Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers

Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers A Guide to Non-Wovens in Packaging Applications Second Edition Lies1 K. Mas...

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Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers A Guide to Non-Wovens in Packaging Applications Second Edition

Lies1 K. Massey

Plastics Design-Library

Copyright 0 2004, Plastics Design Library. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Cover Art 0 2004 by Brent Beckley / William Andrew, Inc. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003014890 ISBN: 1-884207-94-4 Published in the United States of America by Plastics Design Library / William Andrew, Inc. 13 Eaton Avenue Nonvich, NY 138 15 1-800-932-7045 www.williamandrew.com www.knove1.com

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I This book may be purchased in quantity at discounts for education, business, or sales promotional use by contacting the Publisher. Plastics Design Library and its logo are trademarks of William Andrew Inc.

Notice: To the best of our knowledge the information in this publication is accurate; however the Publisher does not assume any responsibility or liability for the accuracy or completeness of, or consequences arising from, such information. This book is intended for informational purposes only. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Publisher. Final determination of the suitability of any information or product for any use, and the manner of that use, is the sole responsibility of the user. Anyone intending to rely upon any recommendation of materials or procedures mentioned in this publication should be independently satisfied as to such suitability,and must meet all applicable safety and health standards.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Massey, Liesl K. Film properties of plastics and elastomers : a guide to non-wovens in packaging applications I Liesl K. Massey.--2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-884207-94-4 1. Plastics. 2. Elastomers. I. Title. TA455.P5. M3436 2003 62O.lv92392--dc22

Plastics Design Library, 13 Eaton Avenue, Nonvich, NY 13815 Tel: 607/337/5080 Fax: 607/337/5090

Preface Welcome to the Second Edition of Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers: A Guide to Non- Wovens in Packaging Applications. This edition presents an overview of film properties, including physical, optical, electrical, and permeation properties, as well as regulatory information where relevant to the use of different materials presented. These material chapters present the quantitative data in tabular and graphical formats accompanied by a qualitative discussion regarding the general film properties and film applications. Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers: A Guide to Non-Wovens in Packaging Applications, is a companion to Permeability Properties of Plastics and Elastomers: A Guide to Packaging and Barrier Materials (2003). These two volumes together update the single volume Permeability and Other Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers, published in 1995. These books strive to serve as a comprehensive application-based reference for engineers, designers, scientists, or anyone interested in the properties of plastic and elastomeric films.

The materials presented herein represent those materials widely used in film packaging applications today. The data were gathered from many sources including material manufacturers, technicaljournals and papers, etc., and normalized into SI units for easy comparison. Extensive references are provided for the user who wishes to do more in-depth research. It should be noted that the content of the material chapters strives to be representative rather than all-inclusive. That is, a material’s trends and characteristics are represented with as much detail as possible from the sources available. All manufacturers of all materials are not included due to obvious space limitations. A special word of thanks to all those who allow their information and test data to be included in this reference. It is my hope that users find the format easy to use and the information relevant to their application needs. Every effort was made to present the information in its original context. As always, your feedback on improving this volume or others in the PDL Handbook series is appreciated and encouraged. Lies1 K. Massey

2003

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Table of Contents Introduction 1.0 2.0

3.0 4.0

Packaging Materials ....................................................................................................... 1.1 Uses of Packaging Materials .................................................................................... Test Methods ................................................................................................................... 2.1 Tests for Physical Properties .................................................................................... 2.2 Tests for Permeability Properties .............................................................................. 2.3 Tests for Optical Properties ...................................................................................... 2.4 Tests for Electrical Properties ................................................................................... Units ................................................................................................................................. Regulations ......................................................................................................................

2 2 3 3 5 6 7 8 8

The rmop Iast ics Acrylic Resin Acrylonitrile-Methyl-Acrylate Copolymer .AMA .Chapter 1 .............................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

9 10

Cellulosic Plastic Cellulosic .Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................ Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

13 13

Fluoroplastic Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer .ETFE .Chapter 3 .......................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

15 16

Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer .FEP .Chapter 4 ........................................ Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

17 18

Perfluoroalkoxy Resin .PFA .Chapter 5 ............................................................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

21 22

Polychlorotrifluoroethylene .PCTFE .Chapter 6 .............................................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

25 26

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vi Polytetrafluoroethylene .PTFE .Chapter 7 ....................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

29 29

Polyvinyl Fluoride .PVF .Chapter 8 .................................................................................... Graphical Information ...................................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

31 31 32

Ionomer lonomer .Chapter 9 ............................................................................................................... Tabular Information .......................................................................................................... Graphical Information ......................................................................................................

33 34 36

Polyamide Nylon Overview .Chapter 10 ............................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

41 42

Amorphous Nylon .Chapter 11 ............................................................................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

43 44

Nylon 6 . PA 6 .Chapter 12 ................................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

47 48

Nylon 66 . PA 66 .Chapter 13 ............................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

51 52

Nylon 6/66 . PA 6/66 .Chapter 14 ......................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

55 55

Nylon 6/12 . PA 6/12 .Chapter 15 ......................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

57 58

Nylon 6/69 . PA 6/69 .Chapter 16 ......................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

59 60

Nylon 661610 . PA 661610 .Chapter 17 ................................................................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

63 64

Polyester Polyethylene Napthalate .PEN .Chapter 18 ...................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

65 66

Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate .PCTG .Chapter 19 .................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

71 72

Table of Contents

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vi i Polyet hy Iene Te rep ht haIate Glycol-Modified .PETG .Chapter 20 ................................................................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

73 73

Polyethylene Terephthalate .PET .Chapter 21 ................................................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

75 76

Polyimide Polyimide .Chapter 22 .......................................................................................................... Tabular Information .......................................................................................................... Graphical Information ......................................................................................................

79 80 84

Polyolefin Polyethylene .Overview .Chapter 23 ................................................................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

89 89

Ultra Low Density Polyethylene .ULDPE .Chapter 24 ...................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

91 92

Low Density Polyethylene .LDPE .Chapter 25 .................................................................. Graphical Information ...................................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

95 96 97

Linear Low Density Polyethylene .LLDPE .Chapter 26 ................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

99 100

Metallocene-Catalyzed Linear Low Density Polyethylene .mLLDPE .Chapter 27 ...... 103 Tabular Information ........................................................................................................ 104 Graphical Information .................................................................................................... 105 Linear Medium Density Polyethylene .LMDPE .Chapter 28 ........................................... Tabular Information .........................................................................................................

111 112

High Density Polyethylene .HDPE .Chapter 29 ............................................................... Tabular Information .........................................................................................................

113 114

Polyolefin Plastomers .POP .Chapter 30 ......................................................................... Graphical Information ..................................................................................................... Tabular Information .........................................................................................................

117 117 118

Cyclic Olefin Copolymer .COC .Chapter 31 .................................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................ Graphical Information ....................................................................................................

125 126 127

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer .EVA .Chapter 32 ..................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

129 131

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viii Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer .EVOH .Chapter 33 .................................................. Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

135 136

Ethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymer .EAA .Chapter 34 ....................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

139 140

Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene and Oriented Polypropylene . BOPP and OPP .Chapter 35 .............................................................................................. Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

141 142

Polybutene .PB .Chapter 36 ............................................................................................. Graphical Information .................................................................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

145 146 147

Vinyl Resin Polyvinyl Alcohol .PVOH .Chapter 37 .............................................................................. Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

149 150

Polyvinyl Chloride .PVC .Chapter 38 ............................................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

153 153

Polyvinylidene Chloride .PVDC .Chapter 39 ................................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

155 156

Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films . PVDC Coated Films .Chapter 40 ....................................................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

159 162

MuIti layer Structures Multilayer Films Mylar Films .Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Barrier .Chapter 41 ............................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

165 166

Thermoplastic Elastomers Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers .TPO .Chapter 42 .................................................. Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

Table of Contents

167 168

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ix

Polyether Block Amide Polyether Block Amide .PEBA .Chapter 43 ..................................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

169 170

Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer .Chapter 44 .................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

171 171

Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer .Chapter 45 ............................................................ Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

173 174

Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer .Chapter 46 ...............................................................

177

Additional Materials Metallized Films .Chapter 47 ............................................................................................. Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

179 179

Biodegradable or Organic Films .Chapter 48 ..................................................................

181

Appendix Glossary of Terms

.................................................................................................

183

Indices

........................................................................................................... References .............................................................................................................. Trade Names

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219 221

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Int roduction

This handbook is designed to be a reference providing information on film properties of the most commonly used packaging materials. Each material chapter presents information and data on the material and its use and performance characteristics when used as a packaging film. Chapters for different materials of the same family are grouped together(e.g., polyamides [nylons] are represented by Chs. 10-17). Comprehensive references are presented for further study. The term “packaging” has come to mean so much more than a brown or waxed paper bag used to carry food and other store bought items. The benefits of today’s packaging technology can be seen in many different industries and applications: not just in the well known food and medical applications, but also in the building and transport industries, in electricity and electronics, and in textiles and fibers. Modern packaging films must protect the contents against contamination and spoilage, and be aesthetically pleasing as well as convey important safety or nutritional information to the purchaser, all the while being light in weight but strong and easy to transport and handle. It’s no wonder plastics fit the role so perfectly. There is a popular saying: “Packaging not only protects the contents, it protects the consumer.” Packaging film provides protection against oxidation, heat, microbes, etc., can resist humidity and ultraviolet light, and can allow undesirable gases to escape, maintaining the preferred environment for the contents. Covering fresh produce even with “normal” plastic films prolongs its life by several days.[1168]

Plastic packaging has contributed in several ways to improved quality of life through enhancements in medical and pharmaceutical packing, through tamper-proof closures, hermeticallysealed packages, and longer shelf-life for medicines. All these wonderful attributes are enhanced due to the excellent economics of plastic packaging. They are inexpensive to produce, light in weight and bulk, important for shipping, can be flexible or rigid, and can take almost any shape. Plastics for packaging use a mere 2% of oil consumption; plastic production in total consumes only 4%.[’ 1681 Much of today’s plastic packaging market consists of multilayered films and sheets. Combining multiple layers of plastics with different material properties allows a film to be tailor-made for a specific application, combining the properties of each layer to further enhance the packaging. This allows for technical as well as economic advantages, since an expensive material may be used in just the thickness required to impart its property (for example, as an oxygen barrier); less expensive materials may serve as a thicker base providing necessary strength characteristics. Multilayer films are generally extruded simultaneously through a single die. Adhesive polymers are often used as tie layers to join materials that do not exhibit strong adhesion to each other. Packaging films are generally between 0.250 and 0.125 mm in thickness; the heavier gauge materials often used for blister packaging are referred to as sheet. Films must be thick enough to be self-supporting, but thin enough to be flexed, folded, or creased without cracking.[’ ‘1

’

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Introduction

2

1.O

Packaging Materials

Materials for packaging fall into one of two categories: commodity films and specialty films. Commodity films include low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and polyvinylchloride (PVC). Specialty films are often higher priced and coated or coextruded for superior performance. Types of Specialty Films:[1171] Oriented films, including oriented polyester (OPET), oriented polypropylene (OPP), oriented nylon (ON), and oriented polystyrene, (OPS) Cellophane Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) Material Properties of Specialty Films:[' l7l] Ability to maintain integrity under extreme temperature conditions (e.g., from freezer to boiler) Electrical properties: insulating or conducting Good strength, durability, and other mechanical properties 1.1 Uses of Packaging Materials This section presents a summary of packaging materials and some of their uses. Cellophane:[ll7l] Often coated with PVDC to provide heat-sealablity and to create an oxygen barrier Used where stiffness and dead fold is required Advantages: transparency, folding properties, stiffness, machinability Disadvantages: poor moisture barrier, which contributes to poor dimensional stability when affected by moisture Nylon:[ll7l] Often used as the base film when coated with LDPE, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), and PVDC, Introduction

and where a durable oxygen barrier is required Advantages: low temperature durability and thermal stability; excellent oxygen and flavor barrier Disadvantages: high price, poor moisture barrier Polyester:[l1711 Used as a laminate for vacuum processing and as a high-strength ovenvrap for heavy articles Advantages: high strength, good clarity, thermal stability, ink wettability, and adhesion Disadvantages: high price Polyethylene: Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)[ll7lI Used where high strength is required;often coextruded with LDPE for lower costs Advantages: low shrink temperature, broad heat-seal range, good low-temperature properties Disadvantages: poor machinability,high tear propagation Polyethylene:High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)[ll7l] Used where high barrier and strength are required Advantages: low water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), moderate stiffness, low price Disadvantages: poor appearance, cutability, printability, and machinability Polypropylene[' '1 Often used where the preservation of the product appearance is key Advantages: excellent optics Disadvantages: high tear propagation Polypropylene: Oriented Polypropylene (OPP)[ll7l] Often coated with PVDC to improve oxygen barrier Advantages: excellent optical and moisture barrier properties, grease-resistance, good strength and durability, good thermal properties 0 Plastics Design Library

3 Table 1. Packaging Applications, Material Requirements, and Materials

Ap pIicatio n

Material Requirements

Materials Used

Meat and poultry

low temperature durability; high temperature durability (microwave)

coextruded or laminated EVA ionomers, PVDC, nylon, polyester

Snack food

good machinability; print-stiffness; barrier properties

cellophane, OPP, polyester, HDPE

Cheese

barrier properties; strength

laminations or coextrusion with PVDC on a base film of cellophane, polyester, nylon or PP

Bakery products

I

Medical

machinability; low costs sterilization properties; strength

Disadvantages: moderate price Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)? l7l] Often used where oxygen and flavor barriers and/or excellent optics are required Advantages: low permeability, excellent optics, strength Disadvantages: high cost Polyvinyl chloride (PVC):[ll7l] Often used in shrink-film applications Advantages: clarity, sealability, low shrink tension Disadvantages: film relaxation, high cost

As the technology of packaging improves, so do the available options, coatings, and multilayer packaging offer a designer almost unlimited packaging potential. The materials of packaging continue to become better and stronger. Stay tuned. The next packaging milestone is just around the corner.

2.0

Test Methods

The primary test methods observed in the US are published and maintained by ASTM Interna0 Plastics Design Library

I I

coated or coextruded OPP, cellophane 90% PVC and LDPE, 10% specialty films

I I

t i ~ n a l [ ~(formerly ~ ~ l ] known as The American Society for Testing and Materials), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the German Standards Institute (Duetsches Institut fuer Normen or DIN). These test methods are also used internationally. The following ASTM testing descriptions are some of the most common test methods used for the films discussed in this publication. For full test details, please review the appropriate testing references. 2.1

Tests for Physical Properties

Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D882; Additional Tests Methods: ASTM D638, D1708, and I S 0 527. The primary test method, ASTM D882, is used for the determination of tensile properties of plastics in the form of thin sheeting (less than 1.0 mm in thickness).This includes film which has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm. Tensile strength refers to the maximum stress the film can sustain before it actually fractures; quite literally, the amount of force necessary to pull a material apart. The SI unit of tensile strength is the pascal (English units are pounds per inch of original crosssectional area). Elongation refers to the amount the material will stretch before breaking.

Introduction

4 Tensile modulus is a measure of the force required to deform the film by a specific amount. It is a measure of the film’s stiffness. The following material properties can be calculated from the tensile strength test (at yield and at break): tensile strength, tensile modulus, strain, elongation and percent elongation at yield, and elongation and percent elongation at break. (See Fig. 1.)

Figure 1. Tensile and elongation, ASTM D882.[10801

For a specimen sample, ASTM D882 uses strips cut from thin sheet or film; ASTM D638 requires a Type I standard dumbbell-shaped tensile bar. Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D1709; Additional Test Method: I S 0 7765-1. A weighted dart is dropped from a standard height onto a taut sample. Depending upon the expected impact strength of the test sample, either method A or method B is chosen. The method defines the dart size and the drop height for the dart. Test method A specifies a dart with a 38 mm diameter dropped from 0.66 m. Test method B specifies a dart with a 5 1 mm diameter dropped from 1.5 m. The dart unit is the weight of dart in grams that breaks the sample fifty percent of the time, also called failure weight. These tests give an index of the material’s dynamic strength and predict resistance of a material to breakage from dropping or other quick blows. Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastic Film. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D3420. Sometimes called Spencer Impact, ASTM D3420 covers the determination of resistance of film to impact-puncture penetration at ambient temperatures.

Introduction

Initial Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Sheeting. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D1004. At very low rates of loading, 51 mm/min, ASTM D1004 covers the determination of the tear resistance of flexible plastic film and sheeting. Tear resistance measures the ultimate force required to initiate tearing in a film or sheet, as measured in newtons. The specimen is die cut from a sheet or film. The shape of the specimen produces a stress concentration in a small area of the specimen. The maximum stress, usually found near the outset of tearing, is recorded as the tear resistance. Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method, Elmendorf Tear. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D1922. Tear strength is the force necessary to continue tearing a sample after a nick has been made; it is reported in grams. A pendulum is released from a raised position, and a scale registers the arc through which the released pendulum swings. Samples of film are clamped into the tester and nicked to start the tear; then the pendulum is released. This tears the sample and the scale registers the arc. As the arc is proportional to the tear strength of the sample, calibration of the arc gives the tear strength.[1080] Elmendorf Tear testing can be performed on three types of standard samples; however, the constant radius sample is the preferred test sample for plastic films. (See Fig. 2.) This sample provides a constant radius from the start of the tear strength measurement-useful for materials where the tear may not propagate directly up the sample as intended.[l1691

n Figure 2. Tear strength, ASTM D1922.[10801

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5 Sample thickness is also reported, although there is no direct relationship between thickness and the tearing force. Thus, only results for samples of the same thickness can be compared.[’ ‘691 This test is very important for all films as well as for paper. High tear values may be needed for machine operations or for package strength. However, low tear values are necessary and useful for easy opening of some package types.[1080] Coefficient of Friction. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D1894. The coefficient of friction (CoF) test is used to measure the static (starting) and kinetic (sliding) resistance of the film when sliding over another surface, either film-to-film or film-to-metal. Coefficient of friction is the ratio of the frictional force to the force, usually gravitational, acting perpendicular to the two surfaces in contact. The static CoF is representative of the force required to begin movement of the surfaces relative to each other. (See Fig. 3.) The kinetic CoF is representative of the force required to sustain this movement.[1080]

method ASTM D774 covers measurements of the bursting strength of paper and paper products occurring as single or laminated flat sheets not over 0.6 mm in thickness having a bursting strength of 30 kPa up to 1400 kPa (4 psi up to 200 psi). 2.2

Tests for Permeability Properties

Water-Vapor Transmission. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM E96. The primary test method for the determination of water-vapor transmission through plastics less than 32 mm thick is ASTM E96. (See Fig. 4.) There are two basic methods; the Desiccant Method and the Water Method. Agreement between the two methods should not be expected. The method selected should be the one which most nearly approaches the conditions of use. Desiccant Method: A desiccant covered by the film to be tested and placed in a humid chamber. Moisture from the chamber permeates the film and is picked up by the desiccant. After a measured period of time the test dish is reweighed and the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the material is calculated. Water Method: A cup is filled with distilled water and covered with the plastic film. Vapor loss through the test sample is determined through periodic weight-loss measurements.

Figure 3. Coefficient of friction (CoF), ASTM D1894.[10801

The film sample specimen, 64 mm square, is attached to a “sled.” The second surface, 254 mm x 127 mm, remains fixed as the sled is pulled across at a controlled rate. The frictional force is measured by a stream gauge.[10801[11691 Folding Endurance of Paper by the M.I.T. Tester. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D2176. The folding endurance test is used for determining the folding endurance of paper and plastic by use of the M.I.T. tester. It is recommended for papers/films less than 0.25 mm. This test method is the technical equivalent of TAPPI T5 11. Bursting Strength of Paper. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D774; Additional Test Methods: I S 0 2758 and TAPPI 403. The test

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Figure 4. Water-vapor transmission rate (WVTR), ASTM E96,[10801

Introduction

6 The WVTR is reported as grams of water which will pass through a given area of the material in a specified time. The WVTR is significant for packaging a product which must be prevented either from drying out or from picking up moisture from the surrounding atmosphere.[1080] Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated Infrared Sensor. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM F1249. A procedure for determining the WVTR through flexible barrier materials, film, and sheet up to 3 mm in thickness is known as ASTMF1249. The WVTR, the permeance of the film to water vapor, and the water vapor permeability coefficient may be determined from this test. Gas Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM E96. The following material properties may be determined through ASTM D1434: Gas transmission rate (GTR) Permeance Permeability Specially constructed cells are used to measure the gas transmission rate. After a film sample has been clamped into a cell, test gas is flushed through chambers on both sides of the sample. Test gas is admitted to one side of the sample; the test chamber on the other side is evacuated, and gas is allowed to permeate through the film sample into the evacuated chamber for a measured length of time. Using the geometry of the cell and film sample, with the measured pressure and temperature of the test gas which permeated the sample, the GTR can be calculated. (See Fig. 5.)[10801

Gas permeability is usually reported in cubic centimeters of gas that pass through a square meter of film in 24 hours when the gas pressure differential on one side of the film, at a specific temperature, is one atmosphere greater than that on the other side.[1080] Gas transmission rate is vital in vacuum and gas packaging and for packaging fresh produce items that must breathe.[1080]

2.3

Tests for Optical Properties

Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D2457. Specular Gloss is a measure of the light reflected by the surface of a plastic film. ASTM D2457 provides three separate gloss angles: For intermediate-gloss films: 60" is recommended For high-gloss films: 20" is recommended For intermediate and low-gloss films: 45" is recommended

. . .

an instruGloss is measured on a glossmeter, ment having an incandescent light source and a photosensitive receptor that responds to visible light. Light is shown onto the sample at a specified angle. The fraction of the original light that is reflected onto the photosensitive receptor is called gloss. (See Fig. 6.)

Figure 6. Gloss, ASTM D2457.[10801

Figure 5. Gas transmission rate (GTR), ASTM D1434.[10801

Introduction

Gloss can be inherent in the material, a result of the molding process, or a result of surface texture. Gloss can also be affected by environmental factors such as weathering or surface abrasion. Thus, gloss can be useful in product and process development and end-use performance testing.[l 1691

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7 Gloss is an important merchandising factor and this test makes it possible to specify and control this surface characteristic so that the desired effect will be ensured.[1080] Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D1003. Haze is the scattering of light as it passes through a transparent material, resulting in poor visibility and/or glare. Luminous transmittance measures the amount of light that passes through a sample. (See Fig. 7.)[11691

Index of Refraction of Transparent Organic Plastics. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D542; Additional Test Method: I S 0 489. The index of reffaction is the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light in a transparent material. A sample about 6.3 x 12.7 mm with a flat polished surface is placed on the prism of a reffactometer. Generally,the reffactometer will provide a digital representation of the refractive index. 2.4

Figure 7. Haze and luminous transmittance, ASTM D1003.[10801

The evaluation of specific light-transmitting and wide-angle, light-scattering properties of planar sections of materials, such as essentiallytransparent plastic, is covered by ASTM D 1003. The haze of transparent packaging materials is measured on a special haze meter where the sample is placed between an incandescent light source and geometrically arranged photocells. The amount of light transmitted by the sample, the light scattered by the sample and the instrument, and the total incident light are measured. From these values the percentage of transmitted light that is scattered can be calculated. The haze meter measures these variables and interrelates them so that the percentage of scattered light can be read on the meter.[1080] This test is important to products or in uses where true color and visibility are required.[1080] Haze can be inherent in the material, a result of the molding process, or a result of surface texture. Haze can also be a result of environmental factors such as weathering or surface abrasion.[' '691

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Tests for Electrical Properties

Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D149; Additional Test Method: IEC 80243. Dielectric strength measures the material's ability to act as an insulator; the higher the dielectric strength, the better the insulation properties. Dielectric strength is expressed as volts per unit thickness and represents the maximum voltage required to produce a dielectric breakdown through the material.[' '691 Any specimen thickness can be used; the most common thickness is between 0.8 and 3.2 mm.[1169] The test specimen is placed between two electrodes in air or oil. To test for the breakdown voltage, voltage is applied across two electrodes and increased ffom zero until electrical burn-through punctures the sample, or decomposition occurs.[' 1691 AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D150; Additional Test Method: IEC 60250. The ability of an insulator to store electrical energy can be measured through the dielectric constant, which is the ratio of the capacitance induced by two metallic plates with a film sample between them to the capacitance of the same plates with air or a vacuum between them. Better insulating materials have lower dielectric constants. Higher dielectric constants are used when high capacitance is needed.[' 1691 The dissipation factor measures the inefficiency of an insulating material and is defined as the reciprocal of the ratio between the insulating material's capacitive reactance to its resistance at a specified frequency.['1691

Introduction

8 The test method ASTM D150 is performed on a flat sample larger than 50 mm in diameter. The sample is placed between two metallic plates and capacitance is measured. A second test is made without the specimen between the two electrodes. The ratio of these two values is the dielectric constant.[1169] DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D257; Additional Test Method: IEC 60093. The test method ASTM D257 covers directcurrent (DC) procedures for the determination of insulation resistance, volume resistance, volume resistivity, surface resistance, and surface resistivity of electrical insulating materials, or the corresponding conductances and conductivities. Surface resistivity (ohms per square) is the resistance to leakage current along the surface of an insulating material. Volume resistivity (ohms-cm) is the resistance to leakage current through the body of an insulating material. The higher the surface/volume resistivity, the lower the leakage current. Also, the material is less conductive.[' 1691 A sample is placed between two electrodes and voltage is applied for sixty seconds. The resistance is measured and resistivity is calculated.[l 1691

3.0

Units

The data presented in this publication have been normalized, where possible, to SI units. The units are as varied as testing; in fact, some tests provide for the use of SI and English units. Where a source document presented units other than SI, the units were converted and are presented with SI units. Extensive references are included for the user who is interested in more information about the specific materials. With respect to this data compilation, the base units for the SI system include: meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (amp), and Celsius ("C). Derived units include: newton (N) (kg . m/s2), pascal (Pa) (N/m2), and joule (J) (N . m). Many sources are available to convert from English to SI units.

Introduction

4.0

Regulations

Materials that come into contact with food and drugs must meet specific requirements. In the US, the regulating body is the FDA. It maintains the Code of Federal Regulations Title 2 1 (2 1 CFR), which governs use for food and drugs. Many manufacturers provide a 21 CFR statement for their materials. The 21 CFR contains many parts, and the numbers that follow 21 CFR xxx detail which part of the regulation applies; for example 21 CFR 177.1520 refers to PE, PP, and polyolefin copolymers. Packaging films are primarily evaluated for food contact. Within the 21 CFR, the factors that affect food contact status include the following:[1l7O] Chemical composition Function (base polymer, additive, colorant, etc.) Conditions of use (food type, time and temperature of contact) Compliance requirements (concentration limitation, physical properties, extraction tests, etc.) Additional routes exist for materials to be used in food contact applications, materials sanctioned by the FDA before 1958 and Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) for the intended use by qualified expert~.[~~~~] Broad approvals for drug packaging do not currently exist. Drug packaging is generally evaluated as part of the drug, and some packaging materials are listed in USP and/or European Pharmacopoeia: USP has general requirements for containers and some specific tests for containers made from certain materials; European Pharmacopoeia has some specifications for materials. In both cases, in relation to materials, the listings are intended to characterize similar materials. In neither case do the listings indicate suitability for specific drug products.[l l7O]

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Chapter 1

Acrylonitrile-Methyl-Acrylate Copolymer = AMA Category: Nitrile

Film Applications: Barex acts as a chemically resistant, anti-scalping layer and as the heat-seal layer in packaging.[2003]

General Description: Intended primarily for packaging use, acrylonitrile-based resins are sometimes called barrier resins. Acrylonitrile-Methyl-Acrylate Copolymer (AMA) is a clear, rubber-modified acrylonitrile with excellent chemical resistance and gas barrier properties, as well as a high modulus or stiffness.[loo41

Medical Packaging: Pharmaceutical and trans dermal patches. L20031

BP Chemicals’Barex is an aciylonitrile-methyl-aciylate copolymer grafted onto a nitrile rubber. Barex 210 and 218 are high-barrier, impact-modified copolymer resins. Barex 2 18 contains a high portion of impact

Regulatory Approval: Barex resins are in compliance with both EU and US FDA Regulations for direct food contact and specified beverage packaging, and are medically classified as a USP Class VI Plastic. [2003l

Film Processing Methods: Extrusion, orientation.

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 1-01 through 1-02.

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Food Packaging: Processed meats, fish, cheese, spices, sauces, extracts, and juice

Ch. 1:Acrylonitrile-Methyl-Acrylate Copolymer - AMA

10 Table 1-01. Film Properties of BP Amoco Barex Film and Oriented Film

Material Family

I I I

Material Supplier Product Form Reference Number

ACRYLONITRILE-METHYL-ACRYLATE (AMA)

I I I

BP Amoco Barex Film

I

Oriented Film

2003

I I I

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS Sample Thickness (mm)

I I I I

Elongation to Break (%) Elongation to Yield (%) Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) Tensile Strength at Yield (MPa)

0.025

I I I I

Tensile Modulus (MPa)

I

Gloss (60")

100-1 50

I 3

62-76 62-76

I I

3103-3795

I

20-60

95-115

103-1 52 76-83

I I I I

3792-4482

I

100-1 35

I

PERMEATION PROPERTIES Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 100°F (g mm/m2 Gas Permeability, 73"F, Oxygen (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)

2.16

0.255

Ch. 1: Acrylonitrile-Methyl-Acrylate Copolymer - AMA

0.3755

I

0.177

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11 Table 1-02. Film Properties of BP Amoco Barex Resins Material Family

ACRYLONITRILE-METHYL-ACRYLATE (AMA)

Material Supplier

BP Amoco Barex

Material Grade

I

Reference Number

210

218

I

I

2003

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Elongation to Break (%) Elongation to Yield (%)

TEST METHOD

I I

100-1 50 3

I I

20-60 4

Flexural Strength, Yield (MPa)

96.5

94.5

Flex Modulus (GPa)

3.38

2.69

I I

ASTM D638

I I

ASTM D790

I I

lzod Impact (notched) (Jim) Tensile Strength at Yield (MPa)

I I

267 65.5

I I

481 51.7

I I

ASTM D256 ASTM D638

I I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES Haze (%)

2.7

3.0

Gloss (60")

120

145

Transmittance (%)

BP Method

92.5

PERMEATION PROPERTIES Water Vapor Transmission Rate, IOO"F, 100% RH (g mm/m2 day) Gas Permeability, 73"F, 100% RH (cm3, mm/m2,day, atm) Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide

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2.0

ASTM F1249

0.3 0.08 0.45

ASTM D3985

Ch. 1: Acrylonitrile-Methyl-Acrylate Copolymer - AMA

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CeIIu10s ic Category: Cellulosic General Description: The best known cellulosic film is cellophane.[1052] Other widely used cellulosic materials include cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), cellulose propionate (CP), and ethyl cellulose.[1004]

tic. This treatment includes coating with metal or other chemicals to alter its permeability to air and water. Cellophane is the most common food packaging material after paper and cardboard; over 50% of all twist-wrapped sweets are packaged in cellophane. [10521

Film Applications: Cellulose acetate provides the basis for many photographic films and can also be used in packaging. Many cellulosic films are important medically as dialysis membranes.[1052]

Regulatory Approval: Food additive regulations issued by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permit use of cellulose acetate in specific food packaging applications. Cellulose acetate (CA) is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) for use in paper and paperboard in contact with food, and has been previously sanctioned for use in film in food-contact applications.[l0701

Cellophane is flimsy and opaque and requires further treatment to render it transparent, soft, and plas-

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 2-01 through 2-02.

Eastmans’ Cellulose acetate is a fine, dry, free-flowing powder.[1070]

Table 2-01. Film Properties of Eastman Tenite Cellulose Acetate

I

Material Family

CELLULOSIC

Material Grade

EASTMAN TENITE CA 398-3

Reference Number

I

1070

I

I

669

I

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

I

Dielectric Strength (kvicm) MATERIAL CHARACTERISTIC

Specific Gravity

1.31

Acetyl Content (wt%)

39.8

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Refractive Index

I

80

I

I

1.475

I

’Determination of color and haze made on CAB solution using Pt-Co standard (color) and a monodisperse latexsuspension (haze). Analysis is performed with a Gardner Model XL-835 Colorimeter.

0Plastics Design Library

Ch. 2: Cellulosic

14 Table 2-02. Film Properties of Coated Cellophane Film Material Family

CELLULOSIC PLASTIC

Product Form

Film

Reference Number

268

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Material Composition Note

I I

0.023 PVDC coated

I I

TEST CONDITIONS

Temperature ("C)

20

Relative Humidity (%)

65

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Modulus of Elasticity, MD (MPa) Modulus of Elasticity, TD (MPa)

I I

1667 1371

Tensile Strength at Break, MD (MPa)

117.9

Tensile Strength at Break, TD (MPa)

88.3

Ultimate Elongation, MD (%)

I

30

Ultimate Elongation, TD (%)

60

Impact Strength (kg-cm)

3

Burst Strength (MPa) Pinhole Strength (9)

0.20

I

400

Elmendorf Tear Resistance, MD (gimm)

200

Elmendorf Tear Resistance, TD (gimm)

300

Tear Resistance, MD (9) Tear Resistance, TD (9)

I I

160 130

OTHER PROPERTIES

Water Absorption, (%)

100

Equilibrium Moisture Absorption (%)

13

Melting Point ("C)

150

Haze (%)

3.0

Surface Resistivity (ohms) Slip Factor (") Dimension Stability, MD (%) Dimension Stability, TD (%)

Ch. 2: Cellulosic

I I I

1.4E + 09 34 -3.2 -5.5

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Chapter 3

Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer = ETFE Category: Fluoropolymer General Description: Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) is a copolymer consisting of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene having unusually high strength. DuPont T2 films of Tefzel ETFE fluoropolymer are tensiled (uniaxially oriented) and heat toughened to increase mechanical performance, dimensional stability, and impermeability. DuPont T2 films are available as heat stabilized or heat shrinkable. They are highly transparent and weather resistant. One class is surface treated for printing or adhesive bonding to various substrates. L2Oo7]

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Film Processing Methods: Tefzel film can be heat-sealed, die-cut, and folded.[2007] Film Applications: Pressure-sensitive tapes; flexible printed circuits; liquid pouches and other applications demanding high flex-life and high crack resistance, and the ability to withstand exposure to high temperatures and wear.[2007] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 3-01.

Ch. 3: Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer - ETFE

16 Table 3-01. Film Properties of DuPont Tefzel T2 ETFE Film Material Family

ETHYLENE TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE COPOLYMER (ETFE)

Material SupplieriGrade

DuPont Tefzel T2 ETFE Film

Reference Number

2007

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Temperature ("C)

I I

I I

0.0508 25

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD

Dielectric Strength (kV1mm)

200

Dielectric Constant

2.6

Dissipation Factor

0.0008

ASTM D149 ASTM D150

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I

I I I

Elastic Modulus, MD/TD (MPa) Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%)

I I

73,5001900 451650

Impact Resistance (Jimm)

66

Tensile Creep, MD/TD (%) (3,OOO-psi/l,OOO hr)

0.818.0

Tear Strength, Propagating, MD1TD (N)

I

I I

ASTM D882 ASTM D3420B

10.512.3

ASTM D1922

Tensile Strength at Break, MD/TD, (N1mm2)

234148

ASTM D882

Refractive Index (kg1m3)

1.407

ASTM D542

Light Transmission (%)

I

95

I

ASTM D1003

I

I

ASTM D570

I

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

I I

Moisture Absorption (%) Water Vapor Permeability (g1m2 day mm)

I 0.3

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 3: Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer - ETFE

ASTM E96

I

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Chapter 4

Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer = FEP Category: Fluoropolymer General Description: Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), a melt-processable fluorocarbon, is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene. Fluorinated ethylene propylene and TFE yield similar properties, with the exception of TFE’s lower melt viscosity.[1oo4] DuPont’s high-performance material Teflon FEP film is a transparent, thermoplastic Film Processing Methods: Fluorinated ethylenepropylene resins are processed by conventional meltextrusion techniques. Films may be thermoformed, vacuum-formed, heat-sealed, heat-bonded, welded, metallized, or laminated.[2007] Film Applications: Release films, permeation barriers.[20071 Chemical Compatibility: FEP produces chemically inert film that is solventresistant to virtually all chemicals except molten alkali metals, gaseous fluorine,

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and certain complex halogenated compounds such as chlorine.[2007]

Electrical Properties: High dielectric strength (over 6500 V/mil for 1 mil film, no electrical tacking), nonwettable and non-charring, very low power factor, and dielectric constant.[2007] Physical Properties: High resistance to impact and tearing, useful physical properties at cryogenic temperatures. L20071 Weatherability: FEP film is inert to outdoor exposure, including high transmittance of ultraviolet rays and all but the far infrared spectrum.[2007] Regulatory Approval: DuPont FEP film complies with US FDA legislations for safe use with Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 4-01.

Ch. 4: Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer - FEP

18 Table 4-01. Film Properties of DuPont Teflon FEP Film

Material Family

FLUORINATED ETHYLENE PROPYLENE (FEP)

Material SupplieriGrade

I

Reference Number

DuPont Teflon FEP Film

I

2007

I

I

0.025

I

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTIC

I

Sample Thickness (mm) Temperature ("C)

25

Dielectric Strength (kVimm)

260

Dielectric Constant, 25°C (77"F), 100 Hz to 1 MHz -40" to 225°C (-40" to 437"F), 1,000 Hz

2.0 2.02-1.93

Dissipation Factor, 25°C (77"F), 100 Hz to 1 MHz -40" to 225°C (-40" to 437"F), 1,000 Hz -40" to 240°C (-40" to 464"F), 1 MHz

ASTM D150 0.0002-0.0007 0.0002 0.0005

Insulation Resistance ( M a pF) at 100°C (212°F) at 150°C (302°F) at 200°C (392°F) Surface Arc Resistance (sec)

ASTM D149

350,000 250,000 65,000

I

Surface Resistivity (nisq) -40" to 240°C (-40" to 464°F)

>I65

ASTM D495

I

> I x 10'6 ASTM D257

Volume Resistivity (pm cm ) -40" to 240°C (-40" to 464°F)

I I I I

Bursting Strength (Mullen) (kPa) Elastic Modulus (MPa) Elongation at Break (%) Folding Endurance (MIT) (cycles) Impact Strength (Jim)

I

> I x 10'8

I I I I

76 480 300 10,000

I I I I

ASTM D774 ASTM D882 ASTM D2176

7.7 x 103

DuPont pneumatic impact tester

Tear Strength, Initial (Graves) (N)

2.65

ASTM D1004

Tear Strength, Propagating, (Elmendorf). (N) . .

1.23

ASTM D1922

Tensile Strength at Break (Nimm2)

21

Yield Point (MPa)

12

ASTM D882

(Cont 'd.)

Ch. 4: Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer - FEP

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19

Refractive Index (kg/m3)

1.341-1.347

ASTM D542

Solar Transmission (%)

96

ASTM D424

Moisture Absorption (%)

402

Gas Permeability, 73"F, 100% RH (cm3 mm/m2 day atm) Carbon Dioxide Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen

647.5 852.5 125 40

ASTM D1434

0.195

Cenco Fitch

0.72% expansion 2.2% shrinkage

30 min at 150°C

VTM-0

ANSliUL 94

Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity (W/m K) Dimensional Stability, MD TD Flammability Classification Heat Deflection Temperature ("C) at 0.46 N/mm2 at 0.1.82 N/mm2

70

Zero Strength Temperature' ("C)

255

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51

Ch. 4: Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer - FEP

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Chapter 5

Perfluoroalkoxy Resin = PFA Category: Fluoropolymer General Description: Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) films have extremely high temperature resistance. DuPont high-performance material Teflon PFA resin is available in pellet or powder.[2007] DuPont T2 films of Teflon PFA are tensiled (uniaxially oriented) and heat toughened to increase mechanical performance, dimensional stability, and impermeability. DuPont T2films are available as heatstabilized or heat-shrinkable. They are highly transparent and weather resistant. One class is surface treated for printing or adhesive bonding to various substrates. L2Oo7]

Film Processing Methods: Teflon films can be thermoformed, laminated, heat-sealed, die-stamped, and oriented.[2007] Film Applications: Sterile packaging, and Specialty Film Industries.[2007] Chemical Compatibility: DuPont PFA film is chemically inert and solvent resistant to virtually all chemicals, except molten alkali metals, gaseous fluorine, and certain complex halogenated compounds, such as chlorine trifluoride at elevated temperatures

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and pressures. Teflon has low permeability to liquids, gases, moisture, and organic vapors.[2007]

Electrical Reliability: DuPont PFA film shows retention of properties over large areas of film, including high dielectric strength (over 260 kV/mm for 0.025 mm film [6500 V/mil for 1-mil film]),no electrictracking, non-wettable and non-charring, and very low power factor and dielectric constant, only slight change over wide ranges of temperature and frequency.L20071 Wide Thermal Range: Continuous service temperature: -240"-260°C. Melting Range: 300"-3 1O"C, h e a t - ~ e a l a b l e . [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ] Mechanical Toughness: Superior antistick and low frictional properties, high resistance to impact and tearing, and useful physical properties at cryogenic temperatures. L20071 Long Time Weatherability: PFA film is inert in outdoor exposure, and demonstrates a high transmittance of ultraviolet light in all but the far infrared ~pectrum.[~~~~] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 5-01 through 5-02.

Ch. 5: Perfluoroalkoxy Resin - PFA

22 Table 5-01. Film Properties of DuPont Teflon PFA Film Material Family

PERFLUOROALKOXY (PFA)

Material SupplieriGrade

DuPont Teflon Film

Reference Number

2007

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

Temperature ("C)

I I

I

0.050 25

Dielectric Strength (kV/mm)

260

ASTM D149

Dielectric Constant, 2 5 T , 100 Hz to 1 MHz -40" to 225"C, 1,000 HZ

2.0 2.02-1.93

ASTM D150

Dissipation Factor, 2 5 T , 100 Hz to 1 MHz

0.0002-0.0007

Volume Resistivity (pm cm) -40" to 240°C

I

ASTM D257

> I x 10"

I

I I

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I I

Elastic Modulus (MPa) Elongation at Break (%)

480 300

I I

ASTM D882

Folding Endurance (MIT) (cycles)

100,000

ASTM D2176

Impact Resistance (Jim)

6.2 x 104

DuPont pneumatic impact tester

Tearstrength, Initial (Graves) (N) Tear Strength, Propagating, (Elmendorf) (N)

I I

I I

Tensile Strength at Break (N/mm2) Yield Point (MPa)

I

I I I

4.9

I

0.74 21 12

I I

ASTM D1004

I

ASTM D1922

I

ASTM D882

Refractive Index (kg/m3)

1.350

ASTM D542

Solar Transmission (%)

96

ASTM D424

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

I

Moisture Absorption (%)

I

Water Vapor Permeability (g mm/m2 day)

0.01

I

I

0.1

ASTM E96

70 100 335

ASTM D1434

Gas Permeability (cm3/m2 24 hr atm) Carbon Dioxide Nitrogen Oxygen

Ch. 5: Perfluoroalkoxy Resin - PFA

0Plastics Design Library

23 Table 5-02. Film Properties of DuPont Teflon T2 PFA Film Material Family

PERFLUOROALKOXY (PFA)

Material SupplieriGrade

DuPont Teflon T2 PFA Film

Reference Number

2007

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Temperature (“C)

I I

I I

0.0508 25

Dielectric Strength (kV1mm)

160

Dielectric Constant

2.1

Dissipation Factor

0.0002

ASTM D149 ASTM D150

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Elastic Modulus, MD/TD (MPa) Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%)

I I

Impact Resistance (Jim)

I

76011400 601450

I I

66

ASTM D882 ASTM D3420B

Tensile Creep, MD/TD (%) (1,5OO-psi/l,OOO hr)

4115

Tear Strength, Propagating, MD1TD (N)

1.810.9

ASTM D1922

Tensile Strength at Break, MD1TD (N1mm2)

69124

ASTM D882

Refractive Index (kgim3)

1.358

ASTM D542

I

95

I

ASTM D1003

Moisture Absorption (%)

I

0.3

I

ASTM D570

Water Vapor Permeability (gm2 day mm)

I

0.1

Light Transmission (%)

I

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

I I

ASTM E96

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

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Ch. 5: Perfluoroalkoxy Resin - PFA

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Chapter 6

Polychlorotrifluoroethylene = PCTFE Category: Fluoropolymer General Description: Honeywell Aclar films are crystal-clear films made from fluorinated-chlorinated resins that demonstrate excellent moisture-barrier properties :L20 141 Homopolymer. Aclar Rx series Copolymers. Aclar 22A, 33C, and Cx Film Processing Methods: Through the use of conventional thermoplastic processing techniques, PCTFE can be molded as well as extruded into transparent film and sheet,[loo4]and laminated, heatsealed, printed thermoformed, metallized, and sterilized. L20 31 Applications: The following is a list of a few products and their applications: Aclar 11A. Industrial and electronics packaging.L20 41 Aclar 22A, Rx 160, SupRx 900, UltRx 2000 and 3000. Pharmaceutical packaging, blister packages.[2014] Aclar 22C. Encapsulating film for clean room packaging and electroluminescent lamps.L20 41 Aclar 33C. Military and industrial packaging as either a monolayer film or as a chemical and moisture barrier in laminate

Chemical Properties: Chemically inert with no known limitations regarding flavor retention. Plasticizer and stabilizer Optical Properties: Aclar provides clear, "see through" packaging to ensure product identification. "20 131 Permeability to Water and Other Liquids: Medium, high, and ultra-high moisture barrier properties are available ranging from 0.78 g/m2/day to 0.08 g/ m2/day.Aclar films have an outstanding ability to prevent the passage of water vapor and liquids, providing product protection. Because of its transparency, these films permit inspection viewing of the product while protecting the product from moisture.[2013] Regulatory Approval: The drug master file, DMF1578, has been established for Aclar films. Regarding the US FDA, Aclar films are made from resins that comply with 21 CFR 177.1380. With respect to Europe, Aclar films are made from monomers on the positive list of starting substances contained in the EC directive 90/128/EEC. Aclar films comply with many other regulatory requirements (CONEG and EU heavy metal limitations, California Proposition 65, e t ~ . ) . [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 6-01 through 6-03.

