Мир лесных растений

? ! "# $%&# ## ' (Pinus sylvestris) ( $%&# ## ' (Picea abies) )$ (Quercus robur) * & " # ' (Tilia cordata) # " " #%+ (A...

Author: Петров В.В.

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? ! "# $%&# ## ' (Pinus sylvestris) ( $%&# ## ' (Picea abies) )$ (Quercus robur) * & " # ' (Tilia cordata) # " " #%+ (Acer platanoides) , - * " ' (Betula pendula) $ - *). " ' (Betula pubescens) " # (Populus tremula) (/ " ' (Alnus incana) 0 .# &, 1 # (Corylus avellana) " ( "# ' (Lonicera xylosteum) ). # & ' (Frangula ainus) , "& $ %+ (Euonymus verrucosa) 22 (# & $%&# ##%+ (Juniperus communis) ,)- # & "# ' (Sambucus racemosa) # $%&# ## ' (Viburnum opulus) ( %& (Daphne mezereum). # $%&# ## ' (Rubus idaeus) 0 # & (Vaccinium myrtillus) $ )"# & (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) &#'#& $%&# ## ', 2(' '3 ( 3ctostaphylos uva-ursi) ## ' " # ' (Linnaea borealis) "& $%&# ##%+ (Calluna vulgaris) 4 5$& - # # ' (Chimaphila umbellata) ! ! " 6 $%&# ## ' (Oxalis acetosella) # & * +"& + (Trientalis europaea) +# & ) " #%+ (Maianthemum bifolium) 7 ). #& & )3 " # ' (Pyrola rotundifolia) # 6 & " " %+ (Actaea spicata) # 6 & (Moneses uniflora) "& $ 3 # ', * # # 6 (Hepatica nobilis) )# $) #%+ (Lycopodium clavatum) ('## & )3 + (Melampyrum pratense) 7) ( * -) ' (Goodyera repens) 8 (# & $%&# ##%+ (Hypopitys monotropa) *% #( * +"& + (Asarum europaeum) " & " " ' (Carex pilosa) #% ( $%&# ## ' (Aegopodium podagraria) 4 # )& 2 %+ (Galeobdolon luteum) )# 6 # '"# ' (Pulmonaria obscura) 9 & ) (# ' (Viola mirabilis) # 6 5 & ' (Anemone ranunculoides)

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& 7 (Corydalis halleri) "# & # 3 # + (Mercurialis perennis) # %. +"& + (Convallaria majalis) & " .)+ %+ (Lathraea squamaria) )* # & " ## ' (Polygonatum officinale) 7# - & # " '1 ' (Neottia nidus-avis) 5$& ) " # ' (Platanthera bifolia) 1 - )51 + (Equisetum hiemale) %2# & 2 #"& + (Athyrium filix-femina) '& $%&# ##%+ (Pteridium aquilinum) $ ) - %+ (Rhodobryum roseum) # ) (# & % % Mnium) & ) $ " '1 + (Hylocomium splendens) ) (Ptilium crista castrensis) 6 ) #%+ (Climacium dendroides) : 3#) ( % Sphagnum) ; ' # ' (# & % % Cladonia) < ' " # "& ' (Cetraria islandica) ( 3 (Peltigera canina) ' - ) ' (Parmelia physodes) 0"# ' $ ' (Usnea barbata) * 3 :"& + . +# & (Graphis scripta) 7 , ## 3 $%. 7 $% # $% # + : % "# #%+ 3 $ (Marasmius scorodonius) " & $%&# ## ' (Phallus impudicus) 7 $%- +# & * " # & (Helvella infula) ) & " #%+ (Laetiporus sulphureus) 9 " ) # * # # ' (Fistulina hepatica) 4 ( < ) " * & % 5 $ (. # + "& 3 5- . # "& #) "( # 3 #%/ * " / * +"& + " " #%, $ (# 3 " & , / 2# # + * " / # . / " 5-#%/ "*)$ & / # 3 / $ " '/. " - " # , "& ( 2 # " ' & , & & # 3 * -# 3 # 5 ' . " $ -# # * $ " " ##)5 =* /), & /# "& 3 * 3 "" . ) # " $ * " (, & & 3 # & " & " * 3 1 5 ": % # 3 " ##% * %. ##% * * ' ', 3 " , . #, * . . - 1 5 3 # (& - #% " # ', * )5 ( # $ & )*#% - # / ('. " # , # " # + #% - ") & % ' ": ) " (& & " , "& (& #)2# ' %/ # ' 2 ' 4 . 4# # " ' " * ( " $ $ - " , & & & = " %+ 1#%+ " # & & " # # . + * # . / #'' ", % $ "* - 2# " ( ")1 " # ' ' " $' $) )1 / * & # +. "& 5- # 3 " . , $% "#% $ 3 " " #% # " 1 "(, # # " ("' & ") $ 2# , - $ , * -/ -'+"& . ' * (" ) '5 $ (. # # * (# ) "* (- # 5 " / # # 5 " . - $ # * & "# "# 3 - & # (" 5" 5-#%/ "*)$ &, & %+ $% ) 2 #

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inus sylvestris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2# + $ $ 3 +-" . ## )3 +. ( " "#% " . .& -# 3 - " "' & " + " "# . " # - # 2 # # # "# 3 . '/ " "#% * "* 3 5 "' ##% )-& / #& ( ". 1). & "* 2 # / - / & # ' " $ ## " ( = + "# + * %. #& " 5 "' " # ##% * * # # (& * 2 -# , # * " # '. * 5 # 2 " . " # 5 * " "# + - % $'(# # + & / "$ -# 6 ". "" * # ")/ + " "# + / * "/ " # '$ . # 3 = 3 , 3)" , & # / " " # $% / . # " $ -# ' * " : " (/ - # ', " (2 '. " * " ("', # ) # (, - #% / #& "* 3 5 "' # & #6 / &, . . # * $ 3 / ## 3 3 * . 3 # /, 2 % # "& (& * (, # $ " %/ * $ 3 /, & % )2 3 . " # + * " " #% / #& " "#% 2 ) $% # # $ )/- / . +# )3 / + # / " ") % & &/ # &3 (. . )3 %+ 3 " "# " " # - ## - # # ' . 2 +, 5 )5 " )2) # %3 ' , & & . - #% 3 % " # # $ ' "' - . * " # - '/ # &? # # ,# , * "' ,& ' # /# / "'. = 3 # & & # (-' - 1 ("'. * "# )3 - %"%/ # . 3 - + " 2 % # - #% " ' " # +, " 2 1 ), " / #& . ( * 2 # ' % * " # 5 + # , "* # ( * 3 # (-'. 2 '* ' ( )# #( 3& : # " )2) (# $%" "* ' "'. +/ #& " "#% # 2# - 1 1 #% %"%/ # ', * ' % # 3 - . 2 '/ #& * & % "# )2 #& +, # # * # 6 + ' % * #& +-&) &) +. & "& * "& & * #%-)" ( 6 , # 2 " -$ " ##% * * /# " / #& , * # - & % %. -# / &2 # 2 "* ("'. ' # 2# " & 2 )" ( 6 "- * # " "& . ,* * # '3 - 6 '. #) ## " # / #& 2 # . # # " . & & / " 2 "' / * " % - & "& * "& - #% (6 , % $ % 51 3 # "& 1 " . " # "* 3 5 "' (& ) & #%/ " # &, " * * - %. " $% ) " "#% $% $% #% & & , & " / * " , - * #'51 / " & & (# + / #& , & - "( $% # #( $ (. . (/ #& #( )-& , $8 /# &, & " & & # / 3 # # . / #& / " "#% & & # $% #% . / " #& 5 "& & , 51 "' #) ( & # + * " , & & # * #% * 3 & ., 3 ' = ) # # 3 ) "' #) ##'' * /# " ( & & , -# , & " / * " . "# # - # . ) # & 2 )5 "#) "*)"& 5 "' * & * ' '5 "' % * $ 3 , & & ) " ##%/ ( . " "( "# + & ' " "#%. * . " % * $ 3 "# (# + / + ## + # -- # +. # & #6 / / - " )1 % * $ 3 . # 5 " -- #)5 & "&). " '1 + / # # / * & # . " # & & . #% " & $ 3 6 . 2 %+ & + " &-= * 5#%/ / # &, 1 # )"* . / & & " ) % " . #& * # * 2 % )3 & )3) % "# )2 $1 * # % * & . #) " -* ) = ":) ' ", %+ ) # )2). 0 "# # ' %/ * $ 3 & -3 # 5 "' * #% " -2 % 3 & # -% %/ )2"& / . . &. 2 '. . & #(. 3 . #% (" . ". 1). + # # 3 # , - # / $ (# * "%* "' 2 ' *% (6 . "# * 3 # & " *% (6%. < % ) -# "' "' " "# $ ), & 3 (' "*% ' ". " = ' %* 2 (, # * /# " )2 *% (6 * $ (# 3 2 3 * .& , # * # 51 3 & ( ##)5 " ). $%&# ## ' " (# " ( " "#% # . # *% (6% * #' # . .( # 2#%+ * 6 # * * # & # -% % 2 #"& . . & * *% # . "' " (# ' "" * 3 $ .

