FOOT PAIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Foot Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83916-6 1. Foot Pain-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on foot pain. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FOOT PAIN ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Foot Pain ....................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FOOT PAIN ...................................................................................... 13 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 13 Finding Nutrition Studies on Foot Pain...................................................................................... 13 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 14 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FOOT PAIN ................................................................ 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 17 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 19 General References ....................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON FOOT PAIN ............................................................................................. 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Patents on Foot Pain.................................................................................................................... 21 Patent Applications on Foot Pain ................................................................................................ 24 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON FOOT PAIN ................................................................................................ 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 27 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 28 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 29 Chapters on Foot Pain.................................................................................................................. 29 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FOOT PAIN................................................................... 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 31 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 33 Academic Periodicals covering Foot Pain .................................................................................... 33 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 37 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 39 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 41 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 43 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 46 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 49 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 49 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 55 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 56 FOOT PAIN DICTIONARY........................................................................................................... 57
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INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 71
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with foot pain is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about foot pain, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to foot pain, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on foot pain. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to foot pain, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on foot pain. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FOOT PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on foot pain.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and foot pain, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “foot pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Hip, Knee, and Foot Pain During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period Source: Journal of Family Practice. 43(1):63-68; July 1996. Summary: This journal article for health professionals describes a study that investigated the prevalence and characterized the nature of lower extremity pain in women of childbearing age and assessed the impact of recent pregnancy on these symptoms. Participants were 107 consecutive postpartum women and 91 nulliparous women who completed a questionnaire regarding hip, knee, and foot pain and potentially influencing factors. Results indicate that postpartum participants had more symptoms of leg and foot pain than did the controls. A significant majority of pain began during the second and third trimesters. Postpartum subjects also had a significantly higher prevalence of hip pain and foot pain. History of previous pain complaints also were found to be risk factors for lower extremity pain during pregnancy
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for case subjects and in the past year for controls. There was a trend toward older age as a risk factor as well. Multiple pain complaints were more common among case subjects than among controls. Regular exercise appeared to be neither protective against nor a risk factor for lower extremity pain during pregnancy. The timing of symptom onset in mid- to late pregnancy may suggest that biomechanical factors play a larger role than hormonal influences. 34 references, 1 figure, and 2 tables. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Foot Pain The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to foot pain. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to foot pain. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore foot pain. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for foot pain: •
Project Title: FOOT DISORDERS, PAIN AND PHYSICAL DISABILITY IN ELDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hannan, Marian T.; Senior Research Associate; Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged 1200 Centre St, Roslindale Boston, Ma 02131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Foot problems are thought to be common in older persons, yet very little population-based information exists on the prevalence of foot disorders, and the influence of foot disorders on physical limitations and functional disability. We propose to examine the role of foot disorders and foot pain in lower extremity limitations and disability in the population based Framingham Study. We will link a comprehensive assessment of foot disorders and foot pain to functional measures, such as performance measures and walking ability. Our aims are: (1) to establish the prevalence of foot disorders and foot pain in men and women across a wide age spectrum in a population-based group, the Original Framingham Cohort and the Framingham Offspring Cohort; (2) to examine whether foot disorders and foot pain are related to lower extremity physical limitations, and further, to examine whether individuals ascribe physical limitations to foot disorders in this cross-sectional study; and (3) to evaluate whether foot disorders are associated with physical disability, and whether the rate of disability in those with foot disorders is similar to those with other lower extremity disorders, such as knee osteoarthritis. Most studies examining foot pain have focused solely on clinical patients instead of community subjects, and few have examined specific limitations attributed to foot pain in the community. In addition to
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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extensive data on confounders, the Framingham cohort has verified medical diagnoses available to evaluate the impact of comorbidities. While foot disorders and foot pain will be evaluated as part of this grant, functional limitations and disability are part of routine evaluations of Framingham cohort members. This study will provide essential information on prevalence estimates of foot disorders and location of foot pain, and how these may relate to functional limitations and disability, perhaps allowing insight into preventive actions. Further, this study will advance current knowledge in a timely and cost-effective manner, requiring no time for patient recruitment and limited further data collection. Finally, this study may provide new public health information of the importance of attribution of functional morbidity in populations and the impact of foot disorders upon lower extremity disability. A greater understanding of foot disorders and pain may lead to better understanding of the prevention of mobility limitations and disability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with foot pain, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “foot pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for foot pain (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A 26-year-old man with kidney allograft failure and foot pain. Author(s): Revelo MP, Staffeld C, Copley JB, Fogo AB. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2001 April; 37(4): 871-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273891&dopt=Abstract
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A 37-year-old man with left foot pain. Symptomatic accessory navicular synchondrosis. Author(s): Peh WC, Gilula LA. Source: Orthop Rev. 1994 December; 23(12): 958, 960-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7885727&dopt=Abstract
3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A simplified nerve block to control postoperative foot pain. Author(s): Lemont H. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1978 March; 68(3): 193. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=632528&dopt=Abstract
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A survey of persisting leg and/or foot pain in vascular surgery patients. Author(s): Gibson KM, Jagiello PA, Tapper JJ, Lawrence-Brown MM. Source: Journal of Quality in Clinical Practice. 1994 September; 14(3): 149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7981935&dopt=Abstract
