*,/ ÊÊ / ÊÊ
"- ÊÊ 6
*,/ ÊÊ / Ê "- Ê6
+ENNETH2,ANG
+ENNETH2,ANG $EPARTMENTOF0HYSICSAND!STRONOM...
119 downloads
783 Views
6MB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
*,/ ÊÊ / ÊÊ
"- ÊÊ 6
*,/ ÊÊ / Ê "- Ê6
+ENNETH 2 ,ANG
+ENNETH 2 ,ANG $EPARTMENT OF 0HYSICS AND !STRONOMY 2OBINSON (ALL 4UFTS 5NIVERSITY -EDFORD -! 53! KENLANG TUFTSEDU
$PWFS JMMVTUSBUJPO 4HE /RION .EBULA OR - IS A HOTBED OF NEWLY BORN STARS RESIDING LIGHT YEARS AWAY IN THE CONSTELLATION 3AGITTARIUS 4HE WAVELIKE PATTERNS OF COLD HYDROGEN GAS CLOUDS HAVE BEEN SCULPTED AND ILLUMINATED BY INTENSE ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION FROM YOUNG MASSIVE STARS WHICH LIE OUTSIDE THE PICTURE TO THE UPPER LEFT 4HE WARMED SURFACES GLOW ORANGE AND RED IN THIS PHOTOGRAPH 4HE GREEN REPRESENTS AN EVEN HOTTER GAS THAT MASKS BACKGROUND STRUCTURES 6ARIOUS GASES REPRESENTED WITH COLOR ARE SULFUR REPRESENTED IN RED HYDROGEN GREEN AND OXYGEN BLUE )MAGE FROM THE (UBBLE 3PACE 4ELESCOPE ABBREVIATED (34 COURTESY OF .!3!
4ITLE PAGE ILLUSTRATION ! SPINNING NEUTRON STAR OR PULSAR AT THE CENTER OF THE #RAB .EBULA IS ACCELERATING PARTICLES UP TO THE SPEED OF LIGHT AND mINGING THEM OUT INTO INTERSTELLAR SPACE 4HIS 8 RAY IMAGE TAKEN FROM THE $IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ SHOWS TILTED RINGS OR WAVES OF HIGH ENERGY PARTICLES THAT APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN mUNG OUTWARD FROM THE CENTRAL PULSAR AS WELL AS HIGH ENERGY JETS OF PARTICLES IN A DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO THE RINGS 4HE INNER RING IS ABOUT ONE LIGHT YEAR ACROSS #OURTESY OF .!3!#8/3!/
,IBRARY OF #ONGRESS #ONTROL .UMBER )3". )3".
E )3".
0RINTED ON ACID FREE PAPER Ú 3PRINGER 3CIENCE"USINESS -EDIA ,,#
!LL RIGHTS RESERVED 4HIS WORK MAY NOT BE TRANSLATED OR COPIED IN WHOLE OR IN PART WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER 3PRINGER 3CIENCE"USINESS -EDIA ,,# 3PRING 3TREET .EW 9ORK .9 53! EXCEPT FOR BRIEF EXCERPTS IN CONNECTION WITH REVIEWS OR SCHOLARLY ANALYSIS 5SE IN CONNECTION WITH ANY FORM OF INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL ELECTRONIC ADAPTATION COMPUTER SOFTWARE OR BY SIMILAR OR DIS SIMILAR METHODOLOGY NOW KNOWN OR HEREAFTER DEVELOPED IS FORBIDDEN 4HE USE IN THIS PUBLICATION OF TRADE NAMES TRADEMARKS SERVICE MARKS AND SIMILAR TERMS EVEN IF THEY ARE NOT IDENTIlED AS SUCH IS NOT TO BE TAKEN AS AN EXPRESSION OF OPINION AS TO WHETHER OR NOT THEY ARE SUBJECT TO PROPRIETARY RIGHTS
0RINTED IN 3INGAPORE !PEX+9/ SPRINGERCOM
%FEJDBUFEUPNZDIJMESFO %BWJE +VMJB BOE.BSJOB BOE NZXJGF.BSDFMMB
1SFGBDF
1BSUJOHUIF$PTNJD7FJMEFTDSJCFTPVSHSBEVBMBXBSFOFTTPGBNVDIWBTUFSBOEDPODFBMFE 6OJWFSTF NPSFFYDJUJOHUIBOBOZPOFJNBHJOFE*UJTBTUPSZPGFYQBOEJOHIPSJ[POTBOE UIFEJTDPWFSZPGJOWJTJCMFXPSMET NBEFQPTTJCMFXJUIOFXUFDIOPMPHZBOEOPWFMUFMF TDPQFTUIBUIBWFCSPBEFOFEPVSSBOHFPGQFSDFQUJPOBOETIBSQFOFEPVSWJTJPOѮ FZ IBWFCFHVOUPQBSUUIF$PTNJD7FJM QSPWJEJOHBQBSUJBMHMJNQTFPGUIF6OJWFSTFJOJUT FOUJSFUZ 0VS BDDPVOU QSFTFOUT UIPTF EJTDPWFSJFT UIBU IBWF TJHOJêDBOUMZ USBOTGPSNFE PVS VOEFSTUBOEJOHPGUIF$PTNPTѮ FZJODMVEFUIFPSJHJOPGUIFFMFNFOUTTFOEJOHUIFêSTU IVNBOTUPUIF.PPOBOEJORVJTJUJWFTQBDFDSBѫUISPVHIPVUUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNPCTFSWB UJPOT PG QMBOFUT BSPVOE PUIFS TUBST EJTDPWFSJFT PG UIF FOPSNPVT FYUFOU BOE FYQBO TJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTFPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFJOWJTJCMFSBEJPBOE9SBZ6OJWFSTF XJUIUIF EJTDPWFSJFTPGQVMTBST CMBDLIPMFTBOERVBTBSTUIFSFBMJ[BUJPOUIBUDPTNJDWJPMFODFJT FWFSZXIFSF GSPN FYQMPEJOH TUBST UP HBNNBSBZ CVSTUT BOE UIF #JH #BOH JUTFMG BOE PCTFSWBUJPOTPGEBSLJOWJTJCMFNBUUFSUIBUêMMTUIFTQBDFTCFUXFFOQMBOFUTPSTUBSTBOE FOWFMPQTHBMBYJFT 4DJFOUJTUTIBWFPOFNFUIPEPGQFSDFJWJOHUIFXPSME BOEBSUJTUT NVTJDJBOT QPFUT BOEXSJUFSTIBWFPUIFSVOJRVFQPJOUTPGWJFXѮ FZIBWFBMMTIPXOVTUIBUPVSBXBSF OFTTJTMJNJUFECZXIBUXFBSFBCMFUPTFF BOE