Aclar Cx 130E. Moisture protection.[20141

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Ch. 6: Polychlorotrifluoroethylene - PCTFE

Table 6-01. Film Properties of Honeywell Aclar Fluoropolymer Film Material Family

POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE (PCTFE) Aclar Fluoropolymer Film 22A

11A'

I

Reference Number

I

22c

I

2014

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Temperature ("C)

I I

0.0225

-

I I

0.038

0.050

23

-

Relative Humidity (%)

I

I I

I I

50

Dimensional Stability, MD (%)

+8 to + I 5

+ I 2 to + I 5

+5 to + I 0

Dimensional Stability, TD (%)

-8 to -13

-12 to-15

-5 to -10

ASTM D1204 Elongation, MD (%)

I

70-130

Elongation, TD (%)

I

I

125-225

200-300

150-250

ASTM D882 Secant Modulus, MD (MPa)

-

97-110

138-1 72

Secant Modulus, TD (MPa)

-

104-1 10

124-1 52

I

325-350 n4

Tensile Strength, MD (MPa)

75.8-141

52-76

55-69

Tensile Strength, TD (MPa)

44.1-57.9

40-55

34-48

ASTM D882 OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Haze(%)

Water Vapor Permeability, 37.8"C, 100% RH (gm2 day mm)

I

-

0.0060

Ch. 6: Polychlorotrifluoroethylene - PCTFE

I

I

0.013

0.015

ASTMD1003

I

ASTM F1249

0Plastics Design Library

27 Table 6-02. Film Properties of Honeywell Aclar Fluoropolymer Film

I

Material Family

I 33c

I

Reference Number

I

POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE (PCTFE)

Rx 160

Cx 130E

I

I

2014

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTIC Sample Thickness (mm)

0.019

0.033

Temperature ("C)

23

Relative Humidity (%)

50

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Coefficient of friction, film to metal staticikinetic

I I

Dimensional Stability, MD ( X ) Dimensional Stability, TD ( X )

0.015

TEST METHOD 0.4-0.510.32-0.38

I

I +8 to + I 5

5 2.5

I

5 2.5

ASTM D1894

I

I

I

ASTM D1204 -8tO-13

Elongation, MD (X)

50-1 50

-

70-130

Elongation, TD (X)

50-1 50

-

200-300

-

7-9

-

-

75-100

-

Elongation at Yield, MD/TD (X) Elongation at Break, MD (X) Elongation at Break, TD (X) Puncture Strength (gms) Secant Modulus, MD (MPa) Secant Modulus, TD (MPa) Tear Strength, (Graves), MD, (gmsimil) Tear Strength, (Graves), TD (gmsimil) Tensile Strength, MD (MPa) Tensile Strength, TD (MPa)

I I I I

I I I I

-

1517-1793 1310-1586 400-450 350-400 76-90 2 1-34

I I I I

I I I I

225-325 300-400 448-586 448-586 350-375 350-375

-

I I I I

I II I

ASTM D882

ASTM D1309 120-1 55 ASTM D882 117-141 350-400 ASTM D1004 275-325 82-138 42-62

Tensile Strength at Yield, MDiTD (MPa)

ASTM D882

Tensile Strength at Break, MD (MPa)

-

31.7-34.5

-

Tensile Strength at Break, TD (MPa)

-

17.9-20

-

Total Energy Dart Impact (kg-m)

-

0.08-0.10

-

ASTM D4272

Haze (X)

2-3

ASTM D1003

Gloss (20")

-

130-140

-

ASTM D523

0.008

0.026

0.0063

ASTM F1249

-

6.7-7.4

-

ASTM D3985

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES Water Vapor Permeability, 37.8"C, 100% RH (gm2. day. mm) Oxygen Permeability, 2 5 T , OX RH *Units not provided in reference literature. MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction

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Ch. 6: Polychlorotrifluoroethylene - PCTFE

Table 6-03. Film Properties of Honeywell Aclar Fluoropolymer Film

I

Material Family

I SupRx 900

I

Reference Number

I

POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE (PCTFE)

UltRx 2000

I

UltRx 3000

I

2014

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS Sample Thickness (mm)

0.023

0.051

Temperature ("C)

23

Relative Humidity (%)

50

0.0762

Dimensional Stability, MD (%)

+8 to + I 5

+5 to + I 0

Dimensional Stability, TD (%)

-8 to -1 3

-5 to -10

Elongation, MD (%)

70-1 30

150-250

ASTM D1204

Elongation, TD (%)

200-300 ASTM D882

Secant Modulus, MD (MPa)

120-155

Secant Modulus, TD (MPa)

117-141

103-131 Tear Strength, (Graves), MD, (gmsimil)

325-375

Tear Strength, (Graves), TD, (gmsimil)

275-325

ASTM D1004

Tensile Strength, MD (MPa)

76-141

41-62

Tensile Strength, TD (MPa)

44-58

31-52

ASTM D882 OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Haze (%)

I

Water Vapor Permeability, 37.8"C, 100% RH fa mmim2 davl

I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 6: Polychlorotrifluoroethylene - PCTFE

0.006

I

ASTM D1003

I

ASTM F1249

I

0Plastics Design Library

Polytetrafluoroethylene = PTFE Film Applications: Anti-corrosive linings, non-stick roll covers, pharmaceutical cap liners, microphone electrical membranes, photovoltaic cell glazing, antigraffiti coverings, erasable surface coverings, automotive airbag systems, fuel hose permeation barriers, hot melt adhesives, and many others.[2007]

Category: Fluoropolymer General Description: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is extremely heat resistant and has outstanding chemical resistance. DuPont Tefzel is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene in the form of a film. The color of the film is uniform and ranges from clear to translucent depending on the thickness. L20071

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 7-01.

Film Processing Methods: Tefzel films can be thermoformed, laminated, heat-sealed, die-stamped, and oriented.[2007] Table 7-01. Film Properties of DuPont Tefzel Fluoropolymer Film

I

Material Familv

I

Material SupplieriGrade

DuPont Tefzel Film Grades LZ, CLZ, and CLZ-20

Reference Number

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (PTFE)

2007

I

0.0125

I

0.025

I

0.050

I

0.125

I

0.1875

I

0.25

I

0.5

I

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

Dielectric Strength, Vimil, AC (min)

I

4000

Elastic Modulus, MD/TD (MPa)

-

-

Elongation at Break, min, mm thick (%)

175

200

Shrinkage, max at 200°C (%) Tear Strength, Propagating, min (Elmendom ( q h i l ) Tensile Strength, 2 5 T , min, mm thick (MPa)

0Plastics Design Library

I TEST METHOD

300 34.5

2500

2100

1800

1400

ASTM D149A

76011400

-

-

-

-

ASTM D882 ASTM D882, D638 for >0.25

250

0 to -7

I

3500

0 to -5

0 to -4

I

400 41.4

DuPont Method

I

ASTMD1922

I

ASTM D882, D638 for >0.25

Ch. 7: Polytetrafluoroethylene - PTFE

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Polyvinyl Fluoride = PVF Category: Fluoropolymer General Description: DuPont Tedlar is available in clear or pigmented forms with a range of properties includinghigh tensile strength,high flexibility,high elongation, and high tear modification.[2017] Film Applications: Release film for epoxies, phenolics, polyesters, and rubber compounds.[2017] General Properties: DuPont Tedlar PVF film properties include excellent resistance to weathering, outstanding physical properties, and inertness towards a wide variety of chemicals, solvents, and staining agents. L20 71 Electrical Properties: Properties of interest to the electrical industry include excellent hydrolytic stability and high dielectric strength and dielectric constant. L20 71

Weathering Properties: The weather resistance, inertness, and strength characteristics suggest broad use as a finish for metals, hardboards, felts, or plastics in architectural, decorative, or industrial uses. L20 71 Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Figs. 8-01 through 8-03, and Table 8-01.

300 200 100

0

50

100

300

200

Temperature, "C

Figure 8-02. Physical properties vs temperature: e Iongat ion.L20171

500

3447

100

690

0 r

-0

X ._

ul

n

0

50

100

200

10

69

300 I

0

50

100

200

300

Temperature, "C Temperature, "C

Figure 8-01. Physical properties vs temperature: tensile strength .L201 71

0Plastics Design Library

Figure 8-03. Physical properties vs temperature: tensile ~ O ~ U I U S . [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ]

Ch. 8: Polyvinyl Fluoride - PVF

32 Table 8-01. Film Properties of DuPont Tedlar PVF Film Material Family

POLYVINYL FLUORIDE (PVF) DuPont Tedlar Film

Material SupplieriGrade TTRZOSG 4

Reference Number

I

TWHZOBS 3

I

2017

TEST METHOD

Corona Endurance, hr (Vimil) Dielectric Constant, 1 Kc at 22°C (72°F) Dielectric Strength, 60 cPs, kVimil

2.5

I I

Dissipation Factor, 1,000 cPs, 22°C (72°F) 1,000 cPs, 70°C (158°F) 10 Kc, 22°C (72°F) 10 Kc, 70°C (158°F) Volume Resistivity, 22°C (72°F) 100°C (212°F)

Bursting Strength, 22°C (72°F) fnsil Coefficient of Friction, filmimetal, 22°C (72°F) Impact Strength 22°C (72°F) fin lbimill Tear Strength (Elmendorf) 22°C (72°F) (gimil) Tear Strength, initial (Graves) 22°C (72°F) (gimil)

I

Tensile Modulus (MPa)

I

8.5 3.4

6.2

I I

ASTM Suggested T method 60 cPs

11.0 3.5 ASTM D150

1.6 2.7 4.2 2.1

1.4 1.7 3.4 1.6

4-7 x 1014 2-1.5 X 10”

7 x 1014 1.5 x 1011

ASTM D257

29-65

ASTM D774

0.18 4 . 2 1

ASTM D1894

10-20

ASTM D3420

15-60

ASTM D1922

260-500

ASTM D1004

2068-2620

I

55.2-110.3

Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa)

ASTM D882, Method A Ultimate Elongation (%)

90-250 41.4-33.8

Ultimate Yield (MPa)

I

I

Refractive Index

I

1.46

I

ASTM D542-50

I

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

Moisture Absorption 22°C (72°F) (%)

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 39.5% 80% RH, (dm2 dav)

Ch. 8: Polyvinyl Fluoride - PVF

< 0.5

Water immersion

9-57

ASTM E96

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Chapter 9

lonomer General Description: DuPont Surlyn packaging resins are made from ethylene acid copolymers, in which the acid groups are partially neutralized with either zinc or sodium ions. The acid in the polymer gives polarity and reduces crystallinity. The ionic bonding between the polymer chains gives outstanding melt strength, toughness, and clarity. DuPont tailors the properties of each grade by adjusting the acid content in the polymer, its molecular weight, the amount of neutralization and neutralization ion (zinc or sodium), and additive content.[1069] DuPont Surlyn ionomer resins, listed below, are crystal clear and are used alone or in combination with other resins:[l 0691

Surlyn 1601. Blown film with superior optical properties. Surlyn 1605. Extrusion coating and blown film; high grease resistance and low-temperature sealability. Surlyn 1650. Blown film coextrusion; good blend of toughness and low-temperature sealability. Surlyn 1652. General purpose extrusion coating; also blown film. Surlyn 1702. Extrusion coating; excellent low-temperaturesealability and hot-tack. Surlyn 1705-1. Extrusion coating; excellent low-temperature sealability and hot-tack. Surlyn 1802. Blown film; superior low-temperaturesealability and toughness. Surlyn 1855. Terionomer for blown film; superior low-temperature sealability and high stress-crack. Surlyn 1857. Terionomer for blown film and extrusion coating; superior

0Plastics Design Library

low-temperature sealability and adhesion to nylon in coextrusion.

Surlyn 1901. For blown film; terionomer version of 1601 for lower temperature sealing. Film Processing Methods: Extrusion. Film Applications: Packaging films and sealants: meat, seafood, poultry, cheese, snack, skin packaginghtretch pack, personal and health care, and liquid packaging. [10691 Barrier Properties: Excellent barrier for oily or greasy Clarity: Crystal-clear film gives packages a highgloss, “premium” Formability: Excellent formability and deep draw for evenly distributed film that resists ~ i n h o l i n g . [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ] Hot-Tack: The highest hot-tack strength and broadest hot-tack range of any sealant, yields higher packaging line speeds, and reduced seal failures and leakers.[1069] Sealing Performance: Low sealing temperatures and the widest sealing temperature range available results in faster sealing with less dwell time, and higher packaging line speeds. Highly effective at sealing through all types of contamination.[1069] Regulatory Approval: Surlyn is approved for use in contact with food, as provided in Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Paragraph 177.1330.[1069] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 9-01 through 9-02 and Figs. 9-01 through 9- 10.

Ch. 9: lonomer

34 Table 9-01. Film Properties of DuPont Surlyn Film, Sodium Ion Material Family

IONOMER DuPont Surlyn

Material SupplieriGrade 1601

I

Reference Number

1605

1802

I

1901

I

1069

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I I

Ion Type Sample Thickness (mm)

TEST METHOD

I I

Dart Drop (gipm)

I I

Sodium 0.050

11.8

9.8

7.9

22.1

6.9

3.2

16.6

10.6

7.3

3.3

16.2

13.4

Secant Modulus, MD (MPa)

24 1

290

214

166

Secant Modulus, TD (MPa)

262

290

200

162

Tear Strength, (Elmendorf) MD (mN/l.rm) Tear Strength, (Elmendorf) TD (mN/l.rm)

ASTM D792

I I

ASTM D1709

ASTM D1922

ASTM D882

I

Spencer Impact (Jimm)

I

Ultimate Tensile Strength, MD (MP4 Ultimate Tensile Strength, MD (MP4

I

31

27

I

41

33.8

36.5

28.3

41

40.7

37.9

33.1

35

Ultimate Elongation. MD (%)

350

300

350

460

Ultimate Elongation. TD (%)

400

300

400

450

I

ASTMD3420

I

ASTM D882

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Gloss (20") Haze (%)

Ch. 9: lonomer

I

75

I 3.0

50

I

95

I 2.0

100

I

ASTM D2457

I

ASTM D1003

0 Plastics Design Library

35 Table 9-02. Film Properties of DuPont Surlyn Film, Zinc Ion Material Family

IONOMER DuPont Surlyn

Material SupplieriGrade 1650

I

Reference Number

1652

1705-1

Ia55

I

Ia57

I

1069

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I I

Ion Type Sample Thickness (mm)

TEST METHOD

I I

0.050

Ultimate Elongation. MD (%)

400

350

Ultimate Elongation. TD (%)

350

Gloss (20")

25

50

Haze (%)

7.0

4.0

0Plastics Design Library

I I

Zinc

400

ASTMD792

I I

500 350

450

70

45

20

ASTM D2457

3.0

4.5

7.0

ASTM D1003

Ch. 9: lonomer

36

2000

r

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

150

Seal Bar Temperature, "C

Figure 9-01. Heat-seal strength: DuPont Surlyn 1601 (DuPont heat-seal strength

1400.1200 .I 0 0 0 .-

80

90

100

110

I

I

I

I

120

130

140

150

Seal Bar Temperature, "C

Figure 9-02. Hot-tack: DuPont Surlyn 1601 Packforsk

2000

'"""I 1200

,,,

7

Seal Bar Temperature,

"C

Figure 9-03. Heat-seal strength: DuPont Surlyn 1652 (DuPont heat-seal strength

Ch. 9: lonomer

0 Plastics Design Library

37

80

I

I

I

I

I

I

90

100

110

120

130

140

L

150

Seal Bar Temperature, "C Figure 9-04. Hot-tack: DuPont Surlyn 1652.[106gl

2 1600

100

110

120

130

140

150

Seal Bar Temperature, "C Figure 9-05. Heat-seal strength: DuPont Surlyn 1705-1.[10691

1600

1200--

a,

:E

U

-

In

%% n

800--

400--

Figure 9-06. Hot-tack: DuPont Surlyn 1705-1.[10691

0Plastics Design Library

Ch. 9: lonomer

3%

1

2ooo 1600 -1200 -800 --

/lii

400 --

1

I

0

I

I

I

Figure 9-07. Heat-seal strength: DuPont Surlyn 1857.[106gl

1600

a

1200--

2 E

$5 U O €

/.

800--

/

/+ 1 1

1

//.

400--

Figure 9-08. Hot-tack: DuPont Surlyn 1857.[106gl

Seal Bar Temperature, "C Figure 9-09. Heat-seal strength: DuPont Surlyn 1901.[10691

Ch. 9: lonomer

0 Plastics Design Library

39

2000

I

-70

80

90

100

110

120

Seal Bar Temperature,

130

140

150

"C

Figure 9-10. Hot-tack: DuPont Surlyn 1901.[10691

He at-Se a1 Test Conditions : Dup ont He at - S e a1 Tests Condition A: 50 pm (2 mil) resin extrusion coated on a 82.5 pm ( 3 . 3 mil, 48 lb) paper 25 m (1 inch) seal bar width, 1 bar heated 40 psi seal bar pressure 0.5 second dwell time Condition B:

Hot-tack Test Conditions: Packforsk Method 50 pm (2 mil) film bonded to 82.5 pm ( 3 . 3 mil, 48 lb) paper 40 psi seal bar pressure

3 second dwell time peel force is maximum measured during seal separation maximum seal bar temperature considered was 150°C

same as above, but with 50 pm (2 mil) unsupported film

0Plastics Design Library

Ch. 9: lonomer

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Chapter 10

Nylon Overview Category: Nylon, Polyamide, Engineering Thermoplastic General Description: Nylon is a generic name for a family of long-chain polyamide engineering thermoplastics which have recurring amide groups [-CO-NH-] as an integral part of the main polymer chain. The nylon family members are identified by the number of carbon atoms in the monomers. Where two monomers are involved, the polymer will carry two numbers (e.g., nylon 66).[1004] Commercial nylons are as follows: nylon 4, nylon 6, nylon 66, nylon 6/10,nylon6/12,nylon 11, andnylon 12. Nylons are available in many varieties with ranges of properties. Sometimes a mix of nylons will provide thc bcst solution for a particular application. The following is a list ofnylon family differences:[1080] (See Table 10-01.) Processing range cost Dimensional stability Gas permeability Moisture sensitivity Coextrusion compatibility Nylon 6 is the least costly of the nylons and is used where an oxygen barrier is required. It has the best gas and aroma barrier and the least moisture barrier. Nylon 66 is used where temperature resistance is needed and nylon 6/66 is used where coextrusion compatibility is required. As you go down the chart, the gas barrier decreases and moisture barrier increases. Nylon 12 has the best moisture barrier and the poorest gas barrier.[1080] Nylon films, while providing a barrier to many gases, aromas, and flavors, are hydroscopic. Commonly, both oriented and unoriented nylon films are combined with moisture-barrier materials to achieve 0Plastics Design Library

optimum gas and water vapor protection.[2019]See Ch. 40, Polyvinylidene Chloride-Coated FilmsPVDC-Coated Films, for more data on coated nylon films.

Film Processing Methods: Extrusion and casting. Orientation: Orientation improves the inherent barrier and mechanical properties of unoriented nylon film. After biaxial orientation, nylon film exhibits a significant improvement in oxygen and aroma-barrier Film Applications: Packaging. Nylon's strength, durability, and barrier characteristics make it a valuable component in multilayer film. Nylons are combincd with polyolcfins, foils, and othcr matcrials to enhance barrier properties.[2019] Coated or laminated structures containing nylon can be heat-sealed into pouches or thermoformed to provide cavities into which hot dogs, sliced meats, and cheeses can be positioned for aesthetic display and sales appeal in the supermarket.[2019] Packaging applications where oriented films perform best utilize either PVDC coatings, laminations to aluminum foil, polyethylene or ionomer film, and/or metallized structures. Applications include pouch and vacuum brick coffee packages, soft cookies, bag-in the-box packages, and snack-food packages.[2019] Oriented nylon is also used extensively in non-food packaging where migrating gases and odors are contained either within the package or prevented from entering from the adjacent packages. Examples include multi-walled bags for shipping materials impregnated with petroleum derivatives such as readyto-light charcoal briquettes, and agricultural and industrial chemicals. Photographic film is also packaged in structures containing nylon to afford better protection of the contents.[2019] Ch. 10: Nylon Overview

42 Table 10-01. Nylon Family

Specific Gravity

Melt Point (OF)

HzO Absorption Max (YO)

Gas & Aroma Barrier

Relative Cost (1.0 = Least Expensive)

Nylon 6

1.13

428

9.5

Best

1.o

Nylon 6/66

1.13

400

9.0

1.2

Nylon 66

1.14

491

8.5

.1.3^

Nylon 6/10

1.07

419

3.3

1.4

Nylon 6/12

1.07

410

3.3

1.5

Nylon 11

1.04

3 67

1.8

1.8

Nylon 12

1.01

3 52

1.6

Ch. 10: Nylon Overview

Poorest

1.7

0Plastics Design Library

Chapter 11

Amorphous Nylon Category: Nylon, Polyamide General Description: DuPont Selar PA is an amorphous nylon (polyamide [PA]) resin that exhibits superior transparency; good barrier properties to gases, water, solvents, and essential oils; and high-temperature structural Blending even low percentages (20%) of Selar PA with nylon 6, nylon 66, and nylon copolymers will result in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer. These blends retain all of the advantages of the Selar PA resin with some of the mechanical property advantages of semicrystalline nylon. DuPont has developed a special grade of Selar PA, known as 2072, which is specially designed for blending with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOHS).[20221 EMS Chemie Grivory 16 and 21 are partially aromatic nylons. Grivory offers high strength and stiffness, good surface finish, minimal shrinkage, and outstanding oxygen-barrierproperties, particularly in very damp conditions. Grivory also offers greater rigidity than nylon 6, even after water absorption.[2021]

Film Processing Methods: The Selar PA resin can be processed by the same blown film, cast film, or cast sheet equipment used with semicrystalline nylons or polyolefins. Selar PA nylon 6 blends can be made by dry-blending. Selar PA 2072 can be tumble-blended with most grades of EVOH.[2022] Film Applications: The amorphous nylons can be used in flexible or rigid packaging, and monolayer or multilayer films. Selar PA is suitable for a variety of packaging applications that require clarity, barrier properties, and processing flexibility. Because of the excellent barrier properties in reffigerated conditions,

0 Plastics Design Library

Selar PA and Selar PA blends have benefits in meat and cheese packages, replacing the nylon 6, PVDC, or EVOH barrier layer.[2022]Selar PA 2072 can be blended with EVOH (up to 40 wt% addition) without compromising the oxygen barrier properties of EVOH, especially at high humidity.[2022] Grivory 16 and 2 1, as blown or cast film, is used for direct contact with non-alcoholic foodstuff where outstanding flavor, odor, and barrier properties are required and where high transparency is needed.[2021]

Adhesion Properties: Selar PA 2072 provides significantly better adhesion to EVOH blends than other grades of amorphous nylon do; this may allow converters to employ less expensive adhesive resins in tie Barrier Properties: In wet conditions (i.e., 95100% RH), Selar PA 3426 is an excellent barrier to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. It is equivalent to the EVOH oxygen barrier at the same wet conditions. In dry conditions (0-5% RH), Selar PA 3426 is a good barrier. At 0% RH, its oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier properties are the same as for nylon 6. At 95-100% RH, the oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier of Selar PA is substantially better than that of nylon 6. The barrier properties of nylon 6 blends fall between the performance of Selar PA 3426 and nylon 6. However, as the humidity increases, adding even small amounts of Selar PA 3426 improves the barrier more than would be predicted by a straight-line correlation.

Optical Properties: Selar PA film, both cast and blown, is transparent. Haze below 1-2% is virtually as clear as glass. The index of refraction of Selar PA 3426 is 1.597 for 1 mil film, while container glass is

Ch. 11: Amorphous Nylon

44 1.575. The optical properties of nylon 6 depend on the process. Nylon 6 blown film is hazy; nylon 6 cast film is transparent. Adding Selar PA 3426 to a type 6 nylon will improve the optical properties.[2022] In general, Selar PA 2072 produces significantly fewer gel particles versus other amorphous nylons when blended and processed with EVOH, and may also lower the processing temperature of the amorphous nylodEVOH blends by as much as 20°C (36°F). Because amorphous nylon is incompatible with EVOH, blends of Selar PA 2072 with EVOH may exhibit a somewhat increased haze.[2022]

Regulatory Approval: All grades of Selar PA comply with FDA regulation 21 CFR 177.1500 (a)(l2) regarding food contact. Selar PA can be used with all types of food, except those with more than 8% alcohol. There is no FDA limitation on the temperature of the food or the thickness of the Selar PA in contact with the food.[2022] Grivory 16 and 2 1 fulfill EU and FDA requirements for direct contact with foodstuffs.[2021]

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 11-01 through 11-05.

Table 11-01. Film Properties of EMS Chemie Grivory 16 and 21

Material Family

AMORPHOUS NYLON EMS Chemie

Material SupplieriGrade Grivory 16

I

Reference Number

Grivory 21

I

I

2021

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

0.025

Elongation at Yield (%)

5

Elongation at Break (%)

250

I

I IS0 1184

I I

Impact Penetration Energy (in Ib) Tear Propagation Resistance (MPa)

I I

1 131

Tensile Strength at Break (MPa)

82.7

Yield Strength (MPa)

75.8

Gloss (60")

160

I I

IS0 6603

DIN 53363

I I

IS0 1184

Moisture Absorption, 73"F, 50% RH

(%I Water Absorption, 73°F in water (%) Watervapor Permeability, 73"F, 85% RH (g mm/m2 day) Gas Permeability, 73"F, 0% RH (cm3/m2.24 hr atm) Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Nitroaen

Ch. 11: Amorphous Nylon

DIN 67530

2 IS0 62

-7 0.35

DIN 53122

1.54 4.6 0.51

ASTM D3985 ASTM D3985 DIN 53380

0Plastics Design Library

45 Table 11-02. Oxygen Permeation of Selar PA Blends with Nylon 6a[20221 % Selae PA 3426 in Blend cc . mill100 in2. d . atm 0°C

I I

0-5% RH

0°C 30°C

I I

95-1 00% RH 0-5% RH

I I

95-100% RH

30°C

Ob

20

30

50

80

100

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

I I

3.7 4.0 15.0

2.0 3.9

I I

1.3 3.9

14.0

I I

0.5 3.9

12.0

I I

9.1

0.4 3.9

I I

5.6

0.3 3.8

I I

1.5

Table 11-03. Carbon Dioxide Permeation” of Selar PA and Nylon 6a[20221

cc . mill100 in2. d . atm 0°C

I I I I

Nylon 6b

SelaP PA 3426

5

5.5

0-5% RH

I I I

0°C 30°C 30°C

I I I

95-100% RH 0-5% RH 95-100% RH

I I I

39 15 160

12.2 18.0 9.8

al-mil blown monolayerfilm; bCapron 8207F Type 6 nylon.

Table 11-04. Water Vapor Transmission of Selar PA Blends with Nylon 6a[20221

I I

I I

g . mill100 in2. d 23°C

0Plastics Design Library

95% RH

% Selae PA 3426 in Blend Ob

12.44

I

20 6.14

I

30 5.10

I

50 2.92

I

80 1.97

I

100

I I

1.85

Ch. 11: Amorphous Nylon

46 Table 11-05. Film Properties of DuPont Selar PA 3426 Nylon 6 Blends

Material Family

AMORPHOUS NYLON

Material SupplieriGrade

DuPont Selar PA

Reference Number

2022

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

SelarPA3426 in Blend (%)

I

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

Coefficient of Friction filmimetal fi ImifiIm Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD f a h i l l Elongation, MD/TD (%) GravesTear, MD/TD (gimil) Pinhole Flex, MD/TD

lo3 Cycles to Fail,

Spencer Impact (in Ibimil)

I I I

I I

Ob

I

20

I

30

I

50

I

80

I

100

0.025

0.2 0.4 31/23 2001210 4301480

I I I

18116

I

20

I

0.2 0.6 31/47 3901400 4701500

I I I

716

I

5.9

I

0.2 >I 41/55 2901310 4251430

I I I

3.511.5

I

9.3

I

34/56 3601400 5001490

I I I

212.5

I

1.2

I

0.3 >I 12/12

920/710

I I I

0.511

I

0.6

I

I

I

I

I ASTM D1894

I

16/14 20120 8101830

I I

l/l

I

1.0

I

Tensile Strength, MD/TD (MPa)

41/48

69/69

55/48

62/62

48/48

69/69

Yield Strength, MD/TD (MPa)

21/21

41/41

45/39

22119

-

-

110 20

160

ASTMD1922 ASTM D882 ASTMD1004

I I I

ASTM D456

I

ASTM D3420

I

ASTM D882

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Gloss (20") cast blown Haze (%) cast blown

I

1.2 14

30

I

115 150

I

iEi

I

133 130

I f!O

I

ASTM D24E

ASTM D1003

Transparency (%) ASTM D1746 blown bCapron 8207F Type 6 nylon. MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 11: Amorphous Nylon

0Plastics Design Library

Chapter 12

Nylon 6 - PA 6 Category: Nylon, Polyamide, Engineering Thermoplastic General Description: Nylon 6 provides an excellent barrier to oils and fats and does not absorb or transmit most flavors. Factors limiting the use of nylon 6 in packaging are processing difficulties and poor water-barrier performance.[1081] EMS Grilon F50 is specifically suited for use in monolayer blown films and extrusion blow-molded containers.L202l]

to be used in the medical market for the packaging of surgical equipment that will undergo steam sterilization. Capron films allow moisture to escape the package at a faster rate compared to other materials.[lO~Ol By combining Capron with polyolefins, foils, and other materials, converters are able to produce packaging films that will provide the level of moisture barrier they desire.[1080]

Film Processing Methods: Extrusion, extrusion coating, blown film, and nylon films can easily be thermoformed and biaxially stretched.[1080]

Physical Properties: Capron resin is an excellent material for use at both high and low temperatures, making it an ideal choice for applications that will go from the freezer into boiling water or microwave oven. The retention of elongation and tensile properties after extended immersion in boiling water is significant. After 10 hours of boiling, it retains 100% of its elongation properties and 90% of its tensile strength. Even after 36 hours of boiling, it retains 90% elongation and 80% of its tensile strength.[1080]

Film Applications: Multilayer packaging: food and medical, covedbase, pouch, and solid films.[2021]

Regulatory Approval: Capron 6 meets requirements of 21 CFR 177.1500 for food contact.[1080]

Barrier Properties: Capron provides an effective barrier to gases, oils, flavors, and chemicals while being permeable to water vapor. This attribute allows Capron

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 12-01 and 12-02.

The functional properties of Honeywell Capron Nylon 6 resin make it a highly cost-effective nylon resin for use in multilayer packaging films. It combines easily with polyolefins and other materials.[1080]

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Ch. 12: Nylon 6 - PA 6

48 Table 12-01. Film Properties of Honeywell Capron 6 Nylon Film Material Family

NYLON 6

Material SupplieriGrade

Capron 6 Nylon

Reference Number

1080

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

I

0.025

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

I I

Bursting Strength (kPa)

I TEST METHOD

I

I

does not burst 69-124

ASTM D774

Elongation, MD/TD (%)

375-5001375-500

ASTM D882

Fold Endurance, TD1MD (cycles)

~250,0001~250,000

ASTM D2176

Impact Strength (kg cm) Tensile Strength, MD/TD (MPa)

I I

I I

4.4 69-1 10169-1 10

I

ASTM D882 HSIM U'IYZZ

I

I I I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Gloss (20") (%) Haze(%)

I I

2.5-5

Water Vapor Permeability, IOO"F, 90% RH, (g mm1m2 day) Gas Permeability ("C) (cm3 mm1m2 day atm) Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide

Ch. 12: Nylon 6 - PA 6

I I

70-100

ASTM D2457 ASTM D1003

I I

7.9 0

23

50

0.2 0.08 0.24

1.02 0.35 1.85

5.5 4.7 17.3

0 Plastics Design Library

49 Table 12-02. Film Properties of EMS Chemie Grilon F50 Film Material Family

NYLON 6

Material SupplieriGrade

EMS Chemie Grilon

Reference Number

2021

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

0.050

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I TEST METHOD

Elongation at Break (%)

600

Elongation at Yield (%)

9

IS0 1184

Elongation, TD (%)

I I I I

375-500

I Impact Penetration Energy (Nm) I Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) I Tear Propagation Resistance (Nimm) I Flex Test (Gelbo) (cycles

Yield Strength (MPa)

I I

Gloss (60") (%) Haze (%)

900 4 100 500

ASTM D882

I I I I

35

I I

100 2.5-5

EMS Test IS0 6603 IS0 1184

DIN 53363

I I I I

IS0 1184

I I

DIN 67530 ASTM D1003

I I

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

Moisture Absorption, 2 3 T , 50% RH (%) Water Vapor Permeability, 23"C, 85% RH, (g mmim2 day) Gas Permeability, 2 3 T , 0% RH (cm3 mmim2 day atm) Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide

II

Water Absorption, 23"Ciin water,

(%I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

0Plastics Design Library

2-3

IS0 62

1.o

DIN 53122

1.25 0.5 4.0

DIN 53380

9

IS0 62

I I

Ch. 12: Nylon 6 - PA 6

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Chapter 13

Nylon 66 - PA 66 Category: Nylon, Polyamide, Engineering Thermoplastic General Description: Nylon 66, hexamethylene diamine adipic acid, is one of the most widely used nylons.[1004]DuPont Dartek films are made from nylon 66 and, depending upon grade, can be the following: transparent; PVDC-coated; treated for ink, adhesive, and coating receptivity; machine-direction oriented or monoaxially oriented; and can have highbarrier properties.[2023]A high viscosity polyamide 66 product, BASF Ultramid A5 nylon, was developed for extrusion and film applications.[2024] The following are descriptions of some common DuPont Dartek films:

Dartek B-602. A strong transparent nylon film with PVDC coating applied to one side.[2023] Dartek F-101. A clear, cast nylon film designed for thermoforming applications.[20231 Dartek N-201. A nylon film made from type 66 polymer.[2023] Dartek 0-401. A machine-direction -oriented nylon type 66 film.[2023]

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Dartek UF-410. A monoaxially oriented nylon 66 film with good “slip” characteristics.[2023] Many of the properties of nylon 66 film are improved upon orientation, particularly the overall toughness and gas permeability.[2023]

Film Processing Methods: Dartek, depending upon grade, can be printed, laminated, extrusion coated, thermoformed, and metallized.[2023] Film Applications: Dartek has assorted shapes for packaging meat and cheese, industrial end-uses, pouch and primal bags, stiff packages, snacks, condiments, shredded cheese, and coffee.[2023] Regulatory Approval: Certificates regarding the status of Ultramid A5 nylon with respect to agency compliance, i.e., FDA, BGA, and EEC, can be obtained by contacting BASF.[2024] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 13-01 through 13-02.

Ch. 13: Nylon 66 - PA 66

52 Table 13-01. Film Properties of DuPont Dartek Nylon 66 Films Material Family

NYLON 66 DuPont Dartek

Material SupplieriGrade F-101

I

Reference Number

N-201 and 0-401

UF-410

I

I

2023

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

0.025

I

I

0.015

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I TEST METHOD

Elongation, MD/TD (%) Impact Strength (9)

3001300

501250

ASTM D882

600

-

ASTM D1709

Tensile Modulus, MD/TD (MPa)

689.51689.5

224112241

224 111931

Tensile Strength, MD/TD (MPa)

62.1162.1

241.3162.05

35130

751125

ASTM D882 Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD1TD (gimil) Tear Strength (Graves) MD1TD (sirnil)

1,000/700

6001600

ASTM D1992 8501600

ASTM Dl004

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Gloss (20") (%) Haze(%)

Water Vapor Permeability(23"C, 90% RH) (g mm1m2 day) Gas Permeability,02 (23"C, 0% RH) fcm3 mm1m2 dav atml

Coefficient of Friction, film to film Static Kinetic

Ch. 13: Nylon 66 - PA 66

I I

I I

150 1.o

7.37 1.36

0.60 0.45

140 3.0

2.175 0.58511. I 6

ASTM D2457 ASTM D1003

I I

ASTM E398 0.585

-

I I

ASTM Dl434

ASTM D1894

0 Plastics Design Library

53 Table 13-02. Film Properties of BASF Ultramid A5 PA 66 Film Material Family

NYLON 66

Material SupplieriGrade

BASF Ultramid A5

Reference Number

2024

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

0.050

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD

Elongation at Break, MD (%) Puncture Resistance, falling dart (Nmm) Tensile Strength, MD/TD (MPa)

Gloss (45") (%)

I

Haze (%)

I

I

375

IS0 527

3,000

IS0 7765-2

1O O i l 00

ASTM D882

120

DIN 67530

8

I

ASTM D1003

I

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

Gas Permeability, 0% RH, 02 (cm3, mmim2, day, atm)

I

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

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16

ASTM D3985

I

Ch. 13: Nylon 66 - PA 66

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Chapter 14

Nylon 6/66 - PA 6/66 Category: Nylon, Polyamide, Engineering Thermoplastic

Film Applications: Gas-barrier and moisture-barrier films for multi-layer

General Description: Honeywell Plastics Capron offers materials combining the benefits of both nylon 6 and nylon 66. Capron 6/66 possesses the combination of strength and toughness associated with nylon 6/66 as well as excellent heat, chemical, and abrasion

Regulatory Approval: Capron conforms to Food and Drug Administration requirements of 21 CFR 177.1500.[2025] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 14-01.

Film Processing Methods: Cast or blown film.[2025]

Table 14-01. Film Properties of Honeywell Plastics Capron 6/66 Films

I I I

Material Family Material SupplieriGrade Reference Number

Gas Permeability (cc/m2/day) Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide

I

I I I

NYLON 6/66

Honeywell Plastics Capron 2025

I I I

2.4 0.5 7.3

Note: Film thickness not specified

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Ch. 14: Nylon 6/66 - PA 6/66

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Chapter 15

Nylon 6/12 - PA 6/12 Category: Nylon, Polyamide, Engineering Thermoplastic General Description: A nylon copolymer, EMS Chemie Grilon CA 6E contains a relatively high (3-5%) fraction of low-molecular-weight components. The advantage of this copolyamide is its low melt temperature, high flexibility, and high shrinkage after orientation. Grilon CA 6E and Grilon CF 6 s have similar physical properties. Grilon CR 9 HV is a high-viscosity nylon copolymer developed for the manufacture of coextruded films.[2021] Film Processing Methods: Coextrusion, multilayer blown and cast films.[2021]

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Film Applications: Grilon CF 6 s is particularly suitable for boil-in-bag applications. Grilon CR 9 is suitable for multilayer food packaging films for dry, nonfatty food packaging. Grilon CR 9 HV is a superior product for extreme-draw,thermoforming films.[2o21] Regulatory Approval: Grilon CR 6 s is FDA-listed for direct contact with foodstuff containing less than 8% alcohol. Grilon CR 9 and CR 9 HV may be used in multilayer food packaging without direct contact with foodstuff.[2021] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 15-01.

Ch. 15: Nylon 6/12 - PA 6/12

Table 15-01. Film Properties of EMS Chemie Grilon Nylon 6/12 Films

I

Material Family

I CF 6s

I

Reference Number

I

NYLON 6/12

CR 9

I

CR 9 HV

I

2021

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

0.025

I

I

0.050

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I TEST METHOD

Elongation at Yield (%)

12

7

Elongation at Break (%)

800

700

Impact Penetration Energy (in Ib)

18

27

3 (Nm)

IS0 6603

Tear Propagation Resistance (MPa)

358.5

517.1

520

DIN 53363

Tensile Strength at Break (MPa)

68.95

82.7

80

20

30.3

30

IS0 1184

IS0 1184

Yield Strength (MPa) OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Gloss (60")

Moisture Absorption, (73"F, 50% RH) (%) Water Absorption, (73"Fiin water) (%) Water Vapor Permeability (73"F, 85% RH) (g mm/m2 day) Gas Permeability (73"F, 0% RH) (cm3/m2 24 hr atm) Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen

Ch. 15: Nylon 6/12 - PA 6/12

I

I

130

DIN 67530

I

1.5-2 IS0 62

-5

-9

0.67

1.9

7.5

DIN 53122

5.91 19.7 3.15

5.5 299 1.5

2.75 100 7.5

ASTM D3985 ASTM D3985 DIN 53380

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Chapter 16

Nylon 6/69 - PA 6/69 Category: Nylon, Polyamide, Engineering Thermoplastic

or cast into films. Grilon BM 17 SBG can be readily

Film Processing Methods: Grilon BM 13 SBG and Grilon BM 17 SBG can be coextruded, blown,

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 16-01 through 16-02.

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Ch. 16: Nylon 6/69 - PA 6/69

Table 16-01. Film Properties of EMS Chemie Grilon Nylon 6/69 Films

I

Material Family

I

EMS CHEMIE GRILON BM 13 SBG

Material SupplieriGrade Reference Number

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

NYLON 6/69

2021

I

0.050

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I TEST METHOD

Elongation at Yield (%)

8

Elongation at Break (%)

800

IS0 1184

Impact Penetration Energy (in Ib) Tear Propagation Resistance fMPal

Tensile Strength at Break (MPa)

18

IS0 6603

303.7

DIN 53363

68.95 IS0 1184

15.2

Yield Strength (MPa) OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Gloss (60")

I

130

I

DIN 67530

I

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

Moisture Absorption (73"F, 50% RH) (%) Water Absorption [73"F/in water) [%) Water Vapor Permeability (73°F. 85% RH) (a mm/m2 dav) Gas Permeability (73"F, 0% RH) (cm3 mm/m2 24 hr atm) Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen

Ch. 16: Nylon 6/69 - PA 6/69

2.5-3

- 10

IS0 62

0.75

DIN 53122

2.5 6.5 0.51

ASTM D3985 ASTM D3985 DIN 53380

0 Plastics Design Library

61 Table 16-02. Film Properties of EMS Chemie Grilon Nylon 66/69/610 Films Material Family

NYLON 6/69 EMS Chemie Grilon

Material SupplieriGrade BM 17 SBG

I

Reference Number

I

I

2021

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

I

0.050

I

Elongation at Break (%)

650

IS0 1184

Tear Propagation Resistance (MP4

80

DIN 53363

Water Vapor Permeability (73"F, 85% RH) (g mm/m2 day) Gas Permeability (73"F, 0% RH) (cm3 mm/m2 24 hr atm) Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen

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0.75

0.9

DIN 53122

2.5 6.5 0.51

3.25 10.25

ASTM D3985 ASTM D3985 DIN 53380

-

Ch. 16: Nylon 6/69 - PA 6/69

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Chapter 17

Nylon 66/610 - PA 66/610 Category: Nylon, Polyamide, Engineering Thermoplastic General Description: EMS Chemie Grilon BM 20 SBG is a nylon copolymer, film-grade resin developed for coextruded film structures requiring a very “clean” Processing Methods: Grilon BM 20 SBG can be readily converted using cast or blown film equipment, and can be oriented using most systems.[2021]

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Applications: BM 20 SBG films are suitable for medical packaging applications as well as direct food contact. L2O2l1 Regulatory Approval: Grilon BM 20 SBG is FDAlisted for direct contact with foodstuff.[2021] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 17-01.

Ch. 17: Nylon 66/61 0 - PA 66/610

64 Table 17-01. Film Properties of EMS Chemie Grilon BM 20 SBG Films Material Family

NYLON 661610 EMS Chemie Grilon

Material SupplieriGrade BM 20 SBG

I

Reference Number

I

2021

I

I

0.050

I

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

Elongation at Yield (%)

8

Elongation at Break (%)

800

IS0 1184

I

Impact Penetration Energy (in Ib) Tear Propagation Resistance

I

4

I

462

Tensile Strength at Break (MPa)

75.8

Yield Strength (MPa)

24.8

I

IS0 6603

DIN 53363

IS0 1184 OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Gloss (60")

130

Moisture Absorption, (73"F, 50% RH) (%)

2-3

Water Absorption, (73"Fiin water) (%)

-6

Water Vapor Permeability (73"F, 85% RH) (g mm/m2 day)

0.75

DIN 53122

2.5 6.5 0.51

ASTM D3985 ASTM D3985 DIN 53380

DIN 67530

IS0 62

Gas Permeability (73"F, 0% RH) (cm3 mm/m2 24 hr atm) Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen

Ch. 17: Nylon 66/61 0 - PA 66/610

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Chapter 18

Polyethylene Napthalate = PEN Category: Polyester, Thermoplastic General Description: Polyethylene napthalate (PEN) resin can be processed into films, fibers, and containers.[1004]Biaxially oriented PEN films offer improved physical properties when compared with OPET.[1055] DuPont Teijin Films Kaladex and Teonex PEN Films are designed for special situations, where films are subjected to especially stringent conditions such as extreme heat or harsh chemicals, or for those applications where exceptional barrier performance is re-

quired. They offer significantly better resistance to thermal and hydrolytic aging compared to PET, exceptional dimensional stability, excellent barrier properties, and inherent UV protection.[1055]

Film Processing Methods: Films may be biaxially oriented.L312] Film Applications: Electrical insulation, flexible printed circuits, membrane touch switches, labels, graphics, voice coils, and general industrial application~.[~~~~] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 18-01 through 18-02.