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Acute myelogenous leukaemia presenting with mid-foot pain after an inversion injury. Author(s): Dewar C, Morriss H. Source: Emergency Medicine Journal : Emj. 2001 March; 18(2): 143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11300195&dopt=Abstract
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Ankle and foot pain in a 39-year-old man. Author(s): Wilson SC, Healey JH, Huvos AG, Panicek DM. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1996 July; (328): 304-7; 310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8653972&dopt=Abstract
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Ankle and foot pain. Author(s): Stern SH. Source: Primary Care. 1988 December; 15(4): 809-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3068697&dopt=Abstract
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Ann Arbor Case Reports: intractable foot pain in a saleswoman. Author(s): Markham TN. Source: J Occup Med. 1966 November; 8(11): 599-600. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4381018&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral burning foot pain: monitoring of pain, sensation, and autonomic function during successful treatment with sympathetic blockade. Author(s): Galer BS, Lipton RB, Kaplan R, Kaplan JG, Arezzo J, Portenoy RK. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1991 February; 6(2): 92-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2007797&dopt=Abstract
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Case report: Weever fish sting--an unusual cause of foot pain. Author(s): Mulcahy DM, Devitt A, Shannon F, Reidy D, Callagy G, Walsh M. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1996 July-September; 165(3): 153-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8824014&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic foot pain. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Author(s): el-Khoury GY, Dalinka MK, Alazraki N, Berquist TH, Daffner RH, DeSmet AA, Goergen TG, Keats TE, Manaster BJ, Newberg A, Pavlov H, Schweitzer ME, Haralson RH 3rd, McCabe JB. Source: Radiology. 2000 June; 215 Suppl: 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11037448&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical and functional correlates of foot pain in diabetic patients. Author(s): Rijken PM, Dekker J, Dekker E, Lankhorst GJ, Bakker K, Dooren J, Rauwerda JA. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 1998 September; 20(9): 330-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9664191&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of flurbiprofen and acetaminophen with codeine in postoperative foot pain. Author(s): Ottinger ML, Kinney KW, Black JR, Wittenberg M. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1990 May; 80(5): 266-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2366172&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of ibuprofen and acetaminophen-codeine in postoperative foot pain. Author(s): Wittenberg M, Kinney KW, Black JR. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1984 May; 74(5): 233-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6373894&dopt=Abstract
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Current perception threshold in evaluating foot pain. Two case presentations. Author(s): Hill RS, Lawrence A. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1991 March; 81(3): 150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1646317&dopt=Abstract
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Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess disabling foot pain. Author(s): Garrow AP, Papageorgiou AC, Silman AJ, Thomas E, Jayson MI, Macfarlane GJ. Source: Pain. 2000 March; 85(1-2): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10692609&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic problems: plantar foot pain. Author(s): Buck PG, Johnson KA. Source: Foot Ankle. 1980 July; 1(1): 59-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7274896&dopt=Abstract
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Electromyographic observations in patients with foot pain syndromes. Author(s): Duranti R, Galletti R, Pantaleo T. Source: Am J Phys Med. 1985 December; 64(6): 295-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2417489&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of chronic foot pain. Author(s): Young G. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1994 January; 11(1): 15-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8124652&dopt=Abstract
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Extended-coverage-bladder G-suits can provide improved G-tolerance and high Gz foot pain. Author(s): Paul MA. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1996 March; 67(3): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8775404&dopt=Abstract
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Foot pain after a plantar fasciotomy: an MR analysis to determine potential causes. Author(s): Yu JS, Spigos D, Tomczak R. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1999 September-October; 23(5): 70712. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524852&dopt=Abstract
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Foot pain and disability in older persons. Pilot study in assessment and education. Author(s): Helfand AE, Cooke HL, Walinsky MD, Demp PH, Snyder Phillips B. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1996 February; 86(2): 938. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8714674&dopt=Abstract
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Foot pain and disability in older persons: an epidemiologic survey. Author(s): Benvenuti F, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Gangemi S, Baroni A. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1995 May; 43(5): 479-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7730527&dopt=Abstract
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Foot pain and disability in older women. Author(s): Leveille SG, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Hirsch R, Simonsick E, Hochberg MC. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 October 1; 148(7): 657-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9778172&dopt=Abstract
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Foot pain impairs balance and functional ability in community-dwelling older people. Author(s): Menz HB, Lord SR. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2001 May; 91(5): 222-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11359885&dopt=Abstract
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Foot pain in a 16-year-old boy. Author(s): Pollard MA, Myer D, Senior M, Weiner SD. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 January; (394): 303-6, 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11795747&dopt=Abstract
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Foot pain in a diabetic patient. Author(s): Baird KM, Braunstein EM. Source: Indiana Med. 1989 February; 82(2): 109-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2918214&dopt=Abstract
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Foot pain in children. Author(s): Gross RH. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1986 December; 33(6): 1395-409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3786006&dopt=Abstract
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Foot pain in children. Author(s): Gross RH. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1977 November; 24(4): 813-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=927943&dopt=Abstract
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Foot pain in later life. Some psychological correlates. Author(s): Helfand AE. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1986 February; 76(2): 112-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3510293&dopt=Abstract
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Foot pain: specific indications for scintigraphy. Author(s): O'Duffy EK, Clunie GP, Gacinovic S, Edwards JC, Bomanji JB, Ell PJ. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 April; 37(4): 442-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9619897&dopt=Abstract
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Foot pain--from bad shoes to aberrant genes. Author(s): Wood BT, Warfield CA. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1987 September 30; 22(9A): 107-9, 112, 116-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2856488&dopt=Abstract
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Fracture of the os peroneum: an unusual cause of foot pain. Author(s): McElhinney CC, Garner JH Jr. Source: American Family Physician. 1997 June; 55(8): 2610, 2612. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9191449&dopt=Abstract
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Hip, knee, and foot pain during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Author(s): Vullo VJ, Richardson JK, Hurvitz EA. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1996 July; 43(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8691182&dopt=Abstract
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Intractable foot pain following frostbite: case report. Author(s): Kumar VN. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1982 June; 63(6): 284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6979320&dopt=Abstract
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Irregular menstruation and unilateral foot pain: case report. Author(s): Potter GK. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1974 November; 64(11): 877-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4443532&dopt=Abstract