% (6 " "#% & -# " "' $ 3 ' " $% * "* " $ # ' , ) ) . 51 " - )/ * (#% " " +" . $ & & 2 + *% #& "' $8 " %/ . & , - * # ##%/ - )/ . # ) #(. 5 ) (#%+ " *% (6% ) 5 (# " ( * . #' # , "" ( - ).#% . & ) *% # & 2# (& * & "& * , * " # " (# ) # . " % 3 # , & # # ,# #%. #"& . . & " "#% * ' '5 "' "# + # & #6 / %/ * $ 3 . # 5 #(& / - #%. & # # 3 $ (. $) # + 3 & . / # " -) .( " & )2 51 / %/ / # &. $% # # & #6 * $ 3 $% * # + . . & . 2 ' - # / * / 3 + *) ( ', * 2 " # - " + '# " + . .& +. * %+ 3 # * # " : & " # " # "' # $ (. 3 . #%. 4 # + 3 " (# ) "' / & & # (# : ) "' "' & # +, # . = ) # " 5 " # . 4 % . .& * " %"%* # ' - # / " '# # & ' 1 "' # ('/, * 5 # 5. # " "#% %"%* 5 "' - . . & "# +. " ' - & & * "'# - # , # # "# $2 # # $ (. * # % & % %.& . %* - . .& & - . "( - )/ , & % " '# # #( $%" 1 ("', & & # 5 #%+ * * ., 3 ' = ) ' "' 3 * # , 2 )# " ( " ' " # & #"& 3 . # " "#% # .# * / 2 # " # . ( /# ) # ,# (& * " (, & & $ * & * ' "' " ' & & % %.&). 0 " "#% " ' - 2 2 ) ) ' " & & % %.& , " # / # " $ & 1 * & . 0 "* " $ * & * # ' " . ## )3 + - " ' 2 )3 )$ # & % %.& , & & " " + 2& . ". 2. " & " "#% #( 3 # (#% "/ % " "#%, & 3 # (& * ' "( # " . > #(& " #( 6 , ) & %/ " $ & & "* & # 1 $%&# ## + . +# + 3 %. /).& " $ (& - *) & ) $ -# "/ '1 /"' " " #% #( #& / 3 &-" ' + ( ". 2). ' + ) " "#% # # # , & & ) 6 & %/ " # +, % " (. "/ " "#% # " (& " $ -#%+ , # 3 , ) 3 , # #'& - ) #' "' "& - (, & & = " # . " # " )* " "/ % " "#% - # "& (& * 1 5 "' #(& " "# % 6 . 0 & / 5#%/ " " # & )2 " ( #%+ " &, & * & % % $% #% / #& , "* 2 ##% * * # . $ -#%+ 5 % " "#% %" + # "& (& , " # " ) * * # " 1 # # & % " . , & % & & / ( / ' 3 # 3 " * (#% ' )" - ) & . & 2 ' )" & # # 3 * * #' % " " #%, & & "* 6% "& % 3 - # & . 6 & & $% = 2 &. 2 %+ 3 * $ ' "' # ' ) & . (# , "& (& ) " " #& ' )" &, " (& + ). 4# ' = ) " $ ## " ( " " "#%, # ) # * ( - " 3 6 . (& " ##%+ - " $) # # 3 $ (. , * ) "' * * " ' )" &. ( * % # "& (& 2 -# " " #& #( % ' )"% & ) # / 1 # $ -)5 "'. = )& ) - " ), & %+ * ) "' * * " ' )" , # $ ( 1 *' (-. " (. " " "#% " "# %/ " / $% # #( . $8'"#' "' = , " "#'& /, & & * , # 3 )3 / ( &)" # & , & % - #'5 % " " #& # 5 ("'. # & #'& # 3 / " "#'& / (# $ # - ) # " .# - # # . ## # # " #) " % (' " "#%. + # # 3 # , , " # 1 "' &, " "#'& )" )*' " (# & . 6 "" % "# # ' " "#% (5 # $ 5 "' * # " + * +"& + " " #%.

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icea abies). > -'1# " +# " $ ## & " %3 ' , & 3 " # " . ## & % " . # & 3 : ) * (# 3 )-& 3 & #)" . ##% # 2# # "& (& # & #'5 "' & , & & $) # " / # " '2& + 3 )- / . , "* 2 ##% %. , " # ' "' " & & * " * ## * * # 5 "' & /). /).& " 3 " ', # # & 3 # * )* ' "', 2 & 3 " . #% + * / 2 # 3 3 # "&

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icea obovata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(# 3 . " # " . ## # 3 "': # * . " # ' " # "* (-) "' 3 #% $ - # "* & . # , & 3 ,# / * # # & " " (# 3 , -# -3 '5 & & , $ & , )3 . . - " #% 5 &2 1 *), & + * & % 5 & %. . $ 52#%/ + # / " # * #' ")1 " ##%+ "# ) / -'+" ). " % )$& 6 ## 3 )$ 3 " # $%" - / % " $ .)5"' * 1 ( )2 "# *)"& " ) )$. & # & " ) "', # * , ) ("& / - " & / # & %/ " " *#%/ )$ /. & " # "# / -'+" # 3 & -% "' # " '1 " #'& "# +* / "' )* # $ ("'. " * $ 2 " #%. ) & 3& * / ' 2 # , 2 " ('? > $8'"#' "' , " % * " #& * & * '5 "' & & #6) ## 3 #& 3 .& , & %+ # $% #)5 : ) - # # 6 # "& +, * "& +, " (# "* 5"#) %+ " $ & . , 3 ' & + : . & " $ ## 3& -3 $ "' * . * ) " % * " #& &* 2#%: # # # 5 & $ ("' #) )3)5 " #) 2 * " " " $ & . " (' " #% " (# ( )5 * : - " " - " " # '. 0 - " 3 # & )3 % . * " # " " % " #& , & % * ' '5 "' ") # * %. 5 * %" * #% "& 3 " . 0 # / " (' " . ## )3 - ) # ## (#% " * " * ## "/ '1 # # " % & #6 . # "& # * # 5 " (' * ' ( ". 6). 7 ' ' # " )1 -* $ 3 " & " (' , # & 2 %+ 3 "', = % " #& . 4 + #& & # " $ ##% # % '5 "'. & ) # / $ " $%/ * ," & - 2 . )-# ( % " #% 2# $ - . $ # , " / " 3& * 2 (. # 5 (# " (#%+ 3 (& + &)" " $ -#%+ - * /. # "#% " $ ## " - # 2 # ' " #%. # $%" '5 "/ 2 " ( * " %* # ' - * , )2 - # "& (& # +. = ) "/ % 3) * ' ("' (& " ) , " " # " -) * * ) # 2#)5 * ). ## # * ), # # " + * . / " ( , && & - # 3 " $% & .& "/ # " 3) * $ ("'. ' * ' # ' "/ #)2#% $# 2 ## ' * " # ' 2# " (. = $% * & # "5 ) # 5$ '. = ) % " #& , * ' . "' " '#, " 5 "' # & )2 " . / 2# (, # * , # - $ . ##%/ * .#'/, $# 2 ##%/ & " / ) 3 . . ") / * # & 3 # $% . & &2 - # 2 "' " # ")? 4 + & & +-# $) ( ", 3 " ( - " % =&- * ' % = + "# + * %. ) %) % " #& " )2 -# & % # " * % " " (' . %" / # & * & # &). &) # -' "(? $% ( # = * ", "& * 5 & )3 " & & & +-# $) ( " #& . $# )2 "' # "# ' * $# " (: " # " # (# " (& & & # . $ (. ) & # , & %+ * " "' 3 - # (# $ -* /# " * %. ". 7. 7 - # (#%+ & #( " #% " & # % * %"& > & #( '# "' # $ (. "" '# & & #), & )3)5 " #). " # * 2 ( # - #' ("' "& *& & #', 2# )$ ("', # # # "' - " 3 . &, % " #& ") # # ,& &* $ 3 ,& % " 5 & #' - " 3 .> & # -% % & # % * %"& ( ". 7). # & # 2 $ ("' "' & $ & # %/ * %"& . # "* 3 5 "' # & # , & & $)" #% # # & , # #% )3 )3 -# (#% "" '# . & % - # / ) '5 "' ("& 3 " # ' # 30-35 . & "" '# 3)" ") #"&)5 " #) # " 3 ) .( )3 (' . # 3 " -) # * + .(, &) -' "' # + * %"&, 3 # / "' , & )# . & $ - , ") " # - # 2 "' * "& 5 (# & # % * %"& , . . 3 #% "* " $ . )" '/ " = -# (# # 2# ,