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Ch. 18: Polyethylene Napthalate - PEN

66 Table 18-01. Film Properties of DuPont Teijin Films Kaladex PEN Film Material Family

POLYETHYLENE NAPTHALATE (PEN)

Material SupplieriGrade

DuPont Teijin Films Kaladex

Product Form Product Information

Film Type KIOOO

Film Type 2000

A clear film for use when optical transparency is of paramount importance

Slightly hazy film

Reference Number

I I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Area yield (m2ikg) Density (gicc)

1055

I I I

I I I

0.075 9.80 1.36

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

I I I TEST METHOD

Breakdown Voltage, 0.25 inch electrodes in dry air at 25°C (kV)

ASTM D149

12.0

Dissipation Factor (23"C, 50 Hz) (23"C, 1 kHz) (23"C, 10 kHz) (50"C, 50 Hz) (IOOT, 50 Hz) (150"C, 50 Hz)

0.0034 0.0042 0.0048 0.0048 0.0055 0.0125

ASTM D150 Permittivity (23"C, 10 kHz) (23"C, 1 kHz) (23"C, 50 kHz) (50"C, 50 Hz) (IOOT, 50 Hz) (150"C, 50 Hz) Surface Resistivity (500 ohmsisq V dc at 20°C and 54% RH) (log) Volume Resistivity (100 ohms m V dc at 25°C and 1,000 s) (log)

3.20 3.22 3.24 3.27 3.29 3.40 15

I

1

I

ASTM D257

16

(Cont 'd.)

Ch. 18: Polyethylene Napthalate - PEN

0Plastics Design Library

67 Table 18-01. (Cont'd.) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Elongation to Break, MD (%)

I

60

Elongation to Break, TD (%)

65

F5 (force to elongation 5% of guage length, strain rate 50%) MD/TD (MPa)

1351135 ASTM D882

-

Hydrolysis Resistance (water at 90°C for 2,500 hrs), MD/TD (%) Tensile Strength at Break, MD/TD (MPa) Propagation, MD1TD (9)

I I

73/74 2001200

-18

I

11.5112.5

I

5,000

Young's Modulus (MPa)

ASTM D1938 ASTM D882

Haze (%)

1.10

25

Total Light Transmission (%)

88

85

ASTM D1003 THERMAL PROPERTIES

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, between 2O0-50"C, l/K, MD/TD

I Cont. Use Temp. (mechanical) ("C) I Cont. Use Temp. (electrical) ("C)

Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)

UL 746B, w10 electrical

160

I

UL 746B, w10 impact

VTM-2

UL 94x

120

I

DSC

I

262

Shrinkage after5 min at 19O"C, MD/TD (%) Slip, Coefficient of Static Friction

II

-

Flammability

Melting Point (peak) ("C)

180

20 x 106121 x 106

0.6511.OO

I

-

I

0.27

II

DuPont Method

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction

0Plastics Design Library

Ch. 18: Polyethylene Napthalate - PEN

68 Table 18-02. Film Properties of DuPont Teijin Films Teonex PEN Film

I

Material Family

I

Material SupplieriGrade

Teijin DuPont Films Teonex

Product Form

I I

Product Information Reference Number

I

POLYETHYLENE NAPTHALATE (PEN)

Film Type Q83

Film Type Q51

I I

I I

biaxially oriented, slightly hazy 1055

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

TEST METHOD

I

Density (g1m2)

Breakdown Voltage (kV1mm)

I

I

300

0.050

I

0.36

I

0.003

I JIS C2151

0.0046 0.0053

-

Permittivity (25"C, 60 Hz) (25"C, 100 kHz) (25"C, 1 kHz) (25"C, 51 GHz)

0.005 0.005

-

3.0

-

2.9 2.8

2.9 2.9

-

JIS C2318

Surface Resistivity (25"C, I O l 7 ohm)

2

Volume Resistivity (25"C, I O l 7 ohm)

10

2.9

JIS C2318

Moisture Absorption (%)

0.3

-

TDF Method

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm1m2 day)

6.7

-

JIS 20208

Gas Permeability, COZ (cm3, mm1m2~day, atm)

2.42

-

Gas Permeability, 02

2.42

-

Elongation to Break, MD/TD (%)

I

F5 (force to elongation 5% of guage length, strain rate 50%), MD/TD (MPa) Folding Endurance, MDITD

I I

0.025 1.36

Dissipation Factor (25"C, 60 Hz) (25"C, 100 kHz) (25"C, 1 kHz) (25"C, 1 GHz)

I

I I

Impact Strength, MD/TD ( l o 6 N) ~ o o Stiffness, p MD/TD (mg)

I I

90185

JIS C2151

I

1181115

1351135

1461146

-

1,l00/1,300

6351490 1.711.8

I I

-

ASTM D1434

I

JIS C238

ASTM D882

I I

ASTM D1822 TDF Method

(Cont 'd.)

Ch. 18: Polyethylene Napthalate - PEN

0Plastics Design Library

69 Table 18-02. (Cont'd.) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD

Tensile Strength at Break, MD/TD (MPa)

I

2751265

Tear Propagation Resistance, MD/TD (9)

616

Tear Initiation Resistance, MD1TD [N (mm1mm2)]

I

Young's Modulus, MD/TD (MPa)

1751175

I

6,08016,080

I I I I

2071236

ASTM D882

8.918.7

JIS P8116

-

JIS C2318

6,350/7,017

I

ASTM D882

I I I I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

14

Haze (%) Refractive Index (nx)

I

12

JIS K6714

TDF Method

1.759

Refractive Index (ny)

1.757

1.749

Refractive Index (nz)

1.499

1.505

TLT(%)

I

UV Light Permeability (IOl7ohmat 360 nm)

82

I

8

84

I

11

JIS K6714

I

TDF Method

I

SURFACE PROPERTIES

Roughness, Inside, Ra (nm)

I I

13

Roughness,Outside, Rm (nm) Coefficient of Slip (static and dynamic)

TDF Method

-

11

JIS C2151

0.3 I

I I

I

THERMAL PROPERTIES

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, MD ( I O V C )

13

-

Coefficient of Hydrolytic Expansion, MD (IOVRH %)

11

-

Cont. Use Temp. (electrical, 25-250 mic) ("C)

180

-

Cont. Use Temp. (mechanical, 25-250 mic) ("C)

160

-

TDF Method

UL 746B

Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)

121

Melting Point (peak) ("C)

269

DSC Shrinkage, 150°C, 30 min, MD/TD (%)

0.410

0.0910

Shrinkage, 200°C, 10 min MD/TD (%)

211

0,3010.05

Shrinkage, 230°C, 10 min, MD/TD (%)

-

0,9810.94

I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

0Plastics Design Library

JIS C2318

I

Ch. 18: Polyethylene Napthalate - PEN

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Chapter 19

Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate = PCTG Category: Copolyester General Description: Eastman Eastar PCTG Copolyester 5445, an amorphous resin, has high gloss and is transparent. It is tough and resistant to stress whitening, has fast-forming cycles, is easy to form, and is sterilizable by both gamma radiation and ethylene oxide (ETO) methods.[lll7]

Film Processing Methods: Thermoformed, fabricated and heat-sealed.[l1l7I Film Applications: Because of its clarity, toughness, and good melt-strength, Eastar PCTG Copolyester 5445 is useful in a number of applications: bags, blister packaging, etc.[1117] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 19-01.

0Plastics Design Library

Ch. 19: Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate - PCTG

72 Table 19-01. Film Properties of Eastman Eastar PCTG Copolyester 5445 Film Material Family

POLYCYCLOHEXYLENEDlMETHYLENETEREPHTHALATE(PCTG)

Material SupplieriGrade

Eastman Eastar PCTG Copolyester 5445

Reference Number

1117

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Density (g/m2)

TEST METHOD

I I

0.250 1.23

I I

ASTM D1505

I I

PERMEATION PROPERTIES Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)

1.75

ASTM F372

Gas Permeability, 02, COZ (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)

11.49

ASTM D1434

I I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Dart Impact, 23°C (9)

460

Dart Impact, -18°C (9)

540

Tear Strength (Elmendorf), MD (N)

>29

Tear Strength (Elmendorf), TD (N)

>29

ASTM D1709A modified

ASTM D1922

I

Tensile Strength at Break, MDiTD (MPa)

57/53

Tensile Strength at Yield, MDiTD (MPa)

45/44

Tensile Modulus, MD/TD (MPa)

I

1,600/1,600

I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Haze (%)

1.o

ASTM D1003

Gloss (45")

98

ASTM D2457

Refractive Index (no)

1.56

ASTM D542

TLT(%)

I

91

I

ASTM D1003

I

I

0.5

I

ASTM D1894

I

SURFACE PROPERTIES

I

Coefficient of Friction (filmifilm)

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 19: Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate - PCTG

0Plastics Design Library

Chapter 20

Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-Modified = PETG Film Applications: Bags, blister packaging, protective sleeves, and electronic packaging.[l1l8I

Category: Copolyester General Description: Clear amorphous copolyester resin.[l l81

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 20-0 1.

Film Processing Methods: Extrusion, extrusion blow-molding,thermoforming, injection molding, fabrication, and heat-sealing.[l 18]

Table 20-01. Film Properties of Eastman Eastar PETG Copolyester 6763 for Electronic Packaging

I I

Material Family Material SupplieriGrade

I I

POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE GLYCOL-MODIFIED (PETG) Eastman Eastar PETG Copolyester 6763

Reference Number

1118

Sample Thickness (mm)

0.250

Density (g/m2) Inherent Viscosity

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)

I I

I

Gas Permeability, 02, COZ (cm3, m m / m 2 ~day, atm)

1.27

ASTM D374

0.70

Eastman Test Method EMN-A-AC-G-V-1

1.5

ASTM F372

10,49

ASTM D1434

I I

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES Dielectric Constant (1 kHz)

2.6

Dielectric Constant (1 MHz)

2.4

Dielectric Constant, short time (kV/mm)

16

ASTM D150

Dissipation Factor (1 kHz)

0.005

Dissipation Factor (1 MHz)

0.02

ASTM D149 ASTM D150

I

Arc Resistance (s)

I

158

Volume Resistivity (ohm-cm)

1015

Surface Resistivity (ohm-square)

10'6

I

ASTM D495

I

ASTM D257

0 Plastics Design Library

Ch. 20: Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-Modified - PETG

74 Table 20-01. (Cont'd.) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

Dart Impact, 23°C (9)

400

Dart Impact, -18°C (9)

500

ASTM D1709A modified

13.7116.7

ASTM D1922

Tear Strength (Elmendorf), MD1TD (N) Elongation at Yield, MD1TD (%)

I

414 ASTM D882

Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%)

4001400

Tear Strength (PPT), MD/TD (N)

93193

ASTM D1922

Tear Propagation Resistance or Split -Tear Method, MD/TD " "m)l

9.1 (2.1)19.1 (2.1)

ASTM D1938 at 254 mmimin

Tear Resistance (Trouser), MD/TD (Nimm)

36136

IS0 638311

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD1TD (MPa)

52152

Tensile Strength at Break, MD1TD (MPa)

59159

Tensile Modulus, MD/TD (MPa)

I

Gloss(45") Refractive Index (no) Transparency (%)

1,90011,900

I I I

Transmittance (%) total spectral

108 1.56 85 91 89

I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 20: Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-Modified - PETG

I

ASTM D882

I

0.8

Haze (%)

I I I

I

ASTM D1003

I I I

ASTM D2457 ASTM D542 ASTM D1746

I I I

ASTM D1003 modified

I

0 Plastics Design Library

Chapter 21

Polyethylene Terephthalate = PET Category: Thermoplastic Polyester General Description: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a water white polymer. DuPont Selar PT specialty polyester resins offer excellent aroma and flavor protection, good chemical resistance, and PET with recyclable potential. Properties include toughness, high melt strength, low coefficient of friction, and high temperature resistance. Film made from SelarPT 4274 is translucent. Selar PT 8307 has good melt strength.[l 1251 DuPont Teijin Films’ line of Melinex Films are biaxially-orientedpolyester films :L10551 Melinex 864. A polyester film, chemically treated on two sides. Melinex 854. A clear one side coextruded heat-sealable surface. The opposite surface is adhesion pretreated. Melinex 822. A polyester film that has been chemically pretreated on one side. Melinex 813. A polyester film one side pre-treated for ink adhesion. Melinex 800. A clear, non-pretreated base film with high gloss, low haze, and excellent processability. Melinex 800C. A clear one side corona-treated polyester film.

Film Processing Methods: Melinex: industrial, packaging, imaging, printing, technical, and consumer

0Plastics Design Library

Film Applications: SelarPTResins. Sheet extrusion, cast and blown film, and extrusion coating.[11251 Selar PT 42 74. Strong heat-sealability to itself and other polyesters, making it suitable for use alone or in laminated structures as the inside sealing layer.[l1251 Selau. PT 8307. Ideal for extrusion coating as a monolayer or in a coextruded film structure and for coextrusion with temperature-sensitive Melinex 864. Designed for printing and extruded polyethylene adhesion.[10551 Melinex 854. Heat-sealable surface acceptable for both water and solvent ink systems. [10551 Melinex 822. Designed for printing and extruded polyethylene adhesion.[10551 Melinex 813. Accepts both solventand water-based Melinex 800C. Suitable for flexible packaging, printing, and lamination~.[~~~~] Mylar. Magnetic media packaging, laminating substrate for flexible packaging, boil-in-bag, lids, microwave applications, oven wrap, and snack bags.r1 20]

Ch. 21: Polyethylene Terephthalate - PET

76 Melinex 800. Compliant with the Food and Drug Administration regulations 21 CFR 177.1630, Sections (f), (g), and (h).[10551

Regulatory Approval: Selar PT 4274. Compliant with Food and Drug Administration regulations 21 CFR 177.1630.[1125] Melinex 864 and Melinex 822. Compliant with Food and Drug Administration regulations 21 CFR 177.1630.[1055]

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 2 1-01 through 21-02.

Melinex 854 and Melinex 813. Compliant with the Food and Drug Administration regulations 2 1 CFR 177.1630, Sections (f) and (g).[10551

Table 21-01. Film Properties of DuPont Teijin Films Melinex 864 PET Film

I

Material Family

I

I

POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET)

864

854

822

Reference Number

813

800

1055

Sample Thickness (mm)

0.025

0.031

0.025

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm1m2 day)

1.1

1.13

1.10

Gas Permeability,02 (cm3 mm1m2 day atm)

2.4

2.46

2.36

0.79

1.10

ASTM F372

2.4

ASTM D1434

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%)

I

110180

I

I10190

I

I

110/70

I ASTM D8824

Heat Seal Temperature Range ("C)

-

104-204

-

Heat Seal Strength (gimm)

-

15.74

-

Tensile Strength at Break, MD1TD (MPa)

2 131237

1861200

2131290

140°C, 0.275 MPa, 1 sec

2151290

2151269

ASTM D882A

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

3.5

Haze (%) Total Luminous Transmittance

(%I

3.6 ASTM D1003

90

88.6

90

0.4

0.6

0.4

85

85.5

SURFACE PROPERTIES

Coefficient of Friction (static)

0.5 ASTM D1894

0.5

Coefficient of Slip (dynamic)

Shrinkage (%) MD TD

1.20 0.30

1.25 0.30

0.4

1.25 0.5

1.20 1.25

1.26 1.30

150°C, 30 min

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 21: Polyethylene Terephthalate - PET

0Plastics Design Library

77 Table 21-02. Film Properties of DuPont Selar 4274 Film and Selar 8307 Sheet

I

Material Family

I

Material SupplieriGrade

DuPont Selar 4274

DuPont Selar 8307 1125

Reference Number MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Density (gim2)

I

POLYETHYLENETEREPHTHALATE(PET)

TEST METHOD

I I

0.025 1.3

I I

0.25 1.33

I I

ASTM D1505

Intrinsic Viscosity

-

0.71

DuPont Method

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mmim2 day)

1.2

1.I

MoconO Permatran W

4.87

3.26

ASTM D3985

Elongation at Break, MD (%)

440

-

Elongation at Break, TD (%)

445

-

Gas Permeability, 02 (cm3, mmim2,day, atm)

I I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ASTM D882 Tear Strength (Elmendorf), MD (gimm)

81 1

-

Tear Strength (Elmendorf), TD (gimm)

249

6930

Tear Strength (Graves), MD (gimm)

23,281

-

Tear Strength (Graves), TD (gimm)

21,930

-

ASTM D1922 (notched)

ASTM D1004 (unnotched) Heat Seal Strength (gimm) 107°C 121"C 135°C 149°C Tensile Strength, MD (MPa) Tensile Strength, TD (MPa)

0.95 98.4 90.6 118

I I

40.7 41.4

I I

I I

62 59

Tensile Modulus, MD (MPa)

-

2,100

Tensile Modulus, TD (MPa)

-

2,025

Secant Modulus, MD

250

-

ASTM D882

Secant Modulus, TD Spencer Impact (Jimm) Yield Strength at Break, MD (MPa)

I I I

255 5.3 35.2

I I I

6.2

-

I I I

ASTM D3420 ASTM D882

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Gloss (20")

-

150

Gloss (40")

-

100

Haze (%) Transparency (%)

I I

-

ASTM D2457

I I

0.2 80

I I

ASTM D1003 ASTM D1746

I I

SURFACE PROPERTIES Coefficient of Friction (filmimetal)

0.2

-

Coefficient of Friction (film/)

-

0.35

0Plastics Design Library

ASTM D1894

Ch. 21: Polyethylene Terephthalate - PET

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Chapter 22

Polyimide Category: Engineering Thermoplastic General Description: Polyimides (PIS) are resins produced by the condensation reaction of trimellitic anhydride [OCC,H2C203]and various aromatic diamines. Kapton is a transparent, amber-colored film.[lo031 Several types are described: Kapton Dpe HN. All-polyimide film. Kapton Dpe VN and HN. Plus superior dimensional stability. Kapton Type FN and HN. Film coated with Teflon@FEP fluoropolymer resin.

Film Processing Methods: Type HN film can be laminated, metallized, punched, formed, or adhesive coated.[1003] Film Applications: Film for tape automated bonding (TAB) applications, flexible printed circuits (FPCs), insulation stirrer automotive wiring harness, bar code labels, aerospace, gas connections, fire gloves, and loudspeaker vibration boards.[1003] Dimensional Stability: The dimensional stability of Kapton polyimide film depends on two factorsthe normal coefficient of thermal expansion and the residual stresses placed in the film during manufacturing. The latter causes Kapton to shrink on its first exposure to elevated temperatures as indicated in the bar graph in Fig. 22-05. Once the film has been exposed, the normal values for the thermal coefficient of linear expansion, as shown in Table 22-04, can be expected.[1003] Electrical Properties: The most common electrical properties of Kapton polyimide film of various gauges are shown in Tables 22-06 and 22-07. These 0Plastics Design Library

values were measured at 23°C and at 50% RH. The effect of such factors as humidity, temperature, and frequency on these basic values can be found in Table 22-08 and Figs. 22-1 1 through 22-13.[1003]

Environment: The life of Kapton polyimide film at high temperatures is significantly extended in a lowoxygen environment. Kapton is subject to oxidative degradation. Hence, when it was tested in a helium environment, its useful life was at least an order of magnitude greater than in air. Using a DuPont 1090 thermal analyzer system, the weight loss characteristics of Kapton in air and helium at elevated temperatures are shown in Figs. 22-09 and 22-10.[1003] Effect of Humidity: Because the water content of Kapton polyimide film can affect its electrical properties, electrical measurements were made on 0.025 mm film after exposure to environments of varying relative humidities at 23°C.[10031 Hydrolytic Properties: Kapton polyimide film is made by a condensation reaction; therefore, its properties are affected by water. Although long-term exposure to boiling water, as shown in the curves in Figs. 22-03 and 22-04, will reduce the level of film properties, sufficient tensile and elongation remain to ensure good mechanical performance. A decrease in the temperature and the water content will reduce the rate of Kapton property reduction, whereas higher temperature and pressure will increase Physical Properties: The usual values of tensile strength, tensile modulus, and ultimate elongation at various temperatures can be obtained from the typical stress-strain curves shown in Figs. 22-01 and 22-02. Such properties as tensile strength and modulus are inversely proportional to temperature, whereas elongation reaches a maximum value at about 300°C. Other factors, such as humidity, film thickness, and tensile elongation rates, were found

Ch. 22: Polyimide

80 at various temperatures. At time zero and 325"C, the tensile strength is 234 MPa and the elongation is 67~0.[10031

to have only a negligible effect on the shape of the 23°C curve.[1oo3]

Thermal Aging: The useful life of Kapton polyimide film is a function of both temperature and oxygen concentration. In accordance with UL-746B test procedures, the thermal life of Kapton was determined

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 22-01 through 22-08 and Figs. 22-0 1 through 22- 10

Table 22-01. Mechanical Film Properties of DuPont Kapton Type 100 HN and VN Films

I

Material Family

I

Type VN Film

Type 100 HN

Reference Number

I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Temperature ("C)

1003

I I

I

0.025 23

I

200

0.050

I

0.075

I

I

0.125

I I

I I

Three samples elongated at 5%, 7%, and 10%

Poisson's Ratio (avg.)

0.34

Tensile Modulus (GPa)

2.5

2.0

Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa)

231

139

Yield Point at 3% (MPa)

69

41

Stress to Produce 5% Elongation (MP4

90

-

Ch. 22: Polyimide

I

POLYlMlDE

ASTM D882 231

234

231

ASTM D882A

ASTM D882

0 Plastics Design Library

81 Table 22-02. Optical, Surface, and Thermal Properties of DuPont Kapton Type 100 HN and VN Films

Material Family

POLYlMlDE

Type 100 HN

I

Reference Number

Type VN

I

I

1003

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

TEST METHOD

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

Refractive Index (sodium D line)

0.025

I

1.70

0.050

0.075

0.125

I

I

ASTM D542

I

SURFACE PROPERTIES Coefficient of Friction, static (filmifilm)

0.63

Coefficient of Friction, dynamic (filmifilm)

0.48

ASTM D1894

THERMAL PROPERTIES

I I I

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (ppmi"C)

20

Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity (cal/cm.sec."C)

2.87 x 104

Flammability Heat Sealability

I I

I I I

94V-0 not heatsealable

I

37

Specific Heat (JigOK)

1.09

Shrinkage (%) 30 min at 150°C 120 min at 400°C

0.17 1.25

Smoke Generation

DM = < I

NFPA-258

Pass

IPC-TM-650, M 2.4.13A

0Plastics Design Library

46

45

UL-94 (2-8-85)

Limiting Oxygen Index (%)

Solder Float

43

ASTMF433

I

I I

ASTM D2863 Differential Calorimetry

0.3

IPC-TM-650, M 2.2.4A ASTM D5214

Ch. 22: Polyimide

Table 22-03. Physical Properties of DuPont Kapton Type FN Film Material Family

POLYlMlDE DuPont Kapton Film

Material SupplieriGrade 120FN616

I

150FH019

I

Reference Number

250FN029

I

1003

I

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Density (gicc)

TEST METHOD

I I

0.025 1.53

I I

1.67

I I

1.57

Polyimide (wt%)

80

57

73

FEP (wt% 80)

20

43

27

I I

ASTMD1505

I I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Tear Strength (Elmendorf) (N)

I

Ultimate Elongation 23°C 200°C

0.08

I

0.47

75 80

Tear Strength (Graves) (N)

I

11.8

I

70 75

I

11.5

I

0.57

ASTM D1922

85 110

ASTM D882

17.8

ASTM D1004 DuPont Pneumatic Impact Test

Impact Strength at 23°C (N.cm)

78

68.6

156.8

Stress at 5% Elongation (MPa) 23°C 200°C

79 53

65 41

76 48

ASTM D882 Tensile Modulus (GPa) 23°C 200°C

2.48 1.62

2.2 1.14

2.62 1.38

Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) 23°C 200°C

207 121

162 89

200 115

ASTM D882A Yield Point at 3% (MPa) 23°C 200°C

61 42

49 43

58 36

Note: Because a number of combinations of polyimide film and fluorocarbon coating add up to the same total gauge, it is necessary to distinguish among them. A three-digit system is used in which the middle digit represents the nominal thickness of the base Kapton film in mils. The first and third digits represent the nominal thickness of the coating of Teflon FEP fluoropolymer resin in mils. The symbol 9 is used to represent 13 pm (0.5 mil) and 6 to represent 2.5 pm (0.1 mil). Example: 120FN616 is a 120-gauge structure consisting ofa 25 p m (1 mil) base film with a 2.5 pm (0.1 mil) coating of Teflon on each side.

Table 22-04. Thermal Coefficient of Expansion,Type HN Film, 0.025 mm, Thermally

I I I I I

Temperature Range ("C) 30-1 00 100-200 200-300 300-400 30-400

Ch. 22: Polyimide

I I I I I

ppm/"C 17 32 40 44

I I I I I

34

0 Plastics Design Library

83 Table 22-05. Time Required for Reduction in Ultimate Elongation from 70% to 1%, Type HN Film, 0.025 mm"l0031

I I I

I I I

Temperature ("C) 450 425

I I

2 hrs 5 hrs

400

12 hrs

375

2 ds

350

6 ds

I I

325 300

I I I

Air Environment

I I

1 mos 3 mos

275 8 yrs

250

Table 22-06. Electrical Properties of DuPont Kapton Type HN and VN Films Material Family

POLYlMlDE

Material SupplieriGrade

I

Reference Number

DuPont Kapton Type HN and VN Films

I

I

1003

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

TEST METHOD

I

Dielectric Strength (kVimm)

0.025

I

303

Dielectric Constant

I

0.050

240

I

0.075

205

I

0.125

ASTM D149 60 Hz, '/4 in electrodes, 500 Visec rise

154

3.4

I

3.5

ASTM D150,l kHz Dissipation Factor

0.0018

0.0020 1.5

Volume Resistivity ( n c m x IOl7)

0.0026 1.o

1.4

ASTM D257

Table 22-07. Electrical Properties of DuPont Kapton Type FN Film

I

Material Family

I 120FN616

I

Reference Number

I I

Dielectric Constant Dissipation Factor Volume Resistivity at 23°C (ncm x IOl7) at 200°C (ncm x IOl4)

0Plastics Design Library

150FN019

I

Dielectric Strength (kVimm)

250FN029

I

1003

272

I I

I

POLYlMlDE

3.1 0.0015 1.4 4.4

197

I I

2.7

I

3.0

0.0013 2.3 3.6

I I

1.9 3.7

Ch. 22: Polyimide

84 Table 22-08. Relative Humidity vs Electrical Properties of DuPont Kapton Type HN Film Material Family

POLYlMlDE

Material SupplieriGrade

DuPont Kapton Type HN and VN Films

Reference Number

1003

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

0.025

TEST CONDITIONS

I

I

Humidity (% RH)

Dielectric Strength, AC (kVimm)

I I

I

0

339

I I

Dielectric Constant Dissipation Factor

I

30

315

I I

3.0 0.0015

I

50

303

I I

3.3 0.0017

280

I I

3.5 0.002

36

I

268

3.7 0.0027

I I

3.8 0.0035

I I

I250

- 200

28

'z 24 Q z 20 A

FJ

100

23°C

32

2

I

80

100°C

- 150

200°C

16

- 100

12

- 50

8 4 I 10

0

I

I

20

30

I 40

I 50

I

I

60

70

I 80

I 90

lo 100

Strain - Elongation (%) Figure 22-01. Tensile stress-strain curves, type HN film, 0.025 mm.[10031

21 MPa (2980 psi) 0

0.4

26°C 11 MPa (1610 psi)

02 .&-.-

6.5 MPa (950 psi) 260c

01 1

I

I

I

I

10

100

1,000

10,000

Time (min) Figure 22-02. Tensile creep properties, type HN film, 0.025 mm.[10031

Ch. 22: Polyimide

0 Plastics Design Library

85

-150

5

-100

2 fj

rn C

.Q)

-50

+ Q)

0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.42.6

Time in Boiling Water x

lo3 h

Figure 22-03. Tensile strength after exposure to 100°C water, type HN film, 0.025 mm.[10031

90t 80

-

h

S

.-0

U

m

m S

0

iii

20 -

0

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6

Time in Boiling Water x

l o 3h

Figure 22-04. Ultimate elongation after exposure to 100°C water, type HN

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.o 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 75 (3)

125 (5)

Film Thickness [pm (mil)] Figure 22-05. Residual shrinkage vs exposure temperature and thickness, type HN and VN

0Plastics Design Library

Ch. 22: Polyimide

86

Time at 325°C (h) Figure 22-06. Tensile strength vs aging in air at 325"C, type HN film, 0.025 mm.[10031

h

s

100

v

TI Q

.-Sm

d S

o .+a

80 60 40

m

En

s

0 W

20 0

Time at 325°C (h) Figure 22-07. Ultimate elongation vs aging in air at 325"C, type HN film, 0.025 mm.[10031

m

Q

.-Elm +a

d

5 cn S

2

z0 .-

+a L

-0 Q Q

6 I

I

I

I

500

I

I(30

Time at 325°C (h) Figure 22-08. Retained dielectric strength at 325°C for 0.025 mm film, test method UL-746B.[loo31

Ch. 22: Polyimide

0 Plastics Design Library

87

____-

0 10 20 30 40 50 -

60 -

Dry He

\

70 -

I

I

80 90 100 100

I

I

I

I

200

300

400

500

I \ I ' d 600 700

Dry Air I 900

I_

800

1000

Temperature ("C)

Figure 22-09. Weight loss, type HN film, 0.025 mm.*[10031

0 10 500 ' C HI

\

20

\

\ \

30

\ \

n

5

40

v)

u)

0

Em

.-

s

50 60 70 80

550°C He

90

\500"C Air

I 100

3

- i550"CAir1

I

I

I

I

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

I

I

900 10001' I0

Time (min) Figure 22-10. Isothermal weight loss, type HN film, 0.025 mm.[10031

*Rate of temperature rise in "C was 3"C/min.

0Plastics Design Library

Ch. 22: Polyimide

This page intentionally left blank

Chapter 23

Polyethylene = Overview Category: Polyolefin General Description: Polyethylenes consist of a family of thermoplastic resins obtained by polymerizing the gas ethylene [C,H,]. High molecular weight polymers (i.e., over 6,000) are the materials used in the plastics industry. Copolymers of ethylene with vinyl acetate, ethyl acrylate, and acrylic acid are commercially important.[l Oo41

High molecular weight HDPE is a special class of linear resins with molecular weights in the 200,000 to 500,000 range. Ultra high density polyethylene has an average molecular weight of over 3 million.[1004] Packaging is a major polyethylene application. The following chart, from ExxonMobil,[l 14,1 details the property differences between different polyethylenes.

Polyethylenes are classified by density as follows:

0.880 to 0.915 g/cu cm (called ultralow or very low density and linear low density) 0.910 to 0.925 g/cu cm (low density) 0.926 to 0.940 g/cu cm (medium density) 0.941 to 0.965 g/cu cm (high density)

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 23-0 1.

Table 23-01. Material

I

I-Low: 5-Hiah.

0Plastics Design Library

I

Ch. 23: Polyethylene - Overview

This page intentionally left blank

Chapter 24

Ultra Low Density Polyethylene = ULDPE Category: Polyolefin

Film Processing Methods: Blown and cast film.

General Description: Ultra low density polyethylenes (ULDPEs) and very low density polyethylenes (VLDPEs) are essentially synonymous designations for linear polyethylenes with densities down to 0.880 g/cu in. ULDPEs are finding applications as impact modifiers for other polyolefins. Dow Chemicals’ Attane ULDPE is an Ethylene/Octene copolymer.[loo71

Film Applications: Stretch films; food, health, and hygiene packaging; heavy duty sacks; turf bags; consumer bags; packaging for cheese, meat, coffee, and detergents; silage wrap; mulch films; extruded membranes; heating and water pipes; and injection-molded

Attane resins offer low-temperature flexibility and flex-crack resistance, ideal for containing liquids that move freely within a package. Leaks and spills are avoided, and the package still offers excellent optics, high tear resistance, and other key properties.[1007]

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Regulatory Approval: Attane 420 1, 4202, 4203, 4301, and 4404 comply with US FDA 21 CFR 177.1520 (c) 3.2a.[1008] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 24-01 through 24-02.

Ch. 24: Ultra Low Density Polyethylene - ULDPE

92 Table 24-01. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical Attane ULDPE for Blown Film

I

Material Family

I

ULTRA LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (ULDPE)

4201

4202

4203

Reference Number

I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Density (gicc)

4301

4301

1008

I I

0.021

I

0.051

0.912

I I

I

0.021 0.913

I

0.051

0.905

I I

0.021

I

0.051

0.9135

I I

ASTMD792

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

8

Haze (%)

0.5

5

6

14.5

14

ASTM D1003

Gloss (45")

67

71

95

48

54

49

56

ASTM D2457

Clarity

97

98

99

93

95

89

91

ASTM D1746

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

ASTM D1709B ASTM D1922

Dow Method

ASTM D882

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Gas Transmission Rate (23°C) (cm3 mmimz day atm)

coz coz 0 2

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (38"C, 100% RH) (g mmimz .day)

-

1233

-

281

279

1312 273

-

1305

-

-

0.53

0.51

-

Ch. 24: Ultra Low Density Polyethylene - ULDPE

1232

365

-

285

Dow Method ASTM D1894 ASTM D3985

0.62

-

0.55

ASTM F1249

-

-

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I I

93 Table 24-02. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical Attane ULDPE for Cast Film

I

Material Family

I

I

ULTRA LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (ULDPE) Dow Chemical Attane for Cast Film

Material SupplieriGrade 4404 Reference Number

I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Density (gicc)

1008

I I

0.021

I

0.051

0.904

I I

ASTM D792

I I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Haze (%)

0.6

Gloss (45")

92

Clarity

1.8

ASTM D1003

90

ASTM D2457

99

ASTM D1746

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

Dart Drop Impact Strength (9)

I

I

>850

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD (9)

333

955

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) CD (9)

497

1100

19

17

59/65

63/63

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD/TD (MPa)

715

716

Ultimate Elongation, MD/TD (%)

499/713

664/714

ASTM D1709B ASTM D1922

Puncture Resistance (Jim3)

I I

Tensile Modulus, MD/TD (2% Secant)

Ultimate Tensile, MDITD (MPa)

I

37/29

I

33/32

Dow Method

I

ASTM D882

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Gas Transmission Rate (23°C) (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)

co2 02

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (38"C, 100% RH) (g mm/m2 day)

-

2018 445

Dow Method ASTM D3985

-

0.85

ASTM F1249

I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

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Ch. 24: Ultra Low Density Polyethylene - ULDPE

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Chapter 25

Low Density Polyethylene = LDPE Category: Polyolefin General Description: With a density range of 0.910 to 0.925 g/cu cm, low density polyethylenes (LDPEs) are available as base resins or as grades with additive packages. LDPE resins are emerging as a new product family, combining superior clarity with the stiffness and higher density favored by converters for downgauging.[l 1381 Equistar Chemicals petrothene clarity film resins include the following:[11671

NA 345. Homopolymer resins combining premium clarity with strength and stiffness. NA 353. Homopolymer resins for general purpose clarity applications providing excellent processability over a broad range of coextrusion conditions, good film optics, high stiffness, and strong heat-sealing characteristics. A4 2520. A film-grade resin that exhibits excellent optics, good gloss, and good bubble stability. Film Processing Methods: Extrusion coating, extrusion, blown films, and cast films. Film Applications: Dow Chemical Company k Dowlex LDPE. Liners, overwraps, consumer bags, heavy-duty sacks, shrink and collation films, agricultural films, food packaging, extrusion coatings, and a variety of durable products, such as power cables, toys, caps, and closure~.[~~~~]

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Equistar Chemicals LDPE. Textile packaging, light produce, bread bags, and other thin packaging films enhanced by clarity and sparkle.[1167] Heat-Seal and Hot-Tack Strength: Dow Chemical Company’s Dowlex polyolefins display strong heat-seal performance with lower sealing-initiation temperatures and high hot-tack strengths. This combination can result in faster packaging line speeds and fewer leaks. Heat-seal strength refers to the strength of the seal once it has cooled, and hot-tack strength refers to the strength of the seal while it is still hot or molten on the packaging line.[1oo6] The high hot-tack strength of Dowlex allows it to perform in form, fill, and seal sacks.[1006] Typical hot-tack performance of selected Dow polyolefins as compared with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and hexene copolymers is shown in Figs. 2501 and 25-02. Typical heat-seal performance of Dow and EVA copolymers is shown in Fig. 25-03.[1006]

Optical Properties: The optical values of Equistar Chemicals NA 345 actually improve with decreases in film gauge and are maintained at wide die-gap settings, leading to cost savings. Film can be drawn down to a minimum gauge consistent with required physical properties. With wider die-gaps, back pressures are reduced, as are extrusion costs.[l 1671 Strength and Toughness: Dow Octene-based Dowlex polyethylene resins provide films with outstanding strength and toughness. Lower density resins provide superior toughness, excellent dart-impact strength, and enhanced resistance to abuse. Higher

Ch. 25: Low Density Polyethylene - LDPE

96 Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Figs. 25-01 through 25-03 and Tables 25-01 through 25-03.

density resins produce stiffer films for easier film conversion, enhanced bag handling performance, and superior resistance to expansion in pressure-fill applications such as fiberglass insulation.[1006]

Regulatory Approval: The Equistar basic resins NA 345, NA 353, and M 2520 meet the requirements of the US FDA regulation 21 CFR 177.1520.L11671

n

S L=

z 5

w

$

14

Affinity PL 18401PL 1880

'' Attane 420114213

12 10 8

v)

Y

6

2

4

0

U

0

I

Elvax 3128 (9% VA)

2 0

70 75

85

80

90

95

100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140

Tern perature ("C) Figure 25-01. Hot-tack

-.-z

n

s

4-

w

-------

_ - _ -- ---?-- -

/ - -

, 0

1 '.

U

*

2 0

I

,

' /'

Hexene

- _-

-

Hexene

/

0,' 110

-

I

115

120

125

130

135

140

Tern perature ("C) Higher hot-tack strength means faster automated packaging line speeds 16% faster for the octene versus hexene resins in this case. Octene: Hexenes:

1.O MI 0.920 glcc 0.8 MI 0.921 glcc 1.O Mi 0.919 glcc Film Gauge: 2.8 mil LLDPE-rich commercial film

Figure 25-02. Hot-tack strength of octene vs hexene LLDPE resins.[1oo6]

Ch. 25: Low Density Polyethylene - LDPE

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97

r

I2l l4

Affinity PL 1840/PL 1880

10

p.

8 1

''2

6 t

.'

3135X (12% VA)

4 .2 .-

0

70

,.+-

75

80

90

85

95

100

105

110

Dowlex 2045 115

120

125

130

Temperature ("C) Sealed on a topwave tester, 0.5 sec dwell, 0.2 sec delay, 150 mm/sec pull rate for hot-tack, heat-seal pulled on universal tensile tester at 10 in/min.

Figure 25-03. Heat-seal Table 25-01. Physical Properties of Equistar Chemicals Petrothene Clarity Film Resins

Material Family

LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE)

NA 345

I

Reference Number

M 2520

NA 353

I

I

1167

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I TESTMETHOD

ASTM D638

ASTM D882

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Hazel (%)

I

5.0

I

5.5

I

5.5

Gloss' (45")

70

73

-

Gloss1 (60")

-

-

95

I

ASTMD1003

I

ASTM D2457

'Optical properties given for NA 345-196 (medium slip, medium antiblock), NA 353-000 (no slip, no antiblock); MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

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Ch. 25: Low Density Polyethylene - LDPE

Table 25-02. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical LDPE for Blown Film

I

Material Family

I

I

LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE)

Material SupplieriGrade

Dow Chemical for Blown Film' 1138

Reference Number MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

0.038

I

0.051

I

0.063

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I TEST METHOD

Dart Drop Impact Strength (9)

105-1 33

76-250

270

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD (9)

188-267

171-440

276

Tear Strength (Elmendorf)TD (9)

188-328

175-456

212

ASTM D1709 (A) ASTM D1922

Puncture Resistance (Jim3)

I

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD/TD (MP4 Toughness (Jim3) MD/TD Ultimate Elongation (%) MD/TD Ultimate Tensile (MPa) MD/TD

3-4

I

3-6

11/11-12

I

1I-14/11-14

I

4

66-73 79-80

146-21 6 175-21 2

139 182

330-450 620-630

330-546 570-765

351 585

22-2511 9-22

20-3211 8-29

25/28

I

Dow Method

ASTM D882

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Haze' (%)

I

Gloss' (45")

5.8-9.9 55-77

I

5-1 1.3 49-80

I

13.2

I

48

ASTMD1003

I

ASTM D2457

Table 25-03. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical LDPE for Extrusion Coating

LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE)

Material Family

I I

Material SupplieriGrade Reference Number

I I

I I

Dow Chemical for Extrusion Coating' 1138

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD

Coefficient of Friction (filmifilm)

0.45-0.6

ASTM D1894

Seal Initiation Temperat~re~,~ ("C)

104-1 05

Dow Method

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES2 Water Vapor Transmission Rate 3 8 T , 100% RH (g mm/m2 day)

0.589-0.766

I

ASTMF1249

I

'Includes 4055,4010,4012,50041, and 5955; 21.O mil (25 pm) coating onto 50 Ib Krafl paper; Temperature at which 1 lbiin (4.4 N125.4 mm) heat seal strength is achieved; Heat seal strengths, Topwave HT Tester0.5 sec dwell, 40 psi bar pressure, pull speed 150 mmisec.

Ch. 25: Low Density Polyethylene - LDPE

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Chapter 26

Linear Low Density Polyethylene = LLDPE Category: Polyolefin General Description: Base resins with comonomers are Hexene or Butene. Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) polymers, with little long-chain branching, have much greater elongation than low density polyethylene (LDPE) and allow stronger products to be produced with less material. This has been particularly important in film markets where considerable downgauging has been accomplished.[1004] Dow Chemical Company Dowlex LLDPE resins offer toughness, puncture resistance, and good tear resistance.[l 1391 DuPont Canada Sclairfilm polyolefin films are laminating films often used as a sealant layer in multilayer structures. Sclairfilm can also be used unsupported as a monolayer bag film.[1011] The following are descriptions of some common Sclairfilm products:

Sclairfilm BL-1. A one-side PVDCcoated LLDPE sealant film for use in laminated structures. BL- 1 is suitable for meat, cheese, snacks, and other applications requiring good barrier properties and excellent sealing characteristics for improved product prol] tection and longer shelf-1ife.[lo1 Sclairfilm LX. Ideal for use on vacuum packaging equipment for lamination to other materials, such as nylon or polyester films. In converter combinations, LX is particularly suited for the vacuum packaging of processed meats, cheese, coffee, and frozen foods.[lOll] Sclairfilm MPR An oriented LLDPE sealant film that combines exceptional

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strength and flex-crack characteristics with outstanding heat-seal and hottack properties. Allowing up to 50% downgauging of the sealant layer, MPP sealant film is used in a wide variety of meat, cheese, coffee, snacks, medical, and industrial packaging applications.[lo l]

Sclairfilm GL. A general purpose LLDPE sealant film designed forlesscritical sealing applications than type SL and may be used in converter laminations with barrier films such as Mylar polyester film and Dartek nylonfilm.[lO1ll Sclairfilm SL. A LLDPE film for use on vacuum packaging equipment. Ideal for lamination to other substrates such as Dartek nylon film or Mylar polyester film for vacuum packaging applications. In converter combinations, SL is particularly suited for the vacuum packaging of processed meats.[lo1l] Film Processing Methods: Extrusion coating, blown and cast film extrusion. Sclair. Often blended with conventional polyethylene.[lOll] Film Applications: Dow Chemical Company Dowlex: injection molding, blown film, cast film, extrusion coating and rotomolding, and film to wrap pallet loads that have sharp corners and irregular shapes. They are found in consumer packaging applications that require more strength and puncture resistance, such as some cheese, meat, coffee, and detergent packaging.L1 1391

Ch. 26: Linear Low Density Polyethylene - LLDPE

100 Sclairfilm. Extrusion coatings: food packaging, milk cartons, paperboard containers, liner films, stretch films, shrink films, disposables, heavy-duty shipping sacks, and grocery sacks.[l0l1I

Regulatory Approval: Dow Chemical Company Dowlex LLDPEs meet the requirements of the US FDA regulation 2 1 CFR 177.1520.L11391 Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 26-01 through 26-03.

