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Shackelford, James F. et al “Frontmatter” Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001
CRC
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION
©2001 CRC Press LLC
CRC
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION James F. Shackelford Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Division of Materials Science and Engineering and Associate Dean of the College of Engineering University of California, Davis
William Alexander Research Engineer Division of Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Davis
CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
disclaimer Page 1 Wednesday, October 25, 2000 1:50 PM
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CRC materials science and engineering handbook / [edited by] James F. Shackelford, William Alexander.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-2696-6 (alk. paper) 1. Materials—Handooks, manuals, etc. I. Shackelford, James F. II. Alexander, William, 1950 Feb. 13TA403.4 .C74 2000 620.1′1—dc21
00-048567
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2696-6 Library of Congress Card Number 00-048567 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper
©2001 CRC Press LLC
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
Structure of Materials Electronic Structure of Selected Elements Available Stable Isotopes of the Elements Periodic Table of the Elements Periodic Table of Elements in Metallic Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Ceramic Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Polymeric Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Semiconducting Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Superconducting Metals Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements Bond Length Values Between Elements Periodic Table of Carbon Bond Lengths (Å) Carbon Bond Lengths Carbon Bond Lengths in Polymers Bond Angle Values Between Elements Key to Tables of Crystal Structure of the Elements The Seven Crystal Systems The Fourteen Bravais Lattices Periodic Table of the Body Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Face Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Close Packed Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Elements
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Table of Contents Structure of Ceramics Atomic Mass of Selected Elements Solid Density of Selected Elements Density of Iron and Iron Alloys Density of Wrought Stainless Steels Density of Stainless Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys Density of Aluminum Alloys Density of Copper and Copper Alloys Density of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Density of Nickel and Nickel Alloys Density of Lead and Lead Alloys Density of Tin and Tin Alloys Density of Wrought Titanium Alloys Density of Titanium and Titanium alloys Density of Zinc and Zinc Alloys Density of Permanent Magnet Materials Density of Precious Metals Density of Superalloys Density of Selected Ceramics Density of Glasses Specific Gravity of Polymers Density of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites Density of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Density of Si3N4 Composites CHAPTER 2
Composition of Materials Composition Limits of Tool Steels Composition Limits of Gray Cast Irons Composition Limits of Ductile Irons Composition Ranges for Malleable Irons Composition Ranges for Carbon Steels Composition Ranges for Resulfurized Carbon Steels Composition Ranges for Alloy Steels
©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
Table of Contents Composition of Stainless Steels Composition of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Classification of Copper and Copper Alloys Composition Ranges for Cast Aluminum Alloys Composition Ranges for Wrought Aluminum Alloys Composition of Tin and Tin Alloys Compositions of ACI Heat-Resistant Casting Alloys Composition of Zinc Die Casting Alloys Compositions of Wrought Superalloys Typical Composition of Glass-Ceramics CHAPTER 3
Phase Diagram Sources Phase Diagram Sources
CHAPTER 4
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data Bond Strengths in Diatomic Molecules Bond Strengths of Polyatomic Molecules Solubility of Copper and Copper Alloys Heat of Formation of Inorganic Oxides Phase Change Thermodynamic Properties for The Elements Phase Change Thermodynamic Properties of Oxides Melting Points of the Elements Melting Points of Elements and Inorganic Compounds Melting Points Of Ceramics Heat of Fusion For Elements and Inorganic Compounds Heats of Sublimation of Metals and Their Oxides Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients Thermodynamic Coefficients for Selected Elements Thermodynamic Coefficients for Oxides Entropy of the Elements Vapor Pressure of the Elements at Very Low Pressures Vapor Pressure of the Elements at Moderate Pressures Vapor Pressure of the Elements at High Pressures Vapor Pressure of Elements and Inorganic Compounds
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
Table of Contents Values of The Error Function Diffusion in Metallic Systems Diffusion of Metals into Metals Diffusion in Semiconductors CHAPTER 5
Thermal Properties of Materials Specific Heat of the Elements at 25 ˚C Heat Capacity of Ceramics Specific Heat of Polymers Specific Heat of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 1) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 2) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 3) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 4) Thermal Conductivity of Alloy Cast Irons Thermal Conductivity of Iron and Iron Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum and aluminum alloys Thermal Conductivity of Copper and Copper Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Nickel and Nickel Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Lead and Lead Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Tin, Titanium, Zinc and their Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Pure Metals Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics Thermal Conductivity of Glasses Thermal Conductivity of Cryogenic Insulation Thermal Conductivity of Cryogenic Supports Thermal Conductivity of Special Concretes Thermal Conductivity of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics Thermal Conductivity of Polymers Thermal Conductivity of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Thermal Expansion of Wrought Stainless Steels Thermal Expansion of Wrought Titanium Alloys
©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
Table of Contents Thermal Expansion of Graphite Magnesium Castings Linear Thermal Expansion of Metals and Alloys Thermal Expansion of Ceramics Thermal Expansion of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics Thermal Expansion of Glasses Thermal Expansion of Polymers Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Materials for Integrated Circuits Thermal Expansion of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al ASTM B 601 Temper Designation Codes for Copper and Copper Alloys Temper Designation System for Aluminum Alloys Tool Steel Softening After 100 Hours Thermoplastic Polyester Softening with Temperature Heat-Deflection Temperature of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics CHAPTER 6
Mechanical Properties of Materials Tensile Strength of Tool Steels Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Irons Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Iron Bars Tensile Strength of Ductile Irons Tensile Strength of Malleable Iron Castings Tensile Strength of Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Ferritic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Martensitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Tensile Strength of Aluminum Casting Alloys Tensile Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Tensile Strength of Cobalt-Base Superalloys Tensile Strength of Nickel-Base Superalloys
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
Table of Contents Tensile Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Tensile Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Tensile Strength of Refractory Metal Alloys Tensile Strength of Ceramics Tensile Strength of Glass Tensile Strength of Polymers Tensile Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Tensile Strength of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics Strength of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Tensile Strength of Graphite/Magnesium Castings Tensile Strength of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Strength of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Strength of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Ultimate Tensile Strength of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al Ultimate Tensile Strength of Silicon Carbide–Aluminum Alloy Composites Tensile Strength of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Ultimate Tensile Strength of Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with SiC Whiskers vs. Temperature Ultimate Tensile Strength of Reinforced Aluminum Alloy vs. Temperature Tensile Strength of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Tensile Strength of Boron/Aluminum Composites Compressive Strength of Gray Cast Iron Bars Compressive Strength of Ceramics Compressive Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Ultimate Compressive Strength of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al Yield Strength of Tool Steels Yield Strength of Ductile Irons Yield Strength of Malleable Iron Castings Yield Strength of Austenitic Stainless Steels
©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
Table of Contents Yield Strength of Ferritic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of Martensitic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Yield Strength of Cast Aluminum Alloys Yield Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Yield Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Yield Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Yield Strength of Cobalt-Base Superalloys Yield Strength of Nickel-Base Superalloys Yield Strength of Commercially Pure Tin Yield Strength of Polymers Yield Strength of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Yield Strength of Reinforced Aluminum Alloy vs. Temperature Yield Strength of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Compressive Yield Strength of Polymers Flexural Strength of Polymers Flextural Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Shear Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Torsion Shear Strength of Gray Cast Fe Hardness of Gray Cast Irons Hardness of Gray Cast Iron Bars Hardness of Malleable Iron Castings Hardness of Ductile Irons Hardness of Tool Steels Hardness of Austenitic Stainless Steels Hardness of Ferritic Stainless Steels Hardness of Martensitic Stainless Steels Hardness of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Machinability Rating of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Hardness of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Hardness of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
Table of Contents Hardness of Ceramics Microhardness of Glass Hardness of Polymers Hardness of Si3N4 and Al2O3 Composites Coefficient of Static Friction for Polymers Abrasion Resistance of Polymers Fatigue Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Reversed Bending Fatigue Limit of Gray Cast Iron Bars Impact Energy of Tool Steels Impact Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Impact Strength of Polymers Impact Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Impact Strength of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics Fracture Toughness of Si3N4 and Al2O3 Composites Tensile Modulus of Gray Cast Irons Tension Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons Tensile Modulus of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Tensile Modulus of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Modulus of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al Tensile Modulus of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Young’s Modulus of Ceramics Young’s Modulus of Glass Elastic Modulus of Wrought Stainless Steels Modulus of Elasticity of Wrought Titanium Alloys Modulus of Elasticity in Tension for Polymers Modulus of Elasticity of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite/Magnesium Castings Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Modulus of Elasticity of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy
©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
Table of Contents Modulus of Elasticity of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Modulus of Elasticity of Boron/Aluminum Composites Compression Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons Modulus of Elasticity in Compression for Polymers Bulk Modulus of Glass Shear Modulus of Glass Torsional Modulus of Gray Cast Irons Torsion Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons Modulus of Elasticity in Flexure for Polymers Flexural Modulus of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Flexural Modulus of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics Modulus of Rupture for Ceramics Rupture Strength of Refractory Metal Alloys Rupture Strength of Superalloys Modulus of Rupture for Si3N4 and Al2O3Composites Poisson's Ratio of Wrought Titanium Alloys Poisson’s Ratio for Ceramics Poisson’s Ratio of Glass Poisson's Ratio of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Compression Poisson’s Ratio of Treated Ductile Irons Torsion Poisson’s Ratio of Treated Ductile Irons Elongation of Tool Steels Elongation of Ductile Irons Elongation of Malleable Iron Castings Elongation of Ferritic Stainless Steels Elongation of Martensitic Stainless Steels Elongation of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Elongation of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Total Elongation of Cast Aluminum Alloys Elongation of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Elongation of Commercially Pure Tin
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
Table of Contents Elongation of Cobalt-Base Superalloys Elongation of Nickel-Base Superalloys Ductility of Refractory Metal Alloys Elongation of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Elongation of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Total Elongation of Polymers Elongation at Yield for Polymers Ultimate Tensile Elongation of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Total Strain of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Area Reduction of Tool Steels Reduction in Area of Austenitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Ferritic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Martensitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Commercially Pure Tin Area Reduction of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Area Reduction of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Strength Density Ratio of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Modulus Density Ratio of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Viscosity of Glasses Internal Friction of SiO2 Glass Surface Tension of Elements at Melting Surface Tension of Liquid Elements CHAPTER 7
Electrical Properties of Materials Electrical Conductivity of Metals Electrical Resistivity of Metals Electrical Resistivity of Alloy Cast Irons Resistivity of Ceramics Volume Resistivity of Glass Volume Resistivity of Polymers
©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
Table of Contents Critical Temperature of Superconductive Elements Dissipation Factor for Polymers Dielectric Strength of Polymers Step Dielectric Strength of Polymers Dielectric Constant of Polymers Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers Tangent Loss in Glass Electrical Permittivity of Glass Arc Resistance of Polymers CHAPTER 8
Optical Properties of Materials Transmission Range of Optical Materials Transparency of Polymers Refractive Index of Polymers Dispersion of Optical Materials
CHAPTER 9
Chemical Properties of Materials Water Absorption of Polymers Standard Electromotive Force Potentials Galvanic Series of Metals Galvanic Series of Metals in Sea Water Corrosion Rate of Metals in Acidic Solutions Corrosion Rate of Metals in Neutral and Alkaline Solutions Corrosion Rate of Metals in Air Corrosion Rates of 1020 Steel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Grey Cast Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Ni–Resist Cast Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of 12% Cr Steel at 70˚ Corrosion Rates of 17% Cr Steel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of 14% Si Iron at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel 301 at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel 316 at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Aluminum at 70˚F
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
Table of Contents Corrosion Resistance of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Corrosion Rates of 70-30 Brass at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Copper, Sn-Braze, Al-Braze at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Silicon Bronze at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Hastelloy at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Inconel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Nickel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Monel at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Lead at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of Titanium at 70˚F Corrosion Rates of ACI Heat–Resistant Castings Alloys in Air Corrosion Rates for ACI Heat–Resistant Castings Alloys in Flue Gas Flammability of Polymers Flammability of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics CHAPTER 10
Selecting Structural Properties Selecting Atomic Radii of the Elements Selecting Ionic Radii of the Elements Selecting Bond Lengths Between Elements Selecting Bond Angles Between Elements Selecting Density of the Elements
CHAPTER 11
Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties Selecting Bond Strengths in Diatomic Molecules Selecting Bond Strengths of Polyatomic Molecules Selecting Heat of Formation of Inorganic Oxides Selecting Specific Heat of Elements Selecting Specific Heat of Polymers Selecting Melting Points of The Elements Selecting Melting Points of Elements and Inorganic Compounds Selecting Melting Points of Ceramics Selecting Heat of Fusion For Elements and Inorganic Compounds Selecting Entropy of the Elements
©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
Table of Contents Selecting Diffusion Activation Energy in Metallic Systems CHAPTER 12
Selecting Thermal Properties Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Metals Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Metals at Temperature Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Alloy Cast Irons Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics at Temperature Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Polymers Selecting Thermal Expansion of Tool Steels Selecting Thermal Expansion of Tool Steels at Temperature Selecting Thermal Expansion of Alloy Cast Irons Selecting Thermal Expansion of Ceramics Selecting Thermal Expansion of Glasses Selecting Thermal Expansion of Polymers Selecting Thermal Expansion Coefficients for Materials used in Integrated Circuits Selecting Thermal Expansion Coefficients for Materials used in Integrated Circuits at Temperature
CHAPTER 13
Selecting Mechanical Properties Selecting Tensile Strength of Tool Steels Selecting Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Irons Selecting Tensile Strength of Ductile Irons Selecting Tensile Strengths of Malleable Iron Castings Selecting Tensile Strengths of Aluminum Casting Alloys Selecting Tensile Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Tensile Strengths of Ceramics Selecting Tensile Strengths of Glass Selecting Tensile Strengths of Polymers Selecting Compressive Strengths of Gray Cast Iron Bars Selecting Compressive Strengths of Ceramics Selecting Compressive Strengths of Polymers Selecting Yield Strengths of Tool Steels
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
Table of Contents Selecting Yield Strengths of Ductile Irons Selecting Yield Strengths of Malleable Iron Castings Selecting Yield Strengths of Cast Aluminum Alloys Selecting Yield Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Yield Strengths of Polymers Selecting Compressive Yield Strengths of Polymers Selecting Flexural Strengths of Polymers Selecting Shear Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Torsional Shear Strengths of Gray Cast Iron Bars Selecting Hardness of Tool Steels Selecting Hardness of Gray Cast Irons Selecting Hardness of Gray Cast Iron Bars Selecting Hardness of Ductile Irons Selecting Hardness of Malleable Iron Castings Selecting Hardness of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Hardness of Ceramics Selecting Microhardness of Glass Selecting Hardness of Polymers Selecting Coefficients of Static Friction for Polymers Selecting Abrasion Resistance of Polymers Selecting Fatigue Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Reversed Bending Fatigue Limits of Gray Cast Iron Bars Selecting Impact Energy of Tool Steels Selecting Impact Strengths of Polymers Selecting Tensile Moduli of Gray Cast Irons Selecting Tensile Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Young’s Moduli of Ceramics Selecting Young’s Moduli of Glass Selecting Moduli of Elasticity in Tension for Polymers Selecting Compression Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Modulus of Elasticity in Compression for Polymers Selecting Bulk Moduli of Glass
©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
Table of Contents Selecting Moduli of Elasticity in Flexure of Polymers Selecting Shear Moduli of Glass Selecting Torsional Moduli of Gray Cast Irons Selecting Torsional Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Moduli of Rupture for Ceramics Selecting Poisson’s Ratios for Ceramics Selecting Poisson’s Ratios of Glass Selecting Compression Poisson’s Ratios of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Torsion Poisson’s Ratios of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Elongation of Tool Steels Selecting Elongation of Ductile Irons Selecting Elongation of Malleable Iron Castings Selecting Total Elongation of Cast Aluminum Alloys Selecting Total Elongation of Polymers Selecting Elongation at Yield of Polymers Selecting Area Reduction of Tool Steels CHAPTER 14
Selecting Electrical Properties Selecting Electrical Resistivity of Alloy Cast Irons Selecting Resistivity of Ceramics Selecting Volume Resistivity of Glass Selecting Volume Resistivity of Polymers Selecting Critical Temperature of Superconductive Elements Selecting Dissipation Factor for Polymers at 60 Hz Selecting Dissipation Factor for Polymers at 1 MHz Selecting Dielectric Strength of Polymers Selecting Dielectric Constants of Polymers at 60 Hz Selecting Dielectric Constants of Polymers at 1 MHz Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass by Temperature Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass by Frequency Selecting Electrical Permittivity of Glass Selecting Electrical Permittivity of Glass by Frequency
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
Table of Contents Selecting Arc Resistance of Polymers CHAPTER 15
Selecting Optical Properties Selecting Transmission Range of Optical Materials Selecting Transparency of Polymers Selecting Refractive Indices of Glasses Selecting Refractive Indices of Polymers
CHAPTER 16
Selecting Chemical Properties Selecting Water Absorption of Polymers Selecting Iron Alloys in 10% Corrosive Medium Selecting Iron Alloys in 100% Corrosive Medium Selecting Nonferrous Metals for use in a 10% Corrosive Medium Selecting Nonferrous Metals for use in a 100% Corrosive Medium Selecting Corrosion Rates of Metals Selecting Corrosion Rates of Metals in Corrosive Environments Selecting Flammability of Polymers
©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
2.1 Front Matter Page xvii Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Dedication
To Penelope and Scott Li-Li and Cassie
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
Shackelford, James F. & Alexander, W.“Selecting Chemical Properties” Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001
3.0 Structure Page 1 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
CHAPTER 1
Structure of Materials
List of Tables
Subatomic Structure Electronic Structure of Selected Elements Available Stable Isotopes of the Elements Atomic Structure Periodic Table of the Elements Periodic Table of Elements in Metallic Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Ceramic Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Polymeric Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Semiconducting Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Superconducting Metals Bond Structure Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements Bond Length Values Between Elements Periodic Table of Carbon Bond Lengths (Å) Carbon Bond Lengths Carbon Bond Lengths in Polymers Bond Angle Values Between Elements Crystal Structure Key to Tables of Crystal Structure of the Elements The Seven Crystal Systems
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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3.0 Structure Page 2 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties List of Tables (Continued)
The Fourteen Bravais Lattices Periodic Table of the Body Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Face Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Close Packed Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Elements Structure of Ceramics Density Atomic Mass of Selected Elements Solid Density of Selected Elements Density of Iron and Iron Alloys Density of Wrought Stainless Steels Density of Stainless Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys Density of Aluminum Alloys Density of Copper and Copper Alloys Density of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Density of Nickel and Nickel Alloys Density of Lead and Lead Alloys Density of Tin and Tin Alloys Density of Wrought Titanium Alloys Density of Titanium and Titanium alloys Density of Zinc and Zinc Alloys Density of Permanent Magnet Materials Density of Precious Metals Density of Superalloys Density of Selected Ceramics Density of Glasses Specific Gravity of Polymers Density of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites Density of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Density of Si3N4 Composites
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
3.1 Structure Page 3 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 1. ELECTRONIC
At. Element No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
STRUCTURE OF SELECTED ELEMENTS
Sym H He Li Be B C N O F N Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Electronic Configuration 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 1 2 . 1 . 2 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . . . 1 . . . 2 . . . 2 1 . . . 2 2 . . . 2 3 . . . 2 4 . . . 2 5 . . . 2 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3d 4s
1 2 3 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4p 4d
1 2 3 4 5 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
4f
5s
5p 5d
5f
6s
6p 6d 7s
1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 5 5 6
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
3
3.1 Structure Page 4 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
At. Element No.
Sym
Electronic Configuration 1s
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Cesium Barium Lantium Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Asatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protoactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
Ce Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lw
2s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2p 3s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3p 3d 4s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4p 4d
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4f
5s
2 3 4 5 6 7 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5p 5d
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5f
6p 6d 7s
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6s
2 3 4 6 7 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2 3 4 5 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2 1 1 1 1
1
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
3.1 Structure Page 5 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 2. AVAILABLE
STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 11) Natural
Element
Mass No.
Abundance (%)
Hydrogen
1
99.985
2
0.015
Helium
3 4
0.00013 ≈100.0
Lithium
6 7
7.42 92.58
Beryllium
9
100.0
Boron
10 11
19.78 80.22
Carbon
12 13
98.89 1.11
Nitrogen
14 15
99.63 0.37
Oxygen
16 17 18
99.76 0.04 0.20
Fluorine
19
100.0
Neon
20 21 22
90.92 0.26 8.82
Sodium
23
100.0
Magnesium
24 25 26
78.70 10.13 11.17
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
5
3.1 Structure Page 6 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 2. AVAILABLE
STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 11) Natural
Element
Mass No.
Abundance (%)
Aluminum
27
100.0
Silicon
28 29 30
92.21 4.70 3.09
Phosphorus
31
100.0
Sulfur
32 33 34 36
95.0 0.76 4.22 0.014
Chlorine
35 37
75.53 24.47
Argon
36 38 40
0.34 0.06 99.60
Potassium
39 40a 41
93.1
0.01
Calcium
40 42 43 44 46 48
96.97 0.64 0.14 2.06 0.003 0.18
Scandium
45
100.0
6.9
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
3.1 Structure Page 7 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 2. AVAILABLE
STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 3 OF 11) Natural Mass No.
Abundance (%)
Titanium
46 47 48 49 50
7.93 7.28 73.94 5.51 5.34
Vanadium
50 51
0.24 99.76
Chromium
50 52 53 54
4.31 83.76 9.55 2.38
Manganese
55
100.0
Iron
54 56 57 58
5.82 91.66 2.19 0.33
Cobalt
59
100.0
Nickel
58 60 61 62 64
67.84 26.23 1.19 3.66 1.08
Copper
63 65
69.09 30.91
Element
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
7
3.1 Structure Page 8 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 2. AVAILABLE
STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 4 OF 11) Natural Mass No.
Abundance (%)
Zinc
64 66 67 68 70
48.89 27.81 4.11 18.57 0.62
Gallium
69 71
60.4 39.6
Germanium
70 72 73 74 76
20.52 27.43 7.76 36.54 7.76
Arsenic
75
100.0
Selenium
74 76 77 78 80 82
0.87 9.02 7.58 23.52 49.82 9.19
Bromine
79 81
50.54 49.46
Krypton
78 80 82 83 84 86
0.35 2.27 11.56 11.55 56.90 17.37
Rubidium
85 87
72.15 27.85
Element
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
3.1 Structure Page 9 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 2. AVAILABLE
STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 5 OF 11) Natural Mass No.
Abundance (%)
Strontium
84 86 87 88
0.56 9.86 7.02 82.56
Yttrium
89
100.0
Zirconium
90 91 92 94 96
51.46 11.23 17.11 17.40 2.80
Niobium
93
100.0
Molybdenum
92 94 95 96 97 98 100
15.84 9.04 15.72 16.53 9.46 23.78 9.63
Ruthenium
96 98 99 100 101 102 104
5.51 1.87 12.72 12.62 17.07 31.61 18.60
Rhodium
103
100.0
Element
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
9
3.1 Structure Page 10 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 2. AVAILABLE
STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 6 OF 11) Natural Mass No.
Abundance (%)
Palladium
102 104 105 106 108 110
0.96 10.97 22.23 27.33 26.71 11.81
Silver
107 109
51.82 48.18
Cadmium
106 108 110 111 112 113 114 116
1.22 0.88 12.39 12.75 24.07 12.26 28.86 7.58
Indium
113 115
4.28 95.72
Tin
112 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 122 124
0.96 0.66 0.35 14.30 7.61 24.03 8.58 32.85 4.72 5.94
Antimony
121 123
57.25 42.75
Element
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
3.1 Structure Page 11 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 2. AVAILABLE
STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 7 OF 11) Natural Mass No.
Abundance (%)
Tellurium
120 122 123 124 125 126 128 130
0.09 2.46 0.87 4.61 6.99 18.71 31.79 34.48
Iodine
127
100.0
Xenon
124 126 128 129 130 131 132 134 136
0.096 0.090 1.92 26.44 4.08 21.18 26.89 10.44 8.87
Cesium
133
100.0
Barium
130 132 134 135 136 137 138
0.101 0.097 2.42 6.59 7.81 11.30 71.66
Lanthanum
138 139
0.09 99.91
Element
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
11
3.1 Structure Page 12 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 2. AVAILABLE
STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 8 OF 11) Natural Mass No.
Abundance (%)
136 138 140 142d
0.193 0.250 88.48
11.07
141
100.0
Neodymium
142 143 144 146 148 150
27.11 12.17 23.85 17.22 5.73 5.62
Samarium
144 147e 148f 149g 150 152 154
Element Cerium
Praseodymium
3.09
14.97 11.24 13.83 7.44 26.72 22.71
Europium
151 153
47.82 52.18
Gadolinium
152h 154 155 156 157 158 160
0.20 2.15 14.73 20.47 15.68 24.87 21.90
159
100.0
Terbium
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
3.1 Structure Page 13 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 2. AVAILABLE
STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 9 OF 11) Natural Mass No.
Abundance (%)
156i 158 160 161 162 163 164
0.052
Holmium
165 186
100.0 28.41
Erbium
162 164 166 167 168 170 186
0.136 1.56 33.41 22.94 27.07 14.88 1.59
Thulium
169 189
100.0 16.1
Ytterbium
168 170 171 172 173 174 176
0.135 3.03 14.31 21.82 16.13 31.84 12.73
Lutetium
175 176j
97.40
Element
Dysprosium
0.090 2.29 18.88 25.53 24.97 28.18
2.60
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
13
3.1 Structure Page 14 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 2. AVAILABLE
STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 10 OF 11) Natural Mass No.
Abundance (%)
174k 176 177 178 179 180
0.18 5.20 18.50 27.14 13.75 35.24
Tantalum
180 181
0.012 99.988
Tungsten
180 182 183 184
0.14 26.41 14.40 30.64
Rhenium
185 187
37.07 62.93
Osmium
184 187 188 190 192
0.018 1.64 13.3 26.4 41.0
Iridium
191 193
37.3 62.7
Platinum
190m 192 194 195 196 198
0.013
197
100.0
Element
Haffiium
Gold
0.78 32.9 33.8 25.3 7.2
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
14
CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
3.1 Structure Page 15 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 2. AVAILABLE
STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 11 OF 11) Natural Mass No.
Abundance (%)
Mercury
196 198 199 200 201 202 204
0.146 10.02 16.84 23.13 13.22 29.80 6.85
Thallium
203 205
29.50 70.50
Lead
204 206 207 208
1.48 23.6 22.6 52.3
Bismuth
209
100.0
Thorium
232n†
100.0
Uranium
234o† 235p† 238q†
0.0006 0.72 99.27
Element
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, 25.
a b c d e f g h
i
half-life = 1.3 x 109 y. half-life > 1015 y half-life = 5 x 1014 y half-life = 5 x 1014 y half-life = 1.06 x 1011 y half-life = 1.2 x 1013 y half-life = 1.2 x 1014 y half-life = 1.1 x 1014 y half-life = 2 x 1014 y
j
half-life = 2.2 x 1010 y k half-life = 4.3 x 1015 y l half-life = 4 x 1010 y m half-life = 6 x 1011 y n half-life = 1.4 x 1010 y o half-life = 2.5 x 105 y p half-life = 7.1 x 108 y q half-life = 4.5 x 109 y † naturally occurring.
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
15
3.2 Structure L Page 16 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
1 IA
2
3
4
5
Table 3. PERIODIC
TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
6
9
7
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18 VIIA
1 H
IIA
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg
IIIB
IVB
VB
VIB
VIIB
-----
VIII
-----
IB
IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 In
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Tl
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
57 La
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
89 Ac
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
93 Np
94 Pu
95 Am
96 Cm
97 Bk
98 Cf
99 Es
100 Fm
101 Md
102 No
103 Lw
©2001 CRC Press LLC
3.2 Structure L Page 17 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 4. PERIODIC 1 IA
2
3
4
5
6
TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN METALLIC MATERIALS 7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IIA
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
11 Na
12 Mg
IIIB
IVB
VB
VIB
VIIB
-----
VIII
-----
IB
IIB
13 Al
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 In
50 Sn
51 Sb
55 Cs
56 Ba
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Tl
82 Pb
83 Bi
87 Fr
88 Ra
57 La
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
89 Ac
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
93 Np
94 Pu
95 Am
96 Cm
97 Bk
98 Cf
99 Es
100 Fm
101 Md
102 No
103 Lw
©2001 CRC Press LLC
18 VIIA
3.2 Structure L Page 18 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 5. PERIODIC 1 IA
2
3
4
5
6
TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN CERAMIC MATERIALS
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IIA
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
11 Na
12 Mg
IIIB
IVB
VB
VIB
VIIB
-----
VIII
-----
IB
IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 In
50 Sn
51 Sb
55 Cs
56 Ba
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Tl
82 Pb
83 Bi
87 Fr
88 Ra
57 La
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
89 Ac
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
93 Np
94 Pu
95 Am
96 Cm
97 Bk
98 Cf
99 Es
100 Fm
101 Md
102 No
103 Lw
©2001 CRC Press LLC
18 VIIA
3.2 Structure L Page 19 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
1 IA 1 H
2
3
Table 6. PERIODIC
TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN POLYMERIC MATERIALS
4
7
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
IIA
IIIB
©2001 CRC Press LLC
IVB
VB
VIB
VIIB
-----
VIII
-----
IB
IIB
13
14
15
16
17
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
14 Si
18 VIIA
3.2 Structure L Page 20 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 7. PERIODIC 1 IA
2
3
4
5
6
TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS 7
8
9
10
11
12
IIA
13
14
15
16
17
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
8 O IIIB
IVB
VB
VIB
VIIB
-----
VIII
-----
IB
IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
48 Cd
49 In
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
80 Hg
©2001 CRC Press LLC
18 VIIA
3.2 Structure L Page 21 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 8. PERIODIC 1 IA
2
3
4
5
6
TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN SUPERCONDUCTING METALS 7
8
9
10
11
12
IIA
13
14
15
16
17
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
50 Sn
51 Sb
4 Be IIIB
IVB
VB
22 Ti
23 V
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
57 La 90 Th
©2001 CRC Press LLC
91 Pa
VIB
VIIB
-----
VIII
77 Ir
-----
IB
IIB
13 Al
30 Zn
31 Ga
48 Cd
49 In
80 Hg
82 Pb
18 VIIA
3.3 Structure Page 22 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 9. ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII OF THE (SHEET 1 OF 5)
ELEMENTS
Atomic Number
Symbol
Atomic Radius (nm)
Ion
Ionic Radius (nm)
1 2 3 4
H He Li Be
0.046 – 0.152 0.114
H– – Li+ Be2+
0.154 – 0.078 0.054
5 6 7 8
B C N O
0.097 0.077 0.071 0.060
B3+ C4+ N5+ 02–
0.02 <0.02 0.01–0.2 0.132
9 10 11 12
F Ne Na Mg
– 0.160 0.186 0.160
F– – Na+ Mg2+
0.133 – 0.098 0.078
13 14 . 15
Al Si
0.143 0.117
P
0.109
Al3+ Si4– Si4+ P5+
0.057 0.198 0.039 0.03–0.04
16
S
0.106
17 18
Cl Ar
0.107 0.192
S2– S6+ Cl– –
0.174 0.034 0.181 –
19 20 21
K Ca Sc
0.231 0.197 0.160
K+ Ca2+ Sc2+
0.133 0.106 0.083
Source: Data from R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975. The ionic radii are based on the calculations of V. M. Goldschmidt, who assigned radii based on known interatomic distances in various ionic crystals.
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
3.3 Structure Page 23 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 9. ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII OF THE (SHEET 2 OF 5) Atomic Number
Symbol
Atomic Radius (nm)
22
Ti
23
ELEMENTS
Ion
Ionic Radius (nm)
0.147
Ti2+ Ti3+ Ti4+
0.076 0.069 0.064
V
0.132
V3+ V4+ V5+
0.065 0.061 0.04
24
Cr
0.125
Cr3+ Cr6+
0.064 0.03–0.04
25
Mn
0.112
Mn2+ Mn3+ Mn4+
0.091 0.070 0.052
26
Fe
0.124
27
Co
0.125
Fe2+ Fe2+ Co2+ Co3+
0.087 0.067 0.082 0.065
28 29 30 31
Ni Cu Zn Ga
0.125 0.128 0.133 0.135
Ni2+ Cu+ Zn2+ Ga3+
0.078 0.096 0.083 0.062
32 33
Ge As
0.122 0.125
Ge4+ As3+ As5+
0.044 0.069 ~0.04
34
Se
0.116
35 36
Br Kr
0.119 0.197
Se2– Se6+ Br– –
0.191 0.03–0.04 0.196 –
Source: Data from R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975. The ionic radii are based on the calculations of V. M. Goldschmidt, who assigned radii based on known interatomic distances in various ionic crystals.
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
23
3.3 Structure Page 24 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 9. ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII OF THE (SHEET 3 OF 5)
ELEMENTS
Atomic Number
Symbol
Atomic Radius (nm)
Ion
Ionic Radius (nm)
37 38 39
Rb Sr Y
0.251 0.215 0.181
Rb+ Sr2+ Y3+
0.149 0.127 0.106
40
Zr
0.158
Zr4+
0.087
41
Nb
0.143
42
Mo
0.136
Nb4+ Nb5+ Mo4+ Mo6+
0.074 0.069 0.068 0.065
43 44 45
Tc Ru Rh
– 0.134 0.134
– Ru4+ Rh3+ Rh4+
– 0.065 0.068 0.065
46 47 48 49
Pd Ag Cd In
0.137 0.144 0.150 0.157
Pd2+ Ag+ Cd2+ In3+
0.050 0.113 0.103 0.091
50
Sn
0.158
51
Sb
0.161
Sn4– Sn4+ Sb3+
0.215 0.074 0.090
52
Te
0.143
Te2– Te4+
0.211 0.089
53
I
0.136
54 55
Xe Cs
0.218 0.265
I– I5+ – Cs+
0.220 0.094 – 0.165
Source: Data from R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975. The ionic radii are based on the calculations of V. M. Goldschmidt, who assigned radii based on known interatomic distances in various ionic crystals.
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
3.3 Structure Page 25 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 9. ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII OF THE (SHEET 4 OF 5) Atomic Number
Symbol
Atomic Radius (nm)
56 57 58
Ba La Ce
59
ELEMENTS
Ion
Ionic Radius (nm)
0.217 0.187 0.182
Ba2+ La3+ Ce3+ Ce4+
0.13 0.122 0.118 0.102
Pr
0.183
Pr3+ Pr4+
0.116 0.100
60 61
Nd Pm
0.182 –
Nd3+ Pm3+
0.115 0.106
62 63 64
Sm Eu Gd
0.181 0.204 0.180
Sm3+ Eu3+ Gd3+
0.113 0.113 0.111
65
Tb
0.177
66 67
Dy Ho
0.177 0.176
Tb3+ Tb4+ Dy3+ Ho3+
0.109 0.089 0.107 0.105
68 69 70 71
Er Tm Yb Lu
0.175 0.174 0.193 0.173
Er3+ Tm3+ Yb3+ Lu3+
0.104 0.104 0.100 0.099
72 73 74
Hf Ta W
0.159 0.147 0.137
Hf4+ Ta5+ W4+ W6+
0.084 0.068 0.068 0.065
75 76 77
Re Os Ir
0.138 0.135 0.135
Re4+ Os4+ Ir4+
0.072 0.067 0.066
Source: Data from R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975. The ionic radii are based on the calculations of V. M. Goldschmidt, who assigned radii based on known interatomic distances in various ionic crystals.
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
25
3.3 Structure Page 26 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 9. ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII OF THE (SHEET 5 OF 5) Atomic Number
Symbol
Atomic Radius (nm)
78
Pt
0.138
79 80
Au Hg
0.144 0.150
81
Tl
82
ELEMENTS
Ion
Ionic Radius (nm)
Pt2+ Pt4+ Au+ Hg2+
0.052 0.055 0.137 0.112
0.171
Tl+ Tl3+
0.149 0.106
Pb
0.175
83
Bi
0.182
Pb4– Pb2+ Pb4+ Bi3+
0.215 0.132 0.084 0.120
84 85 86 87
Po At Rn Fr
0.140 – – –
Po6+ At7+ – Fr+
0.067 0.062 – 0.180
88 89 90 91
Ra Ac Th Pa
– – 0.180 –
Ra+ Ac3+ Th4+ –
0.152 0.118 0.110 –
92
U
0.138
U4+
0.105
Source: Data from R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975. The ionic radii are based on the calculations of V. M. Goldschmidt, who assigned radii based on known interatomic distances in various ionic crystals.
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3.3 Structure Page 27 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 10. BOND
LENGTH VALUES BETWEEN ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 4)
Elements
Compound
B-B B-Br
B2H6 BBF BBr3
1.770 1.88 1.87
B-Cl
BCl BCl3
B-F
BF BF3
1.715 1.72 1.262 1.29
B-H B-H bridge B-N
Hydrides Hydrides (BClNH)3
1.21 1.39 1.42
B-0
BO B(OH)3
N-Cl
NO2Cl
N-F N-H
N-N
N-O
Bond length (Å)
±
0.013
±
0.02
±
0.01
±
0.01
± ± ±
.02 .02 .01
1.2049 1.362
±
0.005 (av)
NF3
1.79 1.36
± ±
0.02 0.02
[NH4]+ NH ND HNCS
1.034 1.038 1.041 1.013
±
0.003
±
0.005
N 3H N 2O
1.02 1.126
± ±
0.01 0.002
[N2]+
1.116
NO2Cl NO2
1.24 1.188
± ±
0.01 0.005
To convert Å to nm, multiply by 10-1 Source: from Kennard, O., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, F-167.
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3.3 Structure Page 28 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 10. BOND
LENGTH VALUES BETWEEN ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 4)
Elements
Compound
N=O
N2O
Bond length (Å)
[NO]+
1.186 1.0619
N-Si
SiN
1.572
O-H
[OH]+ OD H2O2
1.0289 0.9699 0.960
B2H6
1.770 1.88 1.87
B-B B-Br
BBF BBr3
B-Cl
BCl BCl3
B-F
±
0.002
±
0.005
±
0.013
±
0.02
±
0.01
BF BF3
1.715 1.72 1.262 1.29
±
0.01
B-H B-H bridge B-N
Hydrides Hydrides (BClNH)3
1.21 1.39 1.42
± ± ±
.02 .02 .01
B-0
BO B(OH)3
1.2049 1.362
±
0.005 (av)
N-Cl
NO2Cl
N-F
NF3
1.79 1.36
± ±
0.02 0.02
N-H
[NH4]+ NH ND HNCS
1.034 1.038 1.041 1.013
±
0.003
±
0.005
To convert Å to nm, multiply by 10-1 Source: from Kennard, O., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, F-167.
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Structural Properties
Table 10. BOND
LENGTH VALUES BETWEEN ELEMENTS (SHEET 3 OF 4)
Elements
Compound
N-N
N 3H
Bond length (Å)
N 2O
1.02 1.126
± ±
0.01 0.002
[N2]+
1.116
N-O
NO2Cl NO2
1.24 1.188
± ±
0.01 0.005
N=O
N 2O
±
0.002
[NO]
1.186 1.0619
N-Si
SiN
1.572
O-H
[OH]+ OD H2O2
1.0289 0.9699 0.960
±
0.005
H2O2
1.48
±
0.01
[O2]+
1.227
[O2]-
1.26
±
0.2
1.49
±
0.02
±
0.02
±
0.02
± ±
0.02 0.005
+
O-O
--
[O2] P-D P-H P-N P-S
PD [PH4]+ PN PSBr3 (Cl3,F3)
1.429 1.42 1.4910 1.86
S-Br
SOBr2
S-F S-D
SOF2 SD SD2
2.27 1.585 1.3473 1.345
To convert Å to nm, multiply by 10-1 Source: from Kennard, O., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, F-167.
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3.3 Structure Page 30 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 10. BOND
LENGTH VALUES BETWEEN ELEMENTS (SHEET 4 OF 4)
Elements
Compound
Bond length (Å)
S-O S-S
SO2 SOCl2 S2Cl2
1.4321 1.45 2.04
± ±
0.02 0.01
Si-Br
SiBr4
Si-Cl Si-F
SiCl4 SiF4
2.17 2.03 1.561
± ± ±
1.01 1.01 (av) 0.003 (av)
Si-H
SiH4
1.480
±
0.005
Si-O Si-Si
[SiO]+ Si2Cl2
1.504 2.30
±
0.02
To convert Å to nm, multiply by 10-1 Source: from Kennard, O., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, F-167.
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3.4 Structure L Page 31 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 11. PERIODIC 1 IA H 1.06
2
3
13
14
15
16
17
IIA
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
Be 1.93
B 1.56
C 1.2
N 1.47
O 1.43
F 1.55
Al 2.24
Si 1.8
P 1.87
S 1.81
Cl 1.7
Ge 1.98
As 1.98
Se 1.98
Br 1.9
Sn 2.15
Sb 2.16
Te 2.05
I 2.1
Pb 2.29
Bi 2.30
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB Cr 1.92 Mo 2.08 W 2.06
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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TABLE OF CARBON BOND LENGTHS (Å)
VIIB
8
9
10
-----
VIII
-----
Fe 1.94
Co 1.93
Ni 18.2
11
IB
12
IIB
Pd 2.27
In 2.16 Hg 2.07
18 VIIA
3.5 Structure Page 32 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 12. CARBON BOND (SHEET 1 OF 3)
LENGTHS
Group No.
Element.
At. No.
Sym.
1 2
Hydrogen Beryllium
1 4
H Be
1.056 1.93
± 1.115
6
Chromium Molybdenum Tungsten
24 42 74
Cr Mo W
1.92 2.08 2.06
± 0.04 ± 0.04 ± 0.01
8 9 10
Iron Cobalt Nickel Palladium Mercury
26 27 28 46 80
Fe Co Ni Pd Hg
1.94 1.93 1.82 2.27 2 .07
± 0.02 ± 0.02 ± 0.03 ± 0.04 ± 0.01
13
Aluminum Boron Indium
13 5 49
Al B In
2.24 1. 56 2.16
± 0.04 ± 0.01 ± 0.04
14
Carbon Germanium Lead Silicon
6 32 82 14
C Ge Pb Si
1.20 1.98 2.29 1.865 1.84
± 1.54 ± 0.03 ± 0.05 ± 0.008 ± 0.01
1.88
± 0.01
2.143
± 0.008
2.18
± 0.02
1.98 2.30 1 .47 1.87 2.202
± 0.02
12
Tin
15
Arsenic Bismuth Nitrogen Phosphorus Antimony
50
33 83 7 15 51
Sn
As Bi N P Sb
Bond Length (Å)
± 1.1 ± 0.02 ± 0.016
Bond Type
Alkyls (CH3XH3) Alkyls (CH3XH3) Alkyls (CH3XH3) Alkyls (CH3XH3) Aryls (C6H5XH3) Neg. Subst. (CH3XCI3) Alkyls (CH3XH3) Neg. Subst. (CH3XCI3) Paraffinic (CH3)3X Paraffinic (CH3)3X Paraffinic (CH3)3X Paraffinic (CH3)3X
Source: data from Lide, David R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1990); and “Tables of interatomic distances” Chem. Soc. of London, 1958.
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Structural Properties
Table 12. CARBON BOND (SHEET 2 OF 3) Group No.
LENGTHS
Element.
At. No.
Sym.
16
Oxygen Sulfur Selenium Tellurium
8 16 34 52
O S Se Te
1.43 1.81 1 .98 2.05
± 1.15 ± 1.55 ± 1.71 ± 0.14
17
Bromine
35
Br
1.937
± 0.003
Paraffinic (mono. substituted) (CH3X)
Br
1.937
± 0.003
Paraffinic (disubstituted) (CH2X2)
Br
1.89 1.85 1.79
± 0.01 ± 0.01 ± 0.01
Olfinic(CH2:CHX) Aromatic (C6H3X) Acetylenic (HC:CX)
Cl
1.767
± 0.002
Paraffinic (mono. substituted) (CH3X)
Cl
1.767
± 0.002
Paraffinic (disubstituted) (CH2X2)
Cl
1.72 1.70 1.79
± 0.01 ± 0.01 ± 0.01
Olfinic(CH2:CHX) Aromatic (C6H3X) Acetylenic (HC:CX)
F
1.831
± 0.005
Paraffinic (mono. substituted) (CH3X)
F
1.334
± 0.004
Paraffinic (disubstituted) (CH2X2)
Chlorine
Fluorine
17
9
Bond Length (Å)
Bond Type
Source: data from Lide, David R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1990); and “Tables of interatomic distances” Chem. Soc. of London, 1958.
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3.5 Structure Page 34 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 12. CARBON BOND (SHEET 3 OF 3) Group No.
Element.
At. No.
Fluorine con’t
Iodine
Sym.
Bond Length (Å)
Bond Type
1.325
± 0.1
Olfinic(CH2:CHX)
1.30 1.635
± 0.01 ± 0.004
Aromatic (C6H3X) Acetylenic (HC:CX)
I
2.13
± 0.1
Paraffinic (mono. substituted) (CH3X)
I
2.13
± 0.1
Paraffinic (disubstituted) (CH2X2)
I
2.092 2.05 1.99
± 0.005 ± 0.01 ± 0.02
Olfinic(CH2:CHX) Aromatic (C6H3X) Acetylenic (HC:CX)
F
53
LENGTHS
Source: data from Lide, David R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1990); and “Tables of interatomic distances” Chem. Soc. of London, 1958.
Table 13. CARBON
BOND LENGTHS IN POLYMERS (SHEET 1 OF 3)
Bond Type
Polymer Type
Bond Length (Å)
CARBONCARBON Single Bond
Paraffinic In diamond (18˚C)
1.541 1.54452
± 0.003 ± 0.00014
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, David R. Lide, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1990) and “Tables of interatomic distances” Chem. Soc. of London, (1958).
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3.5 Structure Page 35 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 13. CARBON
BOND LENGTHS IN POLYMERS (SHEET 2 OF 3)
Bond Type
Polymer Type
Bond Length (Å)
CARBONCARBON cont’t Partial Double Bond
Double Bonds
Triple Bond
(1) Shortening of single bond in presence of carbon carbon double bond, e.g. (CH2),C3CH2; or of aromatic ring e.g. C6H5 CH3
1.53
± 0.01
(2) Shortening in presence of a carbon oxygen double bond e.g. CH3CHO
1.516
± 0.005
(3) Shortening in presence of two carbon oxygen double bonds, e.g. (CO2H)2
1.49
± 0.01
(4) Shortening in presence of a carbon oxygen triple bond, e.g. CH3C:CH
1.460
± 0.003
(5) In compounds with tendency to dipole formation, e.g. C:C.C:N
1.44
± 0.01
(6) In graphite(at 15 ˚C)
1.4210
± 0.0001
(7) In aromatic compounds
1.395
± 0.003
(8) in presence of a carbon carbon triple bonds, e.g. HC=C-C=CH
1.373
± 0.004
(1) simple
1.337
± 0.006
(2) Part triple bond, e.g. CH2:C:CH2
1.309
± 0.005
(1) Simple, e.g. C2H2
1.204
± 0.002
(2) Conjugated, e.g. CH3.(C:C)2.H e.g. C5H5N
1.206
± 0.004
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, David R. Lide, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1990) and “Tables of interatomic distances” Chem. Soc. of London, (1958).
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3.5 Structure Page 36 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 13. CARBON
BOND LENGTHS IN POLYMERS (SHEET 3 OF 3)
Bond Type CARBONHYDROGEN
CARBONNITROGEN Single Bond
Triple Bond
Polymer Type
Bond Length (Å)
(1) Paraffinic (a) in methane (b) in monosubstituted carbon (c) in disubstituted carbon (d) in trisubstituted carbon
1.091 1.101 1.073 1.070
(2) Olefinic, c.g. CH2:CH2
1.07
± 0.01
(3) Aromatic in C6H6
1.094
± 0.006
(4) Acetylenic, e.g. CH2:C.X
1.056
± 0.003
(5) Shortening in presence of a carbon oxygen triple bond, e.g.CH3CN
1.115
± 0.004
(6) In small rings, e.g. (CH2)2S
1.081
± 0.007
(1) Paraffinic (a) 4 co-valent nitrogen (b) 3 co-valent nitrogen
1.479 1.472
(2) in C-N= e.g. CH3NO2
1.475
± 0.010
(3) Aromatic in C6H5NHCOCH3
1.426
± 0.012
(4) Shortened (partial double bond) in h.heterocyclic systems,
1.352
± 0.005
(5) Shortened (partial double bond) in NC=O e.g. HCONH2
1.322
± 0.003
(1) in R.C:N
1.158
± 0.002
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, David R. Lide, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1990) and “Tables of interatomic distances” Chem. Soc. of London, (1958).
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
3.5 Structure Page 37 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 14. BOND
ANGLE VALUES BETWEEN ELEMENTS
Element
Bond
Compound
Bond angle (°)
B B B B B
H–B–H Br–B–Br Cl– B–Cl F–B–F O–B–O
B2H6 BBr3 BCl3 BF3 B(OH)3
121.5 120 120 120 119.7
N N N N N N
B–N–B F–N–F H–N–C H–N–N’ O–N–O O–N–O
(BClNH)3 NF3 HNCS N3H NO2Cl NO2
O
O–O–H
S S S
Br–S–Br F–S–F O–S–O
± ± ±
7.5 6 3
121 102.5 130.25 112.65 126 134.1
± ± ± ± ±
1.5 0.25 0.5 2 0.25
H2O2
100
±
2
SOBr2 SOF2 SO2
96 92.8 119.54
± ±
2 1
Source: Kennard, O., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, F–167.
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3.5 Structure Page 38 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 15. KEY TO
TABLES OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE ELEMENTS Table Number
Page Number
The Seven Crystal Systems The Fourteen Bravais Lattices
Table 16 Table 17
Page 39 Page 40
Periodic Table of the Body Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Face Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Close Packed Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Elements
Table 18 Table 19 Table 20 Table 21
Page 41 Page 42 Page 43 Page 44
Table Title
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
3.5 Structure Page 39 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 16. THE
System
SEVEN CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
Axial Lengths and Angles
Unit Cell Geometry
Source: James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, 4th ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996.
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3.5 Structure Page 40 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 17. THE
FOURTEEN BRAVAIS LATTICES
Source: James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, 4th ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996.
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
3.6 Structure L Page 41 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 18. PERIODIC 1 IA
2
3
4
5
6
TABLE OF THE BODY CENTERED CUBIC ELEMENTS 7
8
9
10
11
12
IIA 3 Li 11 Na
IIIB
VB
VIB
VIIB
-----
19 K
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
37 Rb
41 Nb
42 Mo
73 Ta
74 W
55 Cs
56 Ba
87 Fr
88 Ra
IVB
63 Eu
©2001 CRC Press LLC
VIII
-----
IB
IIB
13
14
15
16
17
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
18 VIIA
3.6 Structure L Page 42 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 19. PERIODIC 1 IA
2
3
4
5
6
TABLE OF THE FACE CENTERED CUBIC ELEMENTS 7
8
9
10
11
12
IIA
13
14
15
16
17
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
18 VIIA
10 Ne IIIB
IVB
VB
VIB
VIIB
-----
VIII
-----
IB
28 Ni
29 Cu
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
20 Ca 38 Sr
57 La 89 Ac
©2001 CRC Press LLC
IIB
13 Al
14 Si
18 Ar
32 Ge
36 Kr 54 Xe
82 Pb
86 Rn
3.6 Structure L Page 43 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 20. PERIODIC 1 IA
2
3
4
5
6
TABLE OF THE HEXAGONAL CLOSE PACKED ELEMENTS 7
8
9
10
11
12
IIA
13
14
15
16
17
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
4 Be 12 Mg
IIIB
IVB
VB
VIB
VIIB
-----
22 Ti 39 Y
VIII
IB
27 Co
40 Zr
43 Tc
44 Ru
72 Hf
75 Re
76 Os
IIB 30 Zn 48 Cd 81 Tl
64 Gd
©2001 CRC Press LLC
-----
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
71 Lu
18 VIIA
3.6 Structure L Page 44 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 21. PERIODIC 1 IA
2
3
4
5
6
7
TABLE OF THE HEXAGONAL ELEMENTS 8
9
10
11
12
IIA
13
14
15
16
17
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
6 C IIIB
IVB
VB
VIB
VIIB
-----
VIII
-----
IB
IIB 34 Se 52 Te
57 La
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm 95 Am
©2001 CRC Press LLC
96 Cm
97 Bk
18 VIIA
3.7 Structure Page 45 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 22. STRUCTURE OF (SHEET 1 OF 6) Ceramic
CERAMICS
Structure
Borides Chromium Diboride (CrB2)
hexagonal, AlB2 structure (C-32 type) isomorphous with other transition metal diborides a=2.969Å; c=3.066Å; c/a=1.03
Hafnium Diboride (HfB2)
hexagonal, AlB2 structure (C-32 type) isomorphous with TiB2 and ZrB2 a=3.141 ± 0.002 Å; c=3.470 ± 0.002 Å; c/a=1.105
Tantalum Diboride (TaB2)
hexagonal, AlB2 structure (C-32 type) isomorphous with other transition metal diborides a=3.078-3.088Å; c=3.241-3.265Å; c/a=1.06-1.074 low boron composition (64 atom % boron) a=3.097-3.099Å; c=3.244-3.277Å high boron composition :(72 atom % boron) a=3.057-3.060Å; c=3.291-3.290Å
Titanium Diboride (TiB2)
Zirconium Diboride (ZrB2)
hexagonal, AlB2 structure (C-32 type) isomorphous with ZrB2 a=3.028-3.030Å; c=3.227-3.228Å; c/a=1.064 hexagonal, AlB2 structure (C-32 type) isomorphous with TiB2 a=3.1694-3.170Å; c=3.528-3.5365Å; c/a=1.114
Carbides Boron Carbide (B4C)
rhombic, C3 chains and B12 icosahedral in a NaCl structure, extended along a body diagonal
To convert Å to nm, multiply by 10-1. Source: Data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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3.7 Structure Page 46 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 22. STRUCTURE OF (SHEET 2 OF 6) Ceramic Hafnium Monocarbide (HfC)
CERAMICS
Structure
FCC(B1), NaCl type isomorphous with HfB and HfN a=4.46-4.643Å
Silicon Carbide (SiC)
low temperature form (β) cubic high temperature form (α) hexagonal β-SiC F43m space group a=4.349-4.358Å α-SiC C6MC space group a=3.073Å; c=15.07Å; c/a=4.899
Tantalum Monocarbide (TaC)
FCC, NaCl type (B1) a=4.42-4.456Å
Titanium Monocarbide (TiC)
FCC, NaCl type (B1) isomorphous with TiO and TiN a=4.315-4.3316Å
Trichromium Dicarbide (Cr3C2)
orthorhombic D510 type a=2.82Å, b=5.53Å, c=11.47Å
Tungsten Monocarbide (WC)
Hexagonal a=2.2897-2.90Å
To convert Å to nm, multiply by 10-1. Source: Data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
3.7 Structure Page 47 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Structural Properties
Table 22. STRUCTURE OF (SHEET 3 OF 6) Ceramic Zirconium Monocarbide (ZrC)
CERAMICS
Structure
FCC(B1), NaCl type isomorphous with ZrB and ZrN a=4.669-4.694Å
Nitrides Aluminum Nitride (AlN)
hexagonal, Wurtzite structure a=3.10-3.114Å; c=4.96-4.981Å
Boron Nitride (BN)
hexagonal (common type) graphite type structure a=2.5038±0.0001Å; c=6.60±0.01Å B-N distance 1.45Å cubic zinc blende structure a=3.615Å B-N distance 1.57Å
Titanium Mononitride (TiN)
cubic a=4.23Å homogeneity range: TiN0.42-TiN1.16 yields a=4.213 to 4.24Å
Trisilicon tetranitride (Si3N4)
α hexagonal a=7.748-7.758Å; c=5.617-5.623Å β hexagonal a=7.608Å; c=2.911Å
To convert Å to nm, multiply by 10-1. Source: Data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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Structural Properties
Table 22. STRUCTURE OF (SHEET 4 OF 6) Ceramic Zirconium Mononitride (ZrN)
CERAMICS
Structure
cubic, NaCl type, B1 a=4.567-4.63Å
Oxides Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)
hexagonal a=4.785Å; c=12.991Å; c/a=2.72
Beryllium Oxide (BeO)
hexagonal a=2.690-2.698Å; c=4.370-4.380Å
Calcium Oxide (CaO)
cubic, NaCl type a=4.8105Å
Cerium Dioxide (CeO2)
cubic
Dichromium Trioxide (Cr2O3)
trigonal rhombic
Hafnium Dioxide (HfO2)
monoclinic to 1700 °C tetragonal above 1700 °C a=5.1170Å; b=5.1754Å; c=5.2915Å β = 99.216o
Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
cubic, Fm3m space group a=4.313Å
Nickel monoxide (NiO)
face centered cubic, NaCl type
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
hexagonal
To convert Å to nm, multiply by 10-1. Source: Data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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Structural Properties
Table 22. STRUCTURE OF (SHEET 5 OF 6) Ceramic
CERAMICS
Structure
Thorium Dioxide (ThO2)
cubic, fluorite type a=5.59525-5.5997Å
Titanium Oxide (TiO2)
tetragonal (rutile) a=4.594Å; c=2.958Å at 26 °C tetragonal (anatase) rhombic (brookite)
Uranium Dioxide (UO2)
cubic, fluorite type a=5.471Å
Zircoium Oxide (ZrO2)
to 1050 °C monoclinic a=5.1505Å; b=5.2031Å; c=5.3154 β=99.194o at room temp. 1050—2100˚C tetragonal above 2100˚C cubic (stabilized) a=5.132±0.006Å (8.13 mol% Y2O3) a=5.145±0.006Å (11.09 mol% Y2O3) a=5.146±0.006Å (12.08 mol% Y2O3) a=5.153±0.006Å (15.52 mol% Y2O3) a=5.162±0.006Å (17.88 mol% Y2O3)
Cordierite (2MgO 2Al2O3 5SiO2)
0rthorhombic
Mullite (3Al2O3 2SiO2)
0rthorhombic a=7.54±0.03Å; b=7.693±0.03Å;c=2.890±0.01
Sillimanite (Al2O3 SiO2)
0rthorhombic
To convert Å to nm, multiply by 10-1. Source: Data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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Structural Properties
Table 22. STRUCTURE OF (SHEET 6 OF 6) Ceramic Spinel (Al2O3 MgO)
CERAMICS
Structure
cubic a=8.0844Å
Silicides Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi2) tetragonal, D4h17 space group isomorphous with WSi2 a=3.197-3.20Å; c=7.85-7.871 Tungsten Disilicide (WSi2)
tetragonal, D4h17 space group isomorphous with MoSi2 a=3.212±0.005Å; c=7.880±0.005
To convert Å to nm, multiply by 10-1. Source: Data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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Structural Properties
Table 23. ATOMIC
MASS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 4)
At omic Number
Element
Symbol
Atomic Mass
1 2 3 4
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium
H He Li Be
1.008 4.003 6.941 9.012
5 6 7 8
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen
B C N O
10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00
9 10 11 12
Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium
F N Na Mg
19.00 20.18 22.99 24.31
13 14 15
Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus (White)
Al Si P
26.98 28.09 30.97
16 17 18 19
Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium
S Cl Ar K
32.06 35.45 39.95 39.1
20 21 22 23
Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium
Ca Sc Ti V
40.08 44.96 47.9 50.94
24 25 26 27
Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt
Cr Mn Fe Co
52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).
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Structural Properties
Table 23. ATOMIC
MASS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 4)
At omic Number
Element
Symbol
Atomic Mass
28 29 30 31
Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium
Ni Cu Zn Ga
58.71 63.55 65.38 69.72
32 33 34 35
Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine
Ge As Se Br
72.59 74.92 78.96 79.9
36 37 38 39
Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium
Kr Rb Sr Y
83.8 85.47 87.62 88.91
40 41 42 43
Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium
Zr Nb Mo Tc
91.22 92.91 95.94 98.91
44 45 46 47
Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver
Ru Rh Pd Ag
101.07 102.91 106.4 107.87
48 49 50 51
Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony
Cd In Sn Sb
112.4 114.82 118.69 121.75
52 53 54 55
Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium (-10˚)
Te I Xe Ce
127.6 126.9 131.3 132.91
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).
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Structural Properties
Table 23. ATOMIC
MASS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (SHEET 3 OF 4)
At omic Number
Element
Symbol
Atomic Mass
56 57 58 59
Barium Lantium Cerium Praseodymium
Ba La Ce Pr
137.33 138.91 140.12 140.91
60 61 62 63
Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium
Nd Pm Sm Eu
144.24 (145) 150.4 151.96
64 65 66 67
Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium
Gd Tb Dy Ho
157.25 158.93 162.5 164.93
68 69 70 71
Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
Er Tm Yb Lu
167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
72 73 74 75
Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium
Hf Ta W Re
178.49 180.95 183.85 186.2
76 77 78 79
Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold
Os Ir Pt Au
190.2 192.22 195.09 196.97
80 81 82 83
Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth
Hg Tl Pb Bi
200.59 204.37 207.2 208.98
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).
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Structural Properties
Table 23. ATOMIC
MASS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (SHEET 4 OF 4)
At omic Number
Element
Symbol
Atomic Mass
84 85 86 87
Polonium Asatine Radon Francium
Po At Rn Fr
(~210) (210) (222) (223)
88 89 90 91
Radium Actinium Thorium Protoactinium
Ra Ac Th Pa
226.03 (227) 232.04 231.04
92 93 94 95
Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium
U Np Pu Am
238.03 237.05 (244) (243)
96 97 98 99
Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium
Cm Bk Cf Es
(247) (247) (251) (254)
100 101 102 103
Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
Fm Md No Lw
(257) (258) (259) (260)
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).
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Structural Properties
Table 24. SOLID
DENSITY OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 3)
Atomic Number
Element
Symbol
Solid Density (Mg/m3)
3 4 5 6
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon
Li Be B C
0.533 1.85 2.47 2.27
11 12 13 14 zz 15 16 19 20
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon
Na Mg Al Si
0.966 1.74 2.7 2.33
Phosphorus (White) Sulfur Potassium Calcium
P S K Ca
1.82 2.09 0.862 1.53
21 22 23 24
Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium
Sc Ti V Cr
2.99 4.51 6.09 7.19
25 26 27 28
Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel
Mn Fe Co Ni
7.47 7.87 8.8 8.91
29 30 31 32
Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium
Cu Zn Ga Ge
8.93 7.13 5.91 5.32
33 34 37 38
Arsenic Selenium Rubidium Strontium
As Se Rb Sr
5.78 4.81 1.53 2.58
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686688, (1988).
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Structural Properties
Table 24. SOLID
DENSITY OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 3)
Atomic Number
Element
Symbol
Solid Density (Mg/m3)
39 40 41 42
Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum
Y Zr Nb Mo
4.48 6.51 8.58 10.22
43 44 45 46
Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium
Tc Ru Rh Pd
11.5 12.36 12.42 12.00
47 48 49 50
Silver Cadmium Indium Tin
Ag Cd In Sn
10.50 8.65 7.29 7.29
51 52 53 55
Antimony Tellurium Iodine Cesium (-10˚)
Sb Te I Ce
6.69 6.25 4.95 1.91
56 57 58 59
Barium Lantium Cerium Praseodymium
Ba La Ce Pr
3.59 6.17 6.77 6.78
60 62 63 64
Neodymium Samarium Europium Gadolinium
Nd Sm Eu Gd
7.00 7.54 5.25 7.87
65 66 67 68
Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium
Tb Dy Ho Er
8.27 8.53 8.80 9.04
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686688, (1988).
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Structural Properties
Table 24. SOLID
DENSITY OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (SHEET 3 OF 3)
Atomic Number
Element
Symbol
Solid Density (Mg/m3)
69 70 71 72
Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium
Tm Yb Lu Hf
9.33 6.97 9.84 13.28
73 74 75 76
Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium
Ta W Re Os
16.67 19.25 21.02 22.58
77 78 79 81
Iridium Platinum Gold Thallium
Ir Pt Au Tl
22.55 21.44 19.28 11.87
82 83 84 90
Lead Bismuth Polonium Thorium
Pb Bi Po Th
11.34 9.80 9.2 11.72
92 94
Uranium Plutonium
U Pu
19.05 19.81
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686688, (1988).
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Structural Properties
Table 25. DENSITY OF IRON AND IRON (SHEET 1 OF 2)
ALLOYS
Class
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Iron and Iron Alloys
Pure iron Ingot iron Wrought iron Gray cast iron
7.874 7.866 7.7 7.15
Malleable iron 0.06% C steel 0.23% C steel
7.27 7.871 7.859
0.435% C steel 1.22% C steel
7.844 7.830
0.5% Mo steel 1Cr-0.5Mo steel 1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel 2.25Cr-1.0Mo steel
7.86 7.86 7.86 7.86
5Cr-0.5Mo steel 7Cr-0.5Mo steel 9Cr-1Mo steel
7.78 7.78 7.67
Medium-carbon alloy steels
1Cr-0.35Mo-0.25V steel H11 die steel (5Cr-1.5Mo-0.4V)
7.86 7.79
Other Iron-base alloys
A-286 16-25-6 alloy RA-330 Incoloy
7.94 8.08 8.03 8.02
Low-carbon chromiummolybdenum steels
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p152 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 25. DENSITY OF IRON AND IRON (SHEET 2 OF 2)
ALLOYS
Class
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Other Iron-base alloys (Con’t)
Incoloy T Incoloy 901 T1 tool steel M2 tool steel
7.98 8.23 8.67 8.16
H41 tool steel 20W-4Cr-2V-12Co steel Invar (36% Ni) Hipernik (50% Ni)
7.88 8.89 8.00 8.25
4% Si 10.27%Si Si
7.6 6.97
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p152 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 26. DENSITY OF
WROUGHT STAINLESS STEELS * (SHEET 1 OF 2) Type
UNS Designation
Density (Mg/m3)
201 202 205 301
S20100 S20200 S20500 S30100
7.8 7.8 7.8 8.0
302 302B 303 304
S30200 S30215 S30300 S30400
8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
304L S30430 304N 305
S30403 S30430 S30451 S30500
8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
308 309 310 314
S30800 S30900 S31000 S31400
8.0 8.0 8.0 7.8
316 316L 316N 317
S31600 S31603 S31651 S31700
8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
317L 321 329 330
S31703 S32100 S32900 N08330
8.0 8.0 7.8 8.0
347 384 405 409
S34700 S38400 S40500 S40900
8.0 8.0 7.8 7.8
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p360, (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 26. DENSITY OF
WROUGHT STAINLESS STEELS * (SHEET 2 OF 2) Type
UNS Designation
Density (Mg/m3)
410 414 416 420
S41000 S41400 S41600 S42000
7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8
422 429 430 430F
S42200 S42900 S43000 S43020
7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8
431 434 436 440A
S43100 S43400 S43600 S44002
7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8
440C 444 446 PH 13–8 Mo
S44004 S44400 S44600 S13800
7.8 7.8 7.5 7.8
15–5 PH 17–4 PH 17–7 PH
S15500 S17400 S17700
7.8 7.8 7.8
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p360, (1993). *
Annealed Condition.