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Lateral plantar nerve entrapment: foot pain in a power lifter. Author(s): Johnson ER, Kirby K, Lieberman JS. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1992 September-October; 20(5): 61920. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1443336&dopt=Abstract
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Left ventricular aneurysm and peripheral embolism as cause of atypical foot pain. Author(s): Knight JK, Valley VT, Swart GL. Source: Wmj. 1997 December; 96(12): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433178&dopt=Abstract
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Management of foot pain associated with accessory bones of the foot: two clinical case reports. Author(s): Requejo SM, Kulig K, Thordarson DB. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2000 October; 30(10): 580-91; Discussion 592-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11041195&dopt=Abstract
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Managing chronic foot pain. A case report. Author(s): McCain J, Hagan SJ. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1990 May; 80(5): 251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2366170&dopt=Abstract
Studies
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Os vesalianum as a cause of lateral foot pain: a familial case and its treatment. Author(s): Inoue T, Yoshimura I, Ogata K, Emoto G. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 1999 January; 8(1): 56-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10709602&dopt=Abstract
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Osteoid osteoma: an unusual cause of foot pain. Author(s): Birdsall PD. Source: Orthopedics. 2001 February; 24(2): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11284601&dopt=Abstract
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Pain in the foot. 1. Evaluation of foot pain and identification of associated problems. Author(s): Mann RA. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1987 July; 82(1): 154-7, 160-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2885818&dopt=Abstract
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Painful os peroneum syndrome: a spectrum of conditions responsible for plantar lateral foot pain. Author(s): Sobel M, Pavlov H, Geppert MJ, Thompson FM, DiCarlo EF, Davis WH. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1994 March; 15(3): 112-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7951939&dopt=Abstract
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Peripheral nerve division for relentless ischemic foot pain. Author(s): Alpert J, Brief DK, Brener BJ, Parsonnet V. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1976 May; 111(5): 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1267604&dopt=Abstract
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Peripheral nerve section as palliation for severe ischemic foot pain. Author(s): Papa MZ, Amsalem Y, Bass A, Czerniak A, Mozes M, Adar R. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1984 March-April; 25(2): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6202695&dopt=Abstract
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Physical modalities in the management of mild to moderate foot pain. Author(s): Helfand AE. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1994 January; 11(1): 107-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8124650&dopt=Abstract
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Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. A neglected cause of foot pain. Author(s): Klenerman L. Source: Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst. 1987 Fall; 47(2): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2825880&dopt=Abstract
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Sciatic schwannoma of the thigh causing foot pain mimicking plantar neuropathy. Author(s): Gominak SC, Ochoa JL. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1998 April; 21(4): 528-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9533788&dopt=Abstract
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Standing and very slow walking: foot pain-pressure threshold, subjective pain experience and work activity. Author(s): Messing K, Kilbom A. Source: Applied Ergonomics. 2001 February; 32(1): 81-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11209835&dopt=Abstract
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Subtalar inflammatory response to stress. A cause of foot pain. Author(s): Chambers GH, Preator RF. Source: Minn Med. 1969 March; 52(3): 417-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5788966&dopt=Abstract
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The accessory navicular--an important cause of medial foot pain. Author(s): Romanowski CA, Barrington NA. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1992 October; 46(4): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1424449&dopt=Abstract
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The development and validation of a multi-dimensional measure of chronic foot pain: the ROwan Foot Pain Assessment Questionnaire (ROFPAQ). Author(s): Rowan K. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2001 October; 22(10): 795-809. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642531&dopt=Abstract
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The Foot Function Index: a measure of foot pain and disability. Author(s): Budiman-Mak E, Conrad KJ, Roach KE. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1991; 44(6): 561-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2037861&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FOOT PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and foot pain.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Foot Pain The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “foot pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “foot pain” (or a synonym): •
Comparison of flurbiprofen and acetaminophen with codeine in postoperative foot pain. Author(s): American College of Foot Surgeons, Augusta, GA. Source: Ottinger, M L Kinney, K W Black, J R Wittenberg, M J-Am-Podiatr-Med-Assoc. 1990 May; 80(5): 266-70 8750-7315
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
Nutrition
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FOOT PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to foot pain. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to foot pain and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “foot pain” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to foot pain: •
1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives with antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipiretic activities. Author(s): Menozzi G, Mosti L, Schenone P, Donnoli D, Schiariti F, Marmo E. Source: Farmaco (Societa Chimica Italiana : 1989). 1990 February; 45(2): 167-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2133993&dopt=Abstract
•
32P Radiosynoviorthesis in children with hemophilia. Author(s): Manco-Johnson MJ, Nuss R, Lear J, Wiedel J, Geraghty SJ, Hacker MR, Funk S, Kilcoyne RF, Murphy J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2002 October; 24(7): 534-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368689&dopt=Abstract
•
A comparative radiologic examination for unresponsive plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Kell PM.
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Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1994 June; 17(5): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7930967&dopt=Abstract •
A comparison of FES with KAFO for providing ambulation and upright mobility in a child with a complete thoracic spinal cord injury. Author(s): Bonaroti D, Akers J, Smith BT, Mulcahey MJ, Betz RR. Source: J Spinal Cord Med. 1999 Fall; 22(3): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10685380&dopt=Abstract
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A home-based protocol of electrical muscle stimulation for quadriceps muscle strength in older adults with osteoarthritis of the knee. Author(s): Talbot LA, Gaines JM, Ling SM, Metter EJ. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 July; 30(7): 1571-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858461&dopt=Abstract
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A multivariate time-series descriptive case study of chiropractic care in the treatment of cervical pain. Author(s): Lowden TA, Keating JC Jr, Meeker WC. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1986 December; 9(4): 267-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3805914&dopt=Abstract
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A new method of training for the lower extremity using unloading. Author(s): Kelsey DD, Tyson E. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1994 April; 19(4): 21823. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7909700&dopt=Abstract
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A quantitative method for assessing of the affective component of the pain: conditioned response associated with CO2 laser-induced nocifensive reaction. Author(s): Shyu BC, Chai SC, Kung JC, Fan RJ. Source: Brain Research. Brain Research Protocols. 2003 August; 12(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928039&dopt=Abstract
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Current perception threshold in evaluating foot pain. Two case presentations. Author(s): Hill RS, Lawrence A. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1991 March; 81(3): 150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1646317&dopt=Abstract
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Forefoot pain associated with muscle strain in the lower extremity. Author(s): Hsieh CY.