Table 26-01. Physical Properties of DuPont Sclairfilm LLDPE Film

I

Material Family

I

I

LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LLDPE)

BL-I

LX

MPP

Reference Number

SL

GL

1011

Sample Thickness (mm)

0.051

0.025

0.051

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I I

TEST METHOD

Haze(%)

1

1

Gloss (20")

I

100

Dart Drop Impact Strength (9) Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD (gimil)

1

9

1

10

90

175

200

80

120

2001800

701350

-

801800

600/700

6001-

6001-

I

I I

6

I

-

Elongation, MD/TD (%)

I

0

I

I

ASTM D2457

-

Puncture Resistance (Ibimil)

-

-

11.5

3.5

-

Tensile Modulus, MD/TD (MPa)

-

165.5

2411393

1651200

172

Tensile Strength, MD/TD (MPa)

-

-

82.7137.9

37.9131

-

38.6

41.3

-

-

32

0.6-0.8

194

-

-

199

ASTM D3985

0.314

0.47

0.236

0.393

0.47

ASTM F372

Gas Transmission Rate (02) (cm3 mm1m2 day atm) Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm1m2 day)

I I

I

1 2 0 0 0 1

Ultimate Tensile, MD (MPa)

-

ASTMD1003

-

Heat Seal Strength (gicm)

-

80

I I

ASTM D882

I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 26: Linear Low Density Polyethylene - LLDPE

I

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101 Table 26-02. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical Dowlex LLDPE for Blown Film

I

Material Family

I 2027A

2036A

Reference Number

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LLDPE)

2045

2035

1139

I

0.025

I

0.375

I

0.025

I

I

12

I

0.8

I

I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

II

Haze(%)

I

4.1

I

2.6

ASTMD1003

Gloss (45")

86

90

67

96

ASTM D2457

Dart Drop Impact Strength (9)

43

57

227

140

ASTM D1709 (A)

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD1TD (9) Puncture Resistance (J1cm3)

341209

I

Tensile Modulus, 2% Secant, MD/TD ( MPa)

-

Tensile Strength at Yield, MDITD (MP4 Toughness, MDITD (Jim3) Ultimate Elongation, MD1TD (%) UltimateTensile, MD1TD (MPa)

-

16111

I I I

1131124 575/740 39128

I I I I I I I

831286 10 1851224 17118 3231308 6231754 59140

I I

I I I I I

55911052 6

11/11 63165 5311616 34128

I

2741608

I

I I I I

11

I I

ASTMD1922 Dow Method

I

II

I1110 1311132 606/770 51136

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Table 26-03. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical LLDPE for Extrusion Coating

I

Material Family Material SupplieriGrade

I I I

Reference Number

I I

LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LLDPE) Dowlex for Extrusion Coating 3010

I

1138

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Coefficient of Friction (filmifilm) Seal Initiation T e m p e r a t ~ r e("C) '~

TEST METHOD

I I

0.6 115

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES' Water Vapor Transmission Rate 3 8 T , 100% RH (g mm1m2 day)

0.63

I I

I

ASTM D1894 Dow Method

I I

ASTMF1249

'1 .O mil (25 pm) coating onto 50 Ib Krafl paper; 2Temperatureat which 1 lb1in (4.4 N125.4 mm) heat seal strength is achieved; Heat seal strengths, Topwave HT Tester 0.5 S dwell, 40 psi bar pressure, pull speed 150 mmisec; MD- Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

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Ch. 26: Linear Low Density Polyethylene - LLDPE

This page intentionally left blank

Chapter 27

Metallocene-Catalyzed Linear Low Density Polyethylene = mLLDPE Category: Polyolefin General Description: The fundamental attribute of ExxonMobil Exceeds’ metallocene-catalyzed linear low density polyethylene (mLLDPE) is a consistent, uniform distribution of polymer molecules based on single-site catalysts. This uniformity eliminates molecular extremes (narrowing the molecular weight and composition distribution), resulting in a range of property ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE offers the following significant performance advantages compared to conventionalpolymers:[l 0741 Tensile, puncture, and impact performance improvements, providing superior toughness Sealing performance improvements Very low extractables, providing good organoleptics, and low blocking Improved optics with excellent clarity and gloss Easy blending with other polyolefins

Film Processing Methods: ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE generally processes much like conventional LLDPE.[1074] Film Applications: Stretch film, shrink film, ovenvrap, trash bags, heavy-duty bags, and food packaging.L1 0741 Downgauging: ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE can be downgauged 24 to 40% without loss of impact strength and 20% without loss of MD (machine direction) tear strength.[1074]

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Extractables: The reduction of comonomer-rich, low-molecular-weight molecules significantly reduces extractables. The result is good organoleptic properties (negligible odor and off-taste), which are especially useful for food packaging applications.[1074] Impact and Tear Resistance: At a given modulus, films made from ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE have significantly higher impact strength; 300 to 1000% greater than conventional LLDPE at equivalent densities.[l0741 Optical Properties: ExxonMobil Exceed polyethylene can produce blown and cast films with low haze and high gloss. In coextrusion applications, two layers of ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE can encapsulate a material with poor optics, providing better overall optical Puncture Resistance: With its balanced orientation, film made with ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE can absorb energy equally in all directions. This result is a significant improvement in puncture resistance compared to conventional LLDPE films.[1074] Sealability: Films using ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE, pure or as a blend component in the seal layer of a multilayer structure, seal at lower temperatures and have higher seal-strength and hot-tack than films made from conventional LLDPE. This allows for faster packaging line speeds in form, fill, and seal applications. The seal initiation temperature of ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE is approximately 5-1 0°C (40-50°F) lower than conventional LLDPE at equivalent densities.[10741 Tensile Strength: The machine direction (MD) Values are similar for films produced with either ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE or conventional

Ch. 27: Metallocene-Catalyzed Linear Low Density Polyethylene - mLLDPE

104 LLDPE films. However, the transverse direction (TD) strength of a film produced with ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE is significantly higher than the TD strength of conventional LLDPE and much closer to the MD value of LLDPE. The ultimate tensile improvements of ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE are realized at all densities, with up to 40% better tensile strength than conventional LLDPE at the same densities.[l0741

Regulatory Approval: The ExxonMobil Exceed grades listed herein meet the requirements of the Food and Drug Administration regulation 2 1 CFR 177.1520.[1074] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 27-01 through 27-02 and Graphs 27-01 through 27-08.

Table 27-01. Physical Properties of ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE for Tough Premium Film

Material Family

METALLOCENE-CATALYZED LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (mLLDPE)

1118CA

I

Reference Number

1518 CA

I

Haze(%) Gloss (45")

I

1074

Sample Thickness (mm)

I I

1023 CA

I

0.025

I I

15 36

I I

42 14

I I

23 25

I I

ASTMD1003 ASTM D2457

I I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Coefficient of Friction (111)

>I

1.o

>I

Exxon Method

Dart Drop Impact Strength, F50 (gimil)

740

740

380

ASTM D1709

2601340

2901400

251400

ASTM D1922

3.8

2.8

4.1

Exxon Method

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD (gimil) Puncture Resistance (Ibimil) Secant Modulus, MD/TD (I%, MPa)

I

1731186

I

1641166

Tensile Strength at Break, MDITD (MW

67161

55145

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD/TD (MW

1O i l 0

919

Tensile Strength at 200%, MD (MW Ultimate Elongation, MD/TD (%)

I

13.1 5601630

I

11.7

I I

2201227 68150 1O i l 1

I

5401580

Ch. 27: Metallocene-Catalyzed Linear Low Density Polyethylene - mLLDPE

I

13.1

I I

ASTMD882

5601600

0 Plastics Design Library

105 Table 27-02. Physical Properties of ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE for Cast Film

Material Family

METALLOCENE-CATALYZED LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (mLLDPE)

341a GA

I

Reference Number

1118CB

I

4518 PA

2718 CB

I

1074

I

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sample Thickness (mm)

I I

Haze (%) Gloss (45") PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Dart Drop Impact Strength, F50 (glmil) Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD (glmil)

I

Puncture Resistance (Iblmil) Secant Modulus, MD/TD (I%, MPa) Tensile Strength at Break, MDITD Tensile Strength at Yield, MD/TD Tensile Strength at 200%, MD

I I

Ultimate Elongation, MD/TD (%)

0.020

I I

I I

1.5 0.97

I I I I I I I

230 1601450

1131113 68148 7.117.1 16

I

4201650

I I I I I I I

0.7 0.96

373 2001442 4.1 1101150 80146 8.317.6 31.0 2901587

I I

1.3 0.94

I I I I I I

I

0.99

I I

ASTMD1003 ASTM D2457

240

135

ASTM D1709

1601420

1701500

ASTM D1922

I I

I

I

34

I

1231141

1211147

72152

48135

7.4l7.4

6.217.3

17

13

3901650

4201600

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Graph 27-01. Tensile strength of various polyethylenes and ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741

I

% 0

Elongation .'

0 Plastics Design Library

LDPE

-.-

LLDPE (CJ -LLDPE

(C,)

--- ExceedTMmLLDPE

Ch. 27: Metallocene-Catalyzed Linear Low Density Polyethylene - mLLDPE

106 Graph 27-02. Ultimate tensile strength of various polyethylenes and ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741

30 p (1.25 mil)

. t

m Q

E 0

Ei O

4

n MD

TD

Tensile

0LLDPE

VLDPE

ExceedTMmLLDPE

Graph 27-03. Puncture resistance of various polyethylenes and ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741

"

Film 50 p (2 mil)

4.0 I

I

0

LDPE

LLDPE (C,)

mJ/p

300 I

Film 50 p (2 mil)

ExceedTMmLLDPE

Ch. 27: Metallocene-Catalyzed Linear Low Density Polyethylene - mLLDPE

0 Plastics Design Library

107 Graph 27-04. Impact and tear resistance of various polyethylenes and ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741 Trouser Tear Strength

Dart Drop Impact cNIp

Film 30 (1.2 mil)

"1

40

Film 100 p (4 mil)

cNIp

O M D

TD

30 Q

2

a

20

2

20

0 U.

n

10

10

0

6

0

F

F

r 0 'TI m

3r:

; : :m k gm z 3 ;: - -

r

r

r r

'0

W

0

0

m

m

Graph 27-05. Hot-tack, seal-initiation temperature of ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741

Hot Tack Seal Initiation Tei )eratun :SIT)

/

/ 80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Temperature ("C)

0 Plastics Design Library

Ch. 27: Metallocene-Catalyzed Linear Low Density Polyethylene - mLLDPE

108 Graph 27-06. Optical properties: clarity of various polyethylenes and ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741

Film 50 p (2 mil)

% 100

80

60

40

20

1

1 1

0

Graph 27-07. Optical properties: gloss of various polyethylenes and ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741

1 Film 50 p (2 mil)

Ch. 27: Metallocene-Catalyzed Linear Low Density Polyethylene - mLLDPE

0 Plastics Design Library

109 Graph 27-08. Optical properties: haze of various polyethylenes and ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741

Film 50 p (2 mil)

I 1

l2

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Ch. 27: Metallocene-Catalyzed Linear Low Density Polyethylene - mLLDPE

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Chapter 28

Linear Medium Density Polyethylene = LMDPE Category: Polyolefin General Description: DuPont Sclairfilm LWS is a linear medium density polyethylene (LMDPE) film produced ffom Sclaircopolymerresin and designed primarily for laminating end uses. This film differs ffom low-density laminating films in its increased stifhess, better grease and moisture vapor properties, and improved heat resistance. DuPont Sclairfilm LWS film is treated on one side for both ink and adhesive bonding properties. It is available in two slip levels: low and medium, depending on whether packages

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are pre-made (medium-slip to prevent blocking of fabricated pouches and low-slip for fully automatic web-fed vacuum packaging equipment).[lo1l]

Film Processing Methods: Extrusion, coextrusion, blow-molding, and roto-molding.[loll] Film Applications: Films, agriculture tanks, housewares, lids, containers, and closures.[loll] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 28-01.

Ch. 28: Linear Medium Density Polyethylene - LMDPE

112 Table 28-01. Physical Properties of DuPont Sclairfilm LMDPE Film

I

Material Family

I

LINEAR MEDIUM DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LMDPE) DuPont Sclairfilm

Material SupplieriGrade LWS

1011

Reference Number

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

LWS

I

0.038

I

0.051

I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Haze (%)

I TEST METHOD

I

6

Gloss (20")

I

7

I

85

Dart Drop Impact Strength, 50% (9)

75

Elongation, %, MD (MPa)

I

ASTM D2457

100 500

Heat Seal Strength (gicm)

ASTMD1003

470

ASTM D882 550

Tensile Modulus, MD (MPa)

372

Ultimate Tensile, MD (MPa)

38

Sentinel Sealer ASTM D882

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

Gas Transmission Rate, 02 (cm3, mmim2, day, atm)

I

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mmim2 day)

I

133 0.267

I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 28: Linear Medium Density Polyethylene - LMDPE

I

0.260

I

ASTM D3985 ASTMF372

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Chapter 29

High Density Polyethylene = HDPE Category: Polyolefin General Description: High density polyethylene (HDPE) polymers are highly crystalline, tough materials. High molecular-weight, high density polyethylenes (HMW-HDPE) are a special class of linear resins with molecular weights in the 200,000 to 500,000 range. To obtain processability along with end-use properties, control of the molecular weight distribution is critical. Some materials are produced with “bimodal” molecular weight distribution to obtain the necessary balance.[loo4] Equistar Chemicals:[l15*1

Alathon L 5876, L 5885, A4 6210, A4 6001, and A4 6020. A high density, medium molecular-weight homopolymer. Alathon A4 6030, A4 606 and A4 5865. A medium molecular-weight, high density homopolymer with extremely low gel content. This resin provides high stiffness and narrow molecular weight distribution for use in cast film applications. Alathon L 4903. A high molecularweight, high density copolymer with broad bimodal molecular weight distribution. This resin exhibits excellent machine-direction tear in an HMWHD resin as well as low gel levels. Alathon L 5005. A high molecularweight, high density copolymer that provides broad bimodal molecular weight distribution, high stifhess, and good heat-seal response and strength.

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.

Alathon L 4907. A high molecularweight, high density copolymer with broad bimodal molecular weight distribution. This resin exhibits high density and stiffness, and is designed for grooved feed and smooth bore equipment.

ExxonMobil:[ll4l]

Paxon 4700. A medium molecularweight, high density polyethylene homopolymer film resin. Pax-Plus 3201. A rubber-modified film resin that exhibits excellent impact strength and stress-crack resistance. It is used primarily in film where its good tear resistance and laminating properties are required. Pax-Plus 3303. A rubber-modified film resin that exhibits good toughness and easy processing. Its major uses are for film requiring good odor and moisture barrier properties and superior thermal properties. Pax-Plus 3205. A rubber-modified film resin. Its major use is in films that require good WVTR and excellent tear resistance. It offers a good combination of toughness, flexibility, and processing into blown film. Film Processing Methods: High density polyethylene can be formed by most processing methods; most films are blown films.

Ch. 29: High Density Polyethylene - HDPE

114 Film Applications: Food packaging: dairy products and bottled water; cosmetics; medical products; household chemicals; automotive gas tanks; 55 gallon drums; sheet; pipe; recreational items; geosynthetic materials. Regulatory Approval: The Equistar Chemicals Alathon grades listed herein meet the requirements of the Food and Drug Administration regulation 21 CFR 177.1520.[1158] Exxon Mobil Paxon 4700 resins meets all the requirements of the FDA for olefin polymers to be used as

articles or components of articles for contact with foodas set forthin21 CFR 177.1520(c) 2.1,2.2, and 2.3.[11411 ExxonMobil Pax-Plus 3201,3205, and 3303 meet all the requirements of the FDA for olefin polymers to be used as articles or components of articles for contact with food as set forth in 2 1 CFR 177.1520 (c) 3.1 and3.2a and21 CFR 177.1420.[1141]

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 29-01 through 29-04.

Table 29-01. Physical Properties of Equistar Chemicals Alathon HDPE for Carton Liners

I

Material Family

I L saas

L 5876

I

Reference Number

I

HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE)

I

M 6210

M 6001

M 6020

I

1158

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

0.051

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD (9)

36

18

21

16

22

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) TD (9)

600

900

500

450

500

ASTM D1922

I

Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%) Secant Modulus, MD1TD (MPa) Tensile Strength at Break, MD1TD

I I

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD1TD (MW

I

I I

6001800 8271965

44138

26119

I

I

700/750 86211,000

82711,034

86211,000

8601850 82711,069

1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 I I I I 26126

27127

26126

I

23121

ASTM D882

I

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 29: High Density Polyethylene - HDPE

0 Plastics Design Library

115 Table 29-02. Physical Properties of Equistar Chemicals Alathon HDPE for Cast Film

I

Material Family

I M 6030

M 6060

Reference Number

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE)

M 5865

1158

I

I

0.051

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

TEST METHOD

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD (9)

201500

-

-

Elongation at Break, MD/TD, MPa (%)

8601850

8501650

9001800

Secant Modulus, MD/TD (MPa)

I

6901827

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD/TD (MP4

I

22121

24126

ASTM D1922

I

79311,034

ASTMD882

I

ASTMF1249

I

24125

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mmlm2 day)

I

I

3.14

I

I

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Table 29-03. Physical Properties of Equistar Chemicals Alathon HMW-HDPE for Film

I

Material Family

I

HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) Equistar Chemical Alathon

Material SupplierlGrade L 4903

L 4907

L 5005 1158

Reference Number MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

0.125

I

-

I

0.0125

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

I TESTMETHOD

1.8

2.05

2.0

ASTM D3420

20118

14135

11150

ASTM D1922

Elongation at Break, MD/TD, (%)

3901260

3001420

3801420

Secant Modulus, MDITD (MPa)

11521979

7931965

106911048

Tensile Strength at Break, MDITD (%)

65167

59135

58147

Tensile Strength at Yield, MDITD (%)

4 1134

26123

31127

Dart Drop, Total Energy (ft-lb) Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MDITD (9)

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ASTM D882

Ch. 29: High Density Polyethylene - HDPE

116 Table 29-04. Physical Properties of ExxonMobil HDPE for Blown Film

I

Material Family

I

Material SupplieriGrade

I

Reference Number

Sample Thickness (mm)

Paxon 4700

Pax-Plus 2301

I

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD (N1mm2) Elongation at Break, MD/TD, (%) Secant Modulus, MD/TD (MPa)

Pax-Plus 3303

Pax-Plus 3205

I

1141

0.025

I

0.051

Coefficient of Friction static, MD1TD kinetic, MD1TD Dart Drop, Impact Strength, 50% (9)

I

HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE)

0,8210.70 0,7710.65

0,8210.70 0,7910.67

0.9110.96 0.8910.80

ASTM D1894

35

410

190

260

ASTM D1709

5196

1O i l 80

51212

1OR50

ASTM D1922

4201420

5901840

5501800

5001750

-

-

1030/1100

Tensile Strength at Break, MD/TD (MPa)

37130

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD/TD (MPa)

39135

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES Gas Transmission Rate, 02 (cm3, mm1m2, day, atm)

141

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, IOO"F, 90% RH (g mm1m2 day)

0.3

I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 29: High Density Polyethylene - HDPE

I I I I

30120 20110

45.9

I I I 0.1428

34123 24116

64.8

I I I I

30120 20110

57.6 0.168

I I I I

D882

ASTM D3985

I

ASTMF372

I

0 Plastics Design Library

Chapter 30

Polyolefin Plastomers = POP Film Applications:

Category: Polyolefin

Dow Affinity POPs. Food packaging

General Description: Dow Chemicals Affinity resins, homogenous ethylene alpha-ole fin copolymers, contain up to 20% octene comonomer. Affinity polyolefin plastomers (POPS) can be used in any of the extrusion technologies as a sealant, to deliver an unparalleled combination of low seal-initiation temperature, hot-tack strength, toughness, tear resistance, and transparency.[" 131

applications, fresh-cut produce, milk, fresh and processed meat, and bulk cheeses, as well as health and hygiene films, such as baby diapers.[l0l3I

ExxonMobil Exact. Applications requiring both thermoplastic and elastic properties, such as packaging for fresh vegetables, fruits, flowers, and other horticulture products. Exact blends with LLDPE and post-consumer recycled HDPE in packaging for fresh and processed meats, poultry wraps, or pouch containers.[1014]

ExxonMobils Exact Plastomers are polyolefins produced using a comonomer, butene, hexene, and octene, which significantly affects the properties of the plastic and can be used as a property enhancer in blends with LLDPE or post-consumer recycled HDPE.[l0l4ISee Fig. 30-01.

Film Processing Methods: Extrusion, coextrusion.

Polymer Density (glcm') 1000000 Average Molecular Weight 100000

,935

,915

,900

,865

I

I

I

I

Barrier Properties: Exact Plastomers create controllable gas-permeable films for modified atmospheres, as well as gas-permeable films and packaging for such items as fresh vegetables, fruits, flowers, and a growing range of other horticultural products. Users can select carbon dioxide and oxygen transmission rates (OTR) that meet their needs, with low water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) and high levels of clarity and Melt Index Elastomers

~a

n

0

I

W

o

1

1

Exact Plastomers

10000

1000

Wax

-1 -3 -10 100 Low 1000 Molecular Weight Amorphous

-

Optical Properties: Exact Plastomers exhibit very high levels of film gloss, with low haze in tough films used for fresh andprocessed meat, poultry wraps, or pouch containers. [lol41 Sealability: For sealability, Exact Plastomers outperform EVA copolymers, LLDPEs, and even

Figure 30-01. Ethylene-based polymers product

0 Plastics Design Library

Ch. 30: Polyolefin Plastomers - POP

118 ionomers. Lower melting points, lower seal-initiation temperatures, and higher hot-tack strength provide a broader sealing range for faster line-speeds and improved seal performance.[1°14]

Regulatory Approval: The Dow Affinity grades listed herein meet the requirements of the Food and Drug Administration regulation 21 CFR 177.1520.[1013]

Toughness: Exact Plastomers deliver tensile strengthanddartpuncture performance severaltimes higher than conventional LLDPE.[1°14]

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 30-01 through 30-03, Fig. 3001, and Graphs 30-02 through 30-06.

Table 30-01. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical Affinity POPS for Blown Film

I

Material Family

I

I

POLYOLEFIN PLASTOMERS (POP) Dow Chemical Affinity

Material SupplierlGrade PF 1140

PF 1146

PF 1880

PF 1840

1013

Reference Number MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sample Thickness (mm) Density (glcc) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD

I I I

0.897

I

0.051 0.900

I

0.902

I

0.9090

I I I

ASTMD792

>850

-

4701620

3781461

550/720

5601840

ASTM D1922

Puncture Resistance (Jim3) energy (J) force (N)

20 8 83

10 4 1

22 8.6 94

25 9 92

Dow Method

Seal Initiation Temperature ("C)

81

75

85

-

Tensile Modulus, 2% secant, MDITD (MPa)

73/73

51155

92192

1231123

Tensile Strength at Yield, MDITD (%)

5.816.3

616

7.216.9

8.818.1

Ultimate Elongation, MD/TD (%)

6901700

5541602

621630

6201580

Ultimate Tensile, MDITD (MPa)

50140

37142

59145

48145

Dart Impact (9) Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD

>830

ASTM D1709B

ASTM D882

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Clarity Gloss (20") Haze (%)

I I

70 134 1.3

Ch. 30: Polyolefin Plastomers - POP

I I

90 77 5.5

I I

83 141 1.1

I I

63 128 2.5

I I

ASTMD1746 ASTMD2457 ASTM D1003

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119 Table 30-02. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical Affinity POPS for Blown and Cast Film

I

Material Family

I

PL 1280

KC 88521

Reference Number

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

POLYOLEFIN PLASTOMERS (POP)

PL 1845

1013

I

0.021

I

I

0.020

BLOWN FILM PROPERTIES

I TEST METHOD

Unstretched Cling (9)

145

-

-

Stretched Cling (9)

110

-

-

Unstretched Cling (9)

250

-

-

Stretched Cling (9)

125

-

-

ASTM D4649

ASTM D4649

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

Dart Impact (9)

I

150 (cast film)

I

>830

I

490

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD (9)

-

190

110

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) TD (9)

-

340

390

16 (cast film)

23 3.2 35

19 3 38

1021102

1371144

7.215.0

8.418.5

I

ASTMD1709B

I

ASTM D1922 Puncture Resistance (Jim3) energy (J) force (N) Tensile Modulus, 2% secant, MDITD (MPa)

-

I

Tensile Strength at Yield, MDITD (%)

I

Ultimate Elongation, MD/TD (%)

I

Clarity Gloss (20") Haze(%)

I

-

Ultimate Tensile, MDITD (MPa)

I I I

-

I I I

66(castfilm) 4.3 (cast film)

5601610

I

41129

I I I

71 140

4801510

Dow Method

ASTM D882

I

37138

I I

75 146

0.7

I I I

ASTMD1746 ASTM D2457 ASTMD1003

I I I

MD-Machine Direction; TD- Transverse Direction. 'The resin was utilized as the cling layer in coextruded cast and blown 0.8 mil (21 mm), one-sided stretch cling film structures

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Ch. 30: Polyolefin Plastomers - POP

120 Table 30-03. Physical Properties of ExxonMobil Exact POPS for Blown Film

I

Material Family

I

I

POLYOLEFIN PLASTOMERS (POP) ExxonMobil Exact

Material SupplieriGrade 3128

1014

Reference Number

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

0.0375

I

I

> I 060

I

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Dart Impact, F50 (9) Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD (gimil) Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%)

1201180

I

Puncture Force energy (Ibimil) energy (in-lbimil)

5901680

73/73

Tensile Strength at Break, MD/TD (MPa)

60160

Tensile Strength at Break, MD/TD (MPa)

50150

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD/TD (MPa)

4.614.2

I Gloss (45") I I I Haze (%) I MD-Machine Direction;TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 30: Polyolefin Plastomers - POP

I

7.1 21

Secant Modulus, 1% secant, MD/TD (MPa)

Total Energy Impact 23°C (R-lb) -34°C (R-lb)

I

83

ASTMD1922 ASTMD882 Exxon Method

I I

ASTM D882

I

>6.2 2.2

3.1

ASTMD1709B

ASTM D4272

I I

ASTM D2457 ASTMD1003

I I I

0 Plastics Design Library

121 Graph 30-01. Dart impact strength of various polyolefins and ExxonMobil Exact

Dart Drop Impact (glmicron)

35 30 25

20 15

10 5 0 I-

r

I-

r

T

0 -0

m

U -0

D

m

U

s

rn

rn

r

I-

-0

U -0

3 r I-

rn x D

2

Graph 30-02. Puncture force and energy of various polyolefins and ExxonMobil Exact

Puncture Force 4.0

-

3.5

-

3.0

-

2.0 1.5 -

2.5

1.0

-

0.5

-

-

r 0 -0 rn

r

2D

/

r r

U -0

m

MI =2.0 MI = 2.0 MI = 1.0 MI = 1.0

0 Plastics Design Library

d = 0.925 VA% = 4.5 d = 0.918 d = 0.918

-0

m

n

n

0

0

e

LDPE LEVA LLDPE (C,) LLDPE (C,)

r r 0

V

Alpine blown film line

501-r 200 mm die 1.5 mm die gap

s

U -0

rn n

0

3

r r 0 -0 m

v

VLDPE (C,) mLLDPE Exact

MI = 1.0 d = 0.912 MI = 1.0 d = 0.918 MI = 1.1 d = 0.902

2.5 BUR 15°C IBC

Ch. 30: Polyolefin Plastomers - POP

122 Graph 30-03. Optical properties: haze and gloss of various polyolefins and ExxonMobil Exact

Exact (C,)

mLLDPE (CJ

Exact C, mLLDPE C, LEVA C,-LLDPE

MI = 1.1 MI = 1.0 MI = 2.0 MI = 1.O

Graph 30-04. Organoleptics of lonomer, EVA, and ExxonMobiI Exact POP.[lO1 4l

LLDPE (C,) LEVA

d = 0.902 d = 0.918 VA = 4.5% d = 0.9185

Graph 30-05. Hot-tack vs sealing temperature of lonomer, EVA, and ExxonMobil Exact

Hot Tack (Iblin) 2.5

5

OdorlTaste Intensity I

LI

1

H

O . 5 H

lonomer

'

MI

EVA (9% VA)

Taste

--- ..._... _ . . _. ... _ ...... ..

--- _

1 0 . 2 5 1

Exact 1°F 176 212 248 284 320 "C 80 100 120 140 160

-.-.-..

Exact (C,) Copolymer Exact (C,) Copolymer

I

- lonomer - - Eva

2 mil blown monolayer films backed with PET.

Ch. 30: Polyolefin Plastomers - POP

Seal Pressure:

72 psi

Peel Speed:

200 mm/s

Seal Time:

0.5 s

Total Delay Time:

0.9 s

0 Plastics Design Library

123 Graph 30-06. Seal Strength Comparison of lonomer, VLDPE, and ExxonMobil Exact

(N11.5 mm) 50 micron Blown Monolayer Film 20

/

lo 5 /

I

60

-

__-_-

.

/

/i

I

1 .

80

100 120 Temperature ("C)

---- Exact (C,) Copolymer

0 Plastics Design Library

------

-. ' i ,

-.-.-'-'-

VLDPE

140

160

-lonomer

Seal Pressure:

0.5 MPa

Peel Speed:

500 mm/min

Seal Time:

0.5 s

Ch. 30: Polyolefin Plastomers - POP

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Chapter 31

Cyclic Olefin Copolymer = COC Category: Polyolefin General Description: Ticona Topas are amorphous, glass-clear copolymers of ethylene and norbornene. Ticona Topas cyclic olefin copolymers (COC) form strikingly clear films. When blended with polyethylene (PE), they enhance the stiffness and heat-seal behavior of blown and cast films and offer high moisture barrier, clarity, and stifhess. The Ticona Topas product line features several grades differentiated by heat deflection temperatures ranging from 80" to 180"C.[10151 Film Processing Methods: Blisterpacks are thermoformed from coextruded and laminated films. Ticona Topas 8007 COC has a wide processing window and can be used on standard blister lines with little adjustment. Films made with it are thermoformed at 100" to 130"C, a range similar to that used with PVC films and well below that of other transparent films.[lo 151[lo171 Film Applications: Ticona Topas is used as a core layer in push-through packaging (PTP), either in five-layer coextruded or threelayer laminated film structures.[1015] Flexible and rigid packaging for food and consumer items such as cosmetics.[l0151

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Barrier Properties: Ticona Topas COCs provide excellent moisture control. They have roughly double the moisture barrier of HDPE, triple that of LDPE, and seven times that of unoriented polypropylene (PP). They also provide high clarity and stiffness. Grades are available with the heat resistance to withstand hot-fill and microwave processes.[1015] Downgauging: As the amount of Ticona Topas COC in a PE blend increases, film stifhess increases. This allows film thickness to be reduced while holding stiffness Regulatory Approval: [lol71

Ticona Topas. FDA Drug Master File DMF# 12132, established, FDA Device Master File, MAF# 1043, established. Ticona Topas 8007. In compliance with FDA under Conditions of Use "C" through "H', extraction studies show no migration, FDA Regulation 21 CFR 177.1520 (3.9), FDA Food Contact Notification (FCN No.75), USP Class VI compliant, EU food contact application. Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 31-01 and Graph 31-01.

Ch. 31: Cyclic Olefin Copolymer - COC

126 Table 31-01. Physical Properties of Ticona Topas 8007 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC)

I I I

Material Family Material Supplier Material Grade

I I I

Ticona Topas 8007

Reference

I

Density (gicc)

1017

I

1.02

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

Flex Modulus (MPa)

I I I

CYCLIC OLEFIN COPOLYMER (COC)

TEST METHOD

I

2482

Tensile Strength (MPa)

66

Tensile Modulus (MPa)

2600

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 2 3 T , 85% RH (g m n / m 2 d)

Gloss (45")

I I Haze(%) I Luminous Transmittance (%) I I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 31: Cyclic Olefin Copolymer - COC

I

I

0.0279

83 3.1 92

ASTM D2457

I I

ASTM D1003

I I I

0 Plastics Design Library

127 Graph 31-01. Downgauge PE film with T o p a ~ . [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ]

1.E+05

c v)

Q

Y

v)

3

z

1.E+04

'CI C

a

z

1.E+03

0 Plastics Design Library

0.0

2.5

5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 Wt% Topas@8007

0.10

Ch. 31: Cyclic Olefin Copolymer - COC

This page intentionally left blank

Chapter 32

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer = EVA Category: Polyolefin General Description: Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Copolymer is a copolymer resin ranging in vinyl acetate content from 7.5 wt% to 3 3 wt%. DuPont Elvax and Equistar Ultrathene grades vary by vinyl acetate content. Some grades are available with antiblock and slip additives. The vinyl acetate units in the copolymer modify the basic polyethylene structure and its properties. The addition of vinyl acetate to polyethylene provides lower sealing temperature, increased flexibility, improved optical properties, greater adhesion, increased impact, and puncture resistance.[1°181[l1571 EVA properties vary depending on acetate content:[10181 Higher Vinyl Acetate Content: Decreased sealing temperature Increased gas permeability Increased impact strength Improved optical qualities Increased flex-crack resistance Increased cling Lower Vinyl Acetate Content: Decreased sealing temperature Increased crystallinity Increased stiffness

DuPont Elvax film yields low seal-temperatures for use in coextrusions or for packaging temperaturesensitive materials, excellent drawability for easy

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processing, good flex-crackresistance for liquid packaging, high toughness for packaging requiring impact or puncture resistance, low shrink-temperature for water-bath applications, and excellent optical properties for visual appeal. In addition, DuPont Elvax adheres to many materials. It is commonly used as a tie layer in coextrusionswith dissimilar surfaces.[l0l8I Equistar Ultrathene is available with many different attributes:[l1571

Ultrathene UE 624-000. Excellent flexibility and low-temperature properties. Ultrathene UE 637-000. Good toughness, flexibility, and clarity. Ultrathene UE 672-000. Excellent impact strength, heat-sealability, good toughness and flexibility, contains antioxidant and high levels of slip and antiblock additives. Film Processing Methods: Blown, extrusion, cast, and coextruded film, or blends with other resins. Film Applications: Packaging, cap liners, pallet stretch wrapping, bundling, liquid packaging, and as a sealant in barrier bags for primal and subprimal cuts of meat. Equistar Ultrathene? 1571

UE 624-000. Medium- to heavygauge film applications. UE 637-000. Laminating and heavyduty films. UE 672. Flexible packaging films for food and healthcare, as well as liquid and heavy-duty packaging, and pallet stretch film.

Ch. 32: Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer - EVA

130 DuPont Elvax?

8]

Elvax3120,3121A,3128,3129,3130, and 3 136 are for blown film. Elvax 3124,3134, and 3200-1 are for extrusion-coated film. Elvax 3 134 and 3 174 are for cast films. Elvax 3150,3165,3169,3170,3174, 3 176,3179,3190,3175,3180,and 3 182 are for coextrusions.

Regulatory Approval: Equistar Ultrathene UE 624-000, UE 637-000, and UE 672 meet the requirements of the Food and Drug Administration regulations 2 1 CFR 177.1350 and 2 1 CFR 175.105.L11571 DuPont Elvax is approved for use in contact with food, as provided in FDA Regulation 21 CFR 177.1350.[1018]

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 32-01 through 32-04.

Ch. 32: Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer - EVA

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131 Table 32-01. Physical Properties of Equistar Chemicals' Ultrathene UE 624-000, UE 637-000, and UE 672000 EVA Copolymer Film

I I I I

Material Grade

I I I

Reference Number

I

Material Family Material Supplier

I I I

ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE (EVA) Equistar Chemicals' Ultrathene Copolymer Film UE 624-000

I

UE 637-000

I

UE 672

I

1157

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

0.038

0.050

0.038

Vinyl Acetate Content (%)

18

9

12.5

Dart Drop Impact Strength, F50 (9)

I

606

I

404

I

Elmendorf Tear Strength, MD1TD (9) Elongation at Break, MD/TD (x)

I I I

Elongation at Yield, MD1TD (x) Hardness, Shore Low Temperature Brittleness ("C) Secant Modulus, MDITD, 1% Tensile Strength at Break, MD/TD

4 101563

I I I

I I

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD1TD (MP4 Vicat Softening Point ("C)

919 A 91

51.7159.3 41.0130.3

3501500

I I

I I

911 1 A 94 <-76 84.8191.0 25.9118.9

I I

I I

481'

I

ASTMD1709

861150

ASTM D192

4701650

ASTM D882

59110

80.7188.9 38.7132.2

I I I

I I

ASTMD882 ASTM D2240 ASTMD746 ASTMD882 ASTMD882

4.7014.30

6.215.8

11.315.6

ASTM D882

67

80

80

ASTM D1746

I

I I I

I I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I I I

Gloss (45") Haze (x)

I I

NAS

I I I

1.2

I

215

85

82

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES Gas Transmission Rate, 2 3 T , 02 (cm3. mm1m2. day. atm) I

I

I Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate, 37.8"C (g . m 2 . day)

I

I I

ASTM D2457 ASTMD1003 ASTMD1746

ASTM D3985

I

I

I

I I I

57.3

I I I

I I

ASTMF372

I

'Dart Drop value made from a correlation Equister has developed in D4272 MD- Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

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Ch. 32: Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer - EVA

132 Table 32-02. Physical Property Ranges of Dupont Elvax EVA Copolymers for Blown Film Applications

I

Material Family

I

I

ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER (EVA) DuPont Elvax EVA Copolymers for Blown Film Applications

Material SupplieriGrade 3120,3121A, 3128,3129,3130, and 3136 1018

Reference Number MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I I I

I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Vinyl Acetate Content (%) Vicat Softening (T)

TEST METHOD

I I I

0.050

I 7.5-12 72-88

0.0254

I I I

ASTME168 ASTMD1525

Elongation (%)

450-620

ASTM D882

Elmendorf Tear (Nimm)

17.4-34.3

ASTM D1922

Secant Modulus (MPa) Spencer Impact (Jimm)

I I

Tensile Strength (MPa)

60-91.7 15.1-36.9

I I

ASTM D882 ASTMD3420

21.4-33.7

ASTM D882

Gas Permeability, 02 (cm3 mmim2 day atm)

155-225

ASTM D3985

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mmim2 day)

0.58-0.89

ASTM E96

Ch. 32: Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer - EVA

I I I

I I

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133 Table 32-03. Physical Property Ranges of DuPont Elvax EVA Copolymers for Cast Film Applications

I

Material Family

I

I

ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER (EVA) DuPont Elvax EVA Copolymers for Cast Film Applications

Material SupplieriGrade 3150,3165,3169, and 3170 Reference Number

I I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Vinyl Acetate Content (%) Density

1018

I I I

I

0.050

15-18 0.93-0.94

Vicat Softening ("C)

Elongation (%)

I I I

Elmendorf Tear (Nimm) Secant Modulus (MPa) Spencer Impact (Jimm)

I I I

0.0254

I I I

ASTME168 ASTM D792

69-65

ASTM D1525

575-560

ASTM D882

I I I

36.3-38.2 49.6-40.7 31.6-36

I I I

I I I

ASTMD1922 ASTM D882 ASTMD3420

Tensile Strength (MPa)

26.9-28.3

ASTM D882

Gas Permeability,02 (cm3 mmim2 day atm)

196-1 85

ASTM D3985

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mmim2 day)

1.3-1.5

ASTM E96

Table 32-04. Optical Properties of DuPont Elvax EVA Copolymers for Film Applications

I

Material Family

I

I

ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER (EVA) DuPont Elvax EVA Copolymers for Film Applications

Material SupplieriGrade

Blown Film 3120

3121A

3128

Cast Film 3129

3130

3150

3165

3169

3170

83

109

109

22

107

3

2

48

3

1018

Reference Number

Gloss (20")

17

28

Haze (%)

14

12

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3136

95

121

47

42

25

Ch. 32: Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer - EVA

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Chapter 33

Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer = EVOH Category: Polyolefin General Description: Copolymers of ethylene and vinyl alcohol are highly crystalline resins produced with various levels of ethylene content (Table 3 3 01). See Table 41-01 for Eval Company ofAmerica Eval Resins. [lo20] Film Processing Methods: Some methods are monolayer film extrusion (blown or cast), coextruded film extrusion (blown or cast), coextrusion blow-molding, profile coextrusion, and coating. Eval resins can be coextruded with all types of polyolefins, nylons, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyesters. Downstream processing such as thermoforming, vacuum forming, and printing is easily accomplishedwith structures containing Eval resins or Eval films.[1161] Film Applications: Rigid Packaging. Entrees, edible oils, juice, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, heating pipe, condiments, and toothpaste. [lo2O1

Flex i b 1e Packaging . Pro c e s s e d meats, bag-in-box, red meat, cereal, pesticides, and agri-chemicals.[1020] Antistatic Properties: Since EVAL EVOH resin is a highly antistatic polymer, dust is prevented from building up on the package when used as a surface layer.[11 '1 Luster and Transparency: EVAL EVOH resins produce a high gloss and low haze, resulting in outstanding clarity characteristics. The use of EVAL resin as the outer surface of a package provides excellent sparkle for improved package appearance.[ll6l1

Printability: With an -OH group in its molecular chain, the EVAL resin surface can be easily printed without special treatment.[l 161] Resistance to Oil and Organic Solvents: EVAL resins resist oils and organic solvents, making them particularly suitable for packaging oily foods, edible oils, mineral oils, agricultural pesticides, and organic solvents.[l l6 l] Weather Resistance: EVAL resins display excellent weatherability. Even when exposed to outdoor conditions, the polymer retains its color, and does not yellow or become opaque. Mechanical property changes are minimal, demonstrating an overall high resistance to weather effects.[l 161] Permeability: Eval resins offer outstandinggas (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and helium) barrier properties and maintain their barrier property over a wide range of humidities. The oxygen-barrier properties of EVOH will vary according to the ethylene content in the polymer. Packages containing Eval resins can effectively retain fragrances and preserve the aroma of the contents within the package. At the Table 33-01. Various Levels of Ethylene Content[lOzo1

I

I I I

FSeries

I I

27 32

I I I

H Series K Series I

I

E Series G Series I

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LSeries

I

I

Ch. 33: Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer - EVOH

136 same time, undesirable odors are prevented from entering or leaving the package.[1020]

lations covering material used for the packaging of foods sterilized under retort conditions.

Regulatory Approval:[11451EVAL resins may be used in applications involving direct food contact as outlined by the FDA regulations, 21 CFR, Section 177.1360. EVAL resins may be used for indirect food contact (adhesive resins) as outlined in CFR, Section 175.105.EVAL resins comply with food additive regu-

EVAL resins meet the requirements of the US Department of Agriculture and the Canadian Ministry of Agriculture for use in contact with meat and poultry products. Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 33-02 through 33-04.

Table 33-02. Physical Properties of EVP EVOH Films

Material Family

ETHYLENE VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER (EVOH) EVAL

Material SupplieriGrade Ethylene (mol%)

I

Reference Number

E105A

FIOOA

G156A

HlOlA

LlOlA

44

32

48

38

27

I

I

1145

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD

Ultimate Elongation (%)

280

230

330

280

200

Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa)

51

71.7

37.2

58.6

71.7

0.0314 0.0786

0.008

0.063 0.126

0.012 0.039

0.0039 0.0079

0.825

2.55

ASTM E96E

ASTM D882 PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

Gas Permeability, 65% RH, 68°F (cm3 mm/m2 day atm) ASTM D1434 02

co2 Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 90% RH, 100°F (g mm/m2 day)

0.55

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Haze (%)

1.7

1.4

1.9

1.5

1.8

ASTM D1003

Gloss (45")

85

90

85

90

85

ASTM D2457

Ch. 33: Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer - EVOH

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137 Table 33-03. Physical Properties of EVAL EVOH Films

I

Material Family

I

I

ETHYLENE VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER (EVOH)

LlOl

Ethylene (mol%)

FIOO

FlOl

27

HI01

K102

32

38

Reference Number

El05

GI10

44

48

1146

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD

Bending Elacticity (MPa)

4709

4220

4316

3137

-

-

-

Bending Strength (MPa)

149

128.3

129.5

107.9

-

-

-

Elongation, Break (%)

200

130

230

280

280

380

330

Elongation, Yield (%)

6

1

8

6

5

7

3

58.7

53.38

90.7

64.1

64.1

53.38

-

ASTM D790

ASTM D638 lzod Impact Strength, (N)

I

Tabor Abrasion (mg)

I

-

I

I

1.2

I

1.2

I

2.0

I

-

I

2.2

ASTM D256, notched

I

-

Tensile Strength, Break (MPa)

71.6

57.8

71.6

46.1

39.2

50.9

37.3

Tensile Strength, Yield (MPa)

94.2

80.4

77.5

64.7

64.7

58.9

47.3

Young's Modulus (MPa)

3137

2062

2351

2648

2351

ASTMD1175,1000times

I

ASTM D638

Table 33-04. Mechanical and Optical Properties of EVAL and EVOH Films compared with PVDC and BOPP Films

I

Material Family

I I

EVAL

Material SupplieriGrade EF-XL

EF-F

EF-E

ON

Sample Thickness (mm) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

I

Tensile Strength at Break, MD/TD (MP4

I

ElongationatBreak, Elongation at Break, MDiTD(%) MDiTD (%)

I

Young's Modulus, MD/TD (MPa) Tear Strength, MD/TD (9)

I

0.02

I

0.015

I

0.0125

I

0.0225

I

80152

I

70144

I

1621216

I

15711 86 1571186

I

1661215

I

1801140

I

2601190

I

90190

I

0.015

2051195

I

1001100

I

140160

351613516

195811862

195811862

166811469

343413930

195812551

2601330

3801300

4601440

5001450

2001200

3001200

I Bursting Strength (MPa) I 0.4 I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

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PVDC BOPP

PET

1146

Reference Number

I

I

ETHYLENE VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER (EVOH)

I

0.13

I

0.13

I

0.4

I

3.0

I

0.4

I

I

ASTM D638

I

JIS P8112

I

Ch. 33: Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer - EVOH

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Chapter 34

Ethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymer = EAA Category: Polyolefin General Description: In Dow Primacor resins, the copolymerization of ethylene and acrylic acid results in a unique polymer structure with a greatly enhanced “molecular backbone” and side chains of acrylic acid. This produces an extremely tough polymer, even at relatively low molecular weights. The polymer can be cross-linked through the backbone and the acid functionality,allowing further improvements in toughness. The bulky carboxyl groups inhibit the ability of the polymer to crystallize.This improves optical clarity and reduces both melting and softening points.[’1471 The molecular construction of Dow Primacor copolymers creates internal toughness, abrasion resistance, puncture resistance, and high environmental stress-crack resistance (ESCR). Flexible coatings with good flex-crack resistance and exceptional elongation are possible.