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Structural Properties
Table 27. DENSITY OF
STAINLESS STEELS AND HEAT-RESISTANT ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 3) Class
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Corrrosion-resistant steel castings
CA-15 CA-40 CB-30 CC-50
7.612 7.612 7.53 7.53
CE-30 CF-8 CF-20 CF-8M, CF-12M
7.67 7.75 7.75 7.75
CF-8C CF-16F CH-20 CK-20
7.75 7.75 7.72 7.75
CN-7M
8.00
HA HC HD HE
7.72 7.53 7.58 7.67
HF HH HI HK
7.75 7.72 7.72 7.75
HL HN HT HU
7.72 7.83 7.92 8.04
HW HX
8.14 8.14
Heat resistant alloy castings
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p152-153 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 27. DENSITY OF
STAINLESS STEELS AND HEAT-RESISTANT ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 3) Class
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Wrought stainless and heat-resisting steels
Type 301
7.9
Type 302 Type 302B Type 303
7.9 8.0 7.9
Type 304 Type 305 Type 308 Type 309
7.9 8.0 8.0 7.9
Type 310 Type 314 Type 316 Type 317
7.9 7.72 8.0 8.0
Type 321 Type 347 Type 403 Type 405
7.9 8.0 7.7 7.7
Type 410 Type 416 Type 420 Type 430
7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7
Type 430F Type 431 Types 440A, 440B, 440C Type 446
7.7 7.7 7.7 7.6
Type 501 Type 502 19-9DL
7.7 7.8 7.97
PH15-7 Mo 17-4 PH 17-7 PH
7.804 7.8 7.81
precipitation-hardening stainless steels
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p152-153 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 27. DENSITY OF
STAINLESS STEELS AND HEAT-RESISTANT ALLOYS (SHEET 3 OF 3) Class
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Nickel-base alloys
D-979 Nimonic 80A Nimonic 90 M-252
8.27 8.25 8.27 8.27
Inconel Inconel "x" 550 Inconel 700 Inconel "713C"
8.51 8.30 8.17 7.913
Waspaloy René 41 Hastelloy alloy B Hastelloy alloy C
8.23 8.27 9.24 8.94
Hastelloy alloy X Udimet 500 GMR-235
8.23 8.07 8.03
Cobalt-chromium-nickel-base alloys
N-155 (HS-95) S-590
8.23 8.36
Cobalt-base alloys
S-816 V-36 HS-25 HS-36
8.68 8.60 9.13 9.04
HS-31 HS-21
8.61 8.30
Mo-0.5Ti
10.2
Molybdenmun-base alloy
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p152-153 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 28. DENSITY OF ALUMINUM (SHEET 1 OF 2)
ALLOYS
Class
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Pure Aluminum
Aluminum (99.996%)
2.6989
Wrought alloys
EC, 1060 alloys 1100 2011 2014
2.70 2.71 2.82 2.80
2024 2218 3003 4032
2.77 2.81 2.73 2.69
5005 5050 5052 5056
2.70 2.69 2.68 2.64
5083 5086 5154 5357
2.66 2.65 2.66 2.70
5456 6061, 6063 6101, 6151 7075
2.66 2.70 2.70 2.80
7079 7178
2.74 2.82
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p152 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 28. DENSITY OF ALUMINUM (SHEET 2 OF 2)
ALLOYS
Class
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Casting Alloys
A13 43 108, A108 A132
2.66 2.69 2.79 2.72
D132 F132 138 142
2.76 2.74 2.95 2.81
195, B195 214 220 319
2.81 2.65 2.57 2.79
355 356 360 380
2.71 2.68 2.64 2.71
750 40E
2.88 2.81
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p152 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 29. DENSITY OF
COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 3)
Class
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Wrought coppers
Pure copper
8.96
Electrolytic tough pitch copper (ETP) Deoxidized copper, high residual phosphorus (DHP) Free-machining copper, 0.5% Te Free-machining copper, 1.0% Pb
8.89 8.94 8.94 8.94
Gilding, 95% Commercial bronze 90% Jewelry bronze, 87.5% Red brass, 85%
8.86 8.80 8.78 8.75
Low brass, 80% Cartridge brass, 70% Yellow brass Muntz metal
8.67 8.53 8.47 8.39
Leaded commercial bronze Low-leaded brass (tube) Medium-leaded brass High-leaded brass (tube)
8.83 8.50 8.47 8.53
High-leaded brass Extra-high-leaded brass Free-cutting brass Leaded Muntz metal
8.50 8.50 8.50 8.41
Forging brass Architectural bronze Inhibited admiralty Naval brass
8.44 8.47 8.53 8.41
Leaded naval brass Manganese bronze Phosphor bronze, 5% Phosphor bronze, 8%
8.44 8.36 8.86 8.80
Wrought alloys
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p152 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 29. DENSITY OF
COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 3)
Class
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Wrought alloys (Con’t)
Phosphor bronze, 10% Phosphor bronze, 1.25% Free-cutting phosphor bronze Cupro-nickel, 30%
8.78 8.89 8.89 8.94
Cupro-nickel, 10% Nickel silver,65-18 Nickel silver, 55-18 High-silicon bronze
8.94 8.73 8.70 8.53
Low-silicon bronze Aluminum bronze, 5% Al Aluminum-silicon bronze Aluminum bronze
8.75 8.17 7.69 7.78
Aluminum bronze Beryllium copper
7.58 8.23
Chromium copper (1% Cr) 88Cu-10Sn-2Z 88Cu-8Sn-4Zn 89Cu-11Sn
8.7 8.7 8.8 8.78
88Cu-6Sn-1.5Pb-4.5Zn 87Cu-8Sn-1Pb-4Zn 87Cu-10Sn-1Pb-2Zn 80Cu-10Sn-10Pb
8.7 8.8 8.8 8.95
83Cu-7Sn-7Pb-3Zn 85Cu-5Sn-9Pb-1Zn 78Cu-7Sn-15Pb 70Cu-SSn-2SPb
8.93 8.87 9.25 9.30
85Cu-5Sn-SPb-SZn 83Cu-4Sn-6Pb-7Zn 81Cu-3Sn-7Pb-9Zn 76Cu-2.5Sn-6.5Pb-15Zn
8.80 8.6 8.7 8.77
Casting alloys
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p152 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 29. DENSITY OF
COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 3 OF 3)
Class
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Casting alloys (Con’t)
72Cu-1Sn-3Pb-24Zn 67Cu-1Sn-3Pb-29Zn 61Cu-1Sn-1Pb-37Zn
8.50 8.45 8.40
Manganese bronze, 60 ksi Manganese bronze, 65 ksi Manganese bronze, 90 ksi Manganese bronze, 110 ksi
8.2 8.3 7.9 7.7
Aluminum bronze, Alloy 9A Aluminum bronze, Alloy 9B Aluminum bronze, Alloy 9C Aluminum bronze, Alloy 9D
7.8 7.55 7.5 7.7
Nickel silver, 12% Ni Nickel silver, 16% Ni Nickel silver, 20% Ni Nickel silver, 25% Ni
8.95 8.95 8.85 8.8
Silicon bronze Silicon brass
8.30 8.30
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p152 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 30. DENSITY OF
MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS
Class
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Pure Magnesium
Magnesium (99.8%)
1.738
Casting alloys
AM100A AZ63A AZ81A AZ9lA, B, C
1.81 1.84 1.80 1.81
AZ92A HK31A HZ32A ZH42, ZH62A
1.82 1.79 1.83 1.86
ZK51A ZE41A EZ33A EK30A
1.81 1.82 1.83 1.79
EK41A
1.81
M1A A3A AZ31B PE
1.76 1.77 1.77 1.76
AZ61A AZ80A ZK60A, B ZE10A
1.80 1.80 1.83 1.76
HM21A HM31A
1.78 1.81
Wrought alloys
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p153 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 31. DENSITY OF
NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS
Class
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Pure
Nickel (99.95% Ni+Co) "A" Nickel "D" Nickel Duranickel
8.902 8.885 8.78 8.26
Cast nickel Monel "K" Mond Monel(cast)
8.34 8.84 8.47 8.63
"H" Monel(cast) "S" Monel(cast) Inconel
8.5 8.36 8.51
Inconel (cast) Ni-o-nel
8.3 7.86
Hastelloy B Hastelloy C Hastelloy D Hastelloy F
9.24 8.94 7.8 8.17
Hastelloy N Hastelloy W Hastelloy X
8.79 9.03 8.23
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloys
Illium G Illium R
8.58 8.58
Electrical resistance alloys
80Ni-20Cr 60Ni-24Fe-16Cr 35Ni-4SFe-20Cr Constantan
8.4 8.147 7.95 8.9
Nickel-molybdenum-chromium-iron alloys
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p153 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 32. DENSITY OF
LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS
Class
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Lead alloys
Chemical lead (99.90+% Pb) Corroding lead (99.73+% Pb) Arsenical lead Calcium lead
11.34 11.36 11.34 11.34
5-95 solder 20-80 solder 50-50 solder
11.0 10.2 8.89
Antimonial lead alloys
1% antimonial lead Hard lead (96Pb-4Sb) Hard lead (94Pb-6Sb) 8% antimonial lead 9% antimonial lead
11.27 11.04 10.88 10.74 10.66
Lead-base babbitt alloys
Lead-base babbitt, SAE 13 Lead-base babbitt, SAE 14 Lead-base babbitt, Alloy 8 Arsenical lead, Babbitt (SAE 15) Arsenical lead, "G" Babbitt
10.24 9.73 10.04 10.1 10.1
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p153 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 33. DENSITY OF
TIN AND TIN ALLOYS
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Pure tin Soft solder (30% Pb) Soft solder (37% Pb)
7.3 8.32 8.42
Tin babbitt, Alloy 1 Tin babbitt, Alloy 2 Tin babbitt, Alloy 3 Tin babbitt, Alloy 4 Tin babbitt, Alloy S
7.34 7.39 7.46 7.53 7.75
White metal Pewter
7.28 7.28
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p153 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 34. DENSITY OF
WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS
Class
Metal or Alloy
Density (Mg/m3)
Commercially Pure
99.5Ti 99.2Ti 99.1Ti
4.51 4.51 4.51
99.0Ti 99.2 Ti–0.2Pd Ti-0.8Ni-0.3Mo
4.51 4.51 4.54
Alpha Alloys
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (low O2)
4.48 4.48
Near Alpha Alloys
Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V Ti-11Sn-1Mo-2.25Al-5.0Zr-1Mo-0.2Si Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
4.37 4.82 4.54
Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-1Mo
4.51 4.48
Ti-8Mn Ti-3Al-2.5V Ti-6Al-4V
4.73 4.48 4.43
Ti-6Al-4V (low O2) Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn Ti-7Al-4Mo
4.43 4.54 4.48
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
4.65 4.57 4.65
Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
4.84 4.84 4.82
Alpha-Beta Alloys
Beta Alloys
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p511, (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 35. DENSITY OF
TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
99.9% Ti 99.2% Ti 99.0% Ti
4.507 4.507 4.52
Ti-6Al-4V Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Ti-2Fe-2Cr-2Mo Ti-8Mn
4.43 4.46 4.65 4.71
Ti-7Al-4Mo Ti-4Al-4Mn Ti-4AI-3Mo-1V Ti-2.5Al-16V
4.48 4.52 4.507 4.65
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p153 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 36. DENSITY OF
ZINC AND ZINC ALLOYS
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Pure zinc AG40A alloy AC41A alloy
7.133 6.6 6.7
Commercial rolled zinc 0.08% Pb Commercial rolled zinc 0.06 Pb, 0.06 Cd Commercial rolled zinc 0.3 Pb, 0.3 Cd
7.14 7.14 7.14
Copper-hardened, rolled zinc (1% Cu) Rolled zinc alloy (1Cu-0.010Mg) Zn-Cu-Ti alloy (0.8Cu, 0.15Ti)
7.18 7.18 7.18
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p153-154 (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 37. DENSITY OF
PERMANENT MAGNET MATERIALS
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Cunico Cunife Comol
8.30 8.61 8.16
Alnico I Alnico I Alnico III
6.89 7.09 6.89
Alnico IV Alnico V Alnico VI
7.00 7.31 7.42
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p154, (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 38. DENSITY OF
PRECIOUS METALS
Metal or Alloy
Density g/cm3
Silver Gold 70Au-30Pt Platinum
10.49 19.32 19.92 21.45
Pt-3.5Rh Pt-5Rb Pt-lORh Pt-20Rb
20.9 20.65 19.97 18.74
Pt-30Rh Pt-40Rb Pt-5Ir Pt-10Ir
17.62 16.63 21.49 2153
Pt-15Ir Pt-20Ir Pt-25Ir Pt-30Ir
2157 21.61 21.66 21.70
Pt-35Ir Pt-5Ru Pt-10Ru Palladium
21.79 20.67 19.94 12.02
60Pd40Cu 95.5Pd-4.5Ru 95.5Pd-45Ru
10.6 12.07 11.62
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p154, (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 39. DENSITY OF
SUPERALLOYS
Class
Alloy
Density (Mg/m3)
Iron-base alloys
Carpenter 20-Cb3 Haynes 556 Incoloy 800 Incoloy 801
8.055 8.23 7.94 7.94
Cobalt-base alloys
Haynes 25(L-605) Haynes 188 Stellite 6B UMCo 50
9.13 9.13 8.38 8.05
Nickel-base alloys
Hastelloy B–2 Hastelloy C4 Hastelloy C–276 Hastelloy N
9.21 8.64 8.90 8.93
Hastelloy S Hastelloy W Hastelloy X Inconel 600
8.76 9.03 8.23 8.42
Inconel 625 Inconel X750 René 41 Udimet 500
8.44 8.25 8.25 8.14
Udimet 700 Waspaloy
7.92 8.20
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p386, (1993).
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Structural Properties
Table 40. DENSITY OF SELECTED (SHEET 1 OF 3) Class
Borides
Carbides
Nitrides
CERAMICS Density (g/cm3)
Ceramic Chromium Diboride (CrB2) Hafnium Diboride (HfB2) Tantalum Diboride (TaB2)
5.6 11.2 12.60
Titanium Diboride (TiB2) Zirconium Diboride (ZrB2)
4.5-4.62 6.09-6.102
Boron Carbide (B4C) Hafnium Monocarbide (HfC)
2.51 12.52-12.70
Silicon Carbide (SiC) (hexagonal) (cubic)
3.217 3.210
Tantalum Monocarbide (TaC) Titanium Monocarbide (TiC) Trichromium Dicarbide (Cr3C2)
14.48-14.65 4.92-4.938 6.70
Tungsten Monocarbide (WC) Zirconium Monocarbide (ZrC)
15.8 6.44-6.73
Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Boron Nitride (BN) (cubic) (hexagonal)
3.26-3.30
Titanium Mononitride (TiN) Trisilicon tetranitride (Si3N4) (α) (β)
5.43 3.184 3.187
Zirconium Mononitride (TiN)
7.349
3.49 2.27
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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Structural Properties
Table 40. DENSITY OF SELECTED (SHEET 2 OF 3) Class
Density (g/cm3)
Ceramic
Oxides
CERAMICS
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) Beryllium Oxide (BeO) Calcium Oxide (CaO) Cerium Dioxide (CeO2) Dichromium Trioxide (Cr2O3)
3.97-3.986 3.01-3.03 3.32 7.28 5.21
Hafnium Dioxide (HfO2) Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Nickel monoxide (NiO) Thorium Dioxide (ThO2)
9.68 3.581 6.8-7.45 9.821
Titanium Oxide (TiO2) (anatase) (brookite) (rutile) Uranium Dioxide (UO2)
3.84 4.17 4.25 10.949-10.97
Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) (monoclinic) (CaO stabilized) (MgO stabilized) (plasma sprayed)
5.56 5.5 5.43 5.6-5.7
Cordierite (2MgO 2Al2O3 5SiO2) Mullite (3Al2O3 2SiO2) (theoretical)
1.61-2.51 2.6-3.26 3.16-3.22
Sillimanite (Al2O3 SiO2) Spinel (Al2O3 MgO) Zircon (SiO2 ZrO2)
3.23-3.24 3.580 4.6
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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Structural Properties
Table 40. DENSITY OF SELECTED (SHEET 3 OF 3) Class
Silicides
CERAMICS Density (g/cm3)
Ceramic Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi2) Tungsten Disilicide (WSi2)
6.24-6.29 9.25-9.3
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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Structural Properties
Table 41. DENSITY OF
GLASSES
(SHEET 1 OF 10)
Class
Density (g/cm3)
Temperature Range of Validity
2.201-2.211 2.1977
room temp. room temp.
(~1% wt impurity) (~1% wt impurity)
2.094 2.072
1935˚C 2048˚C
(~1% wt impurity) (~1% wt impurity) (~1% wt impurity)
2.057 2.045 1.929
2114˚C 2165˚C 2322˚C
(1300˚C for 1 hr then 1000˚C for 70 hr)
2.201
(1300˚C for 1 hr then 1100˚C for 22 hr)
2.198
(1300˚C for 1 hr then 1200˚C for 7 hr)
2.201
(1300˚C for 1 hr then 1400˚C for 5 min)
2.201
(5% wt Na2O) (10% wt Na2O) (14.86% wt Na2O)
2.240 2.291 2.334
20˚C 20˚C 20˚C
(19.55% wt Na2O) (25% wt Na2O) (29.20% wt Na2O)
2.383 2.431 2.459
20˚C 20˚C 20˚C
(35.25% wt Na2O) (39.66% wt Na2O) (49.20% wt Na2O)
2.498 2.521 2.563
20˚C 20˚C 20˚C
Glass
SiO2 glass (stabilized)
SiO2-Na2O glass
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Structural Properties
Table 41. DENSITY OF
GLASSES
(SHEET 2 OF 10)
Class SiO2-Na2O glass (con’t)
SiO2-CaO glass
Density (g/cm3)
Temperature Range of Validity
(20.1% wt Na2O)
2.270
987˚C
(20.1% wt Na2O) (20.1% wt Na2O)
2.240 2.220
1249˚C 1388˚C
(30.1% wt Na2O) (30.1% wt Na2O) (30.1% wt Na2O)
2.270 2.230 2.205
1004˚C 1252˚C 1400˚C
(45.6% wt Na2O) (45.6% wt Na2O) (45.6% wt Na2O)
2.260 2.225 2.190
1044˚C 1243˚C 1413˚C
(50.2% wt Na2O) (50.2% wt Na2O) (50.2% wt Na2O)
2.250 2.215 2.180
1075˚C 1259˚C 1421˚C
(55.4% wt Na2O) (55.4% wt Na2O) (55.4% wt Na2O)
2.245 2.205 2.165
1105˚C 1258˚C 1412˚C
(60.9% wt Na2O) (60.9% wt Na2O) (60.9% wt Na2O)
2.250 2.190 2.145
1052˚C 1243˚C 1413˚C
(30% mol CaO) (35% mol CaO) (39.0% mol CaO) (40% mol CaO)
2.466 2.475 2.746 2.542
1700˚C 1700˚C 20˚C 1700˚C
Glass
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Structural Properties
Table 41. DENSITY OF
GLASSES
(SHEET 3 OF 10)
Class SiO2-CaO glass (Con’t)
SiO2-PbO glass
Density (g/cm3)
Temperature Range of Validity
(42.5% mol CaO)
2.555-2.568
1700˚C
(44.6% mol CaO) (45% mol CaO) (47.5% mol CaO)
2.835 2.590-2.618 2.602-2.604
20˚C 1700˚C 1700˚C
(50.0% mol CaO) (50% mol CaO) (52.5% mol CaO) (52.9% mol CaO)
2.898 2.615-2.617 2.612-2.640 2.918
20˚C 1700˚C 1700˚C 20˚C
(57.5% mol CaO) (57.5% mol CaO) (60% mol CaO)
2.953 2.641-2.644 2.661
20˚C 1700˚C 1700˚C
(20.78% mol PbO) (24.90% mol PbO) (29.71% mol PbO)
3.6711 3.9606 4.3558
room temp. room temp. room temp.
(34.66% mol PbO) (35.0% mol PbO) (40.2% mol PbO) (40.80% mol PbO)
4.7437 5.10 5.15 5.2543
room temp. 1270K 1270K room temp.
(44.7% mol PbO) (45.56% mol PbO) (49.5% mol PbO) (50.50% mol PbO)
5.45 5.6416 5.85 6.0473
1270K room temp. 1270K room temp.
(52.7% mol PbO) (54.45% mol PbO) (58.0% mol PbO) (59.39% mol PbO)
5.90 6.3322 6.05 6.6894
1270K room temp. 1270K room temp.
Glass
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Structural Properties
Table 41. DENSITY OF
GLASSES
(SHEET 4 OF 10)
Class SiO2-PbO glass (Con’t)
SiO2-Al2O3 glass
Density (g/cm3)
Temperature Range of Validity
(65.97% mol PbO)
7.0810
room temp.
(66.7% mol PbO) (73.0% mol PbO) (80.0% mol PbO)
6.20 6.42 6.70
1270K 1270K 1270K
(84.9% mol PbO) (89.0% mol PbO) (94.2% mol PbO)
7.03 7.05 7.45
1270K 1270K 1270K
(0.04% wt Al2O3 for quintus quartz glass)
2.2000
room temp.
(0.10% wt Al2O3 for Cab-O-Sil glass)
2.2025
room temp.
(0.37% wt Al2O3 for I.R. vitreosil glass)
2.2043
room temp.
2.1977
room temp.
2.1982
room temp.
2.2047
room temp.
2.2048
room temp.
2.2006
room temp.
2.2027
room temp.
Glass
(0.38% wt Al2O3 for Cab-O-Sil glass) (0.38% wt Al2O3 for quintus quartz glass) (0.41% wt Al2O3 for Cab-O-Sil glass) (0.47% wt Al2O3 for quintus quartz glass) (0.64% wt Al2O3 for I.R. vitreosil glass) (0.77% wt Al2O3 for quintus quartz glass)
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Structural Properties
Table 41. DENSITY OF
GLASSES
(SHEET 5 OF 10)
Class SiO2-Al2O3 glass (Con’t)
Density (g/cm3)
Temperature Range of Validity
(1.22% wt Al2O3 for Cab-O-Sil glass)
2.2095
room temp.
(1.29% wt Al2O3 for I.R. vitreosil glass)
2.2072
room temp.
(2.30% wt Al2O3 for I.R. vitreosil glass)
2.2081
room temp.
(2.34% wt Al2O3 for quintus quartz glass)
2.1994
room temp.
(2.70% wt Al2O3 for Cab-O-Sil glass)
2.2031
room temp.
(5.22% wt Al2O3 for quintus quartz glass)
2.2118
room temp.
(14.82% mol Al2O3) (14.82% mol Al2O3) (14.82% mol Al2O3) (14.82% mol Al2O3)
2.319 2.320 2.313 2.302
1707˚C 1813˚C 1907˚C 2008˚C
(30.08% mol Al2O3) (30.08% mol Al2O3) (30.08% mol Al2O3) (30.08% mol Al2O3)
2.475 2.460 2.448 2.446
1758˚C 1858˚C 1909˚C 1975˚C
(46.92% mol Al2O3) (46.92% mol Al2O3) (46.92% mol Al2O3)
2.736 2.724 2.627
1755˚C 1803˚C 1859˚C
Glass
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Structural Properties
Table 41. DENSITY OF
GLASSES
(SHEET 6 OF 10)
Class SiO2-Al2O3 glass (Con’t)
SiO2-B2O3 glasss
Density (g/cm3)
Temperature Range of Validity
(46.92% mol Al2O3)
2.625
1910˚C
(46.92% mol Al2O3)
2.612
1959˚C
(70.21% mol Al2O3) (70.21% mol Al2O3)
2.811 2.791
1966˚C 1995˚C
(35.1% mol B2O3) (39.2% mol B2O3) (44.2% mol B2O3) (50.8% mol B2O3)
2.0436 2.0224 2.0031 1.9865
25˚C 25˚C 25˚C 25˚C
(53.10% mol B2O3)
1.892-0.0634 x10-3T
1653K< T <1803K
(58.4% mol B2O3)
1.9608
25˚C
(62.40% mol B2O3)
1.812-0.0475 x10-3T
1553K< T <1733K
(71.90% mol B2O3)
1.785-0.0705 x10-3T
1303K
(72.7% mol B2O3)
1.9135
25˚C
(82.50% mol B2O3)
1.737-0.0798 x10-3T
1203K< T <1633K
(83.2% mol B2O3) (88.6% mol B2O3)
1.8838 1.8682
25˚C 25˚C
Glass
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Structural Properties
Table 41. DENSITY OF
GLASSES
(SHEET 7 OF 10)
Class
SiO2-B2O3 glasss (Con’t)
Density (g/cm3)
Temperature Range of Validity
(90.00% mol B2O3)
1.680-0.0806 x10-3T
1203K< T <1633K
(92.6% mol B2O3)
1.8599
25˚C
(93.91% mol B2O3)
1.661-0.0825 x10-3T
1243K< T <1623K
1.8453
25˚C
1.844-1.859 1.693 1.671 1.648 1.626 1.609 1.580 1.559 1.541 1.528 1.518 1.509 1.503 1.498
25˚C 411˚C 450˚C 500˚C 550˚C 600˚C 700˚C 800˚C 900˚C 1000˚C 1100˚C 1200˚C 1300˚C 1400˚C
(28.8% mol CaO)
2.475-2.483
25˚C
(31.2% mol CaO) (31.2% mol CaO)
2.519-2.526 2.334-2.341
25˚C 900˚C
(31.2% mol CaO) (31.2% mol CaO) (31.2% mol CaO)
2.279-2.288 2.229-2.231 2.174
1000˚C 1100˚C 1200˚C
Glass
(100% mol B2O3) B2O3 glass
B2O3-CaO glass
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Structural Properties
Table 41. DENSITY OF
GLASSES
(SHEET 8 OF 10)
Class B2O3-CaO glass (Con’t)
B2O3-Na2O glass
Density (g/cm3)
Temperature Range of Validity
(34.7% mol CaO)
2.583-2.590
25˚C
(34.7% mol CaO) (34.7% mol CaO)
2.309 2.280
1056˚C 1105˚C
(37.1% mol CaO) (37.1% mol CaO) (37.1% mol CaO) (37.1% mol CaO)
2.622-2.629 2.306 2.282 2.259
25˚C 1105˚C 1153˚C 1200˚C
(42.5% mol CaO) (42.5% mol CaO)
2.349 2.328
1145˚C 1193˚C
(45.7% mol CaO) (45.7% mol CaO) (45.7% mol CaO)
2.403 2.379 2.359
1106˚C 1156˚C 1207˚C
(50.3% mol CaO) (50.3% mol CaO)
2.417 2.398
1156˚C 1199˚C
(3% mol Na2O) (3% mol Na2O) (3% mol Na2O)
1.608 1.601 1.587
920˚C 1000˚C 1091˚C
(6% mol Na2O) (6% mol Na2O) (6% mol Na2O) (8.21% mol Na2O)
1.705 1.691 1.660 2.0112
907˚C 1000˚C 1141˚C room temp.
(9% mol Na2O) (9% mol Na2O) (9% mol Na2O) (10.33% mol Na2O)
1.794 1.773 1.740 2.0466
890˚C 1000˚C 1109˚C room temp.
Glass
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Structural Properties
Table 41. DENSITY OF
GLASSES
(SHEET 9 OF 10)
Class B2O3-Na2O glass (Con’t)
Density (g/cm3)
Temperature Range of Validity
(12% mol Na2O)
1.872
901˚C
(12% mol Na2O) (12% mol Na2O) (12.03% mol Na2O)
1.842 1.808 2.0752
1000˚C 1106˚C room temp.
(14.12% mol Na2O) (15% mol Na2O) (15% mol Na2O) (15% mol Na2O)
2.1053 1.907 1.886 1.848
room temp. 934˚C 1000˚C 1131˚C
(16.34% mol Na2O)
2.0466
room temp.
(18% mol Na2O) (18% mol Na2O) (18% mol Na2O)
1.976 1.935 1.904
882˚C 1000˚C 1097˚C
(18.16% mol Na2O) (20.23% mol Na2O)
2.0752 2.1053
room temp. room temp.
(21% mol Na2O) (21% mol Na2O) (21% mol Na2O) (22.07% mol Na2O)
2.009 1.971 1.921 2.2146
910˚C 1000˚C 1136˚C room temp.
(24% mol Na2O) (24% mol Na2O) (24% mol Na2O) (24.33% mol Na2O)
2.054 2.000 1.958 2.2493
891˚C 1000˚C 1106˚C room temp.
(26.18% mol Na2O) (27% mol Na2O)
2.2835 2.043
room temp. 945˚C
Glass
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Structural Properties
Table 41. DENSITY OF
GLASSES
(SHEET 10 OF 10)
Class B2O3-Na2O glass (Con’t)
Density (g/cm3)
Temperature Range of Validity
(27% mol Na2O)
1.992
1077˚C
(27% mol Na2O)
1.954
1170˚C
(28.17% mol Na2O) (30% mol Na2O)
2.3141 2.059
room temp. 916˚C
(30% mol Na2O) (30% mol Na2O) (30.68% mol Na2O) (32.05% mol Na2O)
2.018 1.960 2.3488 2.3591
1000˚C 1094˚C room temp. room temp.
(33% mol Na2O) (33% mol Na2O) (33% mol Na2O) (34.20% mol Na2O)
2.055 2.008 1.963 2.3755
909˚C 1000˚C 1076˚C room temp.
(36% mol Na2O) (36% mol Na2O) (36% mol Na2O) (36% mol Na2O)
2.075 1.998 1.944 1.944
885˚C 1000˚C 1081˚C 1081˚C
Glass
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. ShvaikoShvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Structural Properties
Table 42. SPECIFIC
GRAVITY OF POLYMERS
(SHEET 1 OF 7) Class ABS Resins; Molded, Extruded
Acrylics; Cast, Molded, Extruded
Polymer
Medium impact
1.05—1.07
High impact
1.02—1.04
Very high impact Low temperature impact Heat resistant
1.01—1.06 1.02—1.04 1.06—1.08
Cast Resin Sheets, Rods: General purpose, type I General purpose, type II
1.17—1.19 1.18—1.20
Moldings: Grades 5, 6, 8 High impact grade
1.18—1.19 1.12—1.16
Thermoset Carbonate Allyl diglycol carbonate Alkyds; Molded Putty (encapsulating) Rope (general purpose) Granular (high speed molding) Glass reinforced (heavy duty parts) Cellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded
Specific Gravity (ASTM D792)
1.32
2.05—2.15 2.20—2.22 2.21—2.24 2.02—2.10
ASTM Grade: H6—1 H4—1 H2—1
1.29—1.31 1.25—1.31
MH—1, MH—2 MS—1, MS—2 S2—1
1.24—1.31 1.23—1.30 1.22—1.30
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
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Structural Properties
Table 42. SPECIFIC
GRAVITY OF POLYMERS
(SHEET 2 OF 7) Class Cellulose Acetate Butyrate; Molded, Extruded
Polymer
ASTM Grade: H4 MH S2
Cellusose Acetate Propionate; Molded, Extruded
1.22 1.18—1.20 1.15—1.18
ASTM Grade: 1 3 6
1.22 1.20—1.21 1.19
Chlorinated Polymers: Chlorinated polyether Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
1.4 1.54
Polycarbonates: Polycarbonate Polycarbonate (40% glass fiber reinforced)
1.51
Chlorinated Polymers Chlorinated polyether Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
1.4 1.54
Polycarbonates Polycarbonate Polycarbonate (40% glass fiber reinforced)
Diallyl Phthalates; Molded
Specific Gravity (ASTM D792)
Orlon filled Dacron filled Asbestos filled Glass fiber filled
1.2
1.2 1.51
1.31—1.35 1.40—1.65 1.50—1.96 1.55—1.85
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
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Table 42. SPECIFIC
GRAVITY OF POLYMERS
(SHEET 3 OF 7) Class Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded
Epoxies; Cast, Molded, Reinforced
Polymer Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE)
Melamines; Molded
2.10—2.15
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
2.1—2.3
Ceramic reinforced (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP)
2.2—2.4 2.12—2.17
Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)
1.77
Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A) Cast rigid Cast flexible
1.15 1.14-1.18
Molded General purpose glass cloth laminate High strength laminate Filament wound composite Epoxies—Molded, Extruded
Specific Gravity (ASTM D792)
High performance resins (cycloaliphatic diepoxides) Cast, rigid Molded Glass cloth laminate Epoxy novolacs Cast, rigid Glass cloth laminate Filler & type Unfilled Cellulose electrical Glass fiber Alpha cellulose and mineral
1.80-2.0 1.8 1.84 2.17-2.18
1.24 1.7 1.97 1.22 1.97
1.48 1.43—1.50 1.8—2.0 1.5(a), 1.72(mineral)
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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Structural Properties
Table 42. SPECIFIC
GRAVITY OF POLYMERS
(SHEET 4 OF 7) Class Nylons; Molded, Extruded
Polymer Type 6 General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced Cast Flexible copolymers Type 8 Type 11 Type 12
Polyacetals
1.12—1.14 1.35—1.42 1.15 1.12—1.14 1.09 1.04 1.01
6/6 Nylon General purpose molding Glass fiber reinforced Glass fiber Molybdenum disulfide filled General purpose extrusion
Phenolics; Molded
Specific Gravity (ASTM D792)
1.13—1.15 1.37–1.47 1.37—1.41 1.13–1.15
6/10 Nylon General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced
1.07—1.09 1.3
Type and filler General: woodflour and flock Shock: paper, flock, or pulp High shock: chopped fabric or cord Very high shock: glass fiber
1.32—1.46 1.34—1.46 1.36—1.43 1.75—1.90
Homopolymer: Standard 20% glass reinforced 22% TFE reinforced Copolymer: Standard 25% glass reinforced High flow
1.425 1.56 1.54 1.41 1.61 1.41
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
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Structural Properties
Table 42. SPECIFIC
GRAVITY OF POLYMERS
(SHEET 5 OF 7) Class Phenolics: Molded
Polymer Arc resistant—mineral Rubber phenolic—woodflour or flock Rubber phenolic—chopped fabric Rubber phenolic—asbestos ABS–Polycarbonate Alloy PVC–Acrylic Alloy PVC–acrylic sheet PVC–acrylic injection molded
Polymides
Unreinforced Glass reinforced
Polyester; Thermoplastic
Injection Moldings: General purpose grade Glass reinforced grades Glass reinforced self extinguishing General purpose grade Glass reinforced grade Asbestos—filled grade
Polyesters: Thermosets
Reinforced polyester moldings
Cast polyyester Rigid Flexible
Specific Gravity (ASTM D792) 1.5—3.0 1.24—1.35 1.30—1.35 1.60—1.65 1.14 1.35 1.3 1.19—1.47 1.60—1.95
1.31 1.52 1.58 1.31 1.45 1.46
1.12—1.46 1.06—1.25
High strength (glass fibers)
1.8—2.0
Heat and chemical resistant (asbestos)
1.5—1.75
Sheet molding compounds, general purpose
1.65—1.80
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
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Structural Properties
Table 42. SPECIFIC
GRAVITY OF POLYMERS
(SHEET 6 OF 7) Class
Polymer
Specific Gravity (ASTM D792)
Phenylene Oxides
SE—100 SE—1 Glass fiber reinforced
1.1 1.06 1.21–1.27
Phenylene oxides (Noryl)
Standard Glass fiber reinforced Polyarylsulfone
1.24 1.41–1.55 1.36
Polypropylene
General purpose High impact
0.900—0.910 0.900—0.910
Asbestos filled Glass reinforced Flame retardant
1.11—1.36 1.04—1.22 1.2
Polyphenylene sulfide
Standard 40% glass reinforced
1.34—1.35 1.6—1.64
Polyethylenes; Molded, Extruded
Type I—lower density (0.910—0.925) Melt index 0.3—3.6 Melt index 6—26 Melt index 200
0.910—0.925 0.918—0.925 0.91
Type II—medium density (0.926—0.940) Melt index 20 Melt index l.0—1.9
0.93 0.930—0.940
Type III—higher density (0.941—0.965) Melt index 0.2—0.9 Melt index 0.l—12.0 Melt index 1.5—15 High molecular weight
0.96 0.950—0.955 0.96 0.94
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
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Structural Properties
Table 42. SPECIFIC
GRAVITY OF POLYMERS
(SHEET 7 OF 7) Class Olefin Copolymers; Molded
Polymer EEA (ethylene ethyl acrylate) EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) Ethylene butene Propylene—ethylene Ionomer Polyallomer
Polystyrenes; Molded
Polyvinyl Chloride And Copolymers; Molded, Extruded
Silicones; Molded, Laminated
Ureas; Molded
Specific Gravity (ASTM D792) 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.91 0.94 0.898—0.904
Polystyrenes General purpose Medium impact High impact
1.04 1.04—1.07 1.04—1.07
Glass fiber -30% reinforced Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) Glass fiber (30%) reinforced SAN
1.29 1.04—1.07 1.35
Nonrigid—general
1.20—1.55
Nonrigid—electrical Rigid—normal impact Vinylidene chloride
1.16—1.40 1.32—1.44 1.68—1.75
Fibrous (glass) reinforced silicones Granular (silica) reinforced silicones Woven glass fabric/ silicone laminate
1.88 1.86—2.00 1.75—1.8
Alpha—cellulose filled (ASTM Type l)
1.45—1.55
Cellulose filled (ASTM Type 2) Woodflour filled
1.52 1.45—1.49
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
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Table 43. DENSITY OF
55MSI GRAPHITE /6061 ALUMINUM COMPOSITES
55MSI graphite/6061 aluminum composites 55MSI graphite/6061 aluminum composites
Reinforcement Content (vol % )
Fiber Orientation
Density (g/cm3 )
34 34
0° 90°
2.35 2.35
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p148,(1994).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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Structural Properties
Table 44. DENSITY OF
GRAPHITE FIBER REINFORCED METALS Composite
Fiber content (vol%)
Density (lb/in3)
Graphite(a)/lead Graphite(b)/lead Graphite(a)/zinc Graphite(a)/magnesium
41 35 35 42
0.270 0.280 0.191 0.064
(a) Thornel 75 fiber (b) Courtaulds HM fiber Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p148,(1994).
Table 45. DENSITY OF
SI3N4 COMPOSITES
(SHEET 1 OF 2) Matrix
Dispersed Phase
Density (g/cm3)
Si3N4+ 6 wt % Y2O3
None
3.26
Si3N4+ 6 wt % Y2O3
TiC (Ti, W) C WC
3.81 4.55 7.70
TaC HfC SiC
6.87 5.74 3.24
Containing 30 Vol % of Metal Carbide Dispersoid (2 µm average particle diameter) Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p169,(1994).
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Structural Properties
Table 45. DENSITY OF
SI3N4 COMPOSITES
(SHEET 2 OF 2) Matrix
Dispersed Phase
Density (g/cm3)
Al2O3
TiC
4.28
Containing 30 Vol % of Metal Carbide Dispersoid (2 µm average particle diameter) Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p169,(1994).
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Shackelford, James F. et al “Composition of Materials” Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001
4.0 Composition Page 103 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
CHAPTER 2
Composition of Materials
List of Tables
Steels and Irons Composition Limits of Tool Steels Composition Limits of Gray Cast Irons Composition Limits of Ductile Irons Composition Ranges for Malleable Irons Composition Ranges for Carbon Steels Composition Ranges for Resulfurized Carbon Steels Composition Ranges for Alloy Steels Composition of Stainless Steels Copper Alloys Composition of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Classification of Copper and Copper Alloys Aluminum Alloys Composition Ranges for Cast Aluminum Alloys Composition Ranges for Wrought Aluminum Alloys Tin Alloys Composition of Tin and Tin Alloys Heat Resistant Alloys Compositions of ACI Heat-Resistant Casting Alloys Zinc Alloys Composition of Zinc Die Casting Alloys
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Composition List of Tables (Continued)
Super Alloys Compositions of Wrought Superalloys Glass Ceramics Typical Composition of Glass-Ceramics
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Table 46. COMPOSITION LIMITS OF (SHEET 1 OF 3) Designations AISI
SAE
TOOL STEELS Composition (%)
UNS
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
W
V
T11302.
0.78– 0.88; 0.95–1.05
0.15–0.40
0.20–0.45
3.75–4.50
0.30 max
4.50–5.50
5.50–6.75
1.75–2.20
T1 T1 T15 Chromium hot work steels
T12001 T12015
0.65–0.80 1.50–1.60
0.10–0.40 0.15–0.40
0.20–0.40 0.15–0.40
3.75–4.00 3.75–5.00
0.30 max 0.30 max
1.00 max
17.25–18.75 11.75–13.00
0.90–1.30 4.50–5.25
H11 H13
T20811 T20813
0.33–0.43 0.32–0.45
0.20–0.50 0.20–0.50
0.80–1.20 0.80–1.20
4.75–5.50 4.75–5.50
0.30 max 0.30 max
1.10–1.60 1.10–1.75
Co
Molybdenum high speed steels M2
M2
Tungsten high speed steels
H11 H13
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.239, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
0.30–0.60 0.80–1.20
4.75–5.25
4.1 Composition L Page 106 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 46. COMPOSITION LIMITS OF (SHEET 2 OF 3) Designations AISI
SAE
Composition (%) UNS
C
Tungsten hot work steels H21 H21 T20821 0.26–0.36 H26 T20826 0.45–0.55 Air–hardening medium–alloy cold work steels A2 A3
TOOL STEELS
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
0.15–0.40 0.15–0.40
0.15–0.50 0.15–0.40
3.00–3.75 3.75–4.50
0.30 max 0.30 max
Mo
A2
T30102 T30103
0.95–1.05 1.20–1.30
1.00 max 0.40–0.60
0.50 max 0.50 max
4.75–5.50 4.75–5.50
0.30 max 0.30 max
0.90–1.40 0.90–1.40
S1 S5
T41901 T41905 T41907
0.40–0.55 0.50–0.65 0.45–0.55
0.10–0.40 0.60–1.00 0.20–0.80
0.15–1.20 1.75–2.25 0.20–1.00
1.00–1.80 0.35 max 3.00–3.50
0.30 max
0.50 max 0.20–1.35 1.30–1.80
W
V
8.50–10.00 17.25–19.00
0.30–0.60 0.75–1.25
0.15–0.50 0.80–1.40
Shock–resisting steels S1 S5 S7
1.50–3.00
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.239, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
0.15–0.30 0.35 max 0.20–0.30
Co
4.1 Composition L Page 107 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 46. COMPOSITION LIMITS OF (SHEET 3 OF 3) Designations AISI
SAE
TOOL STEELS Composition (%)
UNS
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
T61202 T61206
0.45–1.00 0.65–0.75
0.10–0.90 0.25–0.80
0.50 max 0.50 max
0.70–1.20 0.60–1.20
1.25–2.00
0.25 max 0.50 max
T72301
0.70–1.50
0.10–0.40
0.10–0.40
0.15 max
0.20 max
0.10 max
W
V
Low–alloy special–purpose tool steels L2 L6
L6
0.10–0.30 0.20–0.30
Water–hardening tool steels W1
W108, W109, W110, W112
0.15 max
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.239, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
0.10 max
Co
4.1 Composition L Page 108 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 47. COMPOSITION
LIMITS OF GRAY CAST IRONS Composition Limits (%)
UNS
SAE grade
TC
Mn
Si
P
S
F10004
G1800
3.40 to 3.70
0.50 to 0.80
2.80 to 2.30
0.15
0.15
F10005 F10009
G2500 G2500
3.20 to 3.50 3.40 min
0.60 to 0.90 0.60 to 0.90
2.40 to 2.00 1.60 to 2.10
0.12 0.12
0.15 0.12
F10006 F10007
G3000 G3500
3.10 to 3.40 3.00 to 3.30
0.60 to 0.90 0.60 to 0.90
2.30 to 1.90 2.20 to 1.80
0.10 0.08
0.16 0.16
F10010 F10011
G3500 G3500
3.40 min 3.50 min
0.60 to 0.90 0.60 to 0.90
1.30 to 1.80 1.30 to 1.80
0.08 0.08
0.12 0.12
F10008 F10012
G4000 G4000
3.00 to 3.30 3.10 to 3.60
0.70 to 1.00 0.60 to 0.90
2.10 to 1.80 1.95 to 2.40
0.07 0.07
0.16 0.12
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.166, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 109 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 48. COMPOSITION
LIMITS OF DUCTILE IRONS
Specification No. Grade or Class
Composition (%) UNS
TC
Si
Mn
P
S
ASTM A395 ASME SA395 60-40-18
F32800
3.00 min
2.50 max
0.08 max
ASTM A476 SAE AM55316 80-60-03
F34100
3.00 min
3.0 max
0.08 max
SAE J434c D4018
F32800
3.20–4.10
1.80-3.00
0.10-1.00
0.015-0.10
0.005–0.035
MIL-1-24137 (Ships) Class A Class B Class C
F33101 F43020 F43021
3.0 min 2.40-3.00 2.70-3.10
2.50 max 1.80-3.20 2.00-3.00
0.08 max 0.80-1.50 1.90-2.50
0.20 max 0.15 max
Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.168-169,
(1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 110 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 49. COMPOSITION
RANGES FOR MALLEABLE IRONS Composition (%)
Type
TC
Mn
Si
P
S
Ferritic Grade 32510 Grade 35018
2.30-2.70 2.00-2.45
0.25-0.55 0.25-0.55
1.00-1.75 1.00-1.35
0.05 max 0.05 max
0.03-0.18 0.03-0.18
Pearlitic
2.00-2.70
0.25-1.25
1.00-1.75
0.05 max
0.03-0.18
Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p170, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 111 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 50. COMPOSITION
RANGES FOR CARBON STEELS Composition Range (%)
AISI–SAE Designation
UNS Designation
C
Mn
1015 1020 1022
G10150 G10200 G10220
0.12-0.18 0.17-0.23 0.17-0.23
0.30-0.60 0.30-0.60 0.70-1.00
1030 1040 1050
G10900 G10400 G10500
0.27-0.34 0.36-0.44 0.47-0.55
0.60-0.90 0.60-0.90 0.60-0.90
1060 1080 1095
G10600 G10800 G10950
0.55-0.66 0.74-0.88 0.90-1.04
0.60-0.90 0.60-0.90 0.30-0.50
Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p184, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 112 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 51. COMPOSITION
RANGES FOR RESULFURIZED CARBON STEELS Composition Range (%)
AISI–SAE Designation
UNS Designation
C
Mn
S
1118 1137 1141 1144
G11180 G11370 G11410 G11440
0.14-0.20 0.32-0.39 0.37-0.45 0.40-0.48
1.30-1.60 1.35-1.65 1.35-1.65 1.35-1.65
0.08-0.13 0.08-0.13 0.08-0.13 0.24-0.33
Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p185, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 113 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 52. COMPOSITION RANGES FOR (SHEET 1 OF 3)
ALLOY STEELS
Composition Range (%) AISI–SAE Designation
UNS Designation
1330 1340 3140 4037
G13300 G13400
C
Mn
P (max)
S (max)
Si
Cr
Ni
1.60-1.90 1.60-1.90 0.70-0.90 0.70-0.90
0.035 0.035 0.040 0.035
0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040
0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30 0.20-0.35 0.15-0.30
0.55-0.75 0.20-0.30
1.10-1.40
G40370
0.28-0.33 0.38-0.43 0.38-0.43 0.35-0.40
4042 4130 4140 4150
G40420 G41300 G41400 G41500
0.40-0.45 0.28-0.33 0.38-0.43 0.48-0.53
0.70-0.90 0.40-0.60 0.75-1.00 0.75-1.00
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035
0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040
0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30
0.20-0.30 0.80-1.10 0.80-1.10 0.80-1.10
4320 4340 4620 4820
G43200 G43400 G46200 G48200
0.17-0.22 0.38-0.43 0.17-0.22 0.18-0.23
0.45-0.65 0.60-0.80 0.45-0.65 0.50-0.70
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035
0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040
0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30
0.40-0.60 0.70-0.90 1.65-2.00 3.25-3.75
0.15-0.25 0.15-0.25 0.15-0.25 1.65-2.00 1.65-2.00
(a) Contains 0.15% min vanadium. Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p186-193, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Mo
0.20-0.30 0.20-0.30 0.20-0.30 0.20-0.30
4.1 Composition L Page 114 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 52. COMPOSITION RANGES FOR (SHEET 2 OF 3)
ALLOY STEELS
Composition Range (%) AISI–SAE Designation
UNS Designation
C
Mn
P (max)
S (max)
Si
Cr
5046 50B46 5060 50B60
G50460 G50461 G50600 G50461
0.43-0.48 0.44-0.49 0.56-0.64 0.56-0.64
0.75-1.00 0.75-1.00 0.75-1.00 0.75-1.00
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035
0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040
0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30
0.20-0.35 0.20-0.35 0.40-0.60 0.40-0.60
5130 5140 5150 5160
G51300 G51400 G51500 G51600
0.28-0.33 0.38-0.43 0.48-0.53 0.56-0.64
0.70-0.90 0.70-0.90 0.70-0.90 0.75-1.00
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035
0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040
0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30
0.80-1.10 0.70-0.90 0.70-0.90 0.70-0.90
51B60 6150(a) 81B45 8620
G51601 G61500 G81451 G86200
0.56-0.64 0.48-0.53 0.43-0.48 0.18-0.23
0.75-1.00 0.70-0.90 0.75-1.00 0.70-0.90
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035
0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040
0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30
8630 8640
G86300 G86400
0.28-0.33 0.38-0.43
0.70-0.90 0.75-1.00
0.035 0.035
0.040 0.040
0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30
Ni
Mo
0.70-0.90 0.80-1.10 0.35-0.55 0.40-0.60
0.20-0.40 0.40-0.70
0.08-0.15 0.15-0.25
0.40-0.60 0.40-0.60
0.40-0.70 0.40-0.70
0.15-0.25 0.15-0.25
(a) Contains 0.15% min vanadium. Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p186-193, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 115 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 52. COMPOSITION RANGES FOR (SHEET 3 OF 3)
ALLOY STEELS
Composition Range (%) AISI–SAE Designation
UNS Designation
C
Mn
P (max)
S (max)
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
86B45 8650
G86451 G86500
0.43-0.48 0.48-0.53
0.75-1.00 0.75-1.00
0.035 0.035
0.040 0.040
0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30
0.40-0.60 0.40-0.60
0.40-0.70 0.40-0.70
0.15-0.25 0.15-0.25
8660 8740 9255 9260
G86600 G87400 G92550 G92600
0.56-0.64 0.38-0.43 0.51-0.59 0.56-0.64
0.75-1.00 0.75-1.00 0.70-0.95 0.75-1.00
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035
0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040
0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30 1.80-2.20 1.80-2.20
0.40-0.60 0.40-0.60
0.40-0.70 0.40-0.70
0.15-0.25 0.20-0.30
9310 94B30
G93106 G94301
0.08-0.13 0.28-0.33
0.45-0.65 0.75-1.00
0.025 0.035
0.025 0.040
0.15-0.30 0.15-0.30
1.00-1.40 0.30-0.50
3.00-3.50 0.30-0.60
0.08-0.15 0.08-0.15
(a) Contains 0.15% min vanadium. Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p186-193, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 116 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 53. COMPOSITION OF STAINLESS (SHEET 1 OF 8)
STEELS
Composition (%) UNS Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
P
S
Others
201 202 205 301
S20100 S20200 S20500 S30100
0.15 0.15 0.12–0.25 0.15
5.5–7.5 7.5-10.0 14.0–15.5 2.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
16.0–18.0 17.0–19.0 16.5–18.0 16.0–18.0
3.5–5.5 4.0–6.0 1.0–1.75 6.0–8.0
0.06 0.06 0.06 0.045
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
0.25 N 0.25 N 0.32–0.40 N —
302 302B 303 303Se
S30200 S30215 S30300 S30323
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
1.00 2.0–3.0 1.00 1.00
17.0–19.0 17.0–19.0 17.0–19.0 17.0–19.0
8.0–10.0 8.0–10.0 8.0–10.0 8.0–10.0
0.045 0.045 0.20 0.20
0.03 0.03 0.15 min 0.06
— — 0.6 Mo(c) 0.15 Se min
304 304H 304L 304LN
S30400 S30409 S30403 —
0.08 0.04-0.10 0.03 0.03
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
18.0–20.0 18.0–20.0 18.0–20.0 18.0–20.0
8.0–10.5 8.0–10.5 8.0–12.0 8.0–10.5
0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
— — 0.10-0.15 N
Type Austenitic
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p357-358, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 117 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 53. COMPOSITION OF STAINLESS (SHEET 2 OF 8)
STEELS
Composition (%) Type
UNS Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
P
S
Others
S30430 304N 30S 308
S30430 S30451 S30500 S30800
0.08 0.08 0.12 0.08
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
17.0–19.0 18.0-20.0 17.0–19.0 19.0–21.0
8.0–10.0 8.0–10.5 10.S–13.0 10.0–12.0
0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
3.0–4.0 Cu 0.10–0.16 N — —
309 309S 310 310S
S30900 S30908 S31000 S31008
0.20 0.08 0.25 0.08
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50
22.0–24.0 22.0–24.0 24.0–26.0 24.0–26.0
12.0 15.0 12.0–15.0 19.0–22.0 19.0–22.0
0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
— — — —
314 316 316F 316H
S31400 S31600 S31620 S31609
0.25 0.08 0.08 0.04-0.10
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
1.5–3.0 1.00 1.00 1.00
23.0–26.0 16.0–18.0 16.0–18.0 16.0–18.0
19.0–22.0 10.0–14.0 10.0–14.0 10.0–14.0
0.045 0.045 0.20 0.045
0.03 0.03 0.10 min 0.03
— 2.0–3.0 Mo 1.75–2.5 Mo 2.0–3.0 Mo
316L 316LN 316N 317
S31603 — S31651 S31700
0.03 0.03 0.08 0.08
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
16.0-18.0 16.0–18.0 16.0–18.0 18.0–20.0
10.0–14.0 10.0–14.0 10.0–14.0 11.0–15.0
0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
2.0–3.0 Mo 2.0–3.0 Mo;0.10–0.30 N 2.0–3.0 Mo;0.10–0.16 N 3.0–4.0 Mo
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p357-358, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 118 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 53. COMPOSITION OF STAINLESS (SHEET 3 OF 8)
STEELS
Composition (%) Type
UNS Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
P
S
Others
317L 321 321H 329
S31703 S32100 S32109 S32900
0.03 0.08 0.04–0.10 0.10
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
18.0–20.0 17.0–19.0 17.0–19.0 25.0–30.0
11.0–15.0 9.0–12.0 9.0–12.0 3.0–6.0
0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
3.0–4.0 Mo 5 x %C Ti min 5 x %C Ti min 1.0–2.0 Mo
330 347 347H
N08330 S34700 S34709
0.08 0.08 0.04–0.10
2.00 2.00 2.00
0.75–1.5 1.00 1.00
17.0–20.0 17.0–19.0 17.0–19.0
34.0–37.0 9.0–13.0 9.0–13.0
0.04 0.045 0.045
0.03 0.03 0.03
348
S34800
0.08
2.00
1.00
17.0–19.0
9.0–13.0
0.045
0.03
— 10 x %C Nb + Ta(d)min 10 x %C Nb + Ta min 0.2 Cu; 10 x %C Nb + Ta(d) min
348H
S34809
0.04–0.10
2.00
1.00
17.0–19.0
9.0–13.0
0.045
0.03
384
S38400
0.08
2.00
1.00
15.0–17.0
17.0–19.0
0.045
0.03
0.2 Cu; 10 x %C Nb + Ta(d) min —
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p357-358, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 119 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 53. COMPOSITION OF STAINLESS (SHEET 4 OF 8)
STEELS
Composition (%) UNS Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
P
S
Others
405 409 429
S40500 S40900 S42900
0.08 0.08 0.12
1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00
11.5–14.5 10.5–11.75 14.0–16.0
— — —
0.04 0.045 0.04
0.03 0.045 0.03
0.10-0.30 Al 6 x %C Ti(e)min —
430 430F 430FSe
S43000 S43020 S43023
0.12 0.12 0.12
1.00 1.25 1.25
1.00 1.00 1.00
16.0–18.0 16.0–18.0 16.0–18.0
— — —
0.04 0.06 0.06
0.03 0.15 0.06
— 0.6 Mo(c) 0.15 Se min
434
S43400
0.12
1.00
1.00
16.0–18.0
—
0.04
0.03
0.75–1.25 Mo
436
S43600
0.12
1.00
1.00
16.0–18.0
—
0.04
0.03
0.75–1.25 Mo;5 x %C Nb + Ta(f) min
442 446
S44200 S44600
0.20 0.20
1.00 1.50
1.00 1.00
18.0–23.0 23.0–27.0
— —
0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
— 0.25 N
Type Ferritic
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p357-358, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 120 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 53. COMPOSITION OF STAINLESS (SHEET 5 OF 8)
STEELS
Composition (%) UNS Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
P
S
Others
403 410
S40300 S41000
0.15 0.15
1.00 1.00
0.50 1.00
11.5–13.0 11.5–13.0
— —
0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
—
414 416 416Se 420
S41400 S41600 S41623 S42000
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 min
1.00 1.25 1.25 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
11.5–13.5 12.0–14.0 12.0–14.0 12.0–14.0
1.25–2.50 — — —
0.04 0.04 0.06 0.04
0.03 0.03 0.06 0.03
— 0.6 Mo(c) 0.15 Se min —
420F
S42020
0.15 min
1.25
1.00
12.0–14.0
—
0.06
0.15 min
422
S42200
0.2–0.25
1.00
0.75
11.0–13.0
0.5–1.0
0.025
0.025
431 440A
S43100 S44002
0.20 0.60–0.75
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
15.0–17.0 16.0–18.0
1.25–2.50 —
0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
0.6Mo(c) 0.75–1.25 Mo;0.75–1.25 W; 0.15–0.3 V — 0.75 Mo
Type Martensitic
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p357-358, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 121 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 53. COMPOSITION OF STAINLESS (SHEET 6 OF 8)
STEELS
Composition (%) Type
UNS Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
P
S
Others
440B 440C 501 501A
S44003 S44004 S50100 S50300
0.75–0.95 0.95–1.20 0.10 min 0.15
1.00 1.00 1.00 0.30–0.60
1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50–1.00
16.0–18.0 16.0–18.0 4.0–6.0 6.0–8.0
— — — —
0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
0.75 Mo 0.75 Mo 0.40–0.65Mo 0.45–0.65Mo
501B 502 503 504
S50400 S50200 S50300 S50400
0.15 0.10 0.15 0.15
0.30–0.60 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.50–1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
8.0–10.0 4.0–6.0 6.0–8.0 8.0–10.0
— — — —
0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04
0.9–1.1 Mo 0.40–4.65Mo 0.45–0.65Mo 0.9–1.1 Mo
PH 13–8Mo
S13800
0.05
0.10
0.10
12.25–13.25
7.5–8.5
0.01
0.008
2.0–2.5 Mo; 0.90–1.35 Al; 0.01 N
15–5 PH
S15500
0.07
1.00
1.00
14.0–15.5
3.5–5.5
0.04
0.03
2.5–4.5 Cu;0.15–0.45 Nb+Ta
Precipitation– hardening
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p357-358, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 122 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 53. COMPOSITION OF STAINLESS (SHEET 7 OF 8)
STEELS
Composition (%) Type
UNS Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
P
S
Others
17–4 PH
S17400
0.07
1.00
1.00
15.5–17.5
3.0–5.0
0.04
0.03
17–7 PH
S17700
0.09
1.00
1.00
16.0–18.0
6.5–7.75
0.04
0.03
3.0–5.0 Cu;0.15–0.45 Nb+Ta 0.75–1.5 Al
414 416 416Se 420
S41400 S41600 S41623 S42000
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 min
1.00 1.25 1.25 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
11.5–13.5 12.0–14.0 12.0–14.0 12.0–14.0
1.25–2.50 — — —
0.04 0.04 0.06 0.04
0.03 0.03 0.06 0.03
— 0.6 Mo(c) 0.15 Se min —
420F
S42020
0.15 min
1.25
1.00
12.0–14.0
—
0.06
0.15 min
422
S42200
0.2–0.25
1.00
0.75
11.0–13.0
0.5–1.0
0.025
0.025
431 440A
S43100 S44002
0.20 0.60–0.75
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
15.0–17.0 16.0–18.0
1.25–2.50 —
0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
0.6Mo(c) 0.75–1.25 Mo;0.75–1.25 W; 0.15–0.3 V — 0.75 Mo
440B 440C 501 501A
S44003 S44004 S50100 S50300
0.75–4.95 0.95–1.20 0.10 min 0.15
1.00 1.00 1.00 0.30–0.60
1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50–1.00
16.0–18.0 16.0–18.0 4.0–6.0 6.0–8.0
— — — —
0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
0.75 Mo 0.75 Mo 0.40–0.65Mo 0.45–0.65Mo
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p357-358, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 123 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 53. COMPOSITION OF STAINLESS (SHEET 8 OF 8)
STEELS
Composition (%) Type
UNS Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
P
S
Others
501B 502 503 504
S50400 S50200 S50300 S50400
0.15 0.10 0.15 0.15
0.30–0.60 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.50–1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
8.0–10.0 4.0–6.0 6.0–8.0 8.0–10.0
— — — —
0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04
0.9–1.1 Mo 0.40–4.65Mo 0.45–0.65Mo 0.9–1.1 Mo
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p357-358, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 124 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 54. COMPOSITION OF
WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS * (SHEET 1 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
C10100 Oxygen-free electronic C10200 Oxygen-free copper C10300 Oxygen-free extra-low phosporus C10400, C10500, C10700 Oxygen-free, silver-bearing
99.99 Cu 99.95 Cu 99.95 Cu, 0.003 P 99.95 Cu(b)
F, R, W, T, P, S F, R, W, T, P, S F, R, T, P, S F, R, W, S
C10800 Oxygen-free, low phosporus CS11000 Electrolytic tough pitch copper C11100 Electrolytic tough pitch, anneal resistant C11300, C11400, C11500, C11600 Silver-bearing tough pitch copper
99.95 Cu, 0.009 P 99.90 Cu, 0.04 O 99.90 Cu, 0.04 O, 0.01 Cd 99.90 Cu, 0.04 O, Ag(c)
F, R, T, P F, R, W, T, P, S W F, R, W, T, S
C12000, C12100 C12200 Phosphorus deoxidized copper, high residual phosphorus C12500, C12700, C12800, C12900, C13000 Fire-refined tough pitch with silver C14200 Phosphorus deoxidized, arsenical
99.9 Cu(d) 99.90 Cu, 0.02 P 99.88 Cu(e) 99.68 Cu, 0.3 As, 0.02 P
F, T, P F, R, T, P F, R, W, S F, R, T
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 125 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 54. COMPOSITION OF
WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS * (SHEET 2 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
C19200 C14300 C14310 C14500 Phosphorus deoxidized, tellurium bearing
98.97 Cu, 1.0 Fe, 0.03 P 99.9 Cu, 0.1 Cd 99.8 Cu, 0.2 Cd 99.5 Cu, 0.50 Te, 0.008 P
F, T F F F, R, W, T
C14700 Sulfur bearing C15000 Zirconium copper C15500 C15710
99.6 Cu, 0.40 S 99.8 Cu, 0.15 Zr 99.75 Cu, 0.06 P, 0.11 Mg, Ag(f) 99.8 Cu, 0.2 Al2O3
R, W R, W F R, W
C15720 C15735 C15760 C16200 Cadmium copper
99.6 Cu, 0.4 Al2O3 99.3 Cu, 0.7 Al2O3 98.9 Cu, 1.1 Al2O3 99.0 Cu, 1.0 Cd
F, R R F, R F, R, W
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 126 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 54. COMPOSITION OF
WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS * (SHEET 3 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
C16500 C17000 Beryllium copper C17200 Beryllium copper C17300 Beryllium copper
98.6 Cu, 0.8 Cd, 0.6 Sn 99.5 Cu, 1.7 Be, 0.20 Co 99.5 Cu, 1.9 Be , 0.20 Co 99.5 Cu, 1.9 Be, 0.40 Pb
F, R, W F, R F, R, W, T, P, S R
C17500 Copper-cobalt-beryllium alloy C18200, C18400, C18500 Chromium copper C18700 leaded copper C18900
99.5 Cu, 2.5 Co, 0.6 Be 99.5 Cu(g) 99.0 Cu, 1.0 Pb 98.75 Cu, 0.75 Sn, 0.3 Si, 0.20 Mn
F, R F, W, R, S, T R R, W
C19000 Copper-nickel-phosphorus alloy C19100 Copper-nickel-phosphorus-tellurium alloy C19400
98.7 Cu, 1.1 Ni, 0.25 P 98.15 Cu, 1.1 Ni, 0.50 Te, 0.25 P 97.5 Cu, 2.4 Fe, 0.13 Zn, 0.03 P
F, R, W R, F F
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 127 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 54. COMPOSITION OF
WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS * (SHEET 4 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
C19500 C21000 Gilding, 95% C22000 Commercial bronze, 90% C22600 Jewelry bronze, 87.5%
97.0 Cu, 1.5 Fe, 0.6 Sn, 0.10 P, 0.80 Co 95.0 Cu, 5.0 Zn 90.0 Cu, 10.0 Zn 87.5 Cu, 12.5 Zn
F F, W F, R, W, T F, W
C23000 Red brass, 85% C24000 Low brass, 80% C26000 Cartridge brass, 70% C26800, C27000 Yellow brass
85.0 Cu, 15.0 Zn 80.0 Cu, 20.0 Zn 70.0 Cu, 30.0 Zn 65.0 Cu, 35.0 Zn
F, W, T, P F, W F, R, W, T F, R, W
C28000 Muntz metal C31400 Leaded commercial bronze C31600 Leaded commercial bronze, nickel-bearing C33000 Low-leaded brass tube
60.0 Cu, 40.0 Zn 89.0 Cu, 1.75 Pb, 9.25 Zn 89.0 Cu, 1.9 Pb, 1.0 Ni, 8.1 Zn 66.0 Cu, 0.5 Pb, 33.5 Zn
F, R, T F, R F, R T
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 128 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 54. COMPOSITION OF
WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS * (SHEET 5 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
C33200 High-leaded brass tube C33500 Low-leaded brass C34000 Medium-leaded brass C34200 High-leaded brass
66.0 Cu, 1.6 Pb, 32.4 Zn 65.0 Cu, 0.5 Pb, 34.5 Zn 65.0 Cu, 1.0 Pb, 34.0 Zn 64.5 Cu, 2.0 Pb, 33.5 Zn
T F F, R, W, S F, R
C34900 C35000 Medium-leaded brass C35300 High-leaded brass C35600 Extra-high-leaded brass
62.2 Cu, 0.35 Pb, 37.45 Zn 62.5 Cu, 1.1 Pb, 36.4 Zn 62.0 Cu, 1.8 Pb, 36.2 Zn 63.0 Cu, 2.5 Pb, 34.5 Zn
R, W F, R F, R F
C36000 Free-cutting brass C36500 to C36800 Leaded Muntz metal C37000 Free-cutting Muntz metal C37700 Forging brass
61.5 Cu, 3.0 Pb, 35.5 Zn 60.0 Cu(h), 0.6 Pb, 39.4 Zn 60.0 Cu, 1.0 Pb, 39.0 Zn 59.0 Cu, 2.0 Pb, 39.0 Zn
F, R, S F T R, S
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 129 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 54. COMPOSITION OF
WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS * (SHEET 6 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
C38500 Architectural bronze C40500 C40800 C41100
57.0 Cu, 3.0 Pb, 40.0 Zn 95 Cu, 1 Sn, 4 Zn 95 Cu, 2Sn, 3 Zn 91 Cu, 0.5 Sn, 8.5 Zn
R, S F F F, W
C41300 C41500 C42200 C42500
90.0 Cu, 1.0 Sn, 9.0 Zn 91 Cu, 1.8 Sn, 7.2 Zn 87.5 Cu, 1.1 Sn, 11.4 Zn 88.5 Cu, 2.0 Sn, 9.5 Zn
F, R, W F F F
C43000 C43400 C43500 C44300, C44400, C44500 Inhibited admiralty
87.0 Cu, 2.2 Sn, 10.8 Zn 85.0 Cu, 0.7 Sn, 14.3 Zn 81.0 Cu, 0.9 Sn, 18.1 Zn 71.0 Cu, 28.0 Zn, 1.0 Sn
F F F, T F, W, T
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 130 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 54. COMPOSITION OF
WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS * (SHEET 7 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
C46400 to C46700 Naval brass C48200 Naval brass, medium-leaded C48500 Leaded naval brass C50500 Phosphor bronze, 1.25% E
60.0 Cu, 39.25 Zn, 0.75 Sn 60.5 Cu, 0.7 Pb, 0.8 Sn, 38.0 Zn 60.0 Cu, 1.75 Pb, 37.5 Zn, 0.75 Sn 98.75 Cu, 1.25 Sn, trace P
F, R, T, S F, R, S F, R, S F, W
C51000 Phosphor bronze, 5% A C51100 C52100 Phosphor bronze, 8% C C52400 Phosphor bronze, 10% D
95.0 Cu, 5.0 Sn, trace P 95.6 Cu, 4.2 Sn, 0.2 P 92.0 Cu, 8.0 Sn, trace P 90.0 Cu, 10.0 Sn, trace P
F, R, W, T F F, R, W F, R, W
C54400 Free-cutting phosphor bronze C60800 Aluminum bronze, 5% C61000 C61300
88.0 Cu, 4.0 Pb, 4.0 Zn, 4.0 Sn 95.0 Cu, 5.0 Al 92.0 Cu, 8.0 Al 92.65 Cu, 0.35 Sn, 7.0 Al
F, R T R, W F, R, T, P, S
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 131 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 54. COMPOSITION OF
WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS * (SHEET 8 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
C61400 Aluminum bronze, D C61500 C61800 C61900
91.0 Cu, 7.0 Al, 2.0 Fe 90.0 Cu, 8.0 Al, 2.0 Ni 89.0 Cu, 1.0 Fe, 10.0 Al 86.5 Cu, 4.0 Fe, 9.5 Al
F, R, W, T, P, S F R F
C62300 C62400 C62500 C63000
87.0 Cu, 10.0 Al, 3.0 Fe 86.0 Cu, 3.0 Fe, 11.0 Al 82.7 Cu, 4.3 Fe, 13.0 Al 82.0 Cu, 3.0 Fe, 10.0 Al, 5.0 Ni
F, R F, R F, R F, R
C63200 C63600 C63800 C64200
82.0 Cu, 4.0 Fe, 9.0 Al, 5.0 Ni 95.5 Cu, 3.5 Al, 1.0 Si 99.5 Cu, 2.8 Al, 1.8 Si, 0.40 Co 91.2 Cu, 7.0 Al
F, R R, W F F, R
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 132 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 54. COMPOSITION OF
WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS * (SHEET 9 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
C65100 Low-silicon bronze, B C65500 High-silicon bronze, A C66700 Manganese brass C67400
98.5 Cu, 1.5 Si 97.0 Cu, 3.0 Si 70.0 Cu, 28.8 Zn, 1.2 Mn 58.5 Cu, 36.5 Zn, 1.2 Al, 2.8 Mn, 1.0 Sn
R, W, T F, R, W, T F, W F, R
C67500 Manganese bronze, A C68700 Aluninum brass, arsenical C68800 C69000
58.5 Cu, 1.4 Fe, 39.0 Zn, 1.0 Sn, 0.1 Mn 77.5 Cu, 20.5 Zn, 2.0 Al, 0.1 As 73.5 Cu, 22.7 Zn, 3.4 Al, 0.40 Co 73.3 Cu, 3.4 Al, 0.6 Ni, 22.7 Zn
R, S T F F
C69400 Silicon red brass C70400 C70600 Copper nickel, 10% C71000 Copper nickel, 20%
81.5 Cu, 14.5 Zn, 4.0 Si 92.4 Cu, 1.5 Fe, 5.5 Ni, 0.6 Mn 88.7 Cu, 1.3 Fe, 10.0 Ni 79.0 Cu, 21.0 Ni
R F, T F, T F, W, T
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 133 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 54. COMPOSITION OF
WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS * (SHEET 10 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
C71500 Copper nickel, 30% C71700 C72500 C73500
70.0 Cu, 30.0 Ni 67.8 Cu, 0.7 Fe, 31.0 Ni, 0.5 Be 88.20 Cu, 9.5 Ni, 2.3 Sn 72.0 Cu, 18.0 Ni , 10.0 Zn
F, R, T F, R, W F, R, W, T F, R, W, T
C74500 Nickel silver, 65-10 C75200 Nickel silver, 65-18 C75400 Nickel silver, 65-15 C75700 Nickel silver, 65-12
65.0 Cu, 25.0 Zn, 10.0 Ni 65.0 Cu, 17.0 Zn, 18.0 Ni 65.0 Cu, 20.0 Zn, 15.0 Ni 65.0 Cu, 23.0 Zn, 12.0 Ni
F, W F, R, W F F, W
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 134 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 54. COMPOSITION OF
WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS * (SHEET 11 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
C76200 C77000 Nickel silver, 55-18 C72200 C78200 Leaded nickel silver, 65-8-2
59.0 Cu, 29.0 Zn, 12.0 Ni 55.0 Cu, 27.0 Zn, 18.0 Ni 82.0 Cu, 16.0 Ni, 0.5 Cr, 0.8 Fe, 0.5 Mn 65.0 Cu, 2.0 Pb, 25.0 Zn, 8.0 Ni
F, T F, R, W F, T F
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993). *
(a) F, flat products; R, rod; W, wire; T, tube; P, pipe; S, shapes. (b) C10400, 8 oz/ton Ag, C10500, 10 oz/ton C10700, 25 oz/ton . (c) C11300, 8 oz/ton Ag, C11400,10 oz/ton, C11500, 16 oz/ton C11600, 25 oz/ton (d) C12000, 0.008 P; C12100, 0.008 P and 4 oz/ton Ag; (e) C12700, 8 oz/ton Ag; C12800,10 oz/ton; C12900,16 oz/ton; C13000, 25 oz/ton. (f) 8.30 oz/ton Ag. (g) C18200, 0.9 Cr, C18400, 0.9 Cr; C18500, 0.7 Cr (h) Rod, 61.0 Cu min.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 135 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 55. CLASSIFICATION OF
COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS
Family
Wrought Alloys UNS Numbers
Principal Alloying Element
Coppers, high copper alloys Brasses Phosphor bronzes Aluminum bronzes
C10000 C20000, C30000, C40000, C66400 to C69800 C50000 C60600 to C64200
< 8 at % Zn Sn Al
Silicon bronzes Copper nickels, nickel silvers
C64700 to C66100 C70000
Si Ni
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p439, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 136 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 56. COMPOSITION
RANGES FOR CAST ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 3) Composition, (%)
AA Number
Cu
Mg
Mn
Si
Others
201.0 206.0 A206.0 208.0
4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0
0.35 0.25 0.25 —
0.35 0.35 0.35 —
— 0.10 (max) 0.05 (max) 3.0
0.7 Ag, 0.25 Ti 0.22 Ti, 0.15 Fe (max) 0.22 Ti, 0.10 Fe (max) —
242.0 295.0 296.0 308.0
4.0 4.5 4.5 4.5
1.5 — — —
— — — —
0.8 2.5 5.5
319.0 336.0 354.0 355.0
3.5 1.0 1.8 1.2
— 1.0 0.50 0.50
—
C355.0 356.0
1.2 0.25 (max)
0.50 0.32
2.0 Ni — —
— 0.50 (max)
6.0 12.0 9.0 5.0
— 2.5 Ni — 0.6 Fe (max), 0.35 Zn (max)
0.10 (max) 0.35 (max)
5.0 7.0
0.20 Fe (max), 0.10 Zn (max) 0.6 Fe (max), 0.35 Zn (max)
Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.303 (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 137 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 56. COMPOSITION
RANGES FOR CAST ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 3) Composition, (%)
AA Number
Cu
Mg
Mn
Si
Others
A356.0 357.0
0.20 (max) —
0.35 0.50
0.10 (max) —
7.0 7.0
0.20 Fe (max), 0.10 Zn (max) —
A357.0 359.0 360.0 A360.0
— — — —
0.6 0.6 0.50 0.50
— — —
7.0 9.0 9.5 9.5
0.15 Ti, 0.005 Be — 2.0 Fe (max) 1.3 Fe (max)
380.0 A380.0 383.0 384.0
3.5 3.5 2.5 3.8
— — —
— — — —
8.5 8.5 10.5 11.2
2.0 Fe (max) 1.3 Fe (max) — 3.0 Zn (max)
A384.0 390.0 A390.0 413.0
3.8 4.5 4.5 —
— 0.6 0.6 —
— — — —
11.2 17.0 17.0 12.0
1.0 Zn (max) 1.3 Zn (max) 0.5 Zn (max) 2.0 Fe (max)
Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.303 (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 138 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 56. COMPOSITION
RANGES FOR CAST ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 3 OF 3) Composition, (%)
AA Number
Cu
Mg
Mn
Si
Others
A413.0 4430 A443.0 B443.0
0.6 (max) 0.30 (max) 0.15 (max)
— — — —
— — — —
12.0 5.2 5.2 5.2
1.3 Fe (max) — — —
C443.0 514.0 518.0 520.0
0.6 (max) — — —
— 4.0 8.0 10.0
— — — —
5.2 —
2.0 Fe (max) —
—
—
535.0 A535.0 B535.0 712.0
— — —
6.8 7.0 7.0 0.6
0.18 0.18 — —
— — — —
0.18 Ti — 0.18 Ti 5.8 Zn, 0.5 Cr, 0.20 Ti
713.0 771.0 850.0
0.7 — 1.0
0.35 0.9 —
— — —
— — —
7.5 Zn, 0.7 Cu 7.0 Zn, 0.13 Cr, 0.15 Ti 6.2 Sn, 1.0 Ni
Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.303 (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 139 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 57. COMPOSITION
RANGES FOR WROUGHT ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 3)
AA
Composition (%)
Number
Al
Si
Cu
Mn
Mg
Cr
Zn
Other
1060 1100 2011 2014
99.60 min 99.00 min 93.7 93.5
— — — 0.8
— 0.12 5.5 4.4
— — — 0.8
— — — 0.5
— — — —
— — — —
— — 0.4Bi; 0.4Pb —
2024 2219 2319 2618
93.5 93.0 93.0 93.7
— — — 0.18
4.4 6.3 6.3 2.3
0.6 0.3 0.3 —
1.5 — — 1.6
— — — —
— — — —
— 0.06Ti; 0.10V; 0.18Zr 0.18Zn, 0.15Ti; 0.10V 1.1Fe; 1.0Ni; 0.07Ti
3003 3004 3105
98.6 97.8 99.0
— —
— — —
0.12 1.2 0.55
1.2 1.0 0.50
— — —
— — —
— — —
4032 4043
85.0 94.8
12.2 5.2
0.9 —
—
1.0 —
— —
— —
0.9Ni —
Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.292, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 140 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 57. COMPOSITION
RANGES FOR WROUGHT ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 3)
AA
Composition (%)
Number
Al
Si
Cu
Mn
Mg
Cr
Zn
Other
5005 5050 5052 5056
99.2 98.6 97.2 95.0
— — — —
— — — —
— — — 0.12
0.8 1.4 2.5 5.0
— — 0.25 0.12
— — — —
— — — —
5083 5086 5154 5182
94.7 95.4 96.2 95.2
— — — —
— — — —
0.7 0.4 — 0.35
4.4 4.0 3.5 4.5
0.15 0.15 0.25 —
— — — —
— — — —
5252 5254 5356 5454
97.5 96.2 94.6 96.3
— — —
— — — —
— — 0.12 0.8
2.5 3.5 5.0 2.7
— 0.25 0.12 0.12
— — — —
— — 0.13Ti —
5456 5457 5652 5657
93.9 98.7 97.2 99.2
— — — —
— — — —
0.8 0.3 — —
5.1 1.0 2.5 0.8
0.12 — 0.25 —
— — — —
— — — —
Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.292, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 141 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 57. COMPOSITION
RANGES FOR WROUGHT ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 3 OF 3)
AA
Composition (%)
Number
Al
Si
Cu
Mn
Mg
Cr
Zn
Other
6005 6009 6010 6061
98.7 97.7 97.3 97.9
0.8 0.8 1.0 0.6
— 0.35 0.35 0.28
— 0.5 0.5 —
0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0
— — — 0.2
— — — —
— — — —
6063 6066 6070 6101
98.9 95.7 96.8 98.9
0.4 1.4 1.4 0.5
— 1.0 0.28 —
— 0.8 0.7 —
0.7 1.1 0.8 0.6
— — — —
— — — —
— — — —
6151 6201 6205
98.2 98.5 98.4
0.9 0.7 0.8
— — —
— — 0.1
0.6 0.8 0.5
0.25 — 0.1
— — —
— — 0.1Zr
7049 7075
88.2 90.0
— —
1.5 1.6
— —
2.5 2.5
0.15 0.23
7.6 5.6
— —
Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.292, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 142 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 58. COMPOSITION OF
TIN AND TIN ALLOYS
Grade
Composition (% max)
ASTM B339
Designation
Class
Sn
Sb
As
Bi
Cd
Cu
Fe
Pb
Ni + Co
S
Zn
AAA
Electrolytic
Extra-high purity
99.98
0.008
0.0005
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.010
0.005
0.002
0.001
AA
Electrolytic
High purity
99.95
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.005
A
A. Straits
High purity; commercial
99.80
0.04
0.05
0.015
0.001
0.04
0.015
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.005
B
B
General purpose
99.80
—
0.05
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
C
C
Intermediate grade
99.65
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
D
D
Lower intermediate grade
99.50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
E
E
Common
99.00
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p488, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 143 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 59. COMPOSITIONS OF
ACI HEAT-RESISTANT CASTING ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 2) Composition (%) †
ACI Designation
UNS Number
HC HD HE HF
J92605 J93005 J93403 J92603
HH HI HK HL HN HP HT HU
ASTM specification
*
C
Cr
Ni
Si (max)
Mn
P&S
Mb
A297, A608 A297, A608 A297, A608 A297, A608
0.50 max 0.50 max 0.20 to 0.50 0.20 to 0.40
26 to 30 26 to 30 26 to 30 19 to 23
4 max 4 to 7 8 to 11 9 to 12
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
1 1.5 2 2
0.04 max 0.04 max 0.04 max 0.04 max
0.5 max 0.5 max 0.5 max 0.5 max
J93503 J94003 J94224 J94604
A297, A608 A297, A567, A608 A297, A351, A567, A608 A297, A608
0.20 to 0.50 0.20 to 0.50 0.20 to 0.60 0.20 to 0.60
24 to 28 26 to 30 24 to 28 28 to 32
11 to 14 14 to 18 18 to 22 18 to 22
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
2 2 2 2
0.04 max 0.04 max 0.04 max 0.04 max
0.5 max 0.5 max 0.5 max 0.5 max
J94213 — J94605 —
A297, A608 A297 A297,A351,A567,A608 A297, A608
0.20 to 0.50 0.35 to 0.75 0.35 to 0.75 0.35 to 0.75
19 to 32 24 to 28 13 to17 17 to 21
23 to 27 33 to 37 33 to37 37 to 41
2.00 2.00 2.50 2.50
2 2 2 2
0.04 max 0.04 max 0.04 max 0.04 max
0.5 max 0.5 max 0.5 max 0.5 max
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p384, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Other
0.2 N max
4.1 Composition L Page 144 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 59. COMPOSITIONS OF
ACI HEAT-RESISTANT CASTING ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 2) Composition (%) †
ACI Designation
UNS Number
HW HX
— —
ASTM specification A297, A608 A297, A608
*
C
Cr
Ni
Si (max)
Mn
P&S
Mb
0.35 to 0.75 0.35 to 0.75
10 to 14 15 to 19
58 to 62 64 to 68
2.50 2.50
2 2
0.04 max 0.04 max
0.5 max 0.5 max
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p384, (1993). *
ASTM designations are same as ACI designations.
