BarCharts QuickStudy Periodic Table

1 1 H 1.008

BarCharts, Inc.®

18 2 He 4.003

WORLD’S #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE

Hydrogen

Helium 1s2

1s1 Oxidation States

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Electroneg.

1

2.2

–

–

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

37

–

–

–

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

0.75

13.60

Unstable Anion

24.59

13

2

3 Li 6.94 4 Be 9.01 Lithium

Beryllium

1s22s1

1s22s2

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

0.98

2

1.57

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

152

(+1)76

111

(+2)45

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

0.62

5.39

Unstable Anion

9.32

Atomic Radius: given in “pm”; 1 pm = 1x10-12m

Sodium

Magnesium

[Ne]3s1

[Ne]3s2

Electron Affinity: energy released in the formation of an anion: given in “eV”

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Atomic Number: number of protons

16

17

Boron

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Fluorine

Neon

1s22s2p1

1s22s2p2

1s22s2p3

1s22s2p4

1s22s2p5

1s22s2p6

Oxidation States

Ionic Radius: given in “pm”; 1 pm = 1x10-12m

11 Na 22.99 12 Mg 24.31

15

5 B 10.81 6 C 12.01 7 N 14.01 8 O 16.00 9 F 19.00 10 Ne 20.18

Electronegativity: Pauling scale; measures ability of atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond

Electroneg.

1 Atomic Radius

14

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

3

2.04

4,2

2.55

3.04

-2

3.44

-1

3.98

–

–

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

80

–

77

(+4)16

74

(+3)16

74

(-2)140

71

(-1)133

–

–

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

0.28

8.30

1.26

11.26

Unstable Anion

14.53

1.46

13.62

3.40

17.42

Unstable Anion

21.57

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

+ – 3,5,4,2

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

13 Al 26.98 14 Si 28.09 15 P 30.97 16 S 32.07 17 Cl 35.45 18 Ar 39.95

1st Ionization Potential: energy required to remove one electron, forming a cation; given in “eV”

Aluminum

Silicon

Phosphorus

Sulfur

Chlorine

Argon

[Ne]3s2p1

[Ne]3s2p2

[Ne]3s2p3

[Ne]3s2p4

[Ne]3s2p5

[Ne]3s2p6

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

3

1.61

4

1.90

3.16

–

–

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

143

(+3)54

118

(+4)40

110

(+5)17

103

(-2)184

99

(-1)181

–

–

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

7.65

0.44

5.99

1.39

8.15

0.75

10.49

2.08

10.36

3.61

12.97

Unstable Anion

15.76

Electroneg.

1

0.93

2

1.31

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

186

(+1)102

160

(+2)72

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

0.55

5.14

Unstable Anion

Atomic Weight: weighted average of atomic masses of natural isotopes - mass number of the most stable isotope for each radioactive element

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

+ – 3,5,4

2.19

+ – 2,4,6

2.58

+ – 1,3,5,7

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

4 5 6 7 8 9 3 10 11 12 19 K 39.10 20 Ca 40.08 21 Sc 44.96 22 Ti 47.87 23 V 50.94 24 Cr 52.00 25 Mn 54.94 26 Fe 55.85 27 Co 58.93 28 Ni 58.69 29 Cu 63.55 30 Zn 65.39 31 Ga 69.72 32 Ge 72.61 33 As 74.92 34 Se 78.96 35 Br 79.90 36 Kr 83.80 Potassium

Calcium

Scandium

Titanium

Vanadium

Chromium

Manganese

Iron

Cobalt

Nickel

Copper

Zinc

Gallium

Germanium

Arsenic

Selenium

Bromine

Krypton

[Ar]4s1

[Ar]4s2

[Ar]3d14s2

[Ar]3d24s2

[Ar]3d34s2

[Ar]3d54s1

[Ar]3d54s2

[Ar]3d64s2

[Ar]3d74s2

[Ar]3d84s2

[Ar]3d104s1

[Ar]3d104s2

[Ar]3d104s2p1

[Ar]3d104s2p2

[Ar]3d104s2p3

[Ar]3d104s2p4

[Ar]3d104s2p5

[Ar]3d104s2p6

Oxidation States

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

1

0.82

2

1.00

3

1.36

4

1.54

5.3

1.63

6,3,2

1.66

7,6,4,2,3

1.55

2,3

1.83

2,3

1.88

2,3

1.91

2,1

1.90

2

1.65

3

1.81

4

2.01

2.96

–

–

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

227

(+1)151

197

(+2)100

161

(+3)75

145

(+4)61

131

(+5)54

125

(+3)62

137

(+2)67

124

(+3)55

125

(+2)65

125

(+2)69

128

(+2)73

133

(+2)74

122

(+3)62

123

(+4)53

125

(+3)58

116

(-2)198

114

(-1)196

–

–

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

0.50

4.34

0.04

6.11

0.19

6.56

0.08

6.83

0.53

6.75

0.67

6.77

Unstable Anion

7.43

0.151

7.90

0.66

7.88

1.16

7.64

1.24

7.73

Unstable Anion

9.39

0.3

5.10

1.23

7.90

0.81

9.81

2.02

9.75

3.36

11.81

Unstable Anion

14.00

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

+ – 3,5

2.18

+ – 2,4,6

2.55

+ – 1,5

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

37 Rb 85.47 38 Sr 87.62 39 Y 88.91 40 Zr 91.22 41 Nb 92.91 42 Mo 95.94 43 Tc 98 44 Ru 101.1 45 Rh 102.9 46 Pd 106.4 47 Ag 107.9 48 Cd 112.4 49 In 114.8 50 Sn 118.7 51 Sb 121.8 52 Te 127.6 53 I 126.9 54 Xe 131.3 Rubidium