UPTPNFFYUFOU CZXIBUXFFYQFDUUPTFF 4PNFJOUFSQSFUUIF6OJWFSTFXJUIMJOF GPSN NVTJDPSXPSET PѫFOJMMVNJOBUJOHUIF FNPUJPOBMPSNZTUJDBMQFSTQFDUJWFT"OEKVTUBTBTUSPOPNFSTVTFQPXFSGVMUFMFTDPQFTUP USBOTQPSUVTJOUPEJTUBOUSFBMNT CFZPOEPVSIFDUJD FWFSZEBZMJWFT NPEFSOBSUJTUTBMTP SFNPWFVTGSPNPVSJNNFEJBUFTVSSPVOEJOHT ESBXJOHVTJOUPUIF $PTNPT CFZPOE 8FUIFSFGPSFCSPBEFOPVSBDDPVOUCZJODMVEJOHUIFQFSDFQUJPOTPGBSUJTUT QPFUTBOE XSJUFST FBDIFYBNQMFDIPTFOGPSUIFJOTJHIUJUPĒFST UIFSFCZJODSFBTJOHUIFBQQFBMBOE TDPQFPGPVSOBSSBUJWF CVUBUBNPEFTUMFWFMUIBUFOIBODFTUIFTDJFOUJêDDPOUFOUPGUIF CPPLBOEEPFTOPUJOUFSGFSFXJUIJU 8FQSFTFOUUIJTWPZBHFPGEJTDPWFSZXJUIJOVOJWFSTBMUIFNFT XIJDIQSPWJEFUIF CPPLTGPVOEBUJPOBOEFYQMBJOUIFDIBQUFSUJUMFTѮ FZBSFCSBWFOFXXPSMETNPUJPO DPOUFOUBOEGPSNUIFFYQMPTJWF6OJWFSTFUIFGVMMOFTTPGTQBDFBOEPSJHJOTBOEEFTUJ OJFTѮ FSFBSFBMXBZTVOTFFOXPSMETUIBUSFNBJOUPCFEJTDPWFSFE XJUIOFXDPOUFOU BOEGPSN&WFSZUIJOHJTNPWJOH BOEOPUIJOHJTBUSFTU1FSWBTJWFPVUCVSTUTSVMFUIF $PTNPT BOEFNQUJOFTTJTBOJMMVTJPO"MMUIBUXFDBOTFFJTFWPMWJOH JOBQFSQFUVBM
WJJJ
1BSUJOHUIF$PTNJD7FJM
TUBUFPGJNQFSNBOFODF DSFBUJPOBOESFPSHBOJ[BUJPO"OEFWFOUIPVHIXFBSFQVTIJOH UIFCPVOEBSJFTPGLOPXMFEHFDMPTFSUPBOVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGUIFPSJHJOTBOEEFTUJOJFT PGFJUIFSUIF6OJWFSTFPS-JGF UIFVMUJNBUFBOTXFSTUPUIFTFHSBOERVFTUJPOTTUJMMMJF IJEEFOCFIJOEUIF$PTNJD7FJM "MUIPVHIUIJTCPPLJTMBSHFMZBOBDDPVOUPGPVSHSPXJOHSFBMJ[BUJPOPGUIFTDPQF BOEJNNFOTJUZPGUIF$PTNPT JUJTBMTPBTUPSZBCPVUQFPQMFѮFGBCSJDPGPVSOBSSBUJWF JTUIFSFGPSFCPVOEUPHFUIFSXJUIUPQJDTUIBUDPODFSOVTBMM GSPNUIFJOUFSFTUTPGFWFSZ EBZMJGFUPMBSHFSRVFTUJPOTPGPVSPSJHJO GBUFBOEQMBDF*OWJTJCJMJUZ NPUJPO DPOUFOU GPSN JNQFSNBOFODF FYQMPTJWFPVUCVSTUTBOEFNQUJOFTT CFHJOOJOHTBOEFOETmUIFTF BSFWFIJDMFTGPSJOUFSQSFUJOHCPUIUIFIVNBODPOEJUJPOBOEUIF$PTNPT&BDIDIBQUFS PGUIJTCPPLUIFSFGPSFCFHJOTXJUIUIFIVNBOBTQFDUTPGBUIFNF IFMQJOHVTUPUBLFUIF 6OJWFSTFQFSTPOBMMZ GPMMPXFECZUIFSFMFWBOUDPTNJDEJTDPWFSJFT *UJOEFFETFFNTBTJGPVSQFSDFQUJPOPGUIF$PTNPTIBTCFFOJOFYUSJDBCMZMJOLFE UPBOFWPMWJOHVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGPVSMPDBMQFSTPOBMXPSME"TPVSBODFTUPSTFYQMPSFE UIF&BSUI EJTDPWFSJOHOFXDPOUJOFOUTBOETFBT BTUSPOPNFSTFNCBSLFEPOBTJNJMBS WPZBHFJOUPVODIBSUFESFHJPOTPGTQBDF*UJTOPBDDJEFOUUIBUDPTNJDFYQMPTJPOTXFSF êSTUVOEFSTUPPEBUBCPVUUIFTBNFUJNFUIBUIVNBOTVOMFBTIFEUIFGPSDFTPGUIFBUPNJD CPNCѮ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êMMFEXJUIJOUFSFTUJOHBOEJOGPSNBUJWFJEFBTѮFSFBSFOPPCUVTF NBUIFNBUJDBM FRVBUJPOT PS DPNQMFY TDJFOUJêD KBSHPO ѮSPVHIPVU UIJT CPPL TDJFO UJêDDPODFQUTIBWFCFFOUSBOTMBUFEJOUPBDPNNPOMBOHVBHFXJUIBQU EPXOUP&BSUI NFUBQIPST BOE BOBMPHJFT NBLJOH UIFN BDDFTTJCMF UP UIF HFOFSBM SFBEFS BOE BEEJOH FOKPZNFOUUPUIFNBUFSJBMѮFUFYUJTIVNBOJ[FECZJOUFSTQFSTJOHJUXJUIQFSTPOBMBOFD EPUFTBOESFDPMMFDUJPOT BOETQJDFEXJUIMJWFMZRVPUBUJPOT JNQSFTTJPOTBOESFNJOJTDFT 7JHOFUUFT DPOUBJOJOH IJTUPSJDBM MJUFSBSZ BOE BSUJTUJD NBUFSJBM NBLF UIJT CPPL VOVTVBM BOEJOUFSFTUJOH BVHNFOUJOHPVSEFTDSJQUJPOPGUIF$PTNPTXJUIPVUEJTUSBDUJOHGSPN UIFTDJFOUJêDQFSTQFDUJWF"MMPGUIFTFEJWFSTFFMFNFOUTUSVMZTFUUIJTCPPLBQBSUGPSUIF HFOFSBMFEVDBUFEBVEJFODF BTXFMMBTNBLFUIFNBUFSJBMMFTTJOUJNJEBUJOH /VNFSPVTJNBHFTGSPNUFMFTDPQFTPOUIFHSPVOEBOEJOTQBDF BTXFMMBTBSUJTUT QBJOUJOHT BSF JOUSPEVDFE BU KVTU UIF SJHIU QMBDF XJUIJO PVS OBSSBUJWF QSPWJEJOH UIF NPSUBS UIBU DFNFOUT PVS OFXGPVOE LOPXMFEHF UPHFUIFS ѮFZ DBO DSZTUBMMJ[F B OFX DPODFQU XJUI B WJTVBM FYDJUFNFOU UIBU BEET B OFX EJNFOTJPO UP PVS VOEFSTUBOEJOH .BOZJNQPSUBOUTDJFOUJêDJOTJHIUTBSFBMTPDPNQBDUFEXJUIJOMJOFESBXJOHT XJUIDMFBS MBCFMTBOEUIPSPVHIDBQUJPOT XIJDIHJWFUIFSFBEFSBDPODJTF GPSDFGVMNFTTBHF 4FUBTJEFGPDVTCPYFTFOIBODFBOEBNQMJGZUIFEJTDVTTJPOXJUIJOUFSFTUJOHEFUBJMT GVOEBNFOUBMTDJFOUJêDDPODFQUT BOEJNQPSUBOUSFMBUFEUPQJDTѮFZXJMMCFSFBECZUIF FTQFDJBMMZDVSJPVTQFSTPOPSTFSJPVTTUVEFOU CVUEPOPUJOUFSGFSFXJUIUIFHFOFSBMëPX
1SFGBDF
JY