Alternative Medicine 19
Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1991 NovemberDecember; 14(9): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1844988&dopt=Abstract •
Management of foot pain associated with accessory bones of the foot: two clinical case reports. Author(s): Requejo SM, Kulig K, Thordarson DB. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2000 October; 30(10): 580-91; Discussion 592-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11041195&dopt=Abstract
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Physical modalities in the management of mild to moderate foot pain. Author(s): Helfand AE. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1994 January; 11(1): 107-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8124650&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to foot pain; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation:
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Alternative Therapy Magnet Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,715,00.html
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON FOOT PAIN Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “foot pain” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on foot pain, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Foot Pain By performing a patent search focusing on foot pain, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
5Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on foot pain: •
Orthotic arch support including self-adjusting arch curve and method of using orthotic Inventor(s): Greer, Jr.; Jack K. (Oak Ridge, TN), Reed, Jr.; W. Gilmer (Strawberry Plains, TN) Assignee(s): Greer Reed Biomedical, LLC () Patent Number: 6,345,455 Date filed: May 25, 2000 Abstract: An orthotic arch support including an intrinsically self-adjusting medial longitudinal arch curve including a plurality of generally adjacent incisions being generally transverse across the medial longitudinal arch curve. The incisions originate at a medial side of the arch curve, thereby separating the curved arching surface into a plurality of resilient extensions. The plurality of extensions are compressed against each other and self-adjust the arch curve height and slopes during each step. As weight shifts onto the posterior slope, the height of the arch curve is decreased by limited compression of each extension against adjacent extensions during each stride. Each resilient extension flexibly rebounds to return the arch curve to an unweighted height when weight shifts off of the arch curve. A tensioning means is insertable underneath the extensions to adjust the height and slopes of the arch curve, providing for user adjustment of the arch curve height and slopes as foot pain is reduced during use. One orthosis, or a pair, are adjustable upon a physician's guidance and are movable by the user between shoes, requiring only one orthosis, or a pair, for therapeutic treatment of foot pain. A method of treatment of inflamation and pain in the foot includes utilizing an orthosis having an adjustable arch curve, and selectively and periodically adjusting the height and slope of the arch curve by manipulation of a tensioning means of the orthosis for therapeutic support and strengthening of the user's arches and feet. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of therapeutic arch supports for feet, and more particularly to a therapeutic arch support having an arch curve being flexibly adjustable during use and a method of using the arch support. Prior arch supports provide flexible cushioning material for support of an arch of a foot. Typical prior art insole supports have provided pliable cushion pads that can be utilized to build up the cushioning materials of a shoe insole for support of an arch. An adjustable arch support is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,903,985, issued to DeMarchi, which discloses a sport boot that contains a sole overlaid by an upper boot having an internal support surface for the foot. Within the sport boot is a supporting structure that includes a flexible, elastically deformable series of upper tongues that extend upwards against the internal sidewall of the sport boot, and includes a deformable series of lower support blades that extend downwards toward the internal support surface of the sport boot. A central control blade is adjustable laterally with a control screw built into the base of the sport boot. The lateral movement of the central control blade adjusts the arch support provided in the horizontal direction to adapt the support blades against the arch of the user's foot. The control screw requires adjustment with a screw driver or similar tool while the sport boot sole is stationary to allow horizontal adjustment of the central control blade, thereby limiting the adjustment of the arch support to unweighted situations between strides by a wearer of the sport boot. The control blades are required to be installed as a unit into a specially designed sport boot having the required adjustment screws. U.S. Pat. No. 5,611,153, issued to Fisher et al., discloses an insole for
Patents 23
relieving bottom of heel pain by providing a pliable contoured insole with upwardly curved arch and a depression for the heel of the foot. The curved arch support is offered in a non-adjustable height. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06345455__ •
Shoe testing apparatus and method of use Inventor(s): Norton; Craig (6830 Ridgewood Dr., Oakland, CA 94611) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,289,743 Date filed: March 31, 1999 Abstract: A testing and indexing apparatus and method for shoes is disclosed. A block is inserted into the interior of the shoe and clamps the heel portion of the sole fixed flat in relation to a plate. This plate is moved on rails until the ball or widest part of the shoe is set between laterally disposed clamps. The clamps are tightened on the ball of the shoe and the plate is fixed in position on the rails. Both the lateral clamping mechanism and the heel block clamp mechanism are attached to a generally rectangular base, however they are separate and the lateral clamping mechanism is axially rotatable along the axis of the clamped shoe and is attached to a torque wrench type device. Thus the shoe may be twisted axially to a pre-desired point and a reading taken to index the flexibility of the shoe in this dimension. This testing mechanism replicates the type of stress put on the shoe when worn walking or running during the midstance subphase when the entire body's weight is being transferred across the planar surface of the foot. People having foot pain from incorrect strides or faulty pronation in the midstance subphase of gait (at the point when the heel is striking the ground) require a shoe with less flexibility than others. Additionally, the device may be used to both index various brands of shoes in this manner and to determine when an old shoe needs to be replaced. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to testing devices and methods of use for same. More specifically, it relates to a testing device and method for shoes. Even more specifically, it relates to a testing device and method for determining the resistance to axial twisting motion in a shoe, and more particularly, to an apparatus and method that allows an indexing of the resistance of various shoes to such a twisting force commonly caused in a shoe during the user's use of the shoe. Even more particularly, it relates to a device and method of testing a shoe that allows the user to determine the proper shoe to purchase due to the unique stresses put on the shoe during the contact, midstance, and propulsion subphases of the user's stance in the case of abnormal pronation. The apparatus and method are especially adapted to effect the correct choice of shoe for individual walking and running characteristics. Apparatus for axial stress testing of materials in the form of clamping, bending, and measuring apparatus are well known in the art of materials testing. The present invention, however, is unique in that its novel construction allows for quick and easy measuring of a shoe's resistance to axial twisting force. Athletic shoes, in the last twenty five years, have progressed from canvas high-top "chucks" to today's computer designed, ergonomically proven footwear costing over a hundred dollars a pair. In this interval, the number of people using these athletic shoes, even for everyday wear, has skyrocketed. In this environment, many people make incorrect choices as to the type of shoe that they purchase. With differing body weights and stances during walking or running, some shoes are inappropriate for certain people in that they may flex too easily, thus leading to heel and muscle pain in the foot and lower extremety. The present invention allows for the testing of various