†
Rem Fe in all compositions.
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Other
4.1 Composition L Page 145 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 60. COMPOSITION OF
ZINC DIE CASTING ALLOYS Composition (% max)
Alloy
Form
Cu
Al
Mg
Pb
Cd
Sn
Fe
Others
Zn
AG40A AC41A Alloy 7
Ingot Die castings Ingot
0.10 0.25 to 0.75 0.75 to 1.25
3.9 to 4.3 3.5 to 4.3 3.9 to 4.3
0.025 to 0.05 0.020 to 0.05(a) 0.03 to 0.06
0.004 0.005 0.004
0.003 0.004 0.003
0.002 0.003 0.002
0.075 0.100 0.075
Ni 0.02, Cr 0.02, Si 0.035, Mn 0.5 Ni 0.02, Cr 0.02, Si 0.035, Mn 0.5 Ni 0.02, Cr 0.02, Si 0.035, Mn 0.5
rem rem rem
ILZRO 16
Die castings Die castings
0.75 to 1.25 0.25
3.5 to 4.3 3.5 to 4.3
0.03 to 0.08(a) 0.010 to 0.02
0.005 0.0020
0.004 0.0020
0.003 0.0010
0.100 0.050
rem rem
Die castings
1.0 to 1.5
0.01 to 0.04
—
—
—
—
Ni 0.02, Cr 0.02, Si 0.035, Mn 0.5 — Ti 0.15–0.25, Cr 0.10–0.20, Ti + Cr 0.30–0.40
(a) Magnesium content may be as low as 0.015% provided that lead, cadmium and tin contents do not exceed 0.003. 0.003 and 0.001%, respectively. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p490, (1993).
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rem
4.1 Composition L Page 146 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 61. COMPOSITIONS OF WROUGHT (SHEET 1 OF 2)
SUPERALLOYS
Composition (%) Alloy
UNS number
Cr
Ni
Co
Mo
W
Nb
Ti
Al
Fe
C
Other
Astroloy D–979 IN 102 Inconel 706
— N09979 N06102 N09706
15.0 15.0 15.0 16.0
56.5 45.0 67.0 41.5
15.0 — — —
5.25 4.0 2.9 —
— 4.0 3.0 —
— — 2.9 —
3.5 3.0 0.5 1.75
4.4 1.0 0.5 0.2
<0.3 27.0 7.0 37.5
0.06 0.05 0.06 0.03
0.03 B; 0.06 Zr 0.01 B 0.005 B; 0.02 Mg; 0.03 Zr 2.9(Nb+Ta); 0.15 Cu max
Inconel 718 Inconel 751 Inconel X750 M252
N07718 — N07750 N07252
19.0 15.5 15.5 19.0
52.5 72.5 73.0 56.5
— — — 10.0
3.0 — — 10.0
— — — —
5.1 1.0 1.0 —
0.9 2.3 2.5 2.6
0.5 1.2 0.7 1.0
18.5 7.0 7.0 <0.75
0.08 max 0.05 0.04 0.15
0.15 Cu max 0.25 Cu max 0.25 Cu max 0.005 B
Nimonic 80A Nimonic 90 Nimonic 95 Nimonic 100
N07080 N07090 — —
19.5 19.5 19.5 11.0
73.0 55.5 53.5 56.0
1.0 18.0 18.0 20.0
— — — 5.0
— — — —
— — — —
2.25 2.4 2.9 1.5
1.4 1.4 2.0 5.0
1.5 1.5 5.0 max 2.0 max
0.05 0.06 0.15 max 0.30 max
0.10 Cu max — +B; +Zr +B; +Zr
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p382-383, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 147 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 61. COMPOSITIONS OF WROUGHT (SHEET 2 OF 2)
SUPERALLOYS
Composition (%) Alloy
UNS number
Cr
Ni
Co
Mo
W
Nb
Ti
Al
Fe
C
Other
Nimonic 105 Nimonic 115 Nimonic 263 Pyromet 860
— — — —
15.0 15.0 20.0 13.0
54.0 55.0 51.0 44.0
20.0 15.0 20.0 4.0
5.0 4.0 5.9 6.0
— — — —
— — — —
1.2 4.0 2.1 3.0
4.7 5.0 0.45 1.0
— 1.0 0.7 max 28.9
0.08 0.20 0.06 0.05
0.005 B 0.04 Zr — 0.01 B
René 41 René 95 Udimet 500 Udimet 520
N07041 — N07500 —
19.0 14.0 19.0 19.0
55.0 61.0 48.0 57.0
11.0 8.0 19.0 12.0
10.0 3.5 4.0 6.0
— 3.5 — 1.0
— 3.5 — —
3.1 2.5 3.0 3.0
1.5 3.5 3.0 2.0
<0.3 <0.3 4.0 max —
0.09 0.16 0.08 0.08
0.01 B 0.01 B; 0.05 Zr 0.005 B 0.005 B
Udimet 700 Udimet 710 Unitemp AF2–1DA Waspaloy
— — — N07001
15.09 18.0 12.0 19.5
53.0 55.0 59.0 57.0
18.5 14.8 10.0 13.5
5.0 3.0 3.0 4.3
— 1.5 6.0 —
— — — —
3.4 5.0 3.0 3.0
4.3 2.5 4.6 1.4
<1.0 — <0.5 2.0 max
0.07 0.07 0.35 0.07
0.03 B 0.01 B 1.5 Ta; 0.015 B; 0.1 Zr 0.006 B; 0.09 Zr
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p382-383, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
4.1 Composition L Page 148 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 62. TYPICAL
COMPOSITION OF GLASS -CERAMICS Typical composition (wt %)
Glass–Ceramic
SiO2
Li2O
Al2O3
MgO
Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system Li2O-MgO-SiO2 system Li2O-ZnO-SiO2 system
74 65 73 58
4 — 11 23
16 19 — —
— 9 7 —
ZnO
B 2 O3
(nucleating agent)
P 2 O5 (nucleating agent)
— — — 16
— — 6 —
6 7 — —
— — 3 3
TiO2
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from P.C. McMillan, Glass-Ceramics, 2nd edition, Academic Press, (1979).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Shackelford, James F. & Alexander, W. “Phase Diagram Sources” Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001
5.0 Phase Diagrams Page 149 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
CHAPTER 3
Phase Diagram Sources
List of Tables
Phase Diagram Sources
©2001 CRC Press LLC
149
5.1 Phase Diagrams Page 150 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Phase Diagram Sources
Phase Diagrams are especially useful tools for the field of materials science and engineering. In the last decade, a substantial effort has been made within the materials community to provide a comprehensive set of accurate phase equilibria information. Cooperative efforts involving academia, industry, and government have been coordinated through the professional societies, ASM International and the American Ceramic Society. As a result, the following references are available and new updates will become available on a regular basis.
Table 63. PHASE Society
DIAGRAM SOURCES Source
American Ceramic Society
Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, Vols. 1-12, American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 1964, 1969, 1975, 1981, 1983, 1987, 1989, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1995, and 1996.
ASM International
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Second Edition, Vols. 1, 2 and 3, T.B. Massalski, et.al., ed., ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 1990.
ASM International
ASM Handbook, Vol. 3, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 1992.
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Shackelford, James F. & Alexander, W. “Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data” Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001
6.0 Thermodynamics Page 151 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
CHAPTER 4
List of Tables
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Bond Strengths Bond Strengths in Diatomic Molecules Bond Strengths of Polyatomic Molecules Solubility of Copper and Copper Alloys Heat of Formation of Inorganic Oxides Phase Change Phase Change Thermodynamic Properties for The Elements Phase Change Thermodynamic Properties of Oxides Melting Point Melting Points of the Elements Melting Points of Elements and Inorganic Compounds Melting Points Of Ceramics Heat of Fusion & Sublimation Heat of Fusion For Elements and Inorganic Compounds Heats of Sublimation of Metals and Their Oxides Thermodynamic Coefficients Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients Thermodynamic Coefficients for Selected Elements Thermodynamic Coefficients for Oxides Entropy Entropy of the Elements
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6.0 Thermodynamics Page 152 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data List of Tables (Continued)
Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure of the Elements at Very Low Pressures Vapor Pressure of the Elements at Moderate Pressures Vapor Pressure of the Elements at High Pressures Vapor Pressure of Elements and Inorganic Compounds Diffusion Values of The Error Function Diffusion in Metallic Systems Diffusion of Metals into Metals Diffusion in Semiconductors
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152
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6.1 Thermodynamics Page 153 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 1 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule H–H H–D D–D H–Li
104.207 105.030 106.010 56.91
± 0.001 ± 0.001 ± 0.001 ± 0.01
H–Be H–B H–C H–N
54 79 80.9 75
H–O H–F H–Na H–Mg
102.34 135.9 48 47
± 0.30 ± 0.3 ±5 ± 12
H–Al H–Si H–P H–S
68 71.4 82 82.3
±2 ± 1.2 ±7 ± 2.9
H–Cl H–K H–Ca H–Cr
103.1 43.8 40.1 67
H–Mn H–Ni H –Cu H–Zn
56 61 67 20.5
±7 ±7 ±2 ± 0.5
H –Ga H–Ge H–As H–Se
68 76.8 65 73
±5 ± 0.2 ±3 ±1
±1 ±4
± 3.5 ± 12
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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Shackelford & Alexander
153
6.1 Thermodynamics Page 154 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 2 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule H–Br H–Rb H–Sr H–Ag
87.4 40 39 59
± 0.5 ±5 ±2 ±1
H–Cd H–In H–Sn H–Te
16.5 59 63 64
± 0.1 ±2 ±1 ±1
H–I H–Cs H–Ba H–Yb
71.4 42.6 42 38
± 0.2 ± 0.9 ±4 ±1
H–Pt H–Au H–Hg H–Ti
84 75 9.5 45
±9 ±3
H–Pb H–Bi Li–Li Li–O
42 59 24.55 78
±5 ±7 ± 0.14 ±6
Li– F Li–Cl Li–Br Li–I
137.5 111.9 100.2 84.6
±1 ±2 ±2 ±2
Be–Be Be–0 Be–F Be–S
17 98 136 89
±7 ±2 ± 14
±2
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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6.1 Thermodynamics Page 155 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 3 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule Be–Cl Be–Au B–B B–N
92.8 ~ 67 ~ 67 93
± 2.2
B–0 B–F B–S B–Cl
192.7 180 138.8 119
± 1.2 ±3 ± 2.2
B–Se B–Br B–Ru B–Rh
110 101 107 114
±4 ±5 ±5 ±5
B–Pd B–Te B–Ce B–Ir
79 85 ~ 100 123
±5 ±5
B–Pt B–Au B–Th C–C
114 82 71 144
±4 ±4 ±5
C–N C–0 C–F C–Si
184 257.26 128 104
±1 ± 0.77 ±5 ±5
C–P C–S C–Cl C–Ti
139 175 93 ~128
± 23 ±7
±5 ± 12
±4
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
155
6.1 Thermodynamics Page 156 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 4 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule C–V C–Ge C–Se C–Br
133 110 139 67
±5 ± 23 ±5
C–Ru C–Rh C–I C–Ce
152 139 50 109
±3 ±2 ±5 ±7
C–Ir C–Pt C–U N–N
149 146 111 226.8
±3 ±2 ±7 ± 1.5
N–O N–F N–Al N–Si
150.8 62.6 71 105
± 0.2 ± 0.8 ± 23 ±9
N–P N–S N–Cl N–Ti
148 ~ 120 93 111
±5 ±6 ± 12
N–As N–Se N–Br N–Sb
116 105 67 72
± 23 ± 23 ±5 ± 12
N–I N–Xe N–Th N–U
~.38 55 138 127
±1 ±1
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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6.1 Thermodynamics Page 157 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 5 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule O–O O–F O–Na O–Mg
118.86 56 61 79
± 0.04 ±9 ±4 ±7
O–Al O–Si
116 184
±5 ±3
O–P O–S
119.6 124.69
±3 ± 0.03
O–Cl O–K O–Ca O–Sc
64.29 57 84 155
± 0.03 ±8 ±7 ±5
O–Ti O–V O–Cr O–Mn
158 154 110 96
±8 ±5 ± 10 ±8
O–Fe O–Co O–Ni O–Cu
96 88 89 82
±5 ±5 ±5 ± 15
O–Zn O–Ga O–Ge O–As
≤ 66 68 158.2 115
± 15 ±3 ±3
O–Se O–Br O–Rb O–Sr
101 56.2 (61) 93
± 0.6 ± 20 ±6
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
157
6.1 Thermodynamics Page 158 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 6 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule O–Y O–Zr O–Nb O–Mo
162 181 189 115
±5 ± 10 ± 10 ± 12
O–Ru O–Rh O–Pd O–Ag
115 90 56 51
± 15 ± 15 ±7 ± 20
O–Cd O–In O–Sn O–Sb
≤ 67 ≤ 77 127 89
±2 ± 20
O–Fe O–I O–Xe O–Cs
93.4 47 9 67
±2 ±7 ±5 ±8
O–Ba O–La O–Ce O–Pr
131 188 188 183.7
±6 ±5 ±6
O–Nd O–Sm O–Eu O–Gd
168 134 130 162
±8 ±8 ± 10 ±6
O–Tb O–Dy O–Ho O–Er
165 146 149 147
±8 ± 10 ± 10 ± 10
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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6.1 Thermodynamics Page 159 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 7 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule O–Tm O–Yb O–Lu O–Hf
122 98 159 185
± 15 ± 15 ±8 ± 10
O–Ta O–W O–Os O–Ir
183 156 < 142 ≤ 94
± 15 ±6
O–Pt O–Pb O–Bi O–Th
83 90.3 81.9 192
±8 ± 1.0 ± 1.5 ± 10
O–U O–Np O–Pu O–Cm
182 172 163 ≤ 134
±8 ±7 ± 15
F–F F–Na F–Mg F–Al
37.5 114 110 159:
± 2.3 ±1 ±1 ±3
F–Si F–P F–Cl F–K
116 105 59.9 118.9
± 12 ± 23 ± 0.1 ± 0.6
F–Ca F–Sc F–Ti F–Cr
125 141 136 104.5
±5 ±3 ±8 ± 4.7
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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159
6.1 Thermodynamics Page 160 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 8 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule F–Mn F–Ni F–Cu F–Ga
101.2 89 88 138
± 3.5 ±4 ±9 ±4
F–Ge F–Br F–Rb F–Sr
116 55.9 116.1 129.5
±5
F–Y Mg–I Mg–Au Al–Al
144 ~.68 59 44
Al–P Al–S Al–Cl Al–Br
52 79 119.0 103.1
Al–I Al–Au Al–U Si–Si
88 65 78 76
±7 ±5
Si–S Si–Cl Si–Fe Si–Co
148 105 71 66
±3 ± 12 ±6 ±4
Si–Ni Si–Ge Si–Se Si–Br
76 72 127 82
±4 ±5 ±4 ± 12
±1 ± 1.6 ±5 ± 23
±3 ±1
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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6.1 Thermodynamics Page 161 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 9 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule Si–Ru Si–Rh Si–Pd Si–Te
95 95 75 121
±5 ±5 ±4 ±9
Si–Ir Si–Pt Si–Au P–P
110 120 75 117
±5 ±5 ±3 ±3
F–Ag F–Cd F–In F–Sn
84.7 73 121 111.5
± 3.9 ±5 ±4 ±3
F–Sb F–I F–Xe F–Cs
105 67? 11 119.6
± 23
F–Ba F–Nd F–Sm F–Eu
140.3 130 126.9 126.1
± 1.6 ±3 ± 4.4 ± 4.4
F–Gd F–Hg F–Ti F–Pb
141. 31 106.4 85
± 46.5 ±9 ± 4.6 ±2
F–Bi F–Pu Na–Na Na–Cl
62 129 18.4 97.5
±1
±7 ± 0.5
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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161
6.1 Thermodynamics Page 162 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 10 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule Na–K Na–Br Na–Rb Na–I
15.2 86.7 14 72.7
± 0.7 ±1 ±1 ±1
Mg–Mg Mg–S Mg–Cl Mg–Br
8? 56? 76 75
±3 ± 23
P–S P–Ga P–W P–Th
70 56 73 90
S–S S–Ca S–Sc S–Mn
101.9 75 114 72
± 2.5 ±5 ±3 ±4
S–Fe S–Cu S–Zn S–Ge
78 72 49 131.7
± 12 ±3 ± 0.6
S–Se S–Sr S–Y S–Cd
91 75 127 48
±5 ±5 ±3
S–In S–Sn S–Te S–Ba
69 111 81 96
±4 ±1 ±5 ±5
±1
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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6.1 Thermodynamics Page 163 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 11 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule S–La S–Ce S–Pr S– Nd
137 137 122.7 113
±3 ±3
S–Eu S–Gd S–Ho S–Lu
87 126 102 121
±4 ±4 ±4 ±4
S–Au S–Hg S–Pb S–Bi
100 51 82.7 75.4
±6 ± 0.4 ± 1.1
S–U Cl–Cl Cl–K Cl–Ca
135 58.066 101.3 95
±2 ± 0.001 ± 0.5 ±3
Cl–Sc Cl–Ti Cl–Cr Cl–Mn
79 26 87.5 86.2
± 2 ± 5.8 ± 2.3
Cl–Fe Cl–Ni Cl–Cu Cl–Zn
84? 89 84 54.7
±5 ±6 ± 4.7
Cl–Ga Cl–Ge Cl–Br Cl–Rb
114.5 82? 52.3 100.7
± 0.2 ±1
±4
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 12 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule Cl–Sr Cl–Y Cl–Ag Cl–Cd
97 82 75 49.9
±3 ± 23 ±9
Cl–In CI–Sn Cl–Sb Cl–I
103.3 75? 86 50.5
± 12 ± 0.1
Cl–Cs Cl–Ba Cl–Au Cl–Hg
106.2 106 82 24
± 1 ±3 ± 2 ± 2
Cl–Ti Cl–Pb Cl–Bi Cl–Ra
89.0 72 72 82
± 0.5 ±7 ±1 ± 18
Ar–Ar K–K K–Br K–I
0.2 12.8 90.9 76.8
± 0.5 ± 0.5
Ca–I Ca–Au Sc–Sc Ti–Ti
70 18 25.9 34
± 23
V–V Cr–Cr Cr –Cu Cr–Ge
58 <37 37 41
±5
±5 ±5
±5 ±7
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 13 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule Cr–Br Cr–I Cr–Au Mn–Mn
78.4 68.6 51.3 4
±5 ± 5.8 ± 3.5 ±3
Mn–Se Mn–Br Mn–I Mn–Au
48 75.1 67.6 44
±3 ± 23 ± 2.3 ±3
Fe–Fe Fe–Ge Fe–Br Fe–Au
24 50 59 45
±5 ±7 ± 23 ±4
Co–Co Co–Cu Co–Ge Co–Au
40 39 57 51
±6 ±5 ±6 ±3
Ni–Ni Ni–Cu Ni–Ge Ni–Br
55.5 48 67.3 86
±5 ±5 ±4 ±3
Ni–I Ni–Au Cu–Cu Cu–Ge
70 59 46.6 49
±5 ±5 ± 2.2 ±5
Cu–Se Cu–Br Cu–Ag Cu–Sn
70 79 41.6 42.3
±9 ±65 ± 2.2 ±4
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 14 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule Cu–Te Cu–I Cu–Au Zn–Zn
42 47? 55.4 7
±9
Zn–Se Zn–Te Zn–I Ga–Ga
33 49? 33 3
±3
Ga–As Ga–Br Ga–Ag Ga–Te
50.1 101 4 60
± 0.3 ±4 ±3 ± 6
Ga–I Ga–Au Ge–Ge Ge–Se
81 51 65.8 114
±2 ± 23 ±3 ±
Ge–Br Ge–Te Ge–Au As–As
61 93 70 91.7
±7 ±2 ± 23
As–Se Se–Se Se–Cd Se–in
23 79.5 ~75 59
Se–Sn Se–Te Se–La Se–Nd
95.9 64 114 92
± 2.2
±7 ±3
± 0.1 ±4 ± 1.4 ±2 ±4 ±4
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 15 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule Se–Eu Se–Gd Se–Ho Se–Lu
72 103 80 100
±4 ±4 ±4 ±4
Se–Pb Se–Bi Bi–Br Br–Rb
72.4 67.0 46.336 90.4
±1 ± 1.5 ± 0.001 ±1
Br–Ag Br–Cd Br–In Bi–Sn
70 ~38 93 47
±7
Br–Sb Br–I Br–Cs Br–Hg
75 42.8 96.5 17.3
± 14 ± 0.1 ±1
Br–Ti Br–Pb Br–Bi Rb–Rb
79.8 59 63.9 12.2
± 0.4 ±9 ±1
Rb–I Sr–Au Y–Y Y–La
76.7 63 38.3 48.3
±1 ± 23
Pd–Pd Pd–Au Ag–Ag Ag–Sn
33? 34.2 41 32.5
± 23
±5 ±2 ±5
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 16 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule Ag–Te Ag–I Ag–Au Cd–Cd
70 56 48.5 2.7
± 23 ±7 ± 2.2 ± 0.2
Cd–I In–In In–Sb In–Te
33 23.3 36.3 52
±5 ± 2.5 ± 2.5 ±4
In–I Sn–Sn Sn–Te Sn–Au
80 46.7 76 58.4
±4 ±1 ±4
Sb–Sb Sb–Te Sb–Bi Te–Te
71.5 61 60 63.2
± 1.5 ±4 ±1 ± 0.2
Te–La Te–Nd Te–Eu Te–Gd
91 73 58 82
±4 ±4 ±4 ±4
Te–Ho Te–Lu Te–Au Te–Pb
62 78 59 60
±4 ±4 ± 16 ±3
Te–Bi I–I I–Cs I–Hg
56 36.460 82.4 9
±3 ± 0.002 ±1
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 17 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule I–Ti I–Pb I–Bi Xe–Xe
65 47 52 ~ 0.7
±2 ±9 ±1
Cs–Cs Ba–Au La–Ld La–Au
11.3 38 58.6 80
Ce–Ce Ce–Au Pr–Au Nd–Au
66 76 74 70
±1 ±4 ±5 ±6
Au–Au Au–Pb Au–U Hg–Hg
52.4 31 76 4.1
± 2.2 ± 23 ±7 ± 0.5
Hg–Tl Tl–Tl Pb–Pb Pb–Bi
1 15? 24 32
±5 ±5
± 14 ±5
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 64. BOND
STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 18 OF 18) kcal • mol-1
Molecule Bi–Bi Po–Po At–At Th–Th
45 44.4 19 <69
±2 ± 2.3
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–204. *
Notes for Table of Bond Strengths in Diatomic Molecules The strength of a chemical bond, D (R–X), often known as the bond dissociation energy, is defined as the heat of the reaction: RX –> R + X. It is given by: D(R–X) = ∆Ηf˚(R) + ∆Hf˚(X) – ∆Hf˚(RX). Some authors list bond strengths for 0K, but here the values for 298K are given because more thermodynamic data are available for this temperature. Bond strengths, or bond dissociation energies, are not equal to, and may differ considerable from, mean bond energies derived solely from thermochemical data on molecules and atoms. The values in this table have usually been measured spectroscopically or by mass spectrometric analysis of hot gases effusing from a Knudsen cell.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 65. BOND
STRENGTHS OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 1 OF 7) Kcal • mol -1
Molecule H–CH H–CH2 H–CH3 H–ethynyl
Value
Error
102
±2
110 104
±2 ±1
128
±5
H–vinyl H–C2H5 H–propargyl H–allyl
≥ 108
±2
98
±1
93.9 89
± 1.2 ±1
H–cyclopropyl H–n–C3H7
100.7
±1
98 95
±1 ±1
96.5
±1
97.4 83
± 1.6 ±1
95 92
±1 ± 1.2
81.2 80 119
± 1.2 ±1 ±1
103.6
±1
103.9 104.7 88 90
±1 ±1 ±5 ±2
H–i–C3H7 H–cyclobutyl H–cyclopropycarbinyl H–methdllyl H–s–C4H9 H–t–C4H9 H–cyclopentadien–1,3–yl–5 H–pentadien–1,4–yi–3 H–OH H–OCH3 H–OC2H5 H–OC(CH3)3 H–OC6H5 H–O2H To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184.
Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–213.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 65. BOND
STRENGTHS OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 2 OF 7) Kcal • mol -1
Molecule H–O2CCH3 H–O2CC2H3 H–O2Cn–C3H7 H–ONO H–ONO2 H–SH H–SCH H–SiH3 H–Si(CH3)3 BH3–BH3 HC=CH H2C=CH2 H3C–CH3 CH3–C(CH3)2CH:CH2 C6H5CH2–C2H5 C6H5CH(CH3)– CH3 C6H5CH2–n–C3H7 CH3–CH2CN CH3–C(CH3)2CN C6H5C(CH3 )(CN)–CH3 NC–CN C6H5CH2CO– CH2C6H5 C6H5CO– CF3 CH3CO– COCH3
Value
Error
112 110 103
±4 ±4 ±4
78.3
± 0.5
101.2
± 0.5
90 ≥ 88
±2
94
±3
90 35
±3
230
± 2
172
±2
88 69.4 69 71
±2
67 72.7 70.2 59.9
±2 ±2 ±2
128
±1
65.4 73.8 67.4
± 2.3
±2
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–213.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 65. BOND
STRENGTHS OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 3 OF 7) Kcal • mol -1
Molecule C6H5CH2– COOH C6H5CH2– O2CCH3 C6H5CO– COC6H5 C6H5CH2– O2CC6H5 (C6H5CH2)2CH–COOH CH2F–CH2F CF2=CF2 CF3–CF3 C6H5CH2–NH2 C6H5NH–CH3 C6H5CH2–NHCH3 C6H5N(CH2)–CH3 C6H5CH2–N(CH3)2 CF3–NF2 CH2 = N2 CH3N:N–CH3 C2H5N:N–C2H5 i –C3H7N:N–i –C3H7 n –C4H9N:N–n –C4H9 i –C4H9N:N–i –C4H9
Value
Error
68.1 67 66.4 69 59.4 88 76.3 96.9 71.9 67.7 68.7 65.2 60.9 65 ≤ 41.7 52.5
±2 ±3 ±2 ±1 ±1
±1 ± 2.5 ±1
50.0 47.5 50.0 49.0
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–213.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 65. BOND
STRENGTHS OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 4 OF 7) Kcal • mol -1
Molecule s –C4H9N:N–s –C4H9 t –C4H9N:N–t –C4H9 C6H5CH2N:N–C6H5CH2 CF3N:N–CF3 C2H5–NO2 O=CO CH3–O2SCH3 Allyl–O2SCH3 C6H5CH2–O2SCH3 C6H5S–CH3 C6H5CH2–SCH3 F–CH3 Cl–CN Cl–COC6H5 Cl–CF3 Cl–CCl2F Cl–C2F5 Br–CH3 Br–CN Br–COC6H5 Br–CF3 Br–CBr3 Br–C2F5 Br –n –C3F
Value
Error
46.7 43.5 37.6 55.2 62 127.2
± 0.1
66.8 49.6 52.9 60 53.8 103
±3
97
±1
74 86.1 73
±3 ± 0.8 ±2
82.7 70.0
± 1.7 ± 1.2
83
±1
64.2 70.6 56.2 68.7 66.5
± 1.0 ± 1.8 ± 1.5 ± 2.5
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–213.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 65. BOND
STRENGTHS OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 5 OF 7) Kcal • mol -1
Molecule
Value
Error
I–CH3 1–norbornyl I–CN I–CF3
56.3
±1
62.5 73
± 2.5 ±1
53.5
±2
CH3–Ga(CH3)2
59.5 54.4 57.5 43.7
±1
47.1 40.7 68 36.4
± 0.6
CH3–CdCH3 CH3–HgCH3 C2H5–HgC2H5 n –C3H7–Hg n –C3H7 i –C3H7–Hg i –C3H7 C6H5–HgC6H5 CH3 –Tl(CH3)2 CH3–Pb(CH3)3 NH2–NH2 NH2–NHCH3 NH2 –N(CH3)2 NH2 –NHC6H5 NO–NO2 NO2–NO2 NF2–NF2 O–N2 O–NO HO–N:CHCH3 Cl–NF2
49.4 70.8 64.8 62.7 51.1 9.5 12.9 21
±1 ±2
± 0.5 ± 0.5 ±1
40 73
49.7 ≈ 32
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–213.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 65. BOND
STRENGTHS OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 6 OF 7) Kcal • mol -1
Molecule HO–OH CH3O–OCH3 HO–OC(CH3)3 C2H5O–OC2H5 n –C3H7O–O n –C3H7 i –C3H7O–O i –C3H7 s –C4H9O–O s –C4H9 t –C4H9O–O t –C4H9 (CH3)3CCH2O–OCH2C(CH3)3 O–O2CIF CH3CO2–O2CCH3 C2H5CO2–O2CC2H5 n –C3H7CO2–O2Cn –C3H7 O–SO F–OCF3 Cl–OH O–ClO Br–OH I–OH ClO3–ClO4
Value
Error
51
±1
36.9 42.5 37.3
±1 ± 1.2
37.2 37.0 36.4 37.4
±1 ±1 ±1 ±1
36.4 58.4 30.4 30.4
±1
30.4
±2
±2 ±2
132
±2
43.5
± 0.5
60
±3
59 56 56
±3 ±3 ±3
58.4
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–213.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 65. BOND
STRENGTHS OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES * (SHEET 7 OF 7) Kcal • mol -1
Molecule
Value
Error
SiH3–SiH3
130 122 119 81
±5 ±5 ±5 ±4
(CH3)3Si–Si(CH3)3
80.5
O = PF3 O = PCl3 O = PBr3
To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184. Source: data from: Kerr, J. A., Parsonage, M. J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A. F., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F–213. *
The values refer to a temperature of 298 K and have mostly been determined by kinetic methods. Some have been calculated from formation of the species involved according to equations:
D(R–X) = ∆Hf˚ (R•) + ∆Hf˚(X•) – ∆Hf˚ (RX)
or
D(R–X) = 2∆Hf˚ (R•) – ∆Hf˚ (RR)
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Table 66. SOLUBILITY OF
COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS
Family
Wrought Alloys UNS Numbers
Principal Alloying Element
Solid Solubility at 20 °C (at. %)
Brasses Phosphor bronzes Aluminum bronzes
C20000, C30000, C40000, C66400 to C69800 C50000 C60600 to C64200
Zn Sn Al
37 9 19
Silicon bronzes Copper nickels, nickel silvers
C64700 to C66100 C70000
Si Ni
8 100
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p439, (1993).
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Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 1 OF 16)
Reaction 2 Ac(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = Ac2O3(c) 2 Al(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = Al2O(g) 2 Al(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = Al2O(g) Al(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = AlO(g) Al(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = AlO(g) 2 Al(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = Al2O3 (corundum) 2 Al(l) + 3/2 O2(g) = Al2O3 (corundum) 2 Sb(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = Sb2O3 (cubic) 2 Sb(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = Sb2O3 (orthorhombic) 2 As(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = As2O3 (orthorhombic) 2 As(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = As2O3 (monoclinic) 2 As(c) + 5/2 O2(g) = As2O5(c)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
298.16–1,000K 298.16–931.7K 931.7–2,000K 298.16–931.7K
–446,090 –31,660 –38,670 +10,740
–16.12 +14.97 +10.36 +5.76
– – – –
– – – –
+109.89 –72.74 –51.53 –37.61
931.7–2,000K 298.16–931.7K 931.7–2,000K 298.16–842K
+8,170 –404,080 –407,950 –169,450
+5.76 –15.68 –6.19 +6.12
– +2.18 –0.78 –6.01
– +3.935 +3.935 –0.30
–34.85 +123.64 +102.37 +52.21
298.16–903K 298.16–542K 298.16–586K 298.16–883K
–168,060 –154,870 –150,760 –217,080
+6.12 +29.54 +29.54 +12.32
–6.01 –21.33 –21.33 –4.65
–0.30 –0.30 –0.30 –0.50
+50.56 –8.83 –16.95 +80.50
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
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Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 2 OF 16)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
298.16–648K 648–977K 298.16–1,556K 298.16–544K
–134,590 –134,140 –144,220 –50,450
–7.60 –3.34 –1.91 –4.61
+0.87 –0.56 –0.46 –
+0.42 +0.42 +1.24 –
+45.76 +34.01 +30.64 +35.51
544–1,600K 298.16–544K 544–1,090K 298.16–723K
–52,920 –139,000 –142,270 –304,690
–4.61 –11.56 +2.30 +11.72
– +2.15 –3.25 –7.55
– –0.30 –0.30 +0.355
+40.05 +96.52 +67.55 +34.25
Ca(α) + 1/2 O2(g) = CaO(c)
298.16–723K 298.16–594K 594–1,038K 298.16–673K
–298,670 –62,330 –63,240 –151,850
+26.57 –2.05 +2.07 –6.56
–15.90 +0.71 –0.76 +1.46
–0.30 –0.10 –0.10 +0.68
–10.40 +29.17 +20.14 +43.93
Ca(β) + 1/2 O2(g) = CaO(c)
673–1,124K
–151,730
–4.14
+0.41
+0.68
+37.63
Reaction Ba(α) + 1/2 O2(g) = BaO(c) Ba(β) + 1/2 O2(g) = BaO(c) Be(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = BeO(c) Bi(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = BiO(c) Bi(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = BiO(c) 2 Bi(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = Bi2O3(c) 2 Bi(l) + 3/2 O2(g) = Bi2O3(c) 2 B(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = B2O(c) 2 B(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = B2O3(gl) Cd(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = CdO(c) Cd(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = CdO(c)
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
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Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 3 OF 16)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
298.16–2,000K 298.16–2,000K 298.16–1,048K
–25,400 –93,690 –435,600
+2.05 +1.63 –4.60
+0.27 –0.7 –
–1.095 –0.23 –
–28.79 –5.64 +92.84
1,048–1,900K 298.16–1,048K 1,048–2,000K 298.16–301.5K
–440,400 –245,490 –247,930 –75,900
–4.60 –6.42 +0.71 –
– +2.34 –0.66 –
– –0.20 –0.20 –
+97.42 +67.79 +51.73 +36.60
2 Cs(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = Cs2O3(c)
301.5–763K 763–963K 963–1,500K 298.16–301.5K
–76,900 –75,370 –113,790 –112,690
– –9.21 –23.03 –11.51
– – – –
– – – –
+39.92 +64.47 +145.60 +110.10
2 Cs(l) + 3/2 O2(g) = Cs2O3(c)
301.5–775K
–113,840
–12.66
–
–
+116.77
Reaction C(graphite) + 1/2 O2(g) = CO(g) C(graphite) + O2(g) = CO2(g) 2 Ce(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = Ce2O3(c) 2 Ce(l) + 3/2 O2(g) = Ce2O3(c) Ce(c) + O2(g) = CeO2(c) Ce(l) + O2(g) = CeO2(c) 2 Cs(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = Cs2O(c) 2 Cs(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = Cs2O(c) 2 Cs(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = Cs2O(l) 2 Cs(g) + 1/2 O2(g) = Cs2O(l)
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.2 Thermodynamics L Page 182 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 4 OF 16)
Reaction 2 Cs(l) + 3/2 O2(g) = Cs2O3(l) 2 Cs(g) + 3/2 O2(g) = Cs2O3(l) Cl2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) = Cl2O(g) 1/2 Cl2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) = ClO(g) 2 Cl2(g) + 3/2 O2(g) = ClO(g) 2 Cr(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = Cr2O3(β) 2 Cr(l) + 3/2 O2(g) = Cr2O3(β) Cr(c) + O2(g) = CrO2 (c) Cr(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = CrO3(c) Cr(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = Cr2O3(l)
Co(α,β) + 1/2 O2(g) = CoO(c) Co(γ) + 1/2 O2(g) = CoO(c)
2 Cu(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = Cu2O(c) 2 Cu(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = Cu2O(c)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
775–963K 963–1,500K 298.16–2,000K
–110,740 –148,680 +17,770
–26.48 –39.14 –0.71
– – –0.12
– – +0.49
+152.70 +229.87 +16.81
298.16–1,000K 298.16–500K 298.16–1,823K 1,823–2,000K
+33,000 +37,740 –274,670 –278,030
– +5.76 –14.07 +2.33
– – +2.01 –0.35
– – +0.69 +1.57
0.24 +21.42 +105.65 +58.29
298.16–1,000K 298.16–471K 471–600K 298.16–1,400K
–142,500 –141,590 –141,580 –56,910
– –13.82 –32.24 +0.69
– – – –
– – – –
+42.00 +103.90 +153.14 +16.03
1,400–1,763K 298.16–1,357K 1,357–1,502K
–58,160 +10,550 –43,880
–1.15 –1.15 +8.47
– –1.10 –2.60
– –0.10 –0.10
+22.71 +21.92 –3.72
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.2 Thermodynamics L Page 183 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 5 OF 16)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
2 Cu(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = Cu2O(l)
1,502–2,000K
–37,710
–12.48
+0.25
–0.10
+54.44
Cu(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = CuO(c)
298.16–1,357K 1,357–1,720K 1,720–2,000K 298.16–500K
–37,740 –39,410 –41,060 –2,160
–0.64 +4.17 –11.35 –10.36
–1.40 –2.15 +0.25 –
–0.10 –0.10 –0.10 –
+24.87 +12.05 +59.09 +95.14
298.16–2,000K 298.16–373.16K 298.16–2,000K 298.16–374.5K
–268,380 –70,600 –56,930 –72,760
–9.74 –18.26 +6.75 –18.10
–0.28 +0.64 –0.64 –
+1.54 –0.04 –0.08 –
+78.16 +91.67 –8.74 +93.59
298.16–2,000K 298.16–1,033K 1,033–1,179K
–58,970 –65,320 –62,380
+5.50 –11.26 +4.08
–0.75 +2.61 –0.75
+0.085 +0.44 +0.235
–3.74 +48.60 +3.00
Reaction
Cu(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = CuO(c) Cu(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = CuO(l) 2 Au(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = Au2O3(c) Hf(c) + O2(g) = HfO2 (monoclinic) H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) = H2O(l) H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) = H2O(g) D2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) = D2O(l)
D2(g) + 1 /2 O2(g) = D2O(g)
0.947 Fe(α) + 1/2 O2(g) = Fe0.9470(c)
0.947 Fe(α) + 1/2 O2(g) = Fe0.9470(c)
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.2 Thermodynamics L Page 184 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 6 OF 16)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
0.947 Fc(β) + 1/2 O2(g) = Fe0.9470(c)
1,179–1,650K
–66,750
–8.04
+0.67
–0.10
+42.28
0.947 Fe(γ) + 1/2 O2(g) = Fe0.9470(l)
1,650–1,674K 1,647–1,803K 1,803–2,000K 298.16–900K
–64,200 –59,650 –63,660 –268,310
–18.72 –6.84 –7.48 +5.87
+1.67 +0.25 +0.25 –12.45
–0.10 –0.10 –0.10 +0.245
+73.45 +34.81 +39.12 +73.11
900–1,033K 1,033–1,179K 1,179–1,674K 298.16–950K
–272,300 –262,990 –276,990 –200,000
–54.27 –5.71 ~4.05 –13.84
+11.65 +1.00 +5.50 –1.45
+0.245 –0.40 –0.40 +1.905
+233.52 +89.19 +213.52 +108.26
950–1,033K 1,033–1,050K 1,050–1,179K 1,179–1,674K
–202,960 –196,740 –193,200 –202,540
–42.64 –10.27 –0.39 –25.95
+7.85 +0.75 –0.13 +2.87
+0.13 –0.30 –0.30 –0.30
+188.48 +92.26 +59.96 +142.85
Reaction
0.947 Fe(γ) + 1/2 O2(g) = Fe0.9470(l)
0.947 Fe(δ) + 1/2 O2(g) = Fe0.9470(l)
3 Fe(α) + 2 O2(g) = Fe3O4(magnetite) 3 Fe(α) + 2 O2(g) = Fe3O4(β) 3 Fe(β) + 2 O2(g) = Fe3O4(β) 3 Fe(γ) + 2 O2(g) = Fe3O4(β)
2 Fe(α) + 3/2 O2(g) = Fe2O3(hematite) 2 Fe(α) + 3/2 O2(g) = Fe2O3(β) 2 Fe(β) + 3/2 O2(g) = Fe2O3(β) 2 Fe(β) + 3/2 O2(g) = Fe2O3(γ) 2 Fe(γ) + 3/2 O2(g) = Fe2O3(γ)
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.2 Thermodynamics L Page 185 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 7 OF 16)
Reaction 2 Fe(α) + 3/2 O2(g) = Fe2O3(γ) Pb(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = PbO (red) Pb(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = PbO (red) Pb(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = PbO (yellow) Pb(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = PbO (yellow) I2(c) + 5/2 O2(g) = I2O5(c) I2(l) + 5/2 O2(g) = I2O5(c) I2(g) + 5/2 O2(g) = I2O5(c)
Ir(c) + O2(g) = IrO2(c) 3 Pb(c) + 2 O2(g) = Pb3O4(c) Pb(c) + O2(g) = PbO2(c) 2 Li(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = Li2O(c)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
1,674–1,800K 298.16–600.5K 600.5–762K 298.16–600.5K
–192,920 –52,800 –53,780 –52,040
–0.85 –2.76 –0.51 +0.81
–0.13 –0.80 –1.75 –2.00
–0.30 –0.10 –0.10 –0.10
+61.21 +32.49 +28.44 +22.13
600.5–1,159K 298.16–386.8K 386.8–456K 456–500K
–53,020 –42,040 –43,490 –58,020
+3.06 +2.30 +16.12 –6.91
–2.95 – – –
–0.10 – – –
+18.08 +113.71 +81.70 +174.79
298.16–1,300K 298.16–600.5K 298.16–600.5K 298.16–452K
–39,480 –174,920 –66,120 –142,220
+8.17 +8.82 +0.64 –3.06
–6.39 –8.20 –2.45 +5.77
–0.20 –0.40 –0.20 –0.10
+20.33 +72.78 +45.58 +34.19
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.2 Thermodynamics L Page 186 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 8 OF 16)
Reaction Mg(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = MgO (periclase) Mg(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = MgO (periclase) Mg(g) + 1/2 O2(g) = MgO (periclase) Mn(α) + 1/2 O2(g) = MnO(c) Mn(β) + 1/2 O2(g) = MnO(c) Mn(γ) + 1/2 O2(g) = Mno(c)
Mn(δ) + 1/2 O2(g) = MnO(c) Mn(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = MnO(c) 3 Mn(α) + 2 O2(g) = Mn3O4(α)
2 Mn(α) + 3/2 O2(g) = Mn2O3(c) Mn(α) + O2(g) = MnO2(c)
2 Hg(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = Hg2O(c) Hg(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = HgO (red) Mo(c) + O2(g) = MoO2(c)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
298.16–923K 923–1,393K 1,393–2,000K 298.16–1,000K
–144,090 –145,810 –180,700 –92,600
–1.06 +1.84 –3.75 –4.21
+0.13 –0.62 –0.62 +0.97
+0.25 +0.64 +0.64 +0.155
+29.16 +23.07 +65.69 +29.66
1,000–1,374K 1,374–1,410K 1,410–1,517K 1,517–2,000K
–91,900 –89,810 –89,390 –93,350
+1.84 +7.30 +8.68 +7.99
–0.39 –0.72 –0.72 –0.72
+0.34 +0.34 +0.34 +0.34
+12.15 –6.05 –10.70 –5.90
298.16–1,000K 298.16–1,000K 298.16–1,000K 298.16–629.88K
–332,400 –230,610 –126,400 –22,400
–7.41 –5.96 –8.61 –4.61
+0.66 –0.06 +0.97 –
+0.145 +0.945 +1.555 –
+106.62 +80.74 +70.14 +43.29
298.16–629.88K 298.16–2,000K
–21,760 –132,910
+0.85 –3.91
–2.47 –
–0.10 –
+24.81 +47.42
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.2 Thermodynamics L Page 187 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 9 OF 16)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
Mo(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = MoO3(c)
298.16–1,068K 298.16–633K
–182,650 –57,640
–8.86 –4.61
–1.55 +2.16
+1.54 –0.10
+90.07 +34.41
Ni(β) + 1/2 O2(g) = NiO(c)
633–1,725K 298.16–2,000K 298.16–1,785K 1,785–2,000K
–57,460 –382,050 –458,640 –463,630
–0.14 –9.67 –16.14 –66.04
–0.46 – –0.56 +2.21
–0.10 – +1.94 –0.50
+23.27 +116.23 +157.66 +317.84
298.16–2,000K 298.16–2,000K 298.16–317.4K 317.4–553K
18,650 +33,980 –9,370 –9,390
–1.57 +2.03 +2.53 +3.45
–0.27 –0.48 – –
+0.92 +0.36 – –
+23.47 +11.45 –25.40 –27.63
298.16–317.4K 298.16–336.4K
–711,520 –86,400
+95.67 –
–51.50 –
–1.00 –
–28.24 +33.90
Reaction Ni(α) + 1/2 O2(g) = NiO(c)
2 Nb(c) + 2 O2(g) = Nb2O4(c) 2 Nb(c) + 5/2 O2(g) = Nb2O5(c) 2 Nb(c) + 5/2 O2(g) = Nb2O5(l)
N2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) = N2O(g) 3/2 O2(g) = O3(g) P (white) + 1/2 O2(g) = PO(g) P(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = PO(g) 4 P (white) + 5 O2(g) = P4H10 (hexagonal) 2 K(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = K2O(c)
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.2 Thermodynamics L Page 188 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 10 OF 16)
Reaction 2 K(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = K2O(c) 2 K(g) + 1/2 O2(g) = K2O(c) Ra(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = RaO(c) Re(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = ReO3(c) Re(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = ReO3(l) 2Re(c) + 7/2 02(g) = Re2O7(c)
2 Re(c) + 7/2 02(g) = Re2O7(l) 2 Re(c) + 4 O2(g) = Re2O8(l) 2 Rb(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = Rb2O(c) 2 Rb(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = Rb2O(c) Se(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = SeO(g) Se(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = SeO(g) 1/2 Se2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) = SeO(g) Si(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = SiO(g)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
336.4–1,049K 1,049–1,500K
–87,380 –133,090
+1.15 –16.12
– –
– –
+33.90 +129.64
298.16–1,000K 298.16–433K 433–1,000K 298.16–569K
–130,000 –149,090 –146,750 –301,470
– –16.12 –31.32 –34.64
– – – –
– – – –
+23.50 +110.49 +145.16 +250.57
569–635.5K 420–600K 298.16–312.2K 312.2–750K
–295,810 –318,470 –78,900 –79,950
–73.68 –87.50 – –
– – – –
– – – –
+348.45 +425.32 +32.20 +35.56
298.16–490K 490–1,027K 1,027–2,000K 298.16–1,683K
+9,280 +9,420 –7,400 –21,090
–3.04 +8.70 –0.37 +3.84
+4.40 – – –0.16
+0.30 +0.30 +0.19 –0.295
–14.78 –44.50 –0.80 –33.14
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.2 Thermodynamics L Page 189 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 11 OF 16)
Reaction Si(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = SiO(g) Si(c) + O2(g) = SiO2(α–quartz) Si(c) + O2(g) = SiO2(β–quartz) Si(l) + O2(g) = SiO2(l)
Si(c) + O2(g) = SiO2(α–cristobalite) Si(c) + O2(g) = SiO2(β–cristobalite) Si(c) + 02(g) = SiO2(α–tridymite) Si(c) + O2(g) = SiO2(β–tridymite) 2 Ag(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = Ag2O2(c) 2 Ag(c) + O2(g) = Ag2O2(c) 2 Na(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = Na2O(c) 2 Na(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = Na2O(c)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
1,683–2,000K 298.16–848K 848–1,683K 1,883–2,000K
–30,170 –210,070 –209,920 –228,590
–7.78 +3.98 –3.36 –15.66
–0.12 –3.32 –0.19 –
+0.25 +0.605 –0.745 –
–40.01 +34.59 +53.44 +103.97
298.16–523K 523–1,683K 298.16–390K 390–1,683K
–207,330 –209,820 –207,030 –209,350
+19.96 –3.34 +22.29 –1.59
–9.75 –0.24 –11.62 –0.54
–0.745 –0.745 –0.745 –0.745
–9.78 +53.35 –15.64 +47.86
298.16–1,000K 298.16–500K 298.16–371K 371–1,187K
–7,740 –6,620 –99,820 –100,150
–4.14 –3.22 –7.51 +4.97
– – +5.47 –2.45
– – –0.10 –0.10
+27.84 +52.17 +50.43 +22.19
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.2 Thermodynamics L Page 190 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 12 OF 16)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
298.16–371K 298.16–1,043K 298.16–368.6K 368.6–392K
–122,500 –142,410 +19,250 +19,200
–2.30 –6.79 –1.24 –1.29
– +0.305 +2.95 +3.31
– +0.675 +0.225 +0.225
+57.51 +44.33 –18.84 –18.72
392–718K 298.16–2,000K 298.16–368.6K 368.6–392K
+20,320 +3,890 –70,980 –71,020
+10.22 +0.07 +0.83 +0.78
–0.17 – +2.35 +2.71
+0.225 – +0.51 +0.51
–50.05 –1.50 –5.85 –5.74
S(rhombohedral) + 3/2 O2(g) = SO3(c–II)
392–718K 298.16–2,000K 298.16–335.4K 298.16–305.7K
–69,900 –86,330 –111,370 –108,680
+12.30 +2.42 –6.45 –11.97
–0.77 –0.70 – –
+0.51 +0.31 – –
–37.10 +10.71 +88.32 +94.95
S(rhombohedral) + 3/2 O2(g) = SO3(l)
298.16–335.4K
–107,430
–21.18
–
–
+113.76
Reaction 2 Na(c) + O2(g) = Na2O2(c) Sr(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = SrO(c) S(rhombohedral) + 1/2 O2(g) = SO(g) S(monoclmic) + 1/2 O2(g) = SO(g)
S(lλ,µ) + 1/2 O2(g) = SO(g) 1/2 S2 (g) + 1/2 O2(g) = SO(g) S(rhombohedral) + O2(g) = SO2(g) S(monoclinic) + O2(g) = SO2(g) S(lλ,µ) + O2(g) = SO2(g) 1/2 S2(g) + O2(g) = SO2(g) S(rhombohedral) + 3/2 O2(g) = SO3(c–I)
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.2 Thermodynamics L Page 191 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 13 OF 16)
Reaction S(rhombohedral) + 3/2 O2(g) = SO3(g) S(monoclinic) + 3/2 O2(g) = SO3(g) S(lλ,µ) + 3/2 O2(g) = SO3(g)
1/2 S2(g) + 3/2 O2(g) = SO3(g) 2 Ta(c) + 5/2 O2(g) = Ta2O5(c) Te(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = TeO(g) Te(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = TeO(g) 2 Tl(α) + O2(g) = Tl2rO(c) 2 Tl(β) + O2(g) = Tl2rO(c)
2 Tl(α) + 3/2 O2(g) = Tl2rO3(c) Th(c) + O2(g) = ThO2(c) Sn(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = SnO(c)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
298.16–368.6K 368.6–392K 392–718K
–95,070 –95,120 –94,010
+1.43 +1.38 +12.89
+0.66 +1.02 –2.46
+1.26 +1.26 +126
+16.81 +16.93 –14.40
298.16–1,500K 298.16–2,000K 298.16–723K 723–1,360K
–110,420 –492,790 +43,110 +39,750
+3.02 –17.18 +1.91 +6.08
–2.39 –1.25 +0.84 +0.09
+106 +2.46 +0.315 +0.315
+33.41 +161.68 –27.22 –33.94
298.16–505.5K 505.5–573K 298.16–505.5K 298.16–2,000K
–44,110 –44,260 –99,410 –294,350
–6.91 –6.91 –16.12 –5.25
– – – +0.59
– – – +0.775
+42.30 +42.60 +119.09 +62.81
298.16–505K
–68,600
–3.57
+1.65
–0.10
+32.59
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.2 Thermodynamics L Page 192 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 14 OF 16)
Reaction Sn(l) + 1/2 O2(g) = SnO(c) Sn(c) + O2(g) = SnO2(c)
Ti(α) + 1/2 O2(g) = TiO(α) Ti(α) + 1/2 O2(g) = TiO(α)
2 Ti(α) + 3/2 O2(g) = Ti2O3(α) 2 Ti(α) + 3/2 O2(g) = Ti2O3(β) Ti(α) + O2(g) = TiO2 (rutile)
Ti(α) + O2(g) = TiO2 (rutile) W(c) + O2(g) = WO2(c) 4W(c) + 11/2 O2(g) = W4O11(c) W(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = WO3(c) W(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = WO3(l) U(α) + O2(g) = UO2(c) U(β) + O2(g) = UO2(c)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
505–1,300K 298.16–505K 298.16–1,150K
–69,670 –0,142 –125,010
+3.06 –14.00 –4.01
–1.50 +2.45 –0.29
–0.10 +2.38 +0.83
+18.39 +90.74 +36.28
1,150–1,264K 298.16–473K 473–1,150K 298.16–1,150K
–125,040 –360,660 –369,710 –228,360
+1.17 +32.08 –30.95 –12.80
–1.55 –23.49 +2.62 +1.62
+0.83 –0.30 +4.80 +1.975
+21.90 –10.66 +162.79 +82.81
1,150–2,000K
–228,380
–7.62
+0.36
+1.975
+68.43
298.16–1,500K
–137,180
–1.38
–
–
+45.56
298.16–1,700K 298.16–1,743K
–745,730 –201,180
–32.70 –2.92
– –1.81
– –0.30
+321.84 +70.89
1,743–2,000K 298.16–935K 935–1,045K
–203,140 –262,880 –260,660
–35.74 –19.92 –4.28
+1.13 +3.70 –0.31
–0.30 +2.13 +1.78
+173.27 +100.54 +55.50
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.2 Thermodynamics L Page 193 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 15 OF 16)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
U(γ) + O2(g) = UO2(c)
1,045–1,405K
–262,830
–6.54
–0.31
+1.78
+64.41
U(l) + O2(g) = UO2(l)
1,405–1,500K 298.16–935K 935–1,045K 1,045–1,405K
–264,790 –863,370 –856,720 –863,230
–5.92 –56.57 –9.67 –16.44
– +10.68 –1.35 –1.35
– +5.20 +4.15 +4.15
+63.50 +330.19 +195.12 +221.79
1,405–1,500K 298.16–935K 935–1,045K 1,045–1,400K
–869,460 –294,090 –291,870 –294,040
–10.91 –18.33 –2.69 –4.95
–1.35 +3.49 –0.52 –0.52
+4.15 +1.535 +1.185 +1.185
+208.82 +114.94 +69.90 +78.80
298.16–2,000K 298.16–2,000K 298.16–2,000K
–101,090 +52,090 –299,910
–5.39 +1.80 –17.98
–0.36 +1.04 +0.37
+0.53 +0.35 +2.41
+38.69 –28.42 +118.83
Reaction
3 U(α) + 4 O2(g) = U3O8(c) 3 U(β) + 4 O2(g) = U3O8(c) 3 U(γ) + 4 O2(g) = U3O8(c) 3 U(l) + 4 O2(g) = U3O8(c)
U(α) + 3/2 O2(g) = UO3 (hexagonal) U(β) + 3/2 O2(g) = UO3 (hexagonal) U(γ) + 3/2 O2(g) = UO3 (hexagonal) V(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = VO(c) V(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = VO(g) 2 V(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = V2O3(c)
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.2 Thermodynamics L Page 194 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 67. HEAT OF
FORMATION OF INORGANIC OXIDES (SHEET 16 OF 16)
Temperature range of validity
∆H0
2.303a
b
c
I
2 V(c) + 2 O2(g) = V2O4(α)
209.16–345K
–342,890
–11.03
+3.00
–0.40
+117.38
2 V(c) + 2 O2(g) = V2O4(β)
345–1,818K 298.16–1,000K 298.16–943K 298.16–1,773K
–345,330 –1,076,340 –381,960 –419,600
–24.36 –95.33 –41.08 +2.76
+1.30 – +5.20 –1.73
+3.545 – +6.11 –0.30
+155.55 +557.61 +228.50 +66.36
298.16–692.7K 298.16–1,135K 1,135–1,478K 1.478–2,000K
–84,670 –262,980 –264,190 –262,290
–6.40 –6.10 –5.09 –7.76
+0.84 +0.16 –0.40 +0.50
+0.99 +1.045 +1.48 –0.20
+43.25 +65.00 +63.58 +69.50
Reaction
6 V(c) + 13/2 O2(g) = V6O13(c) 2 V(c) + 5/2 O2(g) = V2O5(c) 2 Y(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = Y2O3(c) Zn(c) + 1/2 O2(g) = ZnO(c) Zr(α) + O2(g) = ZrO2(α) Zr(β) + O2(g) = ZrO2(α) Zr(β) + O2(g) = ZrO2(β)
The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole. The a, b, and I values listed here make it possible for one to calculate the ∆F and ∆S values by use of the following equations:
∆Ft = ∆Ηo + 2.303aT log T + b x 10–3 T2 + c x l05 T–1 + IT ∆St = – a – 2.303a log T – 2b x 10–3T + c x l05 T–2 – I
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol I, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.3 Thermodynamics Page 195 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 68. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 7) Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition
Element
Phase
Transition Temperature (K)
Ac
solid liquid
(1090) (2750)
(2.5) (70)
(2.3) (25)
Ag
solid liquid
1234 2485
2.855 60.72
2.313 24.43
Al
solid liquid
931.7 2600
2.57 67.9
2.76 26
Am
solid liquid
(1200) 2733
(2.4) 51.7
(2.0) 18.9
As
solid
883
3.25
35.25
Au
solid liquid
1336.16 2933
3.03 74.21
2.27 25.30
B
solid liquid
2313 2800
(3.8) 75
(1.6) 27
Ba
solid, α solid, β liquid
648 977
0.14 1.83
0.22 1.87
1911
35.665
18.63
Be
solid liquid
1556 –
2.919
1.501
Bi
solid liquid
544.2 1900
2.63 41.1
4.83 21.6
C
solid
–
–
–
Ca
solid, α solid, β liquid
723 1123
0.24 2.2
0.33 1.96
1755
38.6
22.0
(e.u.)
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
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Shackelford & Alexander
195
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 68. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 7) Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition
Element
Phase
Transition Temperature (K)
Cd
solid liquid
594.1 1040
1.46 23.86
2.46 22.94
Ce
solid liquid
1048 2800
2.1 73
2.0 26
Cl2
gas
–
–
–
Co
solid, α solid, β solid, γ liquid
723 1398 1766
0.005 0.095 3.7
0.007 0.068 2.1
3370
93
28
Cr
solid liquid
2173 2495
3.5 72.97
1.6 29.25
Cs
solid liquid
301.9 963
0.50 16.32
1.7 17.0
Cu
solid liquid
1356.2 2868
3.11 72.8
2.29 25.4
F2
gas
–
–
–
Fe
solid, α solid, β solid, γ solid, δ liquid
1033 1180 1673 1808
0.410 0.217 0.15 3.86
0.397 0.184 0.084 2.14
3008
84.62
28.1
solid liquid
302.94 2700
1.335 –
4.407 –
Ga
(e.u.)
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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6.3 Thermodynamics Page 197 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 68. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 3 OF 7) Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition
Element
Phase
Transition Temperature (K)
Ge
solid liquid
1232 2980
8.3 68
6.7 23
H2
gas
–
–
–
Hf
solid
(2600)
(6.0)
(2.3)
Hg
liquid
629.73
13.985
22.208
In
solid liquid
430 2440
0.775 53.8
1.80 22.0
Ir
solid
2727
6.6
2.4
K
solid liquid
336.4 1052
0.5575 18.88
1.657 17.95
La
solid liquid
1153 3000
(2.3) 80
(2.0) 27
Li
solid liquid
459 1640
0.69 32.48
1.5 19.81
Mg
solid liquid
923 1393
2.2 31.5
2.4 22.6
Mn
solid, α solid, β solid, γ solid, δ liquid
1000 1374 1410 1517
0.535 0.545 0.430 3.5
0.535 0.397 0.305 2.31
2368
53.7
22.7
solid
2883
(5.8)
(2.0)
Mo
(e.u.)
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
197
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 68. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 4 OF 7) Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition
Element
Phase
Transition Temperature (K)
N2
gas
–
–
–
Na
solid liquid
371 1187
0.63 23.4
1.7 20.1
Nb
solid
2760
(5.8)
(2.1)
Nd
solid liquid
1297 (2750)
(2.55) (61)
(197) (22)
Ni
solid α solid β liquid
626 1728
0.092 4.21
0.15 2.44
3110
90.48
29.0
Np
solid liquid
913 (2525)
(2.3) (55)
(2.5) (22)
O2
gas
–
–
–
Os
solid
2970
(6.4)
(2.2)
P4
solid, white
317.4
0.601
1.89
liquid
553
11.9
21.5
Pa
solid liquid
(18.25) (4500)
(4.0) (115)
(2.2) (26)
Pb
solid liquid
600.6 2023
1.141 42.5
1.900 21.0
Pd
solid liquid
1828 3440
4.12 89
2.25 26
(e.u.)
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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6.3 Thermodynamics Page 199 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 68. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 5 OF 7) Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition
Element
Phase
Transition Temperature (K)
Po
solid liquid
525 (1235)
(2.4) (24.6)
(4.6) (19.9)
Pr
solid liquid
1205 3563
(25) –
(2.1) –
Pt
solid liquid
2042.5 4100
5.2 122
25 29.8
Pu
solid liquid
913 –
(2.26)
(2.48)
Ra
solid liquid
1233 (1700)
(2.3) (35)
(1.9) (21)
Rb
solid liquid
312.0 952
0.525 18.11
1.68 19.0
Re
solid
3440
(7.9)
(2.3)
Rh
solid liquid
2240 4150
(5.2) 127
(2.3) 30.7
Ru
solid, α solid, β solid, γ solid, δ
1308 1473 1773 2700
0.034 0 0.23 (6.1)
0.026 – 0.13 (2.3)
S
solid, α solid, β liquid
368.6 392
0.088 0.293
0.24 0.747
717.76
2.5
3.5
Sb
solid (α, β, γ) liquid
(e.u.)
903.7
4.8
5.3
1713
46.665
27.3
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 68. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 6 OF 7) Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition
Element
Phase
Transition Temperature (K)
Sc
solid liquid
1670 3000
(4.0) 80
(2.4) 27
Se
solid liquid
490.6 1000
1.25 14.27
2.55 14.27
Si
solid liquid
1683 2750
11.1 71
6.60 26
Sm
solid liquid
1623 (2800)
3.7 (70)
2.3 (25)
Sn
solid, α, β liquid
505.1
1.69
335
2473
(55)
(22)
Sr
solid liquid
1043 1657
2.2 33.61
2.1 20.28
Ta
solid
3250
7.5
2.3
Tc
solid liquid
(2400) (3800)
(5.5) (120)
(2.3) (32)
Te
solid, α solid, β liquid
621 723
0.13 4.28
0.21 5.92
1360
11.9
8.75
Th
solid liquid
2173 4500
(4.6) (130)
(2.1) (29)
Ti
solid, α solid, β liquid
1155 2000
0.950 (4.6)
0.822 (23)
3550
(101)
(28)
(e.u.)
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
200
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6.3 Thermodynamics Page 201 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 68. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 7 OF 7) Transition Temperature (K)
Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition
(e.u.)
Element
Phase
Tl
solid, α solid, β liquid
508.3 576.8
0.082 1.03
0.16 1.79
1730
38.81
22.4
solid, α solid, β solid, γ liquid
938 1049 1405
0.665 1.165 (3.0)
0.709 1.111 (2.1)
3800
–
–
V
solid liquid
2003 3800
(4.0) –
(2.0) –
W
solid
3650
8.42
2.3
Y
solid liquid
1750 3500
(4.0) (90)
(2.3) (26)
Zn
solid liquid
692.7 1180
1.595 27.43
2.303 23.24
Zr
solid, α solid, β liquid
1135 2125
0.920 (4.9)
0.811 (2.3)
(3900)
(100)
(26)
U
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Shackelford & Alexander
201
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 69. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF OXIDES (SHEET 1 OF 10) Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition (e.u.)
Oxide
Phase
Transition Temperature (K)
Ac2O3
Solid Liquid
(2250) –
(20) –
(8.9) –
Ag2O
Solid Solid
dec. 460
–
–
dec.
–
–
Solid
2300 dec.
26 –
11 –
(2225) (3400) dec.
(17) (85) –
(7.6) (25) –
503 586 730
4.1 4.4 7.15
8.2 7.5 9.79
(9.0) – –
(7.5) – –
Ag2O2 Al2O3
Liquid Am2O3
Solid Liquid
AmO2
Solid
As2O3
Solid, α Solid, β Liquid
AsO2
Solid
As2O5
Solid
(1200) (dec.) dec. >1100
Au2O3
Solid
dec.
–
–
Solid
723 2520
5.27 (55)
7.29 (22)
(880) (1040) 2196 3000 723 dec. 1110
(5.2) (20) 13.8 (62) (5.7) –
(5.9) (19) 6.28 (21) (7.9) –
Liquid
B2O3
Liquid Ba2O
Solid
BaO
Liquid Solid Liquid
BaO2
Solid Liquid
Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
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6.3 Thermodynamics Page 203 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 69. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF OXIDES (SHEET 2 OF 10) Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition (e.u.)
Oxide
Phase
Transition Temperature (K)
BeO
Solid
dec.
–
–
BiO
Solid Liquid
(1175) (1920) 1090 (dec.)
(3.7) (54) 6.8 –
(3.1) (28) 6.2 –
Bi2O3
Solid Liquid
CO CO2
Gas
– –
– –
– –
CaO
Solid
2860
(18)
(6.3)
CdO
Solid
dec.
–
–
Solid
1960 (3500) 3000
(20) (80) (19)
(10) (23) (6.3)
2078 (2900) dec. 1240
(12) (61) –
(5.8) (21) –
2538 dec. 700 460 (1000)
(25) – (6.1) (25)
(10) – (13) (25)
763 dec. 867 dec.
(4.58) – (5.5) –
(6.0) – (6.3) –
775 dec.
(7.75) –
(10) –
Ce2O3
Gas
Liquid CeO2
Solid
CoO
Solid Liquid
Co3O4
Solid
Cr2O3 CrO2 CrO3
Solid Solid Solid Liquid
Cs2O
Solid Liquid
Cs2O2
Solid Liquid
Cs2O3
Solid Liquid
Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 69. PHASE
Oxide
Phase
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF OXIDES (SHEET 3 OF 10) Transition Temperature (K)
Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition (e.u.)
Cu2O
Solid
CuO
Liquid Solid Liquid
1503 dec. 1609 dec.
13.4 – (8.9) –
8.92 – (5.5) –
Solid Liquid Solid, α Solid, β Solid, α Solid, β Solid, γ
1641 (2700) 900 dec. 950 1050 dec.
7.5 (55) (0) – 0.16 0 –
4.6 (20) (0) – 0.17 0 –
Solid Liquid Liquid
(925) (1000) 2013 (2900)
(8.5) (20) (22) (75)
(9.2) (20) (11) (26)
GeO GeO2
Solid Solid (α,β) Liquid
983 1389 (2625)
(50) 10.5 (61)
(51) 7.56 (23)
In2O
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
(600) (800) (1325) (2000)
(4.5) (16) (4.0) (60)
(7.5) (20) (3.0) (30)
In2O3
Solid Liquid
(2000) (3600)
(20) (85)
(10) (24)
Ir2O3
Solid Liquid Solid
(1450) (2250) dec. 1373
(10) (50) –
(6.8) (22) –
FeO Fe3O4 Fe2O3
Ga2O Ga2O3
Solid
InO
IrO2
Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 69. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF OXIDES (SHEET 4 OF 10) Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition (e.u.)
Oxide
Phase
Transition Temperature (K)
K2O
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
(980) dec. 763 (1800) 703 (975) 653 dec.
(6.8) – (7.0) (45) (6.1) (25) (4.9) –
(6.9) – (9.2) (25) (8.7) (26) (7.5) –
La2O3
Solid
2590
(18)
(7)
Li2O Li2O2
Solid Liquid Solid
2000 2600 dec.470
(14) (56) –
(7) (22) –
MgO MgO2
Solid Solid
3075 dec. 361
18.5 –
5.8 –
MnO
Solid Liquid
2058 dec.
13.0 –
6.32 –
Mn3O4
Solid, α Solid, β Liquid Solid Solid
1445 1863 (2900) dec. 1620 dec. 1120
4.97 (33) (75) – –
3.44 (18) (26) – –
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
(2200) dec. 2250 1068 1530
(16) – 12.54 33
(7.3) – 11.74 22
Gas
–
–
–
K2O2 K2O3 KO2
Mn2O3 MnO2 MoO2 MoO3
N 2O
Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 69. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF OXIDES (SHEET 5 OF 10) Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition (e.u.)
Oxide
Phase
Transition Temperature (K)
Na2O
Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid
1193 dec. dec. 919 (825) (1300)
(7.1) – – (6.2) (28)
(6.0) – – (7.5) (22)
Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
(2650) (2275) (3800) 1733 (3200)
(16) (16) (85) (28) (80)
(6.0) (7.0) (22) (16) (25)
Nd2O3
Solid
2545
(22)
(8.8)
NiO
Solid Liquid
2230 dec.
(12.1) –
(5.43) –
NpO2
Solid Solid
(15) –
(5.7) –
– 3.41 9.45
– 10.9 23.4
Na2O2 NaO2
NbO NbO2 Nb2O5
OsO2 OsO4
Solid Solid Liquid
(2600) dec. 800–900 K dec. 923 313.3 403
P2O3 PO2
Liquid Solid Liquid Solid
448.5 (350) (dec.) 631
4.5 (2.7) – 8.8
10 (7.7) – 13.9
Solid Solid Liquid
(2560) (2050) (3350)
(20) (26) (95)
(7.8) (13) (28)
Np2O5
P2O5 PaO2 Pa2O5
Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 69. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF OXIDES (SHEET 6 OF 10) Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition (e.u.)