Strontium

Yttrium

Zirconium

Niobium

[Kr]5s1

[Kr]5s2

[Kr]4d15s2

[Kr]4d25s2

[Kr]4d45s1

Oxidation States

Cadmium

Indium

Tin

Antimony

Tellurium

Iodine

Xenon

[Kr]4d105s1

[Kr]4d105s2

[Kr]4d105s2p1

[Kr]4d105s2p2

[Kr]4d105s2p3

[Kr]4d105s2p4

[Kr]4d105s2p5

[Kr]4d105s2p6

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

0.95

3

1.22

4

1.33

5,3

1.60

6,5,4,3,2

2.16

7

2.10

2,3,4,6,8

2.20

2,3,4

2.28

2,4

2.20

1

1.93

2

1.69

3

1.78

4,2

1.96

2.66

–

2.60

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

248

(+1)161

215

(+2)126

178

(+3)102

159

(+4)84

143

(+5)64

136

(+6)59

135

–

133

(+3)68

135

(+3)67

138

(+2)64

145

(+1)115

149

(+2)95

163

(+3)80

141

(+4)45

145

(+3)76

143

(-2)221

133

(-1)220

–

–

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

0.49

4.18

0.11

5.70

0.31

6.22

0.43

6.63

0.90

6.76

0.75

7.09

0.55

7.28

1.05

7.36

1.14

7.46

0.56

8.34

1.30

7.58

Unstable Anion

8.99

0.30

5.79

1.11

7.34

1.07

8.64

1.97

9.01

3.06

10.45

Unstable Anion

12.13

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Silver

[Kr]4d10

2

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Palladium

[Kr]4d85s1

Atomic Radius

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Rhodium

0.82

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

[Kr]4d75s1

Ionic Radius

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

[Kr]4d55s2

1

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

[Kr]4d55s1

Atomic Radius

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

+ – 3,5

2.05

+ – 2,4,6

2.10

+ – 1,5,7

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

55 Cs 132.9 56 Ba 137.3 57 La 138.9 72 Hf 178.5 73 Ta 180.9 74 W 183.8 75 Re 186.2 76 Os 190.2 77 Ir 192.2 78 Pt 195.1 79 Au 197.0 80 Hg 200.6 81 Tl 204.4 82 Pb 207.2 83 Bi 209.0 84 Po 209 85 At 210 86 Rn 222 Cesium

Barium

Lanthanum

[Xe]6s1

[Xe]6s2

[Xe]5d16s2

Oxidation States

Tungsten

Rhenium

Osmium

Iridium

Platinum

Gold

Mercury

Thallium

Lead

Bismuth

Polonium

Astatine

Radon

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

1

0.79

2

0.89

3

1.10

4

1.3

5

1.5

6,5,4,3,2

1.7

7,6,4,2,-1

1.9

2,3,4,6,8

2.2

2,3,4,6

2.2

2,4

2.2

3,1

2.4

2,1

1.9

3,1

1.8

4,2

1.8

3,5

1.9

4,2

2.0

2.2

–

–

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

265

(+1)174

217

(+2)142

187

(+3)116

156

(+4)83

143

(+5)64

137

(+6)60

137

(+7)53

134

(+4)63

136

(+4)63

139

(+4)63

144

(+3)85

150

(+2)102

170

(+1)159

175

(+2)119

155

(+3)103

118

(+4)–

–

–

–

–

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

0.47

3.89

0.15

5.21

0.5

5.77

~0

6.83

0.32

7.89

0.86

7.98

0.15

7.88

1.10

8.7

1.57

9.1

2.13

9.0

2.31

9.23

Unstable Anion

10.44

0.2

6.11

0.36

7.42

0.95

7.29

1.9

8.42

2.8

-

Unstable Anion

10.75

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Tantalum

Atomic Radius

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Hafnium

[Xe]4f145d26s2 [Xe]4f145d36s2 [Xe]4f145d46s2 [Xe]4f145d56s2 [Xe]4f145d66s2 [Xe]4f145d76s2 [Xe]4f145d96s1 [Xe]4f145d106s1 [Xe]4f145d106s2 [Xe]4f145d106s2p1 [Xe]4f145d106s2p2 [Xe]4f145d106s2p3 [Xe]4f145d106s2p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2p5 [Xe]4f145d106s2p6

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

+ – 1,3,5,7

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

87 Fr 223 88 Ra 226 89 Ac 227 104 Rf 261 105 Db 262 106 Sg 266 107 Bh 264 108 Hs 269 109 Mt 268 110 Ds 281 111 Uuu 272 112 Uub 277 113 Uut 284 114 Uuq 289 115 Uup 288 116 ? [Rn]7s2

Rutherfordium

[Rn]6d17s2

[Rn]5f146d27s2 [Rn]5f146d37s2 [Rn]5f146d47s2 [Rn]5f146d57s2 [Rn]5f146d67s2 [Rn]5f146d77s2 [Rn]5f146d97s1 Darmstats, Germany disc.1981 disc.1964 disc.1967 disc.1974 disc.1984 disc.1982

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

1

0.7

2

0.9

3

1.1

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

–

–

–

(+2)162

188

(+3) -

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

0.46

–

–

5.28

–

5.17

ALKALI METALS

ALKALINE EARTH METALS

visit us at quickstudy.com

ISBN 142320003-9 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. ©2002, 2005 BarCharts, Inc.

