + 1) cos(b ln x)] + c ( p + 1) 2 + b2  x p+1 x p sin(b ln x) dx = [( p + 1) sin(b ln x) − b cos(b ln x)] + c ( p + 1) 2 + b2  ax + b log(ax + b) − x [log(ax + b)] dx = a  log(ax + b) ax + b a log(ax + b) dx = log x − 2 x b bx

 

  m+1 1 b m+1 1 b m+1  1  ax r m m+1 x [log(ax + b)] dx = x − − log(ax + b) − − − m+ 1 a m+ 1 a r b r =1

  m−2      m−1 m−1 log(ax + b) 1 1 1 log(ax + b) 1 a ax + b a b r + dx = − + − log − − , (m > 2) xm m− 1 xm−1 m− 1 b x m− 1 b r ax r =1  

x+a log dx = (x + a) log(x + a) − (x − a) log(x − a) x−a

  [ m+1 2 ]  x m−2r +2 xm+1 − a m+1 2a m+1  x+a xm+1 − (−a) m+1 1 m log(x + a) − log(x − a) + x log dx = x−a m+ 1 m+ 1 m + 1 r =1 m − 2r + 2 a   Note: [s] means greatest integer ≤ s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [5] = 5, 12 = 0.

  1 x−a 1 x2 − a 2 x+a 1 − log log dx = log 2 x x−a x x+a a √ x2 ⎧   4ac−b2 b ⎪ ⎪ x + 2c log X − 2x + tan−1 √2cx+b 2 , (b2 − 4ac < 0) ⎪ c ⎪ 4ac−b ⎪ ⎪ ⎪  or ⎨ √   −1 b2 −4ac (log X) dx = b x + log X − 2x + tanh √2cx+b , (b2 − 4ac > 0) ⎪ 2c c ⎪ b2 −4ac ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ where ⎪ ⎩ X = a + bx + cx2   n+2  n+1 2c b xn+1 x x log X − dx − dx xn (log(a + bx + cx2 ) dx = n+1 n+1 X n+1 X  x log(x2 + a 2 ) dx = x log(x2 + a 2 ) − 2x + 2a tan−1 a  x+a log(x2 − a 2 ) dx = x log(x2 − a 2 ) − 2x + a log x−a  1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 x log(x ± a ) dx = (x ± a ) log(x ± a ) − x2 2 2     log(x + x2 ± a 2 ) dx = x log(x + x2 ± a 2 ) − x2 ± a 2 √

2     x a2 x x2 ± a 2 ± x log(x + x2 ± a 2 ) dx = log(x + x2 ± a 2 ) − 2 4 4     xm+1 1 xm+1 m 2 2 2 2 √ log(x + x ± a ) − x log(x + x ± a ) dx = dx m+ 1 √ m√ +1 x2 ± a 2 √  log(x + x2 + a 2 ) 1 a + x2 + a 2 log(x + x2 + a 2 ) − log dx = − 2 x x a x √ √  log(x + x2 − a 2 ) 1 log(x + x2 − a 2 ) −1 x + dx = − sec |a| x2 x a 

 [n/2] 2r n−2r +1  a x 1 n 2 2 n+1 2 2 n+1 n+1 x log(x − a ) dx = x log(x − a ) − a log(x − a) −(−a) log(x + a) − 2 n+1 n − 2r + 1 r =0   Note: [s] means greatest integer ≤ s; Thus [3.5] means 3; [5] = 5, 12 = 0.

Integrals

A-38

EXPONENTIAL FORMS

 517. 518. 519.

  

520.  521.  522. 523. 524. 525.

   

526.  527.  528.  529. 530. 531. 532. 533.

    

534.

 535.

 536. 537. 538. 539. 540. 541.

    

e x dx = e x e−x dx = −e−x eax a eax x eax dx = 2 (ax − 1) a⎧  ⎪ xmeax − m xm−1 eax dx ⎪ ⎨ a a xmeax dx = or ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ eax m (−1)r m!xm−r r =0 (m−r )!a r +1 eax dx ax a 2 x2 a 3 + x3 = log x + + + + ··· x 1! 2 · 2! 3 · 3!  ax ax ax e 1 a e e dx = − + dx xm m − 1 xm−1 m− 1 xm−1 ax ax e log x 1 e − dx eax log x dx = a a x ex dx = x − log(1 + e x ) = log x 1+e 1 + ex 1 x dx log(a + be px ) = − a + be px a ap

  1 dx a −1 √ = emx , (a > 0, b > 0) tan aemx + be−mx b m ab ⎧ √ mx √ ae − b 1 ⎪ ⎨ 2m√ab log √aemx +√b dx = or ⎪ aemx − be−mx −1  a mx  ⎩ −1 √ tanh e , (a > 0, b > 0) b m ab a x + a −x x −x (a − a ) dx = log a eax 1 log(b + ceax ) dx = b + ceax ac x eax eax dx = 2 2 (1 + ax) a (1 + ax) 1 2 2 x e−x dx = − e−x 2 eax [a sin(bx) − b cos(bx)] ax e sin(bx) dx = a 2 + b2 eax [(b − c) sin(b − c)x + a cos(b − c)x] eax [(b + c) sin(b + c)x + a cos(b + c)x] ax − e sin(bx) sin(cx) dx = 2[a 2 + (b − c) 2 ] 2[a 2 + (b + c) 2 ] ⎧ eax [a sin(b−c)x−(b−c) cos(b−c)x] eax [a sin(b+c)x−(b+c) cos(b+c)x] ⎪ + ⎪ 2[a 2 +(b−c) 2 ] 2[a 2 +(b+c) 2 ] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ eax [(a sin bx − b cos bx)[cos(cx − α)] − c(sin bx) sin(cx − α)] ρ eax sin(bx) cos(cx) dx = ⎪ where ⎪  ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ρ = (a 2 + b2 − c2 ) 2 + 4a 2 c2 , ⎪ ⎩ ρ cos α = a 2 + b2 − c2 , ρ sin α = 2ac ax eax [a cos(2bx + c) + 2b sin(2bx + c)] e cos c − eax sin(bx) sin(bx + c) dx = 2a 2(a 2 + 4b2 ) ax ax e e sin c [a sin(2bx + c) − 2b cos(2bx + c)] + eax sin(bx) cos(bx + c) dx = − 2a 2(a 2 + 4b2 ) eax eax cos(bx) dx = 2 [a cos(bx) + b sin(bx)] a + b2 eax [(b − c) sin(b − c)x + a cos(b − c)x] eax [(b + c) sin(b + c)x + a cos(b + c)x] + eax cos(bx) cos(cx) dx = 2[a 2 + (b − c) 2 ] 2[a 2 + (b + c) 2 ] ax ax cos c [a cos(2bx + c) + 2b sin(2bx + c)] e e + eax cos(bx) cos(bx + c) dx = 2a 2(a 2 + 4b2 ) ax eax [a sin(2bx + c) − 2b cos(2bx + c)] e sin c ax + e cos(bx) sin(bx + c) dx = 2a 2(a 2 + 4b2 ) eax dx =

Integrals

A-39 

542. 543.

 

544.  545.

 546.  547.

 548.

 549. 550.

 

551.  552.

  1 n−1 n−2 ax 2 ax e sin (bx) dx = 2 (a sin bx − nb cos bx)e sin bx + n(n − 1)b e [sin bx] dx a + n2 b2

  1 ax n−1 2 ax n−2 eax cosn (bx) dx = 2 (a cos bx + nb sin bx)e cos bx + n(n − 1)b e [cos bx] dx a + n2 b2   1 m m xme x sin x dx = xme x (sin x − cos x) − xm−1 e x sin x dx + xm−1 e x cos x dx 2 ⎧ 2 2  cos bx ⎪ xmeax a sin bx−b − a2 m xm−1 eax (a sin bx − b cos bx) dx ⎪ ⎪ a 2 +b2 +b2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ or  r m!xm−r xmeax sin(bx) dx = sin[bx − (r + 1)α] eax rm=0 (−1) ⎪ ρ r +1 (m−r )! ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ where ⎪ ⎪  ⎩ ρ = a 2 + b2 , ρ cos α = a, ρ sin α = b   1 m m xme x cos x dx = xme x (sin x + cos x) − xm−1 e x sin x dx − xm−1 e x cos x dx 2 ⎧ 2 2  sin bx ⎪ ⎪ xmeax a cos abx+b − a2 m xm−1 eax (a cos bx + b sin bx) dx 2 +b2 ⎪ +b2 ⎪ ⎨ or xmeax cos(bx) dx = ⎪ eax m (−1)r m!xm−r cos[bx − (r + 1)α] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ √r =0 ρr +1 (m−r )! ⎩ ρ = a 2 + b2 , ρ cos α = a, ρ sin α = b ⎧ ax m−1 n e cos x sin x[a cos x+(m+n) sin x] ⎪ ⎪ (m+n) 2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ na ⎪ − eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x) dx ⎪ (m+n) 2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪  ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ + (m−1)(m+n) eax (cosm−2 x)(sinn x) dx ⎪ ⎪ (m+n) 2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ eax cosm x sinn−1 x[a sin x−(m+n) cos x] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (m+n) ⎪ 2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ma ⎪ + (m+n)2 +a 2 eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x) dx ⎪ ⎪ ⎪  ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ + (n−1)(m+n) eax (cosm x)(sinn−2 x) dx ⎪ (m+n) 2 +a 2 ⎨ or eax (cosm x)(sinn x) dx = ⎪ ⎪ eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x)(a sin x cos x+m sin2 x−n cos2 x) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪  (m+n)2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ m(m−1) ⎪ + (m+n)2 +a 2 eax (cosm−2 x)(sinn x) dx ⎪ ⎪ ⎪  ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ n(n−1) ⎪ ⎪ + (m+n) eax (cosm x)(sinn−2 x) dx ⎪ 2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x)(a cos x sin x+m sin2 x−n cos2 x) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪  (m+n)2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ m(m−1) ⎪ ⎪ + eax (cosm−2 x)(sinn−2 x) dx ⎪ (m+n) 2 +a 2 ⎪  ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ + (n−m)(n+m−1) eax (cosm x)(sinn−2 x) dx ax



553.

n

(m+n) 2 +a 2

xeax eax xeax sin(bx) dx = 2 (a sin bx − b cos bx) − 2 [(a 2 − b2 ) sin bx − 2ab cos bx] 2 a +b (a + b2 ) 2 ax ax xe e xeax cos(bx) dx = 2 (a cos bx − b sin bx) − 2 [(a 2 − b2 ) cos bx − 2ab sin bx] a + b2 (a + b2 ) 2 eax [a sin x + (n − 2) cos x] eax eax a 2 + (n − 2) 2 dx = − + dx n n−1 sin x (n − 1)(n − 2) (n − 1)(n − 2) sin x sinn−2 x  eax [a cos x − (n − 2) sin x] a 2 + (n − 2) 2 eax eax dx = − + dx n n−1 cos x (n − 1)(n − 2) cos  x (n − 1)(n − 2) cosn−2 x a tann−1 x − eax tann x dx = eax eax tann−1 x dx − eax tann−2 x dx n−1 n−1 HYPERBOLIC FORMS

 554. 555. 556.

 

sinh x dx = cosh x cosh x dx = sinh x tanh x dx = log cosh x

Integrals

A-40  557. 558. 559. 560. 561. 562. 563. 564. 565. 566.

567.

568.

569. 570. 571. 572. 573. 574. 575. 576. 577. 578. 579. 580. 581.

582.



coth x dx = log sinh x

sech x dx = tan−1 (sinh x)  x csch x dx = log tanh 2  x sinh x dx = x cosh x − sinh x   xn sinh x dx = xn cosh x − n xn−1 (cosh x) dx  x cosh x dx = x sinh x − cosh x   xn cosh x dx − xn sinh x − n xn−1 (sinh x) dx  sech x tanh x dx = − sech x  csch x coth x dx = − csch x  sinh 2x x 2 − sinh x dx = 4 2  ⎧ m+1 n−1 m n−2 1 n−1 ⎪ ⎪ (sinh x)(cosh x) + (sinh x)(cosh x) dx ⎪ m+n m+n  ⎨ m n or (sinh x)(cosh x) dx =  ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ 1 sinhm−1 x coshn+1 x − m−1 (sinhm−2 x)(coshn x) dx, (m + n = 0) m+n m+n  ⎧ dx ⎪ 1 m+n−2 ⎪ − , (m = 1) − ⎪ m−1 n−1 m−1 m−2 n ⎪ (m−n)(sinh x)(cosh x)  ⎨ (sinh x)(cosh x) dx or m n  ⎪ (sinh x)(cosh x) ⎪ dx ⎪ 1 m+n−2 ⎪ , (n = 1) ⎩ (n−1) sinhm−1 x coshn−1 x + n−1 m n−2 (sinh x)(cosh x)  2 tanh x dx = x − tanh x   n−1 x tanh n n−2 + (tanh tanh x dx = − x) dx, (n = 1) n−1  2 sech x dx = tanh x  sinh 2x x 2 + cosh x dx = 4 2  2 coth x dx = x − coth x   n−1 x coth n n−2 + coth coth x dx = − x dx, (n = 1) n−1  2 csch x dx = − ctnh x  sinh(m + n)x sinh(m − n)x − , (m2 = n2 ) sinh(mx) sinh(nx) dx = 2(m + n) 2(m − n)  sinh(m + n)x sinh(m − n)x + , (m2 = n2 ) cosh(mx) cosh(nx) dx = 2(m + n) 2(m − n)  cosh(m + n)x cosh(m − n)x + , (m2 = n2 ) sinh(mx) cosh(nx) dx = 2(m + n) 2(m − n)   −1 x −1 x dx = x sinh − x2 + a 2 , (a > 0) sinh a a

2   a2 x 2 x −1 x −1 x dx = + − x sinh sinh x + a 2 , (a > 0) a 4 a 4

2 n+1    x xn+1 1 −1 −1 xn sinh x dx = sinh x − dx, (n = −1) 1 n+1 n+1 (1 + x2 ) 2  ⎧  √ −1 x −1 x 2 2 ⎪ ⎪  ⎨ x cosh a − x − a , cosh a > 0 x −1 or dx = cosh    ⎪ a ⎪ ⎩ x cosh−1 x + x2 − a 2 , cosh−1 x < 0 , (a > 0) a a 

Integrals

A-41 

583.



584.  585. 586. 587. 588. 589. 590. 591. 592. 593. 594. 595. 596.

597.

598. 599. 600. 601. 602. 603. 604. 605. 606. 607. 608. 609. 610. 611.

          

x 2x2 − a 2 x 1 −1 x dx = cosh − (x2 − a 2 ) 2 a 4 a 4  xn+1 1 xn+1 −1 −1 cosh x − xn (cosh x) dx = dx, (n = −1) 1 n+1 n+1 (x2 −1) 2  x  a   −1 x −1 x dx = x tanh + log(a 2 − x2 ), tanh  <1 a a 2 a  x   a   −1 x −1 x coth dx = x coth + log(x2 − a 2 ),  >1 a a 2 a  x   x2 − a 2 ax   −1 x −1 x dx = tanh + , x tanh  <1 a 2 a 2  a xn+1 xn+1 1 −1 −1 n tanh x − x tanh x dx = dx, (n = −1) n+1 n+1 1 − x2    2 2 x −a ax  x  −1 x −1 x dx = coth + ,  >1 x coth a 2 a 2  a xn+1 xn+1 1 −1 −1 coth x + dx, (n = −1) xn coth x dx = n+1 n+1 x2 − 1 −1

x cosh

sech

−1

−1

x dx = x sech

x + sin−1 x

x2 1 −1 sech x − 1 − x2 2 2  xn+1 1 xn −1 −1 √ xn sech x dx = dx, (n = −1) sech x + n+1 n+1 1 − x2 x −1 −1 −1 sinh x csch x dx = x csch x + |x| x2 1 x −1 −1 csch x + x csch x dx = 1 + x2 2 2 |x|  xn+1 1 x xn −1 −1 √ xn csch x dx = dx, (n = −1) csch x + n+1 n + 1 |x| x2 + 1 −1

x sech

x dx =

DEFINITE INTEGRALS

 1 n n−1  ∞  1 1 + ∞ 1 1 m xn−1 e−x dx = log dx = = (n) x n m=1 1 + n 0 0 m for n = 0, −1, −2, −3, . . . (This is the Gamma function)  ∞ n! t n p−t dt = , (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . and p > 0) (log p) n+1 0  ∞ (n) t n−1 e−(a+1)t dt = , (n > 0, a > −1) (a + 1) n

n 0 1 1 (n + 1) xm log dx = , (m > −1, n > −1) x (m + 1) n+1 0 (n) is finite if n > 0; (n + 1) = n(n) (n) · (1 − n) = sinπnπ (n) = (n − 1)! if n = integer > 0

 ∞ √ 1 1 2 ( ) = 2 e−t dt = π = 1.7724538509 · · · = − ! 2 2 0 √ 1·3·5...(2n−1) (n + 12 ) = π n = 1, 2, 3, . . . 2n √ (−1) n 2n π 1 (−n + 2 ) = 1·3·5...(2n−1) n = 1, 2, 3, . . .  1  ∞ (m)(n) xm−1 = B(m, n) xm−1 (1 − x) n−1 dx = dx = m+n (1 + x) (m + n) 0 0 (This is the Beta function) B(m, n) = B(n, m) = (m)(n) , where m and n are any positive real numbers. (m+n)  b (m + 1) · (n + 1) (x − a) m(b − x) n dx = (b − a) m+n+1 , (m > −1, n > −1, b > a) (m + n + 2) a ∞ dx 1 , [m > 1] = m x m −1 1 ∞ dx = π csc pπ, [0 < p < 1] (1 + x)x p 0

Integrals

A-42  612. 613. 614. 615. 616.

617.

618.

619.

620.

621. 622. 623. 624. 625. 626. 627. 628. 629. 630. 631. 632. 633. 634. 635.

∞

dx = −π cot pπ, [0 < p < 1] (1 − x)x p 0 ∞ p−1 x dx π = = B( p, 1 − p) = ( p)(1 − p), [0 < p < 1] (1 + x) sin pπ 0  ∞ m−1 x dx π = , [0 < m < n] 1 + xn n sin mπ 0 n      ∞ a+1−bc    a+1  c − a+1 m b xa dx b b = a > −1, b > 0, m > 0, c > a+1 b b c (m + x ) b (c) 0  ∞ dx √ =π (1 + x) x 0 ⎧ ⎪ π2 (if a > 0),  ∞ ⎨ a dx = 0 (if a = 0), ⎪ a 2 + x2 0 ⎩ π − 2 (if a < 0)  a  π 1 a 2 1 · 3 · 5...n · · a n+1 (n odd, a > 0) (a 2 − x2 ) n/2 dx = (a − x2 ) n/2 dx = 2 2 · 4 · 6 . . . (n + 1) 2 0 −a  m+1 n+2  ⎧ 1 m+n+1 a B , (a > 0, m > −1, n > −2) ⎪2 2 2 ⎪  a ⎨ or     xm(a 2 − x2 ) n/2 dx = m+1 n+2 ⎪ 0 ⎪ 1 a m+n+1  2  2 (a > 0, m > −1, n > −2) ⎩ 2  m+n+3 2 ⎧ π/2 ⎪ (cosn x) dx ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 1·3·5·7...(n−1) ⎪  π/2 (n an even integer, n = 0), ⎨ 2·4·6·8...(n) π2 , n sin x dx = 1·3·5·7...(n−1) , (n an odd integer, n = 0), ⎪ 0 ⎪   ⎪ √2·4·6·8...(n) ⎪ n+1 ⎪  ⎪ ⎩ π n2 (n > −1) 2  ( 2 +1)  ∞ sin mx dx π π = ; if m > 0; 0, if m = 0; − , if m < 0 x 2 2 0  ∞ cos x dx =∞ x 0 ∞ tan x dx π = x 2 0 π  π sin ax · sin bx dx = cos ax · cos bx dx = 0, (a = b; a, b integers) 0 0 π/a  π [sin(ax)][cos(ax)] dx = [sin(ax)][cos(ax)]dx = 0 0 0 π 2a [sin(ax)][cos(bx)] dx = 2 , if a − b is odd, or 0 if a − b is even a − b2 0 ∞ sin x cos mx dx π π = 0, if m < −1 or m > 1; , if m = ±1; , if m2 < 1 x 4 2 0  ∞ πa sin ax sin bx , (a ≤ b) dx = x2 0 π  π 2 π (m is a non-zero integer) sin2 mx dx = cos2 mx dx = 2 0 0 ∞ 2 π| p| sin ( px) dx = 2 x 2 0 ∞ π sin x , 0< p<1 dx = p x 2( p) sin( pπ/2) 0 ∞ cos x π , 0< p<1 dx = p x 2( p) cos( pπ/2) 0  ∞ 1 − cos px π| p| dx = 2 x 2 0 ∞ ! sin px cos qx π π dx = 0, q > p > 0; , p > q > 0; , p = q > 0 x 2 4 0 ∞ cos(mx) π −|ma| e dx = x2 + a 2 2 |a| 0

Integrals

A-43  1 π 2 2 0 0 ∞ 1 π , if n > 1 sin axn dx = (1/n) sin na 1/n 2n 0 ∞ 1 π , if n > 1 cos axn dx = (1/n) cos na 1/n 2n 0   ∞  ∞ sin x cos x π √ dx = √ dx = 2 x x 0 0  ∞ sin3 x  ∞ sin3 x π dx = 4 (b) 0 x2 dx = 34 log 3 (a) 0 x  ∞ 3π sin3 x dx = x3 8 0  ∞ sin4 x π dx = x4 3 0  π/2 dx cos−1 a = √ , (|a| < 1) 1 + a cos x 1 − a2 0 π dx π = √ , (a > b ≥ 0) 2 a − b2 0 a + b cos x  2π dx 2π = √ , (a 2 < 1) 1 + a cos x 1 − a2   0  ∞  b cos ax − cos bx dx = log   x a 0  π/2 dx π = 2|ab| a 2 sin2 x + b2 cos2 x 0  π/2 dx π(a 2 + b2 ) = , (a, b > 0) 2 2 2 2 2 4a 3 b3 (a sin x + b cos x) 0  π/2 1  n m , sinn−1 x cosm−1 x dx = B , (if m and n are positive integers) 2 2 2 0  π/2 2 · 4 · 6 . . . (2n) (sin2n+1 θ ) dθ = , (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) 1 · 3 · 5 . . . (2n + 1) 0  π/2 1 · 3 · 5 . . . (2n − 1)  π  (sin2n θ ) dθ = , (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) 2 · 4 . . . (2n) 2 0 " #  π/2 x 1 1 1 1 dx = 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ··· sin x 12 3 5 7 0  π/2 dx π = 1 + tanm x 4 0 3  π/2 √ (2π) 2 cos θ dθ =  2 0 ( 14 )  π/2 π   , (0 < h < 1) (tanh θ ) dθ = 2 cos hπ 0 2  ∞ tan−1 (ax) − tan−1 (bx) π a dx = log , (a, b > 0) x 2 b 0 

636. 637. 638. 639. 640. 641. 642. 643. 644. 645. 646. 647. 648. 649. 650. 651. 652. 653. 654. 655. 656. 657.

658.

∞



cos(x2 ) dx =

∞

sin(x2 ) dx =

b

b

b

The area enclosed by a curve defined through the equation x c + y c = a c where a > 0, c a positive odd integer and b a  2 [( c )]2 positive even integer is given by  b2c  2cab  b  I= xh−1 ym−1 zn−1 dv, where R denotes the region of space bounded by the co-ordinate planes and that portion of R   p  q   k the surface ax + by + cz = 1, which lies in the first octant and where h, m, n, p, q, k, a, b, c, denote positive real numbers is given by       h  a  h  c  x  p  1e  x  p  y q  1e h m n   mq  nk a b c p h−1 m n−1   x dx 1− y dy 1− − z dz = a a b pqk  h + m + n + 1 0 0 0 p

q

k

Integrals

A-44  659. 660.

∞

0 ∞

662. 663. 664. 665. 666. 667. 668. 669. 670. 671. 672. 673. 674. 675. 676. 677. 678. 679. 680. 681. 682. 683. 684. 685. 686.

−ax

−e x

1 , a

−bx

(a > 0)

b dx = log , (a, b > 0) a ⎧ (n+1) ⎪ (if n > −1 and a > 0)  ∞ ⎨ a n+1 xn e−ax dx = or ⎪ 0 ⎩ n! (if a > 0 and n is a positive integer) a n+1

  ∞ (k) n+1 xn exp(−ax p ) dx = , n > −1, p > 0, a > 0, k = pa k  p 0 ∞ 1 1 √ 1 −a 2 x2  e dx = π= , (a > 0) 2a 2a 2 0 ∞ 1 2 xe−x dx = 2√ 0 ∞ π 2 −x2 x e dx = 4  0 ∞ 1 · 3 · 5 . . . (2n − 1) π 2 (a > 0, n > − 12 ) x2n e−ax dx = n+1 a n 2 a 0  ∞ n! 2 x2n+1 e−ax dx = , (a > 0, n > −1) n+1 2a 0   1 m  ar m! m −ax −a x e dx = m+1 1 − e a r! 0 r =0 √  ∞ 2 a2  −2a −x − 2 π e x , (a ≥ 0) e dx = 0 2  ∞ √ π 1 (n > 0) e−nx x dx = 2n n  0 ∞ −nx e π √ dx = (n > 0) n x 0  ∞ a e−ax (cos mx) dx = 2 , (a > 0) a + m2 0 ∞ m e−ax (sin mx) dx = 2 , (a > 0) a + m2 0  ∞ 2ab xe−ax [sin(bx)] dx = 2 , (a > 0) (a + b2 ) 2 0 ∞ 2 2 a −b xe−ax [cos(bx)] dx = 2 , (a > 0) (a + b2 ) 2 0  ∞ n![(a + ib) n+1 − (a − ib) n+1 ] xn e−ax [sin(bx)] dx = , (i 2 = −1, a > 0) 2 + b2 ) n+1 2i(a 0  ∞ n![(a − ib) n+1 + (a + ib) n+1 ] xn e−ax [cos(bx)] dx = , (i 2 = −1, a > 0, n > −1) 2(a 2 + b2 ) n+1 0 ∞ −ax e sin x dx = cot−1 a, (a > 0) x 0 √

  ∞ b2 π 2 2 exp − 2 , (ab = 0) e−a x cos bx dx = 2|a| 4a 0 ∞  π π −t cos φ b−1 e t [sin(t sin φ)] dt − [(b)] sin(bφ), b > 0, − < φ < 2 2 0 ∞  π π −t cos φ b−1 e t [cos(t sin φ)] dt − [(b)] cos(bφ), b > 0, − < φ < 2 2

 0 ∞ bπ b−1 t cos t dt = [(b)] cos , (0 < b < 1)

2  0 ∞ bπ t b−1 (sin t) dt = [(b)] sin , (0 < b < 1) 2 0  1 (log x) n dx = (−1) n · n! (n > −1) 0 √ 1  1 1 2 π log dx = x 2 0  1  1 √ 1 −2 log dx = π x 0 0

661.

e−ax dx = e

Integrals

A-45 

1

687.

log 0 1

688. 0 1 689. 690.

691. 692. 693. 694. 695. 696. 697. 698. 699. 700. 701. 702. 703. 704. 705. 706. 707. 708. 709. 710. 711. 712. 713.

1 x

n dx = n!

x log(1 − x) dx = −

3 4

1 4 0 1 (−1) n n! xm(log x) n dx = , (m > −1, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .) (m + 1) n+1 0 If n = 0, 1, 2, . . . replace n! by (n + 1).  1 log x π2 dx = − 1+x 12 0 1 log x π2 dx = − 1−x 6 0 1 log(1 + x) π2 dx = x 12 0 1 log(1 − x) π2 dx = − x 6 0 1 π2 log(x) log(1 + x) dx = 2 − 2 log 2 − 12 0 1 π2 log(x) log(1 − x) dx = 2 − 6 0 1 π2 log x dx = − 1 − x2  8 0 1 π2 dx 1+x = log · 1−x x 4 0 1 log x dx π √ = − log 2 2 2 0 1 1 − x n (n + 1) 1 m x log dx = , (if m + 1 > 0 and n + 1 > 0) x (m + 1) n+1

 0 1 p (x − xq ) dx p+1 = log , ( p + 1 > 0, q + 1 > 0) log x q+1 0 1 √ dx  (same as integral 686)  1  = π, 0 log x

x   ∞ e +1 π2 log dx = x e −1 4 0 π/2  π/2 π log(sin x) dx = log cos x dx = − log 2 2 0 0  π/2  π/2 π log(sec x) dx = log csc x dx = log 2 2 0 0 π 2 π x log(sin x) dx = − log 2 2 0 π/2 sin x log(sin x) dx = log 2 − 1 0 π/2 log tan x dx = 0 0  √  π a + a 2 − b2 log(a ± b cos x) dx = π log , (a ≥ b) 2 0 $  π 2π log a a ≥b>0 log(a 2 − 2ab cos x + b2 ) dx = 2π log b b≥a >0 0  ∞ π aπ sin ax dx = tanh 2|b| 2b 0 ∞ sinh bx cos ax π aπ dx = sech 2|b| 2b 0 ∞ cosh bx dx π = cosh ax 2|a| 0 x log(1 + x) dx =

 714. 715. 716. 717. 718. 719. 720. 721. 722. 723. 724.

725. 726.

727. 728.

∞

0 ∞

x dx π2 = sinh ax 4a 2

(a > 0)

a , (0 ≤ |b| < a) a 2 − b2 ∞ b e−ax sinh bx dx = 2 , (0 ≤ |b| < a) a − b2 0 ∞ sinh ax π aπ 1 dx = csc − (b > 0) bx + 1 e 2b b 2a 0  ∞ 1 π aπ sinh ax dx = − cot (b > 0) bx − 1 e 2a 2b b 

2



 0 π/2 π dx 1 1·3 2 4 1·3·5 2 6 2  = 1+ k + k + k + ··· , if k2 < 1 2 2 2·4 2·4·6 0 1 − k2 sin2 x 

2



 6  π/2  1 1 · 3 2 k4 1·3·5 π k 2 2 2 − 1 − k sin x dx = 1− k − 2 − ··· , if k2 < 1 2 2 2·4 3 2·4·6 5 0  ∞ e−x log x dx = −γ = −0.5772157 . . . 0 √  ∞ π 2 (γ + 2 log 2) e−x log x dx = − 4  0 ∞ 1 1 − e−x dx = γ = 0.5772157 . . . [Euler’s Constant] −x 1 − e x 0   ∞ 1 1 − e−x dx = γ = 0.5772157 . . . x 1 + x 0 For n even :

  n/2−1   n sin(n − 2k)x n 1 1 + n cosn x dx = n−1 x k 2 (n − 2k) 2 n/2 k=0

  n/2−1  n 1  n sin[(n − 2k)( π2 −x)] 1 + n sinn x dx = n−1 x k 2 2k − n 2 n/2 k=0 For n odd:  (n−1)/2  1  n sin(n − 2k)x cosn x dx = n−1 2 n − 2k k k=0     (n−1)/2  1  n sin (n − 2k) π2 −x n sin x dx = n−1 2 2k − n k k=0 0

e−ax cosh bx dx =

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Certain types of differential equations occur sufficiently often to justify the use of formulas for the corresponding particular solutions. The following set of Tables I to XIV covers all first, second, and nth order ordinary linear differential equations with constant coefficients for which the right members are of the form P(x)er x sin sx or P(x)er x cos sx, where r and s are constants and P(x) is a polynomial of degree n. When the right member of a reducible linear partial differential equation with constant coefficients is not zero, particular solutions for certain types of right members are contained in Tables XV to XXI. In these tables both F and P are used to denote polynomials, and it is assumed that no denominator is zero. In any formula the roles of x and y may be reversed throughout, changing a formula in which x dominates y dominates. Tables XIX, XX, XXI are applicable whether the equations are reducible or   to one in which m! and is the (n + 1) st coefficient in the expansion of (a + b) m. Also 0! = 1 by definition. not. The symbol mn stands for (m−n)!n! The tables as herewith given are those contained in the text Differential Equations by Ginn and Company (1955) and are published with their kind permission and that of the author, Professor Frederick H. Steen.

SOLUTION OF LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS Any linear differential equation with constant coefficients may be written in the form p( D) y = R(x)

A-46

1

(n−1)/2

�

n sin(n − 2k)x k n − 2k k=0 � � �� � (n−1)/2 � � 1 � n sin (n − 2k) π2 −x n 728. sin x dx = n−1 2 2k − n k k=0 � ∞ π2 x dx = 714. (a > 0) 4a 2 �0 ∞ sinh ax a EQUATIONS e−ax cosh bx dx = 2 , DIFFERENTIAL (0 ≤ |b| < a) 715. 2 a − b 0 � ∞ b e−ax sinh bx dx = 2 , (0 ≤ |b| < a) 716. 2 a − �0 ∞of differential equationsb occur sufficiently often to justify the use of formulas for the corresponding particular Certain types π aπ 1 sinh ax solutions. to XIV (b covers 717. The following dxset=of Tables csc I − > 0) all first, second, and nth order ordinary linear differential equations with bx + 1 e 2b b 2a 0 � ∞ constant coefficients for which the right members are of the form P(x)er x sin sx or P(x)er x cos sx, where r and s are constants and sinh ax 1 π aπ P(x) is a polynomial of dx degree = n. − cot (b > 0) 718. bx − 1 e 2a 2b b � linear � When the member of a reducible differential coefficients is not zero, particular solutions � partial �2 � � equation � with constant �2 �0right π/2 π contained dx 1 in Tables 1XV · 3 to2XXI. 1these ·3·5 for719. certain types of right members are In tables 2 4 6both F and P are2used to denote polynomials, � = 1+ k + k + k + ··· , if k < 1 2 is zero.2In any formula 2 · 4 the roles of2 x· 4and · 6 y may be reversed throughout, changing a formula and it is assumed that 0 1 −nok2denominator sin2 x � � � �2 Tables � XIX,�2XX, � � 6 whether the equations are reducible or π/2 � in which x �dominates 1 k4 XXI1are · 3 ·applicable 5 π y dominates. k � � to2one2 in which 2 st 1 · 3 m! 720. − · · b) m k sinforx dx = 1 − k − 2 of − , . Also if 0! k2 = < 1 by definition. stands and is the (n + 1) coefficient in the expansion (a ·+ not. The symbol mn1 − (m−n)!n!2 2 2·4 3 2·4·6 5 0 � ∞as herewith given are those contained in the text Differential Equations by Ginn and Company (1955) and are The tables published kind permission and that of the 721. with their e−x log x dx = −γ = −0.5772157 . . . author, Professor Frederick H. Steen. 0 √ � ∞ π 2 722. e−x log x dx = − (γ + 2 log 2) 4 � LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS �0 ∞ �SOLUTION OF 1 1 − e−x dx = γ = 0.5772157 . . . [Euler’s Constant] 723. −x 1 − e x 0 � constant coefficients may be written in the form � ∞ � equation with Any linear differential 1 1 724. − e−x dx = γ = 0.5772157 . . . x 1 + x p( D) y = R(x) 0 For n even : � � � n/2−1 � � � n sin(n − 2k)x 1 1 n + n cosn x dx = n−1 x 725. 2 (n − 2k) 2 n/2 k A-46 k=0 � � � n/2−1 � � 1 � n sin[(n − 2k)( π2 −x)] 1 n 726. + n sinn x dx = n−1 x 2 2k − n 2 n/2 k k=0 For n odd: � (n−1)/2 � � 1 � n sin(n − 2k)x cosn x dx = n−1 727. 2 n − 2k k k=0 � � �� � (n−1)/2 � � 1 � n sin (n − 2k) π2 −x n 728. sin x dx = n−1 2 2k − n k k=0 727.

cosn x dx =

2n−1

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Certain types of differential equations occur sufficiently often to justify the use of formulas for the corresponding particular solutions. The following set of Tables I to XIV covers all first, second, and nth order ordinary linear differential equations with constant coefficients for which the right members are of the form P(x)er x sin sx or P(x)er x cos sx, where r and s are constants and P(x) is a polynomial of degree n. When the right member of a reducible linear partial differential equation with constant coefficients is not zero, particular solutions for certain types of right members are contained in Tables XV to XXI. In these tables both F and P are used to denote polynomials, and it is assumed that no denominator is zero. In any formula the roles of x and y may be reversed throughout, changing a formula in which x dominates y dominates. Tables XIX, XX, XXI are applicable whether the equations are reducible or � � to one in which m! and is the (n + 1) st coefficient in the expansion of (a + b) m. Also 0! = 1 by definition. not. The symbol mn stands for (m−n)!n! The tables as herewith given are those contained in the text Differential Equations by Ginn and Company (1955) and are published with their kind permission and that of the author, Professor Frederick H. Steen.

SOLUTION OF LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS Any linear differential equation with constant coefficients may be written in the form p( D) y = R(x) A-46

Differential Equations

A-47

where • • • • •

D is the differential operation: Dy = p( D) is a polynomial in D, y is the dependent variable, x is the independent variable, R(x) is an arbitrary function of x.

dy dx

A power of D represents repeated differentiation, that is Dn y =

dn y dxn

For such an equation, the general solution may be written in the form y = yc + yp where yp is any particular solution, and yc is called the complementary function. This complementary function is defined as the general solution of the homogeneous equation, which is the original differential equation with the right side replaced by zero, i.e., p( D) y = 0 The complementary function yc may be determined as follows: 1. Factor the polynomial p( D) into real and complex linear factors, just as if D were a variable instead of an operator. 2. For each nonrepeated linear factor of the form (D - a), where a is real, write down a term of the form ceax where c is an arbitrary constant. 3. For each repeated real linear factor of the form ( D − a) n , write down n terms of the form c1 eax + c2 xeax + c3 x2 eax + · · · + cn xn−1 eax where the ci ’s are arbitrary constants. 4. For each non-repeated conjugate complex pair of factors of the form (D − a + ib)(D − a − ib), write down two terms of the form c1 eax cos bx + c2 eax sin bx 5. For each repeated conjugate complex pair of factors of the form (D− a + ib) n ( D− a − ib) n , write down 2n terms of the form c1 eax cos bx + c2 eax sin bx + c3 xeax cos bx + c4 xeax sin bx + · · · + c2n−1 xn−1 eax cos bx + c2n xn−1 eax sin bx

6. The sum of all the terms thus written down is the complementary function yc . To find the particular solution yp , use the following tables, as shown in the examples. For cases not shown in the tables, there are various methods of finding yp . The most general method is called variation of parameters. The following example illustrates the method: Example: Find yp for ( D2 − 4) y = e x . This example can be solved most easily by use of equation 63 in the tables following. However, it is given here as an example of the method of variation of parameters. The complementary function is yc = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x To find yp , replace the constants in the complementary function with unknown functions, yp = ue2x + ve−2x

Differential Equations

A-48

We now prepare to substitute this assumed solution into the original equation. We begin by taking all the necessary derivatives: yp = ue2x + ve−2x

y�p = 2ue2x − 2ve−2x + u� e2x + v� e−2x For each derivative of yp except the highest, we set the sum of all the terms containing u� and v� to 0. Thus the above equation becomes u� e2x + v� e−2x = 0

and

y�p = 2ue2x − 2ve−2x

Continuing to differentiate, we have y��p = 4ue2x + 4ve−2x + 2u� e2x − 2v� e−2x When we substitute into the original equation, all the terms not containing u� or v� cancel out. This is a consequence of the method by which yp was set up. Thus all that is necessary is to write down the terms containing u� or v� in the highest order derivative of yp , multiply by the constant coefficient of the highest power of D in p( D), and set it equal to R(x). Together with the previous terms in u� and v� which were set equal to 0, this gives us as many linear equations in the first derivatives of the unknown functions as there are unknown functions. The first derivatives may then be solved for by algebra, and the unknown functions found by integration. In the present example, this becomes u� e2x + v� e−2x = 0

2u� e2x − 2v� e−2x = e x We eliminate v� and u� separately, getting 4u� e2x = e x

4v� e−2x = −e x Thus u� = 14 e−x v� = − 14 e3x Therefore, by integrating u = − 14 e−x 1 3x v = − 12 e A constant of integration is not needed, since we need only one particular solution. Thus 1 1 3x −2x yp = ue2x + ve−2x = − e−x e2x − e e 4 12 1 1 x 1 e = − ex = − ex − 4 12 3 and the general solution is y = yc + yp = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x −

1 x e 3

The following samples illustrate the use of the tables. Example 1:

Solve (D2 − 4) y = sin 3x. Substitution of q = −4, s = 3 in formula 24 gives yp =

wherefore the general solution is

sin 3x −9 − 4

y = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x −

sin 3x 13

Differential Equations

A-49

Example 2: Obtain a particular solution of ( D2 − 4D + 5) y = x2 e3x sin x. Applying formula 40 with a = 2, b = 1, r = 3, s = 1, P(x) = x2 , s + b = 2, s − b = 0, a − r = −1, (a − r ) 2 +(s + b) 2 = 5, (a − r ) 2 +(s − b) 2 = 1, we have yp

=

=

� � � � � � 3·1·0−0 2 0 2(−1)2 2(−1)0 3 · 1 · 2 − 23 − − − x2 + 2x + 2 5 1 25 1 125 1 �� � � � � � � −1 −1 1−4 1−0 −1 − 3(−1)4 −1 − 3(−1)0 e3x cos x − − − − x2 + 2x + 2 2 5 1 25 1 125 1 � � � � 2 4 2 28 136 1 2 x − x− − e3x sin x + − x2 + e3x cos x 5 25 125 5 25 125 e3x sin x 2

��

The special formulas effect a very considerable saving of time in problems of this type.

Example 3: Obtain a particular solution of ( D2 − 4D + 5) y = x2 e2x cos x. (Compare with Example 2.) Formula 40 is not applicable here since for this equation r = a, s = b, wherefore the denominator (a − r ) 2 +(s − b) 2 = 0. We turn instead to formula 44. Substituting a = 2, b = 1, P(x) = x2 and replacing sin by cos, cos by − sin, we obtain � � � � � e2x cos x 2 e2x sin x 1 yp = x2 − + x2 − dx 4 4 2 2 � 2 � � 3 � x x 1 x 2x = e2x cos x + e sin x − − 4 8 6 4 which is the required solution.

Example 4: gives

Find z p for ( Dx − 3Dy ) z = ln( y + 3x). Referring to Table XV we note that formula 69 (not 68) is applicable. This

z p = x ln( y + 3x) � It is easily seen that −y 3 ln( y + 3x) would serve equally well.

Example 5: Solve ( Dx + 2Dy − 4) z = y cos( y − 2x). Since R in formula 76 contains a polynomial in x, not y, we rewrite the given equation in the form ( Dy +12 Dx −2) z =12 y cos( y−2x). Then � � 1 zc = e2y F x − y = e2x f (2x − y) 2 and by the formula

1 z p = − cos( y − 2x) · 2

�

1 y + 2 2 2

�

1 = − (2y + 1) cos( y − 2x) 8

Example 6: Find z p for ( Dx + 4Dy ) 3 z = (2x − y) 2 . Using formula 79, we obtain ��� 2 3 u du (2x − y) 5 u5 zp = =− = 3 [2 + 4(−1)] 5 · 4 · 3 · (−8) 480 Example 7:

Find z p for ( Dx3 + 5Dx2 Dy − 7Dx + 4)z = e2x+3y . By formula 87 zp =

Example 8:

e2x+3y e2x+3y = 23 + 5 · 22 · 3 − 7 · 2 + 4 58

Find z p for ( Dx4 + 6Dx3 Dy + Dx Dy + D2y + 9)z = sin(3x + 4y)

Since every term in the left number is of even degree in the two operators Dx and Dy , formula 90 is applicable. It gives sin(3x + 4y) (−9) 2 + 6(−9)(−12) + (−12) + (−16) + 9 sin(3x + 4y) = 710

zp =

Differential Equations

A-50 Table I: (D − a)y = R R 1. er x 2. sin sx∗ 3. P(x) rx

4. e sin sx∗ 5. P(x) er x 6. P(x) sin sx∗

yp

er x r −a cos sx − a sin asx+s 2 +s 2

�

− 1a P(x) +

= √

� � sin sx + tan−1 as � (n) + · · · + P a n(x)

1

a 2 +s 2 �� P � (x) + P a 2(x) a

Replace a by a − r in formula 2 and multiply by er x . Replace a �by a − r in formula 3 and multiply by er x .