Oxide
Phase
Transition Temperature (K)
PbO
Solid, red Solid, yellow Liquid
762 1159 1745
(0.4) 2.8 51
(0.5) 2.4 29
Pb2O4 PbO2
Solid Solid
dec. dec.
– –
– –
PdO
Solid
dec. 1150
–
–
PoO2
Solid Liquid
(825) (dec.)
(5.5) –
(6.7) –
Pr2O3
Solid Liquid
(2200) (4000
(22) (90)
(10) (23)
PrO2
Solid
dec. 700
–
–
PtO Pt3O4 PtO2
Solid Solid Solid Liquid
dec. 780 (dec.) 723 dec. 750
– – (4.6) –
– – (6.4) –
PuO
Solid Liquid
(1290) (2325)
(7.2) (47)
(5.6) (20)
Pu2O3
Solid Liquid
(1880) (3250)
(16) (75)
(8.5) (23)
PuO2
Solid Liquid
(2400) (3500)
(15) (90)
(6.2) (26)
RaO
Solid
(>2500)
–
–
Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 69. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF OXIDES (SHEET 7 OF 10) Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition (e.u.)
Oxide
Phase
Transition Temperature (K)
Rb2O
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
(910) dec. 843 (dec.)
(5.7) – (7.3) –
(6.3) – (8.7) –
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
762 dec. 685 dec.
(7.6) – (4.1) –
(10) – (6.0) –
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
(1475) (3250) 433 dec.
(12) (80) 5.2 –
(8.1) (25) 12 –
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
569 635.5 420 (460)
15.8 17.7 (4.2) (9.3)
27.8 27.9 (10) (20)
Rh2O RhO Rh2O3
Solid Solid Solid
dec. 1400 dec. 1394 dec. 1388
– – –
– – –
RuO2 RuO4
Solid Solid Liquid
dec. 1400 300 dec.
– (3.2) –
– (11) –
SO2
Gas
–
–
Sb2O3
Solid Liquid
14.74 8.92
15.88 5.25
Rb2O2
Rb2O3 RbO2
ReO2 ReO3
Re2O7 ReO4
– 928 1698
Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 69. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF OXIDES (SHEET 8 OF 10) Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition (e.u.)
Oxide
Phase
Transition Temperature (K)
SbO2 Sb2O5
Solid Solid
dec. dec.
– –
– –
Sc2O3
Solid
(2500)
(23)
(9.3)
SeO SeO2
Solid Liquid Solid
(1375) (2075) 603
(7.6) (45) (24.5)
(5.5) (22) (40.6)
SiO
Solid
(2550)
(12)
(4.7)
SiO2
Solid, β Solid, α Liquid
856 1883 dec. 2250
0.15 2.04 –
0.18 1.08 –
Sm2O3
Solid Liquid
(2150) (3800)
(20) (80)
(9.3) (21)
SnO
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
(1315) (1800) 1898 (3200)
(6.4) (60) (11.39) (75)
(4.9) (33) (5.95) (23)
SrO SrO2
Solid Solid
2703 dec.488
16.7 –
6.2 –
Ta2O5
Solid Liquid
2150 –
(16) –
(7.4) –
TcO2
Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid
(2400) (4000) (dec. <1200) 392.7 583.8
(18) (105) – (11) (14)
(7.5) (26) – (28) (24)
SnO2
TcO3 Tc2O7
Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 69. PHASE
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF OXIDES (SHEET 9 OF 10) Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition (e.u.)
Oxide
Phase
Transition Temperature (K)
TeO
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
(1020) (1775) 1006 dec.
(7.1) (50) 3.2 –
(7.0) (28) 3.2 –
TeO2
Solid Liquid
(2150) (3250)
(13) (65)
(6.0) (20)
ThO2
Solid
3225
(18)
(5.6)
TiO
Solid, α Solid, β Solid, α Solid, β Liquid Solid, α Solid, β Liquid Solid Liquid
1264 dec. 2010 473 2400 3300 450 (2450) (3600) 2128 dec. 3200
0.82 – 0.215 (24)
0.65 – 0.455 (10)
2.24 (50) (85) (16)
4.98 (20) (24) (7.5)
Ti2O
Solid Liquid
573 773
(5.0) (17)
(8.7) (22)
Tl2O3
Solid Liquid
990 (dec.)
(12.4) –
(13) –
UO UO2
Solid Solid Solid Solid
(2750) 3000 dec. dec. 925
(14) – – –
(5.1) – – –
TeO3
Ti2O3
Ti3O5
TiO2
U3O8 UO3
Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 69. PHASE
Oxide
Phase
VO
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
V2O3 V3O4
VO2
V2O5
WO2 WO3
Solid, α Solid, β Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
CHANGE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF OXIDES (SHEET 10 OF 10) Transition Temperature (K)
Heat of Transition (kcal • g mole-1)
Entropy of Transition (e.u.)
(2350) (3400)
(15) (70)
(6.4) (21)
(11)
2240
(24)
dec. 3300
–
–
(2100)
(42)
(20)
(dec.)
–
–
345 1818
1.02 13.60
2.96 7.48
dec. 3300
–
–
943
15.56
16.50
(2325)
(63)
(27)
(7.45)
(1543)
(11.5)
dec. 2125
–
–
1743
(17)
(9.8)
(2100)
(43)
(20)
(25)
(10)
Y2O3
Solid
(2500)
ZnO ZrO2
Solid Solid, α Solid, β
dec.
–
–
1478 2950
1.420 20.8
0.961 7.0
Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 70. MELTING
POINTS OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 4)
At. No.
Element
Symbol
Melting Point (˚C)
1 2 3 4
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium
H He Li Be
-259.14 -272.2 180.54 1278
5 6 7 8
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen
B C N O
2300 ~3550 -209.86 -218.4
9 10 11 12
Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium
F N Na Mg
-219.62 -248.67 97.81 648.8
13 14 15
Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus (White)
Al Si P
660.37 1410 44.1
16 17 18 19
Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium
S Cl Ar K
112.8 -100.98 -189.2 63.65
20 21 22 23
Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium
Ca Sc Ti V
839 1539 1660 1890
24 25 26 27
Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt
Cr Mn Fe Co
1857 1244 1535 1495
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, Second Edition, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 70. MELTING
POINTS OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 4)
At. No.
Element
Symbol
Melting Point (˚C)
28 29 30 31
Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium
Ni Cu Zn Ga
1453 1083.4 419.58 29.78
32 33 34 35
Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine
Ge As Se Br
937.4 817 217 -7.2
36 37 38 39
Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium
Kr Rb Sr Y
-156.6 38.89 769 1523
40 41 42 43
Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium
Zr Nb Mo Tc
1852 2408 2617 2172
44 45 46 47
Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver
Ru Rh Pd Ag
2310 1966 1552 961.93
48 49 50 51
Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony
Cd In Sn Sb
320.9 156.61 231.9681 630.74
52 53 54 55
Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium (-10˚)
Te I Xe Ce
449.5 113.5 -111.9 28.4
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, Second Edition, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 70. MELTING
POINTS OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 3 OF 4)
At. No.
Element
Symbol
Melting Point (˚C)
56 57 58 59
Barium Lantium Cerium Praseodymium
Ba La Ce Pr
7.25 920 798 931
60 61 62 63
Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium
Nd Pm Sm Eu
1010 ~1080 1072 822
64 65 66 67
Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium
Gd Tb Dy Ho
1311 1360 1409 1470
68 69 70 71
Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
Er Tm Yb Lu
1522 1545 824 1659
72 73 74 75
Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium
Hf Ta W Re
2227 2996 3410 3180
76 77 78 79
Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold
Os Ir Pt Au
3045 2410 1772 1064.43
80 81 82 83
Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth
Hg Tl Pb Bi
-38.87 303.5 327.502 271.3
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, Second Edition, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 70. MELTING
POINTS OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 4 OF 4)
At. No.
Element
Symbol
Melting Point (˚C)
84 85 86 87
Polonium Asatine Radon Francium
Po At Rn Fr
254 302 -71 ~27
88 89 90 91
Radium Actinium Thorium Protoactinium
Ra Ac Th Pa
700 1050 1750 <1600
92 93 94 95
Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium
U Np Pu Am
1132 640 641 994
96
Curium
Cm
1340
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, Second Edition, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 71. MELTING
POINTS OF ELEMENTS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 1 OF 13) Formula
Melting Point ˚C
Actinium227 Aluminum Aluminum bromide
Ac Al Al2Br6
1050±50 658.5 87.4
Aluminum chloride
Al2Cl6
192.4
Compound
Aluminum iodide
Al2I6
190.9
Aluminum oxide Antimony Antimony pentachloride
Al2O3 Sb SbCl5
2045.0 630 4.0
Antimony tribromide Antimony trichloride
SbBr3 SbCl3
Antimony trioxide
Sb4O6
96.8 73.3 655.0
Antimony trisulfide
Sb4S6
546.0
Argon Arsenic Arsenic pentafluoride Arsenic tribromide
Ar As AsF5 AsBr3
190.2 816.8 80.8 30.0
Arsenic trichloride Arsenic trifluoride
AsCl3 AsF3
Arsenic trioxide Barium
As4O6 Ba
–16.0 –6.0 312.8 725
Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium fluoride Barium iodide
BaBr2 BaCl2 BaF2 BaI2
846.8 959.8 1286.8 710.8
Source: data from: Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973), p.479 .
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 71. MELTING
POINTS OF ELEMENTS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 2 OF 13) Formula
Melting Point ˚C
Barium nitrate Barium oxide Barium phosphate Barium sulfate
Ba(NO3)2 BaO Ba3(PO4)2 BaSO4
594.8 1922.8 1727 1350
Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium chloride Beryllium oxide
Be BeBr2 BeCl2 BeO
1278 487.8 404.8 2550.0
Bismuth Bismuth trichloride Bismuth trifluoride
Bi BiCl3 BiF3
Bismuth trioxide
Bi2O3
271 223.8 726.0 815.8
Boron Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride
B BBr3 BCl3 BF3
2300 –48.8 –107.8 –128.0
Boron trioxide Bromine Bromine pentafluoride Cadmium
B2O3 Br2 BrF5 Cd
448.8 –7.2 –61.4 320.8
Cadmium bromide Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide
CdBr2 CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2
567.8 567.8 1110 386.8
Compound
Source: data from: Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973), p.479 .
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 71. MELTING
POINTS OF ELEMENTS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 3 OF 13) Formula
Melting Point ˚C
Cadmium sulfate Calcium Calcium bromide Calcium carbonate
CdSO4 Ca CaBr2 CaCO3
1000 851 729.8 1282
Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium metasilicate
CaCl2 CaF2 CaSiO3 Ca(NO3)2
782 1382 1512 560.8
Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide
CaO CaSO4 CO2 CO
2707 1297 –57.6 –205
Cyanogen Cyanogen chloride Cerium Cesium
C2N2 CNCl Ce Cs
–27.2 –5.2 775 28.3
Cesium chloride Cesium nitrate Chlorine Chromium
CsCl CsNO3 Cl2 Cr
38.5 406.8 –103±5 1890
Chromium (II) chloride
CrCl2
Chromium (III) sequioxide Chromium trioxide Cobalt
Cr2O3 CrO3 Co
814 2279 197 1490
Compound
Calcium nitrate
Source: data from: Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973), p.479 .
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 71. MELTING
POINTS OF ELEMENTS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 4 OF 13) Formula
Melting Point ˚C
CoCl2 Cu CuCl2 CuCl
727 1083 430 429
Copper(l) cyanide Copper (I) iodide Copper (II) oxide Copper (I) oxide
Cu2(CN)2 CuI CuO Cu2O
473 587 1446 1230
Copper (I) sulfide Dysprosium Erbium Europium
Cu2S Dy Er Eu
1129 1407 1496 826
Europium trichloride Fluorine Gadolinium Gallium
EuCl3 F2 Gd Ga
622 –219.6 1312 29
Germanium Gold Hafnium Holmium
Ge Au Hf Ho
959 1063 2214 1461
Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride
H2 HBr HCl HF
–259.25 –86.96 –114.3 83.11
HI HNO3
Compound
Cobalt (II) chloride Copper Copper (II) chloride Copper (I) chloride
Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen nitrate Hydrogen oxide (water)
H2O
–50.91 –47.2 0
Deuterium oxide
D2O
3.78
Source: data from: Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973), p.479 .
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 71. MELTING
POINTS OF ELEMENTS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 5 OF 13) Formula
Melting Point ˚C
Hydrogen peroxide
H2O2
–0.7
Hydrogen selenate
H2SeO4
57.8
Hydrogen sulfate
H2SO4
10.4
Hydrogen sulfide
H2S
–85.6
Hydrogen sulfide, di–
H2S2
–89.7
Hydrogen telluride Indium lodine
H2Te In I2
–49.0 156.3 112.9
lodine chloride (α) lodine chloride (β) Iron Iron carbide
ICl ICl Fe Fe3C
17.1 13.8 1530.0 1226.8
Iron (III) chloride Iron (II) chloride Iron (II) oxide Iron oxide
Fe2Cl6 FeCl2 FeO Fe3O4
303.8 677 1380 1596
Iron pentacarbonyl Iron (II) sulfide Lanthanum Lead
Fe(CO)5 FeS La Pb
–21.2 1195 920 327.3
PbBr2 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2
487.8 497.8 823 412
Compound
Leadbromide Lead chloride Lead fluoride Lead iodide
Source: data from: Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973), p.479 .
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 71. MELTING
POINTS OF ELEMENTS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 6 OF 13) Formula
Melting Point ˚C
Lead molybdate Lead oxide Lead sulfate Lead sulfide
PbMoO4 PbO PbSO4 PbS
1065 890 1087 1114
Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride
Li LiBr LiCl LiF
178.8 552 614 896
Lithium hydroxide Lithium iodide Lithium metasilicate
LiOH LiI Li2SiO3
462 440 1177
Lithium molybdate
Li2MoO4
705
Lithium nitrate
LiNO3
Lithium orthosilicate
Li4SiO4
250 1249
Lithium sulfate
Li2SO4
857
Lithium tungstate
Li2WO4
742
Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium bromide Magnesium chloride
Lu Mg MgBr2 MgCl2
1651 650 711 712
Magnesium fluoride Magnesium oxide Magnesium silicate Magnesium sulfate
MgF2 MgO MgSiO3 MgSO4
1221 2642 1524 1327
Compound
Source: data from: Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973), p.479 .
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 71. MELTING
POINTS OF ELEMENTS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 7 OF 13) Formula
Melting Point ˚C
Manganese Manganese dichloride Manganese metasilicate Manganese (II) oxide
Mn MnCl2 MnSiO3 MnO
1220 650 1274 1784
Manganese oxide Mercury Mercury bromide Mercury chloride
Mn3O4 Hg HgBr2 HgCl2
1590 –39 241 276.8
Mercury iodide Mercury sulfate Molybdenum Molybdenum dichloride
HgI2 HgSO4 Mo MoCl2
250 850 2622 726.8
Molybdenum hexafluoride Molybdenum trioxide Neodymium Neon
MoF6 MoO3 Nd Ne
17 795 1020 – 248.6
Nickel Nickel chloride
Ni NiCl2
Nickel subsulfide Niobium
Ni3S2 Nb
1452 1030 790 2496
Niobium pentachloride
NbCl5
Niobium pentoxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen
Nb2O5 NO N2
Compound
21 l 1511 –163.7 –210
Source: data from: Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973), p.479 .
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 71. MELTING
POINTS OF ELEMENTS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 8 OF 13) Formula
Melting Point ˚C
Nitrogen tetroxide
N2O4
–13.2
Nitrous oxide Osmium Osmium tetroxide (white)
N2O Os OsO4
–90.9 2700 41.8
Osmium tetroxide (yellow) Oxygen Palladium Phosphoric acid
OsO4 O2 Pd H3PO4
55.8 –218.8 1555 42.3
Phosphoric acid. hypo–
H4P2O6
54.8
Phosphorus acid, hypo–
H3PO2
17.3
Phosphorus acid, ortho– Phosphorus oxychloride
H3PO3 POCl3
73.8 1.0
Phosphorus pentoxide
P4O10
569.0
Phosphorus trioxide Phosphorus, yellow Platinum
P4O6 P4 Pt
23.7 44.1 1770
K KBO2 KBr K2CO3
63.4 947 742 897
KCl K2CrO4 KCN K2Cr2O7
770 984 623 398
Compound
Potassium Potassium borate, meta– Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium cyanide Potassium dichromate
Source: data from: Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973), p.479 .
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 71. MELTING
POINTS OF ELEMENTS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 9 OF 13) Formula
Melting Point ˚C
Potassium fluoride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate
KF KOH Kl KNO3
875 360 682 338
Potassium peroxide
K2O2
490
Compound
Potassium phosphate
K3PO4
1340
Potassium pyro– phosphate
K4P2O7
1092
Potassium sulfate
K2SO4
1074
Potassium thiocyanate Praseodymium Rhenium Rhenium heptoxide
KSCN Pr Re Re2O7
179 931 3167±60 296
Rhenium hexafluoride Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride
ReF6 Rb RbBr RbCl
19.0 38 .9 677 717
Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium nitrate Samarium
RbF Rbl RbNO3 Sm
833 638 305 1072
Scandium Selenium Seleniumoxychloride
Sc Se SeOCl3
Silane, hexaHuoro–
Si2F6
1538 217 9.8 –28.6
Silicon Silicon dioxide (Cristobalite) Silicon tetrachloride
Si SiO2 SiCl4
1427 1723 –67.7
Source: data from: Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973), p.479 .
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 71. MELTING
POINTS OF ELEMENTS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 10 OF 13) Formula
Melting Point ˚C
Silver Silver bromide Silver chloride Silver cyanide
Ag AgBr AgCl AgCN
961 430 455 350
Silver iodide Silver nitrate
Agl AgNO3
Silver sulfate
Ag2SO4
557 209 657
Silver sulfide
Ag2S
841
Sodium Sodium borate, meta– Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate
Na NaBO2 NaBr Na2CO3
97.8 966 747 854
Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium cyanide Sodium fluoride
NaClO3 NaCl NaCN NaF
255 800 562 992
NaOH Nal Na2MoO4 NaNO3
322 662 687 310
Na2O2 NaPO3
Compound
Sodium hydroxide Sodium iodide Sodium molybdate Sodium nitrate Sodium peroxide Sodium phosphate, meta– Sodium pyrophosphate
Na4P2O7
460 988 970
Sodiumsilicate,aluminum–
NaAlSi3O8
1107
Source: data from: Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973), p.479 .
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 71. MELTING
POINTS OF ELEMENTS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 11 OF 13) Formula
Melting Point ˚C
Sodium silicate, di–
Na2Si2O5
884
Sodium silicate, meta–
Na2SiO3
1087
Sodium sulfate
Na2SO4
884
Sodium sulfide
Na2S
920
Sodium thiocyanate Sodium tungstate Strontium Strontium bromide
NaSCN Na2WO4 Sr SrBr2
323 702 757 643
Strontium chloride Strontium fluoride Strontium oxide Sulfur (monatomic)
SrCl2 SrF2 SrO S
872 1400 2430 119,
Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide (α) Sulfur trioxide (β) Sulfur trioxide (γ)
SO2 SO3 SO3 SO3
– 73.2 16.8 32.3 62.1
Tantalum Tantalum pentachloride
Ta TaCl5
Tantalum pentoxide Tellurium
Ta2O5 Te
2996 ± 50 206.8 1877 453
Tb Tl TlBr Tl2CO3
1356 302.4 460 273
Compound
Terbium Thallium Thallium bromide, mono– Thallium carbonate
Source: data from: Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973), p.479 .
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 71. MELTING
POINTS OF ELEMENTS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 12 OF 13) Compound
Formula
Melting Point ˚C
Thallium chloride, mono– Thallium iodide, mono– Thallium nitrate
TICl TlI TINO3
Thallium sulfate
Tl2SO4
427 440 207 632
Thallium sulfide Thorium Thorium chloride Thorium dioxide
Tl2S Th ThCl4 ThO2
449 1845 765 2952
Thulium Tin Tin bromide, di– Tin bromide, tetra–
Tm Sn SnBr2 SnBr4
1545 231.7 231.8 29.8
Tin chloride, di– Tinchloride,tetra– Tin iodide, tetra– Tin oxide
SnCl2 SnCl4 SnI4 SnO
247 –33.3 143.4 1042
Titanium Titanium bromide, tetra– Titanium chloride, tetra– Titanium dioxide
Ti TiBr4 TiCl4 TiO2
1800 38 –23.2 1825
Titanium oxide Tungsten Tungsten dioxide Tungsten hexafluoride
TiO W WO2 WF6
991 3387 1270 –0.5
Source: data from: Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973), p.479 .
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 71. MELTING
POINTS OF ELEMENTS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 13 OF 13) Formula
Melting Point ˚C
Tungsten tetrachloride Tungsten trioxide
WCl4 WO3
327 1470
Uranium235 Uranium tetrachloride
U UCl4
~1133
Vanadium Vanadium dichloride Vanadium oxide Vanadium pentoxide
V VCl2 VO V2O5
1917 1027 2077 670
Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Yttrium oxide
Xe Yb Y Y2O3
–111.6 823 1504 2227
Zinc Zincchloride Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide
Zn ZnCl2 ZnO ZnS
419.4 283 1975 1745
Zirconium Zirconium dichloride Zirconium oxide
Zr ZrCl2 ZrO2
1857 727 2715
Compound
590
Source: data from: Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973), p.479 .
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 1 OF 11) Compound
CERAMICS
(K)
AgBr AgCl AgF AgI
703 728 708 831
AgNO3 Ag2O
483
Ag2SO4 Ag2S
933 1098
AlBr3 Al4C3
2000
AlCl3 AlF3
1564
AlI AlN Al2O3
464 >2475 2322
573
371 465
Al2(SO4)3
1043
Al2S3 BBr3
1373
B4C BCl3
2720
BF3 BN B2O3
146 3000 723
BS4
663
227 166
Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 2 OF 11) Compound
CERAMICS
(K)
BaB4 BaBr2 BaCl2
2543
BaF2
1627
BaI2 Ba(NO3)2
1013
BaO BaSO4
1123 1235
865 2283 1853
BaS BeB2
1473 >2243
BeBr2 Be2C
793 >2375
BeCl2 BeF2 BeI2
713
Be3N2
2513
BeO BeSO4
2725 848 491
BiBr3 BiCl3
813 783
507
BiF3 BiI3 B2O3
1000
Bi(SO4)3
678
681 1098
Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 3 OF 11) Compound
CERAMICS
(K)
Bi2S3 CaBr2 CaCl2
1020
CaF2
1675
CaI2 Ca(NO3)2
848
Ca3N2 CaO
1468 3183
CaSO4 CdBr2
1723
CdCl2 CdF2
841
CdI2 Cd(NO3)2
1003 1055
623
841 1373 423
CdO CdSO4
834 1773 1273
CdS CeB6
2023 2463
CeCl3 CeF2
1095
CeI3 CeO2
1025
CeS Ce(SO4)2
1710
>2873 2400 468
Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 4 OF 11) Compound
CERAMICS
(K)
CrB2 Cr3C2 CrN Cr2O3
2168 1770 >2603
CrSi2 CuBr CuCl CuF2
1843 777 695 1129
CuI Cu3N
878 573
Cu2O Cu4Si
1508
Cu2S FeBr2
1400
Fe3C FeCl2
2110
FeF3 Fe2O3
>1275
Fe2(SO4)3 FeS InBr3
2123
1123
955 945
1864 753 1468
InCl InF3
709 498 1443
InI3
483
Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 5 OF 11) Compound
CERAMICS
(K)
In2O3
2183
In2S3 KBr KCl
1323 1008 1043
KF KI KNO3
1131 958 610
K2O3
703
K2SO4
1342
K2S LiBr LiCl
1113 823 883
LiF LiI LiNO3
1119 722 527
Li3N
1118
Li2O Li2SO4
>1975
Li2S MgBr2
1198
MgCl2 MgF2 MgI2 MgO Mg2Si MgS MgSO4 MnCl2
1132 984 987 1535 <910 3098 1375 >2275 1397 923
Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 6 OF 11) Compound
CERAMICS
(K)
MnF2 MnO MoB Mo2C
1129 1840 2625 2963
MoF6 MoI4
290
MoO3 MoSi2
1068
MoS2 NaBr NaC2 NaCl
1458 1023 973 1073
NaF NaI NaNO3
1267 935 583
Na2N
573
Na2SO4 Na2S
1157
NbB NbC
373 2553
1453 >2270 3770
NbN Nb2O5
2323 1764
NbSi2 NiBr2
2203
NiCl3 NiF2
1274 1273
NiI2
1070 2257
NiO
1236
Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 7 OF 11) Compound
CERAMICS
(K)
NiSO4 NiS PbBr2 PbCl2
1121 1070 643
PbF2 PbI2 Pb(NO3)2
1095 675
PbO PbSO4
771
743 1159
PbS PtBr2
1443 1387 523
PtCl2
854
PtI2 PtS2
633 508
SbBr3 SbCl3
370
SbF3 SbI3
565 443
Sb2O3 SbS3
928
SiC SiF4
2970 183
Si3N4 SiO2
2715
346
820
1978
Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 8 OF 11) Compound
CERAMICS
(K)
SnBr2 SnCl2 SnF4
488
SnI2
788
SnO SnSO4
581 978
SnS SrB6
1353 >635 1153 2508
SrBr2 SrC2
916 >1970
SrCl2 SrF2
1148
SrI2 Sr(NO3)2
593
SrO SrSO4 SrS TaB TaBr5 TaC
1736
643 2933 1878 >2275 >2270 538 3813
TaCl5 TaF5
489
Ta2N Ta2O5
3360
370 2100
Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 9 OF 11) Compound
CERAMICS
(K)
TaSi2 TaS4 TeBr2
>1575
TeCl2
448
TeO2 ThB4 ThBr4
>2270
ThC ThCl4 ThF4
2670 612
1006 883 2898 1043
ThN ThO2
1375 2903 3493
ThS2 TiB2
2198 3253
TiBr4
312 3433
TiC TiCl4 TiF3 TiI2 TiN TiO2 TiSi2 UB2 UBr4
250 1475 873 3200 2113 1813 >1770 789
Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 10 OF 11) Compound
CERAMICS
(K)
UC UCl4
2863 843
UF4 UI4
1233
UN UO2
3123 3151 1970
779
USi2 US2
>1375
VB2 VC VCl4
2373 3600 245
VF3
>1075
FI2 VN V2O5
1048 2593 947
VSi2
2023
V2S3
>875 3133 2900 548
WB WC WCl6 WO3 WSi2 WS2
1744
ZnBr2
667
ZnCl2 ZnF2 ZnI2 ZnO
2320 1523
548 1145 719 2248
Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 72. MELTING POINTS OF (SHEET 11 OF 11) Compound ZnSO4 ZrB2 ZrBr2 ZrC ZrCl2 ZrF4 ZrI4 ZrN ZrO2 Zr(SO4)2 ZrS2
CERAMICS
(K)
873 3313 >625 3533 623 873 772 3250 3123 683 1823
Source: data from: Lynch, Charles T., Ed., CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1974, 348.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 1 OF 16) Heat of fusion
Compound
Formula
Melting point ˚C
Actinium227 Aluminum Aluminum bromide
Ac
1050±50
(11.0)
Al
658.5
94.5
2550
Al2Br6
Aluminum chloride
Al2Cl6
87.4 192.4
10.1 63.6
5420 19600
Aluminum iodide
Al2I6
Aluminum oxide Antimony Antimony pentachloride
Al2O3 Sb SbCl5
190.9 2045.0
9.8 (256.0)
7960 (26000)
630
39.1
4770
4.0
8.0
2400
Antimony tribromide Antimony trichloride Antimony trioxide
SbBr3 SbCl3 Sb4O6
Antimony trisulfide
Sb4S6
96.8 73.3 655.0 546.0
9.7 13.3 (46.3) 33.0
3510 3030 (26990) 11200
Argon Arsenic Arsenic pentafluoride Arsenic tribromide
Ar As AsF5 AsBr3
190.2 816.8
7.25 (22.0)
290 (6620)
80.8 30.0
16.5 8.9
2800 2810
Arsenic trichloride Arsenic trifluoride Arsenic trioxide Barium
AsCl3 AsF3
–16.0 –6.0 312.8
13.3 18.9 22.2
2420 2486 8000
725
13.3
1830
As4O6 Ba
cal/g
cal/g mole
(3400)
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 2 OF 16) Heat of fusion
Compound
Formula
Melting point ˚C
Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium fluoride Barium iodide
BaBr2 BaCl2 BaF2 BaI2
846.8 959.8 1286.8 710.8
21.9 25.9 17.1 (17.3)
6000 5370 3000 (6800)
Barium nitrate Barium oxide Barium phosphate Barium sulfate
Ba(NO3)2 BaO Ba3(PO4)2 BaSO4
(5900)
Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium chloride Beryllium oxide
Be BeBr2 BeCl2 BeO
Bismuth Bismuth trichloride Bismuth trifluoride Bismuth trioxide
Bi BiCl3 BiF3
Boron Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride
cal/g
cal/g mole
594.8
(22.6)
1922.8
93.2
13800
1727 1350
30.9 41.6
18600 9700
1278
260.0
–
487.8
(26.6)
(4500)
404.8 2550.0
(30) 679.7
(3000) 17000
271
12.0
2505
Bi2O3
223.8 726.0 815.8
8.2 (23.3) 14.6
2600 (6200) 6800
B BBr3 BCl3 BF3
2300
(490)
(5300)
–48.8 –107.8 –128.0
(2.9) (4.3) 7.0
(700) (500) 480
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 3 OF 16) Heat of fusion
Melting point ˚C
cal/g
cal/g mole
Compound
Formula
Boron trioxide Bromine Bromine pentafluoride Cadmium
B2O3 Br2 BrF5 Cd
448.8 –7.2 –61.4
78.9 16.1 7.07
5500 2580 1355
320.8
12.9
1460
Cadmium bromide Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide
CdBr2 CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2
567.8 567.8 1110 386.8
(18.4) 28.8 (35.9) 10.0
(5000) 5300 (5400) 3660
Cadmium sulfate Calcium Calcium bromide Calcium carbonate
CdSO4 Ca CaBr2 CaCO3
1000
22.9
4790
851
55.7
2230
729.8 1282
20.9 (126)
4180 (12700)
Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium metasilicate Calcium nitrate
CaCl2 CaF2 CaSiO3 Ca(NO3)2
782 1382 1512 560.8
55 52.5 115.4 31.2
6100 4100 13400 5120
Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide
CaO CaSO4 CO2 CO
2707
(218.1)
(12240)
1297 –57.6
49.2 43.2
6700 1900
–205
7.13
199.7
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 4 OF 16)
Compound
Formula
Cyanogen Cyanogen chloride Cerium Cesium
C2N2 CNCl Ce Cs
Cesium chloride Cesium nitrate Chlorine Chromium
CsCl CsNO3 Cl2 Cr
Chromium (II) chloride Chromium (III) sequioxide Chromium trioxide Cobalt
CrCl2 Cr2O3 CrO3 Co
Cobalt (II) chloride Copper Copper (II) chloride Copper (I) chloride
CoCl2 Cu CuCl2 CuCl
Copper(l) cyanide Copper (I) iodide Copper (II) oxide Copper (I) oxide
Cu2(CN)2 CuI CuO Cu2O
Heat of fusion
Melting point ˚C
cal/g
cal/g mole
–27.2
39.6
2060
–5.2 775 28.3
36.4 27.2 3.7
2240 2120 500
38.5
21.4
3600
406.8 –103±5
16.6 22.8
3250 1531
1890
62.1
3660
814 2279 197
65.9 27.6 37.7
7700 4200 3770
1490
62.1
3640
7390
727
56.9
1083
49.0
3110
430
24.7
4890
429
26.4
2620
473
(30.1)
(5400)
587 1446
(13.6) 35.4
(2600) 2820
1230
(93.6)
(l3400)
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 5 OF 16) Heat of fusion
Melting point ˚C
cal/g
cal/g mole
Compound
Formula
Copper (I) sulfide Dysprosium Erbium Europium
Cu2S Dy Er Eu
1129
62.3
5500
1407 1496 826
25.2 24.5 16.4
4100 4100 2500
Europium trichloride Fluorine Gadolinium Gallium
EuCl3 F2 Gd Ga
622 –219.6
(20.9) 6.4
(8000) 244.0
1312 29
23.8 19.1
3700 1336
Germanium Gold Hafnium Holmium
Ge Au Hf Ho
959 1063 2214 1461
(114.3) (15.3) (34.1) 24.8
(8300) 3030 (6000) 4100
Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride
H2 HBr HCl HF
–259.25
13.8
28
–86.96 –114.3 83.11
7.1 13.0 54.7
575.1 476.0 1094
Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen nitrate
HI HNO3
–50.91
5.4
686.3
Hydrogen oxide (water)
H2O
Deuterium oxide
D2O
–47.2 0 3.78
9.5 79.72 75.8
601 1436 1516
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 6 OF 16)
Compound
Formula
Hydrogen peroxide
H2O2
Hydrogen selenate
H2SeO4
Hydrogen sulfate
H2SO4
Hydrogen sulfide
H2S
Hydrogen sulfide, di–
H2S2
Hydrogen telluride Indium lodine
H2Te In I2
lodine chloride (α) lodine chloride (β) Iron Iron carbide Iron (III) chloride Iron (II) chloride Iron (II) oxide Iron oxide Iron pentacarbonyl Iron (II) sulfide Lanthanum Lead
Heat of fusion
Melting point ˚C
cal/g
cal/g mole
–0.7 57.8 10.4 –85.6
8.58 23.8 24.0 16.8
2920 3450 2360 5683
–89.7 –49.0
27.3 12.9
1805 1670
156.3
6.8
781
112.9
14.3
3650
ICl ICl
17.1 13.8
16.4 13.3
2660 2270
Fe Fe3C
1530.0
63.7
3560
1226.8
68.6
12330
Fe2Cl6 FeCl2 FeO Fe3O4
303.8 677
63.2 61.5
20500 7800
1380
(107.2)
(7700)
1596
142.5
33000
Fe(CO)5 FeS La Pb
–21.2
16.5
3250
1195 920 327.3
56.9 17.4 5.9
5000 2400 1224
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 7 OF 16) Heat of fusion
Compound
Formula
Melting point ˚C
Leadbromide Lead chloride Lead fluoride Lead iodide
PbBr2 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2
487.8 497 8 823 412
11 7 20.3 7.6 17.9
4290 5650 1860 5970
Lead molybdate Lead oxide Lead sulfate Lead sulfide
PbMoO4 PbO PbSO4 PbS
1065
70.8
(25800)
890
12.6
2820
1087
31.6
9600
1114
17.3
4150
Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride
Li LiBr LiCl LiF
178.8 552 614 896
158.5 33 4 75.5 (91.1)
1100 2900 3200 (2360)
Lithium hydroxide Lithium iodide Lithium metasilicate
LiOH LiI Li2SiO3
462 440
103.3 (10.6)
2480 (1420)
Lithium molybdate
Li2MoO4
1177 705
80.2 24.1
7210 4200
Lithium nitrate Lithium orthosilicate
LiNO3 Li4SiO4
Lithium sulfate
Li2SO4
Lithium tungstate
Li2WO4
250 1249 857 742
87.8 60.5 27.6 (25.6)
6060 7430 3040 (6700)
cal/g
cal/g mole
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 8 OF 16) Heat of fusion
Melting point ˚C
cal/g
cal/g mole
Compound
Formula
Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium bromide Magnesium chloride
Lu Mg MgBr2 MgCl2
1651 650
26.3 88.9
4600 2160
711 712
45.0 82.9
8300 8100
Magnesium fluoride Magnesium oxide Magnesium silicate Magnesium sulfate
MgF2 MgO MgSiO3 MgSO4
1221
94.7
5900
2642
459.0
18500
1524 1327
146.4 28.9
14700 3500
Manganese Manganese dichloride Manganese metasilicate Manganese (II) oxide
Mn MnCl2 MnSiO3 MnO
1220
62.7
3450
650 1274
58.4 (62.6)
7340 (8200)
1784
183.3
13000
Manganese oxide Mercury Mercury bromide Mercury chloride
Mn3O4 Hg HgBr2 HgCl2
1590
(170.4)
(39000)
–39
2.7
557.2
241 276.8
10.9 15.3
3960 4150
Mercury iodide Mercury sulfate Molybdenum Molybdenum dichloride
HgI2 HgSO4 Mo MoCl2
250 850
9.9 (4.8)
4500 (1440)
2622
(68.4)
(6600)
726.8
3.58
6000
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 9 OF 16)
Compound
Formula
Molybdenum hexafluoride Molybdenum trioxide Neodymium Neon
MoF6 MoO3 Nd Ne
Nickel Nickel chloride
Ni NiCl2
Nickel subsulfide Niobium
Ni3S2 Nb
Niobium pentachloride
NbCl5
Niobium pentoxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen
Nb2O5 NO N2
Nitrogen tetroxide
N2O4
Nitrous oxide Osmium Osmium tetroxide (white)
N 2O Os OsO4
Osmium tetroxide (yellow) Oxygen Palladium Phosphoric acid
OsO4 O2 Pd H3PO4
Heat of fusion
Melting point ˚C
cal/g
cal/g mole
17 795
11.9 (17.3)
2500 (2500)
1020 – 248.6
11.8 3.83
1700 77.4
1452
71.5
4200
1030 790
142 5 25.8 1
18470 5800
2496
(68.9)
(6500)
21.1 1511
30 8 91.0
8400 24200
–163.7
18.3
549.5
–210
6.15
172.3
–13.2 –90.9
60.2 35.5
5540 1563
2700
(36.7)
(7000)
41.8
9.2
2340
55.8 –218.8
15.5 3.3
4060 106.3
1555
38.6
4120
42.3
25.8
2520
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 10 OF 16)
Compound
Formula
Phosphoric acid. hypo–
H4P2O6
Phosphorus acid, hypo–
H3PO2
Phosphorus acid, ortho– Phosphorus oxychloride
H3PO3 POCl3
Phosphorus pentoxide
P4O10
Phosphorus trioxide Phosphorus, yellow Platinum
P4O6 P4 Pt
Potassium Potassium borate, meta– Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate
K KBO2 KBr K2CO3
Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium cyanide Potassium dichromate
KCl K2CrO4 KCN K2Cr2O7
Potassium fluoride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate
KF KOH Kl KNO3
Heat of fusion
Melting point ˚C
cal/g
cal/g mole
54.8 17.3 73.8 1.0
51.2 35.0 37.4 20.3
8300 2310 3070 3110
569.0 23.7 44.1
60.1 15.3 4.8
17080 3360 600
1770
24.1
4700
63.4
14.6
574
947
(69.1)
(5660)
742
42.0
5000
897
56.4
7800
770
85.9
6410
984
35.6
6920
623
(53.7)
(3500)
398
29.8
8770
875 360 682
111.9 (35.3) 24.7
6500 (1980) 4100
338
78.1
2840
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 11 OF 16)
Compound
cal/g
cal/g mole
490 1340 1092 1074
55.3 41.9 42.4 46.4
6100 8900 14000 8100
179 931 3167±60
23.1 19.0 (42.4)
2250 2700 (7900)
296
30.1
15340
Formula
Potassium peroxide
K2O2
Potassium phosphate
K3PO4
Potassium pyro– phosphate
K4P2O7
Potassium sulfate
K2SO4
Potassium thiocyanate Praseodymium Rhenium Rhenium heptoxide
KSCN Pr Re Re2O7
Rhenium hexafluoride Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride
ReF6 Rb RbBr RbCl
Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium nitrate Samarium
RbF Rbl RbNO3 Sm
Scandium Selenium Seleniumoxychloride
Sc Se SeOCl3
Silane, hexaHuoro–
Si2F6
Heat of fusion
Melting point ˚C
19.0
16.6
5000
38 .9 677 717
6. 1 22.4 36.4
525 3700 4400
833 638
39.5 14.0
4130 2990
305
9.1
1340
1072
17.3
2600
1538 217
84.4 15.4
3800 1220
9.8 –28.6
6.1 22.9
1010 3900
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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6.3 Thermodynamics Page 251 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 12 OF 16)
Compound
Heat of fusion
Formula
Melting point ˚C
cal/g
cal/g mole
Silicon Silicon dioxide (Cristobalite) Silicon tetrachloride Silver
Si
1427
337.0
9470
SiO2
1723
35.0
2100
SiCl4 Ag
–67.7
10.8
1845
961
25.0
2700
Silver bromide Silver chloride Silver cyanide Silver iodide
AgBr AgCl AgCN AgI
430 455 350 557
11.6 22.0 20.5 9.5
2180 3155 2750 2250
Silver nitrate
AgNO3
209 657 841
16.2 (13.7) 13.5
2755 (4280) 3360
97.8
27.4
630
8660
Silver sulfate
Ag2SO4
Silver sulfide Sodium
Ag2S Na
Sodium borate, meta– Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate
966
134.6
747
59.7
6140
Sodium chlorate
NaBO2 NaBr Na2CO3 NaClO3
854 255
66.0 49.7
7000 5290
Sodium chloride Sodium cyanide Sodium fluoride Sodium hydroxide
NaCl NaCN NaF NaOH
800 562 992 322
123.5 (88.9) 166.7 50.0
7220 (4360) 7000 2000
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 13 OF 16)
Compound
Formula
Sodium iodide Sodium molybdate Sodium nitrate Sodium peroxide
NaI Na2MoO4 NaNO3
Sodium phosphate, meta– Sodium pyrophosphate
NaPO3 Na4P2O7
Sodiumsilicate,aluminum–
NaAlSi3O8
Sodium silicate, di–
Na2Si2O5
Sodium silicate, meta–
Na2SiO3
Na2O2
Melting point ˚C
Heat of fusion cal/g
cal/g mole
662
35.1
5340
687 310 460
17.5 44.2 75.1
3600 3760 5860
988 970 1107 884
(48.6) (51.5) 50.1 46.4
(4960) (13700) 13150 8460
1087 884 920
84.4 41.0 15.4
10300 5830 (1200)
323
54.8
4450
5800
Sodium sulfate
Na2SO4
Sodium sulfide Sodium thiocyanate
Na2S NaSCN
Sodium tungstate Strontium Strontium bromide Strontium chloride
Na2WO4 Sr SrBr2 SrCl2
702
19.6
757
25.0
2190
643 872
19.3 26.5
4780 4100
Strontium fluoride Strontium oxide Sulfur (monatomic) Sulfur dioxide
SrF2 SrO S SO2
1400
34.0
4260
2430 119
161.2 9.2
16700 295
–73.2
32.2
2060
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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6.3 Thermodynamics Page 253 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 14 OF 16) Heat of fusion
Compound
Formula
Melting point ˚C
Sulfur trioxide (α)
SO3 SO3 SO3
16.8 32.3 62.1
25.8 36.1 79.0
2060 2890 6310
Ta
2996 ± 50
34.6–41.5
(7500)
TaCl5
206.8 1877
25.1 108.6
9000 48000
453 1356
25.3 24.6
3230 3900
302.4 460
5.0 21.0
1030 5990
273
9.5
4400
427
17.7
4260
Sulfur trioxide (β) Sulfur trioxide (γ) Tantalum Tantalum pentachloride Tantalum pentoxide Tellurium Terbium
Ta2O5 Te Tb
Thallium Thallium bromide, mono– Thallium carbonate Thallium chloride, mono–
Tl TlBr Tl2CO3 TICl
Thallium iodide, mono– Thallium nitrate
TlI TINO3
Thallium sulfate
Tl2SO4
Thallium sulfide
Tl2S
Thorium Thorium chloride Thorium dioxide Thulium
Th ThCl4 ThO2 Tm
cal/g
cal/g mole
440
9.4
3125
207 632 449
8.6 10.9 6.8
2290 5500 3000
1845
(<19.8)
(<4600)
765 2952
61.6 1102.0
22500 291100
1545
26.0
4400
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 15 OF 16) Heat of fusion
Compound
Formula
Melting point ˚C
Tin Tin bromide, di– Tin bromide, tetra– Tin chloride, di–
Sn SnBr2 SnBr4 SnCl2
231.7
14.4
1720
231.8 29.8 247
(6.1) 6.8 16.0
(1720) 3000 3050
Tin chloride,tetra– Tin iodide, tetra– Tin oxide Titanium
SnCl4 SnI4 SnO Ti
–33.3 143.4
8.4 (6.9)
2190 (4330)
1042 1800
(46.8) (104.4)
(6400) (5000)
Titanium bromide, tetra– Titanium chloride, tetra– Titanium dioxide Titanium oxide
TiBr4 TiCl4 TiO2 TiO
38 –23.2 1825
(5.6) 11.9 (142.7)
(2060) 2240 (11400)
991
219
14000
Tungsten Tungsten dioxide Tungsten hexafluoride Tungsten tetrachloride
W WO2 WF6 WCl4
Tungsten trioxide
WO3
Uranium235
U
Uranium tetrachloride Vanadium
UCl4 V
cal/g
cal/g mole
3387
(45.8)
(8420)
1270 –0.5 327
60 1 6.0 18.4
13940 1800 6000
1470 ~1133 590
60 1 20 27.1
13940 3700 10300
1917
(70)
(4200)
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
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6.3 Thermodynamics Page 255 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 73. HEAT OF
FUSION FOR ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SHEET 16 OF 16) Melting point ˚C
Compound
Formula
Vanadium dichloride Vanadium oxide Vanadium pentoxide Xenon
VCl2 VO V2O5 Xe
Ytterbium Yttrium Yttrium oxide Zinc
Yb Y Y2O3 Zn
Zinc chloride Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide Zirconium
ZnCl2 ZnO ZnS Zr
Zirconium dichloride Zirconium oxide
ZrCl2 ZrO2
727 2715
Heat of fusion cal/g
cal/g mole
1027
65.6
8000
2077
224.0
15000
670
85.5
15560
–111.6
5.6
740
823 1504
12.7 46.1
2200 4100
2227
110.7
25000
419.4
24.4
1595
283
(406)
(5540)
1975 1745 1857
54.9 (93.3) (60)
4470 (9100) (5500)
45.0 168.8
7300 20800
For heat of fusion in J/kg, multiply values in cal/g by 4184. For heat of fusion in J/mol, multiply values in cal/g-mol (=cal/mol) by 4.184. For melting point in K, add 273.15 to values in ˚C. Values in parentheses are of uncertain reliability. Source: data from Weast, R C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974); and Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1973)
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
255
6.3 Thermodynamics Page 256 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 74. HEATS OF
SUBLIMATION OF METALS AND THEIR OXIDES
Metal
kcal/mole (25˚C)
kJ/mole (25˚C)
Al Cu Fe Mg
78 81 100 113
326 338 416 473
122 145 143
509 605 597
153
639
Metal Oxide FeO MgO α-TiO TiO2 (rutile)
Data from: JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 2nd ed., National Standard Reference Data Series, Natl. Bur. Std. (U.S.), 37 (1971) and Supplement in J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 4(1), 1175 (1975).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
256
CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
Table 75. KEY TO
TABLES OF THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS (SHEET 1 OF 4)
Thermodynamic calculations over a wide range of temperatures are generally made with the aid of algebraic equations representing the characteristic properties of the substances being considered. The necessary integrations and differentiations, or other mathematical manipulations, are then most easily effected. The most convenient starting point in making such calculations for a given substance is the heat capacity at constant pressure. From this quantity and a knowledge of the properties of any phase transitions, the other thermodynamic properties may be computed by the well-known equations given in standard texts on thermodynamics. Please note that the units for a, b, c, and d are cal/g mole, whereas those for A are kcal/g mole. The necessary adjustment must be made when the data are substituted into the equations. Empirical heat capacity equations are generated in the form of a power series, with the absolute temperature T as the independent variable:
Since both forms are used in the following, let
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Table 75. KEY TO
TABLES OF THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS (SHEET 2 OF 4)
The constants a, b, c, and d are to be determined either experimentally or by some theoretical or semi-empirical approach. The heat content, or enthalpy (H), is determined from the heat capacity by a simple integration of the range of temperatures for which the formula for cp is valid. Thus, if 298K is taken as a reference temperature,
where all the constants on the right-hand side of the equation have been incorporated in the term –A. In general, the enthalpy is given by a sum of terms for each phase of the substance involved in the temperature range considered plus terms that represent the heats of transitions:
In a similar manner, the entropy S is obtained by performing the integration
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Table 75. KEY TO
TABLES OF THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS (SHEET 3 OF 4)
where
From the definition of free energy (F):
the quantity
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Table 75. KEY TO
TABLES OF THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS (SHEET 4 OF 4)
may be written as:
and also the free energy function
Values of these thermodynamic coefficients are given in the following tables. The first column in each table lists the material. The second column gives the phase to which the coefficients are applicable. The remaining columns list the values of the constants a, b, c, d, A, and B required in the thermodynamic equations. All values that represent estimates are enclosed in parentheses. The heat capacities at temperatures beyond the range of experimental determination were estimated by extrapolation. Where no experimental values were found, analogy with compounds of neighboring elements in the periodic table was used.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Table 76. THERMODYNAMIC
COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS * (SHEET 1 OF 14)
Element
Phase
a –
b –
c (cal • g mole-1 )
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Ac
solid liquid
(5.4) (8)
(3.0) –
– –
– –
(1.743) (0.295)
(18.7) (31.3)
Ag
solid liquid gas
5.09 7.30 (4.97)
1.02 – –
– – –
0.36 – –
1.488 0.164 (–66.34)
19.21 30.12 (–12.52)
Al
solid liquid
4.94 7.0
2.96 –
– –
– –
1.604 0.33
22.26 30.83
Am
solid liquid
(4.9) (8.5)
(4.4) –
– –
– –
(1.657) (0.409)
(16.2) (34.5)
As
solid
5.17
2.34
–
–
1.646
21.8
Au
solid liquid
6.14 7.00
–0.175 –
0.92 –
– –
1.831 –0.631
23.65 26.99
B
solid liquid
1.54 (6.0)
4.40 –
– –
– –
0.655 (–4.599)
8.67 (31.4)
d
A
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 76. THERMODYNAMIC
COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS * (SHEET 2 OF 14)
a –
b –
c (cal • g mole-1 )
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
5.55 5.55
4.50 1.50
– –
– –
1.722 1.582
16.1 15.9
(7.4) (497)
– –
– –
– –
(0.843) (–39.65)
(25.3) (–11.7)
solid liquid
5.07 5.27
1.21 –
– –
–1.15 –
1.951 –1.611
27.62 25.68
Bi
solid liquid gas
5.38 7.60 (4.97)
2.60 – –
– – –
– – –
1.720 –0.087 (–46.19)
17.8 25.6 (–15.9)
C
solid
4.10
1.02
–
–2.10
1.972
23.484
Ca
solid, α solid, β liquid gas
5.24 6.29
3.50 1.40
– –
– –
1.718 1.689
2095 26.01
7.4 (4.97)
– –
– –
– –
–0.147 (–43.015)
30.28 (–9.88)
Element
Phase
Ba
solid, α solid, β liquid gas
Be
d
A
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 76. THERMODYNAMIC
COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS * (SHEET 3 OF 14)
Element
Phase
a –
b –
c (cal • g mole-1 )
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Cd
solid liquid gas
5.31 7.10 (4.97)
2.94 – –
– – –
– – –
1.714 0.798 (–25.28)
18.8 26.1 (–11.7)
Ce
solid liquid
4.40 (7.9)
6.0 –
– –
– –
1.579 (–0.148)
13.1 (29.1)
Cl2
gas
8.76
0.27
–
–0.65
2.845
–2.929
Co
solid, α solid, β solid, γ liquid
4.72 3.30 9.60
4.30 5.86 –
– – –
– – –
1.598 0.974 3.961
21.4 3.1 50.5
8.30
–
–
–
–2.034
38.7
solid liquid gas
5.35 9.40 (4.97)
2.36 – –
– – –
–0.44 – –
1.848 1.556 (–82.47)
25.75 50.13 (–13.8)
Cr
d
A
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 76. THERMODYNAMIC
COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS * (SHEET 4 OF 14)
Element
Phase
a –
b –
c (cal • g mole-1 )
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Cs
solid liquid gas
7.42 8.00 (4.97)
– – –
– – –
– – –
2.212 1.887 (–17.35)
22.5 24.1 (–13.6)
Cu
solid liquid
5.41 7.50
1.50 –
– –
– –
1.680 0.024
23.30 34.05
F2
gas
8.29
0.44
–
–0.80
2.760
–0.76
Fe
solid, α solid, β solid, γ solid, δ liquid
3.37 10.40 4.85 10.30
7.10 – 3.00 –
– – – –
0.43 – – –
1.176 4.281 0.396 4.382
14.59 55.66 19.76 55.11
10.00
–
–
–
–0.021
50.73
solid liquid
5.237 (6.645)
3.33 –
– –
– –
1.710 (0.648)
21.01 (23.64)
Ga
d
A
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 76. THERMODYNAMIC
COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS * (SHEET 5 OF 14)
Element
Phase
a –
b –
c (cal • g mole-1 )
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Ge
solid liquid
5.90 (7.3)
1.13 –
– –
– –
1.764 (–5.668)
23.8 (25.7)
H2
gas
6.62
0.81
–
–
2.010
6.75
Hf
solid
(6.00)
(0.52)
–
–
(1.812)
(21.2)
Hg
liquid gas
6.61 4.969
– –
– –
– –
1.971 –13.048
19.20 –13.54
In
solid liquid gas
5.81 7.50 (4.97)
2.50 – –
– – –
– – –
1.844 1.564 (–58.42)
19.97 27.34 (–14.46)
Ir
solid
5.56
1.42
–
–
1.721
23.4
K
solid liquid gas
1.3264 8.8825 (4.97)
19.405 4.565 –
– 2.9369 –
– – –
1.258 1.923 (–19.689)
–1.86 32.55 (–9.46)
d
A
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 76. THERMODYNAMIC
COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS * (SHEET 6 OF 14)
Element
Phase
a –
b –
c (cal • g mole-1 )
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
La
solid liquid
6.17 (7.3)
1.60 –
– –
– –
1.911 (–0.15)
21.9 (26.0)
Li
solid liquid gas
3.05 7.0 (4.97)
8.60 – –
– – –
– – –
1.292 1.509 (–34.30)
12.92 32.00 (–2.84)
Mg
solid liquid gas
5.33 (8.0) (4.97)
2.45 – –
– – –
–0.103 – –
1.733 0.942 (–34.78)
23.39 36.967 (–7.60)
Mn
solid, α solid, β solid, γ solid, δ liquid gas
6.70 8.33 10.70 11.30
3.38 0.66 – –
– – – –
–0.37 – – –
1.974 2.672 4.760 5.176
26.11 41.02 56.84 60.88
11.00 6.26
– –
–
–
1.221 –63.704
56.38 –3.13
solid
5.48
1.30
–
–
1.692
24.78
Mo
d
A
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 76. THERMODYNAMIC
COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS * (SHEET 7 OF 14)
Element
Phase
a –
b –
c (cal • g mole-1 )
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
N2
gas
6.76
0.606
0.13
–
2.044
–7.064
Na
solid liquid
5.657 8.954 (4.97)
3.252 –4.577 –
0.5785 2.540 –
– – –
1.836 1.924 (–24.40)
20.92 36.0 (–8.7)
Nb
solid
5.66
0.96
–
–
1.730
24.24
Nd
solid liquid
5.61 (9.1)
5.34 –
– –
– –
1.910 (–0.606)
19.7 35.8
Ni
solid α solid β liquid
4.06 6.00
7.04 1.80
– –
– –
1.523 1.619
18.095 27.16
9.20
–
–
–
0.251
45.47
Np
solid liquid
(5.3) (9.0)
(3.4) –
– –
– –
(1.731) (1.392)
(17.9) (37.5)
O2
gas
8.27
0.258
–
–1.877
3.007
–0.750
d
A
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 76. THERMODYNAMIC
COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS * (SHEET 8 OF 14)
Element
Phase
a –
b –
c (cal • g mole-1 )
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Os
solid
5.69
0.88
–
–
1.736
24.9
P4
solid, white
13.62
28.72
–
–
5.338
43.8
liquid gas
19.23 (19.5)
0.51 (–0.4)
– (1.3)
–2.98 –
6.035 (–6.32)
66.7 (46.1)
Pa
solid liquid
(5.2) (8.0)
(4.0) –
– –
– –
(1.728) (–3.823)
(17.3) (28.8)
Pb
solid liquid gas
5.64 7.75 (4.97)
2.30 –0.73 –
– – –
– – –
1.784 1.362 (–45.25)
17.33 27.11 (–13.6)
Pd
solid liquid
5.80 (9.0)
1.38 –
– –
– –
1.791 (1.215)
24.6 (43.8)
Po
solid liquid gas
(5.2) (9.0) (4.97)
(3.2) – –
– – –
– – –
(1.693) (0.847) (–28.73)
(17.6) (35.2) (–13.5)
d
A
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 76. THERMODYNAMIC
COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS * (SHEET 9 OF 14)
Element
Phase
a –
b –
c (cal • g mole-1 )
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Pr
solid liquid
(5.0) (8.0)
(4.6) –
– –
– –
(1.705) (–0.519)
(16.4) (30.0)
Pt
solid liquid
5.74 (9.0)
1.34 –
– –
0.10 –
1.737 (0.406)
23.0 (42.6)
Pu
solid liquid
(5.2) (8.0)
(3.6) –
– –
– –
(1.710) (0.506)
(17.7) (31.0)
Ra
solid liquid gas
(5.8) (8.0) (4.97)
(1.2) – –
– – –
– – –
(1.783) (1.284) (–38.87)
(16.4) (28.6) (–14.5)
Rb
solid liquid gas
3.27 7.85 (4.97)
13.1 – –
– – –
– – –
1.557 1.814 (–19.04)
5.9 26.5 (–12.3)
Re
solid
(5.85)
(0.8)
–
–
(1.780)
(24.7)
d
A
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 76. THERMODYNAMIC
COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS * (SHEET 10 OF 14)
Element
Phase
a –
b –
c (cal • g mole-1 )
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Rh
solid liquid
5.40 (9.0)
2.19 –
– –
– –
1.707 (–0.923)
23.8 (44.4)
Ru
solid, α solid, β solid, γ solid, δ
5.25 7.20 7.20 7.50
1.50 – – –
– – – –
– – – –
1.632 2.867 2.867 3.169
23.5 35.5 35.5 37.6
S
solid, α solid, β liquid
3.58 3.56
6.24 6.95
– –
– –
1.345 1.298
14.64 14.54
5.4
5.0
–
–
1.576
24.02
/2 S2
gas
(4.25)
(0.15)
–
(–1.0)
(–2.859)
(9.57)
Sb
solid, α, β, γ liquid
5.51
1.74
–
–
1.720
21.4
7.50
–
–
–
1.992
28.1
gas
4.47
–
–
–0.11
–53.876
–21.7
1
1/2 Sb2
d
A
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 76. THERMODYNAMIC
COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS * (SHEET 11 OF 14)
Element
Phase
a –
b –
c (cal • g mole-1 )
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Sc
solid liquid
(5.13) (7.50)
(3.0) –
–
–
1.663 (–2.563)
21.1 31.3
Se
solid liquid
3.30 7.0
8.80 –
– –
– –
1.375 0.881
11.28 27.34
Si
solid liquid
5.70 7.4
1.02 –
–
–1.06
2.100 7.646
28.88 33.17
Sm
solid liquid
(6.7) (9.0)
(3.4) –
– –
– –
(2.149) (–2.296)
(24.2) (33.4)
Sn
solid, α, β liquid gas
4.42
6.30
–
–
1.598
14.8
7.30 (4.97)
– –
– –
– –
0.559 60.21)
26.2 (–14.3)
solid liquid gas
(5.60) (7.7) (4.97)
(1.37) – –
– – –
– – –
(1.731) (0.976) (37.16)
(19.3) (30.4) (–10.2)
Sr
d
A
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 76. THERMODYNAMIC
COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS * (SHEET 12 OF 14)
Element
Phase
a –
b –
c (cal • g mole-1 )
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Ta
solid
5.82
0.78
–
–
1.770
23.4
Tc
solid liquid
(5.6) –
(2.0) –
– –
– –
(1.759) (3.459)
(24.5) (59.4)
Te
solid, α solid, β liquid
4.58 4.58
5.25 5.25
– –
– –
1.599 1.469
15.78 15.57
9.0
–
–
–
–0.988
34.96
/2 Te2
gas
4.47
–
–
–0.10
–19.048
–6.47
Th
solid liquid
8.2 (8.0)
–0.77 –
2.04 –
– –
2.591 (–7.602)
33.64 (26.84)
Ti
solid, α solid, β liquid
5.25 7.50
2.52 –
– –
– –
1.677 1.645
23.33 35.46
(7.8)
–
–
–
(–2.355)
(35.45)
1
d
A
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 76. THERMODYNAMIC
COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS * (SHEET 13 OF 14)
Element
Phase
Tl
solid, α solid, β liquid gas
a –
b –
c (cal • g mole-1 )
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
5.26 7.30
3.46 –
– –
– –
1.722 2.230
15.6 26.4
7.50 (4.97)
– –
– –
– –
1.315 (–41.88)
25.9 (–15.4)
d
A
B
solid, α solid, β solid, γ liquid
3.25 10.28 9.12
8.15 – –
– – –
0.80 – –
1.063 3.493 1.110
8.47 48.27 39.09
(8.99)
–
–
–
(–2.073)
36.01
V
solid liquid
5.57 (8.6)
0.97 –
– –
– –
1.704 1.827
24.97 44.06
W
solid
5.74
0.76
–
–
1.745
24.9
Y
solid liquid
(5.6) (7.5)
(2.2) –
– –
– –
(1.767) 2.277)
(21.6) (29.6)
U
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Table 76. THERMODYNAMIC
COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS * (SHEET 14 OF 14)
a –
b –
c (cal • g mole-1 )
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
solid liquid
5.35 7.50 (4.97)
2.40 – –
– – –
– – –
1.702 1.020 (–29.407)
21.25 31.35 (–9.81)
solid, α solid, β liquid
6.83 7.27
1.12 –
– –
–0.87 –
2.378 1.159
30.45 31.43
(8.0)
–
–
–
(–2.190)
(34.7)
Element
Phase
Zn
Zr
d
A
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44. *
Please refer to Table 75, ”Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients” on page 257 for an explanation of the coefficients.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 1 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Ac2O3
Solid Liquid
(20.0) (40)
(20.4) –
– –
– –
(6.870) (–19.767)
(80.9) (180.5)
Ag2O
Solid
13.26
7.04
–
–
4.266
48.56
Ag2O2
Solid
(16.4)
(12.2)
–
–
(5.432)
(76.7)
Al2O3
Solid Liquid
26.12 (33)
4.388 –
– –
–7.269 –
10.422 (– 11.655)
142.03 (174.1)
Am2O3
Solid Liquid Solid
(20.0) (38.5) (14.0)
(15.6) – (6.8)
– – –
– – –
(6.657) (–7.796) (4.477)
(81.6) (181.8) (61.8)
AmO2
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 2 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
As2O3
Solid, α Solid, β Liquid Gas
8.37 8.37 (39) (21.5)
48.6 48.6 – –
– – – –
– – – –
4.656 0.556 (5.760) (–14.164)
36.6 28.4 (187.6) (62.5)
AsO2 As2O5
Solid Liquid Solid
(8.5) (21) (31.1)
(9.4) – (16.4)
– – –
– – (–5.4)
(2.952) (2.184) (11.813)
(38.2) (108.0) (159.9)
Au2O3
Solid
(23.5)
(4.8)
–
–
(7.220)
(105.3)
B2O3
Solid Liquid
8.73 30.50
25.40 –
– –
–1.31 –
4.171 7.822
45.04 161.59
Ba2O
Solid Liquid Gas
(20.0) (22) (15)
(2.2) – –
– – –
– – –
(6.061) (1.769) (–25.51)
(91.1) (96.8) (29.0)
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 3 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
BaO
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
12.74 (13.9) (13.6) (21)
1.040 – (2.0) –
– – – –
–1.984 – – –
4.510 (–9.341) (4.144) (3.241)
57.2 (57.5) (59.6) (99.0)
BeO
Solid
8.69
3.65
–
–3.13
3.803
48.99
BiO
Solid Liquid Gas Solid Liquid
(9.7) (14) (8.9) 23.27 (35.7)
(3.0) – – 11.05 –
– – – – –
– – – – –
(3.025) (2.306) (–61.49) 7.429 (7.614)
(41.2) (64.9) (–1.8) 99.7 (168.3)
CO
Gas
6.60
1.2
–
–
2.021
–9.34
CO2
Gas
7.70
5.3
–0.83
–
2.490
–5.64
CaO
Solid
10.00
4.84
–
–1.08
3.559
49.5
BaO2
Bi2O3
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 4 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
CdO
Solid
9.65
2.08
–
–
2.970
42.5
Ce2O3
Solid Liquid Solid
(–23.0) (37) 15.0
(9.0) – 2.5
– – –
– – –
(7.258) (–2.591) 4.579
(100.2) (178.5) 68.5
Co3O4
Solid Liquid Solid
(9.8) (15.5) (29.5)
(2.2) – (17.0)
– – –
– – –
(3.020) (–1.886) (9.551)
(46.0) (79.2) (137.6)
Cr2O3
Solid
28.53
2.20
–
–3.736
9.857
145.9
CrO2
Solid
(16.1)
(3.0)
–
(–3.0)
(5.946)
(82.8)
CrO3
Solid Liquid Gas
(18.1) (27) (20)
(4.0) – –
– – –
(–2.0) – –
(6.245) (3.381) (–28.62)
(87.9) (127.0) (53.6)
CeO2 CoO
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 5 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Cs2O
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
(16.51) (22) (21.4) (29.5)
(5.4) – (11.4) –
– – – –
– – – –
(5.160) (3.205) (6.887) (4.125)
(72.6) (99.0) (85.3) (123.8)
Cs2O3
Solid Liquid
(24.0) (35)
(22.6) –
– –
– –
(8.160) (2.148)
(96.5) (142.2)
Cu2O
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
(13.4) (21.5) 14.34 (22)
(8.6) – 6.2 –
– – – –
– – – –
(4.378) (3.721) 4.551 (–4.339)
(96.0) (54.9) 61.11 (98.91)
Solid Liquid Solid, α Solid, β
9.27 (14.5) 12.38 (14.5)
4.80 – 1.62 –
– – – –
– – –0.38 –
(2.977) (–3.721) 3.826 (–2.399)
(43.8) (69.2) 58.3 (66.7)
Cs2O2
CuO
FeO Fe3O4
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 6 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Fe2O3
Solid, α Solid, β Solid, γ
21.88 48.00
48.20 18.6
– –
– –
8.666 12.652
104.0 238.3
Solid Liquid Gas Solid
23.49 36.00 31.71 (13.8)
18.6 – 1.8 –
– – – –
–3.55 – – –
9.021 11.979 8.467 (4.497)
119.9 187.6 159.7 (58.7)
Liquid Solid Gas
(21.5) (14) 11.77
– – 25.2
– – –
– – –
(–0.559) (–28.06) (4.630)
(94.1) (22.3) (54.35)
Solid (α,β) Liquid
(35.5) (10.4)
– (2.6)
– –
– (–0.5)
(–20.66) (3.3)
(173.2) (47.8)
Ga2O
Ga2O3
GeO
GeO2
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 7 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
In2O
Solid Liquid Gas
(14.7) (22) (15)
(7.8) – –
– – –
– – –
(4.730) (3.206) (–18.39)
(58.1) (92.6) (25.8)
InO
Solid Liquid Gas
(10.0) (14) (9.0)
(3.2) – –
– – –
– – –
(3.124) (1.615) (–68.38)
(43.4) (64.9) (–3.1)
In2O3
Solid Liquid
(22.6) (35)
(6.0) –
– –
– –
(7.005) (–0.195)
(100.5) (172.8)
Ir2O3
Solid Liquid Gas Solid
(21.8) (35) (20) 9.17
(14.4) – (10) 15.20
– – – –
– – – –
(7.140) (0.706) (–57.73) 3.410
(102.0) (170.3) (54.8) 40.9
Solid Liquid
(15.9) (22)
(6.4) –
– –
– –
(5.025) (1.130)
(69.5) (98.3)
IrO2 K2O
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 8 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
K2O2
Solid Liquid Gas
(20.8) (29) (20)
(5.4) – –
– – –
– – –
(6.442) (4.127) (–57.07)
(93.1) (134.2) (41.7)
K2O3
Solid Liquid Gas
(19.1) (35.5) (20)
(23.2) – (5.0)
– – –
– – –
(6.750) (6.447) (–31.29)
(82.2) (164.7) (37.3)
KO2
Solid Liquid
(15.0) (24)
(12.0) –
– –
– –
(5.006) (3.424)
(61.1) (105.5)
La2O3
Solid
28.86
3.076
–
–3.275
9.840
(130.7)
Li2O
Solid Liquid
(11.4) (21)
(5.4) –
– –
– –
(3.639) (–1.961)
(57.5) (112.7)
Li2O2
Solid
(17.0)
(5.4)
–
–
(5.309)
(82.0)
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 9 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
MgO
Solid
10.86
1.197
–
–2.087
3.991
57.0
MgO2
Solid
(12.1)
(2A)
–
–
(3.714)
(49.2)
MnO
Solid Liquid
11.11 (13.5)
1.94 –
– –
–0.88 –
3.689 (–8.543)
50.10 (58.02)
Mn3O4
Solid, α Solid, β Liquid
34.64 50.20 (49)
10.82 – –
– – –
–2.20 – –
11.312 17.376 (–17.86)
166.3 260.4 (233.4)
Mn2O3
Solid
24.73
8.38
–
–3.23
8.829
118.8
MnO2
Solid
16.60
2.44
–
–3.88
6.359
84.8
MoO2
Solid Liquid
(16.2) (23)
(3.0) –
– –
(–3.0) –
(5.973) (–2.463)
(80.4) (118.4)
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 10 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
MoO3
Solid Liquid Gas
13.6 (28.4) (18.1)
13.5 – –
– – –
– – –
4.655 (0.222) (–48.54)
62.83 (139.88) (42.8)
N2O
Gas
(10.92)
2.06
–
–2.04
4.032
11.40
Na2O
Solid Liquid
15.70 (22)
5.40 –
– –
– –
4.921 (1.494)
73.7 (105.9)
Na2O2
Solid
(20.2)
(3.8)
–
–
(6.192)
(93.6)
NaO2
Solid Liquid Gas
(16.2) (23) (15)
(3.6) – –
– – –
– – –
(4.990) (3.175) (–35.22)
(65.7) (100.9) (22.0)
NbO
Solid
(9.6)
(4.4)
–
–
(3.058)
(44.0)
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 11 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
NbO2
Solid Liquid
(17.1) (24)
(1.6) –
– –
(–2.8) –
(6.109) (1.033)
(84.6) (127.2)
Nb2O5
Solid Liquid
21.88 (44.2)
28.2 –
– –
– –
7.776 (–24.09)
100.3 (201.6)
Nd2O3
Solid
28.99
5.760
–
(–4.159)
10.295
(133.9)
NiO
Solid Liquid
13.69 (14.3)
0.83 –
– –
–2.915 –
5.097 (–7.861)
70.67 (67.91)
NpO2 Np2O5
Solid Solid
(17.7) (32.4)
(3.2) (12.6)
– –
(–2.6) –
(6.292) (10.22)
(84.08) (145.4)
OsO2
Solid
(11.5)
(6.0)
–
–
(3.696)
(52.8)
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 12 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
OsO4
Solid Liquid Gas
(16.4) (33) 16.46
(23.1) – 8.60
– – –
(–2.4) – –4.6
(6.726) (6.612) (–7.644)
(67.0) (143.0) (25.3)
P2O3
Liquid Gas
(34.5) (153)
– (10)
– –
– –
(10.287) (–1.953)
(162.6) (38.0)
PO2
Solid Liquid
(11.3) (20)
(5.0) –
– –
– –
(3.591) (3.640)
(54.4) (95.9)
P2O5
Solid Gas
8.375 36.80
5.40 –
– –
– –
4.897 3.284
30.3 165.6
PaO2
Solid
(14.4)
(2.6)
–
–
(4.409)
(65.0)
Pa2O5
Solid Liquid
(28.4) (48)
(11.4) –
– –
– –
(8.975) (–0.800)
(127.7) (241.1)
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 13 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
PbO
Solid, red Solid, yellow Liquid Gas
10.60 9.05 (14.6) (8.1)
4.00 6.40 – (0.4)
– – – –
– – – –
3.338 2.454 1.788 (–59.94)
45.4 36.4 65.7 (–11.0)
Pb2O4 PbO2 PdO
Solid Solid Solid
(31.1) 12.7 3.30
(17.6) 7.80 14.2
– – –
– – –
(10.055) 4.133 1.615
(132.0) 56.4 (13.9)
PoO2
Solid Liquid
(14.3) (22)
(5.6) –
– –
– –
(4.513) (3.460)
(66.1) (106.5)
Pr2O3
Solid Liquid
(29.0) (36)
(4.0) –
– –
(–4.0) –
(10.166) (–6.298)
(133.2) (168.3)
PrO2
Solid
(17.6)
(3.4)
–
(–2.8)
(6.338)
(85.9)
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 14 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
PtO Pt3O4
Solid Solid
(9.0) (30.8)
(6.4) (17.4)
– –
– –
(2.968) (9.957)
(39.7) (139.7)
PtO2
Solid Liquid
(11.1) (21)
(9.6) –
– –
– –
(3.736) (3.785)
(49.6) (101.5)
PuO
Solid Liquid Gas
(12.0) (14.5) (8.9)
(2.4) – –
– – –
– – –
(3.685) (–2.287) (–62.307)
(49.1) (58.3) (–5.3)
Pu2O3
Solid Liquid
(21.2) (40)
(18.2) –
– –
– –
(7.130) (–5.691)
(88.2) (187.2)
PuO2
Solid Liquid
(17.1) (20.5)
(3.4) –
– –
(–2.6) –
(6.122) (–10.62)
(80.2) (92.2)
RaO
Solid
(10.5)
(2.0)
–
–
(3.220)
(43.4)
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 15 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Rb2O
Solid Liquid
(15.4) (22)
(5.8) –
– –
– –
(4.850) (2.754)
(62.5) (95.9)
Rb2O2
Solid Liquid
(20.9) (29)
(8.0) –
– –
– –
(6.587) (3.273)
(94.0) (133.2)
Rb2O3
Solid Liquid
(20.5) (34)
(13.0) –
– –
– –
(6.690) (5.603)
(88.2) (157.8)
RbO2
Solid Liquid
(13.8) (21)
(6.4) –
– –
– –
(4.399) (3.720)
(59.0) (95.7)
ReO2
Solid Liquid
(10.8) (24.5)
(9.8) –
– –
– –
(3.656) (1.204)
(49.5) (127.0)
ReO3
Solid Liquid
(18.0) 29
(5.8) –
– –
– –
(5.625) (4.644)
(84.5) (136.8)
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 16 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Re2O7
Solid Liquid Gas
(41.8) (65.7) (38.2)
(14.8) – –
– – –
(–3.0) – –
(14.127) (9.203) (–25.97)
(200.3) (314.7) (109.3)
ReO4
Solid Liquid Gas
(21.4) (33) (16.5)
(10.8) – (8.6)
– – –
(–2.0) – (–5.0)
(7.531) (6.775) (–8.118)
(91.8) (146.7) (30.6)
Rh2O RhO Rh2O3 RuO2
Solid Solid Solid Solid
15.59 (9.84) 20.73 (11.4)
6.47 (553) 13.80 (6.0)
– – – –
– – – –
4.936 (3.179) 6.794 3.666
(65.3) (45.7) (99.2) (54.2)
RuO4
Solid Liquid
(20) (33)
– –
– –
– –
(5.963) (6.663)
(81.5) (144.9)
SO2
Gas
11.4
1.414
–
–2.045
4.148
7.12
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 17 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Sb2O3
Solid Liquid Gas
19.10 (36) (20.8)
17.1 – –
– – –
– – –
6.455 (0.035) (–34.70)
84.5 (168.2) (49.9)
SbO2 Sb2O5
Solid Solid
11.30 (22.4)
8.1 (23.6)
– –
– –
3.725 (7.723)
51.6 (104.8)
Sc2O3
Solid
23.17
5.64
–
–
7.159
1089
SeO
Solid Liquid Gas
(9.1) (15.5) 8.20
(3.8) – 0.50
– – –
– – –0.80
(2.882) (0.490) (–58.54)
(42.0) (77.5) (0.7)
SeO2
Solid Gas
(12.8) (14.5)
(6.1) –
– –
(–0.2) –
(4.150) (–20.45)
(59.9) (26.4)
SiO
Solid
(7.3)
(2.4)
–
–
(2.283)
(35.8)
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 18 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
SiO2
Solid, β Solid, α Liquid
11.22 14.41 (20)
8.20 1.94 –
– – –
–2.70 – –
4.615 4.602 (9.649)
57.83 73.67 (111.08)
Sm2O3
Solid Liquid
(25.9) (36)
(7.0) –
– –
– –
(8.033) (–6.431)
(113.2) (166.3)
SnO
Solid Liquid Gas
9.40 (14.5) (9.0)
3.62 – –
– – –
– – –
2.964 (0.141) (–69.76)
41.1 (68.1) (–6.4)
SnO2
Solid Liquid
17.66 (22.5)
2.40 –
– –
–5.16 –
7.103 (0.304)
91.7 (117.7)
SrO SrO2
Solid Solid
12.34 (16.8)
1.120 (2.2)
– –
–1.806 (–3.0)
4.335 (6.113)
58.7 (83.3)
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 19 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
Ta2O5
Solid Liquid
29.2 (46)
10.0 –
– –
– –
9.151 (6.158)
135.2 (235.1)
TcO2
Solid Liquid
(10.4) (25)
(9.2) –
– –
– –
(3.510) (–5.946)
(48.6) (132.7)
TcO3
Solid
(19.4)
(5.2)
–
(–2.0)
(6.686)
(93.7)
Tc2O7
Solid Liquid Gas
(39.1) (64) (25)
(18.6) – (28)
– – –
(–2.4) – –
(13.29) (10.02) (–21.98)
(187.2) (299.8) (43.8)
TeO
Solid Liquid Gas
(8.6) (15.5) (8.9)
(6.2) – –
– – –
– – –
(2.840) (–0.448) (–62.16)
(37.8) (72.3) (–5.2)
TeO3
Solid Liquid
13.85 (20)
6.87 –
– –
– –
4.435 (3.940)
63.97 (96.4)
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 20 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
TeO2
Solid Liquid
(11.0) (15)
(2.4) –
– –
– –
(3.386) (–6.561)
(47.4) (66.9)
ThO2
Solid
16.45
2.346
–
–2.124
5.721
80.03
TiO
Solid, α Solid, β
10.57 11.85
3.60 3.00
– –
–1.86 –
3.935 4.108
54.03 61.71
Ti2O3
Solid, α Solid, β Liquid
7.31 34.68 (37.5)
53.52 1.30 –
– – –
– –10.20 –
4.559 13.605 (–7.796)
38.78 184.48 (193.2)
Ti3O5
Solid, α Solid, β Liquid
35.47 41.60 (60)
29.50 8.00 –
– – –
– – –
11.887 10.230 (–18.701)
179.98 202.80 (306.4)
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 21 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
TiO2
Solid Liquid
17.97 (21.4)
0.28 –
– –
–4.35 –
6.829 (–2.610)
92.92 (111.08
Ti2O
Solid Liquid Gas
(15.8) (22.1) (13.7)
(6.0) – –
– – –
(–0.3) – –
(5.078) (2.651) (–20.94)
(68.2) (96.0) (18.0)
Tl2O3
Solid Liquid
(23.0) (35.5)
(5.0) –
– –
– –
(7.080) (4.604)
(99.0) (167.8)
UO UO2
Solid Solid Solid Solid
(10.6) 19.20 (65) 22.09
(2.0) 1.62 (7.5) 2.54
– – – –
– –3.957 (–10.9) –2.973
(3.249) 7.124 (23.37) 7.969
(45.0) 93.37 (312.7) 104.72
Solid Liquid
11.32 (14.5)
1.61 –
– –
–1.26 –
3.869 (–8.157)
56.4 (70.9)
U3O8 UO3 VO
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 22 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
V2O3
Solid Liquid
29.35 (38)
4.76 –
– –
–5.42 –
10.780 (–6.028)
148.12 (193.4)
V3O4
Solid Liquid
(36) (55.6)
(30) –
– –
– –
(12.07) (–54.72)
(182.1) (249.1)
VO2
Solid, α Solid, β Liquid
14.96 17.85 25.50
– 1.70 –
– – –
– –3.94 –
4.460 5.680 2.962
72.92 89.09 135.87
V2O5
Solid Liquid Gas
46.54 45.60 (40)
–390 – –
– – –
–13.22 – –
18.136 2.122 (–73.90)
240.2 220.1 (149.6)
WO2
Solid Liquid
(17.6) (24)
(4.2) –
– –
(–4.0) –
(6.772) (–0.112)
(88.8) (121.8)
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
Table 77. THERMODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR (SHEET 23 OF 23)
OXIDES
Oxide
Phase
a –
b (cal • g mole-1 )
c –
–
(kcal • g mole-1)
(e.u.)