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". 8. $ 3 " + (/ "# + ( /)) ( # -)) " (' " + (/ * : # "& (& * / 2 # " (' '$ # : # & 2 (#% , " " % & #6 ( ". 8). # & # 2#'' " # " , " '$ # , * $ '. # + & + " . " * " (# " & , & 2 "', * 3 & 5 )3 )3 ) & & )*#% -)$6%. * " .( * $ 2 .(, & 2 %+ - & )*#%/ -)$6 " 5 ( - -)$ #, (& -)$ & 3 & . " (' " * $#% ")#& & ' # -% 5 '& * ( % . " #(5 (/ ) ' & "& + " + " %. # & & - # $% #% # #& -" " )3 . # * # 2 & " )# # 3 /# . / ( ,)& %/ & #% " ## '# & 3 # "6 5 "'. " (' 2 5 , & "# 5 , $) 5 , (/ - # . # # & 3 # * # ) " ' * - # & + " # . " (' * ( " 3 * # ' " 3 " 5 "' - #% . & # * 5 # 5. (/ # #( 6 ## . , (/ % / . 3 ' 5 (# # 3 * . " # "* (-) "' &2 " ' # & # * - " /. (/ # $% #)5 ' # . / ( " #) " - #2 3 6 . (/ % *# (& # # , # " % ) " -) 2# )-# ( * ' & +, * * (" # + & "& . 0 )3 / # . / ( & 3 # $% . ' (/ - & " (# " # . & ) * . . & "* (' & "& & # + #%+ 6 . ". 9. )$ #(& # & # " + (/ (-' # "& - ( 1 $ # + " $ ## " (/ . " " 2# %& * ( & # , 2# (, # # / & -3 5 "' 3 # (#% #2 % "& )$ & ", # * # 51 # 5 #% & % ( ". 9). > - " $ -#% "& )$ #(& ", # 3 "/ #% " & )$ #(& # & #'/ $ $ %/ " # +. 4 "(, & & ) $ $ %/, * " '5 "' & 3 # - %, & % * 3 1 5 3 - $ -#%+ % $ % 5 - " % " # # ', * " )* 51 * ). , 3 ' = ) " ' (/ , & & $ $ % , ' ' "' - " $ , # "# $2 * ) * #% - " % ) $ # ' . = ) " / - " + (/ *%.# - " 5 "' # & % " # ', " $ ## -% % # - " * # , & # -% % # : %. # # "' "' # & * . * .# + * & - %" & + & * % #% - $% # ' # (/ %/ " /. " "' $ (, & )$ #(& /, 51 /"' # & #'/ " + (/ , * " '5 "' # $ & , & & ) $ $ %/, " " )3 & 3 # - %- & # 6 %, # # -% % ) " % 3 $& . "& (& " - # 2 # " + (/ . = # . # # (# "/ # " " # +: 2 - # 2 ("' & & " # , & & # % * %"& . # & 3 # - # 2 # = + "# + * % " * 1(5 * %"& # "& (& "' - # 2 # ' " #%, # * "/ # =# 3 # . # % * %"& (/ ") # & 3 # ) '5 "' #"& 3 # & $ (. "" '# , & & ) " #%. # "* 3 5 "' # (. 5-6 " . 0 $ # "& + & - # ' &)" # & 5 "' ( , # 5 / . % 2 ## 3 3 # 3 " .0# / "' # "& (& * # # & %/ * # , # 6 ##%/ " & . # & ") " ( # & / '# " %/ " # +, ) & %/ / . % 2 # 3 #%+ " ,# (' / " 2 ' 2# # - (. > " # ' 5 # $ (.)5 %" ), # # %. # " '1 / &)" # & , " & / " # #& +. & " # ' % 2 $) " ( &)" # & . " / # + "" " "' " # (# &)" # & - # # 3 $ "' & . % ""& 2 # $ " / - # /, (& # $ "* " # ##%/. "#% &)" # & / . * "* " $ #% & 2 -# * * 3 ( , # " # # %# " %. 4 "( = " # '# (# 5 "', 6 ) * # "' , )"* .# "" '5 "'. # & "#% &)" # & * "/ # 3) 2 ( # " ,# " . ##

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1 # $" ' (" . "#%/ " ( & ,& % # 5 ' # 3 * * # ' #% * " , " 5 "' #( # 3 / - # / 5 "( . & "* " # # . > " $ -#% # :: # #% " # '. + * ( & "" # 5 (#%/ "#%/ . -# & "' "# " - # /, & % / & #% ' / +#%/ " (# & " "#'& . ". 15. " 6 " 6 $%&# ## ' (Oxalis acetosella). 3)" # " (# & # & $% "* .# + * & - & " 6%. * %+ -3 ' & 2 "', $) )3 % - "( $1 # " ) . * .#% - " & " 6% $% 5 # 3 " "#'& /. " 6 #(& , / )*& " # , & & $) " " '1 (& - # / " ( , & % - %. 5 "' # * +. 2 %+ " (#% (& * / 2# " & ( ". 15). " 3 * 2 ( - 1)1 "' & " %+ &)", & & 1 '. "5 * "/ # - # " # ' - "& " 6 ". 1 $ ) # # 6& # - # = + #(& + & - "& " %+ & ". " (' " # ' $'- #% " & " % &)" * ") " 5 " + 1 + & " %. # $ 3 % &2 # * # "8 $#% 2 "% . - # / 2# * 3 ( &2 ")*%, " )"%, " %. ,& " 6 2 " )2 ( / . # $%&# ## 3 1 '. (& " & " 6% $ 5 # # "#% " +" : # "* " $#% "& % ("' ( * # & (. & $% , # * , * # " )* # # # " # + * 3 %. & % 5 "' " (' # # (. # & *)"& # " ( 2# %- ( "&)"" ## , " * # " 3& ) (. (& 2 # ' / $) ) (# ##% , # #% '3 - . " (' *)" ' "' # # "& (& / #) . ) . " 3 = * ( "# +, & 3 ) & " 6% (& * ' "( ' " -- # ' " . $% ) (, & & 6 & " 6 ,# * + " # " # '. = ' ) # * ' '5 "' # $ (. $ % 6 & " - % #& . 2 %+ - # / " # & #6 #& 3 " $ (& . < & , & & " (', - %. 5 "' # * /# " (5 * %. # / . #% ") $ 3 ' " + $ + & "& . % & " 6%, # * , ( ) # . "'& " ) # # $ " 5 "' 3 - . * " ' " $ + #(& + - # %+ . &, & %+ "* 3 "' # & #6 #& 3 " $ (& - # " " , 3 "# + $% 6 &. > . & * ) ( $ (. & # * '# 3 - # . & + # - #%+ * , # & , # #( # "# " +" # "* " $ # & & $% - % ("' * & "# # '. * $)+ - " '/ & " 6% # + # "& (& * . % ' / " # ', " 3& " ) ' * (6 "# # - # /, * )3 +, +. " " # / & 2 "' / ( #" - . +* , -& 3 1 # )"* %"%* ("' " # , - " 2 "5 * -. #) . "( & 3 . & , % * ) " ) & & +&, # . / * (6 / "( & "& * "& ' 3 # . > * " %" " " " # . & + "* " $ & # 3 %$ "% # ' " '# " "' " (# # " . * , " $% ( #% , # "& - (, * " " # "" ' ". & # " ## , # # # * # # & & 3 ) " ' -$ "% # " '# " "' " . ## * "" #% . # % 5 * +" " %, - & 5 ## + # / " / ("$ &) " # "' " $ * "* " $ # , +" )51 & & & 51 ' * )2 # ). " %" " -* & " 6% %$ "% "' # "& (& & / %2 %/ " '#. # $ 5 / . + "/ 2 " (5 5 # % " # ' . 0 "/ & " 6% "# * ' '5 "' #(& (#% " ' , #& . #%/ " & +2 : %, & & ) - " 3 " # '. " 6 - " # 3 # -* 2# , # # " "' " '# # " . - " % =&- * ' % 5 * -) * $ 3 ,& % , - " '"(, 3) * 3 ("' * * /# " * %. = /* $ 3 " 5 )2 -# & % # "& #% " " ('. # & * +"& + (Trientalis europaea) - / & # " # 3 " .> -