PGUIFUFYUBOEDBOCFCZQBTTFECZUIFHFOFSBMFEVDBUFESFBEFSXIPXBOUTUPGPMMPX UIFNBJOJEFBT&RVBUJPOTBSFLFQUUPBCBSFNJOJNVN BOEXIFOFNQMPZFEBSFQMBDFE XJUIJOUIFTFUBTJEFGPDVTFMFNFOUT 8JUIJO FBDI DIBQUFS PVS TUPSZ JT UPME JO BO VOGPMEJOH DISPOPMPHJDBM OBSSBUJWF USBDJOHPVUUIFHSPXJOHBXBSFOFTTPGBHJWFOUIFNFBOEQSPWJEJOHBTFOTFPGEFTUJ OBUJPO BOE ëPX JO PVS HSBEVBM QBSUJOH PG UIF $PTNJD 7FJM ѮJT QSPWJEFT IJTUPSJDBM BVUIPSJUZ BOESFTVSSFDUTOBNFTBOEFWFOUTUIBUIBWFGBMMFOPVUPGUJNF0VSBQQSPBDI FNQIBTJ[FTUIFPOHPJOHQSPDFTTPGBTUSPOPNZ JOXIJDITDJFOUJTUTFYUSBQPMBUFGSPNQBTU EJTDPWFSJFTJOUIFJSSFMFOUMFTTTFBSDIGPSOFXDMVFTUPUIFNZTUFSZPGUIFVOLOPXO"OE PVSUFYUEPFTOPUBWPJENFOUJPOPGGBMTFBTTVNQUJPOT DPSSFDUJPOTUPNJTTUFQTJOUIF TFBSDI TVDIBTUIF&BSUITEJTQMBDFNFOUGSPNJUTQPTJUJPOBUUIFDFOUFSPGUIF6OJWFSTF BOEUIFEJTDPWFSZPGUIFNPUJPOTPGUIFêYFETUBSTBOEëFFJOHHBMBYJFT "CSJFGEJTDVTTJPOPGDPTNJDWJTJPOJTQSFTFOUFEJOUIFPQFOJOHDIBQUFS QSPWJE JOHBOPQQPSUVOJUZUPJOUSPEVDFPVSPOHPJOHFYQMPSBUJPOPGUIFVOLOPXO BTXFMMBT UIFBSUJTUJDQFSTQFDUJWFTUIBUBSFMJHIUMZQFQQFSFEUISPVHIPVUUIFSFNBJOJOHUFYUѮJT êSTUDIBQUFSDPOUJOVFTXJUIBEJTDVTTJPOPGOFXUFDIOPMPHJFTBOEOPWFMJOTUSVNFOUT UIBUIBWFPQFOFEOFXWJTUBTPOUIF$PTNPT NBOZPGUIFNBCZQSPEVDUPGNJMJUBSZ FOEFBWPST ѮFJOUFSEFQFOEFODFPGBTUSPOPNZ UFDIOPMPHZBOEUIFNJMJUBSZIBTOPXDPOUJO VFEGPSOFBSMZGPVSDFOUVSJFT*UXBTTUSFOHUIFOFEEVSJOH8PSME8BS** m
XIFOUIFEFWFMPQNFOUPGUIFBUPNJDCPNCCFDBNFDMPTFMZMJOLFEUPPVSEJTDPWFSJFT PGIPXTUBSTTIJOFBOEUIFSFBMJ[BUJPOUIBUNPTUPGUIFDIFNJDBMFMFNFOUTXFSFGPSHFE JOTJEFTUBST EVSJOHUIFJSMPOHFWPMVUJPOBOEFYQMPTJWFEFBUI"OEUIFJOUFSEFQFOEFODF DPOUJOVFEEVSJOHUIF$PME8BSCFUXFFOUIF4PWJFU6OJPOBOEUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT XIFO UIF"NFSJDBOTXPOUIFSBDFUPQVUBNBOPOUIF.PPOBOETQBDFTDJFODFXBTCFHVO 3PDLFUT JOJUJBMMZ EFTJHOFE UP IVSM CPNCT BDSPTT DPOUJOFOUT BOE PDFBOT BSF OPX SPVUJOFMZVTFEUPMPѫBTUSPOPNJDBMUFMFTDPQFTJOUPTQBDF JODMVEJOHUIF)VCCMF4QBDF 5FMFTDPQFUIBUJTFTTFOUJBMMZBTQZUFMFTDPQFUVSOFEVQBUUIFIFBWFOTJOTUFBEPGEPXO BU UIF HSPVOE 0UIFS BTQFDUT PG NPEFSO BTUSPOPNZ IBWF BMTP CFOFêUFE FOPSNPVTMZ GSPNNJMJUBSZUFDIOPMPHZ%FUFDUPSTPGJOGSBSFEIFBUSBEJBUJPOBSFBOFYBNQMF BTJTUIF $IBSHF$PVQMFE%FWJDF PS$$% 1PXFSGVMDPNQVUFSTBOEUIF*OUFSOFU PSJHJOBMMZEFTJHOFECZPSGPSUIFNJMJUBSZ IBWF QPXFSGVM GBSSFBDIJOHJNQMJDBUJPOTGPSPVSDFMFTUJBMTDJFODFBOEUIFSFTUPGUIFQVCMJDTFD UPSѮFZIBWFSFTVMUFEJOBOFXXBZPGEPJOHBTUSPOPNZ JOXIJDINVMUJNJMMJPOEPMMBS SPCPUJDUFMFTDPQFT POUIFHSPVOEPSJOTQBDF BSFVTJOHTFOTJUJWFFMFDUSPOJDEFUFDUPSTBOE HJBOUDPNQVUFSTUPDSFBUFEJHJUJ[FEJNBHFTPGUIFTLZ 0VSWPZBHFPGEJTDPWFSZDPOUJOVFTJOUIFTFDPOEDIBQUFSXJUIPVSGBNJMJBSUFSSSB êSNBBOEUIFEJTDPWFSZUIBUPVSIPNFQMBOFU&BSUIJTBHMJTUFOJOHCMVFBOEUVSRVPJTF CBMM TVTQFOEFE BMM BMPOF JO UIF DIJMM PG PVUFS TQBDF *U DPOUJOVFT XJUI BO BDDPVOU PG TQBDFDSBѫ UIBU IBWF DBSSJFE NFO UP UIF .PPO BOE USBOTQPSUFE DBNFSBT BOE TNBMM UFMFTDPQFTUISPVHIPVUUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN PCUBJOJOHDMPTFVQWJFXTUIBUIBWFDIBOHFE UIFNPPOTBOEQMBOFUTGSPNNPWJOHQPJOUTPGMJHIUUPGBTDJOBUJOHSFBMXPSMETUIBUBSF TUSBOHFSBOENPSFEJWFSTFUIBOBOZPOFTVQQPTFE ѮJTTFDPOEDIBQUFSDPODMVEFTXJUIBOBDDPVOUPG+VQJUFSTJ[FEBOE/FQUVOFTJ[FE QMBOFUTGPVOEPSCJUJOHOFBSCZTUBSTѮJTGBOUBTUJDEJTDPWFSZJOWPMWFEFWFSZUIJOHUIBU
Y
1BSUJOHUIF$PTNJD7FJM
NPEFSO UFDIOPMPHZ IBT UP PĒFS JODMVEJOH EJHJUBM FMFDUSPOJD EFUFDUPST TPQIJTUJDBUFE DPNQVUFS TPѫXBSF BOE IBSEXBSF PQUJDBM êCFST BOE JNQSPWFE IJHISFTPMVUJPO TQFD USPNFUFSTUPEJTQFSTFTUBSMJHIUJOUPJUTTFQBSBUFDPMPST 0OMZBDFOUVSZBHP UIFLOPXO$PTNPTFYUFOEFEOPGVSUIFSUIBOUIFTUBSSZOJHIU TLZ FODPNQBTTJOHBMMPGFYJTUFODFѮF&BSUIXBTBUUIFCPUUPNPGUIF6OJWFSTF BOEUIF TUBSTEFêOFEJUTUPQѮFOBTUSPOPNFSTCVJMUMBSHFSPQUJDBMUFMFTDPQFTUPDPMMFDUNPSFMJHIU BOETFFGVSUIFSJOUPTQBDF CFZPOEUIFTUBST*OGBDU NPTUPGUIFTUBSTJOUIF.JMLZ8BZBSF JOWJTJCMFXJUIPVUUIFVTFPGBUFMFTDPQF BTBSFUIFCJMMJPOTPGSFNPUFHBMBYJFTSVTIJOHBXBZ GSPNVTBUTQFFETUIBUDBOBQQSPBDIUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU FBDIXJUICJMMJPOTPGTUBSTXIFFM JOHBSPVOEUIFJSNBTTJWFDFOUSBMIVCѮFZBSFBMMTQJOOJOH EBSUJOHBOEëPXJOHUISPVHI UIF6OJWFSTF XIJMFHSFBUDPODFOUSBUJPOTPGNBTTQVMMUIFHBMBYJFTIFSFBOEUIFSF EJTUPSU