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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling, Level IV Care has been taken to verify the accuracy of information presented in this book. However, the authors, editors, and publisher cannot accept responsibility for Web, e-mail, newsgroup, or chat room subject matter or content, or for consequences from application of the information in this book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to its content. Trademarks: Some of the product names and company names included in this book have been used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks or registered trade names of their respective manufacturers and sellers. The authors, editors, and publisher disclaim any affiliation, association, or connection with, or sponsorship or endorsement by, such owners. Cover Image Credits: Scene, Fotosearch; Celtic art, Rolin Graphics, Inc. ISBN 978-0-82194-325-0 © 2009 by EMC Publishing, LLC 875 Montreal Way St. Paul, MN 55102 E-mail:
[email protected] Web site: www.emcp.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be adapted, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Teachers using Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature, Level IV may photocopy complete pages in sufficient quantities for classroom use only and not for resale. Printed in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
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Contents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Unit 1: Word Study Skills and Context Clues
Lesson 1: Word Study Notebook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Lesson 2: Word Study Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Lesson 3: PAVE—Predict, Associate, Verify, Evaluate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Lesson 4: Context Clues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Lesson 5: More About Context Clues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Time Out for Test Practice: Using Context Clues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Unit 2: Reference Material and Clarifying Meaning
Lesson 6: Reference Materials for Vocabulary Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Lesson 7: Words with Multiple Meanings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Lesson 8: Review of Synonyms and Antonyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Lesson 9: Connotation and Denotation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Time Out for Test Practice: Connotation, Denotation and Word Meaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Unit 3: Spelling
Lesson 10: Spelling Correctly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Lesson 11: Spelling Patterns I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Lesson 12: Spelling Patterns II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Lesson 13: Spell-Check Software and What It Fails to Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Time Out for Test Practice: Spelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Unit 4: Word Parts and Word Origins
Lesson 14: Morphemes—The Building Blocks of Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Lesson 15: Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Lesson 16: More About Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Lesson 17: More About Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Lesson 18: Word Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Lesson 19: Root Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Lesson 20: Greek and Latin Roots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Lesson 21: Using Word Parts to Unlock Meaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Lesson 22: The Evolution of Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Time Out for Test Practice: Prefixes, Suffixes, and Root Families . . . . . 53
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Unit 5: Borrowed Words and Informal Language
Lesson 23: Spanish Words in English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Lesson 24: English Words from French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Lesson 25: English Words from German. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Lesson 26: Register, Slang, and Colloquialisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Lesson 27: Idioms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Time Out for Test Practice: Borrowed Words in English; Idioms and Colloquialisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Unit 6: Testing Vocabulary and Choosing Words
Lesson 28: Vocabulary Questions on Standardized Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Lesson 29: Writing and Word Choice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Lesson 30: Literal and Figurative Meanings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Lesson 31: Figurative Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Lesson 32: Expanding Your Word Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Time Out for Test Practice: Using Word Attack Skills on Standardized Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Answer Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Introduction The Exceeding the Standards resource books provide in-depth language arts instruction to enrich students’ skills development beyond the level of meeting the standards. Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling offers meaningful ways to incorporate word study into the language arts classroom. Vocabulary & Spelling presents thirty-two lessons, designed to be used weekly, that cover a broad range of topics from etymology to context clues to spelling patterns. These lessons are aligned with the units of the Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature program and may be used alone or as supplements to the Vocabulary & Spelling workshops in the Student Edition. Each lesson incorporates words from selections in the corresponding unit of the textbook. By using these lessons in conjunction with the literature program, you will help your students become better readers, writers, speakers, and spellers. Each lesson in Vocabulary & Spelling includes the following components: • A Word of the Week, selected from the corresponding textbook unit, highlights a word that students may find particularly meaningful or interesting. • Grammar instruction on one or more topics is followed by a Try It Yourself section that allows students to practice what they are learning. • Just For Fun activities encourage students to play with words, reminding them that language can be fun and interesting. • Tip boxes in the margin throughout the lesson clarify definitions, offer additional information, and give helpful suggestions. • A Time Out for Test Practice at the end of each unit provides students with the opportunity to assess what they have learned and to practice test-taking skills by answering sample standardized test questions in a multiple-choice format. It is essential that vocabulary instruction include a variety of strategies to develop students’ word-study skills. Lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide many different ways of exploring and studying words, word parts, semantic families, and spelling patterns and rules. Activating students’ prior knowledge of words and of essential concepts related to words helps students make associations between new terms and words they already know. The activities in Vocabulary & Spelling will help you actively engage students in working with words. As their curiosity about word exploration grows, your students will become increasingly confident in their ability to attack, learn, and experiment with new words.
Related Program Resources
For more vocabulary and spelling instruction, including charts of common prefixes, suffixes, and word roots, refer to the Mirrors & Windows Student Edition Language Arts Handbook, Section 2: Vocabulary & Spelling. Additional vocabulary development activities integrated with the literature selections are included in the Meeting the Standards unit resource books and in Differentiated Instruction for English Language Learners.
Teaching Tips
Word study encompasses not only vocabulary and spelling, but also the strategies language users employ to unlock meanings and internalize spellings. Effective instruction in word study gives students tools for learning new vocabulary and spelling independently in the long term. The following teaching tips can help you ensure that your students get the most from the lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling.
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Teach Word Attack Strategies There are a number of strategies good readers employ when they are confronted with an unfamiliar word. These strategies include: • using the context as a clue • gleaning hints from pictures, charts, graphs, and other text support • examining word parts: prefixes, suffixes, and roots • combing through memories for associations with the word • consulting dictionaries and other reference materials • asking an authority, such as a teacher or other expert in the field For many of us, these strategies have become second nature, and we are hardly conscious of using them. To students, however, they are not so obvious; strategic word decoding takes place mostly internally and silently, word attack strategies are largely invisible, and uninitiated students may never witness them in action. Research suggests that students need explicit instruction in these strategies to become proficient readers and effective writers. The lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide such explicit instruction. Create a Word-Rich Environment The essential backdrop to an effective word study program is a classroom where words are clearly valued. The following are some ideas for creating such a classroom. • Word Wall Post a variety of vocabulary words and/or words of the week in your classroom to provide students with repetition and recycling of the terms you want them to internalize. Use it as the basis of word games such as bingo, Jeopardy, and twenty questions, as well as collaborative storytelling. • Class Dictionary Have students keep a class dictionary by taking turns entering words studied in class, providing definitions, illustrating terms, writing contextual sentences, and searching for realworld uses of the words. • Classroom Library Provide a broad range of reading materials, giving students time for sustained silent reading, and modeling avid reading yourself, to build students’ vocabularies. • Word Processing Language Tools Encourage students to make use of language features built into word processing programs, such as dictionaries and thesauruses. • Online Word Games Schedule time for your students to learn new vocabulary with online word games and other technology tools. • Language Mentor Share your own interest in words by drawing students’ attention to interesting words in the news or in pop culture and by modeling how you approach words that are new to you. Foster Curiosity The key to incorporating meaningful word study into your language arts classroom is to encourage dialogue with your students about how words create meaning. Your own curiosity about language is infectious and will encourage your students to become inquisitive “word detectives” motivated to solve the mystery of word meanings. About Spelling “Rules” Some students benefit from memorizing what are sometimes called spelling rules; others are frustrated by the number of exceptions to each rule. To reflect the prevalence of exceptions, the term spelling pattern has been used instead of spelling rule in this resource. In addition to introducing students to spelling patterns, you can help them become stronger spellers by following the same teaching tips mentioned above: modeling the use of strategies, creating a word-rich classroom, and fostering curiosity.
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 1
Word study Notebook Understand the concept How large is your vocabulary? Most people your age know or recognize at least 20,000 words and use approximately 2,000 on a regular basis. That is only a small sampling of all the words in the English language, which number between 600,000 and one million. It’s no wonder, then, that almost everywhere you look, you can find new and unfamiliar words! A good way to add some of these new words to your vocabulary is to keep a word study notebook. Whenever you come across a new word while reading or listening, you can jot it down in the notebook, along with its definition and pronunciation. You might also write down the word’s origins—that is, what language or other words it came from. (This information can be found in most dictionaries.) Finally, add an example sentence or drawing to help you remember the word.
Word: acute Definition: characterized by sharpness or severity Pronunciation: \ -kyüt´\ Origins: from Latin acutus, past participle of acuere to sharpen, from acus, meaning needle Sentence: When the soccer player injured his knee, he felt acute pain.
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
Word of the Week visceral (vi‘ s@r @l) adj., emotional; instinctive Although her family wanted her to attend Harvard, Heather had a visceral feeling that the University of Minnesota was a better choice for her. You probably use facts, logic, and reasoning to guide you through many decisions in your life. However, for other decisions, you might depend on a gut feeling, or a visceral sense of what you want. Visceral is related to the Latin-derived word viscera¸ which refers to the inner parts of the body (especially the stomach and intestines, or guts).
Many words have more than one definition. You may choose which definition or definitions to include in the entry. In the definition, include what part of speech the word is used as—noun (n.), verb (v.), adjective (adj.), adverb (adv.), or other. Some words can be used as more than one part of speech.
Tip
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To write the pronunciation of a word, you need to use special phonetic symbols. Each symbol stands for a specific sound.
Tip
5 (the a sound in words like star)
8 (the sound made by the y in my)
@ (the schwa, an unclear vowel sound heard in words like extra and civil)
4 (the sound made by n and g together in words like thing)
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Browse through a book, magazine, or newspaper until you find a word that is unfamiliar. Then, use the space below to create a word study notebook entry for the word. In the space at the bottom, you may draw a picture to illustrate the word’s meaning. Word: Definition: Pronunciation: Origins:
To find out what phonetic symbols are used in your dictionary, check the pronunciation key.
Example sentence:
ExErcIsE B
Sometimes you will come across a word that you know the meaning of, but have a hard time remembering how to spell. Include these words in a separate section of your word study notebook. Here are a few tricky vocabulary words from selections in Unit 1 to get you started:
Tip
compromise, 16 endeavour, 19 conscientious, 100 hysterical, 124 tyranny, 130
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There are many new and unfamiliar words out there waiting to be discovered. As you read and listen, collect some of them. Over the next week, keep track of new words on the lines below. You can use these words to begin your word study notebook.
Just for Fun Slang is extremely informal language made up of invented words and old words that are given new meaning. In your word study notebook, start a list of slang terms that are popular today. Be sure to give the definition, pronunciation, and an example sentence for each word, just as you would with any other word you enter into your notebook.
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
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Word study skills Understand the concept
Word of the Week parsimony (p5r< s@ m9‘ n7) n., stinginess, simplicity
When reading, you will often encounter words that are new to you. It can be tempting to skip over them and keep going, but if that’s your only strategy, you’ll probably end up missing a lot of what you read! You will better understand and enjoy what you read if you follow these simple strategies for decoding unfamiliar words.
Jenna’s grandmother, who was known for her parsimony, had few modern conveniences in her apartment—no computer, no microwave, and certainly no cable television.
Use context clues
Parsimony generally refers to being very cautious with money. Its synonyms include thriftiness, frugality, tight-fistedness, and penny-pinching. However, it can also be used in more positive ways. For example, if you solve a puzzle in the least number of steps, your efforts can be considered parsimonious.
Most of the time when you encounter an unfamiliar word, you can figure out what it means by looking at the context, or the words around it. Read the following passage: Earthquakes are so common in Southern California that longtime residents hardly notice when the ground begins to rumble. Usually, a small tremor is all that occurs. However, after the state was hit by a series of major seismic disturbances in the late 1980s, many shaken-up Californians started wondering whether they should move to more solid ground.
You may not know what seismic means, but from clues in the surrounding text, you can probably guess that “seismic disturbances” are tremors or shocks caused by an earthquake. In fact, seismic is an adjective meaning “of, relating to, or caused by an earthquake.”
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Read the following passage. Then, use context clues to estimate the meaning of the underlined word. Pregnant women should avoid smoking, drinking alcohol, and taking non-prescription drugs. Any one of these activities can have a serious negative effect on fetal development.
1. What do you think fetal means? 2. What information in the passage helped you guess the meaning of the word?
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Just for Fun Look up the following words in a dictionary. Then, on your own paper, draw a picture for each one that would help a reader better understand the word’s meaning.
Look for Familiar Word Parts Examine the unfamiliar word. You may find that it contains a familiar prefix, suffix, or word root that provides a clue to its meaning. For example, if you know that kilo is Latin for “one thousand,” you can figure out the meanings of such words as kilowatt, kilometer, and kilogram.
Try It Yourself
saber box kite narwhal piccolo coping saw ankh
ExErcIsE B
Use your knowledge of word parts to define each of the following words in your notebook. You may refer to the Word Parts Charts provided by your teacher. 1. coexist 2. mobilize 3. maladapted
4. tetrachord 5. phonology
Use a Dictionary A prefix is a word part found at the beginning of a word; a suffix is found at the end. Prefixes and suffixes add meaning to a base word or root. A word root is a word part that is not a prefix or suffix and contains more of the core meaning of the word.
Tip
Sometimes, the fastest way to find out the meaning of an unfamiliar word is to look in the dictionary. However, keep in mind that many words have more than one meaning. Be ready to combine some of the other strategies with this one in order to figure out which definition is the right one.
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE c
Read the following sentences. Look up each underlined word in the dictionary and in your notebook, write down the definition that best fits the way the word is used in the sentence. 1. We saved the last parcel of the delicious dessert for my sister, who had been unable to join us for dinner. 2. Among the fishing gear for sale was a brand-new trammel. 3. The audience burst into applause as the singer’s mellifluous voice filled the auditorium. 4. During our play about the Salem witch trials, I was to wear a commode. 5. The dog slept through the muzzy afternoon.
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
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PAVE—Predict, Associate, Verify, Evaluate Understand the concept PAVE is a good way to help yourself remember the meaning of a new word. PAVE stands for Predict, Associate, Verify, and Evaluate. When you encounter an unfamiliar word, first copy down the sentence in which the word appears. Then follow the steps below: Predict
Try to predict the word’s meaning based on the context and on your prior knowledge of the word or its parts. Write down your prediction.
Associate Write a sentence of your own using the word. This will allow you to associate the word with another context. Verify
Check the meaning of the word by using a dictionary or by asking your teacher. A dictionary may offer multiple meanings for the same word. If you use a dictionary, select and write down the most appropriate definition.
Evaluate
Evaluate the sentence you wrote using the word. Does it do a good job of capturing the meaning of the word? Rewrite the sentence if necessary. If you wish, draw an image that will help you remember the word.
Try It Yourself Use PAVE to learn the underlined words in the sentences below. 1. The judge recused herself from the case when she learned that one of the people involved was an old friend from college. Predict: Associate:
Word of the Week tangible (tan‘ j@ b@l) adj., capable of being perceived, especially by touch; real Without tangible evidence that would stand up in court, the police officer knew he couldn’t arrest the suspect. Tangible is derived from the Latin tangere, “to touch.” It refers to something that you can plainly see or feel. Similar words are tangent, the name for a line that touches a circle in only one point, and tangential, which describes something that is related to a topic, but not of central importance.
After using PAVE to discover the meaning of a new word, try to use that word in your everyday speech several times over the next few days. This will help you remember the word and add it to your vocabulary.
Tip
Verify: Evaluate: 2. Children watching Saturday-morning cartoons are hit with a barrage of advertisements for toys and junk food. Predict: Associate:
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Just for Fun Flip through a dictionary and find a word you’ve never seen before. Be sure you understand what it means; then, write a paragraph with the word hidden somewhere in it. Exchange paragraphs with a partner. Your partner must, first of all, guess which word you were “hiding,” and second, use PAVE to figure out the meaning of the word.
Verify: Evaluate: 3. After a full day of hiking, Scott flopped down on the sofa and spent the rest of the evening in a recumbent position. Predict: Associate: Verify: Evaluate: 4. We stopped at a roadside café and had an unpretentious meal of roast beef and gravy. Predict: Associate: Verify: Evaluate: 5. The rainforest was so thick that the fauna were invisible to the tourists, who searched in vain for a glimpse of a monkey or toucan. Predict: Associate: Verify: Evaluate:
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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context clues Understand the concept When you encounter an unfamiliar word in your reading, you do not always need to reach for the dictionary. Take a closer look at the context, or the surrounding text, for clues that can help you guess the meaning of the word. Here are some types of context clues you might look for: restatement clue This type of clue is found when the author restates an idea, or explains it in a different way. Some words that signal restatement are that is, in other words, and or. In this example, the second sentence restates the first one, providing a clue to the meaning of the word guru. Guru means “expert.” example
Word of the Week premonition (pre< m@ ni‘ sh@n) n., a forewarning The girl had a premonition that something bad would happen if she and her friends entered the abandoned house. Premonition refers to a sense that something is going to happen. Synonyms of premonition include omen, portent, and suspicion. Hunch and inkling are similar to premonition, but these words have less ominous connotations.
Phil is a gardening guru. In other words, he knows everything there is to know about gardening.
apposition clue A more direct form of restatement is apposition. Apposition is renaming something. In this example, the author provides a definition of a math term, prime number, by renaming it as a number that can be evenly divided only by itself and one. example
Seven is a prime number, a number that can be evenly divided only by itself and one.
cause and effect clue This type of clue requires the reader to make an assumption based on cause and effect. Some words that signal cause and effect include if…then, when…then, thus, therefore, because, so, due to, as a result of, and consequently. example
The valley was completely inundated due to heavy rains.
Heavy rainfall tends to cause flooding, especially in lower-lying regions such as valleys. You can assume that inundated means “flooded” or “covered.”
There are many types of context clues. Three kinds are restatement, cause and effect, and examples. Not all context clues involve these three techniques. Some use other kinds of details.
Tip
examples Sometimes, an author will give examples to help clarify the meaning of a difficult word. The author may introduce these examples with expressions like including, such as, for example, for instance, especially, or particularly. example
Conifers, such as pine, spruce, and fir trees, stay green year-round.
The examples make it clear that conifer is another word for an evergreen tree.
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Just for Fun Play a game of Catch Phrase. The object of this game is to get your team members to guess the word or phrase you have been assigned from the context clues you give them. You cannot say the word itself or any word in the phrase, and you cannot give letters that appear in the word. First, divide into two teams. Each team should brainstorm a list of twenty common words and phrases. These can be the names of everyday objects, literary and art terms, plants, animals, foods, people and events from history. Write each word or phrase on a small slip of paper. Then someone from the opposite team will draw one of the papers and try to get the members of his or her own team to guess the word or phrase. Set a timer for anywhere from three to five minutes. Then have teams take turns drawing and guessing phrases. When the timer goes off, the team that is not guessing gets the point. The object is to guess as quickly as possible so your team isn’t “up” when time runs out.
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Try It Yourself Read the sentences below, using context clues to figure out the meaning of each underlined word. Identify the context clues and tell how they helped you figure out the meaning of the word. example
Kenji was a skillful player of gō, or Japanese chess.
The author uses restatement to define go– as a Japanese game similar to chess.