Film Processing Methods: Blown and cast monolayer films, coextruded and composite films.[’1471 Film Applications: Abrasion-resistant surface coatings, puncture- and tear-resistant coextruded films, and physically durable and dependable cast films and tie layers for diverse applications.[’‘471 Adhesion: Dow Primacor copolymers are designed for lasting adhesion to aluminum foil and other polar substrates. Ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) copolymers also offer significant benefits as a sealants for packaging fatty and greasy products.[’ ‘471

chemical interactivity of the polymer and the substrate surface molecules (generally, adhesion to polar materials increases with comonomer content); and the ability of the coating or adhesive to flow and “wet out” the substrate. Dow Primacor copolymers provide both.[’1471 Adhesion values are also influenced by the method of coating. Aqueous, extruded melt, and solvent coatings all “wet” substrate surfaces differently. The condition of the substrate (cleanliness, degree of oxidation, etc.) also has a marked influence on the adhesion values attained.[’1471 Dow Primacor copolymers can also bond fibers or foams, even though, technically speaking, the adhesion is not good. This is because the polymer penetrates into the fiberfoam network, surrounding the areas to be bonded.[’ 1471 It is also possible to influence adhesion properties by cross-linking acid groups. Adhesion to non-polar substrates is then improved, but at the expense of adhesion to polar substrates. Bonding of non-polar substrates is generally achieved with the help of a surface treatment such as chemical priming, flame oxidization, or corona discharge.[’1471

Optical Properties: Films made with Dow Primacor copolymers still offer outstanding optical clarity.[1147] Toughness: Dow Primacor copolymers have rugged physical properties. Ultimate tensile strength is comparable to that of LLDPE, while dart-impact strength is substantially greater.[’1471

How Adhesion is Influenced: Two factors influence adhesion of any polymer to a substrate-the

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Ch. 34: Ethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymer - EAA

140 In tests of 20-mil films blown from comparable melt index polymers, Dow Primacor copolymers showed clearly superior Elmendorf tear strength over EVA, and up to ten times the tear strength of the ionomer. In cast films, Dow Primacor copolymers can even offer more balanced tear strength than comparable linear low material.[l1471

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 34-01.

Table 34-01. Physical Properties of Dow Primacor EAA Copolymer Film Compared with LLDPE, EVA, and lonomer

I

Material Family

I

I

ETHYLENE ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER (EAA) Dow Primacor

Material SupplierlGrade 1410

LLDPE

EVA

lonomer

1147

Reference Number MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

TEST METHOD

I

I

0.051

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

Dart Impact (A)

I

>800

I

260

I

I

>800

ElmendorfTear, MDITD (MPa)

3501375

70011250

1201205

32132

Elongation MD/TD (%)

5501560

725/765

6101670

3651415

Secant Modulus, 2%, MD/TD (MP4

0.0910.09

0.210.2

0,0510.05

0.1610.2

8.618.0

11111

514.3

14112.4

Tensile Strength, MDITD (MPa) I

Ultimate Tensile Strength, MD/TD

ASTMD1709

I

ASTM D1992

ASTM D882

I

40141

I MD-Machine Direction; TD-TransverseDirection.

Ch. 34: Ethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymer - EAA

I

39133

I

28124

I

I

I

41135

I

I

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Chapter 35

Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene and Oriented Polypropylene = BOPP and OPP Category: Polyolefin General Description: Polypropylene is produced commercially in different forms, depending upon the desired properties. Polypropylene films can be stretched, or oriented, to modify the properties. Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), and oriented polypropylene (OPP) films are polypropylene films that have been oriented biaxially and uniaxially, respectively.['1501 Through the orienting process, physical properties can be improved, such as water vapor barrier, stifhess, dimensional stability, and optics can be improved. BOPP film has excellent transparency, strength, and stifhess.[l 1501 ExxonMobil Bicor films are coated, sealable OPP films with outstanding optical properties, superior machinability,excellent flavor and aroma barrier properties, broad seal ranges, excellent heat-seal and hottack strength, and good moisture and oxygen barrier properties.[' 1491 ExxonMobil OPPalyte films are coated, pearlescent white, opaque OPP films, with a proprietary core providing excellent opacity, good machinability, excellent flavor and aroma barrier properties, good oxygen barrier properties, excellent stifhess and flex resistance, excellent print performance, strong cold seal adhesion, and good bond strength.[l 1491

Film Processing Method: Polypropylene film can be cast or blown.[1063] Cast Film ranges from 10 pm to 2.5 mm thick. Depending on film thickness, different techniques are used. In

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the range of 10 to 250 pm (with exceptions up to 500 pm), cast lines, chill roll, and air knife are used, while films from 250 pm up to 2.5 mm are produced using a three-stack-roll system. These types of films are mainly used as primary sheets for thermoforming applications.[ 0731 The most common manufacturing method for BOPP is the flat tenter stretching process where a thick sheet is first cast, then conditioned for subsequent drawing. Machine and transverse direction stretching are performed on-line and can be adjusted to secure the required orientation balance.[l l5O] Alternatively, in the double-bubble process, a cast tube is blown into a large bubble with simultaneous stretching in both directions to produce a balanced film. This process is used to make heat-shrink films as well as standard BOPP films.[l l5O] In both processes, it is common to see multilayer film products made by coextrusion. A number of specialty polypropylenes provide the heat-seal and functional characteristics in these structures.[l l5O] Coextrusion allows for the tailoring of film properties through the use of different materials in separate extruders, where each material maintains its own set of properties. Conversely in the mono-extrusion technique, polymers are blended.[1073]

Film Applications: BOPP is widely used to package snack foods, cookies, crackers, biscuits, cigarettes, and more.[l l5O]

Ch. 35: Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene and Oriented Polypropylene - BOPP and OPP

142 Regulatory Approval: BOPP and OPP generally meet the requirements of the US Food and Drug Administration and other relevant authorities throughout the world.[' 501

Random copolymers of polypropylene are often used to enhance clarity and gloss. These softer films are used as textile packages, bakery wrapskheet, and photo protectors at thicker gauges.[' l5O]

Optical Properties: High-clarity cast (unoriented) film is dependent on very rapid quenching ofthe melt.

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 35-01 through 35-02.

'

Table 35-01. Physical Properties of ExxonMobil OPP Films

I I

Material Family Material Supplier

I I

I I

ORIENTED POLYPROPYLENE (OPP) ExxonMobil

Bicor Material Grade

AB

ASB-X

LTSC

ASW

HM

TW

1149

Reference Number

0.025

Sample Thickness (mm)

0.027

0.025

0.031

0.036

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

TensileStrength, MD/TD (MPa)

I

1401210

I

1401240

I

2101140

2.513.7

Tensile Strength MD/TD (Nimm)

I

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 3 8 T , 90% RH (g mm1m2,day)

I

Gloss (45")

I I

Haze(%) Light Transmission (%)

I

I

90

I I

I

0.14

1.0

98

I

1.2

90

I

1.5

0.22

3.315.3

I

0.18

95

3.314.9

I

0.22

I

65

I

SURFACE PROPERTIES Coefficient of Friction (acryliciacrylic)

0.23

0.24

0.28

Ch. 35: Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene and Oriented Polypropylene - BOPP and OPP

-

0.49

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143 Table 35-02. Physical Properties of Aristech BOPP Films for Food Packaging

I I I

Material Family Material Supplier Material Grade

I I I

Aristech Chemical Company FF-O2O-Y2

I

FF-021-M

Reference Number

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

FF-010-B

I

1151

I

I

0.025

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

Dart Drop (9)

TEST METHOD

I

440

Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%) Modulus of Elasticity, MDITD

I

I

396

I

69.2163.4

55/65

3310

2810

331 0

220

203

220

0.17

Gloss (45")

I

94

I

1

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

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I

ASTMD1709

193

Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)

Haze (%)

440

55/65

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

I I

I

ASTM D882

Tensile Strength at Break, TD (MW Ultimate Tensile Strength, MD

I I I

BOPP HOMOPOLYMER

ASTM E96

ASTM D2457

I

ASTMD1003

I I

Ch. 35: Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene and Oriented Polypropylene - BOPP and OPP

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Chapter 36

Polybutene = PB Category: Thermoplastic Polyolefin General Description: Polybutene-1 (PB-1) is a polyolefin, or unsaturated polymer, that is expressed as C,H2,. Basell Polyolefins series polybutene-1 resins are high-molecular-weight polyolefins manufactured from butene-1 monomer. Available as a homopolymer or a random copolymer.[1026] Polybutene is a polymer of butylene and is also called polybutylene. Film Processing Methods: Extrusion. Film Applications: Polybutene-1 is used in compression packaging films, peel seal, and film modification, and to enhance the properties of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) to make them process better, seal faster, peel with controlled force, be softer and more flexible, have better high temperature strength, or be more elastic.[l 1531 Regulatory Approval: Most PB-1 resins meet European and North American food contact requirem e n t ~ . 531 [~ Seal-Peel Applications: Basell PB- 1 Polybutylene is used in “Peelable Seals.” The polybutylene acts as a contaminant in a blend of incompatible polymers, [conventional sealing resins include EVA, LLDPE, ionomers, EAA, and ethylene methyl acrylate (EMA), etc.], creating a seal layer.[11531[1154]

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The seals fail and peel at desired forces. The seals fail due to the incompatibility of the blend components. Controlled failure occurs within the sealant layer because of the weaker intermolecular forces of the dissimilar materials. The cohesive failure propagates through the sealant resulting in clean, uniform separation. This differs from the mode of failure where the sealant is delaminated from the substrate because of the weaker adhesion between the sealant and ~ u b s t r a t e . [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ] [ ~ ~ ~ ~ I The failure is cohesive in nature and the peel force can be easily adjusted based on end-use requirements. It makes a tamper-evident failure, and can run in all commercial equipment without mechanical modification. This solution has become the standard for controlled adhesion applications.[l1531 The Typical Peel Seal Chart in Graph 36-01 illustrates the effect of blend composition on the seal strength of monolayer films extruded from the blends and sealed to themselves. Functional peel-seal composition regions provide adjustable peel-seal strength by varying the composition.[l1541

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 36-01 through 36-02, Fig. 3601, andGraph36-01.

Ch. 36: Polybutene - PB

146

Separation of the seal layer occurs where the two phases meet

/ Figure 36-01. Basell Polyolefins: seal-peal

Graph 36-01. Typical peel-seal chart-heat-seal

to heat-seal, single-layer film, Polybutylene and LDPE

Nonpeel seal

I

region

Low peel seal stength region

/ I

I

I

I

II

I

I

-

7 Polybutylene Concentration P

Ch. 36: Polybutene - PB

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147 Table 36-01. Physical Properties of Basell PB-1 Polybutene

Material Family

I I

Material Grade

I I

Reference Number

I

Material Supplier

I

POLYBUTENE Basell Polybutene-I Homopolymers PBOIIO

I

PB0200

I

PB0300

I

PB0400

I

PB0800

I

1152

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

TEST METHOD

0.915

Specific Gravity

I PHYSICAL PROPERTIES I Tensile Modulus (MPa) I Tensile Strength (MPa)

I I I

290 >27.6

0.905

I I

ASTM D1505

I I I

241

I

>26.2

>22.1

ASTM D638

>300

Ultimate Elongation (%)

Table 36-02. Physical Properties of Shell Chemical Polybutylene 171OA Film Material Family

POLYBUTYLENE

Material Supplier

Shell Chemical Polybutylene Film

Material Grade

I

Reference Number

1710A

I

I

1154

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Sample Thickness (mm)

TEST METHOD

I

0.050

Tensile Strength at Break (MPa)

46139

Tensile Strength at Yield (MPa)

15.5114

I

I ASTM D882

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Ch. 36: Polybutene - PB

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Chapter 37

Polyvinyl Alcohol = PVOH Polyvinyl Alcohol: PVOH General Description: A white-to-cream granular powder, DuPont Elvanol polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH); is a water-soluble synthetic polymer with excellent film-forming, emulsifying, and adhesive properties. This versatile polymer offers a high oxygen barrier. [lo291 Elvanol71-30 is a medium-viscosity, hlly hydrolyzed grade ofpolyvinyl alcohol.[1030] Films cast from water solutions of Evanol polyvinyl alcohol and plasticizer are transparent, tough, and tear- and puncture-resistant.[1030] Film Processing Methods: Cast or blown films. Film Applications: PVOH films are used for hospital laundry bags that are added directly to the washing machine without the need for handling the contents. Other PVOH film applications include watersoluble packaging, release films, vacuum bagging, transfer printing, and water-soluble Biodegradable: PVOH film will totally biodegrade when composted and, when solubilized, will rapidly degrade and be assimilated by a number of acclimated microorganisms in waste-water streams. Use of water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol film for packaging preweighed quantities of materials such as dyes, detergents, bluing, powdered bleaches, and fungicides permits their addition to aqueous systems without breaking the package or removing the contents, thereby saving time and reducing material

Physical Properties: The tensile strength of polyvinyl alcohol is similar to other packaging plastics, especially other water-soluble polymers. DuPont

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Elvanol7 1-30 forms tough, abrasion-resistant, tearresistant films. The strength, flexibility, and hardness of films vary with the plasticizer content and relative humidity.[1o3o] The tensile strength of Elvanol films increases substantially with stretching. After stretching five times its original length, film tensile strength increased from 69 MPa (10,000 psi) to more than 345 MPa (50,000 psi). [lo301 Elongation at break varies from less than 10% for dry, unplasticized films, to more than 400% for plasticized films of Elvanol 71-30 conditioned at 50% RH. A small amount of plasticizer substantially improves tear resistance, which is also higher in a warm, humid atmosphere than at low temperatures and humidity. The hardness and flexibility of plasticized Elvanol71-30 vary with the type and amount of plasticizer. Solubility: DuPont Elvanol71-30 is soluble in hot water, but has excellent resistance to cold water. Temperatures of 90" to 95°C are generally required for complete solution. Water is the only practical solvent for Elvanol, but substantial quantities of the lower alcohols can be added to water solutions without causing Only a few organic compounds have any appreciable solvent action on Elvanol 71-30. Most of these are polyhydroxy compounds (glycerin, ethylene glycol); amides (formamide, ethanol formamide, and ethanol acetamide); or amines, including ethanolamines and ethanolamine salts. Heat is required to dissolve even small amounts of Elvanol in solvents.[1030] Oil and Solvent Resistance: Elvanol71-30 is unaffected by animal and vegetable oils, greases, and petroleum hydrocarbons. L1 O3O]

Ch. 37: Polyvinyl Alcohol - PVOH

150 Optical Properties: In the infrared band, polyvinyl alcohol is practically opaque from 15 mm (15 microns) to 6.6 mm (6.6 microns) and again at 3 mm (3 microns).[l0301 Permeability: An outstanding property of polyvinyl alcohol is its high degree of impermeability to many gases. Continuous films or coatings of plasticized or unplasticized Elvanol provide excellent barriers against oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen,

helium, and hydrogen-sulfide gases. Permeability to oxygen is extremely low compared with that of other polymers used as packaging films.[1030] Exceptions to the low permeability of polyvinyl alcohol to gases are ammonia and water vapor. [10301

Film Properties By Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 37-0 1 through 37-02.

Table 37-01. Physical Properties of Plasticized DuPont Elvanol71-30 Film

I I I

Material Family Material Supplier Product Form

I I I

I I I

POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVOH) DuPont Elvanol71-30 + 16% Glycerine Film

Reference Number

1030

Material Thickness (mm)

0.076

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Wavelength: 0.25 pm (2,536 A) Transmitted (%)

77.5

Wavelength: 0.31 pm (3,130 A) Transmitted (%)

72.9

Wavelength: 0.37 pm (3,650 A) Transmitted (%)

81.1

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

I

TEST METHOD

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 22°C (72°F) (g/m2/24hr) Relative Humidity in Film Faces,

ASTM E96-53T

0/50 (%)

7

50/72 (%)

147

Gas Permeability,3°C (cm3/m2) Relative Humidity, 02 (< 60%) (60-80%) (100%) Values shown are per mil offilm thickness. Permeabilitywas measured at 101 kPa (1 atm) for24 hours.

Ch. 37: Polyvinyl Alcohol - PVOH

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151 Table 37-02. Moisture Absorption of Unplasticized DuPont Elvanol Films

I I I

Material Family Material Supplier Product Form

I I I

DuPont Elvanol

Film

Reference Number

I

II

Relative Humidity (%) Moisture Absortion, Weight Gain

1030

I

35

I

55

1-2

I

3-5

Films were dried at 100°C (212°F) before conditioning at humidity levels indicated.

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I I I

POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVOH)

I

I

I

80 7-10

I

100

I

25-30

I

Ch. 37: Polyvinyl Alcohol - PVOH

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Chapter 38

Polyvinyl Chloride = PVC Category: Vinyl, thermoplastic General Description: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is produced by the polymerization of the gas vinyl chloride. It is one of the world's most widely used plastics. Polyvinyl Chloride by itself is hard, brittle, and difficult to process. With the addition of plasticizers and other additives the compound becomes flexible and much more versatile. The wide application of PVC results from the material's versatility since it can be used as a rigid compound or blended with plasticizers to produce flexible grades.

Plastisols are the result of a special class of fineparticle PVC resin (dispersion grade) being dispersed in liquid plasticizers. Organosols are the product of a plastisol and a volatile diluent or a solvent. Commercial PVC copolymers include grades copolymerized with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, and maleate and fumarate esters.[loo4]

Processing Methods: Extrusion, thermoforming. Applications: Packaging is a major market for PVC. Flexible PVC compounds are used in food packaging applications because of their strength, sparkle and transparency, processability, and low raw-material cost.[2027]

Table 38-01. Physical Properties of PVC Film

Material Family

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)

1171

Reference Number PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Specific Gravity Tensile Strength, (MPa) Elongation (%) Heat Seal Temperature ("C)

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 0.0025 mm thick film, 3 8 T , 90% RH (g mm/m2 day)

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I I

1.21-1.37 14-110

I I

5-500 121-176

< 1.6

Ch. 38: Polyvinyl Chloride - PVC

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Chapter 39

Polyvinylidene Chloride = PVDC Category: Vinyl General Description: Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC) resin is a copolymer of vinylidene chloride (VDC) with vinyl chloride or other monomers.[1004] Dow Plastics' vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride, Saran, is usually supplied as a white, free-flowing powder. Dow Saran polymers are known worldwide for their gas-moisture, and chemical-barrier properties, and for their ignition-resistant properties.[1045] Specifics of two Saran Wrap types: Saran Wrap 18. A clear, biaxially oriented monolayer barrier film.[1046] Saran Wrap 3. A clear, biaxially oriented monolayer barrier film.[1046]

Film Processing Methods: Extrusion, coextrusion, and Saran F- lacquer solution films. Multilayer Extrusion: Saran resins are used in combination with a myriad of other polymers in flexible and rigid multilayer products. Multilayer cast and blown film coextrusion processes for Saran can be used with all polyethylenes, polypropylenes, and nylons.[1051] Film Applications: Monolayer films (Saran) for food wrap and medical packaging. Coextruded films and sheet structures as a barrier layer in medical and packaging (including fresh red meats, cheese, and sausages).[1045]

Coatings are applied to containers to prevent gas

Rigid Packaging: PVDC is used in combination with skin layers (materials such as polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, and polystyrene) which provide the necessary structural properties to the package. [10451 Blister packs are coated with PVDC if barrier properties are required.[1045]

Regulatory Approval: Saran (vinylidene chloride/ vinyl chloride) copolymers: unmodified Saran resin, when processed according to good manufacturing practices, will comply with the US Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act as amended for use in direct food contact:[lo451 CFR 177.1010. Acrylic and Modified Acrylic Plastics, Semirigid and Rigid[10451 CFR 177.1990. Vinylidene Chloride /Methyl Acrylate Copolymers[1045] CFR 1 79.45. Packaging Materials for use during the irradiation of prepackaged foods[1045] The USDA has approved most commercial Saran resins when used as received according to good manufacturing practices for direct meat and poultry contact

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 39-01 through 39-02.

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Ch. 39: Polyvinylidene Chloride - PVDC

156 Table 39-01. Physical Properties of Dow Saran Wrap Plastic Film

I I I

Material Family Material Supplier Material Grade

I I I

Dow Saran Wrap

I

3

Reference Number

I I

Film Thickness (mm) Product Form

I I I

POLWINYLIDENE CHLORIDE (PVDC)

la

1046

I I

I I

0.025 Biaxially Oriented Monolayer Film

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Coefficient of Friction, Film-toMetal (Kinetic) Secant Modulus, 2%, MDlTD

I

Ultimate Elongation, MDlTD (%)

I

Ultimate Tensile Strength, MD/TD YPa) Unrestrained Shrink, MD/TD OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

I II

0.27 482/512 90/60 90/103

I

15/19

I

II I I

ASTM D1894 583/496 80/60

I

ASTM D882

97/124 16/9

100°C Air

Clarity (%)

86

56

ASTM D1746

Gloss (45")

112

99

ASTM D2457

Haze(%)

I

2

I

I

7

I

I

ASTM D1003

I

ASTM D3985, Permetran W

I

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

Gas Transmission Rate, 02 (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)

I

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)

I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 39: Polyvinylidene Chloride - PVDC

0.47 0.11

I

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157 Table 39-02. Physical Properties of Dow Saran Plastic Film from Europe

I I

Material Family

POLWINYLIDENE CHLORIDE (PVDC)

Material Supplier

Dow Saran

Material Grade Reference Number MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Film Thickness (mm)

I I I I

I

19E

1046

I I

0.025

I

24E

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD

Elongation, MD/TD (%)

45/35

52/44

Modulus, MDlTD (MPa)

720/690

530/480

DIN 53571A

I I

Shrink, MDlTD (%) Tensile Strength, MD/TD (MPa) PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

I I I

Gas Transmission Rate 02 (cm3 mm/m2 day atm) Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)

I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

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17/14 75/100

I I

0.425

25/18 58/80

0.6 0.065

I I

I I

100°C Air DIN 53571A

I I

Mown Ox-Tran Lyssy L80

I

Ch. 39: Polyvinylidene Chloride - PVDC

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Chapter 40

Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films = PVDC Coated Films General Description: Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) resin is a copolymer of vinylidene chloride (VDC) with vinyl chloride or other monomers,[1oo4] and is used as a coating over DuPont Teijin Films Mylar films, Enhance Packaging Technologies Sclairfilm BL LLDPE Film, Dartek B-601 and B602, nylon 66, and PVDC coated nylon. The PVDC coating provides the film with excellent oxygen-and moisture-barrier properties. Descriptions of some common PVC coated films: Mylar M30. A transparent, polyester packaging film, solvent-coatedon both sides with a PVDC copolymer. The coating is heat-sealable and is an excellent moisture- and oxygen-barrier properties.[ll2O1 Mylar M34. A transparent, polyester packaging film, solvent-coated on one side with a PVDC copolymer. The coating is heat-sealable and is an excellent moisture and oxygen barrier.[11201 Mylar 50 M44E. A transparent, exceptionally strong polyester film, coated on one side with a PVDC copolymer, creating a highly durable film with excellent oxygen barrier properties.[1066] Mylar MC2. A polyester film with a vacuum-deposited layer of aluminum on one side and overcoated on both sides with a heat-sealable PVDC copolymer.[ll2O1 Sclairfilm BL-l/BL-3. An LLDPE sealant film coated on one side with PVDC; it provides excellent barrier properties, while retaining the

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outstanding physical- and sealstrength characteristics.[' 160] Dartek B-602. A strong, transparent nylon type-66 cast film that has a PVDC coating applied to one side for an enhanced barrier to oxygen, moisture, grease, or odor. Because the base sheet is from the Dartek F series, the coated film inherits many excellent properties such as high heat resistance, superioroptics, and goodthermoforming characteristics.[2023] Dartek BF-620. A one-sidePVDC-coatednylon 66 film based on the SF-502 Super-Forming base fih.[20231

Film Processing Methods: For use on form-fill-seal and overwrap equipment as well as thermoforming equipment. Film Applications: Mylar M30. Used both in unsupported form, or as a component of a lamination, and can be run on both form/fill/ seal and overwrap equipment; is particularly well suited for the packaging of long-shelf-life or moistureand oxygen-sensitive products such as processed meats, salty snacks, cakes, candy, nuts, and pharmaceutical and other non-food items.[' 120] Mylar M34. Designed to be reverse printed on the coated side, then combined with a sealant layer such as polyethylene or Surlyn resin-locking in the PVDC coating. Such a structure is quite durable, and its sparkling clarity and excellent barrier properties, plus its Ch. 40: Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films - PVDC Coated Films

160 resistance to heat and humidity, make it an ideal combination for gas and vacuum packaging of processed meats and cheese.[1120]

and can be printed, laminated, or extrusion coated. In converter combinations, it can be used for any packaging or industrial end-use requiring highbarrier properties. B-602 can be easily thermoformed for assorted shapes and products such as meats and

Mylar 50 M44E. Used as a substrate in combination with sealant webs, and can be printed with appropriate inks, including water-based inks.[1o66]

Dartek BF-620. Designed specifically for demanding thermoforming enduses (deep draw depth or tight product conformation) where an enhanced barrier to oxygen, moisture, grease, and odor is required.[2023]

MC2. Can be used in plain and structured form to package snacks, candy, nuts, pharmaceuticals, dry chemicals, and other materials that require protection from moisture, oxygen, and light.[l120]

Sclairfilm BL-l/BL-3. Used in laminated structures suitable for meat, cheese, snacks, MAPICAP, and in other applications requiring good barrier properties and excellent sealing characteristics.[l l6O1 Dartek B-602. Specially formulated for use in high-humidity applications,

Regulatory Approval: Mylar M30, M34, and MC2 comply with the Food and Drug Administration regulation 21 CFR 177.1630-Polyethylene phthalate polymers, Sections (f, and (g).[ll2O1 Mylar M30 is listed in the Drug Master File.[1120] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 40-01 through 40-03.

Ch. 40: Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films - PVDC Coated Films

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161 Table 40-01. Physical Properties of Dupont Teijin Films Mylar Films

I I I

Material Family Material Supplier Material Grade

I I I

Film Thickness (mm)

MC2

I

I

0.014

I

I

Dupont Teijin Films M30

I

M34

I

Reference Number

I

I

I I I

POLYVINYLIDENE CHLORIDE COATED

50M44E 1120

I

0.025

I

0.0225

I

0.015

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

Elongation at Break, MD/TD (9'0) Heat Seal Strength (coat/coat), 250°F, 0.5 sec, 20 psi (glmm)

I

Modulus (stiffness), (MPa) Tear Strength, Initial (Graves),(N)

I

Tensile Strength at Break, MDlTD (MPa) Unrestrained Shrink, MD/TD

TEST METHOD

I

130/75

II

7.87

I I

I

I

130/70

I

-

II

3447 4.89 179/248 3.0

I I

4.0 172/228 2.0

I I

110/80

186/228

-

I

100/80

I

ASTM D882A

I

3450

I

ASTMD882

*300g

I I

165/193 1.5

ASTM D1004

I

ASTMD882A

I120'30min

OPTICAL PROPERTIES Gloss (20")

I

Haze (9'0)

180

I

2.5

140

I

8

-

200

I

5

I

-

ASTM D2457

I

ASTMD1003

I

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES Gas Transmission Rate, 22"C/50% RH 02 (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)

0.25

0.177

0.1

0.0021

ASTM D3985

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 38"C, 90% RH (g mm/m2 day)

0.25

0.177

-

-

ASTM F1249

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)

-

-

0.08

0.008

ASTM E96 Procedure E

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Ch. 40: Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films - PVDC Coated Films

162 Table 40-02. Physical Properties of Enhance Packaging Technologies Sclairfilm BL-1 and BL-3 PVDC Coated LLDPE Films

Material Family

I I I

Material Supplier Material Grade Reference Number

POLWINYLIDENE CHLORIDE COATED

I I I

Sclairfilm BL-I and BL-3

1160

Film Thickness (mm)

Elongation, MD (%) Impact Strength (9) Slip (kinetic coefficient of friction)

0.051

I I I

50% Dart Drop

38.6

I

ASTM D882A

100

I

ASTM D2457, Photocell Microamps

175

0.35

BL-3

0.13

Tensile Modulus, MD (MPa)

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

165.5

I I

Gloss (uncoated side)

I

I I I

600

BL-1

Ultimate Tensile, MD (MPa)

Haze(%)

I I I

Enhance Packaging Technologies

I

10

ASTM D882

ASTM D1894

ASTM D882

I

ASTM D1003

I

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

Gas Transmission Rate, 22"C/50% RH, 02 (cm3 mm/m2 day atm) Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)

0.63-0.79

ASTM D3985

0.31

ASTM F372

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 40: Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films - PVDC Coated Films

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163 Table 40-03. Physical Properties of Enhance Packaging Technologies Dartek B-602 and BF-620 PVDC Coated Nylon 66 Films

I I I

Material Family Material Supplier Material Grade

I I I

Enhance Packaging Technologies Dartek 8-602

Reference Number

I

Dartek BF-620

I

2023

Film Thickness (mm)

0.025

0.75

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

Elongation, MD/TD (%)

TEST METHOD

I

300/300

Coefficient of Friction (kinetic)

I I

I

Impact Strength (9) Tensile strength, MD/TD (MPa)

I I

500 724/724 24/24

Tear Strength, ElmendorfPropagated, MDlTD (glpm)

1.4/1.2

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

370/400

I

I I

758/758

Gloss (uncoated side) Haze (90' )

I I

I I

ASTM D882

550 792/758

I I

ASTM F1709 ASTM D882

19/20

ASTM D1004

1.8/2.2

ASTM D1922

I I

I

965/965

I

ASTM D882

I

I

150

I

Photocell ASTM Microamps D2457'

I

1.o

ASTM D1003

Gas Transmission Rate, 232"C/O% RH, 02 (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)

0.1925

5.75

ASTM D3985

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)

0.225

6.75

ASTM F372

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I

ASTM D1894 (film to film/50% RH) Uncoated Side

0.60-0.80

Tear Strength, Initial (Graves), MD/TD (glpm)

Tensile Modulus, MD/TD (MPa)

I I I

POLWINYLIDENE CHLORIDE COATED

Ch. 40: Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films - PVDC Coated Films

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Chapter 41

Mylar Films = Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Barrier General Description: Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymers are an important component of high-barrier, multilayered packaging materials. They can be easily coextruded with nylons, but coextrusionwith polyolefins, polyesters, and polycarbonates requires use of adhesives in which the layers are structured as follows: base film, adhesive, EVOH, adhesive, and heat sealant.[1020] Honeywell OxyShield nylodEVOH oxygen-barrier (OB) film’s combination of nylon 6 and EVOH delivers a strong mix of benefits: the strength, toughness, and flex-crack resistance of nylon with the extremely low oxygen transmission rates, superior flavor/odor/aroma-barrier properties, with the outstanding solvent and oil resistance of both nylon and EVOH. The film is microwaveable and recyclable, and does not release harmful substances upon incineration.[1083] The following are some specific Oxyshield characteristics:

OxyShield BOEB. Biaxially oriented, coextruded nylon 6/EVOH/nylon 6 clear film having excellent gas barrier properties through a broad range of relative humidity.L1 0831

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OxyShield OBS. Oriented barrier, monoaxially oriented coextruded nylon 6/EVOH/nylon 6 clear film with slip additive, having excellent gas barrier properties through a broad range of relative humidity.[1o83] OxyShield OEB. Oriented extra barrier, is a monoaxially oriented coextruded nylon 6/EVOH/nylon 6 clear film having excellent gas barrier properties through a broad range of relative humidity.L1 0831 Film Processing Methods: Blown or cast coextrusion methods can be used. Processing of multilayer sheets, tubes, and bottles is the same as for films.[10831 Film Applications: OxyShield films are used in food service and single-serve pouches, lidding, and bagin-box structures.[1083]

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 41-0 1.

Ch. 41: Mylar Films - Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Barrier

166 Table 41 -01. Film Properties of Honeywell Capran OxyShield, Oriented Barrier (OB), Nylon 6IEVOHINylon 6

I I I

Material Family Material Supplier Material Grade

I I I

Capran Oxyshield BOEB

I

I

OBS

Reference Number

I

Film Thickness (mm)

I

OEB

1083

I

I

0.015

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

TEST METHOD

Dimensional Stability, hot air, MDlTD (% shrinkage)

1.6/0.3

Dimensional Stability, hot water, MDlTD (% shrinkage)

2.8/1.4

Elongation, MD/TD (%)

I I I

EVOH BARRIER LAYER, NYLON GIEVOHINYLON 6

I

160°C - 5 min

110/100

50-90/225425

55-80/180-425

0.15 0.5

0.16-0.30 0.48-1 .O

0.25-0.57 0.66-2 .O

II

95°C - 5 min ASTMD882

II

Coefficient of Friction Film to Stainless Steel Film to Film

I I

I I I

Modulus (elastic), MD/TD (MPa) Modulus (tensile), MD/TD (MPa)

I I

ASTM D882 1600/1600

Tear Strength (Graves), MD/TD YPa) Tear Strength at Break, MD/TD YPa)

190/200

2758-3999/2275-3241 1050-1 650/1000-1550

1000-1400/925-1450

262-352/54-100

200-290/48-97

no yield/63-81

no yield/69-83

I

ASTMD1004

I

Gloss (20")

170

-

-

Haze (%)

4.0

< 5.5

< 5.0

Light Transmission (%)

88

-

-

0.0225

0.0255

0.0093

ASTM D3985

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 4O0C/9O% RH (g mm/m2 day)

1.5

-

-

ASTM E96

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 37.8"C/100% RH (g mm/m2 day)

-

3.255

2.1

ASTM F1249

Gas Transmission Rate, 23"C/65% RH, 02 (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)

I

ASTM D882

Tear Strength at Yield, MDlTD YPa) OPTICAL PROPERTIES

ASTM D1894

Ch. 41: Mylar Films - Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Barrier

ASTM D523 ASTM D1003

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Chapter 42

Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers = TPO Category: Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPOs) are typically called thermoplastic olefins. General Description: TPOs are resin blends of polypropylene with rubber (EPDM or EP) and polyethylene. Characterizedby high-impact strength, low density, and good chemical resistance, they are used when durability and reliability are primary concerns.[' Oo41 TPO products include the following:

Basell Polyolefins AdJlex TPO resin. Produced from Basell's proprietary "Catalloy" Basell Polyolefins Adflex Q401 F: A TPO resin with slip and antiblock properties.[' 1631 Equistar Chemicals Flexathene TP 38KCOl. A polypropylene-ethylene copolymer formulated for film applications requiring medium stifhess, excellent impact strength, and high heat resistance. Produced in a proprietary gas-phase process, TP 38KC01 yields a product with greater physical properties and more uniform rubber dispersion than melt-blendedrubber compounds.[' '62] Film Processing: Extrusion, blown film. Film Applications: AdJlex Q 200 F: Ideal for making soft hygienic or heavy duty films; used to modify LDPE or LLDPE resins in order to improve mechanical characteristics, puncture resistance, and to allow further d0wngauging.L' 1631

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AdJlex Q 301 F TPO resin. Designed for impact modification of polypropylene, as well as monolayer and multilayer air-quenched blown films.[' 1631 Adflex Q 401 E and Q 402 . Designed for air-quenchedblown film applications.[' 1631 Regulatory Approval: AdJlex Q 200 F: Q 301 F: and Q 402 F resins. Meets FDA requirements in the Code of Federal Regulations in 21 CFR 177.1520 for all food contact, except for certain fatty foods. All ingredients in Q 200 F resin meet the chemical registration requirements of TSCA(US) and DSL (Canada).["63] Ad f e x Q 401 F resin. Meets FDA requirements in the Code of Federal Regulations in 21 CFR 177.1520 for all food contact, except for certain fatty foods. The final item is subject to the extraction requirements in 21 CFR 177.2600. All ingredients meet the chemical registration requirements

ofTSCA(US)andDSL(Canada).[1163] Flexathene TP 38KCOl. Meets the requirements of the Food and Drug Administration, 21 CFR 177.1520. This regulation allows the use of this olefin polymer "...in articles or components of articles intended for use in contact with food." Other limitations or conditions of use may apply.[1162] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 42-01 through 42-02.

Ch. 42: Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers - TPO

168 Table 42-01. Film Properties of Basell Adflex Thermoplastic Polyolefin Film Grades

I I I

Material Family Material Supplier Material Grade

I I I

I I I

THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN (TPO) Basell Adflex Q401 F

I

Q 402 F

Reference Number

1163

Thickness (mm)

0 050

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Dart Drop Impact (9) ElmendorfTear, MDlTD (9)

TEST METHOD

I I

I I

550 440l920

Secant Modulus, MDlTD (MPa)

331l303

Tensile Strength at Break (%)

68.3l48.3

Tensile Strength at Yield (MPa)

18/15

Tensile Elongation at Break (%)

670l870

ASTMD1709 ASTMD1922

I

ASTMD882' 2% secant

I I

I

ASTM D882

I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

I

Table 42-02. Film Proprieties of Equistar Chemicals Flexathene TP 38KC01 Thermoplastic Polyolefin Film Grades THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN (TPO)

Material Family

Equistar Chemicals Flexathene TP 38KC01

Material Supplier/Trade Name

1162

Reference Number MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Thickness (mm)

I

I

0.0375

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD

Coefficient of Friction (9)

1.2

ASTM D1894

Dart Drop Impact Strength, F50 (9)

460

ASTM D1709A

Elmendorf Tear Strength, MDlTD (9)

80l400

ASTM D1922

Secant Modulus, I % , MDlTD (MPa)

641l517

Tensile Strength at Yield, MDlTD (%)

19.3l16.5

Tensile Elongation, Ultimate, MDlTD (MPa)

580l680

Ultimate Tensile Strength, MDlTD (MPa)

75.8l46.1

ASTM D882

Gloss (20")

I Haze (%) I I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction. Ch. 42: Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers - TPO

8 67

ASTM D2457

I

ASTMD1003

I I

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Chapter 43

Polyether Block Amide = PEBA Category: Thermoplastic Elastomer

Pebax complies with the following bacteriological

General Description: Elf Atochem Pebax Resins, breathable resins, are polyether block amides (PEBAs), thermoplastic elastomers made of a flexible polymer and a rigid polyamide. Extruded films made with Pebax are compact, thoroughly waterproof, and breathable.[1079]

ASTM ES21 at 14 kPa, Pebax. Acts

Film Processing: Blown film, cast film, and coating.[lo791

Swedish test SS 87 60019.

Film Applications: These resins can be used as general purpose films for packaging of h i t s and vegetables, or applied onto a variety of textiles.[1079] General Features: Has good physical properties and a smooth finish, and is weldable, antistatic, and resistant to hydrolysis.[1o79]

as a barrier when pressure increases to 25 kPa and 34 kPa.

ASTM ES22 at 14 kPa, Pebax. Acts as a barrier when pressure increases to 25 kPa and 34 kPa.

Permeability: Pebax is permeable to oxygen and other gases such as CO,, N,, and C,H,. Pebax’s high breathability lets water vapor (or perspiration in the textile applications) go through films at a very high rate.[1079]

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 43-01.

Medical Features: Virus-proof while still highly breathable to water vapor, sterilizable, washable, and USP class

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Ch. 43: Polyether Block Amide - PEBA

170 Table 43-01. Film Properties of Atofina Pebax Breathable Films

I I

Material Family Material Supplier

I I

Trade Name

POLYETHER BLOCK AMlDE (PEBA) Atochem Pebax Films MX 1205

MV 1041

Reference Number

I

Film Thickness (mm)

MV 3000

MV 1074

1079

I

I

0.025

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Elongation at Break, %, MD/TD (MPa)

I I

TEST METHOD 2700h700 70

Modulus (MPa) Tensile Strength, MD/TD (MPa)

44/43

I I

2500h600

2500h700

2700h700

230

45

80

58/53

32/22

32/34 ASTM D882

Stress at the following (MPa) 0% 50% 100% 300%

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 38"C/50% RH (g mm/m2 day)

6 9 10 13

14 17 19 24

45

300

6 10 11 14

550

620 ASTM E96

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 38"C/90% RH (g mm/m2 day) Water Absorption, equilibrium, 20°C/65% RH % 24 h in water

Ch. 43: Polyether Block Amide - PEBA

45

67.5

82

107

0.5 1.2

0.9 12

1.o 28

1.4 48

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Chapter 44

Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer Category: Thermoplastic Elastomer General Description: JSR RB, manufactured by Japanese Synthetic Rubber Company, is a lowmolecular-weight, low-crystallinity (1 5-30%) syndiotactic 1,2 polybutadiene.[l1641 The following characteristics are evident: Good gas permeability and transparency.[l1641 Low melting point.[l1641 Flexiblibility.[l1641 Self

Film Processing: Blown film and cast film. Film Applications: Films for industrial uses, melting bags .L1 1641 Electrical Properties: JSR RB has similar electrical properties to polyethylene with the exception of dielectric loss tangent; and since it is a hydrocarbon, it possesses better insulating properties than plasticized PVC.[1164]

Modulus: The modulus of JSR RB is almost the same as EVA, with a higher brittle point than LDPE ~rEVA.[ll~~l Tensile Properties: Similar to polyethylene, the stress-strain curve of JSR RB has a yield point. Above the yield point, the stress-strain curve continues to increase with elongation, then breaks. This kind of stress-strain curve is similar to EVA and indicates a characteristic property lying somewhere between amorphous and crystalline polymers. The dynamic properties of JSR RB can be improved by stretching.[11641 Transparency: Transparency is influenced by cooling rates. Slow cooling results in low transparency, compared to rapid cooling. Regulatory Approval: JSR RB has not been approved for any medical or food applications by the FDA (United States), the BGA (Germany), or any other similar authorities in any countries except Japan.[11641 Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 44-0 1.

Table 44-01. Influence of Cooling Speed on JSR RB 820[11641

Cooling Condition

Transmission Rate of Parallel Light (%)

Haze Value (%)

Quenching

10°C x 5 min

91

1

Slow cooling (1)

25°C x 8 min

73

9

Slow cooling (2)

50°C x 10min

62

20

Cooling Method

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Ch. 44: Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer

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Chapter 45

Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer Category: Thermoplastic Elastomer General Description: Arnitel is DSM Engineering Plastics' family of copolyesters (COPEs) and thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). These resins are multiblock copolymers in which butylene terapthalate hard segments and poly(alky1ene oxide) soft segments alternate repeatedly along the polymer backbone.[' 1651

Breathable applications include medical uses like surgical gowns, drapes, dressings, diapers and adult incontinence products, construction including semi-permeable roofing membranes, and "house wrap."[' '651 Non-breathable applications include wholesale food packaging, especially applications that require ffeezing products in the bag, monolayer and multilayer films, and vacuum bagging.[' 1651

Eastmans' Ecdel elastomers are COPEs. Ecdel elastomer is a clear, tough copolymer with elastomericlike properties. It imparts strength and durability and resists puncturing while remaining remarkably clear and ffee of the blush or haze that can occur in hightemperature autoclaving necessary for medical applications. Ecdel elastomer combines the chemical resistance, toughness, autoclavability, and inertness of polyesters with flexibility over a broad temperature range.[' 1591

Permeability: Copolyester TPE films and coatings are permeable to moisture and gases (0, and CO,) but are non-porous and thus impermeable to water, blood, and bacteria.[' 1651

Film Processing Methods: Copolyester TPE can be extruded into blown or cast film.[1164] Ecdel Elastomer 9965 may be extrusion blow-molded directly into bags or extruded into film for later fabrication into bags.[' 1591

UV Stability: Both DSM Arnitel E-grade and Pgrade elastomers degrade very rapidly when exposed to UV light, thus UV black coloring is recommended for those applications exposed to UV light.[' 1651

Film Applications: Copolyester TPE film and coating markets divide into breathable and non-breathable applications.['1651

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 45-01 through 45-02.