� P (k−1) (x) + · · · � � ( 1k) a k−1 s−( 3k) a k−3 s 3 +··· P (k−1) (x) + · · · s 2as 3a 2 s−s 3 � �� − cos sx a 2 +s P(x) + P (x) + P (x) + · · · + 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 3 (a 2 +s 2 ) k a a 2 +s 2

− sin sx

P(x) +

a 2 −s 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 2

P � (x) +

a 3 −3as 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 3

7. P(x)er x sin sx∗Replace a by a − r in formula 6 and multiply by er x . xeax 8. eax ax sx ax 9. e sin sx∗ − e � cos s ax ax 10. P(x)e e P(x) � dx � � eax sin sx s

11. P(x)eax sin sx

P � (x) s3

−

P ��� (x) s3

+

P v (x) s5

− ··· −

eax cos sx s

a k −( 2k) a k−2 s 2 +( 4k) a k−4 s 4 −··· (a 2 +s 2 ) k

P �� (x) + · · · +

P(x) −

P �� (x) s2

+

P iv (x) s4

� − ···

* For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “−sin” in yp . Dn =

dn dxn

�m � n

=

m! (m − n)!n!

0! = 1

Table II: (D − a)2 y = R R 12. er x 13. sin sx∗ 14. P(x) 15. er x sin sx∗ 16. P(x)er x 17. P(x) sin sx∗

18. P(x)er x sin sx∗ 19. eax 20. eax sin sx∗ 21. P(x)eax 22. P(x)eax sin sx∗

yp

er z (r −a) 2 � 1 1 2 2 [(a − s ) sin sx + 2as cos sx] = sin sx + 2 2 2 2 (a +s a +s � � ) 2P � (x) 3P �� (x) (n+1) P (n) (x) 1 P(x) + a + a 2 + · · · + an a2 rx

tan−1

2as

a 2 −s 2

�

Replace a by a − r in formula 13 and multiply by e . Replace�a by a − r in formula 14 and multiply by er x . a 2 −s 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 2

3

2

a −3as a � P(x) + 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 3 P (x) + 3

4 −6a 2 s 2 +s 4

P �� (x) + · · · � a k − k a k−2 s 2 + k a k−4 s 4 −··· (k−2) +(k − 1) ( 2) (a 2 +s(24))k P (x) + · · · � 2 s−s 3 4a 3 s−4as 3 �� � + cos sx (a 22as P(x) + 2 (a3a2 +s 2 ) 3 P (x) + 3 (a 2 +s 2 ) 4 P (x) + · · · +s 2 ) 2 � k k−1 a s− k a k−3 s 3 +··· (k−2) P (x) + · · · +(k − 1) ( 1) (a 2(+s3)2 )k sin sx

(a 2 +s 2 ) 4

Replace a by a − r in formula 17 and multiply by er x . 1 2 ax x e 2 ax sx − e �ssin 2� ax e P(x)� dx dx � −e

ax sin sx

s2 ax sx − e scos 2

�

P(x) −

2P � (x) s

+

3P �� (x) s2 4P ��� (x) s3

+

−

5P iv (x) s4 6P v (x) s5

−

7P vi (x) 6 s�

− ···

+ ···

* For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp .

Differential Equations

A-51 Table III: (D2 + q)y = R

R 23. er x 24. sin sx∗ 25. P(x) 26. er x sin sx 27. P(x)er x

yp

er x r 2 +q sin sx 2 +q −s� �� iv (2k) 1 P(x) − P q(x) + P q2(x) − · · · + (−1) k P qk(x) q rx (r 2 −s 2 +q)er x sin sx−2r ser x cos sx = √ 2 2e 2 (r 2 −s 2 +q) 2 +(2r s) 2 (r −s +q) +(2r s) 2 er x r 2 +q

�

P(x) −

P � (x) +

3r 2 −q

+(−1) k �

s cos sx − (−s 2 +q)

�

2k+1 1

�

�

s 2k + 2k+1 3

4r 3 −4qr

�

P

5s 4 +10s 2 q+q2 2 4 � (−s �+q)

s 2k−2 q+ 2k+1 5 (−s 2 +q) 2k

4s 2 +4q ��� 3 P (x) (−s�2 +q) � 2k s 2k−2 + 2k s 2k−4 q+··· 1 3

2P � (x) 2 +q) (−s� �

+(−1) k+1

P �� (x) −

2r s r 2 −s 2 +q

P ��� (x) + · · · � (x) + · · ·

(r 2+q) 2 (r 2 +q) 3 ( k1 )r k−1 −( k3 )r k−3 q+( k5 )r k−5 q2 −··· (k−1) (r 2 +q) k−1

+ · · · + (−1) k−1 � 3s 2 +q �� P(x) − (−s 2 +q) 2 P (x) +

sin sx (−s 2 +q)

28. P(x) sin sx∗

2r r 2 +q

� ··· � sin sx − tan−1

−

�

P iv (x) + · · ·

s 2k−4 q2 +···

+ ···

� P (2k) (x) + · · ·

� P (2k−1) (x) + · · ·

(−s 2 +q) 2k−1

Table IV: (D2 + b2 )y = R 29. sin bx∗ 30. P(x) sin bx∗

bx − x cos 2b � sin bx (2b) 2

P(x) −

P �� (x) (2b) 2

+

P iv (x) (2b) 4

� − ··· −

cos bx 2b

��

P(x) −

P �� (x) (2b) 2

� + · · · dx

* For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp.

Table V: (D2 pD + q)y = R R 31. er x 32. sin sx∗

yp

er x r 2 + pr +q (q−s 2 ) sin sx− ps cos sx (q−s 2 ) 2 +( ps) 2

�

p q

= √

1

(q−s 2 ) 2 +( ps) 2

p2 −q q2

� sin sx − tan−1 p3 −2 pq q3

ps q−s 2

�

pn −( n−1 ) pn−2 q+( n−2 ) pn−4 q2 −··· 1 2 qn

33. P(x)

1 q

34. er x sin sx∗ 35. P(x)er x

Replace p by p + 2r , q by q+pr+r 2 in formula 32 and multiply by er x . Replace p by p + 2r , q by q+pr+r 2 in formula 33 and multiply by er x .

36. P(x) sin sx∗

P(x) −

P �� (x) −

�

P ��� (x) + · · ·+(−1) n

Table VI: (D − b)(D − a)y = R

� 2 � b b2 − s 2 a a − s2 − 2 P(x) + − 2 P � (x) a2 + s2 b + s2 (a 2 + s 2 ) 2 (b + s 2 ) 2 � 3 � � b3 − 3bs 2 a − 3as 2 + − 2 P �� (x) + · · · 2 2 3 2 3 (a + s ) (b + s ) � � � � cos sx s 2bs s 2as + − P(x) + − 2 P � (x) b−a a2 + s2 b2 + s 2 (a 2 + s 2 ) 2 (b + s 2 ) 2 � 2 � � † 3b2 s − s 3 3a s − s 2 + − 2 P �� (x) + · · · (a 2 + s 2 ) 3 (b + s 2 ) 3

sin sx b−a

��

P � (x) +

rx 37. P(x)er x sin sx∗ Replace 36 and multiply �� a by a–r , b by b − �r in formula � by e . P(x) P (x) P �� (x) P (n) (x) eax ax 38. P(x)e P(x) dx + (b−a) + (b−a)2 + (b−a)3 + · · · + (b−a)n+1 a−b

* For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp . † For additional terms, compare with formula 6.

P (n) (x)

�

Differential Equations

A-52 Table VII: (D2 − 2aD + a2 + b2 )y = R

yp

R

sin sx 2b

39. P(x) sin sx

��

s+b

s−b

�

�

2a(s+b)

2a(s−b)

�

P � (x) � 2 3 3a 2 (s−b)−(s−b) 3 �� + 3a (s+b)−(s+b) − P (x) + · · · 2 2 3 [a 2 +(s+b)2 ]3 � [a +(s−b) ] � �� � 2 a −(s+b) 2 a 2 −(s−b) 2 a a − cos2bsx − P(x) + − P � (x) 2 2 2 2 2 2 a +(s+b) a +(s−b) 2 [a 2 +(s+b)� ] [a 2 +(s−b)�2 ] � † 2 2 a 3 −3a(s−b) 2 P �� (x) + · · · + a 2−3a(s+b) 3 − 3 2 2 2 [a +(s+b) ] [a +(s−b) ] 40. P(x)er x sin sx∗ 39 and multiply by er x . � Replace a by a − r in formula � ∗

41. P(x)eax

42. eax sin sx∗ 43. eax sin bx∗

44. P(x)eax sin bx∗

a 2 +(s+b) 2

−

a 2 +(s−b) 2

�

P(x) +

2 a 2 +(s+b) 2

[

]

−

2 a 2 +(s−b) 2

[�

]

�� iv eax P(x) − P b2(x) + P b4(x) − · · · b2 eax sin sx 2 −s 2 +b ax cos bx − xe 2b � � P �� (x) P iv (x) eax sin bx P(x) − + − · · · 2 2 4 (2b) (2b) (2b) � � �� iv ax cos bx � − e 2b P(x) − P(2b)(x)2 + P(2b)(x)4 − · · · dx

* For cos sx in R replace “sin’ by “cos’ and “cos” by “− sin” in y p . † For additional terms, compare with formula 6. R 45. er x 46. sin sx∗

Table VIII: f (D)y = [Dn + an−1 Dn−1 + · · · + a1 D + a0 ]y = R

yp

er x f (r ) [a0 −a2 s 2 +a4 s 4 −··· ] sin sx−[a1 s−a3 s 3 +a5 s 5 +··· ] cos sx [a0 −a2 s 2 +a4 s 4 −··· ]2 +[a1 s−a3 s 3 +a5 s 5 −··· ]2

Table IX: f (D2 )y = R 47. sin sx∗

sin sx f (−s 2 )

48. er x 49. sin sx∗

er x

50. P(x)

sin sx a0 −a2 s 2 +···±s 2n

=

Table X: (D − a)n y = R

(r −a) n (−1) n {[a n (a 2 +s 2 ) 2 (−1) n an

�� �� − 2n a n−2 s 2 + 4n a n−4 s 4 − · · · ] sin sx �n� n−1 �n� n−3 3 sx} � +[ 1�a� � s − �3 a � s� + · �· · ] cos � � n+2 P ��� (x) P (x) P(x) + 1n P a(x) + n+1 + + ··· 2 3 a2 a2

51. er x sin sx∗ Replace a by a − r in formula 49 and multiply by er x . Replace a by a − r�in�formula 50�and multiply by e�r x . � 52. er x P(x) � n n+1 n+2 n � �� An+1 P (x) + An+2 P (x) + An+3 P ��� (x) + · · · ] 53. P(x) sin sx∗ (−1) sin sx[An P(x) + 1

2 3 � � � � � � n n+1 n+2 � �� Bn+1 P (x) + Bn+2 P (x) + Bn+3 P ��� (x) + · · · ] + (−1) cos sx[Bn P(x) + 1 2 3 � � � � a k − 2k a k−2 s 2 + 4k a k−4 s 4 − · · · a a2 − s2 , A2 = 2 , . . . , Ak = A1 = 2 a + s2 (a + s 2 ) 2 (a 2 + s 2 ) k � k� k−1 � k� k−3 3 a s − s + ··· a 2as 3 a B1 = 2 , B2 = 2 , . . . , Bk = 1 a + s2 (a + s 2 ) 2 (a 2 + s 2 ) k n

54. er x sin sx∗

Replace a by a − r in formula 53 and multiply by er x . � � � 55. eax P(x) eax · · · P(x) dxn �� � � � n−1 � � P ��� (x) �n+4� P v (x) n (−1) 2 eax sin sx P (x) 56. P(x)eax sin sx∗ − n+2 + n−1 s 5 − · · · n−1 n−1 sn s s3 �� � � n+1 � � P �� (x) �n+3� P iv (x) ax 2 + (−1) sen cos sx n−1 P(x) − n+1 + n−1 s 4 − · · · (n odd) n−1 n−1 s2 �� � � n � � � � ax �� iv n−1 (−1) 2 e sin sx P (x) P (x) P(x) − n+1 + n+3 − ··· n−1 n−1 n−1 sn s2 s4 � � n � � � � � � ax � ��� v 2 n P (x) P (x) P (x) + (−1) es n cos sx n−1 − n+2 + n+4 − ··· (n even) n−1 n−1 s s3 s5 * For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp.

Differential Equations

A-53 Table XI: (D − a)n f (D)y = R

57. eax

xn n!

ax

· fe(a) * For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp.

Table XII: (D2 + q)n y = R R 58. er x 59. sin sx∗ 60. P(x) 61. er x sin sx∗

yp er x /(r 2 + q) n sin�sx/(q − s 2 ) n � � � �� � � P iv (x) �n+2� P vi (x) 1 P(x) − 1n P q(x) + n+1 − 3 + ··· 2 qn 2 q2 q3 er x

( A2 +B2 ) n

��

� � � � � n n An − An−2 B2 + An−4 B4 − · · · sin sx 2 4 �� � � � � � n n An−1 B − An−3 B3 + · · · cos sx − 1 3

A = r 2 − s 2 + q,

B = 2r s

Table XIII: (D2 + b2 )n y = R 62. sin bx∗

n

cos bx (−1) n+1/2 xn!(2b) n

n

sin bx (n odd), (−1) n/2 xn!(2b) n

(n even)

Table XIV: (Dn − q)y = R 63. er x

n er x /(r � − q)

(n) (x)

64. P(x)

− q1 P(x) P

65. sin sx∗ 66. er x sin sx∗

− q sin sx+(−1) q2 +s 2n

q

+

P (2n) (x) q2

n−1 2 s n cos sx

� + ···

sin sx (n odd), (n even) (−s 2 ) n/2 −q� � r x e −1 B √ = sin sx − tan A A2 +B2 � n �n� n−2 2 A�2 n+B �2 � A = �� r �− 2 r �s � + 4 r n−4 s 4�− · · · − q, n n−1 n n−3 3 B = 1 r s − 3 r s + ··· * For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and cos by “− sin” in yp. Aer x sin sr −Ber x cos sx

Table XV: (Dx + mDy )z = R R zp eax+by 67. eax+by a+mb f (u)du 68. f (ax + by) ∫ a+mb , u = ax + by 69. f ( y − mx) xf ( y − mx) 70. φ(x, y) f ( y − mx) f ( y − mx) ∫ φ(x, a + mx) dx (a = y − mx after integration) Table XVI: (Dx + mDy − k)z = R 71. eax+by 72. sin(ax + by)∗ 73. eαx+βy sin(ax + by)∗ 74. e xk f (ax + by) 75. f ( y − mx) 76. p(x) f ( y − mx) 77. ekx f ( y − mx)

eax+by a+mb−k sin(ax+by) − (a+bm) cos(ax+by)+k (a+bm) 2 +k2

Replace k in 72 by k − α − mβ and multiply by eαx+βy � kx e f (u)du , u = ax + by a+mb f ( y−mx) − k � � − 1k f ( y − mx) p(x) +

p� (x) k

+

p�� (x) k2

+ ··· +

p(n) (x) kn

xekx f ( y − mx) * For cos(ax + by) replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in z p . k+r Dx = ∂∂x ; Dy = ∂∂y ; Dxk Dyr = ∂∂k ∂ r x

y

Differential Equations

A-54 Table XVII: (Dz + mDy )n z = R R 78. eax+by

zp

eax+by (a+mb) �� �n ··· f (u)dun ,u (a+mb) n xn f ( y − mx) n! ��

79. f (ax + by) 80. f ( y − mx) 81. φ(x, y) f ( y + mx)

f ( y − mx)

= ax + by

···

�

φ(x, a + mx) dxn (a = y − mx after integration) Table XVIII: (Dx + mDy − k)n z = R

eax+by (a+mb−k) n (−1) n f ( y−mx) kn � �� � (−1) n f ( y − mx) p(x) + 1n p k(x) kn ekx ∫ ∫··· ∫ f (u)dun , u = ax + by (a+mb) n xn kx e f ( y − mx) n!

82. eax+by 83. f ( y − mx)

84. P(x) f ( y − mx)

85. ekz f (ax + by) 86. ekx f ( y − mx)

+

�n+1� p�� (x) 2

k3

+

�n+2� p��� (x) 3

k3

� + ···

Table XIX: [Dxn + a1 Dxn−1 Dy + a2 Dxn−2 D2y + · · · + an Dny ]z = R 87. eax+by

88. f (ax + by)

a + a1

a n−1 b +

eax+by a2 a n−2 b2 + · · · + an bn

��

�� ··· f (u)dun , (u = ax + by) n n−1 n−2 a + a1 a b + a2 a b2 + · · · + a n bn Table XX: F (Dx ,Dy )z = R

89. eax+by

eax+by

F (a,b)

Table XXI: F (Dx2 ,Dx Dy ,D2y )z = R 90. sin(ax + by)∗

sin(ax+by) F (−a 2 ,−ab,−b2 )

* For cos(ax + by) replace “sin ” by “cos”, and “cos” by “− sin” in z p .

Differential Equations

A-55 Differential equation

yF (xy) dx + x G(xy) dy = 0

Linear, homogeneous, second order equation dy d2 y +b + cy = 0 dx2 dx where b and c are real constants

Linear, nonhomogeneous, second order equation dy d2 y + cy = R(x) +b dx2 dx where b and c are real constants

Method of solution G(v) dv +c ln x = v{G(v) − F (v)} where v = xy. If G(v) = F (v), then the solution is xy = c. �

Let m1 , m2 be the roots of m2 + bm + c = 0.

Then there are 3 cases: Case 1. m1 , m2 real and distinct: y = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x Case 2. m1 , m2 real and equal: y = c1 em1 x + c2 xem1 x Case 3. m1 = p + qi, m2 = p − qi : y = e px (c√ 1 cos qx + c2 sin qx) where p = −b/2, q = 4c − b2 /2 There are 3 cases corresponding to those above: Case 1.

Case 2.

Case 3.

y = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x � em1 x + e−m1 x R(x) dx m1 − m2 � em2 x + e−m2 x R(x) dx m2 − m1 y = c1 em1 x + c2 xem1 x � + xem1 x e−m1 x R(x) dx � − em1 x xe−m1 x R(x) dx

y = e px (c1 cos qx + c2 sin qx) � e px sin qx + e− px R(x) cos qx dx q � e px cos qx e− px R(x) sin qx dx − q

Differential Equations

A-56 Differential equation Euler or Cauchy equation dy d2 y x2 + bx + cy = S(x) dx dx

Bessel’s equation dy d2 y x2 2 + x + (λ2 x2 − n2 ) y = 0 dx dx Transformed Bessel’s equation dy d2 y + x2 2 + (2 p + 1)x dx � 2dx2r � 2 α x +β y=0 Legendre’s equation d2 y dy + n(n + 1) y = 0 (1 − x2 ) 2 − 2x dx dx Separation of variables f1 (x)g1 ( y) dx + f2 (x)g2 ( y) dy = 0

Exact equation

M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0 where ∂ M/∂ y = ∂ N/∂ x Linear first order equation dy + P(x) y = Q(x) dx Bernoulli’s equation dy + P(x) y = Q(x) yn dx Homogeneous equation � y� dy =F dx x

Reducible to homogeneous (a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) dx +(a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) dy = 0 b1 a1 �= with a2 b2 Reducible to separable (a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) dx +(a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) dy = 0 b1 a1 = with a2 b2

Method of solution Putting x = et , the equation becomes

dy d2 y + cy = S(et ) + (b − 1) dt 2 dt and can then be solved as a linear second order equation. y = c1 J n (λx) + c2 Yn (λx)

� �α � � α �� xr + c2 Yq/r xr y = x− p c1 J q/r r r � where q = p2 − β 2 . y = c1 Pn (x) + c2 Qn (x) � �

f1 (x) dx + f2 (x) M∂ x +

��

�

n−

g2 ( y) dy = c g1 ( y) ∂ ∂y

�

� M∂ x dy = c where ∂ x indicates

that the integration is to be performed with respect to x keeping y constant. ye

�

P dx

=

�

Qe

�

P dx

dx + c

� � � ve(1−n) P dx = Qe(1−n) P dx dx + c where v = y1−n . � If n = 1, then the solution is ln y = ( Q − P) dx + c.

� dv ln x = F (v)−v + c where v = y/x. If F (v) = v, then the solution is y = cx.

Set u = a1 x + b1 y + c1 and v = a2 x + b2 y + c2 . Then eliminate x and y and the equation becomes homogenous. Set u = a1 x + b1 y. Then eliminate x or y and the equation becomes separable.

FOURIER SERIES 1. If f (x) is a bounded periodic function of period 2L (i.e., f (x + 2L) = f (x)), and satisfies the Dirichlet conditions: (a) In any period f (x) is continuous, except possibly for a finite number of jump discontinuities. (b) In any period f (x) has only a finite number of maxima and minima. Then f (x) may be represented by the Fourier series nπ x nπ x � a0 � � an cos + + bn sin 2 L L n=1 ∞

where an and bn are as determined below. This series will converge to f (x) at every point where f (x) is continuous, and to f (x+ ) + f (x− ) 2 (i.e., the average of the left-hand and right-hand limits) at every point where f (x) has a jump discontinuity.

an bn

=

1 L

=

1 L

�

L

−L � L

f (x) cos

nπ x dx, L

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

f (x) sin

nπ x dx, L

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

−L

We may also write

an =

1 L

�

α+2L

f (x) cos α

nπ x 1 dx and bn = L L

where α is any real number. Thus if α = 0, an

=

1 L

bn

=

1 L

� �

2L

f (x) cos

nπ x dx, L

f (x) sin

nπ x d, L

0 2L 0

�

α+2L

f (x) sin α

nπ x dx L

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

2. If in addition to the restrictions in (1), f (x) is an even function (i.e., f (−x) = f (x)), then the Fourier series reduces to ∞

nπ x a0 � + an cos 2 L n=1

That is, bn = 0. In this case, a simpler formula for an is � 2 L nπ x an = dx, f (x) cos L 0 L

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .

3. If in addition to the restrictions in (1), f (x) is an odd function (i.e., f (−x) = − f (x)), then the Fourier series reduces to ∞ �

bn sin

n=1

nπ x L

That is, an = 0. In this case, a simpler formula for the bn is � 2 L nπ x bn = f (x) sin dx, L 0 L

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

4. If in addition to the restrictions in (2) above, f (x) = − f (L − x), then an will be 0 for all even values of n, including n = 0. Thus in this case, the expansion reduces to ∞ � m=1

a2m−1 cos

(2m − 1)π x L A-57

Fourier Series

A-58

5. If in addition to the restrictions in (3) above, f (x) = f (L − x), then bn will be 0 for all even values of n. Thus in this case, the expansion reduces to ∞ �

b2m−1 sin

m=1

(2m − 1)π x L

(The series in (4) and (5) are known as odd-harmonic series, since only the odd harmonics appear. Similar rules may be stated for even-harmonic series, but when a series appears in the even-harmonic form, it means that 2L has not been taken as the smallest period of f (x). Since any integral multiple of a period is also a period, series obtained in this way will also work, but in general computation is simplified if 2L is taken to be the smallest period.) 6. If we write the Euler definitions for cos θ and sin θ, we obtain the complex form of the Fourier series known either as the “Complex Fourier Series” or the “Exponential Fourier Series” of f (x). It is represented as f (x) =

n=+∞ 1 � cn eiωn x 2 n=−∞

where cn = with ωn =

nπ L

1 L

�

L

f (x) e−iωn x dx,

n = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, . . .

−L

for n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . The set of coefficients cn is often referred to as the Fourier spectrum.

7. If both sine and cosine terms are present and if f (x) is of period 2L and expandable by a Fourier series, it can be represented as f (x) =

� nπ x � a0 � cn sin + + φn , 2 L n=1 ∞

an = cn sin φn ,

bn = cn cos φn ,

where cn =

�

an2 + bn2 ,

φn = arctan

�

an bn

�

It can also be represented as f (x) =

� nπ x � a0 � + + φn , cn cos 2 L n=1 ∞

an = cn cos φn ,

bn = −cn sin φn ,

where cn =

�

an2

+

bn2 ,

�

bn φn = arctan − an

�

where φn is chosen so as to make an , bn , and cn hold. 8. The following table of trigonometric identities should be helpful for developing Fourier series. sin nπ cos nπ ∗ sin nπ 2 ∗ cos nπ 2 sin nπ 4

n 0 (−1) n

n even 0 +1 0 (−1) n/2

n/2 odd 0 +1 0 −1 (−1) (n−2)/4

nodd 0 −1 (−1) (n−1)/2 0 √ 2 (n2 +4n+11)/8 (−1) 2

n/2 even 0 +1 0 +1 0

*A useful formula for sin nπ and cos nπ is given by 2 2 sin

nπ (i) n+1 = [(−1) n − 1] 2 2

and

cos

nπ (i) n = [(−1) n + 1], 2 2

where i 2 = −1.

Auxiliary Formulas for Fourier Series � � 4 3π x 1 5π x πx 1 + sin + sin + ··· sin [0 < x < k] π k 3 k 5 k � � 2k 2π x 1 3π x πx 1 x= − sin + sin − ··· sin [−k < x < k] π k 2 k 3 k � � k 4k 1 1 πx 3π x 5π x x = − 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + ··· [0 < x < k] 2 π k 3 k 5 k �� 2 � � 2 � π π 4 2π x 4 2k2 πx π2 3π x x2 = 3 − − sin + − 3 sin sin π 1 1 k 2 k 3 3 k � 2 � � π2 5π x π 4π x 4 − [0 < x < k] sin + − 3 sin + ··· 4 k 5 5 k � � 4k2 1 1 1 k2 πx 2π x 3π x 4π x x2 = − 2 cos − 2 cos + 2 cos − 2 cos + ··· 3 π k 2 k 3 k 4 k 1=

[−k < x < k]

1− 1 22 1 1− 2 2 1 1+ 2 3 1 1 + 2 22 4 1−

1 1 1 + − 3 5 7 1 1 + 2 + 2 3 4 1 1 + 2 − 2 3 4 1 1 + 2 − 2 5 7 1 1 + 2 + 2 6 8

+ ··· = + ··· = + ··· = + ··· = + ··· =

π 4 π2 6 π2 12 π2 8 π2 24

FOURIER EXPANSIONS FOR BASIC PERIODIC FUNCTIONS f (x) =

4 π

f (x) =

2 π

c+2 f (x)= L π

f (x) =

�

n=1,3,5...

∞ �

n=1

(−1) n n

1 n

sin nπLx

�

� cos nπc − 1 sin nπLx L

∞ � (−1) n sin nπLc cos nπLx n

n=1

2 L

∞ �

n=1

sin

1 nπ sin( 2 nπc/L) 1 nπc/L 2 2

sin nπLx

A-59

1 1 1 π + 2 − 2 + ··· = 22 3 4 12 1 1 1 π2 1 + 2 + 2 − 2 + ··· = 3 5 7 8 1 1 1 1 π2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ··· = 22 4Formulas 6 8 Fourier Series 24 Auxiliary for 1−

�

�

4 EXPANSIONS 3π x FOR 1 BASIC 5π x πx 1 FOURIER PERIODIC FUNCTIONS 1= + sin + sin + ··· sin [0 < x < k] π k 3 k 5 k � � 2k 2π x 1 3π x πx 1 x= − sin + sin − · · · sin [−k < x < k] π k f2(x) = 4k �3 1 sinknπ x � � π n L k 4k 1 n=1,3,5... 1 πx 3π x 5π x x = − 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + ··· [0 < x < k] 2 π k 3 k 5 k �� 2 � � 2 � π π 4 2π x 4 2k2 πx π2 3π x x2 = 3 − − sin + − 3 sin sin π 1 1 k 2 k 3 3 k � 2 � � π2 5π x π 4π x 4 − [0 < x < k] sin + − ∞ 3 sin� + ··· � 4 k 5 � 5 (−1)n k nπc f (x) = π2 cos L − 1 sin nπLx � � n 4k2 1n=1 2π x 1 1 k2 πx 3π x 4π x x2 = − 2 cos − 2 cos + 2 cos − 2 cos + ··· 3 π k 2 k 3 k 4 k [−k < x < k]

1 1 1 π +n nπ −c + ··· = nπ x sin cos 3(−1) 5 7 4 n L L n=1 1 1 1 π2 1 − 2 + 2 + 2 + ··· = 2 3 4 6 1 1 1 π2 1 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ··· = 2 3 4 12 1∞ 1 1 π2 1 + �+ 2 nπ−sin(212 nπc/L) + ··· = x 5 2 71 nπc/L sin nπ 8L f (x) = L232 sin 2 n=1 1 1 1 1 π2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ··· = 22 4 6 8 24 1− ∞ �

c+2 f (x)= L π

FOURIER EXPANSIONS FOR BASIC PERIODIC FUNCTIONS A-59 f (x) =

4 π

f (x) =

2 π

c+2 f (x)= L π

f (x) =

�

n=1,3,5...

∞ �

n=1

(−1) n n

1 n

sin nπLx

�

� cos nπc − 1 sin nπLx L

∞ � (−1) n sin nπLc cos nπLx n

n=1

2 L

∞ �

n=1

sin

1 nπ sin( 2 nπc/L) 1 nπc/L 2 2

sin nπLx

A-59

Fourier Expansions for Basic Periodic Functions

A-60

∞ �

f (x) =

2 π

f (x) =

1 2

f (x) =

8 π2

f (x) =

1 2

(−1) n+1 n

n=1

−

4 π2

�

n=1,3,5,...

�

1 π

∞ �

n=1

1 n

2 π

f (x) =

1 2

f (x) =

2 π

f (x) π4

∞ �

n=1

∞ �

n=1

−

n=1

1 n

(−1) n−1 n

4 π 2 (1−2a)

∞ �

(−1) n n

cos

�

nπ x L

nπ x L

sin

sin nπLx

f (x) = 12 (1 + a) +

f (x) =

1 n2

(−1) (n−1)/2 n2

n=1,3,5,...

−

sin nπLx

2 π 2 (1−a)

�

1+

�

1 [(−1) n n2

n=1

sin nπa nπ(1−a)

n=1,3,5,...

1+

∞ �

1 n2

�

cos nπa − 1] cos nπLx ; � � c a = 2L

� sin nπLx ; a =

c 2L

�

� cos nπa cos nπLx ; a =

1+(−1) n nπ(1−2a)

c 2L

� � sin nπa sin nπLx ; a =

� sin nπ sin nπa sin nπLx ; a = 4

c 2L

�

�

c 2L

�

∞ �

f (x) =

9 π2

f (x) =

32 3π 2

f (x) =

1 π

1 n2

n=1

∞ �

n=1

+

1 2

� sin nπ sin nπLx ; a = 3

c 2L

� sin nπ sin nπLx ; a = 4

1 n2

sin ωt −

2 π

�

n=2,4,6,...

1 n2 −1

�

c 2L

�

cos nωt

Extracted from graphs and formulas, pages 372, 373, Differential Equations in Engineering Problems, Salvadori and Schwarz, published by Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1954.

THE FOURIER TRANSFORMS For a piecewise continuous function F (x) over a finite interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π; the finite Fourier cosine transform of F (x) is fc (n) =

�

π

F (x) cos nx dx (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)

0

If x ranges over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ L, the substitution x� = π x/L allows the use of this definition, also. The inverse transform is written. x 1 2� F (x) = fc (0) − fc (n) cos nx (0 < x < π ) π π n=1 where F (x) =

F (x+�)+F (x−�) . 2

We observe that F (x+) = F (x−) = F (x) at points of continuity. The formula fc(2) (n) =

�

π

F �� (x) cos nx dx

(1)

0

= −n2 fc (n) − F � (0) + (−1) n F � (π) makes the finite Fourier cosine transform useful in certain boundary value problems. Analogously, the finite Fourier sine transform of F (x) is � π F (x) sin nx dx (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) fs (n) = 0

and

F (x) = Corresponding to (1) we have fs(2) (n)

= =

∞ 2� fs (n) sin nx (0 < x < π ) π n=1

�

π

F �� (x) sin nx dx

−n2 fs (n) − n F (0) − n(−1) n F (π)

If F (x) is defined for x ≤ 0 and is piecewise continuous over any finite interval, and if fc (α) =

(2)

0

�

2 π

�

x

�x 0

F (x) dx is absolutely convergent, then

F (x) cos(αx) dx 0

A-61

Extracted from graphs and formulas, pages 372, 373, Differential Equations in Engineering Problems, Salvadori and Schwarz, published by Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1954. f (x) =

∞ �

9 π2

1 n2

� sin nπ sin nπLx ; a = 3

c 2L

�

THE FOURIER TRANSFORMS n=1

For a piecewise continuous function F (x) over a finite interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π; the finite Fourier cosine transform of F (x) is � π ∞ � � � 32 c 2, . . .) 1 cosnπ (n) = F (x) dxnπLx(n 0, 2L 1, ff(x) = sin 4nxsin ; = a= c 3π 2 n2 0 n=1

If x ranges over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ L, the substitution x� = π x/L allows the use of this definition, also. The inverse transform is written. x 1 2� F (x) = 1fc (0)1 − f (n)� cos nx1 (0 < x < π ) f (x) =π π + 2 sinπωt − π2 c cos nωt n2 −1 n=1 n=2,4,6,...

where F (x) =

F (x+�)+F (x−�) . 2

We observe that F (x+) = F (x−) = F (x) at points of continuity. The formula

� π F �� (x) cos nx dx fc(2) (n) = Extracted from graphs and formulas, pages 372, 373, 0Differential Equations in Engineering Problems, Salvadori and Schwarz, (1) published by Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1954. = −n2 fc (n) − F � (0) + (−1) n F � (π) makes the finite Fourier cosine transform useful in certain boundary value problems. Analogously, the finite Fourier sine transform THE FOURIER TRANSFORMS of F (x) is � π F (x) sin nx dx (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) fs (n) = 0

For a piecewise continuous function F (x) over a finite interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π; the finite Fourier cosine transform of F (x) is and ∞ � π2 � F (x) = fs (n) sin nx (0 < x < π ) fc (n) = πF (x) cos nx dx (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .) 0

n=1

Corresponding we have If x ranges overto the(1) interval 0 ≤ x ≤ L, the substitution x� = π x/L allows the use of this definition, also. The inverse transform is � π written. ��x (x) sin nx dx (2) fs(2) (n)1 = 2F� F (x) = fc (0) −0 fc (n) cos nx (0 < x < π ) π π (n) − n F (0) − n(−1) n F (π) = −n2 fsn=1 F (x+�)+F (x−�) . We observe that F (x+) = F (x−) = F (x) at points of continuity. where F (x) = � x The formula 2 If F (x) is defined for x ≤ 0 and is piecewise continuous over any finite interval, and if 0 F (x) dx is absolutely convergent, then � π �F �� (x) � cos nx dx fc(2) (n) = 2 x (1) 0 F (x) cos(αx) dx fc (α) = = −n2 fcπ(n) 0− F � (0) + (−1) n F � (π) A-61 makes the finite Fourier cosine transform useful in certain boundary value problems. Analogously, the finite Fourier sine transform of F (x) is � π F (x) sin nx dx (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) fs (n) = 0

and

F (x) = Corresponding to (1) we have fs(2) (n)

= =

∞ 2� fs (n) sin nx (0 < x < π ) π n=1

�

π

F �� (x) sin nx dx

−n2 fs (n) − n F (0) − n(−1) n F (π)

If F (x) is defined for x ≤ 0 and is piecewise continuous over any finite interval, and if fc (α) =

(2)

0

�

2 π

�

x

�x 0

F (x) dx is absolutely convergent, then

F (x) cos(αx) dx 0

A-61

The Fourier Transforms

A-62 is the Fourier cosine transform of F (x). Furthermore, F (x) =

�

2 π

�

x

fc (α) cos(αx) dα.

0

If limx→∞ dn F /dxn = 0, then an important property of the Fourier cosine transform is fc(2r ) (α)

=

�

2 π

�

x 0

�

d2r F dx2r

�

�

cos(αx) dx = −

r −1 2� (−1) n a2r −2n−1 α 2n + (−1)r α 2r fc (α) π n=0

where limx→∞ dr F /dxr = ar, makes it useful in the solution of many problems. Under the same conditions. � � x 2 fs (α) = F (x) sin(αx) dx π 0 defines the Fourier sine transform of F (x), and

F (x) =

�

2 π

�

x

fs (α) sin(αx) dα

0

Corresponding to (3) we have fs(2r ) (α)

=

�

2 π

�

∞ 0

� r d2r F 2� sin(αx) dx = − (−1) n α 2n−1 a2r −2n + (−1)r −1 α 2r fs (α) dx2r π n=1

Similarly, if F (x) is defined for −∞ < x < ∞, and if ∫∞ −∞ F (x) dx is absolutely convergent, then � ∞ 1 F (x)eiax dx f (α) = √ 2π −∞ is the Fourier transform of F (x), and

Also, if

then

1 F (x) = √ 2π � n � �d F � �=0 lim � |x|→∞ � dxn �

1 f (r ) (α) = √ 2π

�

∞

−∞

�

∞

f (α)e−iax dα

−∞

(n = 1, 2, . . . , r − 1)

F (r ) (x)eiαx dx = (−iα)r f (α)

(3)

The Fourier Transforms

A-63 Finite Sine Transforms �π

1. fs (n) = 2. (−1)

14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19.

fs (n)

F (x) F (x) F (π − x)

3.

1 n

π−x π

4.

(−1) n+1 n

x π

5.

1−(−1) n n

6.

2 n2

1 ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨x

7.

(−1) n+1 n3

8.

1−(−1) n n3

9.

π 2 (−1) n−1 n

sin

nπ 2

10. π(−1) n

13.

0

n+1

fs (n) F (x) sin nx dx (n = 1, 2, . . .)

11.

n [1 n2 +c2

12.

n n2 +c2

n

n2 −k2

⎧ ⎨ π2 ⎩

0

when 0 < x < π/2

⎪ ⎪ ⎩π − x when π/2 < x < π x(π 2 −x2 ) 6π x(π−x) 2

− �

6 n3

2[1−(−1) n ] n3

x2

π2 n

x3

−

�

− (−1) n ecπ ]

sinh c(π−x) sinh cπ

fs (n) (k �= 0, 1, 2, . . .) when n = m when n �= m

ecx

(m = 1, 2, . . .)

n [1 − (−1) n cos kπ ] n2 − k2 (k �= 1, 2, . . .) ⎧ n n+m ⎪ n2 −m ] 2 [1 − (−1) ⎨ when n �= m = 1, 2, . . . ⎪ ⎩ 0 when n = m n (k = � 0, 1, 2, . . .) (n2 −k2 ) 2 bn ≤ 1) (|b| n 1−(−1) n n b (|b| ≤ 1) n

F (x) sin k(π−x) sin kπ

sin mx cos kx

cos mx k(π−x) π sin kx − x cos 2k sin kπ 2k sin2 kπ 2 b sin x arctan 1−b cos x π 2 sin x arctan 2b1−b 2 π

The Fourier Transforms

A-64 Finite Cosine Transforms 1. 2. 3.

fc (n) �π fc (n) = 0 F (x) cos nx dx (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .) (−1) n fc (n) 0 when n = 1, 2, · · · ; fc (0) = π

4.

2 n

sin nπ ; 2

F (x) F (x) F (π − x) 1 � 1 when 0 < x < π/2 −1 when π/2 < x < π

fc (0) = 0

1−(−1) n

2

5. − n2 ; fc (0) = π2 n 2 6. (−1) ; fc (0) = π6 n2 7. n12 ; fc (0) = 0 n n 4 8. 3π 2 (−1) − 6 1−(−1) ; fc (0) = π4 n2 n4 n c e π −1 9. (−1)n2 +c 2 1 10. n2 +c2 k 11. [( − 1) n cos πk − 1] 2 n − k2 (k �= 0, 1, 2, · · · ) n+m −1 12. (−1) ; f c (m) = 0 (m = 1, 2, · · · ) 2 2 n −m 1 13. � (k = � 0, 1, 2, . . .) 2 2 n −k 0

14.

π 2

x

x2 2π (π−x) 2 2π 3

π 6

−

x

1 cx e c coshc(π−x) csinhcπ

sin kx 1 m

sin mx k(π−x) − cosk sin kπ

for n = 1, 2, · · · ; n �= m for n = m

cos mx for m = 1, 2, 3, . . .

Fourier Sine Transforms

1. 2.

�

F (x)

�

1 (0 < x < a) 0 (x > a)

�

x p−1 (0 < p < 1)

3.

�

4.

e−x

5.

xe−x

sin x (0 < x < a) 0 (x > a)

6.

cos

7.

sin

x2 2

2 π

α

2 �( p) π αp

√1 2π

�

sin

2 α π 1+α 2 −α 2 /2

�

−

sin[a(1+α)] 1+α

�

αe � � 2� � 2 ��∗ √ 2 2 2 sin α2 C α2 − cos α2 S α2 � 2� � 2 ��∗ √ � 2 2 2 cos α2 C α2 + sin α2 S α2

Here C( y) and S( y) are the Fresnel integrals: 1 C( y) = √ 2π

pπ 2

sin[a(1−α)] 1−α

� �

2 /2

x2 2

fs (α) � 1−cos α �

�

y 0

1 √ cos t dt, t

1 S( y) = √ 2π

�

y 0

1 √ sin t dt t

*More extensive tables of the Fourier sine and cosine transforms can be found in Fritz Oberhettinger, Tabellen zur-Fourier Transformation, Springer, 1957. Fourier Cosine Transforms

1. 2.

�

F (x) 1 (0 < x < a) 0 (x > a) x p−1

(0 < p < 1)

� �

fc (α) 2 sin aα π α 2 �( p) π αp

3.

�

4.

e−x

5.

e−x

6.

cos

x2 2

cos

7.

sin

x2 2

cos

cos x (0 < x < a) 0 (x > a) 2 /2

√1 2π

�

cos

sin[a(1−α)] 1−α

� � e

2 1 π 1+α 2 1 −α /2

� �

pπ 2

α2 2 α2 2

− +

� π 4 π 4

� �

+

sin[a(1+α)] 1+α

�

Fourier Transforms F (x) 1.

sin ax x

0

�

f (α)

� �π

|α| < a |α| > a

2

4.

eiwx ( p < x < q) 0 (x � −cx+iwx < p, x > q) e (x > 0) (c > 0) 0 (x < 0) − px2 e R( p) > 0

5.

cos px2

√1 cos

6.

sin px2

7.

|x|− p

(0 < p < 1)

8.