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shoes to determine the a quantative result that can be used to index the shoe in terms of its resistance to axial torque. In the present invention, the heel of the shoe to be tested is clamped in a fixed position, the portion of the shoe that would be proximate the metatarsal heads of the foot is clamped and torsionally rotated. A calibrated meter is provided to measure the amount of resistance in the shoe. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06289743__ •
Sole liner for shoe Inventor(s): Baron; Kyle L. (5260 S. Maryknoll Dr., New Berlin, WI 53151) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,119,370 Date filed: February 11, 1999 Abstract: An insert or inner sole for a shoe having as its purpose support of the metatarsal and arch portions of the foot to thereby reduce pressure on those areas and associated foot pain. The insert or inner sole has three layers that interface with one another to create and displace a metatarsal hump. As a foot strides, the flex plate layer rocks forward and back on its centrally located, relatively thicker hump portion. The flex plate may engage the bottom layer by way of serration or friction. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to shoe liners, particularly to a liner designed to provide support to the metatarsal and arch portions of the foot. Problems pertaining to the foot are particularly troublesome due to the impact foot problems have on the rest of the body. A problem starting in the foot can affect posture, spinal alignment, joints and balance. Even a small change in footing can create dramatic changes in other areas of the body. Further, each foot has more than 25 bones held in place by tendons, muscles, and ligaments, each one capable of producing pain. Solutions to alleviate common foot pain are many and varied. One such solution lies in the vast array of shoe inserts and shoe liners marketed today. Shoe inserts and sole liners are widespread and their configurations vary greatly. Frequently, such devices utilize a cushioning gel or other flexible substance to support or cradle the foot. Further, various protuberances are often incorporated with therapeutic massaging purpose. While these solutions have their place, none has been able to effectively combine support with massage. An embodiment of the present invention integrates support and massage characteristics as an integral unit. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06119370__
Patent Applications on Foot Pain As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to foot pain:
6
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
Patents 25
•
Device for relieving heel pain Inventor(s): Cameron, Carl Alfred; (Silver Spring, MD) Correspondence: Carl A. Cameron; 917 Hyde Road; Silver Spring; MD; 20902; US Patent Application Number: 20030181836 Date filed: March 25, 2002 Abstract: A unique biomechanical exercise and conditioning device for rehabilitating the ligaments, tendons, and muscles in the foot and lower leg with the purpose of alleviating heel and foot pain, which can lead to heel spurs. The exercise and conditioning device comprises a single, spherical surface that spins about a rod that has been set into a box. Approximately, one-third of the upper portion of the sphere is positioned above the top of the box. The user will place one foot on the sphere, press down upon it, and roll the affected foot across the sphere repeatedly. This motion will massage and stretch the foot. This action will help to loosen tight membranes and muscle fibers in the foot that cause pain when a person stands on the affected body part. Excerpt(s): The plantar fascia is a flat tissue that runs between the heel and the ball of the foot. It supports the arch of the foot. When the plantar fascia becomes stressed the tissue tightens, becomes inflamed, or tears. This causes sharp pains in the heel or arch of the foot. The condition can be improved by strengthening, stretching and massaging the foot; using orthotics; or using anti-inflammatory medications. In some cases, symptoms may not fade for a year. The foot can be strengthened by performing several sets of calf raises on a calf machine or by standing with the balls of your feet on the edge of a step and flexing and extending the foot throughout its range of motion. Another strengthening exercise involves laying a towel on the floor and pulling it towards you by grabbing it with your toes. Or, pick up a golf ball with your toes, hold it for 30 seconds, and repeat several times. To stretch the plantar fascia, place a golf ball behind your big toe and roll it down the foot to your heel, then roll the ball back to the second toe, and back to the heel (The present invention is intended to be similar to this stretching action). Cover the entire foot repeatedly. Next, place the balls of your feet on the edge of a step and slowly lower the heels. This stretches the Achilles' tendon and plantar fascia. Hold for 30 seconds and repeat hourly. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with foot pain, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “foot pain” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on foot pain. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning foot pain. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON FOOT PAIN Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to foot pain. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on foot pain include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “foot pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on foot pain: •
Diabetes Problem Solver Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. 511 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $19.95 for members; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1570400091. Summary: This book is a reference guide that helps people who have diabetes identify and prevent the most common diabetes-related problems they encounter on a daily basis. The book is divided into two major sections. The first section consists of a series of flowcharts to help readers decide what they need to do about a particular condition or symptom. Flowcharts focus on arm and hand pain, back pain, blurry vision, chest pain, confusion, convulsions or seizures, difficulty breathing, dizziness, dry skin, eating disorders, emotional problems, emotional changes in women, feeling tired, fever, foot