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Ecdel Elastomer is ideal for applications in pharmaceutical packaging where low extractables, toughness, flex crack resistance, and utility in harsh environments are required.["59]

Ch. 45: Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer

174 Table 45-01. Properties of DSM Engineering Plastics Arnitel P-Grade CopolyesterThermoplastic Elastomer Films

I I I I

Material Family Material Supplier Trade Name Reference Number

I I I I

DSM Engineering Plastics Arnitel Ps

I

PL380

I

PL381

Elongation at Break (%)

I

480

I

1.7

Puncture Resistance, max (N) Tensile Strength (Nlmm) Trouser Tear Strength, max (N)

I

PL581

0.025

Graves Tear Strength, max (N)

I

I

PL460

1165

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

I I I I

COPOLYESTER THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER

I

400

I

1.6

480

I

2.0

530

I

2.8

ASTMD882 ASTM D1004

3

2

4

5

DSM test

11.5

14

20

40

ASTM D882

-

I

1.I

I

1.3

I

1.7

I

I

ASTMD1938

I

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

Water Absorption, %, At equilibrium in air At equilibrium in water

0.40 7.0

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, (g mm/m2 day) 38°C (100 "F)/50% RH 38°C (100 "F)/50% RH

47.5 112.5

27.5 48.25

22.5 37.5

ASTM E96B ASTM E96BW

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 45: Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer

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175 Table 45-02. Physical Properties of Eastman's Ecdel Copolyester Thermoplastic Elastomer

I I I

Material Family Material Supplier/Trade Name Reference Number

I I I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I I I

COPOLYESTER THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER Eastman Ecdel9966

1159

I

0.11-0.14

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Coefficient of Friction Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%)

TEST METHOD

I I

4001500

Tensile Modulus (MPa)

180

Tensile Stress at Yield, MD/TD (MPa)

14/12

Gloss (45%)

Regular Transmittance (%) Total Transmittance (%) Refractive Index (n)

I I

ASTMD1894

ASTM D882

85

ASTM D2457

1

Haze (%)

I I I

> 1.0

I I I

Gas Permeability (cm3 mm/m2 24 h atm) COz, 23°C Oz,3O0C Water Vapor Transmission Rate 38"C/lOO% RH (g mm/m2 day)

94 93 1.51

> 1000 130 21

I I I

ASTMD1003

ASTM D542

I

ASTM D1434

I

ASTMF372

I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction

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Ch. 45: Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer

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Chapter 46

Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer Category: Thermoplastic Elastomer General Description: Kraton Polymers are a range of unhydrogenated styrenic block copolymers, compounds with an unsaturated rubber midblock (styrene-butadiene-styrene [SBS] and styrene-isoprenestyrene [SIS]).[~O~~] Kraton polymers blended with polypropylene can provide films with elasticity and strength, puncture resistance, low permanent set to prevent finger marks and indentation due to handling, high oxygen permeability, moisture-barrier properties, and cling.[l0671

Film Applications: Kraton polymers blended with polypropylene and coextruded with ethylene vinyl acetate to form multilayer structures are suitable for food-wrap applications and can offer an excellent

balance of properties combined with a low density. These lighter-weight, thinner films not only reduce packaging costs, but can also be reprocessed for further use.[1o67]

Regulatory Approval: Most Kraton clear polymer grades are suitable for use in food contact articles, and comply with relevant regulations, for example those of the FDA (United States), the BGA (Germany), and the Warenwet regulations (the Netherlands). Further details of these and other compliances can be provided. Manufacturers of final products should ensure that all other ingredients used also comply with the regulations.[1067] Permeability: Kraton is permeable by oxygen but acts as a moisture

Note: Because Kraton is blended with other film-grade resins, film properties of Kraton alone are not applicable.

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Ch. 46: Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer

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Chapter 47

Metallized Films Category: Metallized Films

Film Processing: An extremely thin metal layer (0.00005 mm) is applied to plastic films.[2032]

General Description: Many plastic films can be metallized, (for example, PET, BOPP, PVC, and LDPE) to increase their barrier properties with respect to light, water, and gases, while providing highstrength characteristics and good printability.[2o32] Vacmet Packagings (India): Metallized polyester and BOPP, biaxially oriented polypropylene,

Film Applications: Metallized polyester and BOPP films are suitable for flexible packaging, lamination, metallic yarn, decoration, e t ~ . [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 47-01.

Table 47-01. Film Properties of Vacmet Packagings Metallized Plastic Films

Material Family

I I

Material Grade Reference Number

METALLIZED PLASTIC FILMS

I I

I

Polyester

I

BOPP

I I

2032

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sample Thickness (mm)

I I

0.012

0.024

0.015

0.025

Coefficient of Friction Film to metal

0.4-0.5

-

ASTM D1894

Elongation, MD/TD (%)

100/90

150/70

ASTM D882

Heat Shrinkage, 150°C, 30 min, MDlTD (%)

1.5/0.5

Heat Sealing Temperature ("C) Tensile Strength, MD/TD (Kg/s2)

I I

2000/2200

I I

1500/2500

I I

I 125 1400/2300

I I

ASTMD1204

ASTM D882

I

I I

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day) 3O0C/9O% RH

0.018-0.024

-

Gas Permeability (cm3 mm/m2 day atm) 02

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0.028-0.032

0.669

2.9

Ch. 47: Metallized Films

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Chapter 48

Biodegradable or Organic Films Biodegradable* plastics can be made by microorganisms, synthesized from natural products like starch or proteins, or composed of synthetic polymers. The current generation of biodegradable films may be up to 100% biodegradable, i.e., not containing any synthetic polymers.

Gluten Plastic: Gluten can be processed by extrusion to make fibers, pipes, and films. Alternatively it can be made into granules that can be processed in other ways, like injection molding or blow-molding .[ 11371 Starch Plastic: Starches can be converted into thermoplastic or thermoset materials. Properties of the individual starches vary depending upon the size and shape of the granules and the amylose/amylopectin ratio. Amylose is a mostly linear chain, and amylopectin is a branched glucan. Most starches contain approximately 20% amylose.[l1371

PVOH, or PS. Self-supporting cast films can be made from soy proteins or wheat gluten.[l 1371

Protein Plastic: Coatings from proteins including collagen, corn zein, wheat gluten, soy protein isolate, whey protein isolate, and casein can provide oxygen- and flavor-barrier properties. Their poor mechanical properties make these films unsuitable for self-supporting biodegradable packaging material. These coatings are used for paper coatings and edible food coatings.[1137] Soy proteins and wheat gluten can be cast to form a self-supporting films. These films act as oxygen barriers demonstrating lower oxygen permeabilities than polysaccharide films. However, they are very sensitive to water and not very strong.[1137] Most protein films have high water-vapor permeability, which can be modified by the inclusion of wax or other modifiers.[l1371

Properties of starch films may be modified through the addition of plasticizers and synthetic polymers. Starch-based materials are often blended with PE,

*Biodegradable: For a material to be called biodegradable, it must be degraded completely, within one year, to only natural compounds, such as carbon dioxide, water, methane, and biomass. This process is carried out by microorganisms, whether or not under special conditions. The product is first depolymerized (chain cleavage) and then mineralized. Edible coatings are also considered to be

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Ch. 48: Biodegradable or Organic Films

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Glossary of Terms A ABS: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer. ABS Nylon Alloy: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer Nylon Alloy. ABS PC Alloy: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer Polycarbonate Alloy. ABS Resin: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer. Accelerant: See Accelerator. Accelerator: A chemical substance that accelerates chemical, photochemical, biochemical, etc., reactions or processes, such as cross-linking or degradation of polymers, that is triggered andor sustained by another substance, such as a curing agent or catalyst, or environmental factor, such as heat, radiation, or a microorganism. Also called accelerant, promoter, and cocatalyst. Acetal Resins: Thermoplastics prepared by polymerization of formaldehyde or its trioxane trimer. Acetals have high impact strength and stiffness, low fiiction coefficient and permeability, good dimensional stability and dielectric properties, and high fatigue strength and thermal stability. Acetals have poor acid and UV resistance and are flammable. Processed by injection and blow-molding and extrusion. Used in mechanical parts such as gears and bearings, automotive components, appliances, and plumbing and electronic applications. Also called acetals. Acetals: See Acetal Resins. Acetone: A volatile, colorless, highly flammable liquid with molecular formula CH,COCH,. Acetone has an autoignition temperature of 537"C, mixes readily with water and some other solvents, and is moderately toxic. Acetone dissolves most thermoplastics and some thermosets. Used as organic synthesis intermediate, e.g., in the manufacture of bisphenol A and antioxidants, as solvent in paints and acetate fiber spinning and for cleaning of electronic parts. Also called dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone.

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Acrylate Styrene Acrylonitrile Polymer: Acrylic rubber-modified thermoplastic with high weatherability. Acrylate Styrene Acrylonitrile Polymer has good heat and chemical resistance, toughness, rigidity, and antistatic properties. Processed by extrusion, thermoforming, and molding. Used in construction, leisure, and automotive applications such as siding, exterior auto trim, and in outdoor furniture. Acrylic Resins: Thermoplastic polymers of alkyl acrylates such as methyl methacrylates. Acrylic resins have good optical clarity, weatherability, surface hardness, chemical resistance, rigidity, impact strength, and dimensional stability. They have poor solvent resistance, poor resistance to stress cracking, flexibility, and thermal stability. Processed by casting, extrusion, injection molding, and thermoforming. Used in transparent parts, auto trim, household items, light fixtures, and medical devices. Also called polyacrylates. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer: ABS resins are thermoplastics comprised of a mixture of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) and SAN-grafted butadiene rubber. They have high impact resistance, toughness, rigidity, and processability, but low dielectric strength, continuous service temperature, and elongation. Outdoor use requires protective coatings in some cases. Plating grades provide excellent adhesion to metals. Processed by extrusion, blow-molding, thermoforming, calendaring, and injection molding. Used in household appliances, tools, nonfood packaging, business machinery, interior automotive parts, extruded sheet, pipe, and pipe fittings. Also called ABS, ABS resin, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer Nylon Alloy: A thermoplastic processed by injection molding, with properties similar to ABS, but higher elongation at yield. Also called ABS Nylon Alloy. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer Polycarbonate Alloy: A thermoplastic processed by injection molding and extrusion, with properties similar to ABS. Used in automotive applications. Also called ABS PC alloy.

Glossary of Terms

Acrylonitrile Copolymer: A thermoplastic prepared by copolymerization of acrylonitrile with small amounts of other unsaturated monomers. Has good gas barrier properties and chemical resistance. Processed by extrusion, injection molding, and thermoforming. Used in food packaging. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer. Activation Energy: An excess energy that must be added to an atomic or molecular system to allow a process to proceed such as diffusion or chemical reaction. Adsorption: Retention of a substance molecule on the surface of a solid or liquid. Alcohols: A class of hydroxy compounds in which a hydroxy group(s) is attached to a carbon chain or ring. Alcohols are produced synthetically from petroleum stock, e.g., by hydration of ethylene, or derived from natural products, e.g., by fermentation of grain. The alcohols are divided in the following groups: monohydric, dihydric, trihydric, and polyhydric. Used in organic synthesis, as solvents, plasticizers, fuels, beverages, and detergents, etc. AMA: See Acrylonitrile Methyl Acrylate. Amorphous Nylon: Transparent aromatic polyamide thermoplastics. Produced by condensation of hexamethylene diamine, isophthalic and terephthalic acid. Annulus Test: An ozone resistance test for rubbers that involves a flat-ring specimen mounted as a band over a rack, stretched 0 to loo%, and subjected to ozone attack in the test chamber. The specimen is evaluated by comparing to a calibrated template to determine the minimum elongation at which cracking occurred. Anthraquinone: An aromatic compound comprising two benzene rings linked by two carbonyl (C=O) groups, C,H,(CO),C,H,. Combustible. Used as an intermediate in organic synthesis, mainly in the manufacture of anthraquinone dyes and pigments. One method of preparation is by condensation of 1,4-naphthaquinonewith butadiene. Antioxidant: A chemical substance capable of inhibiting oxidation or oxidative degradation of another substance such as plastic in which it is incorporated. Antioxidants act by terminating chain-propagating free radicals or by decomposing peroxides, formed during oxidation, into stable products. The first group of antioxidants include

Glossary of Terms

hindered phenols and amines; the second group includes sulfur compounds, such as thiols.

Ar: See argon. Arc Resistance: Arc Resistance is the relative ability of a material to withstand arcing across its surface when electrodes placed on the specimen are impressed with high voltage (low amperage) current. Area Factor: The ratio between the total area of pore openings on the surface of a membrane that is in contact with the incoming flow of a penetrant, to the area of this surface . Argon (Ar): A chemically inert, tasteless, colorless, noncombustible monoatomic gas. Argon is often used to characterize permeability of polymeric films, such as carrier gas in gas chromatography, as inert gas shield in welding, in electric bulbs such as neon, lasers, and as a process environment. Aroma Barrier: A plastic film or its component preventing the escape of aromatic volatiles from foodstuffs or cosmetics seal-packaged in the film. Aromatic Polyester Estercarbonate: A thermoplastic block copolymer of an aromatic polyester with polycarbonate. Has higher heat distortion temperature than regular polycarbonate. Aromatic Polyesters: Engineering thermoplastics prepared by polymerization of aromatic polyol with aromatic dicarboxylic anhydride. They are tough with somewhat low chemical resistance. Processed by injection and blow-molding, extrusion, and thermoforming. Drying is required. Used in automotive housings and trim, electrical wire jacketing, printed circuit boards, and appliance enclosures. ASA: See Acrylate Styrene Acrylonitrile Polymer. ASTM International: Formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM D96: (Discontinued Test Method) Standard test method for determining water vapor transmission of materials such as paper, plastic film and sheeting, fiberboards, wood products, etc., that are less than 31 mm in thickness. Two basic methods, the Desiccant Method and the Water Method are used. The specimens have either one side wetted or one side exposed to high humidity and another to low humidity. In the Desiccant Method, the

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185 specimen is placed airtight on a test dish with a desiccant that is weighed to determine the gain of weight due to water vapor transmission. In the Water Method, the water is placed in the dish that is weighed to determine the loss of water due to evaporation through the specimen. ASTM D149: Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies may be used to determine dielectric strength of solid insulating materials. The frequency of the tests is generally at commercial power frequencies of 60 Hz, but the method is appropriate for any frequency from 25 through 60 Hz. Various temperatures and any suitable gaseous or liquid medium may be used. D149 is used for determining the dielectric breakdown voltage most often through the thickness of a test specimen (puncture), but also along the interface between a solid specimen and a gaseous or liquid surrounding medium (flashover). Proof testing may be performed through the use of Section 12 modifications instruction. ASTM D150: Standard Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation includes the determination of relative* permittivity, dissipation factor, loss index, power factor, phase angle, and loss angle through specimens of solid electrical insulating materials when the standards used are lumped impedances. The frequency range that can be covered extends from less than 1 Hz to several hundred megahertz. *In common usage, the word relative is frequently dropped. ASTM D256: Standard Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastics. Used to determine the resistance of a plastic specimen to impact by a pendulum-type hammer. Specimens contain a milled notch and depending upon the test method, failure may be brittle or ductile. Test results are reported in terms of energy absorbed per unit of specimen width or per unit of cross-sectional area under the notch. ASTM D257: Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials. Used to determine DC insulation resistance, volume resistance, volume resistivity, surface resistance, and surface resistivity of electrical insulating materials, or the corresponding conductances and conductivities of insulating materials. D256 is not suitable for use in measuring the electrical resistivitylconductivity of moderately conductive materials.

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ASTM D471: An American Society for Testing of Materials. Standard method for determining the resistance of nonporous rubber to hydrocarbon oils, fuels, service fluids, and water. The specimens are immersed in fluids for 22-670 hours at -75 to 250"C, followed by measuring of the changes in mass, volume, tensile strength, elongation, and hardness for solid specimens and the changes in breaking strength, burst strength, tear strength, and adhesion for rubber-coated fabrics. ASTM D495: Standard Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry Arc Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation. Recommended as a preliminary screening method to differentiate among similar materials with respect to their resistance to the action of a high-voltage, low-current arc close to the surface of insulation, intending to form a conducting path therein or in causing the material to become conducting due to the localized thermal and chemical decomposition and erosion. D495 will not, in general, permit conclusions to be drawn concerning the relative arc resistance ranking of materials that may be subjected to other types of arcs: for example, high voltage at high currents, and low voltage at low or high currents. ASTM D523: Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss. Used to determine the specular gloss ofnonmetallic specimens for glossmeter geometries of 20", 60", and 85". ASTM D542: Standard Test Method for Index of Refiaction of Transparent Organic Plastics. Used to measure the index of refiaction of transparent organic plastic materials throughuse of arefiactometer. D542 requires optically homogeneous specimens of uniform refractive index. This test method and IS0 489 are technically equivalent. ASTM D570: Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics. Used to determine the relative rate of absorption of water by plastics when immersed. D570 is applicable to the testing of all types of plastics, including cast, hot-molded, and cold-molded resinous products, and both homogeneous and laminated plastics in rod and tube form and in sheets 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) or greater in thickness. IS0 62 is technically equivalent to this test method. ASTM D638: Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics is used to determine the tensile properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and testing machine speed. Specimens are dumbbell-shaped and can be of any thickness up to 14 mm. However, test Method D882 is the preferred test method for testing films

Glossary of Terms

less than 1.O mm. Materials with a thickness greater than 14 mm (0.55 in.) must be reduced by machining. D638 also includes the option of determining Poisson's ratio at room temperature. This test method and I S 0 527-1 are technically equivalent. ASTM D696: Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between -30°C and 30°C. With a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer. Used to determine the coefficient of linear thermal expansion by use of a vitreous silica dilatometer for plastic materials having coefficients of expansion greater than 1 x lo6 1°C. Plastic materials generally have negligible creep or elastic strain rate or both at the temperatures and stresses herein imposed. ASTM D774: Standard Test Method for Bursting Strength of Paper is used to measure the bursting strength of paper and paper products whose bursting strength lies between 30kPa and 1400kPa. These products shall be single or laminated flat sheets not over 0.6 mm (0.025 in.) in thickness. This method is similar to I S 0 2758 and TAPPI 403. ASTM D790: Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials. Used to determine flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, and is generally applicable to both rigid and semirigid materials. D 790 uses a three-point loading system applied to a simply supported beam, and is valid for those materials that break or fail in the outer surface of the test specimen within the 5.0% strain limit of these test methods. It should be noted that these test methods are not technically equivalent to IS0 178. ASTM D792: Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement. Used to determine the specific gravity and density of solid plastics in forms such as sheets, rods, tubes, or molded items. It should be noted that this standard is not equivalent to I S 0 1183 method A. ASTM D882: Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting. Used to determine tensile properties of plastics in the form of thin sheeting, including film having a nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.). InD882, specimenextensionmaybemeasured by grip separation, extension indicators, or displacement of gage marks. This test method is similar to I S 0 527-3, but is not considered technically equivalent. ASTM D1709: Standard Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method.

Glossary of Terms

Provides two methods for the determination of the energy, expressed as weight (mass), that causes plastic film to fail under the impact of a fiee-falling dart. Specified conditions include height fiom which the dart will fall as well as the weight of the dart. Failure energy is when 50% of the tested specimens fail with a specific weight of dart. Both methods, the staircase technique and the alternative technique give equivalent results with respect to the dart impact weight at failure as well as to the precisions with which they are determined. This method is similar to IS0 7765-1, IS0 7765-1 which has several differences. ASTM D1746: Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting. Used to determine the regular transmittance (Tr) of plastic sheeting. The primary use of D 1746 is with nominally clear and colorless thin sheeting, but the method is generally applicable to any translucent or transparent material. ASTM D1922: Standard Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method. Used to determine the average force to propagate tearing after the tear has been started using an Elmendorf-type tearing tester. Two specimens of a specified length of plastic film or nonrigid sheeting are used, one rectangular type and one with a constant radius testing length. The latter is the preferred or referee specimen. Provisions are made in the test method to compensate for oblique directional tearing, which may be found with some materials. ASTM D1938: Standard Test Method for Tear-Propagation Resistance (Trouser Tear) of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by a Single-Tear Method. Used to determine the force necessary to propagate a tear in plastic film and thin sheeting (thickness of 1 mm or less) by a single-tear method. D 1938 employs a constant rate of separation of the grips holding the test specimen and the specimen extension may be measured in this test method by grip separation. The method is not applicable for film or sheeting material where brittle failures occur during testing. ASTM D2176: Standard Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by the M.I.T. Tester. Used to determine the folding endurance of paper using the M.1.T.-type folding apparatus. This test method is the technical equivalent of TAPPI T5 11. ASTM D2457: Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics. Used for the measurement of gloss of opaque and transparent plastic films and solid plastics. D2475 contains three separate gloss angles: 60", recommended for intermediate-gloss films,

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187 20", recommended for high-gloss films, and 45", recommended for intermediate gloss and low-gloss films. Note: The 60" and 20" apparatus and method of measurement duplicate those in ASTM D523; those for the 45" procedure are similarly taken from ASTM C346.

and another of dry air. The response of an electrical sensor capable of detecting water vapor accumulation in the dry chamber is recorded and used, with the help of a calibrating curve, to determine the water vapor transmission rate. Also called ASTM E398-70.

ASTM D2863: Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index). Used to measure the minimum concentration of oxygen that will just support flaming combustion in a flowing mixture of oxygen andnitrogen. Methods are provided for testing materials that are structurally self-supporting in the form of vertical bars or sheet up to 10.5 mm thick as well as flexible sheet or film materials supported vertically.

ASTM E398-70: See ASTME398.

ASTM D3420: Standard Test Method for Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastic Film. Used to determine the resistance of film to impact-puncture penetration at ambient conditions. Also called Spencer Impact. ASTM D3985: Standard test method for determining the steady-state transmission rate of oxygen gas through a plastic film, sheeting, laminates, coextrusions, or plasticcoated paper or fabric. An American Society for Testing of Materials. ASTM D5214: Withdrawn Standard Test Method for Polyimide Resin Film for Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Application (Withdrawn 1995). Replaced by D2305: Standard Test Methods for Polymeric Films Used for Electrical Insulation ASTM E96: Standard test method for determining water vapor transmission of materials such as paper, plastic film and sheeting, fiberboards, wood products, etc., that are less than 3 1 mm in thickness. Two basic methods, the Desiccant Method and the Water Method, are used. The specimens have either one side wetted or one side exposed to high humidity and another to low humidity. In the Desiccant Method, the specimen is placed airtight on a test dish with a desiccant that is weighed to determine the gain of weight due to water vapor transmission. In the Water Method, the water is placed in the dish that is weighed to determine the loss of water due to evaporation through the specimen. ASTM E398: Standard test method for the determination of water vapor transmission rate of sheet materials with at least one side being hydrophobic, such as plastic film, by a rapid dynamic method. The specimen is mounted between two chambers, one of known relative humidity

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ASTM E424: Standard Test Method for Solar Energy Transmittance and Reflectance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials. Used to determine solar energy transmittance and reflectance of materials in sheet form using one of two procedures. Method A, the referee method, is applicable for both transmittance and reflectance and uses a spectrophotometer. Method B is applicable only for measurement of transmittance and uses a pyranometer in an enclosure and the sun as the energy source. Both test methods have given essentially equivalent results for those materials studied by the task group who prepared the method. ASTM F372: Standard test method for the rapid determination of water vapor transmission rate of flexible barrier films and thin sheeting consisting of single or multilayer synthetic or natural polymers and metal foils including coated materials. The specimen is mounted between two chambers, one of known relative humidity and another of dry air. The time for a given increase in water vapor concentration of the dry chamber is measured by monitoring the differential between two bands in the infrared spectral region, one in which water molecules absorb and the other where they do not. The values obtained are used to calculate the water vapor transmission rate. ASTM F1249: Standard test method for determining water vapor transmission rate through plastic film and sheeting up to 3 mm in thickness using a pressure-modulated infrared sensor. In addition, this method provides for the determination of the permeance of the film to water vapor and the water vapor permeability coefficient. The specimen is placed as a sealed semi-barrier between two chambers at ambient atmospheric pressure. One chamber is wet and another is dry. As water vapor penetrates through the film from the wet chamber into the dry one it is carried by air into the sensor. It measures the fraction of infrared energy absorbed by the vapor and produces an electric signal that is proportional to water vapor concentration ASTM F456: Withdrawn Standard Test Method for Pinhole Flex Life of Films by Axial Vibration of a Tubular Sample (Withdrawn 1987). No replacement.

Glossary of Terms

Atmosphere: A metric unit of measurement of pressure equal to 1.013250 x 1.OE+06 dynes/cm2 or 1.013250 x 1.OE+05 pascals, which is the air pressure measured at mean sea level. It has a dimension of unit of force per unit of area. Used to denote the pressure of gases, vapors, and liquids. Also called atm, standard atmosphere, and std atm.

Azo: A prefix indicating an organic group of two nitrogen atoms linked by a double bond, -N=N-, or a class of chemical compounds containing this group, like azo dyes. B Bar: A metric unit of measure of pressure equal to 1.OE+06 dynes/cm2 or 1.OE+05 pascals. It has a dimension of unit of force per unit of area. Used to denote the pressure of gases, vapors, and liquids. Barrier Material: Materials such as plastic films, sheeting, wood laminates, particle board, paper, fabrics, etc., with low permeability to gases and vapors. Used in construction as water vapor insulation, food packaging, and protective clothing, etc. Benzene: An aromatic hydrocarbon with a six-atom carbon ring, C,H,. Highly toxic and flammable (autoignition point 562°C). A colorless or yellowish liquid under normal conditions (b.p.SO.l"C), soluble inmany organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone, tetrachlorocarbon, etc. Used for synthesis of organic compounds. Bisphenol A Polyester: A thermoset unsaturated polyester based on bisphenol A and fumaric acid. Blowup Ratio: In extrusion blowing of film, it is the ratio of the extrusion die diameter and the diameter of the tubular film. In blow-molding, it is the ratio between the diameter of a parison and the maximum diameter of the mold cavity. Blown Film: A plastic film produced by extrusion blowing, wherein an extruded plastic tube is continuously inflated by internal air pressure, cooled, collapsed by rolls, and wound up. The thickness of the film is controlled by air pressure and rate of extrusion. BOPP: Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene. Bubbling: The presence of bubbles of trapped air andor volatile vapors in nonmetallic coating or plastic specimen or article. Bubbling is often caused by improper application or excessive mixing of paints or degassing.

Glossary of Terms

Bursting Strength: Bursting strength of a material is the maximum hydrostatic pressure required to produce rupture of the material when a controlled and constantly increasing pressure is applied through a rubber diaphragm to a circular area. C CA: See Cellulose Acetate. CAB: See Cellulose Acetate Butyrate. Carbon Black: A black colloidal carbon filler made by the partial combustion or thermal cracking of natural gas, oil, or another hydrocarbon. There are several types of carbon black depending on the starting material and the method of manufacture. Each type of carbon black comes in several grades. Carbon black is widely used as a filler and pigment in rubbers and plastics. It reinforces, increases the resistance to W light, and reduces static charging. Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, tasteless gas, CO,, is found in the atmosphere. It is produced as a result of metabolism (e.g., oxidation of carbohydrates) and is used by plants in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide has low toxicity and is noncombustible. Derived industrially from synthesis gas in ammonia production and from cracking of hydrocarbons. Used widely in refrigeration, carbonated beverages, chemical synthesis, water treatment, medicine, fire extinguishing, and as inert atmosphere. Carbon Monoxide: A colorless, tasteless gas, CO. Highly flammable (liquid autoignition point, 609°C) and toxic. Found in automobile exhaust gases and is a major air pollutant. Manufactured from coke by action of oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam. Used in organic synthesis, synthetic fuels, and metallurgy. Cast Film: Film produced by pouring or spreading resin solution or melt over a suitable temporary substrate, followed by curing via solvent evaporation or melt cooling and removing the cured film from the substrate. Cellulose Acetate: Thermoplastic esters of cellulose with acetic acid. Has good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, stiffness, hardness, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire and water resistance and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blowmolding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Also called CA.

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Cellulose Acetate Butyrate: Thermoplastic mixed esters of cellulose with acetic and butyric acids. Has good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, dimensional stability, weatherability, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire, and water resistance, and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blow-molding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Also called CAB. Cellulose Propionate: Thermoplastic esters of cellulose with propionic acid. Has good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, dimensional stability, weatherability, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire and water resistance and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blow-molding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Also called CP. Cellulosic Plastics: Thermoplastic cellulose esters and ethers. Has good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire, and water resistance and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blow-molding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Centimeter of Mercury: See cm Hg. CFR: See Code of Federal Regulations. Chain Scission: Breaking of the chainlike molecule of a polymer as a result of chemical, photochemical, etc., reaction such as thermal degradation or photolysis. Chalking: Formation of a dry, chalk-like, loose powder on or just beneath the surface of paint film or plastic caused by the exudation of a compounding ingredient such as pigment, often as a result of ingredient migration to the surface and surface degradation. Channel Black: Carbon black made by impingement of a natural gas flame against a metal plate or channel iron, from which a deposit is scraped. Used as a reinforcing filler in rubbers. Also called Gas Black. Chemical Saturation: Absence of double or triple bonds in a chain organic molecule such as that of most polymers, usually between carbon atoms. Saturation makes the molecule less reactive and polymers less susceptible to degradation and cross-linking. Also called Chemically Saturated Structure.

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Chemical Unsaturation: Presence of double or triple bonds in a chain organic molecule such as that of some polymers, usually between carbon atoms. Unsaturation makes the molecule more reactive, especially in freeradical addition reactions such as addition polymerization, and polymers more susceptible to degradation, crosslinking, and chemical modification. Also called Polymer Chain Unsaturation. Chemically Saturated Structure: See Chemical Saturation. Chlorendic Polyester: A chlorendic anhydride-based unsaturated polyester. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride: Thermoplastic produced by chlorination of polyvinyl chloride. Has increased glass transition temperature, chemical and fire resistance, rigidity, tensile strength, and weatherability as compared to PVC. Processed by extrusion, injection molding, casting, and calendering. Used for pipes, auto parts, waste disposal devices, and outdoor applications. Also called CPVC. Chloroethyl Alcohol(2-): See Ethylene Chlorohydrin. Chloroform: Trichloromethane, CHC1,. Chloroform is a clear, colorless, volatile, nonflammable liquid with characteristic pungent smell. It is toxic and carcinogenic. Derived by chlorination of methane. Formerly used as an anesthetic, it is now used mainly as a solvent and in organic synthesis to manufacture fluorocarbon plastics and insecticides. Chlorohydrins: Halohydrins with chlorine as a halogen atom. One of the most reactive of halohydrins. Dichlorohydrins are used in the preparation of epichlorohydrins, important monomers in the manufacture of epoxy resins. Most chlorohydrins are reactive colorless liquids, soluble in polar solvents such as alcohols. Note: Chlorohydrins are a class of organic compounds, not to be mixed with a specific member of this class, l-chloropropane-2,3-diol sometimes called Chlorohydrin. Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber: Thermosetting elastomers containing 20-40% chlorine. Has good weatherability and heat and chemical resistance. Used for hoses, tubes, sheets, footwear soles, and inflatable boats. Cm Hg: A metric unit of measurement of pressure equal to 13332.2dynes/cm2 or 1333.22pascals at 0°C. One

Glossary of Terms

centimeter of mercury is the pressure that would support a column of mercury of length one centimeter and density 12,595 kg/m3 under the standard acceleration of free fall. Used to denote the pressure of gases, vapors, and liquids. Also called Centimeter of Mercury.

COC: Cyclic Olefin Copolymer. CoF: Coefficient of Friction Cocatalyst: See Accelerator. Code of Federal Regulations 21 CFR 177: The 21 CFR 177 establishes specific guidelines for materials that come into “indirect food contact”, i.e., materials that contact food but are not ingredients. 21CFR 177 sets guidelines for the manufacture of these materials and requires independent laboratory testing of the materials to ensure that they do not exceed specified levels of extractables.

as the compatibility of a resin and a plasticizer or of two polymers in a blend. Block copolymers bearing blocks similar to the polymers in the blend are often used as compatibilizers in the latter case.

Concentration Units: The units for measuring the content of a distinct material or substance in a medium other than this material or substance, such as solvent. Note: The concentration units are usually expressed in the units of mass or volume of substance per one unit of mass or volume of medium. When the units of substance and medium are the same, the percentage is often used. Conditioning: Process of bringing the material or apparatus to a certain condition, e.g., moisture content or temperature, prior to further processing, treatment, etc. Also called Conditioning Cycle. Conditioning Cycle: See Conditioning.

Coefficient of Friction (CoF): The coefficient of fiiction is defined as the ratio of the weight of an object being moved along the surface of a specimen to the force that is required to maintain contact between the object and the surface. Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity: The coefficient of thermal conductivity, sometimes called the K-factor, is defined as the quantity of heat that passes through a unit cube of the substance in a given unit of time when the difference in temperature of the two faces is 1“C. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (Linear): The coefficient of thermal expansion (linear) is the change in length per unit length of material for a 1°C change in temperature. Coextruded Film: A film made by coextrusion of two or more different or similar plastics through a single die with two or more orifices arranged so that the extrudates merge and weld together into a laminar film before cooling. Each ply of coextruded film imparts a desired property, such as impermeability or resistance to some environment and heat-sealability, usually unattainable with a single material. Color Change: See Discoloration. Coloration: See Decoloration Compatibilizer: A chemical compound used to increase the compatibility or miscibility and to prevent the separation of the components in a plastic composition, such

Glossary of Terms

Corona Discharge Treatment: Treating the surface of an inert plastic such as polyolefin with corona discharge to increase its affinity to inks, adhesives, or coatings. Plastic films are passed over a grounded metal cylinder with a pointed high-voltage electrode above it to produce the discharge. The discharge oxidizes the surface, making it more receptive to finishing. Also called Corona Treatment. Corona Treatment: See Corona Discharge Treatment CONEG: The Coalition of Northeastern Governors is a nonpartisan association of the Governors of the eight Northeastern states that encourages intergovernmental cooperation in the Northeast on issues relating to the economic, environmental, and social well-being of the Northeast states. COPE: See Copolyester Ether. Copolyester Ether: Copolyester ethers (COPE) are clear, tough copolymers with elastomeric-like properties. They provide strength and durability and resist puncturing. Covulcanization: Simultaneous vulcanization of a blend of two or more different rubbers to enhance their individual properties such as ozone resistance. Rubbers are often modified to improve covulcanization. CP: See Cellulose Propionate. CPVC: See Chlorinated Polyvinyl chloride.

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191 Cracking: Appearance of external andor internal cracks in the material as a result of stress that exceeds the strength of the material. The stress can be external andor internal and can be caused by a variety of adverse conditions: structural defects, impact, aging, corrosion, etc., or a combination thereof. Also called Cracks. See also Processing Defects.

d-Limonene: One of two optical isomers of limonene, a naturally occurring terpene closely related to isoprene. Limonene is a colorless liquid that oxidizes to film in air. Derived from lemon, orange, and other essential oils. Used as flavoring, fragrance, solvent, and wetting agent.

Cracks: See Cracking.

DAP: See Diallyl Phthalate Resins.

Crazes: See Crazing.

Dart Drop: See Impact Resistance, Dart Drop

Crazing: Appearance of thin cracks on the surface of the material or, sometimes, minute frost-like internal cracks, as a result of stress that exceeds the strength of the material, impact, temperature changes, degradation, etc. Also called Crazes.

Decoloration: Complete or partial loss of color of the material as a result of degradation or removal of colored substances present. Also called Decoloring.

Cross-linked Polyethylene: Polyethylene thermoplastics partially photochemically or chemically cross-linked. Has improved tensile strength, dielectric properties, and impact strength at low and elevated temperatures.

Defects: See Processing Defects.

Cross-linking: Reaction of formation of covalent bonds between chain-like polymer molecules or between polymer molecules and low-molecular compounds such as carbon black fillers. As a result of cross-linking, polymers, such as thermosetting resins, may become hard and infusible. Cross-linking is induced by heat, UV or electron-beam radiation, oxidation, etc. Cross-linking can be achieved either between polymer molecules alone as in unsaturated polyesters or with the help of multifunctional cross-linking agents such as diamines that react with functional side groups of the polymers. Cross-linking can be catalyzed by the presence of transition metal complexes, thiols, and other compounds.

Degradation: Loss or undesirable change in the properties, such as color, of a material as a result of aging, chemical reaction, wear, exposure, etc. See also Stability.

Crystal Polystyrene: See General Purpose Polystyrene. Crystalline Melting Point: The temperature ofmelting of the crystallite phase of a crystalline polymer. It is higher than the temperature of melting of the surrounding amorphous phase.

D

Decoloring: See Decoloration.

Deflection Temperature Under Load: See Heat Deflection Temperature.

Diallyl Phthalate Resin: Thermoset supplied as diallyl phthalate prepolymer or monomer. Has high chemical, heat and water resistance, dimensional stability, and strength. Shrinks during peroxide curing. Processed by injection, compression, and transfer-molding. Used in glass-reinforced tubing, auto parts, and electrical components. Also called DAP. Dielectric Constant: The ability of an insulator to store electrical energy can be measured through the dielectric constant. Better insulating materials have lower dielectric constants. Dielectric Strength: The maximum electric field strength that an insulator can withstand intrinsically without breaking down, i.e., without experiencing failure of its insulating properties.

Cycle Time: See Processing Time. Cyclic Compounds: A broad class of organic compounds consisting of carbon rings that are saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, in which some carbon atoms may be replaced by other atoms such as oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.

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Differential Scanning Calorimeter: Used to determine the specific heat of a specimen by measurement of the thermal response of the unknown specimen as compared with a standard when the two are heated uniformly at a constant rate. The ratio of the departure of the standard and unknown from the baseline is used to calculate the specific heat of the unknown. Also called DSC.

Glossary of Terms

192 Diffusion: Spontaneous slow mixing of different substances in contact without influence of external forces. Diffusion Coefficient: Weight of a substance diffusing through a unit area in a unit time per a unit concentration gradient. Also called Diffusivity. Diffusivity: See Diffusion CoefJicient. Dihydric Alcohols: See Glycols Dihydroxy Alcohols: See Glycols. Dimethyl Ketone: See Acetone. Dimensional Stability: Dimensional stability is often represented as a percentage change in the specimen shape when the specimen is subjected to varying degrees of stress for example: temperature, moisture or pressure. DIN 53122: A German Standards Institute (Deutsches Institut fuer Normen, DIN) standard test method for determining water vapor transmission of flat materials such as plastic film and sheeting. DIN 53380: A German Standards Institute (Deutsches Institut fuer Normen, DIN) standard test method for determining gas permeability of flat materials such as plastic film and sheeting.

E EAA: See Ethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymer. ECTFE: See Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer. Elastic Modulus: The force needed to elongate a material, or the ratio of the applied stress to the change in shape of an elastic body. Elmendorf Tear: A measurement of the tear resistance of sheet materials including paper, packaging, foils, textiles, non-wovens, and plastic films. Elongation: The change in length (lengthening, stretch) of a material when subjected to tensile stress. Elongation at Break (ultimate tensile strength): Elongation at break is the strain at failure, or the percent change in length at failure. (IS0 527) Elongation at Yield: Elongation at yield is the strain that the material undergoes at the yield point, or the percent change in length that occurs while the material is stressed to its yield point. EMA: Ethylene Methyl Acrylate. EMAC: See Ethylene Methyl Acrylate Copolymer.

Discoloration: A change in color due to chemical or physical changes in the material. Also called Color Change.

Embrittlement: A reduction or loss of ductility or toughness in materials such as plastics resulting from chemical or physical damage.

Disperse Dyes: Nonionic dyes insoluble in water and used mainly as fine aqueous dispersions in dying acetate, polyester, and polyamide fibers. A large subclass of disperse dyes comprises low-molecular-weightaromatic azo compounds with amino, hydroxy, and alkoxy groups that fix on fibers by forming van der Waals and hydrogen bonds.

EP: Ethylene Propene. See EPDMRubber.

Displacement: Process of removing one object, e.g., a medium in an apparatus, or its part, and replacing it with another. Also called Displacement Cycle. Displacement Cycle: See Displacement. Dissipation Factor: The ratio of the power loss in a dielectric material to the total power transmitted through the dielectric material.

EPDM: See EPDM Rubber. EPDM Rubber: Sulfur-vulcanizable thermosetting elastomer produced from ethylene, propylene, and a small amount of nonconjugated diene such as hexadiene. Has good weatherability and chemical and heat resistance. Used as impact modifiers and for weather stripping, auto parts, cable insulation, conveyor belts, hoses, and tubing. Also called EPDM. Epoxides: Organic compounds containing three-membered cyclic group(s) in which two carbon atoms are linked with an oxygen atom as in an ether. This group is called an epoxy group and is quite reactive, allowing the use of epoxides as intermediates in preparation of certain fluorocarbons and cellulose derivatives and as monomers in

DSC: See Differential Scanning Calorimeter.

Glossary of Terms

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193 preparation of epoxy resins. Also called Epoxy Compounds.

coatings and plastics, organic synthesis, artificial flavors, and pharmaceuticals.

Epoxies: See Epoxy Resins.

Ethyl Alcohol: An aliphatic alcohol, CH,CH,OH. A colorless, volatile, flammable liquid (autoignition temperature, 422°C). Toxic by ingestion at high concentrations. Derived by catalytic hydration of ethylene, fermentation of biomass such as grain, or enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Used as an automotive fuel additive, in alcoholic beverages, as solvent for resins and oils, in organic synthesis, cleaning compositions, cosmetics, antifreeze, and antiseptic. Also called Ethanol.

Epoxy Compounds: See Epoxides. Epoxy Resins: Thermosetting polyethers containing cross-linkable glycidyl groups. Usually prepared by polymerization of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin or reacting phenolic novolaks with epichlorohydrin. Can be made unsaturated by acrylation. Unmodified varieties are cured at room or elevated temperatures with polyamines or anhydndes. Bisphenol A epoxy resins have excellent adhesion and very low shrinkage during curing. Cured novolak epoxies have good W stability and dielectric properties. Cured acrylated epoxies have high strength and chemical resistance. Processed by molding, casting, coating, and lamination. Used as protective coatings, adhesives, potting compounds, and binders in laminates and composites. Also called Epoxies. EPR: See Ethylene Propene Rubber.

Ethylene: An alkene (unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon) with two carbon atoms, CH,=CH,. A colorless, highly flammable gas with sweet odor (autoignition temperature, 543°C). Derived by thermal cracking of hydrocarbon gases or from synthesis gas. Used as monomer in polymer synthesis, refrigerant, and anesthetic. Also called Ethene. Ethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymer: Specialtythermoplastic created by high-pressure copolymerization of ethylene (E), methacrylic acid (MAA), or acrylic acid (AA). Also called EAA.

ESCR: Environmental-stress-crack resistance. ETFE : See Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer Ethane: An alkane (saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon) with two carbon atoms, CH,CH,. A colorless, odorless, flammable gas. Relatively inactive chemically. Obtained from natural gas. Used in petrochemical synthesis and as fuel.

Ethylene Acrylic Rubber: Copolymers of ethylene and acrylic esters. Has good toughness, low temperature properties, and resistance to heat, oil, and water. Used in auto and heavy equipment parts. Ethylene Alcohol: See Ethylene Glycol. Ethylene Copolymers: See Ethylene Polymers.

Ethanediol(l,2-): See Ethylene Glycol. Ethanol: See Ethyl Alcohol. Ethene: See Ethylene. Ethers: A class of organic compounds in which an oxygen atom is interposed between two carbon atoms in a chain or a ring. Ethers are derived mainly by catalytic hydration of olefins. The lower molecular weight ethers are dangerous fire and explosion hazards. Note: Major types of ethers include aliphatic, cyclic, and polymeric ethers. Ethyl Acetate: An ethyl ester of acetic acid, CH,CO,CH,CH,. A colorless, fragrant, flammable liquid (autoignition temperature, 426°C). Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. Derived by catalytic esterification of acetic acid with ethanol. Used as solvent in

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Ethylene Methyl Acrylate Copolymer: Thermoplastic copolymers of ethylene with <40% methyl- acrylate. Has good dielectric properties, toughness, thermal stability, stress crack resistance, and compatibility with other polyolefins. Transparency decreases with increasing content of acrylate. Processed by blown film extrusion and blow and injection molding. Used in heat-sealable films, disposable gloves, and packaging. Some grades are FDAapproved for food packaging. Also called EMAC. Ethylene Oxide: A colorless gas at room temperatures, ethylene oxide is used in a sterilization process. Ethylene Polymers: Ethylene polymers include ethylene homopolymers and copolymers with other unsaturated monomers, most importantly, olefins such as propylene and polar substances such as vinyl acetate. The properties and uses of ethylene polymers depend on the

Glossary of Terms

194 molecular structure and weight. Also called Ethylene Copolymers.