−a|x| e√ |x|

√1 cos �2 p

9.

cosh ax cosh π x sinh ax sinh π x �

(−π < a < π)

�

2. 3.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

√

i p(w+α) −eiq(w+α) √i e (w+α) 2π

i √ 2π(w+α+ic)

√1 e−α

2 /4 p

2p 2p

� �

α2 4p α2 4p

−

π 4

+

π 4

pπ 2 �(1− p) sin 2 π |α|(1− p) �√ (a 2 +α 2 )+a

�

√

a 2 +α 2 a α 2 cos 2 cosh 2 π cosh α+cos a sin a √1 2π cosh α+cos a

(−π < a < π) (|x| < a) 2 2 1

a −x

�

0 (|x| > a) √ sin[b a 2 +x2 ] √ 2 2 � a +x pn (x) (|x| < 1) ⎧ 0 √ (|x| > 1) 2 2 ⎨ cos[b √ a −x ] (|x| < a) 2 2 a −x ⎩ 0 (|x| > a) ⎧ √ ⎨ cosh[b a 2 −x2 ] √ (|x| < a) a 2 −x2 ⎩ 0 (|x| > a)

�π

2

�

J 0 (aα)

�π

2

in √ α

0 √ J 0 (a b2 − α 2 )

(|α| > b) (|α| < b)

J n+ 1 (α) 2

�π

2

�π

2

√ J 0 (a a 2 + b2 ) √ J 0 (a α 2 − b2 )

*More extensive tables of Fourier transforms can be found in W. Magnus and F . Oberhettinger, Formulas and Theorems of the Special Functions of Mathematical Physics. Chelsea, 1949, 116–120.

SERIES EXPANSION

The expression in parentheses following certain of the series indicates the region of convergence. If not otherwise indicated it is to be understood that the series converges for all finite values of x. Binomial Series (x + y) n

=

(1 ± x) n

=

(1 ± x) −n

=

(1 ± x) −1

=

(1 ± x) −2

=

n(n − 1) n−2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 3 x y + x y + · · · ( y2 < x2 ) 2! 3! n(n − 1)x2 n(n − 1)(n − 2)x3 1 ± nx + ± + · · · (x2 < 1) 2! 3! n(n + 1)(n + 2)x3 n(n + 1)x2 ∓ + · · · (x2 < 1) 1 ∓ nx + 2! 3! 1 ∓ x + x2 ∓ x3 + x4 ∓ x5 + · · · (x2 < 1) xn + nxn−1 y +

1 ∓ 2x + 3x2 ∓ 4x3 + 5x4 ∓ 6x5 + · · ·

(x2 < 1)

Reversion of Series Let a series be represented by y = a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4 + a5 x5 + a6 x6 + · · · with a1 �= 0. The coefficients of the series

x = A1 y + A2 y2 + A3 y3 + A4 y4 + · · · A-65

15.

⎨ ⎩

a 2 −x2 ]

cosh[b

√

a 2 −x2

0

(|x| < a) (|x| > a)

�π

2

√ J 0 (a α 2 − b2 )

*More extensive tables of Fourier transforms can be found in W. Magnus and F . Oberhettinger, Formulas and Theorems of the Special Functions of Mathematical Physics. Chelsea, 1949, 116–120. Fourier Transforms F (x) SERIES EXPANSION f (α) � �π |α| < a The expression in parentheses following certain of the series indicates the region of convergence. If not otherwise indicated it is to sin ax 2 1. x |α| > a 0 be understood that the series�converges for all finite values of x. i p(w+α) −eiq(w+α) eiwx ( p < x < q) √i e 2. (w+α) 2π 0 (x < p, x > q) � −cx+iwx Binomial Series e (x > 0) i √ (c > 0) 3. 2π(w+α+ic) n(n − 1) n−2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 3 0 n (x < n n−10) x y + 1 −α2 /4 p x y + · · · ( y2 < x2 ) (x + y)− px2 = x + nx y + √ e 3! 4. e R( p) > 0 2! 2p � n(n − 1)x2 n(n − 1)(n1− 2)x3� α2 n √ cos 4+p ·−· · π4(x2 < 1) (1 ± x) =2 1 ± nx + ± 5. cos px 2! 3! 2 p � 2 � 2 2 √1+ 2)x n(n + 1)(n n(n + 1)x 6. sin px cos 3 4α p + π4 2 −n 2 p (1 ± x) ∓ + · · · (x < 1) = 1 ∓ nx + � pπ 2! 3! −p 2 �(1− p) sin 2 |x| 7. (0 < p < 1)2 −1 3 4 5 2 (1− π <|α|1) p) (1 ± x) = 1 ∓ x + x ∓ x + x ∓ x + · · · �(x √ −a|x| (a 2 +α 2 )+a 2 3 4 5 e√ = 1 ∓ 2x + 3x ∓ 4x + 5x ∓ 6x + ·√· · 2 2 (x2 < 1) (1 8.± x) −2 |x| � a +α a α cosh ax 2 cos 2 cosh 2 9. (−π < a < π) cosh π x π cosh α+cos a sinh ax sin a √1 10. sinh (−π < a < π) Reversion of Series 2π cosh α+cos a � πx 1 Let a series be represented by √ 2 2 (|x| < a) �π a −x 11. J (aα) 2 0 2 3 4 0 x +a)a2 x + a3 x + a4 x � + a5 x5 + a6 x6 + · · · y (|x| = a1> √ 0 sin[b a 2 +x2 ] √ �π √the series 12. with a1 �= 0. The coefficients of 2 2 J (a b2 − α 2 ) 2 0 � a +x pn (x) (|x| < 1) i n A y4 + · · · x = A1 y + A2 y2 + A3 y3 √+ J 4 (α) 13. α n+ 12 0 (|x| > 1) ⎧ √ 2 2 ⎨ cos[b √ �π √ a −x ] (|x| < a) 14. J (a a 2 + b2 ) a 2 −x2 2 0 ⎩ 0 (|x| > a) ⎧ √ ⎨ cosh[b a 2 −x2 ] √ �π √ (|x| < a) 15. J (a α 2 − b2 ) a 2 −x2 2 0 ⎩ 0 (|x| > a)

(|α| > b) (|α| < b)

A-65

*More extensive tables of Fourier transforms can be found in W. Magnus and F . Oberhettinger, Formulas and Theorems of the Special Functions of Mathematical Physics. Chelsea, 1949, 116–120.

SERIES EXPANSION

The expression in parentheses following certain of the series indicates the region of convergence. If not otherwise indicated it is to be understood that the series converges for all finite values of x. Binomial Series (x + y) n

=

(1 ± x) n

=

(1 ± x) −n

=

(1 ± x) −1

=

(1 ± x) −2

=

n(n − 1) n−2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 3 x y + x y + · · · ( y2 < x2 ) 2! 3! n(n − 1)x2 n(n − 1)(n − 2)x3 1 ± nx + ± + · · · (x2 < 1) 2! 3! n(n + 1)(n + 2)x3 n(n + 1)x2 ∓ + · · · (x2 < 1) 1 ∓ nx + 2! 3! 1 ∓ x + x2 ∓ x3 + x4 ∓ x5 + · · · (x2 < 1) xn + nxn−1 y +

1 ∓ 2x + 3x2 ∓ 4x3 + 5x4 ∓ 6x5 + · · ·

(x2 < 1)

Reversion of Series Let a series be represented by y = a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4 + a5 x5 + a6 x6 + · · · with a1 �= 0. The coefficients of the series

x = A1 y + A2 y2 + A3 y3 + A4 y4 + · · · A-65

Series Expansion

A-66 are 1 a1

A1 =

A2 = − A4 =

A5

=

A6

=

A7

=

a2 a13

A3 =

1 (2a22 − a1 a3 ) a15

1 (5a1 a2 a3 − a12 a4 − 5a23 ) a17

1 (6a12 a2 a4 + 3a12 a32 + 14a24 − a13 a5 − 21a1 a22 a3 ) a19 1 (7a13 a2 a5 + 7a13 a3 a4 + 84a1 a23 a3 − a14 a6 − 28a12 a22 a4 − 28a12 a2 a33 − 42a25 ) a111 1 (8a14 a2 a6 + 8a14 a3 a5 + 4a14 a42 + 120a12 a23 a4 + 180a12 a22 a32 + 132a26 − a15 a7 a113 −36a13 a22 a5 − 72a13 a2 a3 a4 − 12a13 a33 − 330a1 a24 a3 ) Taylor Series

1. f (x) = f (a) + (x − a) f � (a) +

(x − a) 2 �� (x − a) 3 ��� f (a) + f (a) 2! 3!

(x − a) n (n) f (a) + · · · n! (Increment form)

(Taylor Series)

+ ··· +

h2 �� f (x) + 2! x2 �� = f (h) + xf � (h) + f (h) + 2!

2. f (x + h) = f (x) + hf � (x) +

h3 ��� f (x) + · · · 3! x3 ��� f (h) + · · · 3!

3. If f (x) is a function possessing derivatives of all orders throughout the interval a ≤ x ≤ b, then there is a value X, with a < X < b, such that f (b) = f (a) + (b − a) f � (a) +

(b − a) 2 �� (b − a) n−1 (n−1) (b − a) n (n) (a) + f (a) + · · · + f f ( X) 2! (n − 1)! n!

f (a + h) = f (a) + hf � (a) + where b = a + h and 0 < θ < 1. Or

h2 �� hn−1 hn (n) f (a) + · · · + f (n−1) (a) + f (a + θ h) 2! (n − 1)! n!

f (x) = f (a) + (x − a) f � (a) + where Rn =

(x − a) 2 �� f (n−1) (a) f (a) + · · · + (x − a) n−1 + Rn , 2! (n − 1)!

f (n) [a + θ · (x − a)] (x − a) n , 0 < θ < 1. n!

The above forms are known as Taylor series with the remainder term. 4. Taylor series for a function of two variables � � ∂ ∂ f (x, y) ∂ ∂ f (x, y) If h f (x, y) = h +k +k ; ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y � � ∂ 2 f (x, y) ∂ 2 f (x, y) ∂ 2 ∂ ∂ 2 f (x, y) +k + k2 h f (x, y) = h2 + 2hk 2 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂ x∂ y ∂ y2 � y=b � �n � etc., and if h ∂∂x + k ∂∂y f (x, y) � where the bar and subscripts mean that after differentiation we are to replace x by a and y by b, then

x=a

f (a + h, b + k) = f (a, b) +

�

h

∂ ∂ +k ∂x ∂y

�

� y=b � y=b � � � � ∂ n 1 ∂ +k f (x, y) �� + ··· + h f (x, y) �� + ··· n! ∂x ∂y x=a x=a

Series Expansion

A-67 Maclaurin Series x2 �� x3 ��� f (n−1) (0) f (0) + f (0) + · · · + xn−1 + Rn , f (x) = f (0) + xf � (0) + 2! 3! (n − 1)!

where

xn f (n) (θ x) , n!

Rn =

0 < θ < 1.

Exponential Series 1 1 1 1 + + + + ··· 1! 2! 3! 4! x2 x3 x4 ex = 1 + x + + + + ··· 2! 3! 4! (x loge a) 2 (x loge a) 3 a x = 1 + x loge a + + + ··· 2! 3! � � 2 3 (x − a) (x − a) x a e = e 1 + (x − a) + + + ··· 2! 3! e =1+

loge x loge x

= =

loge x

=

loge (1 + x) loge (n + 1) − loge (n − 1)

= =

loge (a + x)

=

1+x 1−x

=

loge

loge x

=

Logarithmic Series � �2 1 � x−1 �3 x−1 + 12 x−1 +3 x + ··· x x (x�− 1) − 12 (x − 1) 2 + 13 (x − 1) 3 − �· · · � �3 1 � x−1 �5 2 x−1 + 13 x−1 + 5 x+1 + · · · x+1 x+1

(x > 12 ) (2 ≥ x > 0) (x > 0)

x �− 12 x2 + 13 x3 − 14 x4 + (−1 < x ≤ 1) � ··· 2 1n + 3n13 �+ 5n15 + · · · � x �3 x loge a + 2 2a+x + 13 2a+x � � x �5 + 15 2a+x + ··· (a > 0, −a < x < +∞) � � x3 x5 x2n−1 2 x + 3 + 5 + · · · + 2n−1 + · · · −1 < x < 1 loge a +

(x−a) a

−

(x−a) 2 2a 2

+

(x−a) 3 3a 3

− +···

0 < x ≤ 2a

Trigonometric Series sin x cos x

=

x3 3! x2 2! x3 3

x−

5 7 + x5! − x7! + · · · (all real values of x) 4 6 + x4! − x6! + · · · (all real values of x) n−1 2n (22n −1) B 5 7 62x9 2n 2n−1 + 2x + 17x + 2835 + · · · + (−1) 2(2n)! x + ··· , 315 �15 � 2 π 2 th x < 4 and Bn represents the n Bernoulli number n+1 2n 5 7 x x3 − 45 − 2x − x − · · · − (−1)(2n)!2 B2n x2n−1 − · · · , 3 � 2 945 2 4725 � x <π and Bn represents the nth Bernoulli number

tan x

=

=

1−

cot x

=

1 x

sec x

=

1+

x2 2

csc x

=

1 x

x 6

x+ −

+

+

n+1

� �� �� � 2 2 2 x 1 − πx 2 1 − 22xπ 2 1 − 32xπ 2 · · · � �� �� � 2 4x2 4x2 1 − 4x 1 − 1 − ··· 2 2 2 2 2 π 3 π 5 π

=

[2 pt] cos x

=

[2 pt] sin−1 x

=

[2 pt] cos−1 x

=

π 2

[2 pt] tan−1 x

=

x−

=

− π2

=

π 2

[2 pt] tan

−1

[2 pt] cot

−1

x x

=

x+

π 2

2n−1

2(2 −1) 7 31 127 + 360 x3 + 15,120 x5 + 604,800 x7 + · · · + (−1) (2n)! B2n x2n−1 + · · · , � 2 � x < π 2 and Bn represents the nth Bernoulli number

sin x

[2 pt] tan−1 x

n

5 4 61 6 277 8 x + 720 x + 8064 x + · · · + (−1) E x2n + · · · , (2n)! 2n �24 � π2 2 th x < 4 and En represents the n Euler number

x3 2·3

�

+

1·3 5 x 2·4·5

− x+ −

x3 3 1 x

−

+

+ 1 x

−x+

x3 2·3

x5 5 1 3x3

+

x3 3

+

+

1·3·5 7 x 2·4·6·7

1·3 5 x 2·4·5

+

+ ···

1·3·5x7 2·4·6·7

� + ···

x7 + ··· 7 1 − 5x5 + 7x17 − · · · 1 − 5x15 + 7x17 − · · · 3x3

−

−

x5 5

+

x7 7

− ···

(x2 < ∞)

�

x2 < 1, − π2

(x2 < ∞) � < sin−1 x < π2

(x2 < 1, 0 < cos−1 x < π ) (x2 < 1) (x > 1)

(x < −1) (x2 < 1)

loge sin x loge cos x loge tan x esin x ecos x etan x sin x

=

= =

= = =

=

loge x − −

x2 2

−

x2 6

x4

12

−

−

loge x +

x2 3 x2 2!

1+x+

x2 2!

x4 180

x6

45

−

x6 2835 8 17x − 2520

−

− ···

···

7x4 62x6 + 2835 + ··· 90 4 6 7 3x 8x5 1 �+ x + − 4! − 5! − 3x + 56x 6!� 7! 2 4 6 e 1 − x2! + 4x − 31x + ··· 4! 6!

+

+

3x3 3!

+

9x4 4!

37x5 + ··· 5! (x−a) 2 sin a 2!

+

sin a + (x − a) cos a − 3 4 cos a + (x−a) sin a + · · · − (x−a) 3! 4!

+ ···

2 2 �(x < π2 �) x2 < π4 � � 2 x2 < π4

�

x2 <

π2 4

�

VECTOR ANALYSIS Definitions Any quantity that is completely determined by its magnitude is called a scalar. Examples of such are mass, density, temperature, etc. Any quantity that is completely determined by its magnitude and direction is called a vector. Examples of such are velocity, acceleration, force, etc. A vector quantity is represented by a directed line segment, the length of which represents the magnitude of the vector. A vector quantity is usually represented by a boldfaced letter such as V. Two vectors V1 and V2 are equal to one another if they have equal magnitudes and are acting in the same directions. A negative vector, written as −V, is one that acts in the opposite direction to V, but is of equal magnitude to it. If we represent the magnitude of V by v, we write |V| = v. A vector parallel to V, but equal to the reciprocal of its magnitude is written as V−1 or as 1/V. The unit vector V/v (when v �= 0) is that vector which has the same direction as V, but has a magnitude of unity (sometimes represented as V0 or vˆ ). Vector Algebra The vector sum of V1 and V2 is represented by V1 +V2 . The vector sum of V1 and −V2 , or the difference of the vector V2 from V1 is represented by V1 − V2 . If r is a scalar, then r V=Vr , and represents a vector r times the magnitude of V, in the same direction as V if r is positive, and in the opposite direction if r is negative. If r and s are scalars, V1 , V2 , V3 , vectors, then the following rules of scalars and vectors hold: V1 + V2 = V2 + V1 (r + s)V1 = r V1 + sV1 ; r (V1 + V2 ) = r V1 + r V2 V1 + (V2 + V3 ) = (V1 + V2 ) + V3 = V1 + V2 + V3 Vectors in Space A plane is described by two distinct vectors V1 and V2 . Should these vectors not intersect each other, then one is displaced parallel to itself until they do (Figure 1). Any other vector V lying in this plane is given by V = r V1 + sV2 A position vector specifies the position in space of a point relative to a fixed origin. If therefore V1 and V2 are the position vectors of the points A and B, relative to the origin O, then any point P on the line AB has a position vector V given by V = r V1 + (1 − r )V2 The scalar “r ” can be taken as the metric representation of P since r = 0 implies P = B and r = 1 implies P = A (Figure 2). If P divides the line AB in the ratio r :s then � � � � r s V1 + V2 V= r +s r +s

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

The vectors V1 , V2 , V3 ,. . . ,Vn are said to be linearly dependent if there exist scalars r1 , r2 , r3 ,. . . ,rn , not all zero, such that r1 V1 + r2 V2 + · · · + rn Vn = 0 A-68

loge sin x loge cos x loge tan x esin x ecos x etan x sin x

=

= =

= = =

=

loge x − −

x2 2

−

x2 6

x4

12

−

−

loge x +

x2 3 x2 2!

1+x+

x2 2!

x4 180

x6

45

−

x6 2835 8 17x − 2520

−

− ···

···

7x4 62x6 + 2835 + ··· 90 4 6 7 3x 8x5 1 �+ x + − 4! − 5! − 3x + 56x 6!� 7! 2 4 6 e 1 − x2! + 4x − 31x + ··· 4! 6!

+

+

3x3 3!

+

9x4 4!

37x5 + ··· 5! (x−a) 2 sin a 2!

+

sin a + (x − a) cos a − 3 4 cos a + (x−a) sin a + · · · − (x−a) 3! 4!

+ ···

2 2 �(x < π2 �) x2 < π4 � � 2 x2 < π4

�

x2 <

π2 4

�

VECTOR ANALYSIS Definitions Any quantity that is completely determined by its magnitude is called a scalar. Examples of such are mass, density, temperature, etc. Any quantity that is completely determined by its magnitude and direction is called a vector. Examples of such are velocity, acceleration, force, etc. A vector quantity is represented by a directed line segment, the length of which represents the magnitude of the vector. A vector quantity is usually represented by a boldfaced letter such as V. Two vectors V1 and V2 are equal to one another if they have equal magnitudes and are acting in the same directions. A negative vector, written as −V, is one that acts in the opposite direction to V, but is of equal magnitude to it. If we represent the magnitude of V by v, we write |V| = v. A vector parallel to V, but equal to the reciprocal of its magnitude is written as V−1 or as 1/V. The unit vector V/v (when v �= 0) is that vector which has the same direction as V, but has a magnitude of unity (sometimes represented as V0 or vˆ ). Vector Algebra The vector sum of V1 and V2 is represented by V1 +V2 . The vector sum of V1 and −V2 , or the difference of the vector V2 from V1 is represented by V1 − V2 . If r is a scalar, then r V=Vr , and represents a vector r times the magnitude of V, in the same direction as V if r is positive, and in the opposite direction if r is negative. If r and s are scalars, V1 , V2 , V3 , vectors, then the following rules of scalars and vectors hold: V1 + V2 = V2 + V1 (r + s)V1 = r V1 + sV1 ; r (V1 + V2 ) = r V1 + r V2 V1 + (V2 + V3 ) = (V1 + V2 ) + V3 = V1 + V2 + V3 Vectors in Space A plane is described by two distinct vectors V1 and V2 . Should these vectors not intersect each other, then one is displaced parallel to itself until they do (Figure 1). Any other vector V lying in this plane is given by V = r V1 + sV2 A position vector specifies the position in space of a point relative to a fixed origin. If therefore V1 and V2 are the position vectors of the points A and B, relative to the origin O, then any point P on the line AB has a position vector V given by V = r V1 + (1 − r )V2 The scalar “r ” can be taken as the metric representation of P since r = 0 implies P = B and r = 1 implies P = A (Figure 2). If P divides the line AB in the ratio r :s then � � � � r s V1 + V2 V= r +s r +s

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

The vectors V1 , V2 , V3 ,. . . ,Vn are said to be linearly dependent if there exist scalars r1 , r2 , r3 ,. . . ,rn , not all zero, such that r1 V1 + r2 V2 + · · · + rn Vn = 0 A-68

Vector Analysis

A-69

A vector V is linearly dependent upon the set of vectors V1 , V2 , V3 ,. . . ,Vn if V = r1 V1 + r2 V2 + r3 V3 + · · · + rn Vn

Three vectors are linearly dependent if and only if they are co-planar. All points in space can be uniquely determined by linear dependence upon three base vectors, i.e., three vectors any one of which is linearly independent of the other two. The simplest set of base vectors is the unit vectors along the coordinate Ox, Oy and Oz axes. These are usually designated by i, j and k, respectively. If V is a vector in space, and a, b and c are the respective magnitudes of the projections of the vector along the axes then V = ai + bj + ck

and

v=

and the direction cosines of V are

The law of addition yields

cos α = a/v,

�

a 2 + b2 + c2

cos β = b/v,

cos γ = c/v.

V1 + V2 = (a1 + a2 )i + (b1 + b2 )j + (c1 + c2 )k The Scalar, Dot, or Inner Product of Two Vectors This product is represented as V1 · V2 and is defined to be equal to v1 v2 cos θ, where θ is the angle from V1 to V2 , i.e., V1 · V2 = v1 v2 cos θ

The following rules apply for this product:

V1 · V2 = a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = V2 · V1

It should be noted that this verifies that scalar multiplication is commutative.

(V1 + V2 ) · V3 = V1 · V3 + V2 · V3 V1 · (V2 + V3 ) = V1 · V2 + V1 · V3

If V1 is perpendicular to V2 then V1 · V2 = 0, and if V1 is parallel to V2 , then V1 · V2 = v1 v2 = r w12 . In particular i · i = j · j = k · k = 1,

and

i·j=j·k=k·i=0 The Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors This product is represented as V1 × V2 and is defined to be equal to v1 v2 (sin θ)1, where θ is the angle from V1 to V2 and 1 is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of V1 and V2 and so directed that a right-handed screw driven in the direction of 1 would carry V1 into V2 , i.e., |V1 × V2 | V1 · V2 The following rules apply for vector products:

V1 × V2 = v1 v2 (sin θ)1

and tan θ =

V1 × V2

V1 × (V2 + V3 ) (V1 + V2 ) × V3

V1 × (V2 × V3 ) i × j = k,

j × k = i,

i×i

k×i

=

=

=

=

= =

−V2 × V1

V1 × V2 + V1 × V3 V1 × V 3 + V 2 × V 3

V2 (V3 · V1 ) − V3 (V1 · V2 )

j×j=k×k=0

(the zero vector)

j

If V1 = a1 i + b1 j + c1 k, V2 = a2 i + b2 j + c2 k, and V3 = a3 i + b3 j + c3 k, then � � � i j k �� � V1 × V2 = �� a1 b1 c1 �� = (b1 c2 − b2 c1 )i + (c1 a2 − c2 a1 )j + (a1 b2 − a2 b1 )k � a2 b2 c2 �

It should be noted that, since V1 × V2 = −V2 × V1 , the vector product is not commutative.

Vector Analysis

A-70

Scalar Triple Product There is only one possible interpretation of the expression V1 · V2 × V3 and that is V1 · (V2 × V3 ) which is obviously a scalar. Further V1 · (V2 × V3 ) = (V1 × V2 ) · V3 = V2 · (V3 × V1 ) � � �a1 b1 c1 � � � = ��a2 b2 c2 �� �a3 b3 c3 � = r1 r2 r3 cos φ sin θ,

Where θ is the angle between V2 and V3 and φ is the angle between V1 and the normal to the plane of V2 and V3 . This product is called the scalar triple product and is written as [V1 V2 V3 ]. The determinant indicates that it can be considered as the volume of the parallelepiped whose three determining edges are V1 , V2 and V3 . It also follows that cyclic permutation of the subscripts does not change the value of the scalar triple product so that but

[V1 V2 V3 ] = [V2 V3 V1 ] = [V3 V1 V2 ]

[V1 V2 V3 ] = −[V2 V1 V3 ]

etc.

[V1 V1 V2 ] ≡ 0

and

etc.

Given three non-coplanar reference vectors V1 , V2 and V3 , the reciprocal system is given by V∗1 , V∗2 and V∗3 , where 1 = v1 v1∗ = v2 v2∗ = v3 v3∗

0 = v1 v2∗ = v1 v3∗ = v2 v1∗ etc. V2 × V3 V3 × V1 V∗1 = , V∗2 = , [V1 V2 V3 ] [V1 V2 V3 ]

V∗3 =

V1 × V2 [V1 V2 V3 ]

The system i, j, k is its own reciprocal. Vector Triple Product The product V1 × (V2 × V3 ) defines the vector triple product. Obviously, in this case, the brackets are vital to the definition. V1 × (V2 × V3 ) = (V1 · V3 )V2 − (V1 · V2 )V3 � � i j � � b a 1 1 � � � = �� �� � � � � � b2 c2 � � c2 a2 � � � b3 c3 � � c3 a3 �

� � a2 � � a3

k c1

� b2 �� b3 �

i.e., it is a vector, perpendicular to V1 , lying in the plane of V2 , V3 . Similarly � � i j k � � � � � � � � b1 c1 � � c1 a1 � � a1 b1 � � � � (V1 × V2 ) × V3 = �� �� � � c2 a2 � � a2 b2 � b2 c2 � a3 b3 c3 V1 × (V2 × V3 ) + V2 × (V3 × V1 ) + V3 × (V1 × V2 ) ≡ 0

� � � �

� � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � �

If V1 × (V2 × V3 ) = (V1 × V2 ) × V3 , then V1 , V2 , V3 form an orthogonal set. Thus i, j, k form an orthogonal set. Geometry of the Plane, Straight Line and Sphere The position vectors of the fixed points A, B, C, D relative to O are V1 , V2 , V3 , V4 and the position vector of the variable point P is V. The vector form of the equation of the straight line through A parallel to V2 is V = V1 + r V2

(V − V1 ) = r V2

or or while that of the plane through A perpendicular to V2 is The equation of the line AB is

(V − V1 ) × V2 = 0

(V − V1 ) · V2 = 0 V = r V1 + (1 − r )V2

and those of the bisectors of the angles between V1 and V2 are � � V2 V1 V=r ± v1 v2 V = r ( vˆ 1 ± vˆ 2 )

or

Vector Analysis

A-71

The perpendicular from C to the line through A parallel to V2 has as its equation V = V1 − V3 − vˆ 2 · (V1 − V3 ) vˆ 2 . The condition for the intersection of the two lines, V = V1 + r V3 and V = V2 + sV4 , is [(V1 − V2 )V3 V4 ] = 0. The common perpendicular to the above two lines is the line of intersection of the two planes [(V − V1 )V3 (V3 × V4 )] = 0

and

[(V − V2 )V4 (V3 × V4 )] = 0

and the length of this perpendicular is [(V1 − V2 )V3 V4 ] . |V3 × V4 | The equation of the line perpendicular to the plane ABC is V = V1 × V 2 + V 2 × V 3 + V 3 × V 1 and the distance of the plane from the origin is [V1 V2 V3 ] . |(V2 − V1 ) × (V3 − V1 )| In general the vector equation V · V2 = r defines the plane which is perpendicular to V2 , and the perpendicular distance from A to this plane is r − V1 · V2 v2 The distance from A, measured along a line parallel to V3 , is r − V 1 · V2 V2 · vˆ 3

or

r − V 1 · V2 v2 cos θ

where θ is the angle between V2 and V3 . (If this plane contains the point C then r = V3 · V2 and if it passes through the origin, then r = 0.) Given two planes V · V1 = r V · V2 = s then any plane through the line of intersection of these two planes is given by V · (V1 + λV2 ) = r + λs where λ is a scalar parameter. In particular λ = ±v1 /v2 yields the equation of the two planes bisecting the angle between the given planes. The plane through A parallel to the plane of V2 , V3 is or or

V = V1 + r V2 + sV3

(V − V1 ) · V2 × V3 = 0

[VV2 V3 ] − [V1 V2 V3 ] = 0

so that the expansion in rectangular Cartesian coordinates yields (where V ≡ xi + yj + zk): � � �(x − a1 ) ( y − b1 ) (z − c1 ) � � � � a2 b2 c2 �� = 0 � � a3 b3 c3 �

which is obviously the usual linear equation in x, y, and z. The plane through AB parallel to V3 is given by or

[(V − V1 )(V1 − V2 )V3 ] = 0

[VV2 V3 ] − [VV1 V3 ] − [V1 V2 V3 ] = 0

Vector Analysis

A-72 The plane through the three points A, B and C is or or or

V = V1 + s(V2 − V1 ) + t(V3 − V1 ) V = r V1 + sV2 + tV3

(r + s + t ≡ 1)

[(V − V1 )(V1 − V2 )(V2 − V3 )] = 0

[VV1 V2 ] + [VV2 V3 ] + [VV3 V1 ] − [V1 V2 V3 ] = 0

For four points A, B, C, D to be coplanar, then r V1 + sV2 + tV3 + uV4 ≡ 0 ≡ r + s + t + u The following formulas relate to a sphere when the vectors are taken to lie in three-dimensional space and to a circle when the space is two dimensional. For a circle in three dimensions, take the intersection of the sphere with a plane. The equation of a sphere with center O and radius OA is V · V = v12

(notV = V1 )

(V − V1 ) · (V + V1 ) = 0

or while that of a sphere with center B radius v1 is

(V − V2 ) · (V − V2 ) = v12

or V · (V − 2V2 ) = v12 − v22 If the above sphere passes through the origin, then V · (V − 2V2 ) = 0 Note that in two-dimensional polar coordinates this is simply r = 2a · cos θ while in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates it is

x2 + y2 + z2 − 2 (a2 x + b2 y + c2 x) = 0. The equation of a sphere having the points A and B as the extremities of a diameter is (V − V1 ) · (V − V2 ) = 0. The square of the length of the tangent from C to the sphere with center B and radius v1 is given by (V3 − V2 ) · (V3 − V2 ) = v12 The condition that the plane V · V3 = s is tangential to the sphere (V − V2 ) · (V − V2 ) = v12 is (s − V3 · V2 ) · (s − V3 · V2 ) = v12 v32 .

The equation of the tangent plane at D, on the surface of sphere (V − V2 ) · (V − V2 ) = v12 , is (V − V4 ) · (V4 − V2 ) = 0

V · V4 − V2 · (V + V4 ) = v12 − v22

or

The condition that the two circles (V − V2 ) · (V − V2 ) = v12 and (V − V4 ) · (V − V4 ) = v32 intersect orthogonally is clearly (V2 − V4 ) · (V2 − V4 ) = v12 + v32

The polar plane of D with respect to the circle (V − V2 ) · (V − V2 ) = v12 is V · V4 − V2 · (V + V4 ) = v12 − v22 Any sphere through the intersection of the two spheres (V − V2 ) · (V − V2 ) = v12 and (V − V4 ) · (V − V4 ) = v32 is given by (V − V2 ) · (V − V2 ) + λ(V − V4 ) · (V − V4 ) = v12 + λv32

while the radical plane of two such spheres is 1 V · (V2 − V4 ) = − (v12 − v22 − v32 + v42 ) 2

Vector Analysis

A-73

Differentiation of Vectors If V1 = a1 i + b1 j + c1 k, and V2 = a2 i + b2 j + c2 k, and if V1 and V2 are functions of the scalar t, then d (V1 + V2 + · · · ) dt dV1 dt d (V1 · V2 ) dt d (V1 × V2 ) dt dV V· dt

dV2 dV1 + + ··· dt dt da1 db1 dc1 = i+ j+ k, etc dt dt dt dV1 dV2 = · V2 + V1 · dt dt dV1 dV2 × V2 + V1 × = dt dt dv =v· dt =

In particular, if V is a vector of constant length, then the right-hand side of the last equation is identically zero showing that V is perpendicular to its derivative. The derivatives of the triple products are �� � � � � � � � � �� dV1 dV2 dV3 d [V1 V2 V3 ] = V2 V3 + V1 V3 + V1 V2 and dt dt dt dt � � �� � � � � �� d dV1 dV2 dV3 {V1 × (V2 × V3 )} = × (V2 × V3 ) + V1 × × V3 + V1 × V2 × dt dt dt dt Geometry of Curves in Space s = the length of arc, measured from some fixed point on the curve (Figure 3). V1 = the position vector of the point A on the curve.

V1 + δV1 = the position vector of the point P in the neighborhood of A. tˆ = the unit tangent to the curve at the point A, measured in the direction of s increasing.

The normal plane is that plane which is perpendicular to the unit tangent. The principal normal is defined as the intersection of the normal plane with the plane defined by V1 and V1 +δV1 in the limit as δV1 − 0. nˆ = the unit normal (principal) at the point A. The plane defined by tˆ and nˆ is called the osculating plane (alternatively plane of curvature or local plane). ρ = the radius of curvature at A.

δθ = the angle subtended at the origin by δV1 . κ=

1 dθ = ds ρ

bˆ = the unit binormal i.e., the unit vector which is parallel to tˆ × nˆ at the point A

λ = the torsion of the curve at A.

Figure 3. Frenet’s Formulas: dtˆ = κ nˆ ds dnˆ = −κ tˆ + λbˆ ds dbˆ = −λnˆ ds

Vector Analysis

A-74 The following formulas are also applicable: 1 Unit tangent tˆ = dV ds Equation of the tangent (V − V1 ) × tˆ = 0 or V = V1 + qtˆ 1d2 V1 Unit normal nˆ = κds 2 Equation of the normal plane (V − V1 ) · tˆ = 0 or V = V1 + r nˆ Equation of the normal (V − V1 ) × nˆ = 0 ˆ ˆ Unit binormal b = t × nˆ Equation of the binormal (V − V1 ) × bˆ = 0 or V = V1 + ubˆ 2 1 or V = V1 + w dV × ddsV21 ds ˆ = �0 � � Equation of the osculating plane [(V −� V1 ) tˆn] �� d 2 V1 1 or (V − V1 ) dV =0 ds ds 2

Differential Operators—Rectangular Coordinates dS =

∂S ∂S ∂S · dx + · dy + · dz ∂x ∂y ∂z

By definition 2

∂ ∇ ≡ del ≡ i ∂∂x + j ∂∂y + k ∂z

∇ ≡ Laplacian ≡

∂2 ∂ x2

+

∂2 ∂ y2

+

∂2 ∂z2

∂S If S is a scalar function, then ∇ S ≡ grad S ≡ dx i + ∂dyS j + ∂dzS k. Grad S defines both the direction and magnitude of the maximum rate of increase of S at any point. Hence the name gradient and also its vectorial nature. ∇ S is independent of the choice of rectangular coordinates.

Figure 4. ∇S =

∂S nˆ ∂n

(4)

where nˆ is the unit normal to the surface S = constant, in the direction of S increasing. The total derivative of S at a point having the position vector V is given by (Figure 4) ∂S nˆ · dV ∂n = dV · ∇ S

dS = and the directional derivative of S in the direction of U is

U · ∇ S = U · (∇ S) = (U · ∇)S

Similarly the directional derivative of the vector V in the direction of U is (U · ∇)V

The distributive law holds for finding a gradient. Thus if S and T are scalar functions ∇(S + T) = ∇ S + ∇T

The associative law becomes the rule for differentiating a product:

∇(ST) = S∇T + T∇ S

If V is a vector function with the magnitudes of the components parallel to the three coordinate axes Vx , Vy , Vz , then ∇ · V ≡ div V ≡

∂ Vy ∂ Vz ∂ Vx + + ∂x ∂y ∂z

The divergence obeys the distributive law. Thus, if V and U are vector functions, then ∇ · (V + U) = ∇ · V + ∇ · U ∇ · (SV) = (∇ S) · V + S(∇ · V) ∇ · (U × V) = V · (∇ × U) − U · (∇ × V) As with the gradient of a scalar, the divergence of a vector is invariant under a transformation from one set of rectangular coordinates to another. ∇ × V ≡ curl V ( sometimes ∇�V or rot V) � � � � � � ∂V y ∂Vz ∂Vx ∂Vx ∂Vx ∂V y − − − i+ j+ k ≡ ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y � � � i j k �� � ∂ ∂ ∂ = �� ∂ x ∂ y ∂z �� � Vx Vy Vz �

The curl (or rotation) of a vector is a vector that is invariant under a transformation from one set of rectangular coordinates to another. ∇ × (U + V) = ∇ × U + ∇ × V ∇ × (SV) = (∇ S) × V + S(∇ × V) ∇ × (U × V) = (V · ∇)U − (U · ∇)V + U(∇ · V) − V(∇ · U) If V = Vx i + Vy j + Vz k, then and

∇ · V = ∇Vx · i + ∇Vy · j + ∇Vz · k

∇ × V = ∇Vx × i + ∇Vy × j + ∇Vz × k

The operator ∇ can be used more than once. The possibilities where ∇ is used twice are: ∇ · (∇θ) ≡ div grad θ

∇ × (∇θ) ≡ curl grad θ ∇(∇ · V) ≡ grad div V

∇ · (∇ × V) ≡ div curl V

∇ × (∇ × V) ≡ curl curl V Thus, if S is a scalar and V is a vector: div grad S ≡ ∇ · (∇ S) ≡ Laplacian S ≡ ∇ 2 S ≡

∂2 S ∂2 S ∂2 S + 2 + 2 2 ∂x ∂y ∂z

curl grad S ≡ 0

curl curl V ≡ grad div V − ∇ 2 V; div curl V ≡ 0

Taylor expansion in three dimensions can be written f (V + ε) = eε·∇ f (V)

where and

V = xi + yj + zk

ε = hi + lj + mk

ORTHOGONAL CURVILINEAR COORDINATES If at a point P there exist three uniform point functions u, v and w so that the surfaces u = const., v = const., and w = const., intersect in three distinct curves through P, then the surfaces are called the coordinate surfaces through P. The three lines of intersection are referred to as the coordinate lines and their tangents a, b, and c as the coordinate axes. When the coordinate axes form an orthogonal set the system is said to define orthogonal curvilinear coordinates at P. A-75

The divergence obeys the distributive law. Thus, if V and U are vector functions, then ∇ · (V + U) = ∇ · V + ∇ · U ∇ · (SV) = (∇ S) · V + S(∇ · V) ∇ · (U × V) = V · (∇ × U) − U · (∇ × V) As with the gradient of a scalar, the divergence of a vector is invariant under a transformation from one set of rectangular coordinates to another. ∇ × V ≡ curl V ( sometimes ∇V or rot V)       ∂Vx ∂Vx ∂V y ∂V y ∂Vz ∂Vx − − − i+ j+ k ≡ ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y    i j k   ∂ ∂ ∂ =  ∂ x ∂ y ∂z   Vx Vy Vz  The curl (or rotation) of a vector is a vector that is invariant under a transformation from one set of rectangular coordinates to another. ∇ × (U + V) = ∇ × U + ∇ × V ∇ × (SV) = (∇ S) × V + S(∇ × V) ∇ × (U × V) = (V · ∇)U − (U · ∇)V + U(∇ · V) − V(∇ · U) If V = Vx i + Vy j + Vz k, then ∇ · V = ∇Vx · i + ∇Vy · j + ∇Vz · k and

∇ × V = ∇Vx × i + ∇Vy × j + ∇Vz × k

The operator ∇ can be used more than once. The possibilities where ∇ is used twice are: ∇ · (∇θ) ≡ div grad θ ∇ × (∇θ) ≡ curl grad θ ∇(∇ · V) ≡ grad div V ∇ · (∇ × V) ≡ div curl V ∇ × (∇ × V) ≡ curl curl V Thus, if S is a scalar and V is a vector: div grad S ≡ ∇ · (∇ S) ≡ Laplacian S ≡ ∇ 2 S ≡

∂2 S ∂2 S ∂2 S + 2 + 2 2 ∂x ∂y ∂z

curl grad S ≡ 0 curl curl V ≡ grad div V − ∇ 2 V; div curl V ≡ 0 Taylor expansion in three dimensions can be written f (V + ε) = eε·∇ f (V)

where and

V = xi + yj + zk ε = hi + lj + mk

ORTHOGONAL CURVILINEAR COORDINATES If at a point P there exist three uniform point functions u, v and w so that the surfaces u = const., v = const., and w = const., intersect in three distinct curves through P, then the surfaces are called the coordinate surfaces through P. The three lines of intersection are referred to as the coordinate lines and their tangents a, b, and c as the coordinate axes. When the coordinate axes form an orthogonal set the system is said to define orthogonal curvilinear coordinates at P. A-75

Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates

A-76

Consider an infinitesimal volume enclosed by the surfaces u, v, w, u + du, v + dv, and w + dw (Figure 5).

Figure 5. The surface P RS ≡ u = constant, and the face of the curvilinear figure immediately opposite this is u + du = constant, etc. In terms of these surface constants P = P(u, v, w) Q = Q(u + du, v, w)

and

P Q = h1 du

R = R(u, v + dv, w)

and

P R = h2 dv

S = S(u, v, w + dw)

and

P S = h3 dw

where h1 , h2 , and h3 are functions of u, v, and w. • In rectangular Cartesians i, j, k

h1 = 1,

h1 = 1, aˆ ∂ ∂ = rˆ , h1 ∂u ∂r

h3 = 1.

∂ bˆ ∂ = ˆj , h2 ∂v ∂y

aˆ ∂ ∂ = ˆi , h1 ∂u ∂x ˆ zˆ • In cylindrical Cartesians rˆ , θ,

h2 = 1,

cˆ ∂ ∂ = kˆ . h3 ∂w ∂z

h2 = r,

h3 = 1.

θˆ ∂ bˆ ∂ = , h2 ∂v r ∂θ

cˆ ∂ ∂ = zˆ . h3 ∂w ∂z

• In spherical coordinates rˆ , θˆ , ψˆ h1 = 1, ∂ aˆ ∂ = rˆ , h1 ∂u ∂r

h2 = r, θˆ ∂ bˆ ∂ = , h2 ∂v r ∂θ

h3 = r sin θ ψˆ cˆ ∂ ∂ = h3 ∂w r sin θ ∂ψ

The general expressions for grad, div and curl together with those for ∇ 2 and the directional derivative are, in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, given by:

∇S = (V · ∇)S = ∇ ·V= ∇ ×V=

∇2 S =

bˆ ∂ S cˆ ∂ S aˆ ∂ S + + h1 ∂u h2 ∂v h3 ∂w V2 ∂ S V3 ∂ S V1 ∂ S + + h1 ∂u h2 ∂v h3 ∂w   1 ∂ ∂ ∂ (h2 h3 V1 ) + (h3 h1 V2 ) + (h1 h2 V3 ) . h1 h2 h3 ∂u ∂v ∂w     aˆ ∂ bˆ ∂ ∂ ∂ (h3 V3 ) − (h2 V2 ) + (h1 V1 ) − (h3 V3 ) h2 h3 ∂v ∂w h3 h1 ∂w ∂u   ∂ cˆ ∂ (h2 V2 ) − (h1 V1 ) + h1 h2 ∂u ∂v        1 ∂ ∂ ∂ h2 h3 ∂ S h3 h1 ∂ S h1 h2 ∂ S + + h1 h2 h3 ∂u h1 ∂u ∂v h2 ∂v ∂w h3 ∂w

Formulas of Vector Analysis Rectangular coordinates

Cylindrical coordinates

Conversion to rectangular coordinates Gradient. . .

x = r cos ϕ ∇φ =

∂φ ∂x i

+

∂ Ax ∂x

∂φ ∂y j

Divergence. . .