$4.95 U.S. / $7.50 CAN REFERENCE: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics • 81st edition, 2000-2001 CONTENT ADVISOR: Mark Jackson, PhD Chemistry Professor - Florida Atlantic University DESIGN / LAYOUT: John Ford, CEO Customer Hotline # 1.800.230.9522 March 2005

Dubnium

Seaborgium

Bohrium

Actinium

Hassium

Meitnerium Darmstadtium Unununium

Ununbium

? 117 ? ? 118 ? ? Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Not discovered Not discovered Not discovered

disc.1994

disc.1996

disc.2004

disc.1999

disc.2004

-

-

-

Darmstats, Germany

Darmstats, Germany

Dubna, Russia

Dubna, Russia

Dubna, Russia

-

-

-

HALOGENS

LANTHANIDE SERIES

[Rn]7s1

Radium

ACTINIDE SERIES

Francium

NOBLE GASES

58 Ce 140.1 59 Pr 140.9 60 Nd 144.2 61 Pm 145 62 Sm150.4 63 Eu 152.0 64 Gd 157.3 65 Tb 158.9 66 Dy 162.5 67 Ho 164.9 68 Er 167.3 69 Tm 168.9 70 Yb 173.0 71 Lu 175.0 Cerium [Xe]4f15d16s2 Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium [Xe]4f36s2 Oxidation States

Electroneg.

[Xe]4f46s2 Oxidation States

Electroneg.

[Xe]4f56s2 Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Samarium

Europium

Gadolinium

Terbium

Dysprosium

Holmium

Erbium

Thulium

Ytterbium

Lutetium

[Xe]4f66s2

[Xe]4f76s2

[Xe]4f75d16s2

[Xe]4f96s2

[Xe]4f106s2

[Xe]4f116s2

[Xe]4f126s2

[Xe]4f136s2

[Xe]4f146s2

[Xe]4f145d16s2

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

3,4

1.12

3,4

1.13

3

1.14

3

–

3,2

1.17

3,2

–

3

1.20

3,4

–

3

1.22

3

1.23

3

1.24

3,2

1.25

3,2

–

3

1.0

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

183

(+3)114

182

(+3)113

181

(+3)114

181

(+3)109

180

(+3)108

199

(+3)107

179

(+3)105

176

(+3)118

175

(+3)103

174

–

173

(+3)100

173

(+3)109

194

(+3)99

172

(+3)98

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

–

5.54

–

5.46

–

5.53

–

5.55

–

5.64

–

5.67

–

6.15

–

5.86

–

5.94

–

6.02

–

6.11

–

6.18

–

6.25

–

5.43

90 Th 232.0 91 Pa 231.0 92 U 238.0 93 Np 237 94 Pu 244 95 Am 243 96 Cm 247 97 Bk 247 98 Cf 251 99 Es 252 100Fm 257 101Md 258 102 No 259 103 Lr 262 Thorium

Protactinium

Uranium

Neptunium

Plutonium

Americium

Curium

Berkelium

[Rn]6d27s2

[Rn]5f26d17s2

[Rn]5f36d17s2

[Rn]5f46d17s2

[Rn]5f67s2

[Rn]5f77s2

[Rn]5f76d17s2

[Rn]5f97s2

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Californium Einsteinium [Rn]5f107s2 Oxidation States

Electroneg.

[Rn]5f117s2 Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Fermium

Mendelevium

Nobelium

[Rn]5f127s2

[Rn]5f137s2

[Rn]5f147s2

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Oxidation States

Electroneg.

Lawrencium [Rn]5f146d17s2 Oxidation States

Electroneg.

4

1.3

5,4

1.5

6,5,4,3

1.7

6,5,4,3

1.3

6,5,4,3

1.3

6,5,4,3

–

3

–

4,3

–

3

–

3

–

3

–

3,2

–

3,2

–

3

–

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

180

(+4)94

161

(+5)78

139

(+6)73

–

(+5)75

151

(+4)86

131

(+3)98

–

(+3)97

–

(+3)96

–

(+3)95

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

–

6.08

–

5.89

–

6.19

–

6.27

–

6.06

–

5.99

–

6.02

–

6.23

–

6.30

–

6.42

–

6.50

–

6.58

–

6.65

–

–

M = Generic symbol for element in compound; E = Element raw material form; A = Alloy, blend or mixture; C = Compound; Bold = Most Important Use

NATURAL FORM

H2 gas

Li

Be

bcc

hex

Na Mg bcc

K

hex

Ca Sc

bcc

He

solid - for solid, most stable crystal form liquid gas

fcc

Rb Sr

hex

V bcc

rhom

hex

N2 O2 gas

gas

F2 Ne

Al

B

Si

P

S

fcc

fcc

cubic

ortho

Cl2 Ar

bcc

bcc

bcc

hex

fcc

fcc

hex

ortho

In

hex

hex

bcc

bcc

Cs Ba La

Hf

Ta

W

hex

bcc

bcc

bcc

Fr –

fcc

bcc

hex

Ra Ac bcc

C

gas

gas

gas

gas

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

bcc

Y

Ti hex

gas

hex

hex

Re Os hex

hex

fcc

rhom

hex

Sn Sb Te

liquid

I2

gas

Xe

fcc

hex

hex

Th Pa

U

fcc

tetra

ortho

hex

Li

Be

0.53

1.85

Solid, liquid: g/cm3 (20°C and 1atm) gas: g/liter (0°C and 1atm)

Na Mg 0.97

1.74

K

Ca Sc

Ti

V

1.54

4.51

6.0

0.89

2.99

Rb Sr

7.87

8.86

tetra

tetra

rhom

4.47

6.52

8.57

10.2

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po At Rn

Cs Ba La

Hf

Ta

W

Re Os

fcc

fcc

hex

fcc

rhom

cubic

1.93

3.62

13.3

16.4

19.3

20.8

Fr

Ra Ac

fcc

liquid

ortho

–

gas

gas

rhom

bcc

hex

hex

hex

hex

hex

hex

fcc

–

hex

6.15

5.0

6.77

Th Pa

ortho

hex

11.7

hex

hex

hex

hex

–

–

–

11

6.77

Es Fm Md No Lr

mono

N2 O2

*1.43

P

S

2.70

2.33

1.82

2.07

1

Cs

F2 Ne

*1.70

*.90

Cl2 Ar

8.90

8.96

7.14

5.91

12.1

12.4

22.6

12.0

Ir 22.5

10.5

5.32

5.72

4.80

*3.21

Sn Sb Te

3.12

*1.78

I2

Xe

8.69

7.31

7.26

6.68

6.24

Pt Au Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po At Rn

21.5

11.8

11.3

9.79

19.3

13.53

9.2

4.92

*3.73

–

*5.89

*9.73

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

10.0

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf

cubic = SIMPLE CUBIC, bcc = BODY CENTERED CUBIC hex = HEXAGONAL; ortho = ORTHOHOMBIC; tetra = TETRAGONAL mono = MONOCLINIC;