# $ (. ' & " #& 1 / " $ (& , # . # & 3 # "& (& ) # ## (#%/ " ( , # * ##%/ -#% " #% (" . ")# & # & +& ). (# ' " $ ## " ( " # ' - , " (' "* 3 5 "' " + /# + " " $ '. 4 " )5 = / " ( $% " (. & #6 "#% ) " # & * ' '5 "' 6 & "# 2# -$ %/ & " %/ - & " & * #)5 # ). 0 & 2 3 " # ' $% # (& #6 &. > -'1#% $ % - & # (-' # (. # " # " ' "' * ) & 3 " . 6 & " # & , & & * , " ( * " & . "5 , ' # , * - . # - # " # '. " " ( * # & 3 # " "' " (# , 6 & ## 3 " # ' " " (5 * " & & 2 & " . " & % # && +# & ' # . * -3 ' # 6 &" # & & 2 "', " 3 * " & " . ## " $ #%, # " " "( )3 " )3 . = * # . $ # . 3 6 # - & # "', " " # ' * 5 # 5# (#% * " & , 6 & "( # & "' $ ' - & . (#% * " & 6 & " " "( # 6 . # & 2 $" ) * ) %" ## 6% " # & ( $ " # ' # "' "' & " +" ) * 6 #%/). , ) " # & % " " ) +, & 3 # #( 3& (# * ": & & + ) " # ' # & - " $ # * " #%+ # . < & " # & 5 $ )5 & "&). (# , & 2 & . #% 6 & ) # 3 / )3 / " # +, " 51 /"' (# & /. > , & # # , # " ) +# . , % 6 & ) . " / )3 / % '5 "' * ) & 3 " , / $%" # / ' # " & % - *% . # & # " "' & " ) # - #%/ " # +: 3 # - # ' " ( & - "%/ , . & 2 ) " $' # & % )3 " # ' / +# 3 " . " # & "' # / , # # 2 ( - "%/ ( #( # , & 3 * " )3 "#% % " ' 1 " " - #% . # & " # # 3 # . 4 ) ) # 3 #& 2 & # 1 , "* 2 ## ) " + * /# " * %. "# + # # # % * $ 3 " " (' 6 & . +# & ) " #%+ (Maianthemum bifolium). > #(& ' "# ' & #( -'1# ' 6 # '. * # "' # $ (. + #& + " $ & " ) ' " (' " 6 # +: %, # /) - %/ " 6 & /& / $ %/ 6 & " * ' #% - * / . * & &" $ # # = "& # "# " # ? & +# 2# " (5, / )*& " (5, # 5 # " (5. < +# & " # ,* # ' " # %. . -'1# " # # " "' & " +" ) +#%/, # " ## # %.), 5 (* #), . # & 6 & 3 " (# 5 "' * " )" # 5 6 & # 3 / " ## & : # / (& % * " & (" $ # "& + & - # '-= * " 3 & 6 # & ). , +# & - # " " * #%+ * " (" +" +#%/. - # + " #(5 ) +# & " 5 & " % * %#(& # % '3 & # + " $ #&). # # * # 5 " (# ) #(. ##% '3 % & 5& %. = ) * ) +# & " " # + , '6 # '. 3 2 # " -) 2# )-# (: " # ' " "' (& # #(& + ")/ + " $ &, # & #6 & 3 # 5 "' & # % . & . > '3 & " / #'5 "' #( 3 " + - %. ) "', # * % 5 6 % # % . + "# 3 "), & " % )$ # % $ " #& " 1 " 5 "' # " $ (& /. % +# & " & % , # 5 # * ' #%+ * &)". > '3 & ' %. * ,# & % * 6% * 5 * % +# & $ - "'& 3 ' " $'. +# &, & & # 3 )3 "#% %, - " # # 3 # . - #% " ) # 3 & * 3 $ 5 , # * - #% " 5 "' 2 % . ## # / * "' 2 -#( ") - # '. + ) +# & #& , * & & 3 : ( & # . ,

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# & %/ * / (# & , ,3 # 3 & " 6% )$ #%/ . # 6 & (Moneses uniflora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epatica nobilis). & #6 * ' - # ' # ) 6 / "& %, # #3 # & %/ )3 / 3 2# ) ( * 2 # $ (. $)& & & " %/ 3 )$ %/ " " # % #& 6 & . 2 %+ 6 & # - & " - & )3 ##% ) . > * "& $ 3 # ', * # # 6 . " # 3 #% $ " /" -- * #%/ $ " + * +"& + " " #%. < * "& #( # , & & (& " + "# 3. .( = ) * ) * (# &) - # * (' (& & - # 3 / # ', )"& ' - #( * . / " # +. )3 "5 * - - ' & + 3 )$ + 6 &. - # )3 +, +, %+... 4 6 * "& ! - %. "' # + #& + " $ &-6 # ", # & #6 3 & " %+ 6 &. #) 6 & # 3 -'1#%/ $ %/ % # &, " 6 # "& * # ( +. / - # %/ * " & . & "& 6 & * "& , & # # , # "& (& # * / 2 # 5 &, # " # 6 & ) # / # 3 $1 3 - : * " & , $ % # & * " & . / " # " ) +# : 5 & * "& " ## & , $ " # ' # "' "' & " +" ) 5 & %/. * 6 # ')* "& " ( # (& 6 & , # * . * "# 3 # -- #% " (', 2 1 # . / : # $% # : " ' * " #& " 3& # - # # $ (. * " . & / " ( # " .( # ) & & / )3 / # . / " # +. . " (' 5 $ -# ##%+ "& * 3 $ 5 . 3 " # 6 , # " #) % " 5 % , # & + 2 : %, # (& " -- #% /# % "& . # # # 5 , '5 "& . "& # - # # 3 / # . / "#%/ " # +, ) & %/ 1 " " # "- 3 #%" $) #%. / 2# # + & )*#%/ * & /, & % "* 3 5 "' ) " + * /# " . "& .( * &), .( $) # " " 6 & / . #%. " ) (# , * " & $) )1 / 6 & / ' %, # )2 5 ' &)5 3 )$ )5 & "&). )# $) #%+ (Lycopodium clavatum). " ) $% #%/ $ + / +#%/ " # " "' * )# $) #%+. > " # " "' 3 #% $ " # +* # * +"& + " " #% 2 ' 52#%/ $ " + -# & . ". 16. )# $) #%+ # .# + * )# #( " $ - #. 0 # 3 ##% #& " $ , /# % # 3 " ##%/ & / " ( ( ". 16). $ ( " "' * , ' # $ (. $ & % # '. 2 ' ' (- & # "' #(& + & " & + - #& /

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oodyera repens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