WO3
Solid Liquid Gas
17.33 (30) (18)
7.74 – –
– – –
– – –
5.511 (–1.162) (–69.36)
81.15 (152.5) (40.2)
Y2O3
Solid
(26.0)
(8.2)
–
(–2.2)
(8.846)
(122.3)
ZnO ZrO2
Solid Solid, α Solid, β
11.71 16.64 17.80
1.22 1.80 –
– – –
–2.18 –3.36 –
4.277 6.168 4.270
57.88 85.21 89.96
d
A
For discussion of these coefficients, please see Table 75, Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients on page 257 Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-58.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
B
6.5 Thermodynamics Page 298 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 78. ENTROPY OF THE (SHEET 1 OF 3)
ELEMENTS
Element
Phase
Entropy at 298K (e.u.)
Ac Ag Al Am
solid solid solid solid
(13) 10.20 6.769 (13)
As Au B Ba
solid solid solid solid, α
8.4 11.32 1.42 16
Be Bi C Ca
solid solid solid solid, α
2.28 13.6 1.3609 9.95
Cd Ce Cl2 Co
solid solid gas solid, α
12.3 13.8 53.286 6.8
Cr Cs Cu F2
solid solid solid gas
5.68 19.8 7.97 48.58
Fe Ga Ge H2
solid, α solid solid gas
6.491 9.82 10.1 31.211
Hf Hg In Ir
solid liquid solid solid
13.1 18.46 13.88 8.7
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
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6.5 Thermodynamics Page 299 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 78. ENTROPY OF THE (SHEET 2 OF 3)
ELEMENTS
Element
Phase
Entropy at 298K (e.u.)
K La Li Mg
solid solid solid solid
15.2 13.7 6.70 7.77
Mn Mo N2 Na
solid, α solid gas solid
7.59 6.83 45.767 12.31
Nb Nd Ni Np
solid solid solid, α solid
8.3 13.9 7.137 (14)
O2 Os P4 Pa
gas solid solid, white solid
49.003 7.8 42.4 (13.5)
Pb Pd Po Pr
solid solid solid solid
15.49 8.9 13 (13.5)
Pt Pu Ra Rb
solid solid solid solid
10.0 (13.0) (17) 16.6
Re Rh Ru S
solid solid solid, α solid, α
(8.89) 7.6 6.9 7.62
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
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299
6.5 Thermodynamics Page 300 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 78. ENTROPY OF THE (SHEET 3 OF 3)
ELEMENTS
Element
Phase
Entropy at 298K (e.u.)
Sb Sc Se Si
solid (α, β, γ) solid solid solid
10.5 (9.0) 10.144 4.50
Sm Sn Sr Ta
solid solid (α, β) solid solid
(15) 12.3 13.0 9.9
Tc Te Th Ti
solid solid, α solid solid, α
(8.0) 11.88 12.76 7.334
Tl U V W
solid, α solid, α solid solid
15.4 12.03 7.05 8.0
Y Zn Zr
solid solid solid, α
(11) 9.95 9.29
Source: data from Weast, R. C. Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, D44.
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6.5 Thermodynamics Page 301 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 79. VAPOR
PRESSURE OF THE ELEMENTS AT VERY LOW PRESSURES (SHEET 1 OF 2) Pressure (mm Hg)
Element
Melting point (˚C)
10 -5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1
Ag Al Au Ba
961 660 1063 717
767 724 1083 418
848 808 1190 476
936 889 1316 546
1047 996 1465 629
1184 1123 1646 730
1353 1279 1867 858
Be Bi C Cd
1284 271
1029 536 2288 180
1130 609 2471 220
1246 698 2681 264
1395 802 2926 321
1582 934 3214
321
942 474 2129 148
Co Cr Cu Fe
1478 1900 1083 1535
1249 907 946 1094
1362 992 1035 1195
1494 1090 1141 1310
1649 1205 1273 1447
1833 1342 1432 1602
2056 1504 1628 1783
Hg In Ir Mg
–38.9 157 2454 651
–23.9 667 1993 287
–5.5 746 2154 331
18.0 840 2340 383
48.0 952 2556 443
82.0 1088 2811 515
126 1260 3118 605
Mn Mo Ni Os
1244 2622 1455 2697
717 1923 1157 2101
791 2095 1257 2264
878 2295 1371 2451
980 2533 1510 2667
1103
1251
1679 2920
1884 3221
To convert mm Hg (torr) to N/m2, divide by 133.3 To convert atm to MN/m2, divide by 0.1013 This table lists the temperature in degrees Celsius (Centigrade) at which an element has a vapor pressure indicated by the headings of the columns. The values given in this table are from a variety of sources that are not always in agreement; for that reason, the table should be used only as a general guide. Source: from Dushman, S., Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Technique, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1949)
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6.5 Thermodynamics Page 302 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 79. VAPOR
PRESSURE OF THE ELEMENTS AT VERY LOW PRESSURES (SHEET 2 OF 2) Pressure (mm Hg)
Element
Melting point (˚C)
10 -5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1
Pb Pd Pt Sb
328 1555 1774 630
483 1156 1606 466
548 1271 1744 525
625 1405 1904 595
718 1566 2090 678
832 1759 2313 779
975 2000 2582 904
Si Sn Ta W
1410 232 2996 3382
1024 823 2407 2554
1116 922 2599 2767
1223 1042 2820 3016
1343 1189
1485 1373
1670 1609
Zn Zr
419 2127
211 1527
248 1660
292 1816
343 2001
405 2212
2459
3309
To convert mm Hg (torr) to N/m2, divide by 133.3 To convert atm to MN/m2, divide by 0.1013 This table lists the temperature in degrees Celsius (Centigrade) at which an element has a vapor pressure indicated by the headings of the columns. The values given in this table are from a variety of sources that are not always in agreement; for that reason, the table should be used only as a general guide. Source: from Dushman, S., Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Technique, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1949)
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6.5 Thermodynamics Page 303 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 80. VAPOR
PRESSURE OF THE ELEMENTS AT MODERATE PRESSURES (SHEET 1 OF 3) Pressure (mm Hg)
Element
Symbol
1
10
100
400
760
Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium
Al Sb As Ba
1540
1780 960 440 1050
2080 1280 510 1300
2320 1570 580 1520
2467 1750 610 1640
Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine
Be Bi B Br
1520
1860 1060 3030 –30
2300 1280 3460 +9
2770 1450 3810 39
2970 1560 4000 59
Cadmium Calcium Cesium Chlorine
Cd Ca Cl Cl
486 970 373 –101
610 1200 513 –71
710 1390 624 –46
765 1490 690 –34
Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine
Cr Co Cu F
1610 1910
1840 2170 1870
2140 2500 2190 –203
2360 2760 2440 –193
2480 2870 2600 –188
Gallium Germanium Gold Indium
Ca Ge Au In
1350
1570 2080 2160
1850 2440 2520
2060 2710 2800 1960
2180 2830 2940 2080
380 860
2660 –60 393 800 –123
1880
To convert mm Hg (torr) to N/m2, divide by 133.3 To convert atm to MN/m2, divide by 0.1013 This table lists the temperature in degrees Celsius (Centigrade) at which an element has a vapor pressure indicated by the headings of the columns. The values given in this table are from a variety of sources that are not always in agreement; for that reason, the table should be used only as a general guide. Source: from Dushman, S., Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Technique, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1949)
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6.5 Thermodynamics Page 304 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 80. VAPOR
PRESSURE OF THE ELEMENTS AT MODERATE PRESSURES (SHEET 2 OF 3) Pressure (mm Hg)
Element
Symbol
1
10
100
400
760
Iodine Iridium Iron Lanthanum
I Ir Fe La
40 2830 1780
72 3170 2040
115 3630 2370
160 3960 2620 3230
185 4130 2750 3420
Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese
Pb Li Mg Mn
970 750 620
1160 890 740 1510
1420 1080 900 1810
1630 1240 1040 2050
1740 1310 1110 2100
Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Nickel
Hg Mo Nd Ni
3300
3770
260 4200
1800
2090
2370
330 4580 2870 2620
356.9 4830 3100 2730
Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Polonium
Pd P Pt Po
1470
2290 127 2940 587
2670 199 3360 752
2950 253 3650 890
3140 283 3830 960
Potassium Rhodium Rubidium Selenium
K Rh Rb Se
2850 390 429
590 3260 527 547
710 3590 640 640
770 3760 700 685
2600 472
2530
To convert mm Hg (torr) to N/m2, divide by 133.3 To convert atm to MN/m2, divide by 0.1013 This table lists the temperature in degrees Celsius (Centigrade) at which an element has a vapor pressure indicated by the headings of the columns. The values given in this table are from a variety of sources that are not always in agreement; for that reason, the table should be used only as a general guide. Source: from Dushman, S., Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Technique, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1949)
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6.5 Thermodynamics Page 305 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 80. VAPOR
PRESSURE OF THE ELEMENTS AT MODERATE PRESSURES (SHEET 3 OF 3) Pressure (mm Hg)
Element
Symbol
1
10
100
400
760
Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur
Ag Na Sr S
1310 440 740
1540 546 900 246
1850 700 1100 333
2060 830 1280 407
2210 890 1380 445
Tellurium Thallium Tin Titanium
Te Tl Sn Ti
520
633 1000 1890 2480
792 1210 2270 2860
900 1370 2580 3100
962 1470 2750 3260
Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Zinc
W U V Zn
4490 2800 2570 590
5160 3270 2950 730
5470 3620 3220 840
5940 3800 3380 907
1610 2180 3980 2450 2290
To convert mm Hg (torr) to N/m2, divide by 133.3 To convert atm to MN/m2, divide by 0.1013 This table lists the temperature in degrees Celsius (Centigrade) at which an element has a vapor pressure indicated by the headings of the columns. The values given in this table are from a variety of sources that are not always in agreement; for that reason, the table should be used only as a general guide. Source: from Dushman, S., Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Technique, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1949)
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305
6.5 Thermodynamics Page 306 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 81. VAPOR
PRESSURE OF THE ELEMENTS AT HIGH PRESSURES (SHEET 1 OF 3) Pressure (atm)
Element
Symbol
2
5
10
20
40
Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium
Al Sb As Ba
2610 1960
2850 2490
3050
3270
3530
1790
2030
2230
Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine
Be Bi B Br
3240 1660
3730 1850
4110 2000
4720 2180
5610
78
110
Cadmium Calcium Cesium Chlorine
Cd Ca Cl Cl
830 1630
930 1850
1030 2020
1120 2290
1240
–17
+9
30
55
97
Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine
Cr Co Cu F
2630 3040 2760 –180.7
2850 3270 3010 –169.1
3010
3180
3500 –159.6
3460
Gallium Germanium Gold Indium
Ca Ge Au In
2320 2970 3120 2230
2560 3200 3490 2440
2730 3430 3630 2600
Iodine Iridium Iron Lanthanum
I Ir Fe La
216 4310 2900 3620
265 4650 3150 3960
3360 4270
3740
3890
3570
To convert atm to MN/m2 divide by 0.1013 This table lists the temperature in degrees Celsius (Centigrade) at which an element has a vapor pressure indicated by the headings of the columns. Source: from Loebel, R., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974)
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6.5 Thermodynamics Page 307 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 81. VAPOR
PRESSURE OF THE ELEMENTS AT HIGH PRESSURES (SHEET 2 OF 3) Pressure (atm)
Element
Symbol
2
5
10
20
40
Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese
Pb Li Mg Mn
1880 1420 1190 2360
2140 1518 1330 2580
2320
2620
1430 2850
1560
Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Nickel
Hg Mo Nd Ni
398 5050 3300 2880
465 5340 3680 3120
517 5680 3990 3300
581 5980
Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Polonium
Pd P Pt Po
3270 319 4000 1060
3560
3840
4310 1200
4570 1340
4860
Potassium Rhodium Rubidium Selenium
K Rh Rb Se
850 3930
950 4230
1110 4440
1240
1420
750
850
920
1010
1120
Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur
Ag Na Sr S
2360 980 1480 493
2600 1120 1670 574
2850 1230 1850 640
3050 1370 2030 720
3300
Tellurium Thallium Tin Titanium
Te Tl Sn Ti
1030 1560 2950 3400
1160 1750 3270 3650
1250 1900 3540 3800
2050 3890
2260
657
3310
To convert atm to MN/m2 divide by 0.1013 This table lists the temperature in degrees Celsius (Centigrade) at which an element has a vapor pressure indicated by the headings of the columns. Source: from Loebel, R., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974)
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6.5 Thermodynamics Page 308 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 81. VAPOR
PRESSURE OF THE ELEMENTS AT HIGH PRESSURES (SHEET 3 OF 3) Pressure (atm)
Element
Symbol
2
5
10
20
Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Zinc
W U V Zn
6260 4040 3540 970
6670 4420 3800 1090
7250
7670
1180
1290
40
To convert atm to MN/m2 divide by 0.1013 This table lists the temperature in degrees Celsius (Centigrade) at which an element has a vapor pressure indicated by the headings of the columns. Source: from Loebel, R., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974)
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6.5 Thermodynamics Page 309 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 82. VAPOR
PRESSURE OF ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS * (SHEET 1 OF 5) Formula
a
b
Temperature. Range of Validity ˚C
Al2O3
540000 31211 90208 83486
14.22 9.9974 9.9404 10.0164
1840 to 2200 liq. –127 to –78 sol. 250 to 400 sol. 100 to 400 sol.
41484 95730 46025 189000
9.978 10.2700 10.7500 9.051
7 to 17 sol. 300 to 400 sol. 6 to 40 sol. 1070 to 1325 liq.
7814.5 6826 47100 133000
7.5741 6.9605 6.692 10.800
–208 to –189 sol. –189 to –183 liq. 800 to 860 liq. 440 to 815 sol.
As2O3
111350 52120
12.127 6.513
100 to 315 sol. 315 to 490 liq.
Ba Bi
350000 200000 13125
15.765 8.876 2.681
930 to 1130 liq. 1210 to 1420 liq. 91 to 213 sol.
Cd
10900 99900
8.564 7.897
150 to 320.9 sol.. 500 to 840 liq
Cadimium Iodide
CdI2
122200
9.269
385 to 450 liq.
Cesium Cesium Chloride Calcium Carbon
Cs CsCl Ca C
73400 163200 370000 540000
6.949 8.340 16.240 9.596
200 to 350 liq. 986 to 1295 liq. 960 to 1110 liq. 3880 to 4430 liq.
Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monooxide Chlorine Cobalt
CO2
26179.3 6354 29293 309000
9.9082 6.976 9.950 7.571
–135 to –56.7 liq. –220 to –206 liq. –154 to –103 liq. 2375 liq.
Compound Aluminum Oxide Ammonia Ammonium Bromide Ammonium Chloride Ammonium Cyanide Ammonium Iodide Ammonium Sulfhydrate Antimony
NH3 NH4Br NH4Cl NH4CN NH4I NH4HS
Sb
Argon
Ar
Arsenic
As
Arsenous Oxide
Barium Bismuth Bismuth Trichloride Cadimium
BiCl3
CO Cl Co
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, David R. Lide, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1990).
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 82. VAPOR
PRESSURE OF ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS * (SHEET 2 OF 5)
Compound
Formula
a
b
Temperature. Range of Validity ˚C
Cu
468000 80700
12.344 5.454
2100 to 2310 liq. 878 to 1369 liq.
Copper Cuprous Chloride
Cu2Cl2
Cyanogen
(CN)2
32437 23750
9.6539 7.808
–72 to –28 sol. –32 to –6 liq.
Ferrous Chloride Gold
FeCl2
135200 385000
8.33 9.853
700 to 390 sol. 2315 to 2500 liq.
HI
24160 21580
8.259 7.630
–97 to –51 sol. –50 to –34 liq.
Hydrobromic Acid
HBr
22420 17960
8.734 7.427
–114 to –86 sol. –86 ot –66 liq.
Hydrochloric Acid Hydrocyanic Acid Hydrofluoric Acid Hydrogen Peroxide
HCl HCN HF H2O2
19588 27830 25180 48530
8.4430 7.7446 7.370 8.853
–158 to –110 sol. –8 to 27 liq. –83 to 48 liq. 10 to 90 liq.
Hydrogen Sulfide Iron
H2S
20690 309000
7.880 7.482
–110 to –83 sol. 2220 to 2450 liq.
Krypton
Kr
10065 9377
7.1770 6.92387
–189 to –169 sol. –169 to –150 liq.
Pb
LiBr
188500 118000 141900 152700
7.827 7.827 8.961 8.068
525 to 1325 liq. 735 to 918 liq. 500 to 950 liq. 1010 to 1265 liq.
LiCl LiF LiI
155900 218400 143600
7.939 8.753 8.011
1045 to 1325 liq. 1398 to 1666 liq. 940 to 1140 liq.
Hydriodic Acid
Lead Lead Bromide Lead Chloride Lithium Bromide Lithium Chloride Lithium Fluoride Lithium Iodide
Au
Fe
PbBr2 PbCl2
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, David R. Lide, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1990).
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6.5 Thermodynamics Page 311 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 82. VAPOR
PRESSURE OF ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS * (SHEET 3 OF 5) Formula
a
b
Temperature. Range of Validity ˚C
Mg Mn
260000 267000
12.993 9.300
900 to 1070 liq. 1510 to 1900 liq.
Mercuric Bromide
HgBr2
79800 61250
10.181 8.284
111 to 235 sol. 238 to 331 lig.
Mercuric Chloride
HgCl2
85030 78850 61020
10.888 10.094 8.409
60 to 130 sol. 130 to 270 sol. 275 to 309 liq.
Mercuric Iodide
HgI2
82340 62770
10.057 8.115
100 to 250 sol. 266 to 360 liq.
Mercury
Hg
73000 58700
10.383 7.752
–80 to –38.87 sol. 400 to 1300 liq.
Molybdenum Nitrogen
Mo
680000 6881.3
10.844 7.66558
1800 to 2240 sol. –215 to –210 sol.
Nitrogen Dioxide
NO
16423 13040
10.048 8.440
–200 to –161 sol. –163.7 to –148 liq.
Nitrogen Monoxide
N2O
23590 16440
9.579 7.535
–144 to –90 sol. –90.1 to –88.7 liq.
Nitrogen Pentoxide
N2O5
57180
12.647
–30 to 30 sol.
Nitrogen Tetroxide
N2O4
55160 45440 33430
13.400 11.214 8.814
–100 to –40 sol. –40 to –10 sol. –8 to 43.2 liq.
Nitrogen Trioxide Phosphorus (White) Phosphorus (Violet) Platinum Potassium
N2O3
39400 63123 108510 486000 84900
10.30 9.6511 11.0842 7.786 7.183
–25 to 0 liq. 20 to 44.1 sol. 380 to 590 sol. 1425 to 1765 sol. 260 to 760 liq.
Compound Magnesium Magnase
N2
P P Pt K
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, David R. Lide, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1990).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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6.5 Thermodynamics Page 312 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 82. VAPOR
PRESSURE OF ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS * (SHEET 4 OF 5) Formula
a
b
Temperature. Range of Validity ˚C
Potassium Bromide
KBr
168100 163800
8.2470 7.936
906 to 1063 liq. 1095 to 1375 liq.
Potassium Chloride
KCl
174500 169700
8.3526 8.130
906 to 1105 liq. 1116 to 1428 liq.
KF KOH
207500 136000
9.000 7.330
1278 to 1500 liq. 1170 to 1327 liq.
KI
157600 155700
8.0957 7.949
843 to 1028 liq. 1063 to 1333 liq.
Rubidium Rubidium Chloride Silicon Silicon Dioxide
Rb RbCl Si SiO2
76000 198600 170000 506000
6.976 9.111 5.950 13.43
250 to 370 liq. 1142 to 1395 liq. 1200 to 1320 sol. 1860 to 2230 liq.
Silver Silver Chloride Sodium Sodium Bromide
Ag AgCl Na NaBr
250000 185500 103300 161600
8.762 8.179 7.553 7.948
1650 to 1950 liq. 1255 to 1442 liq. 180 to 883 liq. 1138 to 1394 liq.
Sodium Chloride
NaCl
Sodium Cyanide Sodium Fluoride
NaCN NaF
180300 185800 155520 218200
8.3297 8.548 7.472 8.640
976 to 1155 liq. 1156 to 1430 liq. 800 to 1360 liq. 1562 to 1701 liq.
Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Iodide Stannic Chloride Stronium
NaOH NaI
132000 165100 46740 360000
7.030 8.371 9.824 16.056
1010 to 1042 liq. 1063 to 1307 liq. –52 to –38 liq. 940 to 1140 liq.
Compound
Potassium Flouride Potassium Hydroxide Potassium Iodide
SnCl4
Sr
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, David R. Lide, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1990).
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6.5 Thermodynamics Page 313 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 82. VAPOR
PRESSURE OF ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS * (SHEET 5 OF 5) Formula
a
b
Temperature. Range of Validity ˚C
SO2
Tl TlCl
35827 43450 120000 105200
10.5916 10.022 6.140 7.947
–95 to –75 liq. 24 to 48 liq. 950 to 1200 liq. 665 to 807 liq.
Tin Tungsten
Sn W
328000 897000
9.643 9.920
1950 to 2270 liq. 2230 to 2770 liq.
Zinc
Zn
133000 118000
9.200 8.108
250 to 491.4 sol. 600 to 985 liq.
Compound Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur Trioxide Thallium Thallium Chloride
SO3
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, David R. Lide, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1990). *
The vapor pressure with respect to temperature may be represented by the following equation: log10 p = –0.05223a/T + b where p is the pressure in mm of mercury of the saturated vapor at the absolute temperature T. (T = t˚C + 273.1) The values obtained by the use of the equation given above are valid within the temperature ranges indicated for each of the compounds.
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6.5 Thermodynamics Page 314 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 83. VALUES OF THE ERROR (SHEET 1 OF 2)
FUNCTION
z
erf (z)
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
0.0000 0.0113 0.0226 0.0338
0.04 0.05 0.10 0.15
0.0451 0.0564 0.1125 0.1680
0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
0.2227 0.2763 0.3286 0.3794
0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55
0.4284 0.4755 0.5205 0.5633
0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75
0.6039 0.6420 0.6778 0.7112
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95
0.7421 0.7707 0.7969 0.8209
1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30
0.8427 0.8802 0.9103 0.9340
Source: from: Handbook of Mathematical Functions, M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., National Bureau of Standards, Applied Mathematics Series 55, Washington, D.C., 1972.
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6.5 Thermodynamics Page 315 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 83. VALUES OF THE ERROR (SHEET 2 OF 2)
FUNCTION
z
erf (z)
1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70
0.9523 0.9661 0.9763 0.9838
1.80 1.90 2.00
0.9891 0.9928 0.9953
Source: from: Handbook of Mathematical Functions, M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., National Bureau of Standards, Applied Mathematics Series 55, Washington, D.C., 1972.
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315
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 1 OF 34)
Metal
Tracer
Aluminum
Ag110 Al27 Au198 Cd115 Ce141 60
Co Cr51 Cu64 Fe59 Ga72 Ge71 In114
SYSTEMS *
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
99.999 99.999
371–655 450–650 423–609 441–631
27.83 34.0 27.0 29.7
0.118 1.71 0.077 1.04
P S S S
99.995 99.999 99.999 99.999
450–630 369–655 422–654 433–652
26.60 27.79 41.74 32.27
1.9 x 10–6 0.131 464 0.647
S S S P
99.99 99.999 99.999 99.99
550–636 406–652 401–653 400–600
46.0 29.24 28.98 27.6
135 0.49 0.481 0.123
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
S S S S
99.999
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 2 OF 34)
SYSTEMS *
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
Nb
99.995 99.99 99.995 99.95
500–630 450–650 400–630 350–480
27.0 28.8 13.1 19.65
1.4 x 10–6 0.22
95
P P P P
Nd147 Ni63 Pd103 Pr142
P P P P
99.995 99.99 99.995 99.995
450–630 360–630 400–630 520–630
25.0 15.7 20.2 23.87
Sb124 Sm153
P P P P
448–620 450–630 400–600 400–630
29.1 22.88 28.5 19.6
Metal
Tracer
Aluminum (con’t)
La140 Mn54 Mo99
113
Sn V48
99.995 99.995
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
1.04 x 10–9 1.66 x 10–7 4.8 x 10–7 2.9 x 10–8 1.92 x 10–7 3.58 x 10–7 0.09 3.45 x 10–7 0.245 6.05 x 10–8
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 3 OF 34)
SYSTEMS * Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
Metal
Tracer
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Aluminum (con’t)
Zn65
S
99.999
357–653
28.86
0.259
Beryllium
Ag110
S⊥c
99.75
650–900
43.2
1.76
Ag110
S||c S⊥c
99.75 99.75
650–900 565–1065
39.3 37.6
0.43 0.52
S||c S P
99.75 99.75
565–1065 700–1076 800–1250
39.4 51.6 58.0
0.62 0.67 0.2
S S S
99.99 99.95 99.99
180–300 110–283 180–300
25.4 19.3 19.0
2.21 0.14 0.0016
Be7 Be7 Fe59 Ni63 Cadmium
Ag110 Cd115 Zn65
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 4 OF 34)
Metal
Tracer
Calcium
C14 Ca45 Fe59
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
99.95 99.95 99.95 99.95 99.95
550–800 500–800 500–800 550–800 500–700
29.8 38.5 23.3 28.9 34.8
3.2 x 10–5 8.3
⊥c ||c
750–1050 2000–2200 540–920 750–1060
64.3 163 47.2 53.3
9280 5 102 2.2
⊥c ||c ⊥c ||c
1400–2200 1800–2200 140~2200 1400 1820
145.4 114.7 115.0 129.5
1.33 x 10–5 2.48 6760 385
Crystalline Form
63
Ni U235 Carbon
Ag110 C14 Ni63 Ni
63
Th228 228
Th U232 U232
SYSTEMS *
⊥c
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
2.7 x 10–3 1.0 x 10–6 l.l x 10–5
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 5 OF 34)
Metal
Tracer
Chromium
C14 Cr51 Fe59 Mo99
Cobalt
C14 Co60 Fe59 Ni63 S35
Copper
Ag110 76
As Au193 Cd115
Crystalline Form
P P P P P P P P P S, P P S, P S
SYSTEMS *
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
120–1500 1030–1545 980–1420 1100–1420
26.5 73.7 79.3 58.0
9.0 x 10–3 0.2 0.47
99.99
600–1400 1100–1405 1104–1303 1192–1297 1150–1250
34.0 67.7 62.7 60.2 5.4
0.21 0.83 0.21 0.10 1.3
99.98
580–980 810–1075 400–1050 725–950
46.5 42.13 42.6 45.7
0.61 0.20 0.03 0.935
Purity (%)
99.98 99.8
99.82 99.9 99.9
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
2.7 x 10–3
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 6 OF 34)
Metal
Tracer
Copper (Con’t)
Ce141 Cr51 Co60 Cu67 Eu152 59
Fe Ga72 Ge68 Hg203 Lu177 54
Mn Nb95
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
766–947 800–1070 701–1077 698–1061
27.6 53.5 54.1 50.5
2.17 x 10–3 1.02 1.93 0.78
99.998
750–970 460–1070 _ 653–1015
26.85 52.0 45.90 44.76
1.17 x 10–7 1.36 0.55 0.397
44.0 26.15 91.4 60.06
0.35
99.999 99.99 99.999
_ 857–1010 754–950 807–906
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
P S, P S S
99.999
P S. P
99.999
S P P S P
SYSTEMS *
99.998 99.999
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
4.3 x 10–9 107 2.04
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 7 OF 34)
Metal
Tracer
Copper (Con’t)
Ni63 Pd102 Pm147 195
Pt
S35 124
Sb Sn113 Tb160 Tl204 Tm170 Zn65
Crystalline Form
P S P P
Purity (%)
99.999 99.999
SYSTEMS *
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
620–1080 807–1056 720–955 843–997
53.8 54.37 27.5 37.5
1.1 1.71
49.2 42.0 45.0 27.45
8.96 x 10–9
43.3 24.15 47.50
7.28 x 10–9 0.73
S S P P
99.999 99.999 99.999
800–1000 600–1000 680–910 770–980
S P P
99.999 99.999 99.999
785–996 705–950 890–1000
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
3.62 x 10–8 4.8 x 10–4
23 0.34 0.11
0.71
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 8 OF 34)
Metal
Tracer
Germanium
Cd115 Fe59 Ge71 In114 Sb124 125
Te Tl204 Gold
Ag110 198
Au Co60 Fe59
SYSTEMS *
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
S S S S
750–950 775–930 766–928 600–920
102.0 24.8 68.5 39.9
1.75 x 109 0.13 7.8
S S S
720–900 770–900 800–930
50.2 56.0 78.4
0.22 2.0 1700
699–1007 850–1050 702–948 701–948
40.2 42.26 41.6 41.6
0.072 0.107 0.068 0.082
Crystalline Form
S S P P
Purity (%)
99.99 99.97 99.93 99.93
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
2.9 x 10–4
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 9 OF 34)
SYSTEMS * Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
Metal
Tracer
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Gold (Con’t)
Hg203 Ni63 Pt195
S P P, S
99.994 99.96 99.98
600–1027 880–940 800–1060
37.38 46.0 60.9
0.116 0.30 7.6
β–Hafnium
Hf181
P
97.9
1795–1995
38.7
1.2 x10–3
Indium
Ag110 Ag110 Au198
S⊥c S||c S
99.99 99.99 99.99
25–140 25–140 25–140
12.8 11.5 6.7
0.52 0.11 9 x 10–3
In114
S⊥c S||c S
99.99 99.99 99.99
44–144 44–144 49–157
18.7 18.7 15.5
3.7 2.7 0.049
114
In Tl204
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 10 OF 34)
Metal
Tracer
α-Iron
Ag110 Au198 C14 Co60 Cr51 64
Cu Fe55 K42
Mn54 Mo99 Ni63 P32
SYSTEMS *
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
P P P P
99.999 99.98 99.995
748–888 800–900 616–844 638–768
69.0 62.4 29.3 62.2
1950 31 2.2 7.19
P P P P
99.95 99.9 99.92 99.92
775–875 800 1050 809–889 500–800
57.5 57.0 60.3 42.3
2.53 0.57 5.4 0.036
P P P P
99.97
800–900 750–875 680–800 860–900
52.5 73.0 56.0 55.0
0.35 7800 1.3 2.9
99.97
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 11 OF 34)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
800–900 755–875 755–875
66.6 55.4 55.1
1100 1.43 0.29
Metal
Tracer
Crystalline Form
α-Iron (Con’t)
Sb124 V48 W185
P P P
γ-Iron
Be7 C14
P P P P
99.9 99.34 99.98 99.99
1100–1350 800–1400 1138–1340 950–1400
57.6 34.0 72.9 69.7
0.1 0.15 1.25 10.8
P P P P
99.98 99.99 99.97 99.97
1171–1361 1110–1360 920–1280 930–2050
67.86 97.3 62.5 67.0
0.49 3600 0.16 0.77
Co60 Cr51 Fe59 181
Hf Mn54 Ni63
Purity (%)
SYSTEMS *
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 12 OF 34)
Metal γ-Iron (Con’t)
δ-Iron
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
Tracer
Crystalline Form
P32
P
99.99
950–1200
43.7
0.01
35
S V48 W185
P P P
99.99 99.5
900–1250 1120–1380 1050–1250
53.0 69.3 90.0
1.7 0.28 1000
Co60 Fe59
P P P
99.995 99.95 99.99
1428–1521 1428–1492 1370–1460
61.4 57.5 55.0
6.38 2.01 2.9
P P
99.97 99.97
600–800 690–850
45.1 18.1
2.2 x 10–2
P S S
99.9 99.999 99.999
200–310 190–320 150–320
14.4 10.0 21.23
P32 Lanthanum
Au198 La140
Lead
SYSTEMS *
Ag110 Au198 115
Cd
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
1.5
0.064 8.7 x 10–3 0.409
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 13 OF 34)
SYSTEMS *
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
14.44 25.52 24.33
0.046 0.887 0.511 0.37 0.21
Metal
Tracer
Crystalline Form
Lead (Con’t)
Cu64 Pb204 Tl205
S S P
99.999 99.999
150–320 150–320 207–322
Ag110 Au195 Bi
P P P P
92.5 92.5 99.95 92.5
65–161 47–153 141–177 80–174
12.83 10.49 47.3 16.05
5.3 x 1013 2.35
P P P P
99.98 99.98 99.98 92.5
51–120 58–173 58–173 80–175
9.22 12.9 14.18 15.87
0.47 0.21 1.04 0.39
Lithium
Cd115 Cu64 72
Ga Hg203 In114
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 14 OF 34)
Metal
Tracer
Lithium (Con’t)
Li6 Na22 Pb204 Sb124 Sn113 65
Zn Magnesium
Ag110 Fe59 In114 Mg28
SYSTEMS *
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
P P P P
99.98 92.5 99.95 99.95
35–178 52–176 129–169 141–176
12.60 12.61 25.2 41.5
0.14 0.41 160 1.6 x 1010
P P
99.95 92.5
108–174 60–175
15.0 12.98
0.62 0.57
P P P S⊥c
99.9 99.95 99.9
476–621 400–600 472–610 467–635
28.50 21.2 28.4 32.5
4 x 10–6 5.2 x 10–2 1.5
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
0.34
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 15 OF 34)
Metal
Tracer
Magnesium (Con’t)
Mg28 Ni63 U235 Zn65
Molybdenum
C14 60
Co Cr51 Cs134 K42 Mo99 Na24 Nb95
Crystalline Form
S||c P P P P P P S S P S P
SYSTEMS *
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
32.2 22.9 27.4 28.6
1.0
99.95 99.95 99.9
467–635 400 600 500–620 467–620
41.0 106.7 54.0 28.0
2.04 x 10–2 18 2.5 x 10–4
99.99
1200–1600 1850–2350 1000–1500 1000–1470
25.04 96.9 21.25 108.1
5.5 x 10–9 0.5
99.98
800–1100 1850–2350 800–1100 1850–2350
99.98 99.98
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
1.2 x 10–5 1.6 x 10–5 0.41
8.7 x 10–11
2.95 x 10–9 14
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 16 OF 34)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
2000–2200 1700–2100 2220–2470 1700–2150
80.5 94.7 101.0 83.0
0.19 0.097 320 3.5 x 10–4
99.98 99.98
1500–2000 1700–2260
76.4 110
7.6 x 10–3 1.7
99.999 99.9 99.86 99.97
700–1075 1020–1400 600–1400 1149–1390
55.0 46.2 34.0 65.9
0.02 0.019 0.012 1.39
Purity (%)
99.97
Ta182
P P S P
U235 Wl85
P P
Au198
S,P P P P
Tracer
Molybdenum (Con’t)
P32 Re186 S35
Nickel
Temperature Range (˚C)
Crystalline Form
Metal
Be7 Cl4 Co60
SYSTEMS *
99.97
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 17 OF 34)
SYSTEMS *
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
1100–1270 1050–1360 1020–1263 900–1200
65.1 61.7 58.6 51.0
1.1 0.57 0.074
68.0 51.0 27.0 58.0
1.8 x 10–5 0.83
66.5 71.5
0.87 2.0
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
P P P P
99.95 99.95
99.95
Sn113
P P P P
99.97 99.8
1042–1404 1025–1125 1020–1220 700–1350
V48 W185
P P
99.99 99.95
800–1300 1100–1300
Metal
Tracer
Nickel (Con’t)
Cr51 Cu64 Fe59 Mo99 Ni63 Pu238 Sb124
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
1.6 x 10–3 1.9 0.5
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 18 OF 34)
Metal
Tracer
Niobium
C14 Co60 Cr51 Fe51 K42 95
Nb P32 S35
Sn113 Ta182
Crystalline Form
P P S P S P, S P S P P, S
SYSTEMS *
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
99.85
800–1250 1500–2100 943–1435 1400–2100
32.0 70.5 83.5 77.7
1.09 x 10–5 0.74 0.30 1.5
99.99 99.0 99.9 99.85 99.997
900–1100 878–2395 1300–1800 1100–1500 1850–2400 878–2395
22.10 96.0 51.5 73.1 78.9 99.3
2.38 x 10–7 1.1
Purity (%)
99.85
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
5.1 x 10–2 2600 0.14 1.0
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 19 OF 34) Purity (%)
SYSTEMS *
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
994–1492
86.9
0.099
Metal
Tracer
Crystalline Form
Niobium (Cont)
Ti44
S
U235 V48 W185
P S P
99.55 99.99 99.8
1500–2000 1000–1400 1800–2200
76.8 85.0 91.7
8.9 x10–3 2.21
Palladium
Pd103
S
99.999
1060–1500
63.6
0.205
Phosphorus
P32
P
0–44
9.4
1.07 x 10–3
Platinum
Co60 Cu64 Pt195
P P P
900–1050 1098–1375 1325–1600
74.2 59.5 68.2
19.6 0.074 0.33
99.99 99.99
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
5 x 10–4
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 20 OF 34)
SYSTEMS *
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
Rb86
P S P P
99.95 99.7 99.7 99.95
5.6–52.5 –52–61 0–62 0.1–59.9
3.23 9.36 7.45 8.78
1.29 x10–3 0.16 0.058 0.090
γ–Plutonium
Pu238
P
190–310
16.7
2.1 x 10–5
δ–Plutonium
Pu238
P
350–440
23.8
4.5 x 10–3
ε-Plutonium
Pu238
P
500–612
18.5
2.0 x 10–2
α-Praseodymium
Ag110 Au195 Co60 Zn65
P P P P
610–730 650–780 660–780 766–603
25.4 19.7 16.4 24.8
0.14
Metal
Tracer
Potassium
Au198 K42 Na22
99.93 99.93 99.93 99.96
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
4.3 x 10–2 4.7 x 10–2 0.18
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 21 OF 34)
Metal
Tracer
β-Praseodymium
Ag110 Au195 Ho166 In114 La140 Pr142 Zn65
Selenium
Fe59
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
P P P P
99.93 99.93 99.96 99.96
800–900 800–910 800–930 800–930
21.5 20.1 26.3 28.9
3.2 x 10–2 3.3 x 10–2 9.5 9.6
P P P
99.96 99.93 99.96
800–930 800–900 822–921
25.7 29.4 27.0
1.8 8.7 0.63
99.996
40–100 25–100 60–90
8.88 1.2 29.9
— — 1700
60–90 35–140
15.6 11.7
1100
Hg S35
P P S⊥c
S35 Se75
S||c P
203
SYSTEMS *
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
1.4 x 10–4
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 22 OF 34)
Metal
Tracer
Silicon
Au198 C14 Cu64 59
Fe
Ni63 32
P Sb124 Si31 Silver
Au198 Ag110 Cd115 Co60
SYSTEMS *
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
S P P S
700–1300 1070–1400 800–1100 1000–1200
47.0 67.2 23.0 20.0
2.75 x 10–3 0.33
P S S S
99.99999
450–800 1100–1250 1190–1398 1225–1400
97.5 41.5 91.7 110.0
1000 – 12.9 1800
P S S S
99.99 99.999 99.99 99.999
718–942 640–955 592–937 700–940
48.28 45.2 41.69 48.75
0.85 0.67 0.44 1.9
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
4 x 10–2 6.2 x 10–3
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 23 OF 34)
Metal
Tracer
Silver (Con’t)
Cu64 Fe59 Ge77 Hg203 In114 Ni63 Pb210 Pd102 Ru103 S35 Sb124 Sn113
SYSTEMS *
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
717–945 720–930 640–870 653–948
46.1 49.04 36.5 38.1
1.23 2.42 0.084 0.079
40.80 54.8 38.1 56.75
0.41 21.9 0.22 9.56
65.8 40.0 39.07 39.30
180 1.65 0.234 0.255
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
P S P P
99.99 99.99
S S P S
99.99 99.99 99.999
592–937 749–950 700–865 736–939
S S P S
99.99 99.999 99.999 99.99
793–945 600–900 780–950 592–937
99.99
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 24 OF 34)
SYSTEMS *
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
38.90 37.9 41.7
0.47 0.15 0.54
Metal
Tracer
Crystalline Form
Silver (Con’t)
Te125 Tl204 Zn65
P P S
99.99
770–940 640–870 640–925
Au198 K42
P P P P
99.99 99.99 99.99 99.99
1.0–77 0–91 0–98 0–85
2.21 8.43 10.09 8.49
3.34 x l0–4 0.08 0.145 0.15
1450–2200 930–1240 1750–2220
40.3 71.4 81.0
1.2 x 10–2 0.505
921–2484 1970–2110 1250–2200
98.7 70.0 98.7
0.23 100 1.24
Sodium
Na22 Rb86 Tantalum
C14 Fe59 Mo99
P P P
Nb95 S35 Ta182
P, S P P, S
99.996 99.0 99.996
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
1.8 x 10–3
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 25 OF 34)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
270–440 320–440 360–430
18.7 28.6 41.0
3.14 x 10–5 2.6 x 10–2 320
Metal
Tracer
Crystalline Form
Tellurium
Hg203 Se75 Tl204
P P P
Te127 Te127
S⊥c S||c
99.9999 99.9999
300–400 300–400
46.7 35.5
3.91 x 104 130
Ag110 Ag110 Au198
P⊥c P||c P⊥c
99.999 99.999 99.999
80–250 80–250 110–260
11.8 11.2 2.8
3.8 x 10–2 2.7 x 10–2
Au198 Tl204
P||c S⊥c S||c
99.999 99.9 99.9
110–260 135–230 135–230
5.2 22.6 22.9
5.3 x 10–4 0.4 0.4
α-Thallium
Tl204
Purity (%)
SYSTEMS *
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
2.0 x 10–5
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 26 OF 34)
SYSTEMS *
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
Metal
Tracer
Crystalline Form
β-Thallium
Ag110 Au198 Tl204
P P S
99.999 99.999 99.9
230–310 230–310 230–280
11.9 6.0 20.7
4.2 x 10–2 5.2 x 10–4 0.7
α-Thorium
Pa231 Th228
P P P
99.85 99.85 99.85
770–910 720–880 700–880
74.7 716 79.3
126 395 2210
135–225 135–225 135–225 135–225
18.4 12.3 17.7 11.0
7.1 x 10–3 0.16
140–217 181–221
22.0 25.8
5.5 34.1
U233 Tin
Ag110 Au198 Au198
S⊥c S||c S⊥c S||c
Co60 In114
S,P S⊥c
Ag110
99.998
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
0.18
5.8 x 10–3
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 27 OF 34)
SYSTEMS * Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
12.2 10.7 7.7
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Tl204
S||c S⊥c S||c P
99.998 99.999 99.999 99.999
181–221 160–226 160–226 137–216
25.6 25.1 25.6 14.7
1.2 x 10–3
α-Titanium
Ti44
P
99.99
700–850
35.9
8.6 x 10–6
β-Titanium
Ag110 Be7 C14
99.95 99.96 99.62 99.7
940 1570 915–1300 1100–1600 950–1600
43.2 40.2 20.0 35.1
3 x 10–3 0.8
51
P P P P
Co60 Fe59 Mo99 Mn54
P P P P
99.7 99.7 99.7 99.7
900–1600 900–1600 900–1600 900–1600
30.6 31.6 43.0 33.7
Metal
Tracer
Tin (Con’t)
In114 Sn113 Sn113
Cr
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
3.02 x 10–3 5 x 10–3 1.2 x 10–2 7.8 x 10–3 8.0 x 10–3 6.1 x 10–3
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 28 OF 34)
SYSTEMS *
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
5.0 x 10–3 9.2 x 10–3
Metal
Tracer
Crystalline Form
β-Titanium (Con’t)
Nb95 Ni63 P32 Sc46
P P P P
99.7 99.7 99.7 99.95
1000–1600 925–1600 950–1600 940–1590
39.3 29.6 24.1 32.4
3.62x10–3 4.0 x 10–3
Sn113 Ti44 U235
P P P
99.7 99.95 99.9
950–1600 900–1540 900–400
31.6 31.2 29.3
3.8 x 10–4 3.58 x 10–4 5.1 x 10–4
V48 W185 Zr95
P P P
99.95 99.94 98.94
900–1545 900–1250 920–1500
32.2 43.9 35.4
3.1 x 10–4 3.6 x 10–3 4.7 x 10–3
C14 Fe59 Mo99
P P P
99.51
1200–1600 940–1240 1700–2100
53.5 66.0 101.0
8.91 x 10–3 1.4 x 10–2 0.3
Tungsten
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 29 OF 34)
SYSTEMS *
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
1305–2367 2100–2400 1305–2375 1800–2403
137.6 141.0 139.9 140.3
3.01 19.5 3.05 1.88
580–650
40.0
2 x 10–3
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
99.99
185
W
P S P P
α–Uranium
U234
P
β–Uranium
Co60 U235
P P
99.999
692–763 690–750
27.45 44.2
1.5 x 10–2 2.8 x10–3
γ-Uranium
Au195 Co60 Cr51 Cu64
P P P P
99.99 99.99 99.99 99.99
785–1007 783–989 797–1037 787–1039
30.4 12.57 24.46 24.06
4.86 x 10–3 3.51 x 10–4 5.37 X 10–3 1.96 x 10–3
Metal
Tracer
Tungsten (Con’t)
Nb95 Re186 Ta182
99.99 99.99
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 30 OF 34)
SYSTEMS *
Purity (%)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
Metal
Tracer
Crystalline Form
γ-Uranium (Con’t)
Fe55 Mn54 Nb95 Ni63
P P P P
99.99 99.99 99.99 99.99
787–990 787–939 791–1102 787–1039
12.0 13.88 39.65 15.66
2.69 x 10–4 1.81 x 10–4
U233 Zr95
P P
99.99
800–1070 800–1000
28.5 16.5
2.33 x 10–3 3.9 x 10–4
C14
99.7 99.8 99.8
845–1130 960–1200 960–1350 1200–1450
27.3 64.6 71.0 49.8
4.9 x 10–3
Fe59 P32
P P P P
2.45 x l0–2
S35 V48 V48
P S,P S,P
99.8 99.99 99.99
1320–1520 880–1360 1360–1830
34.0 73.65 94.14
3.1 x l0–2 0.36 214.0
Vanadium
Cr51
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
4.87 x 10–2 5.36 x10–4
9.54 x10–3 0.373
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 31 OF 34)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
900–1300 900–1300
67.1 60.3
5.2 0.82
Metal
Tracer
Crystalline Form
Yttrium
Y90 Y90
S⊥c S||c
Zinc
Ag110
S⊥c S||c S⊥c S||c
99.999 99.999 99.999 99.999
271–413 271–413 315–415 315–415
27.6 26.0 29.72 29.73
0.45 0.32 0.29 0.97
S⊥c S||c S⊥c S||c
99.999 99.999 99.999 99.999
225–416 225–416 338–415 338–415
20.12 20.54 ~20 29.53
0.117 0.114 ~2 2.22
110
Ag Au198 Au198 Cd115 Cd115 Cu64 Cu64
Purity (%)
SYSTEMS *
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 32 OF 34)
SYSTEMS *
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
S⊥c S||c S⊥c S||c
240–403 240 403 260–413 260–413
18.15 18.4 20.18 19.70
0.018 0.016 0.073 0.056
In Sn113 Sn113
S⊥c S||c S⊥c S||c
271–413 271–413 298–400 298–400
19.60 19.10 18.4 19.4
0.14 0.062 0.13 0.15
Zn65 Zn65
S⊥c S||c
240–418 240–418
23.0 21.9
0.18 0.13
Metal
Tracer
Zinc (Con’t)
Ga72 Ga72 Hg203 Hg203 In114 114
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
99.999 99.999
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 33 OF 34)
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
18.0 48.0 24.76 31.5
1.19 x 10–8 2.5 x 10–2
99.99
700–850 750–840 600–850 740–857
99.6 99.99 99.95
300–700 700–800 600–850 750–850
22.0 70.0 22.9 45.5
1.0 x 10–8 100
915–1300 1100–1600 880–1600 920–1600
31.1 34.2 41.4 21.82
Metal
Tracer
Crystalline Form
Purity (%)
α-Zirconium
Cr51 Fe55 Mo99 Nb95
P P P P
99.9
Sn113 Ta182 V48 Zr95
P P P P
Be7 C14 Ce141 Co60
P P P P
β–Zirconium
SYSTEMS *
99.7 96.6 99.99
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
6.22 x 10–8 6.6 x 10–6
1.12 x 10–8 5.6 x 10–4 8.33 x 10–2 3.57 x 10–2 3.16 3.26 x 10–3
Table 84. DIFFUSION IN METALLIC (SHEET 34 OF 34)
Metal
Tracer
Crystalline Form
β–Zirconium (Con’t)
Cr51 Fe55 Mo99 Nb95
P P P P
99.9
P32
P P P P
99.94
P P P P
99.99 99.99 99.7
113
Sn Ta182 U235 V48 V48
W185 Zr95
Purity (%)
99.6
SYSTEMS *
Temperature Range (˚C)
Activation energy, Q (kcal • mol–1)
Frequency factor, D o
700–850 750–840 900–1635 1230–1635
18.0 48.0 35.2 36.6
1.19 x 10–8 2.5 x 10–2
950–1200 300–700 900–1200 900–1065
33.3 22.0 27.0 30.5
0.33
870–1200 1200–1400 900–1250 1100–1500
45.8 57.7 55.8 30.1
Source: data from Askill, J.,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed.,Weast, R.C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland,1974, F61.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
(cm2 • s–1)
1.99 x 10–6 7.8 x 10–4
1 x 10–8 5.5 x 10–5 5.7 x 10–4 7.59 x 10–3 0.32 0.41 2.4 x 10–4
*
The diffusion coefficient DT at a temperature T(K) is given by the following: DT =Do e–Q/RT For activation energy in KJ/mol, multiply values in Kcal/mol by 4.184. For frequency factor in m2/s, multiply values in cm2/s by 10–4. Abbreviations: P= polycrystalline S = single crystal ⊥ c = perpendicular to c direction || c = parallel to c direction
©2001 CRC Press LLC
6.7 Thermodynamics Page 351 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 85. DIFFUSION OF METALS INTO (SHEET 1 OF 11)
METALS
Diffusion Temperature (˚C)
Coefficient (cm2 • hr–1)
Al
466 500 573
6.84–8.1 x10–7 7.2–3.96 x 10–8 1.26 x 10–5
Pb
220 250 285
5.40 x 10–5
Sn
500
1.73 x 10–1
Al
Cu
500 850
6.12 x 10–9 7.92 x 10–6
As
Si
Au
Ag
Diffusing Metal
Matrix Metal
Ag
1.08 x 10–4 3.29 x 10–4
0.32 e–82,000⁄RT 456 491 585 601
1.76 x 10–9 0.92–2.38 x 10–13 3.6 x 10–8 3.96 x 10–8
624 717 729 767
2.5–5 x 10–11 1.04–2.25 x 10–9 1.76 x 10–9 1.15 x 10–6
For diffusion coefficients in m2/s, multiply values in cm2/hr by 2.778 x 10–8. Source: data from Loebel, R., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., Chemical Rubber, Cleveland, 1970, F-55.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 352 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 85. DIFFUSION OF METALS INTO (SHEET 2 OF 11) Diffusing Metal
Au (Con’t)
Diffusion Temperature (˚C)
Coefficient (cm2 • hr–1)
847 858 861 874
2.30 x 10–6 3.63 x 10–8 3.92 x 10–8 3.92 x 10–8
916 1040 1120 1189
5.40 x 10–6 1.17 x 10–6 2.29 x 10–5 5.42 x 10–6
800 900 1020
1.17 x 10–8
Bi Cu Hg
500 970 11
1.88 x 10–1 5.04 x 10–6 3 x10–2
Pb
100 150 200 240
8.28 x 10–8 1.80 x 10–4 3.10 x 10–4 1.58 x 10–3
300 500
5.40 x 10–3
Matrix Metal Ag (Con’t)
Au
Sn B
METALS
Si
500
9 x 10–8 5.4 x 10–7
1.33 x 10–1 0.001e–25,000⁄RT 1.94 x 10–1 10.5 e–85,000⁄RT
For diffusion coefficients in m2/s, multiply values in cm2/hr by 2.778 x 10–8. Source: data from Loebel, R., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., Chemical Rubber, Cleveland, 1970, F-55.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 353 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 85. DIFFUSION OF METALS INTO (SHEET 3 OF 11)
METALS
Diffusing Metal
Matrix Metal
Diffusion Temperature (˚C)
Coefficient (cm2 • hr–1)
Ba
Hg
7.8
2.17 x 10–2
Bi
Si Pb
220 250 285
1030e–107,000⁄RT 1.73 x 10–7 1.33 x 10–6 1.58 x 10–6
C
W Fe
1700 930
1.87 x 10–3 7.51–9.18 x 10–9
Ca
Hg
10.2
2.25 x 10–2
Cd
Ag
650 800 900
9.36 x 10–7
8.7 15 20 99.1
6.05 x 10–2 6.51 x 10–2 5.47 x 10–2
Pb
200 252
4.59 x 10–7 3.10 x 10–6
Cd, 1 atom%
Pb
167
1.66 x 10–7
Ce
W
1727
3.42 x 10–6
Hg
4.68 x 10–6 2.23 x 10–5
1.23 x 10–1
For diffusion coefficients in m2/s, multiply values in cm2/hr by 2.778 x 10–8. Source: data from Loebel, R., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., Chemical Rubber, Cleveland, 1970, F-55.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 354 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 85. DIFFUSION OF METALS INTO (SHEET 4 OF 11)
METALS
Diffusing Metal
Matrix Metal
Diffusion Temperature (˚C)
Coefficient (cm2 • hr–1)
Cs
Hg
7.3
1.88 x 10–2
W
27 227 427 540
4.32 x 10–3 5.40 x 10–4 2.88 x 10–2
Al
440 457 540 565
1.8 x 10–7 2.88 x 10–7 5.04 x 10–6 4.68–5.00 x 10–4
Ag
650 760 895
1.04 x 10–6 1.30 x 10–6 3.38 x 10–6
Au
301 443 560
5.40 x 10–10 8.64 x 10–9
604 616 740
5.10 x 10–7 7.92 x 10–7 3.35 x 10–6
650 750 830
1.15 x 10–5
Cu
Cu
1.44 x 10–1
3.38 x 10–7
2.34 x 10–8 1 .44 x 10–7
For diffusion coefficients in m2/s, multiply values in cm2/hr by 2.778 x 10–8. Source: data from Loebel, R., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., Chemical Rubber, Cleveland, 1970, F-55.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 355 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 85. DIFFUSION OF METALS INTO (SHEET 5 OF 11) Diffusion Temperature (˚C)
Coefficient (cm2 • hr–1)
Cu (Con’t)
850 950 1030
9.36 x 10–7 2.30 x 10–6 1.01 x 10–5
Ge
700–900
1.01± 0.1 x 10–1
Pt
1041 1213 1401
7.83–9 x 10–8 5.04 x 10–7 6.12 x 10–6
Au
753 1003
1.94 x 10–6 2.70 x 10–5
Diffusing Metal
Matrix Metal
Cu (Con’t)
Fe
METALS
0.0062 e–20,000⁄RT 3.6 e–81,000⁄RT
Ga
Si
Ge
Al
630
3.31 x 10–1
Au
529 563
1.84 x 10–1 2.80 x 10–1
Ge
766–928 1060–1200•K
7.8 e–68,509⁄RT 87 e–73,000⁄RT
Cd
156 176 202
9.36 x 10–7 2.55 x 10–6 9 x 10–6
Pb
177 197
8.34 x 10–8 2.09 x 10–5
Hg
For diffusion coefficients in m2/s, multiply values in cm2/hr by 2.778 x 10–8. Source: data from Loebel, R., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., Chemical Rubber, Cleveland, 1970, F-55.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 356 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 85. DIFFUSION OF METALS INTO (SHEET 6 OF 11) Diffusion Temperature (˚C)
METALS Coefficient (cm2 • hr–1)
Diffusing Metal
Matrix Metal
In
Ag
650 800 895
1.04 x 10–6 6.84 x 10–6 4.68 x 10–5 16.5 e–90,000⁄RT
K
Hg
10.5
2.21 x 10–2
W
207 317 507
2.05 x 10–2 3.6 x 10–1 1.1 x 10+1
Li
Hg
8.2
2.75 x 10–2
Mg
Al
365
3.96 x 10–8
395 420 440
1.98–2.41 x 10–7 2.38–2.74 x 10–7 1.19 x 10–7
447 450 500 577
9.36 x 10–7 6.84 x 10–6 3.96–7.56 x 10–6 1.58 x 10–5
Pb
220
4.32 x 10–7
Cu
400 850
7.2 x 10–10
Mn
4.68 x 10–7
For diffusion coefficients in m2/s, multiply values in cm2/hr by 2.778 x 10–8. Source: data from Loebel, R., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., Chemical Rubber, Cleveland, 1970, F-55.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 357 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 85. DIFFUSION OF METALS INTO (SHEET 7 OF 11)
METALS
Diffusion Temperature (˚C)
Coefficient (cm2 • hr–1)
W
1533 1770 2010 2260
9.36 x 10–10 4.32 x 10–9 7.92 x 10–8 2.81 x 10–7
Na
W
20 227 417 527
2.88 x 10–2 1.80 9.72 1.19 x 10–1
Ni
Au
800 1003
2.77 x 10–6 2.48 x 10–5
Cu
550 950 320
2.56 x 10–9
Pt
1043 1241 1401
1.81 x 10–8 1.73 x 10–6 5.40 x 10–6
Ni, 1 atom %
Pb
285
8.34 x 10–7
Ni, 3 atom%
Pb
252
1.25 x 10–7
Pb
Cd
252
2.88 x 10–8
Pb
250 285
5.42 x 10–8 2.92 x 10–7
Sn
500
1.33 x 10–1
Diffusing Metal
Matrix Metal
Mo
7.56 x 10–7 1.26 x 10–6
For diffusion coefficients in m2/s, multiply values in cm2/hr by 2.778 x 10–8. Source: data from Loebel, R., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., Chemical Rubber, Cleveland, 1970, F-55.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 358 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 85. DIFFUSION OF METALS INTO (SHEET 8 OF 11) Diffusion Temperature (˚C)
Coefficient (cm2 • hr–1)
Hg
9.4 15.6 99.2
6.46 x 10–9 5.71 x 10–2 8 x 10–2
Ag
444 571 642 917
4.68 x 10–9 1.33 x 10–7 4.32 x 10–7 4.32 x 10–6
Au
727 970
2.09 x 10–8 1.15 x 10–6
Cu
490 950
3.24 x 10–9 9.0–10.44 x 10–7
Au
470
4.59 x 10–11
Al
20 500
1.08 x 10–9 1.80 x 10–7
Bi
150 200
1.80 x 10–7 1.80 x 10–6
Pb
150 200 310
4.59 x 10–11 4.59 x 10–9 5.41 x 10–7
Au
740 986
1.69 x 10–8 6.12–10.08 x 10–7
Diffusing Metal
Matrix Metal
Pb, 2 atom %
Pd
Po
Pt
METALS
For diffusion coefficients in m2/s, multiply values in cm2/hr by 2.778 x 10–8. Source: data from Loebel, R., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., Chemical Rubber, Cleveland, 1970, F-55.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 359 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 85. DIFFUSION OF METALS INTO (SHEET 9 OF 11)
METALS
Diffusion Temperature (˚C)
Coefficient (cm2 • hr–1)
Cu
490 960
2.01 x 10–9 3.96–8.28 x 10–7
Pb
490
7.04 x 10–2
Au
470
1.42 x 10–8
Pt
470
3.42 x 10–8
Ra(β+γ)
Ag
470
1.57 x 10–8
Rb
Hg
7.3
1.92 x 10–9
Rh
Pb
500
1.27 x 10–1
Sb
Ag
650 760 895
1.37 x 10–6 5.40 x 10–6
Diffusing Metal
Matrix Metal
Pt (Con’t)
Ra
Si
Sn
1.55 x 10–5 5.6 e–91,000⁄RT
465 510 600
1.22 x 10–6 7.2 x 10–6 3.35 x 10–5
667 697
1.44 x 10–1 3.13 x 10–1
Fe+C*
1400–1600
3.24–5.4 x 10–2
Ag
650 895
2.23 x 10–6 2.63 x 10–6
Al
For diffusion coefficients in m2/s, multiply values in cm2/hr by 2.778 x 10–8. Source: data from Loebel, R., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., Chemical Rubber, Cleveland, 1970, F-55.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 360 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 85. DIFFUSION OF METALS INTO (SHEET 10 OF 11)
METALS
Diffusion Temperature (˚C)
Coefficient (cm2 • hr–1)
Cu
400 650 850
1.69 x 10–9 2.48 x 10–7 1.40 x 10–5
Hg
10.7
6.38 x 10–2
Pb
245 250 285
1.12 x 10–7 1.83 x 10–7 5.76 x 10–7
Sr
Hg
9.4
1.96 x 10–2
Th
Mo
1615 2000
1.30 x 10–6
Tl
285
8.76 x 10–7
W
1782 2027 2127 2227
3.96 x 10–7 4.03 x 10–6 1 .29 x 10–5
165
2.54 x 10–12
260 324
2.54 x 10–8 5.84 x 10–6
11.5
3.63 x 10–2
Diffusing Metal
Matrix Metal
Sn (Con’t)
Th (β)
Tl
Pb
Hg
3.60 x 10–3
2.45 x 10–5
For diffusion coefficients in m2/s, multiply values in cm2/hr by 2.778 x 10–8. Source: data from Loebel, R., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., Chemical Rubber, Cleveland, 1970, F-55.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 361 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 85. DIFFUSION OF METALS INTO (SHEET 11 OF 11) Diffusing Metal
Matrix Metal
Tl (Con’t)
Pb
METALS
Diffusion Temperature (˚C)
Coefficient (cm2 • hr–1)
220 250 270
1.01 x 10–7 7.92 x 10–7 3.96 x 10–7
285 315
1.12 x 10–6 2.09 x 10–6 16.5 e–85,000⁄RT
U
W
1727
4.68 x 10–8
Y
W
1727
6.55 x 10–5
Zn
Ag
750 850
1.66 x 10–5
Al
415 473 500 555
9 x 10–7 1.91 x 10–6 7.2–13.68 x 10–6 1.8 x 10–5
Hg
11.5 15 99.2
9.09 x 10–2 8.72 x 10–2 1.20 x 10–1
Pb
285
5.84
W
1727
1.17 x 10–5
Zr
4.37 x 10–5
For diffusion coefficients in m2/s, multiply values in cm2/hr by 2.778 x 10–8. Source: data from Loebel, R., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st ed., Weast, R. C., Ed., Chemical Rubber, Cleveland, 1970, F-55. *
Saturated FeC Alloy.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 362 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 86. DIFFUSION IN SEMICONDUCTORS (SHEET 1 OF 8)
Semiconductor
Diffusing Element
Aluminum antimonide (AlSb)
Al Cu Sb Zn
Cadmium selenide (CdSe)
Do 2 (cm • s–1)
∆E (eV)
*
Temperature Range
of Validity (˚C)
~1.8 –3
150–500
0.33±.15
0.36 ~1.5 1.93±0.04
Se
2.6x10–3
1.55
700–1800
Cadmium sulfide (CdS)
Ag Cd Cu
2.5x10+1 3.4 1.5x10–3
1.2 2.0 0.76
250–500 750–1000 450–750
Cadmium telluride (CdTe)
Au
6.7x10+1
2.0
600–1000
In
4.1x10–1
1.6
450–1000
Ca
30
3.7
Fe
0.4
3.1
α-Calcium metasilicate (CaSiO3)
Ca
7.4x10+4
4.8
Gallium antimonide (GaSb)
Ga
3.2x10+3
3.15
650–700
In
1.2x10–7
0.53
400–650
Sb
3.4x10+4 8.7x10+2
3.44 1.13
650–700 470–570
Sn
2.4x10–5
Te
–4
0.80 1.2
320–570 400–650
Calcium ferrate (III) (CaFe2O4)
3.5x10
3.8x10
660–860
Source: from Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1973, 251.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 363 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 86. DIFFUSION IN SEMICONDUCTORS (SHEET 2 OF 8)
Semiconductor Gallium arsenide (GaAs)
Do
*
Temperature Range
Diffusing Element
(cm2 • s–1)
∆E (eV)
Ag
2.5x10–3
1.5
4x10–4
0.8±0.05
500–1160
As
4x1021
Au
10–3
10.2±1.2 1.0±0.2
1200–1250 740–1024
Cd
0.05±0.04 b50x10–2
2.43±0.06 2.8a
868–1149
Cu Ga Li
0.03 1x10+7 0.53
0.52 5.60±0.32 1.0
100–600 1125–1250 250–400
Mg
1.4x10–4 2.3x10–2
1.89 2.6
740–1024
b
–2
2.6x10
b6.5x10–1
8.5x10–3 S
1.2x10–4 b1.6x10–5 2.6x10–5 4x103 3x103
Se Sn
b
–2
3.8x10 6x10–4
of Validity (˚C)
a
2.7 2.49a 1.7
740–1024
1.8 1.63a 1.86 4.04±0.15 4.16±0.16 2.7 2.5
1000–1200 1000–1200 1069–1215
Source: from Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1973, 251.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 364 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 86. DIFFUSION IN SEMICONDUCTORS (SHEET 3 OF 8)
Semiconductor Gallium arsenide (GaAs) (Con’t)
Diffusing Element
Zn
Do (cm2 • s–1)
b
∆E (eV)
*
Temperature Range
of Validity (˚C)
2.5x10–1
3.0a
3.0x10–7 6.0x10–7 15±7
1.0 0.6 2.49±0.05
800
Gallium phosphide (GaP)
Zn
1.0
2.1
700–1300
Germanium (Ge)
Ag As Au B
4.4x10–2 6.3 2.2x10–2
1.0 2.4 2.5 4.6
700–900 600–850
Cu Fe
1.9x10–4 1.3x10–1
Ga Ge
4.0x10+1 8.7x10+1
0.18 1.1 3.1 3.2
600–850 750–850 600–850 750–920
He
6.1x10–3
750–850 600–850 200–600 700–875
1.6x10–9
600–850
In Li
3x10 1.3x10-4
Ni
8x10–1
0.69 2.4 0.47 0.9
P Pb Sb Sn
2.5 – 4.0 1.7x10–2
2.5 3.6 2.4 1.9
600–850 600–850 600–850 600–850
Zn
1.0x10+1
2.5
600–850
–2
Source: from Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1973, 251.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 365 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 86. DIFFUSION IN SEMICONDUCTORS (SHEET 4 OF 8)
Semiconductor Indium antimonide (InSb)
Do
*
Temperature Range
Diffusing Element
(cm2 • s–1)
∆E (eV)
Ag
1.0x10–7
0.25
Au
b
7x10–4
0.32a
140–510
b1.0x10–5
1.1a 0.52 1.75 1.2
250–500 442–519
Cd
–9
1.23x10 1.26 1.3x10–4 Co
2.7x10–11 –7
Cu
10 3.0x10–5 b
0.39 0.25 0.37
9.0x10–4
1.08a
of Validity (˚C)
360–500
440–510
10–7
0.25
b4.0x10–6
1.17a
0.05 1.8x10–9
1.81 0.28
450–500
Ni Sb
10–7 0.05 1.4x10–6
0.25 1.94 0.75
440–510 450–500
Sn Te Zn
5.5x10–8 0.5 1.6x10–6 5.5
0.75 0.57 1.35 2.3±0.3 1.6
390–512 300–500 360–500 360–500 360–500
1.7x10–7 5.3x10+7
0.85 2.61
390–512
Fe Hb In
(Polycrystal)
1.7x10–7
b
440–510
Source: from Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1973, 251.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 366 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 86. DIFFUSION IN SEMICONDUCTORS (SHEET 5 OF 8)
Semiconductor
Indium antimonide (InSb) (Con’t)
Do
Diffusing Element
(cm2 • s–1)
∆E (eV)
Zinc (con’t) (High concentration)
6.3x10+8
2.61
b
*
Temperature Range
of Validity (˚C)
3.7x10–10
0.7a
9.0x10–10
~0
1.4x10–7
0.86
390–512
Cd Cu
4.35x10–4
1.17 0.52a
600–900
Ge
3.74x10–6
Mg
–6
1.98x10
1.17 1.17
600–900 600–900
S Se
6.78 12.55
2.20 2.20
600–900 600–900
Sn
1.49x10–6
Te Zn
–5
3.43x10 3.11x10–3
1.17 1.28 1.17
600–900 600–900 600–900
In
1x10+5
3.85
850–1000
p
7x10+10
5.65
850–1000
Iron oxide (Fe3O4)
Fe
5.2
2.4
Lead metasilicate (PbSiO3)
Pb
85
2.6
Lead orthosilicate (PbSiO4)
Pb
8.2
2.0
(Conc. = 2.2 x 1020 cm–3) (Single crystal) Indium arsenide (InAs)
Indium phosphide (InP)
Source: from Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1973, 251.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 367 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 86. DIFFUSION IN SEMICONDUCTORS (SHEET 6 OF 8)
Do
*
Temperature Range
Diffusing Element
(cm2 • s–1)
∆E (eV)
Mercury selenide (HgSe)
Sb
6.3x10–5
0.85
Nickel aluminate (NiAl2O4)
Cr
1.17x10–3
2.2
Fe
1.33
3.5
Cr
0.74
3.1
Cr Fe Ni
2.03x10–5 1.35x10–3 0.85
1.9 2.6 3.2
Fe
1.1x10–5
0.38
300–400
Ge
9.4x10–6
In
–6
5.2x10
0.39 0.32
300–400 300–400
Sb
2.8x10–8
Se Sn
–10
7.6x10 4.8x10–8
0.29 0.14 0.39
300–400 300–400 300–400
Te
5.4x10–6
Tl Zn
–6
1.4x10 3.8x10–7
0.53 0.35 0.29
300–400 300–400 300–400
Al Ag
8.0 2x10–3 3.2x10–1 1.1x10–3
3.5 1.6 3.5 1.1
1100–1400 1100–1350 1100–1350 800–1200
Semiconductor
Nickel chromate (III) (NiCr2O4)
Selenium (Se) (amorphous)
Silicon (Si)
As Au
of Validity (˚C)
540–630
Source: from Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1973, 251.