*1.25

Si

In

fcc

hex

C 2.26

Al

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

Pt Au Hg

hex

2.64

7.3

Ir

fcc

1.53

Y

B 2.34

He *.179

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr

7.15

fcc

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

fcc

DENSITY

H2

.089*

–

7.01

7.26

U

15.4

7.52

5.24

7.90

8.23

8.55

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf

19.1

20.2

19.7

13.6

13.5

14.8

–

8.80

9.07

9.32

6.90

9.84

Es Fm Md No Lr –

–

–

–

–

fcc = FACE CENTERED CUBIC; rhom = RHOMBOHEDRAL; – = unknown

Alkali metals; compounds with M(1+) valences Cesium

E - Photoelectric cells E - Atomic clocks, infrared lamps

2

0.90

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION

Li

Be

134.7

308.8

kJ/mole Liquid ➜ Gas ∆Hvap at boiling point

Na Mg 89.04

K 77.5

128.7

Ca Sc 150.0

Rb Sr 69.2

References: CRC; The Elements, 3rd ed., J. Emsley, 1998

139.0

305.0

Y 393.0

Cs Ba La 65.9

Fr –

140.0

399.6

Ti

V

429.0

458.6

696.6

594.1

Hf

Ta

W

661.1

753.1

799.1

711.0

5.57

6.82

Al

Si

P

S

294.0

383.0

12.40

45.0

0.12

Li

Be

3.00

7.9

351.0

382.4

371.8

304.6

115.5

585.0

567.8

Re Os 707.1

627.6

495.4

Ir 563.6

393.0

255.1

99.87

Pt Au Hg 510.5

324.0

59.11

314.0

333.0

481.0

284.0

U 423.0

–

192.0

176.0

312.0

391.0

8.54

14.10

254.0

In

334.0

31.9

95.48

Sn Sb Te

226.4

290.4

67.9

114.1

Tl

Pb

Bi

162.1

179.5

151.0

29.96

I2

41.57

293.0

251.0

293.0

Ti

V

14.15

21.5

1484

2836

Rb Sr

Y

1897

4603

5458

5555

5596

Fr

Ra Ac

159.0

–

428.0

–

C - Fireworks, flourescent lamps

3

196.0

–

–

–

–

He –

B

C

50.2

117

N2 O2 0.71

0.44

Al

Si

P

S

10.71

50.21

0.66

1.72

F2 Ne

0.51

0.33

Cl2 Ar

Li

Be

181

1287

Na Mg 98

650

Ca Sc

64

842

16.2

17.48

13.26

7.32

5.59

36.94

24.44

6.69

7.03

19.87

Cs Ba La

Hf

Ta

W

Pt Au Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

2.09

27.2

36.57

52.31

4.14

4.77

11.3

33.29

38.59

Re Os 60.43

57.85

26.59

Ir 41.12

16.74

22.17

11.30

12.55

2.29

17.49

10.57

1.64

I2

Xe

15.52

2.27

Po At Rn –

–

2.89

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 6.89

Th Pa 12.34

7.14

U 9.14

7.7

8.62

9.21

10.0

10.15

11.06

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf 3.20

2.82

14.39

15.0

–

17.0

19.9

16.84

7.66

22.0

1541

Rb Sr

Ti

V

1668

1910

–

–

–

–

-196

-183

Al

Si

P

S

2519

3265

280

445

-188

Cl2 Ar -34

2913

2562

907

4150

5012

3695

2963

Ir

2162

767

Pt Au Hg

4428

3825

2856

357

2204

In

2833

603sp

685

Sn Sb Te

-186

59

-153

I2

Xe

184

2072

2602

1587

988

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po At Rn

1473

1749

1564

962

–

3520

3074

U

–

3000

1794

1529

3273

3230

2567

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf

4131

–

3228

2011

3100

–

–

2700

2868

1950

1196

–

–

–

Lanthanum

4

-62

Y

3402

–

He –

C

2075

4492tp

N2 O2

-210

-219

Al

Si

P

S

660

1414

44

120

F2 Ne

-220tp

-249

Cl2 Ar

Hafnium

Hf

-102

-189

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr

1907

1246

1538

1495

1455

1085

420

30

939

817tp

221

-7

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

In

Sn Sb Te

2477

2623

2157

157

232

631

450

Cs Ba La

Hf

Ta

W

Re Os

Pt Au Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po At Rn

2233

3017

3422

3186

1768

304

328

271

254

28

727

Fr

918

Ra Ac

27

700

2334

3033

1964

1555

Ir 2446

962

321

1064

-39

I2

114

302

Xe -112tp

-71

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

1051

798

931

1021

Th Pa

–

1750

U

1572

1042

1074

822

1313

1356

1412

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf

1135

644

640

1176

1345

1050

900

1474

1529

1545

819

1663

Es Fm Md No Lr 860

1527

827

827

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

H2

J/(g K) (at 25°C and 1atm)