∇ ·A=

Curl. . .

  i  ∇ × A =  ∂∂x  Ax

Laplacian. . .

∇2φ =

∂2φ ∂ x2

+

+

∂φ ∂z k

+

∂ Ay ∂y

+

j

k

Ay

Az

+

∂ ∂z

+

y = r sin ϕ 1 ∂φ r ∂ϕ

x = r cos ϕ sin θ

z=z

+

     

∂2φ ∂z2

r

2φ ∂z2

+∂

y = r sin ϕ sin θ z = r cos θ

∂φ ∂z k

∇φ =

∂φ ∂r r

+

1 ∂φ r ∂θ θ

+

1 ∂φ r sin θ ∂ϕ

2 1 ∂( Aθ sin θ) ∇ · A = 12 ∂(r ∂rAr ) + r sin θ ∂θ r ∂ A ϕ 1 + r sin θ ∂ϕ  r θ   r 2 sin θ r sin θ r ∂ ∂ ∇ × A =  ∂r∂ ∂θ ∂ϕ

Aϕ ∇ · A = 1r ∂(r∂rAr ) + 1r ∂∂ϕ Az + ∂∂z  1  1   rk   ∂r r ∂ ∂   ∇ × A =  ∂r  ∂ϕ ∂z  Ar r Aϕ Az    2 ∇ 2 φ = 1r ∂r∂ r ∂φ + 12 ∂ 2φ ∂r

∂ Az ∂z

∂ ∂y

∂2φ ∂ y2

∇φ =

∂φ ∂r r

Spherical coordinates

      A r Aθ r Aϕ sin θ  r     ∂ ∇ 2 φ = 12 ∂r∂ r 2 ∂φ + 2 1 ∂θ sin θ ∂φ ∂r ∂θ

∂ϕ

+

r ∂2φ 1 r 2 sin2 θ ∂ϕ 2

r sin θ

TRANSFORMATION OF INTEGRALS If 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. then

s is the distance along a curve “C” in space and is measured from some fixed point. S is a surface area V is a volume contained by a specified surface tˆ = the unit tangent to C at the point P nˆ = the unit outward pointing normal F is some vector function ds is the vector element of curve (= tˆ ds ) dS is the vector element of surface (= nˆ dS )

F · tˆ ds =

(c)

and when F = ∇φ

F (c)



(∇φ) · tˆ ds =

C

dφ C

Gauss’ Theorem When S defines a closed region having a volume V: ˆ dS = (∇ · F) dV = F · ( n) F · dS V



S



(∇φ) dV =

also

φ nˆ dS

V S (∇ × F) dV = ( nˆ × F) dS

and

V

S

Stokes’ Theorem When C is closed and bounds the open surface S:

nˆ · (∇ × F) dS =

S

F · ds C





( nˆ × ∇φ) dS =

also S

Green’s Theorem

S



φ ds (c)

(∇φ · ∇θ ) dS =

S

φ nˆ · (∇θ) dS =

S

φ(∇ 2 θ) dV V



ˆ θ · n(∇φ) dS =

= S

φ(∇ 2 θ) dV V

A-77

Curl. . .

Laplacian. . .

� � i � ∇ × A = �� ∂∂x � Ax ∇2φ =

∂2φ ∂ x2

+

j

k

∂ ∂y

∂ ∂z

Ay

∂2φ ∂ y2

+

Az ∂2φ ∂z2

∂z

� � � � � �

� 1 � � r r �∂ ∇ × A = �� ∂r∂ ∂ϕ � Ar r Aϕ � � ∇ 2 φ = 1r ∂r∂ r ∂φ + ∂r 2 + ∂ 2φ ∂z

1 rk ∂ ∂z

Az

1 ∂2φ r 2 ∂ϕ 2

� � � � � �

Formulas of Vector Analysis

r sin θ ∂ϕ

� � � r θ � � � r 2 sin θ r sin θ r � ∂ ∂ ∂ � � ∇ × A = � ∂r � ∂θ ∂ϕ � A r Aθ r Aϕ sin θ � r � � � � ∂ ∇ 2 φ = 12 ∂r∂ r 2 ∂φ + 2 1 ∂θ sin θ ∂φ ∂r ∂θ +

r sin θ

r ∂2φ 1 r 2 sin2 θ ∂ϕ 2

Cylindrical coordinates Spherical coordinates TRANSFORMATION OF INTEGRALS

Rectangular coordinates

If 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. then

Conversion to rectangular is coordinates the distance

x = r cos ϕ

y = r sin ϕ

z=z

x = r cos ϕ sin θ

y = r sin ϕ sin θ

z = r cos θ

s along a curve “C” in space and is measured from some fixed point. ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ 1 ∂φ 1 ∂φ 1 ∂φ . . area ∇φ = ∂φ ∇φ = ∂φ ∇φ = ∂φ S isGradient. a surface ∂ x i + ∂ y j + ∂z k ∂r r + r ∂ϕ � + ∂z k ∂r r + r ∂θ θ + r sin θ ∂ϕ � 2 Aϕ 1 ∂( Aθ sin θ ) ∇ · A = 12 ∂(r ∂rAr ) + r sin ∇ · A = 1r ∂(r∂rAr ) + 1r ∂∂ϕ V isDivergence. a volume. . contained by a specified ∂A Az surface θ ∂θ r ∇ · A = ∂∂Axx + ∂ yy + ∂∂z ∂ Az 1 ∂ Aϕ + + ∂z r sin θ ∂ϕ tˆ = the unit tangent to C at the point � � � 1 � � � � r θ 1 � i � � � � j k �� rk � � ∂ � ∂r r �∂ � r 2 sin θ r sin θ r � P nˆ = the unit outward pointing ∂normal ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ � � � � � � Curl. . . ∇ × A = � ∂x ∇ × A = � ∂r ∇ × A = � ∂r ∂y ∂z � � � ∂ϕ ∂z ∂θ ∂ϕ � � � � � F is some vector function Ax Ay Az Ar r Aϕ Az Ar r Aθ r Aϕ sin θ � � � � � � � ds is the vector element of curve (= tˆ ds ) 2 ∂ ∇ 2 φ = 12 ∂r∂ r 2 ∂φ + 2 1 ∂θ sin θ ∂φ ∇ 2 φ = 1r ∂r∂ r ∂φ + 12 ∂ 2φ ∂r ∂θ ∂r ∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ r r sin θ 2 r ∂ϕ .. ∇ φ = of2 surface + 2 + (= ˆ dS ) dS Laplacian. is the vector element ∂2φ ∂x ∂y ∂z2 n ∂2φ + 1 +

�

r 2 sin2 θ ∂ϕ 2

∂z2

�

TRANSFORMATION F · tˆ ds = OF F INTEGRALS

If

(c)

(c)

1. s is the distance along a curve “C” in space and is measured from some fixed point. and when F = ∇φ � � 2. S is a surface area ˆ (∇φ) · t ds = dφ 3. V is a volume contained by a specified surface C C 4. tˆ = the unit tangent to C at the point Gauss’ 5. PTheorem nˆ = the unit outward pointing normal When defines a closed region having a volume V: 6. F isS some vector function ��� �� �� 7. ds is the vector element of curve (= tˆ ds ) (∇ · F) dV = ˆ dS = F · ( n) F · dS 8. dS is the vector element of surface (=Vnˆ dS ) S S ��� �� then � (∇φ) dV�= φ nˆ dS also ˆ � � � V F · t ds = �F �S

(c) (∇ × F) dV (c) = ( nˆ × F) dS and and when F = ∇φ V S � � Stokes’ Theorem (∇φ) · tˆ ds = dφ When C is closed and bounds the open surface S: �� C � C nˆ · (∇ × F) dS = F · ds Gauss’ Theorem C When S defines a closed region having a volumeSV:� � � ��� �� �� also ( nˆ × ∇φ) dSˆ = φ ds (∇ · F) dV = F · ( n) dS = F · dS

Green’s Theorem also and

S

V

(c)

��� S �� S �� �� ��� (∇φ) dV = φ nˆ dS (∇φ · ∇θ ) dS = φ nˆ · (∇θ) dS = φ(∇ 2 θ) dV � � �V � �S S S V �(∇ � × F) dV = (�nˆ �×�F) dS ˆ θ · n(∇φ) dSS = φ(∇ 2 θ) dV V=

Stokes’ Theorem When C is closed and bounds the open surface S: �� S

also

S

nˆ · (∇ × F) dS = ��

�� S

(∇φ · ∇θ ) dS = =

� C

( nˆ × ∇φ) dS =

S

Green’s Theorem

V

�� S

�� S

A-77

F · ds �

φ ds

(c)

φ nˆ · (∇θ) dS = ˆ θ · n(∇φ) dS =

���

φ(∇ 2 θ) dV

V

���

φ(∇ 2 θ) dV

V

A-77

BESSEL FUNCTIONS 1. Bessel’s differential equation for a real variable x is x2

dy d2 y + (x2 − n2 ) y = 0 +x dx2 dx

2. When n is not an integer, two independent solutions of the equation are J n (x) and J −n (x) where J n (x) =

∞ � k=0

� x �n+2k (−1) k k!�(n + k + 1) 2

3. If n is an integer, then J n (x) = (−1) n J n (x), where � � x4 x6 xn x2 + 4 + 6 + ... 1− 2 J n (x) = n 2 n! 2 · 1!(n + 1) 2 · 2!(n + 1) (n + 2) 2 · 3!(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) 4. For n = 0 and n = 1, this formula becomes J 0 (x) = 1 − J 1 (x) =

x2 22 (1!) 2

+

x4 24 (2!) 2

−

x6 26 (3!) 2

+

x8 28 (4!) 2

− ···

x x3 x5 x7 x9 − 3 + 5 − 7 + 9 − ... 2 2 · 1!2! 2 · 2!3! 2 · 3!4! 2 · 4!5!

5. When x is large and positive, the following asymptotic series may be used �

� 12 �

� � π� π �� P0 (x) cos x − − Q0 (x) sin x − 4 4 � � 12 � � � � �� 3π 3π 2 J 1 (x) = P1 (x) cos x − − Q1 (x) sin x − πx 4 4 J 0 (x) =

2 πx

where 12 · 32 12 · 32 · 52 · 72 12 · 32 · 52 · 72 · 92 · 112 + − + ··· 2!(8x) 2 4!(8x) 4 6!(8x) 6 12 12 · 32 · 52 · 72 · 92 12 · 32 · 52 Q0 (x) ∼ − − + −··· + 3 1!8x 3!(8x) 5!(8x) 5 12 · 3 · 5 12 · 32 · 52 · 7 · 9 12 · 32 · 52 · 72 · 92 · 11 · 13 P1 (x) ∼ 1 + − + − +··· 2!(8x) 2 4!(8x) 4 6!(8x) 6 12 · 32 · 5 · 7 12 · 32 · 52 · 72 · 9 · 11 1·3 Q1 (x) ∼ − + − ··· 1!8x 3!(8x) 3 5!(8x) 5 P0 (x) ∼ 1 −

[In P1 (x) the signs alternate from + to − after the first term] 6. The zeros of J 0 (x) and J 1 (x). If j0s and j1s are the sth zeros of J 0 (x) and J 1 (x), respectively, and if a = 4s − 1, b = 4s + 1 � � 1 2 62 15, 116 12, 554, 474 8, 368, 654, 292 j0,s ∼ πa 1 + 2 2 − + − + − + · · · 4 π a 3π 4 a 4 15π 6 a 6 105π 8 a 8 315π 10 a 10 � � 1 6 6 4716 3, 902, 418 895, 167, 324 j1,s ∼ πb 1 − 2 2 + 4 4 − + − + · · · 4 π b π b 5π 6 b6 35π 8 b8 35π 10 b10 � 3 � (−1) s+1 2 2 56 9664 7, 381, 280 J 1 ( j0,s ) ∼ 1− + − + ··· 1 4a4 6a6 3π 5π 21π 8 a 8 2 πa � 3 � (−1) s 2 2 24 19, 584 2, 466, 720 J 0 ( j1,s ) ∼ 1+ 4 4 − + − ··· 1 π b 10π 6 b6 7π 8 b8 πb 2 A-78

Bessel Functions

A-79

7. Table of zeros for J 0 (x) and J 1 (x) Define {αn , βn } by J 0 (αn ) = 0 and J 1 (βn ) = 0. Roots α n 2.4048 5.5201 8.6537 11.7915 14.9309 18.0711 21.2116

J 1 (α n ) 0.5191 −0.3403 0.2715 −0.2325 0.2065 −0.1877 0.1733

Roots β n 0.0000 3.8317 7.0156 10.1735 13.3237 16.4706 19.6159

J 0 (βn ) 1.0000 −0.4028 0.3001 −0.2497 0.2184 −0.1965 0.1801

8. Recurrence formulas 2n J n (x) x J n−1 (x) − J n+1 (x) = 2J n� (x)

J n−1 (x) + J n+1 (x) =

dk {J n (x)}, dxk

9. If J n is written for J n (x) and J n(k) is written for J 0(r ) J 0(2) J 0(3) J 0(4) 10. Half-order Bessel functions

�

J − 1 (x) = 2

2

J n− 1 (x) = 2

n 0

� π x � 12

1

sin x x

2

� 15 x3

2

�π x

J n+ 3 (x) =

3

then the following derivative relationships are important

= = −J 0 + 1x J 1 = 12 ( J 2 − J 0 ) � � = 1x J 0 + 1 − x22 J 1 = 14 (−J 3 + 3J 1 ) � � � � = 1 − x32 J 0 − 2x − x63 J 1 = 18 ( J 4 − 4J 2 + 3J 0 ), etc. 2

�

nJ n (x) − xJ n� (x) = xJ n+1 (x)

−J 1(r −1)

J 1 (x) =

2

nJ n (x) + xJ n� (x) = xJ n−1 (x)

sin x

2 cos x πx 1 n+ 12 d −x {x−(n+ 2 ) J n+ 1 (x)} dx 2 1 1 d x−(n+ 2 ) dx {xn+ 2 J n+ 1 (x)} 2

� π x � 12

J n+ 1 (x) 2 sin x

2

− cos x

� − 1 sin x − 3x cos x � � � − 6x sin x − 15 − 1 cos x x2 etc. 3 x2

−

�

� 15 x3

3 x2

−

J −(n+ 1 ) (x) 2 cos x

− cosx x − sin x � − 1 cos x + 3x sin x 6 x

�

cos x −

� 15 x2

� − 1 sin x

11. Additional solutions to Bessel’s equation are Yn (x) Hn(1) (x)

(also called Weber’s function, and sometimes denoted by Nn (x)) and

Hn(2) (x)

These solutions are defined as follows ⎧ J (x) cos (nπ) − J −n (x) ⎪ ⎨ n sin(nπ ) Yn (x) = ⎪ ⎩ lim Jv (x) cos(vπ)−J−v (x) sin(vπ ) v→n

(also called Hankel functions)

n not an integer n an integer

Hn(1) (x) = J n (x) + iYn (x) Hn(2) (x) = J n (x) − iYn (x)

The additional properties of these functions may all be derived from the above relations and the known properties of J n (x).

12. Complete solutions to Bessel’s equation may be written as

or, for any value of n,

c1 J n (x) + c2 J −n (x) c1 J n (x) + c2 Yn (x)

if n is not an integer

or

c1 Hn(1) x + c2 Hn(2) (x)

13. The modified (or hyperbolic) Bessel’s differential equation is x2

dy d2 y +x − (x2 + n2 ) y = 0 2 dx dx

14. When n is not an integer, two independent solutions of the equation are In (x) and I−n (x), where In (x) =

∞ � k=0

� x �n+2k 1 k!�(n + k + 1) 2

15. If n is an integer, In (x) = I−n (x) =

16. For n = 0 and n = 1, this formula becomes I0 (x) = 1 + I1 (x) =

�

x2 x4 + 4 · 1!(n + 1) 2 · 2!(n + 1)(n + 2) � x6 + 6 + ··· 2 · 3!(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) xn 2n n!

x2 22 (1!) 2

1+

+

22

x4 24 (2!) 2

x6

+

26 (3!) 2

+

x8 28 (4!) 2

+ ···

x x3 x5 x7 x9 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ··· 2 2 · 1!2! 2 · 2!3! 2 · 3!4! 2 · 4!5!

17. Another solution to the modified Bessel’s equation is � Kn (x) =

(x)−In (x) 1 π I−nsin 2 (nπ) I−v (x)−Iv (x) 1 lim π sin (vπ) v→n 2

n not an integer n an integer

This function is linearly independent of In (x) for all values of n. Thus the complete solution to the modified Bessel’s equation may be written as c1 In (x) + c2 I−n (x)

n not an integer

or c1 In (x) + c2 Kn (x)

any n

18. The following relations hold among the various Bessel functions: In (z) = i −m J m(i z) Yn (i z) = (i) n+1 In (z) − π2 i −n Kn (z) Most of the properties of the modified Bessel function may be deduced from the known properties of J n (x) by use of these relations and those previously given. 19. Recurrence formulas I (x) In−1 (x) − In+1 (x) = 2n x n In−1 (x) − nx In (x) = In� (x)

In−1 (x) + In+1 (x) = 2In� (x) In� (x) = In+1 (x) + nx In (z)

THE FACTORIAL FUNCTION

For non-negative integers n, the factorial of n, denoted n!, is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n; n! = n · (n − 1) · (n − 2) · · · 2 · 1. If n is a negative integer (n = −1, −2, . . . ), then n! = ±∞. Approximations to n! for large n include Stirling’s formula n! ≈ and Burnsides’s formula n! ≈

A-80

√

� n �n+ 12 √ 2πe , e

2π

�

n+ e

1 2

�n+ 12

.

relations and those previously given. 19. Recurrence formulas I (x) In−1 (x) − In+1 (x) = 2n x n In−1 (x) − nx In (x) = In� (x) 13. The modified (or hyperbolic) Bessel’s differential equation is

In−1 (x) + In+1 (x) = 2In� (x) In� (x) = In+1 (x) + nx In (z)

dy FUNCTION d2 y THE FACTORIAL +x − (x2 + n2 ) y = 0 x2

2 dxn!, For non-negative integers n, the factorial of n, denoted is dx the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n; n! = n · (n − 1) · (n − 2) · · · 2 · 1. If n is a negative integer (n = −1, −2, . . . ), then n! = ±∞. 14. When n is nottoann!integer, two independent solutions of the equation are In (x) and I−n (x), where Approximations for large n include Stirling’s formula ∞ � x �n+2k � � 1 �n+ 12 √ In (x)n!=≈ 2πe n , k!�(ne+ k + 1) 2 k=0

and Burnsides’s formula 15. If n is an integer,

� �n+ 12 � √ n + 12 2 x x4 2π .+ 1+ 2 e 4 2 · 1!(n + 1) 2 · 2!(n + 1)(n + 2) � x6 + 6 + ··· 2 · 3!(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)

xn In (x) = I−n (x) = n!n ≈ 2 n! A-80 16. For n = 0 and n = 1, this formula becomes I0 (x) = 1 + I1 (x) =

x2 22 (1!) 2

+

x4 24 (2!) 2

x6

+

26 (3!) 2

+

x8 28 (4!) 2

+ ···

x x3 x5 x7 x9 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ··· 2 2 · 1!2! 2 · 2!3! 2 · 3!4! 2 · 4!5!

17. Another solution to the modified Bessel’s equation is � Kn (x) =

(x)−In (x) 1 π I−nsin 2 (nπ) I−v (x)−Iv (x) 1 lim π sin (vπ) v→n 2

n not an integer n an integer

This function is linearly independent of In (x) for all values of n. Thus the complete solution to the modified Bessel’s equation may be written as c1 In (x) + c2 I−n (x)

n not an integer

or c1 In (x) + c2 Kn (x)

any n

18. The following relations hold among the various Bessel functions: In (z) = i −m J m(i z) Yn (i z) = (i) n+1 In (z) − π2 i −n Kn (z) Most of the properties of the modified Bessel function may be deduced from the known properties of J n (x) by use of these relations and those previously given. 19. Recurrence formulas I (x) In−1 (x) − In+1 (x) = 2n x n In−1 (x) − nx In (x) = In� (x)

In−1 (x) + In+1 (x) = 2In� (x) In� (x) = In+1 (x) + nx In (z)

THE FACTORIAL FUNCTION

For non-negative integers n, the factorial of n, denoted n!, is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n; n! = n · (n − 1) · (n − 2) · · · 2 · 1. If n is a negative integer (n = −1, −2, . . . ), then n! = ±∞. Approximations to n! for large n include Stirling’s formula n! ≈ and Burnsides’s formula n! ≈

A-80

√

� n �n+ 12 √ 2πe , e

2π

�

n+ e

1 2

�n+ 12

.

n 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 30 50 70 90 110 130 500

n! 1 2 24 720 40320 3.6288 × 106 4.7900 × 108 8.7178 × 1010 2.0923 × 1013 6.4024 × 1015 2.4329 × 1018 2.6525 × 1032 3.0414 × 1064 1.1979 × 10100 1.4857 × 10138 1.5882 × 10178 6.4669 × 10219 1.2201 × 101134

log10 n! 0.00000 0.30103 1.38021 2.85733 4.60552 6.55976 8.68034 10.94041 13.32062 15.80634 18.38612 32.42366 64.48307 100.07841 138.17194 178.20092 219.81069 1134.0864

n 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 25 40 60 80 100 120 150 1000

n! 1 6 120 5040 3.6288 × 105 3.9917 × 107 6.2270 × 109 1.3077 × 1012 3.5569 × 1014 1.2165 × 1017 1.5511 × 1025 8.1592 × 1047 8.3210 × 1081 7.1569 × 10118 9.3326 × 10157 6.6895 × 10198 5.7134 × 10262 4.0239 × 102567

log10 n! 0.00000 0.77815 2.07918 3.70243 5.55976 7.60116 9.79428 12.11650 14.55107 17.08509 25.19065 47.91165 81.92017 118.85473 157.97000 198.82539 262.75689 2567.6046

THE GAMMA FUNCTION Definition: �(n) =

�∞

t n−1 e−t dt

n>0

0

Recursion Formula: �(n + 1) = n�(n) �(n + 1) = n! if n = 0, 1, 2, . . . where 0! = 1 For n < 0 the gamma function can be defined by using �(n) = �(n+1) n Graph:

Special Values:

�(1/2) =

√ π

1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1) √ π m = 1, 2, 3, . . . 2m √ (−1) m2m π �(−m + 1/2) = m = 1, 2, 3, . . . 1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1)

�(m + 1/2) =

Definition:

1 · 2 · 3···k kx (x + 1) (x + 2) · · · (x + k) ∞ �� � � � 1 + mx e−x/m

�(x + 1) = lim

k→∞

1 �(x)

= xeγ x

m=1

This is an infinite product representation for the gamma function where γ is Euler’s constant. A-81

9.3326 × 10157 6.6895 × 10198 5.7134 × 10262 4.0239 × 102567

157.97000 198.82539 262.75689 2567.6046

n n! log10 n! n n! 0 1 0.00000 1 1 THE GAMMA FUNCTION 2 2 0.30103 3 6 4 24 1.38021 5 120 ∞ � 720 n > 0 2.85733 7 5040 Definition: �(n) = t n−16e−t dt 0 8 40320 4.60552 9 3.6288 × 105 6 Recursion Formula: �(n + 1) = n�(n) 10 3.6288 × 10 6.55976 11 3.9917 × 107 8= 0, 1, 2, . . . where 0! = 1 �(n + 1) = n! if n 12 4.7900 × 10 8.68034 13 6.2270 × 109 For 0 the gamma can be defined using × 1012 14n <8.7178 × 1010 function 10.94041 15 by1.3077 �(n+1) 13 �(n) = 16 2.0923 n× 10 13.32062 17 3.5569 × 1014 15 Graph: 18 6.4024 × 10 15.80634 19 1.2165 × 1017 20 2.4329 × 1018 18.38612 25 1.5511 × 1025 30 2.6525 × 1032 32.42366 40 8.1592 × 1047 64 50 3.0414 × 10 64.48307 60 8.3210 × 1081 100 70 1.1979 × 10 100.07841 80 7.1569 × 10118 90 1.4857 × 10138 138.17194 100 9.3326 × 10157 110 1.5882 × 10178 178.20092 120 6.6895 × 10198 219 130 6.4669 × 10 219.81069 150 5.7134 × 10262 1134 500 1.2201 × 10 1134.0864 1000 4.0239 × 102567

log10 n! 0.00000 0.77815 2.07918 3.70243 5.55976 7.60116 9.79428 12.11650 14.55107 17.08509 25.19065 47.91165 81.92017 118.85473 157.97000 198.82539 262.75689 2567.6046

90 110 130 500

1.4857 × 10138 1.5882 × 10178 6.4669 × 10219 1.2201 × 101134

138.17194 178.20092 219.81069 1134.0864

100 120 150 1000

THE GAMMA FUNCTION Special Values: Definition: �(n) =

�∞

t n−1 e−t dt

0

n > 0�(1/2) =

√ π

Recursion Formula: �(n + 1) =1n�(n) · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1) √ �(m �(n + 1/2) π m = 1, 2, 3, . . . m 0, 1, 2, . . . where 0! = 1 + 1)== n! if n2= √ For n < 0 the gamma mfunction can be defined by using (−1) 2m π �(−m +�(n) 1/2) = = �(n+1) m = 1, 2, 3, . . . n 1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1) Graph: Definition: 1 · 2 · 3···k kx (x + 1) (x + 2) · · · (x + k) ∞ �� � � � 1 + mx e−x/m

�(x + 1) = lim

k→∞

1 �(x)

= xeγ x

m=1

This is an infinite product representation for the gamma function where γ is Euler’s constant. A-81 Special Values:

�(1/2) =

√ π

1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1) √ π m = 1, 2, 3, . . . 2m √ (−1) m2m π �(−m + 1/2) = m = 1, 2, 3, . . . 1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1)

�(m + 1/2) =

Definition:

1 · 2 · 3···k kx (x + 1) (x + 2) · · · (x + k) ∞ �� � � � 1 + mx e−x/m

�(x + 1) = lim

k→∞

1 �(x)

= xeγ x

m=1

This is an infinite product representation for the gamma function where γ is Euler’s constant. A-81

Properties:

�

∞

eγ x ln x dx = −γ � � � � � � � (x) 1 1 1 1 1 1 = −γ + − − − + + ··· + + ··· �(x) 1 x � 2 x+1 n x + n� −1 √ 1 1 139 + − + ··· �(x + 1) = 2π x xx e−x 1 + 12x 288x2 51, 840x3

� � (1) = �

0

This is called Stirling’s asymptotic series. Values of Γ(n) =

n 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24

Definition: B(m, n) =

�

�(n) 1.00000 .99433 .98884 .98355 .97844 .97350 .96874 .96415 .95973 .95546 .95135 .94740 .94359 .93993 .93642 .93304 .92980 .92670 .92373 .92089 .91817 .91558 .91311 .91075 .90852

1 0

n 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49

A-82

0

e−x xn−1 dx;

�(n) .90640 .90440 .90250 .90072 .89904 .89747 .89600 .89464 .89338 .89222 .89115 .89018 .88931 .88854 .88785 .88726 .88676 .88636 .88604 .88581 .88566 .88560 .88563 .88575 .88595

n 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74

Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n)

�(n) .88623 .88659 .88704 .88757 .88818 .88887 .88964 .89049 .89142 .89243 .89352 .89468 .89592 .89724 .89864 .90012 .90167 .90330 .90500 .90678 .90864 .91057 .91258 .91466 .91683

THE BETA FUNCTION t m−1 (1 − t) m−1 dt

m > 0, n > 0

Relationship with Gamma function: B(m, n) =

Properties:

�∞

�(m)�(n) �(m + n) B(m, n) = B(n, m) � π/2 B(m, n) = 2 0 sin2m−1 θ cos2n−1 θ dθ � ∞ tm−1 B(m, n) = 0 (1+t)m+n dt � 1 m−1 (1−t)n−1 dt B(m, n) = r n (r + 1) m 0 t (r +t) m+n

n 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2.00

�(n) .91906 .92137 .92376 .92623 .92877 .93138 .93408 .93685 .93969 .94261 .94561 .94869 .95184 .95507 .95838 .96177 .96523 .96877 .97240 .97610 .97988 .98374 .98768 .99171 .99581 1.00000

Properties:

  (1) =



∞

eγ x ln x dx = −γ        (x) 1 1 1 1 1 1 = −γ + − − − + + ··· + + ··· (x) 1 x  2 x+1 n x + n −1 √ 1 1 139 (x + 1) = 2π x xx e−x 1 + + − + ··· 12x 288x2 51, 840x3 

0

This is called Stirling’s asymptotic series. Values of Γ(n) =

(n) 1.00000 .99433 .98884 .98355 .97844 .97350 .96874 .96415 .95973 .95546 .95135 .94740 .94359 .93993 .93642 .93304 .92980 .92670 .92373 .92089 .91817 .91558 .91311 .91075 .90852

n 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24



1

Definition: B(m, n) =

n 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49

e−x xn−1 dx;

(n) .90640 .90440 .90250 .90072 .89904 .89747 .89600 .89464 .89338 .89222 .89115 .89018 .88931 .88854 .88785 .88726 .88676 .88636 .88604 .88581 .88566 .88560 .88563 .88575 .88595

n 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74

Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n)

(n) .88623 .88659 .88704 .88757 .88818 .88887 .88964 .89049 .89142 .89243 .89352 .89468 .89592 .89724 .89864 .90012 .90167 .90330 .90500 .90678 .90864 .91057 .91258 .91466 .91683

m > 0, n > 0

Relationship with Gamma function: B(m, n) =

A-82

0

THE BETA FUNCTION t m−1 (1 − t) n−1 dt

0

Properties:

∞

(m)(n) (m + n) B(m, n) = B(n, m)  π/2 B(m, n) = 2 0 sin2m−1 θ cos2n−1 θ dθ  ∞ tm−1 B(m, n) = 0 (1+t)m+n dt  1 m−1 (1−t)n−1 dt B(m, n) = r n (r + 1) m 0 t (r +t) m+n

n 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2.00

(n) .91906 .92137 .92376 .92623 .92877 .93138 .93408 .93685 .93969 .94261 .94561 .94869 .95184 .95507 .95838 .96177 .96523 .96877 .97240 .97610 .97988 .98374 .98768 .99171 .99581 1.00000

THE ERROR � x 2 −t 2 Definition: erf(x) = √ e dt �π 0 3 � 2 1 x5 1 x7 x Series: er f (x) = √ + − + ··· x− π 3 2! 5 3! 7 Property: erf(x) = − erf(−x) �

FUNCTION

� � x 1 x Relationship with Normal Probability Function f (t) : f (t) dt = erf √ To evaluate erf(2.3), one proceeds as follows: 2 2 0 √ x For √2 = 2.3, one finds x = (2.3) ( 2) = 3.25. In the normal probability function table (page A-104), one finds the entry 0.4994 opposite the value 3.25. Thus erf(2.3) = 2(0.4994) = 0.9988.

2 erfc(z) = 1 − erf(z) = √ π

�

∞ z

2

e−t dt

is known as the complementary error function.

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS I: Legendre

Name: Legendre Symbol: Pn (x) Interval: [−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y�� − 2 xy� + n(n + 1) y = 0 � �� � [n/2] 2n − 2m n−2m 1 � m n x (−1) Explicit Expression: Pn (x) = n 2 m n m=0 Recurrence Relation: (n + 1) Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) − nPn−1 (x) Weight: 1 Standardization: Pn (1) = 1 � +1 2 Norm: [Pn (x)]2 dx = 2n +1 −1 (−1) n dn Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn (x) = n {(1 − x2 ) n } 2 n! dxn ∞ � Pn (x)zn ; −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1, Generating Function: R−1 = √ n=0 R = 1 − 2xz + z2 Inequality: |Pn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. II: Tschebysheff, First Kind

Name: Tschebysheff, First Kind Symbol: Tn (x) Interval:[−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y − xy� + n2 y = 0 [n/2] (n − m − 1)! n� (2x) n−2m = cos(n arccos x) = Tn (x) (−1) m Explicit Expression: 2 m!(n − 2m)! m=0 Recurrence Relation: Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) − Tn−1 (x) Weight: (1 − x2 ) −1/2 Standardization: Tn (1) = 1 A-83

π

z

is known as the complementary error function.

THE ERROR FUNCTION � x 2 −t 2 Definition: erf(x) = √ e dt ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS �π 0 3 � 2 1 x5 1 x7 x Series: er f (x) = √ + − + ··· x− π 3 2! 5 3! 7 Property: erf(x) = − erf(−x) � � � xI: Legendre 1 x Relationship with Normal Probability Function f (t) : f (t) dt = erf √ To evaluate erf(2.3), one proceeds as follows: 2 2 0 √ x √ = For 2.3, one finds Symbol: x = (2.3) P ( n (x) 2) = 3.25. In the normal probability function table (page A-104), one finds the entry 0.4994 Name: Interval: [−1, 1] 2 Legendre 2 �� � opposite the value 3.25. Thus erf(2.3) =+ 0.9988. Differential Equation: (1 − x )y = − 2(0.4994) 2 xy + n(n 1) y = 0 � �� � [n/2] 2n − 2m n−2m 1 � m n x (−1) 2n m n m=0 Recurrence Relation: (n + 1) Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) − nPn−1 (x) � ∞ 2 2 Weight: 1 erfc(z) = 1 − erf(z) = √ e−t dt π z Standardization: Pn (1) = 1 � +1 2 Norm: [Pn (x)]2 dx = 2n + 1 −1 (−1) n dn is known as the complementary Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn (x) = nerror function. {(1 − x2 ) n } 2 n! dxn ∞ � Pn (x)zn ; −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1, Generating Function: R−1 = ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS √ n=0 R = 1 − 2xz + z2 Inequality: |Pn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. Explicit Expression: Pn (x) =

I: Legendre II: Tschebysheff, First Kind

Name: Legendre Symbol: Pn (x) Interval: [−1, 1] Name: Tschebysheff, Kind Tn (x) 1] Differential Equation:First (1 − x2 ) y�� −Symbol: 2 xy� + n(n + 1) y =Interval:[−1, 0 2 �� � Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y[n/2] − xy� + n� y=0 � 2n − 2m n−2m 1 m n [n/2] x (x) = n (n − (−1) Explicit Expression: P m − 1)! nn� m 2 m(2x) n−2m n = cos(n arccos x) = Tn (x) (−1) Explicit Expression: m=0 m!(n 2m)! Recurrence Relation: 2(nm=0 + 1) Pn+1 (x) =− (2n + 1)xPn (x) − nPn−1 (x) Recurrence Weight: 1 Relation: Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) − Tn−1 (x) Weight: (1 − x2 ) −1/2 Standardization: Pn (1) = 1 � +1 Standardization: Tn (1) = 1 2 Norm: [Pn (x)]2 dx = 2n + 1 −1 (−1) n dn Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn (x) = n {(1 − x2 ) n } 2 n! dxn ∞ � Pn (x)zn ; −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1, Generating Function: R−1 = √ n=0 R = 1 − 2xz + z2 Inequality: |Pn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.

A-83

II: Tschebysheff, First Kind

Name: Tschebysheff, First Kind Symbol: Tn (x) Interval:[−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y − xy� + n2 y = 0 [n/2] (n − m − 1)! n� (2x) n−2m = cos(n arccos x) = Tn (x) (−1) m Explicit Expression: 2 m!(n − 2m)! m=0 Recurrence Relation: Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) − Tn−1 (x) Weight: (1 − x2 ) −1/2 Standardization: Tn (1) = 1 A-83

Orthogonal Polynomials

A-84

� +1

�

π/2, n �= 0 π, n=0 √ n 2 1/2 n (−1) (1 − x ) π d Rodrigues’ Formula: {(1 − x2 ) n−(1/2) } = Tn (x) dxn 2n+1 �(n + 12 ) ∞ � 1 − xz Generating Function: = Tn (x) zn , −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1 1 − 2xz − z2 n=0 Inequality: |Tn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. Norm:

−1

2 −1/2

(1 − x )

2

[Tn (x)] dx =

III: Tschebysheff, Second Kind

Name: Tschebysheff, Second Kind Symbol Un (x) Interval: [−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y�� − 3 xy� + n(n + 2) y = 0 [n/2] � (m − n)! (2x) n−2m (−1) m Explicit Expression: Un (x) = m!(n − 2m)! m=0 sin[(n + 1)θ ] Un (cos θ ) = sin θ Recurrence Relation: Un+1 (x) = 2xUn (x) − Un−1 (x) Standardization: Un (1) = n + 1 Weight: (1 − x2 ) 1/2 � +1 π Norm: (1 − x2 ) 1/2 [Un (x)]2 dx = 2 −1 √ (−1) n (n + 1) π dn Rodrigues’ Formula: Un (x) = {(1 − x2 ) n+(1/2) } 3 (1 − x2 ) 1/2 2n+1 �(n + 2 ) dxn ∞ � 1 Generating Function: = Un (x)zn , − 1 < x < 1, |z| < 1 1 − 2xz + z2 n=0 Inequality: |Un (x)| ≤ n + 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. IV: Jacobi

Name: Jacobi Symbol: Pn(α,β) (x) Interval: [−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y�� + [β − α − (α + β + 2)x]y� + n(n + α + β + 1) y = 0 �� � n � n+β 1 � n+α (α,β) (x − 1) n−m(x + 1) m Explicit Expression: Pn (x) = n m n−m 2 m=0 Recurrence Relation: (α,β)

2(n + 1) (n + α + β + 1) (2n + α + β) Pn+1 (x)

= (2n + α + β + 1)[(α 2 − β 2 ) + (2n + α + β + 2)

× (2n + α + β)x]Pn(α,β) (x)

(α,β)

− 2(n + α) (n + β) (2n + α + β + 2) Pn−1 (x)

Weight: (1 − x) α (1 + x) β ; α, β� > �1 Standardization: Pn(α,β) (x) = n+α n � +1 α β (1 − x) (1 + x) [Pn(α,β) (x)]2 dx = Norm:

2α+β+1 �(n + α + 1)�(n + β + 1) (2n + α + β + 1)n!�(n + α + β + 1) −1 n dn (−1) Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn(α,β) (x) = n {(1 − x) n+α (1 + x) n+β } 2 n!(1 − x) α (1 + x) β dxn ∞ � 2−α−β Pn(α,β) (x)zn , Generating Function: R−1 (1 − z + R) −α (1 + z + R) −β = n=0 √ R = 1 − 2xz + z2 , |z| < 1

Orthogonal Polynomials

A-85

� ⎧ � 1 n+q ⎪ ⎪ ∼ nq if q = max(α, β) ≥ − ⎪ ⎪ 2 n ⎨ |Pn(α,β) (x� )| ∼ n−1/2 if q < − 12 Inequality: max |Pn(α,β) (x)| = ⎪ −1≤x≤1 � ⎪ ⎪ x is one of the two maximum points nearest ⎪ ⎩ β−α α+β+1

V: Generalized Laguerre

Name: Generalized Laguerre Symbol: L(α) Interval: [0, ∞] n (x) �� Differential Equation: xy + (α + 1 − x) y� + ny = 0 � � n � 1 m (α) m n+α (−1) x Explicit Expression: Ln (x) = n − m m! m=0

(α) (α) Recurrence Relation: (n + 1)L(α) n + 1(x) = [(2n + α + 1) − x]Ln (x) − (n + α)Ln − 1(x) (−1) n n α −x (α) Weight: x e , α > −1 Standardization: Ln (x) = n! x + · · · � ∞ �(n + α + 1) 2 Norm: xα e−x [L(α) n (x)] dx = n! 0 dn n+α −x 1 Rodrigues’ Formula: L(α) {x e } n (x) = n!xα e−x dx∞n

Generating Function: (1 − z) −α−1 exp

�

xz z−1

�

�(n + α + 1) x/2 e ; n!�(α + 1) � � �(α+n+1) x/2 |L(a) ; n (x)| ≤ 2 − n!�(α+1) e

Inequality: |L(α) n (x) ≤

=

�

n=0

n L(α) n (x)z

x≥0 α>0 x≥0 −1 < α < 0 VI: Hermite

Name: Hermite Symbol:Hn (x) Interval: [−∞, ∞] Differential Equation: y�� − 2xy� + 2ny = 0 [n/2] � (−1) mn!(2x) n−2m Explicit Expression: Hn (x) = m!(n − 2m)! m=0 Recurrence Relation:Hn+1 (x) = 2xHn (x) − 2nHn−1 (x) 2 Weight:�e−x Standardization: Hn (1) = 2n xn + · · · ∞ 2 √ 2 Norm: e−x [Hn (x)] dx = 2n n! π −∞

2

n

2

d −x Rodrigues’ Formula: Hn (x) = (−1) n e x dx ) n (e ∞ n � z 2 Hn (x) Generating Function: e−x +2zx = n! n=0 √ x2 /2 n/2 Inequality: |Hn (x)|e k2 n! k ≈ 1.086435

TABLES OF ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS H0 = 1 x10 = (30240H0 + 75600H2 + 25200H4 + 2520H6 + 90H8 + H10 )/1024 H1 = 2x x9 = (15120H1 + 10080H3 + 1512H5 + 72H7 + H9 )/512 2 H2 = 4x − 2 x8 = (1680H0 + 3360H2 + 840H4 + 56H6 + H8 )/256 3 H3 = 8x − 12x x7 = (840H1 + 420H3 + 42H5 + H7 )/128 H4 = 16x4 − 48x2 + 12 x6 = (120H0 + 180H2 + 30H4 + H6 )/64 H5 = 32x5 − 160x3 + 120x x5 = (60H1 + 20H3 + H5 )/32 6 4 2 H6 = 64x − 480x + 720x − 120 x4 = (12H0 + 12H2 + H4 )/16 7 5 3 H7 = 128x − 1344x + 3360x − 1680x x3 = (6H1 + H3 )/8 H8 = 256x8 − 3584x6 + 13440x4 − 13440x2 + 1680 x2 = (2H0 + H2 )/4 H9 = 512x9 − 9216x7 + 48384x5 − 80640x3 + 30240x x = ( H1 )/2 H10 = 1024x10 − 23040x8 + 161280x6 − 403200x4 + 302400x2 − 30240 1 = H0 L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6

=1 x6 = 720L0 − 4320L1 + 10800L2 − 14400L3 + 10800L4 − 4320L5 + 720L6 = −x + 1 x5 = 120L0 − 600L1 + 1200L2 − 1200L3 + 600L4 − 120L5 2 = (x − 4x + 2)/2 x4 = 24L0 − 96L1 + 144L2 − 96L3 + 24L4 = (−x3 + 9x2 − 18x + 6)/6 x3 = 6L0 − 18L1 + 18L2 − 6L3 = (x4 − 16x3 + 72x2 − 96x + 24)/24 x2 = 2L0 − 4L1 + 2L2 5 4 3 2 = (−x + 25x − 200x + 600x − 600x + 120)/120 x = L0 − L1 = (x6 − 36x5 + 450x4 − 2400x3 + 5400x2 − 4320x + 720)/720 1 = L0

P0 = 1 x10 = (4199P0 + 16150P2 + 15504P4 + 7904P6 + 2176P8 + 256P10 )/46189 P1 = x x9 = (3315P1 + 4760P3 + 2992P5 + 960P7 + 128P9 )/12155 P2 = (3x2 − 1)/2 x8 = (715P0 + 2600P2 + 2160P4 + 832P6 + 128P8 )/6435 P3 = (5x3 − 3x)/2 x7 = (143P1 + 182P3 + 88P5 + 16P7 )/429 4 2 P4 = (35x − 30x + 3)/8 x6 = (33P0 + 110P2 + 72P4 + 16P6 )/231 5 3 P5 = (63x − 70x + 15x)/8 x5 = (27P1 + 28P3 + 8P5 )/63 P6 = (231x6 − 315x4 + 105x2 − 5)/16 x4 = (7P0 + 20P2 + 8P4 )/35 P7 = (429x7 − 693x5 + 315x3 − 35x)/16 x3 = (3P1 + 2P3 )/5 8 6 4 2 P8 = (6435x − 12012x + 6930x − 1260x + 35)/128 x2 = ( P0 + 2P2 )/3 9 7 5 3 P9 = (12155x − 25740x + 18018x − 4620x + 315x)/128 x = P1 P10 = (46189x10 − 109395x8 + 90090x6 − 30030x4 + 3465x2 − 63)/256 1 = P0 T0 = 1 T1 = x T2 = 2x2 − 1 T3 = 4x3 − 3x T4 = 8x4 − 8x2 + 1 T5 = 16x5 − 20x3 + 5x T6 = 32x6 − 48x4 + 18x2 − 1 T7 = 64x7 − 112x5 + 56x3 − 7x T8 = 128x8 − 256x6 + 160x4 − 32x2 + 1 T9 = 256x9 − 576x7 + 432x5 − 120x3 + 9x T10 = 512x10 − 1280x8 + 1120x6 − 400x4 + 50x2 − 1 U0 = 1 U1 = 2x U2 = 4x2 − 1 U3 = 8x3 − 4x U4 = 16x4 − 12x2 + 1 U5 = 32x5 − 32x3 + 6x U6 = 64x6 − 80x4 + 24x2 − 1 U7 = 128x7 − 192x5 + 80x3 − 8x U8 = 256x8 − 448x6 + 240x4 − 40x2 + 1 U9 = 512x9 − 1024x7 + 672x5 − 160x3 + 10x U10 = 1024x10 − 2304x8 + 1792x6 − 560x4 + 60x2 − 1 A-86

x10 = (126T0 + 210T2 + 120T4 + 45T6 + 10T8 + T10 )/512 x9 = (126T1 + 84T3 + 36T5 + 9T7 + T9 )/256 x8 = (35T0 + 56T2 + 28T4 + 8T6 + T8 )/128 x7 = (35T1 + 21T3 + 7T5 + T7 )/64 x6 = (10T0 + 15T2 + 6T4 + T6 )/32 x5 = (10T1 + 5T3 + T5 )/16 x4 = (3T0 + 4T2 + T4 )/8 x3 = (3T1 + T3 )/4 x2 = (T0 + T2 )/2 x = T1 1 = T0 x10 = (42U0 + 90U2 + 75U4 + 35U6 + 9U8 + U10 )/1024 x9 = (42U1 + 48U3 + 27U5 + 8U7 + U9 )/512 x8 = (14U0 + 28U2 + 20U4 + 7U6 + U8 )/256 x7 = (14U1 + 14U3 + 6U5 + U7 )/128 x6 = (5U0 + 9U2 + 5U4 + U6 )/64 x5 = (5U1 + 4U3 + U5 )/32 x4 = (2U0 + 3U2 + U4 )/16 x3 = (2U1 + U3 )/8 x2 = (U0 + U2 )/4 x = (U1 )/2 1 = U0

CLEBSCH–GORDAN COEFFICIENTS

  ( j1 + j2 − j)!( j + j1 − j2 )!( j + j2 − j1 )!(2 j + 1) j2 j = δm,m1 +m2 m2 m ( j + j1 + j2 + 1)! √ k  (−1) ( j1 + m1 )!( j1 − m1 )!( j2 + m2 )!( j2 − m2 )!( j + m)!( j − m)! . × k!( j + j − j − k)!( j1 − m1 − k)!( j2 + m2 − k)!( j − j2 + m1 + k)!( j − j1 − m2 + k)! 1 2 k



j1 m1

1. Conditions: (a) Each of { j1 , j2 , j, m1 , m2 , m} may be an integer, or half an integer. Additionally: j > 0, j1 > 0, j2 > 0 and j + j1 + j2 is an integer. (b) j1 + j2 − j ≥ 0. (c) j1 − j2 + j ≥ 0. (d) − j1 + j2 + j ≥ 0. (e) |m1 | ≤ j1 , |m2 | ≤ j2 , |m| ≤ j.