JOHUIFVOJGPSNFYQBOTJPO"TGBSBTXFDBOTFF UIFHBMBYJFTBSFBMTPMVNQFEUPHFUIFS JOUPWBTUDIBJOTBOEXBMMT NBSLJOHUIFFEHFTPGHJHBOUJDTFFNJOHMZFNQUZWPJET ѮFTFEJTDPWFSJFT PGTUBSTBOEHBMBYJFTXJUIUIFJSDPMMFDUJWFTIBQFTBOENPUJPOT BSFEFTDSJCFEJO$IBQUFS-JLFUIFEJTDPWFSZPGQMBOFUTBSPVOEOFBSCZTUBST UIFGVMM EJTUSJCVUJPOPGHBMBYJFTDPVMEOPUCFTFFOXJUIPVUUIFBJEPGFMFDUSPOJDEFUFDUPST PQUJ DBMêCFST TVQFSDPNQVUFST BOEPUIFSNBSWFMTPGOFXUFDIOPMPHZ "TUSPOPNFSTIBWFOPXMFBSOFEUPTFFBMMPWFSBHBJO VTJOHSBEJPXBWFTBOE9 SBZT UIBU MJF CFZPOE UIF SBOHF PG WJTVBM QFSDFQUJPO ѮFZ SFWFBM B WJPMFOU 6OJWFSTF GSPNFYQMPEJOHTUBSTUPUIF#JH#BOH XIJDIJTQSFTFOUFEJOUIFGPVSUIDIBQUFS)FSF XFEJTDPWFSUIBUBNBTTJWF CBOLSVQUHJBOUTUBSFYQMPEFTXIFOJUIBTSVOPVUPGGVFM XIJMFBMTP JNQMPEJOH BU JUT DFOUFS UP GPSN B OFVUSPO TUBS BOE SBEJP QVMTBS 1SFDJTF UJNJOH PG POF SBEJP QVMTBS JOEJDBUFT UIBU B QBJS PG OFVUSPO TUBST BSF BQQSPBDIJOH FBDIPUIFS IFBEFEPOBDPMMJTJPODPVSTFBOENPWJOHUPHFUIFSBUUIFSBUFFYQFDUFECZ SBEJBUJOHHSBWJUZXBWFT QSPWJEJOHUIFêSTUFWJEFODFGPSUIFTFSJQQMFTJOUIFGBCSJDPG TQBDFUJNF .BUUFSSVTIJOHJOUPBTUFMMBSCMBDLIPMF GSPNBOFBSCZWJTJCMFTUBSJOUJHIUPSCJU BSPVOEJU FNJUTSBQJE JSSFHVMBSCVSTUTPG9SBZT'VSUIFSPVUJOUIF$PTNPT TVQFS NBTTJWF CMBDL IPMFT QPXFS UIF EPVCMF KFUT BOE MPCFT PG SBEJP HBMBYJFT RVBTBST BOE NPTUMJLFMZUIFHBNNBSBZCVSTUT BMMPGUIFNSBEJBUJOHBOBTUPOJTIJOHQPXFSOFWFS JNBHJOFECFGPSF3BEJPBTUSPOPNFSTIBWFBEEJUJPOBMMZEJTDPWFSFEUIFSFMJDSBEJBUJPO PGUIF#JH#BOH XIJDITFUUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTFJONPUJPO BOEVTFEJUTSJQQMJOH UFNQFSBUVSFëVDUVBUJPOTUPNFBTVSFUIFHFPNFUSZPGUIF6OJWFSTFBOEJOWFOUPSZUIF EPNJOBOULJOETPGNBTTJUDPOUBJOT 0VS KPVSOFZ DPOUJOVFT JO $IBQUFS XJUI UIF EJTDPWFSZ UIBU UIF FNQUJOFTT PG TQBDFJTBOJMMVTJPOѮFTQBDFCFUXFFOUIFQMBOFUT XIJDIXBTPODFUIPVHIUUPCFB DPME USBORVJMBOEFNQUZWPJE JTêMMFEXJUIIPU DIBSHFEQJFDFTPGUIF4VO GPSNJOHB QFSQFUVBMTPMBSXJOEѮF4VOBMTPDVSWFTBOEEFGPSNTUIFTQBDFBSPVOEJU UXJTUJOH .FSDVSZT PSCJUBM NPUJPO BMPOH B XJOEJOH QBUI BOE EFëFDUJOH WJTJCMF MJHIU SBZT BOE SBEJPXBWFTUIBUQBTTOFBSJU $IBQUFS DPOUJOVFT XJUI B EFTDSJQUJPO PG JOWJTJCMF NBUUFS JO UIF VOTFFO QMBDFT CFUXFFOBOECFZPOEUIFTUBST"MUIPVHINPTUPGUIFJOUFSTUFMMBSNFEJVNJTUPPDPMEUP TIJOFJOWJTJCMFMJHIU JUJTJMMVNJOBUFECZSBEJPXBWFTFNJUUFEGSPNBCVOEBOUIZESPHFO BUPNT BTXFMMBTBIPTUPGNPMFDVMFT GSPNXBUFSBOEBNNPOJBUPGPSNBMEFIZEFBOE FUIZMBMDPIPM
1SFGBDF
YJ
$PTNJD NPUJPOT IBWF CFFO VTFE UP JOGFS UIF QSFTFODF PG VOTFFO NBUUFS PO B NVDIHSBOEFSTDBMF"TBMTPEFTDSJCFEJOUIFêѫIDIBQUFS UIFPVUFSNPTUTUBSTBOE HBTJOTPNFHBMBYJFT JODMVEJOHPVSPXO BSFNPWJOHTPGBTUUIBUUIFZIBWFUPCFIFME UPHFUIFSCZTVCTUBOUJBMBNPVOUTPGEBSLNBUUFSѮ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ëBUJPO TPPOBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH PSCZBIPTUPGNJDSP TDPQJD PTDJMMBUJOHTUSJOHTBUFBSMJFSUJNFTDMPTFSUPUIFCFHJOOJOHѮFTFJOWJTJCMFMPPQT PGFOFSHZBSFTVQQPTFEUPFOEMFTTMZBOESBOEPNMZUXJTUBOEWJCSBUFJOBDPTNJDEBODF TPQFSGFDUMZDIPSFPHSBQIFEUIBUUIFZFYQMBJOFWFSZUIJOHUIBUFYJTUT4VDIGBTDJOBUJOH TQFDVMBUJPOTBSFBMTPQSFTFOUFEJO$IBQUFS .PTUSFDFOUMZ UIFVSHFODZPGUIFiNJTTJOHuEBSLNBUUFSIBTEJNJOJTIFE XJUIUIF EJTDPWFSZUIBUEBSLFOFSHZNJHIUUBLFJUTQMBDF"ѫFSBMM NBTTJTFRVJWBMFOUUPFOFSHZ "TEJTDVTTFEJOHSFBUFSEFUBJMJO$IBQUFS UIFEBSLFOFSHZJTKVTUBTFMVTJWFSFQSFTFOU JOHBOJOWJTJCMFTPNFUIJOHUIBUêMMTUIFOPPLTBOEDSBOOJFTPGTVQQPTFEMZFNQUZTQBDF #VUOPPOFLOPXTXIFSFUIFTUVĒDBNFGSPN PSXIZJUNJHIUCFêMMJOHVQTQBDF $IBQUFSDPODMVEFTXJUIBOPWFSWJFXUIBUIJHIMJHIUTBMMUIFTJHOJêDBOUUIJOHTXF IBWFMFBSOFEBTBTUSPOPNFSTCFHJOUPQBSUUIF$PTNJD7FJM *OUIFDMPTJOH$IBQUFS BOE&QJMPHVF UIFSFBEFSJTSFNJOEFEUIBUFWFSZUIJOHPO UIF&BSUIBOEJOUIF$PTNPTJTDIBOHJOHGSPNPOFGPSNUPBOPUIFS BOEUIBUFWFOUV BMMZUIF4VOBOEBMMUIFPUIFSTUBSTXJMMGBEFBXBZJOUPEBSLOFTTѮJTCSJOHTVTUPUIF NZTUFSZPGDSFBUJPO PGCPUIUIF6OJWFSTFBOEIVNBOT 6QVOUJMSFDFOUMZ TDJFODFXBTUIPVHIUUPEFBMXJUIRVFTUJPOTUIBUIBWFBOTXFST "SU QPFUSZBOESFMJHJPOXFSFTVQQPTFEUPCFBCPVUVOBOTXFSBCMFRVFTUJPOT BOEJUJT UIFMBDLPGBOTXFSTUPUIFTFGVOEBNFOUBMRVFTUJPOTUIBUHJWFTUIFNQPXFS#VUOPX