He 5.19

Li

Be

B

C

3.58

1.83

1.03

0.71

Na Mg

Al

1.23

0.90

K 0.76

1.02

Ca Sc

Ti

V

0.65

0.52

0.49

Rb Sr 0.36

0.30

0.57

Y 0.30

P

S

0.71

0.77

0.71

0.32

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

In

Sn Sb Te

0.28

0.23

0.23

Pt Au Hg

Tl

0.13

0.13

–

0.24

Hf

Ta

W

Re Os

0.14

0.14

0.13

0.14

Fr

Ra Ac 0.12

Si

0.37

0.25

0.45

0.20

–

0.92

0.39

0.27

0.48

0.24

–

1.04

F2 Ne

0.82

1.03

Cl2 Ar 0.48

0.52

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr

0.45

Cs Ba La 0.20

N2 O2

0.13

0.42

0.24

Ir 0.13

0.44

0.25

0.39

0.24

0.13

0.23

0.14

0.33

0.32

1627

6

0.19

Th Pa 0.11

–

0.19

U 0.12

–

0.20

0.18

0.24

0.18

0.17

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf –

–

–

–

–

–

2.37

1.49

0.002

K

1.56

Ca Sc

Ti

V

2.01

0.22

0.31

Rb Sr

0.16

0.58

Bi

Po At Rn

0.12

0.16

1.41

Xe

0.13

0.17

P

I2

Pb

0.17

Si

1.03

0.15

–

0.09

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 0.19

Al

0.16

0.16

Y

0.35

0.17

0.41

0.60

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

In

Sn Sb Te

0.23

0.82

0.67

Pt Au Hg

Tl

0.72

0.46

–

–

–

0.51

1.00

1.17

Hf

Ta

W

Re Os

0.58

1.74

0.48

Fr

Ra Ac –

0.88

0.91

1.50

0.23

0.72

Ir 1.47

4.01

4.29

3.17

0.97

0.08

0.50

0.11

0.13

0.17

Th Pa

–

0.54

U

–

0.15

0.13

0.14

0.10

0.11

0.11

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf

0.28

0.06

0.07

–

–

H

He

1400

0.008

Li

Be

B

C

N

O

F

Ne

20

2.8

10

200

19

461000

585

0.005

Al

Si

P

S

Cl

Ar

1050

350

mg of element per kg of crust

Na Mg 23600 23300

K

82300 282000

Ca Sc

145

3.5

Ti

V

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br

Kr

120

102

20900 41500

22

5650

Rb Sr

Y

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

In

33

165

20

1.2

0.25

2.3

Hf

Ta

W

Re Os

Ir

Tl

Pb

3

2

1.3

<0.001 0.002

0.001

0.85

14

90

370

Cs Ba La 3

Fr

425

39

Ra Ac

<0.001 <0.001 <0.001

950

synthetic

56300

0.001

25

0.001

84

0.015

60

0.075

70

0.15

Pt Au Hg 0.005

I2

Xe

0.03

Pb

Bi

Po At Rn

0.35

0.08

0.20

–

–

0.16

0.15

0.004

0.085

19

1.5

1.8

0.05

Sn Sb Te

2.4

<0.001

I

Xe

0.45

<0.001

0.2

0.001

Bi

Po At Rn

0.17

0.004 <0.001

0.02

<0.001

0.39

–

–

Zirconium

Titanium titanate TiO4(4-) metatitanate TiO3(2-)

Ti

E - Nuclear fuel rods, catalytic converters A - Percussion caps E - Heat exchanger A - Airplane motors C - Furnace bricks A - Bone pins C - Pigments for paint/paper

H

Mg

Ti

1 - 99.98% 2 - 0.02%

24 - 79.0% 25 - 10.0% 26 - 11.0%

46 47 48 49 50

Niobium

V

Vanadium vanadate VO4(3-)

He 4 - ~100%

E - Construction materials, tools E - Springs, jet engines

Tc

8

Technetium synthetic

27 - 100%

Li 67-

Chromium chromate CrO4(2-) dichromate Cr2O7(2-) E - Plating for car parts A - Tools, knives C - Camouflage paint C - Stereo, video tape, lasers

Cr

Mn

E - Radiation source for medical research

7.5% 92.5%

Be 9-

Manganese permanganate MnO4(1-)

A - Fountain pen points, compass needles, clock bearings, decorations

9

31 - 100%

10 - 19.9% 11 - 80.1%

S

C

32 - 95.0% 33 - 0.8% 34 - 4.2%

12 - 98.9% 13 - 1.1%

Iron Fe-cyanate Fe(CN)6(3-and4-) ferrate FeO4(2-) E - Eye treatment, thickness meters for egg shells A - Bikes,cars, bridges, magnets, machines A - Fountain pen point, electrical contacts C - Nails, tools, tin cans

Ru

Fe

N 14 - 99.63% 15 - 0.37%

Rhodium rhenate ReO4(1-) E - Cancer irradiation E - Headlight reflectors, telephone A - Hypodermic needles, helicopter spark E - Relays, fountain pen points plugs, standard one-meter bar A - Airplane spark plugs

Rh

O

Cobalt cobaltate CoO4(4- 3-) Co-cyanate Co(CN)6 (3- and 4-) E -Gamma radiation A - Permanent magnet A - Razor blades C - Catalytic converter

Co

16 - 99.8% 18 - 0.2%

10

F

Metal; compounds: M(1+...6+); ligand complexes: M(1-,0,1+)

A - Dental crowns C - Anti-tumor agent

11

seperation A - Dental crowns, tel. relays E - White gold C-Rechargeable batteries

Metal; compounds: M(1+...3+); ligand complexes: M(1-,0,1+)

Au E -Gold Precious metal

A - Jewelry A - Electrical contacts, dental crowns

12

C - Photograph film and paper

Cd

36 - 0.3% 40 - 99.6%

Ne

Ca

55 - 100%

Fe

Ni 58 60 61 62 64

Indium

In

E - Thermometer filling C - Insecticides, infrared detectors C - Heart muscle research