2. Special values: 

 j1 j2 j = 0 if m1 + m2 = m. m m2 m  1  j1 0 j = δ j1 , j δm1 ,m. (b) m1 0 m   j1 j2 j = 0 when j1 + j2 + j is an odd integer. (c) 0 0 0   j1 j1 j = 0 when 2 j1 + j is an odd integer. (d) m1 m1 m (a)

 3. Symmetry relations: all of the following are equal to  (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

j1 m1

 j2 j : m2 m

 j1 j , −m1 −m   j2 j1 j , (−1) j1 + j2 − j m m2 m  1  j1 j2 j j1 + j2 − j , (−1) −m1 −m2 −m    j j2 j1 2 j+1 j2 +m2 (−1) , 2 j1 +1 −m m2 −m1    j j2 j1 2 j+1 j1 −m1 + j−m (−1) , 2 j1 +1 m −m2 m1    j2 j j1 2 j+1 (−1) j−m+ j1 −m1 , 2 j1 +1 m2 −m −m1    j1 j j2 2 j+1 (−1) j1 −m1 , 2 j2 +1 m1 −m −m2    j j1 j2 2 j+1 (−1) j1 −m1 . 2 j2 +1 m −m1 m2 j2 −m2

By use of the symmetry relations, Clebsch–Gordan coefficients may be put in the standard form j1 ≤ j2 ≤ j and m ≥ 0. A-87

Clebsch–Gordan Coefficients

A-88  m2

m

j1

j

− 12

0

1 2

0

1 2

1 2

1 2

0

1 2

1

1 2

1 2

1 2

1

1

1 2

1 2

1 1

1

m2

m

j1

j

−1

0

1

1

−1

0

1

2

− 12

0

1 2

− 12

1 2

− 12

j1 m1

1 2

 j m

 m2

m

j1

j

≈ 0.707107

0

1

1

2

≈ 0.866025

1 2

0

1 2

3 2

≈ 0.707107

1 2

1 2

1

1

≈ 0.866025

1 2

1 2

1

2

1 ≈ 1.000000   j1 1 j m1 m2 m

1 2

1

1 2

3 2

1 2

3 2

1

2

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

2

1

1 2

1 2

3 2

√ 2 2 √ 2 2 √ − 42 √ 10 4 √ 30 6 √ 105 12 √ − 22 √ 6 6 √ 3 3

1

1 2

1

1

− 34

1 2

1

2

1

1

1 2

3 2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

3 2

1 2

3 2

1

3 2

1

2

√ 105 12

1

2

1

2

1

√ 2 2 √ 3 2 √ 2 2 √ 3 2

√

m2

≈ 0.707107

3 2

2 2 √ 6 6 √ 2 2

1

1

3 4

≈ 0.750000

1 2

1

2

≈ 0.559017

0

0

1

2

0

0

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1

1

0

1 2

1

2

0

1

1

1

5 4 √ 6 3 √ 3 2 √ 6 3 √ 2 4 √ 10 4 √ 2 2

√

≈ 0.408248 ≈ 0.707107

1

≈ 0.816496 ≈ 0.866025 ≈ 0.8164967 ≈ 0.353553 ≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.707107

j1 m1

√ 5 4 √ 10 4 √ − 22 √ 2 2

1

 1 j m2 m ≈ 0.707107 ≈ 0.707107 ≈ −0.353553 ≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.912871 ≈ 0.853913 ≈ −0.707107 ≈ 0.408248 ≈ 0.577350 ≈ −0.750000 ≈ 0.559017 ≈ 0.790569 ≈ −0.707107 ≈ 0.707107 ≈ 1.000000 ≈ 0.853913 ≈ 1.000000

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION Table of the Normal Distribution For a standard normal random variable ((z) is the area under the Standard Normal Curve from −∞ to z). Proportion of the total area (%) 68.27 90 95 95.45 99.0 99.73 99.8 99.9

Limits μ − λσ μ−σ μ − 1.65σ μ − 1.96σ μ − 2σ μ − 2.58σ μ − 3σ μ − 3.09σ μ − 3.29σ x (x) 2[1 − (x)] x 1 − (x)

3.09 10−3

μ + λσ μ+σ μ + 1.65σ μ + 1.96σ μ + 2σ μ + 2.58σ μ + 3σ μ + 3.09σ μ + 3.29σ 1.282 0.90 0.20

1.645 0.95 0.10

1.960 0.975 0.05

3.72 10−4

4.26 10−5

4.75 10−6

2.326 0.99 0.02 5.20 10−7

Remaining area (%) 31.73 10 5 4.55 0.99 0.27 0.2 0.1 2.576 0.995 0.01 5.61 10−8

3.090 0.999 0.002

6.00 10−9

6.36 10−10

2

0

1 2

1

2

0

1

1

1

m2

m

j1

j

− 12

0

1 2

1 1 0 a standard For 2 2

0

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1

1 2

m2

m

j1

−1

0

1

−1

0

1

− 12

0

1 2

− 12

1 2

1

2

0

0

1

2

0

0

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1

1

0 A-88 0

1 2

1

2

1

1

1

1 2

1

4

10 4 √ 2 2

�

≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.707107

j1 m1

1 2

m2

1

3 2

1

2

105 12

≈ 0.853913

1

2

1

2

1

≈ 1.000000

� j m2 m j1 j mNORMAL PROBABILITY

�

� j1 1 j m1 m2 m FUNCTION

√ 2 2 0 1 1 2 ≈ 0.707107 ≈ 0.707107 2 2 Table of the Normal Distribution √ √ 1 1 3 2 3 0 ≈ 0.707107 1 ≈ 0.866025 normal 2 Normal Curve from 2 random variable (�(z) is the 2area under2 the 2Standard √ √ 1 1 2 2 1 1 − ≈Remaining −0.353553 1 ≈ 0.707107 2 2 Proportion of 4 2 Limits √ √ 1 1 the total area 10 3 area 1 2 ≈ 0.790569 1 ≈ 0.866025 2 4 2 μ − λσ μ + λσ 2 (%) (%) √ 1 1 3 30 1 ≈ 0.912871 1 1 ≈ 1.000000 μ−σ μ+σ 2 31.73 2 68.27 2 6 � � √ μ + 1.65σ 90 10 1 3 105 j1 μ1− 1.65σ j 1 2 ≈ 0.853913 2 2 12 j μ − 1.96σ μ + 1.96σ 95 5 √ m1 m2 m 0 195.45 1 − 22 ≈ −0.707107 μ − 2σ μ + 2σ 1 4.55 √ 2 √ 1 ≈μ 0.707107 − 2.58σ μ + 2.58σ 99.0 0.99 2 6 1 0 1 2 ≈ 0.408248 √ 6 μ − 3σ μ + 3σ 99.73 0.27 6 √ 2 ≈ 0.408248 6 1 1 99.8 3 3 μ − 3.09σ μ + 3.09σ 0.2 1 ≈ 0.577350 √ 2 2 2 3 3 2

1

1 2

− 12

√

2

√

2

1 √

3 4

5 4 √ 6 3 √ 3 2 √ 6 3 √ 2 4 √ 10 4 √ 2 2

− 3.29σ ≈μ 0.707107 ≈ 0.750000 x

�(x) ≈ 0.559017 2[1 − �(x)] ≈ 0.816496 x 3.09 ≈ 0.866025 −3 1 − �(x) 10 ≈ 0.8164967

μ + 3.29σ 1 1 2 1.282 11.645 1 0.90 0.952 0.20 10.101

99.9 1 1 1.960 1 2 0.975 1 3 0.05 2 2

≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.707107

1

3 2

√

0.1 ≈ −0.750000 3.090 ≈2.576 0.559017 0.995 0.999 ≈0.01 0.790569 0.002

1 1 5.20 − 22 5.61 ≈ −0.707107 4.75 6.00 6.36 √ −6 −7 2 −8 −9 −10 10 10 10 10 1 2 ≈ 0.707107 10 2

3.72 1 4.261 10−4 1 10−5 1

≈ 0.353553

− 34 √ 2.326 5 4 0.99 √ 10 0.02 4

−∞ to z).

1 2

3 2

1

3 2

1

2

√ 105 12

1

2

1

2

1

1

≈ 1.000000 ≈ 0.853913 ≈ 1.000000

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION Table of the Normal Distribution For a standard normal random variable (�(z) is the area under the Standard Normal Curve from −∞ to z). Proportion of the total area (%) 68.27 90 95 95.45 99.0 99.73 99.8 99.9

Limits μ − λσ μ−σ μ − 1.65σ μ − 1.96σ μ − 2σ μ − 2.58σ μ − 3σ μ − 3.09σ μ − 3.29σ x �(x) 2[1 − �(x)] x 1 − �(x)

A-88

3.09 10−3

μ + λσ μ+σ μ + 1.65σ μ + 1.96σ μ + 2σ μ + 2.58σ μ + 3σ μ + 3.09σ μ + 3.29σ 1.282 0.90 0.20

1.645 0.95 0.10

1.960 0.975 0.05

3.72 10−4

4.26 10−5

4.75 10−6

2.326 0.99 0.02 5.20 10−7

Remaining area (%) 31.73 10 5 4.55 0.99 0.27 0.2 0.1 2.576 0.995 0.01 5.61 10−8

3.090 0.999 0.002

6.00 10−9

6.36 10−10

Normal Probability Function

A-89

Areas under the Standard Normal Curve from 0 to z z 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

0 .0000 .0398 .0793 .1179 .1554 .1915 .2258 .2580 .2881 .3159 .3413 .3643 .3849 .4032 .4192 .4332 .4452 .4554 .4641 .4713 .4772 .4821 .4861 .4893 .4918 .4938 .4953 .4965 .4974 .4981 .4987 4990 4993 4995 4997 4998 4998 4999 4999 5000

1 .0040 .0438 .0832 .1217 .1591 .1950 .2291 .2612 .2910 .3186 .3438 .3665 .3869 .4049 .4207 .4345 .4463 .4564 .4649 .4719 .4778 .4826 .4864 .4896 .4920 .4940 .4955 .4966 .4975 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .5000

2 .0080 .0478 .0871 .1255 .1628 .1985 .2324 .2652 .2939 .3212 .3461 .3686 .3888 .4066 .4222 .4357 .4474 .4573 .4656 .4726 .4783 .4830 .4868 .4898 .4922 .4941 .4956 .4967 .4976 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4994 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

3 .0120 .0517 .0910 .1293 .1664 .2019 .2357 .2673 .2967 .3238 .3485 .3708 .3907 .4082 .4236 .4370 .4484 .4582 .4664 .4732 .4788 .4834 .4871 .4901 .4925 .4943 .4957 .4968 .4977 .4983 .4988 .4991 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

4 .0160 .0557 .0948 .1331 .1700 .2054 .2389 .2704 .2996 .3264 .3508 .3729 .3925 .4099 .4251 .4382 .4495 .4591 .4671 .4738 .4793 .4838 .4875 .4904 .4927 .4945 .4959 .4969 .4977 .4984 .4988 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

5 .0199 .0596 .0987 .1368 .1736 .2088 .2422 .2734 .3023 .3289 .3531 .3749 .3944 .4115 .4265 .4394 .4505 .4599 .4678 .4744 .4798 .4842 .4878 .4906 .4929 .4946 .4960 .4970 .4978 .4984 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

6 .0239 .0636 .1026 .1406 .1772 .2123 .2454 .2764 .3051 .3315 .3554 .3770 .3962 .4131 .4279 .4406 .4515 .4608 .4686 .4750 .4803 .4846 .4881 .4909 .4931 .4948 .4961 .4971 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

7 .0279 .0675 .1064 .1443 .1808 .2157 .2486 .2794 .3078 .3340 .3577 .3790 .3980 .4147 .4292 .4418 .4525 .4616 .4693 .4756 .4808 .4850 .4884 .4911 .4932 .4949 .4962 .4972 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

8 .0319 .0714 .1103 .1480 .1844 .2190 .2518 .2823 .3106 .3365 .3599 .3810 .3997 .4162 .4306 .4429 .4535 .4625 .4699 .4761 .4812 .4854 .4887 .4913 .4934 .4951 .4963 .4973 .4980 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

9 .0359 .0754 .1141 .1517 .1879 .2224 .2549 .2852 .3133 .3389 .3621 .3830 .4015 .4177 .4319 .4441 .4545 .4633 .4706 .4767 .4817 .4857 .4890 .4916 .4936 .4952 .4964 .4974 .4981 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

Normal Probability Function

A-90 Common sample size calculations Parameter

Estimate

Sample size

μ

x¯

n=

p

pˆ

n=

μ2 − μ 2

x¯ 1 − x¯ 2

n1 = n2 =

(zα/2 ) 2 (σ12 + σ22 ) E2

p1 − p2

pˆ 1 − pˆ 2

n1 = n2 =

(zα/2 ) 2 ( p1 q1 + p2 q2 ) E2

�z

· σ �2 E

α/2

(zα/2 ) 2 · pq E2

Common one-sample confidence intervals Parameter

Assumptions

100(1 − α)% Confidence interval

μ

n large, σ 2 known, or normality, σ 2 known

σ x¯ ± zα/2 · √ n

μ

normality, σ 2 unknown

σ2

normality

p

binomial experiment, n large

s x¯ ± tα/2,n−1 · √ n � � 2 (n − 1)s (n − 1)s 2 , 2 2 χα/2,n−1 χ1−α/2,n−1 � pˆ (1 − pˆ ) pˆ ± zα/2 · n

Common two-sample confidence intervals Parameter

Assumptions

100(1 − α)% Confidence interval

μ1 − μ2

normality, independence, σ12 , σ22 known or n1 , n2 large, independence, σ12 , σ22 known σ12

σ22

μ1 − μ2

normality, independence, unknown

μ1 − μ2

normality, independence, σ12 �= σ22 unknown

=

( x¯ 1 − x¯ 2 ) ± zα/2 · ( x¯ 1 − x¯ 2 ) ±

�

σ2 σ12 + 2 n1 n2

�

1 1 + n1 n2 (n1 − 1)s12 + (n2 − 1)s22 s 2p = n1 + n2� −2 s2 s12 ( x¯ 1 − x¯ 2 ) ± tα/2,ν · + 2 n1 n2 � 2 �2 s1 s22 +n n1 2 ν≈ 2 2 (s1 /n1 ) (s22 /n2 ) 2 + n −1 n −1

t α2 ,n1 +n2 −2 · s p

1

2

μ1 − μ2

normality, n pairs, dependence

sd d¯ ± tα/2,n−1 · √ n

p1 − p2

binomial experiments, n1 , n2 large, independence

( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 )± � pˆ 1 (1 − pˆ 1 ) pˆ 2 (1 − pˆ 2 ) + zα/2 · n1 n2

PERCENTAGE POINTS, STUDENT’S T-DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of t such that F (t) =

�

t −∞

� � � � � n+1 x2 n+1 2 �n� 1 + dx − √ n 2 nπ� 2

for n, the number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, 2, . . . , 30, 40, 60, 120, ∞; and for F (t) = 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 0.95, 0.975, 0.99, 0.995, and 0.9995. The t-distribution is symmetrical, so that F (−t) = 1 − F (t) n/F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

.60 .325 .289 .277 .271 .267 .265 .263 .262 .261 .260 .260 .259 .259 .258 .258 .258 .257 .257 .257 .257 .257 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .255 .254 .254 .253

.75 1.000 .816 .765 .741 .727 .718 .711 .706 .703 .700 .697 .695 .694 .692 .691 .690 .689 .688 .688 .687 .686 .686 .685 .685 .684 .684 .684 .683 .683 .683 .681 .679 .677 .674

.90 3.078 1.886 1.638 1.533 1.476 1.440 1.415 1.397 1.383 1.372 1.363 1.356 1.350 1.345 1.341 1.337 1.333 1.330 1.328 1.325 1.323 1.321 1.319 1.318 1.316 1.315 1.314 1.313 1.311 1.310 1.303 1.296 1.289 1.282

.95 6.314 2.920 2.353 2.132 2.015 1.943 1.895 1.860 1.833 1.812 1.796 1.782 1.771 1.761 1.753 1.746 1.740 1.734 1.729 1.725 1.721 1.717 1.714 1.711 1.708 1.706 1.703 1.701 1.699 1.697 1.684 1.671 1.658 1.645

.975 12.706 4.303 3.182 2.776 2.571 2.447 2.365 2.306 2.262 2.228 2.201 2.179 2.160 2.145 2.131 2.120 2.110 2.101 2.093 2.086 2.080 2.074 2.069 2.064 2.060 2.056 2.052 2.048 2.045 2.042 2.021 2.000 1.980 1.960

.99 31.821 6.965 4.541 3.747 3.365 3.143 2.998 2.896 2.821 2.764 2.718 2.681 2.650 2.624 2.602 2.583 2.567 2.552 2.539 2.528 2.518 2.508 2.500 2.492 2.485 2.479 2.473 2.467 2.462 2.457 2.423 2.390 2.358 2.326

.995 63.657 9.925 5.841 4.604 4.032 3.707 3.499 3.355 3.250 3.169 3.106 3.055 3.012 2.977 2.947 2.921 2.898 2.878 2.861 2.845 2.831 2.819 2.807 2.797 2.787 2.779 2.771 2.763 2.756 2.750 2.704 2.660 2.617 2.576

.9995 636.619 31.598 12.924 8.610 6.869 5.959 5.408 5.041 4.781 4.587 4.437 4.318 4.221 4.140 4.073 4.015 3.965 3.922 3.883 3.850 3.819 3.792 3.767 3.745 3.725 3.707 3.690 3.674 3.659 3.646 3.551 3.460 3.373 3.291

*This table is abridged from the Statistical Tables by R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates published by Oliver & Boyd. Ltd., Edinburgh and London, 1938. It is published here with the kind permission of the authors and their publishers.

PERCENTAGE POINTS, CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of χ 2 such that F (χ) 2 =

�

χ2 0

1 � � x(n−2)/2 e−x/2 dx 2n/2 � 2n

for √ n, the √number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, 2, . . ., 30. For n > 30, a normal approximation is quite accurate. The expression 2x2 − 2n − 1 is approximately normally distributed as the standard normal distribution. Thus χα2 , the α-point of the distribution, may be computed by the formula √ 1 χα2 = [xα + 2n − 1]2 , 2 A-91

60 120 ∞

.254 .254 .253

.679 .677 .674

1.296 1.289 1.282

1.671 1.658 1.645

2.000 1.980 1.960

2.390 2.358 2.326

2.660 2.617 2.576

3.460 3.373 3.291

*This table is abridged from the Statistical Tables by R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates published by Oliver & Boyd. Ltd., Edinburgh and London, 1938. It is published here with the kind permission of the authors and their publishers.

PERCENTAGE POINTS, STUDENT’S T-DISTRIBUTION PERCENTAGE POINTS, CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of t such that

� � � � � n+1 x2 n+1 2 �n� 1 + dx − F (t) = √ n 2 nπ� 2 −∞ � χ2 1 60, 120, 2 2, . . . , 30, 40, for n, the number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, and � � x(n−2)/2∞; = e−x/2 dxfor F (t) = 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 0.95, 0.975, 0.99, F (χ) n/2 � 2n = 1 − F (t) 0.995, and 0.9995. The t-distribution is symmetrical, so0that2 F (−t)

This table gives values of χ 2 such that

�

t

for equal For n > .975 30, a normal is.9995 quite accurate. The expression √ n, the √number of degrees n/Fof freedom, .60 .75 to 1, 2, .90. . ., 30..95 .99approximation .995 2 2x2 − 2n − 1 is approximately normally distributed as the standard normal distribution. Thus χ , the α-point of the distribution, α 1 .325 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 636.619 may be computed by the formula 2 .289 .816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 31.598 √ 1 3 .277 .765 1.638 5.841 12.924 χα2 =2.353 [xα + 3.182 2n − 1]2 , 4.541 2 4 .271 .741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.610 5 .267 .727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 6.869 A-91 6 .265 .718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.959 7 .263 .711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 5.408 8 .262 .706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 5.041 9 .261 .703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.781 10 .260 .700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.587 11 .260 .697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.437 12 .259 .695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 4.318 13 .259 .694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 4.221 14 .258 .692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 4.140 15 .258 .691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 4.073 16 .258 .690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 4.015 17 .257 .689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.965 18 .257 .688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.922 19 .257 .688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.883 20 .257 .687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.850 21 .257 .686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.819 22 .256 .686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.792 23 .256 .685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.767 24 .256 .685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.745 25 .256 .684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.725 26 .256 .684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.707 27 .256 .684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.690 28 .256 .683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.674 29 .256 .683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.659 30 .256 .683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.646 40 .255 .681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.551 60 .254 .679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.460 120 .254 .677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.373 ∞ .253 .674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.291 *This table is abridged from the Statistical Tables by R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates published by Oliver & Boyd. Ltd., Edinburgh and London, 1938. It is published here with the kind permission of the authors and their publishers.

PERCENTAGE POINTS, CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of χ 2 such that F (χ) 2 =

�

χ2 0

1 � � x(n−2)/2 e−x/2 dx 2n/2 � 2n

for √ n, the √number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, 2, . . ., 30. For n > 30, a normal approximation is quite accurate. The expression 2x2 − 2n − 1 is approximately normally distributed as the standard normal distribution. Thus χα2 , the α-point of the distribution, may be computed by the formula √ 1 χα2 = [xα + 2n − 1]2 , 2 A-91

Percentage Points, Chi-Square Distribution

A-92

where xα is the α-point of the cumulative normal distribution. For even values of n, F (χ 2 ) can be written as 1 − F (χ 2 ) =

�

x −1 −λ x � e λ x! x=0

with λ = 12 χ 2 and x� = 12 n. Thus the cumulative chi-square distribution is related to the cumulative Poisson distribution. Another approximate formula for large n � � �3 2 2 2 χα = n 1 − + zα 9n 9n n = degrees of freedom zα = the normal deviate (the value of x for which F (x) = the desired percentile). x 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 F (x) .90 .95 .975 .99 .995 .999 2 χ.99 = 60[1 − 0.00370 + 2.326(0.06086)]3 = 88.4 is the 99th percentile for 60 degrees of freedom. F (χ 2 ) = � n F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

.005 .0000393 .0100 .0717 .207 .412 .676 .989 1.34 1.73 2.16 2.60 3.07 3.57 4.07 4.60 5.14 5.70 6.26 6.84 7.43 8.03 8.64 9.26 9.89 10.5 11.2 11.8 12.5 13.1 13.8

.010 .000157 .0201 .115 .297 .554 .872 1.24 1.65 2.09 2.56 3.05 3.57 4.11 4.66 5.23 5.81 6.41 7.01 7.63 8.26 8.90 9.54 10.2 10.9 11.5 12.2 12.9 12.6 14.3 15.0

.025 .000982 .0506 .216 .484 .831 1.24 1.69 2.18 2.70 3.25 3.82 4.40 5.01 5.63 6.26 6.91 7.56 8.23 8.91 9.59 10.3 11.0 11.7 12.4 13.1 13.8 14.6 15.3 16.0 16.8

.050 .00393 .103 .352 .711 1.15 1.64 2.17 2.73 3.33 3.94 4.57 5.23 5.89 6.57 7.26 7.96 8.67 9.39 10.1 10.9 11.6 12.3 13.1 13.8 14.6 15.4 16.2 16.9 17.7 18.5

�

χ2 0

1 � � xn−2/2 e−x/2 dx 2n/2 � 2n

.100 .0158 .211 .584 1.06 1.61 2.20 2.83 3.49 4.17 4.87 5.58 6.30 7.04 7.79 8.55 9.31 10.1 10.9 11.7 12.4 13.2 14.0 14.8 15.7 16.5 17.3 18.1 18.9 19.8 20.6

.250 .102 .575 1.21 1.92 2.67 3.45 4.25 5.07 5.90 6.74 7.58 8.44 9.30 10.2 11.0 11.9 12.8 13.7 14.6 15.5 16.3 17.2 18.1 19.0 19.9 20.8 21.7 22.7 23.6 24.5

.500 .455 1.39 2.37 3.36 4.35 5.35 6.35 7.34 8.34 9.34 10.3 11.3 12.3 13.3 14.3 15.3 16.3 17.3 18.3 19.3 20.3 21.3 22.3 23.3 24.3 25.3 26.3 27.3 28.3 29.3

.750 1.32 2.77 4.11 5.39 6.63 7.84 9.04 10.2 11.4 12.5 13.7 14.8 16.0 17.1 18.2 19.4 20.5 21.6 22.7 23.8 24.9 26.0 27.1 28.2 29.3 30.4 31.5 32.6 33.7 34.8

.900 2.71 4.61 6.25 7.78 9.24 10.6 12.0 13.4 14.7 16.0 17.3 18.5 19.8 21.1 22.3 23.5 24.8 26.0 27.2 28.4 29.6 30.8 32.0 33.2 34.4 35.6 36.7 37.9 39.1 40.3

.950 3.84 5.99 7.81 9.49 11.1 12.6 14.1 15.5 16.9 18.3 19.7 21.0 22.4 23.7 25.0 26.3 27.6 28.9 30.1 31.4 32.7 33.9 35.2 36.4 37.7 38.9 40.1 41.3 42.6 43.8

.975 5.02 7.38 9.35 11.1 12.8 14.4 16.0 17.5 19.0 20.5 21.9 23.3 24.7 26.1 27.5 28.8 30.2 31.5 32.9 34.2 35.5 36.8 38.1 39.4 40.6 41.9 43.2 44.5 45.7 47.0

.990 6.63 9.21 11.3 13.3 15.1 16.8 18.5 20.1 21.7 23.2 24.7 26.2 27.7 29.1 30.6 32.0 33.4 34.8 36.2 37.6 38.9 40.3 41.6 43.0 44.3 45.6 47.0 48.3 49.6 50.9

.995 7.88 10.6 12.8 14.9 16.7 18.5 20.3 22.0 23.6 25.2 26.8 28.3 29.8 31.3 32.8 34.3 35.7 37.2 38.6 40.0 41.4 42.8 44.2 45.6 46.9 48.3 49.6 51.0 52.3 53.7

PERCENTAGE POINTS, F -DISTRIBUTION

This table gives values of F such that

F (F ) =

�

F 0

� � � m+n 2 � � � � mm/2 nn/2 xm−2/2 (n + mx) −(m+n)/2 dx � m2 � 2n

for selected values of m, the number of degrees of freedom of the numerator of F ; and for selected values of n, the number of degrees freedom of the denominator of F . The table also provides values corresponding to F ( F ) = .10,.05,.025,.01,.005,.001 since F1−α for m and n degrees of freedom is the reciprocal of Fα for n and m degrees of freedom. Thus F.05 (4, 7) = F (F ) = � n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s12 s22

�

F 0

� � � m+n � m � 2 � n � mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx) −(m+n)/2 dx = .90 � 2 � 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

39.86 8.53 5.54 4.54 4.06 3.78 3.59 3.46 3.36 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.93 2.92 2.91 2.90 2.89 2.89 2.88 2.84 2.79 2.75 2.71

49.50 9.00 5.46 4.32 3.78 3.46 3.26 3.11 3.01 2.92 2.86 2.81 2.76 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.62 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.55 2.54 2.53 2.52 2.51 2.50 2.50 2.49 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.30

53.59 9.16 5.39 4.19 3.62 3.29 3.07 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.66 2.61 2.56 2.52 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.34 2.33 2.32 2.31 2.30 2.29 2.28 2.28 2.23 2.18 2.13 2.08

55.83 9.24 5.34 4.11 3.52 3.18 2.96 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.54 2.48 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.21 2.19 2.18 2.17 2.17 2.16 2.15 2.14 2.09 2.04 1.99 1.94

57.24 9.29 5.31 4.05 3.45 3.11 2.88 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.06 2.05 2.00 1.95 1.90 1.85

58.20 9.33 5.28 4.01 3.40 3.05 2.83 2.67 2.55 2.46 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.08 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.01 2.00 2.00 1.99 1.98 1.93 1.87 1.82 1.77

=

S1 S2 / , m n

1 1 = = .164 F.95 (7, 4) 6.09

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

58.91 9.35 5.27 3.98 3.37 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.41 2.34 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.13 2.10 2.08 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.01 1.99 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.93 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.72

59.44 9.37 5.25 3.95 3.34 2.98 2.75 2.59 2.47 2.38 2.30 2.24 2.20 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.98 1.97 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.83 1.77 1.72 1.67

59.86 9.38 5.24 3.94 3.32 2.96 2.72 2.56 2.44 2.35 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.63

60.19 9.39 5.23 3.92 3.30 2.94 2.70 2.54 2.42 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.14 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.76 1.71 1.65 1.60

60.71 9.41 5.22 3.90 3.27 2.90 2.67 2.50 2.38 2.28 2.21 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.02 1.99 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.71 1.66 1.60 1.55

61.22 9.42 5.20 3.87 3.24 2.87 2.63 2.46 2.34 2.24 2.17 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.81 1.80 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.66 1.60 1.55 1.49

61.74 9.44 5.18 3.84 3.21 2.84 2.59 2.42 2.30 2.20 2.12 2.06 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.71 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.61 1.54 1.48 1.42

62.00 9.45 5.18 3.83 3.19 2.82 2.58 2.40 2.28 2.18 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.57 1.51 1.45 1.38

62.26 9.46 5.17 3.82 3.17 2.80 2.56 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.54 1.48 1.41 1.34

62.53 9.47 5.16 3.80 3.16 2.78 2.54 2.36 2.23 2.13 2.05 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.85 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.64 1.63 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.51 1.44 1.37 1.30

62.79 9.47 5.15 3.79 3.14 2.76 2.51 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.03 1.96 1.90 1.86 1.82 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.47 1.40 1.32 1.24

63.06 9.48 5.14 3.78 3.12 2.74 2.49 2.32 2.18 2.08 2.00 1.93 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.64 1.62 1.60 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.42 1.35 1.26 1.17

63.33 9.49 5.13 3.76 3.10 2.72 2.47 2.29 2.16 2.06 1.97 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.76 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.38 1.29 1.19 1.00

where s12 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance σ 2 and based on

m and n degrees of freedom, respectively.

A-93

Percentage Points, F -Distribution

A-94

F (F ) = � n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s12 s22

�

F 0

� � � m+n 2 � � � � mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx) −(m+n)/2 dx = .95 � m2 � 2n

1

2

3

4

5

6

161.4 18.51 10.13 7.71 6.61 5.99 5.59 5.32 5.12 4.96 4.84 4.75 4.67 4.60 4.54 4.49 4.45 4.41 4.38 4.35 4.32 4.30 4.28 4.26 4.24 4.23 4.21 4.20 4.18 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.92 3.84

199.5 19.00 9.55 6.94 5.79 5.14 4.74 4.46 4.26 4.10 3.98 3.89 3.81 3.74 3.68 3.63 3.59 3.55 3.52 3.49 3.47 3.44 3.42 3.40 3.39 3.37 3.35 3.34 3.33 3.32 3.23 3.15 3.07 3.00

215.7 19.16 9.28 6.59 5.41 4.76 4.35 4.07 3.86 3.71 3.59 3.49 3.41 3.34 3.29 3.24 3.20 3.16 3.13 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.98 2.96 2.95 2.93 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.68 2.60

224.6 19.25 9.12 6.39 5.19 4.53 4.12 3.84 3.63 3.48 3.36 3.26 3.18 3.11 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74 2.73 2.71 2.70 2.69 2.61 2.53 2.45 2.37

230.2 19.30 9.01 6.26 5.05 4.39 3.97 3.69 3.48 3.33 3.20 3.11 3.03 2.96 2.90 2.85 2.81 2.77 2.74 2.71 2.68 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.55 2.53 2.45 2.37 2.29 2.21

234.0 19.33 8.94 6.16 4.95 4.28 3.87 3.58 3.37 3.22 3.09 3.00 2.92 2.85 2.79 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.49 2.47 2.46 2.45 2.43 2.42 2.34 2.25 2.17 2.10

=

S1 S2 / , m n

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

236.8 19.35 8.89 6.09 4.88 4.21 3.79 3.50 3.29 3.14 3.01 2.91 2.83 2.76 2.71 2.66 2.61 2.58 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.39 2.37 2.36 2.35 2.33 2.25 2.17 2.09 2.01

238.9 19.37 8.85 6.04 4.82 4.15 3.73 3.44 3.23 3.07 2.95 2.85 2.77 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.55 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.37 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.31 2.29 2.28 2.27 2.18 2.10 2.02. 1.94

240.5 19.38 8.81 6.00 4.77 4.10 3.68 3.39 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.80 2.71 2.65 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42 2.39 2.37 2.34 2.32 2.30 2.28 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.21 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.88

241.9 19.40 8.79 5.96 4.74 4.06 3.64 3.35 3.14 2.98 2.85 2.75 2.67 2.60 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.18 2.16 2.08 1.99 1.91 1.83

243.9 19.41 8.74 5.91 4.68 4.00 3.57 3.28 3.07 2.91 2.79 2.69 2.60 2.53 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.15 2.13 2.12 2.10 2.09 2.00 1.92 1.83 1.75

245.9 19.43 8.70 5.86 4.62 3.94 3.51 3.22 3.01 2.85 2.72 2.62 2.53 2.46 2.40 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.23 2.20 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.06 2.04 2.03 2.01 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.67

248.0 19.45 8.66 5.80 4.56 3.87 3.44 3.15 2.94 2.77 2.65 2.54 2.46 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.12 2.10 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.94 1.93 1.84 1.75 1.66 1.57

249.1 19.45 8.64 5.77 4.53 3.84 3.41 3.12 2.90 2.74 2.61 2.51 2.42 2.35 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.79 1.70 1.61 1.52

250.1 19.46 8.62 5.75 4.50 3.81 3.38 3.08 2.86 2.70 2.57 2.47 2.38 2.31 2.25 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.07 2.04 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.88 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.74 1.65 1.55 1.46

251.1 19.47 8.59 5.72 4.46 3.77 3.34 3.04 2.83 2.66 2.53 2.43 2.34 2.27 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 1.99 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.82 1.81 1.79 1.69 1.59 1.50 1.39

252.2 19.48 8.57 5.69 4.43 3.74 3.30 3.01 2.79 2.62 2.49 2.38 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.74 1.64 1.53 1.43 1.32

253.3 19.49 8.55 5.66 4.40 3.70 3.27 2.97 2.75 2.58 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.70 1.68 1.58 1.47 1.35 1.22

254.3 19.50 8.53 5.63 4.36 3.67 3.23 2.93 2.71 2.54 2.40 2.30 2.21 2.13 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.62 1.51 139 1.25 1.00

where s12 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance σ 2 and based on

m and n degrees of freedom, respectively.

Percentage Points, F -Distribution

F (F ) = � n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s12 s22

A-95 �

F 0

� � � m+n 2 � � � � mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx) −(m+n)/2 dx = .975 � m2 � 2n

1

2

3

4

5

6

647.8 38.51 17.44 12.22 10.01 8.81 8.07 7.57 7.21 6.94 6.72 6.55 6.41 6.30 6.20 6.12 6.04 5.98 5.92 5.87 5.83 5.79 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63 5.61 5.59 5.57 5.42 5.29 5.15 5.02

799.5 39.00 16.04 10.65 8.43 7.26 6.54 6.06 5.71 5.46 5.26 5.10 4.97 4.86 4.77 4.69 4.62 4.56 4.51 4.46 4.42 4.38 4.35 4.32 4.29 4.27 4.24 4.22 4.20 4.18 4.05 3.93 3.80 3.69

864.2 39.17 15.44 9.98 7.76 6.60 5.89 5.42 5.08 4.83 4.63 4.47 4.35 4.24 4.15 4.08 4.01 3.95 3.90 3.86 3.82 3.78 3.75 3.72 3.69 3.67 3.65 3.63 3.61 3.59 3.46 3.34 3.23 3.12

899.6 39.25 15.10 9.60 7.39 6.23 5.52 5.05 4.72 4.47 4.28 4.12 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.66 3.61 3.56 3.51 3.48 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.35 3.33 3.31 3.29 3.27 3.25 3.13 3.01 2.89 2.79

921.8 39.30 14.88 9.36 7.15 5.99 5.29 4.82 4.48 4.24 4.04 3.89 3.77 3.66 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.38 3.33 3.29 3.25 3.22 3.18 3.15 3.13 3.10 3.08 3.06 3.04 3.03 2.90 2.79 2.67 2.57

937.1 39.33 14.73 9.20 6.98 5.82 5.12 4.65 4.32 4.07 3.88 3.73 3.60 3.50 3.41 3.34 3.28 3.22 3.17 3.13 3.09 3.05 3.02 2.99 2.97 2.94 2.92 2.90 2.88 2.87 2.74 2.63 2.52 2.41

=

S1 S2 / , m n

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

948.2 39.36 14.62 9.07 6.85 5.70 4.99 4.53 4.20 3.95 3.76 3.61 3.48 3.38 3.29 3.22 3.16 3.10 3.05 3.01 2.97 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.85 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.75 2.62 2.51 2.39 2.29

956.7 39.37 14.54 8.98 6.76 5.60 4.90 4.43 4.10 3.85 3.66 3.51 3.39 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.91 2.87 2.84 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.73 2.71 2.69 2.67 2.65 2.53 2.41 2.30 2.19

963.3 39.39 14.47 8.90 6.68 5.52 4.82 4.36 4.03 3.78 3.59 3.44 3.31 3.21 3.12 3.05 2.98 2.93 2.88 2.84 2.80 2.76 2.73 2.70 2.68 2.65 2.63 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.45 2.33 2.22 2.11

968.6 39.40 14.42 8.84 6.62 5.46 4.76 4.30 3.96 3.72 3.53 3.37 3.25 3.15 3.06 2.99 2.92 2.87 2.82 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.39 2.27 2.16 2.05

976.7 39.41 14.34 8.75 6.52 5.37 4.67 4.20 3.87 3.62 3.43 3.28 3.15 3.05 2.96 2.89 2.82 2.77 2.72 2.68 2.64 2.60 2.57 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.47 2.45 2.43 2.41 2.29 2.17 2.05 1.94

984.9 39.43 14.25 8.66 6.43 5.27 4.57 4.10 3.77 3.52 3.33 3.18 3.05 2.95 2.86 2.79 2.72 2.67 2.62 2.57 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.31 2.18 2.06 1.94 1.83

993.1 39.45 14.17 8.56 6.33 5.17 4.47 4.00 3.67 3.42 3.23 3.07 2.95 2.84 2.76 2.68 2.62 2.56 2.51 2.46 2.42 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.30 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.20 2.07 1.94 1.82 1.71

997.2 39.46 14.12 8.51 6.28 5.12 4.42 3.95 3.61 3.37 3.17 3.02 2.89 2.79 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.50 2.45 2.41 2.37 2.33 2.30 2.27 2.24 2.22 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.14 2.01 1.88 1.76 1.64

1001 39.46 14.08 8.46 6.23 5.07 4.36 3.89 3.56 3.31 3.12 2.96 2.84 2.73 2.64 2.57 2.50 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.21 2.18 2.16 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 1.94 1.82 1.69 1.57

1006 39.47 14.04 8.41 6.18 5.01 4.31 3.84 3.51 3.26 3.06 2.91 2.78 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.44 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.03 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.88 1.74 1.61 1.48

1010 39.48 13.99 8.36 6.12 4.96 4.25 3.78 3.45 3.20 3.00 2.85 2.72 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.14 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.80 1.67 1.53 1.39

1014 39.49 13.95 8.31 6.07 4.90 4.20 3.73 3.39 3.14 2.94 2.79 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.08 2.04 2.01 1.98 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.72 1.58 1.43 1.27

1018 39.50 13.90 8.26 6.02 4.85 4.14 3.67 3.33 3.08 2.88 2.72 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.13 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.83 1.81 1.79 1.64 1.48 1.31 1.00

where s12 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance σ 2 and based on m

and n degrees of freedom, respectively.