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6.7 Thermodynamics Page 368 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 86. DIFFUSION IN SEMICONDUCTORS (SHEET 7 OF 8)
Semiconductor
Silicon (Si) (Con’t)
Do
Diffusing Element
(cm2 • s–1)
B Bi
1.0x10+1 1.04x10+3
Cu Fe
∆E (eV)
*
Temperature Range
of Validity (˚C)
4x10–1 6.2x10–3
3.7 4.6 1.0 0.86
950–1200 1100–1350 800–1100 1000–1200
Ga Hl He In
3.6 9.4x10–3 1.1x10–1 1.65x10+1
3.5 0.47 0.86 3.9
1150–1350 1000–1200 1000–1200 1100–1350
Li P Sb Tl
9.4x10–3 1.0x10+1 5.6 1.65x10+1
0.78 3.7 3.9 3.9
100–800 1100–1350 1100–1350 1100–1350
Al B
2.0x10–1 1.6x10+1
Cr
2.3x10–1
4.9 5.6 4.8
1800–2250 1850–2250 1700–1900
Sulfur (S)
S
2.8x10+13
2.0
>100
Tin zinc oxide (SnZn2O4)
Sn
2x10+5
4.7
Zn
37
3.3
Zinc aluminate (ZnAl2O4)
Zn
2.5x10+2
3.4
Zinc chromate (III) (ZnCr2O4)
Cr
8.5
3.5
Zn
60
3.7
Silicon carbide (SiC)
Source: from Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1973, 251.
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Table 86. DIFFUSION IN SEMICONDUCTORS (SHEET 8 OF 8)
Do
*
Temperature Range
Diffusing Element
(cm2 • s–1)
∆E (eV)
Fe
8.5x10+2
3.5
Zn
8.8x10+2
3.7
Zinc selenide (ZnSe)
Cu
1.7x10–5
0.56
200–570
Zinc sulfide (ZnS)
Zn
1.0x10+16
6.50 3.25 1.52
>1030 940–1030 <940
Semiconductor Zinc ferrate (III) (ZnFe2O4)
1.5x10+4 3.0x10–4
of Validity (˚C)
Source: from Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1973, 251. *
The diffusion coefficient D at a temperature T(K) is given by the following: D=Doe-∆E/kT For Do in m2/s, multiply values in cm2/s by 10–4.
a
Values obtained at the low concentration limit.
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CHAPTER 5
List of Tables
Thermal Properties of Materials
Specific Heat & Heat Capacity Specific Heat of the Elements at 25 ˚C Heat Capacity of Ceramics Specific Heat of Polymers Specific Heat of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 1) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 2) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 3) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 4) Thermal Conductivity of Alloy Cast Irons Thermal Conductivity of Iron and Iron Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum and aluminum alloys Thermal Conductivity of Copper and Copper Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Nickel and Nickel Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Lead and Lead Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Tin, Titanium, Zinc and their Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Pure Metals (Continued)
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Thermal Properties List of Tables
Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics
(Continued)
Thermal Conductivity of Glasses Thermal Conductivity of Cryogenic Insulation Thermal Conductivity of Cryogenic Supports Thermal Conductivity of Special Concretes Thermal Conductivity of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics Thermal Conductivity of Polymers Thermal Conductivity of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Thermal Expansion Thermal Expansion of Wrought Stainless Steels Thermal Expansion of Wrought Titanium Alloys Thermal Expansion of Graphite Magnesium Castings Linear Thermal Expansion of Metals and Alloys Thermal Expansion of Ceramics Thermal Expansion of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics Thermal Expansion of Glasses Thermal Expansion of Polymers Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Materials for Integrated Circuits Thermal Expansion of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Tempering & Softening ASTM B 601 Temper Designation Codes for Copper and Copper Alloys Temper Designation System for Aluminum Alloys Tool Steel Softening After 100 Hours Thermoplastic Polyester Softening with Temperature Heat-Deflection Temperature of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics
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Thermal Properties
Table 87. SPECIFIC
HEAT OF THE ELEMENTS AT 25 ˚C (SHEET 1 OF 4) Cp
Element
(cal • g-l • K–1)
Aluminum Antimony Argon Arsenic
0.215 0.049 0.124 0.0785
Barium Beryllium Bismuth Boron
0.046 0.436 0.0296 0.245
Bromine (Br2) Cadmium Calcium Carbon, diamond
0.113 0.0555 0.156 0.124
Carbon, graphite Cerium Cesium Chlorine (Cl2)
0.170 0.049 0.057 0.114
Chromium Cobalt Columbium (see Niobium) Copper
0.107 0.109
Dysprosium Erbium Europium Fluorine (F2)
0.0414 0.0401 0.0421 0.197
Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold
0.055 0.089 0.077 0.0308
0.092
Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-144., Kelly, K. K., Bulletin 592, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C., 1961.and Hultgren, R., Orr, R L., Anderson, P. D., and Kelly, K. K., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of Metals and Alloys, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1963).
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Thermal Properties
Table 87. SPECIFIC
HEAT OF THE ELEMENTS AT 25 ˚C (SHEET 2 OF 4) Cp
Element
(cal • g-l • K–1)
Hafnium Helium Hollnium Hydrogen (H2)
0.035 1.24 0.0393 3.41
Indium lodine (I2) Iridium Iron (α)
0.056 0.102 0.0317 0.106
Krypton Lanthanum Lead Lithium
0.059 0.047 0.038 0.85
Lutetium Magnesium Manganese, α Manganese, β
0.037 0.243 0.114 1.119
Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon
0.0331 0.599 0.049 0.246
Nickel Niobium Nitrogen (N2) Osmium
0.106 0.064 0.249 0.03127
Oxygen (O2) Palladium Phosphorus, white Phosphorus, red, triclinic
0.219 0.0584 0.181 0.160
Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-144., Kelly, K. K., Bulletin 592, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C., 1961.and Hultgren, R., Orr, R L., Anderson, P. D., and Kelly, K. K., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of Metals and Alloys, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1963).
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Thermal Properties
Table 87. SPECIFIC
HEAT OF THE ELEMENTS AT 25 ˚C (SHEET 3 OF 4) Cp
Element
(cal • g-l • K–1)
Platinum Polonium Potassium Praseodymium
0.0317 0.030 0.180 0.046
Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon
0.0442 0.029 0.0288 0.0224
Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium
0.0329 0.0583 0.0861 0.057
Samarium Scandium Selenium (Se2) Silicon
0.043 0.133 0.0767 0.168
Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur, yellow
0.0566 0.293 0.0719 0.175
Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium
0.0334 0.058 0.0481 0.0437
Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin (α)
0.0307 0.0271 0.0382 0.0510
Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-144., Kelly, K. K., Bulletin 592, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C., 1961.and Hultgren, R., Orr, R L., Anderson, P. D., and Kelly, K. K., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of Metals and Alloys, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1963).
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Thermal Properties
Table 87. SPECIFIC
HEAT OF THE ELEMENTS AT 25 ˚C (SHEET 4 OF 4) Cp
Element
(cal • g-l • K–1)
Tin (β) Titanium Tungsten Uranium
0.0530 0.125 0.0317 0.0276
Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium
0.116 0.0378 0.0346 0.068
Zinc Zirconium
0.0928 0.0671
Source: data from Weast, R. C., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, D-144., Kelly, K. K., Bulletin 592, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C., 1961.and Hultgren, R., Orr, R L., Anderson, P. D., and Kelly, K. K., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of Metals and Alloys, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1963).
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Thermal Properties
Table 88. HEAT
CAPACITY OF CERAMICS (SHEET 1 OF 2) Heat Capacity, C p (cal/mole/K)
Class
Borides
Ceramic
Chromium Diboride (CrB2)
9.61 + 10.72x10-3T cal/mole at 494-1010K
Hafnium Diboride (HfB2)
9.61 + 10.72x10-3T cal/mole at 494-1010K
Tantalum Diboride (TaB2)
0.04 cal/g˚C
Titanium Diboride (TiB2)
10.93 + 7.08x10-3T cal/mole at 420-1180 K
Zirconium Diboride (ZrB2)
Carbides
Hafnium Monocarbide (HfC)
Silicon Carbide (SiC)
Titanium MonoCarbide (TiC)
15.81T + 4.20x10-3T - 3.52x105T–2 for 429-1171K 0.05 at room temp. 15 ± 0.15 at 925˚C 16 ± 0.16 at 1525˚C 0.26 at 540˚C 0.27 at 700˚C 0.30 at 1000˚C 0.32 at 1200˚C 0.33 at 1350˚C 0.35 at 1550˚C 0.150-0.170 cal/g at 150˚C 0.170-0.187 cal/g at 300˚C 0.183-0.196 cal/g at 450˚C 0.192-0.201 cal/g at 600˚C 0.20-0.207 cal/g at 750˚C 0.209 cal/g at 900˚C 0.210 cal/g at 1000˚C 0.211 cal/g at 1100˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); SmithellsBrandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
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Thermal Properties
Table 88. HEAT
CAPACITY OF CERAMICS (SHEET 2 OF 2) Heat Capacity, C p (cal/mole/K)
Class Nitrides
Ceramic Aluminum Nitride (AlN)
Trisilicon tetranitride (Si3N4)
Oxides
Cerium Dioxide (CeO2)
Silicides
Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi2) Tungsten Disilicide (WSi2)
0.1961 cal/g/˚C ; 0-100˚C 0.2277 cal/g/˚C ; 0-420˚C 0.2399 cal/g/˚C ; 0-598˚C 0.17 cal/g/˚C
14.24T + 5.62x10-3T 491-1140K
10-14 cal/g/˚C; 425-1000˚C 8 cal/g/˚C; 425-1450˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); SmithellsBrandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
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Thermal Properties
Table 89. SPECIFIC HEAT OF (SHEET 1 OF 4) Polymer Class
POLYMERS
Polymer Subclass
Specific heat (Btu/lb/°F)
ABS Resins; Molded, Extruded
Medium impact High impact Very high impact Low temperature impact Heat resistant
0.36—0.38 0.36—0.38 0.36—0.38 0.35—0.38 0.37—0.39
Acrylics; Cast, Molded, Extruded
Cast Resin Sheets, Rods: General purpose, type I General purpose, type II
0.35 0.35
Moldings: Grades 5, 6, 8 High impact grade
0.35 0.34
Thermoset Carbonate
Allyl diglycol carbonate
0.3
Cellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded
ASTM Grade: H6—1 H4—1 H2—1 MH—1, MH—2 MS—1, MS—2 S2—1
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate; Molded, Extruded
ASTM Grade: H4 MH S2
Cellusose Acetate Propionate; Molded, Extruded
0.3—0.42 0.3—0.42 0.3—0.42 0.3—0.42 0.3—0.42 0.3—0.42
0.3—0.4 0.3—0.4 0.3—0.4
ASTM Grade: 1 3 6
0.3—0.4 0.3—0.4 0.3—0.4
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
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Thermal Properties
Table 89. SPECIFIC HEAT OF (SHEET 2 OF 4) Polymer Class Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
POLYMERS
Polymer Subclass Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
Polycarbonate Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded
Epoxies; Cast, Molded, Reinforced
Nylons; Molded, Extruded
Nylons; Molded, Extruded
Specific heat (Btu/lb/°F) 0.3 0.3
Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF) Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A) Cast rigid High strength laminate Filament wound composite
0.22 0.25 0.28 0.33
0.4-0.5 0.21 0.24
Type 6 General purpose Cast
0.4 0.4
Type 8 Type 11 Type 12
0.4 0.58 0.28
6/6 Nylon General purpose molding General purpose extrusion
0.3—0.5 0.3—0.5
6/10 Nylon General purpose
0.3—0.5
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
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Thermal Properties
Table 89. SPECIFIC HEAT OF (SHEET 3 OF 4) Polymer Class Phenolics; Molded
Phenolics: Molded
POLYMERS
Polymer Subclass Type and filler: General: woodflour and flock Shock: paper, flock, or pulp High shock: chopped fabric or cord Very high shock: glass fiber Arc resistant—mineral Rubber phenolic—woodflour or flock PVC—Acrylic Alloy PVC—acrylic sheet
Polymides
Unreinforced Unreinforced 2nd value Glass reinforced
Polyacetals
Standard Copolymer: Standard High flow
Polyesters: Thermosets
Cast polyyester Rigid Reinforced polyester moldings High strength (glass fibers) Sheet molding compounds, general purpose
Phenylene oxides (Noryl)
Standard
Polypropylene:
General purpose High impact
Polyphenylene sulfide:
Standard
Specific heat (Btu/lb/°F)
0.35—0.40 — 0.30—0.35 0.28—0.32 0.27—0.37 0.33
0.293 0.31 0.25—0.35 0.15—0.27 0.35 0.35 0.35
0.30—0.55 0.25—0.35 0.20—0.25 0.24 0.45 0.45—0.48 0.26
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
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Thermal Properties
Table 89. SPECIFIC HEAT OF (SHEET 4 OF 4) Polymer Class
Polyethylenes; Molded, Extruded
Polystyrenes; Molded
POLYMERS
Polymer Subclass
Specific heat (Btu/lb/°F)
Type I—lower density (0.910— 0.925) Melt index 0.3—3.6 Melt index 6—26 Melt index 200
0.53—0.55 0.53—0.55 0.53—0.55
Type II—medium density (0.926—0.940) Melt index 20 Melt index l.0—1.9
0.53—0.55 0.53—0.55
Type III—higher density (0.941— 0.965) Melt index 0.2—0.9 Melt Melt index 0.l—12.0 Melt index 1.5—15
0.46—0.55 0.46—0.55 0.46—0.55
Polystyrenes General purpose Medium impact High impact Glass fiber -30% reinforced Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN)
0.30—0.35 0.30—0.35 0.30—0.35 0.256 0.33
Polyvinyl Chloride And Copolymers; Molded, Extruded
Vinylidene chloride
0.32
Silicones; Molded, Laminated
Woven glass fabric/ silicone laminate
0.246
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
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Thermal Properties
Table 90. SPECIFIC
HEAT OF FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS Class
Material
Glass fiber content (wt%)
Glass fiber reinforced thermosets
Sheet molding compound (SMC)
15 to 30
0.30 to 0.35
Bulk molding compound(BMC) Preform/mat(compression molded) Cold press molding–polyester
15 to 35 25 to 50 20 to 30
0.30 to 0.35 0.30 to 0.33 0.30 to 0.33
Spray–up–polyester Filament wound–epoxy Rod stock–polyester Molding compound–phenolic
30 to 50 30 to 80 40 to 80 5 to 25
0.30 to 0.34 0.23 to 0.25 0.22 to 0.25 0.20 to 0.30
Nylon
6 to 60
0.30 to 0.35
Polystyrene
20 to 35
0.23 to 0.35
Glass–fiber–reinforced thermoplastics
Specific heat (Btu/lb–˚F)
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p106, (1994).
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Thermal Properties
Table 91. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS (PART 1) (SHEET 1 OF 2)
T (K)
Aluminum
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Gold
1 2 3 4 5
7.8 15.5 23.2 30.8 38.1
48.7 89.3 104 92.0 69.0
0.401 0.802 1.20 1.60 1.99
28.7 57.3 85.5 113 138
4.4 8.9 13.1 17.1 20.7
6 7 8 9 10
45.1 51.5 57.3 62.2 66.1
44.2 28.0 18.0 12.2 8.87
2.38 2.77 3.14 3.50 3.85
159 177 189 195 196
23.7 26.0 27.5 28.2 28.2
11 12 13 14 15
69.0 70.8 71.5 71.3 70.2
6.91 5.56 4.67 4.01 3.55
4.18 4.49 4.78 5.04 5.27
193 185 176 166 156
27.7 26.7 25.5 24.1 22.6
16 18 20 25 30
68.4 63.5 56.5 40.0 28.5
3.16 2.62 2.26 1.79 1.56
5.48 5.81 6.01 6.07 5.58
145 124 105 68 43
20.9 17.7 15.0 10.2 7.6
35 40 45 50 60
21.0 16.0 12.5 10.0 6.7
1.41 1.32 1.25 1.20 1.13
5.03 4.30 3.67 3.17 2.48
29 20.5 15.3 12.2 8.5
6.1 5.2 4.6 4.2 3.8
Values are in watt • cm-1 • K-1. Note: Values in parentheses are for liquid state These data apply only to metals of purity of at least 99.9%. The third significant figure may not be accurate. Source: data from Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., Thermal Conductictivity of Selected Materials, NSRDS–NBS–8 and NSRD-NBS-16, Part 2 , National Standard Reference Data System–National Bureau of Standards, Part 1, 1966; Part 2, 1968.
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Thermal Properties
Table 91. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS (PART 1) (SHEET 2 OF 2)
T (K)
Aluminum
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Gold
70 80 90 100
5.0 4.0 3.4 3.0
1.08 1.06 1.04 1.03
2.08 1.82 1.68 1.58
6.7 5.7 5.14 4.83
3.58 3.52 3.48 3.45
200 273 300 400
2.37 2.36 2.37 2.4
0.993 0.975 0.968 0.947
1.11 0.948 0.903 0.873
4.13 4.01 3.98 3.92
3.27 3.18 3.15 3.12
500 600 700 800
2.37 2.32 2.26 2.2
0.92 (0.42) (0.49) (0.559)
0.848 0.805 0.757 0.713
3.88 3.83 3.77 3.71
3.09 3.04 2.98 2.92
900 1000 1100 1200
2.13 (0.93) (0.96) (0.99)
0.678 0.653 0.636 0.624
3.64 3.57 3.5 3.42
2.85 2.78 2.71 2.62
1400
0.611
Values are in watt • cm-1 • K-1. Note: Values in parentheses are for liquid state These data apply only to metals of purity of at least 99.9%. The third significant figure may not be accurate. Source: data from Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., Thermal Conductictivity of Selected Materials, NSRDS–NBS–8 and NSRD-NBS-16, Part 2 , National Standard Reference Data System–National Bureau of Standards, Part 1, 1966; Part 2, 1968.
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Table 92. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS (PART 2) (SHEET 1 OF 2)
T (K)
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Mercury
Molybdenum
1 2 3 4 5
0.75 1.49 2.24 2.97 3.71
27.7 42.4 34.0 22.4 13.8
1.30 2.59 3.88 5.15 6.39
0.146 0.292 0.438 0.584 0.730
6 7 8 9 10
4.42 5.13 5.80 6.45 7.05
8.2 4.9 3.2 2.3 1.78
7.60 8.75 9.83 10.8 11.7
0.876 1.02 1.17 1.31 1.45
11 12 13 14 15
7.62 8.13 8.58 8.97 9.30
1.46 1.23 1.07 0.94 0.84
12.5 13.1 13.6 14.0 14.3
1.60 1.74 1.88 2.01 2.15
16 18 20 25 30
9.56 9.88 9.97 9.36 8.14
0.77 0.66 0.59 0.507 0.477
14.4 14.3 13.9 12.0 9.5
2.28 2.53 2.77 3.25 3.55
35 40 45 50 60
6.81 5.55 4.50 3.72 2.65
0.462 0.451 0.442 0.435 0.424
7.4 5.7 4.57 3.75 2.74
3.62 3.51 3.26 3.00 2.60
70 80
2.04 1.68
0.415 0.407
2.23 1.95
2.30 2.09
Values are in watt • cm-1 • K-1. Note: Values in parentheses are for liquid state These data apply only to metals of purity of at least 99.9%. The third significant figure may not be accurate.
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Thermal Properties
Table 92. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS (PART 2) (SHEET 2 OF 2)
T (K)
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
90 100
1.46 1.32
0.401 0.396
1.78 1.69
200 273 300 400
0.94 0.835 0.803 0.694
0.366 0.355 0.352 0.338
1.59 1.57 1.56 1.53
(0.078) (0.084) (0.098)
1.43 1.39 1.38 1.34
500 600 700 800
0.613 0.547 0.487 0.433
0.325 0.312 (0.174) (0.19)
1.51 1.49 1.47 1.46
(0.109) (0.12) (0.127) (0.13)
1.3 1.26 1.22 1.18
900 1000 1100 1200
0.38 0.326 0.297 0.282
(0.203) (0.215)
1.45 (0.84) (0.91) (0.98)
1400 1600 1800 2000
0.309 0.327
2200 2600
Mercury
Molybdenum 1.92 1.79
1.15 1.12 1.08 1.05 0.996 0.946 0.907 0.88 0.858 0.825
Values are in watt • cm-1 • K-1. Note: Values in parentheses are for liquid state These data apply only to metals of purity of at least 99.9%. The third significant figure may not be accurate.
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Thermal Properties
Table 93. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS (PART 3) (SHEET 1 OF 2)
T (K)
Nickel
Niobium
Platinum
Silver
Tantalum
1 2 3 4 5
0.64 1.27 1.91 2.54 3.16
0.251 0.501 0.749 0.993 1.23
2.31 4.60 6.79 8.8 10.5
39.4 78.3 115 147 172
0.115 0.230 0.345 0.459 0.571
6 7 8 9 10
3.77 4.36 4.94 5.49 6.00
1.46 1.67 1.86 2.04 2.18
11.8 12.6 12.9 12.8 12.3
187 193 190 181 168
0.681 0.788 0.891 0.989 1.08
11 12 13 14 15
6.48 6.91 7.30 7.64 7.92
2.30 2.39 2.46 2.49 2.50
11.7 10.9 10.1 9.3 8.4
154 139 124 109 96
1.16 1.24 1.30 1.36 1.40
16 18 20 25 30
8.15 8.45 8.56 8.15 6.95
2.49 2.42 2.29 1.87 1.45
7.6 6.1 4.9 3.15 2.28
85 66 51 29.5 19.3
1.44 1.47 1.47 1.36 1.16
35 40 45 50 60
5.62 4.63 3.91 3.36 2.63
1.16 0.97 0.84 0.76 0.66
1.80 1.51 1.32 1.18 1.01
13.7 10.5 8.4 7.0 5.5
0.99 0.87 0.78 0.72 0.651
Values are in watt • cm-1 • K-1. Note: Values in parentheses are for liquid state These data apply only to metals of purity of at least 99.9%. The third significant figure may not be accurate.
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Thermal Properties
Table 93. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS (PART 3) (SHEET 2 OF 2)
T (K)
Nickel
Niobium
Platinum
Silver
Tantalum
70 80 90 100
2.21 1.93 1.72 1.58
0.61 0.58 0.563 0.552
0.90 0.84 0.81 0.79
4.97 4.71 4.60 4.50
0.616 0.603 0.596 0.592
200 273 300 400
1.06 0.94 0.905 0.801
0.526 0.533 0.537 0.552
0.748 0.734 0.73 0.722
4.3 4.28 4.27 4.2
0.575 0.574 0.575 0.578
500 600 700 800
0.721 0.655 0.653 0.674
0.567 0.582 0.598 0.613
0.719 0.72 0.723 0.729
4.13 4.05 3.97 3.89
0.582 0.586 0.59 0.594
900 1000 1100 1200
0.696 0.718 0.739 0.761
0.629 0.644 0.659 0.675
0.737 0.748 0.76 0.775
3.82 3.74 3.66 3.58
0.598 0.602 0.606 0.610
1400 1600 1800 2000
0.804
0.705 0.735 0.764 0.791
0.807 0.842 0.877 0.913
2200 2600 3000
0.815
0.618 0.626 0.634 0.640 0.647 0.658 0.665
Values are in watt • cm-1 • K-1. Note: Values in parentheses are for liquid state These data apply only to metals of purity of at least 99.9%. The third significant figure may not be accurate.
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Thermal Properties
Table 94. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS (PART 4) (SHEET 1 OF 2)
T (K)
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Zinc
Zirconium
1 2 3 4 5
297 181 117
0.0144 0.0288 0.0432 0.0576 0.0719
14.4 28.7 42.6 55.6 67.1
19.0 37.9 55.5 69.7 77.8
0.111 0.223 0.333 0.442 0.549
6 7 8 9 10
76 52 36 26 19.3
0.0863 0.101 0.115 0.129 0.144
76.2 82.4 85.3 85.1 82.4
78.0 71.7 61.8 51.9 43.2
0.652 0.748 0.837 0.916 0.984
11 12 13 14 15
14.8 11.6 9.3 7.6 6.3
0.158 0.172 0.186 0.200 0.214
77.9 72.4 66.4 60.4 54.8
36.4 30.8 26.1 22.4 19.4
1.04 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.13
16 18 20 25 30
5.3 4.0 3.2 2.22 1.76
0.227 0.254 0.279 0.337 0.382
49.3 40.0 32.6 20.4 13.1
16.9 13.3 10.7 6.9 4.9
1.12 1.08 1.01 0.85 0.74
35 40 45 50 60
1.50 1.35 1.23 1.15 1.04
0.411 0.422 0.416 0.401 0.377
8.9 6.5 5.07 4.17 3.18
3.72 2.97 2.48 2.13 1.71
0.65 0.58 0.535 0.497 0.442
Values are in watt • cm-1 • K-1. Note: Values in parentheses are for liquid state These data apply only to metals of purity of at least 99.9%. The third significant figure may not be accurate.
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Thermal Properties
Table 94. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS (PART 4) (SHEET 2 OF 2)
T (K)
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Zinc
Zirconium
70 80 90 100
0.96 0.91 0.88 0.85
0.356 0.339 0.324 0.312
2.76 2.56 2.44 2.35
1.48 1.38 1.34 1.32
0.403 0.373 0.350 0.332
200 273 300 400
0.733 0.682 0.666 0.622
0.245 0.224 0.219 0.204
1.97 1.82 1.78 1.62
1.26 1.22 1.21 1.16
0.252 0.232 0.227 0.216
500 600 700 800
0.596 (0.323) (0.343) (0.364)
0.197 0.194 0.194 0.197
1.49 1.39 1.33 1.28
1.11 1.05 (0.499) (0.557)
0.210 0.207 0.209 0.216
900 1000 1100 1200
(0.384) (0.405) (0.425) (0.446)
0.202 0.207 0.213 0.220
1.24 1.21 1.18 1.15
(0.615) (0.673) (0.73)
0.226 0.237 0.248 0.257
1400 1600 1800 2000
(0.487)
0.236 0.253 0.271
1.11 1.07 1.03 1.00
2200 2600 3000
0.275 0.290 0.302 0.313
0.98 0.94 0.915
Values are in watt • cm-1 • K-1. Note: Values in parentheses are for liquid state These data apply only to metals of purity of at least 99.9%. The third significant figure may not be accurate.
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Thermal Properties
Table 95. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF ALLOY CAST IRONS Thermal Conductivity W/(m • K)
Description
Description
Abrasion–Resistant White Irons
Low–C white iron Martensitic nickel–chromium iron
22
Corrosion–Resistant Irons
High–nickel gray iron High–nickel ductile iron
38 to 40 13.4
Heat–Resistant Gray Irons
Medium–silicon iron High–chromium iron High–nickel iron Nickel–chromium–silicon iron
37 20 37 to 40 30
Heat–Resistant Ductile Iron
High–nickel ductile (20 Ni)
13
30
Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p172, (1984).
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Thermal Properties
Table 96. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF IRON AND IRON ALLOYS
Metal or alloy
Thermal Conductivity near room temperature (cal / cm2 • cm • s • °C)
Pure iron Cast iron (3.16C, 1.54Si, 0.57Mn) Carbon steel(0.23C, 0.64Mn) Carbon steel(1.22 C, 0.35 Mn)
0.178 0.112 0.124 0.108
Alloy steel (0.34 C, 0.55 Mn, 0.78 Cr, 3.53 Ni, 0.39 Mo, 0.05 Cu) Type 410 Type 304 T1 tool steel
0.079 0.057 0.036 0.058
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p156, (1993).
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Thermal Properties
Table 97. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF ALUMINUM
AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 2)
Metal or alloy
Designation
Thermal Conductivity near room temperature (cal / cm2 • cm • s • °C)
Wrought alloys
EC(O) 1060(O) 1100 2011(T3)
0.57 0.56 0.53 0.34
2014(O) 2024(O) 2218(T72) 3003(O)
0.46 0.45 0.37 0.46
4032(O) 5005 5050(O) 5052(O)
0.37 0.48 0.46 0.33
5056(O) 5083 5086 5154
0.28 0.28 0.30 0.30
5357 5456 6061(O) 6063(O)
0.40 0.28 0.41 0.52
6101(T6) 6151(O) 7075(T6) 7079(T6)
0.52 0.49 0.29 0.29
7178
0.29
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p156, (1993).
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Thermal Properties
Table 97. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF ALUMINUM
AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 2)
Metal or alloy
Designation
Thermal Conductivity near room temperature (cal / cm2 • cm • s • °C)
Casting alloys
A13 43(F) 108(F) A108
0.29 0.34 0.29 0.34
A132(T551) D132(T5) F132 138
0.28 0.25 0.25 0.24
142 (T21, sand) 195 (T4, T62) B195 (T4, T6) 214
0.40 0.33 0.31 0.33
200(T4) 319 355(T51, sand) 356(T51, sand)
0.21 0.26 0.40 0.40
360 380 750 40E
0.35 0.23 0.44 0.33
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p156, (1993).
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Thermal Properties
Table 98. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 3) Thermal Conductivity near room temperature (cal / cm2 • cm • s • °C)
Metal or alloy
Designation
Wrought coppers
Pure Copper Electrolytic tough pitch copper (ETP) Deoxidized copper high residual phosphorus (DHP)
0.941 0.934
Free–machining copper (0.5% Te) Free–machining copper (1% Pb)
0.88 0.92
Gilding, 95% Commercial bronze, 90% Jewelry bronze, 87.5% Red brass, 85%
0.56 0.45 0.41 0.38
Low brass, 80% Cartridge brass, 70% Yellow brass Muntz metal
0.33 0.29 0.28 0.29
Leaded commercial bronze Low–leaded brass (tube) Medium leaded brass High–leaded brass (tube)
0.43 0.28 0.28 0.28
High–leaded brass Extra–high–leaded brass Leaded Muntz metal Forging brass
0.28 0.28 0.29 0.28
Architectual bronze Inhibited admiralty Naval brass
0.29 0.26 0.28
Wrought alloys
0.81
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p156, (1993).
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Thermal Properties
Table 98. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 3)
Metal or alloy
Designation
Thermal Conductivity near room temperature (cal / cm2 • cm • s • °C)
Wrought alloys (Con’t)
Leaded naval brass
0.28
Manganese bronze Phosphor bronze,5% Pbosphor bronze, 8%
0.26 0.17 0.15
Phosphor bronze, 10% Phosphor bronze, 1.25% Free cutting phosphor bronze Cupro-nickel,30%
0.12 0.49 0.18 0.07
Cupro-nickel,10% Nickel silver, 65–18 Nickel silver, 55–18 Nickel silver, 65–12
0.095 0.08 0.07 0.10
High–silicon bronze Low–silicon bronze Aluminum bronze, 5%Al Aluminum bronze
0.09 0.14 0.198 0.18
Aluminum–silicon bronze Aluminum bronze Aluminum bronze Beryllium copper
0.108 0.144 0.091 0.20
Chromium copper (1% Cr) 89cu–11Sn 88Cu–6Sn–1.5Pb–4.5Zn 87Cu–8Sn–1Pb–4Zn
0.4 0.121 18% of Cu 12% of Cu
87Cu–10Sn–1Pb–2Zn 80Cu–10Sn–10Pb Manganese bronze, 110 ksi
12% of Cu 12% of Cu 9.05% of Cu
Casting alloys
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p156, (1993).
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Thermal Properties
Table 98. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 3 OF 3)
Metal or alloy
Designation
Thermal Conductivity near room temperature (cal / cm2 • cm • s • °C)
Casting alloys (Con’t)
Aluminum bronze, Alloy 9A
15% of Cu
Aluminum bronze, Alloy 9B Aluminum bronze, Alloy 9C Aluminum bronze, Alloy 9D
16% of Cu 18% of Cu 12% of Cu
Propeller bronze Nickel silver, 12% Ni Nickel silver, 16% Ni Nickel silver, 20% Ni
11% of Cu 7% of Cu 7% of Cu 6% of Cu
Nickel silver. 25% Ni Silicon bronze
6.5% of Cu 7% of Cu
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p156, (1993).
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Thermal Properties
Table 99. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS Metal or alloy
Designation
Thermal Conductivity near room temperature (cal / cm2 • cm • s • °C)
Pure
Magnesium (99.8%)
0.367
Casting alloys
AM100A AZ63A AZ81A(T4)
0.17 0.18 0.12
AZ91A, B, C AZ92A HK31A (T6, sand cast)
0.17 0.17 0.22
HZ32A ZH42 ZH62A ZK51A
0.26 0.27 0.26 0.26
ZE41A(T5) EZ33A EK30A EK41A(T5)
0.27 0.24 0.26 0.24
M1A AZ31B AZ61A AZ80A
0.33 0.23 0.19 0.18
ZK60A,B(F) ZE10A(O) HM21A(O) HM31A
0.28 0.33 0.33 0.25
Wrought alloys
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p156, (1993).
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Thermal Properties
Table 100. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS
Metal or alloy
Thermal Conductivity near room temperature (cal / cm2 • cm • s • °C)
Nickel (99.95% Ni + Co) “A” nickel “D” nickel Monel
0.22 0.145 0.115 0.062
“K” Monel Inconel Hastelloy B Hastelloy C
0.045 0.036 0.027 0.03
Hastelloy D Illium G Illium R 60Ni–24Fe–16Cr
0.05 0.029 0.031 0.032
35Ni–45Fe–20Cr Constantan
0.031 0.051
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p156, (1993).
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Thermal Properties
Table 101. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS
Metal or alloy
Thermal Conductivity near room temperature (cal / cm2 • cm • s • °C)
Corroding lead (99.73 + % Pb) 5–95 solder 20–80 solder 50-50 solder
0.083 0.085 0.089 0.111
1% antimonial lead Hard lead (96Pb-4Sb) Hard lead (94Pb–6Sb) 8% antimonial lead
0.080 0.073 0.069 0.065
9% antimonial lead Lead-base babbitt (SAE 14) Lead-base babbitt (alloy 8)
0.064 0.057 0.058
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p156, (1993).
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Thermal Properties
Table 102. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF TIN, TITANIUM , ZINC AND THEIR ALLOYS
Metal or alloy
Designation
Thermal Conductivity near room temperature (cal / cm2 • cm • s • °C)
Tin and Tin Alloys
Pure tin Soft solder (63Sn–37Pb) Tin foil (92Sn–8Zn)
0.15 0.12 0.14
Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Titanium(99.0%) Ti–5Al–2.5Sn Ti–2Fe-2Cr–2Mo Ti–8Mn
0.043 0.019 0.028 0.026
Zinc and Zinc Alloys
Pure zinc AG40A alloy AC41A alloy Commercial rolled zinc 0.08 Pb
0.27 0.27 0.26 0.257
Commercial rolled zinc 0.06 Pb, 0.06 Cd Rolled zinc alloy (1 CU, 0.010 Mg) Zn-Cu–Ti alloy (0.8 Cu, 0.15 Ti)
0.257 0.25 0.25
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p156, (1993).
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Thermal Properties
Table 103. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF PURE METALS
Metal or alloy
Thermal Conductivity near room temperature (cal / cm2 • cm • s • °C)
Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Cobalt
0.35 0.22 0.16 0.165
Germanium Gold Indium Iridium
0.14 0.71 0.057 0.14
Lithium Molybdenum Niobium Palladium
0.17 0.34 0.13 0.168
Platinum Plutonium Rhenium Rhodium
0.165 0.020 0.17 0.21
Silicon Silver Sodium Tantalum
0.20 1.0 0.32 0.130
Thallium Thorium Tungsten Uranium
0.093 0.090 0.397 0.071
Vanadium Yttrium
0.074 0.035
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p156, (1993).
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Thermal Properties
Table 104. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS (SHEET 1 OF 12)
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Conductivity (cal • cm-1 • sec-1 • K-1)
Borides
Chromium Diboride (CrB2) Hafnium Diboride (HfB2)
0.049-0.076 at room temp. 0.015 at room temp.
Tantalum Diboride (TaB2)
0.026 at room temp. 0.033 at 200 oC.
Titanium Diboride (TiB2)
0.058-0.062 at room temp. 0.063 at 200 oC
Carbides
Zirconium Diboride (ZrB2)
0.055-0.058 at room temp.
Boron Carbide (B4C)
0.055-0.060 at 200 oC 0.065-0.069 at room temp. 0.198 at 425 oC
Hafnium Monocarbide (HfC)
0.053 at room temp. 0.15 + 1.20x10 T watts cm-1 K-1 from 1000-2000K
Silicon Carbide (SiC) (with 1 wt% Be addictive) (with 1 wt% B addictive) (with 1 wt% Al addictive)
0.621 0.406 0.143
(with 2 wt% BN addictive) (with 1.6 wt% BeO addictive) (with 3.2 wt% BeO addictive)
0.263 0.645 at room temp. 0.645 at room temp. 0.098-0.10 at 20oC
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
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Thermal Properties
Table 104. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS (SHEET 2 OF 12)
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Conductivity (cal • cm-1 • sec-1 • K-1)
(cubic, CVD)
0.289 at 127oC 0.049-0.080 at 600oC 0.061 at 800oC 0.051 at 1000oC 0.0059 at 1250oC 0.0827 at 1327oC 0.0032 at 1530oC
Tantalum Monocarbide (TaC)
0.053 at room temp.
Titanium Monocarbide (TiC)
0.041-0.074 at room temp. 0.0135 at 1000 oC
Trichromium Dicarbide (Cr3C2)
0.454
Tungsten Monocarbide (WC) (6% Co, 1-3µm grain size) (12% Co, 1-3µm grain size) (24% Co, 1-3µm grain size)
0.201 at 20 oC 0.239 0.251 0.239
(6% Co, 2-4µm grain size) (6% Co, 3-6µm grain size)
0.251 0.256
Zirconium Monocarbide (ZrC)
0.049 at room temp. 0.098 at 50oC 0.069 at 150oC 0.065 at 188oC
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
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Thermal Properties
Table 104. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS (SHEET 3 OF 12)
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Conductivity (cal • cm-1 • sec-1 • K-1)
0.061 at 288oC 0.080 at 600oC 0.083 at 800oC 0.086 at 1000oC 0.089 at 1200oC 0.092 at 1400oC 0.096 at 1600oC 0.099 at 1800oC 0.103 at 2000oC 0.105 at 2200oC Nitrides
Aluminum Nitride (AlN)
0.072 at 25oC 0.060 at 200oC 0.053 at 400oC 0.048 at 600oC 0.042 at 800oC
Boron Nitride (BN) parallel to c axis
0.0687 at 300oC 0.0646 at 700oC 0.0637 at 1000oC
parallel to a axis
0.0362 at 300oC 0.0318 at 700oC 0.0295 at 1000oC
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
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Thermal Properties
Table 104. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS (SHEET 4 OF 12)
Ceramic
Thermal Conductivity (cal • cm-1 • sec-1 • K-1)
Titanium Mononitride (TiN)
0.069 at 25 oC
Class
0.057 at 127 oC 0.040 at 200 oC 0.027 at 650 oC 0.020 at 1000 oC 0.162 at 1500 oC 0.136 at 2300 oC Trisilicon tetranitride (Si3N4) (pressureless sintered)
0.072 at room temp. 0.022-0.072 at 127 oC 0.041 at 200-750 oC 0.036-0.042 at 500 oC
(pressureless sintered)
0.038 at 1000 oC 0.033-0.034 at 1200 oC
Zirconium Mononitride (ZrN)
0.040 at 200 oC 0.025 at 425 oC 0.018 at 650 oC 0.016 at 875 oC 0.015 at 1100 oC
Oxides
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)
0.06 at room temp. 0.04-0.069 at 100oC 0.03-0.064 at 200oC 0.037 at 315oC
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
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Thermal Properties
Table 104. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS (SHEET 5 OF 12)
Class
Thermal Conductivity (cal • cm-1 • sec-1 • K-1)
Ceramic
0.02-0.031 at 400oC 0.035 at 500oC 0.021-0.022 at 600oC 0.015-0.017 at 800oC 0.014-0.016 at 1000oC 0.013-0.015 at 1200oC 0.013 at 1400oC 0.014 at 1600oC 0.017 at 1800oC Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) (single crystal)
0.103 at 20oC 0.047 at 300oC 0.029 at 800oC
Beryllium Oxide (BeO)
0.038-0.47 at 20oC 0.032-0.34 at 100oC 0.14-0.16 at 400oC 0.089-0.1137 at 600oC 0.060-0.093 at 800oC 0.043 at 1100oC 0.041-0.054 at 1200oC 0.038 at 1300oC
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
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Thermal Properties
Table 104. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS (SHEET 6 OF 12)
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Conductivity (cal • cm-1 • sec-1 • K-1)
0.036 at 1400oC 0.034 at 1500oC 0.033-0.039 at 1600oC 0.033 at 1700oC 0.036 at 1800oC 0.036 at 1900oC 0.036 at 2000oC Calcium Oxide (CaO)
0.037 at 100oC 0.027 at 200oC 0.022 at 400oC 0.020 at 600oC 0.019 at 800oC 0.0186-0.019 at 1000oC
Cerium Dioxide (CeO2)
0.0229 at 400K 0.00287 at 1400K
Dichromium Trioxide (Cr2O3)
0.0239-0.0788
Hafnium Dioxide (HfO2)
0.0273 at 25-425oC
Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
0.097 at room temp. 0.078-0.082 at 100oC 0.064-0.065 at 200oC 0.038-0.045 at 400oC
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
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Thermal Properties
Table 104. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS (SHEET 7 OF 12)
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Conductivity (cal • cm-1 • sec-1 • K-1)
0.0198-0.026 at 800oC 0.016-0.020 at 1000oC 0.0139-0.0148 at 1200oC 0.012-0.014 at 1400oC 0.0108-0.016 at 1600oC 0.0096-0.0191 at 1800oC Nickel monoxide (NiO) (0% porosity)
0.029 at 100oC
(0% porosity)
0.024 at 200oC
(0% porosity)
0.017 at 400oC
(0% porosity)
0.012 at 800oC
(0% porosity)
0.011 at 1000oC
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
0.0025 at 200oC 0.003 at 400oC 0.004 at 800oC 0.005 at 1200oC 0.006 at 1600oC
Thorium Dioxide (ThO2) (0% porosity) (0% porosity)
0.024 at room temp.
(0% porosity)
0.019 at 200oC
(0% porosity)
0.014 at 400oC
(0% porosity)
0.010 at 600oC
(0% porosity)
0.008 at 800oC
0.020 at 100oC
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
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Thermal Properties
Table 104. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS (SHEET 8 OF 12)
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Conductivity (cal • cm-1 • sec-1 • K-1)
(0% porosity)
0.007-0.0074 at 1000oC
(0% porosity)
0.006-0.0076 at 1200oC
(0% porosity)
0.006 at 1400oC
Titanium Oxide (TiO2) (0% porosity)
0.016 at 100oC
(0% porosity)
0.012 at 200oC
(0% porosity)
0.009 at 400oC
(0% porosity)
0.008 at 600oC
(0% porosity)
0.008 at 800oC
(0% porosity)
0.008 at 1000oC
(0% porosity)
0.008 at 1200oC
Uranium Dioxide (UO2) (0% porosity)
0.025 at 100oC
(0% porosity)
0.020 at 200oC
(0% porosity)
0.015 at 400oC
(0% porosity)
0.010 at 600oC
(0% porosity)
0.009 at 800oC
(0% porosity)
0.008 at 1000oC 0.018 at 100oC 0.012 at 400oC 0.008 at 600oC
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
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Thermal Properties
Table 104. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS (SHEET 9 OF 12)
Class
Thermal Conductivity (cal • cm-1 • sec-1 • K-1)
Ceramic
0.008 at 700oC 0.006 at 1000oC 0.006 at 1200oC Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) (stabilized, 0% porosity)
0.005 at 100oC
(stabilized, 0% porosity)
0.005 at 200oC
(stabilized, 0% porosity)
0.005 at 400oC
(stabilized, 0% porosity)
0.0055 at 800oC
(stabilized, 0% porosity)
0.006 at 1200oC
(stabilized, 0% porosity)
0.0065 at 1400oC
(stabilized)
0.004 at 100oC
(stabilized)
0.0044 at 500oC
(stabilized)
0.0048-0.0055 at 1000oC
(stabilized)
0.0049-0.0050 at 1200oC
(MgO stabilized) (MgO stabilized)
0.0076 at room temp.
(Y2O3 stabilized)
0.0055 at room temp.
(Y2O3 stabilized)
0.0053 at 800oC
(plasma sprayed) (plasma sprayed)
0.0019-0.0031 at room temp.
(plasma sprayed and coated with Cr2O3)
0.0033 at room temp.
(plasma sprayed and coated with Cr2O3)
0.0033 at 800oC
0.0057 at 800oC
0.0019-0.0022 at 800oC
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
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Thermal Properties
Table 104. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS (SHEET 10 OF 12)
Ceramic
Thermal Conductivity (cal • cm-1 • sec-1 • K-1)
(5-10% CaO stabilized)
0.0045 at 400oC
(5-10% CaO stabilized)
0.0049 at 800oC
(5-10% CaO stabilized)
0.0057 at 1200oC
Class
Cordierite (2MgO 2Al2O3 5SiO2) (ρ=2.3g/cm3)
0.0077 at 20oC
ρ=2.3g/cm3)
(
0.0062 at 300oC
(ρ=2.3g/cm3)
0.0055 at 500oC
(ρ=2.3g/cm3)
0.0055 at 800oC
(ρ=2.1g/cm3)
0.0043 at 20oC
(ρ=2.1g/cm3)
0.0041 at 300oC
ρ=2.1g/cm3)
0.0040 at 500oC
ρ=2.1g/cm3)
0.0038 at 800oC
( (
Mullite (3Al2O3 2SiO2) (0% porosity)
0.0145 at 100oC
(0% porosity)
0.013 at 200oC
(0% porosity)
0.011 at 400oC
(0% porosity)
0.010 at 600oC
(0% porosity)
0.0095 at 800oC
(0% porosity)
0.009 at 1000oC
(0% porosity)
0.009 at 1200oC
(0% porosity)
0.009 at 1400oC
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
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Thermal Properties
Table 104. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS (SHEET 11 OF 12)
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Conductivity (cal • cm-1 • sec-1 • K-1)
Sillimanite (Al2O3 SiO2) (0% porosity)
0.0042 at 100oC
(0% porosity)
0.004 at 400oC
(0% porosity)
0.0035 at 800oC
(0% porosity)
0.0035 at 1200oC
(0% porosity)
0.003 at 1500oC
Spinel (Al2O3 MgO) (0% porosity)
0.035 at 100oC
(0% porosity)
0.031 at 200oC
(0% porosity)
0.024 at 400oC
(0% porosity)
0.019 at 600oC
(0% porosity)
0.015 at 800oC
(0% porosity)
0.013-0.0138 at 1000oC
(0% porosity)
0.013 at 1200oC
Zircon (SiO2 ZrO2) (0% porosity)
0.0145 at 100oC
(0% porosity)
0.0135 at 200oC
(0% porosity)
0.012 at 400oC
(0% porosity)
0.010 at 800oC
(0% porosity)
0.0095 at 1200oC
(0% porosity)
0.0095 at 1400oC
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
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Thermal Properties
Table 104. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS (SHEET 12 OF 12)
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Conductivity (cal • cm-1 • sec-1 • K-1)
Silicides
Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi2)
0.129 at 150oC 0.074 at 425oC 0.053 at 540oC 0.057 at 650oC 0.046 at 875oC 0.041 at 1100oC
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
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Table 105. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (SHEET 1 OF 5)
Glass SiO2 glass
Description
Thermal Conductivity
Units
Temperature Range of Validity
0.00329 0.59 0.67 0.88
cal/cm s K W/m K W/m K W/m K
20˚C 80˚C 100˚C 150˚C
1.10 1.28 1.32 1.36
W/m K W/m K W/m K W/m K
200˚C 250˚C 273.1˚C 300˚C
1.43 1.50 1.62
W/m K W/m K W/m K
350˚C 400˚C 500˚C
1.72 1.80
W/m K W/m K
600˚C 700˚C
Source: compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko-Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Table 105. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (SHEET 2 OF 5) Thermal Conductivity
Units
Temperature Range of Validity
(22% mol Na2O) (22% mol Na2O) (22% mol Na2O) (22% mol Na2O) (22% mol Na2O)
0.70
kcal/m hr K
450˚C
0.90 1.20 1.55 2.25
kcal/m hr K kcal/m hr K kcal/m hr K kcal/m hr K
850˚C 1050˚C 1250˚C 1500˚C
(25% mol Na2O)
0.15 0.25 0.40 0.50
W/m K W/m K W/m K W/m K
35 K 60 K 80 K 100 K
0.60 0.65 0.80 0.85
W/m K W/m K W/m K W/m K
140 K 150 K 190 K 240 K
Glass
Description
SiO2-Na2O glass
(25% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O)
Source: compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko-Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Table 105. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (SHEET 3 OF 5) Thermal Conductivity
Units
Temperature Range of Validity
0.90 0.95
W/m K W/m K
280 K 300 K
(27% mol Na2O) (27% mol Na2O) (27% mol Na2O)
0.68
kcal/m hr K
450˚C
0.85 1.10
kcal/m hr K kcal/m hr K
850˚C 1050˚C
(27% mol Na2O) (27% mol Na2O)
1.45
kcal/m hr K
1250˚C
1.80
kcal/m hr K
1500˚C
(34.05% mol Na2O) (34.05% mol Na2O) (34.05% mol Na2O)
0.5
kcal/m hr K
450˚C
0.75 0.75
kcal/m hr K kcal/m hr K
850˚C 1050˚C
1.20
kcal/m hr K
1250˚C
1.5
kcal/m hr K
1500˚C
Glass
Description
SiO2-Na2O glass (Con’t)
(25% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O)
(34.05% mol Na2O) (34.05% mol Na2O)
Source: compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko-Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Table 105. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (SHEET 4 OF 5)
Glass
Description
Thermal Conductivity
Units
Temperature Range of Validity
SiO2-PbO glass
(51.9% mol PbO) (51.9% mol PbO) (51.9% mol PbO) (51.9% mol PbO)
0.00089 0.00100 0.00111 0.00123
cal/cm s K cal/cm s K cal/cm s K cal/cm s K
-150˚C -100˚C -50˚C 0˚C
(51.9% mol PbO) (51.9% mol PbO) (49.3% mol PbO) (66.2% mol PbO)
0.00134 0.00146 0.00130 0.00112
cal/cm s K cal/cm s K cal/cm s K cal/cm s K
50˚C 100˚C 40˚C 40˚C
0.5 0.75 1.5
mW/cm K mW/cm K mW/cm K
2K 5K 20K
1.7 + 0.0054 (T-900) 1.5 + 0.0045 (T-900) 1.25 + 0.0037 (T-900)
W/m K W/m K W/m K
1173-1373 K 1173-1373 K 1173-1373 K
B2O3 glass
B2O3-Na2O glass
(3% mol Na2O) (7% mol Na2O) (11% mol Na2O)
Source: compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko-Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Table 105. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (SHEET 5 OF 5) Thermal Conductivity
Units
Temperature Range of Validity
(31% mol Na2O)
1.15 + 0.0020 (T-900) 1.0 + 0.0012 (T-900) 0.85 + 0.00075 (T-900) 0.9 + 0.00080 (T-900)
W/m K W/m K W/m K W/m K
1173-1373 K 1173-1373 K 1173-1373 K 1173-1373 K
(27.6% mol PbO) (31.9% mol PbO) (36.7% mol PbO)
0.522±0.022 0.483±0.016 0.464±0.010
W/m K W/m K W/m K
30˚C 30˚C 30˚C
(42.1% mol PbO) (48.3% mol PbO) (55.5% mol PbO) (64.0% mol PbO)
0.433±0.018 0.406±0.020 0.381±0.015 0.351±0.011
W/m K W/m K W/m K W/m K
30˚C 30˚C 30˚C 30˚C
Glass
Description
B2O3-Na2O glass (Con’t)
(14% mol Na2O) (19% mol Na2O) (25% mol Na2O)
B2O3-PbO glass
Source: compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko-Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
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Thermal Properties
z
Table 106. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF CRYOGENIC INSULATION
Cryogenic
Thermal Conductivity Range
Interspace Pressure
Class *
Insulation
(mW • m–1 • K–1)
(mm Hg)
2
Multilayer
0.04—0.2
10–4
3
Opacified powder
0.26—0.7
10–4
4
Evacuated powder
1.0—2.0
10–4
5
Vacuum flask
5.0
10–6
6 7 8
Gas–filled powder Expanded foam Fiber blanket
1.7—7.0 5.0—35 35—45
760 760 760
To convert mm Hg to N • m–2 multiply by 133.32. Source: From Boltz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1973, 529. *
1. Liquid and vapor shields – Very low–temperature, valuable, or dangerous liquids such as helium or fluorine are often shielded by an intermediate cryogenic liquid or vapor container that must in turn be insulated by one of the methods described below. 2. Multilayer reflecting shields – Foil or aluminized plastic alternated with paper-thin glass or plastic-fiber sheets; lowest conductivity, low density, and heat storage; good stability; minimum support structure. 3. Opacified evacuated powders - Contain metallic flakes to reduce radiation; conform to irregular shapes. 4. Evacuated dielectric powders - Very fine powders of low-conductivity adsorbent; moderate vacuum requirement; minimum fire hazard in oxygen. 5. Vacuum flasks (Dewar) - Tight shield-space with highly. reflecting walls and high vacuum; minimum heat capacity; rugged; small thickness. 6. Gas-filled powders – Same powders as Class 4 but with air or inert gas; low cost; easy application; no vacuum requirement. 7. Expanded foams – Very light foamed plastic; inexpensive; minimum weight but bulky; self supporting. 8. Porous fiber blankets – Blanket material of fine fibers, usually glass; minimum cost and easy installation but not an adequate insulation for most cryogenic applications.
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Thermal Properties
Table 107. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF CRYOGENIC SUPPORTS
Insulation Support
Mean Thermal Conductivity * (W • m–1 • K–1)
Aluminum alloy
86
“K” Monel®
17
Stainbss steel
9.3
Titanhm alloy Nylon Teflon
6.1 0.29 0.24
Source: From Boltz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1973, 529. *Range of Validity is 20–300 K.
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Thermal Properties
Table 108. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF SPECIAL CONCRETES *
Description; type of aggregate
Thermal Conductivity Btu / (hr • ft • ˚F)
Frost resisting; 1% CaCl2; normal aggregates Frost-resisting porous;6% air entrainment Lightweight; with expanded shale or clay
1.0 0.85 0.25
Lightweight; with foamed slag Cinder concrete; fine and coarse Pulverized fuel ash
0.20 0.25 0.25
Lightweight refractory concrete with aluminous cement Lightweight; insulating, with perlite Lightweight; insulating, with expanded vermiculite
0.20 0.15 0.10
Source: from Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, C. L., Eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1973, p.645. *
A great many varieties of aggregates have been used for concrete, dependent largely on the materials available. In general, high density concretes have high strength and high thermal conductivity, although such variables as water/cement ratio, percentage of fines, and curing conditions may result in wide differences in properties with the same materials.
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Thermal Properties
Table 109. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF SIC-WHISKER -REINFORCED CERAMICS Thermal Conductivity (W/m • K) Composite
at 22 °C
at 600 °C
Alumina Alumina with 20 vol% SiC whiskers SiC Mullite with 20 vol% SiC whiskers
36 ± 5 32 95 7.2
12 ± 3 16 50 —
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p173,(1994).
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Table 110. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 1 OF 10)
Class ABS Resins; Molded, Extruded
Acrylics; Cast, Molded, Extruded
Thermoset Carbonate
Polymer
Thermal Conductivity (ASTM C177) Btu / (hr • ft • ˚F)
Medium impact High impact
0.08—0.18 0.12—0.16
Very high impact Low temperature impact Heat resistant
0.01—0.14 0.08—0.14 0.12—0.20
Cast Resin Sheets, Rods: General purpose, type I
0.12
General purpose, type II Moldings: Grades 5, 6, 8 High impact grade
0.12 0.12 0.12
Allyl diglycol carbonate
1.45
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
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Table 110. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 2 OF 10)
Class
Polymer
Thermal Conductivity (ASTM C177) Btu / (hr • ft • ˚F)
Alkyds; Molded
Putty (encapsulating) Rope (general purpose) Granular (high speed molding) Glass reinforced (heavy duty parts)
0.35—0.60 0.35—0.60 0.35—0.60 0.20—0.30
Cellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded
ASTM Grade: H6—1 H4—1 H2—1
0.10—0.19 0.10—0.19 0.10—0.19
MH—1, MH—2 MS—1, MS—2 S2—1
0.10—0.19 0.10—0.19 0.10—0.19
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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Table 110. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 3 OF 10)
Class Cellulose Acetate Butyrate; Molded, Extruded
Cellulose Acetate Propionate; Molded, Extruded
Polymer
Thermal Conductivity (ASTM C177) Btu / (hr • ft • ˚F)
ASTM Grade: H4 MH S2
0.10—0.19 0.10—0.19 0.10—0.19
ASTM Grade: 1 3 6
0.10—0.19 0.10—0.19 0.10—0.19
Chlorinated Polymers
Chlorinated polyether Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
0.91 0.95
Polycarbonates
Polycarbonate Polycarbonate (40% glass fiber reinforced)
0.11 0.13
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
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7.04 Thermal L Page 428 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 110. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 4 OF 10)
Class
Polymer
Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded
Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)
Epoxies; Cast, Molded, Reinforced
Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A) Cast rigid Molded High strength laminate
Melamines; Molded
Nylons; Molded, Extruded
Thermal Conductivity (ASTM C177) Btu / (hr • ft • ˚F) 0.145 0.14 0.12 0.14
0.1—0.3 0.1—0.5 2.35
Filler & type Cellulose electrical Glass fiber
0.17—0.20 0.28
Type 6 General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced Cast
1.2—1.69 1.69—3.27 1.2—1.7
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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Table 110. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 5 OF 10)
Class
Nylons; Molded, Extruded (Con’t)
Polymer
Type 11 Type 12 6/6 Nylon General purpose molding Glass fiber reinforced General purpose extrusion 6/10 Nylon General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced
Phenolics; Molded
Type and filler General: woodflour and flock Shock: paper, flock, or pulp High shock: chopped fabric or cord Very high shock: glass fiber
Thermal Conductivity (ASTM C177) Btu / (hr • ft • ˚F)
1.5 1.7
1.69—1.7 1.5— 3.3 1.7
1.5 3.5
0.097—0.3 0.1—0.16 0.097—0.170 0.2
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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Table 110. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 6 OF 10)
Class Phenolics: Molded
Polymer
Thermal Conductivity (ASTM C177) Btu / (hr • ft • ˚F)
Arc resistant—mineral Rubber phenolic—woodflour or flock Rubber phenolic—chopped fabric Rubber phenolic—asbestos
0.24—0.34 0.12 0.05 0.04
ABS–Polycarbonate Alloy
2.46 (per ft)
PVC–Acrylic Alloy
PVC–acrylic sheet PVC–acrylic injection molded
1.01 0.98
Polymides
Unreinforced Unreinforced 2nd value Glass reinforced
6.78 3.8 3.59
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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Table 110. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 7 OF 10)
Class Polyacetals
Polyester; Thermoplastic
Polyesters: Thermosets
Phenylene Oxides
Polymer Homopolymer: Standard Copolymer: Standard High flow Injection Moldings: General purpose grade Cast polyyester Rigid Reinforced polyester moldings High strength (glass fibers)
SE—100 SE—1 Glass fiber reinforced
Thermal Conductivity (ASTM C177) Btu / (hr • ft • ˚F)
0.13 0.16 1.6
0.36—0.55
0.10—0.12 1.32—1.68
1.1 1.5 1.15,1.1
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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Table 110. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 8 OF 10)
Class Phenylene oxides (Noryl)
Polypropylene:
Polyethylenes; Molded, Extruded
Polymer
Thermal Conductivity (ASTM C177) Btu / (hr • ft • ˚F)
Standard
1.8
Polyarylsulfone
1.1
General purpose High impact Polyphenylene sulfide: Standard 40% glass reinforced
Type I—lower density (0.910—0.925) Melt index 0.3—3.6 Melt index 6—26 Melt index 200
1.21—1.36 1.72 2 2
0.19 0.19 0.19
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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Table 110. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 9 OF 10)
Class Polyethylenes; Molded, Extruded (Con’t)
Polystyrenes; Molded
Polymer
Thermal Conductivity (ASTM C177) Btu / (hr • ft • ˚F)
Type II—medium density (0.926—0.940) Melt index 20 Melt index l.0—1.9
0.19 0.19
Type III—higher density (0.941—0.965) Melt index 0.2—0.9 Melt Melt index 0.l—12.0 Melt index 1.5—15 High molecular weight
0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
Polystyrenes General purpose Medium impact High impact Glass fiber -30% reinforced
0.058—0.090 0.024—0.090 0.024—0.090 0.117
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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Table 110. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF POLYMERS (SHEET 10 OF 10)
Class Polyvinyl Chloride And Copolymers; Molded, Extruded
Polymer
Thermal Conductivity (ASTM C177) Btu / (hr • ft • ˚F)
Nonrigid—general
0.07—0.10
Nonrigid—electrical Rigid—normal impact
0.07—0.10 0.07—0.10
Vinylidene chloride
0.053
Silicones; Molded, Laminated
Fibrous (glass) reinforced silicones Granular (silica) reinforced silicones Woven glass fabric/ silicone laminate
0.18 0.25—0.5 0.075—0.125
Ureas; Molded
Alpha—cellulose filled (ASTM Type l)
0.17—0.244
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.05 Thermal Page 435 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 111. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS Thermal conductivity (Btu • in/ft 2 • h •˚F)
Class
Material
Glass fiber content (wt%)
Glass fiber reinforced thermosets
Sheet molding compound (SMC)
15 to 30
1.3 to 1.7
Bulk molding compound(BMC) Preform/mat(compression molded) Cold press molding–polyester
15 to 35 25 to 50 20 to 30
1.3 to 1.7 1.3 to 1.8 1.3 to 1.8
Spray–up–polyester Filament wound–epoxy Rod stock–polyester Molding compound–phenolic
30 to 50 30 to 80 40 to 80 5 to 25
1.2 to 1.6 1.92 to 2.28 1.92 to 2.28 1.1 to 2.0
Thermoplastic polyester
20 to 35
1.3
Glass–fiber–reinforced thermoplastic
To convert (Btu • in/ft2 • h •˚F) to (W/m • K), multiply by 0.144 Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p106, (1994).
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Thermal Properties
Table 112. THERMAL
EXPANSION OF WROUGHT STAINLESS STEELS * (SHEET 1 OF 2) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (µm/m • °C) Type
UNS Designation
0-100°C
100-315°C
0-538°C
201 202 205 301
S20100 S20200 S20500 S30100
15.7 17.5 — 17.0
17.5 18.4 17.9 17.2
18.4 19.2 19.1 18.2
302 302B 303 304
S30200 S30215 S30300 S30400
17.2 16.2 17.2 17.2
17.8 18.0 17.8 17.8
18.4 19.4 18.4 18.4
S30430 305 308 309
S30430 S30500 S30800 S30900
17.2 17.2 17.2 15.0
17.8 17.8 17.8 16.6
— 18.4 18.4 17.2
310 314 316 317
S31000 S31400 S31600 S31700
15.9 — 15.9 15.9
16.2 15.1 16.2 16.2
17.0 — 17.5 17.5
317L 321 330 347
S31703 S32100 N08330 S34700
16.5 16.6 14.4 16.6
— 17.2 16.0 17.2
18.1 18.6 16.7 18.6
384 405 409 410
S38400 S40500 S40900 S41000
17.2 10.8 11.7 9.9
17.8 11.6 — 11.4
18.4 12.1 — 11.6
414 416 420
S41400 S41600 S42000
10.4 9.9 10.3
11.0 11.0 10.8
12.1 11.6 11.7
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p360, (1993).
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7.05 Thermal Page 437 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 112. THERMAL
EXPANSION OF WROUGHT STAINLESS STEELS * (SHEET 2 OF 2) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (µm/m • °C) Type
UNS Designation
0-100°C
100-315°C
0-538°C
422 429 430 430F
S42200 S42900 S43000 S43020
11.2 10.3 10.4 10.4
11.4 — 11.0 11.0
11.9 — 11.4 11.4
431 434 436 440A
S43100 S43400 S43600 S44002
10.2 10.4 9.3 10.2
12.1 11.0 — —
— 11.4 — —
440C 444 446 PH 13–8 Mo
S44004 S44400 S44600 S13800
10.2 10.0 10.4 10.6
— 10.6 10.8 11.2
— 11.4 11.2 11.9
15–5 PH 17–4 PH 17–7 PH
S15500 S17400 S17700
10.8 10.8 11.0
11.4 11.6 11.6
— — —
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p360, (1993). *
Annealed Condition.
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Table 113. THERMAL
EXPANSION OF WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 2) Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (µm/m • K)
Class
Metal or Alloy
20-100 °C
20-205 °C
20-315 °C
20-425 °C
20-540 °C
20-650 °C
20-815 °C
Commercially Pure
99.5Ti 99.2Ti 99.1Ti
8.6 8.6 8.6
— — —
9.2 9.2 9.2
— — —
9.7 9.7 9.7
10.1 10.1 10.1
10.1 10.1 10.1
99.0Ti 99.2 Ti–0.2Pd
8.6 8.6
— —
9.2 9.2
— —
9.7 9.7
10.1 10.1
10.1 10.1
Alpha Alloys
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (low O2)
9.4 9.4
— —
9.5 9.5
— —
9.5 9.7
9.7 9.9
10.1 10.1
Near Alpha Alloys
Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V Ti-11Sn-1Mo-2.25Al-5.0Zr-1Mo-0.2Si Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
8.5 8.5 7.7
— — —
9.0 9.2 8.1
— — —
10.1 9.4 8.1
10.3 — —
— — —
Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-1Mo
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— 9.0
10.3 —
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p511, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.06 Thermal L Page 439 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 113. THERMAL
EXPANSION OF WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 2) Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (µm/m • K)
Class
Metal or Alloy
20-100 °C
20-205 °C
20-315 °C
20-425 °C
20-540 °C
20-650 °C
20-815 °C
Alpha-Beta Alloys
Ti-8Mn Ti-3Al-2.5V Ti-6Al-4V Ti-6Al-4V (low O2)
8.6 9.5 8.6 8.6
9.2 — 9.0 9.0
9.7 9.9 9.2 9.2
10.3 — 9.4 9.4
10.8 9.9 9.5 9.5
11.7 — 9.7 9.7
12.6 — — —
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn Ti-7Al-4Mo Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si
9.0 9.0 9.0 —
— 9.2 9.2 —
9.4 9.4 9.4 9.2
— 9.7 9.5 —
9.5 10.1 9.5 —
— 10.4 — —
— 11.2 — —
Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al
9.4 —
— —
10.1 —
10.6 —
— —
— —
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
—
—
—
— — 9.68 (to 900 •F)
—
—
—
Beta Alloys
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p511, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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Table 114. THERMAL
EXPANSION OF GRAPHITE MAGNESIUM CASTINGS *
Fiber Type
Fiber content
Fiber orientation
Casting
Fiber Preform Method
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (10-6/K)
P75
40% plus 9% 40%
±16° 90° ± 16°
Hollow cylinder Hollow cylinder Hollow cylinder
Filament wound Filament wound Filament wound
1.3 1.3 –0.07
40% 30% 10%
0° 0° plus 90°
Plate Plate Plate
Prepreg Prepreg Prepreg
2.3 4.5 4.5
P100 P55
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p148,(1994). *
Pitch-base fibers
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7.07 Thermal Page 441 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 115. LINEAR
THERMAL EXPANSION OF METALS AND ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 8) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (µm/m • °C)
Class
Metal or Alloy
Temperature (°C)
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Aluminum (99.996%)
20 to 100
23.6
Wrought Alloys
EC, 1060, 1100 2011, 2014 2024 2218
20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100
23.6 23.0 22.8 22.3
3003 4032 5005, 5050, 5052 5056
20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100
23.2 19.4 23.8 24.1
5083 5086 5154 5357
20 to 100 60 to 300 20 to 100 20 to 100
23.4 23.9 23.9 23.7
5456 6061, 6063 6101, 6151
20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100
23.9 23.4 23.0
7075 7079, 7178
20 to 100 20 to 100
23.2 23.4
A13 43 and 108 A108 A132
20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100
20.4 22.0 21.5 19.0
D132 F132 138 142
20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100
20.05 20.7 21.4 22.5
Casting Alloys
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p154-155, (1993).
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Thermal Properties
Table 115. LINEAR
THERMAL EXPANSION OF METALS AND ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 8)
Class
Metal or Alloy
Temperature (°C)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (µm/m • °C)
195 B195 214 220
20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100
23.0 22.0 24.0 25.0
319 355 356 360
20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100
21.5 22.0 21.5 21.0
750 40E
20 to 100 21 to 93
23.1 24.7
Pure copper Electrolytic tough pitch copper (ETP) Deoxidized copper, high residual phosphorus (DHP)
20
16.5
20 to 100
16.8
20 to 300
17.7
Copper and Copper Alloys Wrought Coppers
Wrought Alloys
Oxygen-free copper Free machining copper, 0.5% Te or 1% Pb
20 to 300
17.7
20 to 300
17.7
Gilding, 95% Commercial bronze, 90% Jewelry bronze, 87.5%
20 to 300 20 to 300 20 to 300
18.1 18.4 18.6
Red brass, 85% Low brass, 80% Cartridge brass, 70% Yellow brass
20 to 300 20 to 300 20 to 300 20 to 300
18.7 19.1 19.9 20.3
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p154-155, (1993).