Ga

E - Solar cells, mirrors A - Regulator in nuclear power C - Photo cells, transistors C - Blood and lung research

Gallium

40 - 96.9% 42 - 0.7% 44 - 2.1%

Na

Sc

23 - 100%

45 - 100%

Al

E - Quartz thermometers C - Computer memory, transistors laser C - Laser diodes, used to locate tumors

-

68.1% 26.2% 1.1% 3.6% 0.9%

Zn

Aluminum

E - Window frames, doorknobs, tube E - Cable, foil, fireworks, flashbulbs A - Cars, rockets, planes

-

69 - 60.1% 71 - 39.9%

90 91 92 94 96

Ge 70 72 73 74 78

-

21.2% 27.7% 7.7% 35.9% 7.4%

75 - 100%

Se 74 76 77 78 80 82

-

0.9% 9.4% 7.6% 23.8% 49.6% 8.7%

79 - 50.7% 81 - 49.3%

Kr -

48.6% 27.9% 4.1% 18.8%

B

51.5% 11.2% 17.2% 17.4% 2.8%

Nb 93 - 100%

2.3% 11.6% 11.5% 57.0% 17.3%

Sr 86 - 9.9% 87 - 7.0% 88 - 82.6%

Y 89 - 100%

In 113 - 4.3% 115 - 95.7%

112 - 1.0% 116 - 14.5% 117 - 7.7% 118 - 24.2% 119 - 8.6% 120 - 32.6% 122 - 4.6% 124 - 5.8%

Tc

Te

93 - synthetic

122 123 124 125 126 128 130

96 - 5.5% 98 - 1.9% 99 - 12.7% 100 - 12.6% 101 - 17.1% 102 - 31.6% 104 - 18.6%

-

–

–

14

Pb

Metal; compounds and ligand complexes: M(2+,4+) Lead

metal

E - Radiation protection A - Batteries, roof coverings, solders A - Ammunition C - Gas additives

15

Sn

Tin metal hydroxy stannate Sn(OH)6(-2)

A - Cups, plates, coins, organ pipes C - Opalescent glass, enamel

Silicon metalloid silicates SiO4(-4) silanes (Sihydrides) Si(4-) silicides silicic acid H4SiO4 E - Infrared prisms, reflector in projectors E - Microchips, solar cells C - Tools E - Wide angle lenses A - Dentistry C - Quartz, cement, glass, grease, oils

Ge

Germanium metalloid germanate GeO2(2-) GeO3(2-)

Si

Bi

Solid; compounds: M(3+,5+,3-) Bismuth

Sb

E - Catalyst in rubber production A - Fuses, sprinklers C - Glass, ceramics

16

121 - 57.4% 123 - 42.6%

176 177 178 179 180

-

2.6% 0.9% 4.8% 7.1% 18.9% 31.7% 33.9%

I

W

Ce 140 - 88.4% 142 - 11.1%

182 183 184 186

Pr

Re

141 - 100%

-

102 - 1.02% 104 - 11.1% 105 - 22.3% 106 - 27.3% 108 - 26.5% 110 - 11.7%

128 129 130 131 132 134 136

Ag

Cs

Pd

107 - 51.8% 109 - 48.2%

-

1.9% 26.4% 4.1% 21.2% 26.9% 10.4% 8.9%

133 - 100%

C - Tennis rackets, regulator in nuclear plants, heat resistant glass, eye disinfectant

C

Carbon C(2+,4+,4-) carbonate CO3(2-) bicarbonate HCO3(1-), acetate C2H3O2(1-) oxalate C2O4(2-), carbides (4-)

E - Pencils, diamonds, steel, controls nuclear reaction E - Tire colorant C - Plastics, life

Po

metal

E - Nuclear batteries, neutron source E - Antistatic agents, film cleaner

17

At

Antimony

As

A - Solder, bearings, lead batteries C - Mascara, infrared detectors

Arsenic arsenide (3-)

P

E - Shotgun pellets A - Metal for mirrors C - Glass, lasers C - Light-emmiting diodes=LED

Phosphorus phosphide (3-) phosphate (PO4(-3) phosphoric acid H3PO4

E - Fireworks, matches C - Pesticides C - Fertilizer, detergents, toothpaste

N2 gas Nitrogen N(3-...5+); ammonium NH4(1+) cyanide CN(1-) nitrate NO3(1-) nitrite NO2(1-) nitride N(3-) oxides - NOx azide N3(1-) diimide N2(2-) amide NH2(1-) acid: nitric HNO3 nitrous HNO2 E - Cryogenic surgery, liquid coolant, ammonia production C - Rocket fuel

N

Te

Tellurium tellurate TeO4(2-)

metalloid

Se

Selenium Selenides Se(2-) selenate SeO4(2) acids of SeOx

S

Sulfur solid sulfide S(2-) sulfate SO4(2-) sulfite SO3(2-) thiosulfate S2O3(2-) thio...(S added or subst. for an O) acids: sulfuric H2SO4, sulfurous H2SO3

E - Vulcanization of rubber, percussion caps, battery plate protector E - Light meters, copy machines, solar cells E - Matches, fireworks, batteries, vulcanization of rubber A - Electric resistors C - Anti-dandruff shampoo C - Permanent wave lotion

Halogens, X2, compounds: M(1-), Halide (1-), Acid=HX Astinate

metalloid

0.009 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

I

Iodine acid: Hl, iodide(1-) iodate IO3(1-) periodate IO4(1-)

I2 solid

E - Disinfectant, halogen lamps C - Ink pigments, salt additive

Br

Bromine acid: HBr bromides Br(1-) bromate BrO3(1-)

Br2 liquid

C - Photographic film, tear gas C - fire retardants, disinfectant

O

Oxygen o(2-,1-) ozone O3 oxide (2-) peroxide O2(2-) hydroxide OH(1-)