UIFSFJTPWFSMBQCFUXFFOUIFTFEPNBJOTJODPTNPMPHJDBMJOWFTUJHBUJPOTPGUIFPSJHJOBOE EFTUJOZPGUIF6OJWFSTF "WPDBMNJOPSJUZPGNPEFSODPTNPMPHJTUTIBTQSPQPTFEIJHIMZTQFDVMBUJWFUIFP SJFT XIJDINJHIUOFWFSCFWFSJêFECZPCTFSWBUJPOѮFZJNBHJOF GPSFYBNQMF JOOV NFSBCMF6OJWFSTFTTPDPNQMFUFMZEJTDPOOFDUFEGSPNVT BOEFBDIPUIFS UIBUXFXJMM OFWFSFWFSTFFUIFN DPNNVOJDBUFXJUIUIFN PSLOPXXJUIDFSUBJOUZUIBUUIFZFYJTU 4VDIUIFPSJFTBSFDPNQBSBCMFUPBODJFOUNZUIT CVUFYQSFTTFEJOUIFMBOHVBHFPGNBUI FNBUJDTUIBUPOMZUIFDPTNPMPHJTUTDBOVOEFSTUBOE "MUIPVHINPEFSOBTUSPOPNZIBTUSBDFEUIFIJTUPSZPGUIF6OJWFSTFCBDLUPUIF #JH#BOH BOEUIFSFCZFYQMBJOFEUIFPSJHJOPGUIFFMFNFOUT XIBUIBQQFOFECFGPSFUIJT CFHJOOJOHJTDPNQMFUFMZVOLOPXO BTGBSBTWFSJêBCMFTDJFODFJTDPODFSOFE BOENBZ OPUCFVOEFSTUPPECZTDJFODFBMPOF 4DJFOUJTUTDBOBMTPTQFDJGZUIFQIZTJDBMJOHSFEJFOUTPGMJWJOHUIJOHT BOETQFDVMBUF POUIFDPOEJUJPOTGPSMJGFTCFHJOOJOHBOETVSWJWBM"OEUIFZBSFBDUJWFMZTFBSDIJOHGPS
YJJ
1BSUJOHUIF$PTNJD7FJM
MJGFPVUTJEFUIF&BSUI#VUOPPOFLOPXTIPXMJGFPSJHJOBUFE PSIPXJOBOJNBUF OPO CJPMPHJDBMNPMFDVMFTNJHIUIBWFDPBMFTDFEJOUPBMJWJOHUIJOH"TXJUIUIFPSJHJOPGUIF 6OJWFSTF JUJTQPTTJCMFUIBUBOVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGUIFPSJHJOPGMJGFNBZBMTPMJFCFZPOE UIFDBQBCJMJUJFTPGTDJFODFBMPOF 0UIFSTQFDVMBUJWFUPQJDTUIBUNBZMJFPVUTJEFUIFEPNBJOPGQVSFTDJFODFJODMVEF CPUIZPVSGBUFBOEUIFEFTUJOZPGUIFFOUJSF6OJWFSTF0VSêOBMTJYUIDIBQUFSBMTPEJT DVTTFTUIFTFRVFTUJPOT XIJDIOPXSFNBJOCFBVUJGVMNZTUFSJFT * XPVME MJLF UP UIBOL 3PCFSU $PMF B TUVEFOU BU 5VѫT 6OJWFSTJUZ XIP SFBE UIF NBOVTDSJQU GPS DMBSJUZ BOE /"4"T "QQMJFE *OGPSNBUJPO 4ZTUFNT 3FTFBSDI 1SPHSBN UIBU IFMQFE GVOE UIF XSJUJOH PG 1BSUJOH UIF $PTNJD 7FJM UISPVHI /"4" (SBOU //((#( ,FOOFUI3-BOH 5VѫT6OJWFSTJUZBOE"OHVJMMB #8* +BOVBSZTU
$POUFOUT
Ê ,
Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Û * Ê-/Ê"Ê1, -ÊÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê ÝÛ
*/ ,ÊÊ£Ê "- Ê6-" ]Ê7,Ê Ê/ ""9Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê £ /P0OF4FFT*U"MM
5IF4LZ"CPWFBOEUIF&OFNZ#FMPX
4UFMMBS&OFSHZ "UPNJD#PNCT BOEUIF0SJHJOPGUIF&MFNFOUT 5IF4QBDF"HF 4VQFSDPNQVUFST 1FSTPOBM$PNQVUFSTBOEUIF*OUFSOFU
Ê */ ,ÊÓÊ ,6 Ê 7Ê7", -Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Ó 6OFYQMPSFE5FSSJUPSZ 3BDFUPUIF.PPO 5IF$MPTF6Q7JFXGSPN4QBDF 1MBOFUT"SPVOE0UIFS4UBST
Ê */ ,ÊÎÊ "/" ]Ê " / /Ê Ê",Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê xÇ 4UPQ.PWJOHBOE:PVSF%FBE 5IF1MBOFUT.PWF 5IF%JTUBOU .PWJOH4UBST 4J[FBOE4IBQFPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ (BMBYJFTBOEUIF&YQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF "HF &YUFOUBOE4IBQFPGUIF0CTFSWBCMF6OJWFSTF
*/ ,ÊÊ{Ê / Ê 8*"-6 Ê1 6 ,- Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê 1FSWBTJWF0VUCVSTUT *OWJTJCMF4LJFT 4UBST5IBU#MPX5IFNTFMWFT"QBSU YJJJ
YJW
1BSUJOHUIF$PTNJD7FJM
3FCJSUIGSPNUIF"TIFTo/FVUSPO4UBSTBOE1VMTBST #MBDL)PMFTo5IF1PJOUPG/P3FUVSO $PTNJD3BHFo3BEJP(BMBYJFT 2VBTBSTBOE(BNNB3BZ#VSTUT 5IF#JH#BOH
*/ ,ÊxÊ / Ê1 --Ê"Ê-*
ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£x£ 4QBDF*T/PU&NQUZ 8F-JWF*OTJEFUIF&YQBOEJOH4VO 5IF4VO$VSWFT/FBSCZ4QBDF (BTBOE%VTU#FUXFFOUIF4UBST %BSL.BUUFSo&WJEFODFPG5IJOHT6OTFFO .BLJOH&WFSZUIJOH'SPN/PUIJOH %BSL&OFSHZ 8IBU8F)BWF-FBSOFE4P'BS
*/ ,ÊÈÊ *"1 ÊqÊ", -Ê Ê -/ -ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£n /PUIJOH-BTUT &WFSZUIJOH$IBOHFT 0SJHJOPGUIF6OJWFSTF 5IF#FHJOOJOHTPG-JGF 'BUF %SFBNBOE8POEFS
+1"//" Ê, ,
- °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ÊÓä 1,/ ,Ê, ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ÊӣΠ1/",Ê 8 °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê -1 /Ê 8ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ÊÓÓ£
-JTUPG'JHVSFT
'JH
4UBSSZOJHIU "SMFT
'JH
5ISFFXPSMET
'JH
&OEMFTTHBMBYJFT
'JH
4FWFSBMDJSDMFT
'JH
$JQIFSTBOEDPOTUFMMBUJPOTJOMPWFXJUIBXPNBO
'JH
(BMBYZCVCCMFTBOEXBMMT
'JH
/VNCFS UJHFS
'JH
$ISJTUNBTJTMBOE
'JH
"CVOEBODFBOEPSJHJOPGUIFFMFNFOUTJOUIF4VO
'JH 4UFMMBSFYQMPTJPOTFFETTQBDF 'JH -VOBSSPWFS 'JH