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problems, headache, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, injection site problems, and intestinal problems. Other flowcharts deal with leg and foot pain, loss of consciousness, muscular weakness, nausea, numbness and tingling, pain or discomfort in women, palpitations, problems with the mouth, problems with blood glucose in women, sexual problems in men and women, skin discoloration, skin lesions, skin rashes and itchy skin, sleeping problems, stomach pain, sweating, swelling, thickening of the skin, urinary problems, vision problems, and vomiting. The second section provides more detailed information about many of the problems people who have diabetes face. Solutions are provided for monitoring and testing problems; hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia problems; insulin delivery and oral medication problems; circulation, neuropathy, kidney, vision, gastrointestinal, infection, foot, and skin problems; men's, women's, and children's problems; eating, exercise, and weight problems; lifestyle problems; coping problems; discrimination and insurance problems; and other medical problems. Each section provides the reader with information on the symptoms of the condition, who is at risk and what risk the particular condition poses for the reader, what the reader's immediate course of action should be, treatment in a medical setting, and how to prevent the condition from developing. The reader may use the book in two ways. If the reader knows he or she has a particular condition or wants more information, he or she can go straight to the second section and look up the condition. The reader may use the book as a guide to possible conditions that may be causing symptoms by referring to the flowcharts in the first section. The book also includes a glossary, resources, and an index. 6 figures. 5 tables.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “foot pain” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “foot pain” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “foot pain” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
50 Ways to Ease Foot Pain by Consumer Guide (1996); ISBN: 0785301232; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0785301232/icongroupinterna
•
50 Ways to Ease Foot Pain: Medical Book of Remedies by Suzanne M. Levine, Consumer Guide (1995); ISBN: 0451182111; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0451182111/icongroupinterna
•
A New Foot Health Solution: How to Help Heel Spurs, Plantar Fasciitis, Achilles Tendon, Flat Feet, Shin Splints and Foot Pain by Dennis Denlinger; ISBN: 1589090675; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1589090675/icongroupinterna
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Foot pain by John McM. Mennell; ISBN: 0700001565; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0700001565/icongroupinterna
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Foot Pain Diagnosis and Treatment Using Manipulative by Mennell Jm; ISBN: 0316566691; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316566691/icongroupinterna
Books
29
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No More Foot Pain : How you can "fix" your feet and knees by Mary Bakalian, Annamaria Scala (Illustrator); ISBN: 0970018304; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970018304/icongroupinterna
•
Occupational Therapy Intervention in the Relief of Foot Pain by Margo Adler Traines; ISBN: 1569000182; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569000182/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “foot pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 •
Foot pain. Author: Mennell, John McM. (John McMillan),; Year: 1969; Boston, Little, Brown [c1969]; ISBN: 700001565
Chapters on Foot Pain In order to find chapters that specifically relate to foot pain, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and foot pain using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “foot pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
7
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FOOT PAIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover foot pain.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on foot pain is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “foot pain” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to foot pain. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “foot pain” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for foot pain: •
Drug spray may reduce diabetics' foot pain Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 26, 2002
•
Custom-designed orthoses relieve foot pain, disability from rheumatoid arthritis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 30, 2002
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Athletes' lingering foot pain may be serious Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 25, 2000
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Magnets may reduce diabetic foot pain Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 11, 1999 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “foot pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “foot pain” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to foot pain, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
Periodicals and News
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “foot pain” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “foot pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on foot pain: •
Common Painful Foot Syndromes Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 48(10): 1-4. 1999. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (404) 872-7100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on common painful foot syndromes. Although foot problems are common and can be disabling, they are amenable to interventions and management. Diagnosis of the painful foot requires obtaining a medical history and performing a systematic examination of each foot as well as a specific examination of the patient's complaints. A common cause of forefoot pain is metatarsalgia. Other causes include Morton's neuroma, stress fractures, hallux valgus, and hallux limitus and rigidus. A common cause of hindfoot pain is tarsal tunnel syndrome, which is the most common entrapment syndrome in the ankle. Other causes of hindfoot pain include plantar fasciitis, foot burase, and posterior tibialis tendon disorders. The article includes two vignettes that illustrate the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of metatarsalgia and tarsal tunnel syndrome. 3 tables and 8 references.
Academic Periodicals covering Foot Pain Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to foot pain. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering foot pain that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical
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periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
8
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
9
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “foot pain” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 4619 33 899 14 0 5565
HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “foot pain” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
11
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
12
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
16 Adapted 17
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on foot pain can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to foot pain. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to foot pain. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “foot pain”:
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Other guides Ankle Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ankleinjuriesanddisorders.html Foot Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foothealth.html Foot Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/footinjuriesanddisorders.html Heel Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heelinjuriesanddisorders.html Toe Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toeinjuriesanddisorders.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on foot pain. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Footcare With 'Instantly Moldable' Shoes Source: Batavia, NY: P.W. Minor and Son, Inc. 12 p. Contact: Available from P.W. Minor and Son, Inc., 3 Treadeasy Avenue, P.O. Box 678, Batavia, NY 14201-0678. (800) PW-MINOR. Summary: This booklet for individuals with foot problems describes footwear that has been designed especially to relieve foot pain. This footwear has the ability to adapt itself to the exact shape of a foot by means of heat from the foot itself or from heat-treating methods used by footcare specialists. The booklet discusses the moldability of the footwear and explains how the footwear is measured and fitted. 6 references.