O2 gas

E - Combustion, steel production E - Water purification C - Sand, water, cement

F

Fluorine F2 gas fluoride(1-) acid: HF hydrofluoric, oxyfluorideshalofluorides

Chlorine Cl2 gas chloride Cl(1-) chlorate ClO3(1-) chlorite ClO2(1-) hypochlorite ClO(1-) perchlorate ClO4(1-) acid: hydrochloric HCl, C - Toothpaste additives, teflon perchloric HClO4, chloric HClO3 C - Uranium enrichment E - Water purification C - Bleach, hydrochloric acid, PVC plastics, stain removers C - Refrigerator coolants

Cl

26.3% 14.3% 30.7% 28.6%

Os

27.1% 12.2% 23.8% 8.3% 17.2% 5.8% 5.6%

186 187 188 189 190 192

-

1.6% 1.6% 13.3% 16.1% 26.4% 41.0%

Ir

145 - synthetic

191 - 37.3% 193 - 62.7%

Sm

Pt

144 147 148 149 150 152 154

-

194 195 196 198

3.1% 15.0% 11.3% 13.8% 7.4% 26.7% 22.7%

Hg 198 199 200 201 202 204

Gd -

2.2% 14.8% 20.5% 15.7% 24.8% 21.9%

-

10.0% 16.9% 23.1% 13.2% 29.9% 6.9%

Tl 203 - 29.5% 205 - 70.5%

Pb

159 - 100%

204 206 207 208

Dy

Bi

Tb

160 161 162 163 164

32.9% 33.8% 25.3% 7.2%

197 - 100%

151 - 47.8% 153 - 52.2%

154 155 156 157 158 160

-

Au

Eu Xe

-

185 - 37.4% 187 - 62.6%

Nd 142 143 144 145 146 148 150

5.2% 18.6% 27.3% 13.6% 35.1%

180 - 0.01% 181 - 99.99%

138 - 0.1% 139 - 99.9%

127 - 100%

Rh

-

Ta

La

Pm

Boron metalloid B(2+,3+,3-) compounds: borates (BO4, BO3) tetraborates B4O7(2-), boranes, borides

Solid; compounds: M(2+,4+,6+,2-) Polonium

E, A, C - Seldom found in nature

-

1.4% 24.1% 22.1% 52.4%

209 - 100%

- 2.3% - 18.9% - 25.5% - 24.9% - 28.2%

Po 209 - 100%

At

Ho

210 - 100%

165 - 100%

Rn 222 - 100%

Er 164 166 167 168 170

-

Fr

1.6% 33.6% 23.0% 26.8% 14.9%

223 - 100%

Ra 226 - 100%

Ac

Tm

227 - 100%

169 - 100%

Th

Yb 170 171 172 173 174 176

232 - 100% -

3.1% 14.3% 21.9% 16.1% 31.8% 12.7%

Pa 231 - 100%

U 235 - 0.7% 238 - 99.3%

Lu 175 - 97.4% 176 - 2.6%

Elements > #92 are synthetic and radioactive

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 66.5

9.2

Th Pa 9.6

<0.001

41.5

U 2.7

<0.001

7.05

2.0

6.2

1.2

5.2

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf synthetic

synthetic

synthetic

synthetic

synthetic

synthetic

1.3

3.5

0.52

3.2

0.8

Es Fm Md No Lr synthetic

synthetic

synthetic

synthetic

synthetic

H2

Hf 2.4% 6.6% 7.9% 11.2% 71.7%

Sn

Sb

103 - 100%

Rb

134 135 136 137 138

92 - 14.8% 94 - 9.3% 95 - 15.9% 96 - 16.7% 97 - 9.6% 98 - 24.1% 100 - 9.6%

Ru

Br

80 82 83 84 86

-

Mo

85 - 72.2% 87 - 27.8%

63 - 69.2% 65 - 30.8%

64 66 67 68

Zr

As 4.4% 83.8% 9.5% 2.4%

Mn

Metal; compounds and ligand complexes: M(1+...3+) Thallium

-

Cu

20 - 90.5% 21 - 0.3% 22 - 9.3%

Zn

50 52 53 54

59 - 100%

A - Bronze sculpture, Statue of Liberty

Metal; compounds and ligand complexes: M(2+)

Cr

Co

39 - 93.3% 41 - 6.7%

Mercury Hg2(2+) Cadmium Zinc E - Barometers,thermometers, street E - Rechargeable batteries A- Nuclear E - Anti-corrosion coating, batteries lights A -Dental fillings C -Seed protection reactor regulator C -Red/yellow pigments A-Water/gas valves C -White rubber pigment

50 - 0.3% 51 - 99.7%

35 - 75.8% 37 - 24.2%

19 - 100%

Copper Ag E Silver - Mirror, batteries; A - Silverware Cu E - Cable, wire A - Pennies, bells

V

54 - 5.9% 56 - 91.7% 57 - 2.1%

K

Palladium Nickel Pt E Platinum - Crucibles, nitric acid production Pd E - Catalytic converters, hydrogen Ni E - Coins A-Knives, forks, spoons

8.0% 7.3% 73.8% 5.5% 5.4%

Cl

Ar

Metal; compounds: M(2+...6+); ligand complexes: M(2-...1+) Iridium

28 - 92.2% 29 - 4.7% 30 - 3.1%

P

A - Tools, axles, steel for rail switches C - Safes, plows, batteries

Ruthenium

Si

100%

B

Metal; compounds: M(1+...8+); ligand complexes: M(2-...1+) Osmium

Al

-

Ga

Ba

106 - 0.9% 108 - 0.9% 110 - 12.5% 111 - 12.8% 112 - 24.1% 113 - 12.2% 114 - 28.7% 116 - 7.5%

0.16

Es Fm Md No Lr –

Isotopes have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes not listed are radioactive or synthetic.