"OFOPSNPVT.PPO
'JH
'VMM.PPO
'JH
8PNFOSFBDIJOHGPSUIF.PPO
'JH
.PPOXBML
'JH
.BBU.POT
'JH
7PMDBOJDEFQPTJUTPO+VQJUFSTTBUFMMJUF*P
'JH
4VSGBDFPG.BST
'JH
#SPLFOXBUFSJDFPO&VSPQB
'JH
4BUVSOTSJOHTPGJDF
'JH $PNFUOVDMFVT 'JH 'PSNBUJPOPGUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN 'JH %VTUZEJTLTBSPVOE4VOMJLFTUBST 'JH 4UBSMJHIUTIJGUSFWFBMTJOWJTJCMFQMBOFU 'JH 6OTFFOQMBOFUPSCJUTUIFTUBS1FHBTJ 'JH )BJSGPMMPXFECZUXPQMBOFUT 'JH 1MBOFUTPSCJUUIFTUBS6QTJMPO"OESPNFEBF
YWJ
1BSUJOHUIF$PTNJD7FJM
'JH
3BEJBUJOHMJOFT
'JH
.PWFNFOU
'JH
(MPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFST
'JH
"OOVBMQBSBMMBY
'JH
5IF.JMLZ8BZ
'JH
5IPNBT8SJHIUTNPEFMPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ
'JH
&EHFPOWJFXPGPVS(BMBYZ
'JH
0VSQMBDFJOTQBDF
'JH
4USVDUVSFPGPVS(BMBYZ
'JH -FWJBUIBOPG1BSTPOTUPXO 'JH 4QJSBMTIBQFPG.FTTJFS 'JH 5IFTUBSSZOJHIU 'JH 5IF8IJSMQPPM(BMBYZ 'JH %JTDPWFSZEJBHSBNPGUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF 'JH )VCCMFEJBHSBNGPSHBMBYJFTVTJOH$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBST 'JH (BMBYJFTDPOHSFHBUF 'JH $MVTUFSPGHBMBYJFT 'JH $PMMJEJOHHBMBYJFT 'JH (SFBUXBMMTPGHBMBYJFT 'JH
(VFSOJDB
'JH
$PSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO
'JH
&MFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN
'JH
$FOUBVSVT"
'JH
-JHIUFDIPFTGSPN4/"
'JH
5IF$SBC/FCVMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU
'JH
3BEJPQVMTBSMJHIUIPVTF
'JH
1VMTBSJOUIF$SBC/FCVMB
'JH
9SBZQVMTBS
'JH 4FZGFSUHBMBYZ 'JH 3BEJPHBMBYZ$ZHOVT" 'JH $PNQPTJUF)VCCMFEJBHSBN 'JH 3BEJPKFUGSPN. 'JH (BNNBSBZCVSTUEJTUSJCVUJPO 'JH (BNNBSBZCVSTU 'JH 5IFSNBMSBEJBUJPOBUEJGGFSFOUUFNQFSBUVSFT 'JH 4QFDUSVNPGUIFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO 'JH .BQTPGUIFJOGBOU6OJWFSTF 'JH 3JQQMFEBUB
-JTUPG'JHVSFT
YWJJ
'JH
/PDUVSOBMnPXFST
'JH
5IFKPZPGMJGF
'JH
(PTTBNFSDPSPOB
'JH
5IF4VOJO9SBZT
'JH
4QBDFDVSWBUVSF
'JH
%PNJOBOU$VSWF
'JH
*MMVNJOBUJOHTQBDF
'JH
)PSTFIFBE/FCVMB
'JH
%BSLDMPVETJO5BVSVT
'JH &VSPQFTMJHIUT 'JH $MVTUFSPGHBMBYJFTBOEHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT 'JH %BSLNBUUFSFOWFMPQTBTQJSBMHBMBYZ 'JH .PEFMTPGUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF 'JH %BSLNBTTBOEEBSLFOFSHZDPOTUSBJOUT 'JH
$PTNJDEBODF
'JH
5IFBODJFOUPGEBZT
'JH
.VMUJQMF6OJWFSTFT
'JH
*DBSVT
$IBQUFS0OF
$PTNJD7JTJPO 8BS BOE5FDIOPMPHZ
/00/&4&&4*5"-- 5IF$PTNJD7FJM
VSQFSDFQUJPOJTBMXBZTMJNJUFEUPKVTUBTNBMMQBSUPGUIFNVDIMBSHFSXPSMEUIBUXF 0 BSFJNNFSTFEJO8FFBDIIBWFPVSPXOJOEJWJEVBMSFBMJUZ NPMEFECZUIFVOJRVFXBZ UIBUXFWJFXUIFFYUFSOBMXPSME BOEUPTPNFFYUFOU XFBMMMJWFJOBXPSMEUIBUPUIFST EPOPUTFF4POPCPEZJTFWFSDPNQMFUFMZBXBSF "TUSPOPNFST PCTFSWF NFBTVSF BOE RVBOUJGZ UIF LOPXO DPOTUJUVFOUT PG UIF 6OJWFSTF PѫFOMPPLJOHBUUIFNJOOFXXBZTѮ FJSVMUJNBUFHPBMJTUPSFWFBMUIFFOUJSF $PTNPT "T UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS $FDJMJB 1BZOF(BQPTDILJO BTTFSUFE JUT BMM iBTFBSDIGPSUIF6OTFFOu"OEJOBTFOTF XFPOMZTFFUIFTIBEPXTPOUIFXBMM MJLF QFPQMFJO1MBUPTDBWF0SBT8JMMJBN#MBLF UIF&OHMJTIQPFUBOEWJTJPOBSZ XSPUF iNBO IBTDMPTFEIJNTFMGVQ UJMIFTFFTBMMUIJOHTUISPDIJOLTPGIJTDBWFSOu Ѯ F VOTFFO $PTNPT JT TPNFUIJOH MJLF UIF +BQBOFTF SPDL HBSEFO 3ZPBOKJ JO ,ZPUP*UDPOTJTUTPGSPDLTTFUPOSBLFETBOE CVUPOMZBSFWJTJCMFBUBUJNF0OF SPDLJTBMXBZTiIJEEFO uBOEXIJDIPOFJUJTEFQFOETPOUIFWJFXFSTQFSTQFDUJWF4PUIF HBSEFOIBTEJĒFSFOUBQQFBSBODFTUIBUDIBOHFBDDPSEJOHUPUIFBOHMFPGWJFX PSUIFXBZ PGMPPLJOHѮ FSFJTBMXBZTTPNFUIJOHUIBUSFNBJOTVOTFFO TPNFUIJOHUPLOPXNPSF BCPVU CVUJUJTFJUIFSIJEEFO PSWJFXFEEJNMZGSPNSFTUSJDUFEBOHMFTPSBUBEJTUBODF &WFOPVSNPTUFNJOFOUTDJFOUJTUTLOFXUIBUEFTQJUFBMMPGUIFJSNBSWFMPVTEJTDPW FSJFTUIFZIBEPQFOFEKVTUBTNBMMXJOEPXPOBNVDIWBTUFS DPODFBMFE6OJWFSTFѮ F HSFBU&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU*TBBD/FXUPODPNQBSFEIJNTFMGUPBCPZQMBZJOHPOUIFTFBTIPSF BOEEJWFSUJOHIJNTFMGJOiOPXBOEUIFOêOEJOHBTNPPUIFSQFCCMFPSBQSFUUJFSTIFMM UIBOPSEJOBSZ XIJMTUUIFHSFBUPDFBOPGUSVUIMBZBMMVOEJTDPWFSFECFGPSFNFu"OEUIF (FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJOSFNBSLFE iBMMPVSTDJFODF NFBTVSFEBHBJOTUSFBMJUZ JTQSJNJUJWFBOEDIJMEMJLFu &JOTUFJO LOFX UIBU UIFSF BSF VOEFSMZJOH QBUUFSOT JO UIF 6OJWFSTF UIBU FYJTU JOEFQFOEFOU PG IVNBOT BOE UIBU XF TUBOE CFGPSF UIFN BXBJUJOH EJTDPWFSZ BOE VOEFSTUBOEJOHPGBHSFBUIJEEFONZTUFSZ5PIJN BOZPOFXIPDBOOPUFYQFSJFODFUIBU NZTUFSZDBOOPMPOHFSXPOEFSPSGFFMBNB[FNFOU4VDIBQFSTPOiJTBTHPPEBTEFBE BTOVĒFEPVUDBOEMFu