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7.07 Thermal Page 443 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 115. LINEAR
THERMAL EXPANSION OF METALS AND ALLOYS (SHEET 3 OF 8)
Class
Metal or Alloy
Temperature (°C)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (µm/m • °C)
Muntz metal Leaded commercial bronze Low-leaded brass Medium-leaded brass
20 to 300 20 to 300 20 to 300 20 to 300
20.8 18.4 20.2 20.3
High-leaded brass Extra-high-leaded brass Free-cutting brass Leaded Muntz metal
20 to 300 20 to 300 20 to 300 20 to 300
20.3 20.5 20.5 20.8
Forging brass Architectural bronze Inhibited admiralty Naval brass
20 to 300 20 to 300 20 to 300 20 to 300
20.7 20.9 20.2 21.2
Leaded naval brass Manganese bronze (longitudinal) Manganese bronze (transverse)
20 to 300
21.2
20 to 300
21.2
20 to 300
23.4
Phosphor bronze, 5% (longitudinal) Phosphor bronze, 5% (transverse) Phosphor bronze, 8% (longitudinal) Phosphor bronze, 8% (transverse)
20 to 300
17.8
20 to 300
23.4
20 to 300
18.2
20 to 300
19.4
Phosphor bronze, 10% (longitudinal) Phosphor bronze, 1.25% Free-cutting phosphor bronze
20 to300
18.4
20 to 300
17.8
20 to 300
17.3
Cupro-nickel, 30% Cupro-nickel, 10%
20 to 300 20 to 300
16.2 17.1
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p154-155, (1993).
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Thermal Properties
Table 115. LINEAR
THERMAL EXPANSION OF METALS AND ALLOYS (SHEET 4 OF 8)
Class
Casting Alloys
Manganese bronze
Metal or Alloy
Temperature (°C)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (µm/m • °C)
Nickel silver, 65-18 Nickel silver, 55-18 Nickel silver, 65-12
20 to 300 20 to 300 20 to 300
16.2 16.7 16.2
High-silicon bronze (longitudinal) High-silicon bronze (transverse) Low-silicon bronze (longitudinal) Low-silicon bronze (transverse)
20 to 300
18.0
20 to 300
23.4
20 to 300
17.9
20 to 300
21.1
Aluminum bronze Aluminum-silicon bronze Aluminum bronze Beryllium copper
20 to 300 20 to 300 20 to 300 20 to 300
16.4 18.0 16.8 17.8
88Cu-8Sn-4Zn 89Cu-11Sn 88Cu-6Sn-1.5Pb-4 .5Zn 87Cu-8Sn-1Pb-4Zn
21 to 177 20 to 300 21 to 260 21 to 177
18.0 18.4 18.5 18.0
87Cu-10Sn-1Pb-2Zn 80Cu-10Sn-10Pb 78Cu-7Sn-15Pb 85Cu-5Sn-5Pb- 5Zn
21 to 177 21 to 204 21 to 204 21 to 204
18.0 18.5 18.5 18.1
72Cu-1Sn-3Pb-24Zn 67Cu-1Sn-3Pb-29Zn 61Cu-1Sn-1Pb-37Zn
21 to 93 21 to 93 21 to 260
20.7 20.2 21.6
Manganese bronze, 60 ksi Manganese bronze, 65 ksi Manganese bronze, 110 ksi
21 to 204 21 to 93 21 to 260
20.5 21.6 19.8
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p154-155, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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7.07 Thermal Page 445 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 115. LINEAR
THERMAL EXPANSION OF METALS AND ALLOYS (SHEET 5 OF 8) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (µm/m • °C)
Class
Metal or Alloy
Temperature (°C)
Iron and Iron Alloys
Pure iron Fe-C alloy 0.06% C Fe-C alloy 0.22% C Fe-C alloy 0.40% C Fe-C alloy 0.56% C
20 20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100
11.7 11.7 11.7 11.3 11.0
Fe-C alloy 1.08% C Fe-C alloy 1.45% C Invar (36% Ni) 13Mn-1.2C
20 to 100 20 to 100 20 20
10.8 10.1 0-2 18.0
13Cr-0.35C 12.3Cr-0.4Ni-0.09C 17.7Cr-9.6Ni-0.06C
20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100
10.0 9.8 16.5
18W-4Cr-1V Gray cast iron Malleable iron (pearlitic)
0 to 100 0 to 100 20 to 400
11.2 10.5 12
Corroding lead (99.73 + % Pb) 5-95 solder 20-80 solder 50-50 solder
17 to 100
29.3
15 to 110 15 to 110 15 to 110
28.7 26.5 23.4
1% antimonial lead 8% antimonial lead 9% antimonial lead
20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100
28.8 26.7 26.4
Hard lead(96Pb-4Sb) Hard lead(94Pb-6Sb) Lead-base babbitt SAE 14 Lead-base babbitt Alloy 8
20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100
27.8 27.2 19.6 24.0
Magnesium (99.8%)
20
25.2
Lead and Lead Alloys
Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p154-155, (1993).
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Thermal Properties
Table 115. LINEAR
THERMAL EXPANSION OF METALS AND ALLOYS (SHEET 6 OF 8) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (µm/m • °C)
Class
Metal or Alloy
Temperature (°C)
Casting alloys
AM100A AZ63A AZ91A,B,C AZ92A
18 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100 18 to 100
25.2 26.1 26 25.2
HZ32A ZH42 ZH62A ZK51A
20 to 200 20 to 200 20 to 200 20
26.7 27 27.1 26.1
EZ33A EK30A, EK41A
20 to 100 20 to 100
26.1 26.1
M1A, A3A AZ31B,PE AZ61A, Z80A
20 to 100 20 to 100 20 to 100
26 26 26
ZK60A, B HM31A
20 to 100 20 to 93
26 26.1
Nickel (99.95% Ni + Co)
0 to 100
13.3
Duranickel Monel Monel (cast) Inconel
0 to 100 0 to 100 25 to 100 20 to 100
13.0 14.0 12.9 11.5
Ni-o-nel Hastelloy B Hastelloy C Hastelloy D
27 to 93 0 to 100 0 to 100 0 to 100
12.9 10.0 11.3 11.0
Hastelloy F Hastelloy N Hastelloy W Hastelloy X
20 to 100 21 to 204 23 to 100 26 to 100
14.2 10.4 11.3 13.8
Wrought Alloys
Nickel and Nickel Alloys
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p154-155, (1993).
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7.07 Thermal Page 447 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 115. LINEAR
THERMAL EXPANSION OF METALS AND ALLOYS (SHEET 7 OF 8)
Class
Tin and Tin Alloys
Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Zinc and Zinc Alloys
Pure Metals
Metal or Alloy
Temperature (°C)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (µm/m • °C)
Illium G Illium R 80Ni-20Cr 60Ni-24Fc-l6Cr
0 to 100 0 to 100 20 to 1000 20 to 1000
12.19 12.02 17.3 17.0
35Ni-45Fe-20Cr Constantan
20 to 500 20 to 1000
15.8 18.8
Pure tin
0 to 100
23
Solder (70Sn-30Pb) Solder (63Sn-37Pb)
15 to 110 15 to 110
21.6 24.7
99.9% Ti
20
8.41
99.0% Ti Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Ti-8Mn
93 93 93
8.55 9.36 8.64
Pure zinc AG40A alloy AC41A alloy
20 to 250 20 to 100 20 to 100
39.7 27.4 27.4
Commercial rolled zinc 0.08 Pb Commercial rolled zinc 0.3 Pb, 0.3 Cd Rolled zinc alloy (1 Cu, 0.010 Mg) Zn-Cu-Ti alloy (0.8 Cu, 0.15 Ti)
20 to 40
32.5
20 to 98
33.9
20 to 100
34.8
20 to 100
24.9
25 to 100 20 0 to 400 20
11.6 29.8 22.3 6.2
Beryllium Cadmium Calcium Chromium
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p154-155, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Shackelford & Alexander
447
7.07 Thermal Page 448 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 115. LINEAR
THERMAL EXPANSION OF METALS AND ALLOYS (SHEET 8 OF 8)
Class
Metal or Alloy
Temperature (°C)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (µm/m • °C)
Cobalt Gold Iridium Lithium
20 20 20 20
13.8 14.2 6.8 56
Manganese Palladium Platinum Rhenium
0 to 100 20 20 20 to 500
22 11.76 8.9 6.7
Rhodium Ruthenium Silicon Silver
20 to 100 20 0 to 1400 0 to 100
8.3 9.1 5 19.68
Tungsten Vanadium Zirconium
27 23 to 100 —
4.6 8.3 5.85
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p154-155, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
448
CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
7.08 Thermal L Page 449 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 1 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Borides
Chromium Diboride (CrB2)
4.6–11.1 x 10–6 for 20–1000˚C
Hafnium Diboride (HfB2)
5.5 –5.54 x 10–6 for room temp.–1000˚C
Tantalum Diboride (TaB2)
5.1 x 10–6 at room temp.
Titanium Diboride (TiB2)
4.6–8.1 x 10–6
Zirconium Diboride (ZrB2)
5.69 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 5.5–6.57 x 10–6 ˚C for 25–1000˚C 6.98 x 10–6 for 20–1500˚C
Carbides
Boron Carbide (B4C)
4.5 x 10–6 for room temp.–800˚C 4.78 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 5.54 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 450 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 2 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Carbides (Con’t)
Boron Carbide (B4C) (Con’t)
6.02 x 10–6 for 25–1500˚C 6.53 x 10–6 for 25–2000˚C 7.08 x 10–6 for 25–2500˚C
Hafnium Monocarbide (HfC)
6.27–6.59 x 10–6 for 25–650˚C 6.25 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C
Silicon Carbide (SiC)
4.63 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 5.12 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C 5.48 x 10–6 for 25–1500˚C 5.77 x 10–6 for 25–2000˚C 5.94 x 10–6 for 25–2500˚C 4.70 x 10–6 for 20–1500˚C 4.70 x 10–6 for 0–1700˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 451 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 3 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Carbides (Con’t)
Tantalum Monocarbide (TaC)
6.29–6.32 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 6.67 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C 7.12 x 10–6 for 25–1500˚C 7.64 x 10–6 for 25–2000˚C 8.40 x 10–6 for 25–2500˚C 6.50 x 10–6 for 0–1000˚C 6.64 x 10–6 for 0–1200˚C
Titanium Monocarbide (TiC)
6.52–7.15 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 7.18–7.45 x 10–6 for 25–750˚C 7.40–8.82 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C 9.32 x 10–6 for 25–1250˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 452 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 4 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Carbides (Con’t)
Titanium Monocarbide (TiC) (Con’t)
8.15–9.45 x 10–6 for 25–1500˚C 8.81 x 10–6 for 25–2000˚C 7.90 x 10–6 for 0–2500˚C 7.08 x 10–6 for 0–750˚C 7.85–7.86 x 10–6 for 0–1000˚C 8.02 x 10–6 for 0–1275˚C 8.29 x 10–6 for 0–1400˚C 8.26 x 10–6 for 0–1525˚C 8.40 x 10–6 for 0–1775˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 453 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 5 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Carbides (Con’t)
Trichromium Dicarbide (Cr3C2)
8.00 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 9.95 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 8.8 x 10–6 for 25–120˚C 10.9 x 10–6 for 150–980˚C
Tungsten Monocarbide (WC)
4.42 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 4.84–4.92 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C 5.35–5.8 x 10–6 for 25–1500˚C 5.82–7.4 x 10–6 for 25–2000˚C
Zirconium Monocarbide (ZrC)
6.10x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 6.65x 10–6 for 25–800˚C 6.56x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C 7.06x 10–6 for 25–1500˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 454 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 6 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Carbides (Con’t)
Zirconium Monocarbide (ZrC) (Con’t)
7.65x 10–6 for 25–650˚C 6.10–6.73 x 10–6 for 25–650˚C 6.32x 10–6 for 0–750˚C 6.46–6.66x 10–6 for 0–1000˚C 6.68x 10–6 for 0–1275˚C 6.83x 10–6 for 0–1525˚C 6.98x 10–6 for 0–1775˚C 9.0x 10–6 for 1000–2000˚C
Nitrides
Aluminum Nitride (AlN)
4.03 x 10–6 for 25 to 200˚C 4.84 x 10–6 for 25 to 500˚C 4.83 x 10–6 for 25 to 600˚C 5.54–5.64 x 10–6 for 25 to 1000˚C 6.09 x 10–6 for 25 to 1350˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 455 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 7 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Nitrides (Con’t)
Boron Nitride (BN)
12.2 x 10–6 for 25 to 500˚C 13.3 x 10–6 for 25 to 1000˚C
parallel to c axis
10.15 x 10–6 for 25 to 350˚C 8.06 x 10–6 for 25 to 700˚C 7.15 x 10–6 for 25 to 1000˚C
parallel to a axis
0.59 x 10–6 for 25 to 350˚C 0.89 x 10–6 for 25 to 700˚C 0.77 x 10–6 for 25 to 1000˚C
Titanium Mononitride (TiN)
9.35 x 10–6
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 456 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 8 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Nitrides (Con’t)
Trisilicon tetranitride (Si3N4)
2.11 x 10–6 for 25 to 500˚C 2.87 x 10–6 for 25 to 1000˚C 3.66 x 10–6 for 25 to 1500˚C
(hot pressed)
3–3.9 x 10–6 for 20 to 1000˚C
(sintered)
3.5 x 10–6 for 20 to 1000˚C
(reaction sintered)
2.9 x 10–6 for 20 to 1000˚C
(pressureless sintered)
3.7 x 10–6 for 40 to 1000˚C
Zirconium Mononitride (TiN)
6.13 x 10–6 for 20–450˚C 7.03 x 10–6 for 20–680˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 457 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 9 OF 34) Class
Ceramic
Oxides
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) parallel to c axis
CERAMICS Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
1.95 x 10–6 for 0 to –273˚C 3.01 x 10–6 for 0 to –173˚C 4.39 x 10–6 for 0 to –73˚C 5.31 x 10–6 for 0 to 27˚C 6.26 x 10–6 for 0 to 127˚C 6.86 x 10–6 for 0 to 227˚C 7.31 x 10–6 for 0 to 327˚C 7.68 x 10–6 for 0 to 427˚C 7.96 x 10–6 for 0 to 527˚C 8.19 x 10–6 for 0 to 627˚C 8.38 x 10–6 for 0 to 727˚C 8.52 x 10–6 for 0 to 827˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 458 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 10 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) parallel to c axis (Con’t)
8.65 x 10–6 for 0 to 927˚C 8.75 x 10–6 for 0 to 1027˚C 8.84 x 10–6 for 0 to 1127˚C 8.92 x 10–6 for 0 to 1227˚C 8.98 x 10–6 for 0 to 1327˚C 9.02 x 10–6 for 0 to 1427˚C 9.08 x 10–6 for 0 to 1527˚C 9.13 x 10–6 for 0 to 1627˚C 9.18 x 10–6 for 0 to 1727˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 459 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 11 OF 34) Class
Ceramic
Oxides (Con’t)
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) (single crystal) perpendicular to c axis
CERAMICS Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
1.65 x 10–6 for 0 to –273˚C 2.55 x 10–6 for 0 to –173˚C 3.75 x 10–6 for 0 to –73˚C 4.78 x 10–6 for 0 to 27˚C 5.51 x 10–6 for 0 to 127˚C 6.10 x 10–6 for 0 to 227˚C 6.52 x 10–6 for 0 to 327˚C 6.88 x 10–6 for 0 to 427˚C 7.15 x 10–6 for 0 to 527˚C 7.35 x 10–6 for 0 to 627˚C 7.53 x 10–6 for 0 to 727˚C 7.67 x 10–6 for 0 to 827˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 460 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 12 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) (single crystal) (Con’t)
7.80 x 10–6 for 0 to 927˚C
perpendicular to c axis (Con’t)
7.88 x 10–6 for 0 to 1027˚C 7.96 x 10–6 for 0 to 1127˚C 8.05 x 10–6 for 0 to 1227˚C 8.12 x 10–6 for 0 to 1327˚C 8.16 x 10–6 for 0 to 1427˚C 8.20 x 10–6 for 0 to 1527˚C 8.26 x 10–6 for 0 to 1627˚C 8.30 x 10–6 for 0 to 1727˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 461 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 13 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) (Con’t)
1.89 x 10–6 for 0 to –273˚C
(polycrystalline)
2.91 x 10–6 for 0 to –173˚C 4.10 x 10–6 for 0 to –73˚C 5.60 x 10–6 for 0 to 27˚C 6.03 x 10–6 for 0 to 127˚C 6.55 x 10–6 for 0 to 227˚C 6.93 x 10–6 for 0 to 327˚C 7.24 x 10–6 for 0 to 427˚C 7.50 x 10–6 for 0 to 527˚C 7.69 x 10–6 for 0 to 627˚C 7.83 x 10–6 for 0 to 727˚C 7.97 x 10–6 for 0 to 827˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 462 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 14 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) (Con’t)
8.08 x 10–6 for 0 to 927˚C
(polycrystalline) (Con’t)
8.18 x 10–6 for 0 to 1027˚C 8.25 x 10–6 for 0 to 1127˚C 8.32 x 10–6 for 0 to 1227˚C 8.39 x 10–6 for 0 to 1327˚C 8.45 x 10–6 for 0 to 1427˚C 8.49 x 10–6 for 0 to 1527˚C 8.53 x 10–6 for 0 to 1627˚C 8.58 x 10–6 for 0 to 1727˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 463 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 15 OF 34) Class
Ceramic
Oxides (Con’t)
Beryllium Oxide (BeO) (single crystal) parallel to c axis
CERAMICS Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
6.3 x 10–6 for 28 to 252˚C 6.7 x 10–6 for 28 to 474˚C 7.8 x 10–6 for 28 to 749˚C 8.2 x 10–6 for 28 to 872˚C 8.9 x 10–6 for 28 to 1132˚C
Beryllium Oxide (BeO) (single crystal) perpendicular to c axis
7.1 x 10–6 for 28 to 252˚C 7.8 x 10–6 for 28 to 474˚C 8.5 x 10–6 for 28 to 749˚C 9.2 x 10–6 for 28 to 872˚C 9.9 x 10–6 for 28 to 1132˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 464 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 16 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Beryllium Oxide (BeO) (single crystal)
6.83 x 10–6 for 28 to 252˚C
average for (2a+c)/3
7.43 x 10–6 for 28 to 474˚C 8.27 x 10–6 for 28 to 749˚C 8.87 x 10–6 for 28 to 872˚C 9.57 x 10–6 for 28 to 1132˚C
Beryllium Oxide (BeO) (polycrystalline)
2.4 x 10–6 for 25–200˚C 6.3–6.4 x 10–6 for 25–300˚C 7.59 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 8.4–8.5 x 10–6 for 25–800˚C 9.03 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C 9.18 x 10–6 for 25–1250˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 465 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 17 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Beryllium Oxide (BeO) (polycrystalline) (Con’t)
10.3 x 10–6 for 25–1500˚C 11.1 x 10–6 for 25–2000˚C 9.40 x 10–6 for 500–1200˚C
Cerium Dioxide (CeO2)
8.22 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 8.92 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C 8.5 + 0.54T for 0–1000˚C
Dichromium Trioxide (Cr2O3)
8.43 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 8.62 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C 8.82 x 10–6 for 25–1500˚C 9.55 x 10–6 for 20–1400˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 466 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 18 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Hafnium Dioxide (HfO2) (monoclinic single crystal)
6.8x10–6 for 28–262˚C
parallel to a axis
6.2x10–6 for 28–494˚C 6.7x10–6 for 28–697˚C 7.5x10–6 for 28–903˚C 7.9x10–6 for 28–1098˚C
parallel to b axis
0 for 28–262˚C 0.9x10–6 for 28–494˚C 1.3x10–6 for 28–697˚C 1.4x10–6 for 28–903˚C 2.1x10–6 for 28–1098˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 467 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 19 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Hafnium Dioxide (HfO2) (monoclinic single crystal)
11x10–6 for 28–262˚C
parallel to c axis
11.4x10–6 for 28–494˚C 10.8x10–6 for 28–697˚C 11.9x10–6 for 28–903˚C 12.1x10–6 for 28–1098˚C
Hafnium Dioxide (HfO2)
5.47 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C
(monoclinic polycrystalline)
5.85 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C 5.8 x 10–6 for 25–1300˚C 6.30 x 10–6 for 25–1500˚C 6.45 x 10–6 for 20–1700˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 468 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 20 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Hafnium Dioxide (HfO2)
1.31 x 10–6 for 25–1700˚C
(tetragonal polycrystalline)
3.03 x 10–6 for 25–2000˚C
Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
12.83 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 13.63 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C 15.11 x 10–6 for 25–1500˚C 15.89 x 10–6 for 25–1800˚C 14.0 x 10–6 for 20–1400˚C 14.2–14.9 x 10–6 for 20–1700˚C 13.3 x 10–6 for 20–1700˚C 13.90 x 10–6 for 0–1000˚C 14.46 x 10–6 for 0–1200˚C 15.06 x 10–6 for 0–1400˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 469 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 21 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
19.35 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C
α quartz
22.2 x 10–6 for 25–575˚C
β quartz
27.8 x 10–6 for 25–575˚C 14.58 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C
α tridymite
18.5 x 10–6 for 25–117˚C
β1 tridymite
25.0 x 10–6 for 25–117˚C 27.5 x 10–6 for 25–163˚C
β2 tridymite
31.9 x 10–6 for 25–163˚C 19.35 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 10.45 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 470 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 22 OF 34)
CERAMICS Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Class
Ceramic
Oxides (Con’t)
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) (Con’t)
0.527 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C
Vitreous
0.564 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C 0.5 x 10–6 for 20–1250˚C
Thorium Dioxide (ThO2)
3.67 x 10–6 for 0 to –273˚C 5.32 x 10–6 for 0 to –173˚C 6.47 x 10–6 for 0 to –73˚C 8.10 x 10–6 for 0 to 27˚C 8.06 x 10–6 for 0 to 127˚C 8.31 x 10–6 for 0 to 227˚C 8.53 x 10–6 for 0 to 327˚C 8.71 x 10–6 for 0 to 427˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 471 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 23 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Thorium Dioxide (ThO2) (Con’t)
8.87 x 10–6 for 0 to 527˚C 9.00 x 10–6 for 0 to 627˚C 9.14 x 10–6 for 0 to 727˚C 9.24 x 10–6 for 0 to 827˚C 9.34 x 10–6 for 0 to 927˚C 9.42 x 10–6 for 0 to 1027˚C 9.53 x 10–6 for 0 to 1127˚C 9.60 x 10–6 for 0 to 1227˚C 9.68 x 10–6 for 0 to 1327˚C 9.76 x 10–6 for 0 to 1427˚C 9.83 x 10–6 for 0 to 1527˚C 9.91 x 10–6 for 0 to 1627˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 472 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 24 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Thorium Dioxide (ThO2) (Con’t)
9.97 x 10–6 for 0 to 1727˚C 8.63 x 10–6 for 25 to 500˚C 9.44 x 10–6 for 25 to 1000˚C 10.17 x 10–6 for 25 to 1500˚C 10.43 x 10–6 for 25 to 1700˚C 9.55 x 10–6 for 20 to 800˚C 9.55 x 10–6 for 20 to 1400˚C 7.8 x 10–6 for 27 to 223˚C 8.7 x 10–6 for 27 to 498˚C 8.9 x 10–6 for 27 to 755˚C 9.2 x 10–6 for 27 to 994˚C 9.1 x 10–6 for 27 to 1087˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 473 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 25 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Thorium Dioxide (ThO2) (Con’t)
8.96 x 10–6 for 0 to 1000˚C 9.35 x 10–6 for 0 to 1200˚C 9.84 x 10–6 for 0 to 1400˚C
αl (linear expansion coefficient)
0.6216x10–5 +3.541x10–9T–0.1124T–2 from 298–1073K
αv (volume expansion coefficient)
1.85x10–5 +10.96x10–9T–0.3375T–2 from 298–1073K
Titanium Oxide (TiO2) (polycrystalline)
8.22 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 8.83 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 474 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 26 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Titanium Oxide (TiO2) (polycrystalline) (Con’t)
9.50 x 10–6 for 25–1500˚C 7.8 x 10–6 for 20–600˚C 8.98 x 10–6 for 0–1000˚C
Titanium Oxide (TiO2) (single crystal) parallel to c axis
9.8 x 10–6 for 26 to 240˚C 10.5 x 10–6 for 26 to 455˚C 10.6 x 10–6 for 26 to 670˚C 10.5 x 10–6 for 26 to 940˚C 10.8 x 10–6 for 26 to 1110˚C
Titanium Oxide (TiO2) (single crystal))
7.9 x 10–6 for 26 to 240˚C
perpendicular to a axis
8.2 x 10–6 for 26 to 455˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 475 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 27 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Titanium Oxide (TiO2) (single crystal)) (Con’t)
8.1 x 10–6 for 26 to 670˚C
perpendicular to a axis (Con’t)
8.2 x 10–6 for 26 to 940˚C 8.3 x 10–6 for 26 to 1110˚C
Titanium Oxide (TiO2) (single crystal)) average for (2a+c)/3
8.53 x 10–6 for 26 to 240˚C 8.97 x 10–6 for 26 to 455˚C 8.93 x 10–6 for 26 to 670˚C 8.97 x 10–6 for 26 to 940˚C 9.13 x 10–6 for 26 to 1110˚C
Uranium Dioxide (UO2)
9.47 x 10–6 for 25 to 500˚C 11.19 x 10–6 for 25 to 1000˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 476 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 28 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Uranium Dioxide (UO2) (Con’t)
12.19 x 10–6 for 25 to 1200˚C 11.15 x 10–6 for 25 to 1750˚C 9.18 x 10–6 for 27 to 400˚C
(heating)
9.07 x 10–6 for 27 to 400˚C 11.1 x 10–6 for 400 to 800˚C 13.0 x 10–6 for 800 to 1200˚C
(cooling)
9.28 x 10–6 for 27 to 400˚C 10.8 x 10–6 for 400 to 800˚C 10.8 x 10–6 for 400 to 800˚C 12.6 x 10–6 for 800 to 1250˚C 12.9 x 10–6 for 800 to 1200˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 477 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 29 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) (monoclinic)
6.53 x 10–6 for 25 to 500˚C 7.59 x 10–6 for 25 to 1000˚C 7.72 x 10–6 for 25 to 1050˚C 8.0 x 10–6 for 25 to 1080˚C
Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) (tetragonal)
–21.7 x 10–6 for 25 to 1050˚C –11.11 x 10–6 for 25 to 1500˚C –9.53 x 10–6 for 25 to 1600˚C 4.0 x 10–6 for 0 to 500˚C 10.5 x 10–6 for 0 to 1000˚C 10.52 x 10–6 for 0 to 1000˚C (MgO) 10.6 x 10–6 for 0 to 1200˚C (CaO) 5.0 x 10–6 for 0 to 1400˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 478 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 30 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) (tetragonal) (Con’t)
11.0 x 10–6 for 0 to 1500˚C 5.5–5.58 x 10–6 for 20 to 1200˚C 7.2 x 10–6 for –10 to 1000˚C 8.64 x 10–6 for –20 to 600˚C
Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) (tetragonal, single crystal)
8.4 x 10–6 for 27 to 264˚C
parallel to a axis
7.5 x 10–6 for 27 to 504˚C 6.8 x 10–6 for 27 to 759˚C 7.8 x 10–6 for 27 to 964˚C 8.7 x 10–6 for 27 to 1110˚C
Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) (tetragonal, single crystal)
3 x 10–6 for 27 to 264˚C
parallel to b axis
2 x 10–6 for 27 to 504˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 479 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 31 OF 34) Class
Oxides (Con’t)
Ceramic
CERAMICS Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) (tetragonal, single crystal) (Con’t) parallel to b axis
1.1 x 10–6 for 27 to 759˚C
Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) (tetragonal, single crystal)
14 x 10–6 for 27 to 264˚C 13 x 10–6 for 27 to 504˚C
parallel to c axis
1.5 x 10–6 for 27 to 964˚C 1.9 x 10–6 for 27 to 1110˚C
11.9 x 10–6 for 27 to 759˚C 12.8 x 10–6 for 27 to 964˚C 13.6 x 10–6 for 27 to 1110˚C Cordierite (2MgO 2Al2O3 5SiO2) (ρ=2.51g/cm3)
2.7 x 10–6 for 25 to 1100˚C
(ρ=2.3g/cm3)
2.3 x 10–6 for 25 to 400˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 480 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 32 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
(ρ=2.3g/cm3) (ρ=2.3g/cm3)
3.3 x 10–6 for 25 to 700˚C 3.7 x 10–6 for 25 to 900˚C
(ρ=2.1g/cm3)
2.2 x 10–6 for 25 to 400˚C
(ρ=2.1g/cm3) (ρ=2.1g/cm3)
2.8 x 10–6 for 25 to 700˚C 2.8 x 10–6 for 25 to 900˚C
(ρ=1.8g/cm3)
0.6 x 10–6 for 25 to 400˚C
(ρ=1.8g/cm3) (ρ=1.8g/cm3)
1.5 x 10–6 for 25 to 700˚C 1.7 x 10–6 for 25 to 900˚C
(glass)
3.7–3.8 x 10–6 for 25 to 900˚C
Mullite (3Al2O3 2SiO2)
4.5 x 10–6 for 20 to 1325˚C 4.63 x 10–6 for 25 to 500˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 481 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 33 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Oxides (Con’t)
Mullite (3Al2O3 2SiO2) (Con’t)
5.0 x 10–6 for 25 to 800˚C 5.13 x 10–6 for 25 to 1000˚C 5.62 x 10–6 for 20 to 1500˚C
Sillimanite (Al2O3 SiO2)
6.58 x 10–6 at 20˚C
Spinel (Al2O3 MgO)
7.79 x 10–6 for 25 to 500˚C 8.41 x 10–6 for 25 to 1000˚C 9.17 x 10–6 for 25 to 1500˚C 9.0 x 10–6 for 20 to 1250˚C
Zircon (SiO2 ZrO2)
5.5 x 10–6 for 20 to 1200˚C 3.79 x 10–6 for 25 to 500˚C 4.62 x 10–6 for 25 to 1000˚C 5.63 x 10–6 for 20 to 1500˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.08 Thermal L Page 482 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 116. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 34 OF 34)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Thermal Expansion (˚C–1)
Silicides
Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi2) Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi2)
7.79 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 8.51 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C 9.00–9.18 x 10–6 for 25–1500˚C 8.41 x 10–6 for 0–1000˚C 8.56 x 10–6 for 0–1400˚C
Tungsten Disilicide (WSi2)
7.79 x 10–6 for 25–500˚C 8.31 x 10–6 for 25–1000˚C 8.21 x 10–6 for 0–1000˚C 8.81 x 10–6 for 0–1400˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.09 Thermal Page 483 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 117. THERMAL
EXPANSION OF SIC-WHISKER -REINFORCED CERAMICS Composite
Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion at 22 to 1100 °C (10-6/K)
Alumina Alumina with 20 vol% SiC whiskers Alumina with 30 vol% SiC whiskers Alumina with 60 vol% SiC whiskers
7.8 to 8.2 7.35 6.70 5.82
SiC Mullite with 20 vol% SiC whiskers
4.8 5.60
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p173,(1994).
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Shackelford & Alexander
483
7.10 Thermal L Page 484 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 1 OF 21)
GLASSES
Glass
Composition
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
SiO2 glass
Pure
3.50x10–7/K
–60—20˚C
3.80x10–7/K 4.00x10–7/K
–40—20˚C –20—20˚C
4.30x10–7/K
0–20˚C
5.35x10–7/K 5.75x10–7/K 5.85x10–7/K
20–100˚C 20–150˚C
5.92x10–7/K
20–250˚C
–7
5.94x10 /K 5.90x10–7/K
20–200˚C
20–300˚C 20–350˚C
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 485 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 2 OF 21) Glass
Composition
SiO2–B2O3 glass
(39.2% mol B2O3 ) (39.2% mol B2O3 ) (39.2% mol B2O3 ) (44.2% mol B2O3 ) (44.2% mol B2O3 ) (44.2% mol B2O3 ) (50.8% mol B2O3 ) (50.8% mol B2O3 ) (50.8% mol B2O3 ) (58.4% mol B2O3 ) (58.4% mol B2O3 ) (58.4% mol B2O3 )
GLASSES
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
47.5x10–7/K 44.9x10–7/K 301x10–7/K
0–100˚C 100–200˚C 390–410˚C
49.8x10–7/K 50.8x10–7/K 450x10–7/K
0–100˚C 100–200˚C 380–400˚C
57.6x10–7/K 54.8x10–7/K 579x10–7/K
0–100˚C 100–200˚C 350–370˚C
71.9x10–7/K 70.1x10–7/K 694x10–7/K
0–100˚C 100–200˚C 320–340˚C
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 486 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 3 OF 21) Glass
Composition
SiO2–B2O3 glass (Con’t)
(72.7% mol B2O3 ) (72.7% mol B2O3 ) (72.7% mol B2O3 ) (83.2% mol B2O3 ) (83.2% mol B2O3 ) (83.2% mol B2O3 ) (88.6% mol B2O3 ) (88.6% mol B2O3 ) (88.6% mol B2O3 ) (94.0% mol B2O3 ) (94.0% mol B2O3 ) (94.0% mol B2O3 )
GLASSES
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
87.0x10–7/K 89.7x10–7/K 899x10–7/K
0–100˚C 100–200˚C 300–320˚C
111.4x10–7/K 116.6x10–7/K 970x10–7/K
0–100˚C 100–200˚C 280–300˚C
118.1x10–7/K 126.0x10–7/K 1023x10–7/K
0–100˚C 100–200˚C 280–300˚C
131.7x10–7/K 141.9x10–7/K 1200x10–7/K
0–100˚C 100–200˚C 270–290˚C
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 487 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 4 OF 21) Glass
SiO2–Al2O3 glass
GLASSES
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
for 115 hr)
22.7x10–7/K
20–900˚C
(13.9% mol Al2O3, water quenching)
17.2x10–7/K
20–600˚C
(17.4% mol Al2O3, 1000˚C for 115 hr) (17.4% mol Al2O3, water quenching)
28.3x10–7/K
20–800˚C
20.7x10–7/K
20–700˚C
for 115 hr)
6.2x10–7/K
20–980˚C
(3.1% mol Al2O3, water quenching)
6.2x10–7/K
20–980˚C
12.2x10–7/K
20–350˚C
Composition (13.9% mol Al2O3, 1000˚C
(3.1% mol Al2O3, 1000˚C
(5.4% mol Al2O3, 1130˚C
for 20 hr)
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 488 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 5 OF 21) Glass
SiO2–Al2O3 glass
SiO2–CaO glass
GLASSES
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
for 115 hr)
14.5x10–7/K
20–950˚C
(8.2% mol Al2O3, water quenching)
8.8x10–7/K
20–800˚C
(30% mol CaO)
66±5x10–6/K
1700˚C
(35% mol CaO) (40% mol CaO) (42.5% mol CaO)
53±5x10–6/K 64±4x10–6/K 76±4x10–6/K
1700˚C 1700˚C
(45% mol CaO)
85–100±4x10–6/K
1700˚C
(47.5% mol CaO) (50% mol CaO)
76±4x10–6/K 84–85±4x10–6/K
(52.5% mol CaO)
76–107±4x10–6/K
1700˚C 1700˚C 1700˚C
Composition (8.2% mol Al2O3, 1000˚C
1700˚C
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 489 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 6 OF 21)
GLASSES
Glass
Composition
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
SiO2–CaO glass
(55% mol CaO)
94–95±4x10–6/K
1700˚C
(57.5% mol CaO) (60% mol CaO)
95±4x10–6/K 103±4x10–6/K
1700˚C 1700˚C
(25.7% mol PbO)
51.45–52.23x10–7/K
20–170˚C
(30.0% mol PbO) (32.5% mol PbO) (33.2% mol PbO)
57.68–59.08x10–7/K 60.62–62.31x10–7/K 61.58–63.33x10–7/K
20–170˚C 20–170˚C
(35.0% mol PbO)
63.99–66.17x10–7/K
20–170˚C
SiO2–PbO glass
–7
(37.5% mol PbO) (42.6% mol PbO)
68.75–71.44x10 /K 75.16–78.58x10–7/K
(45.8% mol PbO)
78.85–82.60x10–7/K
20–170˚C
20–170˚C 20–170˚C 20–170˚C
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 490 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 7 OF 21)
GLASSES
Glass
Composition
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
SiO2–PbO glass
(47.8% mol PbO)
83.03–87.03x10–7/K
20–170˚C
(49.8% mol PbO) (50% mol PbO) (53.8% mol PbO)
85.57–89.82x10–7/K 723x10 /K 90.62–95.25x10–7/K
20–170˚C 1100˚C
(57.5% mol PbO)
95.64–100.45x10–7/K
–7
–7
20–170˚C
20–170˚C 20–170˚C
(59.0% mol PbO) (61.0% mol PbO) (61.75% mol PbO)
97.00–101.90x10 /K 100.66–105.58x10–7/K
(66.7% mol PbO)
867x10–7/K
1100˚C
(67.7% mol PbO)
110.38–115.48x10–7/K
20–170˚C
101.36–106.30x10–7/K
20–170˚C 20–170˚C
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 491 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 8 OF 21)
GLASSES
Glass
Composition
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
SiO2–Na2O glass
(20% mol Na2O)
6.7x10–5/K
liquidus temp. to 1400˚C
120x10–7/K
below Tg
315x10–7/K
above Tg
97.5x10–7/K
room temp–100˚C
(20% mol Na2O, Tg = 478˚C) (20% mol Na2O,
Tg = 478˚C) (20.3% mol Na2O)
–7
(20.3% mol Na2O) (20.3% mol Na2O) (20.3% mol Na2O)
99.3x10 /K 100.6x10–7/K 106.9x10–7/K
100–200˚C
(24.0% mol Na2O)
109.7x10–7/K
room temp–100˚C
(24.0% mol Na2O) (24.0% mol Na2O) (24.0% mol Na2O)
114.3x10–7/K 116.6x10–7/K 121.7x10–7/K
100–200˚C 200–300˚C
200–300˚C 300–400˚C
300–400˚C
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 492 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 9 OF 21) Glass
SiO2–Na2O glass
GLASSES
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
152x10–7/K
below Tg
402x10–7/K
above Tg
(31.1% mol Na2O)
136.0x10–7/K
room temp–100˚C
(31.1% mol Na2O) (31.1% mol Na2O) (31.1% mol Na2O)
142.5x10–7/K 148.3x10–7/K 160.0x10–7/K
100–200˚C 200–300˚C 300–400˚C
165x10–7/K
below Tg
465x10–7/K
above Tg
17.2x10–5/K
liquidus temp.to 1400˚C
Composition (30% mol Na2O,
Tg = 455˚C) (30% mol Na2O, Tg = 455˚C)
(33% mol Na2O,
Tg = 445˚C) (33% mol Na2O, Tg = 445˚C) (33.3% mol Na2O)
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 493 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 10 OF 21)
GLASSES
Glass
Composition
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
SiO2–Na2O glass
(33.8% mol Na2O)
143.9x10–7/K
room temp–100˚C
(33.8% mol Na2O) (33.8% mol Na2O) (33.8% mol Na2O)
153.6x10–7/K 159.1x10–7/K 173.6x10–7/K
100–200˚C 200–300˚C
(37.2% mol Na2O)
152.1x10–7/K
room temp–100˚C
–7
300–400˚C
(37.2% mol Na2O) (37.2% mol Na2O) (37.2% mol Na2O)
160.9x10 /K 171.6x10–7/K 187.7x10–7/K
100–200˚C
(40% mol Na2O)
20.0x10–5/K
liquidus temp. to 1400˚C
179x10–7/K
below Tg
500x10–7/K
above Tg
(40% mol Na2O, Tg = 421˚C) (40% mol Na2O,
Tg = 421˚C)
200–300˚C 300–400˚C
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 494 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 11 OF 21) Glass
SiO2–Na2O glass
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
219x10–7/K
below Tg
574x10–7/K
above Tg
23.7x10–5/K
liquidus temp. to 1400˚C
154.5–183x10–7/K
0–100˚C
154.5–169x10–7/K 150±3–158±3x10–7/K
100–200˚C 20–200˚C
(0.01% mol Na2O)
140x10–7/K
–196—25˚C
(0.01% mol Na2O)
149.3x10–7/K
(0.01% mol Na2O)
149.0x10–7/K
20–50˚C 20–150˚C
Composition (45% mol Na2O,
Tg = 417˚C) (45% mol Na2O, Tg = 417˚C) (50% mol Na2O)
B2O3 glass
B2O3–Na2O glass
GLASSES
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 495 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 12 OF 21) Glass
Composition
B2O3–Na2O glass
(4.4% mol Na2O) (4.4% mol Na2O) (4.4% mol Na2O) (4.4% mol Na2O) (5% mol Na2O,
Tg = 318˚C) (5% mol Na2O, Tg = 318˚C) (8.7% mol Na2O) (8.7% mol Na2O) (8.7% mol Na2O)
GLASSES
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
94.6x10–7/K 103.0x10–7/K 109.9x10–7/K 116.0x10–7/K
–196—25˚C 20–50˚C 20–150˚C 20–250˚C
115x10–7/K
below Tg
1400x10–7/K
above Tg
98.8x10–7/K 100.5x10–7/K 105.3x10–7/K
20–50˚C 20–150˚C 20–250˚C
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 496 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 13 OF 21) Glass
B2O3–Na2O glass
Composition (10% mol Na2O,
Tg = 354˚C) (10% mol Na2O, Tg = 354˚C) (11.5% mol Na2O) (11.5% mol Na2O) (11.5% mol Na2O) (11.5% mol Na2O) (13.7% mol Na2O) (13.7% mol Na2O) (13.7% mol Na2O) (13.7% mol Na2O)
GLASSES
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
77x10–7/K
below Tg
1230x10–7/K
above Tg
71.5x10–7/K 88.7x10–7/K 94.9x10–7/K 97.9x10–7/K
–196—25˚C 20–50˚C 20–150˚C 20–250˚C
69.3x10–7/K 87.5x10–7/K 92.3x10–7/K 90.9x10–7/K
–196—25˚C 20–50˚C 20–150˚C 20–250˚C
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 497 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 14 OF 21) Glass
B2O3–Na2O glass
Composition (15% mol Na2O,
Tg = 407˚C) (15% mol Na2O, Tg = 407˚C) (15.8% mol Na2O) (15.8% mol Na2O) (15.8% mol Na2O) (15.8% mol Na2O) (15.8% mol Na2O) (16.2% mol Na2O) (16.2% mol Na2O)
GLASSES
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
69x10–7/K
below Tg
761x10–7/K
above Tg
67.4x10–7/K 80.7x10–7/K
–196—25˚C 20–50˚C
87.8x10–7/K 93.3x10–7/K 97.9x10–7/K
20–150˚C 20–250˚C 20–350˚C
65.9x10–7/K 86.0x10–7/K
–196—25˚C 20–50˚C
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 498 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 15 OF 21) Glass
Composition
B2O3–Na2O glass
(16.2% mol Na2O) (16.2% mol Na2O) (16.2% mol Na2O) (17.4% mol Na2O) (17.4% mol Na2O) (17.4% mol Na2O) (17.4% mol Na2O) (18.4% mol Na2O) (18.4% mol Na2O) (18.4% mol Na2O) (18.4% mol Na2O) (18.4% mol Na2O)
GLASSES
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
87.7x10–7/K 90.9x10–7/K 96.9x10–7/K
20–150˚C 20–250˚C 20–350˚C
85.6x10–7/K 89.1x10–7/K 92.4x10–7/K 96.3x10–7/K
20–50˚C 20–150˚C 20–250˚C 20–350˚C
69.1x10–7/K 86.2x10–7/K
–196—25˚C 20–50˚C
89.2x10–7/K 94.1x10–7/K 96.2x10–7/K
20–150˚C 20–250˚C 20–350˚C
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 499 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 16 OF 21)
GLASSES
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
86.8x10–7/K 91.2x10–7/K 95.3x10–7/K 99.6x10–7/K
20–50˚C 20–150˚C 20–250˚C 20–350˚C
(20.0% mol Na2O)
87.6x10–7/K 91.6x10–7/K 97.6x10–7/K
20–50˚C 20–150˚C 20–250˚C
(20.0% mol Na2O)
101.3x10–7/K
20–350˚C
86x10–7/K
below Tg
586x10–7/K
above Tg
Glass
Composition
B2O3–Na2O glass
(19.6% mol Na2O) (19.6% mol Na2O) (19.6% mol Na2O) (19.6% mol Na2O) (20.0% mol Na2O) (20.0% mol Na2O)
(20% mol Na2O,
Tg = 456˚C) (20% mol Na2O, Tg = 456˚C)
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 500 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 17 OF 21) Glass
Composition
B2O3–Na2O glass
(22.5% mol Na2O) (22.5% mol Na2O) (22.5% mol Na2O) (22.5% mol Na2O) (22.5% mol Na2O) (23.6% mol Na2O) (23.6% mol Na2O) (23.6% mol Na2O) (23.6% mol Na2O)
GLASSES
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
71.9x10–7/K 90.4x10–7/K
–196—25˚C 20–50˚C
94.7x10–7/K 98.7x10–7/K 104.0x10–7/K
20–150˚C 20–250˚C 20–350˚C
90.4x10–7/K 96.7x10–7/K 101.2x10–7/K 106.5x10–7/K
20–50˚C 20–150˚C 20–250˚C 20–350˚C
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 501 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 18 OF 21) Glass
Composition
B2O3–Na2O glass
(25% mol Na2O,
Tg = 466˚C) (25% mol Na2O, Tg = 466˚C) (28.9% mol Na2O) (28.9% mol Na2O) (28.9% mol Na2O) (28.9% mol Na2O) (28.9% mol Na2O) (30% mol Na2O,
Tg = 468˚C) (30% mol Na2O, Tg = 468˚C)
GLASSES
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
95x10–7/K
below Tg
834x10–7/K
above Tg
81.4x10–7/K
–196—25˚C
102.1x10–7/K 107.4x10–7/K 112.8x10–7/K 117.1x10–7/K
20–50˚C 20–150˚C 20–250˚C 20–350˚C
128x10–7/K
below Tg
1150x10–7/K
above Tg
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 502 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 19 OF 21)
GLASSES
Glass
Composition
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
B2O3–CaO glass
(29.3% mol CaO) (29.3% mol CaO)
54.9–56.4x10–7/K 60.2–60.8x10–7/K
(29.3% mol CaO)
63.9–65.4x10–7/K
room temp. to 100˚C 100–200˚C 200–300˚C
(29.3% mol CaO) (29.3% mol CaO) (29.3% mol CaO)
71.3–71.6x10–7/K 76.9–77.1x10–7/K 80.9–86.8x10–7/K
300–400˚C 400–500˚C 500–600˚C
(31.4% mol CaO)
57.3–58.2x10–7/K
room temp. to 100˚C
(31.4% mol CaO) (31.4% mol CaO)
63.5–65.1x10–7/K 67.4–68.1x10–7/K
100–200˚C
(31.4% mol CaO)
76.5–76.7x10–7/K
300–400˚C
(31.4% mol CaO) (31.4% mol CaO)
–7
79.2–81.0x10 /K 83.1–88.5x10–7/K
200–300˚C
400–500˚C 500–600˚C
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 503 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 20 OF 21)
GLASSES
Glass
Composition
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
B2O3–CaO glass
(34.9% mol CaO)
60.1–66.2x10–7/K
room temp. to 100˚C
(34.9% mol CaO) (34.9% mol CaO)
67.5–67.6x10–7/K 74.7–75.2x10–7/K
100–200˚C 200–300˚C
(34.9% mol CaO)
77.8–78.5x10–7/K
300–400˚C
(34.9% mol CaO) (34.9% mol CaO)
83.8–95.0x10–7/K 91.8–92.1x10–7/K
400–500˚C 500–600˚C
(37.1% mol CaO)
63.1–64.0x10–7/K
room temp. to 100˚C
(37.1% mol CaO) (37.1% mol CaO)
68.4–70.4x10–7/K
100–200˚C 200–300˚C
–7
74.6–75.8x10 /K
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 504 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 118. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 21 OF 21)
GLASSES
Glass
Composition
Thermal Expansion
Temperature Range of Validity
B2O3–CaO glass
(37.1% mol CaO)
81.6–82.2x10–7/K
300–400˚C
(37.1% mol CaO) (37.1% mol CaO)
86.9–87.6x10–7/K
400–500˚C 500–600˚C
–7
93.5–95.5x10 /K
Source: data compiled by Jun S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 505 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 119. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 1 OF 13)
POLYMERS
Polymer
Thermal Expansion Coefficient ASTM D696 (•F–1)
Medium impact
3.2—4.8 x 10–6
High impact
5.5—6.0 x 10–6
Very high impact
5.0—6.0 x 10–6
Low temperature impact
5.0—6.0 x 10–6
Heat resistant
3.0—4.0 x 10–6
Cast Resin Sheets, Rods: General purpose, type I
4.5 x 10–6
General purpose, type II
4.5 x 10–6
Moldings: Grades 5, 6, 8
3—4 x 10–6
High impact grade
4—6 x 10–6
Type
ABS Resins; Molded, Extruded
Acrylics; Cast, Molded, Extruded
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 506 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 119. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 2 OF 13)
POLYMERS
Polymer
Thermal Expansion Coefficient ASTM D696 (•F–1)
Thermoset Carbonate
Allyl diglycol carbonate
6 x 10–5
Alkyds; Molded
Putty (encapsulating)
1.3 x 10–5
Rope (general purpose)
1.3 x 10–5
Granular (high speed molding)
1.3 x 10–5
Glass reinforced (heavy duty parts)
1.3 x 10–5
ASTM Grade: H6—1
4.4—9.0 x 10–5
H4—1
4.4—9.0 x 10–5
H2—1
4.4—9.0 x 10–5
MH—1, MH—2
4.4—9.0 x 10–5
MS—1, MS—2
4.4—9.0 x 10–5
S2—1
4.4—9.0 x 10–5
Type
Cellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 507 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 119. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 3 OF 13)
POLYMERS
Polymer
Thermal Expansion Coefficient ASTM D696 (•F–1)
ASTM Grade: H4
6—9 x 10–5
MH
6—9 x 10–5
S2
6—9 x 10–5
ASTM Grade: 1
6—9 x 10–5
3
6—9 x 10–5
6
6—9 x 10–5
Chlorinated polyether
6.6 x 10–6
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
4.4 x 10–6
Polycarbonate
3.75 x 10–6
Polycarbonate (40% glass fiber reinforced)
1.0—1.1 x 10–6
Type
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate; Molded, Extruded
Cellusose Acetate Propionate; Molded, Extruded
Chlorinated Polymers
Polycarbonates
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 508 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 119. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 4 OF 13)
POLYMERS
Polymer
Thermal Expansion Coefficient ASTM D696 (•F–1)
Orlon filled
5.0 x 10–5
Dacron filled
5.2 x 10–5
Asbestos filled
4.0 x 10–5
Glass fiber filled
2.2—2.6 x 10–5
Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE)
3.88 x 10–5
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
55 x 10–5
Ceramic reinforced (PTFE)
1.7—2.0 x 10–5
Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP)
8.3—10.5 x 10–5
Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)
8.5 x 10–5
Type
Diallyl Phthalates; Molded
Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 509 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 119. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 5 OF 13)
POLYMERS
Polymer
Thermal Expansion Coefficient ASTM D696 (•F–1)
Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A) Cast rigid
3.3 x 10–5
Cast flexible
3—5 x 10–5
Molded
1—2 x 10–5
General purpose glass cloth laminate
3.3—4.8 x 10–6
High strength laminate
3.3—4.8 x 10–6
Filament wound composite
2—6 x 10–5
High performance resins (cycloaliphatic diepoxides) Molded Epoxy novolacs Cast, rigid
1.7—2.2 x 10–6
Type
Epoxies; Cast, Molded, Reinforced
Epoxies—Molded, Extruded
1.6—3.0 x 10–6
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 510 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 119. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 6 OF 13)
POLYMERS
Polymer
Thermal Expansion Coefficient ASTM D696 (•F–1)
Filler & type Cellulose electrical
1.11—2.78 x 10–5
Glass fiber
0.82 x 10–5
General purpose
4.8 x 10–5
Glass fiber (30%) reinforced
1.2 x 10–5
Cast
4.4 x 10–5
Type 11
5.5 x 10–5
Type 12
7.2 x 10–5
General purpose molding
1.69—1.7 x 10–5
Glass fiber reinforced
1.5–3.3 x 10–5
General purpose extrusion
1.7 x 10–5
Type
Melamines; Molded
Nylons; Molded, Extruded Type 6 Nylon
6/6 Nylon
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 511 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 119. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 7 OF 13)
POLYMERS
Polymer
Thermal Expansion Coefficient ASTM D696 (•F–1)
General purpose
1.5 x 10–5
Glass fiber (30%) reinforced
3.5 x 10–5
Type and filler General: woodflour and flock
1.66—2.50 x 10–5
Shock: paper, flock, or pulp
1.6—2.3 x 10–5
High shock: chopped fabric or cord
1.60—2.22 x 10–5
Very high shock: glass fiber
0.88 x 10–5
Rubber phenolic—woodflour or flock
0.83—2.20 x 10–5
Rubber phenolic—chopped fabric
1.7 x 10–5
Rubber phenolic—asbestos
2.2 x 10–5
ABS–Polycarbonate Alloy
6.12 x 10–5
Type
6/10 Nylon
Phenolics; Molded
Phenolics: Molded
ABS–Polycarbonate Alloy
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 512 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 119. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 8 OF 13)
POLYMERS
Polymer
Thermal Expansion Coefficient ASTM D696 (•F–1)
PVC–Acrylic Alloy PVC–acrylic sheet
3.5 x 10–5
Unreinforced
2.5 x 10–6
Unreinforced 2nd value
3.0—4.5 x 10–6
Glass reinforced
0.8 x 10–6
Standard
4.5 x 10–5
20% glass reinforced
2.0—4.5 x 10–5
22% TFE reinforced Copolymer: Standard
4.5 x 10–5
25% glass reinforced
2.2—4.7 x 10–5
High flow
4.7 x 10–5
Type
PVC–Acrylic
Polymides
Homopolymer
4.7 x 10–5
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 513 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 119. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 9 OF 13)
POLYMERS
Polymer
Thermal Expansion Coefficient ASTM D696 (•F–1)
Injection Moldings: General purpose grade
5.3 x 10–5
Glass reinforced grades
2.7—3.3 x 10–5
Glass reinforced self extinguishing
3.5 x 10–5
General purpose grade
4.9—13.0 x 10–5
Type
Polyester; Thermoplastic
Polyesters: Thermosets
Phenylene Oxides
Cast polyyester Rigid Reinforced polyester moldings High strength (glass fibers)
3.9—5.6 x 10–5 13—19 x 10–6
SE—100
3.8 x 10–5
SE—1
3.3 x 10–5
Glass fiber reinforced
1.4–2.0 x 10–5
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 514 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 119. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 10 OF 13)
POLYMERS
Polymer
Thermal Expansion Coefficient ASTM D696 (•F–1)
Phenylene oxides (Noryl) Standard
3.1 x 10–5
Glass fiber reinforced
1.2–1.6 x 10–5
Polyarylsulfone
Polyarylsulfone
2.6 x 10–5
Polypropylene
General purpose
3.8—5.8 x 10–5
High impact
4.0—5.9 x 10–5
Asbestos filled
2—3 x 10–5
Glass reinforced
1.6—2.4 x 10–5
Standard
3.0—4.9 x 10–5
40% glass reinforced
4 x 10–5
Type
Phenylene Oxides (Con’t)
Polyphenylene sulfide
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 515 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 119. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 11 OF 13)
POLYMERS
Polymer
Thermal Expansion Coefficient ASTM D696 (•F–1)
Type I—lower density (0.910–0.925) Melt index 0.3—3.6
8.9—11.0 x 10–5
Melt index 6—26
8.9—11.0 x 10–5
Melt index 200
11 x 10–5
Type II—medium density (0.926—0.940) Melt index 20
8.3—16.7 x 10–5
Melt index l.0—1.9
8.3—16.7 x 10–5
Type III—higher density (0.941—0.965) Melt index 0.2—0.9
8.3—16.7 x 10–5
Melt Melt index 0.l—12.0
8.3—16.7 x 10–5
Melt index 1.5—15
8.3—16.7 x 10–5
Type
Polyethylenes; Molded, Extruded
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 516 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 119. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 12 OF 13)
POLYMERS
Polymer
Thermal Expansion Coefficient ASTM D696 (•F–1)
General purpose
3.3—4.8 x 10–5
Medium impact
3.3—4.7 x 10–5
High impact
2.2—5.6 x 10–5
Glass fiber -30% reinforced
1.8 x 10–5
Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN)
3.6—3.7 x 10–5
Glass fiber (30%) reinforced SAN
1.6 x 10–5
Rigid—normal impact
2.8—3 .3 x 10–5
Vinylidene chloride
8.78 x 10–5
Type
Polystyrenes; Molded
Polyvinyl Chloride And Copolymers; Molded, Extruded
Vinylidene chloride
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.10 Thermal L Page 517 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 119. THERMAL EXPANSION OF (SHEET 13 OF 13)
POLYMERS
Polymer
Thermal Expansion Coefficient ASTM D696 (•F–1)
Fibrous (glass) reinforced silicones
3.17—3.23 x 10–5
Granular (silica) reinforced silicones
2.5—5.0 x 10–5
Alpha—cellulose filled (ASTM Type l)
1.22—1 .50 x 10–5
Type
Silicones; Molded, Laminated
Ureas; Molded
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.11 Thermal Page 518 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 120. THERMAL
EXPANSION COEFFICIENTS OF MATERIALS FOR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Material
Coefficient Range
Temperature Range (˚C)
Aluminum oxide ceramic Brass Kanthal A Kovar
6.0–7.0 17.7–21.2 13.9–15.1 5.0
25–300 25–300 20–900 25–300
Pyrex glass Pyroceram (#9608)
3.2 420
25–300 25–300
Pyroceram cement (Vitreous #45) Pyroceram cement (Devitrified) Pyroceram cement (#89, #95)
4 2.4 8–10
0–300 25–300 —
Silicon carbide Silicon nitride (α) Silicon nitride (β) Solder glass (Kimble CV-101)
4.8
0–1,000
2.9 2.25
25–1,000 25–1,000
809
0–300
Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Selected Materials per K Note: Multiply all values by 10–6. Source: from Beadles, R. L., Interconnections and Encapsulation, Integrated Silicon Device Technology, Vol. 14, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, N. C., 1967. in CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Charles T. Lynch, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, (1974).
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7.11 Thermal Page 519 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 121. THERMAL
EXPANSION OF SILICON CARBIDE SCS–2–AL
Fiber orientation
No. of plies
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, (10-6/K)
0° 90°
6, 8, 12 6, 12,40
6.6 21.3
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p149,(1994).
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7.11 Thermal Page 520 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 122. ASTM
B 601 T EMPER DESIGNATION CODES FOR COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 2) Class
Cold-worked tempers(a)
Cold-worked tempers(b)
Temper Designation
Temper Name or Material Condition
H00 H01 H02 H03
1/8 hard 1/4 hard 1/2 hard 3/4 hard
H04 H06 H08 H10
Hard Extra hard Spring Extra spring
H12 H13 H14
Special Spring Ultra Spring Super Spring
H50 H52 H55 H58
Extruded and drawn Pierced and drawn Light drawn, light cold rolled Drawn general purpose
H60 H63 H64 H66
Cold heading; forming Rivet Screw Bolt
H70 H80 H85
Bending Hard drawn Medium-hard-drawn electrical wire
H86 H90
Hard-drawn electrical wire As-finned
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p439, (1993).
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7.11 Thermal Page 521 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 122. ASTM
B 601 T EMPER DESIGNATION CODES FOR COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 2) Class
Temper Designation
Temper Name or Material Condition
Cold-worked and stress-relieved tempers
HR01
H01 and stress relieved
HR02 HR04 HR08
H02 and stress relieved H04 and stress relieved H08 and stress relieved
HR10 HR20 HR50
H10 and stress relieved As-finned Drawn and stress relieved
HT04
H04 and order heat treated
HT08
H08 and order heat treated
Cold-rolled and orderstrengthened tempers(c)
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p439, (1993). (a) Cold-worked tempers to meet standard requirements based on cold rolling or cold drawing. (b) Cold-worked tempers to meet standard requirements based on temper names applicable to specific processes. (c) Tempers produced by controlled amounts of cold work following by thermal treatment to produce order strengthening.
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7.11 Thermal Page 522 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 123. TEMPER
DESIGNATION SYSTEM FOR ALUMINUM ALLOYS
Temper
Definition
F O
As fabricated Annealed
H1 H2
Strain-hardened only Strain-hardened and partially annealed Strain-hardened and stabilized (mechanical properties stabilized by lowtemperature thermal treatment)
H3
T3
Cooled from an elevated-temperature shaping process and naturally aged to a substantially stable condition Cooled from an elevated temperature shaping process, cold-worked, and naturally aged to a substantially stable condition Solution heat-treated, cold-worked, and naturally aged to a substantially stable condition
T4 T5 T6
Solution heat-treated and naturally aged to a substantially stable condition Cooled from an elevated-temperature shaping process and artificially aged Solution heat-treated and artificially aged
T7 T8 T9
Solution heat-treated and stabilized Solution heat-treated, cold-worked, and artificially aged Solution heat-treated, artificially aged, and cold-worked Cooled from an elevated temperature shaping process, cold-worked, and artificially aged
T1 T2
T10
Source: data from Metals Handbook, 9th ed., Vol. 2, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1979, 24-27.
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7.12 Thermal L Page 523 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 124. TOOL
STEEL SOFTENING AFTER 100 HOURS Hardness (HRC) after 100 h at
Original Hardness (HRC)
480˚C
540˚C
600˚C
650˚C
700˚C
760˚C
H13
60.2 41.7
48.7 38.6
46.3 39.3
29.0 27.7
22.7 23.7
20.1 20.2
13.9 13.2
H21
49.2 36.7
48.7 34.8
47.6 34.9
37.2 32.6
27.4 27.1
19.8 19.8
16.2 14.9
H23
40.8 38.9
40.0 38.9
40.6 38.0
40.8 38.0
38.6 37.1
33.2 32.6
26.8 26.6
H26
61.0 42.9
60.6 42.4
60.3 42.3
47.1 41.3
38.4 34.9
26.9 26.4
21.3 21.1
Type
Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.426, (1984). See also: Mechanical Properties of Tool Steels
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.12 Thermal L Page 524 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 125. THERMOPLASTIC
Polymer
Flexural modulus 106 psi
Injection Molding Types: General purpose grade Glass reinforced grades Glass reinforced grades
1.2—1.5
POLYESTER SOFTENING WITH TEMPERATURE Tensile strength 103 psi D638
212•F
302• F
7.5—8 17—25
7
5.5
0.63
0.53
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988. See also: Mechanical Properties of Polymers
©2001 CRC Press LLC
7.13 Thermal Page 525 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 126. HEAT-DEFLECTION
TEMPERATURE OF CARBON - AND GLASS -REINFORCED ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS (SHEET 1 OF 2) Class
Resin Type
Composition
Heat-Deflection Temperature (°C)
Amorphous
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
105 105
Nylon
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
140 145
Polycarbonate
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
150 150
Polyetherimide
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
215 215
Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
155 155
Polysulfone
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
185 185
30% glass fiber
120
30% glass fiber
170
Styrene-maleic-anhydride (SMA)
Thermoplastic polyurethane
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p111–112, (1994).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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7.13 Thermal Page 526 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Thermal Properties
Table 126. HEAT-DEFLECTION
TEMPERATURE OF CARBON - AND GLASS -REINFORCED ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS (SHEET 2 OF 2) Class
Resin Type
Composition
Heat-Deflection Temperature (°C)
Crystalline
Acetal
30% glass fiber 20% carbon fiber
165 160
Nylon 66%
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
255 257
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
210 210
Polythylene terephthalate (PET)
30% glass fiber
225
Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
260 265
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p111–112, (1994).
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Shackelford, James F. and Alexander, W. “Mechanical Properties of Materials” Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001
8.00 Mechanical Page 527 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
CHAPTER 6
List of Tables
Mechanical Properties of Materials
Tensile Strength Tensile Strength of Tool Steels Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Iron Bars Tensile Strength of Ductile Irons Tensile Strength of Malleable Iron Castings Tensile Strength of Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Ferritic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Martensitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Tensile Strength of Aluminum Casting Alloys Tensile Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Tensile Strength of Cobalt-Base Superalloys Tensile Strength of Nickel-Base Superalloys Tensile Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Tensile Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature (continued)
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8.00 Mechanical Page 528 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties List of Tables (Continued)
Tensile Strength (continued) Tensile Strength of Refractory Metal Alloys Tensile Strength of Ceramics Tensile Strength of Glass Tensile Strength of Polymers Tensile Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Tensile Strength of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics Strength of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Tensile Strength of Graphite/Magnesium Castings Tensile Strength of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Strength of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Strength of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Ultimate Tensile Strength of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al Ultimate Tensile Strength of Silicon Carbide–Aluminum Alloy Composites Tensile Strength of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Ultimate Tensile Strength of Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with SiC Whiskers vs. Temperature Ultimate Tensile Strength of Reinforced Aluminum Alloy vs. Temperature Tensile Strength of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Tensile Strength of Boron/Aluminum Composites Compressive Strength Compressive Strength of Gray Cast Iron Bars Compressive Strength of Ceramics Compressive Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Ultimate Compressive Strength of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al
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8.00 Mechanical Page 529 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties List of Tables
Yield Strength
(Continued)
Yield Strength of Tool Steels Yield Strength of Ductile Irons Yield Strength of Malleable Iron Castings Yield Strength of Austenitic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of Ferritic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of Martensitic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Yield Strength of Cast Aluminum Alloys Yield Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Yield Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Yield Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Yield Strength of Cobalt-Base Superalloys Yield Strength of Nickel-Base Superalloys Yield Strength of Commercially Pure Tin Yield Strength of Polymers Yield Strength of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Yield Strength of Reinforced Aluminum Alloy vs. Temperature Yield Strength of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Compressive Yield Strength of Polymers Flextural Strength Flexural Strength of Polymers Flextural Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
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8.00 Mechanical Page 530 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties List of Tables (Continued)
Shear Strength Shear Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Torsion Shear Strength of Gray Cast Fe Hardness Hardness of Gray Cast Irons Hardness of Gray Cast Iron Bars Hardness of Malleable Iron Castings Hardness of Ductile Irons Hardness of Tool Steels Hardness of Austenitic Stainless Steels Hardness of Ferritic Stainless Steels Hardness of Martensitic Stainless Steels Hardness of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Machinability Rating of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Hardness of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Hardness of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Hardness of Ceramics Microhardness of Glass Hardness of Polymers Hardness of Si3N4 and Al2O3 Composites Coefficient of Friction Coefficient of Static Friction for Polymers Abrasion Resistance Abrasion Resistance of Polymers Fatique Fatigue Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Reversed Bending Fatigue Limit of Gray Cast Iron Bars
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8.00 Mechanical Page 531 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties List of Tables
Impact
(Continued)
Impact Energy of Tool Steels Impact Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Impact Strength of Polymers Impact Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Impact Strength of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics Fracture Toughness Fracture Toughness of Si3N4 and Al2O3 Composites Tensile Modulus Tensile Modulus of Gray Cast Irons Tension Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons Tensile Modulus of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Tensile Modulus of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Modulus of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al Tensile Modulus of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Young’s Modulus Young’s Modulus of Ceramics Young’s Modulus of Glass (continues)
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
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8.00 Mechanical Page 532 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties List of Tables (Continued)
Elastic Modulus Elastic Modulus of Wrought Stainless Steels Modulus of Elasticity of Wrought Titanium Alloys Modulus of Elasticity in Tension for Polymers Modulus of Elasticity of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite/Magnesium Castings Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Modulus of Elasticity of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Modulus of Elasticity of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Modulus of Elasticity of Boron/Aluminum Composites Compression Modulus Compression Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons Modulus of Elasticity in Compression for Polymers Bulk Modulus Bulk Modulus of Glass Sheer Modulus Shear Modulus of Glass Torsion Modulus Torsional Modulus of Gray Cast Irons Torsion Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons Flexural Modulus Modulus of Elasticity in Flexure for Polymers Flexural Modulus of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Flexural Modulus of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics Modulus of Rupture Modulus of Rupture for Ceramics Rupture Strength of Refractory Metal Alloys Rupture Strength of Superalloys Modulus of Rupture for Si3N4 and Al2O3Composites
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8.00 Mechanical Page 533 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties List of Tables
Poisson’s Ratio
(Continued)
Poisson's Ratio of Wrought Titanium Alloys Poisson’s Ratio for Ceramics Poisson’s Ratio of Glass Poisson's Ratio of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Compression Poisson’s Ratio of Treated Ductile Irons Torsion Poisson’s Ratio of Treated Ductile Irons Elongation Elongation of Tool Steels Elongation of Ductile Irons Elongation of Malleable Iron Castings Elongation of Ferritic Stainless Steels Elongation of Martensitic Stainless Steels Elongation of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Elongation of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Total Elongation of Cast Aluminum Alloys Elongation of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Elongation of Commercially Pure Tin Elongation of Cobalt-Base Superalloys Elongation of Nickel-Base Superalloys Ductility of Refractory Metal Alloys Elongation of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Elongation of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Total Elongation of Polymers Elongation at Yield for Polymers Ultimate Tensile Elongation of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Total Strain of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
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8.00 Mechanical Page 534 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties List of Tables (Continued)
Area Reduction Area Reduction of Tool Steels Reduction in Area of Austenitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Ferritic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Martensitic Stainless Steels Reduction in Area of Commercially Pure Tin Area Reduction of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Area Reduction of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Ratios Strength Density Ratio of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Modulus Density Ratio of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Viscosity Viscosity of Glasses Internal Friction of SiO2 Glass Surface Tension Surface Tension of Elements at Melting Surface Tension of Liquid Elements
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8.01 Mechanical Page 535 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 127. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF TOOL STEELS (SHEET 1 OF 2) Tensile Strength (MPa)
Type
Condition
L2
Annealed Oil quenched from 855 •C and single tempered at: 205 •C 315 •C
2000 1790
425 •C 540 •C 650 •C
1550 1275 930
Annealed Oil quenched from 845 •C and single tempered at: 315 •C 425 •C 540 •C 650 •C
655
L6
S1
S5
710
2000 1585 1345 965
Annealed Oil quenched from 930 •C and single tempered at: 205 •C 315 •C
690 2070 2030
425 •C 540 •C 650 •C
1790 1680 1345
Annealed Oil quenched from 870 •C and single tempered at: 205 •C 315 •C
725 2345 2240
425 •C 540 •C 650 •C
1895 1520 1035
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p241, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
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8.01 Mechanical Page 536 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 127. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF TOOL STEELS (SHEET 2 OF 2) Tensile Strength (MPa)
Type
Condition
S7
Annealed Fan cooled from 940 •C and single tempered at: 205 •C 315 •C
2170 1965
425 •C 540 •C 650 •C
1895 1820 1240
640
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p241, (1984).
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8.01 Mechanical Page 537 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 128. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF GRAY CAST IRONS
SAE grade
Maximum Tensile Strength (MPa)
G1800 G2500 G2500a
118 173 173
G3000 C3500 G3500b
207 241 1241
G3500c G4000 G4000d
1241 276 1276
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p166-167, (1984).