Cd

0.001 <0.001

0.24

ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCE IN THE EARTH’S CRUST 1. Oxygen 2. Silicon 3. Aluminum 4. Iron 5. Calcium 6. Sodium 7. Magnesium 8. Potassium 9. Titanium 10. Hydrogen

0.02

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

–

Es Fm Md No Lr –

1.38

0.80

0.18

–

0.003 <0.001 <0.001

1.16

0.54

0.08

0.36

0.15

S

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr

0.94

Cs Ba La 0.13

<0.001 0.003 <0.001 <0.001

A - Watch springs, sparkfree tools

MAJOR NATURAL ISOTOPES WITH % OF OCCURRENCE

Metal; compounds: M(1+...7+); ligand complexes: M(3-...1+)

A - Oven filaments, electrodes, jewelry A - Plating, thermocouples

Cl2 Ar

Na Mg

materials C - Seed germinating agents

Mo

Rhenium Re tungstate WO (2-)

Tl

1.96

C - Fireplace bricks, pigments, fillers

Metal; compounds: M(2+...6+); ligand complexes: M(2-...1+)

7

13

C

0.27

C - Camera lenses, fireproof bricks

Molybdenum molybdate MoO3, MoO4(2-) dimolybdate Mo2O7(2-) Mo-cyanate Mo-CN8(4-) E - Lamp filaments, TV, welding electrodes A - Rocket nozzles E - Filament in electric heaters C - Cutting & boring tools A - Rocket motors C - Lubricant

F2 Ne

B

2.00

Scandium Sc E - Leak detectors, A - Space industry

A - Cutting tools, pipelines A - Super magnets, welding rods

Tungsten tungstate WO4(2-)

W

N2 O2

Be

0.25

0.20

W/(cm K) (at 25°C and 1atm, W = watt)

He

Li

Yttrium Y C - Color TV screens, radar, lasers

Nb

E - Condensers A - Weights, cutting tools E - Vacuum tube filaments

0.002

0.85

0.23

0.21

–

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

H2

0.002

C - Fertilizer, concrete, plaster of Paris

Metal; compounds: M(2+...5+); ligand complexes: M(1-,0,1+) Tantalum

Ta

Hg

14.30

V - Fireworks, phosphorescent paint

Calcium Ca M g Magnesium Be Beryllium E - Metallurgy A-Cable insulation, batteries E - Flashbulbs A-Airplanes, racing bikes E - X-ray tube windows

-157tp

1855

777

Strontium Sr C - Nuclear batteries in bouys

Zr

E - Nuclear submarines E - Controls nuclear reactors E - Gas scavenger in vacuum tubes

Ir

H

Li E -Lithium Pacemaker Batteries

E - Street lights A - Nuclear reactor coolant, batteries C - Salt, soda, glass

Metal; compounds: M(2+...4+); ligand complexes: M(1-,0,1+)

Os B

C - Fertilizer, glass, lenses C - Matches, gunpowder, salt substitute

-108

Es Fm Md No Lr –

E - Photoelectric cells E - Vacuum tubes, heart research

Hydrogen H(1+) compounds, acids: metal hydrides H(1-) A - Lubricant additive, alloys used in space E - Rocket fuel, hydrogenation of fats E - Petroleum desulfurization, H2O, ammonia C - Glass & pharmaceuticals

Sodium

Na

-246

1522

39

Es Fm Md No Lr

–

2927

°C and 1atm; Solid ↔ Liquid tp = triple point

K

13.81

6.4

3825sp

F2 Ne

MELTING POINT

H2

-259

1.18

12.91

3443

Th Pa

310.0

4000

N2 O2

Potassium

K

Metal; compounds and ligand complexes M(3+)

La

2

4

4788

387.0

C

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

3198

Es Fm Md No Lr

–

2861

671

133.0

344.0

2061

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

3464

B

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr

2671

101.0

247.0

1382

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr

21.0

V 3407

Re Os

18.1

688

Ti 3287

W

Sn Sb Te

13.81

Ca Sc

Ta

In

5.46

K 759

Hf

–

-269

1090

Cs Ba La

3.28

14.2

883

Po At Rn

6.19

Ra Ac

Na Mg

4265

37.48

7.15

Xe 12.57

2471

4639

30.0

6.20

9.08

1342

He

°C and 1atm; Liquid ↔ Gas sp = sublimation point

4744

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

7.12

Y

6.43

Be

4409

21.0

–

Cl2 Ar

20.41

Li

3345

11.4

7.43

1.71

-253

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf

8.48

Ca Sc

Rb Sr

Fr

6.62

BOILING POINT

H2

337.0

kJ/mole Solid ➜ Liquid ∆Hfus at Melting point

Na Mg

2.19

F2 Ne

ENTHALPY OF FUSION

H2

2.33

480.0

N2 O2

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

418.0

Th Pa

K

219.7

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

543.9

2.60

C

0.08

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr

348.8

581.6

Ra Ac 136.8

B

He

Rubidium

Alkaline earth metals; compounds with M(2+) valences

Barium Ba A - Sparkplugs, vacuum tubes

5 H2

Rb

18

Noble Gases; not reactive; unstable low temperature complexes

Xenon Forms compounds with F E- Earthquake prediction, health threat in E - UV lamps, sun lamps, electronic homes built on granite flashes, projection lamps, paint testers

Rn

Radon

Xe

Kr

Krypton

E - Flourescent bulbs, flashbulbs E - UV lasers, wavelength standard

Ar

Argon

Ne

Neon

E - Light bulbs, gas discharge tubes lasers E - Neon lights, fog lamps, TV tubes E - Geiger counters, welding blanket gas E - Lasers, voltage detectors

He E Helium - Balloons, blimps, lasers E - Diving bell atmosphere, leak detectors E - Nuclear power plant coolant