1BSUJOHUIF$PTNJD7FJM
*UJTBTJGUIFDPNQMFUFFTTFODF UIFTVNUPUBMPGBMMUIJOHT MJFTTISPVEFECFIJOE TPNF$PTNJD7FJM TPUIF6OJWFSTFJOJUTFOUJSFUZ UIFDPNQMFUFQJDUVSFTIPX BMXBZT FTDBQFTPVSQFSDFQUJPO"OEFWFSZNFUIPEPGEFTDSJCJOHJU JODMVEJOHUIFTDJFOUJêDPOF JTNJTTJOHTPNFUIJOHBMMNFUIPETPGQFSDFJWJOHUIFXPSMEBSFJODPNQMFUF 8BZTPG4FFJOH
&WFSZUIJOHXFTFFJTNPMEFE TIBQFEBOEDPOTUSBJOFECZPVSFEVDBUJPO CBDLHSPVOE BOEQBTUFYQFSJFODFѮFZEFUFSNJOFPVSJOEJWJEVBMQFSDFQUJPO XJUIXIJDIXFBOB MZ[F JOUFSQSFUBOEWJFXUIFXPSME"OEJUJTOUBMMIFSFEJUZ(FOFTDPVOU CVUEJĒFSFOUMZ JOEJĒFSFOUFOWJSPONFOUT BOEUIFSFJTOPHFOFGPSUIFIVNBOTQJSJU 4PNF QFPQMF BSF NPSF BMFSU UP UIFJS TVSSPVOEJOHT UIBO PUIFST TFFJOH CFZPOE UIF JNNFEJBUFXPSMEBSPVOEUIFN$IJMESFOBSFBXPOEFSGVMFYBNQMFѮFZDBOIBWFBOBNB[ JOHDMBSJUZPGWJTJPO XJUIBDMFBOBOEJOOPDFOUGBDFUIBUJTêMMFEXJUIJOUFMMJHFODF"ѫFSBMM B DIJMEMPPLTBOESFDPHOJ[FTCFGPSFJUDBOTQFBL FTUBCMJTIJOHJUTQMBDFJOUIFXPSME :PVOHDIJMESFODBOCFFOUJSFMZPQFOBOESFDFQUJWF WJWJEMZBXBSFPGUIFJSFYUFSOBM TVSSPVOEJOHTѮFZDBOQFSDFJWFBMMLJOETPGGBCVMPVTFWFOUTJOBTFFNJOHMZEVMMBOE MJGFMFTTMBOETDBQF"DIJMENJHIUMPPLVOEFSUIFTVSGBDFPGBTUSFBN GPSFYBNQMF PS OPUJDFUIFTLZSFëFDUFEJOBSBJOQVEEMFѮF#SJUJTIQPFU8JMMJBN8PSETXPSUISFNFN CFSFETVDIBOFBSMZDIJMEIPPEFYQFSJFODFXJUI ѮFSFXBTBUJNFXIFONFBEPX HSPWFBOETUSFBN ѮFFBSUIBOEFWFSZDPNNPOTJHIU 5PNFEJETFFN "QQBSFMFEJODFMFTUJBMMJHIU ѮFHMPSZBOEUIFGSFTIOFTTPGBESFBN
:PVDBOEFUFDUDPNQBTTJPO JOUFMMJHFODF XPOEFSBOEBMMNBOOFSPGUIJOHTIJEEFO XJUIJOBQFSTPOTFZFTѮFZNJHIUCFUIFCSJHIUFZFTPGBDIJMETFFJOHBCVUUFSëZGPSUIF êSTUUJNF PSUIFDMFBS MPOHJOHFZFTPGTPNFPOFJOMPWF&WFOBQFSTPOTMJWFMZTQJSJUDBO CFNJSSPSFEJOUIFJSTQBSLMJOHFZFT "OEXFBMMIBWFBOPUIFSFZFmUIFNJOETFZF8FDBOVTFJUUPNFOUBMMZDBTUPVS TFMWFTPVUPGPVSCPEZ XBUDIJOHJUNPWFBCPVUJOJUTEBJMZQBUUFSOPGMJGF*UUBLFTKVTU BOPUIFSMFBQPGUIFJNBHJOBUJPOUPVTFZPVSNJOETFZFUPMPPLEPXOPOUIFTQIFSJDBM SPUBUJOH &BSUI B TVTQFOEFE TQJOOJOH CBMM PS UP JNBHJOF UIF 4VO IVSUMJOH UISPVHI TQBDFBOEXIJSMJOHBCPVUUIFEJTUBOUIVCPGPVS(BMBYZ "SUJTUTBOEXSJUFSTTFFEFUBJMTUIBUPUIFSTNJTT VTJOHUIFJSXPSLUPTIPXVTUIFJS QFSDFQUJPOTPGUIFXPSME1BJOUJOHT QPFNT PSFTQFDJBMMZBQUNFUBQIPSTBMMDPOWFZB QBSUJDVMBSWJFX PѫFOXJUIFNPUJPOBOEGFFMJOH1PFUTEJTUJMMBXJTEPNUIBUDPNFTGSPN UIFEFQUITPGUIFJSTPVMT"SUJTUTSFDSFBUFUIFXPSMETPPUIFSTNJHIUTFFJUBOFX"OE NVTJDJBOTDPOWFZPUIFSTUBUFTPGBXBSFOFTTPSFOMJHIUFONFOU4DJFOUJTUTBMTPDSFBUFB VOJRVFWJTJPOPGUIFXPSME EFWFMPQJOHBEFUBDIFEQFSDFQUJPO BOBCJMJUZUPTFFCFZPOE UIFBQQBSFOU"SU XSJUJOH UIJOLJOH NVTJD SFMJHJPO TDJFODF BOEUSBWFMmUIFZBMMIFMQ VTJOUFSQSFUBOEVOEFSTUBOEUIFXPSMEJOEJĒFSFOUXBZT 8BLJOH6Q #FJOH"XBSF
&WFSZTPPѫFO UIFEVMMNBTLPGEBJMZMJGFTIBUUFSTMJLFJDF BOEXFCFDPNFBXBSFPG TPNFUIJOHEFFQFSBOEUSVFS*UJTBTJGXFMJWFXJUIJOBGBDBEFUIBUDPODFBMTUIFVOEFSMZ
$PTNJD7JTJPO 8BSBOE5FDIOPMPHZ
JOHGBCSJDPGSFBMJUZGSPNVT#VUTVEEFOMZXFXBLFVQBOECFDPNFBXBSFѮF&OHMJTI QPFUBOEDSJUJD.BUUIFX"SOPMEXSPUFPGUIJTCVSJFEMJGF BIJEEFOTFMG XIJDIPDDBTJPO BMMZSJTFTVQGSPNPVSJOUFSOBMEFQUIT BTGSPNBOJOêOJUFMZEJTUBOUMBOEѮFO "CPMUJTTIPUCBDLTPNFXIFSFJOPVSCSFBTU "OEBMPTUQVMTFPGGFFMJOHTUJSTBHBJO ѮFFZFTJOLTJOXBSE BOEUIFIFBSUMJFTQMBJO "OEXIBUXFNFBO XFTBZ BOEXIBUXFXPVME XFLOPX "NBOCFDPNFTBXBSFPGIJTMJGFTëPX "OEIFBSTJUTXJOEJOHNVSNVSBOEIFTFFT ѮFNFBEPXTXIFSFJUHMJEFT UIF4VO UIFCSFF[F