Percentage Points, F -Distribution

A-96

F (F ) = � n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s12 s22

1

2

4052 98.50 34.12 21.20 16.26 13.75 12.25 11.26 10.56 10.04 9.65 9.33 9.07 8.86 8.68 8.53 8.40 8.29 8.18 8.10 8.02 7.95 7.88 7.82 7.77 7.72 7.68 7.64 7.60 7.56 7.31 7.08 6.85 6.63

4999.5 5403 99.00 99.17 30.82 29.46 18.00 16.69 13.27 12.06 10.92 9.78 9.55 8.45 8.65 7.59 8.02 6.99 7.56 6.55 7.21 6.22 6.93 5.95 6.70 5.74 6.51 5.56 6.36 5.42 6.23 5.29 6.11 5.18 6.01 5.09 5.93 5.01 5.85 4.94 5.78 4.87 5.72 4.82 5.66 4.76 5.61 4.72 5.57 4.68 5.53 4.64 5.49 4.60 5.45 4.57 5.42 4.54 5.39 4.51 5.18 4.31 4.98 4.13 4.79 3.95 4.61 3.78

=

S1 S2 / , m n

3

�

F 0

� � � m+n 2 � � � � mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx) −(m+n)/2 dx = .99 � m2 � 2n

4

5

6

5625 99.25 28.71 15.98 11.39 9.15 7.85 7.01 6.42 5.99 5.67 5.41 5.21 5.04 4.89 4.77 4.67 4.58 4.50 4.43 4.37 4.31 4.26 4.22 4.18 4.14 4.11 4.07 4.04 4.02 3.83 3.65 3.48 3.32

5764 99.30 28.24 15.52 10.97 8.75 7.46 6.63 6.06 5.64 5.32 5.06 4.86 4.69 4.56 4.44 4.34 4.25 4.17 4.10 4.04 3.99 3.94 3.90 3.85 3.82 3.78 3.75 3.73 3.70 3.51 3.34 3.17 3.02

5859 99.33 27.91 15.21 10.67 8.47 7.19 6.37 5.80 5.39 5.07 4.82 4.62 4.46 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.01 3.94 3.87 3.81 3.76 3.71 3.67 3.63 3.59 3.56 3.53 3.50 3.47 3.29 3.12 2.96 2.80

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

5928 99.36 27.67 14.98 10.46 8.26 6.99 6.18 5.61 5.20 4.89 4.64 4.44 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.93 3.84 3.77 3.70 3.64 3.59 3.54 3.50 3.46 3.42 3.39 3.36 3.33 3.30 3.12 2.95 2.79 2.64

5982 99.37 27.49 14.80 10.29 8.10 6.84 6.03 5.47 5.06 4.74 4.50 4.30 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.79 3.71 3.63 3.56 3.51 3.45 3.41 3.36 3.32 3.29 3.26 3.23 3.20 3.17 2.99 2.82 2.66 2.51

6022 99.39 27.35 14.66 10.16 7.98 6.72 5.91 5.35 4.94 4.63 4.39 4.19 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.68 3.60 3.52 3.46 3.40 3.35 3.30 3.26 3.22 3.18 3.15 3.12 3.09 3.07 2.89 2.72 2.56 2.41

6056 99.40 27.23 14.55 10.05 7.87 6.62 5.81 5.26 4.85 4.54 4.30 4.10 3.94 3.80 3.69 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.37 3.31 3.26 3.21 3.17 3.13 3.09 3.06 3.03 3.00 2.98 2.80 2.63 2.47 2.32

6106 99.42 27.05 14.37 9.89 7.72 6.47 5.67 5.11 4.71 4.40 4.16 3.96 3.80 3.67 3.55 3.46 3.37 3.30 3.23 3.17 3.12 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.96 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.66 2.50 2.34 2.18

6157 99.43 26.87 14.20 9.72 7.56 6.31 5.52 4.96 4.56 4.25 4.01 3.82 3.66 3.52 3.41 3.31 3.23 3.15 3.09 3.03 2.98 2.93 2.89 2.85 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.73 2.70 2.52 2.35 2.19 2.04

6209 99.45 26.69 14.02 9.55 7.40 6.16 5.36 4.81 4.41 4.10 3.86 3.66 3.51 3.37 3.26 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.94 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.37 2.20 2.03 1.88

6235 99.46 26.60 13.93 9.47 7.31 6.07 5.28 4.73 4.33 4.02 3.78 3.59 3.43 3.29 3.18 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.86 2.80 2.75 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.55 2.52 2.49 2.47 2.29 2.12 1.95 1.79

6261 99.47 26.50 13.84 9.38 7.23 5.99 5.20 4.65 4.25 3.94 3.70 3.51 3.35 3.21 3.10 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.67 2.62 2.58 2.54 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.20 2.03 1.86 1.70

6287 99.47 26.41 13.75 9.29 7.14 5.91 5.12 4.57 4.17 3.86 3.62 3.43 3.27 3.13 3.02 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.69 2.64 2.58 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.38 2.35 2.33 2.30 2.11 1.94 1.76 1.59

6313 99.48 26.32 13.65 9.20 7.06 5.82 5.03 4.48 4.08 3.78 3.54 3.34 3.18 3.05 2.93 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.61 2.55 2.50 2.45 2.40 2.36 2.33 2.29 2.26 2.23 2.21 2.02 1.84 1.66 1.47

6339 99.49 26.22 13.56 9.11 6.97 5.74 4.95 4.40 4.00 3.69 3.45 3.25 3.09 2.96 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.58 2.52 2.46 2.40 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.23 2.20 2.17 2.14 2.11 1.92 1.73 1.53 1.32

6366 99.50 26.13 13.46 9.02 6.88 5.65 4.86 4.31 3.91 3.60 3.36 3.17 3.00 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.36 2.31 2.26 2.21 2.17 2.13 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.80 1.60 1.38 1.00

where s12 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance σ 2 and based on m

and n degrees of freedom, respectively.

MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR VARIOUS BODIES OF MASS The mass of the body is indicated by m

Body

Axis

Moment of inertia

Uniform thin rod of length l

Normal to the length, at one end

m 13 l 2

Uniform thin rod of length l

Normal to the length, at the center

1 2 m 12 l

Thin rectangular sheet, sides a and b

Through the center parallel to b

1 2 m 12 a

Thin rectangular sheet, sides a and b

Through the center perpendicular to

1 m 12 (a 2 + b2 )

the sheet Thin circular sheet of radius r

Normal to the plate through the

m 12 r 2

center Thin circular sheet of radius r

Along any diameter

m 14 r 2

Thin circular ring. Radii r1 and r2

Through center normal to plane of

m 12 (r12 + r22 )

ring Thin circular ring. Radii r1 and r2

Any diameter

Rectangular parallelepiped, edges a, b, and c

Through center perpendicular to face ab, (parallel to edge c)

m 14 (r12 + r22 )

1 m 12 (a 2 + b2 )

Sphere, radius r

Any diameter

m 25 r 2

Spherical shell, external radius, r1 , internal

Any diameter

m 25 (r13 −r23 )

Spherical shell, very thin, mean radius, r

Any diameter

m 23 r 2

Right circular cylinder of radius r , length l

The longitudinal axis of the solid

Right circular cylinder of radius r , length l

Transverse diameter

Hollow circular cylinder, length l, radii r1 and

The longitudinal axis of the figure

m 12 r 2 � 2 m r4 +

radius r2

r2

(r 5 −r 5 ) 1

2

l2 12

�

m 12 (r12 + r22 )

Thin cylindrical shell, length l, mean radius, r

The longitudinal axis of the figure

Hollow circular cylinder, length l, radii r1 and

Transverse diameter

mr 2 � 2 2 r +r m 14 2 +

Transverse diameter

m

Longitudinal axis

m 14 (a 2 + b2 )

Right cone, altitude h, radius of base r

Axis of the figure

3 2 m 10 r

Spheroid of revolution, equatorial radius r

Polar axis

m 25 r 2

Ellipsoid, axes 2a, 2b, 2c

Axis 2a

m 15 (b2 + c2 )

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A-97

SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA In addition to the primary research journals, there are many useful sources of property data of the type contained in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. A selected list of these is presented here, with emphasis on print and electronic sources whose contents have been subject to a reasonable level of quality control.

A. Data Journals 1. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data — Published jointly by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the American Institute of Physics, this quarterly journal contains compilations of evaluated data in chemistry, physics, and materials science. It is available in print and on the Internet. [ojps.aip.org/jpcrd/] 2. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data — This bimonthly journal of the American Chemical Society publishes articles reporting original experimental measurements carried out under carefully controlled conditions. The main emphasis is on thermochemical and thermophysical properties. Review articles with evaluated data from the literature are also published. [pubs.acs.org/journals/jceaax/index.html] 3. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics — This journal publishes original research papers that include highly accurate measurements of thermodynamic and thermophysical properties. [www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00219614] 4. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables — This is a bimonthly journal containing compilations of data in atomic physics, nuclear physics, and related fields. [www.science direct.com/science/journal/0092640X] 5. Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion — This journal presents critically evaluated phase diagrams and related data on alloy systems. It is published by ASM International and is the successor to the previous ASM periodical Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams. [www.asm-intl.org]

B. Data Centers

This section lists selected organizations that perform a continuing function of compiling and critically evaluating data in specific fields of science. 1. National Institute of Standards and Technology — Under its Standard Reference Data program, NIST supports a number of data centers in chemistry, physics, and materials science. Topics covered include thermodynamics, fluid properties, chemical kinetics, mass spectroscopy, atomic spectroscopy, fundamental physical constants, ceramics, and crystallography. Address: Office of Standard Reference Data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 [www.nist.gov/srd/]. 2. Thermodynamics Research Center — Now located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, TRC maintains an extensive archive of data covering thermodynamic, thermochemical, and transport properties of organic compounds and mixtures. Data are distributed in both print and electronic form. Address: Mail code 838.00, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305-3328 [www. trc.nist.gov]. 3. Design Institute for Physical Property Data — Under the auspices of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers [www.aiche.org/dippr/], DIPPR offers evaluated data on industrially important chemical compounds. The largest project deals with physical, thermodynamic, and transport

S18_01_88.indd 1

properties of pure compounds. Address: Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 [dippr.byu.edu]. 4. Dortmund Data Bank — Maintains extensive databases on thermodynamic and transport properties of pure compounds and mixtures of industrial interest. The data are distributed through DECHEMA, FIZ CHEMIE, and other outlets. An abbreviated database system is also available for educational use. Address: DDBST GmbH, Industriestr. 1, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany [www.ddbst.de]. 5. Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre — Maintains the Cambridge Structural Database of over 430,000 organic compounds. The data files and manipulation software are distributed in several ways. Address: 12 Union Rd., Cambridge CB2 1EZ, U.K. [www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk]. 6. FIZ Karlsruhe — In addition to many bibliographic data­bases, FIZ Karlsruhe maintains the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The ICSD contains the atomic coordinates and related data on over 50,000 inorganic crystals. Address: Fachinformationszentrum (FIZ) Karlsruhe, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany [www.fiz-karlsruhe. de]. 7. International Centre for Diffraction Data — Maintains and distributes the Powder Diffraction File (PDF), a file of over 500,000 X-ray powder diffraction patterns used for identification of crystalline materials. The ICDD also distributes the NIST Crystal Data file, which contains lattice parameters for over 235,000 inorganic, organic, metal, and mineral crystalline materials. Address: 12 Campus Blvd., Newton Square, PA 19073-3273 [www.icdd.com]. 8. Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics — Maintains the Protein Data Bank (PDB), a file of 3dimensional structures of proteins and other biological macromolecules. Address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8087 [www.rcsb.org]. 9. Toth Information Systems — Maintains the Metals Crystallographic Data File (CRYSTMET). Address: 2045 Quincy Ave., Gloucester, ON, Canada K1J 6B2 [www.toth canada.com]. 10. Atomic Mass Data Center — Collects and evaluates high-precision data on masses of individual isotopes and maintains a comprehensive database. Address: C.S.N.S.M (IN2P3-CNRS), Batiment 108, F-91405 Orsay Campus, France [www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc]. 11. Particle Data Group — International center for data of high-energy physics; maintains a database of properties of fundamental particles that is published in both print and electronic form. Address: MS 50-308, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 [pdg.lbl.gov]. 12. National Nuclear Data Center — Maintains databases on nuclear structure and reactions, including neutron cross sections. The NNDC is the U.S. node in an international network of nuclear data centers. Address: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000 [www.nndc.bnl.gov]. B-1

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B-2 13. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry — Address: PO Box 13757, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3757 [www.iupac.org]. IUPAC supports a number of long-term data projects, including these examples: a. Solubility Data Project — Carries out evaluation of all types of solubility data. The results are published in the Solubility Data Series, whose current outlet is the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. [www.iupac.org/divisions/V/cp5.html] b. Kinetic Data for Atmospheric Chemistry — Maintains a comprehensive database on the kinetics of reactions important in the chemistry of the atmosphere. [www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/] c. International Thermodynamic Tables for the Fluid State — Prepares definitive tables of the thermodynamic properties of industrially important fluids. Thirteen volumes have been published by IUPAC. [www.iupac.org/publications/books/seriestitles/] d. Stability Constants Database — Collection of metalligand stability constants and associated software. [www.acadsoft.co.uk]

C. Major Multi-Volume Handbook Series 1. Chapman & Hall/CRC Chemical Dictionaries — These originally appeared in print form as the Dictionary of Organic Compounds, Dictionary of Natural Products, etc. They are now published in electronic form and are available in CDROM format [www.crcpress.com] and on the Internet [www.chemnetbase.com]. The consolidated version, called the Combined Chemical Dictionary, has data on more than 530,000 compounds spanning all branches of chemistry. The coverage includes physical properties, biological sources, hazard information, uses, and literature references. 2. Properties of Organic Compounds — Originally published in three editions as the Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, it is now in electronic form as Properties of Organic Compounds. The database includes about 30,000 compounds; physical properties and spectral data (mass, infrared, Raman, ultraviolet, and NMR) are covered. It is offered as CDROM [www.crcpress.com] and by Web access [www.chemnetbase.com]. 3. Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry — The classic source of data on organic compounds, dating from the 19th century, Beilstein was converted to electronic form in the last decade of the 20th century. Over 8 million compounds and 10 million chemical reactions are now covered, with a broad range of physical properties as well as synthetic methods and ecological data. The database is accessed by the CrossFire software [www.beilstein.com]. 4. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry — A subset of the information in the print series has been converted to electronic form and is now distributed in the same manner as Beilstein. In addition to the standard physical properties, the coverage includes a wide range of optical, magnetic, spectroscopic, thermal, and transport properties for about 1.4 million compounds [www.mdli.com]. 5. DECHEMA Chemical Data Series — DECHEMA distributes the DETHERM database, which emphasizes data used in process design in the chemical industry, including thermodynamic and transport properties of about 20,000 pure compounds and 90,000 mixtures. Access is available

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Sources of Physical and Chemical Data through in-house databases and via the Internet [www. dechema.de]. 6. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology — LandoltBörnstein covers a very broad range of data in physics, chemistry, crystallography, materials science, biophysics, astronomy, and geophysics. Hard-copy volumes in the New Series (started in 1961) are still being published, and the entire New Series is now accessible on the Internet [www.landolt-boernstein.com].

D. Selected Single-Volume Handbooks

The following handbooks offer broad coverage of high-quality data in a single volume. This list is only representative; an extensive listing of handbooks in all fields of science may be found in Handbooks and Tables in Science and Technology, Third Edition (Russell H. Powell, ed., Oryx Press, Westport, CT, 1994). 1. American Institute of Physics Handbook — Although an old book, it contains much data that are still useful, especially in acoustics, mechanics, optics, and solid state physics. (Dwight E. Gray, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972) 2. Constants of Inorganic Substances — This book presents physical constants, thermodynamic data, solubility, reactivity, and other information on over 3000 inorganic compounds. Since it draws heavily on Russian literature, it contains a great deal of data that do not make their way into most U.S. handbooks. (R. A. Lidin, L. L. Andreeva, and V. A. Molochko, Begell House, New York, 1995) 3. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics — Now in the 89th Edition, the CRC Handbook covers data from most branches of chemistry and physics. The annual revisions permit regular updating of the information. Also available on CDROM [www.crcpress.com] and the Web [hbcpnetbase.com]. (David R. Lide, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007) 4. Handbook of Inorganic Compounds — This book covers physical constants and solubility for about 3300 inorganic compounds. Also available on CDROM [www.crcpress. com]. (Dale L. Perry and Sidney L. Phillips, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995) 5. Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases — This is a valuable source of data on all types of fluids, ranging from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons to molten metals and ionized gases. Detailed tables of physical, thermodynamic, and transport properties are given for temperatures from the cryogenic region to 6000 K. Western and Russian literature is covered. (N. B. Vargaftik, Y. K. Vinogradov, and V. S. Yargin, Begell House, New York, 1996) 6. Handbook of Physical Quantities — The range of coverage is somewhat similar to the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, but with a stronger emphasis on physics than on chemistry. Solid state physics, lasers, nuclear physics, geophysics, and astronomy receive considerable attention. (Igor S. Grigoriev and Evgenii Z. Meilikhov, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997) 7. Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants — Kaye & Laby dates from 1911, and the 16th Edition was prepared in 1995 by a committee of experts. The coverage extends to almost every field of physics and chemistry; data on a limited number of representative substances or materials are given for each topic. (Longman Group Limited, Harlow, Essex, U.K., 1995)

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Sources of Physical and Chemical Data 8. Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry — Provides broad coverage of chemical data; last updated in 2005. Also available on the Web [www.knovel.com]. (James G. Speight, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005) 9. Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties — This IUPAC book emphasizes highly accurate data on substances and materials that can be used as calibration standards. It covers physical, thermal, optical, and electrical properties. (K. N. Marsh, ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987) 10. The Merck Index — Now in its 14th Edition (published in 2006), The Merck Index is a widely used source of data on over 10,000 compounds, chosen particularly for their importance in biology, medicine, and ecology. A short mono-

Web Site ACD/Labs Spectral Data

B-3 graph on each compound gives information on the synthesis and uses as well as physical and toxicological properties. A CD-ROM accompanies the book. (Maryadele J. O’Neil, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Indianapolis, IN, 2006)

E. Summary of Useful Web Sites for Physical and Chemical Properties

Most of the Web sites in the following list provide direct access to factual data on physical and chemical properties. However, the list also includes portals that link to different property databases or describe the procedure for gaining access to electronic sources of property data. There are also a few chemical directory sites that are useful for obtaining formulas, synonyms, and registry numbers for substances of interest.

Acronyms and Symbols

Address www.acdlabs.com/products/spec_lab/exp_ spectra/spec_libraries/ www3.interscience.wiley.com/stasa/

Advanced Chemistry Development

www.acdlabs.com

Alloy Center

products.asminternational.org/alloycenter/

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database Atomic Mass Data Center Beilstein

www.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/amcsd.php

Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database BioCyc BioInfo Bank Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database BRENDA Cambridge Structural Database Carbon Dioxide Information Center Ceramic Properties Databases ChemExper Chemfinder Chemical Acronyms Database Chemical Information Sources–Physical Property Information ChemIDplus ChemIndustry CHEMnetBASE ChemWeb Databases CODATA Databases CRC Combined Chemical Dictionary Crystallography Open Database (COD) DECHEMA (DETHERM)

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www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc www.mdl.com/products/knowledge/crossfire_ beilstein.com umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/

Comments Infrared, Raman and NMR spectra collections from Coblentz Society and other sources Free service; useful for identifying acronyms for chemicals Chemical directory, with programs for estimating physical and spectral properties Physical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of alloys Lattice constants of minerals See B.10 See C.3

Biocatalytic reactions, biodegradation of chemical compounds biocyc.org/ Metabolic pathways of microorganisms gibk26.bse.kyutech.ac.jp/jouhou/jouhoubank.html Portal to ProTherm (protein thermodynamics), ProNit (protein–nucleic acid interactions), biomolecule structures xpdb.nist.gov:8060/BMCD4/ Crystal data and crystallization conditions for proteins, nucleic acids, and complexes www.brenda-enzymes.info/ Enzyme nomenclature and properties www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk See B.5 cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ Data on atmospheric carbon dioxide www.ceramics.org/publications_ceramic_ Mechanical, thermal, and other properties of ceramic properties_databases.aspx materials www.chemexper.com/ Consolidated chemical catalogs from various suppliers; provides physical properties and safety data; links to molfiles and MSDS www.chemfinder.com Chemical directory, with links to several property databases www.oscar.chem.indiana.edu/cfdocs/libchem/ Useful for associating chemical names and acronyms acronyms/acronymsearch.html cheminfo.informatics.indiana.edu/cicc/cis/index. Extensive listing of print and electronic sources of php/Physical_Property_Information chemical data chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/ Chemical directory www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/ Chemical directory www.chemnetbase.com Portal to CRC Chemical Dictionaries, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Properties of Organic Compounds, etc. www.chemweb.com/content/databases Portal to databases from John Wiley and others www.codata.org/resources/databases/index.html Thermodynamic key values and fundamental constants www.chemnetbase.com/scripts/ccdweb.exe See C.1 www.crystallography.net Crystal data on 52,000 compounds www.dechema.de/en/isystems.html See C.5

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Sources of Physical and Chemical Data

B-4 Web Site DIPPR Pure Compound Database Dortmund Data Bank Enzyme Nomenclature Database European Bioinformatics Institute

Address dippr.byu.edu www.ddbst.de www.expasy.ch/enzyme/ www.ebi.ac.uk/Databases/

FDM Reference Spectra Databases FIZ Chemie Berlin

www.fdmspectra.com/ www.fiz-chemie.de

FIZ Karlsruhe — ICSD Fundamental Physical Constants Gmelin

www.fiz-karlsruhe.de physics.nist.gov/constants www.mdli.com/products/knowledge/crossfire_ gmelin/ hbcpnetbase.com toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Hazardous Substances Data Bank HITRAN Database Infotherm International Centre for Diffraction Data International Spectroscopic Data Bank Ionic Liquids Database (ILThermo) Ionic Liquids Catalogue IUBMB IUCr Data Activities IUPAC Home Page IUPAC Kinetics Data IUPAC Nomenclature Rules IUPAC-NIST Solubility Database Klotho Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database Knovel.com

Web version of CRC Handbook Physical and toxicological properties of chemicals of health or environmental importance cfa-www.harvard.edu/hitran/ High resolution spectroscopic data for constituents of the atmosphere; parameters for calculating atmospheric transmission www.fiz-chemie.de/infotherm/servlet/ Physical and thermal properties of pure compounds infothermsearch and mixtures www.icdd.com See B.7 www.is-db.org All types of spectra, deposited by users. Access is free ilthermo.boulder.nist.gov/ Thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of ionic liquids and mixtures ildb.merck.de/ionicliquids/en/startpage.htm Miscibility and other properties of organic liquids www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iubmb/ Enzyme and nucleic acid nomenclature www.iucr.org/iucr-top/data/index.html#database3 Portal to crystallographic databases www.iupac.org See B.13 www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/ See B.13.b www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/ Useful site for organic and biochemical nomenclature srdata.nist.gov/solubility/ See B.13.a www.biocheminfo.org/klotho/ Structure diagrams of biochemical molecules www.knovel.com

Landolt-Börnstein Online Lipidat

www.landolt-boernstein.com www.lipidat.ul.ie/

MatWeb

www.matweb.com

Metals Crystallographic Data File NASA Chemical Kinetics Data

www.tothcanada.com jpldataeval.jpl.nasa.gov

National Center for Biotechnology Information National Nuclear Data Center National Toxicology Program NIST Atomic Spectra Database

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

NIST Ceramics Webbook NIST Chemistry Webbook

www.nndc.bnl.gov ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/contents-atomic. html www.ceramics.nist.gov/ webbook.nist.gov

NIST Data Gateway NIST Physical Reference Data

srdata.nist.gov/gateway/ physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/

NLM Gateway NMR Shift DB Nucleic Acid Database Particle Data Group Physical Property Information

gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd www.nmrshiftdb.org ndbserver.rutgers.edu/ pdg.lbl.gov cheminfo.informatics.indiana.edu/cicc/cis/index. php/Physical_Property_Information www.polymersdatabase.com/

Polymers — A Property Database

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Comments See B.3 See B.4 IUBMB nomenclature for enzymes Nucleotide and protein sequences, protein structures, enzyme nomenclature and reactions Infrared, Raman, and mass spectra Portal to DETHERM (C.5), Dortmund Data Bank (B.4), Infotherm, Acronyms See B.6 CODATA fundamental constants See C.4

Portal to Lange’s Handbook, Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, etc. See C.6 Structures and thermodynamic properties of lipids; crystal polymorphic transitions Thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of engineering materials See B.9 Kinetic and photochemical data for stratospheric modeling Portal to GenBank and other sequence databases See B.12 Chemical health and safety data Energy levels, wavelengths, and transition probabilities of atoms and atomic ions See B.1 Broad range of physical, thermal, and spectral properties Portal to all NIST data systems; see B.1 Atomic and molecular spectra, cross sections, X-ray attenuation, and dosimetry data Portal to all National Library of Medicine databases NMR data submitted by users Crystal structures of nucleic acids See B.11 Useful list of data sources from Indiana University Properties of commercial polymers

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Sources of Physical and Chemical Data Web Site Powder Diffraction File Properties of Organic Compounds Protein Data Bank PubChem

Address www.icdd.com www.chemnetbase.com/scripts/pocweb.exe www.rcsb.org pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Sigma-Aldrich

www.sigmaaldrich.com/

Spectral Database for Organic Compounds SpecInfo Spectra Online SPRESI-web STN Easy

riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index_ cgi?lang=eng www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/ mrwhome/109609148/HOME www.ftirsearch.com/ www.spresi.de/ stneasy.cas.org

STN Easy-Europe STN Easy-Japan Swissprot Syracuse Research Corporation Table of Isotopes

stneasy.fiz-karlsruhe.de stneasy-japan.cas.org bo.expasy.org/enzyme/ www.syrres.com/esc/databases.htm ie.lbl.gov/education/isotopes.htm

Thermodynamics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions Thermodynamics Research Center TOXNET

xpdb.nist.gov/enzyme_thermodynamics/

Wiley Interscience

www3.interscience.wiley.com/reference.html

S18_01_88.indd 5

www.trc.nist.gov toxnet.nlm.nih.gov

B-5 Comments See B.7 See C.2 See B.8 Chemical directory with links to biological information Chemical catalogs; includes some physical property data MS, NMR, IR, Raman, and ESR spectra; 32,000 compounds measured at AIST, Japan IR, NMR, and mass spectra FTIR and Raman spectra Structures, reactions, and some physical properties Chemical directory (and access to Chemical Abstracts databases) European node of STN Easy Japanese node of STN Easy Enzyme nomenclature and related information Properties of environmental interest Nuclear energy levels, moments, and other properties Equilibrium constants of biochemical reactions See B.2 Portal to HSDB and other databases on hazardous chemicals Portal to Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, SpecInfo Database, etc.

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Tables Relocated or Removed from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st through 87th Editions The following tables appeared in previous editions of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics but have been removed, retitled, or rearranged in subsequent editions. In many cases, some or all of the information contained in the original table has been incorporated, in updated form, in a different table (or tables). In such cases the appropriate page references to the 88th Edition (2007-2008) are given in the last column, and the older table should be considered obsolete. The last edition in which the older table appeared is indicated. Scanned versions of the tables that have not been replaced by newer tables follow this list. It should be emphasized, however, that some of the information in these older tables may be obsolete.

Table Title

Last Ed.

Abbreviations Used in Polymerization Processes Absorption and Velocity of Sound in Still Air Allowable Carrying Capacities of Conductors Aluminum Wire Table Biochemical Symbols and Abbreviations Boiling Point Index of Organic Compounds Brazing Filler Metals (Solders) Chemical Composition of Rocks Classification of Comparative Life Hazards of Gases and Vapors Constants for Satellite Geodesy Cross-Section and Mass of Wires Density and Composition of Fuming Sulfuric Acid Diamagnetic Susceptibility Data on Organosilicon Compounds Diffusivities of Metallic Solutes in Molten Metals Diffusivities of Metallic Tracers in Mercury Dissociation Constants of Acids in Water at Various Temperatures Dissociation Constants of Aqueous Ammonia from 0 to 50°C Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids in Aqueous Solution Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Bases in Aqueous Solution at 298 K Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution Efficacies and Other Characteristics of Illuminants Efficiency of Drying Agents Emergent Stem Corrections for Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers Emissivity of Total Radiation for Various Materials Emissivity of Tungsten Fats and Oils Gibbs Energy of Formation of Metal Oxides Heat Capacity of Liquids and Gases at 25°C Heat Capacity of Mercury Index of Refraction of Fused Quartz Index of Refraction of Rock Salt, Sylvine, Calcite, Fluorite, and Quartz Introduction to X-Ray Cross Sections Ion Exchange Resins Isothermal Compressibility of Liquids Kinetic and Photochemical Data for Atmospheric Chemistry Kinetic Data for Combustion Modelling Lattice Constants for Cubic Crystals Lattice Spacing of Common Analyzing Crystals Lowering of Vapor Pressure by Salts in Aqueous Solution Magnetic Rotatory Power Melting Point Index of Organic Compounds Minerals Arranged in Order of Increasing Vickers Hardness Numbers

75 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 77 Ed. 83 Ed. 75 Ed. 73 Ed. 76 Ed. 74 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 76 Ed. 77 Ed. 76 Ed. 73 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed. 74 Ed. 77 Ed. 76 Ed. 79 Ed. 79 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed. 77 Ed. 74 Ed. 83 Ed 75 Ed.

Molecular Depression of the Freezing Point Molecular Elevation of the Boiling Point Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Nomograph and Table for Doppler Linewidths Optical Properties of Metals Organic Compounds Listed in Order of Index of Refraction

75 Ed. 75 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 73 Ed. 74 Ed.

Comments

Removed; general abbreviations in 88 Ed., p. 2-25 Updated; see 88 Ed., p. 14-41, 14-42 Removed Data included in 88 Ed., p. 15-37 See 88 Ed., p. 2-13 (references only) Searching available in Internet and CDROM versions Removed Removed Removed Removed Data included in 88 Ed., p. 15-37 Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed See 88 Ed., p. 8-40 (acids and bases combined) See 88 Ed., p. 8-40 (acids and bases combined) See 88 Ed., p. 8-42 (acids and bases combined) See 88 Ed., p. 8-42 (acids and bases combined) Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed Included in comprehensive table of thermodynamic properties; see 88 Ed., p. 5-4 Included in comprehensive table of thermodynamic properties; see 88 Ed., p. 5-4 Included with other thermal properties of mercury; see 88 Ed., p. 6-141 See 88 Ed., p. 10-250 See 88 Ed., p. 4-149 Removed Removed Data included in 88 Ed., p. 6-129 See 88 Ed., p. 5-87 (emphasis on stratospheric chemistry) Removed from book; still present in electronic versions Removed; some data included in 88 Ed., p. 4-156 Removed Removed; related data in 88 Ed., p. 6-99 Removed Searching available in Internet and CDROM versions See 88 Ed., p. 12-216, for hardness of minerals and ceramics (Mohs and Knoop scales); can be sorted in electronic versions. See 88 Ed., p. 15-28 See 88 Ed., p. 15-27 See 88 Ed., p. 2-13 (references only), 2-14 See 88 Ed., p. 2-13 (references only) Removed See 88 Ed., p. 12-120 Removed; electronic versions permit sorting in this order.

Oxygen Solubility in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions Physical and Photometric Data for Planets and Satellites Physical Constants of Clear Fused Quartz Physical Constants of Minerals Platinum Wire Properties of Carbohydrates Properties of Large Production and Priority Organic Pollutants Properties of Sulfuric Acid Properties of Tungsten Radiative Transition Probabilities for X-Ray Lines Radioactive Tracer Diffusion Data for Pure Metals Recommended Daily Dietary Allowances Reduction of Barometer to Sea Level Refractory Materials Resistance of Wires Resistivity of Semiconducting Minerals Solvents for Liquid Chromatography Spark-Gap Voltages Specific Heat and Enthalpy of Some Solids at Low Temperature Spectral Emissivity Spectral Emissivity of Oxides Standard Test Sieves and Mesh Size Conversion Standard Types of Stainless and Heat Resisting Steels Steam Tables Steroid Hormones and Other Steroidal Synthetics Sublimation Pressure for Organic Compounds Surface Tension of Liquid Elements Temperature Correction for Barometer Readings Temperature Correction for Glass Volumetric Apparatus Temperature Correction for Volumetric Solutions Temperature Correction, Glass Scale Temperature Dependence of the Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids The Earth: Its Mass, Dimensions, and Other Related Quantities The Limits of Superheat of Pure Liquids The pH of Natural Media and its Relation to Precipitation of Hydroxides Thermal Conductivity of Certain Metals Thermal Conductivity of Rocks Thermal Conductivity of the Elements Total Monthly Solar Radiation in a Cloudless Sky Transmission of Corning Colored Filters Transmission of Light by Common Optical Materials Transmission of Wratten Filters Ultraviolet Spectra of Common Liquids Units, Symbols, and Equations for Radiometric and Photometric Quantities Values for the Langevin Function Vapor Pressure at Elevated Temperatures Vapor Pressure in the Range -25°C to 150°C Velocity of Sound in Dry Air Velocity of Sound in Various Media Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions Weight of One Gallon of Water Wire Table:Standard Annealed Copper Wire Tables:Comparison of Wire Gauges X-Ray Crystallographic Data on Inorganic Substances and Minerals X-Ray Wavelengths

76 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 73 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 75 Ed. 76 Ed. 77 Ed. 75 Ed. 77 Ed. 75 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 73 Ed. 78 Ed. 73 Ed. 73 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 74 Ed. 79 Ed. 76 Ed. 73 Ed. 73 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed 73 Ed. 78 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 73 Ed. 73 Ed. 73 Ed. 73 Ed. 76 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 74 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 76 Ed. 77 Ed. 78 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed.

Removed Related data included in 88 Ed., p. 14-2, 14-4 Removed See 88 Ed., p. 4-149, for physical & optical properties Data included in 88 Ed., p. 15-37 Removed as separate table; data included in 88 Ed., p. 3-1 to 3-523 See 88 Ed., p. 6-61, 8-85, 16-41 for the data in this table Removed; for density, see 88 Ed., p. 15-40 Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed Some data included in 88 Ed., p. 12-207 See 88 Ed., p. 15-37 Data included in 88 Ed., pp. 12-77 to 89 Removed; data included in other tables on solvents Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed Replaced by 88 Ed., p. 6-14 Removed as separate table; data included in 88 Ed., p. 3-1 to 3-523 See 88 Ed., p. 6-59 Removed See 88 Ed., p. 15-30 Removed Removed Removed See 88 Ed., p. 6-148 (Temperature dependence included in general table of permittivity) Updated table in 88 Ed., p. 14-9 Removed See 88 Ed., p. 8-37 See 88 Ed., p. 12-200, 12-202, 12-204 Removed; certain data included in 88 Ed., p. 12-207 See 88 Ed., p. 12-200 & 12-202 for solid elements; 6-200 for gases. Removed; related data in 88 Ed., p. 14-25 Removed See 88 Ed., p. 10-250 Removed Removed Removed (this information is contained in 88 Ed., p. 2-1 and 2-25) Removed See 88 Ed., p. 6-61 See 88 Ed., p. 6-61 See 88 Ed., p. 14-42 See 88 Ed., p. 14-39 See 88 Ed., p. 8-52 See 88 Ed., p. 8-134 for related data See 88 Ed., p. 15-37 See 88 Ed., p. 15-37 See 88 Ed., p. 4-156 Removed

Index A AAS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Abbreviations amino acids, 7-3 to 4 physical quantities, 2-1 to 12 scientific terms, 2-25 to 35 units, 1-23 to 26 Absorption infrared, by earth’s atmosphere, 14-28 light, by elemental solids, 12-121 to 145 light, by other solids, 12-146 to 164 microwave power, by water, 6-17 sound, by air, 14-45 Abundance of Elements in the Earth’s Crust and in the Sea, 14-17 Abundance, isotopic, 1-14 to 17, 11-56 to 253 Acceleration Due to Gravity, 14-12 Acceleration due to gravity at poles and equator, 14-9 to 10 at various latitudes, 14-12 on the sun, moon, and planets, 14-2 to 3 standard value, 1-1 to 11 Acid-Base Indicators, 8-15 to 17 Acid dissociation constant amino acids, 7-1 to 2 biological buffers, 7-22 indicators, 8-15 to 17 inorganic acids and bases, 8-40 to 41 organic acids and bases, 8-42 to 51 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7-5 Acid rain, pH measurement, 8-37 to 38 Acids activity coefficients, 5-80 to 81, 5-82 to 85 decinormal solutions, 8-5 to 6 electrical conductivity, 5-73 enthalpy of dilution, 5-86 fatty, 7-7 to 8 indicators, 8-15 to 17 inorganic, dissociation constant, 8-40 to 41 organic, dissociation constant, 8-42 to 51 Acoustics human hearing, 14-48 to 49 musical scales, 14-47 noise levels, 14-48 to 49 sound velocity, 14-43 to 44, 14-45, 14-46 Acronyms, definitions, 2-25 to 35 Actinium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 Activation energy atmospheric reactions, 5-92 to 103 diffusion in semiconductors, 12-97 to 104 Activity coefficients, 5-80 to 81, 5-82 to 85 Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts, 5-80 to 81 AES, definition, 12-1 to 4 AFM, definition, 12-1 to 4 Air absorption of sound, 14-45 cryogenic properties, 6-131



6679X_Index.indd 1

density, 6-1 to 3 diffusion of gases in, 6-213 to 214 enthalpy, 6-1 to 3 entropy, 6-1 to 3 heat capacity, 6-1 to 3 index of refraction, 10-253 mean free path, 6-37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-176 speed of sound, 14-45 speed of sound, as function of temperature, 14-46 thermal conductivity, 6-206 to 207 thermodynamic properties, 6-1 to 3 U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 14-19 to 24 vapor pressure, 6-1 to 3 viscosity, 6-196 Airborne contaminants, threshold limits, 16-29 to 40 Albedo planets, 14-2 to 3 satellites of the planets, 14-4 to 5 ALI for radionuclides, 16-47 to 50 Alkali halides, secondary electron emission, 12-120 Alkali hydroxide solutions, viscosity and density, 6-203 Alkali metals: see entries for Lithium, Sodium, etc. Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum, 15-50 to 51 Alloys composition, 12-105 to 113 electrical resistivity, 12-41 to 43 eutectic temperatures, 15-36 magnetic properties, 12-105 to 113 phase diagrams, 12-182 to 199 superconducting properties, 12-57 to 72 thermal conductivity, 12-205 Alloys, commercial electrical resistivity, 12-216 mechanical and thermal properties, 12-216 thermal conductivity, 12-205 Alphabets: Greek, Russian, Hebrew, 2-36 Aluminum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-200 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 resistance of wires, 15-37 thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 wire tables, 15-37 Americium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137

Amino acids abbreviations and symbols, 7-3 to 4 dissociation constants, 7-1 to 2 physical properties, 7-1 to 2 solubility, 7-1 to 2 structure, 7-3 to 4 Ampere definition, 1-23 to 26 maintained value, 1-1 to 11 Analytical procedures flame and bead tests, 8-13 to 14 organic reagents, 8-8 to 12 preparation of reagents, 8-1 to 4 reduction of weighings, 8-133 solids and surfaces, 12-1 to 4 volumetric calibrations, 8-134 Ångström, definition, 1-23 to 26 Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides, 16-47 to 50 Antiferroelectric crystals, Curie temperature, 12-55 Antiferromagnetic elements and compounds, 12-105 to 113 Antiferromagnetic materials, Faraday rotation, 12-165 to 178 Antimony: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Appearance potential, molecules, 10-206 to 223 APS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds, 8-85 to 115 Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures, 8-116 to 121 Aqueous solutions activity coefficients, 5-80 to 81, 5-82 to 85 concentrative properties, 8-52 to 77 density, 8-52 to 77 diffusion of ions, 5-77 to 79 diffusion of non-electrolytes, 6-216 to 217 electrical conductivity, 5-76, 5-77 to 79 enthalpy, 5-87 freezing point depression, 8-52 to 77 heat capacity, 5-66 to 69 hydrohalogen acids, conductivity, 5-75 index of refraction, 8-52 to 77 sodium chloride, volumetric properties, 6-9 solubility product constant, 8-122 to 124 surface tension, 6-153 thermodynamic properties, 5-66 to 69 vapor pressure, 6-99 viscosity, 8-52 to 77 Argon: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6-131

I-1

4/16/08 12:22:59 PM

Index

I-2 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 entropy, 5-1 to 3 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-154 to 175, 6-176 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6-18 to 26, 6-206 to 207 thermodynamic properties, 6-18 to 26 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 van der Waals constants, 6-36 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90, 6-91 to 98 viscosity, 6-18 to 26, 6-196 Arsenic: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Astatine: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Astronomical Constants, 14-1 Astronomical unit, 14-1 Atmosphere carbon dioxide concentration, 14-29 to 30 cosmic ray background, 11-267 to 270 electrical conductance, 14-36 to 42 infrared absorption, 14-28 ion mobility, 14-36 to 42 kinetic and photochemical data, 5-92 to 103 mass, 14-9 to 10 planetary, composition, 14-2 to 3 potential, electrical, 14-36 to 42 standard (unit), 1-23 to 26 U.S. Standard, various properties, 14-19 to 24 Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958-2004, 14-29 to 30 Atmospheric Electricity, 14-36 to 42 Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities, 10193 to 202 Atomic mass unit (amu), 1-1 to 11, 1-23 to 26 Atomic masses, 1-14 to 17, 11-56 to 253 Atomic Masses and Abundances, 1-14 to 17 Atomic Radii of the Elements, 9-49 Atomic radius, rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Atomic spectra elements, line spectra, 10-1 to 92 ionization energies, 10-203 to 205 transition probabilities, 10-93 to 155 wavelengths, 10-1 to 92 Atomic transition probability, 10-93 to 155 Atomic weights, 1-12 to 13 Atoms electron affinity, 10-156 to 173

6679X_Index.indd 2

electron binding energy, 10-228 to 233 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 ionization energies, 10-203 to 205 masses, 1-14 to 17 photon cross sections, 10-235 to 239 polarizability, 10-193 to 202 spectra, 10-1 to 92 x-ray energy levels, 10-224 to 227 ATR, definition, 12-1 to 4 Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency, 14-45 Autoignition temperature, 16-13 to 28 Avogadro constant, 1-1 to 11 Azeotropes, 6-177 to 195 Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures, 6-177 to 195

B Bands, electromagnetic (classification), 10-240 to 241 Barium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Barn, definition, 1-23 to 26 Barometer corrections, 15-30 Barriers to internal rotation, 9-59 to 63 Baryons, summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Bases activity coefficients, 5-80 to 81, 5-82 to 85 decinormal solutions, 8-5 to 6 electrical conductivity, 5-73 indicators, 8-15 to 17 inorganic, dissociation constant, 8-40 to 41 organic, dissociation constant, 8-42 to 51 purine and pyrimidine, 7-5 Becquerel, definition, 1-23 to 26 Berkelium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Beryllium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Bessel functions, A-78 to 80 Bessel’s equation, A-46 to 56 BET, definition, 12-1 to 4