•
Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. March 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Website: www.orthoinfo.org. Summary: This fact sheet discusses the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by
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swelling of the joint linings and surrounding tissues, pain, stiffness, fever, anemia, loss of energy, loss of appetite, nodules or lumps, foot pain, bunions, hammer toes, or other joint deformities. This condition generally affects the hands, feet, hips, knees, and elbows. Diagnosis is based on findings from physical examination, patient history, presence of rheumatoid factor in blood tests, and x-rays. Aspirin and ibuprofen are often used to help alleviate pain and inflammation. Other medications such as methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and gold injections can help to modify the course of the disease. Biologic agents are used to target specific chemicals in the body and prevent them from affecting the joints. Other treatment options include exercise, splinting, joint replacement, and corrective footwear. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “foot pain” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
ACR Appropriateness Criteria for chronic foot pain Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 (revised 2002); 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3555&nbr=2781&a mp;string=foot+AND+pain The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to foot pain. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to foot pain. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with foot pain. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about foot pain. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “foot pain” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “foot pain”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “foot pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these
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words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “foot pain” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
19
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
20
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
55
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on foot pain: •
Basic Guidelines for Foot Pain Foot pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003183.htm Foot pain causes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002094.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Foot Pain Foot pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003183.htm Obesity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003101.htm Pain in the bones Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003180.htm
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Pain in the heel Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003181.htm Pain in the joints Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Foot Pain Extremity X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003461.htm
•
Background Topics for Foot Pain Causes of foot pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002094.htm Pain medications Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Sprains Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000041.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
57
FOOT PAIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abduction: Forcible pulling of a limb away from its natural position, a risk in road accidents and disasters; move outwards away from middle line. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the
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antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Bunion: A swelling of the bursa mucosa of the ball of the great toe, with thickening of the overlying skin and forcing of the toe outward. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual
Dictionary 59
patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with
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lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH]
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Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Diabetic Foot: Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the
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latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Frostbite: Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health-
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related institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hallux Limitus: A bony proliferation and articular degeneration of the first metatarsophalangeal joint that is characterized by pain and a progressive decrease in the dorsiflexion range of motion. [NIH] Hallux Valgus: Lateral displacement of the great toe, producing deformity of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with callous, bursa, or bunion formation over the bony prominence. [NIH] Hammer: The largest of the three ossicles of the ear. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH]
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Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
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Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Materials Testing: The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for implants, prostheses, sutures, adhesives, etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, and efficacy. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metatarsophalangeal Joint: The articulation between a metatarsal bone and a phalanx. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two
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hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Nulliparous: Having never given birth to a viable infant. [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: Degeneration of articular cartilage. Primary osteoarthritis is very common in older persons, especially affecting weight-bearing joints. Articular cartilage becomes soft, frayed and thinned. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences
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among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Pronation: Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward or when applied to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints, (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH]
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Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH]