Table 129. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF GRAY CAST IRON BARS
ASTM Class
Tensile Strength (MPa)
ASTM Class
Tensile Strength (MPa)
20 25 30
152 179 214
35 40 50
252 293 362
60
431
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p166-167, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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Mechanical Properties
Table 130. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF DUCTILE IRONS
Specification Number
Grade or Class
Tensile Strength (MPa)
ASTM A395-76 ASME SA395
60-40-18
414
ASTM A476-70(d); SAE AMS5316
80-60-03
552
60-40-18 65-45-12
414 448
80-55-06 100-70-03 120-90-02
552 689 827
SAE J434c
D4018 D4512 D5506 D7003
414 448 552 689
MlL-I-24137(Ships)
Class A Class B Class C
414 379 345
ASTM A536-72, MIL-1-11466B(MR)
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p169, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.01 Mechanical Page 539 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 131. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF MALLEABLE IRON CASTINGS
Specification Number Ferritic ASTM A47, A338; ANSI G48.1; FED QQ–I–666c
Grade or Class
32510 35018
345 365 276
40010 45008 45006 50005
414 448 448 483
60004 70003 80002 90001
552 586 655 724
M3210 M4504(a) M5003(a)
345 448 517
M5503(b) M7002(b) M8501(b)
517 621 724
ASTM A197 Pearlitic and Martensitic ASTM A220; ANSI C48.2; MIL–I–11444B
Automotive ASTM A602; SAE J158
Tensile Strength (MPa)
(a) Air quenched and tempered (b) Liquid quenched and tempered Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p171, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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539
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Table 132. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 1 OF 5)
Type
Form
Condition
ASTM Specification
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Type 301(UNS S30100)
Bar,Wire,Plate,Sheet, Strip
Annealed
A167
515
Type 302 (UNS S30200)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
515 620 515
Type 302B (UNS S30215)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
515 620 515
Type 302Cu(UNS S30430)
Bar
Annealed
A493
450 to 585
Types 303 (UNS S30300) and 303Se (UNS S30323)
Bar
Annealed
A581
585
Wire
Annealed Cold worked
A581 A581
585 to 860 790 to 1000
(a) Up to 13 mm thick (b) Over 13 mm thick. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p364-366 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
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Table 132. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 2 OF 5)
Type
Form
Condition
ASTM Specification
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Type 304(UNS S30400)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
515 620 515
Type 304L (UNS S30403)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
480 620 480
Types 304N (UNS S30451) and 316N(UNS S31651)
Bar
Annealed
A276
550
Type 304LN
Bar
Annealed
—
515
Type 305 (UNS S30500)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
515 260 515
(a) Up to 13 mm thick (b) Over 13 mm thick. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p364-366 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 542 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 132. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 3 OF 5)
Type
Form
Condition
ASTM Specification
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Types 308 (UNS S30800),321(UNS S32100),347(UNS34700) and 348 (UNS S34800)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed
A276
515
Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276
620 515
Type 308L
Bar
Annealed
—
550
Types 309 (UNS S30900), 309S (UNS S30908), 310 (UNS S31000) and 310S (UNS S31008)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed
A276
515
Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276
620 515
(a) Up to 13 mm thick (b) Over 13 mm thick. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p364-366 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 543 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 132. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 4 OF 5) ASTM Specification
Tensile Strength (MPa)
MIL–E–19933
655
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
515 620 515
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
515 620 515
Type 316F (UNS S31620)
Bar
Annealed
—
585
Type 316L (UNS S31603)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
480 620 480
Type
Form
Type 312 Weld metal
—
Type 314 (UNS S31400)
Bar
Type 316 (UNS S31600)
Condition
(a) Up to 13 mm thick (b) Over 13 mm thick. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p364-366 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 544 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 132. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 5 OF 5)
Type
Form
Condition
ASTM Specification
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Type 316LN
Bar
Annealed
—
515
Type 317 (UNS S31700)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
515 620 515
Type 317L (UNS S31703)
Bar
Annealed
—
585
Type 317LM
Bar,Plate,Sheet, Strip
Annealed
—
515
Type 329 (UNS S32900)
Bar
Annealed
—
724
Type 330 (UNS N08330)
Bar
Annealed
B511
480
Type 330HC
Bar,Wire,Strip
Annealed
—
585
Types 384 (UNS S38400) Types 385 (UNS38500)
Bar Bar
Annealed Annealed
A493 A493
415 to 550 415 to 550
(a) Up to 13 mm thick (b) Over 13 mm thick. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p364-366 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 545 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 133. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 1 OF 2)
Type
ASTM Specification
Form
Condition
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Type 405 (UNS S40500)
A580 A580
Wire
Annealed Annealed, Cold Finished
480 480
Type 409 (UNS S40900) Type 429 (UNS S42900)
— —
Bar Bar
Annealed Annealed
450(a) 490(a)
Type 430 (UNS S43000)
A276 A276
Bar
Annealed, Hot Finished Annealed, Cold Finished
480 480
Type 430F (UNS S43020) Type 430Ti(UNS S43036)
A581 —
Wire Bar
Annealed Annealed
585 to 860 515(a)
Type 434 (UNS S43400) Type 436 (UNS S43600)
— —
Wire Sheet, Strip
Annealed Annealed
545(a) 530(a)
(a) Typical Values Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p368 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 546 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 133. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 2 OF 2)
Type
ASTM Specification
Form
Condition
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Type 442 (UNS S44200) Type 444 (UNS S44400)
— A176
Bar Plate, Sheet, Strip
Annealed Annealed
550(a) 415
Type 446 (UNS S44600)
A276 A276
Bar
Annealed, Hot Finished Annealed, Cold Finished
480 480
(a) Typical Values Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p368 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 547 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 134. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF PRECIPITATION -HARDENING AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS Type
Form
Condition
Tensile Strength (MPa)
PH 13–8 Mo (UNS S13800)
Bar, Plate, Sheet, Strip
H950 H1000
1520 1380
15–5 PH (UNS S15500) and 17–4 PH (UNS S17400)
Bar, Plate, Sheet, Stript
H900 H925 H1025 H1075
1310 1170 1070 1000
H1100 H1150 H1150M
965 930 795
RH950 TH1050
1275 1170
17–7 PH (UNS S17700)
Bar
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p371 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 548 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 135. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF HIGH–NITROGEN AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS Type
ASTM Specification
Form
Condition
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Type 201 (UNS S20100)
A276
Bar
Annealed
515
Type 202 (UNS S20200)
A276
Bar
Annealed
515
Type 205 (UNS S20500)
—
Plate
Annealed*
830
Type 304N (UNS S30451)
A276
Bar
Annealed
550
Type 304HN (UNS S30452)
—
Bar
Annealed
620
Type 316N (UNS S31651)
A276
Bar
Annealed
550
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p367 (1993). *
Typical Values.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 549 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 136. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 1 OF 3)
Type
ASTM Specification
Form
Condition
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Type 403 (UNS S40300)
A276 A276 A276 A276 A276 A276
Bar
Annealed, hot finished Annealed, cold finished Intermediate temper, hot finished Intermediate temper, cold finished Hard temper, hot finished Hard temper, cold finished
485 485 690 690 825 825
Type 410 (UNS S41000)
A276 A276 A276 A276 A276 A276
Bar
Annealed, hot finished Annealed, cold finished Intermediate temper, hot finished Intermediate temper, cold finished Hard temper, hot finished Hard temper, cold finished
485 485 690 690 825 825
Type 410S (UNS S41008)
A176
Plate, Sheet, Strip
Annealed
415
Type 410Cb (UNS S41040)
A276 A276 A276 A276
Bar
Annealed, hot finished Annealed, cold finished Intermediate temper, hot finished Intermediate temper, cold finished
485 485 860 860
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p369-370 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 550 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 136. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 2 OF 3)
Type
ASTM Specification
Form
Condition
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Type 414 (UNS S41400)
A276 A276
Bar
Intermediate temper, hot finished Intermediate temper, cold finished
795 795
Type 414L
—
Bar
Annealed
795
Types 416 (UNS S41600) and 416Se (UNS S41623)
A581
Wire
Annealed
585 to 860
Intermediate temper Hard temper
795 to 1000 965 to 1210
A581 A581 Type 420 (UNS S42000)
— A580
Bar Wire
Tempered 205 °C Annealed, cold finished
1720 860 max
Type 422 (UNS S42200)
A565
Bar
Intermediate and hard tempers*
965
Type 431 (UNS S43100)
— —
Bar
Tempered 260 °C Tempered 595 °C
1370 965
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p369-370 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 551 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 136. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 3 OF 3)
Type
ASTM Specification
Form
Condition
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Type 440A (UNS S44002)
— — — —
Bar
Annealed Tempered 315 °C Annealed Tempered 315 °C
725 1790 740 1930
Type 440B (UNS S44003)
Bar
Type 440C (UNS S44004)
— —
Bar
Annealed Tempered 315 °C
760 1970
Type 501 (UNS S50100)
— —
Bar, Plate
Annealed Tempered 540 °C
485 1210
Type 502 (UNS S50200)
—
Bar, Plate
Annealed
485
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p369-370 (1993). *
Heat treated for high-temperature service
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 552 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 137. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
C10100 Oxygen-free electronic C10200 Oxygen-free copper C10300 Oxygen-free extra-low phosporus C10400, C10500, C10700 Oxygen-free, silver-bearing
99.99 Cu 99.95 Cu 99.95 Cu, 0.003 P 99.95 Cu(e)
F, R, W, T, P, S F, R, W, T, P, S F, R, T, P, S F, R, W, S
221-455 221-455 221-379 221-455
C10800 Oxygen-free, low phosporus CS11000 Electrolytic tough pitch copper C11100 Electrolytic tough pitch, anneal resistant C11300, C11400, C11500, C11600 Silver-bearing tough pitch copper
99.95 Cu, 0.009 P 99.90 Cu, 0.04 O 99.90 Cu, 0.04 O, 0.01 Cd 99.90 Cu, 0.04 O, Ag(f)
F, R, T, P F, R, W, T, P, S W F, R, W, T, S
221-379 221-455 455 221-455
C12000, C12100 C12200 Phosphorus deoxidized copper, high residual phosphorus C12500, C12700, C12800, C12900, C13000 Fire-refined tough pitch with silver C14200 Phosphorus deoxidized, arsenical
99.9 Cu(g) 99.90 Cu, 0.02 P
F, T, P F, R, T, P
221-393 221-379
99.88 Cu(h)
F, R, W, S
221-462
99.68 Cu, 0.3 As, 0.02 P
F, R, T
221-379
(a) F, flat products; R, rod; W, wire; T, tube; P, pipe; S, shapes. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 553 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 137. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
C19200 C14300 C14310 C14500 Phosphorus deoxidized, tellurium bearing
98.97 Cu, 1.0 Fe, 0.03 P 99.9 Cu, 0.1 Cd 99.8 Cu, 0.2 Cd 99.5 Cu, 0.50 Te, 0.008 P
F, T F F F, R, W, T
255-531 221-400 221-400 221-386
C14700 Sulfur bearing C15000 Zirconium copper C15500 C15710
99.6 Cu, 0.40 S 99.8 Cu, 0.15 Zr 99.75 Cu, 0.06 P, 0.11 Mg, Ag(i) 99.8 Cu, 0.2 Al2O3
R, W R, W F R, W
221-393 200-524 276-552 324-724
C15720 C15735 C15760 C16200 Cadmium copper
99.6 Cu, 0.4 Al2O3 99.3 Cu, 0.7 Al2O3 98.9 Cu, 1.1 Al2O3 99.0 Cu, 1.0 Cd
F, R R F, R F, R, W
462-614 483-586 483-648 241-689
(a) F, flat products; R, rod; W, wire; T, tube; P, pipe; S, shapes. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 554 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 137. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 3 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
C16500 C17000 Beryllium copper C17200 Beryllium copper C17300 Beryllium copper
98.6 Cu, 0.8 Cd, 0.6 Sn 99.5 Cu, 1.7 Be, 0.20 Co 99.5 Cu, 1.9 Be , 0.20 Co 99.5 Cu, 1.9 Be, 0.40 Pb
F, R, W F, R F, R, W, T, P, S R
276-655 483-1310 469-1462 469-1479
C17500 Copper-cobalt-beryllium alloy C18200, C18400, C18500 Chromium copper C18700 leaded copper C18900
99.5 Cu, 2.5 Co, 0.6 Be 99.5 Cu(j) 99.0 Cu, 1.0 Pb 98.75 Cu, 0.75 Sn, 0.3 Si, 0.20 Mn
F, R F, W, R, S, T R R, W
310-793 234-593 221-379 262-655
C19000 Copper-nickel-phosphorus alloy C19100 Copper-nickel-phosphorus-tellurium alloy C19400
98.7 Cu, 1.1 Ni, 0.25 P 98.15 Cu, 1.1 Ni, 0.50 Te, 0.25 P 97.5 Cu, 2.4 Fe, 0.13 Zn, 0.03 P
F, R, W R, F F
262-793 248-717 310-524
(a) F, flat products; R, rod; W, wire; T, tube; P, pipe; S, shapes. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 555 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 137. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 4 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
C19500 C21000 Gilding, 95% C22000 Commercial bronze, 90% C22600 Jewelry bronze, 87.5%
97.0 Cu, 1.5 Fe, 0.6 Sn, 0.10 P, 0.80 Co 95.0 Cu, 5.0 Zn 90.0 Cu, 10.0 Zn 87.5 Cu, 12.5 Zn
F F, W F, R, W, T F, W
552-669 234-441 255-496 269-669
C23000 Red brass, 85% C24000 Low brass, 80% C26000 Cartridge brass, 70% C26800, C27000 Yellow brass
85.0 Cu, 15.0 Zn 80.0 Cu, 20.0 Zn 70.0 Cu, 30.0 Zn 65.0 Cu, 35.0 Zn
F, W, T, P F, W F, R, W, T F, R, W
269-724 290-862 303-896 317-883
C28000 Muntz metal C31400 Leaded commercial bronze C31600 Leaded commercial bronze, nickel-bearing C33000 Low-leaded brass tube
60.0 Cu, 40.0 Zn 89.0 Cu, 1.75 Pb, 9.25 Zn 89.0 Cu, 1.9 Pb, 1.0 Ni, 8.1 Zn 66.0 Cu, 0.5 Pb, 33.5 Zn
F, R, T F, R F, R T
372-510 255-414 255-462 324-517
(a) F, flat products; R, rod; W, wire; T, tube; P, pipe; S, shapes. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 556 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 137. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 5 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
C33200 High-leaded brass tube C33500 Low-leaded brass C34000 Medium-leaded brass C34200 High-leaded brass
66.0 Cu, 1.6 Pb, 32.4 Zn 65.0 Cu, 0.5 Pb, 34.5 Zn 65.0 Cu, 1.0 Pb, 34.0 Zn 64.5 Cu, 2.0 Pb, 33.5 Zn
T F F, R, W, S F, R
359-517 317-510 324-607 338-586
C34900 C35000 Medium-leaded brass C35300 High-leaded brass C35600 Extra-high-leaded brass
62.2 Cu, 0.35 Pb, 37.45 Zn 62.5 Cu, 1.1 Pb, 36.4 Zn 62.0 Cu, 1.8 Pb, 36.2 Zn 63.0 Cu, 2.5 Pb, 34.5 Zn
R, W F, R F, R F
365-469 310-655 338-586 338-510
C36000 Free-cutting brass C36500 to C36800 Leaded Muntz metal C37000 Free-cutting Muntz metal C37700 Forging brass
61.5 Cu, 3.0 Pb, 35.5 Zn 60.0 Cu(k), 0.6 Pb, 39.4 Zn 60.0 Cu, 1.0 Pb, 39.0 Zn 59.0 Cu, 2.0 Pb, 39.0 Zn
F, R, S F T R, S
339-469 372 (As hot rolled) 372-552 359 (as extruded)
(a) F, flat products; R, rod; W, wire; T, tube; P, pipe; S, shapes. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 557 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 137. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 6 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
C38500 Architectural bronze C40500 C40800 C41100
57.0 Cu, 3.0 Pb, 40.0 Zn 95 Cu, 1 Sn, 4 Zn 95 Cu, 2 Sn, 3 Zn 91 Cu, 0.5 Sn, 8.5 Zn
R, S F F F, W
414 (as extruded) 269-538 290-545 269-731
C41300 C41500 C42200 C42500
90.0 Cu, 1.0 Sn, 9.0 Zn 91 Cu, 1.8 Sn, 7.2 Zn 87.5 Cu, 1.1 Sn, 11.4 Zn 88.5 Cu, 2.0 Sn, 9.5 Zn
F, R, W F F F
283-724 317-558 296-607 310-634
C43000 C43400 C43500 C44300, C44400, C44500 Inhibited admiralty
87.0 Cu, 2.2 Sn, 10.8 Zn 85.0 Cu, 0.7 Sn, 14.3 Zn 81.0 Cu, 0.9 Sn, 18.1 Zn 71.0 Cu, 28.0 Zn, 1.0 Sn
F F F, T F, W, T
317-648 310-607 317-552 331-379
(a) F, flat products; R, rod; W, wire; T, tube; P, pipe; S, shapes. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 558 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 137. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 7 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
C46400 to C46700 Naval brass C48200 Naval brass, medium-leaded C48500 Leaded naval brass C50500 Phosphor bronze, 1.25% E
60.0 Cu, 39.25 Zn, 0.75 Sn 60.5 Cu, 0.7 Pb, 0.8 Sn, 38.0 Zn 60.0 Cu, 1.75 Pb, 37.5 Zn, 0.75 Sn 98.75 Cu, 1.25 Sn, trace P
F, R, T, S F, R, S F, R, S F, W
379-607 386-517 379-531 276-545
C51000 Phosphor bronze, 5% A C51100 C52100 Phosphor bronze, 8% C C52400 Phosphor bronze, 10% D
95.0 Cu, 5.0 Sn, trace P 95.6 Cu, 4.2 Sn, 0.2 P 92.0 Cu, 8.0 Sn, trace P 90.0 Cu, 10.0 Sn, trace P
F, R, W, T F F, R, W F, R, W
324-965 317-710 379-965 455-1014
C54400 Free-cutting phosphor bronze C60800 Aluminum bronze, 5% C61000 C61300
88.0 Cu, 4.0 Pb, 4.0 Zn, 4.0 Sn 95.0 Cu, 5.0 Al 92.0 Cu, 8.0 Al 92.65 Cu, 0.35 Sn, 7.0 Al
F, R T R, W F, R, T, P, S
303-517 414 483-552 483-586
(a) F, flat products; R, rod; W, wire; T, tube; P, pipe; S, shapes. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 559 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 137. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 8 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
C61400 Aluminum bronze, D C61500 C61800 C61900
91.0 Cu, 7.0 Al, 2.0 Fe 90.0 Cu, 8.0 Al, 2.0 Ni 89.0 Cu, 1.0 Fe, 10.0 Al 86.5 Cu, 4.0 Fe, 9.5 Al
F, R, W, T, P, S F R F
524-614 483-1000 552-586 634-1048
C62300 C62400 C62500 C63000
87.0 Cu, 10.0 Al, 3.0 Fe 86.0 Cu, 3.0 Fe, 11.0 Al 82.7 Cu, 4.3 Fe, 13.0 Al 82.0 Cu, 3.0 Fe, 10.0 Al, 5.0 Ni
F, R F, R F, R F, R
517-676 621-724 689 621-814
C63200 C63600 C63800 C64200
82.0 Cu, 4.0 Fe, 9.0 Al, 5.0 Ni 95.5 Cu, 3.5 Al, 1.0 Si 99.5 Cu, 2.8 Al, 1.8 Si, 0.40 Co 91.2 Cu, 7.0 Al
F, R R, W F F, R
621-724 414-579 565-896 517-703
(a) F, flat products; R, rod; W, wire; T, tube; P, pipe; S, shapes. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 560 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 137. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 9 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
C65100 Low-silicon bronze, B C65500 High-silicon bronze, A C66700 Manganese brass C67400
98.5 Cu, 1.5 Si 97.0 Cu, 3.0 Si 70.0 Cu, 28.8 Zn, 1.2 Mn 58.5 Cu, 36.5 Zn, 1.2 Al, 2.8 Mn, 1.0 Sn
R, W, T F, R, W, T F, W F, R
276-655 386-1000 315-689 483-634
C67500 Manganese bronze, A C68700 Aluninum brass, arsenical C68800 C69000
58.5 Cu, 1.4 Fe, 39.0 Zn, 1.0 Sn, 0.1 Mn 77.5 Cu, 20.5 Zn, 2.0 Al, 0.1 As 73.5 Cu, 22.7 Zn, 3.4 Al, 0.40 Co 73.3 Cu, 3.4 Al, 0.6 Ni, 22.7 Zn
R, S T F F
448-579 414 565-889 496-896
C69400 Silicon red brass C70400 C70600 Copper nickel, 10% C71000 Copper nickel, 20%
81.5 Cu, 14.5 Zn, 4.0 Si 92.4 Cu, 1.5 Fe, 5.5 Ni, 0.6 Mn 88.7 Cu, 1.3 Fe, 10.0 Ni 79.00 Cu, 21.0 Ni
R F, T F, T F, W, T
552-689 262-531 303-414 338-655
(a) F, flat products; R, rod; W, wire; T, tube; P, pipe; S, shapes. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 561 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 137. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 10 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
C71500 Copper nickel, 30% C71700 C72500 C73500
70.0 Cu, 30.0 Ni 67.8 Cu, 0.7 Fe, 31.0 Ni, 0.5 Be 88.20 Cu, 9.5 Ni, 2.3 Sn 72.0 Cu, 18.0 Ni , 10.0 Zn
F, R, T F, R, W F, R, W, T F, R, W, T
372-517 483-1379 379-827 345-758
C74500 Nickel silver, 65-10 C75200 Nickel silver, 65-18 C75400 Nickel silver, 65-15 C75700 Nickel silver, 65-12
65.0 Cu, 25.0 Zn, 10.0 Ni 65.0 Cu, 17.0 Zn, 18.0 Ni 65.0 Cu, 20.0 Zn, 15.0 Ni 65.0 Cu, 23.0 Zn, 12.0 Ni
F, W F, R, W F F, W
338-896 386-710 365-634 359-641
(a) F, flat products; R, rod; W, wire; T, tube; P, pipe; S, shapes. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.02 Mechanical L Page 562 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 137. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT COPPERS AND COPPER ALLOYS (SHEET 11 OF 11)
UNS Number and Name
Nominal Composition (%)
Commercial Forms(a)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
C76200 C77000 Nickel silver, 55-18 C72200 C78200 Leaded nickel silver, 65-8-2
59.0 Cu, 29.0 Zn, 12.0 Ni 55.0 Cu, 27.0 Zn, 18.0 Ni 82.0 Cu, 16.0 Ni, 0.5 Cr, 0.8 Fe, 0.5 Mn 65.0 Cu, 2.0 Pb, 25.0 Zn, 8.0 Ni
F, T F, R, W F, T F
393-841 414-1000 317-483 365-627
(a) F, flat products; R, rod; W, wire; T, tube; P, pipe; S, shapes. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p442–454, (1993). (d) Based on 100% for C360000. (e) C10400, 8 oz/ton Ag; C10500, 10 oz/ton; C10700, 25 oz/ton . (f) C11300, 8 oz/ton Ag; C11400,10 oz/ton; C11500, 16 oz/ton; C11600, 25 oz/ton (g) C12000, 0.008 P; C12100, 0.008 P and 4 oz/ton Ag; (h) C12700, 8 oz/ton Ag; C12800,10 oz/ton; C12900,16 oz/ton; C13000, 25 oz/ton. (i) 8.30 oz/ton Ag. (j) C18200, 0.9 Cr; C18400, 0.8 Cr; C18500, 0.7 Cr (k) Rod, 61.0 Cu min.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.03 Mechanical Page 563 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 138. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF ALUMINUM CASTING ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 3) Alloy AA No.
Temper
Tensile Strength (MPa )
201.0
T4 T6 T7
365 485 460
206.0, A206.0 208.0
T7 F
435 145
242.0
T21 T571 T77 T571 T61
185 220 205 275 325
295.0
T4 T6 T62
220 250 285
296.0
T4 T6 T7
255 275 270
308.0
F
195
319.0
F T6 F T6
185 250 235 280
336.0
T551 T65
250 325
354.0
T61
380
355.0
T51 T6 T61 T7
195 240 270 265
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Shackelford & Alexander
563
8.03 Mechanical Page 564 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 138. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF ALUMINUM CASTING ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 3) Alloy AA No.
Temper
Tensile Strength (MPa )
T71 T51 T6
175 210 290
T62 T7 T71
310 280 250
T51 T6 T7
175 230 235
T71 T6 T7
195 265 220
357.0, A357.0
T62
360
359.0
T61 T62
330 345
360.0 A360.0 380.0
F F F
325 320 330
383.0 384.0, A384.0
F F
310 330
390.0
F T5
280 300
A390.0
F,T5 T6 T7
180 280 250
F,T5 T6 T7
200 310 260
355.0 (Con’t)
356.0
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
564
CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.03 Mechanical Page 565 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 138. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF ALUMINUM CASTING ALLOYS (SHEET 3 OF 3) Alloy AA No.
Temper
Tensile Strength (MPa )
413.0 A413.0 443.0 B443.0
F F F F
300 290 130 159
C443.0 514.0 518.0
F F F
228 170 310
520.0 535.0 712.0
T4 F F
330 275 240
713.0
T5 T5
210 220
771.0 850.0
T6 T5
345 160
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Shackelford & Alexander
565
8.03 Mechanical Page 566 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 139. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 7) Alloy
Temper
Tensile Strength (MPa)
1050
0 H14 H16 H18
76 110 130 160
1060
0 H12 H14 H16 H18
69 83 97 110 130
1100
0 H12 H14 H16 H18
90 110 125 145 165
1350
0 H12 H14 H16 H19
83 97 110 125 185
2011
T3 T8
380 405
2014
0 T4 T6
185 425 485
Alclad 2014
0 T3 T4 T6
170 435 420 470
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.299—302, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
566
CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.03 Mechanical Page 567 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 139. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 7) Alloy
Temper
Tensile Strength (MPa)
2024
0 T3 T4, T351 T361
185 485 470 495
Alclad 2024
0 T T4, T351 T361 T81, T851 T861
180 450 440 460 450 485
2036 2048 2124
T4 T851
340 455 490
2218
T61 T71 T72
405 345 330
2219
0 T42 T31, T351 T37 T62 T81, T851 T87
170 360 360 395 415 455 475
2618 3003 Alclad
All 0 H12
440 110 130
3003
H14 H16 H18
150 180 200
3004 Alclad
0 H32
180 215
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.299—302, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
567
8.03 Mechanical Page 568 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 139. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 3 OF 7) Alloy
Temper
Tensile Strength (MPa)
3004
H34 H36 H38
240 260 285
3105
0 H12 H14 H16 H18 H25
115 150 170 195 215 180
4032
T6
380
4043
0 H18
145 285
5005
0 H12 H14 H16 H18
125 140 160 180 200
H32 H34 H36 H38
140 160 180 200
5050
0 H32 H34 H36 H38
145 170 195 205 220
5052
0 H32 H34 H36 H38
195 230 260 275 290
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.299—302, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
568
CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.03 Mechanical Page 569 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 139. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 4 OF 7) Alloy
Temper
Tensile Strength (MPa)
5056
0 H18 H38
290 435 415
5083
0 H112 H113 H321 H323, H32 H343, H34
290 305 315 315 325 345
5086
0 H32, H116, H117 H34 H112
260 290 325 270
5154
0 H32 H34 H36 H38 H112
240 270 290 310 330 240
5182
0 H32 H34 H19(n)
275 315 340 420
5252
H25 H28, H38
235 285
5254
0
240
5254
H32 H34 H36 H38 H112
270 290 310 330 240
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.299—302, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
569
8.03 Mechanical Page 570 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 139. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 5 OF 7) Alloy
Temper
Tensile Strength (MPa)
5454
0 H32 H34 H36
250 275 305 340
H38 H111 H112 H311
370 260 250 260
5456
0 H111 H112 H321, H116
310 325 310 350
5457
0 H25 H28, H38
130 180 205
5652
0 H32 H34 H36 H38
195 230 260 275 290
5657
H25 H28, H38
160 195
6005
T1 T5
170 260
6009
T4 T6
235 345
6010
T4
255
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.299—302, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
570
CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.03 Mechanical Page 571 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 139. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 6 OF 7) Alloy
Temper
Tensile Strength (MPa)
6061
0 T4, T451 T6, T651
125 240 310
Alclad 6061
0 T4, T451 T6, T651
115 230 290
6063
0 T1 T4 T5
90 150 170 185
T6 T83 T831 T832
240 255 205 290
6066
0 T4, T451 T6, T651
150 360 395
6070
0 T4 T6
145 315 380
6101 6151
Hlll T6
97 220
6201
T6 T81
330 330
6205
Tl T5
260 310
6262
T9
400
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.299—302, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
571
8.03 Mechanical Page 572 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 139. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT ALUMINUM ALLOYS (SHEET 7 OF 7) Alloy
Temper
Tensile Strength (MPa)
6351
T4 T6
250 310
6463
Tl T5 T6
150 185 240
7005
0 T53 T6,T63,T6351
193 393 372
7050
T736
515
7075
0 T6,T651 T73
230 570 505
Alclad 7075
0 T6,T651
220 525
7175
T66 T736
595 525
7475
T61
525
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p.299—302, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
572
CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.03 Mechanical Page 573 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 140. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF COBALT -BASE SUPERALLOYS Temperature (°C)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Haynes 25 (L–605) sheet
21 540 650 760 870
1010 800 710 455 325
Haynes 188, sheet
21 540 650 760 870
960 740 710 635 420
S-816, bar
21 540 650 760 870
965 840 765 650 360
Alloy
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p387, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
573
8.03 Mechanical Page 574 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 141. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF
NICKEL -BASE SUPERALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 5) Temperature (°C)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Astroloy, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1410 1240 1310 1160 770
D–979, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1410 1300 1100 7 345
Hastelloy X, sheet
21 540 650 760 870
785 650 570 435 255
IN–102, bar
21 540 650 760 870
960 825 710 440 215
Inconel 600, bar
21 540 650 760 870
620 580 450 185 105
Inconel 601, sheet
21 540 650 760 870
740 725 525 290 160
Alloy
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p387-389, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
574
CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.03 Mechanical Page 575 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 141. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF
NICKEL -BASE SUPERALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 5) Temperature (°C)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Inconel 625, bar
21 540 650 760 870
855 745 710 505 285
Inconel 706, bar
21 540 650 760
1300 1120 1010 690
Inconel 718, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1430 1280 1230 950 340
Inconel 718, sheet
21 540 650 760
1280 1140 1030 675
Inconel X-750, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1120 965 825 485 235
M-252, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1240 1230 1160 945 510
Alloy
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p387-389, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Shackelford & Alexander
575
8.03 Mechanical Page 576 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 141. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF
NICKEL -BASE SUPERALLOYS (SHEET 3 OF 5) Temperature (°C)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Nimonic 75, bar
21 540 650 760 870
750 635 538 290 145
Nimonic 80A, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1240 1100 1000 760 400
Nimonic 90, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1240 1100 1030 825 430
Nimonic 105, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1140 1100 1080 965 605
Nimonic 115, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1240 1090 1120 1080 825
Pyromet 860, bar
21 540 650 760
1300 1250 1110 910
Alloy
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p387-389, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
576
CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.03 Mechanical Page 577 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 141. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF
NICKEL -BASE SUPERALLOYS (SHEET 4 OF 5) Temperature (°C)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
René 41, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1420 1400 1340 1100 620
René 95, bar
21 540 650 760
1620 1540 1460 1170
Udimet 500, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1310 1240 1210 1040 640
Udimet 520, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1310 1240 1170 725 515
Udimet 700, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1410 1280 1240 1030 690
Udimet 710, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1190 1150 1290 1020 705
Alloy
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p387-389, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
577
8.03 Mechanical Page 578 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 141. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF
NICKEL -BASE SUPERALLOYS (SHEET 5 OF 5) Temperature (°C)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Unitemp AF2–1DA, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1290 1340 1360 1150 830
Waspaloy, bar
21 540 650 760 870
1280 1170 1120 795 525
Alloy
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p387-389, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
578
CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.04 Mechanical L Page 579 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 142. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE (SHEET 1 OF 3)
Class
Alloy
Condition
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Commercially Pure
99.5 Ti 99.2 Ti 99.1 Ti
Annealed Annealed Annealed
331 434 517
99.0 Ti 99.2Ti-0.2Pd Ti-0.8Ni-0.3Mo
Annealed Annealed Annealed
662 434 517
Alpha Alloys
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (low O2)
Annealed Annealed
862 807
Near Alpha Alloys
Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V
Duplex Annealed
1000
Ti-11Sn-1Mo-2.25Al-5.0Zr-1Mo-0.2Si Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-1Mo Ti-6Al-2Sn-1.5Zr-1Mo- 0.35Bi-0.1Si
Duplex Annealed Duplex Annealed 975 ˚C (1/2h), AC + 595˚C (2h), AC As rolled 2.5 cm (1 in.) plate Beta forge + duplex anneal
1103 979 1048 855 1014
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p512, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.04 Mechanical L Page 580 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 142. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE (SHEET 2 OF 3)
Class
Alloy
Condition
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Alpha-Beta Alloys
Ti-8Mn Ti-3Al-2.5V
Annealed Annealed
945 689
Ti-6Al-4V
Annealed Solution + age
993 1172
Ti-6Al-4V(low O2)
Annealed
896
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
Annealed Solution + age
1069 1276
Ti-7Al-4Mo Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo- 2Cr-0.25Si Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
Solution + age Solution + age Solution + age Solution + age
1103 1269 1276 1276
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p512, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.04 Mechanical L Page 581 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 142. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE (SHEET 3 OF 3)
Class
Alloy
Condition
Beta Alloys
Ti-13V-1Cr-3Al
Solution + age
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
Solution + age Solution + age Annealed Solution + age
Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p512, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Tensile Strength (MPa) 1220 1276 1310 1448 883 1386
8.04 Mechanical L Page 582 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 143. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE (SHEET 1 OF 4)
Class
Alloy
Condition
Test Temperature (°C)
Commercially Pure
99.5 Ti 99.2 Ti 99.1 Ti
Annealed Annealed Annealed
315 315 315
152 193 234
99.0 Ti 99.2Ti-0.2Pd Ti-0.8Ni-0.3Mo Ti-0.8Ni-0.3Mo
Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed
315 315 205 315
310 186 345 324
Alpha Alloys
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (low O2)
Annealed Annealed
315 -195 -255
565 1241 1579
Near Alpha Alloys
Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V
Duplex Annealed
315 425 540
793 738 621
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p512, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Tensile Strength (MPa)
8.04 Mechanical L Page 583 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 143. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE (SHEET 2 OF 4)
Class
Test Temperature (°C)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Alloy
Condition
Ti-11Sn-1Mo-2.25Al-5.0Zr-1Mo-0.2Si
Duplex Annealed
315 425 540
896 827 758
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Duplex Annealed
315 425 540
772 703 648
Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si
975 ˚C (1/2h), AC + 595 ˚C (2h), AC
315 425 540
793 779 689
Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-1Mo
As rolled 2.5 cm (1 in.) plate
315 425 540
586 517 483
Ti-6Al-2Sn-1.5Zr-1Mo- 0.35Bi-0.1Si
Beta forge + duplex anneal
480
724
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p512, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.04 Mechanical L Page 584 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 143. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE (SHEET 3 OF 4)
Class
Alloy
Condition
Test Temperature (°C)
Alpha-Beta Alloys
Ti-8Mn Ti-3Al-2.5V
Annealed Annealed
315 315
717 483
Ti-6Al-4V
Annealed Annealed Annealed
315 425 540
724 669 531
Solution + age Solution + age Solution + age
315 425 540
862 800 655
Ti-6Al-4V(low O2) Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
Annealed Annealed Solution + age
160 315 315
1517 931 979
Ti-7Al-4Mo
Solution + age
315 425
976 848
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p512, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Tensile Strength (MPa)
8.04 Mechanical L Page 585 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 143. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE (SHEET 4 OF 4)
Class
Beta Alloys
Test Temperature (°C)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Alloy
Condition
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo
Solution + age
315 425 540
1020 951 848
Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo- 2Cr-0.25Si
Solution + age
315
979
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
Solution + age
205 315
1117 1103
Ti-13V-1Cr-3Al
Solution + age
315 425
883 1103
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
Solution + age Solution + age
315 315 425
1131 1034 938
Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn
Annealed Solution + age
315 315
724 903
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p512, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.04 Mechanical L Page 586 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 144. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF REFRACTORY METAL ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 3)
Form
Condition
Tensile Strength (ksi)
Class
Alloy
Niobium and Niobium Alloys
Pure Niobium
—
All
Recrystallized
2000
10
Nb–1Zr C103(KbI–3) SCb291
1 Zr 10 Hf, 1 Ti 0.7 Zr 10 Ta, 10 W
All All Bar, Sheet
Recrystallized Recrystallized Recrystallized
2000 2000 2000
23 27 32
C129 FS85 SU31
10 W, 10 Hf, 0.1 Y 28 Ta, 11 W, 0.8 Zr 17 W, 3.5 Hf, 0.12 C, 0.03 Si
Sheet Sheet Bar, Sheet
Recrystallized Recrystallized Special Thermal Processing
2400 2400 2400
26 23 40
Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloys
Alloying Additions (%)
Temperature (°F)
Pure Molybdenum
—
All
Stress-relieved Annealed
1800
52
Doped Mo Low C Mo TZM
K, Si; ppm levels None 0.5 Ti, 0.08 Zr, 0.015 C
Wire, Sheet All All
Cold Worked Stress-relieved Annealed Stress-relieved Annealed
3000 1800 2400
30 50 45
TZC Mo–5Re Mo–30W
1.0 Ti, 0.14 Zr, 0.02 to 0.08 C 5 Re 30 W
All All All
Stress-relieved Annealed Stress-relieved Annealed Stress-relieved Annealed
2400 3000 2000
55 2 50
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p390, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.04 Mechanical L Page 587 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 144. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF REFRACTORY METAL ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 3) Tensile Strength (ksi)
Class
Alloy
Alloying Additions (%)
Form
Condition
Temperature (°F)
Tantalum Alloys
Unalloyed FS61 FS63
None 7.5 W(P/M) 2.5 W, 0.15 Nb
All Wire, Sheet All
Recrystallized Cold Worked Recrystallized
2400 75 200
8.5 165 46
TA–10W KBI–40
10 W 40 Nb
All All
Recrystallized Recrystallized
2400 500
50 42
Unalloyed
None
Stress-relieved Annealed
3000
25
Doped
K, Si, Al; ppm levels
Bar, Sheet, Wire Wire
Cold Worked
3000
94
W–1 ThO2
1ThO2
Stress-relieved Annealed
3000
37
W–2 ThO2
2 ThO2
Stress-relieved Annealed
3000
30
W–3 ThO2 W–4 ThO2
3 ThO2 4 ThO2
Bar, Sheet, Wire Bar, Sheet, Wire Bar, Wire Bar
Stress-relieved Annealed Stress-relieved Annealed
3000 3000
30 30
Tungsten Alloys
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p390, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.04 Mechanical L Page 588 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 144. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF REFRACTORY METAL ALLOYS (SHEET 3 OF 3)
Class
Alloy
Alloying Additions (%)
Form
Condition
W–15 Mo W–50 Mo W–3 Re
15 Mo 50 Mo 3 Re
Stress-relieved Annealed Stress-relieved Annealed Cold Worked
3000 3000 —
36 20 —
W–25 Re
25 Re
Bar, Wire Bar, Wire Wire Bar, Sheet, Wire
Stress-relieved Annealed
3000
33
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p390, (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Tensile Strength (ksi)
Temperature (°F)
8.05 Mechanical Page 589 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 145. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 1 OF 4) Type
Ceramic
Borides
Chromium Diboride (CrB2)
Carbides
CERAMICS
Tensile Strength (psi)
Titanium Diboride (TiB2)
10.6x104 18.4x103
Zirconium Diboride (ZrB2)
28.7x103
Boron Carbide (B4C)
22.5x103
980˚C
Silicon Carbide (SiC)
5-20x103 psi
25˚C
(hot pressed) (hot pressed)
3 psi
20˚C
29x10
3 psi
5.75-21.75 x10
(reaction bonded)
11.17x103 psi
Tantalum Monocarbide (TaC)
2-42x103 psi
Titanium Monocarbide (TiC)
17.2x103
Tungsten Monocarbide (WC) Zirconium Monocarbide (ZrC)
1000˚C
3 psi
50x10
16.0x103
room temp. 3
980˚C
3
1250˚C
12.95-15.85x10 Boron Nitride (BN)
1400˚C 20˚C
11.7-14.45x10
Nitrides
Temperature
0.35x103
1000˚C
0.35x103
1500˚C
1.15x103
1800˚C
3
2.25x10
2000˚C
6.80x103
2400˚C
Trisilicon tetranitride (Si3N4) (hot pressed)
54.4 x103
20˚C
(hot pressed)
21.8 x103
1400˚C
(reaction bonded)
24.7 x103
20˚C
(reaction bonded)
20.3 x103
1400˚C
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Shackelford & Alexander
589
8.05 Mechanical Page 590 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 145. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 2 OF 4)
CERAMICS
Type
Ceramic
Tensile Strength (psi)
Temperature
Oxides
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)
37-37.8 x103
room temp.
33.6 x103
300˚C
3
40 x10
3
34.6 x10
800˚C
3
1000˚C
35 x10
33.9 x103
1050˚C
3
31.4 x10
1140˚C
18.5-20 x103
1200˚C
3
1300˚C
3
1400˚C
3
1460˚C
6.4 x10 4.3 x10 1.5 x10 Beryllium Oxide (BeO)
13.5-20 x103
room temp.
3
11.1 x10
500˚C
3
900˚C
3
1000˚C
3
1140˚C
3
0.6 x10
1300˚C
14 x103
room temp.
7.0 x10 5.0 x10
2.0 x10
Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
500˚C
3
14 x10
3
200˚C
15.2 x10
400˚C
3
800˚C
16 x10
3
11.5 x10
1000˚C
3
10 x10
1100˚C
3
1200˚C
3
1300˚C
8 x10 6 x10 To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145.
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
590
CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.05 Mechanical Page 591 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 145. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 3 OF 4)
CERAMICS
Type
Ceramic
Tensile Strength (psi)
Temperature
Oxides (Con’t)
Thorium Dioxide (ThO2)
14x103
room temp.
Zircoium Oxide (ZrO2)
17.9-20x103
room temp.
16.8x103
200˚C
3
400˚C
17.5x10
3
500˚C
3
600˚C
20.0x10 17.6x10
16.0x103
800˚C 3
6.75-17.0x10
13.0-13.5x103
(MgO stabilized)
1000˚C 1100˚C
3
12.1x10
1200˚C
10.2x103
1300˚C
6 psi
21x10
room temp.
Cordierite (2MgO 2Al2O3 5SiO2) (ρ=2.51g/cm3)
7.8x103
25˚C
ρ=2.1g/cm3)
(
3.5x103
800˚C
(ρ=1.8g/cm3)
2.5x103
1200˚C
Mullite (3Al2O3 2SiO2)
16x103
25˚C
Spinel (Al2O3 MgO)
19.2x103
room temp.
13.7x103
550˚C
3
110.8x10
900˚C
3
6.1x10
1150˚C
1.1x103
1300˚C
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
591
8.05 Mechanical Page 592 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 145. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 4 OF 4)
CERAMICS
Type
Ceramic
Tensile Strength (psi)
Temperature
Oxides (Con’t)
Zircon (SiO2 ZrO2)
12.7x103
room temp.
8.7x103
1050˚C
3
1200˚C
3.6x10 Silicide
Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi2)
40x103
980˚C
42.16x103
1090˚C
42.8x103
1200˚C
3
1300˚C
41.07x10 To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145.
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
592
CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.06 Mechanical L Page 593 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 146. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 1 OF 3)
GLASS
Type
Glass
Tensile Strength (Kg • mm–2)
SiO2 glass
(48 µm diameter fiber) (56 µm diameter fiber) (60 µm diameter fiber) (65 µm diameter fiber)
49.6 44.3 42.3 39.7
(74 µm diameter fiber) (78 µm diameter fiber) (108 µm diameter fiber) (112 µm diameter fiber)
36.5 35.8 28.8 28.3
(1.5 mm diameter rod, 0.5 g/mm2•s stress rate) (1.5 mm diameter rod, 54 g/mm2•s stress rate)
5.84–7.08 9.73±2.13 8.52±2.52
(Corning 7940 silica glass) (Corning 7940 silica glass) (Corning 7940 silica glass)
5.6 6.2 6.6
(1.5 mm diameter rod, 50 g/mm2•s stress rate)
Temperature
100˚C 300˚C 500˚C
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.06 Mechanical L Page 594 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 146. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 2 OF 3)
GLASS
Type
Glass
Tensile Strength (Kg • mm–2)
SiO2 glass (Con’t)
(Corning 7940 silica glass) (Corning 7940 silica glass)
7.1 7.6
SiO2–Na2O glass
(6.0µm diameter fiber, 19.5% mol Na2O) (8.6µm diameter fiber, 19.5% mol Na2O)
(25.7µm diameter fiber, 19.5% mol Na2O)
173±1.36 134±1.34 92.5±10.08
(5 mm diameter rod, 20% mol Na2O)
15
(3.6µm diameter fiber, 25.5% mol Na2O)
142±0.189 127±0.259 103±1.020
(6.3µm diameter fiber, 25.5% mol Na2O)
(12.8µm diameter fiber, 25.5% mol Na2O) (5.4µm diameter fiber, 36.3% mol Na2O)
(8.6µm diameter fiber, 36.3% mol Na2O)
(11.4µm diameter fiber, 36.3% mol Na2O)
Temperature 700˚C 900˚C
107.6±0.308 98.0±0.344 91.2±1.480
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.06 Mechanical L Page 595 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 146. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 3 OF 3)
GLASS
Type
Glass
Tensile Strength (Kg • mm–2)
SiO2–PbO glass
(3.0 µm diameter fiber, 50% mol PbO) (4.3 µm diameter fiber, 50% mol PbO) (5.7 µm diameter fiber, 50% mol PbO) (7.1 µm diameter fiber, 50% mol PbO)
70.8 64 66–67.2 62–71.3
(8.0 µm diameter fiber, 50% mol PbO) (11.4 µm diameter fiber, 50% mol PbO) (17.2 µm diameter fiber, 50% mol PbO)
64.5 51.9–56 43–51.6
B2O3 glass
(10–30 µm diameter fiber)
60
B2O3–Na2O glass
(10–30 µm diameter fiber, 10% mol Na2O)
102 137 152
(10–30 µm diameter fiber, 20% mol Na2O)
(10–30 µm diameter fiber, 30% mol Na2O)
Temperature
Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from O. V. Mazurin, M. V. Streltsina and T. P. Shvaiko–Shvaikovskaya, Handbook of Glass Data, Part A and Part B, Elsevier, New York, 1983
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.06 Mechanical L Page 596 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 147. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 1 OF 12)
POLYMERS
Class
Polymer
Tensile Strength, (ASTM D638) (103 psi)
ABS Resins; Molded, Extruded
Medium impact High impact Very high impact Low temperature impact Heat resistant
6.3—8.0 5.0—6.0 4.5—6.0 4—6 7.0—8.0
Acrylics; Cast, Molded, Extruded
Cast Resin Sheets, Rods: General purpose, type I General purpose, type II Moldings: Grades 5, 6, 8 High impact grade
8.8—10.5 5.5—8.0
Allyl diglycol carbonate
5—6
Thermoset Carbonate
6—9 8—10
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.06 Mechanical L Page 597 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 147. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 2 OF 12)
POLYMERS
Class
Polymer
Tensile Strength, (ASTM D638) (103 psi)
Alkyds; Molded
Putty (encapsulating) Rope (general purpose) Granular (high speed molding) Glass reinforced (heavy duty parts)
4—5 7—8 3—4 5—9
Cellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded
ASTM Grade: H4—1 H2—1 MH—1, MH—2 MS—1, MS—2 S2—1
(Tensile Strength at Fracture) 7—8 5.8—7.2 4.8—6.3 3.9—5.3 3.0—4.4
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate;
Molded, Extruded ASTM Grade: H4 MH S2
(Tensile Strength at Fracture) 6.9 5.0—6.0 3.0—4.0
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.06 Mechanical L Page 598 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 147. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 3 OF 12)
POLYMERS
Class
Polymer
Tensile Strength, (ASTM D638) (103 psi)
Cellusose Acetate Propionate; Molded, Extruded
ASTM Grade: 1 3 6
5.9—6.5 5.1—5.9 4
Chlorinated Polymers
Chlorinated polyether Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
6 7.3
Polycarbonates
Polycarbonate Polycarbonate (40% glass fiber reinforced)
9.5 18
Diallyl Phthalates; Molded
Orlon filled Dacron filled Asbestos filled Glass fiber filled
4.5—6 4.6—6.2 4—6.5 5.5—11
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.06 Mechanical L Page 599 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 147. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 4 OF 12)
POLYMERS
Class
Polymer
Tensile Strength, (ASTM D638) (103 psi)
Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded
Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Ceramic reinforced (PTFE) Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Polyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF)
4.6—5.7 2.5—6.5 0.75—2.5 2.5—4.0 5.2—8.6
Epoxies; Cast, Molded, Reinforced
Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A) Cast rigid Cast flexible Molded
9.5-11.5 1.4—7.6 8—11
General purpose glass cloth laminate High strength laminate Filament wound composite
50-58 160 230-240 (hoop)
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.06 Mechanical L Page 600 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 147. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 5 OF 12)
POLYMERS Tensile Strength, (ASTM D638) (103 psi)
Class
Polymer
Epoxies—Molded, Extruded
High performance resins (cycloaliphatic diepoxides) Cast, rigid Molded Glass cloth laminate Epoxy novolacs Cast, rigid Glass cloth laminate
9.6—12.0 59.2
Filler & type Cellulose electrical Glass fiber Alpha cellulose and mineral
5—9 6—9 5—8
Melamines; Molded
8—12 5.2—5.3 50—52
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.06 Mechanical L Page 601 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 147. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 6 OF 12)
POLYMERS
Class
Polymer
Tensile Strength, (ASTM D638) (103 psi)
Nylons; Molded, Extruded
Type 6 General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced Cast Flexible copolymers
9.5—12.5 21—24 12.8 7.5—10.0
Type 12
7.1—8.5
6/6 Nylon General purpose molding Glass fiber reinforced Glass fiber Molybdenum disulfide filled General purpose extrusion
11.2—11.8 25—30 19—22 1.26–8.6
6/10 Nylon General purpose Glass fiber (30%) reinforced
7.1—8.5 19
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.06 Mechanical L Page 602 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 147. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 7 OF 12)
POLYMERS Tensile Strength, (ASTM D638) (103 psi)
Class
Polymer
Phenolics; Molded
Phenolics; Molded Type and filler General: woodflour and flock Shock: paper, flock, or pulp High shock: chopped fabric or cord Very high shock: glass fiber
(ASTM D651)
Arc resistant—mineral Rubber phenolic—woodflour or flock Rubber phenolic—chopped fabric Rubber phenolic—asbestos
6 4.5—9 3—5 4
ABS–Polycarbonate Alloy
8.2
5.0—8.5 5.0—8.5 5—9 5—10
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.06 Mechanical L Page 603 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 147. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 8 OF 12)
POLYMERS
Class
Polymer
Tensile Strength, (ASTM D638) (103 psi)
Polyacetals
Homopolymer: Standard 20% glass reinforced 22% TFE reinforced
10 8.5 6.9
Copolymer: Standard 25% glass reinforced High flow
8.8 18.5 8.8
Cast polyyester Rigid Flexible
5—15 1—8
High strength (glass fibers) Heat and chemical resistant (asbestos) Sheet molding compounds, general purpose
5—10 4—6 15—17
Polyesters: Thermosets
Reinforced polyester moldings
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.06 Mechanical L Page 604 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 147. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 9 OF 12)
POLYMERS
Class
Polymer
Tensile Strength, (ASTM D638) (103 psi)
Polyarylsulfone
Polyarylsulfone
13
Polypropylene:
General purpose
4.5—6.0
Polyethylenes; Molded, Extruded
Type I—lower density (0.910—0.925) Melt index 0.3—3.6 Melt index 6—26 Melt index 200
(ASTM D412) 1.4—2.5 1.4—2.0 0.9—1.1
Type II—medium density (0.926—0.940) Melt index 20 Melt index l.0—1.9
2 2.3—2.4
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.06 Mechanical L Page 605 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 147. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 10 OF 12)
POLYMERS
Class
Polymer
Tensile Strength, (ASTM D638) (103 psi)
Polyethylenes; Molded, Extruded (Con’t)
Type III—higher density (0.941—0.965) Melt index 0.2—0.9 Melt Melt index 0.l—12.0 Melt index 1.5—15 High molecular weight
4.4 2.9—4.0 4.4 5.4
Olefin Copolymers; Molded
EEA (ethylene ethyl acrylate) EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) Ethylene butene
0.2 0.36 0.35
Propylene—ethylene
Propylene—ethylene Ionomer Polyallomer
0.4 0.4 3—4.3
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.06 Mechanical L Page 606 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 147. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 11 OF 12)
POLYMERS
Class
Polymer
Tensile Strength, (ASTM D638) (103 psi)
Polystyrenes
Polystyrenes; Molded General purpose Medium impact High impact
5.0—10 4.0—6.0 3.3—5.1
Glass fiber -30% reinforced Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) Glass fiber (30%) reinforced SAN
14 8.3—12.0 18
Polyvinyl Chloride And Copolymers; Molded, Extruded Nonrigid—general Nonrigid—electrical Rigid—normal impact Vinylidene chloride
D412 1—3.5 2—3.2 5.5—8 4—40
Polyvinyl Chloride And Copolymers;
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
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8.06 Mechanical L Page 607 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 147. TENSILE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 12 OF 12)
POLYMERS
Class
Polymer
Tensile Strength, (ASTM D638) (103 psi)
Silicones
Silicones; Molded, Laminated Fibrous (glass) reinforced silicones Granular (silica) reinforced silicones Woven glass fabric/ silicone laminate
(ASTM D651) 6.5 4—6 30—35
Ureas; Molded
Alpha—cellulose filled (ASTM Type l)
5—10
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from Charles T. Lynch, CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.2, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
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8.07 Mechanical Page 608 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 148. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS Class
Material
Glass fiber content (wt%)
Glass fiber reinforced thermosets
Sheet molding compound (SMC)
15 to 30
8 to 20
Bulk molding compound(BMC) Preform/mat(compression molded) Cold press molding–polyester
15 to 35 25 to 50 20 to 30
4 to 10 25 to 30 12 to 20
Spray–up–polyester Filament wound–epoxy Rod stock–polyester Molding compound–phenolic
30 to 50 30 to 80 40 to 80 5 to 25
9 to 18 80 to 250 60 to 180 7 to 17
Glass–fiber–reinforced thermoplastics
Tensile strength at yield (ksi)
Acetal
20 to 40
9 to 18
Nylon Polycarbonate Polyethylene
6 to 60 20 to 40 10 to 40
13 to 33 12 to 25 6.5 to 11
Polypropylene Polystyrene Polysulfone ABS(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)
20 to 40 20 to 35 20 to 40 20 to 40
5.5 to 10.5 10 to 15 13 to 20 11 to 16
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) Polyphenylene oxide(modified) SAN (styrene acrylonitrile) Thermoplastic polyester
15 to 35 20 to 40 20 to 40 20 to 35
14 to 18 15 to 22 13 to 18 14 to 19
To convert (ksi) to (MPa), multiply by 6.89 Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p106, (1994).
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8.07 Mechanical Page 609 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 149. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF CARBON - AND GLASS REINFORCED ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS (SHEET 1 OF 2) Class
Resin Type
Composition
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Amorphous
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
100 130
Nylon
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
148 207
Polycarbonate
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
128 165
Polyetherimide
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
197 234
Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
145 159
Polysulfone
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
124 159
Styrene-maleic-anhydride (SMA)
30% glass fiber
103
Thermoplastic polyurethane
30% glass fiber
57
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p111–112, (1994).
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Mechanical Properties
Table 149. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF CARBON - AND GLASS REINFORCED ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS (SHEET 2 OF 2) Class
Resin Type
Composition
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Crystalline
Acetal
30% glass fiber 20% carbon fiber
134 81
Nylon 66
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
179 241
Polybutylene telphthalate (PBT)
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
134 152
Polythylene terephthalate (PET)
30% glass fiber
159
Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)
30% glass fiber 30% carbon fiber
138 186
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p111–112, (1994).
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8.07 Mechanical Page 611 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 150. STRENGTH OF
GRAPHITE FIBER REINFORCED METALS Composite
Fiber content (vol%)
Strength (ksi)
Graphite(a)/lead Graphite(b)/lead Graphite(a)/zinc Graphite(a)/magnesium
41 35 35 42
104 72 110.9 65
(a) Thornel 75 fiber (b) Courtaulds HM fiber To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p148,(1994).
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8.08 Mechanical L Page 612 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 151. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF GRAPHITE /MAGNESIUM CASTINGS * Tensile Strength (GPa)
Tensile Strength,90° (GPa)
Fiber Type
Fiber content
Fiber orientation
P75
40% plus 9% 40%
±16° 90° ± 16°
Hollow cylinder Hollow cylinder Hollow cylinder
Filament wound Filament wound Filament wound
0.45 0.45 0.56
0.061 0.061 0.38
40% 30% 10% 20% 20%
0° 0° plus 90° 0° plus 90°
Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate
Prepreg Prepreg Prepreg Prepreg Prepreg
0.48 0.28 0.28 8.45 8.45
0.02 0.010 0.010 0.24 0.24
P100 P55
Casting
Fiber Preform Method
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p148,(1994). *
Pitch-base fibers
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Mechanical Properties
Table 152. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF GRAPHITE /ALUMINUM COMPOSITES Composite
Fiber loading (vol %)
Wire diameter (mm)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
VS0054/201 Al GY70SE/201 Al
48 to 52 37 to 38
0.64 (2-strand) 0.71(8-strand)
1035 to 1070 793 to 827
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p148,(1994).
Table 153. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF GRAPHITE /ALUMINUM COMPOSITES Thornel Fiber
Longitudinal Tensile Strength (MPa)
Transverse Tensile Strength (MPa)
P55 P75 P100
517 to 621 621 to 724 552 to 834
28 to 48 28 to 48 28 to ~48
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p148,(1994).
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8.09 Mechanical Page 614 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 154. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF SILICON CARBIDE SCS–2–AL
Fiber orientation
No. of plies
Tensile Strength (MPa)
0° 90°
6, 8, 12 6, 12,40
1462 86.2
[0°/90°/0°/90°]s [02 °90°20°]s [902/0°/90°]s
8 8 8
673 1144 341.3
± 45° [0°±45°/0°]s+2s [0°±45°/90°]s
8, 12, 40 8, 16 8
309.5 800.0 572.3
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p149,(1994).
Table 155. ULTIMATE
TENSILE STRENGTH OF INVESTMENT CAST SILICON CARBIDE SCS–AL
Fiber orientation
Fiber vol (%)
Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa)
0°3/90°6/0°3 90°3/0°6/90°3 0°
33 33 34
458.5 584.0 1034.2
Range of Measurement (%)
75 95 85
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p149,(1994).
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.09 Mechanical Page 615 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 156. ULTIMATE
TENSILE STRENGTH OF SILICON CARBIDE –ALUMINUM ALLOY COMPOSITES * Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa)
Material
Fiber (vol %)
Base
Reinforced
Pure Aluminum 6061–T6 2024–T4
11 16 20
59 300 470
235 441 565
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p149,(1994). *
Room Temperature
Table 157. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF SIC-WHISKER –REINFORCED ALUMINUM ALLOY Tensile Strength Fiber Content (vol %)
( MPa)
Standard Deviation
Range of Measurement
0 12 16 20
297 359 374 383.6
1.8 33.6 8.0 15.2
3.5 85.6 23.0 38.8
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p150,(1994).
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
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8.09 Mechanical Page 616 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 158. ULTIMATE
TENSILE STRENGTH OF ALUMINUM ALLOY REINFORCED WITH SIC WHISKERS VS. TEMPERATURE Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) Fiber (Vol%)
350 °C
300 °C
250 °C
Polycrystalline alumina 0 0.05 0.12 0.20
55 63 74 112
70 88 — 155
115 134 — 198
SiC whiskers 0 0.12 0.16 0.20
55 124 147 184
70 180 — 235
115 226 — 284
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p150,(1994).
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.09 Mechanical Page 617 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 159. ULTIMATE
TENSILE STRENGTH OF REINFORCED ALUMINUM ALLOY VS. TEMPERATURE Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) Vol %
350°C
300°C
250°C
Polycrystalline alumina
0 5 12 20
55 63 74 112
70 88 — 155
115 134 — 198
SiC whiskers
0 12 16 20
55 124 147 184
70 180 — 235
115 226 — 284
Fiber
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p154,(1994).
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
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8.09 Mechanical Page 618 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 160. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF POLYCRYSTALLINE –ALUMINA–REINFORCED ALUMINUM ALLOY Tensile Strength Fiber Content (vol %)
(MPa)
Standard Deviation
Range of Measurement
0 5 12 20
297 282 273 312
1.8 6.5 19.6 16.0
3.5 15.1 49.6 42.3
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p154,(1994).
Table 161. TENSILE
STRENGTH OF BORON/ALUMINUM COMPOSITES * Matrix
Fiber Orientation
Tensile Strength ( MPa)
Al-6061
0° 90°
1515 138
Al-2024
0° 90°
1550 214
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p157,(1994). *
These samples contain 48% Avco (142 µm) boron. Longitudinal tensile specimens are 152 mm by 7.9 mm by 6 ply. Transverse tensile bars are 152 mm by 12.7 mm by 6 ply.
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8.09 Mechanical Page 619 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 162. COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF GRAY CAST IRON BARS
ASTM Class
Compressive Strength (MPa)
20 25 30
572 669 752
35 40 50 60
855 965 1130 1293
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p166-167, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
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8.09 Mechanical Page 620 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 163. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 1 OF 3)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Compressive Strength (psi)
Boride
Titanium Diboride (TiB2)
47-97x103
Carbides
Boron Carbide (B4C)
41.4x104
room temp.
Silicon Carbide (SiC)
82-200x103
25˚C
Titanium Monocarbide (TiC) Trichromium Dicarbide (Cr3C2)
10.9-19x104
room temp.
Zirconium Monocarbide (ZrC)
238x103
Boron Nitride (BN) parallel to c axis
34.0x103
parallel to a axis
45x103
Titanium Mononitirde (TiN)
141x103
Trisilicon tetranitride (Si3N4)
10-100x103
Nitrides
Oxides
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)
Temperature
60x104 room temp.
10-30x103
25˚C 1000˚C
427 x103
room temp.
214 x103
400˚C 600˚C 800˚C
199 x103 183 x103 128 x103 85 x103 71 x103
1000˚C 1100˚C 1200˚C
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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8.09 Mechanical Page 621 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 163. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 2 OF 3)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Compressive Strength (psi)
Oxides (Con’t)
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) (Con’t)
35.6 x103 14 x103 7 x103
Oxides (Con’t)
Beryllium Oxide (BeO)
114-310 x103 71 x103 64 x103 35.5-40 x103 28.5 x103
Temperature
1400˚C 1500˚C 1600˚C room temp. 500˚C 800˚C 1000˚C
7 x103
1145˚C 1400˚C 1500˚C 1600˚C
Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
112 x103
room temp.
Thorium Dioxide (ThO2)
146-214x103
room temp. 400˚C 600˚C 800˚C
24 x103 17 x103
156x103 85x103 71x103 51x103 28.5x103 5.7x103 1.5x103
1000˚C 1200˚C 1400˚C 1500˚C
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
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8.09 Mechanical Page 622 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 163. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF (SHEET 3 OF 3)
CERAMICS
Class
Ceramic
Compressive Strength (psi)
Oxides (Con’t)
Zircoium Oxide (ZrO2)
205-300x103 228x103 171x103 114x103
Temperature
room temp. 500˚C 1000˚C
2.8x103
1200˚C 1400˚C 1500˚C
85-190x106
room temp.
(ρ=1.8g/cm3)
50x103 50x103 30x103 18.5x103
25oC 400oC 800oC 1200oC
Mullite (3Al2O3 2SiO2)
80-190x103
25˚C
Spinel (Al2O3 MgO)
270x103
room temp. 500˚C 800˚C
18.5x103
(CaO stabilized) Cordierite (2MgO 2Al2O3 5SiO2) (ρ=2.51g/cm3) (ρ=2.3g/cm3) (ρ=2.1g/cm3)
199x103 171x103 85.5x103 71x103 21.4x103 8.5x103
1100˚C 1200˚C 1400˚C 1600˚C
To convert psi to MPa, multiply by 145. Source: data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, Plenum Press, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., in association with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston, (1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.09 Mechanical Page 623 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 164. COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTIC
Class
Material
Glass fiber content (wt%)
Glass fiber reinforced thermosets
Sheet molding compound (SMC)
15 to 30
15 to 30
Bulk molding compound(BMC) Preform/mat(compression molded) Spray–up–polyester
15 to 35 25 to 50 30 to 50
20 to 30 15 to 30 15 to 25
Filament wound–epoxy Rod stock–polyester Molding compound–phenolic
30 to 80 40 to 80 5 to 25
45 to 70 30 to 70 14 to 35
Acetal
20 to 40
11 to 17
Nylon Polycarbonate Polyethylene
6 to 60 20 to 40 10 to 40
13 to 24 14 to 24 4 to 8
Polypropylene Polystyrene Polysulfone ABS(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)
20 to 40 20 to 35 20 to 40 20 to 40
6 to 8 13.5 to 19 21 to 26 12 to 22
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) Polyphenylene oxide(modified) SAN (styrene acrylonitrile) Thermoplastic polyester
15 to 35 20 to 40 20 to 40 20 to 35
13.4 to 16.8 18 to 20 12 to 23 16 to 18
Glass–fiber–reinforced thermoplastics
Compressive strength (ksi)
To convert (ksi) to (Mpa), multiply by 6.89 Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p106, (1994).
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
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8.09 Mechanical Page 624 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 165. ULTIMATE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF INVESTMENT CAST SILICON CARBIDE SCS–AL
Fiber orientation
Fiber vol (%)
Ultimate Compressive Strength (MPa)
0°3/90°6/0°3 90°3/0°6/90°3 0°
33 33 34
1378 9 1378.9 1896.1
Compressive Modulus (GPa)
— — 186.2
Data from ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, Second Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p149,(1994).
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CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering
8.09 Mechanical Page 625 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 166. YIELD
STRENGTH OF TOOL STEELS
Type
Condition
L2
Annealed Oil quenched from 855 •C and single tempered at: 205 •C 315 •C 425 •C 540 •C 650 •C
L6
S1
S5
S7
Annealed Oil quenched from 845 •C and single tempered at: 315 •C 425 •C 540 •C 650 •C Annealed Oil quenched from 930 •C and single tempered at: 205 •C 315 •C 425 •C 540 •C 650 •C Annealed Oil quenched from 870 •C and single tempered at: 205 •C 315 •C 425 •C 540 •C 650 •C Annealed Fan cooled from 940 •C and single tempered at: 205 •C 315 •C 425 •C 540 •C 650 •C
0.2% Yield Strength (MPa) 510 1790 1655 1380 1170 760 380 1790 1380 1100 830 415 1895 1860 1690 1525 1240 440 1930 1860 1690 1380 1170 380 1450 1585 1410 1380 1035
Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p241, (1984).
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8.09 Mechanical Page 626 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 167. YIELD
STRENGTH OF DUCTILE IRONS
Specification Number
Grade or Class
Yield Strength (MPa)
ASTM A395-76; ASME SA395
60-40-18
276
ASTM A476-70(d); SAE AMS5316
80-60-03
414
ASTM A536-72, MIL-1-11466B(MR)
60-40-18 65-45-12
276 310
80-55-06 100-70-03 120-90-02
379 483 621
SAE J434c
D4018 D4512 D5506 D7003
276 310 379 483
MlL-I-24137(Ships)
Class A Class B Class C
310 207 172
Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p169, (1984).
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8.09 Mechanical Page 627 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Mechanical Properties
Table 168. YIELD
STRENGTH OF MALLEABLE IRON CASTINGS
Specification Number Ferritic ASTM A47, A338; ANSI G48.1; FED QQ–I–666c
Grade or Class
32510 35018
224 241 207
40010 45008 45006 50005
276 310 310 345
60004 70003 80002 90001
414 483 552 621
M3210 M4504(a) M5003(a)
224 310 345
M5503(b)
379
M7002(b) M8501(b)
483 586
ASTM A197 Pearlitic and Martensitic ASTM A220; ANSI C48.2; MIL–I–11444B
Automotive ASTM A602; SAE J158
Yield Strength (MPa)
(a) Air quenched and tempered (b) Liquid quenched and tempered Source: data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p171, (1984).
©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander
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8.10 Mechanical L Page 628 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 169. YIELD
STRENGTH OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 1 OF 5)
Type
Form
Condition
ASTM Specification
0.2% Yield Strength (MPa)
Type 301(UNS S30100)
Bar,Wire,Plate, Sheet,Strip
Annealed
A167
205
Type 302 (UNS S30200)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
205 310 205
Type 302B (UNS S30215)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
205 310 205
Type 302Cu(UNS S30430)
Bar
Annealed
A493
—
Types 303 (UNS S30300) and 303Se (UNS S30323)
Bar
Annealed
A581
240
Wire
Annealed Cold worked
A581 A581
— —
(a) Up to 13 mm thick (b) Over 13 mm thick. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p364-366 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.10 Mechanical L Page 629 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 169. YIELD
STRENGTH OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 2 OF 5)
Type
Form
Condition
ASTM Specification
0.2% Yield Strength (MPa)
Type 304(UNS S30400)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
205 310 205
Type 304L (UNS S30403)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
170 310 170
Types 304N (UNS S30451) and 316N(UNS S31651)
Bar
Annealed
A276
240
Type 304LN
Bar
Annealed
—
205
Type 305 (UNS S30500)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
205 310 205
(a) Up to 13 mm thick (b) Over 13 mm thick. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p364-366 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.10 Mechanical L Page 630 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 169. YIELD
STRENGTH OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 3 OF 5)
Type
Form
Condition
ASTM Specification
0.2% Yield Strength (MPa)
Types 308 (UNS S30800),321(UNS S32100),347(UNS34700) and 348 (UNS S34800)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed
A276
205
Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276
310 205
Annealed
—
207
Hot finished and annealed
A276
205
Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276
310 205
Type 308L
Bar
Types 309 (UNS S30900), 309S (UNS S30908), 310 (UNS S31000) and 310S (UNS S31008)
Bar
(a) Up to 13 mm thick (b) Over 13 mm thick. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p364-366 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.10 Mechanical L Page 631 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 169. YIELD
STRENGTH OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 4 OF 5)
Type
Form
Condition
ASTM Specification
0.2% Yield Strength (MPa)
Type 314 (UNS S31400)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
205 310 205
Type 316 (UNS S31600)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
205 310 205
Type 316F (UNS S31620)
Bar
Annealed
—
240
Type 316L (UNS S31603)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
170 310 170
Type 316LN
Bar
Annealed
—
205
(a) Up to 13 mm thick (b) Over 13 mm thick. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p364-366 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.10 Mechanical L Page 632 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 169. YIELD
STRENGTH OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 5 OF 5)
Type
Form
Condition
ASTM Specification
0.2% Yield Strength (MPa)
Type 317 (UNS S31700)
Bar
Hot finished and annealed Cold finished and annealed(a) Cold finished and annealed(b)
A276 A276 A276
205 310 205
Type 317L (UNS S31703)
Bar
Annealed
—
240
Type 317LM
Bar,Plate,Sheet, Strip
Annealed
—
205
Type 329 (UNS S32900)
Bar
Annealed
—
550
Type 330 (UNS N08330)
Bar
Annealed
B511
210
Type 330HC
Bar,Wire,Strip
Annealed
—
290
Types 384 (UNS S38400)
Bar
Annealed
A493
—
Types 385 (UNS38500)
Bar
Annealed
A493
—
(a) Up to 13 mm thick (b) Over 13 mm thick. Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p364-366 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.10 Mechanical L Page 633 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 170. YIELD
STRENGTH OF FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 1 OF 2)
Type
ASTM Specification
Form
Condition
0.2% Yield Strength (MPa)
Type 405 (UNS S40500)
A580 A580
Wire
Annealed Annealed, Cold Finished
275 275
Type 409 (UNS S40900) Type 429 (UNS S42900)
— —
Bar Bar
Annealed Annealed
240(a) 310(a)
Type 430 (UNS S43000)
A276 A276
Bar
Annealed, Hot Finished Annealed, Cold Finished
275 275
Type 430Ti(UNS S43036)
—
Bar
Annealed
310(a)
Type 434 (UNS S43400) Type 436 (UNS S43600)
— —
Wire Sheet, Strip
Annealed Annealed
415(a) 365(a)
(a) Typical Values Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p368 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.10 Mechanical L Page 634 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 170. YIELD
STRENGTH OF FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 2 OF 2)
Type
ASTM Specification
Form
Condition
0.2% Yield Strength (MPa)
Type 442 (UNS S44200) Type 444 (UNS S44400)
— A176
Bar Plate, Sheet, Strip
Annealed Annealed
310(a) 275
Type 446 (UNS S44600)
A276 A276
Bar
Annealed, Hot Finished Annealed, Cold Finished
275 275
(a) Typical Values Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p368 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.10 Mechanical L Page 635 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 171. YIELD
STRENGTH OF MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 1 OF 3)
Type
ASTM Specification
Form
Condition
0.2% Yield Strength (MPa)
Type 403 (UNS S40300)
A276 A276 A276 A276 A276 A276
Bar
Annealed, hot finished Annealed, cold finished Intermediate temper, hot finished Intermediate temper, cold finished Hard temper, hot finished Hard temper, cold finished
275 275 550 550 620 620
Type 410 (UNS S41000)
A276 A276 A276 A276 A276 A276
Bar
Annealed, hot finished Annealed, cold finished Intermediate temper, hot finished Intermediate temper, cold finished Hard temper, hot finished Hard temper, cold finished
275 275 550 550 620 620
Type 410S (UNS S41008)
A176
Plate, Sheet, Strip
Annealed
205
Type 410Cb (UNS S41040)
A276 A276 A276 A276
Bar
Annealed, hot finished Annealed, cold finished Intermediate temper, hot finished Intermediate temper, cold finished
275 275 690 690
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p369-370 (1993).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
8.10 Mechanical L Page 636 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
Table 171. YIELD
STRENGTH OF MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS (SHEET 2 OF 3)
Type
ASTM Specification
Form
Condition
0.2% Yield Strength (MPa)
Type 414 (UNS S41400)
A276 A276
Bar
Intermediate temper, hot finished Intermediate temper, cold finished
620 620
Type 414L Type 420 (UNS S42000)
— —
Bar Bar
Annealed Tempered 205 °C
550 1480
Type 422 (UNS S42200)
A565
Bar
for high-temperature service
760
Type 431 (UNS S43100)
— —
Bar
Tempered 260 °C Tempered 595 °C
1030 795
Type 440A (UNS S44002)
— —
Bar
Annealed Tempered 315 °C
415 1650
Type 440B (UNS S44003)
— —
Bar
Annealed Tempered 315 °C
425 1860
Type 440C (UNS S44004)