1. Fairy tales and myths often incorporate archetypal figures such as the hero, the fool, and the helper.
2. In Ireland, we were especially intrigued by the ancient cairns, monuments consisting of piled stones.
3. Tensions between the two students escalated; every day, the temptation to fight was greater.
4. The meaning of the pictographs remained enigmatic as even the most respected anthropologists failed to make sense of them.
5. The area around the small stream was densely populated with amphibians, including frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders.
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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LEssON 5
More About context clues Understand the concept When you come across an unfamiliar word, look for words and phrases in the text around it that may provide clues to the meaning of the word. Two common types of context clues are comparison clues and contrast clues.
comparison clues Words and phrases including such as, like, also, similarly, just as, and in the same way signal comparisons and indicate that the unfamiliar word is like something that might be more familiar to you. example
The new statute was similar to other laws that protected workers’ rights.
You may not know what the word statute means, but if you read the sentence carefully, you will see that it is compared to “other laws.” A statute is a law.
contrast clues Some context clues show contrast. Words and phrases such as however, but, not, except, although, and on the other hand signal that something contrasts, or differs in meaning, from something else. example
Word of the Week conscientious (k5n(t)< sh7 en(t)‘ sh@s) adj., taking care to do things well Mr. Smith, the office manager, chose Annabelle to lead the sales team because she had been conscientious in her work. Conscientious is a difficult word to spell (that is, you will have to be a conscientious speller in order to get it right). Also, it can easily be confused with the words conscience (pronounced k5n(t)‘ sh@n(t)s), which means to know the difference between right and wrong, and conscious (pronounced k5n‘ sh@s), which refers to being awake or aware of things. Synonyms of conscientious include careful, thorough, meticulous, reliable, and diligent.
Everyone in the class was enthusiastic about the field trip—except for Ross, who was as apathetic as ever.
The word except in this example indicates a contrast between Ross and the other students in the class. Everyone else is enthusiastic, but Ross is not. Apathetic means “having or showing no emotion or interest.”
Try It Yourself Use context clues to predict the meaning of the following words. Write your predicted definition on the line provided. 1. The article in the newspaper incensed many people, just as it angered me when I read it. 2. The pianist did not have an inborn talent for music, but had acquired the skill through hours of practice.
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Just for Fun Form a group of three. Each group member should choose a piece of construction or copy paper of a different color and cut it into three strips. Then, from the list of words below or a list your teacher provides, choose three unfamiliar words. Look up your words in the dictionary. Then, for each word, write one contextual sentence on one of your strips of paper, and underline the unfamiliar word. One of your sentences should include a contrast clue, one a comparison clue, and one a cause and effect clue. When you are done, fold your paper and put it in a central container with sentence strips from your group members. Then take turns drawing sentences out of the container, making sure to avoid your own color. Use the context clues in each sentence to guess the definition of the underlined word.
4. I felt like an ox blundering around on stage, but my friends told me I was actually rather graceful. 5. Jane’s evasive answer about where she had been the night before reminded Jane’s mother of how she used to avoid directly answering her own mother’s questions. 6. Chang scrutinized the results of the experiment the way many investors study stock market reports each day. 7. The pandemonium reminded Charley of the chaos around the stadium when the football team won the state championship. 8. Jennifer expected Aaron to be reluctant to see the romantic comedy she had picked out, but he said he was looking forward to it. 9. I thought for sure Amanda would guess that we’d planned a surprise party for her, but she was oblivious.
Word list oath gallant temperate bacchanalian avuncular charlatan soporific noxious evanescence fastidious inauspicious stigmatize palatial odoriferous preemptory troglodyte substantive
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3. After hearing of the struggles Lois had recently gone through, I expected her to be morose; but instead, she seemed cheerful and upbeat.
10. The Midwestern school aimed to be as prestigious as many of the East Coast boarding schools who send most of their students on to Harvard and Yale.
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
Time Out for Test Practice Using context clues Read the passage and answer the questions that follow. Cowboy poetry reaffirms a philosophy of life that maintains the need to be selfreliant above all else. With the open ranges of the West disappearing, this art form memorializes the strength of purpose that helped cowboys survive in treacherous times. Cowboy poetry gatherings across the Old West have worked to renew a burgeoning interest in all things western. The gatherings offer music and poetry, along with educational programs to encourage the continuance of the cowboy heritage. Recognizing the importance of youth in their quest to retain the luster of the cowboy tradition, gathering organizers have tailored activities to attract kids and young adults.
_____ 1. reaffirm A. cast off; reject B. mention as an afterthought C. declare again as valid D. recite a poem
_____ 6. continuance A. ability to change B. quality of enduring C. forward momentum D. state of being
_____ 2. self-reliant A. uncomfortably aware of oneself as an object of the observation of others B. having confidence in and exercising one’s own powers C. proud; arrogant D. able to defend oneself
_____ 7. heritage A. legacy; tradition B. collection of buried artifacts C. annual meeting D. customary celebration
_____ 3. memorialize A. learn by heart; commit to memory B. trivialize; make something seem unimportant C. sign up for something or join a group D. call to remembrance _____ 4. treacherous A. marked by danger or insecurity B. made with treacle C. adventurous; full of activity D. deceiving; able to fool _____ 5. burgeoning A. load down or oppress B. stagnant; unmoving C. waning; diminishing D. growing rapidly © EMC Publishing, LLC
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_____ 8. quest A. investigation of something suspicious or interesting B. chance or possibility C. pursuit of or search for something D. willingness to proceed _____ 9. luster A. beauty or attractiveness B. shine coming from within C. something purified ceremoniously D. period of five years _____ 10. tailored A. trimmed by a seamstress B. brought with C. for entertainment purposes D. custom-made
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Use context clues to determine the meaning of each underlined word and choose the letter of the best definition. _____ 11. Her diaphanous description of the day’s events left me with more questions than answers. A. candid B. humorous C. precise D. vague _____ 12. The mother’s imperturbable manner during the three-yearold’s birthday party helped to keep the rambunctious children under control. A. calm B. irate C. callous D. hyperactive _____ 13. The hasp on the gate had been exposed to a great deal of rain over many years. It was now completely rusted and would be impossible to pry open. A. fastener B. frame C. paint D. design _____ 14. Her posh apartment was breathtaking. Each room was tastefully decorated to create a look straight out of a magazine. A. over-the-top B. fashionable C. unattractive D. unique _____ 15. Brent was bored by the basketball team’s facile victory—they won by forty points. He had hoped for a much more competitive game. A. difficult B. easy C. surprising D. confusing
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_____ 16. The student malingered with a sore throat and headache when he discovered there would be a test on the reading he’d never finished. A. fought off B. suffered through C. pretended sickness D. overlooked _____ 17. The indigence in which the family lived was overwhelming. The family of four shared a small one-room shack with a crumbling roof and dirt floor. A. extreme poverty B. casualness C. wealth D. sorrow _____ 18. The teenager’s penitent expression uncovered her regret over last night’s damages. A. frightened B. stern C. carefree D. apologetic _____ 19. Toni’s innate sense of direction left the rest of the hikers feeling confident that they would find their way back to camp. A. confusing B. instinctive C. crazy D. arrogant _____ 20. The science teacher stated his supposition to the class; our task was to test his hypothesis and decide if it was correct or not. A. credentials B. evidence C. theory D. verification
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 6
reference Materials for Vocabulary Words Understand the concept As discussed in previous lessons, context clues can help you figure out the meaning of many words. However, sometimes context does not help. When you encounter unknown words and cannot figure out their meanings, a dictionary can be useful. If you find yourself using the same words over and over in your writing and want to freshen it up, a thesaurus will provide a comprehensive list of synonyms. Other references for words are also available. For example, many nouns have entries in encyclopedias, some historical terms are discussed in history books, and an atlas might be helpful for geographic types of information.
Dictionaries
A dictionary is a book that provides information on words. Dictionaries show the proper way to spell and pronounce words, as well as listing their meanings and what part of speech they are. Some dictionaries also briefly explain the history of each word, which is known as etymology. All dictionaries do not contain the same amount of information. Some dictionaries contain more words than others, and some contain more information about each entry. The meaning of a word is known as its definition. For many words, several definitions exist, and all of these are listed in most dictionaries. You will have to use the context of the word in order to determine which meaning best applies to it.
Word of the Week reprimand (re‘ pr@ mand) n., a scolding Although Mark claimed that all he was doing was heading home for lunch, he still received a reprimand from the principal for breaking school policy. A reprimand is a rebuke. It generally implies some degree of formality. For example, if you tell your little brother to stop misbehaving at a city park, it is not considered a reprimand because you hold no formal position. However, if a police officer tells your little brother to stop, his or her position of authority qualifies the order as a reprimand. Synonyms of reprimand include warning, scolding, criticism, admonition, and chastisement.
References that provide information on words include dictionaries, thesauruses, encyclopedias, timelines, and atlases.
Tip
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Look up the following words a dictionary. Write a brief definition for each. 1. wallow 2. mortify 3. chasm
Dictionaries explain the meanings of words. They also contain information on spellings and pronunciations, parts of speech, and the etymology, or history, of each word.
Tip
4. advocate 5. cliché
Thesauruses The English language consists of a rich variety of words. When you find that you are using the same word over and over to convey an idea, it is a good idea to try to find alternative words, or synonyms. A thesaurus is © EMC Publishing, LLC
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A thesaurus provides lists of synonyms and antonyms for many different words. A thesaurus will give you choices and help you select just the most appropriate word.
Tip
the ultimate source for synonyms, and will provide comprehensive lists of them. A thesaurus will also list the antonyms of a word, or words that mean the opposite.
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE B
Look up each of the following words in a dictionary. In your own words, write a brief definition on the line given. Then use a thesaurus to find three synonyms for each word. 1. detrimental definition synonyms 2. ament definition synonyms 3. synthetic definition synonyms 4. mentor definition synonyms 5. eloquent definition synonyms 6. fiasco definition synonyms 7. profound definition synonyms 8. exhilaration definition synonyms
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 7
Words with Multiple Meanings Understand the concept Many words in the English language have more than one meaning. Some can also be used as different parts of speech. For example, the word crush is both a noun and a verb. Lori had a crush on a boy in her class. [n., an intense infatuation] Please crush the aluminum cans before recycling them. [v., to squeeze or flatten]
Crush and crush are homonyms, words that are spelled and pronounced alike but have different meanings. Following are some more common homonyms. tire
noun referring to the rubber part of a wheel verb meaning “to become weary”
monitor
verb meaning “to keep track of” noun referring to a computer display screen or a type of lizard
poker
noun referring to a metal rod used for stirring a fire noun referring to a card game
Try It Yourself
Word of the Week sear (sir) v., burn; destroy I was hoping to sear the emblem into my leather boots with the branding iron. The word sear is a homophone. A homophone is similar to homograph, but instead of two words sharing the same spelling, they share the same pronunciation. A homophone of sear is sere, which means “prophet” or “fortune teller.” In your own writing, be aware that spelling errors may occur with homophones if you rely on sounding out words to determine their spelling.
Tip
ExErcIsE A
Find two different meanings for each of the following words. Then write a sentence illustrating each meaning. example refrain v., to keep from doing something Alex tried to refrain from biting his nails, but could not help himself. n., a repeated verse in a song or poem Everyone sang the refrain.
Many words have more than one pronunciation
as well. Metal will conduct electricity. [v., k@n dukt>] The student received a medal for good conduct. [n., k5n> dukt]
1. mace
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If you find a word that does not seem to make sense in context, consider whether the word may have another meaning. Can the word be used as more than one part of speech—for example, as both a noun and a verb? Does it have a broader meaning than the one that first came to mind?
Tip
2. pitch
3. radical
Homographs Just for Fun Think of a word that has at least two meanings. Then draw a picture that illustrates both meanings. For example, you might draw police spreading blankets over a large area to illustrate two meanings of blanket.
Words that are spelled alike but have different meanings and pronunciations are often called homographs. (The word homograph comes from Greek roots meaning “written the same.”) When you come across a word that is a homograph, you need to look at the context to decide what it means and how to pronounce it. How would you pronounce each word in the examples below? examples bass [a type of fish] and bass [having a low pitch] wind [moving air] and wind [turn a crank as on a watch] desert [dry place] and desert [leave behind]
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE B Words typically gain multiple meanings over time. For example, a word may:
Tip
Think of two meanings and two pronunciations for each of the following words. 1. compound
• gain a broader meaning • gain a more narrow, specialized meaning • gain a positive connotation
2. entrance
3. minute
• gain a negative connotation • come to be used as a different part of speech
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 8
review of synonyms and Antonyms Understand the concept Synonyms are words that have the same or nearly the same meaning. Although they are very similar in meaning, synonyms often have slight differences in connotation. A thesaurus is a good tool for finding synonyms. Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. Some antonyms are completely distinct words, such as warm and cool or genial and aloof. Often, a word’s antonym can be formed by adding a negating prefix, such as im– or dis–. For example, an antonym for possible is impossible. An antonym for respect is disrespect. The prefix in-, meaning “not,” is spelled four different ways: in-, im-, il-, and ir-. The first consonant of the base word or root determines which version of the prefix should be used. The different spellings are designed to make the resulting words easier to pronounce.
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Use your knowledge of synonyms and antonyms, and a thesaurus if needed, to identify two synonyms and two antonyms for each word below. 1. irritated
Word of the Week impediment (im‘ pe d@ m@nt) n., something that stands in the way, an obstacle Until Daniel Boone explored and widened the Cumberland Gap in 1775, the Appalachian Mountains formed a considerable impediment to the westward movement of American colonists. An impediment is an obstacle of some type. For example, a town situated along a river might build protective walls as an impediment to rising springtime flood waters. An impediment doesn’t have to be a physical thing or person; the definition also includes ideas and other intangible concepts. For example, the boy’s self doubt could be an impediment to his success on an exam. Additional synonyms of impediment include obstruction, barrier, hindrance, hurdle, and stumbling block.
2. young The following are suffixes that mean “not.” Adding one of these suffixes to a word creates a word with the opposite meaning.
Tip
3. smile 4. small
a-, an- atypical dis- disinterested
5. change
il-
illogical
im- impervious in- insecure ir-
irrational
un- unreal
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Synonyms and antonyms often provide context clues that will help you unlock the meaning of unfamiliar words. Synonyms typically occur in restatement or comparison clues. Antonyms typically appear in contrast clues.
Tip
Using synonyms and Antonyms You already know you can use synonyms to add variety to your writing or to be more precise. For example, you might replace a word you have used several times with a fresher synonym, or you might replace a word with a synonym that more accurately reflects your meaning. Synonyms and antonyms can also serve as context clues in a text. For example, the first sentence below uses a synonym as a clue to what the underlined vocabulary word means. The second sentence uses antonyms the same way. examples I have to admit I find this whole affair confounding, absolutely mystifying. Give me just the salient points from the lecture without any of the inconsequential details.
Just for Fun Use a dictionary or thesaurus to find a pair of antonyms that you would like to incorporate into your vocabulary. Then make an illustration using these words and showing the contrast between them. sentimental/hardboiled
When you come across an unfamiliar word, look for a synonym or antonym in the text around it that might serve as a clue to the word’s meaning. In your own writing, you may also clarify difficult words by using synonyms and antonyms as comparison and contrast clues.
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE B
Look for synonyms or antonyms to help you figure out the meaning of each underlined word. Write the meaning on the line provided. 1. Sally endured many ordeals and tribulations as she traveled from coast to coast. 2. Dennis’s prodigal behavior shocked his parents, who had raised three cautious, responsible children before him. 3. The lavish spread at the Jones’s dinner made my usual meals seem parsimonious. 4. I am deeply, profoundly grateful for your kindness. 5. Josh’s wisecracks made it hard for the teacher to convey to us the gravity of the situation.
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 9
connotation and Denotation Understand the concept A word’s denotation is its dictionary definition. A word’s connotations are all the positive or negative associations it has in addition to its literal meaning. For example, the words dirty and soiled both denote “unclean.” However, the word dirty has negative connotations. For example, it is associated with low morals (as in “a dirty business deal”) and unpleasant tasks (as in “a dirty job”). Soiled, on the other hand, is rather neutral—neither positive nor negative. Different people have different connotations for words. For example, the word ocean has a positive connotation for many people. They may hear it and think peaceful thoughts. However, if you are afraid of water due to a near-drowning incident when you were a child, the word ocean may have a negative association for you!
Try It Yourself
The words in each pair below are synonyms or near synonyms. They have very similar denotations, but differing connotations. Explain the difference in connotation on the lines provided. example
old / vintage
Both words mean “not new,” but vintage has a more positive connotation. It connotes something that is valuable or collectable, whereas old is more neutral.
1. strong-willed / stubborn
2. flighty / unpredictable
Word of the Week preclude (pri kl2d‘) v., to rule out The detective knew enough not to preclude any of the suspects, no matter how good their alibis were. Preclude and exclude have overlapping meanings—they both refer to keeping things or ideas out. Most of the time, however, they are used in different ways, and their prefixes can give clues to their meanings. Both words are derived from the Latin root claudere, to close. The prefix pre- means “before,” so preclude means “to close beforehand.” In contrast, the prefix ex- means “out of” or “not,” so exclude means “to close out” or “to keep out.” In general, preclude means “to rule out, especially in advance,” whereas exclude means “to keep something out (at the present time).”
It is important to be aware of the connotations of words as well as their dictionary definitions. If you use a word with the wrong connotations, you might not convey the meaning you intended—or worse, you might offend your reader or listener.
Tip
3. solitude / loneliness
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Politicians and salespeople are careful to use words with positive connotations. For example, most presidential speeches contain “feel-good” words such as unite, freedom, equality, and progress. Many sales pitches include words such as modern, convenient, and value.
Tip
4. selective / picky
5. arrogant / self-confident
Some dictionaries explain the differences in connotations between words with similar meanings. For example, if you look up the word calm in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, you will find a description of the differences between calm, tranquil, serene, placid, and peaceful.
Just for Fun Get together with a partner and brainstorm a list of words that have a similar meaning, but different connotations. You may use a dictionary or thesaurus to help you. Then sort the words in a chart like the one below, showing which have negative connotations, which have positive connotations, and which are neutural.