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Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome: A syndrome produced by entrapment neuropathy of posterior tibial nerve. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances
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usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Weight-Bearing: The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abduction, 57, 67 Aberrant, 9, 57 Acetaminophen, 7, 14, 57 Adhesives, 57, 65 Adjustment, 22, 57 Adverse Effect, 57, 68 Algorithms, 57, 58 Allograft, 5, 57 Alternative medicine, 32, 57 Analgesic, 17, 57, 59, 62, 64, 66 Anemia, 45, 57 Aneurysm, 10, 57 Ankle, 6, 7, 11, 12, 33, 44, 57 Antibacterial, 57, 69 Antibiotic, 57, 69 Antibody, 57, 59, 64 Antigen, 57, 60, 63, 64 Anti-inflammatory, 25, 57, 58, 62, 64 Antipyretic, 57, 58, 62 Aqueous, 58 Arterial, 58, 64, 67 Arteries, 58, 60, 65 Articular, 58, 63, 65, 66 Atypical, 10, 58 Autonomic, 6, 58, 67 B Back Pain, 27, 58 Bacteria, 57, 58, 65, 69, 70 Base, 22, 23, 58, 64 Benign, 58, 63, 68 Bewilderment, 58, 60 Biotechnology, 5, 29, 32, 39, 58 Bladder, 8, 58, 70 Blood Glucose, 28, 58, 63, 64 Blood vessel, 58, 62, 63, 68, 69, 70 Bone Marrow, 58, 65, 66 Branch, 53, 58, 67, 69 Bunion, 58, 63 C Case report, 6, 10, 19, 58 Caudal, 59, 67 Cell, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64, 66 Central Nervous System, 59, 63, 66 Central Nervous System Infections, 59, 63 Cerebral, 59, 60 Cervical, 18, 59 Cervix, 59
Chest Pain, 27, 59 Chiropractic, 18, 59 Chronic, 7, 8, 10, 12, 44, 45, 58, 59, 64, 65, 68, 69 Chronic Disease, 59, 65 Clamp, 23, 59 Clinical trial, 4, 39, 59, 67 Cloning, 58, 59 Codeine, 7, 14, 59 Cofactor, 59, 67 Complement, 59, 60 Complementary and alternative medicine, 17, 20, 60 Complementary medicine, 17, 60 Computational Biology, 39, 60 Confusion, 27, 60, 61 Consciousness, 28, 57, 60 Contraindications, ii, 60 Convulsions, 27, 60 Coronary, 60, 65 Coronary Thrombosis, 60, 65 Cortical, 60, 68 Cranial, 60, 63, 67 Craniocerebral Trauma, 60, 63 Curative, 61, 69 D Data Collection, 5, 61 Databases, Bibliographic, 39, 61 Diabetic Foot, 32, 61 Diagnostic procedure, 21, 32, 61 Digestion, 61, 65, 69 Dilatation, 57, 61 Direct, iii, 61, 68 Discrimination, 28, 61 Disorientation, 60, 61 Dizziness, 27, 61 Dorsal, 61, 67 Drug Interactions, 61 Drug Tolerance, 61, 69 Duodenum, 61, 69 Dystrophy, 11, 61 E Eating Disorders, 27, 61 Efficacy, 61, 65 Electrons, 58, 61, 64, 68 Embolism, 10, 62 Environmental Health, 38, 40, 62 Eosinophilia, 62
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Erythrocytes, 57, 58, 62 Esophagus, 62, 69 Extremity, 3, 4, 18, 56, 62 F Family Planning, 39, 62 Fasciitis, 17, 28, 33, 62 Fibroblasts, 62 Fibrosarcoma, 62 Flurbiprofen, 7, 14, 62 Foot Ulcer, 61, 62 Forearm, 62, 67 Friction, 24, 62 Frostbite, 10, 62 G Gait, 23, 62 Gastrointestinal, 28, 62 Gene, 29, 58, 62 Glucose, 58, 62, 63, 64 Governing Board, 62, 67 Growth, 57, 62, 63, 65 H Hallux Limitus, 33, 63 Hallux Valgus, 33, 63 Hammer, 45, 63, 66 Headache, 28, 63 Headache Disorders, 63 Hemoglobin, 57, 62, 63 Hemolytic, 62, 63 Hemorrhage, 60, 63 Heredity, 62, 63 Hormonal, 4, 63 Hormone, 63, 64, 68 Hydrogen, 58, 63, 66 Hyperglycemia, 28, 63 Hypersensitivity, 63, 68 Hypertension, 63, 64 Hypoglycemia, 28, 64 Hypotension, 60, 64 I Ibuprofen, 7, 45, 64 Id, 14, 19, 45, 52, 54, 64 Indicative, 28, 64, 70 Infarction, 60, 64, 65 Infection, 28, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69 Inflammation, 45, 58, 62, 64, 68 Insight, 5, 64 Insulin, 28, 64 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 64 Intestinal, 28, 64 Intestines, 62, 64 Intracellular, 64 Ions, 58, 63, 64
J Joint, 45, 58, 64 K Kb, 38, 64 L Leucocyte, 64, 65 Leukaemia, 6, 65 Library Services, 52, 65 Ligaments, 24, 25, 60, 65 Lipid, 64, 65 Liver, 57, 65 Localized, 64, 65, 68 Lumbar, 58, 65, 69 Lymph, 59, 65 Lymph node, 59, 65 Lymphatic, 64, 65 M Malignant, 62, 65, 68 Materials Testing, 23, 65 Medial, 12, 22, 65, 69 MEDLINE, 39, 65 Membranes, 25, 65, 67 Menstruation, 10, 65 Mental Health, iv, 4, 38, 40, 65, 67 Metatarsophalangeal Joint, 63, 65 MI, 7, 56, 65 Microbiology, 58, 65 Mobility, 5, 18, 65 Molecular, 39, 41, 58, 60, 65 Molecule, 57, 58, 60, 65 Mononuclear, 62, 66 Morphine, 59, 66 Motion Sickness, 66 Motor Activity, 60, 66 Muscle Fibers, 25, 66 Muscular Dystrophies, 61, 66 Myelogenous, 6, 66 Myocardium, 65, 66 N Nausea, 28, 66 Necrosis, 62, 64, 65, 66 Need, 3, 27, 29, 33, 46, 66, 69 Nerve, 6, 10, 11, 12, 59, 66, 68, 69 Nervous System, 59, 66, 67 Neuroma, 33, 66 Neuropathy, 12, 28, 66, 69 Nulliparous, 3, 66 O Ossicles, 63, 66 Osteoarthritis, 4, 18, 66 P Palliative, 66, 69
Index 73
Pancreas, 64, 66 Patient Education, 44, 50, 52, 56, 66 Perception, 7, 18, 66 Periodontal disease, 62, 67 Peripheral Nervous System, 67, 68 Pharmacologic, 67, 70 Phenyl, 17, 67 Physical Examination, 45, 67 Physiologic, 65, 67, 68 Poisoning, 66, 67 Posterior, 22, 33, 58, 61, 66, 67, 69 Postoperative, 6, 7, 14, 67 Practice Guidelines, 40, 45, 67 Prevalence, 3, 4, 67 Progressive, 61, 63, 66, 67 Pronation, 23, 67 Protein S, 29, 58, 67 Protocol, 18, 67 Psychic, 67, 68 Public Health, 5, 40, 67 Public Policy, 39, 68 R Radiation, 68, 70 Refer, 1, 59, 61, 68 Refraction, 68, 69 Resorption, 62, 68 Retina, 68 Rheumatism, 64, 68 Rheumatoid, 31, 44, 68 Rheumatoid arthritis, 31, 44, 68 Risk factor, 3, 68 Rod, 25, 59, 68 S Schwannoma, 12, 68 Scleroderma, 62, 68 Screening, 59, 68 Sedative, 59, 68 Seizures, 27, 68 Side effect, 57, 68, 70 Skeletal, 59, 66, 68 Skeleton, 64, 68 Soft tissue, 58, 62, 68 Spatial disorientation, 61, 68 Specialist, 46, 69 Spectrum, 4, 11, 69 Spinal cord, 18, 59, 66, 67, 69
Steel, 59, 69 Stimulus, 69 Stomach, 28, 62, 63, 64, 66, 69 Stress, 12, 23, 33, 66, 68, 69 Subacute, 64, 69 Subarachnoid, 63, 69 Subclinical, 64, 68, 69 Systemic, 64, 68, 69 T Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome, 33, 69 Therapeutics, 18, 19, 69 Thigh, 12, 69 Thoracic, 18, 58, 69 Threshold, 7, 12, 18, 64, 69 Thrombosis, 67, 69 Tibial Nerve, 69 Tin, 28, 69 Tissue, 25, 57, 58, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 69 Tolerance, 8, 69 Toxic, iv, 66, 69, 70 Toxicity, 61, 70 Toxicology, 40, 70 Toxins, 57, 64, 70 Trace element, 69, 70 Traction, 59, 70 Transfection, 58, 70 U Unconscious, 64, 70 Urinary, 28, 70 Urine, 58, 70 Uterus, 59, 65, 70 V Vaccine, 67, 70 Vagina, 59, 65, 70 Vascular, 6, 61, 63, 64, 70 Vein, 57, 70 Venous, 67, 70 Ventricle, 70 Ventricular, 10, 70 Vertebrae, 69, 70 Veterinary Medicine, 39, 70 W Weight-Bearing, 66, 70 X X-ray, 45, 56, 70
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Index 75
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