- 6 & * " " $ -)5 "' * % #( #(& & $ & . # / " 5 ( +. " # , * 3 # & " %"' & 2 + & $ & . 2# " $ * " (, # "& (& # %. & " # * # #% * " % 3 - . "" & 2 3 - " %"' #% 3 . " # , # " '1 *% #& . # , & & & + * . &, 3& * / % 5 "' & - )/ . #) ## " # / - % +# * " : # # & & / & & .& , " $ (& , " ( , & & ) # 3 / )3 / " # +, (& # # ' & #( & /& &. & % 2 " # * "& /, & " %/ / +, & % % 1 5 #2 '/. < %* 3 5 # 3 )" , $% * " ( = "*% #& " * ) ( - # / - " % " # '. ' ( /* / "' # * ), " $)5 * (#)5 " ), #)2 # " $%+ )/ . . # "# 1 # " $ ## " ( 3) ( %. " " 2# ( " # - / , # & # " , 2# ) ( * - #% 3 #% 3) ( % (# ## * -) & # 1 " / '1 # 3 & #' . # 3) ( % # $% #% ' & + #(& + & " % , & & "* & . ) 2 # 3 & , " . ## . ##% $ & %/ # + " # (# & & . 2# $8'"# ( = " ## " ? & -% "', # * /# " & # + - " "' 3)" + + & - # +. / # + & "& * "& / 3 $& , & % 2 ) * , - & # -% ' & - . 3 $ #'5 " # 5 & # % "& : # * 3 1 5 ) - * %. = / )" '/ #& # ' & #5 * " # #)2#%. $ (. ' # 2 . 7 $, * " ''"( # & #'/ 3) ( %, * # " - " #)5 * (-) " # 5. # & # * ) * = * ##)5 %3 ) ' " $'. 7 $#% 3 :% * # & 5 2 % & & # )2# 3 " ' & #' - & 5 ) 3 # "& 1 " . & ' & - * ) # - # #) ## +, =# :# +. $ - 3 $ 6 & 3 " # ', * ), % $ "' #( # . # "# , $ & -% 3) ( 2 ( # 2 . )2 " " 3 $ " 2 -# ## + * $# " (5 " # '. 7) ( #)2 "' * ") " 3 $ # * '2 # " + " + 2 -# , " " 3 * ' # '# " . 2 " # # 3) * " $ -) " ' 3 $ . ". 18. 8 (# & 8 (# & $%&# ##%+ (Hypopitys monotropa). +* # , & 3 )2 * "* # & , ") * ' ' "' # " # #( " ## " # . ) # * (' # 5 "' " % $ # -2 % " & , * * # 51 * .)5 " ) / 5. " # " 5 "' 6 % 3 )** . 1 # + # " & # . & 5 & $ -# - 3#) % ( ". 18). " & * " * ## ) #'5 "', # # & ' " 5 "' " 3#) % .( * -2 " " %* ' '5 "'. 2 %+ " & * & % .)+ % " (' , # 3 /).& "*)"& 5 "' 6 & . " " # " . ## # $ -#)5 $ #)5 & "&), # % * # - "& . < & & 2 , / 2 # " -) .(: # # # % '5 "'. " # , & (, # -% "' * 8 (# &. # 2# ""& - ( # 3 # "# 3 . > & +* 6 & %/ " # +, * # " (5 . ##%/ - # + & "& # "* " $#%/ & : " # -). 8 (# & # / : 2 ")1 " (, * ) ' .( 3 )5 3 # "&)5 * 1). = # * - . "* " $) * # ' # "/ # " "#% . '* #% 3 $ # " "' & " ) " * : . & " # ', & & % -# , 2 ) ") - " - 2 # ' %/ " (#%/ " & , # & * 51 /"' # * /# " * % /# / " '/. , * 8 (# & 6 & " # ,& * "* " $) * # ' "/ # " 3 $ . 8 (# & * / 2 # 3 $% * # .# " . , * = + * # =" #6% # -% 5 3 seen-lill, -# "3 $-6 &". 0 # # - # ! - 6 & * 8 (# & & " # $ -)5 "' * % # $ (. / (#%/ & $ &" - % +# & , & & *% (, " # . ( & " # )" '/ " %3 # . ( # #( ) 3& * / % 5 "' 2 " $% & - )/ . "), & & - " # , # $% " (# 3 .

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"% %/ )3 /. / 2# " ( " /, )# /, " *'/. " ( # , & & # " ## , 2 *)" %#'/. (& -#%/ " / - #% %. " & - " # # 3 ( (& # + "& "& + $ " , # * , /$ * )" # ). . & " ##%/ " / " ) " % " &. 1 " 3 - "( " "' " & " " '. > " # # & $ -) "* .# + # -- #%+ * & * * 3 )$ 3 " $ ## * 3 " . "5 ), &) # -3 '# .(, - )-& , # . & # . , # #% " ('. ' " ( '3& & " (' # * 2 .("'. " " ( # " * " (# " 3 & +, / . #% * " % 3 # 3 " ##% "& , # & & " #& . " (' = 3 " & " (# *). #%, 3 # # - # " " +. *). ## " ( - # 2#%+ (#%+ * -# & ## + " & . )3 / & / " & ") # . 3 $% % # * . ", " & " " ' " 3 - # . & # )/ " #(5 * "# 3, & - ) . " "& * ( + "# 2#%+ * & , 2# ) ( - #% )-& # % " ( . 3 # " )* "# , # " #) " % , * . " (' % " 5 # % . / " -) 2# ( * $ $ # + & "& . # % " (' # 5 , " % * " * ## - "%/ 5 . +) " & " " + ##% #& & # 1 , # 1 " * # + "* 6%. # "* " $#% $%" "* " #' ("' " " #%, # / " 5 " ('. , 3 ' & ) " "* - # 5" & # 1 " # - / % # % , # " & ") * # - # 2 "'. '" # " 5 , # "/ -# / * # & 3 # * ' ' "'. " # 5 . " %+ " + * . / " ( . < " & , & & # 3 # . "#% %, "# +. ' 6 # ' #( #% )2"& & "& - " -2 % % # & & " & , * # 51 "' # %" & / " $ (& /. #"& & "& , # * , # # * & 5 & " $ # # '. # " " ' - #& +, & & # (, " , # & + " ' * # & & - # % 6 & .> 6 & * / 2 # #(& * & & & 3 . & #6 & 2 3 6 & $ %/ )" & - % (6 . - # , & " # , - 2 #"& 3 6 & " #(& +, " * "'# - # , - ) %+ - #%+ . &, #) & 3 * 1 "' 1 $ & + * - . &. #% ( $%&# ## ' (Aegopodium podagraria). & # " " # ' )$ %/ " "* " $#% - " ("' "* .# 3 * & * # $ (. + * 1 . # 3 # / " ) # #% =&- * ' # & 3 # " 5 "' "" . . ## # " $' "#% (. " )$ ") # 3 2# (# * $. #% 3)" % - " = 3 (# & )*# 3 '# " 3 " # '. 4 " "#% # " (& 3)" %, "* .( * & % 5 * ), " . ## # " '' " $ # 3 * " #" . (# , # " " ' (& - # / " ( = 3 " # '. 9 " ( "#% " # / & # , / 3& )-# (: & & #6) ## 3 .& * & * ' "' " (# "" ## ' # & )*#% (& " ' * " #& , "* 2 ## ' 3 - # (# + * "& " . " * " ("' & " ), # ) # ( - " #)5 * (# " ( 3 " # . . & " # /) ' "' # (#%/ $ #& / . & , & 2 %+ - # /, " 5 (, # & 2 $ 1 "' # & #6 . = #& & # #% # ' * & * '5 "' (#% (& " - / $1 + " 2# " ' (. " & 3 " # ' $ # & # -% 5 2 % + % . , # & , (, " (' "#% # " 3 " " ' ' (#%/ " & . # 3 # & % - # /, " " # , " " 5 "' )3 " )3 # 6 . 3 $1 & " " & ) #(. "' - / " # "' )2 # ' (, (& " ( " (. ' "#% ( # " "' & " ) * # "#%/ " # + *%.# - " "' "), # * * 3 ( * # & 3 # 6 . < # " # ' 2# # $ 5 ( (& # & % " & "), 3 # 3 " . = / )" '/ ) "#% * ' ' "' %" & + (# 1#%+ " $ ( " # "& (& " (' , # 3 /).&

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athraea squamaria). ## + "# + $% # / " /, 3 " .# & * , # 3 2# " ( " ## " # ," . ## . ## - # + & "& . --* " ' * . + " % & -3 * # 5 "' (# 1#% $ - % " & , " 3#) % # * $ & 5 & . # # * " * ## "* ' '5 "' ) #'5 "'. - # - 3 # 3 " # ' - * & " . , %+ " %+ " $ ( " # ' # 2# + " * & % " $ -#% " (' & )*#%/ .) &, %. # " # 3 - %/ 6 & , * # * 2 %/ )3 & )3). " % * * $) %& * ( * & " - , ) " # 3 # * ) "'. < & ( 3 ' ) " "'. '" " %+ " $ ( " # ' * 2 "' * + $ %+ 6 . 1 # 3 # (& # ) #(. "', 2 ) "'. # 3)" * & % " . ## # $% #% " (' - & & , $ % , " (# - ) % , * / 2 # #( " % & . . / )3 )$ # '/ # 3 * * 5 "' )*% # " & %/. "5 * 2 # # - & 5 # , ## " # # " & ' # . - #%+ " $ ( (& # 1 ) #( 3 )$ & 5 # 3 & # "'. # "# , $ & % / ' * * ' % )3 * * # , # * )3 +. ) 5 "' " $ -#% & " % ( "5 # - # " # '). " #( 3 1 (# " "& *& , 3) " ("' #& & # " # ', / '1 & # 1 . # " * & " 5 "' " 2 % & #' .# & *% * " "% 5 "' & # , * ) ' ) * (#% 1 " . " " * & "# # ' $ -)5 "' " $% ) 1 # ' - * " "& . & " * "& + $ - 2 -# . > # - # # 3 / * * " 6 & %/ " # +. & " # ' # #)2#% - #% " (' " $ , # $/ % (& 3 #% - # 2 # ' - 6 & . +# 3 % 2 # ' = " 3 ) * "& 3 * - # 3 " # ' :: # ( . " " # " " * (& # 3 6 & . & & 3 ! > - 6 &-3 3 # , " %+ $ (. + - " / 6 & . 3 " 3 . & " 3 $%, # # , # & 3 # * # ("' # * /# " ( : * # # " 3 $ "* #. 2 -#( & 2 3 " # '# 3 # "' # (& * # , # $/ " (* " . ## '= 3 * # "' - * & " "# +. < & 3 " 2 # & , / / # * " 1 5 * % . , & % * - ' *% # . (# "& -6 & $ -)5 "' * %-& $ & " #% " # & + 2 #%, & & ) & . 3 " # " - 5 , %"%* 5 "', - 2 -#(