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
Time Out for Test Practice connotation and Denotation All of the words in each group are near synonyms—they mean basically the same thing. One word in each group differs from the others in connotation. Write the letter of that word on the provided blank. _____ 1. outgoing, gregarious, sociable, talkative A. outgoing B. gregarious C. sociable D. talkative _____ 2. greedy, eager, selfish, hoggish A. greedy B. eager C. selfish D. hoggish
_____ 4. demolish, dismantle, destroy, raze A. demolish B. dismantle C. destroy D. raze _____ 5. desire, covet, crave, want A. desire B. covet C. crave D. want
_____ 3. travel, roam, rove, wander A. travel B. roam C. rove D. wander
Word Meanings For each question, pick out the word that does not relate to the word shown. _____ 1. baby A. infant B. purse C. darling D. bib
_____ 4. imitation A. mock B. simulation C. impersonation D. bizarre
_____ 7. forlorn A. irate B. despondent C. sad D. lonely
_____ 2. challenge A. dare B. confront C. dispute D. analyze
_____ 5. radical A. extreme B. extremist C. conservative D. fundamental
_____ 8. vulgar A. overindulgent B. bad-mannered C. tasteless D. rude
_____ 3. prolific A. creative B. productive C. scarce D. abundant
_____ 6. thin A. skinny B. fine C. hefty D. sheer
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 10
Word of the Week unique (y1 n7k>) adj., one of a kind When Charles Lindbergh completed the first solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927 in his plane The Spirit of St. Louis, it was a unique accomplishment. Unique is one of the most commonly misused words in the English language. Since it refers to something that is totally unlike anything else, something is either unique or it isn’t. Modifying the word does not make sense. However, it is common to hear people refer to things as very unique or somewhat unique. Now you can point out that those are illogical statements. A more accurate way to express this thought is to say that something is very unusual.
spelling correctly Understand the concept The Modern English language consists of words that have been derived from many languages over the last two thousand years. English words come from Latin, Anglo-Saxon (Old English), French, and Spanish, as well as many other languages. These languages have different ways of spelling certain sounds and the spelling of various sounds has changed as the English language has grown and developed. Because of this, Modern English presents many challenges when it comes to spelling. There are many “rules,” as well as many exceptions to these rules. Even though two words sound the same, they may be spelled completely differently. As with any skill, becoming a good speller takes effort and practice.
The Long e sound
A variety of letter combinations produce the long e sound. Each of the following words has a letter, or combination of letters (including a silent e at the end of a word), that form the long e sound. keep cheese beaver either believe
me these disabilities diabetes money
enemy sardine people
Try It Yourself There are many different ways to become a stronger speller. Recognize the words you consistenly misspell and practice spelling them correctly, using a dictionary for help. Break the words down into syllables and pronounce them out loud. This will help solidify the words and their correct spellings in your mind.
Tip
ExErcIsE A
Each of the following words contains a long e sound. In your notebook, identify which letter or letter combinations produce the long e sound. Pronounce the word and write a brief definition. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1. balmy 2. decipher 3. keen 4. tedious (two answers) 5. leaping
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Long a sound A variety of letter combinations produce the long a sound. Each of the following words has a letter, or combination of letters (including a silent e at the end of a word), that form a long a sound. eight ate bay
hey great bait
café suede
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE B
The following words contain a long a sound. In your notebook, identify which letter or letter combinations produce the long a sound. Pronounce the word and write a brief definition. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1. vain 2. gale 3. array 4. convey 5. heinous
Other Letter combinations There are many other cases in which the same sound is produced by a variety of letter combinations. For example, the long u sound is produced using different letters in the words ewe, you, and debut. The s sound can be made by the letter s, as in surprise, or the letter c, as in century.
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE c
For each of the following sounds, try to think of two different letters or letter combinations that make the sound and a word that illustrates each of them. 1. f sound 2. sh sound 3. j sound
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Word of the Week
spelling Patterns I
verdant (v@r‘ d@nt) adj., greenery, especially that of plants or forests
Understand the concept
In the springtime, the newly sprouting buds on the trees produced a verdant landscape in the rolling hills of southern Pennsylvania.
Adding Prefixes
Verdant is derived from the Old French words for green, verd and verte, which were derived from the Latin word vivere, meaning “to be green.” Verdant is generally not used to refer to one green item, but rather to a situation where the observer is surrounded by greenery.
Spelling words with affixes—that is, prefixes and suffixes—can be tricky. You will avoid making most errors if you follow a few simple guidelines. When adding a prefix to a word, do not change the spelling of the word itself. examples
mis- + spell = misspell re- + arrange = rearrange
With some words, a hyphen may be used after the prefix. If in doubt, consult a dictionary.
Adding suffixes When adding a suffix to most words, you do not need to change or drop any letters. Unless the word ends in y or silent e, keep all letters of the word and all letters of the suffix. examples
Being a good or a bad speller has nothing to do with how smart you are or even how good you are at writing. Some of the most well-known writers, F. Scott Fitzgerald for example, had a terrible time with spelling. Improve your spelling by reading more—the more you read, the more words you see, and the more likely you will be able to remember how they look on the page, and therefore, how to spell them.
Tip
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stubborn + -ness = stubbornness personal + -ly = personally
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Choose the correctly spelled word in each pair. 1. iresponsible / irresponsible 2. gradualy / gradually 3. cooperate / coperate
4. actually / actualy 5. unecessary / unnecessary 6. skiing / sking
Final y When a suffix is added to a word ending in y, the y sometimes changes to an i. The following are some typical examples. Can you figure out the pattern? When does the y change to an i, and when doesn’t it? y changes to i busy + -ness = business country + -es = countries
y does not change enjoy + -able = enjoyable play + -ful = playful
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Try It Yourself ExErcIsE B
1. Fill in the blanks to describe the pattern you see in the examples given on the previous page. The final y changes to an i before a suffix when ___________________; however, the final y does not change when ___________________.
2. Add a suffix to each of the following words, being sure to spell each new word correctly. Notice that not all of the words fit the pattern—there are a few oddballs. A. shabby + -er = B. boy + -ish = C. airy + -ly = Note that the following words do not fit the pattern: acknowledgment, judgment, argument, truly, awful. Silent e is always dropped in these words, even though it is kept in other words like them.
Tip
D. fly + -ing = E. employ + -er = F. coy + -ly =
silent e When a suffix is added to a word ending in silent e, sometimes the e is dropped and sometimes not. The following are some typical examples. Can you figure out the pattern? When is the silent e dropped, and when is it kept? silent e is dropped believe + -able = believable make + -ing = making
Mileage and acreage also do not fit the typical spelling pattern— they keep the silent e.
silent e is not dropped use + -ful = useful fortunate + -ly = fortunately
Try It Yourself
Note that when adding a suffix beginning in a or o to a word ending in -ce or -ge, the silent e must be kept. Why do you think this is so?
Tip
ExErcIsE c
1. Fill in the blanks to describe the pattern you see in the examples given above. The final e is usually dropped before a suffix when ___________________; however, it is usually not dropped when ___________________.
2. Add a suffix to each of the following words, being sure to spell each new word correctly. All of these words should fit the pattern you identified.
noticeable [not noticable] advantageous [not advantagous] courageous [not couragous]
A. infringe + -ing = B. irate + -ly = C. remote + -ness = D. distribute + -ed =
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The following words do not fit the common pattern of when to drop the silent e. The silent e is dropped in these words, even though it is kept in other words like them.
Tip
acknowledge + -ment = acknowledgment
E. recuperate + -ion = F. arrange + -ment = 3. Words ending in -ce or -ge are exceptions to the pattern. In these words, the silent e is not dropped before a suffix beginning with an a or an o. Examples include courageous, peaceable, changeable, noticeable, and advantageous. Why do you think the silent e is kept in these words?
judge + -ment = judgment argue + -ment = argument true + -ly = truly awe + -ful = awful
4. Other exceptions to this pattern include dyeing (coloring with a dye) and singeing (burning or scorching). Why do you think the silent e is kept in these words?
Practice difficult spelling words with a friend. Take turns spelling words aloud to the other person.
Tip
Doubling consonants One final area of confusion: sometimes, when a suffix is added to a word that ends in a single consonant, the final consonant is doubled. examples
sad commit thug prefer
sadder committed, committing thuggish preferred
Often, however, the consonant is not doubled. examples
sad commit meet train benefit
sadness, sadly commitment meeting training benefited
Can you figure out the pattern? (Hint: Look at the consonant and vowel patterns in both the word and the suffix. If the word has more than one syllable, notice which syllable of the word is stressed.)
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 12
spelling Patterns II Understand the concept This lesson will help you avoid some common spelling errors. Many spelling problems arise from a common operation: forming plurals. Form the plurals of most nouns simply by adding s such as in the words chairs, players, and guitars. Most nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant have plurals ending in es, as do nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, or sh such as heroes, crashes, foxes, and beaches. However, certain words ending in o—including musical terms from Italian and other words borrowed from foreign languages—take the s ending (concertos, pianos, cellos, radios, tacos). Form the plurals of nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel by adding s as in monkeys, plays, and Wednesdays. (The vowels are the letters a, e, i, o, u. Sometimes the letter y also represents a vowel sound.) Form the plurals of nouns that end in y preceded by a consonant by changing the y to i and adding es as in the words stories, cherries, and fairies. The same rules hold true when adding the suffix s or es to the end of a verb. examples
push ➞ pushes say ➞ says whinny ➞ whinnies child ➞ children goose ➞ geese
tooth ➞ teeth mouse ➞ mice
When forming the plurals of nouns ending in f, ff, or fe, you can usually just add s. A few such words, however, form their plurals by changing the f to a v. When in doubt, consult a dictionary. examples
knife ➞ knives thief ➞ thieves
Words taken from other languages sometimes keep their foreign plurals. For example, the plural of the Latin word alumnus, meaning student, is alumni. examples
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abyss (@ bis‘) n., a very deep hole During their march across Greenland, the explorers carefully avoided the deep fracture on the glacier, which appeared to be a bottomless abyss. Abyss is derived from the Greek word abyssos, which means “bottomless.” Abyss commonly refers to a physical hole, such as a deep, narrow canyon, but it can also be used to refer to a figurative concept. For example, a person suffering from serious depression might be described as being in an emotional abyss.
Tip
The plurals of some nouns are irregular. examples
Word of the Week
Remember these helpful hints:
If you are adding a suffix to a word that ends with y, and that y follows a consonant, you should usually change the y to i. party ➞ parties If you are adding a suffix to a word that ends with y, and that y follows a vowel, you should usually leave the y in place. ploy ➞ ploys
paparazzo (Italian) ➞ paparazzi crisis (Greek) ➞ crises thesaurus (Latin and Greek) ➞ thesauri or thesauruses
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Moose does not follow the same pattern as goose. The plural of moose is simply moose! Other animal words that are the same in plural as in singular include sheep, swine, fish, and deer.
Tip
I before E Other common spelling errors arise in words that are spelled with the letters i and e. Remember that when a word has the long e sound (as in shriek), you should put i before e, except after the letter c. examples
field, believe, shield perceive, receipt, ceiling Note that there are some exceptions, including seize, either, neither, leisure, and species, as well as words with the suffix -er, such as fancier.
-sede, -ceed, or -cede? Irregular plurals are sometimes holdovers from older forms of the English language. For example, plurals were once formed with the suffix –en. That changed, but can still be seen in the words children, oxen, women, and men.
Tip
Some spelling errors arise in words that end with the sound [sēd]. Remember that there are only three words in English that end in –ceed: exceed, proceed, and succeed. There is only one word that ends in –sede: supersede. Every other word that ends with [sēd] is spelled –cede.
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Make the following singular nouns into plural nouns in your notebook. 1. 2. 3. 4.
soprano crutch apartment complex Tuesday
5. 6. 7. 8.
bully video trench personality
ExErcIsE B
Tip To form the plural of an abbreviation, number, or symbol, you may simply add s. You may add an apostrophe if there is danger of confusion. IOUs, 1900s, #s (or #’s) mind your p’s and q’s
Read the following sentences and correct any errors in the formation of plurals. Write your corrections in your notebook. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Two of my friends had crisises last night. The salsa recipe calls for tomatos, onions, pepperes, and chivees. Please turn in your analysises of the short story by Friday. Counting sheeps in bed helps many childs get to sleep. Even alumnuses of prestigious schools have trouble remembering how many cs and ss there are in the word necessary.
ExErcIsE c
Circle the word in each pair that is spelled correctly. 1. “You are so (wierd / weird)!” Calvin (shreiked / shrieked), staring at his (neighbor / nieghbor) in (disbeleif / disbelief). 2. The (chief / cheif) of police planned an all-out (siege / seige) on the criminals (believed / beleived) to live in the (biege / beige) house. 3. The (conceited / concieted) man (succeeded / suceded) in stopping his hairline from (receeding / receding). 4. “(Procede / proceed),” (conseeded /conceded) the guard, “but don’t (exceed / excede) the two hour time limit.” 5. When a fight broke out on the (field / feild), the referee had to (intersede / intercede).
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 13
spell-check software and What It Fails to Do Understand the concept Spell-check software can be a useful tool in checking your work on the computer. However, keep in mind that spell check does not always make the correct decisions. Some typographical errors will not be caught by a spell check because the word may still be spelled correctly—it was just the wrong word to begin with. Consider the following sentence: When I finally remembered to remove he book form my book bag and return it to the library, it was too months late.
Running a spell check on that sentence would result in no errors found. However, there are three errors. Can you find all three?
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Type this paragraph into a word processing program on a computer. If you do not have access to a computer in your classroom, try your school or local library. Do not check for spelling mistakes as you type. When you are finished, run a spell check on your work. After the spell check is complete, proofread your paragraph against this one. Did you find any mistakes? If not, congratulations! You’re an accurate typist, and your spell check did its job. If you did find mistakes, examine the mistakes. Are they correctly spelled words that are used incorrectly in the sentence? For example, did you type “did it’s job” or “did its job”? These small differences make big differences in meaning.
Word of the Week dupe (d2p) 1. v., to fool; 2. n., one who is easily fooled Before the Munich Conference in 1938, Adolf Hitler knew he would be able to dupe Neville Chamberlain into thinking that Europe would remain at peace for many years. Dupe has many synonyms, including deceive, cheat, fool, trick, con, hoodwink, and swindle. Most of these alternatives can be used in either a serious or lighthearted way. Dupe, however, is generally used only in a serious and negative manner. Claiming that someone has been duped is usually considered to be insulting toward that person.
With most spell-check programs, you can choose preferences that will help to customize what you want your spell check to suggest. For example, you can choose if you want a standard or specialized dictionary.
Tip
ExErcIsE B
Proofread the following paragraph for errors that would not be caught by a spell-check program. Rewrite the paragraph correctly below. When researching a author, keep in mind that it takes time to find a quality, informative sight among the clutter and gigantic mass of the Internet. Web browsers are a great place to start; most of the sites you will find their will be well-organized and in-depth. The best cites are often those hat the authors put together themselves. When a writer creates a home page, you can often find personnel messages an anecdotes that sallow
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Most spell checks will ask if you want to delete a repeated word. Sometimes you will have accidentally typed a word twice and will want to delete the second usage. Other times, you will want to have the word repeated, as in this sentence: “If he had had thirty more minutes to complete the exam, he would have done really well.”
Tip
you to get a real sense of who he or she is. Good secondary sites include these authorized by the author or his or her agent, literary societies, publishers, and fans of the other.
Just for Fun Start a section of your Word Study Notebook for recording typos you make frequently. Words like from/form, the/he, too/two are problematic because a spell check won’t catch them. Become familiar with the kinds of mistakes you make, and then proofread your work for those mistakes.
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
Time Out for Test Practice spelling Choose the letter of the word as it is spelled correctly. Write the corresponding letter on the blank provided. _____ 1. Jana flipped the (calendar / calender) page over to see the month of September. A. calendar B. calender _____ 2. Mike is a very (competetive / competitive) chess player. A. competetive B. competitive _____ 3. I don’t like it when my mother (embarrasses / embarasses) me in front of my friends. A. embarrasses B. embarasses _____ 4. Lila thought the film was (extrordinary / extraordinary). A. extrordinary B. extraordinary _____ 5. Who knows how to (attatch / attach) the hitch to the pickup truck? A. attatch B. attach _____ 6. Everyone thinks that the boys are (heroes / heros). A. heroes B. heros _____ 7. The puppies are very (mischievous / mischievious). A. mischievous B. mischievious _____ 8. Do you know what the (temprature / temperature) is outside? A. temprature B. temperature
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_____ 9. The comedian was quite (humorous / humerous). A. humorous B. humerous _____ 10. The movie was full of (repitition / repetition). A. repitition B. repetition _____ 11. That story is so (weird / wierd)! A. weird B. wierd _____ 12. The waiter (reccomends / recommends) the tortellini salad. A. reccomends B. recommends _____ 13. Howard finds his sock warmers (indispensible / indispensable) in the winter. A. indispensible B. indispensable _____ 14. I was (surprised / suprised) to see Tori at the football game. A. surprised B. suprised _____ 15. That dog likes to (harrass / harass) everyone who walks by the house. A. harrass B. harass _____ 16. Noelle is (eligible / elligible) for the award. A. eligible B. elligible
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_____ 17. We went to the old (cemetary / cemetery) to do grave rubbings. A. cemetary B. cemetery _____ 18. The floral dress is very (feminine / femenine). A. feminine B. femenine _____ 19. Peter’s (concience / conscience) was bothering him. A. concience B. conscience _____ 20. The (amateur / amature) soccer team won the tournament. A. amateur B. amature _____ 21. The two roads run (parallel / paralell) to each other. A. parallel B. paralell
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_____ 22. After halftime, the Rivertown Rats came back with a (vengence / vengeance) and won the game. A. vengence B. vengeance _____ 23. The neighborhood bakery agreed to (sponsor / sponser) our softball team. A. sponsor B. sponser _____ 24. It would be a (privilege / privelege) to be in your wedding! A. privilege B. privelege _____ 25. The school board formed a (comittee / committee) to study the effects of additional testing. A. comittee B. committee
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 14
Morphemes—The Building Blocks of Words Understand the concept A morpheme is a chunk of a word that has meaning. All words are made up of one or more morphemes. For example, the word apples can be broken into two meaningful chunks: apple / s. Apple is a base word that refers to a type of fruit. The s is a suffix that means “more than one.” Breaking a word down into its parts can help you figure out what the word means. For example, suppose you did not know the meaning of the word prediction. You could break it down into three meaningful parts: prediction = pre- + dict +- ion pre- = a prefix meaning “before” dict = a word root meaning “say” or “tell” -ion = a suffix meaning “act of,” “state of,” or “result of”
Word of the Week posterity (p5 ster‘ @ t7) n., all future generations; descendants The governor stated that the major reason to clean up the environment is to leave a healthy planet for posterity. Posterity contains the prefix post-, which refers to something that comes afterward. Posterity is a word that is commonly found in speeches by politicians, who want voters to know they are concerned about the quality of life for everyone’s children and grandchildren.
Together, the parts create a word that means “the act of telling about something before it happens.” Notice that they can also be combined with other parts to create new words such as the following: pre- (preview, pretest, preschool) dict (diction, dictionary, dictator, dictation) -ion (communication, transportation)
ExErcIsE A
List five words that contain each of the following word parts. example
The four main types of morphemes are prefixes, suffixes, word roots, and base words. Prefixes are word parts that attach to the front of a word; suffixes attach to the end.
Tip
Try It Yourself ex-, prefix meaning “out of; from” explode, export, extend, excel, except
1. pro-, prefix meaning “before; forward” 2. spect, word root meaning “look”
Word roots and base words are word parts that form the core of a word. Word roots cannot stand alone as words; base words can stand on their own.
3. ject, word root meaning “throw” 4. -ify, suffix meaning “make or cause to be”
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Some words contain just one morpheme. These are called base words. They cannot be broken down into smaller parts.