Ethylene Propene Rubber: Stereospecific copolymers of ethylene with propylene. Used as impact modifiers for plastics. Also called EPR. Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer: Thermoplastic alternating copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene. Has good impact strength, abrasion and chemical resistance, weatherability, and dielectric properties. Processed by molding, extrusion, and powder coating. Used in tubing, cables, pump parts, and tower packing in a wide temperature range. Also called ETFE. Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer: Athermoplasticprepared by hydrolysis of ethylene-vinyl acetate polymers. Has good barrier properties, mechanical strength, gloss, elasticity, weatherability, clarity, and abrasion resistance. Barrier properties and processibility improve with increasing content of ethylene due to lower absorption of moisture. Ethylene content ofhigh-barrier grades range fiom 32 to 44 mol%. Processed by extrusion, coating, blow and blow-film molding, and thermoforming.Used as packaging films and container liners. Also called EVA. ETO: See Ethylene Oxide. EVA: See Ethylene Mnyl Acetate Copolymer. EVOH: Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer. Extenders: Relatively inexpensive resin, plasticizer, or filler such as carbonate used to reduce cost andor to improve processing of plastics, rubbers, or nonmetallic coatings. Extrusion Coating: Coating by extruding a layer of molten resin onto a substrate with sufficient pressure to bond. Used in coating paper and fabrics with polyolefins by extruding a web directly into the roller nip through which the substrate is passing. Extrusion Temperature: Temperature of the molten thermoplastic maintained in the extruder barrel during the extrusion by means of barrel heating and internal friction of the melt pushed along by a screw or a ram. The temperature may vary along the length of the barrel. F FEP: See Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer:

Glossary of Terms

Fick’s First Law: A physics law that states that the volume (V) of a penetrant, such as gas, that penetrates a barrier wall is directly proportional to the area (A) of the wall, partial pressure differential (p) of the penetrant, and time (t); and inversely proportional to the wall thickness (s), if the wall is homogeneous in the direction of penetration. The coefficient P in the equation representing Fick’s first law, V = P . (A . p . t)/s, is the permeability coefficient. Fireproofing Agent: See Flame Retardant. Five-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds: A class of heterocyclic compounds containing rings that consist of five atoms. Five-Membered Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds: A class of heterocyclic compounds containing rings that consist of five atoms, some of which are nitrogen. Five-Membered Heterocyclic Oxygen Compounds: A class of heterocyclic compounds containing rings that consist of five atoms, some of which are oxygen. Flame-Retardant: A substance that reduce the flammability of materials such as plastics or textiles in which it is incorporated. There are inorganic flame retardants such as antimony trioxide (Sb,O,) and organic flame retardants such as brominated polyols. The mechanisms of flame retardation vary depending on the nature of material and flame retardant. For example, some flame retardants yield a substantial volume of coke on burning, which prevents oxygen from reaching inside the material and blocks hrther combustion. Also called fireproofing agent, flame retardant chemical additives, and ignition resistant chemical additives. Flame-Retardant Chemical Additives: See Flame Retardant. Flammability Classification: This classification system defines the level of ignition and burning resistance of a specimen. Flaw: See Processing Defects. Flexural Modulus: The ratio, within the elastic limit, of the applied stress on a test specimen in flexure, to the corresponding strain in the outermost fibers of the specimen.

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195

Flexural Strength: The strength of a material in bending, expressed as the stress on the outermost fibers of a bent test specimen, at the instant of failure. Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer: Thermoplastic copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. Has decreased tensile strength and wear and creep resistance, but good weatherability, dielectric properties, fire and chemical resistance, and friction. Decomposes above 204°C (400"F), releasing toxic products. Processed by molding, extrusion, and powder coating. Used in chemical apparatus liners, pipes, containers, bearings, films, coatings, and cables. Also called FEP. Fluoro Rubber: See Fluoroelastomers. Fluoroelastomers: Fluorine-containing synthetic rubber with good chemical and heat resistance. Used in underhood applications such as fuel lines, oil and coolant seals, and fuel pumps, and as a flow additive for polyolefins. Also called Fluoro Rubber. Fluoroplastics: See Fluoropolymers.

FPC: Flexible printed circuit. Fractional Melt Index Resin: Thermoplastics having a low melt index of 4. These resins have higher molecular weights and are harder to extrude because of lower rate and greater force requirements compared to the lower molecular weight resins. They are mainly used for heavy duty applications such as pipe. Furnace Black: The most common type of carbon black made by burning vaporized heavy oil fractions in a furnace with 50% of the air required for complete combustion. It comes in high abrasion, fast extrusion, high modulus, general purpose, semireinforcing, conducting, high elongation, reinforcing, and fast-extruding grades, among others. Furnace black is widely used as a filler and pigment in rubbers and plastics. It reinforces, increases the resistance to W light, and reduces static charging. b

Gas Black: See Channel Black.

Fluoropolymers: Polymers prepared from unsaturated fluorine-containing hydrocarbons. Has good chemical resistance, weatherability, thermal stability, antiadhesive properties, low friction, and flammability, but low creep resistance, strength, and difficulty processing. The properties vary with the fluorine content. Processed by extrusion and molding. Used as liners inchemical apparatus, in bearings, films, coatings, and containers. Also called Fluoroplastics.

Gas-Permeability Coefficient: A measure of gas permeability of a barrier wall such as plastic film. Gas permeability coefficient, P, is a coefficient in Fick's first law that states that the volume (V) of a substance that penetrates a barrier wall is directly proportional to the area (A) of the wall, partial pressure differential (p) of the penetrant, and time (t); and inversely proportional to the wall thickness (s), if the wall is homogeneous in the direction of penetration. Gas permeability coefficient depends on the test temperature.

Fluorosilicones: Polymers with chains of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms and trifluoropropyl pendant groups. Most are rubbers.

Gas-Transmission Rate: This is a measure of the steady state rate of transmission of a gas through plastics in the form of film, sheeting or laminates.

FMQ: See Methyljluorosilicones.

General-Purpose Polystyrene: General-purpose polystyrene is an amorphous thermoplastic prepared by homopolymerization of styrene. Has good tensile and flexural strengths, high light transmission, adequate resistance to water, detergents, and inorganic chemicals. It is attached by hydrocarbons and has a relatively low impact resistance. Processed by injection molding and foam extrusion. Used to manufacture containers, health care items such as pipettes, kitchen and bathroom housewares, stereo and camera parts, and foam sheets for food packaging. Also called Crystal Polystyrene.

Folding Endurance Test: The folding endurance test is a measure of strength in that a specimen under a constant tensile load is continually folded until it is severed. Formaldehyde: The simplest aldehyde, H,CO. A readily polymerizable, toxic, skin irritating, carcinogenic gas with strong, pungent odor (autoignition temperature, 430°C). Derived by oxidation of methanol or low-boiling olefins. Used as monomer in manufacture of phenolic, acetal, and amino resins; as fertilizer, disinfectant, reducing agent, biocide, sterilant, corrosion inhibitor; in wood products such as plywood, foam insulation, and organic synthesis as an intermediate.

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Gloss: Measured on a glossmeter, gloss is a measure of the light reflected by the surface of a plastic film.

Glossary of Terms

196 Glycols: Aliphatic alcohols with two hydroxy groups attached to a carbon chain. Can be produced by oxidation of alkenes followed by hydration. Also called Dihydric Alcohols and Dihydroxy Alcohols.

to characterize permeability of polymeric films, as carrier gas in gas chromatography, as inert gas shield in welding, in electric bulbs such as neon, as heat-transfer medium, in lasers, and as a process environment.

G U S : Generally Recognized as Safe.

Henry’s Law: A law that states that the weight of the gas that dissolves in a given quantity of liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid. The law holds true only for equilibrium conditions.

GTR: See Gas Transmission Rate.

H H: See Hydrogen. Halogen Compounds: A class of organic compounds containing halogen atoms such as chlorine. A simple example is halocarbons but many other subclasses with various functional groups and of different molecular structure exist as well. Halohydrins: Halogen compounds that contain a halogen atom (s) and a hydroxy (OH) group (s) attached to a carbon chain or ring. Can be prepared by reaction of halogens with alkenes in the presence of water or by reaction of halogens with triols. Halohydrins can be easily dehydrochlorinated in the presence of a base to give an epoxy compound. Hard Clays: Sedimentary rocks composed mainly of fine clay mineral material without natural plasticity, or any compacted or indurated clay. Haze: Measured on a hazemeter, haze is the scattering of light as it passes through a transparent material, resulting in poor visibility andor glare.

Heptane: An alkane (saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon) with six carbon atoms, CH,(CH,),CH,. A volatile, colorless, flammable liquid (autoignitiontemperature, 222°C). Toxic by inhalation. Obtained by fiactionation of petroleum. Used as a solvent and in organic synthesis. Also calledn-Heptane. n-Heptane: See Heptane. Heterocyclic Compounds: A class of cyclic compounds containing rings with some carbon atoms replaced by other atoms such as oxygen, sulhr, and nitrogen. High Density Polyethylene: A linear polyethylene with density 0.94-0.97 g/cm3.Has good toughness at low temperatures, chemical resistance, dielectric properties, and high softening temperature, but poor weatherability. Processed by extrusion, blow and injection molding, and powder coating. Used in houseware containers, food packaging, liners, cable insulation, pipes, bottles, and toys. Also called HDPE. High Impact Polystyrene: See Impact Polystyrene.

HDPE: See High Density Polyethylene.

High-Molecular-Weight, Low Density Polyethylene: Thermoplastic with improved abrasion and stress crack resistance and impact strength, but poor processibility and reduced tensile strength. Also called HMWLDPE.

HDT: See Heat Deflection Temperature.

HIPS: See Impact Polystyrene.

He: See Helium.

HMWLDPE: See High Molecular Weight Low Density Polyethylene.

Heat Deflection Temperature: The heat deflection temperature is defined as the temperature at which a specimen deflects a specified amount under specific heat and load conditions. Heat-Seal Temperature: Temperature of a thermoplastic film or sheet required to join two or more films or sheets in contact by fusion. Helium (He): A chemically inert, tasteless, colorless, noncombustible monatomic gas. Helium is often used

Glossary of Terms

Hot Fill: A process in which containers are filled with a hot liquid. Containers suitable for hot filling should be heat resistant. If they are made of plastic, it should be of a hot-fill grade. Hot-Tack Strength: The force required to separate amolten seal in heat-sealable thermoplastic films. It determines the rate at which the film can be sealed. Also called Ultimate Hot-Tack Strength.

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197 Hydrogen (H): A highly flammable diatomic gas, H,. Occurs on earth mainly in combined form, e.g., with oxygen in water (autoignition temperature, 580°C). Derived by steam reforming, gasification of coal, and other methods. Used as hydrogenating and reducing agent in chemical processes and as rocket fuel. Hydrophilic Starch Surface: See Hydrophilic Surface. Hydrophilic Surface: Surface of a hydrophilic substance that has a strong ability to bind, adsorb, or absorb water; a surface that is readily wettable with water. Hydrophilic substances include carbohydrates such as starch. Also called hydrophilic starch surface. Hydroxy Compounds: A broad class of organic compounds that contain a hydroxy (OH) group(s) that is not part of another hnctional group such as carboxylic group. Also called Hydroxyl-containing Compounds. Hydroxy Group: See Hydroxyl Group. Hydroxyl Group: A combination of one atom of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, -OH, attached by a single covalent bond to another atom, such as carbon, in a molecule of an organic or inorganic substance. It is a characteristic group of alcohols and hydroxides. Hydroxyl groups on the surface of a material usually make it hydrophilic. Hydroxyl groups are quite reactive, e.g., they readily undergo etherification or esterification. Also called Hydroxy Group. Hydroxyl-Containing Compounds: See Hydroxy Compounds. I IEC: See International Electrotechnical Commission. Ignition-Resistant Chemical Additives: See Flame Retardant. Impact-Penetration Energy: The puncture impact system uses a swinging pendulum arm. A round test sample, clamped around its periphery, is impacted. The penetration energy is calculated fiom the force necessary to break the sample. Impact Polystyrene: A thermoplastic produced by polymerizing styrene dissolved in butadiene rubber. Impact polystyrene has good high rigidity, and good low temperature impact strength, but poor barrier properties, grease resistance, and heat resistance. Processed by extrusion, injection molding, thermoforming,

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and structural foam molding. Used in food packaging, kitchen housewares, toys, small appliances, personal care items, and audio products. Also called IPS, High Impact Polystyrene, HIPS, and Impact PS.

Impact Resistance, Dart Drop: The impact resistance is derived from the mass of the dart and the drop height that cause the specimen to crack or rupture. The total energy impact measures the kinetic energy lost by the free-falling dart that passes through the film. Impact Resistance, Spencer Impact: The method of measuring impact resistance of a film while the film is under the strain rate conditions that closely approximate the strain rates that the material is subject to in end-use applications.

International Electrotechnical Commission: This is a non-government organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related matters, such as the assessment of conformity to standards. in. Hg: An English unit of measurement ofpressure equal to 3.3864 x le+04 dynes/cm2 or 249.089 pascals at 0°C (32°F). One inch of mercury is the pressure that would support a column of mercury of length one inch and density 12,595 kg/m3 under the standard acceleration of free fall. Used to denote the pressure of gases, vapors, and liquids. Also called Inch of Mercury. Initial-Tear Resistance: The force required to initiate tearing of a flexible plastic film or thin sheeting at very low rates of loading, measured as maximum stress usually found at the onset of tearing. Also called Tear Resistance, initial. Ionomers: Thermoplastics containing a relatively small amount of pendant ionized acid groups. Has good flexibility and impact strength in a wide temperature range, puncture and chemical resistance, adhesion, and dielectric properties, but poor weatherability, fire resistance, and thermal stability. Processed by injection, blow, and rotational molding, blown film extrusion, and extrusion coating. Used in food packaging, auto bumpers, sporting goods, and foam sheets. Ips: See Impact Polystyrene. ISO, International Organization for Standardization: I S 0 is the world’s largest developer of standards consisting of a network of the national standards institutes of 147 countries, on the basis of one member per country.

Glossary of Terms

198 I S 0 1184: Plastics -Determination of Tensile Properties of Films or sheeting less than 1 mm thick.

Izod: See Izod Impact Energy.

Lamellar Injection Molding: Injection molding of individual thermoplastics or their blends, e.g., with liquidcrystal polymers, that produces a lamellar (platelike crystallite) skin texture of the molding for decorative purposes or enhanced surface properties.

Izod Impact: See Izod Impact Energy.

LCP: See Liquid Crystal Polymers.

Izod Impact Energy: The energy required to break a specimen equal to the difference between the energy in the striking member of the Izod-type impact apparatus at the instant of impact and the energy remaining after complete fracture of the specimen. Also called Izod Impact, Izod Impact Strength, and Izod.

LDPE: See Low Density Polyethylene.

Isophthalate Polyester: An unsaturated polyester based on isophthalic acid.

Izod Impact Strength: See Izod Impact Energy. Izod Impact Test: Izod impact is a test designed to determine the resistance of a plastic to the impact of a suddenly applied force. It is ameasure of impact strength determined by the difference in energy of a swinging pendulum before and after it breaks a notched specimen held vertically as a cantilever beam. J JIS: Japanese Industrial Standard. JIS C-2151: Testing methods of plastic films for electrical purposes. JIS C-23 18: Test method for Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films for electrical purposes. JIS P-8116: Paper -determination of tearing resistance -Elmendorf tearing tester method. JIS 2-0208: Testing methods for determination of the water vapor transmission rate of moisture proof packaging materials (dish method).

Linear Low Density Polyethylene: Linear polyethylenes with density 0.91-0.94 g/cm3. Has better tensile, tear, and impact strength, and crack-resistance properties, but poorer haze and gloss than branched low-density polyethylene. Processed by extrusion at increased pressure and higher melt temperatures compared to branched low-density polyethylene, and by molding. Used to manufacture film, sheet, pipe, electrical insulation, liners, bags, and food wraps. Also called LLDPE. Linear Polyethylenes: Linear polyethylenes are polyolefms with linear carbon chains. They are prepared by copolymerization of ethylene with small amounts of higher a-olefins such as 1-butene.Linear polyethylenes are stiff, tough, and have good resistance to environmental cracking and low temperatures. Processed by extrusion and molding. Used to manufacture film, bags, containers, liners, profiles, and pipe. Liquid Crystal Polymers: Thermoplastic aromatic copolyesters with highly ordered structure. Has good tensile and flexural properties at high temperatures, chemical, radiation and fire resistance, and weatherability. Processed by sintering and injection molding. Used to substitute ceramics and metals in electrical components, electronics, chemical apparatus, and aerospace and auto parts. Also called LCP. LLDPE: See Linear Low Density Polyethylene. LMDPE: See Linear Medium Density Polyethylene.

K Kinetic Coefficient of Friction: The ratio of tangential force, which is required to sustain motion without acceleration of one surface with respect to another, to the normal force, which presses the two surfaces together. Also called Coefficient of Friction, and Coefficient of Friction, kinetic.

Glossary of Terms

Low Density Polyethylene: A branched-chain thermoplastic with density 0.91-0.94 g/cm3. Has good impact strength, flexibility, transparency, chemical resistance, dielectric properties, and low water permeability and brittleness temperature, but poor heat, stress cracking, fire resistance, and weatherability properties. Processed by extrusion coating, injection and blow-molding, and film extrusion. Can be cross-linked. Used in packaging and shrink films, toys, bottle caps, cable insulation, and coatings. Also called LDPE.

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199 M Macroscopic Properties: See Thermodynamic Properties. Mass Spectrometry: A method of substance structure analysis based on sending an ionized beam of substance molecules or molecular fiagments through a magnetic field to achieve a separation depending on the mass-electric charge ratio of the particles. MD: Machine Direction. MBT: See Mercaptobenzothiazole (24. Mechanical Properties: Properties describing the reaction of physical systems to stress and strain. Metallocene-Catalyzed, Linear Low Density Polyethylene: Linear low density polyethylene is produced with a metallocene catalyst. Melamine Resins: Thermosetting resins prepared by condensation of formaldehyde with melamine. Have good hardness, scratch and fire resistance, clarity, colorability, rigidity, dielectric properties, and tensile strength, but poor impact strength. Molding grades are filled. Processed by compression, transfer, and injection molding, impregnation, and coating. Used in cosmetic containers, appliances, tableware, electrical insulators, hrniture laminates, adhesives, and coatings. Mercaptobenzothiazole (2-): A nitrogen- and sulhr-containing polyheterocyclic organic thiol used as vulcanization accelerator for rubber. Requires zinc oxide as an activator. Its vulcanizates have a good aging resistance. A yellowish powder with distinctive odor. Combustible.Also called MBT. Methane: An alkane (saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon) with one carbon atom, CH,. A colorless, odorless, highly flammable gas (autoignition temperature, 537°C). Reacts with chlorine in light. Occurs as natural and coal gas. Can be obtained synthetically from a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen fiom steam treatment of hot coal. Used in petrochemical synthesis, for manufacture of carbon black and chlorinated solvents, and as fuel. Methanol: See Methyl Alcohol. Methyl Alcohol: An aliphatic alcohol, CH,OH. A colorless, volatile, flammable liquid (autoignitionpoint, 464°C). Toxic by ingestion. Derived by catalytic hydrogenation of

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carbon monoxide, oxidation of natural gas, or gasification of wood. Used as fuel, as solvent for cellulosic and other resins, and in organic synthesis for manufacture of formaldehyde and proteins. Also called Methanol. Methylfluorosilicones: Silicone rubbers containing pendant fluorine and methyl groups. Has good chemical and heat resistance. Used in gasoline lines, gaskets, and seals. Also called FMQ. Methylphenylsilicones: Siliconerubbers containing pendant phenyl and methyl groups. Has good resistance to heat, oxidation, and radiation, and compatibility with plastics. Methylsilicone: Silicone rubbers containing pendant methyl groups. Has good heat and oxidation resistance. Used in electrical insulation and coatings. Also called MQ.

Methylvinylfluorosilicone: Silicone rubbers containing pendant vinyl, methyl, and fluorine groups. Can be additionally cross-linked via vinyl groups. Has good resistance to petroleum products at elevated temperatures. Methylvinylsilicone: Silicone rubbers containing pendant methyl and vinyl groups. Can be additionally cross-linked via vinyl groups. Vulcanized to high degrees of cross-linking. Used in sealants, adhesives, coatings, cables, gaskets, tubing, and electrical tape. Micron: A unit of length equal to 1E-06 meter. Its symbol is Greek small letter mu (p) or pm. Migration: A mass-transfer process in which the matter moves from one place to another usually in a slow and spontaneous fashion. In plastics and coatings, migration of pigments, fillers, plasticizers and other ingredients via diffusion or floating to the surface or through interface to other materials results in various defects called blooming, chalking, bronzing, flooding, and bleeding, etc. Mineral Acid: An inorganic, usually strong, acid such as sulfuric acid (H,SO,). Mineral-Salt Medium: A corrosive medium such as aqueous solution, containing mineral or inorganic salt such as sodium chloride (NaC1). Used in material testing, especially of anticorrosive properties. M.I.T.: Folding Test Apparatus automatically tests folding endurance properties of a wide range of materials.

Glossary of Terms

Modified Polyphenylene Ether: Thermoplastic polyphenylene ether alloys with impact polystyrene. Has good impact strength, resistance to heat and fire, but poor resistance to solvents. Processed by injection and structural foam molding and extrusion. Used in auto parts, appliances, and telecommunication devices. Also called MPE, MPO, and Modified Polyphenylene Oxide. Modified Polyphenylene Oxide: See Modified Polyphenylene Ether. Modulus of Elasticity: See Elastic Modulus. Moisture Absorption: The moisture content of a product can be defined as the percentage weight of water in relation to the dry weight of the product. Molding Defects: Structural and other defects in material caused inadvertently during molding by using wrong tooling, process parameters, or ingredients. Also called molding flaw. See also Design, etc. Usually preventable. Molding Flaw: See Molding Defects. Molecular Weight: The sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule. Also called MW. Molecular-Weight Distribution: The relative amounts of polymeric molecules of different weights in a specimen. Note: The molecular-weight distribution can be expressed in terms of the ratio between weight- and number-average molecular weights. Also called Polydispersity, MWD, and Molecular Weight Ratio. Molecular-Weight Ratio: SeeMolecular- WeightDistribution. MPE: See ModiJied Polyphenylene ether. MPO: See ModiJied Polyphenylene ether: MQ: See Methylsilicone. Mulch Film: A film, usually dark colored PVC film, used instead ofmulch in agriculture, e.g., to prevent h i t rot, runners, and weed growth in cultivation of strawberries. Multilayer Film: A thermoplastic film consisting of two or more different or similar films jointed together, e.g., by coextrusion or lamination, to attain special properties uncharacteristic for a conventional film. MW: See Molecular Weight

Glossary of Terms

MWD: See Molecular Weight Distribution. N N: See Nitrogen. Neoprene Rubber: Polychloroprene rubbers with good resistance to petroleum products, heat, ozone, weatherability, and toughness. Nitrile: Any one of a series of cyanogen compounds. Nitrile Rubber: Rubbers prepared by free-radical polymerization of acrylonitrile with butadiene. Has good resistance to petroleum products, heat, and abrasion. Used in fuel hoses, shoe soles, gaskets, oil seals, and adhesives. Nitroarylamine: A class of aromatic amines containing benzene ring(s) with nitro (NO2group substituent(s), such as nitroanline (O,NC,H,NH,). Used as organic intermediates (e.g., in dye synthesis) and antioxidants in propellants and plastics. Nitrogen (N): A colorless, odorless, combustible diatomic gas, N,. The major component (about 78 ~01%)of earth’s atmosphere. Derived from air by fractionation. Used in organic and inorganic synthesis, as inert medium, for food freezing and freeze drying, as food antioxidant, in fertilizers, and as a pressurizing gas. Nonelastomeric Thermoplastic Polyurethanes: See Rigid Thermoplastic Polyurethanes. Nonelastomeric Thermosetting Polyurethane: Curable mixtures of isocyanate prepolymers or monomers. Has good abrasion resistance and low-temperature stability, but poor heat, fire, and solvent resistance and weatherability. Processed by reaction injection and structural foam molding, casting, potting, encapsulation,and coating. Used in heat insulation, auto panels and trim, and housings for electronic devices. Notch effect: The effect ofthe presence of specimen notch or its geometry on the outcome of a test such as an impact strength test of plastics. Notching results in local stresses and accelerates failure in both static and cycling testing (mechanical, ozone cracking, etc.). Nylon: Thermoplastic polyamides often prepared by ring-opening polymerization of lactim. Has good resistance to most chemicals, abrasion, and creep, good impact and tensile strengths, barrier properties, and low friction, but poor resistance to moisture and light. Has

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201 high mold shrinkage. Processed by injection, blow and rotational molding, extrusion, and powder coating. Used in fibers, auto parts, electrical devices, gears, pumps, appliance housings, cable jacketing, pipes, and films.

0

Nylon 11: Thermoplastic polymer of 1l-aminoundecanoic acid. Has good impact strength, hardness, abrasion resistance, processability, and dimensional stability. Processed by powder coating, rotational molding, extrusion, and injection molding. Used in electric insulation, tubing, profiles, bearings, and coatings.

Olefinic Resins: See PolyoleJins.

Nylon 12: Thermoplasticpolymer of lauric lactam. Has good impact strength, hardness, abrasion resistance, and dimensional stability. Processed by powder coating, rotational molding, extrusion, and injection molding. Used in sporting goods and auto parts. Nylon 46: Thermoplastic copolymer of 2-pyrrolidone and caprolactam. Nylon 6: Thermoplastic polymer of caprolactam. Has good weldability and mechanical properties but rapidly picks up moisture which results in strength losses. Processed by injection, blow, and rotational molding and extrusion. Used in fibers, tire cord, and machine parts. Nylon 6/10: Thermoplastic polymer of hexamethylenediamine and sebacic acid. Has decreased melting point and water absorption and good retention of mechanical properties. Processed by injection molding and extrusion. Used in fibers and machine parts. Nylon 6/12: Thermoplasticpolymer of 1,12-dodecanedioic acid and hexamethylenediamine. Nylon 66: Thermoplastic polymer of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. Has good tensile strength, elasticity, toughness, heat resistance, abrasion resistance, and solvent resistance, but low weatherability and color resistance. Processed by injection molding and extrusion. Used in fibers, bearings, gears, rollers, and wire jackets. Nylon 6/66: Thermoplastic polymer of adipic acid, caprolactam, and hexamethylenediamine. Has good strength, toughness, abrasion, and fatigue resistance, and low friction, but high moisture absorption and low dimensional stability. Processed by injection molding and extrusion. Used in electrical devices and auto and mechanical parts. Nylon MXD6: Thermoplastic polymer of m-xylyleneadipamide. Has good flexural strength and chemical resistance, but decreased tensile strength.

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Olefin Resins: See PolyoleJins.

Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers: Blends of EPDM or EP rubbers with polypropylene or polyethylene, optionally cross-linked. Has low density, good dielectric and mechanical properties, and processibility, but low oil resistance and high flammability. Processed by extrusion, inj ection and blow-molding, thermoforming, and calendering. Used in auto parts, construction, wire jackets, and sporting goods. Also called TPO. ON: See Oriented Nylon. OPET: See Oriented Polyester. OPP: See Oriented Polypropylene. Organic Compounds: See Halogen Compounds. Also called Organic Substances. Organic Substances: See Organic Compounds. Orientation: A process of drawing or stretching of asspun synthetic fibers or hot thermoplastic films to orient polymer molecules in the direction of stretching. The fibers are drawn uniaxially and the films are stretched either uniaxially or biaxially (usually longitudinally or longitudinally and transversely, respectively). Oriented fibers and films have enhanced mechanical properties. The films will shrink in the direction of stretching, when reheated to the temperature of stretching. Oriented Film: Film that has been oriented either monoaxially (in one direction), the direction of tear, or biaxially (in two directions), to achieve strength and stiffness. Monoaxially oriented tape exhibits stronger MD (machine direction) tensile properties than biaxially oriented tape. Materials that have been oriented bear an 0 before the acronym (e.g., OPS, oriented polystyrene). Oriented Nylon: See Oriented Film. Also called ON. Oriented Polyester: See Oriented Film. Also called OPET. Oriented Polystyrene: See Oriented Film. Also called OPS.

Glossary of Terms

202 Oriented Polypropylene: A grade of polypropylene film hot stretched uniaxially or biaxially (usually longitudinally or longitudinally and transversely, respectively) to orient polymer molecules in the direction of stretching. Oriented films have enhanced mechanical properties. They will shrink in the direction of stretching when reheated, e.g., during heat-sealing. Also called OPP. OTR: Oxygen Transmission Rate.

condense the monomer and deposit it as a polymer in the form of a thin, uniform coating on a substrate such as paper or fabric.

pascal (Pa): An SI unit of measure of pressure equal to the pressure resulting from a force of one newton acting uniformly over an area of one square meter. Used to denote the pressure of gases, vapors, or liquids and the strength of solids.

Oxazolines: Heterocyclic compounds containing fivemembered rings in which one carbon is replaced with an oxygen atom and another with a nitrogen atom. Oxazolines are colorless liquids soluble in organic solvents and water. Used as intermediates, e.g., in synthesis of surfactants.

PB: See Polybutene.

Ozone: Anallotropic form of oxygen, 0,. Unstable gas formed naturally, in air by lightening, in stratosphere by the UV portion of solar radiation, or formed as a result of combustion of fossil fuels, i.e., in exhaust gases from automobiles. 0, is an active oxidizing agent that accelerates deterioration of rubber.

PC: See Polycarbonates.

PBI: See Polybenzimidazoles. PBT: See Polybutylene Terephthalate.

PCT: See Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate. PCTFE: See Polychlorotrifluoroethylene.

P

PCTG: See Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate.

PA: See Polyamide.

PE: See Polyethylene.

PABM: See Polyaminobismaleimide resins.

PE Copolymer: See Polyethylene Copolymer.

Paraffinic Plasticizer: Plasticizers for plastics comprising liquid or solid long-chain alkanes or paraffins (saturated linear or branched hydrocarbons).

PEBA: See Polyether Block

Partial Pressure: The pressure that would be exerted by a gas in a gas mixture if it were present alone.

PEI: See Polyetherimides,

Parts Per Hundred: A relative unit of concentration,parts of one substance per 100 parts of another. Parts can be measured by weight, volume, count, or any other suitable unit of measure. Used often to denote composition of a blend or mixture, such as plastic, in terms of the parts of a minor ingredient, such as plasticizer, per 100 parts of a major, such as resin. Parts Per Hundred Million: A relative unit of concentration, parts of one substance per 100 million parts of another. Parts can be measured by weight, volume, count, or any other suitable unit of measure. Used often to denote very small concentration of a substance, such as impurity or toxin, or in a medium, such as air. Also called PPh. Parylene: Thermoplastics made by vapor-phase polymerization of p-xylene. Hot p-xylene vapors are cooled to

Glossary of Terms

PEEK: See Polyetheretherketone.

PEK: See Polyetherketone. PEN: See Polyethylene Napthalate. Pendant Aromatic Rings: Aromatic (conjugated unsaturated rings such as those of benzene, C6H6) rings attached to the main chain of a polymer molecule. Pendulum Impact Resistance: See Impact Resistance, Spencer Impact Penetrant: A substance such as gas that penetrates or is capable of penetrating through another substance, usually a solid barrier wall such as plastic film. Also called P ermeant . Pentaerythritol: A polyol, C(CH,OH),, prepared by reaction of acetaldehyde with an excess formaldehyde

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203 in alkaline medium. Used as plasticizer and as monomer in alkyd resins. Perchloroethylene: See Tetrachloroethylene. Perfluoroalkoxy Resins: Thermoplastic polymers of perfluoroalkoxyethylenes. They have good creep, heat, and chemical resistance and processibility, but low compressive and tensile strengths. Processed by molding, extrusion, rotational molding, and powder coating. Used in films, coatings, pipes, containers, and chemical apparatus linings. Also called PFA. Perm: An English unit of measurement of permeability of material in terms of the permeability coefficient. It is equal to the volume of penetrant in cubic feet that penetrates an area of one square foot of a barrier wall one foot thick per day at a pressure differential of one poundforce per square inch. Permanent Gas: Gases that become liquid at pressures and temperatures far from normal (1 atm and O"C, respectively). These gases include air, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide.

Phenolic Resins: Thermoset polymers of phenols with excess or deficiency of aldehydes, mainly formaldehyde, to give resole or novolak resins, respectively. Heat-cured resins have good dielectric properties, hardness, thermal stability, rigidity, and compressive strength, but poor chemical resistance and dark color. Processed by coating, potting, compression, transfer, or injection molding and extrusion. Used in coatings, adhesives, potting compounds, handles, electrical devices, and auto parts. Phthalocyanine: A nitrogen-containing heterocyclic organic compound, (C6H4C2N)2(C6H4C2NH)2N4, belonging to the group of benzoporphyrins and comprising four isoindole groups jointed by four nitrogen atoms. Readily forms salt complexes with copper, chromium, iron, etc., that are important green and blue dyes and pigments. Has high light and chemical stability. Used in coatings, plastics, and textiles. Pinhole Flex: Pinhole flex is the testing by which flex resistance of a specimen can be determined. Pinhole formation is the criterion presented for measuring failure. PI: See Polyimides.

Permeant: See Penetrant. PES: See Polyethersulfone. PET See Polyethylene Terephthalate. PETG: See Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Ethylene Terephthalate. PFA: See Perfluoroalkoxy Resins.

Plasticizer: A substance incorporated into a material such as plastic or rubber to increase its softness, processability, and flexibility via solvent or lubricating action or by lowering its molecular weight. Plasticizers can lower melt viscosity, improve flow and increase low-temperature resilience of material. Most plasticizers are nonvolatile organic liquids or low-melting-point solids, such as dioctyl phthalate or stearic acid. They have to be non-bleeding, nontoxic, and compatible with material. Sometimes plasticizers play a dual role as stabilizers or cross-linkers.

Phase Transition: See Phase Transition Properties. Plastics: See Polymers. Phase-Transition Point: The temperature at which a phase transition occurs in a physical system such as material. Note: An example of phase transition is glass transition. Also called Phase-Transition Temperature, Transition Point, and Transition Temperature. Phase-Transition Properties: Properties of physical systems such as materials associated with their transition fiom one phase to another, e.g., from liquid to solid phase. Also called Phase Transition. Phase-Transition Temperature: See Phase-Transition Point.

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PMMA: See Polymethyl Methacrylate. PMP: See Polymethylpentene. Polyacrylates: See Acrylic Resins. Polyallomer: Crystalline thermoplastic block copolymers of ethylene, propylene, and other olefins. Has good impact strength, flex life, and low density. Polyamide Thermoplastic Elastomers: Copolymers containing soft polyether and hard polyamide blocks. Has good chemical, abrasion, and heat resistance, impact strength, and tensile properties. Processed by injection

Glossary of Terms

and blow-molding and extrusion. Used in sporting goods, auto parts, and electrical devices. Also called Polyamide TPE.

Polyamide TPE: See Polyamide Thermoplastic Elastomers. Polyamides: Thermoplastic aromatic or aliphatic polymer of dicarboxylic acids and diamines, of amino acids, or of lactams. Has good mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and antifriction properties. Processed by extrusion and molding. Used in fibers and molded parts. Also called PA.

Polycarbodimide: Polymers containing -N=C=N- linkages in the main chain, typically formed by catalyzed polycondensation of polyisocyanates. They are used to prepare open-celled foams with superior thermal stability. Sterically hindered polycarbodimides are used as hydrolytic stabilizers for polyester-based urethane elastomers. Polycarbonate: See Polycarbonates. Polycarbonate Polyester Alloys: High-performance thermoplastics processed by injection and blow-molding. Used in auto parts. Polycarbonate resins: See Polycarbonates

Polyaminobismaleimide Resins: Thermoset polymers of aromatic diamines and bismaleimides. Has good flow and thermochemical properties and flame and radiation resistance. Processed by casting and compression molding. Used in aircraft parts and electrical devices. Also called PABM. Polyarylamides: Thermoplastic crystalline polymers of aromatic diamines and aromatic dicarboxylic anhydrides. Has good heat, fire, and chemical resistance, property retention at high temperatures, dielectric and mechanical properties, and stiffness, but poor light resistance and processibility. Processed by solution casting, molding, and extrusion. Used in films, fibers, and molded parts. Polyarylsulfone: Thermoplastic aromatic polyetherpolysulfone. Has good heat, fire, and chemical resistance, impact strength, resistance to environmental stress cracking, dielectric properties, and rigidity. Processed by injection and compression molding and extrusion. Used in circuit boards, lamp housings, piping, and auto parts. Polybenzimidazoles: Mainly polymers of 3,3',4,4'tetraminonbiphenyl (diaminobenzidine) and diphenyl isophthalate. Has good heat, fire, and chemical resistance. Used as coatings and fibers in aerospace and other hightemperature applications. Also called PBI. Polybutene: Polybutene-1 (PB- l), is a polyolefin, or unsaturated polymer, that is expressed as C,H,,. Polybutylene Terephthalate:Thermoplastic polymer of dimethyl terephthalate and butanediol. Has good tensile strength, dielectric properties, and chemical and water resistance, but poor impact strength and heat resistance. Processed by injection and blow-molding, extrusion, and thermoforming. Used in auto body parts, electrical devices, appliances, and housings. Also called PBT.

Glossary of Terms

Polycarbonates: Polycarbonates are thermoplastics prepared by either phosgenation of dihydric aromatic alcohols such as bisphenol A or by transesterification of these alcohols with carbonates, e.g., diphenyl carbonate. Polycarbonates consist of chains with repeating carbonyldioxy groups and can be aliphatic or aromatic. Has very good mechanical properties, especially impact strength, low moisture absorption and good thermal and oxidative stability. They are self-extinguishing and some grades are transparent. Polycarbonates have relatively low chemical resistance and resistance to stress cracking. Processed by injection and blow-molding, extrusion, and thermoforming at relatively high processing temperatures. Used in telephone parts, dentures, business machine housings, safety equipment,nonstaining dinnerware, food packaging, etc. Also called Polycarbonate, PC, and Polycarbonate Resins.

Polychlorotrifluoroethylene: Thermoplastic polymer of chlorotrifluoroethylene. Has good transparency, barrier properties, tensile strength, and creep resistance, modest dielectric properties and solvent resistance, and poor processibility. Processed by extrusion, injection and compression molding, and coating. Used in chemical apparatus, low-temperature seals, films, and internal lubricants. Also called PCTFE. Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Ethylene Terephthalate: Thermoplastic polymer of cyclohexylenedimethylenediol, ethylene glycol, and terephthalic acid. Has good clarity, stiffness, hardness, and low-temperature toughness. Processed by injection and blow-molding and extrusion. Used in containers for cosmetics and foods, packaging film, medical devices, machine guards, and toys. Also called PETG. PolycyclohexylenedimethyleneTerephthalate: Thermoplastic polymer of cyclohexylenedimethylenedioland

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205 terephthalic acid. Has good heat resistance. Processed by molding and extrusion. Also called PCT and PCTG. Polydispersity: See Molecular WeightDistribution. Polyester Resins: See Polyesters. Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomers: Copolymers containing soft polyether and hard polyester blocks. Has good dielectric strength, chemical and creep resistance, dynamic performance, appearance, and retention of properties in a wide temperature range, but poor light resistance. Processed by injection, blow and rotational molding, extrusion casting, and film blowing. Used in electrical insulation, medical products, auto parts, and business equipment. Also called Polyester TPE.

Polyethersulfone: Thermoplastic aromatic polymer; has good heat and fire resistance, transparency, dielectric properties, dimensional stability, rigidity, and toughness, but poor solvent and stress cracking resistance, processibility, and weatherability. Processed by injection, blow, and compression molding and extrusion. Used in high temperature applications, electrical devices, medical devices, housings, and aircraft and auto parts. Also called PES. Polyethylene Copolymer: Thermoplastic polymers of ethylene with other olefins such as propylene. Processed by molding and extrusion. Also called PE Copolymer. Polyethylene Napthalate: Polyethylene Napthalate (PEN), a new generation polymer, is a high-performance member of the polyester family.

Polyester TPE: See Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomers. Polyesters: A broad class of polymers usually made by condensation of a diol with dicarboxylic acid or anhydride. Polyesters consist of chains with repeating carbonyloxy group and can be aliphatic or aromatic. There are thermosetting polyesters, such as alkyd resins and unsaturated polyesters, and thermoplastic polyesters such as PET. The properties, processing methods, and applications of polyesters vary widely. Also called Polyester Resins. Polyether Block Amide: Polyether Block Amide is a thermoplastic elastomer made of a flexible polymer and a rigid polyamid. Polyetheretherketone: Semicrystalline thermoplastic aromatic polymer. Has good chemical, heat, fire, and radiation resistance, toughness, rigidity, bearing strength, and processibility. Processed by injection molding, spinning, cold forming, and extrusion. Used in fibers, films, auto engine parts, aerospace composites, and electrical insulation. Also called PEEK. Polyetherimides: Thermoplastic cyclized polymers of aromatic diether dianhydrides and aromatic diamine. Has good chemical, creep, and heat resistance, and dielectric properties. Processed by extrusion, thermoforming, and compression, injection, and blowmolding. Used in auto parts, jet engines, surgical instruments, industrial apparatus, food packaging, cookware, and computer disks. Also called PEL Polyetherketone: Thermoplastic; has good heat and chemical resistance and thermal stability. Used in advanced composites, wire coating, filters, integrated circuit boards, and bearings. Also called PEK.

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Polyethylene Terephthalate: Thermoplastic polymer of ethylene glycol with terephthalic acid. Has good hardness, wear and chemical resistance, dimensional stability, and dielectric properties. High-crystallinity grades have good tensile strength and heat resistance. Processed by injection and blow-molding and extrusion. Used in fibers, food packaging (films, bottles, trays), magnetic tapes, and photo films. Also called PET. Polyimides: Thermoplastic aromatic cyclized polymers of trimellitic anhydride and aromatic diamine. Has good tensile strength, dimensional stability, dielectric and barrier properties, and creep, impact, heat, and fire resistance, but poor processibility. Processed by compression and injection molding, powder sintering, film casting, and solution coating. Thermoset uncyclized polymers are heat curable and have good processability. Processed by transfer and injection molding, lamination, and coating. Used in jet engines, compressors, sealing coatings, auto parts, and business machines. Also called PI. Polymer Chain Unsaturation: See Unsaturation.

Chemical

Polymers: High-molecular-weightorganic or inorganic compounds, the molecules comprise linear, branched, crosslinked, or otherwise shaped chains of repeating molecular groups. Syntheticpolymers are prepared by polymerization of one or more monomers. The monomers are low-molecular-weight substances with one or more reactive bonds or functional groups. Also called resins, plastics. Polymethyl Methacrylate: Thermoplastic polymer of methyl methacrylate. Has good transparency, weatherability, impact strength, and dielectric properties.

Glossary of Terms

206 Processed by compression and injection molding, casting, and extrusion. Used in lenses, sheets, airplane canopies, signs, and lighting fixtures. Also called PMMA.

Polymethylpentene: Thermoplasticstereoregularpolyolefin obtained by polymerizing 4-methyl-1-pentene based on dimerization of propylene; has low density, good transparency, rigidity, dielectric and tensile properties, and heat and chemical resistance. Processed by injection and blowmolding and extrusion. Used in laboratory ware, coated paper, light fixtures, auto parts, and electrical insulation. Also called PMP. Polyolefin Plastomers: Polyolefin Plastomers are elastomeric polymers made of polypropylene and ethylenepropylene diene rubber. In general, a plastomer provides an excellent combination of mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties expected of conventional thermoset rubber. Polyolefin Resins: See PolyoleJins. Polyolefins: A broad class of hydrocarbon-chain elastomers or thermoplastics usually prepared by addition (co)polymerization of alkenes such as ethylene. There are branched and linear polyolefins and some are chemically or physically modified. Unmodified polyolefins have relatively low thermal stability and a nonporous, nonpolar surface with poor adhesive properties. Processed injection, blow, and rotational molding and extrusion. Polyolefins are used more and have more applications than any other polymers. Also called Olefinic Resins, Olefin Resins, and Polyolefin Resins. Polyphenylene Ether Nylon Alloys: Thermoplastics;has improved heat and chemical resistance and toughness. Processed by molding and extrusion. Used in auto body parts. Polyphenylene Sulfide: High-performance engineering thermoplastic; has good chemical, water, fire, and radiation resistance, dimensional stability, and dielectric properties, but decreased impact strength and poor processability. Processed by injection, compression, and transfer molding and extrusion. Used in hydraulic components, bearings, electronic parts, appliances, and auto parts. Also called PPS. Polyphenylene Sulfide Sulfone: Thermoplastic;has good heat, fire, creep, and chemical resistance and dielectric properties. Processed by injection molding. Used in electrical devices. Also called PPSS.