Beta function, A-82 Billion, billiard (definition), 1-38 Binding energy electrons in atoms, 10-228 to 233 in molecules, 9-64 to 97 Binomial series, A-65 to 67 Biochemical nomenclature, references, 2-13 Biochemical reactions, redox potentials, 7-16 to 18 Biological Buffers, 7-22, 7-19 to 21 Biological materials and tissues effect of cosmic rays, 11-267 to 270 pH, 7-23 Biosphere, mass of, 14-9 to 10 Bismuth: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Black Body Radiation, 10-243 to 244 Blood, pH of, 7-23 Bohr magneton, 1-1 to 11 Bohr radius, 1-1 to 11 Bohrium (element 107), 4-1 to 42 Boiling point correction to standard pressure, 15-26 cryogenic fluids, 6-131 D2O, 6-5 elements, 4-133 to 134 elevation of, 15-27 halocarbons, 6-133 to 135 inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101, 6-39 to 58, 6-101 to 118 metals, 12-201 to 202 organic compounds, 3-1 to 523, 6-39 to 58, 6-101 to 118 pressure dependence, 15-26 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 solvents, 15-13 to 22 water, as function of pressure, 6-13 Boiling Point of Water at Various Pressures, 6-13 Boltzmann constant, 1-1 to 11 Bond Dissociation Energies, 9-64 to 97 Bond energy, 9-64 to 97 Bond lengths characteristic, 9-48 diatomic molecules, 9-103 to 107 gas-phase molecules, 9-19 to 47 organic crystals, 9-1 to 16 organometallic compounds, 9-17 to 18 Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules, 9-19 to 47 Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds, 9-1 to 16 Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds, 9-17 to 18 Bonds, chemical disruption energy, 9-64 to 97 dissociation energy (enthalpy), 9-64 to 97 lengths and angles, 9-1 to 16, 9-17 to 18, 9-19 to 47, 9-48 strength, 9-64 to 97 stretching force constants, 9-99

4/16/08 12:23:00 PM

Index

I-3

Born-Haber cycle, 12-19 to 31 Boron: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Bosons, summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Brass phase diagram, 12-182 to 199 resistance of wires, 15-37 thermal conductivity, 12-205 wire tables, 15-37 Bravais lattices, 12-5 to 10 Breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 Bromine: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90, 6-91 to 98 Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 °C, 8-39 Buffers biological, 7-19 to 21, 7-22 for round values of pH, 8-39 for seawater measurements, 8-37 to 38 standard solutions, 8-32 to 36, 8-37 to 38 Burnside’s formula, A-80 to 81

C C Chemical Shifts of Useful NMR Solvents, 8-137 13 C NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups, 9-117 Cadmium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Calcium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 13

6679X_Index.indd 3

physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Calibration barometers, 15-30 boiling points, to standard pressure, 15-26 conductivity cells, 5-74 index of refraction, 10-252 infrared and far infrared frequencies, 10268 to 272 infrared frequencies, 10-261 to 267 pH, 8-32 to 36 relative humidity, 15-34 temperature scale, 1-20, 15-10 to 11 thermocouples, 15-1 to 9 vapor pressure, 6-100 volumetric, 8-134 weighings in air, 8-133 Californium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Calorie, value of, 1-28 to 37 Candela, definition, 1-23 to 26 Carbohydrate Names and Symbols, 7-14 to 15 Carbon: see also Elements dielectric constant, 12-45 to 53 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Carbon dioxide atmospheric concentration (historical), 1429 to 30 critical constants, 6-39 to 58 global warming potential, 14-34 to 35 infrared laser frequencies, 10-261 to 267 mean free path, 6-37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-154 to 175, 6-176 release by combustion of fuels, 5-71 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 solubility in water at various pressures, 8-84 speed of sound in, 14-43 to 44 standard thermodynamic properties, 5-4 to 42 sublimation pressure, 6-59 to 60 thermal conductivity, 6-206 to 207 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 van der Waals constants, 6-36 vapor pressure, 6-91 to 98, 6-100 viscosity, 6-196, 6-202 Carcinogenic chemicals, list, 16-51 to 56 Carrier gas properties, for chromatography, 8-135 CARS, definition, 12-1 to 4 CAS Registry Number Index of Inorganic Compounds, 4-115 to 126 CAS Registry Number Index of Organic Compounds, 3-634 to 671 CAS Registry Numbers inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101

organic compounds, 3-1 to 523 organic compounds, index, 3-634 to 671 Cauchy equation, A-46 to 56 Celsius temperature conversion to other scales, 1-38 definition, 1-23 to 26 Ceramics breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 permittivity (dielectric constant), 12-45 to 53 phase diagrams, 12-182 to 199 thermal conductivity, 12-208 to 209 Cerenkov light, in cosmic ray showers, 11-267 to 270 Cerium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Cesium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 CFC’s, global warming potential, 14-34 to 35 CFC’s, various properties, 6-133 to 135 Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules, 9-48 Characteristics of Human Hearing, 14-48 to 49 Characteristics of Infrared Detectors, 10-245 Characteristics of Laser Sources, 10-255 to 260 Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids, 15-38 Characterization of materials, 12-1 to 4 Charge electron, 1-1 to 11 fundamental particles, 11-1 to 55 Chemical Abstracts Service nomenclature, 2-13 Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers: see CAS Registry Numbers Chemical Carcinogens, 16-51 to 56 Chemical Composition of the Human Body, 7-24 Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling, 5-92 to 103 Chemical kinetics atmospheric reactions, 5-92 to 103 conversion factors, 1-43 Chemical nomenclature, 2-13

4/16/08 12:23:01 PM

Index

I-4 Chemical shifts, NMR for 13C, 9-117 for protons, 9-116 of solvents for NMR, 8-137 Chemicals, safe handling and disposal, 16-1 to 12 Chi-square distribution, A-91 to 92 Chlorine: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90, 6-91 to 98 Chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, 6-133 to 135 Chromatography, carrier gas properties, 8-135 Chromium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation, 10-240 to 241 Clathrate hydrates, 6-136 to 140 Clausius-Mosotti equation, 12-13 to 14 Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, A-87 to 88 Cobalt: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 CODATA fundamental constants, 1-1 to 11 CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, 5-1 to 3 Coefficient of Friction, 15-47 to 48 Coercivity, magnetic materials, 12-105 to 113 Collision diameter of gases, 6-37 Collision frequency, common gases, 6-37 Combustion, heat of fuels, 5-71 various compounds, 5-70 Commercial Metals and Alloys, 12-216 Composition atmosphere, 14-2 to 3 earth’s crust, 14-17 glasses, 12-210 to 213 human body, 7-24 magnetic materials, 12-105 to 113

6679X_Index.indd 4

planetary atmospheres, 14-2 to 3 sea water, 14-17 U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 14-19 to 24 Composition and Properties of Common Oils and Fats, 7-9 to 13 Compressibility ice, 6-8 liquids, 6-129 to 130 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 sodium chloride solutions, 6-9 Compton wavelength (electron, proton, neutron), 1-1 to 11 Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity, 8-52 to 77 Conductance: see Conductivity, electrical Conductivity, electrical aqueous solutions of acids, bases, salts, 5-73 calibration standards, 5-74 earth’s atmosphere, 14-36 to 42 electrolyte solutions, 5-76 hydrohalogen acids, 5-75 ions, at infinite dilution, 5-77 to 79 potassium chloride solutions, 5-74 seawater, 14-15 to 16 standard solutions, 5-74 water, 5-72 Conductivity, thermal: see Thermal conductivity Confidence intervals, A-88 to 90 Constant Humidity Solutions, 15-33 Constantan thermal conductivity, 12-205 wire tables, 15-37 Construction materials density, 15-39 thermal conductivity, 12-208 to 209 Conversion Factors, 1-28 to 37 Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics, 1-43 Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units, 1-42 Conversion Factors for Energy Units, 1-39 Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation, 1-44 to 45 Conversion Factors for Pressure Units, 1-40 Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units, 1-41 Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions, 8-19 Conversion of Temperatures, 1-38 Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90, 1-21 to 22 Coordinate systems, A-75 to 77 Copper: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-200 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 resistance of wires, 15-37 thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3

vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 wire tables, 15-37 Copper-constantan thermocouple tables, 15-1 to 9 Correction of Barometer Readings to 0 °C Temperature, 15-30 Correlation charts for infrared spectra, 9-108 to 112 Cosecant function, A-6 to 7 Cosine function, A-6 to 7 Cosmic Radiation, 11-267 to 270 Cosmic rays, 11-267 to 270 Cotangent function, A-6 to 7 Coulomb, definition, 1-23 to 26 Critical Constants, 6-39 to 58 Critical constants cryogenic fluids, 6-131 elements, 4-133 to 134, 6-39 to 58 H2O and D2O, 6-5 halocarbons, 6-133 to 135 inorganic compounds, 6-39 to 58 organic compounds, 6-39 to 58 Critical solution temperatures, polymers, 13-19 to 36 Cross product, A-68 to 74 Cross section, x-ray and gamma-ray, 10-235 to 239 Crust composition, 14-17 density, pressure, gravity, 14-13 Cryogenic fluids density, 6-18 to 26, 6-131 liquid helium properties, 6-132 vapor pressure, 6-91 to 98 various properties, 6-131 Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression, 15-28 Crystal elastic constants, 12-33 to 38 Crystal ionic radii, 12-11 to 12 Crystal lattice energy, 12-19 to 31, 12-32 Crystal optical properties elements, 12-121 to 145 inorganic compounds, 10-246 to 249 minerals, 4-149 to 155 various materials, 12-146 to 164 Crystal structure elements, 4-156 to 163, 12-15 to 18 gas clathrate hydrates, 6-136 to 140 inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101, 4-156 to 163 magnetic materials, 12-105 to 113 minerals, 4-149 to 155, 4-156 to 163 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 superconductors, 12-57 to 72, 12-73 to 74 Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements, 12-15 to 18 Crystal symmetry, 12-5 to 10 Crystallographic Data on Minerals, 4-156 to 163 Curie temperature antiferroelectric crystals, 12-55 ferroelectric crystals, 12-54 magnetic materials, 12-105 to 113 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals, 12-54

4/16/08 12:23:02 PM

Index

I-5

Curie, definition, 16-46 Curium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Curl, definition, A-68 to 74

D D2O boiling point, 6-5 critical constants, 6-5 density, 6-10 dissociation constant, 8-79 fixed point properties, 6-5 ion product, 8-79 thermal conductivity, 6-5, 6-206 to 207 triple point constants, 6-5 vapor pressure, 6-5 viscosity, 6-196 Dalton, definition, 1-23 to 26 Darmstadtium (element 110), 4-1 to 42, 11-56 to 253 Data sources, B-1 to 5 Debye equation, 6-17 Debye temperature rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 Decay mode fundamental particles, 11-1 to 55 nuclides, 11-56 to 253 Decimal equivalents of common fractions, A-2 Decinormal solutions oxidation and reduction reagents, 8-7 salts, acids, and bases, 8-5 to 6 Definitions abbreviations and acronyms, 2-25 to 35 scientific terms, 2-37 to 61 SI base units, 1-23 to 26 thermodynamic functions, 2-62 Definitions of Scientific Terms, 2-37 to 61 Density air, 6-1 to 3 aqueous solutions, 8-52 to 77 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-19 to 24 carrier gases for chromatography, 8-135 commercial metals and alloys, 12-216 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-18 to 26 construction materials, 15-39 cryogenic fluids, 6-18 to 26, 6-131 D2O, 6-5, 6-10 earth, 14-9 to 10 earth, as function of depth, 14-13 elements, 4-139 to 141 ethanol-water mixtures, 15-41 hydroxide solutions, 6-203 ice, 6-8 inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101 liquid elements and salts, 4-139 to 141 liquids, pressure and temperature dependence, 6-129 to 130 mercury, 6-145 metallic elements, 12-201 to 202 minerals, 4-149 to 155 miscellaneous materials, 15-39 molten salts, 4-139 to 141 oils and fats, 7-9 to 13

6679X_Index.indd 5

organic compounds, 3-1 to 523 planets, 14-2 to 3 polymer melts, 13-14 to 18 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 rocks, 15-39 satellites, 14-4 to 5 seawater, 14-15 to 16 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 sodium chloride solutions, 6-9 solvents, 15-13 to 22 solvents, as function of temperature, 15-25 steam, 6-14 to 15 sulfuric acid, 15-40 water, 6-4, 6-5, 6-6 to 7, 6-14 to 15 water, supercooled, 6-8 wood, 15-39 Density and Specific Volume of Mercury, 6-145 Density of D2O, 6-10 Density of Ethanol-Water Mixtures, 15-41 Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts, 4-139 to 141 Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature, 15-25 Density of Sulfuric Acid, 15-40 Density of Various Solids, 15-39 Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth, 14-13 Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure, 15-26 Depression of the freezing point, 8-52 to 77, 15-28, 15-29 Derivatives, A-9 to 11 Detectors, infrared, 10-245 Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point, 15-31 Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures, 15-32 Deuterium solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 viscosity, 6-196 Dew point and relative humidity, 15-31 Diamagnetic susceptibility elements, 4-142 to 147 inorganic compounds, 4-142 to 147 organic compounds, 3-672 to 676 Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds, 3-672 to 676 Diamond dielectric constant, 12-45 to 53 optical properties, 12-121 to 145 phase diagram, 12-182 to 199 thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 Diatomic molecules bond lengths, 9-103 to 107 bond strengths, 9-64 to 97 electron affinity, 10-156 to 173 force constants, 9-99 polarizability, 10-193 to 202 spectroscopic constants, 9-103 to 107 vibrational frequencies, 9-103 to 107 Dielectric constant common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-18 to 26 cryogenic fluids, 6-18 to 26 crystals, 12-45 to 53 gases, 6-176

glass, 12-56 ice, 6-8 liquids, 6-154 to 175 plastics, 13-13 quartz, 12-56 rubbers, 13-13 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 solids, 12-45 to 53 solvents, 8-136, 15-13 to 22 vacuum, 1-1 to 11 water, 6-4 water, frequency dependence, 6-17 water, temperature and pressure dependence, 6-16 Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers, 13-13 Dielectric Constants of Glasses, 12-56 Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials, 15-42 to 46 Differential equations, A-46 to 56 Diffusion in air, 6-213 to 214 gases, 6-213 to 214 gases in water, 6-215 ions in solution, 5-77 to 79 liquids, 6-216 to 217 semiconductors, 12-97 to 104 Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution, 6-216 to 217 Diffusion Data for Semiconductors, 12-97 to 104 Diffusion in Gases, 6-213 to 214 Diffusion of Gases in Water, 6-215 Dipole moment electric, of molecules, 9-50 to 58 magnetic, of nuclides, 11-56 to 253 solvents, 15-13 to 22 Dipole Moments, 9-50 to 58 Discharges, electrical, in the atmosphere, 14-36 to 42 Disposal of laboratory chemicals, 16-1 to 12 Dissociation constant acid-base indicators, 8-15 to 17 amino acids, 7-1 to 2 biological buffers, 7-19 to 21, 7-22 D2O, 8-79 inorganic acids and bases, 8-40 to 41 inorganic salts in water, 8-122 to 124 organic acids and bases, 8-42 to 51 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7-5 water, 8-78, 8-79 Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases, 8-40 to 41 Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases, 8-42 to 51 Dissociation energy of chemical bonds, 9-64 to 97 Distillation, azeotropes, 6-177 to 195 Divergence, definition, A-68 to 74 DSC, definition, 12-1 to 4 DTA, definition, 12-1 to 4 Dubnium (element 105), 4-1 to 42, 11-56 to 253 Dysprosium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141

4/16/08 12:23:03 PM

Index

I-6

physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137

E Earth age, 14-9 to 10 area of land and oceans, 14-9 to 10 atmospheric composition, 14-2 to 3 composition of crust, 14-17 density as function of depth, 14-13 dimensions, 14-1, 14-9 to 10 gravity in interior, 14-13 mass and density, 14-9 to 10 orbital and rotational parameters, 14-2 to 3, 14-9 to 10 pressure in interior, 14-13 Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation, 15-27 ECR, definition, 12-1 to 4 EELS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Einsteinium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Elastic Constants of Single Crystals, 12-33 to 38 Elastic modulus commercial metals and alloys, 12-216 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and MagnetoOptic Constants, 12-165 to 178 Electrical conductance: see Conductivity, electrical Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions, 5-73 Electrical Conductivity of Water, 5-72 Electrical Resistivity of Graphite Materials, 12-44 Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals, 12-39 to 40 Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys, 1241 to 43 Electrical resistivity: see Resistivity Electro-optic constants, 12-165 to 178 Electrochemical Series, 8-20 to 29 Electrode potential general table, 8-20 to 29 ion radicals, 8-30 to 31 Electrolytes activity coefficients, 5-80 to 81, 5-82 to 85 diffusion of ions, 5-77 to 79 electrical conductivity, 5-76, 5-77 to 79 enthalpy of solution, 5-87 freezing point lowering, 8-52 to 77, 15-29 Electromagnetic radiation, classification of bands, 10-240 to 241 Electron charge, 1-1 to 11 in cosmic ray showers, 11-267 to 270 magnetic moment, 1-1 to 11, 11-1 to 55 mean free path in solids, 12-117 to 118 range in various materials, 16-46 Electron Affinities, 10-156 to 173 Electron Binding Energies of the Elements, 10-228 to 233 Electron configuration neutral atoms, 1-18 to 19 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132

6679X_Index.indd 6

Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State, 1-18 to 19 Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths, 12-117 to 118 Electron volt, 1-1 to 11, 1-23 to 26 Electron Work Function of the Elements, 12-119 Electronegativity, 9-98 Electrons, secondary, emission by metals, 12-120 Elementary charge, 1-1 to 11 Elements abundance of isotopes, 1-14 to 17, 11-56 to 253 atomic mass, 1-14 to 17, 11-56 to 253 atomic radii, 9-49 atomic spectrum, 10-1 to 92 atomic transition probability, 10-93 to 155 atomic weight, 1-12 to 13 boiling point, 4-133 to 134 chemical analysis, 8-13 to 14 critical temperature, 4-133 to 134 crystal ionic radii, 12-11 to 12 crystal structure, 4-156 to 163, 12-15 to 18 density, 4-139 to 141 in the earth’s crust, 14-17 electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron affinity, 10-156 to 173 electron binding energy, 10-228 to 233 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 electronegativity, 9-98 enthalpy of fusion, 6-119 to 128 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-101 to 118 gamma-ray cross sections, 10-235 to 239 gamma-ray emission, 11-56 to 253 general information, 4-1 to 42 heat capacity, 4-135 historical information, 4-1 to 42 in the human body, 7-24 line spectrum, 10-1 to 92 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 melting point, 4-133 to 134 periodic table, Inside front cover photon attenuation coefficients, 10-235 to 239 polarizability, 10-193 to 202 radii of ions, 12-11 to 12 reference states, 5-4 to 42 in seawater, 14-17 semiconducting properties, 12-78 to 90 superconducting properties, 12-57 to 72 thermal conductivity, 6-206 to 207, 12-201 to 202, 12-203 to 204 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-4 to 42 transition probabilities, 10-93 to 155 triple point, 4-133 to 134 van der Waals radii, 9-49 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure at high temperature, 4-136 to 137, 4-138 work function, 12-119 x-ray atomic energy levels, 10-224 to 227 x-ray cross sections, 10-235 to 239 Elevation of the boiling point, 15-27 Emission, secondary electrons, 12-120 Emissivity, rare earth metals, 4-127 to 132 ENDOR, definition, 12-1 to 4 Energy conversion factors, 1-39

crystal lattice, 12-19 to 31, 12-32 Fermi, 12-214 to 215 spectrum of cosmic rays, 11-267 to 270 Energy, activation chemical reactions, 5-92 to 103 diffusion in semiconductors, 12-97 to 104 Energy Content of Fuels, 5-71 Energy gap semiconductor solid solutions, 12-91 to 92 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90, 12-93 to 96 superconductors, 12-73 to 74 Energy levels, x-ray, 10-224 to 227 Energy states of solids, 12-1 to 4 Enthalpy air, 6-1 to 3 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-18 to 26 crystal lattices, 12-19 to 31 polymer solutions, 13-42 to 69 steam, 6-14 to 15 water, 6-14 to 15 Enthalpy of combustion, 5-70, 5-71 Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids, 5-86 Enthalpy of formation aqueous systems, 5-66 to 69 CODATA Key Values, 5-1 to 3 free radicals, 9-64 to 97 gaseous atoms, 9-64 to 97 high temperature, 5-43 to 65 inorganic compounds, 5-4 to 42 ions, 10-206 to 223 organic compounds, 5-4 to 42 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 standard state values, 5-4 to 42 Enthalpy of Fusion, 6-119 to 128 Enthalpy of fusion cryogenic fluids, 6-131 elements, 6-119 to 128 ice, 6-8 inorganic compounds, 6-119 to 128 metals, 12-201 to 202 organic compounds, 6-119 to 128 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Enthalpy of Hydration of Gases, 5-88 to 91 Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes, 5-87 Enthalpy of solvation of gases, 5-88 to 91 Enthalpy of Vaporization, 6-101 to 118 Enthalpy of vaporization cryogenic fluids, 6-131 elements, 6-101 to 118 ice, 6-8 inorganic compounds, 6-101 to 118 organic compounds, 6-101 to 118 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 water, 6-4 Enthalpy of Vaporization of Water, 6-4 Entropy air, 6-1 to 3 aqueous systems, 5-66 to 69 CODATA Key Values, 5-1 to 3 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-18 to 26 high temperature, 5-43 to 65 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 standard state values, 5-4 to 42 steam, 6-14 to 15 water, 6-14 to 15 EPMA, definition, 12-1 to 4 EPR, definition, 12-1 to 4 Equation of state Tait (for polymer melts), 13-14 to 18

4/16/08 12:23:04 PM

Index

I-7

van der Waals, 6-36 virial, 6-27 to 35 Equilibrium constant of formation, 5-43 to 65 Equilibrium constant, biochemical reactions, 7-16 to 18 Equivalent conductance: see Conductivity, electrical Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution, 5-76 Erbium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Error function, A-83 ESCA, definition, 12-1 to 4 ESD, definition, 12-1 to 4 Euler equation, A-46 to 56 Euler’s constant, value of, A-1 Europium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Eutectic temperatures, low-melting alloys, 15-36 EXAFS, definition, 12-1 to 4 EXELFS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Expansion coefficient commercial metals and alloys, 12-216 liquid helium, 6-132 metals, 12-201 to 202 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 sodium chloride solutions, 6-9 Explosion hazards of laboratory chemicals, 16-1 to 12 Explosive limits, 16-13 to 28 Exponential functions, table, A-3 to 5 Exponential series, A-65 to 67 Exposure limits airborne contaminants, 16-29 to 40 ionizing radiation, 16-46 radionuclides, 16-47 to 50 Extinction coefficient, in solids, 12-121 to 145, 12-146 to 164

F F-distribution, A-93 to 96 Factorial function, A-80 to 81 Fahrenheit temperature, conversion to other scales, 1-38

6679X_Index.indd 7

Farad, definition, 1-23 to 26 Faraday constant, 1-1 to 11 Faraday effect, 12-165 to 178 Fats, composition and properties, 7-9 to 13 Fatty acids and methyl esters, physical properties, 7-7 to 8 Fehling’s solution, preparation, 8-1 to 4 FEM, definition, 12-1 to 4 Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals, 12-214 to 215 Fermium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Ferrimagnetic materials Faraday rotation, 12-165 to 178 organic, 12-114 to 116 Ferrites, magnetic properties, 12-105 to 113 Ferroelectric crystals Curie temperature, 12-54 Kerr constants, 12-165 to 178 Ferromagnetic materials Faraday rotation, 12-165 to 178 organic, 12-114 to 116 various properties, 12-105 to 113 Ferromagnetic moment, rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 FIM, definition, 12-1 to 4 Fine structure constant, 1-1 to 11 First radiation constant, 1-1 to 11 Fixed point properties cryogenic fluids, 6-131 water and heavy water, 6-5 Fixed Point Properties of H2O and D2O, 6-5 Flame and Bead Tests, 8-13 to 14 Flame Temperatures, 15-49 Flammability chemical substances, general, 16-13 to 28 laboratory chemicals, 16-1 to 12 organic solvents, 15-13 to 22 Flammability of Chemical Substances, 16-13 to 28 Flash point: see Flammability Flattening factor for the earth, 14-1 Fluorescent Indicators, 8-18 to 19 Fluorine: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90, 6-91 to 98 Fluorocarbon refrigerants, 6-133 to 135 Foods nutrient values, 7-25 to 36 pH, 7-23 Force Constants for Bond Stretching, 9-99 Formation, heat of: see Enthalpy of formation Formula index inorganic compounds, 4-102 to 114 organic compounds, 3-549 to 633 Fossils, age of, 14-9 to 10 Fourier expansions for basic periodic functions, A-59 to 60 Fourier series, A-57 to 59

Fourier transforms, A-61 to 64 Fractions, decimal equivalents, A-2 Francium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Free energy: see Thermodynamic properties Free radicals dipole moment, 9-50 to 58 enthalpy of formation, 9-64 to 97 ionization energy, 10-206 to 223 reaction rates, 5-92 to 103 vibrational frequencies, 9-100 to 102 Freezing point: see also Melting point depression of, 8-52 to 77, 15-28 pressure dependence, 6-38 seawater, 14-15 to 16 Freezing point depression aqueous solutions, 8-52 to 77 cryoscopic constants for various liquids, 15-28 electrolytes, 15-29 Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution, 15-29 Frequency electromagnetic radiation bands, 10-240 to 241 human hearing range, 14-48 to 49 musical scales, 14-47 NMR resonances, 9-113 to 115 radio spectrum allocations, 15-50 to 51 standards, infrared, 10-261 to 267, 10-268 to 272 Friction, coefficient of, 15-47 to 48 FTIR, definition, 12-1 to 4 Fundamental constants, 1-1 to 11 Fundamental particles, 11-1 to 55 Fundamental Physical Constants, 1-1 to 11 Fundamental Physical Constants Frequently Used Constants, Inside back cover Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules, 9-100 to 102 Fusion: see Enthalpy of fusion

G g-Factor of the electron, 1-1 to 11 Gadolinium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Gallium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253

4/16/08 12:23:04 PM

Index

I-8 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Gamma function, A-81 to 82 Gamma rays in cosmic ray showers, 11-267 to 270 cross sections, for the elements, 10-235 to 239 energy, of nuclides, 11-56 to 253 photon attenuation coefficients, 10-235 to 239 protection against, 16-46 Gas chromatography, carrier gas properties, 8-135 Gas clathrate hydrates, 6-136 to 140 Gas constant, 1-1 to 11, 1-46 Gas phase basicity, 10-174 to 192 Gases average velocity, 6-37 breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 collision diameter, 6-37 dielectric constant, 6-176 diffusion, 6-213 to 214 diffusion in water, 6-215 dipole moment, 9-50 to 58 enthalpy of solvation, 5-88 to 91 mean free path, 6-37 permittivity, 6-176 refractive index, 10-254 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 speed of sound in, 14-43 to 44 thermal conductivity, 6-206 to 207 threshold limits, 16-29 to 40 van der Waals constants, 6-36 Verdet constants, 12-165 to 178 virial coefficients, 6-27 to 35 viscosity, 6-196 Gauges, of wires, 15-37 Gauss’ Theorem, A-77 Gaussian gravitational constant, 14-1 GDMS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Genetic code, 7-6 Geographical and Seasonal Variation in Solar Radiation, 14-25 Geological Time Scale, 14-11 Geophysical constants, 14-9 to 10 Germanium: see also Elements dielectric constant, 12-45 to 53 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-200 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 optical properties, 12-121 to 145 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 semiconducting properties, 12-78 to 90 thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Gibbs energy of formation aqueous systems, 5-66 to 69 biochemical species, 7-16 to 18 high temperature, 5-43 to 65 standard state values, 5-4 to 42 Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers, 13-6 to 12

6679X_Index.indd 8

Glasses composition, 12-210 to 213 density, 15-39 dielectric constant, 12-56 index of refraction, 10-250 loss factor, 12-56 resistivity, 12-56 speed of sound in, 14-43 to 44 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207, 12-210 to 213 transmittance, 10-250 Verdet constants, 12-165 to 178 Global Temperature Trend, 1856-2004, 14-33 Global warming atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, 14-29 to 30 mean temperatures, global, 14-33 mean temperatures, U. S., 14-31 to 32 Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases, 14-34 to 35 Gloves, resistance to chemicals, 16-1 to 12 Glucose, aqueous solution properties, 8-52 to 77 Gold: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-200 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Golden ratio, A-1 Googol, googolplex, 1-38 Gradient, definition, A-68 to 74 Graphite electrical resistivity, 12-44 heat capacity, 12-200 heat of combustion, 5-70 phase diagram, 12-182 to 199 sublimation pressure, 6-61 to 90 thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 Gravitational constant, 1-1 to 11, 14-1 Gravitational potential, 14-2 to 3 Gravity, acceleration of in interior of earth, 14-13 at poles and equator, 14-9 to 10 standard value, 1-1 to 11 at various latitudes, 14-12 Gray, definition, 1-23 to 26, 16-46 Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets, 2-36 Green’s Theorem, A-77 Greenhouse gases carbon dioxide concentration, 14-29 to 30 carbon dioxide, from fuel combustion, 5-71 global warming potential, 14-34 to 35 infrared absorption, 14-28 radiative efficiency and lifetime, 14-34 to 35

H Hafnium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135

history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Hall coefficient, rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Hall density, superconductors, 12-73 to 74 Hall resistance, quantized, 1-1 to 11 Halocarbon refrigerants, 6-133 to 135 Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories, 16-1 to 12 Hardness ceramics, 12-217 minerals, 4-149 to 155, 12-217 scales, comparison, 12-217 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 various materials, 12-217 Hardness of Minerals and Ceramics, 12-217 Hartree energy, 1-1 to 11 Hassium (element 108), 4-1 to 42, 11-56 to 253 Hazardous chemicals, handling and disposal, 16-1 to 12 Hearing, characteristics, 14-48 to 49 Heat capacity air, 6-1 to 3 aqueous systems, 5-66 to 69 carrier gases for chromatography, 8-135 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-18 to 26 cryogenic fluids, 6-131 elements, 4-135 high temperature, 5-43 to 65 ice, 6-8 liquid helium, 6-132 mercury, 6-146 metals, 12-200, 12-201 to 202 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 seawater, 14-15 to 16 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 solids, 12-200 solvents, 15-13 to 22 standard state values, 5-4 to 42 steam, 6-14 to 15 water, 6-4 Heat Capacity of Selected Solids, 12-200 Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25 °C, 4-135 Heat conductivity: see Thermal conductivity Heat of Combustion, 5-70 Heat of dilution: see Enthalpy of dilution Heat of formation: see Enthalpy of formation Heat of fusion: see Enthalpy of fusion Heat of solution: see Enthalpy of solution Heat of vaporization: see Enthalpy of vaporization Hebrew alphabet, 2-36 Helium: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6-131, 6-132 density, 6-132 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-132 entropy, 5-1 to 3 expansion coefficient, 6-132 heat capacity, 6-132 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205



4/16/08 12:23:05 PM

Index isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 liquid properties, 6-132 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-132, 6-154 to 175, 6-176 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 surface tension, 6-132 thermal conductivity (gas), 6-206 to 207 thermal conductivity (liquid), 6-132 thermal conductivity (two-phase), 6-18 to 26 thermodynamic properties, 6-18 to 26 van der Waals constants, 6-36 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90, 6-91 to 98, 6-132 viscosity (gas), 6-196 viscosity (liquid), 6-132 viscosity (two-phase), 6-18 to 26 Henry, definition, 1-23 to 26 Henry’s Law constant, 8-85 to 115 Hermite polynomials, A-83 to 85 Hertz, definition, 1-23 to 26 High-Temperature Superconductors, 12-73 to 74 Hindered Internal Rotation, 9-59 to 63 HITRAN Molecular Spectroscopy Database, 14-28 Holmium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Human body chemical composition, 7-24 pH of fluids, 7-23 sensitivity of eye to light, 10-242 Humidity, relative from wet and dry bulb temperatures, 15-32 relation to dew point, 15-31 solutions for calibration, 15-34 solutions for constant humidity, 15-33 Hurricane and other wind scales, 14-26 to 27 Hydrocarbons flame temperature, 15-49 heat of combustion, 5-70 solubility in seawater, 8-126 to 127 thermophysical properties, 6-18 to 26 Hydrogen: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6-131 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 enthalpy of fusion, 6-119 to 128 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-101 to 118 flame temperature, 15-49 heat of combustion, 5-70 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-154 to 175, 6-176

6679X_Index.indd 9

I-9 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6-206 to 207 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3, 6-18 to 26 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 van der Waals constants, 6-36 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90, 6-91 to 98 viscosity, 6-196 Hydrosphere, mass of, 14-9 to 10 Hyperbolic functions relations, A-8 table, A-3 to 5 Hysteresis, in magnetic materials, 12-105 to 113

I Ice compressibility, 6-8 crystal structure, 4-156 to 163 density, 6-8 dielectric constant, 6-8, 12-45 to 53 heat capacity, 6-8 melting point, pressure dependence, 6-13, 6-38 phase diagram, 12-182 to 199 phase transitions, 6-8, 6-13 thermal conductivity, 6-8, 12-206 to 207 thermal expansion coefficient, 6-8 vapor pressure, 6-10 ICPMS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Ignition temperature chemical substances, general, 16-13 to 28 laboratory chemicals, 16-1 to 12 solvents, 15-13 to 22 Index of refraction air, 10-253 aqueous solutions, 8-52 to 77 gases, 10-254 glass, 10-250 inorganic crystals, 10-246 to 249 inorganic liquids, 4-148 liquids, for calibration, 10-252 metals, 12-121 to 145 minerals, 4-149 to 155 oils and fats, 7-9 to 13 organic compounds, 3-1 to 523 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90, 12-121 to 145, 12-146 to 164 solids, as function of wavelength, 10-246 to 249, 12-121 to 145, 12-146 to 164 water, 10-251 Index of Refraction of Air, 10-253 Index of Refraction of Gases, 10-254 Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals, 10-246 to 249 Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids, 4-148 Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes, 10-252 Index of Refraction of Water, 10-251 Indicators acid-base, 8-15 to 17 fluorescent, 8-18 to 19 pH, 8-15 to 17, 8-18 pK, 8-15 to 17 preparation, 8-1 to 4, 8-15 to 17 Indium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19

heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points, 6-38 Infrared Absorption by the Earth’s Atmosphere, 14-28 Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards, 10-268 to 272 Infrared Correlation Charts, 9-108 to 112 Infrared detectors, 10-245 Infrared Laser Frequencies, 10-261 to 267 Infrared spectrum carbon dioxide laser, 10-261 to 267 characteristic group frequencies, 9-108 to 112 correlation charts, 9-108 to 112 earth’s atmosphere, 14-28 frequency standards, 10-268 to 272 HITRAN Database, 14-28 vibrational frequencies of molecules, 9-100 to 102 Inorganic compounds activity coefficients, 5-80 to 81, 5-82 to 85 boiling point, 6-101 to 118 bond lengths and angles, 9-19 to 47 characteristic infrared frequencies, 9-108 to 112 crystal lattice energy, 12-19 to 31 crystal structure, 4-43 to 101, 4-156 to 163 dielectric constant, 12-45 to 53 dipole moment, 9-50 to 58 dissociation constant in water, 8-122 to 124 electrical conductivity, 5-76 enthalpy of formation, 5-4 to 42 enthalpy of fusion, 6-119 to 128 enthalpy of solution, 5-87 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-101 to 118 entropy, 5-4 to 42 Gibbs energy of formation, 5-4 to 42 heat capacity, 5-4 to 42 index of refraction, 4-148 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 nomenclature, 2-14 to 20 permittivity, 12-45 to 53 physical properties, 4-43 to 101 polarizability, 10-193 to 202 reagents for determination, 8-8 to 12 solubility as a function of temperature, 8116 to 121 solubility product constant, 8-122 to 124 solubility, qualitative rules, 8-131 to 132 standard thermodynamic properties, 5-4 to 42 surface tension, 6-149 to 152 INS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Insulation, thermal conductivity of, 12-208 to 209 Insulators, breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 Integral tables, A-15 to 46 Integration, methods and techniques, A-11 to 15

4/16/08 12:23:06 PM

Index

I-10 Interatomic distances diatomic molecules, 9-103 to 107 gas-phase molecules, 9-19 to 47 organic crystals, 9-1 to 16 organometallic compounds, 9-17 to 18 Internal rotation in molecules, 9-59 to 63 International System of Units (SI), 1-23 to 26 International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) conversion from IPTS-68 and IPTS-48, 1-21 to 22 definition and fixed points, 1-20 secondary reference points, 15-10 to 11 International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), 1-20 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: see IUPAC Interstellar Molecules, 14-6 to 8 Iodine: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 dielectric constant, 12-45 to 53 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Iodine value, oils and fats, 7-9 to 13 Ion product D2O, 8-79 water, 8-78, 8-79 Ion Product of Water Substance, 8-78 Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution, 5-77 to 79 Ionic Liquids, 6-141 to 144 Ionic radii in crystals, 12-11 to 12 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Ionic Radii in Crystals, 12-11 to 12 Ionization constant biological buffers, 7-19 to 21 D2O, 8-79 inorganic acids and bases, 8-40 to 41 inorganic compounds in water, 8-122 to 124 organic acids and bases, 8-42 to 51 water, 8-78, 8-79 Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water, 8-79 Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions, 10-203 to 205 Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules, 10-206 to 223 Ionization energy atoms and ions, 10-203 to 205 molecules, 10-206 to 223 neutral atoms, 1-18 to 19 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Ionization gauges, sensitivity, 15-12 Ionization potential: see Ionization energy Ions aerosol, 14-36 to 42 in the atmosphere, 14-36 to 42 diffusion in aqueous solutions, 5-77 to 79 electrical conductivity in aqueous solutions, 5-77 to 79 enthalpy of formation, 10-206 to 223 heat capacity, aqueous solutions, 5-66 to 69

6679X_Index.indd 10

magnetic properties, 12-105 to 113 nomenclature, 2-14 to 20 polarizability, 12-13 to 14 radii, in crystals, 12-11 to 12 thermodynamic properties, aqueous solutions, 5-66 to 69 Iridium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Iron: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-200 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Iron-constantan thermocouple tables, 15-1 to 9 Irradiance of the sun, 14-18 Isoelectric point, amino acids, 7-1 to 2 Isotopes, summary of properties, 11-56 to 253 Isotopic abundance, 1-14 to 17, 11-56 to 253 ITS-90 conversion from IPTS-68 and IPTS-48, 1-21 to 22 definition and fixed points, 1-20 secondary reference points, 15-10 to 11 IUPAC atomic weights, 1-12 to 13 nomenclature for carbohydrates, 7-14 to 15 nomenclature for inorganic ions and ligands, 2-14 to 20 nomenclature for organic substituent groups, 2-21 to 24 nomenclature for polymers, 13-1 to 4 pH scale, 8-32 to 36 symbols for physical quantities, 2-1 to 12 vapor pressure calibration data, 6-100 IUPAC Recommended Data for Vapor Pressure Calibration, 6-100

J Jacobi polynomials, A-83 to 85 Josephson ratio, 1-1 to 11 Joule, definition, 1-23 to 26 Jupiter, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3

K Katal, definition, 1-23 to 26 Kelvin, definition, 1-23 to 26

Kerr constants, 12-165 to 178 Kilogram, definition, 1-23 to 26 Kinetics atmospheric reactions, 5-92 to 103 conversion factors, 1-43 Krypton: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6-131 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 entropy, 5-1 to 3 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-154 to 175, 6-176 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6-206 to 207 van der Waals constants, 6-36 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90, 6-91 to 98 viscosity, 6-196

L Laboratory reagents, preparation of, 8-1 to 4 Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents, 15-13 to 22 Laguerre polynomials, A-83 to 85 Lanthanum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Laplacian, definition, A-68 to 74 Lasers characteristics of various types, 10-255 to 260 infrared, frequencies, 10-261 to 267 Lattice constants elements, 4-156 to 163, 12-15 to 18 inorganic compounds, 4-156 to 163 minerals, 4-156 to 163 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 Lattice Energies, 12-19 to 31 Lattice energy, 12-19 to 31, 12-32 Lawrencium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Lead: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-200 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134

4/16/08 12:23:07 PM

Index thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 LEED, definition, 12-1 to 4 Legendre polynomials, A-83 to 85 Legendre’s equation, A-46 to 56 Leptons, summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Lifetime fundamental particles, 11-1 to 55 in laser systems, 10-255 to 260 nuclides, 11-56 to 253 Light, speed of, 1-1 to 11 Lightning, 14-36 to 42 LIMS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Line Spectra of the Elements, 10-1 to 92 Line strengths in atomic spectra, 10-93 to 155 Line width, x-ray lines, 10-234 Liquid air, thermodynamic properties, 6-1 to 3 Liquid helium properties, 6-132 Liquid metals density, 4-139 to 141 viscosity, 6-204 to 205 Liquids breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 dielectric constant, 6-154 to 175 diffusion, 6-216 to 217 flammability, 15-13 to 22 index of refraction, 4-148, 10-252 Kerr constants, 12-165 to 178 permittivity, 6-154 to 175 speed of sound in, 14-43 to 44 surface tension, 6-149 to 152 thermal conductivity, 6-208 to 212 Verdet constants, 12-165 to 178 viscosity, 6-197 to 201 Liter, definition, 1-23 to 26 Lithium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Lithosphere, mass of, 14-9 to 10 Logarithmic series, A-65 to 67 Log P, 16-41 to 45 Loss factor, glasses, 12-56 Loss tangent, 6-17 Loudness level, definition, 14-48 to 49 Low-Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature, 15-35 Lumen, definition, 1-23 to 26 Lutetium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147

6679X_Index.indd 11

I-11 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Lux, definition, 1-23 to 26



M Maclaurin series, A-65 to 67 Madelung constant, 12-32 Magnesium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Magnetic materials, composition and properties, 12-105 to 113 Magnetic moment electron, 1-1 to 11, 11-1 to 55 fundamental particles, 11-1 to 55 NMR, for important nuclei, 9-113 to 115 nuclides, 11-56 to 253 proton, 1-1 to 11 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Magnetic properties alloys, 12-105 to 113 organic magnets, 12-114 to 116 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 superconductors, 12-57 to 72, 12-73 to 74 Magnetic susceptibility elements, 4-142 to 147 inorganic compounds, 4-142 to 147 organic compounds, 3-672 to 676 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 various materials, 12-105 to 113 Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds, 4-142 to 147 Magnetism, symbols and units, 1-27, 12-105 to 113 Magneton (nuclear, Bohr), 1-1 to 11 Magneto-optic constants, 12-165 to 178 Magnetostriction, 12-105 to 113 Manganese: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Mars, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3

Mass atmosphere, oceans, and crust, 14-9 to 10 atomic mass unit, 1-1 to 11 atomic, of nuclides, 11-56 to 253 earth, moon, and sun, 14-1 electron, proton, neutron, 1-1 to 11 fundamental particles, 11-1 to 55 planets, 14-2 to 3 planets, relative to sun, 14-1 satellites, 14-4 to 5 sun, 14-2 to 3 Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents, 8-138 to 141 Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth, 14-9 to 10 Materials characterization, techniques, 12-1 to 4 Mathematical constants, A-1 Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration, 5-82 to 85 Mean free path common gases, 6-37 electrons in solids, 12-117 to 118 molecules in the atmosphere, 14-19 to 24 Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases, 6-37 Mean Temperatures in the United States, 1900-1992, 14-31 to 32 Mechanical properties commercial metals and alloys, 12-216 gas clathrate hydrates, 6-136 to 140 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Meitnerium (element 109), 4-1 to 42, 11-56 to 253 Melting Curve of Mercury, 6-147 Melting point alloys (eutectics), 15-36 amino acids, 7-1 to 2 commercial metals and alloys, 12-216 cryogenic fluids, 6-131 D2O, 6-5 depression of, 15-28 elements, 4-133 to 134 fatty acids, 7-7 to 8 halocarbons, 6-133 to 135 ice, as function of pressure, 6-13 inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101, 6-119 to 128 ionic liquids, 6-141 to 144 mercury, as function of pressure, 6-147 metals, 12-201 to 202 oils and fats, 7-9 to 13 organic compounds, 3-1 to 523, 6-119 to 128 pressure dependence, 6-38 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 solvents, 15-13 to 22 Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure, 6-13 Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Point Temperatures of the Elements, 4-133 to 134 Mendelevium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Mercury: see also Elements compressibility, 6-146 critical constants, 6-39 to 58