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): 5). * / 3# - & , & & ) " (#%/ / +, " 3 # & " ( +. / " '#. & / " '#-*% # & & 2 * 2 $% ( " %. %"' . "* " #'5 "' " # "* 1(5 , # *% (6 . / * / % 5 2 " $% * & - )/ . 2 " % " ) # & %/ )3 / "#%/ " # +, & %/ )2 . ( # " # 6 / ## + &# 3 . # "#% * - #% 3 #% 3# - & , $ 3 ' & % # * ) " # - # . " " 2# %& * ( " # 1 (# " $ ( 3 , % ) # # $% # . " % & # "* "( & )$ &, & %+ * / 2 # * ( 3# - , " 2 ## -* ) ( . 7# - & * * "' " / # & )2 " . $% # # " # #% =&- * ' , # / '1 "' & )3 )3 . - # 2 "' 3# - & (& " # . " % ( %& * ( " # 3 , & & ) # 3 %"%* "( " # , # - "( )2 # "" # "'. = ) 3# - &) # * - 2# " $ 3 (, & &, * , " )3 # . & " )1 / . & % # & % / & #% " # ' )$ . # , & # # , ) (, / 2# # + "& 5 (# )$ /: # " 5 "' " . ##%/ (/ +# . & " ##%/) " /, # & %/ * / / +#%/ " , 3 $ $ 3 % * %. " 2 ' )$ # / & #%: ## - "( # *%.# " 3 5 "' " 5 "' # $ (. & " . *** % "#%/ " ( & ,& % "* " # #% # 3 / * / " # 5 ' # 3 * * # ' # / +#% , # . & " ##% " . > , & "& - (, # + (#% , # :: # #% * " "# + : %. # "& (& / & / " # '/ " + "* + (. 5$& ) " # ' (Platanthera bifolia). < & # & %/ " # + # * /#) " $ , # (5 - 5 " (#%+ . " ) & / " # + # " "' 5$& ) " # ', & )5 2# " ( ") # "# + * '# . ' # , % # * , 2 $% (, 2 " $ ' $)& . 5$&) # 3 # -% 5 # # + & " 6 + --3 , # (5 # * /# 3 - " (# , # . 6 & " %+ " $ -#%+, # # 3 # * # 51 + - * / & # 3 ). " 3 $ & . < )1 " # # . # -'1 " : #& +, " +#%+, * ' " '1 + " $ (, # /) & 3 %/ " 6 - $ %/ 6 & , ) " +$ (. / ) # ## (#%/ " ( 5$&) # ) " # +). " (' "* 2 #% #* )3 3 * 2 # . # $ " '1 , " # & ##% . / : " $ ## "#'1 '"' * /# " ( - / . + (#%+ * -# & " # '. = ) 5$&) 2# )-# ( (& * " (' 2 3 , & 3 # # 6 . ' ) " 6 )1 =&- * ' " 3 " ( & , & % # 6 ) . & $% ) # 3 / " # +. # "# , # 6 )1 =&- * ' % 5$& # 3 5 # " , (& #. 2 % " , # * , ) # %. +# & ) " # 3 . " # ', 6 ) , 5 * " , " (#% - $% # #. $ -#% * - #% 3 #% 5$& # $ (. / (#%/ & )$ #(& # + " # * " & *) & " %/ # '1 /"' & # +. > & )$ #(& - 2 / . + (#%+ * -# & " # '. )$ #(& " )2 " 2 # ' - * " * (#%/ 1 " . " ) * "/ 2 # 5 # * " '5 " $ + " (# ) 1 ##% & # . " $ ## & )*#% & )$ #(& ) - " %/, 6 )1 / =&- * ' 5$& . # - & )$ #(& $ " )5 & "&) )* )3 +, )3 + - $ #%+ '3& +. %+ - # / +, * ' . +"' ## 3 ), + - " %+, * . 3 # +. " % , # '1 "' & # 5$& # * # 5 & # )2 -# & + # 3) ( %. / " = # " ) +# . * /# " & # + 5$& , & 2 & & ) 3) ( %, "' 3)" + + & - # + 3 $ & - . ( % )2 3 , & -

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"' ) # 3 / "#%/ " # +.) 5$& # " "' & " +" ) / #%/. $# # 3 # . "#% / ' , # * 6 # ' # "' " $ + & " +. < & $ % , # ##% , # $ (. , # * 2 5 # : +, # & "& +. ,)6 & " ( # # "# ' ( - & # -% %+ .* 6. > #& + ##%+ " & )$ & , - & % + # # & #6 . # # "& (& # * # # 5 #% # 2#% ' .* 3 . #) .* 6 - $ "6 #%+ " & + # & . , 3 ' # 2 " ) 1 / " " #% ##%/ .* 6 " 6 5$& & 2 "' / % . " # "# 6 & 5$& - *% # . & " )3 / #% , 5$& *% ' "' # " & % . 3 & & - $ # " & * "& / # & *% "' * # &#) ( #) ( 6 & , & 3 3 & * & "' #& ' & & '# & " & . #% & & *% (6% # /).& * # + ( # # "& (& * / 2 # )" & & & +-# $) ( # # + $ $ & " $) #% ) 1 # # & #6 , # (& 3 #(. ). " 6 &, # " & )# " # 3 & = )& . # . * "/ (. " $ - ( # ) # . 3 # " & * # & )3 + 6 & 5$& , & & *% (6% # ")" & " * & " "' & % (6) * " & * "/ *% # . # 3 ', 5$& & & $% ""% " 5 *% (6) " # " & % , $ 3 ' ) " 3 "' * & " # *% # . * # (#% *% #& , " -) $ (. + / "" +, 6 % "& * # . - & ( * # - 6 & "* " $#% # (& # " & % . 2 " " )"* / 2 " ( %" . -( ##%+ & # . & # 6 3 " ( * 3 )$2 6 &. %#) & # . $ # , ) , &# ) * & "' ")" &" 2 ( & 2 6 & "' * # '). > # - # $ # "#%/ *% , & % 2# * (" " # ' * . " *% # ) "' " * % 6 & ,# + "(. * $)+ )3 +, +, %+. # 3 * # ', " * ) "'. ) 2 $% ( * +* # , * * "( 6 & " .& " % , 3 )2 # * # , ,# $ , " .& % ,3 * # 1 # " . # 3 - /, & $% "), " $ 5 $)& & 6 )1 + 5$& . & 2 % 3 " * / " $ (. $ (. # , "$ 6 3 3 ) "'. " & $) * 2 ("' (. , #( "& 5$& " " " -# -# . / " , # . * & )2 # & 3 # " 3) 5$ ("' = -'1#% " # . 03 - * # 3 )# 2 # ' 5$& * # (# . > " # - # 2 "' (& " # , * " ) . $ ' 6 %, % # " - ( " # , " (# , 6 & )# 2 * " " # ' " & . " # " '#, # 3) * ' ("' # % =&- * ' % 5$& , " % # * - # * 3 $#) . " # # " " ( -# ' * "# " (. 1 - )51 + (Equisetum hiemale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thyrium filix-femina). & " ## # - # # . & "* " # ##%/ "#%/ * * # & . * 2 ""& -% ( $ = " # ,/ "( $% "& - ( # # 3 * * # & / $1 . * # & - " # ' 3 5$ % # %# " % , * = ) / 2 -#( "# " '- # " " . > - / & #% * " "# + : %. / # " % "' # . / " /$ )/ "' & . ) . " 3 " $' ) " )5 * * # & # # $ (. / "#%/ * 3 # /, * '# /, ( 3, * / '1 / ", - " , 3 " # " . ) # *%.# - " 5 "', $ -)' * " 3)" % - " . * # & - -'1#% " # '. # " 3 * & 5 # # & " % - #% & )2 " + " %. ##% * " % " (' " " $ #% *) & , # * # 51 . & #& . # 3 ) & + #& ) (# * (# ' : , # * / 2 # 3 #%+ - #%+ :)2 (" ":)2 " " # - : #6)-"& 3 '-%& , 3 # -# "* * # &"). - # 2 # * * # & " ( # 3 * (# 3 . ( +. ', # ' * " % 3 - *% #& -"* , * * # 5, # #(& + - # + * " #& # + # $ (. # 3 ' - - " &). * ) , = & . # " # , 2 )1 # * "), - # - " + ' $ (. 3 * * # & ? 2 )# # $ (. "/ " , 2 ) 3)" # 6 + $ $ & +. -# & ' # - " & * ' ' "' # " '1 + * * # &, "# #( #(& +. " / ) (, 3 $ -)5 "' ) * * # & "* %, * " # # 2#55 * /# " ( " & #6 . %# + - "( # 2 " #( & /& # %/ *' #%. &, "" '##%/ * * /# " . "" (* $# " " # ' & / *' #%. & - / # -% 5 " )"% 2# (& " * 1(5 " (# + )*% & "& * . $ (. ) # # , & 2 *' #%.& - = "& * # #(& / * "& /