Tip
apple, pink, read
ExErcIsE B
Break each of the following words down into its morphemes, or word parts. Tell whether each part is a prefix, suffix, word root, or base word. Also, give the meaning of each part, as found in your lists of common word parts. Finally, using the dictionary and your knowledge of the word parts, write a definition of the word. 1. stupefy Word Part
Type
Meaning
Type
Meaning
Type
Meaning
Type
Meaning
Type
Meaning
2. protract Word Part
3. servitude Word Part
4. sheepishly Word Part
5. semitranslucence Word Part
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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4/15/09 12:27:55 PM
Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 15
Prefixes, roots, and suffixes Understand the concept Many words consist of a central part, called either a root or a base word, and a prefix or a suffix (or both a prefix and a suffix). If you are familiar with common roots, prefixes, and suffixes, it will be easier for you to figure out the meaning of words that are new to you. The root or base word is a group of letters to which a prefix or suffix is attached. A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a root or base word, whereas a suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a root or base word. Adding a prefix or suffix almost always changes the meaning of a word.
Prefixes
The following are some of the most common prefixes: Prefix bicondismidinterunsemi-
Word of the Week enmity (en‘ m@ t7) n., hostility or bad feelings toward a person or group The enmity between the Greek and Turkish peoples, which dates back to the Ottoman Empire, has diminished in recent decades. The word enmity shares an origin with the word enemy—they are both derived from the Latin word inanimus, meaning “not a friend.” There are many synonyms of enmity, including hostility, antagonism, antipathy, animosity, acrimony, loathing, and hatred.
Meaning two with not, opposite middle together not half
Many words consist of a root and a prefix or suffix (or a prefix and a suffix). Roots and base words are discussed in more detail in Lessons 19 and 20.
Tip
For example, semifinal means “half-finals” (or in a tournament, the round just before the finals), disappear means the opposite of appear, and unattractive means “not attractive.”
Try It Yourself
Knowing common roots, prefixes, and suffixes can help you figure out the meaning of words you do not know.
Tip
ExErcIsE A
Try to determine the meaning of the following words, using their prefixes and roots or base words as clues. Write your answers on the lines given. 1. semiannual 2. disassemble 3. bimonthly 4. interfaith 5. midtown 6. unknown © EMC Publishing, LLC
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
LEvEL Iv, UnIt 4
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suffixes The following are some of the most common suffixes: Suffix -er, -or -en -ful -hood -ly -ness -ship
Meaning one who made of full of condition of; quality of having the characteristics of state or quality of state of
For example, banker means “one who works for a bank,” neighborhood refers to what the neighbors are like in a certain area, happily means “in a happy manner,”,and ownership is the state of owning something.
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE B
Try to determine the meaning of the following words, using their suffixes and roots or base words as clues. Write your answers on the lines given. 1. fatherhood 2. southerner 3. relationship 4. preparedness 5. scholarly 6. hopeful ExErcIsE c
In the left column of the chart below, write two common prefixes and two common suffixes that were not mentioned in this lesson. Then write down a word using each one. Based on your knowledge of what these words mean, what do you think the prefix or suffix means? example
Prefix pre-
Prefix/Suffix Prefix 1: Prefix 2: Suffix 1: Suffix 2:
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Word precede
Meaning “before”
Word
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
Meaning
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 16
More About Prefixes Understand the concept A prefix is a meaningful word part that appears at the beginning of a word. A prefix can be added to an existing word to change the word’s meaning, or it can be combined with a word root (such as rupt, fer, or ject) to create a new word. prefix + word
re- + read = reread
prefix + root
re- + fer = refer
Knowing the meanings of common prefixes can help you decipher words that contain them. For example, the prefix ante- means “before.” Words that share this prefix have “before” as part of their meaning. antecedent:
something or someone that comes before, such as ancestors Our antecedents believed that the Earth was flat.
Word of the Week abhor (@b h0r>) v., to intensely dislike Tom Sawyer truly abhorred bathing. Abhor and horror are both derived from the Latin word horre–re, which means “to shudder.” Using the word abhor can be a more refined way to express intense dislike than the more common word hate, which at times seems crude. Other synonyms of abhor include detest, loathe, and despise.
The following prefixes mean “before” or “after.” Prefixes afteranteepiforepostprepro-
Meaning after before; in front of after (also “on; at; besides”) before after; behind before; in front of before (also “in favor of”)
Examples afterthought antecedent epilogue, epitaph forerunner, forecast postpone, postscript preamble, preview prologue, prognosis
Most prefixes we use today come from ancient Greek and Latin, although some come from Old English.
Tip
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Use your knowledge of prefixes to define each of the following words. In your definition, include the word before or after. Then use each word in a sentence. 1. antechamber 2. afterglow
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The spelling of a prefix may vary depending on the word or base to which it is attached. The prefix con- can be spelled com-, col-, co-, or cor-.
Tip
comcolcocor-
used before b, p, or m used before l used before o used before r
The spelling changes make the resulting words easier to pronounce. For instance, when con- is added to the word respond, it is spelled cor-. Correspond is easier to pronounce than conrespond.
Prefixes may have more than one meaning. The prefix ex- can mean “out of,” as in extract and exclude, or it can mean “former,” as in ex-boyfriend and ex-president.
3. epitaph 4. prognosis
The following prefixes express togetherness and separateness. Prefixes Meaning ab- / abs- / aaway, from; separate from con- / com- / col- / with; together co- / cordis- / di- / difapart; in different directions; not se- / sedapart, aside, without syn- / sym- / syl- / with; together sy- / sys-
Examples abduct, absent, avert connect, compile, collaborate, coordinate, correspond distract, divorce segregate, secret sympathy, synchronize
Tip
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE B
Use your knowledge of prefixes to define each of the following words in your notebook. In your definition, use one of the following words: together, separate, apart. Then, use each word in a sentence. 1. avert 2. collaborate 3. diverge The following prefixes express opposite, or contrasting, ideas.
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Prefixes bene-, eudys-, mal-, mis-
Meaning good; well bad; badly
anti- / antcontra- / contro- / counterpro-
against
for, in favor of (also “before; forward”)
Examples benefactor, euphony dysfunction, malpractice, mismanagement antislavery, antagonist controversy, counteract progress, pro-American
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 17
More About suffixes Understand the concept A suffix is a meaningful word part that appears at the end of a word. Some suffixes indicate nouns—people, places, and things. Suffix -an/-ian/-arian -ant/-ent -ar/-er/-or, -ier/-yer, -eur -ee -arium/-orium, -ary/-ory/ery -ence/-ance, -ency/-ancy/-cy -hood -ion, -tion, -sion -ment -ness -ship -tude/-itude, -ty/-ity
Meaning and Examples one who does or is connected with (American, guardian, librarian) one who or thing that (immigrant, irritant, resident) one who (liar, actor, lawyer, cashier, chauffeur) one who receives or is the object of (payee, employee) place for (aquarium, laboratory, bakery) state or quality of (defiance, infancy) state or quality of (childhood) action of; state of; result of (ambition, suspicion) action or process of; state or quality of (development, amazement) state or quality of (kindness) state or quality of (hardship); skill, art, or practice of (penmanship) state or quality of (solitude, necessity)
Word of the Week devise (di v8z>) v., to produce or form a plan When Franklin Roosevelt took office in 1933, he wanted to devise a plan to pull America out of the Great Depression. Devise means to invent or concoct a means of solving something. It has many synonyms, such as formulate, conceive, invent, plan, develop, create, and imagine. When spelling devise, be sure not to confuse it with device (pronounced di v-s´), a noun that refers to a machine or gadget.
The suffix -ary, meaning “a place for,” is found in the word dictionary. A dictionary is “a place for” words.
Tip
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Add a noun suffix to each of the following words or word roots to create a word with the meaning given. 1. Something that causes pollution: pollut_______. 2. One who is brought into a new family: adopt_______. 3. State or quality of extreme coldness: frigid_______. 4. State or quality of being an unmarried man: bachelor_______. 5. Action of communicating by letters: correspond_______. 6. One who defends himself or herself in a court of law: defend_______. 7. One who is not a professional: amat_______. © EMC Publishing, LLC
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Some suffixes have more than one meaning and can indicate more than one part of speech. For example, the suffix -ant can indicate a noun (defendant) or an adjective (militant).
Tip
Just for Fun Divide the class into groups. See how many words each group can form by adding suffixes to the following words. Set the timer for 3 minutes. The group with the most new words wins the game. defy predict beauty false
A number of common suffixes form adjectives—words that describe nouns. Suffix -able, -ible -al -ant, -ent -en -er -est -ful -ic -ish -ive -less -like -ly -oid -ous/-ious/-uous -y
Meaning and Examples able to; likely to (attainable, durable) relating to (personal, natural) tending to (defiant, urgent) made of; relating to (golden, wooden) more (higher, calmer, shorter) most (lowest, craziest, tallest) full of; characterized by (hopeful, fearful) relating to; characterized by (scientific, historic) relating to (selfish, reddish) tending to (festive) without (hapless, careless) resembling (childlike) resembling (motherly); every (monthly, daily) resembling (humanoid) full of or characterized by (generous, anxious) characterized by (flowery)
A few suffixes indicate adverbs, words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Suffix -ly -ward, -wards, -ways, -wise
Meaning and Examples in such a way (quickly, studiously, invisibly) in such a direction (towards, sideways, clockwise)
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE B Many words ending in -ing, -en, and -ed are participles.
Tip
Participles form part of twoword verbs: was swimming, had written, have closed. They can also be used as adjectives: the swimming fish, the half-written note, the closed door. Words ending in -ing can also be used as nouns. Swimming is my favorite sport.
Add an adjective suffix to each of the following words or word roots to create a word with the meaning given. 1. Likely to spoil if not refrigerated: perish_______. 2. Tending to be watchful: vigil_______. 3. Full of scorn for others: contempt_______. 4. An object that looks like a falling star: aster_______. 5. Having to do with the universe: cosm_______. Add an adverb suffix to each of the following words. Give a definition of the new word you have formed. 6. cross_______: 7. reckless_______: 8. to_______:
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Other common suffixes form verbs—words that express action or a state of being. Following are some common verb suffixes. Suffix -ate -ed -en -ify/-fy -ing -ize
Meaning and Examples to make or cause to be (activate, fascinate) past tense of verb (walked, stopped) to make (strengthen); also, past action (taken, eaten) to make or cause to be (clarify, terrify) ongoing action (calling, debating) to make or cause to be (popularize)
Try It Yourself Exercise C
Create a verb by combining each of the following words with a suffix from the chart above. Then use the new word in a sentence in your notebook. Remember that you may have to alter the spelling of the word when you add a suffix. 1. glory 2. standard 3. motive 4. haste 5. familiar
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level IV, Unit 4
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
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Word of the Week pernicious (p@r ni‘ sh@s) adj., extremely destructive or harmful In 15th century Italian courts, the potential for political murder made for a pernicious atmosphere where no one knew who would be the next victim. Pernicious is used to imply some combination of poison, evil, danger, and destructiveness. It is derived from the Latin word for destruction, perniciosus. Pernicious has many colorful synonyms, some of which are destructive, harmful, deadly, evil, toxic, noxious, insidious, spiteful, and malicious.
A linguist is someone who studies language and traces words back through time to discover their histories.
Tip
Word Origins Understand the concept The majority of English words have origins in other languages. You can find information on where a word came from by looking up its etymology, or history of origin. Etymologies can be found in a regular or etymological dictionary. In a regular dictionary, a word’s etymology is located after its pronunciation and part-of-speech label. The information is usually abbreviated and surrounded by brackets, and you can usually find a key to the abbreviations in the front or back of the dictionary. Consider the word annihilate. Below is the entry that can be found in a regular dictionary. an • ni • hi • late (@ n8> @ l6t) v., [LL annihilatus, pp. of annihilare to reduce to nothing, fr. L ad- + nihil nothing –more at NIL] (1525) In the example above, the etymology of the word appears in brackets, following the part-of-speech label. A list of abbreviations indicates that LL stands for Late Latin, L stands for Latin, pp. stands for past participle, and fr. stands for from. Based on this entry, we learn that the English word annihilate comes from the Late Latin word annihilatus, which is the past participle of annihilare, which means “to reduce to nothing.” The word comes from the Latin prefix ad-, plus nihil, which means “nothing.” The phrase “more at NIL” indicates that related etymological information can be found by looking up the word nil. The number in parentheses after the etymological information indicates the year of the first recorded use of the word in English. For more information, reference the explanatory notes at the front of your dictionary.
Try It Yourself Use a dictionary to find the meaning and origin of each of the following words. Then use each word in a sentence. example annihilate: to destroy origin: comes from the Late Latin word annihilatus sentence: We wanted to annihilate the ant hills that surrounded the sidewalk, but my older sister wouldn’t let us. 1. sequester: origin: sentence: 2. banal:
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origin:
Tip
sentence:
Other abbreviations used in etymologies include:
AF = Anglo-French D = Dutch F = French G = German Gk = Greek Ir = Irish lit. = literal, literally ME = Middle English OHG = Old High German
3. bestow: origin: sentence: 4. clammy: origin: sentence: 5. ecology: origin: sentence: 6. harmony: origin: sentence: 7. hence: origin: sentence: 8. jeopardy: origin: sentence: 9. legacy: origin: sentence: 10. zeal: origin: sentence:
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Word of the Week
root Families
adjacent (@ j6> s@nt) adj., next to The fire in the hotel kitchen caused smoke damage to several adjacent rooms. Adjacent implies that two things are next to one another, though they don’t necessarily have to be touching. Synonyms of adjacent include adjoining, nearby, neighboring, bordering, and flanking.
Understand the concept Many words in English come from ancient Greek and from Latin, the language of the ancient Romans. For example, the following words come from the word root fract, which comes from the Latin word fractio, meaning “the act of breaking.” fraction—what you get when you break something into pieces or portions (1/2, 1/3, etc.) infraction—the breaking of a law refraction—when a beam of light splits apart (“breaks”) as it passes through a barrier such as glass or water fracture—the surface along which something breaks Notice that all these words have “break” as part of their meaning. They are all part of the same root family. Knowing the meanings of common Greek and Latin roots can help you decode many unfamiliar words. Here are some common Latin roots:
Word roots are meaningful word parts that can be found in many English words. Many word roots are taken from ancient Greek and Latin words.
Tip
voc—Latin word root meaning “voice”; it comes from the Latin vocare, meaning “to call”
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Word Root am bene centr duc/duct fer ferv greg lum/luc mal/male man/manu tract
Meaning And Examples to love (amicable, amateur) good; well (benefit) center (concentrate) to lead (conduct, seduce) to carry (transfer, refer) to boil or bubble (fervor) flock or herd (congregate) light (luminous, translucent) bad; badly (malnutrition) hand (manufacture, manual) to draw; to drag (retract, tractor)
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Here are some common Greek roots: Word Root acr astr, aster chron phil phot psych therm
Meaning And Examples highest point (acrobat, acme) star (asteroid, disaster) time (chronological) love, fondness (Anglophile) light (photography, photosynthesis) mind (psychology) heat (thermal, thermostat)
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
The following words share the Latin root voc or voke, meaning “voice” or “to call.” Look up each word in the dictionary and jot down its definition. How is each word’s meaning related to “voice” or “calling”? Finally, write a sentence using each word. Use your own paper as needed. example
1. revoke 2. provoke
3. vociferous 4. advocate
5. avocation
benefactor, beneficiary, benign, benediction malpractice, malefactor, malignant, malnourished dynamic, dynamo, dynamite, dynasty fervent, fervid, fervor, effervescent congregate, segregate, gregarious
Just for Fun Greek and Latin word roots can be found in many given names. For example, the name Theodore means “gift from God.” it comes from the Greek roots theo, meaning “God,” and doro, meaning “gift.” Using Internet or library resources, research the following names to uncover their Greek or Latin roots. Lucas Melanie Timothy
Amateur contains the Latin root am, meaning “to love.” An amateur is someone who engages in a pursuit, study, science, or sport as a pastime and not as a profession—in other words, he or she does it for love, not for money.
Tip
In your notebook, identify and define the word root shared by the words in each of the following root families. Then give the definition of each word.
Barbara Dominic Laura
To castigate or chastise someone means to punish bad behavior in the hope of making that person be good.
vocation a job or career; a person’s “calling” in life Nursing is a challenging vocation.
ExErcIsE B
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
It can help you remember the meaning of a new vocabulary word if you associate it with other words in the same root family. For example, to remember the meanings of castigate and chastise (“to punish”), notice that they, along with other words like chastity and chaste, contain the Latin root cast or chast, meaning “good; pure.”
Tip
The Greek root meaning “to love” is phil. It can be found in words like philosophy (literally, “the love of learning”) and bibliophile (“one who loves books”).
Victor Valerie
You may wish to get together as a class to compile a longer list of names to be included in a Greek and Latin baby name book.
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Word of the Week augment (0g ment>) v., to add to something Many police officers augment their income by working off-hours as security guards for special events such as county fairs, rock concerts, and football games. Synonyms of augment include add, increase, supplement, enlarge, enhance, and boost. With the right effort, things that can be augmented include income, test scores, bicep size, engine power, and speaker volume.
The ancient Greeks and Romans, highly accomplished in the areas of science, medicine, mathematics, politics, drama, and art, spread their culture and language across Europe as they explored and conquered other regions. Greek and Latin terms began to enter English after the Romans conquered Britain in 43, introducing their law, culture, and Latin language to the island.
Tip
Greek and Latin roots Understand the concept Greek and Latin word parts are commonly found in terms that have to do with science, mathematics, politics and law, and other areas of learning and study. In fact, the word science contains the Greek root sci, meaning “to know.” Another example is the Greek word part -ology, meaning “the study or science of.” It can can be found in words such as biology, geology, and anthropology. The Greek word part -metry, meaning “the measure of,” can be found in words such as geometry and trigonometry. The Greeks and Romans also influenced our ideas about government and law. For this reason, political and legal terms often have Greek and Latin roots. For example, the term democracy comes from the Greek roots dem-, meaning “people” and -cracy, meaning “rule by.” Word Part dem- (G) leg- (L) judic- (L) pol-, polis- (G) pop (L) reg- (L) -arch, -archy (G) -cracy (G) -crat (G) -ism (G) -ist (G)
Meaning and Examples people (democracy) law (legislature) judgment (judiciary) city (politics) people (populist) rule (regulation) ruler; ruling class (monarch, oligarchy) form of government; social or political class (democracy, aristocracy) leader, member, or supporter of a certain government or class (democrat, aristocrat) system of belief; act, practice, or process (capitalism) one who does or practices (Communist)
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Try to guess the meaning of the following -ology words. Write your guess in your notebook. After you make a guess, look the word up in the dictionary and write down its definition too. 1. cryptology 2. epistemology 3. etymology 46
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4. gerontology 5. pathology 6. theology
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The Greeks made many discoveries in the areas of science and mathematics. For example, the Greek mathematician Euclid came up with the principles of geometry (geo + -metry, or “measuring the earth”). Many Greek and some Latin word parts can be seen in English words having to do with science and math. In fact, people still use these word parts all the time to create new scientific, medical, and technical terms.