.PTUPGUIFUJNFXFIBWFBOBSSPXFSXBZPGTFFJOHBOEGFFMJOH XJUICMVSSFEWJTJPO BOEDMPVEZNJOE WJFXJOHUIFXPSMEUISPVHIUIFêMUFSPGPVSTFMêTIJOUFSFTUTBOEUIFCMJOL FSTPGFWFSZEBZIBCJUѮFSFBSFDPNQVUFST UFMFWJTJPOT BOEUIFSBOEPNQFSUVSCBUJPOTPG MJGFUIBUNJHIUEVMMPVSNJOETBOELFFQVTGSPNUIJOLJOHѮFZDBOUBSOJTIUIFHMFBNPG UIFXPSMEBOEEVMMUIFTQBSLMFJOPVSFZFT BTXFMPPLPVUUPTFFUIFTBNFPMEUIJOH XJUI QVĒFEVQGBDFTUIBUIBWFCFDPNFNBSLFECZUIFIBSTIFSBTQFDUTPGUIFXPSME #VUXFBMMXBLFVQGSPNUJNFUPUJNF DBUDIJOHBëFFUJOHHMJNQTFPGUIFCFBVUZUIBU TVSSPVOETVTѮFTJMFODFJTCSPLFO MJLFUIFêSTUTUFQPOUIFDSVTUPGVOUSPEEFOTOPX BOEBQVSFOPUFUIBUSJTFTPVUPGUIFDPOGVTJOHOPJTF0SJUNJHIUJOTUFBECFTJMFODF êMMFEXJUISFTUGVMQPUFOUJBM MJLFBQBVTFJONVTJDUIBUUFNQPSBSJMZCSFBLTUIFNFMPEZ PSUIFQSFHOBOURVJFUCFUXFFOMJHIUOJOHBOEBUIVOEFSDMBQ $PTNJD1FSTQFDUJWFT
1BJOUFSTVTFTVOMJHIUUPJMMVNJOBUFUIFJSXPSL JOJUTEJSFDUHMBSFPSXJUITMBOUJOHTIBE PXTѮBUMJHIUDBOCFBMJWF XBSN BOEMJGFTVTUBJOJOH BLJOUPêSFTUIBUEBODFJOUIF GBDFPGEBSLOFTT0SBQBJOUJOHNJHIUEFQJDUUIFFMVTJWF WBSZJOHRVBMJUJFTPGUIF4VOT IPU HMPX UIF TPVSDF PG MJHIU BOE DPMPS *O SFMJHJPVT BSU UIF MJHIU PѫFO DPNFT GSPN BCPWF SFQSFTFOUJOHTQJSJUVBMQPXFSBOEEJWJEJOHUIFDFMFTUJBMGSPNUIFUFSSFTUSJBM UIF IFBWFOTGSPN&BSUI ѮF%VUDIBSUJTU7JODFOU7BO(PHIVTFEUIJDLCSVTITUSPLFTPGCMB[JOH CSJMMJBOU QJHNFOU BTEFOTFBTIPOFZ QPSUSBZJOHBOPUIFSMJHIU BQPXFSGVM ZFMMPX4VOUIBUCMB[FT GPSUI XJUI BO BMNPTU TVQFSOBUVSBM SBEJBODF "OE GPS IJN UIF DPMPST EJE OPU EJF BU OJHIU5P7BO(PHI JUPѫFOTFFNFEiUIBUUIFOJHIUJTNPSFBMJWFBOESJDIMZDPMPSFE UIBOUIFEBZu-PPLVQBUUIFOJHIUTLZ BOEZPVXJMMBMTPOPUJDFUIBUUIFTUBSTHMFBN XJUICMVF HSFFO ZFMMPXBOESFEDPMPST 4P7BO(PHI UIFQBJOUFSPGUIF4VOCZEBZ QPSUSBZFEUIFCSJMMJBOUTUBSTBUOJHIU EFTDSJCJOHUIFJSTQBSLMJOHDPMPSTBTFNFSBMET MBQJTMB[VMJ SVCJFT BOETBQQIJSFT)JTêSTU 4UBSSZ /JHIU QBJOUJOH GPS FYBNQMF DPOUSBTUT UIF CMVFHSFFO OJHIU TLZ BOE UIF IVHF TQBSLMJOHTUBSTPGUIF#JH%JQQFSXJUIUIFiSPVHIHPMEuPGUIFMJHIUTCFMPX 'JH 7JODFOU EFTDSJCFE UIF QBJOUJOH JO B MFUUFS UP IJT CSPUIFS EFDMBSJOH i* IBWF B UFSSJCMF MVDJEJUZ BU NPNFOUT UIFTF EBZT XIFO OBUVSF JT TP CFBVUJGVM * BN OPU DPOTDJPVT PG NZTFMGBOZNPSF BOEUIFQJDUVSFDPNFTUPNFBTJOBESFBNu 1BJOUFSTBSFTFFLJOHOFXQBUUFSOTJOUIFXPSME VTJOHOPWFMQFSTQFDUJWFTUPMPPL CFZPOEUIFPCWJPVTBOECFOFBUIUIFTVSGBDFJOUPUIFPUIFSXJTFJOWJTJCMFѮF%VUDI
1BSUJOHUIF$PTNJD7FJM
'*( 3TARRY NIGHT !RLES 4HE $UTCH ARTIST 6INCENT 6AN 'OGH CREATED THIS PAINTING ALSO KNOWN AS THE 4UBSSZ/JHIU0WFSUIF3IÔOF IN 3EPTEMBER DESCRIB ING IT IN A LETTER TO HIS BROTHER 4HEO WITH h4HE SKY IS GREENISH BLUE THE WATER ROYAL BLUE THE GROUND MAUVE 4HE TOWN IS BLUE AND VIOLET THE GAS IS YELLOW AND THE REmECTIONS ARE RUSSET GOLD DOWN TO GREENISH BRONZE /N THE BLUE GREEN EXPANSE OF THE SKY THE 'REAT "EAR ;THE "IG $IPPER= SPARKLES GREEN AND PINK ITS DISCRETE PALLOR CONTRASTS WITH THE HARSH GOLD OF THE GAS 4WO COLORFUL LITTLE lGURES OF LOVERS ;ARE= IN THE FOREGROUNDvA 4HE PAINTING CAN BE COMPARED WITH 6AN 'OGHS MORE VISIONARY 4UBSSZ/JHIU COMPOSED THE FOLLOWING YEAR AT 3AINT 2£MY SEE &IG /IL ON #ANVAS M 0RIVATE #OLLECTION #OURTESY OF -US£ES .ATIONAUX 0ARIS
HSBQIJDBSUJTU .BVSJUT$PSOFMJT&TDIFS PS.$&TDIFSGPSTIPSU XBTSFQSFTFOUBUJWF XJUIIJTTLJMMBUQPSUSBZJOHTQBUJBMQFSTQFDUJWFT 'JH "SUJTUTDBOBMTPDVMUJWBUFBTFOTFPGEFUBDINFOU BTJGUSZJOHUPMPPLBUFWFSZUIJOH GSPNBEJTUBODFUPHFUBMBSHFS NPSFDPNQMFUFWJTJPO:PVNJHIUTBZUIBUUIFZKVTUXBOU UPSFUBJOQFSTQFDUJWF GSPNUIF-BUJOGPSiUPMPPLUISPVHIu"OEUIBUQFSTQFDUJWFIBT DIBOHFEBTBTUSPOPNFSTIBWFUSBOTGPSNFEPVSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGUIF$PTNPT"SUBOE BTUSPOPNZIBWFUPHFUIFSUBLFOVTCFZPOEUIFDVSUBJOFEIFBWFOTPGNFEJFWBMUJNFT JOUPWBTU PQFODPTNJDTQBDF BXPSMEXJUIPVUFOE DVMNJOBUJOHJOPVSNPEFSOSFBMJ[B UJPOUIBUNBOJTOPMPOHFSUIFDFOUFSPGUIF6OJWFSTFPSUIFNFBTVSFPGBMMUIJOHT "QPFUTWJTJPODBOBMTPTXFFQVTJOUPUIFCPVOEMFTTDFMFTUJBMSFBMNT LFFQJOHUIF XPSMEGPSFWFSZPVOHBTJOUIJTQBTTBHF XIJDIEFTDSJCFTXIBUUIF$IJMFBOQPFU1BCMP /FSVEBGFMUXIFOIFXSPUFIJTêSTUMJOFPGQPFUSZ A
6INCENT 6AN 'OGH n 4HE #OMPLETE ,ETTERS OF 6INCENT 6AN 'OGH .EW 9ORK 'RAPHIC 3OCIETY 'EENWICH #ONNECTICUT 6OLUME PAGE
$PTNJD7JTJPO 8BSBOE5FDIOPMPHZ
'*( 4HREE WORLDS 4HE $UTCH GRAPHIC ARTIST -AURITS #ORNELIUS %SCHER WAS A MASTER AT DEPICTING VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES )N THIS PRINT A FOREST POND IS SHOWN WITH THREE DISTINCT COMPONENTS &ALLEN