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

3

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* "# / "& ( -# & 3 # # + , = 3 $% " " ## . 4 # " 3 - & /3 $ ,# # ," & $%&# ##%+ (Gyromitra esculenta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orchella esculenta). # "' " & , 3 . '*& * # * ##)5 : ): # * / 2 # &) # '+6 . /# " ( . '*& 2 # ' " -' " ', 2 -$) '. 2& 3 ## , )" & . "# + " "' &2 " & & # "& + (Morchella conica), ) # ## ' . '*& & 3 * / 2 # )5 . .&) (" . ")# & # & +& ). & , & & " & , # "' "' & ") % 3 $ . # %3 ' 1 # ## + 3 $, & %+ # -% "' " & ' . * & (Verpa bohemica). ")/ + * . + " + * * # "' 2 -$) ' 1 # " ' . '*& , " '1 ' # " + $ + # 2& . * %+ -3 ' " & . * 3 ' "( & . '*& - # " " " $ ', * & % & " % "& & ,& % # $ -)5 ' &. 3 # , - "( " ' # " '1 ' . '*& , # , & & & * & # * " &, # # # 2&) * & * ' "' (& " # . * $) .( ( 3& ' "', # '## ) # .( 3 $ 2 " . " " ( 3 $ 6 & , # , # 2& ) # 3 (# ## ', # "& (& ## . '*& . /) # #(. , &# -) # # 3 ) 1 "'. & ' . * & &2 # " "' & ") % 3 $ . -& +, # # ,* # ") "', "8 $#% # . ## 3 $% 3 / 2# # + . " * " ##% 3 $% "8 $#% &)"#%, # (& " & " & # "# ( & *'1 + # 10-20 #) , * )2 2 (. & '. * & * 3 # '2 & 3 $ - & +* (# + * 3 & . ) # " 3 ,3 # + ## 3 $%, " ( ) # : # " 5 "' -#%/ * / " . 4 "( #)2# * " -# ( * ##% 3 $#% " . " # 2 % " 3 -# $) ( ") " ## 3 $%, # ( " * / "5 # " )51)5 "#). * , 2 = " ) # (-' $% ( ) ##% , # 3 # $ :)3 $ # & 2 %+ 3 $% ) 2 +#% . 7 $% # $% # + : %. $# 2 ## + * "), # & " 1 / # 3 " 5 "' 3 $% 3 # (# + : % - # $ (. . & , # "& (& * / 2 # # 5 #)5 +#)5 .&). > #% % * 6 6 (Peziza) # & %/ $ -& / . . & * " '5 " $ + * % = / 3 $ . / #) ##'' * /# " ( "* .( * & % # 3 " ##% " (# % '#) % . & " "* - ") & . . #% * % 3) $% ( #( & - #(. 3 . #%. $% # # & )*# - & & #% # & 2 $ (. . #& / / ' #( " #% , # & . & "& 3 $ (# -# $ -# : ' & -& "# ', #2 ', & # '. ". 26. 7 $ 3 & # " $ -# : ) &)" #%/ 3 $ - * " + 3 & (Clavaria) # & %/ )3 /. %, & # # , " # * ") = 3 # (#% #(& "&)" & " " 1 / " & " ( ". 26). # $% 5 ' & #2 % , 2 % , $ % . " 2 ' 3 $% " # ' "' " #% , )* )3 . (# 5$) .("' / 3 6 -# + : +. # " " '5 * ' #%+ & # " " $% #% - # & #% 3 $ ,& %/ .( #( # 3 : & %/ #(

*

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"(. 1 3 $%, & % &2 * & 5 # # " + : +, # " '1 #(& * & . # " 5 "' $% # / +#%/ " / " ) # / * & * (' . & "& / $ ' 2 '. > * " "* ) ' ' (Spathularia). 2& 3 $ * # & + 2 #%, & & "* & , # 1 . 4 & # "' # * "& + * " #& + (# + : %. 7 $ * / 2 # . & & & " & . & 3 $%- * & / / 3 * & 5 "' # 3 $ (. & " . # '3& )* )3 , & & -# & % " "8 $#% 3 $%. 0 ' " + : + 3 $ " & " ' (Craterellus cornucopioides). " ( " $ )-& & # "&)5, " (# % '#) )5 . '*) " #( & & * ' ## &)5 : ) 3 $. (& = ". '* " " & (# , * )-& + & # 6 )* "' 5, * ' "* 2 #% # /). 7 $ # & # 3 $% # # $ (. * (6 . # .# + 3 $ (# #%+: # # -" 3 , * # 3 6 . # , --- = 3 # 6% # -% 5 3 " )$ + %/". ##%+ 3 $ $ 2 +. + " ## & " -# & + "8 $# + %2 + " & : = )3 + 3 2 . # & # 6, 1 $ # 3 $ , & %+, * 2 )+, # " / * % )1 /. - # 3 -'# ' - & ( % Geastrum). > 3 $ +" (# * / 2 # - - )" # 3 " % ) . 6 # & +- - %* 1 "' # $ (. + . & " % & + # /). 7 $ 2 # * " 3 * & # # 3 # (# " (5 " +: %. & "& 3 # ' & ', "& # '. ; & 6 # - & * / 2 # -# & %+ " 3 $- 2 &. .( # . & - - % & % $ & # + *% (= "* % 3 $ ). 4 '# ' - & - $ -& + " ## & 2 & . > & & $% # 5 #%+ 2 &, # " " $ -#% )& . # - - %. "# #%+ 3 $ (Marasmius scorodonius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hallus impudicus). - 2# , " ) "(, ' * "), )3 * ) " ( # * ' #%+ "* 6 : "& + - * /, * / 2 + # - * / * . % * . # "& (& . 3 # " -. - "( $%, # 3 " $ ## 3 - * $ - " 3# . " % - # ") "(, &) "/ )*#%+ " , % $) # ) #%. ' -%"& * - * /), % # * - # $# )2 ... # "#%+ 3 $. # # -% "' " & + $%&# ## +. # .# + 3 $ "( " $ - #. - * # "' $ ' # 2& # +" & # . 1 # + * * (6 . & #6 - " 3& - ) ' & # "& ' 3 & " 2 $ 3 6 . /# " ( 3 & " ', & & ) " & . /) 3 & - # $ (. ' 1 # '* -(. 7 $ # * # " & " # $% # ## + # 2& +. 6% #( ) # # -% 5 3 #5 " & .