Tip
Greek and Latin roots are found in medical terms as
well. neur-
nerve; brain
rhin-
nose
-ectomy
surgical removal of
ExErcIsE B
-itis
swelling of
Think of at least one word that can be formed from each Greek or Latin word part in the chart below. Put the words in the third column under “Example Words.”
-oma
tumor
-osis
diseased condition
-path
disease; disorder
Word Part astrobiodiaeco-
Meaning
Example Words
star life through, across home, habitat, environment ethnorace, cultural group ge-, geoearth; soil; ground gen-, geneto originate; produce isoequal; uniform physinature; relating to the body psychmind -graph(y, ic), -graph written or drawn -metry, -metric, -meter having to do with measure
The Greeks were not the first ancient civilization to make advances in science and mathematics. In fact, they got many of their ideas from the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians. Other ancient peoples, such as the Chinese, the Maya, the Persians, and the Phoenicians, just to name a few, were also skilled in math and science.
Tip
ExErcIsE c
In your notebook, identify and define the Greek or Latin roots in each of the following political terms. Then consult a dictionary to give the definition of the word. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
oligarchy legislator populist plutocracy technocrat
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Word of the Week mirth (m@rth) n., happiness and laughter During the Middle Ages, the songs, jokes, and acrobatic tricks of the jester brought mirth and merriment to the king’s court. Mirth is derived from the Old English words myrgth and myrge, which mean “merry.” Synonyms of mirth are hilarity, jollity, merriment, and fun.
The more meanings of prefixes, suffixes, and word roots you know, the better equipped you are to tackle difficult vocabulary words.
Tip
Using word parts to guess meanings is even easier if you work with a partner. Think aloud with your partner about how to break apart a word. Together, brainstorm words that share each word part, and use those words to guess the meaning of each part and a possible meaning for the entire word.
Tip
Using Word Parts to Unlock Meaning Understand the concept You can use your knowledge of word parts like those you encountered in the last few lessons to unlock the meaning of new words. For example, imagine that you encounter the word provocative and don’t know what it means. You could break the word down as follows: pro– prefix meaning “forward” or “toward” voc(a) root meaning “voice” or “call” –(t)ive suffix meaning “tends toward” From these word parts, you could guess that something provocative is something that tends toward voice, in other words, something that makes a person want to speak up or speak out. If you checked this guess in the dictionary, you would discover that provocative means tending to call forth a response. Even if you don’t know the meaning of a word part, however, you can often figure out the meaning of a word by using word parts. To do this, think of as many familiar words as you can that contain each part of the word. For example, if you were tackling the word biped, you might first think of words beginning with the prefix bi-: bicycle, biannual, and bisect. You know that a bicycle is different than a tricycle because it has two wheels rather than three. You’re pretty sure that the other two words also have something to do with the number two. Then you might think of words that contain ped: pedal, pedestrian, and pedestal. A pedal and a pedestal are both things you step on with your foot. A pedestrian is someone who is walking. From this information, you might guess (correctly) that ped means foot. A biped is something with two feet!
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Work with a partner to guess the meaning of each of the words below. You can use the Word Parts Charts from the previous lessons if you like. Record your thought process in your notebook. example
ambivert
We know these words that contain ambi–: ambidextrous, ambivalent, and ambiguous. We know that ambidextrous means to be able to do things with both the right and left hand. We’re pretty sure that the other two words also have something to do with taking up both positions or sides. We also know
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these words that contain vert: divert, introvert, and extrovert. Introvert and extrovert have to do with turning inward and turning outward, respectively. Divert also has something to do with turning. We think vert means turn. An ambivert might be someone who turns both inward and outward, someone who has characteristics of both an introvert and extrovert.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Use a combination of context clues—hints from the surrounding text—and your knowledge of word parts to unlock the meaning of new words you encounter as you read.
Tip
pseudoscience homogeneous chronicles disregard interaction
Just for Fun
ExErcIsE B
The following sentences contain underlined words that may be unfamiliar to you. Use word parts as well as context clues to guess the meaning of each word. Then record the dictionary definition of the word. 1. The robot Eugene displayed for the engineering class today is just the prototype; his final project won’t be finished for another two months. Predicted Meaning: Dictionary Definition: 2. The scientist panicked when he saw the data from the latest experiment; it was so unexpected that it might end up invalidating his hypothesis. Predicted Meaning: Dictionary Definition:
Form teams of four or five people. Set a timer for three minutes. In that time, brainstorm as many words as you can that contain the following word parts: tract -able/-ible interWhen the timer goes off, check each team’s list and make sure all of the words on each list actually exist. (Check a dictionary if you aren’t sure.) The team with the most legitimate words wins!
3. I used to like that politician, but now that he has reversed his position on two key issues, I find him despicable. Predicted Meaning: Dictionary Definition: 4. When a people’s beliefs are so entrenched, it’s hard to get them to change their minds. Predicted Meaning: Dictionary Definition: 5. The witness’s recriminations convinced the jury that the defendant was guilty. Predicted Meaning: Dictionary Definition:
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 22
Word of the Week boughten (b0> t@n) adj., purchased from a store Father built the new house with boughten boards and shingles and real glass windowpanes. Because in modern times, people buy almost everything they need instead of making things from scratch, boughten has become an out-of-date, or archaic, word. Therefore, it is unacceptable to use the word boughten today. You will encounter many archaic words in literature, especially in books written many years ago.
Archaic and obsolete words often have to do with objects, customs, and practices that no longer exist. For example, keeps is the name of a marble game that is rarely played anymore, and a sulky is a plow pulled by horses.
Tip
The Evolution of Language Understand the concept When you read literature from earlier time periods, you might notice that many of the words are unfamiliar to you. For example, you might find the word vesture used instead of the modern word clothes. In other cases, a familiar word—such as list—is used to mean something other than it currently means. In Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, list means “wish.”
Archaic and Obsolete Words
Words or specific meanings of words that are rarely used in modern English may be labeled in the dictionary as archaic or obsolete. Archaic words are those that are rarely used or are used only in certain contexts. The word vesture from the example above could be considered archaic; today, it is used only to refer to the garments worn by members of the clergy. An obsolete word is one that is no longer used at all. A fever was once called an ague, a toilet a donnicker, and an unethical politician a snollygoster. You will encounter archaic and obsolete words in your reading. To unlock the meaning of these words, use the same word attack skills you use with any unfamiliar word.
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Rewrite each of the following sentences, replacing the underlined archaic or obsolete word with a more contemporary word or phrase. Use context clues and your dictionary for help. 1. The man was sore in debt; he couldn’t even afford a new pair of shoes. 2. You’d better hark your mother’s advice; she knows what she’s talking about! 3. Initially, I trusted the peddler to deal honestly with me, but eventually I realized he was a conycatch. 4. Perhaps Jon will stop by on his way home, or haply he won’t. 5. The peddler asked to speak with the goodman, but only the wife was available to speak with him.
Neologisms At the same time as some words are becoming archaic or obsolete, new words are being created. These newly created words are called neologisms. Some of them will eventually be accepted as part of the language, and others will be forgotten. 50
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New words are created, or coined, in a number of ways. Some words come from the names of people, places, or brands. Words that come from proper names are called eponyms. Another source of new words is acronyms, such as TV as an abbreviation of television or the name yuppie for a “young upwardly mobile professional.”
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE B
Identify each of the following words as an eponym, a borrowed word, or an acronym. Consult a dictionary if necessary. 1. chauvinism
An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of the main parts of a compound term. Many acronyms are pronounced as words, but others, called initialisms, are pronounced letter by letter.
Tip
AWOL—absent without leave NATO—North American Treaty Organization MIA—missing in action SUV—sports utility vehicle
2. laser 3. Doberman
Just for Fun
4. escalator 5. chanteuse
Manipulating Language to Form New Words Many new words are formed from existing ones. One common way new words are formed is by adding affixes, as in deplane, classism, e-business, and even tabloidification. It is also possible to add a common word root to form a new term. Technophobe, schmoozefest, and toiletology were all formed this way. Sometimes the opposite happens—a prefix, suffix, or other word part is removed to form a new word. This process is called backformation. In this way, the noun babysitter generated the verb babysit, and the adjective spunky produced the noun spunk. Often, a word that began as a noun will also become accepted as a verb, or vice versa. For example, message was originally only a noun, but since the advent of advanced communication devices, it has become possible to message someone. You can also telephone someone and pencil in a date. The process by which a word changes function is called conversion. Clipping is another source of new words. For example, demo is a clipped form of demonstration. Other clipped words include phone, ad, gym, and fridge. Sometimes speakers combine two or more words to create compound words and blends. Compound words are formed when two or more existing words are combined, as in break-in, urbanwear, and web page. Some compounds are written as one word, some are © EMC Publishing, LLC
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Invent eponyms for at least three friends or family members, and assign a meaning to each eponym. For example, if your friend Cedric is known for his brightly colored socks, you might invent the word cedrics to designate socks bright enough to be worn by him.
Just for Fun New words enter the language in all of the following ways: • generic use of brand names • use of names of people and places • borrowing from other languages • acronyms and initialisms • combining affixes or roots in new ways • backformation • conversion • clipping, or shortening, words • creating new compounds and blends
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Neologisms often have to do with technology, popular culture, and current events. They are more likely to appear in publications geared toward readers in their twenties and thirties. Why do you think this is?
Tip
Just for Fun Try coining your own words using some of the methods described in this lesson. Use each of your words in a sentence that shows what the word means. miswanting—thinking you want something you really don’t Effective advertisements can cause even the most savvy shoppers to fall prey to miswanting.
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hyphenated, and some are written as two words. Blends are words that are formed from parts of existing words examples newbies (newcomers + babies) telemarketer (telephone + marketer) infomercial (information + commercial) Many of the newest words in the language are not yet in the dictionary. Use context clues and word parts to determine the meaning of these words.
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE c
Try to define each of the underlined words by using context clues or word parts. Write your definitions in your notebook. 1. While the official wouldn’t actually retract what he said, he did admit that it might have been wrongish. 2. Katelyn dreaded attending the reception for the lead executives; this kind of event always turned into a shmoozefest with everyone competing to make the best impression on the guests. 3. The new trend in the school district was to include one or two paraeducators in each classroom to assist the teacher. 4. I got this headband at a shoplet in Chinatown. 5. Technobabble was everywhere at the network administrators’ conference.
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
Time Out for Test Practice Prefixes and suffixes Choose the correct meaning for each of the following prefixes and suffixes. _____ 1. hemi-: What percentage of the world’s population is in the northern hemisphere? A. half B. opposite _____ 2. a-: The results from the study are atypical; the findings were different from those of similar studies. A. not B. to; toward _____ 3. tri-: Henry fastened his camera to the tripod and began taking photographs of the bald eagles. A. top B. three
_____ 4. hypo-: People lost in a blizzard can be at risk for hypothermia. A. too little; lacking B. fast _____ 5. post-: Barb postdated her check so it wouldn’t be cashed before the first of the month. A. on top of B. later; after _____ 6. fore-: The inhabitants of the coastal village were forewarned of the oncoming storm. A. over; again B. before; first
Choose the correct prefix or suffix to complete each of the unfinished words in the following sentences. _____ 7. Zena wanted to personal___ each holiday letter by writing a little note and signing her name at the bottom. A. -ize B. -ate C. -ify D. -ity
_____ 10. The organizers took ___cautions to make sure that no problems would occur during the event. A. deB. reC. preD. pro-
_____ 8. The biologist examined the bacteria using a _____scope. A. microB. macroC. periD. tele-
_____ 11. The television documentary was a ___spective, looking back over the past few decades. A. reB. circumC. perD. retro-
_____ 9. The data was ___sufficient so we asked for additional information. A. inB. unC. disD. under-
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_____ 12. Paul worked hard to strength___ the muscles in his legs. A. -ify B. -en C. -ate D. -ize
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root Families For each of the following groups of words, identify the root that each word shares. Write that root (and its variations, if any) on the line. Then write the letter of the best definition for that root. _____ 1. predict, dictionary, verdict, contradict root: __________ A. to construct B. to see C. to say D. to give _____ 2. describe, inscription, prescription, subscribe root: __________ A. to go B. to carry C. to offer D. to write _____ 3. transportation, import, export, deportation root: __________ A. to carry B. to grow C. to reverse D. to catch
_____ 4. final, finite, confine, define root: __________ A. border B. end C. change D. beginning _____ 5. audience, inaudible, auditorium, audiovisual root: __________ A. to do B. to perform C. to see D. to hear 6. revive, survival, vivacious, revitalize root: __________ A. waning B. alive C. colorful D. born
Use your knowledge of word parts to choose the best definition for each word. _____ 7. irresolute A. cranky and irritable B. determined C. scared D. uncertain how to act or proceed
_____ 10. inquietude A. disturbed state B. serene C. in the process of quieting down D. unruffled
_____ 8. monopolist A. first player B. a single pole C. one who plays games D. one who assumes complete control
_____ 11. trisect A. creature with three legs B. insect with three legs C. divide into three equal parts D. divide into multiple parts
_____ 9. bivariate A. involving multiple variables B. involving no variables C. involving one variable D. involving two variables
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_____ 12. equivocal A. a quivering voice B. of more than one voice C. one who sings D. clear
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LEssON 23
spanish Words in English Understand the concept The English language contains many words taken from other languages. These are known as borrowed words. Below are some words that were borrowed from Spanish. adobe aficionado barrio bonanza bronco burro canyon cockroach desperado enchilada guerrilla guitar
hurricane incommunicado junta lasso machete mesa mosquito mustang patio pinto plaza pronto
ranch renegade rodeo serape sierra siesta sombrero stampede tornado vigilante
A number of words borrowed from Spanish are actually Native American in origin. When Spanish explorers arrived in the Americas, they found plants and animals for which they didn’t have words. They turned to the native peoples for the names of these things. Later, English speakers borrowed these same words from Spanish. chile, chocolate, cocoa, coyote, tomato (Nahuatl) condor, llama, puma (Quechua) guava, papaya (Arawak) iguana (Arawak & Carib) manatee, potato (Taino) Native peoples also provided the Spanish with names for the following: barbecue, hammock, hurricane (Taino) poncho (Araucanian)
Word of the Week vigilante (vi j@ lan> t7) n., person enforcing law without legal authority; one who takes the law into his or her own hands When the bandits rode into town, the sheriff hid away in fear—and it was left to one lone vigilante to enforce the law and bring the bad men to justice. Vigilante is a Spanish word; in the Spanish language, its meaning is closer to “watchman” or “guard.” The English word vigilant, meaning “watchful,” is related to this word.
Native people whose words were borrowed include the following:
Tip
Arawak (from South America and the West Indies) Carib (northern South America and the Lesser Antilles) Nahuatl (Mexico) Quechua (South America) Taino (Greater Antilles and the Bahamas)
Try It Yourself Look up each of the following words in a good dictionary and copy down the etymology, or origins, of each word. Notice that the words may have been altered from their original Spanish or Native American pronunciation or spelling. example
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barbecue (also barbeque) From American Spanish barbacoa, a framework for supporting meat over a fire; probably originally from Taino. Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Just for Fun Use a Spanish-English dictionary or ask a Spanish-speaking friend to find one or more words from Spanish that have not yet been incorporated into English. Pick words that you like based on meaning or sound. Use each in a sentence.
1. guava 2. hammock 3. hurricane 4. alligator 5. cockroach
English words enter Spanish as well, creating hybrid terms such as lonche and parquear (Mexican Spanish for lunch and to park, as in to park a car). Find a person at your school whose native language is Spanish. Interview that person to find out what English words he or she knows of that are regularly used in the Spanish language.
Tip
For each of the following words, give the definition as well as the etymology, and use the word in a sentence of your own. 6. pinto
7. incommunicado
8. serape
9. junta
10. guerrilla
More Spanish words are entering English every day as Americans become exposed to new Latin American foods, music, and ideas. Words adopted within the last century include the following: burrito macho mariachi merengue
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nada salsa taco tango
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LEssON 24
English Words from French Understand the concept In 1066, England was conquered by the Normans, a people from northern France. In the centuries that followed this so-called Norman Conquest, the English language was greatly influenced by Norman French. So many French words entered English that today, it is virtually impossible to write a paragraph in English without using many words of French origin. Below are some of the words borrowed from French after the Norman Conquest. Some Words Borrowed From French Politics assembly, crown, empire, government, realm, reign, sovereign Financial Matters account, agent, bargain, estate, heir, merchant, revenue Power Relationships allegiance, authority, homage, oppress, pedigree, servant Law accuse, assault, attorney, convict, evidence, felony, justice, legal, perjury, treason, verdict Manners cavalier, courteous, debonair, dignity, loyalty Religion baptism, devotion, faith, virtue Architecture and Furnishings balcony, dungeon, furniture, pavement Fine Clothing apparel, attire, costume, dress, fashion, garments, gown Entertainment and the Arts art, dance, harmony, sculpture, tournament Food banquet, feast, roast, salad, supper
Word of the Week rendezvous (rän´ di vü) n., a meeting at a specific place and time; v., come together at a designated time and place The private detective arranged a secret rendezvous with her newest client, who had insisted on the utmost privacy. The brothers agreed to rendezvous later in the week. Rendezvous is a French word. In French, it means “present yourselves.”
Since the Normans were the ruling class, many of the words they introduced to English were related to power and prestige, as well as art, fashion, and food.
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Some words borrowed from French are easy to spot because they have kept their original French spellings and pronunciation such as café, déjà vu, and rendezvous. Others have been “Anglicized,” that is, changed so that they look and sound more English. Notice that the words derived from French tend to sound more formal. Because the French-speaking Normans were the ruling class, the words they used still carry connotations, or associations, of formality and sophistication.
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Old English
You can find the etymology, or origins, of most words in a standard dictionary. Look for it in brackets to the right of the part-of-speech label, as in the example below.
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begin bloom book clothes eat help hide house steal tell, say theft
vignette (vin yet?) n., [F. from MF vignete, from dim. of vigne vine—more at ] Note: F stands for “French,” MF stands for “Middle French,” and dim. stands for “diminutive,” which means “small form.” In other words, vignete means “little vine” in French. Your dictionary will provide a list of abbreviations and what each stands for.
French commence flower volume apparel, attire, garments dine aid conceal mansion purloin notify, inform burglary
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Look up each of the following French words in a good dictionary. Copy down the description of its etymology, or origins, and record the definition of the word. Finally, write down a connection with the word. This connection could be a contextual sentence, a question, a mnemonic device for remembering the meaning, or anything else you can think of. In the centuries after the Middle Ages, French was still considered a high-class language in Europe, one that was used by politicians and writers. English speakers often adopted French words and phrases in order to sound educated or sophisticated.
example vignette etymology: From French meaning a little vine, or vigne. meaning: 1) a decorative design or picture (often involving vines) at the beginning of a book chapter or 2) a brief incident or scene in a movie, book, or play. connection: I wonder if the word vintage is related, since vigne means vine and vintage has to do with the wine obtained from grapes, which grow on vines.