Glossary of Terms

Polyphthalamide: Thermoplastic polymer of aromatic diamine and phthalic anhydride. Has good heat, chemical, and fire resistance, impact strength, retention of properties at high temperatures, dielectric properties, and stiffness, but decreased light resistance and poor processability. Processed by solution casting, molding, and extrusion. Used in films, fibers, and molded parts. Also called PPA. Polypropylene: Thermoplastic polymer of propylene. Has low density and good flexibility and resistance to chemicals, abrasion, moisture, and stress cracking, but decreased dimensional stability, mechanical strength, and light, fire, and heat resistance. Processed by injection molding, spinning, and extrusion. Used in fibers and films for adhesive tapes and packaging. Also called PP. Polypyrrole: A polymer of pyrrole, a five-membered heterocyclic substance with one nitrogen and four carbon atoms and with two double bonds. The polymer can be prepared via electrochemical polymerization. Polymers thus prepared are doped by electrolyte anion and are electrically conductive. Polypyrrole is used in lightweight secondary batteries, as electromagnetic interference shielding, anodic coatings, photoconductors, solar cells, and transistors. Polystyrene: Thermoplastics produced by polymerization of styrene with or without modification (e.g., by copolymerization or blending) to make impact-resistant or expandable grades. Has good rigidity, high dimensional stability, low moisture absorption, optical clarity, high gloss, and good dielectric properties. Unmodified polystyrenes have poor impact strength and resistance to solvents, heat, and UV radiation. Processed by injection molding, extrusion, compression molding, and foam molding. Used widely in medical devices, housewares, food packaging, electronics, and foam insulation. Also called Polystyrenes, PS, and Polystyrol. Polystyrenes: See Polystyrene Polystyrol: See Polystyrene. Polysulfones: Thermoplastics, often aromatic with ether linkages; has good heat, fire, and creep resistance, dielectric properties, transparency, but poor weatherability, processability, and stress cracking resistance. Processed by injection, compression, and blow-molding and extrusion. Used in appliances, electronic devices, auto parts, and electric insulators. Also called PSO.

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207 Polytetrafluoroethylene: Thermoplastic polymer of tetrafluoroethylene; has good dielectric properties, chemical, heat, abrasion, and fire resistance, antiadhesive properties, impact strength, and weatherability, but decreased strength, processability, barrier properties, and creep resistance. Processed by sinter molding and powder coating. Used in nonstick coatings, chemical apparatus, electrical devices, bearings, and containers. Also called PTFE. Polyurethane Resins: See Polyurethanes. Polyurethanes: A broad class of polymers consisting of chains with a repeating urethane group, prepared by condensation of polyisocyanates with polyols, e.g., polyester or polyether diols. PUS may be thermoplastic or thermosetting, elastomeric or rigid, cellular or solid, and offer a wide range of properties depending on composition and molecular structure. Has high abrasion resistance, good retention of properties at low temperatures, and good foamability, but poor heat resistance, weatherability, and resistance to solvents. PUS are flammable and can release toxic substances. Thermoplastic PUS are not cross-linked and are processed by injection molding and extrusion. Thermosetting PUS can be cured at relatively low temperatures and give foams with good heat insulating properties. They are processed by reaction injection molding, rigid and flexible foam methods, casting, and coating. PUS are used in load bearing rollers and wheels, acoustic clamping materials, sporting goods, seals and gaskets, heat insulation, potting, and encapsulation. Also called PUR, PU, Urethane Polymers, Urethane Resins, Urethanes, and Polyurethane Resins.

Polyvinylidene Chloride: Stereoregular thermoplastic polymer of vinylidene chloride; has good abrasion and chemical resistance and barrier properties. Vinylidene chloride (VDC) content always exceeds 50%. Processed by molding and extrusion. Used in food packaging films, bag liners, pipes, upholstery, fibers, and coatings. Also called PVDC. Polyvinylidene Fluoride: Thermoplastic polymer of vinylidene fluoride; has good strength, processability, wear, fire, solvent, and creep resistance, and weatherability, but decreased dielectric properties and heat resistance. Processed by injection and transfer molding, extrusion, and powder coating. Used in electrical insulation, pipes, chemical apparatus, coatings, films, containers, and fibers. Also called PVDF. POP: See PolyoleJin Plastomers. PP: See Polypropylene. PPA: See Po lyphthalam ide. pphm: See Parts Per Hundred Million. ppm: A unit for measuring small concentrations of material or substance as the number of its parts (arbitrary quantity) per million parts of medium consisting of another material or substance. PPS: See Polyphenylene SulJide. PPSS: See Polyphenylene SulJide Sulfone.

Polyvinyl Alcohol: Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH) is a watersoluble synthetic polymer made by alcoholysis of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and is available hydrolyzed, or partially hydrolyzed, and as a copolymer.

Pressure: Stress exerted equally in all directions. Also called Processing Pressure. Pressure Differential: See Pressure Gradient.

Polyvinyl Chloride: Thermoplastic polymer of vinyl chloride, available in rigid and flexible forms. Has good dimensional stability, fire resistance, and weatherability, but decreased heat and solvent resistance and high density. Processed by injection and blow-molding, calendering, extrusion, and powder coating. Used in films, fabric coatings, wire insulation, toys, bottles, and pipes. Also called PVC. Polyvinyl Fluoride: Crystalline thermoplastic polymer of vinyl fluoride; has good toughness, flexibility, weatherability, and low-temperature and abrasion resistance. Processed by film techniques. Used in packaging, glazing, and electrical devices. Also called PVF.

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Pressure Gradient: The rate of decrease of pressure in space at a fixed time, or the magnitude of this decrease. The permeation coefficient of gases through a barrier wall such as plastic film increases with increasing pressure gradient, which is a driving force of the process, and, therefore, should be stated for the coefficient values to be meaningful. Also called Pressure Differential. Prevulcanization: See Scorching. Process Characteristics: See Processing Parameters. Process Conditions: See Processing Parameters.

Glossary of Terms

208 Process Media: See Processing Agents Process Parameters: See Processing Parameters. Process Pressure: See Processing Pressure

Processing Rate: Speed of the process in manufacture, preparation, and treatment of a material or article. It usually denotes the change in aprocess parameter per unit of time or the throughput speed of material in a unit of weight, volume, etc., per unit of time. Also called Process Speed, Process Velocity, and Process Rate.

Process Rate: See Processing Rate.

Process Time: See Processing Time.

Processing Time: Time required for the completion of a process in the manufacture, preparation, and treatment of a material or article. Also called Process Time, and Cycle Time.

Process Velocity: See Processing Rate

Promoter: See Accelerator

Processing Additives: See Processing Agents.

Propane: An alkane (saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon) with three carbon atoms, CH,CH,CH,. A colorless, flammable gas (autoignition temperature, 467°C). Relatively inactive chemically. Obtained from petroleum or natural gas. Used in petrochemical synthesis, as fuel, aerosol propellant, and refrigerant.

Process Speed: See Processing Rate.

Processing Agents: Agents or media used in the manufacture, preparation, and treatment of a material or article to improve its processing or properties. The agents often become a part of the material. Also called Process Media, Processing Aids, and Processing Additives.

Propanone (2-): See Acetone. Processing Aids: See Processing Agents. Propene: See Propylene. Processing Defects: Structural and other defects in material or article caused inadvertently during manufacturing, preparation, and treatment processes by using wrong tooling, process parameters, ingredients, part design, etc. Usually preventable. Also called Processing Flaw, Defects, and Flaw. See also Cracking.

Propylene: An alkene (unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon) with three carbon atoms, CH,=CHCH,. A colorless, highly flammable gas (autoignition temperature, 497°C). Derived by thermal cracking of ethylene or from naphtha. Used as monomer in polymer and organic synthesis. Also called Propene.

Processing Flaw: See Processing Defects. PS: See Polystyrene. Processing Methods: Method names and designations for material or article manufacturing, preparation, and treatment processes. Note: Both common and standardized names are used. Also called Processing Procedures.

PSO: See Polysulfones. PTFE: See Polytetrajluoroethylene. PTP: Push-Through Packaging.

Processing Parameters: Measurable parameters such as temperature prescribed or maintained during material or article manufacture, preparation, and treatment processes. Also called Process Characteristics, Process Conditions, and Process Parameters. Processing Pressure: Pressure maintained in an apparatus during material or article manufacture, preparation, and treatment processes. Also called Process Pressure. See also Pressure. Processing Procedures: See Processing Methods.

Glossary of Terms

PU: See Polyurethanes. Puncture Force: The minimum force required to puncture a flat plastic material, such as film, or textile with a pointed member, such as pyramid, at a slow rate of loading. Puncture Impact: The puncture impact system measures the energy required to break a specimen using a swinging pendulum arm and a round test sample, clamped around its periphery.

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Puncture Strength: Puncture strength is the force required to penetrate or puncture a specimen with a probe of a specified size and shape.

Resorcinol Modified Phenolic Resins: Thermosetting polymers of phenol, formaldehyde, and resorcinol; has good heat and creep resistance and dimensional stability.

PUR: See Polyurethanes.

Retort: Laboratory glassware comprising a spherical container with a long tube in which substances are distilled, an apparatus for extraction or gasification by heating, or an apparatus for sterilization by heating.

PVC: See Polyvinyl Chloride. PVDC: See Polyvinylidene Chloride.

RH: See Relative Humidity. PVDF: See Polyvinylidene Fluoride. PVF: See Polyvinyl Fluoride. PVOH: See Polyvinyl Alcohol. PVT Relationship: Pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature (T) relationship of Boyle’s law stating that the product of the volume of a gas times its pressure is a constant at a given temperature, PV/T=R, where R is Boltzmann constant.

Rigid Thermoplastic Polyurethanes: Rigid thermoplastic polyurethanes are not chemically cross-linked.Has high abrasion resistance, good retention of properties at low temperatures, but poor heat resistance, weatherability, and resistance to solvents. Rigid thermoplastic polyurethanes are flammable and can release toxic substances. Processed by injection molding and extrusion. Also called Rigid Thermoplastic Urethanes and Nonelastomeric Thermoplastic Polyurethanes.

R

Rigid Thermoplastic Urethanes: See Rigid Thermoplastic Polyurethanes.

Ra: See Roughness Average.

RIM: See Reaction Injection Molding System.

Reaction-Injection Molding System: Liquid compositions, mostly polyurethane-based, of thermosetting resins, prepolymers, monomers, or their mixtures. Has good processibility, dimensional stability, and flexibility. Processed by foam molding with in-mold curing at high temperatures. Used in auto parts and office furniture. Also called RIM.

S

Refractive Index: The ratio of the velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum to its velocity through a specimen.

SBS: See Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene.

Relative Humidity: The ratio of the actual vapor pressure of the air to the saturation vapor pressure. Also called RH. Relative-Humidity Gradient: The rate of decrease of relative humidity in space at a fixed time, or the magnitude of this decrease. The transmission rate of water vapor through a barrier wall such as plastic film increases with increasing relative humidity gradient, which is a driving force of the process, and, therefore, should be stated for the rate values to be meaningful. Relative Viscosity: The ratio of solution viscosity to the viscosity of the solvent. Resins: See Polymers.

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SAN: See Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolymer. SAN Copolymer: See Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolymer. SAN Resin: See Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolymer.

Seal-Initiation Temperature: The lower limit of a heatseal temperature range at which a thermoplastic material such as film is beginning to fuse and adhere to itself or other thermoplastic materials. Secant Modulus: Secant modulus is the ratio of stress to corresponding strain at a specified strain level. It is usually employed when the stress-strain curve for a material does not exhibit linearity of stress to strain. Service Life: The period of time required for the specified properties of the material to deteriorate under normal use conditions to the minimum allowable level with material retaining its overall usability. Shelf Life: Time during which a physical system, such as a material, retains its storage stability under specified conditions. Also called Storage Life.

Glossary of Terms

210 Silicone: There are rigid thermoplastic and liquid silicones and silicone rubbers consisting of alternating silicone and oxygen atom chains with organic pendant groups, prepared by hydrolytic polycondensation of chlorosilanes, followed by cross-linking. Silicone rubbers have good adhesion, flexibility, dielectric properties, weatherability, barrier properties, and heat and fire resistance, but decreased strength. Rigid silicones have good flexibility, weatherability, soil repelling properties, and dimensional stability, but poor solvent resistance. Processed by coating, casting, injection compression, and transfer molding. Used in coatings, electronic devices, diaphragms, medical products, adhesives, and sealants. Also called Siloxane.

outside forces, including mechanical force, heat, and weather. See also Degradation.

Siloxane: See Silicone.

Starch-Modified Polypropylene: Biodegradable thermoplastic starch-grafted polypropylene.

Standard Atmosphere: See Atmosphere. Starch: A polysaccharide, consisting of amylose and amylopectin, found in plants such as potatoes. Gels in water. Used in adhesives, textile sizes, and thickeners, and in manufacture of biodegradable polymers such as polyesters. The grades include technical and edible. Starch-Modified, Low Density Polyethylene: Biodegradable thermoplastic starch-grafted low-density polyethylene.

SIS: See Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene. Slip Factor: A property that characterizes the lubricity of a material such as plastic sliding in contact with another material that is reciprocal of the friction coefficient. SMA: See Styrene Maleic Anhydride Copolymer. SMA PBT Alloy: See Styrene Maleic Anhydride Copolymer PBTAlloy.

Starch-Modified Polyurethane: Biodegradable thermoplastic starch-grafted polyurethane. Static Coefficient of Friction: The ratio of the force that is required to start the friction motion of one surface against another to the force, usually gravitational, acting perpendicular to the two surfaces in contact. Also called Coefficient of Friction. Static. Std atm: See Atmosphere.

Softening Point: Temperature at which the material changes from rigid to soft or exhibits a sudden and substantial decrease in hardness. Also called Softening Temperature and Softening Range. Softening Range: See Softening Point.

Storage Life: See ShelfLife. Storage Stability: The resistance of a physical system, such as a material, to decomposition, deterioration of properties or any type of degradation in storage under specified conditions.

Softening Temperature: See Softening Point. Solubility: A capacity of one substance to be fully dissolved in another without any phase separation, e.g., precipitation. Usually expressed as a percentage of dissolved substance. Solubility Coefficient: The volume of a gas that can be dissolved by a unit volume of solvent at a fixed pressure and temperature. Specific Gravity: The density of a substance relative to the density of water. Spencer Impact: See Impact Resistance, Spencer Impact: Stability: The ability of a physical system, such as a material, to resist a change or degradation under exposure to

Glossary of Terms

STP: Standard temperature and pressure equal to 1 atmosphere and O"C, respectively. Used in measurement of permeability coefficient and other properties dependent on temperature and pressure. Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolymer: SAN resins are thermoplastic copolymers of about 70% styrene and 30% acrylonitrile with higher strength, rigidity, and chemical resistance than polystyrene. Characterized by transparency, high heat deflection properties, excellent gloss, hardness, and dimensional stability. Has low continuous service temperature and impact strength. Processed by injection molding, extrusion, injection-blow-molding, and compression molding. Used in appliances, housewares, instrument lenses for automobiles, medical devices, and electronics. Also called Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer, SAN, SAN Resin, and SAN Copolymer.

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21 1 Styrene Butadiene Block Copolymer: Thermoplastic amorphous block polymer of butadiene and styrene having good impact strength, rigidity,gloss, compatibility with other styrenic resins, water resistance, and processibility. Used in food and display containers, toys, and shrink wrap. Styrene Butadiene Copolymer: Thermoplasticpolymers of butadiene and >50% styrene having good transparency, toughness, and processibility. Processed by extrusion, injection and blow-molding, and thermoforming. Used in film wraps, disposable packaging, medical devices, toys, display racks, and office supplies. Styrene Butadiene Styrene: Each molecule of SBS polymer consists of block segments of styrene monomer units and rubber monomer units. Each block segment may consist of 100 monomer units or more. The linear A-B-A block types are styrene butadiene styrene (SBS). Styrene Isoprene Styrene: Each molecule of SBS polymer consists of block segments of styrene monomer units and rubber monomer units. Each block segment may consist of 100 monomer units or more. The linear A-B-A block types are styrene isoprene styrene (SIS). Styrene Maleic Anhydride Copolymer: Thermoplastic copolymer of styrene with maleic anhydride. Has good thermal stability and adhesion, but decreased chemical and light resistance. Processed by injection and foam molding and extrusion. Used in auto parts, appliances, door panels, pumps, and business machines. Also called SMA.

household goods, packaging, films, tools, containers, and pipes. Also called Styrene Resins, Styrene Polymers, and Styrene Plastics.

Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomers: Linear or branched copolymers containing polystyrene end blocks and elastomer (e.g., isoprene rubber) middle blocks. Has a wide range of hardnesses, tensile strength, and elongation, and good low-temperature flexibility, dielectric properties, and hydrolytic stability. Processed by injection, blow-molding, and extrusion. Used in coatings, sealants, impact modifiers, shoe soles, medical devices, tubing, electrical insulation, and auto parts. Also called TES. Sulfur Dioxide: A colorless, noncombustible gas or liquid with pungent odor, SO,. Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant. Derived from pyrites or burning sulfur. Used in paper pulping, inorganic synthesis, as bleaching agent for oils, for fumigation, as antioxidant, bactericide, and metal refining. Surface Arc Resistance: See Arc Resistance Surface Resistivity: Surface Resistivity is the ratio of the potential gradient parallel to the current along its surface, to the current per unit width of the surface. Surface Roughness: Relatively fine spaced surface irregularities, the heights, widths, and directions of which establish the predominant surface pattern. Surface Tack: Stickiness of a surface of a material such as wet paint when touched.

Styrene Maleic Anhydride Copolymer PBT Alloy: Thermoplastic alloy of styrene maleic anhydride copolymer and polybutylene terephthalate. Has improved dimensional stability and tensile strength. Processed by injection molding. Also called SMA PBT Alloy.

Syndiotactic: A polymer molecule in which pendant groups and atoms attached to the main chain are arranged in a symmetrical and recurring fashion relative to it in a single plane.

Styrene Plastics: See Styrenic Resins.

T

Styrene Polymers: See Styrenic Resins.

TAB: Tape Automated Bonding.

Styrene Resins: See Styrenic Resins.

TAPPI T511: See ASTMD2176.

Styrenic Resins: Styrenic resins are thermoplastics prepared by free-radical polymerization of styrene alone or with other unsaturated monomers. The properties of styrenic resins vary widely with molecular structure, attaining the high performance level of engineering plastics. Processed by blow and injection molding, extrusion, thermoforming, film techniques, and structural foam molding. Used heavily for the manufacture of automotive parts,

TD: Transverse Direction.

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Tear-Propagation Resistance: The force required to propagate a slit in a flexible plastic film or thin sheeting at a constant rate of loading, calculated as an average between the initial and the maximum tear-propagationforces. Also called Tear Resistance, Propagated. Tear Resistance, Initial: See Initial Tear Resistance.

Glossary of Terms

212 Tear Resistance, Propagated: See Tear Propagation Resistance.

Test Variables: Terms related to the testing of materials such as test method names.

Tear Strength: The tear strength is a measure of the resistance of a material to tear forces. The tear strength of a notched specimen is calculated by dividing the maximum load by the thickness of the specimen.

Tetrachloroethylene: Other names for tetrachloroethylene include perchloroethylene, PCE, and tetrachloroethene. It is a nonflammable liquid at room temperature. It evaporates easily into the air and has a sharp, sweet odor. Tetrachloroethylene is widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing. It is also used to make other chemicals and is used in some consumer products.

Tear Strength, Elmendorf Sometimes called the Elmendorf tear, this tear strength determines the force required to propagate a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a specimen using a falling-pendulum type (Elmendorf) apparatus. Tear Strength, Initial (Graves): Initial Tear Strength measures the force required to initiate tearing on a specimen.

TetrafluoroethylenePropylene Copolymer: Thermosetting elastomeric polymer of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene. Has good chemical and heat resistance and flexibility. Used in auto parts. TFE : Tetrafluoroethylene.

Tear Strength, Propagating: See Tear Strength, Elmendorf Temperature: Property which determines the direction of heat flow between objects. Note: The heat flows from the object with higher temperature to that with lower. Tensile Creep: Tensile Creep is the measurement of the rate of deformation of a specimen after a certain level of stress has been applied for a specified amount of time. Tensile Modulus or Young’s Modulus: Tensile, or Young’s modulus, is the ratio of stress to strain within the elastic region of the stress-strain curve (prior to the yield point). Tensile Strength: The tensile strength of a material can be defined as its strength when a pulling force is applied along the length of a sample. Tensile Strength at Break: The tensile strength at break is the force required to break a specimen. Tensile Yield Strength: Tensile yield strength is the maximum engineering stress, in MPa, at which permanent, nonelastic deformation begins. (IS0 527) Terephthalate Polyester: Thermoset unsaturated polymer of terephthalic anhydride.

Thermal Properties: Properties related to the effects of heat on physical systems such as materials and heat transport. The effects of heat include the effects on structure, geometry, performance, aging, stress-strain behavior, etc. Thermal Stability:The resistance of a physical system, such as amaterial, to decomposition, deterioration of properties or any type of degradation in storage under specified conditions. Thermodynamic Properties: A quantity that is either an attribute of the entire system or is a function of position, which is continuous and does not vary rapidly over microscopic distances, except possibility for abrupt changes at boundaries between phases of the system. Also called Macroscopic Properties. Thermoplastic Elastomers: Thermoplastic Elastomers are a very flexible type of thermoplastic that has the properties of natural rubber. Also called TPE. Thermoplastic Polyesters: A class ofpolyesters that can be repeatedly made soft and pliable on heating and hard (flexible or rigid) on subsequent cooling. Thermoplastic Polyurethanes:A class of polyurethanes including rigid and elastomeric polymers that can be repeatedly made soft and pliable on heating and hard (flexible or rigid) on subsequent cooling. Also called Thermoplastic Urethanes, TPUR, and TPU.

TES: See Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomers. Test Methods: Names and designations of material test methods. Also called Testing Methods.

Glossary of Terms

Thermoplastic Urethanes: See Thermoplastic Polyurethanes.

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213 Three-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds: A class of heterocyclic compounds containing rings that consist of three atoms. Three-Membered Heterocyclic Oxygen Compounds: A class of heterocyclic compounds containing rings that consist of three atoms, one or two of which is an oxygen. Time: See Processing Time. Total Energy Dart Drop: See Impact Resistance, Dart Drop

UL 746B: Polymeric Materials - Long Term Property Evaluation is a method for the evaluation of physical, electrical, flammability, thermal, and other properties of the materials under consideration and are intended to provide guidance for the material manufacturer, the molder, the end-product manufacturer, safety engineers, and other interested parties. Ultimate Elongation: Ultimate Elongation is the percentage elongation of a specimen at rupture under tensile loading . Ultimate Hot-Tack Strength: See Hot-Tack Strength.

Toughness: Property of a material indicating its ability to absorb energy by plastic deformation rather than crack or fracture.

Ultimate Seal Strength: Maximum force that a heatsealed thermoplastic film can sustain in a tensile test without seal failure per unit length of the seal.

TPE: See Thermoplastic Elastomers. TPO: See OleJinic Thermoplastic Elastomers.

Ultimate Tensile Strength: Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand before failing, whichever occurs at the higher stress level.

TPU: See Thermoplastic Polyurethanes. TPUR: See Thermoplastic Polyurethanes. Transition Point: See Phase Transition Point. Transition Temperature: See Phase Transition Point. Transmittance: Often recorded as percent, transmittance represents the fraction of radiant energy that passes through the sample. Tribasic Lead Maleate: A salt of maleic acid, highly effective as heat stabilizer for polymeric materials. Limited to use in applications where toxicity and lack of clarity can be tolerated. Turbidity: The cloudiness in a liquid caused by a suspension of colloidal liquid droplets, or fine solids. TSCA: Toxic Substance Control Act. U UHMWPE: See Ultrahigh Molecular- Weight Polyethylene. ULDPE: Ultra Low Density Polyethylene. UL Underwriters Laboratories Inc.: UL is an independent, not-for-profit product safety testing and certification organization.

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Ultrahigh Molecular-Weight Polyethylene: Thermoplastic linear polymer of ethylene with molecular weight in the millions. Has good wear and chemical resistance, toughness, and antifriction properties, but poor processibility. Processed by compression molding and ram extrusion. Used in bearings, gears, and sliding surfaces. Also called UHMWPE. Uniaxially Oriented: A state of material such as polymeric film or composite characterized by the permanent orientation of its components such as polymer molecules or reinforcing fibers in one direction. The orientation is achieved by a number of different processes, e.g., stretching, and is intended to improve the mechanical properties of the material. Units: See Units of Measurement. Units of Measurement: Systematic and nonsystematic units for measuring physical quantities, including metric and US pound-inch systems. Also called Units. Urea Resins: Thermosetting polymers of formaldehyde and urea. Has good clarity, colorability, scratch, fire, and solvent resistance, rigidity, dielectric properties, and tensile strength, but decreased impact strength and chemical, heat, and moisture resistance. Must be filled for molding. Processed by compression and injection molding, impregnation, and coating. Used in cosmetic containers, housings, tableware, electrical insulators, countertop laminates, adhesives, and coatings.

Glossary of Terms

214 Urethane Polymers: See Polyurethanes Urethane Resins: See Polyurethanes. Urethane Thermoplastic Elastomers: Block polyether or polyester polyurethanes containing soft and hard segments. Has good tensile strength, elongation, adhesion, and a broad hardness and service temperature ranges, but decreased moisture resistance and processibility. Processed by extrusion, injection molding, film blowing, and coating. Used in tubing, packaging film, adhesives, medical devices, conveyor belts, auto parts, and cable jackets. Also called TPU. Urethanes: See Polyurethanes. V VDC: Vinylidene Chloride. Veneer: In rubber industry, a thin film applied on a rubber article to protect it against oxygen and ozone attack, acts as a migration barrier or for decorative purposes. Vicat Softening Point: The temperature at which a flatended needle of prescribed geometry will penetrate a thermoplastic specimen to a certain depth under a specified load using a uniform rate of temperature rise. Note: Vicat softening point is determined according to ASTM D 1525 test for thermoplastics such as polyethylene which has no definite melting point. Also called Vicat Softening Temperature. Vicat Softening Temperature: See Mcat Softening Point. Vinyl Ester Resins: Thermosetting acrylated epoxy resins containing styrene reactive diluent. Cured by catalyzed polymerization of vinyl groups and cross-linking of hydroxy groups at room or elevated temperatures. Has good chemical, solvent, and heat resistance, toughness, and flexibility, but shrinks during cure. Processed by filament winding, transfer molding, pultrusion, coating, and lamination. Used in structural composites, coatings, sheet molding compounds, and chemical apparatus. Vinyl Resins: Thermoplastics polymer of vinyl compounds such as vinyl chloride or vinyl acetate. Have good weatherability, barrier properties, and flexibility, but decreased solvent and heat resistance. Processed by molding, extrusion, and coating. Used in films and packaging.

Glossary of Terms

Vinyl Thermoplastic Elastomers: Vinyl resin alloys having good fire and aging resistance, flexibility, dielectric properties, and toughness. Processed by extrusion. Used in cable jackets and wire insulation. Vinylidene Fluoride Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer: Thermoplastic polymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene. Has good antistick, dielectric, and antifriction properties, and chemical and heat resistance, but decreased mechanical strength, creep resistance, and poor processibility. Processed by molding, extrusion, and coating. Used in chemical apparatus, containers, films, and coatings. Vinylidene Fluoride HexafluoropropyleneTetrafluoroethylene Terpolymer: Thermosetting elastomeric polymer of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, and tetrafluoroethylene. Has good chemical and heat resistance and flexibility. Used in auto parts. VLDPE: Very Low Density Polyethylene. Volume Resistivity: Volume Resistivity is the resistance in ohms between opposite faces of a centimeter cube of the material tested. Vulcanizate: Rubber that had been irreversibly transformed fiom predominantly plastic to predominantly elastic material by vulcanization (chemical curing or crosslinking) using heat, vulcanization agents, accelerants, etc. Vulcanizate Cross-links: Chemical bonds formed between polymeric chains in rubber as a result of vulcanization. W Warpage: See Warping. Warping: Dimensional distortion or deviation from the intended shape of a plastic or rubber article as a result of nonuniform internal stress, e.g., caused by uneven heat shrinkage. Also called Warpage. Water Swell: Expansion of material volume as a result of water absorption. Water-Vapor Transmission Rate: A measure of water vapor (moisture) permeability of a barrier wall such as plastic film. Vapor transmission rate, VTR, is a coefficient in modified Fick’s first law that states that the

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215 weight (W) of a vapor that penetrates a barrier wall is directly proportional to the area (A) of the wall and time (t), and is inversely proportional to the wall thickness (s); or W = VTR . (A . t)/s. The water vapor transmission rate is a characteristic constant for the wall material that is homogeneous in the direction of penetration. It depends on the temperature and relative humidity gradient. Also called WVTR.

Wettability: The degree or extent to which something absorbs or can be made to absorb moisture. Whiting: A finely divided form of calcium carbonate (CaCO,) obtained by milling high-calcium limestone, marble, shell, or chemically precipitated calcium carbonate. Used as an extender filler in plastics and rubbers.

para-xylene. Derived from coal tar and petroleum. Used in aviation fuel, solvent for alkyd resins and coatings, and in the synthesis of phthalic acids.

Y Yield Point: Yield point is the first point (load) at which the specimen yields, where the specimen’s cross-sectional area begins to decrease (neckdown) significantly, or an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress. Yield Strength: The stress at which an elastic material under increasing stress ceases to behave elastically. Under conditions of tensile stress, the elongation is greater than the increase in stress. Young’s Modulus: See Tensile Modulus

WVTR: See Water-Vapor Transmission Rate. X Xylene: An aromatic hydrocarbon comprising benzene ring containing two methyl substituent groups, C,H,Me,. It is a colorless, flammable, toxic liquid usually consisting of a mixture of three isomers: ortho-, meta-, and

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Glossary of Terms

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Trade Names Basell Polyolefins Adflex ............................................................. Polybutene-1 ................................................. BASF UltramidA5 ..................................................... BP Chemicals Barex ...........................................................

167. 168 145. 147

51. 53

My1ar ................................................. 159, 160, 161 Teonex ............................................................ 65, 68 Eastman Eastar PCTG ..................................................... 71. 72 Eastar PETG ............................................................ 73 Ecdel ............................................................. 173. 175 Tenite ...................................................................... 13

9. 10. 11 Elf Atochem Pebax ............................................................

Dow Chemical Company

169. 170

.............. 117. 118. 119 Attane ...................................

.......................... .......................

95. 98 139. 140

Saran .....................................

.......................

155. 156

DSM Engineering Plastics Arnitel ..........................................................

173. 174

EMS Chemie Grilon BM 13 SBG ............. Grilon BM 17 SBG .............................. Grilon BM 20 SBG .............

.............................. Grilon CF 6 s ...................... Grilon CR 9 HV Grilon F50 ..........................

............................. ..............................

Grivory 2 1 ..........................

59. 59. 63. 57. 57. 57. 47. 43. 43.

60 61 64 58 58 58 49 44 44

DuPont

..........................

51. 52

Elvanol ..................................

........ 129. 130.132. 133 .......................

111. 112

.......................... 75. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. .......................... 31. 17. .......................... 21. 21. Teflon T2 ............................... Surlyn ..............................

Tefzel T2 ................................

77 39 32 18 22 23 ................................. 29 15. 16

159. 160. 163 159, 160, 162

Equistar Chemical Alathon ............................................... 113. 114. 15 Flexathene .................................................... 167. 68 Petrotliene ....................................................... 95. 97 Ultrathene ........................................... 129. 130. 31 Eval Company of America Eval .....................................................

135. 136. 137

ExxonMobil Bicor .................................. .. 141 Exact . 123 Exceed ................ 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109 ........................... 141. 142 Overview ........................... ........................... 113. 116 Paxon ................................

.

DuPont Canada Sclailfih ........................................................

99. 100

DuPont Teijin Films Kaladex ........................................................... Melinex ...........................................................

65. 66 75. 76

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Enhance Packaging Technologies Dartek .................................................. Sclailfih ..............................................

Trade Names

21 8 Honeywell Aclar ............................................... 25. 26. 27. 28 Capron 6/66 .......................................................... 5 5 Capron Nylon 6 .............................................. 47. 4 8 OxyShield ................................................... 165. 166 Japanese Synthetic Rubber Company JSRRB ................................................................. Kraton .........................................................................

Trade Names

Shell Chemical Polybutylene 171OA ............................................. TiconaTopas .................................................

147

125. 126. 127

Vacrnet Packagings ..................................................

179

171 177

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References EVAL Film Properties Comparison, supplier technical report, Kuraray Co., Ltd.

(http://www. dupont. com/packaging/products/ elvax/index.html)

1001 Factors Affecting the Permeability of PE Blown Films, ANTEC '97, Equistar Chemicals, LP.

1020 Gas Barrier Properties of EVAL Resins - Technical Bulletin No. 110, supplier technical report - Eva1 Company of America, Rev 07-00.

268

1003 DuPont Kapton Summary of Properties: Chemical Properties, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, 200 1.(http://www.dupont. com/kapton/general/ spphythe.html)

1026 Polybutylene-1 General Properties, Basell Polyolefins. 1027 Rayton PPS, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company.

1004 Society of the Plastics Industry, Berins, M., Editor, Plastics Engineering Handbook of the Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc, ShEdition, pp 52-74, NewYork, VanNosirandReinhold, 01991.

1029 Elvanol, Product Overview, The DuPont Company. Portions of this publication have been reproduced verbatim. (http://www.dupont.com/industrialpolymers/elvanol/)

1006 Cost-Effective Performance Is In The Bag, Dow Polyolefins for Heavy Duty Shipping Sacks, The Dow Chemical Company, 1997.

1030 Elvanol PVOH, DuPont Company, 1999. (http:// www. dupont. com/industrial-polymers/elvanol/ elv-binder html#note)

1007 Attane Ultra Low Density Polyethylene Copolymers (ULDPE), The Dow Chemical Company. @tip:/ /www. dow. c o m / p o l y e t h y l e n e / n a / p r o d u c t s / attane.htm)

1045 Saran Polymers for Barrier Packaging, Continuing a Reputation for Excellence, Form No. 19000445-1096 RJD. Dow Plastics, Oct. 1996. Portions of this publication have been reproduced verbatim.

1008 Attane Data Sheets, 5/00 Dow Chemical Company. 1010 Nova Chemicals, Sclair 14A Data Sheet. 1011 DuPont Sclairfilms Polyethylene Film, DuPont Packaging, 1996. (http://www.dupont.com/packaging/products/Jilms/H-38 760.html) 1013 Affinity Polyolefin Plastomers, supplier marketing literature (305-01953-893 SMG) - Dow Chemical Company, 1993. (http://www.dow.com/polyethylenelnalproductslaffin.htm) 1014 Exact Plastomers, ExxonMobil Corporation, 2000. (http://www. exxonmobilchemical.com/chemical/ customer/products/families/exact/index. html) 1015 Product Information, Topas Cyclic Ole fin Copolymer, Ticona 2000, A business of Celanese AG. 1017 Flexible Packaging, Topas Cyclic Olefin Copolymers, Ticona, 2000. (http://www. ticona-us.com/Literature/Documents/Flexible%20Packaging%20 Topas-00-329res 72dpi.PDF) 1018 Elvax Ethylene-vinyl Acetate Copolymer Resins, Data Sheets and Other Technical Literature, DuPont Packaging, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company.

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1046 Saran Data Sheets, Dow Plastics Form No. 19000404-1096XRJD, 190-00462-496RJD. Portions of this publication have been reproduced verbatim. 1051 Saran Resins & Films, Applications, The Dow Chemical Company, 1995-2002. Portions of this publication have been reproduced verbatim. (http://www.dow.com/saran/app. html) 1052 You Cannot Live Without Plants, Plants and People, Wits University School of Animal Plant and Environmental Sciences, June 200 1. Portions of this publication have been reproduced verbatim. (http://w ww.wits. ac.za/apes/plants/introb.h tm) 1055 Kaladex, Teonex and Melinex Technical Data, Dupont Teijin Films U.S. Limited Partnership. (www. dupontteijinfilms. com ) 1063 BOPP Film, Polypropylene, Form No. 022 PPe 101 01, Basell Polypropylene, 2001, portions of this publication have been reproduced verbatim. Reference numbers correspond to our assigned source document number; if you wish additional information, please contact Plastics Design Library.

References

220 (h t t p : / / ww w. base11. c o m / m a t i / 0,1430,I %255F0,00.html)

1066 Matweb, Material Property Data, 1977-2002. (www.matweb.com) 1067 Kraton Polymers, Kraton, 2002. (http://www. kraton.com) 1069 Surlyn Data Sheets and other Technical Literature, DuPont Packaging, 2002. (http://www.dupont.corn/ packaging/products/surlyn/index. html) 1070 Eastman Cellulose Acetate (CA-398-3) Data Sheet, Eastman Chemical Company, 2000. (http:// w w w. e a s t m a n .c o m / p ro d u c t -i nf o r m a t i o n / producthome. asp?product =958) 1073 PP Cast Film, Polypropylene, 025 PPe 10101, Basell Polyolefins, portions of this publication have been reproduced verbatim. (http://www.basell.com/ mati/0,1430, I %255FO,OO.html) 1074 Exceed Polyethylene, ExxonMobil Corporation. (http://www.exxonmobilchemical.com/chemical/ customer/products/families/exceed/index. html)

1079 Breathable Films, Pebax, Elf Atochem, R-04.96, Atofina Chemicals, Inc. 1080 Capron Resin Properties and Film Processing Guide, Allied-Signal, 1998. (Honeywell.com) 1081 High-Barrier Amorphous Nylon Resins and Extensions of the Laminar Technology, supplier technicalreport, (E-73971) DuPont Company, 1985. 1083 Oxyshield Film Structures. Honeywell Specialty Films, Honeywell, 2002. (http://www.honeywellspecialtyfilms. com/products/oxyshield.h tml) 1117 Eastman Eastar PCTG Copolyester 5445 Film Properties and Data Sheet, (Eastman.com) 2000 Eastman Online Publications, (Eastmancom) 2000. (http://www.eastman. com/product-information/ producthome. asp ?product=1226) 1118 Eastman PETG Film Properties Data Sheet, Eastman.com, 2000. (http://www.eastman.com/ product-information/producthome.asp?product =I21 7)

1120 Mylar Polyester Films, product information, DuPont Teijin Films, 2001. Portions of this publication have been reproduced verbatim. (http:// www. DupontteijinJilms.com) 1124 Product Information, Mylar, DuPont Teijin Films. (h ttp://www. dupon t. com/packaging/products/ films/H-84822-2/H-84822-2. h tm 1)

1992. Portions of this publication have been reproduced verbatim. (http://www.dupont. cornhackaging/products/selar/index. h tm 1) 1137 Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 1997. Portions of this publication have been reproduced verbatim. (www.ftns. wau. nl/agridata/TOC.htm) 1138 Dow Polyethylene, The Dow Chemical Company. (http://www. dow.com/polyethylene/na/products/ low-den. htm) 1139 Dowlex Linear Low Density Polyethylene, Dow Polyethylene, The Dow Chemical Company. ('http:/ / w w w. d o w. co m/p o l y e thy 1en e / n a/' ro d u c t s / dowlexhtm) 1141 Paxon High Density Polyethylene, ExxonMobil Chemical. (http://www.exxonmobil. com/chemical/ c u s to m e r / p r o d u c ts/f a m i 1i e s / p o ly e thy 1e n e / grades la te/h dpe/paxon-am er-app. h tm 1) 1142 Product Attributes, Polyethylene, ExxonMobil Chemical, 200 1. (http://www.exxonmobil.com/ chemical/customer/products/families/polyethyl-

ene/attributes/index.html)

1145 EVAL Product Data Sheets, Eval Company of A m e r i c a . ( h t t p :/ / w w w . e v a 1 c a . c o m / prod-sheets. html) 1146 Technical Bulletin No. 200, Mechanical, Optical, and Miscellaneous Properties of EVAL@Resins and Films, Eval Company of America. (http://www.evalca.com/techbul-eval.html) 1147 Properties and Benefits, Primacor, The Dow Chemical Company. (http://www.dow.com/primacor/ prop/index.htm) 1149 OPP Films, Film Properties, ExxonMobil Chemical. (http://www.oppfilms.com/chemical/customer/ products/families/oppJilms/americas/index. h tml)

1150 Extrusion Films, Polypropylene Applications, Ato fina. (http://www.petrochemicals.atoJina.com/ sidel/alla.asp?lg=en&sid=l &ent=A&biz=b2) 1151 Product Data Sheets, Aristech Chemical Company, M a t w e b . c o m . ( h t t p :/ / w w w. m a t w e b . c o m / GetKeywordMatls. asp) 1152 Polybutene-1 : General Properties Basell (h t tp ://w w w. base 11. co m/m a ti/ Polyole fins. I , 1430,1-280,00.html) 1153 Polybutene- 1: Versatility, Value and Opportunity, Basell Polyolefins. (http://www.basell.com/mati/ I , 1430,1-280,00.html)

1125 Selar Barrier Resin Selector Guide, Supplier Marketing Literature (H-38769-1). DuPont Company, References

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22 1 1154 Polybutylene Easy Open Packaging Brochure, Shell Chemical. (http://www2.shellchemical. com/shell/ pages/easypack/ebOl. htm) 1155 Trycite Polystyrene Films, Engineered Films and Laminates, The Dow Chemical Company. (http:// www.dow.com/eJl/products/trycite. htm.) for Film, Polymer Products. 1157 EVA (Equistarchem.com) (h t tp :// w w w. e q u is t a rc h e m . c o m / h t m Upo ly m e r/e v a / eva-LLDPE-l? h tm) 1158 Alathon HMW-HDPE Film-grade Resins, Polymer Products, Equistar Chemical Company. (http:// w w w. e q u is t a rc h e m . c o m / h t m Upo ly m e r/e v a / HMW-HDPE. htm) 1159 Ecdel Elastomers, Eastman Chemical Company, 2002. (http://www.eastman.com/Brands/Ecdel/ Ecdel-Intro. asp) 1160 BL-1lBL-3 PVDC Coated Sealant Film, Enhance P a c k ag i ng Techno lo g i e s , 2 0 0 2. (h t t p :// www. enhancepack.com/enhance/) 1161 EVAL Information, Eva1 CompanyofAmerica, 2002. (http://ww w. eva lca.com) 1162 Flexathene TP 3 SKCOl, Data Sheet 969610802, Equistar Chemicals LP, 2002. (http:// w w w. e q u is t a rc h e m . c o m / h t m Upo ly m e r/tp o/ index. htm) 1163 Adfex Data Sheets, Basell Polyolefins, 2002. (http:/ / w w w. b a s e 11. c o m / d a t a S h e e t s F r a m e s e t / ? 1i n k = h t t p % 3 A / / i c a t a l o g . i d e s . c o m / plastics. asp%3FI%3D23 7%26M%3D5) 1164 JSR RB (Syndiotactic 1,2-Polybutadiene), JSR Corporation, 200 1. (http://www.jsu:co.jp/jsr-e/epd/ index03-1. html) 1165 Gary Fairley and Jim Conkey DSM Engineering Plastics, Copolyester TPE Film, Plastics Technology Online, Gardner Publications Online, 2002. (http://www.plasticstechnology. com/articles/ 200012fa2.html) 1166 Arnitel Film and Coatings: General Information, DSM Engineering Plastics, 4100. (http:// www. dsmep. com/america/products/literature/ techpapers.asp#arnitel) 1167 Polymer Products, Low and Medium Density Polyethylene, Equistar. (http://www.equistarchem.c o d h tm l/polymer/ldpe/index.h tm) 1168 Elf Atochem and Packaging, DIREP - 2782 El0 1.981 30. ElfAtochem S.A., 2002. Portions ofthis publication have been reproduced verbatim.

0 Plastics Design Library

1169 Testlopedia, Plastics Technology Laboratory, Inc., 1996-2001. (http://www.ptli.com/list.html) 1170 Jenkins, Waylon, Food Contact Compliance Eastman Chemical Company, March 25,2002. 1171 Mark, H. F. (et al.), Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Vol. 7, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1987, pp. 73-126. 2003 Barex Barrier Resins, Specification Sheets, (Barex.com) 200 1. 2007 DuPont Teflon and Tefzel Films, High Performance Films, (Teflon.com) DuPont, 2000. (http:// www.dupont. com/teJlon/Jilms/) 2009 Regulatory Tech Support FAQs, Aclar Film Home Page, Honeywell, 2002. (http://www.aclau:corn/ tech/reg. html#l) 2013 Aclar Performance Films, supplier technical report, (SFI-14, Rev. 9-89) Allied-Signal Engineered Plastics, 1989. 2014 Aclar Data Sheets, Honeywell, 2003. (http:// www. aclar. com) 2017 Tedlar Polyvinyl Fluoride Film, H-49725, DuPont.com, 2000. (http://www.dupont.com/ tedlar/techdata/pdf/h49725-I .pdJ) 2019 Capron Nylon Product Selection Guide, Honeywell, 2000. (Honeywell.com) 2021 Data Sheets, Grilon and Grivory Grade Materials, EMS Chemie, Sumter, July 2000. (http:// www.us.emschem.com/ep) 2022 Selar Packaging, DuPont.com. (http:// www. dupont.com/packaging/products/resins/ index.h tm l#selar) 2023 Dartek Data Sheets, Enhance Packaging Technologies, 2002. Portions of this publication have been reproduced verbatim. (http:// www.enhancepack.com/enhance/) 2024 Ultramid A5 Product Information, BASF Corporation, l 99 9. (http://www.basjcom/businesses/polymers/plastics/pdfs/a5Jilm.pdJ)

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