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ylopilus felleus). 7 & "' $ 3 , " 3& )5 "# -) . '*&) #%+ " %+ ")# & # " + # 2& . " 2 " (# # #( * / 2 # $ %+. * / ( #3 & 2 & -/ . /3 $ * "' %$ " ( &). #( . # 2& 3 ' $ & . " "' 3 & / +#%/ " / 5 - " # '$ . " ( ) # " )3 + & 3 2 3 $ - * #%+ (Suillus piperatus). > " (#%+ 23) + &)", " # * 6. # .# # %3 ' $ - $ # # * # / & # $ (. / " #& + # 2& +. (& . '*& "# -) # ', & "# & # '. /) # 3 " . # 2# + * /# " . '*& - # 2 " & / % &, & & ) # . / ) . / 3 $ : $ 3 , * $ & , * " # & , " #& . " 23) + 3 $ $% # ")/ / " /. ' * ' # ' - 5 ( - " # '$ (. > # 3 # "' * #( 3 $ - +# & . # / - ' %+ 2#%+ * # &, # * 3 #%+ * 1) 2#%+ )+ . & * 2 , * ' ("' 3 $ , " ) * " ("' " *% #% 3 $# & . " " ' "' ") " # (#% 3 $%, ) . # $ . * " # & (Helvella infula). - # + " #(5, & 3 )2 * " , & -3 ")

2# # 2&), # 1

" ( 3 $ " ## + : %. # (# " )5 2 -$ )5 # /) & + "* 3 "' & # %+ )3 %+ & & * ) %/ +. > & & # "& (& & )*#%/ # * (# -& # "& / * " +, / -#% " #%. ) # 2 "& - (, # # * / 2 (" . ")# & # & *& ). & %3 ' 3 $, & %+ # -% "' * " # & . ' ' "' # #( * - # , # - " %/ * " # /. ) %+ 3 $ 1 " 3 " "' # " (# - ). ## + " # (# * , # * )"3# . / " / ( , 2 1 /# ), &2 # 2#%/ & " 1 /. " "#%/ * 2 # " * " ' "' # $)3 ##%/ " & / ( . " $ ## & )*#% 3 $ % " ,3 " # 2# * = " ( "#% " & )3 (. * " # & # & # .# "/ " " " & ' ' "' 3 " ## & : $ 3 $ * # 2 & " ) ") %/, # "' "' & # ) " +" ). # & '* ' # ' /" . ## # . # - # / & & $% & % 3 $# + " - # "), )3 + . . " / * % 3 (& 3 $ /-" * : /, & % - 3 5 % " & " # + 2 ) # * . * ( ""& 2 )/ 3 $ /-* - /, & % 5 "' # 2 %/ ('/. ) & " #%+ (Laetiporus sulphureus). 2 $% (, % & 3 -# $) ( # " " 3 )$ $ (. # " % 2 3 6 , # 3 " #2 % #& - & & $% " % 3 - # (#% & -% (& . # 3) $% ( #). (#%/ * ) $ (. #). > * % * - # 3 3 $ ,& %+ # -% "' ) & " #% . ' '5 "' # "# + & " # - "%/ 5 . & / 2 -# .( # "& (& "'6 . 3 + / )& + - # " #% '3& , # * = = " #% , " # - # % . & 2 % # " % ) ( 2 , . '*& # & %/ "8 $#%/ 3 $ .4 * / / (# * ' #%+, * # 3 $# +. 2#'' * /# " ( & -% (& & % ', & & ) . '*& $ 3 3 $ . 4 "( & % 5 "' " ' # 3 " ##%/ & / )$ &, & % * # -% 5 * . )$ & %"%* 5 "' ( +. , # % * " % 3 "* %. # * / % 5 "' & - )/ * # "' "' (# & . * 1(5 / 3 $ - # 2 "'. # "# , & & $% # $% # & # # " & & $% # "* 3 "' " & -% &, )$ & " 3 # * #% " 3 & (# . ( (& * & * 2 # * # " % "* % 3) $ "* *' " ## %"%* ("' #& / ##%/ )$ %/ & # (6 . % 3 $ "& * " /* ' # '# " "8 $#%, # * / )2 # (-' "* (( * 1). # 5 * & # 6 %"%/ 5 3 , " # ' "' & . &) 2 $ ) "' # 1#% 2 % # " %? * $) * " ( "( *) ( ' 3 $ . # "' " " & & +- $ #% # " . 2 # # " , # * , & , * / . + * "# + 3 . " " # &)" & & % $# 2 "( 2 ' & #( , 3 $) " ( 3 * " ("'. #) * * 5 3 $#% "* %, & % # "' "' - )/ , # # 5 * " (. & -% "' - 2 ##% . - "* "# % " 5 # +. , #(. " ,2 % # - & # -% % 3 :%. # * # & 5 " - "( " (# - " 5 "' ' "', $ -)' $. # " 2# "* # 6 +. & + 6 + "' " # # -# (# * '2 # " 56 $ . " . +"' " 3 $ - ). " #). - & *& + # * 1 "' )/ ' )5 * $ %+ # & ("& "# ' 3# ("). (& * " 3 ,& &3 $ " # 1# - ( "' #) " , * ' '5 "' )2 -# & % # * % . & $ - , 3 $ " ( & & $% " : "# "& % ' 2 -#(, & 3 # - " "' " , * ' # # " - $ - # * %/ . 7 $ * " ' "' (& # / ('/, & % 5 #%. "5 '"# , "& ( 2# ' " / # # ' ( " " '# $ 2# # . # & # , * )* 2 # "'& / * # # +.

) & " #%+ " ## & )3 / ) & ,& % &2 $ -)5 * % # " / ( . = * % " . ## #% - # 5 : ) & *% & *& , '# " % . # , " /# " / )$ , " #, $ -. # "# , & "& *% " " / #'5 "' # 3 ,* 2 3 # # " 5 . 9 " ) # * # # ' (Fistulina hepatica). > * - #%+ 3 $ %3 ' #( " $ -# . 3 * * / 2 # $ (. + * "& + &)" & '" * #( & )*# 3 2 # 3 ( "5 # - # 3 $ ). & # "# $ - # - & % " # " / " %/ )$ , # 3 ) " +. * ' ' "' & #6 " #(5. "* 2 # # # &2 , & &) ) & ,-# * $ & -% (& . & "& " /) '" -& "# ', "# -) - 2 '. 4 "(, # # 2# + * /# " , & & ) ) & , 2# ( # 2 " & / % &-= " ' )$ &, #) & %/ $ -)5 "' "* %. : " ) #% ) (# # * # &)" & '" . # (# '3& " # . " $ ## * (# , , " 3 (, - # 3 " "' & "# ' 2 & " (, #( * / 2 ' # & (. /# " ( & "# ' " $ % ")#& , & & $) '" " 2 % * 2 & . &)" '& & " %+, - * / * ' #%+ - : )& %+. % : " ) #% "8 $#%. " $ ## " ' '= 3 $ "# #%/ / "/ # " # "" ##% ) & . % 3 &2 # # . # " / #'5 "' .( # "& (& # (. 9 " ) # * ) # # " /# . / ('/, (& # )$ . " "' # ") # " . 4 ( < ) &" 6 # -% 5 #( " $ -#)5 3 )**) # -. / " # +, # # 3 * / 2 / # 3 $% * " )" # 5 2 -# . & % -# /# * # 5 3 $% 2 * # .# ) ). " "( # & " % , 3# 51 *#' . # 3 2# ( 6 % "& * # ' " ##%/ & / . & & # - #2 + & "& . # " ) * ' # " + " # . # /$ #& & )*# + '3 % # +" #% (" . ")# & # & +& ). > & & " ( # - # $ "* " # ##%/ "#%/ &" 6 - & # -% ' & 3 , ( & (Lycogala epidendrum). # . & '3& . " " (# # (# # - # /, # * "' # 3 % & 3)" ' #2 ' 2 & " (. & & #6) . & " 5 - # " # ' "' ")/ . = ' #) # / )2 # 2 & " (, %/ ' * .& $ -# ' "" # -& # 3 6 . = + " ' & 3 #( # * # #(& + 3 $- 2 &. #%+ * . &, & %+ # / "' #) " - . 3 . & , * " ' " $ + "") "* , " * 1(5 & %/ " # - # 2 "'. . &* . &, & 3 - = & & $% 2 & # 5 .0# " ( . # * , #%+ * . & "* #) # 3 . ) $% # # " = " # &3 $ ? ( * "' & 3 & 2 , & & # & % 3 $%: # 2 - " - 2 # ' 3# 51 + " #% )3 / " (#%/ " & . & 3 - # 3 $. * ): * / # , ) 3 $ . + * " 2 -#( " " 3 # , " "* %. % #& -"* %, %"%* . "( " 3 . $ -# 3 " 1 , * " 5 , " )" ' ' = 3 $ 3 * ' #%. & 2 + "* % % " & "& * "& + &)" & 2 3 1 " - 3 ' & & , . ## ' $ & . 0 # " ( (& * * ' . / # & ', & & ' "' ) 5 "' " , " 5 "' "* .#)5 " - " )5 ""). & "& * = " -( %3 ' & & * * " # 3 ' . "" " - - & # -% %+ * +-) "' / * & % #& + * #& + 3# 51 "#% " & 3 -# $) ( # + "% + 1 " 3 *#'. +" * ' * " # # $%&# ##%: # $ "* " $# " (5 ## * 1 ("' " " # " , & & $% * * - (. & 3 # $% # ) & & / )3 /

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uligo septica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Мир лесных растений

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