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1. 2. 3. 4.
curfew siege virtue perjure
ExErcIsE B
Rewrite the sentences, replacing the underlined words with their Old English counterparts. Does the result sound more or less formal? 1. Once we had informed our dinner companions that we admired their apparel, we commenced to dine. 2. I looked for the volume, only to discover that it had been purloined! Luckily, my friend aided me in discovering the burglar. 3. The peonies flowered all around the mansion, concealing the large French doors that led into the garden.
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LEssON 25
English Words from German Understand the concept More than seven million Germans immigrated to America from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries. These immigrants brought with them their language, and gradually, German words made their way into English. English words with German origins include many everyday terms, including blitz burg fest hamster kaput kindergarten kitsch
nickel plunder poltergeist spiel spritz stark stein
strand waltz wander wanderlust yammer yodel zigzag
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Each sentence below contains an underlined word of German origin. Use context clues to predict the meaning of each word. Then check your prediction by looking the word up in the dictionary. If the word has several meanings, be sure to pick the one that fits the sentence in which the word is used. 1. Once a telemarketer gets you on the phone, your choices are to hang up, to interrupt him or her, or to listen to the entire product spiel, which might take as long as ten minutes. Predicted meaning: Dictionary definition:
Word of the Week angst (54(k)st) n., feeling of unease and insecurity Derek’s angst over diving lessons melted when he met the coach—an easygoing young woman who put his fears to rest. Angst is a German word.
You might have heard of a group of immigrants and their descendents known as the Pennsylvania Dutch. The people referred to by that name are actually of German rather than Dutch origin. Americans misheard the German word deutsch, which means German, as the English word Dutch.
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Visit a German restaurant or locate a menu on the Internet. Use that information and the list in this lesson to plan the menu for a dinner party with a German theme.
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2. The soldiers plundered the deserted town, taking everything of value. Predicted meaning: Dictionary definition: 3. I prefer the rich, colorful paintings of Gauguin, but Sheila favors stark, barren landscapes that convey loneliness and desolation. Predicted meaning: Dictionary definition:
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Context clues are hints in the text surrounding an unfamiliar word that suggest what that word means. Some kinds of context clues include comparison, contrast, cause and effect, restatement, and apposition.
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4. Omar was supposed to mow Mrs. Sander’s lawn today, but he called to tell her that his mower was kaput and wouldn’t be fixed until Tuesday. Predicted meaning: Dictionary definition: Immigrants arriving from Germany brought with them their food preferences. As a result, many German words for food items have made it into the English language. Some examples appear below.
Just as in English, we call someone from New York a “New Yorker,” Germans add –er to the name of a city to designate someone who lives there. Given that fact, it is interesting to note that residents of the German city of Frankfurt call hot dogs wieners, while residents of the Austrian city of Vienna (called Wien in German) call them frankfurters. Both words have made it into English as synonyms, or words that mean nearly the same thing.
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Etymologies, or word origins, are often colorful. For example, the word pumpernickel comes from pumpern meaning “to release gastrointestinal gas” and nickel meaning “goblin or devil.” The word refers to coarse, dark bread that many people find hard to digest.
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bratwurst frankfurter hamburger knackwurst lager
liverwurst muesli muffin noodle pretzel
pumpernickel sauerkraut schnapps strudel wiener
A number of German words entered the English language during the two World Wars of the twentieth century. anschluss blitzkrieg flak
führer gestapo Nazi
U-boot
The following words, while less common and more closely linked to their German origins than to English, often appear in English texts. bildungsroman doppelgänger dummkopf ersatz fahrvergnügen
hausfrau hinterland kaffeeklatsch mensch schadenfreude
verboten weltanschaung weltschmerz wunderkind zeitgeist
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE B
Use a dictionary to look up the etymology and meaning of each of the following words. Then use each word in an original sentence. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
blitzkrieg schadenfreude dummkopf verboten flak
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LEssON 26
register, slang, and colloquialisms Understand the concept
Word of the Week revelry (re> v@l r7) n., noisy partying or merrymaking
A register is a subset of language usage specific to a particular relationship between people. There are certain words and expressions that you would use in a conversation with a friend but not when talking to your friend’s parent. With a young child, you use a register that is nonthreatening and simple to understand. With an authority figure such as your school principal or a local political official, you use a register that is more formal. The more words you know, the more flexibility you will have in selecting the proper register to use with different audiences. A formal register is appropriate for school essays, newspaper and magazine articles, some literary works, oral or written reports, and test answers. Informal English is appropriate when speaking with a friend or writing personal letters or notes; it can also be found in some literary works.
We enjoyed our revelry and did not return home for three days.
Try It Yourself
You might use somewhat formal English in getting to know a new friend, and then more informal language once the friendship has developed.
The word revelry is rather formal in nature. Some more informal synonyms include high jinks and skylarking. Try to think of other colloquialisms or slang that mean something similar to revelry.
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ExErcIsE A
Your friend has drafted a letter to the principal of your school suggesting that the school hold a book drive to collect and deliver books to inner-city day care centers and elementary schools. She is worried that her draft might be too informal. Read what she has written, and suggest phrases and words she might want to change in order to achieve the proper register. Write your advice in your notebook. Dear Mr. Thompson: Here at Anywhere High School, our media center is loaded with tons of good books. I am really bugged that children in other places, like elementary schools and day care centers in the inner city, don’t have access to as many super books as students here do. I’d like to do something about this problem. Specifically, I would like to organize a book drive in our school. We could collect the books in containers near the doors to the school so that students could just lob their donations in as they enter the building. I’d be totally fine with emptying the containers at the end of each week and distributing the books to their new homes.
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This drive would give all of us a chance to clean out our basements and bookcases, getting rid of all of those books that are too babyish for us now. At the same time, it would help little kids get excited about reading.
Register is closely related to tone, or the attitude toward a subject implied by a writer or speaker’s language. You shape the tone of your message by carefully choosing words and phrases.
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Please let me know if you are cool with this idea. Thanks a bunch! Sincerely, Amanda Goodidea
Informal English also uses colloquialisms and slang. A colloquialism is a word or phrase used in everyday conversation but not in formal writing: “You guys must have raced home to meet curfew.” Slang is a form of speech made up of invented words or old words that are given a new meaning: “That movie was tight, man!”
Just for Fun Find a document written in a formal register. You might choose a business letter or memo, a political commentary, or a textbook passage. Rewrite the passage as a rap song, a rant, or a children’s story using an informal register. Use your own paper as needed.
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE B
Write down three examples of colloquialisms. 1. 2. 3. Write down three examples of slang. 4. 5. 6.
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LEssON 27
Idioms Understand the concept An idiom is an expression in which the language is fixed and in which the meaning of the expression cannot be deciphered by understanding the meaning of the individual words. For example, if someone “bends over backwards” to help you, that person isn’t really doing a backbend. The phrase “bend over backwards” is an idiom meaning “do everything possible.” The idiom “go to great lengths” means almost exactly the same thing. How many of these idioms do you understand? all thumbs an arm and a leg asleep at the wheel back out bank on something/someone beat someone to the punch bee in your bonnet beside one’s self beyond the pale bite the bullet bring the house down bury the hatchet caught dead
down the line fill someone in get-go heavy-handed in the red jump at the chance know the ropes let sleeping dogs lie like nobody’s business off the shelf on your own pig in a poke
Often, idioms are based on metaphors, or comparisons between two unlike things. In the first example above, someone being extremely helpful is compared to a very flexible person doing a backbend. Review the list of idioms above. Which are based on metaphors? What two things are being compared in each?
Try It Yourself
Word of the Week shoo-in (sh2> in) n., certain and easy winner Alice is sure to win the singing competition; with that voice, she’s a shoo-in. The term “shoo-in” is an idiom. Its meaning cannot be derived from the meaning of the individual words. The phrase originated in horseracing. Occasionally, corrupt jockeys would agree to hold back their own horses and “shoo in” a slow horse on which they had all placed bets. Because the jockeys had control, their choice was a shoo-in, or a certain winner.
The wording of an idiom cannot be varied: you can’t say that a helpful individual “bends over sideways” and expect to be understood. For this reason, idioms are one of the hardest aspects of the language for nonnative speakers to master.
Tip
ExErcIsE A
Use each of the following idioms in a sentence. Write your sentence in your notebook. Make sure your sentence provides context clues so that someone unfamiliar with the idiom could guess what it means. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
about to don’t borrow trouble neck and neck burn the candle at both ends on thin ice
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Just for Fun Pick two of the following idioms, and use the Internet or a dictionary of phrases to research the meaning and origin of the phrase. Find out how the phrase came into existence. Then share your findings with the class. bite the bullet can’t hold a candle to chew the fat close but no cigar dark horse dead as a doornail over the top pan out roll with the punches rule of thumb show your true colors sleep tight spill the beans square meal straight from the horse’s mouth the writing is on the wall under the weather white elephant
ExErcIsE B
The underlined word or words in the sentences below are synonyms for common idioms. In parentheses after each sentence, you will find one word that appears in the idiom being suggested. Write the full idiom on the lines provided. You might want to work with a partner or small group to complete this activity. example I really need to change that problematic behavior. (habit) kick that habit 1. You will see Faith at the meeting, but she would really like to talk to you before it starts. (time)
2. Lester is out looking really hard for a job. (pavement)
3. Please leave out all the nonessential information and just tell me the most important point. (chase)
4. The mother worried about how to tell her daughter that her goldfish had died. (break)
5. We need to hurry if we’re going to finish on time. (pace)
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Time Out for Test Practice Borrowed Words in English On the line, write the letter of the word from the right column that best matches the definition and etymology in the left column. _____ 1. German, “something of poor taste and/or poor quality”
A. angst
_____ 2. French, “sense that one has experienced the same thing before”
B. vogue
_____ 3. Spanish, “donkey”
C. bizarre
_____ 4. German, “feeling of unease and insecurity”
D. blitz
_____ 5. Spanish, “blanket with slit for the head”
E. buffet
_____ 6. Spanish, “one who conquers”
F. burro
_____ 7. Spanish, “rope with noose used with cattle and horses”
G. canyon
_____ 8. Spanish, “ground and roasted cacao beans”
H. cocoa
_____ 9. French, “place and time designated for a meeting”
I. conquistador
_____ 10. French, “stylish”
J.
_____ 11. German, “strong desire or impulse to travel”
K. déjà vu
_____ 12. French, “strikingly out of the ordinary”
L. flak
_____ 13. Spanish, “courtyard next to a building”
M. gourmet
_____ 14. German, “sudden overwhelming attack”
N. kitsch
_____ 15. French, “beaten eggs cooked and folded in half”
O. lasso
_____ 16. Spanish, “deep, narrow valley”
P. omelet
_____ 17. French, “high-quality, fancy foods”
Q. patio
_____ 18. Spanish, “canine smaller than but related to the wolf”
R. poncho
_____ 19. German, “criticism or opposition”
S. rendezvous
_____ 20. French, “meal set out for ready and informal service”
T. wanderlust
coyote
Idioms and colloquialisms Circle the letter of the answer that best describes the meaning of the underlined phrase. _____ 1. If you open up that can of worms, we’ll be arguing all night. A. bring up a topic of dispute B. make a mess C. cause mischief D. tell a lie
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_____ 2. Uncle Horace and Granny Mildred love to sit around all day to chew the fat. A. snack B. gossip; have a casual conversation C. complain violently D. perform plays
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_____ 3. Harold, the chow hound, helped himself to four plates at the buffet dinner. A. starved person B. finicky eater C. gourmet food connoisseur D. hearty eater; glutton _____ 4. Rumor has it that you can buy one of those scooters for just chump change. A. cost of a loan for a scooter B. sum of money returned as change from a larger bill C. small amount of money D. large amount of money _____ 5. Bertha, the senior associate, agreed to show me the ropes at my new job. A. teach me how things are done B. threaten to get me in trouble C. lead me to the exit D. order my supplies _____ 6. The salespeople came to the meeting with a real dog and pony show. A. musicians and other entertainers B. elaborate, showy presentation C. carnival-like treats D. effective sales techniques _____ 7. Well, that idea didn’t work, so let’s go back to square one. A. skip some of the steps B. start all over again C. try the idea again D. forget it
_____ 9. Let’s not jump the gun and make a hasty decision. A. use a weapon B. take the law into one’s own hands C. think too much about something D. get ahead of oneself _____ 10. You may think you are the only one who feels cheated, but we are all in the same boat. A. cheering for someone B. suffering C. in the same predicament D. cheated _____ 11. Jay has gotten away with having Garrett do his homework for weeks, but someday he will pay the piper. A. be expelled B. reap the consequences of one’s actions C. pay the teacher D. be discovered _____ 12. Georgia is kind of shy, but her sister Ginger is a social butterfly. A. very active social person B. great dancer C. chatty person D. busy girl
_____ 8. Don’t pick a fight with Jake—he has a short fuse. A. bad memory B. quick temper C. strong uppercut D. tendency to shout
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LEssON 28
Vocabulary Questions on standardized Tests Understand the concept There are several different kinds of vocabulary questions that might appear on standardized tests.
contextual Passages One of the most common types of vocabulary questions will ask you to read a passage and then answer questions about particular words that appear in that passage. The word attack strategies you have learned in this program will enable you to answer questions like this one. Use context clues, word parts, and your knowledge of word families and origins to make an educated guess about the meaning. Then consider the answer choices and choose the one that is closest to your educated guess.
synonym and Antonym Questions Synonym and antonym questions give you a word and ask you to select the word that has the same meaning (for a synonym) or the opposite meaning (for an antonym). You must select the best answer even if none is exactly correct. For this type of question, you should consider all the choices to see which is best. Always notice whether you are looking for a synonym or an antonym. You will usually find both among the answers.
Word of the Week paraphrase (par> @ fr6z) v., restate something in different words, retaining the meaning In her paper about the founding of the United States, Kindra paraphrased several parts of the Bill of Rights. Paraphrase is a term commonly seen on standardized tests.
Use context clues such as comparison, contrast, cause and effect, restatement, and examples to help you “get the gist” of unfamiliar words.
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Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Read the passage below from “Black Cat” by Edgar Allan Poe. Then identify the best answer to each question that follows the passage. For the most wild yet most homely narrative which I am about to pen, I neither expect nor solicit belief. Mad indeed would I be to expect it, in a case where my very senses reject their own evidence. Yet, mad am I not—and very surely do I not dream. But tomorrow I die, and today I would unburden my soul. My immediate purpose is to place before the world, plainly, succinctly, and without comment, a series of mere household events. In their consequences, these events have terrified—have tortured—have destroyed me. Yet I will not attempt to expound them.
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Just for Fun Write a paragraph describing a monster, ghost, or other ghoulish creature that might live somewhere in your house. In your paragraph, use five invented words. Use context clues or familiar word parts to help your reader determine the meaning of each invented word. Then exchange paragraphs with a partner and have your partner use the context clues you have provided to identify synonyms for each of your invented words.
_____ 1. In this passage, succinctly most likely means A. elaborately. B. recklessly. C. briefly. D. imaginatively. _____ 2. The word expound most likely means A. explain. B. succeed. C. overwhelm. D. forgive. _____ 3. An antonym for homely as it is used in this passage would be A. fancy. B. ugly. C. homemade. D. gorgeous. _____ 4. The best synonym for solicit would be A. destroy. B. solidify. C. request. D. question.
Approach sentence completion questions by trying each of the first words in the first blank. Eliminate those answers that don’t make sense. Then see which of the second words from the remaining answers works best.
Tip
sentence completion Questions Sentence completion questions present you with a sentence that has two words missing. You must select the pair of words that best completes the sentence. The key to this kind of question is to make sure that both parts of the answer you have selected work well in the sentence.
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE B
Select the best answer to each of the following sentence completion questions. _____ 1. It took me a full week to _____ the courage to confront that _____ reporter. A. generate…solicitous B. annoy…biased C. muster…malicious D. decimate…indignant _____ 2. The newscaster worried that the change in her hair color would be too _____, but it turned out to be _____. A. dramatic…imperceptible B. intense…electrifying C. distracting…different D. important…essential _____ 3. The musician’s _____ clothing and makeup caused parental _____. A. suggestive…approval B. garish…censure 68
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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C. modest…outcry D. immoderate…imposition
Analogy Questions
Analogy questions ask you to find the relationship between two words and then to recognize a similar relationship in another pair of words. Look at the example below. example
CAMERA : PHOTOGRAPHY :: A. paint : paint brushes B. easel : drawing C. nail : hammer D. writer : computer
In an analogy question, the symbols : and :: mean “is to” and “as.” The example above would be read aloud as “Camera is to photography as…” Follow these guidelines for answering analogy questions:
Analogy questions can utilize many types of relationships. While synonyms, antonyms, and cause-andeffect relationships are the most commonly used, others include: general and specific (pasta : spaghetti); part and whole (petal : flower); age (horse : foal); tool and associated action (scissor : cut); worker and tool (dentist : drill); and symbol and meaning (flag : patriotism).
Tip
1. Think of a sentence that relates the two words. For the example above, you might think “A camera is a tool used in photography.” 2. Try substituting the words from each answer pair in the sentence. “A paint is a tool used in paint brushes.” “An easel is a tool used in drawing.” “A nail is a tool used in hammer.” “A writer is a tool used in computer.” 3. Decide which sentence makes the most sense. 4. If none of the options makes sense, try to think of a different sentence that relates the words, and work through the same process with the new sentence.
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE c
Select the best answer to each of the following analogy questions. _____ 1. HAPPINESS : EUPHORIA :: A. joy : despair B. denial : excuse C. urgent : important D. anger : fury _____ 2. TORNADO : DESTRUCTION :: A. hurricane : ocean B. thunder : wind C. windmill : electricity D. wave : tsunami _____ 3. HEART : LOVE :: A. brain : vision B. smiley : good will C. flag : burning D. television : entertainment © EMC Publishing, LLC
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 29
Word of the Week convoluted (k5n v@ l2> ted) adj., overly twisted or complicated As you experiment with using new vocabulary in your writing, avoid inserting extra words unnecessarily, a practice that could make your writing convoluted. Convoluted comes from the Latin con- (“with, together”) and volvere (“to roll”). In literal terms, convoluted means “all rolled up together,” or “tangled.”
While the words covered, enshrouded, and cloaked may be listed in the thesaurus as synonyms, each carries a slightly different connotation, or emotional association. A nuance is a subtle distinction or variation. Even synonyms have subtle nuances of meaning.
Tip
A verb expresses action or state of being. An action verb expresses physical or mental activity. Action verbs are usually more vivid than state of being verbs.
Tip
A noun is a part of speech that names a person, place, idea, or thing.