4/16/08 12:23:08 PM

Index

I-12 density, 6-145 electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 6-146 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 melting curve, 6-147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 specific volume, 6-145 speed of sound in, 6-146 thermal conductivity, 6-208 to 212 thermal expansion, 6-146 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-100, 6-148 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Mercury (planet), orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3 Mesons, summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Metal oxides, secondary electron emission, 12-120 Metals coefficient of friction, 15-47 to 48 commercial, mechanical and thermal properties, 12-216 crystal structure, 12-15 to 18 elastic constants, 12-33 to 38 electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron inelastic mean free path, 12-117 to 118 extinction coefficient, 12-121 to 145 Fermi energy, 12-214 to 215 heat capacity, 12-200 index of refraction, 12-121 to 145 optical properties, 12-121 to 145 reflection coefficient, 12-121 to 145 secondary electron emission, 12-120 speed of sound in, 14-43 to 44 sublimation pressure, 6-61 to 90 superconducting properties, 12-57 to 72 thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Temperature, 15-36 Meter, definition, 1-23 to 26 Microwave bands, classification, 10-240 to 241 Million, milliard (definition), 1-38 Minerals chemical formulas, 4-149 to 155, 4-156 to 163 crystal structure, 4-156 to 163 elastic constants, 12-33 to 38 hardness, 12-217 index of refraction, 4-149 to 155 physical constants, 4-149 to 155 semiconducting properties, 12-78 to 90 solubility as a function of temperature, 8116 to 121 thermal conductivity, 12-208 to 209 Miscibility of Organic Solvents, 15-23 to 24 Mobility of atmospheric ions, 14-36 to 42 in semiconductors, 12-78 to 90, 12-93 to 96 Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI, 5-75 Mole, definition, 1-23 to 26 Molecular Formula Index of Organic Compounds, 3-549 to 633



6679X_Index.indd 12

Molecular weight amino acids, 7-1 to 2 inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101 organic compounds, 3-1 to 523 Molecules appearance potential, 10-206 to 223 barriers to internal rotation, 9-59 to 63 bond lengths, 9-1 to 16, 9-17 to 18, 9-48 bond lengths and angles, 9-19 to 47 bond strengths, 9-64 to 97 electron affinity, 10-156 to 173 force constants, 9-99 fundamental vibrational frequencies, 9-100 to 102 ionization energy, 10-206 to 223 polarizability, 10-193 to 202 proton affinity, 10-174 to 192 Molybdenum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Moment of inertia, formulas for, A-97 Moon orbital constants and other parameters, 142 to 3, 14-4 to 5 ratio of mass to earth’s mass, 14-1 Muon in cosmic ray showers, 11-267 to 270 summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Musical Scales, 14-47

N NAA, definition, 12-1 to 4 Natural trigonometric functions to four places, A-6 to 7 Natural Width of X-Ray Lines, 10-234 Néel temperature magnetic materials, 12-105 to 113 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Neodymium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Neon: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6-131 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 entropy, 5-1 to 3 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205

isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-154 to 175, 6-176 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6-206 to 207 van der Waals constants, 6-36 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90, 6-91 to 98 viscosity, 6-196 Neptune, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3 Neptunium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Neutrino, summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Neutron mass, 1-1 to 11 range in paraffin, 16-46 scattering and absorption, 11-254 to 266 summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Neutron cross sections, 11-254 to 266 Neutron resonance integrals, 11-254 to 266 Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties, 11-254 to 266 Newton, definition, 1-23 to 26 Nichrome, wire tables, 15-37 Nickel: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Niobium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 NIST Atomic Transition Probability Tables, 10-93 to 155 Nitrogen: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6-131 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-101 to 118 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147



4/16/08 12:23:09 PM

Index

I-13

mean free path, 6-37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-154 to 175, 6-176 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6-18 to 26, 6-206 to 207 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3, 6-18 to 26 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 van der Waals constants, 6-36 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90, 6-91 to 98 viscosity, 6-18 to 26, 6-196 NMR spectrum characteristic 13C chemical shifts, 9-117 characteristic shifts for protons, 9-116 chemical shifts of solvents, 8-137 nuclear moments and resonance frequencies, 9-113 to 115 Nobelium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Noise thresholds, 14-48 to 49 Nomenclature carbohydrates, 7-14 to 15 chemical, references, 2-13 inorganic ions and ligands, 2-14 to 20 minerals, 4-149 to 155 organic substituent groups and ring systems, 2-21 to 24 physical quantities, 2-1 to 12 polymers, 13-1 to 4 Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands, 2-14 to 20 Nomenclature for Organic Polymers, 13-1 to 4 Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds, 2-13 Nonlinear Optical Constants, 12-179 to 12-181 Normal probability function, A-88 to 90 NQR, definition, 12-1 to 4 NRA, definition, 12-1 to 4 Nuclear magnetic resonance: see NMR Nuclear magneton, 1-1 to 11 Nuclear spins and moments for all nuclides, 11-56 to 253 for important nuclei in NMR, 9-113 to 115 Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy, 9-113 to 115 Nucleic acids genetic code, 7-6 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7-5 Nuclides, summary of properties, 11-56 to 253 Nutrient Values of Foods, 7-25 to 36

O Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude, 14-14 Oceans abundance of chemical elements, 14-17 pressure as a function of depth and latitude, 14-14 Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients, 16-41 to 45 Ohm definition, 1-23 to 26 maintained value, 1-1 to 11

6679X_Index.indd 13

Oils, composition and properties, 7-9 to 13 Optical materials elasto-, electro-, and magneto-optic constants, 12-165 to 178 harmonic generation, 12-179 to 12-181 index of refraction, 10-250 nonlinear constants, 12-179 to 12-181 Optical properties glass, 10-250 human eye, 10-242 inorganic crystals, 10-246 to 249 metals, 12-121 to 145 polytetrafluoroethylene, 12-146 to 164 semiconductors, 12-121 to 145, 12-146 to 164, 12-179 to 12-181 solids, as function of wavelength, 10-246 to 249, 12-146 to 164 various materials, 12-165 to 178, 12-179 to 12-181 Optical Properties of Selected Elements, 12121 to 145 Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids, 12-146 to 164 Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances, 8-8 to 12 Organic compounds bond lengths (in crystals), 9-1 to 16 bond lengths and angles (in gas phase), 9-19 to 47 bond strengths, 9-64 to 97 characteristic 13C chemical shifts, 9-117 characteristic proton chemical shifts, 9-116 classes, definitions, 2-37 to 61 dipole moment, 9-50 to 58 enthalpy of fusion, 6-119 to 128 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-101 to 118 heat of combustion, 5-70 infrared correlation charts, 9-108 to 112 magnetic susceptibility, 3-672 to 676 mass spectral peaks, 8-138 to 141 nomenclature, 2-21 to 24 physical properties, 3-1 to 523 polarizability, 10-193 to 202 solubility, aqueous, 8-85 to 115 solubility, aqueous at high temperature, 8128 to 130 sublimation pressure, 6-59 to 60 superconducting properties, 12-75 to 77 surface tension, 6-149 to 152 thermal conductivity, 6-208 to 212 thermodynamic properties, 5-4 to 42 Organic Magnets, 12-114 to 116 Organic Semiconductors, 12-93 to 96 Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems, 2-21 to 24 Organic Superconductors, 12-75 to 77 Organometallic compounds, bond lengths, 9-17 to 18 Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, A-75 to 77 Orthogonal polynomials formulas and relations, A-83 to 85 tables, A-86 Oscillator strengths in atomic spectra, 10-93 to 155 Osmium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205

isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Oxidation and reduction reagents, decinormal solutions, 8-7 Oxidation-reduction potentials biochemical species, 7-16 to 18 general table, 8-20 to 29 ion radicals, 8-30 to 31 Oxygen: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6-131 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 enthalpy of fusion, 6-119 to 128 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-101 to 118 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-154 to 175, 6-176 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6-18 to 26, 6-206 to 207 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3, 6-18 to 26 van der Waals constants, 6-36 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90, 6-91 to 98 viscosity, 6-18 to 26, 6-196

P Palladium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Paramagnetic moment, rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Paramagnetic susceptibility, elements and inorganic compounds, 4-142 to 147 Partial molar volume, amino acids, 7-1 to 2 Particle size, 15-38 Particles, fundamental, summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Pascal, definition, 1-23 to 26 Pauling electronegativity scale, 9-98 Pearson symbols, 12-5 to 10, 12-15 to 18 Percentage points, chi-square distribution, A-91 to 92 Percentage points, F-distribution, A-93 to 96 Percentage points, Student’s t-distribution, A-91 Periodic functions, Fourier expansions, A-59 to 60

4/16/08 12:23:10 PM

Index

I-14 Periodic table of the elements, Inside front cover Permeability, magnetic alloys, 12-105 to 113 Permeability of vacuum, 1-1 to 11 Permittivity (dielectric constant) cryogenic fluids, temperature and pressure dependence, 6-18 to 26 crystals, 12-45 to 53 gases, 6-176 glass, 12-56 ice, 6-8 liquid helium, 6-132 liquids, 6-154 to 175 plastics, 13-13 quartz, 12-56 rubbers, 13-13 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 solids, 12-45 to 53 solvents, 8-136 vacuum, 1-1 to 11 water, 6-4 water, frequency dependence, 6-17 water, temperature and pressure dependence, 6-16 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases, 6-176 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids, 12-45 to 53 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids, 6-154 to 175 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure, 6-16 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies, 6-17 Peroxide formation by laboratory chemicals, 16-1 to 12 pH acid-base indicators, 8-15 to 17 biological buffers, 7-22 biological materials and tissues, 7-23 blood, 7-23 definition of pH scale, 8-32 to 36 fluorescent indicators, 8-18 to 19 foods, 7-23 measurement in natural waters, 8-37 to 38 seawater, 8-37 to 38 solutions giving round values, 8-39 standards, 8-32 to 36 pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions, 8-32 to 36 Phase Diagrams, 12-182 to 199 Phase transitions enthalpy of fusion, 6-119 to 128 enthalpy of vaporization, 6-101 to 118 ice, 6-8, 6-13 polymers, glass to crystal, 13-6 to 12 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Phon, definition, 14-48 to 49 Phonon-electron coupling, rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Phosphorus: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 dielectric constant, 12-45 to 53 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3

6679X_Index.indd 14

vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Photochemical data, 5-92 to 103 Photoelastic constants, 12-165 to 178 Photon Attenuation Coefficients, 10-235 to 239 Phototopic spectral luminous efficiency function, 10-242 Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals, 4-149 to 155 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds, 4-43 to 101 Physical Constants of Organic Compounds, 3-1 to 523 Physical constants, fundamental, 1-1 to 11 Physical properties amino acids, 7-1 to 2 gas clathrate hydrates, 6-136 to 140 inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101 minerals, 4-149 to 155 oils and fats, 7-9 to 13 organic compounds, 3-1 to 523 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 solvents, 15-13 to 22 Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals, 4-127 to 132 Physical quantities definitions, 2-37 to 61 terminology and symbols, 2-1 to 12 Pi, value of, A-1 Pion, summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Pitch, in musical scales, 14-47 PIXE, definition, 12-1 to 4 pK acid-base indicators, 8-15 to 17 amino acids, 7-1 to 2 biological buffers, 7-19 to 21, 7-22 inorganic acids and bases, 8-40 to 41 organic acids and bases, 8-42 to 51 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7-5 Planck constant, 1-1 to 11 Planets atmospheric composition, 14-2 to 3 general properties, 14-2 to 3 orbital parameters, 14-2 to 3 satellites, 14-4 to 5 Plastics breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 density, 15-39 dielectric constant, 13-13 speed of sound in, 14-43 to 44 thermal conductivity, 12-208 to 209 Platinum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 resistance of wires, 15-37 thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 wire tables, 15-37 Platinum-rhodium thermocouple tables, 15-1 to 9 Pluto, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3

Plutonium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Point groups of small molecules, 9-100 to 102 Polarizability atoms and ions in solids, 12-13 to 14 free atoms and molecules, 10-193 to 202 Polarizability of Atoms and Ions in Solids, 12-13 to 14 Pollutants airborne, limits in the workplace, 16-29 to 40 Henry’s Law constants, 8-85 to 115 octanol-water partition coefficients, 16-41 to 45 solubility, 8-85 to 115 Polonium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Polymers breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 critical solution temperatures, 13-19 to 36 density of melts, 13-14 to 18 dielectric constant, 13-13 electron inelastic mean free path, 12-117 to 118 enthalpy of solution, 13-42 to 69 glass transition temperature, 13-6 to 12 molar volume, 13-14 to 18 nomenclature, 13-1 to 4 solutions, enthalpy of mixing, 13-42 to 69 solvent activities, 13-37 to 41 solvents for, 13-5 vapor pressure of solutions, 13-37 to 41 Polynomials, orthogonal, A-83 to 85 Potassium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Potential electrical, in the atmosphere, 14-36 to 42

4/16/08 12:23:11 PM

Index oxidation-reduction, 8-20 to 29 oxidation-reduction, of ion radicals, 8-30 to 31 Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters, 8-37 to 38 Praseodymium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Precipitation of metal ions, 16-1 to 12 Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents, 8-1 to 4 Pressure atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-19 to 24 conversion factors, 1-40 earth, as function of depth, 14-13 effect on boiling point, 15-26 effect on freezing point, 6-38 ocean, as function of depth, 14-14 planetary atmospheres, 14-2 to 3 sensitivity of ionization gauges, 15-12 Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Liquid Density, 6-129 to 130 Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationship for Polymer Melts, 13-14 to 18 Probability function, A-88 to 90 Promethium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 Properties of Amino Acids, 7-1 to 2 Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals, 12-55 Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography, 8-135 Properties of Cryogenic Fluids, 6-131 Properties of Fatty Acids and Their Methyl Esters, 7-7 to 8 Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates, 6-136 to 140 Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water, 6-8 Properties of Liquid Helium, 6-132 Properties of Magnetic Materials, 12-105 to 113 Properties of Organic Semiconductors, 12-93 to 96 Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases, 7-5 Properties of Refrigerants, 6-133 to 135 Properties of Seawater, 14-15 to 16 Properties of Semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 Properties of Superconductors, 12-57 to 72 Properties of the Solar System, 14-2 to 3 Properties of Water and Steam as a Function of Temperature and Pressure, 6-14 to 15

6679X_Index.indd 15

I-15 Properties of Water in the Range 0-100 °C, 6-4 Protactinium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Protection against Ionizing Radiation, 16-46 Proton in cosmic ray showers, 11-267 to 270 magnetic moment, 1-1 to 11 mass, 1-1 to 11 summary of properties, 11-1 to 55 Proton Affinities, 10-174 to 192 Proton NMR Chemical Shifts for Characteristic Organic Structures, 9-116 PSD, definition, 12-1 to 4 psia and psig, definition, 1-40 Purine bases, properties of, 7-5 Pyrimidine bases, properties of, 7-5 Pyrophoric chemicals, safe handling, 16-1 to 12

Q Quadratic equation formula, A-2 Quadrupole moments all nuclides, 11-56 to 253 important nuclei for NMR, 9-113 to 115 Quartz crystallographic data, 4-156 to 163 dielectric constant, 12-56 loss factor, 12-56 optical properties, 4-149 to 155 phase diagram, 12-182 to 199 thermal conductivity, 12-206 to 207

R Rad, definition, 16-46 Radiation black body, 10-243 to 244 electromagnetic, classification, 10-240 to 241 microwave, classification of bands, 10-240 to 241 Radiation, ionizing conversion factors, 1-44 to 45 from nuclear decay, 11-56 to 253 permissible intake of radionuclides, 16-47 to 50 protection against, 16-46 Radiation, solar by month and latitude, 14-25 by wavelength, 14-18 flux, solar constant, 14-2 to 3 Radiative transition probability, 10-93 to 155 Radicals, free: see Free radicals Radicals, nomenclature, 2-14 to 20, 2-21 to 24 Radio spectrum, 15-50 to 51 Radioastronomy, 14-6 to 8 Radionuclides, permissible intake, 16-47 to 50 Radium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19

heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Radius of ions in crystals, 12-11 to 12 Radon: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90, 6-91 to 98 Rankine temperature, conversion to other scales, 1-38 Rare earth crystals, Verdet constants, 12-165 to 178 Rare earth metals, general properties, 4-127 to 132 Rate constants atmospheric reactions, 5-92 to 103 conversion factors, 1-43 RBS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Reagents decinormal solutions, 8-5 to 6, 8-7 disposal of, 16-1 to 12 formulas for concentration, 8-19 organic, for analysis, 8-8 to 12 preparation, 8-1 to 4 Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals, 8-30 to 31 Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacuo, 8-133 Reduction potentials biochemical species, 7-16 to 18 general table, 8-20 to 29 ion radicals, 8-30 to 31 Reference states of elements, 5-4 to 42 Reflection coefficient of solids, 12-121 to 145, 12-146 to 164 Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses, 10-250 Refractive index: see Index of refraction Refractory materials hardness, 12-217 thermal conductivity, 12-208 to 209 Refrigerants, various properties, 6-133 to 135 Relation of angular functions in terms of one another, A-8 Relative humidity from wet and dry bulb temperatures, 15-32 relation to dew point, 15-31 solutions for calibration, 15-34 solutions for constant humidity, 15-33 Relative Sensitivity of Bayard-Alpert Ionization Gauges to Various Gases, 15-12 Relaxation time, in water, 6-17 Rem, definition, 16-46 Remanence, magnetic materials, 12-105 to 113 Resistance of wires, 15-37 Resistivity, electrical alloys, 12-41 to 43 commercial metals and alloys, 12-216 conversion factors, 1-42 elements, 12-39 to 40 glasses, 12-56

4/16/08 12:23:11 PM

Index

I-16 graphite and related materials, 12-44 pure metals, 12-39 to 40 quartz, 12-56 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconducting minerals, 12-78 to 90 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90, 12-93 to 96 superconductors, 12-73 to 74 Respirators, for laboratory use, 16-1 to 12 RHEED, definition, 12-1 to 4 Rhenium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Rhodium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Ring systems, nomenclature, 2-21 to 24 Rochelle salts, 12-54 Rocks age, 14-9 to 10 density, 15-39 thermal conductivity, 12-208 to 209 Roentgen, definition, 16-46 Roentgenium (element 110), 4-1 to 42, 11-56 to 253 Rotational constants, diatomic molecules, 9103 to 107 Rounding of numbers, 1-28 to 37 Rubbers breakdown voltage, 15-42 to 46 density, 15-39 dielectric constant, 13-13 speed of sound in, 14-43 to 44 thermal conductivity, 12-208 to 209 Rubidium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Russian alphabet, 2-36

6679X_Index.indd 16

Ruthenium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Rutherfordium (element 104) electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 Rydberg constant, 1-1 to 11

S Sackur-Tetrode constant, 1-1 to 11 Safety chemical carcinogens, 16-51 to 56 flammability of chemicals, 16-13 to 28 laboratory practices, 16-1 to 12 radiation, 16-46, 16-47 to 50 SALI, definition, 12-1 to 4 Salinity scale for seawater, 14-15 to 16 Salts activity coefficients, 5-80 to 81, 5-82 to 85 decinormal solutions, 8-5 to 6 electrical conductivity, 5-73; 5-76 enthalpy of solution, 5-87 molten, density of, 4-139 to 141 solubility as a function of temperature, 8116 to 121, 8-125 vapor pressure of aqueous solutions, 6-99 Samarium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Sample size calculations, A-88 to 90 SANS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Saponification value, oils and fats, 7-9 to 13 Satellites of the Planets, 14-4 to 5 Saturn, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3 Scalar product, A-68 to 74 Scandium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90

vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols, 2-25 to 35 Seaborgium (element 106), 4-1 to 42, 11-56 to 253 Seawater composition (elemental), 14-17 composition (ions), 14-15 to 16 density, 14-15 to 16 electrical conductivity, 14-15 to 16 freezing point, 14-15 to 16 pH measurement, 8-37 to 38 pressure as a function of depth, 14-14 salinity scale, 14-15 to 16 solubility of hydrocarbons in, 8-126 to 127 specific heat, 14-15 to 16 speed of sound in, 14-43 to 44 viscosity, 14-15 to 16 Secant function, A-6 to 7 Second, definition, 1-23 to 26 Second radiation constant, 1-1 to 11 Secondary Electron Emission, 12-120 Secondary Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale, 15-10 to 11 Selected Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions, 12-91 to 92 Selenium: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 SEM, definition, 12-1 to 4 Semiconductors crystal structure, 12-15 to 18, 12-78 to 90 diffusion in, 12-97 to 104 effective mass, 12-78 to 90 elastic constants, 12-33 to 38 electrical properties, 12-78 to 90, 12-93 to 96 extinction coefficient, 12-121 to 145, 12146 to 164 index of refraction, 12-121 to 145, 12-146 to 164 minerals, resistivity of, 12-78 to 90 optical properties, 12-121 to 145, 12-146 to 164, 12-165 to 178 organic, 12-93 to 96 physical properties, 12-78 to 90 reflection coefficient, 12-121 to 145, 12-146 to 164 solid solutions, 12-91 to 92 thermal conductivity, 12-78 to 90, 12-203 to 204 Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths, 10-242 Series expansions, A-65 to 67 Shielding, from radiation, 10-235 to 239, 16-46 SI units conversion factors to, 1-28 to 37 definitions and symbols, 1-23 to 26 prefixes, 1-23 to 26 Siemens, definition, 1-23 to 26 Sievert, definition, 1-23 to 26, 16-46 Silicon: see also Elements dielectric constant, 12-45 to 53

4/16/08 12:23:12 PM

Index electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-200 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 optical properties, 12-121 to 145 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 semiconducting properties, 12-78 to 90 thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Silver: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-200 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 resistance of wires, 15-37 thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 wire tables, 15-37 SIMS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Sine function, A-6 to 7 SLAM, definition, 12-1 to 4 SMOW (standard mean ocean water), density, 6-6 to 7 SNMS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Sodium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-200 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Sodium chloride activity coefficients, 5-80 to 81, 5-82 to 85 aqueous solutions, concentrative properties, 8-52 to 77 aqueous solutions, relative humidity, 15-34 aqueous solutions, volumetric properties, 6-9 density of aqueous solutions, 6-9 enthalpy of solution, 5-87 standard thermodynamic properties, 5-4 to 42 Solar constant, 14-2 to 3 Solar radiation by month and latitude, 14-25 by wavelength, 14-18 Solar Spectral Irradiance, 14-18 Solar system, 14-2 to 3

6679X_Index.indd 17

I-17 Solder phase diagram, 12-182 to 199 thermal conductivity, 12-205 Solids, characterization and analysis, 12-1 to 4 Solubility amino acids, 7-1 to 2 carbon dioxide in water, 8-84 gases in water, 8-80 to 83 hydrocarbons in seawater, 8-126 to 127 inorganic compounds, 4-43 to 101 inorganic compounds, as function of temperature, 8-116 to 121, 8-125 inorganic compounds, qualitative rules, 8131 to 132 inorganic compounds, sparingly soluble, 8-122 to 124 octanol-water partition coefficients, 16-41 to 45 organic compounds, 3-1 to 523 organic compounds in water, 8-85 to 115 organic compounds in water at high temperature, 8-128 to 130 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7-5 salts in water, 8-125 Solubility Chart, 8-131 to 132 Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures, 8-84 Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures, 8-125 Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater, 8126 to 127 Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water, 8-128 to 130 Solubility of Selected Gases in Water, 8-80 to 83 Solubility Product Constants, 8-122 to 124 Solutions aqueous, concentrative properties, 8-52 to 77 decinormal, oxidation reagents, 8-7 decinormal, salts, 8-5 to 6 density, 8-52 to 77 diffusion of ions, 5-77 to 79 enthalpy, for common electrolytes, 5-87 formulas for concentration, 8-19 freezing point depression, 8-52 to 77 index of refraction, 8-52 to 77 ionic conductivity, 5-77 to 79 polymers, 13-42 to 69 for round values of pH, 8-39 viscosity, 8-52 to 77 Solvents azeotropic data, 6-177 to 195 density, as function of temperature, 15-25 dielectric constant, 8-136, 15-13 to 22 dipole moment, 15-13 to 22 flammability, 15-13 to 22 heat capacity, 15-13 to 22 ionic liquids, 6-141 to 144 mass spectral peaks, 8-138 to 141 miscibility, 15-23 to 24 for NMR, chemical shifts, 8-137 physical properties, 15-13 to 22 for polymers, 13-5 polymers, critical solution temperatures, 13-19 to 36 threshold limit in air, 15-13 to 22 for ultraviolet spectrophotometry, 8-136 vapor pressure, 15-13 to 22

viscosity, 15-13 to 22 wavelength cutoff (UV), 8-136 Solvents for Common Polymers, 13-5 Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry, 8-136 Sound level, in human hearing, 14-48 to 49 Sound velocity air, as function of frequency, 14-45 air, as function of humidity, 14-45 air, as function of temperature, 14-46 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-19 to 24 fluids, 6-18 to 26 mercury, 6-146 seawater, 14-15 to 16 various solids, liquids, and gases, 14-43 to 44 water, 14-43 to 44 Sources of Physical and Chemical Data, B-1 to 5 Space group elements, 12-15 to 18 notation, 12-5 to 10 Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers, 13-42 to 69 Specific gravity: see Density Specific heat: see Heat capacity Specific volume: see also Density mercury, 6-145 sodium chloride solutions, 6-9 water, 8-134 Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules, 9-103 to 107 Spectrum, infrared calibration frequencies, 10-261 to 267, 10268 to 272 correlation charts, 9-108 to 112 fundamental vibrational frequencies, 9-100 to 102 Spectrum, line, of the elements, 10-1 to 92 Speed of light, 1-1 to 11 Speed of sound air, as function of frequency, 14-45 air, as function of humidity, 14-45 air, as function of temperature, 14-46 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-19 to 24 fluids, 6-18 to 26 various solids, liquids, and gases, 14-43 to 44 water and seawater, 14-43 to 44 Speed of Sound in Dry Air, 14-46 Speed of Sound in Various Media, 14-43 to 44 Spin fundamental particles, 11-1 to 55 nuclides, 11-56 to 253 nuclides of NMR interest, 9-113 to 115 ordering in magnetic materials, 12-114 to 116 SPM, definition, 12-1 to 4 SSMS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Standard Atmosphere (U.S.), 14-19 to 24 Standard Atomic Weights (alphabetical), 1-12 to 13 Standard Atomic Weights (by atomic number), Inside back cover Standard Density of Water, 6-6 to 7 Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables, 15-1 to 9 Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Cells, 5-74

4/16/08 12:23:13 PM

Index

I-18 Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration, 15-34 Standard Solutions of Acids, Bases, and Salts, 8-5 to 6 Standard Solutions of Oxidation and Reduction Reagents, 8-7 Standard solutions, for pH measurement, 8-32 to 36, 8-37 to 38 Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances, 5-4 to 42 Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Important Biochemical Reactants, 7-16 to 18 Standards CODATA thermodynamic values, 5-1 to 3 index of refraction, 10-252 infrared absorption frequencies, 10-268 to 272 infrared laser frequencies, 10-261 to 267 temperature, 1-20 vapor pressure, 6-100 weather-related scales, 14-26 to 27 Steam, thermodynamic properties (see also Water), 6-14 to 15 Steel mechanical properties, 12-216 thermal conductivity, 12-205 Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 1-1 to 11 STEM, definition, 12-1 to 4 STM, definition, 12-1 to 4 Stokes’ Theorem, A-77 Stratosphere chemical reactions, 5-92 to 103 properties, 14-19 to 24 Strontium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Structure amino acids, 7-3 to 4 bond lengths in organic crystals, 9-1 to 16 bond lengths in organometallic compounds, 9-17 to 18 characteristic 13C chemical shifts, 9-117 characteristic infrared frequencies, 9-108 to 112 characteristic proton chemical shifts, 9-116 crystal, of elements, 12-15 to 18 crystal, of superconductors, 12-57 to 72, 12-73 to 74 force constants, 9-99 formulas for organic compounds, 3-1 to 523 fundamental vibrational frequencies, 9-100 to 102 gas-phase molecules, 9-19 to 47 geometry of small molecules, 9-100 to 102 solids, characterization techniques, 12-1 to 4 Structures of Common Amino Acids, 7-3 to 4 Student’s t-distribution, A-91 Sublimation Pressure of Solids, 6-59 to 60

6679X_Index.indd 18

Sugars aqueous solution properties, 8-52 to 77 nomenclature, 7-14 to 15 Sulfur: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 dielectric constant, 12-45 to 53 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Sulfuric acid activity coefficients, 5-80 to 81, 5-82 to 85 concentrative properties, 8-52 to 77 constant humidity solutions, 15-33 density, 15-40 electrical conductivity, 5-73 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Summary Tables of Particle Properties, 11-1 to 55 Sun mass, dimensions, and other properties, 142 to 3 radiative properties, 14-2 to 3 spectral irradiance, 14-18 Superconductors electrical and magnetic properties, 12-57 to 72, 12-73 to 74 organic, 12-75 to 77 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 transition temperature, 12-57 to 72, 12-73 to 74, 12-75 to 77 Superconductors, high temperature general properties, 12-73 to 74 phase diagram, 12-182 to 199 Supercooled water, 6-8 Surface characterization and analysis, 12-1 to 4 Surface tension aqueous mixtures, 6-153 liquid helium, 6-132 liquid rare earth metals, 4-127 to 132 various liquids, 6-149 to 152 water, 6-4 Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures, 6-153 Surface Tension of Common Liquids, 6-149 to 152 Susceptibility: see Magnetic susceptibility Symbols amino acids, 7-3 to 4 carbohydrates, 7-14 to 15 magnetism, 12-105 to 113 physical quantities, 2-1 to 12, 2-25 to 35 SI units, 1-23 to 26 units, 2-25 to 35 Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities, 2-1 to 12 Symmetry of Crystals, 12-5 to 10 Synonym Index of Organic Compounds, 3524 to 548

T Table of the Isotopes, 11-56 to 253 Tangent function, A-6 to 7

Tantalum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Taylor series, A-65 to 67 Technetium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Techniques for Materials Characterization, 12-1 to 4 Tellurium: see also Elements dielectric constant, 12-45 to 53 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 Temperature atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-19 to 24 baths for temperature control, 15-35, 15-36 calibration, ITS-90, 1-20, 15-10 to 11 Celsius and absolute, definitions, 1-23 to 26 conversion between scales, 1-38 conversion to ITS-90, 1-21 to 22 flames, 15-49 glass transition, in polymers, 13-6 to 12 International Temperature Scale (ITS-90), 1-20 mean global, 14-33 mean United States, 14-31 to 32 planetary atmospheres, 14-2 to 3 superconducting transition, 12-57 to 72 thermocouple tables, 15-1 to 9 Tensile strength commercial metals and alloys, 12-216 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Terbium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137

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Index Terminology inorganic ions and ligands, 2-14 to 20 organic substituent groups and ring systems, 2-21 to 24 physical quantities, 2-1 to 12 polymers, 13-1 to 4 scientific terms, definitions, 2-37 to 61 Tesla, definition, 1-23 to 26 TGA, definition, 12-1 to 4 Thallium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 The Elements, 4-1 to 42 The Genetic Code, 7-6 The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy, 12-32 Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals, 12-201 to 202 Thermal conductivity alloys, 12-205 argon, liquid and gas, 6-18 to 26 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-19 to 24 carrier gases for chromatography, 8-135 ceramics, 12-208 to 209 commercial metals, 12-205 commercial metals and alloys, 12-216 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-18 to 26 construction materials, 12-208 to 209 conversion factors, 1-41 cryogenic solids, 12-206 to 207 crystalline solids, 12-206 to 207 D2O, 6-5 dielectric crystals, 12-206 to 207 gases, at atmospheric pressure, 6-206 to 207 glasses, 12-210 to 213 helium, liquid, 6-132 helium, liquid and gas, 6-18 to 26 ice, 6-8, 12-206 to 207 insulation, 12-208 to 209 liquids, 6-208 to 212 mercury, 6-208 to 212 metals, 12-201 to 202, 12-203 to 204 methane, liquid and gas, 6-18 to 26 minerals, 12-208 to 209 nitrogen, liquid and gas, 6-18 to 26 organic compounds, 6-208 to 212 oxygen, liquid and gas, 6-18 to 26 plastics, 12-208 to 209 quartz, 12-206 to 207 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 refractory materials, 12-208 to 209 rocks, 12-208 to 209 rubber, 12-208 to 209 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90, 12-203 to 204 superconductors, 12-73 to 74 water, 6-4, 6-5, 6-208 to 212 wood, 12-208 to 209

6679X_Index.indd 19

I-19 Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature, 12-205 Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials, 12-208 to 209 Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics, 12-206 to 207 Thermal Conductivity of Gases, 6-206 to 207 Thermal Conductivity of Glasses, 12-210 to 213 Thermal Conductivity of Liquids, 6-208 to 212 Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature, 12-203 to 204 Thermal Conductivity of Saturated H2O and D2O, 6-5 Thermal expansion coefficient commercial metals and alloys, 12-216 ice, 6-8 liquids, 6-129 to 130 metals, 12-201 to 202 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 semiconductors, 12-78 to 90 sodium chloride solutions, 6-9 Thermal neutron cross sections, 11-254 to 266 Thermal Properties of Mercury, 6-146 Thermocouple calibration tables, 15-1 to 9 Thermodynamic Functions and Relations, 2-62 Thermodynamic properties (see also Enthalpy, Heat capacity, etc.) air, 6-1 to 3 aqueous systems, 5-66 to 69 argon, 6-18 to 26 biochemical species, 7-16 to 18, 7-19 to 21 CODATA Key Values, 5-1 to 3 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-18 to 26 gas clathrate hydrates, 6-136 to 140 helium, 6-18 to 26 high temperature, 5-43 to 65 hydrogen, 6-18 to 26 inorganic compounds, 5-4 to 42 nitrogen, 6-18 to 26 organic compounds, 5-4 to 42 oxygen, 6-18 to 26 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 standard state values, 5-4 to 42 steam, 6-14 to 15 temperature dependence, 5-43 to 65 water, 6-14 to 15 Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature, 5-43 to 65 Thermodynamic Properties of Air, 6-1 to 3 Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Systems, 5-66 to 69 Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water, 7-19 to 21 Thermodynamic relations, 2-62 Thermometers, wet and dry bulb, 15-32 Thermophysical Properties of Fluids, 6-18 to 26 Thorium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253

magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Threshold limits airborne contaminants, 16-29 to 40 halocarbon refrigerants, 6-133 to 135 solvents, 15-13 to 22 Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants, 16-29 to 40 Thulium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Thunderstorm electricity, 14-36 to 42 Time astronomical units, 14-1 geological scale, 14-11 Tin: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Titanium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-200 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Toxicity of anions and cations, 16-1 to 12 Transformation of integrals, A-77 Transition probability, atomic, 10-93 to 155 Transition temperature glass, in polymers, 13-6 to 12 superconductors, 12-57 to 72, 12-73 to 74, 12-75 to 77 Transport properties: see Thermal conductivity, Viscosity, Diffusion

4/16/08 12:23:15 PM

Index

I-20 Trigonometric functions relations, A-8 table, A-6 to 7 Trigonometric series, A-65 to 67 Trillion, definition, 1-38 Triple point constants carbon dioxide, 6-59 to 60 cryogenic fluids, 6-131 D2O, 6-5 elements, 4-133 to 134 various compounds, 6-59 to 60 water, 6-5 Tschebysheff polynomials, A-83 to 85 Tungsten: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135, 12-200 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 resistance of wires, 15-37 thermal conductivity, 12-203 to 204 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 wire tables, 15-37 Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods, 7-23

U U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976), 14-19 to 24 Ultraviolet spectrophotometry, solvents for, 8-136 Units conversion factors, 1-28 to 37 definitions, 2-37 to 61 ionizing radiation, 1-44 to 45, 16-46 magnetic quantities, 1-27, 12-105 to 113 pH, 8-32 to 36 SI, definitions and symbols, 1-23 to 26 Units for Magnetic Properties, 1-27 Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions, 13-19 to 36 UPS, definition, 12-1 to 4 Uranium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Uranus, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3

6679X_Index.indd 20

V Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems, 1-46 Van der Waals Constants for Gases, 6-36 Van der Waals radii of the elements, 9-49 Vanadium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Vapor Pressure, 6-61 to 90 Vapor pressure air, 6-1 to 3 aqueous salt solutions, 15-34 at temperatures below 300 K, 6-91 to 98 calibration data, 6-100 carbon dioxide, 6-59 to 60, 6-91 to 98, 6-100 cryogenic fluids, 6-91 to 98 elements, 6-61 to 90 elements, high temperature, 4-136 to 137, 4-138 general table, 6-61 to 90 helium, 1-20, 6-91 to 98, 6-132 ice, 6-10, 6-100 inorganic compounds, 6-61 to 90 IUPAC recommended data, 6-100 mercury, 6-148 metals, at high temperatures, 4-136 to 137, 4-138 organic compounds, 6-61 to 90 polymer solutions, 13-37 to 41 rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 rare gases, 6-91 to 98 salt solutions, 6-99 solids, 6-59 to 60 solvents, 15-13 to 22 water, 6-4, 6-11 to 12, 6-100 water, over salt solutions, 6-99, 15-33, 1534 Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K, 6-91 to 98 Vapor Pressure of Ice, 6-10 Vapor Pressure of Mercury, 6-148 Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions, 6-99 Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements - Data, 4-138 Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements - Equations, 4-136 to 137 Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370 °C, 6-11 to 12 Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions, 1337 to 41 Vaporization: see Enthalpy of vaporization Vector analysis, A-68 to 74 Velocity of light, 1-1 to 11 Velocity of sound air, as function of frequency, 14-45 air, as function of humidity, 14-45 air, as function of temperature, 14-46

atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-19 to 24 fluids, 6-18 to 26 various solids, liquids, and gases, 14-43 to 44 Velocity, mean, in gases, 6-37 Venus, orbital data and dimensions, 14-2 to 3 Verdet constants, 12-165 to 178 Vibrational force constants, 9-99 Vibrational frequencies of molecules, 9-100 to 102, 9-103 to 107 Vibrational-rotational spectra, for frequency calibration, 10-268 to 272 Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases, 6-27 to 35 Viscosity aqueous solutions, 8-52 to 77 argon, liquid and gas, 6-18 to 26 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14-19 to 24 carbon dioxide, on saturation line, 6-202 carrier gases for chromatography, 8-135 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-18 to 26 gases, at atmospheric pressure, 6-196 helium, liquid, 6-132 helium, liquid and gas, 6-18 to 26 hydroxide solutions, 6-203 ionic liquids, 6-141 to 144 liquid metals, 6-204 to 205 liquids, 6-197 to 201 methane, liquid and gas, 6-18 to 26 nitrogen, liquid and gas, 6-18 to 26 oxygen, liquid and gas, 6-18 to 26 seawater, 14-15 to 16 solvents, 15-13 to 22 water, as function of temperature, 6-4 Viscosity and Density of Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions, 6-203 Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide along the Saturation Line, 6-202 Viscosity of Gases, 6-196 Viscosity of Liquid Metals, 6-204 to 205 Viscosity of Liquids, 6-197 to 201 Volt definition, 1-23 to 26 maintained value, 1-1 to 11 Volume of One Gram of Water, 8-134 Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions, 6-9

W Water azeotropic mixtures, 6-177 to 195 boiling point, as function of pressure, 6-13 compressibility, 6-129 to 130 critical constants, 6-5 density, 6-4, 6-5, 6-6 to 7 density, as function of pressure, 6-129 to 130 density (supercooled), 6-8 dielectric constant, 6-4, 6-154 to 175, 6-176 dielectric constant, as function of frequency, 6-17 dielectric constant, as function of temperature and pressure, 6-16 diffusion of gases, 6-215 dissociation constant, 8-78, 8-79 electrical conductivity, 5-72 enthalpy of fusion, 6-119 to 128

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Index enthalpy of vaporization, 6-4 fixed point properties, 6-5 freezing point, pressure dependence, 6-38 heat capacity, 6-4 index of refraction, 10-251 ion product, 8-78, 8-79 octanol-water partition coefficients, 16-41 to 45 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-4, 6-154 to 175, 6-176 permittivity, as function of frequency, 6-17 pH measurement, 8-37 to 38 speed of sound in, 14-43 to 44 surface tension, 6-4 thermal conductivity, 6-5, 6-206 to 207 thermal expansion coefficient, 6-129 to 130 thermodynamic properties, 6-14 to 15 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5-43 to 65 triple point constants, 6-5 van der Waals constants, 6-36 vapor pressure, 6-11 to 12 vapor pressure over salt solutions, 15-33 viscosity, 6-4, 6-196 volume of one gram, 8-134 Water(D2O) boiling point, 6-5 critical constants, 6-5 density, 6-10 dissociation constant, 8-79 fixed point properties, 6-5 ion product, 8-79 thermal conductivity, 6-5, 6-206 to 207 triple point constants, 6-5 vapor pressure, 6-5 viscosity, 6-196 Watt, definition, 1-23 to 26 Wavelengths atomic spectra, 10-1 to 92 correction to vacuum, 10-253 electromagnetic radiation bands, 10-240 to 241 laser sources, 10-255 to 260 sensitivity of eye, 10-242 Weather-Related Scales, 14-26 to 27 Weber, definition, 1-23 to 26 Weighings, reduction from air to vacuum, 8-133 Width, x-ray lines, 10-234 Wien displacement law constant, 1-1 to 11 Wind chill factors, 14-26 to 27 Wind scales, 14-26 to 27 Wire Tables, 15-37

6679X_Index.indd 21

I-21 Wood density, 15-39 speed of sound in, 14-43 to 44 thermal conductivity, 12-208 to 209 Work function, of the elements, 12-119

X Xenon: see also Elements critical constants, 6-39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6-131 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 entropy, 5-1 to 3 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 mean free path, 6-37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6-154 to 175, 6-176 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 solubility in water, 8-80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6-206 to 207 van der Waals constants, 6-36 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90, 6-91 to 98 viscosity, 6-196 X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels, 10-224 to 227 X-rays atomic energy levels, 10-224 to 227 attenuation coefficients, 10-235 to 239 cross sections, for the elements, 10-235 to 239 natural line width, 10-234

Y Young’s modulus, rare earth elements, 4-127 to 132 Ytterbium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137

Yttrium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137

Z Zeotropes, 6-177 to 195 Zinc: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 thermodynamic properties, 5-1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137 Zirconium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12-39 to 40 electron configuration, 1-18 to 19 heat capacity, 4-135 history, occurrence, uses, 4-1 to 42 ionization energy, 10-203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11-56 to 253 magnetic susceptibility, 4-142 to 147 molten, density, 4-139 to 141 physical properties, 4-133 to 134 thermal properties, 12-201 to 202 vapor pressure, 6-61 to 90 vapor pressure, high temperature, 4-136 to 137

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