Tip
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Writing and Word choice Understand the concept Imagine that you are writing about an experience you had one morning when you were out camping with a friend’s family. You describe how you stepped outside the tent before anyone else was awake, how you walked down to the lake while it was still enshrouded in mist, how something about that early morning birdsong made you feel that the world was full of potential. When you finish your essay, you know you have really communicated the experience. Anyone who reads your essay will understand exactly how that morning looked, smelled, sounded, and felt. You are incredibly satisfied with your essay. The way to achieve such accurate communication in your writing is to consider your word choices carefully. Was that fog on the lake, or was it mist? Was the lake covered, enshrouded, or cloaked in that mist? As you write, you will want to consider the nuances of a word’s meaning to make sure it conveys exactly what you want to express.
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
In your notebook, explain how the following sets of words differ in connotation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
bitter / resentful / cynical confusing / bewildering / inexplicable fatigued / tired/ exhausted alone / lonely / forlorn triumphant / victorious / exultant
Vivid Verbs Verbs express what is happening in your writing. Imagine that you want to describe a deer moving through a field. You could simply write “The deer moved through the field,” but you could also have the deer bound, saunter, dart, browse, or mince through the field. What are the differences among these ways of moving? Choosing your verbs carefully will allow your readers to imagine more vividly the exact image you have in mind.
Precise Nouns Just as vivid verbs help your readers imagine the action more clearly, precise nouns allow them to visualize the people, places, things, and ideas in your writing. Is the man in your story a fellow, a gentleman, a bloke, a guy, or a churl? Is the house a cottage, a chalet, a farmhouse, or a bungalow? Aim for the most precise noun you can find. Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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colorful Modifiers Modifiers are words that add meaning to or change the meaning of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Adjectives and adverbs are two common kinds of modifiers. Using precise and colorful adjectives and adverbs adds color and intensity to your writing. Adjectives modify nouns, telling specific details about them. examples
While modifiers can enliven your writing, too many modifiers will bog it down. Consider whether you can delete a modifier by making the noun or verb it modifies more precise.
Tip
dark, lone spot intense gaze
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. examples
limp gingerly practically nonexistent wander far away
Prepositional phrases can also serve as modifiers: examples The mannequins with their empty, eyeless faces, frozen in their stiff poses, presented an eerie sight in the dark, deserted warehouse.
When using a thesaurus, be sure to check a dictionary or ask someone if you are unsure of the connotations of the synonyms you find.
Tip
Using colorful modifiers, you can let your readers know if the world inside your head is frenzied, bizarre, tranquil, or silent. You can tell them whether the woman turned suspiciously, eagerly, or angrily toward the man beside her. Interesting modifiers bring your writing to life.
Just for Fun
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE B
Rewrite the following sentences using vivid verbs, precise nouns, and colorful modifiers to paint a clear picture of each scene. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Someone walked into a house in a place in America. The weather was bad. People moved into the building for the event. A creature appeared. The children played in a play area.
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
Write a poem about the color purple. Use a dictionary or thesaurus to help you find words to express your feelings about this color.
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 30
Word of the Week mangled (ma4> g@ld) v., to injure with deep disfiguring wounds; to spoil or make incoherent Daina wanted to wear her green sweater, but it had been mangled in the dryer and was beyond repair. The word mangled is a Middle English word that comes from the Anglo-French words mangler and mahangler, perhaps also from mahaigner meaning “to maim.” The sentence above has a literal meaning, while a statement such as “She mangled my heart” contains a figurative one.
While being able to identify and utilize figurative meanings is important for readers and writers, overusing figurative meanings in your work can confuse your readers. Using an appropriate combination of literal and figurative language in your work will add vibrancy and interest to your writing without detracting from clarity.
Literal and Figurative Meanings Understand the concept Understanding the difference between figurative and literal meanings is an essential communication skill. A literal meaning is the concrete or common meaning of a word or phrase, while a figurative meaning goes beyond the literal or concrete meaning. Someone who does not understand the difference between literal and figurative meanings will stumble over figurative words and phrases. Consider the following examples: example
My stomach fills with butterflies when he enters the room. literal meaning: The speaker eats butterflies when the person arrives. (incorrect) figurative meaning: The speaker feels nervous when the person arrives. (correct)
Writers use figurative meaning to create vivid, memorable images that engage the imaginations of their readers. Figurative meaning enables writers to explain ideas in new and inspiring ways. example
Tip
literal: The cool water satisfied my thirst. figurative: The cool water revived my body and spirit.
Some important terms in understanding literal and figurative meanings are metaphors, similes, idioms, and personification. All are examples of figurative language. A metaphor is a comparison between two dissimilar items. A simile is a comparison between two dissimilar items using the words like or as. Personification is the description of a nonhuman object as if it were human. An idiom is an expression specific to a particular language that cannot be understood literally. The first example in this lesson is an example of an idiom, since it makes no sense that a person would literally have butterflies in their stomach.
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Analyze each of the following sentences to determine if the sentence is literal or figurative. In your notebook, explain the literal meaning of the figurative sentences by writing an alternative, literal version. Make sure that the alternative sentence retains the original sentence’s meaning. 1. 2. 3. 4. 72
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The children sat on a sofa of grass. The sofa had grass stains on it. My lawyers had a field day with the defendant. The lawyer was walking through the field. Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
The ice cubes have melted. He melted in her presence. His mind raced over the answers. Everyone raced to be first in line. Truth flows from my pen. The pen belonged to my father.
ExErcIsE B
Write a short paragraph about your day in the space provided below. Do not use any figurative meanings.
Now, rewrite the paragraph and incorporate figurative meaning into your writing.
Which paragraph do you prefer? Why?
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 31
Word of the Week tremulous (trem> y@ l@s) adj., characterized by trembling; affected with timidity; such as is or might be caused by nervousness or shakiness The tremulous puppy was soothed after the vacuum stopped and the house was quiet once again. The word tremulous is an example of a colorful modifier. Synonyms of tremulous include aquiver, shaky, and trembling. Remember to be aware of different connotations when using synonyms.
An extended metaphor is a point-by-point presentation of one thing as though it were another. The description is meant as an implied comparison, inviting the reader to associate the thing being described with something that is quite different from it.
Tip
Figurative Language Understand the concept While vivid verbs, strong adjectives, and precise nouns help to create rich and enjoyable text, other techniques can be used to make writing more interesting. Figurative language describes words and phrases that are intended to be understood imaginatively rather than literally. Writers use figurative language to make their writing more colorful and descriptive. example
The mountain kept its back against the blizzard as we cowered against it like children tucked behind their mother’s apron.
In this example, the mountain sounds like a caring mother figure, but the writer is not implying that the mountain is the speaker’s actual mother. Instead, the reader should understand that the mountain provides shelter, much like a mother figure. This example contains more than one kind of figurative language. The most common types of figurative language are as follows: Personification is a figure of speech in which something not human—an animal, object, place, or idea—is given human qualities or characteristics. The example above contains personification in that the mountain has human emotions or motivations (protectiveness). examples
The old barn glowered at the children. The car coughed and sputtered, choking as it died. We wanted to hear the bells sing before we left.
A simile is a comparison using the word like or as. It usually suggests an imaginative similarity between two unlike things. In the example at the top of the page, the comparison of the subjects to children cowering behind an apron is an example of a simile because it uses the word like. examples
I’m as hungry as a bear. Norah sings like an angel from heaven. The morning air is crisp like dried leaves and ice crystals.
Imaginative comparisons that do not use the words like or as are called metaphors. Metaphors compare two unlike things and often appear as noun phrases—for example, the phrase “heated argument” could also be written as “the argument was heated.” examples
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I’m a hungry bear. Norah is an angel from heaven when she sings. The morning air is dried leaves and ice crystals.
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Try It Yourself
Use sensory details in your work to make it more descriptive and interesting. Sensory details are words or phrases that describe how things look, sound, smell, taste, or feel.
Tip
ExErcIsE A
Identify each of the following examples as either a simile (S) or a metaphor (M). Then rewrite each simile as a metaphor and each metaphor as a simile.. 1. He was as lost as a rat in a maze. 2. My friend is a raving lunatic. 3. It was a vast forest, populated by evergreens as tall as mountains. 4. I want to prove to my friends that I am like Babe Ruth on the field. 5. She was a cat, leaping from rooftop to rooftop.
ExErcIsE B
Illustrate your understanding of the lesson by rewriting the following sentences using figurative language. At least two of your sentences should include personification. 1. Hector was a good singer. 2. The house was old. 3. The train could not stop. 4. The fire destroyed the mall. 5. Nisrene had been waiting for six hours.
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
LEssON 32
Word of the Week ingenious (in j7n> y@s) adj., showing or calling for intelligence, aptitude, or discernment; marked by cleverness and originality We always knew Margo was smart, but her creation was ingenious. The word ingenious comes from the Latin words ingeniosus and ingenium, which mean “natural capacity.” Synonyms include inventive, creative, and original.
You can learn new vocabulary by listening to people talk. The key is to pay attention to how words are used in context.
Tip
Expanding Your Word Knowledge Understand the concept All of the word study activities you’ve done this year have helped you to expand your word knowledge, unlock the meanings of new words, and apply your word skills to new situations. Now you need to take responsibility for applying this knowledge to your daily life. Continue to read and listen actively and to keep track of new words you discover. Remember the following tips that can help you build your vocabulary: When you encounter an unfamiliar word, use one of these techniques to determine its meaning • Keep a word study notebook • Use PAVE to learn and practice using new words • When you encounter an unfamiliar word, use the following techniques to determine its meaning: – Examine context clues – Break the word into its parts – Check for diagrams, footnotes, and other text support – Look the word up in a dictionary – Ask for help
Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A
Use one or more of the strategies above to determine the meaning of the underlined word in the sentence below. Then, on your own paper, create a word study notebook page for the word. Include the word’s definition, pronunciation, and origin, along with an example sentence or drawing to help you remember it. Rather than try to talk over her students, Mrs. Karasarides stood quietly at the front of the room until the kerfuffle died down.
Become a collector of exotic, colorful words, and talk about the words you are learning. Discussing the meanings of new words will help you remember them. Not only will you be able to express more precisely what you mean, but you will be able to entertain your friends with unusual terms. You will also be helping to preserve the English language in all its variety.
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Try It Yourself
Once you learn a new word, try to use it several times within the next few days so that you become comfortable with it.
Tip
ExErcIsE B
Here are some quirky words to add to your vocabulary. Write a sample sentence for each word. 1. finagle: get by indirect means or by trickery
2. glabrous: smooth, even
3. bursiform: purse-shaped
4. puce: brownish-purple
Just for Fun Create a word study website. Sites such as geocities.yahoo. com and www.cybersoup.com offer free webspace for personal and educational pages. You can include lists of unusual words, words that have interesting sounds, word games, slang dictionaries, and many other word wonders.
5. carp: nitpick or complain about trivial things
6. sully: soil, stain, or defile
7. majuscular: a large letter, such as a capital
8. purfle: decorate the edge or border
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________
Time Out for Test Practice Using Word Attack skills on standardized Tests Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. from Silent Spring by Rachel Carson The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth’s vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight. Only within the moment of time represented by the present century has one species—man—acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world. During the past quarter century this power has not only increased to one of disturbing magnitude but it has changed in character. The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable; the chain of evil it initiates not only in the world that must support life but in living tissues is for the most part irreversible. In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the sinister and little-recognized partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world—the very nature of its life. Strontium 90, released through nuclear explosions into the air, comes to earth in rain or drifts down as fallout, lodges in soil, enters into the grass or corn or wheat grown there, and in time, takes up its abode in the bones of a human being, there to remain until his death. Similarly, chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death. Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and, through the alchemy of air and sunlight, combine into new forms that kill vegetation, sicken cattle, and work unknown harm on those who drink from once pure wells. As Albert Schweitzer has said, “Man can hardly even recognize the devils of his own creation.”
_____ 1. Interaction most likely means A. back and forth action or effect. B. exchange of goods. C. avoidance. D. conversation among two or more parties. _____ 2. A synonym for magnitude is A. depth. B. size. C. government. D. building. 78
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_____ 3. A synonym for lethal is A. loyal. B. damaging. C. deadly. D. significant. _____ 4. The word that comes closest to the meaning of irrecoverable is A. pollution. B. universal. C. irreversible. D. sinister.
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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_____ 5. Alchemy most likely means A. supernatural power. B. reference to literature or history. C. incredible danger. D. method of transformation.
Analogies _____ 1. GOOD : ANGELIC :: A. bad : poor B. glad : joyous C. mean : human D. sweet: musty
_____ 4. CONQUER : SUBJUGATE :: A. esteem : respect B. slander : vilify C. discern : observe D. ponder : deliberate
_____ 2. GRIEF : DOLEFUL :: A. melancholy : hopeful B. greed : successful C. anger : wrathful D. reaction : involuntary
_____ 5. MUFFLE : SILENCE :: A. cover : report B. sound : alarm C. cry : hear D. stymie : defeat
_____ 3. POLYGLOT : LANGUAGE :: A. teacher : students B. handyman : odd jobs C. polygamist : children D. mentor : drills
sentence completions _____ 1. Unruly people will often become _____ if they are treated with _____ by those around them. A. angry…kindness B. calm…respect C. peaceful…abuse D. dangerous…love _____ 2. British _____ in India resulted in widespread nonviolent _____ throughout the country. A. investment…revolt B. oppression…cooperation C. racism…reform D. colonialism…uprisings
_____ 4. Although reviewers considered his work _____ when it first appeared, the writer is now _____ for his literary accomplishment. A. insignificant…revered B. derivative…dismissed C. brilliant…lauded D. lucid…vilified _____ 5. As a staunch _____ of our right to leisure time, Jed had few _____. A. proponent…friends B. advocate…defenders C. opponent…duties D. defender…equals
_____ 3. _____ believe that war is _____. A. Hawks…futile B. Protesters…urgent C. Pacifists…unnecessary D. Generals…archaic
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Answer Key Lesson 1: Keeping a Word Study Notebook, page 1 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
Responses will vary. Students should include the pronunciation, origins, definition, and a sentence illustrating the meaning of the word they have chosen. They may also include a drawing. E x e r c ise B
Responses will vary.
Lesson 2: Word Study Skills in Reading, page 3 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
1. The word fetal probably refers to the unborn baby. 2. The words pregnant and development gave clues to the word’s meaning. E x e r c ise B
1. exist together relatively peacefully 2. set in motion 3. badly adapted or poorly suited to an environment 4. a chord consisting of four notes (with an interval of a perfect fourth between first and last note) 5. the study of speech sounds E x e r c ise C
1. fragment, portion 2. a net for catching fish 3. having a smooth, rich flow 4. a woman’s ornate cap popular in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries 5. deficient in brightness; dull, gloomy
Lesson 3: PAVE—Predict, Associate, Verify, Evaluate, page 5 Try It Yourself Responses will vary. Definitions for each word are given. 1. to disqualify oneself to avoid conflict of interest
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2. a vigorous or rapid projection of many things at once 3. lying down 4. modest, free from ostentation or elegance 5. animal life
Lesson 4: Using Context Clues, page 7 Try It Yourself 1. The author uses examples to indicate that archetypal means “an idea shared among members of a culture or other group.” 2. The author uses restatement to define cairns as “monuments consisting of piled stones.” 3. The second clause clarifies that escalated means “became greater.” 4. A cause and effect clue indicates that if anthropologists can’t make sense of something, that thing is extremely puzzling. Enigmatic must mean “very puzzling.” 5. The examples indicate that amphibians are animals that are born in water but live on land.
Lesson 5: Using Context Clues, page 9 Try It Yourself 1. angered 2. natural; innate 3. depressed 4. moving clumsily 5. avoiding the point 6. studied 7. chaos; frenzy 8. hesitant 9. completely unaware 10. highly regarded
Time Out for Test Practice, page 11 Using Context Clues 1. C. declare again as valid 2. B. having confidence in and exercising one’s own powers 3. D. call to remembrance 4. A. marked by danger or insecurity 5. D. growing rapidly 6. B. quality of enduring 7. A. legacy; tradition 8. C pursuit of or search for something
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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9. B. shine coming from within 10. D. custom-made 11. D. vague 12. A. calm 13. A. fastener 14. B. fashionable 15. B. easy 16. C. pretended sickness 17. A. extreme poverty 18. D. apologetic 19. B. instinctive 20. C. theory
Lesson 6: Reference Materials for Vocabulary Words, page 13 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
1. wallow: to roll about in mud or filth; to be stuck or mired in a situation or state of mind that is difficult to get out of 2. mortify: to destroy the strength or vitality of; to severly embarrass 3. chasm: a deep, steep-sided valley; a large difference of opinion 4. advocate: (v) to promote an idea, to speak or argue in favor of something; (n) a person who promotes an idea or cause 5. cliché: a tired or trite phrase or expression; something that has become commonplace E x e r c ise B
Responses will vary. Possible answers are given. 1. detrimental definition: something that causes damage or harm synonyms: harmful, damaging, injurious, hurtful, risky 2. lament definition: to express regret synonyms: mourn, grieve, bemoan, rue, deplore 3. synthetic definition: something that is not natural or real synonyms: artificial, fake, mock, imitation, unnatural 4. mentor definition: a teacher or advisor who takes a particular interest in the training and/or success of a student or young person © EMC Publishing, LLC
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synonyms: counselor, tutor, guide, teacher, advisor 5. eloquent definition: well-spoken; expressive synonyms: articulate, ardent, fluent, poignant, passionate 6. fiasco definition: a total mess of a situation synonyms: debacle, disaster, mess, shambles, calamity 7. profound definition: having intellectual depth and insight synonyms: philosophical, thoughtful, weighty, deep, serious 8. exhilaration definition: a state of excitement and happiness synonyms: delight, elation, joy, exultation, euphoria
Lesson 7: Words with Multiple Meanings, page 15 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
Sentences will vary. Definitions are given. 1. n., an aromatic spice derived from nutmeg n., a heavy, often spiked staff or club used in the Middle Ages 2. v., to erect and fix firmly in place n., slope 3. adj., marked by considerable departure from the original; extreme n., root E x e r c ise B
1. (k5m> paund) adj., composed of the union of two or more things (k@m paund>) v., make larger or of greater intensity 2. (en> tr@ns) n., opening through which one enters (in trans>) v., to carry away with delight, wonder, or rapture 3. (mi> n@t) n., unit of time comprised of onesixtieth of an hour (m8 n2t>) adj., extremely small
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Lesson 8: Review of Synonyms and Antonyms, page 17
4. B. dismantle 5. D. want
Try It Yourself
Word Meanings
E x e r c ise A
Responses will vary. Sample responses are given. 1. synonyms: annoyed, miffed; antonyms: soothed, calmed 2. synonyms: youthful, juvenile; antonyms: elderly, old 3. synonyms: grin, leer; antonyms: frown, grimace 4. synonyms: little, tiny; antonyms: large, gargantuan 5. synonyms: alter, modify; antonyms: reinstate, preserve E x e r c ise B
1. ordeals 2. irresponsible 3. cheap 4. deeply 5. seriousness
Lesson 9: Connotation and Denotation, page 19 Try It Yourself 1. Strong-willed is more positive than stubborn, which has a negative connotation. 2. Flighty has a negative connotation similar to unreliable, whereas unpredictable is more neutral and can even be positive, as in someone who is not boring. 3. Solitude has a negative or positive connotation, while loneliness is almost always negative. 4. Selective has a positive connotation—as in someone who is careful about what he or she eats, reads, and so on—while picky has a negative connotation. 5. Arrogant has a very negative connotation, whereas self-confident has a positive connotation.
Time Out for Test Practice, page 21 Connotation and Denotation 1. D. talkative 2. B. eager 3. A. travel 82
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1. B. purse 2. D. analyze 3. C. scarce 4. D. bizarre 5. C. conservative 6. C. hefty 7. A. irate 8. A. overindulgent
Lesson 10: Spelling Correctly, page 22 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
1. balmy letters that form long e sound: y definition: mild; soothing 2. decipher letters that form long e sound: e definition: to figure out what something means 3. keen letters that form long e sound: ee definition: eager; sharp 4. tedious letters that form long e sounds: e and i definition: boring; dull; tiresome 5. leaping letters that form long e sound: ea definition: springing free E x e r c ise B
1. vain letters that form long a sound: ai definition: useless; excessively interested in one’s own appearance 2. gale letters that form long a sound: a definition: strong wind 3. array letters that form long a sound: ay definition: a display or range of something 4. convey letters that form long a sound: ey definition: to communicate information 5. heinous letters that form long a sound: ei definition: shockingly evil
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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E x e r c ise C
1. f sound forest, cliff, laugh 2. sh sound shining, chute, vacation, cushion, schnauzer 3. j sound jam, gerbil
Lesson 11: Spelling Patterns I, page 24 E x e r c ise A
1. irresponsible 2. gradually 3. cooperate 4. actually 5. unnecessary 6. skiing
1. the y is preceded by a consonant; the y is preceded by a vowel 2. A. shabbier B. boyish C. airily D. flying E. employer F. coyly E x e r c ise C
1. the suffix begins with a vowel; the suffix begins with a consonant 2. A. infringing B. irately C. remoteness D. distributed E. recuperation F. arrangement 3. because the e makes the c or g sound soft rather than hard 4. because otherwise they would be confused with dying and singing
Lesson 12: Spelling Patterns II, page 27 Try It Yourself
1. sopranos 2. crutches 3. apartment complexes 4. Tuesdays 5. bullies 6. videos
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1. crises 2. tomatoes, peppers, chives 3. analyses 4. sheep, children 5. alumni, c’s, s’s.
E x e r c ise C
1. weird, shrieked, neighbor, disbelief 2. chief, siege, believed, beige 3. conceited, succeeded, receding 4. proceed, conceded, exceed 5. field, intercede
Lesson 13: Spell-Check Software and What It Fails to Do, page 29
E x e r c ise B
E x e r c ise A
E x e r c ise B
Try It Yourself
7. trenches 8. personalities
Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
Responses will vary. E x e r c ise B
When researching an author, keep in mind that it takes time to find a quality, informative site among the clutter and gigantic mass of the Internet. Web browsers are a great place to start; most of the sites you will find there will be well organized and in-depth. The best sites are often those that the authors put together themselves. When a writer creates a home page, you can often find personal messages and anecdotes that allow you to get a real sense of who he or she is. Good secondary sites include those authorized by the author or his or her agent, literary societies, publishers, and fans of the author.
Time Out for Test Practice, page 31 Spelling
1. A. calendar 2. B. competitive 3. A. embarrasses 4. B. extraordinary 5. B. attach 6. A. heroes 7. A. mischievous 8. B. temperature 9. A. humorous 10. B. repetition 11. A. weird
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12. B. recommends 13. A. indispensable 14. A. surprised 15. B. harass 16. A. eligible 17. A. cemetery 18. A. feminine 19. B. conscience 20. A. amateur 21. A. parallel 22. B. vengeance 23. A. sponsor 24. A. privilege 25. B. committee
4. interfaith: several faiths or religions joined or considered together 5. midtown: middle of a town or city 6. unknown: not known E x e r c ise B
1. fatherhood: the condition of being a father 2. southerner: one who is from the South 3. relationship: the state of relations 4. preparedness: the quality of being prepared 5. scholarly: characteristic of a scholar 6. hopeful: full of hope
E x e r c ise C
Responses will vary.
Lesson 14: Morphemes—The Building Blocks of Words, page 33 Try It Yourself
Lesson 16: More about Prefixes, page 37 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
Responses will vary. Sample responses are given. 1. proceed, progress, provision, prologue 2. prospect, introspection, spectacle, spectator 3. project, reject, interject, conjecture, eject 4. specify, dignify, vilify, magnify, glorify
Sentences will vary. Definitions are given. 1. area before the room 2. glow or good feeling that lasts after something is over 3. something written after one is dead 4. an indicator before (in this case before the disease culminates in death)
E x e r c ise B
E x e r c ise B
E x e r c ise A
1. stup, root, stun –ify, suffix, make or cause to be cause to be stunned 2. pro, prefix, before or forward tract–, root, draw or drag draw forward 3. serv, root, serve –itude, suffix, quality or state of state of having to serve 4. sheep, base word, animal that tends to follow –ish, suffix, like –ly, suffix, in such a manner acting in the manner of a sheep
Lesson 15: Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes, page 35
Sentences will vary. Definitions are given. 1. to turn away or apart from something 2. to work together 3. to turn or move in separate directions
Lesson 17: More about Suffixes, page 39 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
1. pollution 2. adoptee 3. frigidity 4. bachelorhood 5. correspondence 6. defendant 7. amateur
E x e r c ise B
Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
1. semiannual: half-year or occurring twice per year 2. disassemble: to take apart or the opposite of assemble 3. bimonthly: every two months 84
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1. perishable 2. vigilant 3. contemptible 4. asteroid 5. cosmic 6. crossly: resembling someone who is irritable
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7. recklessly: resembling someone who is acting in a heedless manner 8. toward: in the direction of E x e r c ise C
Sentences will vary. Words are given. 1. glorify 2. standardize 3. motivate 4. hasten 5. familiarize
Lesson 18: Word Origins, page 42 Try It Yourself Word definitions and origins will vary slightly; sentences will vary. 1. sequester: to set apart; segregate origin: [Middle English sequestren, from Anglo-French sequestrer, from Latin sequestrare, meaning “to hand over to a trustee,” from sequester meaning “third party to whom disputed property is entrusted, agent,” from secus meaning “beside, otherwise;” akin to Latin sequi meaning “to follow”] 2. banal: lacking originality, freshness, or novelty origin: [French, from Middle French “of compulsory feudal service, possessed in common, commonplace,” from ban] 3. bestow: to put to use, to put in a particular or appropriate place origin [Middle English from be- + stowe meaning “place”] 4. clammy: being damp, soft, sticky, and usually cool; lacking normal human warmth origin: [Middle English, probably from clammen “to smear, stick” from Old English clæman; akin to Old English clæg or “clay”] 5. ecology: a branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their environments origin: [Greek Ökologie, from öko-/eco- + -logie/-logy] 6. harmony: tuneful sound; the combination of simultaneous musical notes in a chord origin: [Middle English armony, from Anglo-French armonie, from Latin harmonia, from Greek, “joint harmony,” from harmos “joint”] © EMC Publishing, LLC
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7. hence: from this place; away origins: [Middle English hennes, henne, from Old English heonan; akin to Old High German hinnan “away,” and Old English hēr “here”] 8. jeopardy: exposure to or imminence of death, loss, or injury; danger origin: [Middle English jeopardie, from Anglo-French juparti, jeuparti alternative, literally “divided game”] 9. legacy: a gift by will, especially of money or other personal property; something transmitted by or received from an ancestor or predecessor or from the past origin: [Middle English legacie “office of a legate, bequest” from Anglo-French or Medieval Latin; Anglo-French office of a legate, from Medieval Latin legatia, from Latin legatus] 10. zeal: eagerness and ardent interest in pursuit of something origin: [Middle English zele, from Late Latin. zelus, from Greek zēlos]
Lesson 19: Root Families, page 44 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
Sentences will vary. Definitions and explanations are given. 1. take back; recall 2. cause to react; cause to call out 3. marked by or given to forceful, persistent outcry; tending to call out forcefully 4. one that pleads the case of another; one that gives voice to someone else’s interests 5. hobby; unpaid “calling” E x e r c ise B
1. bene: good benefactor: one who does good things for someone else benign: not harmful benediction: blessing; something that promotes goodness or well-being 2. mal: bad malpractice: performing one’s job or practice badly malefactor: one who does ill toward another; a criminal malignant: causing harm malnourished: poorly fed
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3. dyn: force, power dynamic: energetic; forceful dynamo: someone who is energetic and forceful dynamite: a powerful explosive dynasty: a powerful group or family that maintains power over a long period 4. ferv: boil or bubble fervent: exhibiting or marked by great intensity of feeling fervid: marked by extreme intensity of feeling fervor: intensity of feeling effervescent: bubbling, hissing, or foaming; showing liveliness or exhilaration 5. greg: flock or herd congregate: gather together segregate: separate according to certain features gregarious: friendly
Lesson 20: Greek and Latin Roots, page 46 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
Predicted meanings will vary. Actual meanings are given. 1. cryptology: the study of secret codes 2. epistemology: the study or theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge 3. etymology: the study of word origins 4. gerontology: the study of aging 5. pathology: the study of disease 6. theology: the study of religious faith, practice, and experience E x e r c ise B
Responses will vary. E x e r c ise C
1. olig: few archy: ruler, ruling class Oligarchy is rule by a small number of people, usually for selfish purposes. 2. leg: law The legislature is the group of people responsible for making laws. 3. pop: people A populist is one who advocates for the common people.
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4. cracy: form of government A plutocracy is a government by the wealthy. 5. crat: leader, member, or supporter of a certain group or class A technocrat is one who believes in the management of society by technical experts
Lesson 21: Using Word Parts to Unlock Meaning, page 48 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
Think alouds will vary. E x e r c ise B
Responses will vary. Dictionary definitions provided below. 1. prototype—an original model on which something is patterned 2. invalidating—to make invalid, to weaken or destroy the cogency of 3. despicable—deserving to be despised 4. entrenched—to place within or surround with a trench, especially for defense; to establish solidly 5. recriminations—a retaliatory accusation
Lesson 22: The Evolution of Language, page 50 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
1. The man was very much in debt; he couldn’t even afford a new pair of shoes. 2. You’d better listen to your mother’s advice; she knows what she’s talking about! 3. Initially, I trusted the peddler to deal honestly with me, but eventually I recognized he was a con man. 4. Perhaps Jon will stop by on his way home, or perhaps he won’t. 5. The peddler asked to speak with the man of the house, but only the wife was available to speak with him. E x e r c ise B
1. eponym 2. acronym 3. eponym 4. eponym 5. borrowed word
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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E x e r c ise C
1. leaning toward but not quite wrong 2. event where everyone is trying to impress and court favor with everyone else 3. unlicensed assistant teachers 4. small shop 5. conversation consisting of technical terms
Time Out for Test Practice, page 53 Prefixes and Suffixes 1. A. half 2. A. not 3. B. three 4. A. too little; lacking 5. B. later; after 6. B. before; first 7. A. –ize 8. A. micro– 9. A. in– 10. C. pre– 11. D. retro– 12. B. –en
Root Families 1. root: dict; C. to say 2. root: scrib/scrip; D. to write 3. root: port; A. to carry 4. root: fin; B. end 5. root: aud; D. to hear 6. root: viv/vit; B. alive 7. D. uncertain how to act or proceed 8. D. one who assumes complete control 9. D. involving two variables 10. A. disturbed state 11. C. divide into three equal parts 12. B. of more than one voice
Lesson 23: Spanish Words in English, page 55 Try It Yourself 1. from the Spanish guaba, guayaba, perhaps from Taino 2. from the Spanish hamaca from Taino 3. from the Spanish huracán from the Taino hurakán
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4. from the Spanish el largato, meaning “the lizard,” from el meaning “the” plus largato meaning “lizard,” assumed to come from vulgar Latin lacartus, from Latin lacertus, lacerta 5. from the Spanish cucaracha, meaning “cockroach,” from cuca, meaning “caterpillar.” 6.–10. Sentences will vary. Etymologies and definitions are given. 6. from American Spanish pinto, meaning “spotted,” from obsolete Spanish, assumed to be from vulgar Latin pinctus; a horse or pony with splotches of white and another color 7. from the Spanish incomunicado, from the past participle of incomunicar, meaning “to deprive of communication,” from Latin in– plus comunicar, meaning “to communicate,” from Latin communicare; without means of communicaton 8. from Mexican Spanish sarape; a colorful woolen shawl worn over the shoulders, especially by Mexican men 9. from Spanish, from the feminine of junto, meaning “joined,” from the Latin junctus, past participle of jungere, meaning “to join”; a council or committee for political or governmental purposes, especially a group of persons controlling a government after a revolutionary seizure of power 10. from the Spanish guerrilla, from the diminutive of guerra, meaning “war,” of Germanic origins akin to Old High German werra, meaning “strife”; a person who engages in irregular warfare, especially as a member of an independent unit carrying out harassment and sabotage
Lesson 24: English Words from French, page 57 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
Connections will vary. Etymology and definitions are given. 1. Etymology: Middle English from Middle French covrefeu, referring to a signal given to bank the hearth fire, from covrir, meaning “to cover” and feu, meaning “fire,” from Latin focus, meaning “hearth.”
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Definition: a regulation meaning that certain people must be off the streets by a certain hour or businesses must close by a certain time 2. Etymology: Middle English sege, from Old French meaning “seat; blockade,” from segier, meaning “to seat, settle,” assumed to be from vulgar Latin sedicare, from Latin sedāre, meaning “to sit.” Definition: a military blockage of a place to force it to surrender; a persistent or serious attack 3. Etymology: from Middle English virtu, from Old French, from Latin virtut, meaning “strength, manliness, virtue,” from vir, meaning “man” Definition: conformity to a standard of right; morality 4. Etymology: from Middle French perjurer, from Latin perjurare, from per, meaning “for the worse” plus jurare, meaning “to swear.” Definition: to swear under oath to something that is untrue
2. from German Schaden, meaning “misfortune,” and Freude, meaning “joy”; enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others 3. from German dumm, meaning “dumb,” and Kopf, meaning “head”; blockhead 4. from German, from Old High German farboten, past participle of farbioten, meaning “to forbid,” from far, meaning “for” plus bioten, meaning “to offer”; not allowed 5. from German from Fliegerabwehrkanonen, from Flieger, meaning “flyer,” Abwehr, meaning “defense,” and Kanonen, meaning “canons”; criticism or opposition
E x e r c ise B
E x e r c ise B
1. Once we had told our dinner companions that we admired their clothes, we began to eat. 2. I looked for the book, only to discover that it had been stolen! Luckily, my friend helped me in discovering the thief. 3. The peonies bloomed all around the house, hiding the large French doors that led into the garden.
Lesson 25: English Words from German, page 59 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
Predicted meanings will vary. Definitions are given. 1. line of extravagant talk; pitch 2. took the goods of by force 3. barren; desolate 4. broken E x e r c ise B
Sentences will vary. Etymologies and meanings are given. 1. from German Blitz, meaning “lightning,” and Krieg, “meaning “war”; war conducted with great speed and force 88
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Lesson 26: Register, Slang, and Colloquialisms, page 61 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
Responses will vary. Students should provide advice and offer suggestions that make the letter more formal. 1.–6. Responses will vary.
Lesson 27: Idioms, page 63 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
1.–5. Responses will vary. E x e r c ise B
1. ahead of time 2. pounding the pavement 3. cut to the chase 4. break the news to 5. pick up the pace
Time Out for Test Practice, page 65 Borrowed Words in English 1. N. kitsch 2. K. déjà vu 3. F. burro 4. A. angst 5. R. poncho 6. I. conquistador 7. O. lasso 8. H. cocoa 9. S. rendezvous 10. B. vogue 11. T. wanderlust
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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12. C. bizarre 13. Q. patio 14. D. blitz 15. P. omelet 16. G. canyon 17. M. gourmet 18. J. coyote 19. L. flak 20. E. buffet
Idioms and Colloquialisms 1. A. bring up a topic of dispute 2. B. gossip; have a casual conversation 3. D. hearty eater; glutton 4. C. small amount of money 5. A. teach me how things are done 6. B. elaborate, showy presentation 7. B. start all over again 8. B. quick temper 9. D. get ahead of oneself 10. C. in the same predicament 11. B. reap the consequences of one’s actions 12. A. very active, social person
Lesson 28: Vocabulary Questions on Standardized Tests, page 67 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
1. C. briefly. 2. A. explain. 3. A. fancy 4. C. request
E x e r c ise B
1. C. muster…malicious 2. A. dramatic…imperceptible 3. B. garish…censure E x e r c ise C
1. D. anger : fury 2. C. windmill : electricity 3. B. smiley : goodwill
Lesson 29: Writing and Word Choice, page 70 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
Responses will vary somewhat. Have students compare their responses to those of their classmates. © EMC Publishing, LLC
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1. Resentful generally refers to someone’s feelings toward a particular person or group, whereas bitter and cynical refer to someone’s personality more generally. Of these latter two, bitter may have the more negative connotation. 2. Inexplicable is the strongest of these terms, followed by bewildering and then confusing. 3. Exhausted is the most extreme of the three terms, followed by tired and then fatigued. 4. Forlorn is the most extreme of these terms, followed by lonely and then alone. 5. Exultant is the strongest of the three terms. Victorious refers to a victory over someone, whereas triumphant wouldn’t necessarily imply an opponent. E x e r c ise B
1.–5. Responses will vary.
Lesson 30: Literal and Figurative Meanings, page 72 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
Possible sentences provided. 1. figurative / The children sat on a mound of grass. 2. literal 3. figurative / My lawyers easily made the defendant look guilty. 4. literal 5. literal 6. figurative / He was in love with her. 7. figurative / His mind evaluated the answers quickly. 8. literal 9. figurative / I only write the truth. 10. literal E x e r c ise B
Responses will vary.
Lesson 31: Figurative Language, page 74 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
Rewritten sentences will vary. 1. simile; He was a rat in a maze. 2. metaphor; My friend is like a raving lunatic. 3. simile; It was a vast forest, populated by mountain-tall evergreens.
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4. simile; I want to prove to my friends that I am Babe Ruth on the field. 5. metaphor; She was like a cat, leaping from rooftop to rooftop. E x e r c ise B
Responses will vary.
Lesson 32: Expanding Your Word Knowledge, page 76 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
Responses will vary. Kerfuffle means “tumult.” E x e r c ise B
Responses will vary.
Time Out for Test Practice, page 78 Using Word Attack Skills on Standardized Tests
1. A. back and forth action or effect. 2. B. size. 3. C. deadly. 4. C. irreversible. 5. D. method of transformation.
Analogies
1. B. glad : joyous 2. C. anger : wrathful 3. B. handyman : odd jobs 4. B. slander : vilify 5. B. stymie : defeat
Sentence Completions
1. B. calm…respect 2. D. colonialism…uprisings 3. C. Pacifists…unnecessary 4. A. insignificant…revered 5. D. defender…equals
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